Class. Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT R] SOURCES ■;..,' ;,a IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES Her Agricultural, Horticultural, Stock-Raising, Dairying, Commercial, Manufacturing and Mining Interests, Railroads, State Institutions, etc., etc. A REFERENCE WORK, CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR THOSE SEEKING NEW HOMES, OR THE BEST Pields for Investment of Capital, WITH A COMPLETE POST-OFFICE AND NEWSPAPER DIRECTORY OF THE STATE. NDORSEMENT OF THE STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. PUBLISHI D WITH THE V'V /-, *" * ' )p WASI By J. P. BUSHNELL, COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION FOR IOWA. DfS MOINES, IOWA : J. P. BUSHNELL & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1885. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, By J. P. BUSHNELL & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Admission into the Union 25 Agricultural Statistics, by Hon. JohnR. Shaffer 52 Agriculture 49 Bee- Seeping, by O. Clute 67 Building Stone 72 Bureau of Labor Statistics 142 Business and Commercial Interests. . . 76 Climate and Health 45 Climate of Iowa, by Prof. Gustavus Hinrichs 46 •Coal Fields of Iowa 72 Coal Mining 74 Congressional Land Grants 166 Congressional Representation from 1846 to 1885 35 College for the Blind 131 •County Government 153 County Officers 162 Dairying 64 Dairy Interests in Iowa, by Col. R. M. Littler 64 Dairy Products in 1884 65 Dedication of the New Capitol — Ad- dress by Hon. John A. Kasson 115 District and Circuit Courts 182 Educational Interests 96 ExemptioQsfrom Execution 156 Exteot of Iowa Coal Fields — By Hon. Parker C. Wilson 74 Farm Products of Iowa 51 Fish Commission 144 First Constitutional Convention 26 First General Assembly of the State.. 27 Flags carried by Iowa Regiments in the War of the Rebellion 147 Forestry . 55 .Forest Trees— Varieties Recommended by tne Stnte Horticultural Society. . 56 Fruits Recommended by the State Hor- ^ ticultural Society 52 Geographical Situation 39 Historical Sketch 23 Historical Sketch of the State Library. By Mrs. S. B. Maxwell 122 Horticulture 52 Hospitals for Insane 135 Improved Stock Breeders' Association. Ill Inducements for Immigration to Iowa, by John R. Shaffer 168 Inducements to Immigrants 164 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb . . .132 Institution for Feeble Minded Children 133 Introduction 15 Iowa's Advantages for Stock Raising, by Hon. C F. Clarkson 59 Iowa as a Dairy State. By Henry Wal- lace Q6 Iowa at the Centennial, by Hon. C. C. Nourse 21 Iowa Coral Marble 72 Iowa Dairymen, by Hon. James Wil- son 66 Iowa Finances. By Hon. D W. Smith, 108 Iowa— Her Present Condition. 17 Iowa in the Rebellion 146 Iowa in the Tenth Federal Census 37 Iowa Insurance Business. By Hon. J. L. Brown 109 Iowa National Guards 149 Iowa Newspaper Directory 170 Iowa of to-day, by Gov. B. R. Sher- man 21 Iowa Post Office Directory 177 Iowa Regiments in the War of the Re- bellion 148 Labor Statistics, by Hon. E. R. Hutch- ins 83 14 CONTENTS. Limitation of Actions 155 Location of the Capital 25 Manufacturing 77 Mineral Wealth 72 Money in Stock Raising on a 160-Acre Farm, by Hon. L. S. Coffin 61 Municipal Government 154 ]S"ew Capitol 112 ^Newspapers of Iowa 102 Number and Value of Stock in 1884, by Hon. John R. Shaffer. 59 'Officers of State Institutions 159 Penitentiaries 138 Persons in Iowa Subject to Military Duty 149 Pharmacy Commission 144 Physical Features of Iowa, by Hon. A. R. Fulton 39 Population by Counties in 1880 , 19 Population from 1836 to 1880 19 Poultry Raising 71 Railroad Accidents to Persons 90 Railroad and County Map of Iowa — Outside back cover. Railroad Commission 141 Railroads in Iowa 92 Railroad System of Iowa 89 Railroad Tonnage Classified 90 .Removal of the Capital to Des Moines. 28 Rights of Married Women 155 River Transportation 95 School Government 154 School-houses in Iowa by Counties 100 School System of Iowa, by Hon. J. W. Akers 98 Second Constitutional Convention 27 Semi-Centennial of the Settlement of Iowa. Remarks of Hon. J. H. Craig 22 ;Social, Moral and Religious Influences, by Rev. G. F. Magoun 103 ^Societies and Orders 105 Soldier's Orphan's Home. 132 State Agricultural College 128 State Agricultural Society Ill State and other Educational Institu- tions , .101 State Board of Health « . 143 State Commissions 16i State Government 150 State Historical Society Ill State Horticultural Society Ill State Institutions 110 State Normal School 130 State Officers, Boards and Commis- sions 156 State Officers from 1846 to 1885 30 State Reform School 140 State University 126 Statistics of Manufacturing By Coun- ties 80 Statistics of Manufacturing Industries. .82 Stock-Raising 58 Successful Dairying, By Hon L.'S. Cof- fin 65 Supreme Court of Iowa from 1847 to 1885 38 Temperance 105 Temperance Legislation and Constitu- tional Amendment 106 Temperance Proclamation by the Gov- ernor 107 Territorial Officers 29 The Farm and Future Activities, By Hon. James Wilson. 85 The Future Iowa, By Hon. C. F. Clark- son 169 Third Constitutional Convention 28 Township Government 154 Transportation Facilities 89 Twentieth General Assembly 157 Vital Statistics, by L. F. Andrews... 48 INTRODUCTION. It has been our purpose in preparing this report of the resources of our grand and growing State, to embody in it such information as "will convey to all who may desire a new home, or a location for some valuable industry in the West, a correct idea of the inducements which Iowa offers to those who may desire to locate within her borders. In giving this in- formation of the various departments of productive industry, setting forth their respective interests, it has been our aim to impart a better knowledge of our superior advantages. The historical portion, while an epitome, is the most accurate that could be obtained by careful research, and in arrangement, it dispenses with the neces- sity of perusing many pages to learn what is here contained in a few. The statistical portions of this work are all derived from the latest and most reliable official sources. We take especial pleasure in acknowledg. ing our indebtedness to our State Officers^ State Agricultural Society, Horticultural Society, Historical Society, Stock Breed, ers' Association, and the Superintendents of our State Institutions, for their assist- ance in turnishing valuable information ; to the press of the State and many pub- lishers for valuable information relative to various resources and industries of Iowa, and also to prominent citizens for articles on the different interests of the State. The work, showing as it does the resources and advantages, is a valuable handbook for travelers, home-seekers and capitalists, supplying the information desired. The acknowledged need of a complete, concise and reliable reference work of our State, as evinced by numerous inquiries-., has induced us to undertake the task of securing the information necessary for a practical work of this character. There have appeared at different times, publica- tions representing the various interests of our State, yet her superior agricultural and mineral wealth, commercial and man- ufacturing facilities, industrial progress, natural advantages and inexhaustible re, sources, have never been fully represented,, while we have, we think, given a complete and authentic, though succinct, represen- tation, not only of these general interests but showing the increase in population, wealth and industry, by facts and figures,, without exaggeration. Volumes might be written on the State of Iowa, if we should speak of the thrift and enterprise of her cities and towns, but our intention has been to give such general information as will influence the home-seeker and cap- italist to locate in Iowa, as we recount her agricultural and mineral wealth, inex- haustible coal mines, excellent water power, and the wonderful natural and ac- quired advantages for the prosecution of all kinds of industrial pursuits, her beau- tiful lakes and rivers, and an intelligent people ever ready to welcome the enter- prising, honest and industrious, with or without much capital. The' inducements offered, as well as the pre-eminent advan- tages set forth, are sufficient to influence the agriculturist, stock-dealer, mechanic or capitalist to become citizens of our beautiful State. From the important in- formation contained in the publication, we believe it the best reference work of the State ever published, and that it will be 16 INTRODUCTION. valuable not only to strangers, but to many of our own citizens engaged in the various branches of business, trades and profess- ions. We trust it will find its way into the hands of many who will, at least, visit this grand commonwealth, unsurpassed in agricultural and mineral wealth ; in facil- ities for transportation, and for wholesale and jobbing interests, unexcelled by any State in the Union, her channels of trade being almost limitless in capacity, radiat ing in every direction, reaching a vast territory naturally tributary, assuring us that in the near future Iowa will rank as one of the foremost States, commercially. The facts and conclusions which are Drought out in this publication will, it is hoped, prove of great interest to all who desire to know Iowa as it is. The editor has availed himself of every means within his reach to show the ad- vantages of our great and growing State, with a comprehensive view of Iowa and her vast resources, that all may realize the mateiial wealth Nature has so lavishly be- stowed, and that the attractions of this State, which have exerted such an influ- ence in the past, may still lead thousands of home-seekers, capitalists, and mechan- ics to make their home in Iowa, that we may develop enterprise in the mechanic arts, in manufacturing the natural pro- ducts of our State, that the balance of trade may not be against us. We have not endeavored to exaggerate, but have given the facts, which are suffi- cient to convince any one who may read this information, which we have aimed to make comprehensive, though concise, and we hope that our readers, before deciding where they will locate, will investigate the superior advantages which our State affords. We have not relied wholly upon our own personal observation, but have sought the best available authority in every de- partment, and have had the assistance of prominent writers in different parts ot the State, who have contributed valuable in- formation on the various subjects. In such a work absolute accuracy is impossi- ble, but from the care taken it is believed that but few errors will be found, and it is- hopecl that the publication will be credit- able alike to the publishers and the State. The geographical position, early settle- ment, and early history of Iowa has been written many times, but in this work we represent more especially the present ad- vantages and future prospects, and induce- ments to immigration, presenting new fields of labor, and many resources com- paratively unknown, or at least undevel- oped. When we call to mind the fact that the present greatness of Iowa is all the growth of less than forty years, we may well an- ticipate the grandeur that awaits her in the near future — that she is provided with all the means necessary for the more rapid development of her inexhaustible re- sources. In her healthful climate, product ivesoil, railroad, and water transportation facilities, and her intelligent, enterpris- ing people, we have the best guaranty that her future progress will be unprecedented. To all wishingto live in a healthy climate with good society, good schools, and other advantages which Iowa affords, who desire to be honest, temperate, and industrious, we extend a cordial invitation to come and settle in our State. J. P. BUSHNELL. Iowa Resources and Industries. STATE OF IOWA— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW— HER ELEMENTS OF WEALTH— AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS— COMMER- CIAL AND MANUFACFURING INTERESTS— TRANSPORTA- TION FACILITIES— INDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGRA- TION, ETC., ETC. IOWA. HER PRESENT CONDITION — SUPERIOR AD- VANTAGES — COMPARATIVE RANK IN THE UNION — POPULATION — HER RAPID PRO- GRESS — FUTURE PROSPECTS — REMARKS OF GOV. B. R. SHERMAN, HON. C. C. NOURSE, AND HON. J. H. CRAIG. The fact that Iowa is situated near the geographical center of the United States, between the two great rivers of the conti- nent, and on the line of the great trans- continental railways, presages for her a future in the development of her re- sources, which, it does not require the prevision of a prophet to see, will at no distant day place her in an eminent posi- tion among the States of our Union, which nature, assisted by the energ} r , thrift, and enterprise of her citizens, has so abund- antly flitted her to occupy. She has al- ready advanced to a position which is a matter of pride and satisfaction to her cit- izens, yet her wonderful agricultural re- sources, as well as her natural advantages, inexhaustible coal mines, industrial pro- gress, transportation facilities, business, commercial and manufacturing, and many other important interests, have not been fully understood. The pioneer work has been done in most parts of the State, and railroads, public buildings, churches, school houses, etc , are provided, so that the citizens of Iowa now erijoy all the comforts, conven- iences, and advantages obtained in the older States, and Iowa offers to-day pro- portionately greater inducements to capi- tal, enterprise, and labor. Incalculable wealth lies hidden in the inexhaustible coal mines furnishing motive power, and the unused water-power forming natural mill- sites in almost every county in our State, for manufacturing industries. Iowa, for agricultural and manufacturing resources has no superior among all the States, while her channels of trade radiate in all directions. ! The attractions of Iowa are exerting a powerful influence over capitalists of other States, but, if she would continue to be great in agriculture, she must de- velop a counter-balancing enterprise in the mechanic arts, and apply closely to the manufacture of every natural product of the State. We must see to it that the balance of trade is not against us, and that our surplus capital is not sent abroad to supply our wants from the industry of other States. We should keep within our borders the vast wealth accruing from our agriculture instead of pouring it in a broad stream into the lap of other and maufac. turing States. We can and should manu- facture at home, all those articles neces sary to carry on every kind and depart, ment of labor for which there is so great and so continuous a demand, and for which we pay so large profits and heavy freights. Next to the fertility of its soil, 18 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. its excellent climate, and the energy of its industrial classes, the prosperity of this State is due to wise legislation by which its financial credit has been maintained, internal improvements encouraged, public instruction rapidly advanced, and immi- gration and capital attracted. Thirty- eight years have passed since Iowa was admitted as a State, and during that time wonderful changes have taken place. Then, savage beasts and savage men con- tended for the supremacy in this fair do- main, but both have retreated before the white man, and to-day civilization has left its mark in numberless school houses and churches, and in the prosperity and hap- piness which everywhere abounds. Of Iowa, whose name is a synonym for pros- perity, and whose high rank in the sister- hood of States, in respect of moral and material greatness, is so well known, it seems almost unnecessary to speak at length, and yet her possibilities and ad. vantages are but partially understood. Aside from the experiences of the civil war, in which the State furoished her full quota of men — and no braver men were sent to the front— the history of Iowa is that of one uninterrupted march of pro- gress in the paths of peace, and she has risen from the condition of a territory to one of the principal States of the Repub- lic, in population, wealth, intelligence, and moral greatness. With these elements of greatness inherent in it, it is not sur prising that Iowa is making strides which must soon place her where she will be recognized as one of the foremost in man- ufacturing and other industrial pursuits, as well as in agriculture. In the order of admission into the Union, Iowa stands twenty-ninth; in number of square miles, she is fourteenth; in popu- lation, tenth; while in acres of tillable land her place is first. She leads every other State in the amount of corn raised, while she is second in number of hogs raised, second in cattle, second in wheat, fifth in oats, fifth in barley, fifth in flax, and fifth in hay, fifth in milch cows, fifth in number of bogs packed, fifth in value of farm implements, sixth in value of farm products, fourth in extent of coal area, and fifth in the number of banks and newspapers. In religious, educational, charitable, and benevolent institutions Iowa stands among the foremost. In re- gard to healthfulness her rank is fourth while in point of the intelligence of her people she is first, having a less percent- age of illiteracy in comparison with her population than any other State. Her criminal statistics are also worthy of no- tice. Twenty-one States have more per. sons in prison, and thirty-two States more female prisoners than Iowa. In the ratio of prisoners to population only one has a less proportion, and in the ratio of female prisoners to female population Iowa's is the smallest in the Union. In the number of post-offices she is seventh, and in the amount of postal receipts sixth, being one the eight Northern States which contrib- ute two-thirds of the entire national rev- enue. .The followiDg, showing the per capita yield of crops, is taken from the "Histori- cal and Comparative Census" of Iowa in 1880: "In the proportions of production to population, Iowa stands first in corn, in oats, and in the aggregate of all grains and of all food. The Iowa crops of 1879 show some amazing figures in this particular. The yield of Indian corn equaled a pro- duction of nine thousand four hundred and eighty pounds for every inhabitant of the State, that of wheat eleven hundred and fifty-six pounds (this had been higher), that of oats nine hundred and ninety-seven pounds, and of all cereals eleven thousand eight hundred and nine pounds. Three hundred and seventy-one pounds of pota- toes per inhabitant measured the crop of that esculent. The production of these elements of food therefore reached the enormous aggregate of twelve thousand one hundred and eighty pounds, or six tons and one hundred and eighty pounds, raised in Iowa, in 1879, for every man woman and child found in the State in June, 1880. The yield per capita through- IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 19 out the United States in pounds was as follows: Indian corn, 1,959; wheat, 550; oats, 263; barley, 93; rye, 3D; buckwheat, 4; rice, 2; Irish potatoes, 203; sweet po- tatoes, 30; total of cereals, 2,798 pounds; aggregate of cereals and potatoes, 3,131 pounds, or one ton and eleven hundred and thirty- one pounds for each inhabitant. Thus the State of Iowa produced nearly four times as much of these elements of human food, proportionately, as did the country at large. It is believed this ag- gregate of production, in proportion to population, is without a parallel anywhere, or at anytime." Fifty years ago there were no roads but Indian trails across the prairies, now there are upwards of 7,500 miles of railroads ; then, no towns but Indian villages, with here and there a trading post; now the cities of Des Moines, Dubuque, Daven- port, Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Coun- cil Bluffs each contain twice the popula- tion of the entire territory at the time of the first enumeration. The growth of the territory and state in population is shown by the following fig- ures : YEAR. POPULATION. 1836 10.531 1838 2^859 1S40 43,112 1844 75,152 1S46 102,388 1S47 116,454 1849 • 154,573 1850 192,214 1S51 205,335 1852 229,929 1854 ... 3 -'4 401 1856 517,875 1859 641628 1860 674,913 1863 701,093 1865 • • • • 756,427 1867 , 902.317 1869 1.045,025 18^0 1,194,020 1873 1,251.342 1875 1,350,553 1850 1,624,615 POPULATION BY COUNTIES LN 1880. COUNTIES. POPULATION Adair 11,667 Adams 11 838 Allamakee 19,791 Appanoose 16,636 Audubon 7.41B Benton 2 1,889 Black Hawk 23.913 Boone 28,838 Bremer 14,681 Buchanan 18,546 COUNTIES. POPULATION. Buena Vista ; 7,537 Butler 14,233 Calhoun 5,595 Carroll 12,351 Cass -. 16,943 Cedar 18,936 Cerro Gordo 11.461 Cherokee 8.240 Chickasaw 14.534 Clarke 11,513 Clay 4,248 Clayton 28.829 Clinton c 36,763 Crawford 12.413 Dallas 18,746 Davis 16,468 Decatur , 15,336 Delaware 17,950 Les Moines 33,099 Dickinson 1,901 Dubuque 42,996 Emmet 1,550 Favette 22.258 Floyd 14,677 Franklin 10.249 Fremont 17,652 GreeDe 12,727 Grundv 12,639 Guthrie ,.. 14.394 Hamilton 11,252 Hancock 3 453 Hardin 17,807 Harrison 16,649 Henry 20,986 Howard.... 10,837 Humboldt 5,341 Ida 4,382 Iowa 19,221 Jackson 23.771 Jasper ..25,963 Jefferson 17,469 Johnson 25,429 Jone« 21,052 Keokuk .21,258 Kossuth 6178 Lee ... 34 859 Linn ...37 237 Louisa. 13 142 Lucas 14,530 Lyon 1,968 Madison * 17,224 Mahaska 25.202 Marion 25,111 Marshall 23,752 Mills 14.137 Mitchell 14,363 Monona 9,055 Monroe 13,719 Montgomery 15,895 Muscatine 23,170 O'Brien 4155 Osceola 2,21i> Page , 19,667 Palo Alto 4,131 Plymouth 8.566 Pocahontas — 3,713 Poik 42,395 Pottawattamie 39,850 Poweshiek 18,936 Ringgold 12.085 Sac 8^74 Scott 41,266 Shelby 12,696 bioux 5.426 Story 16J906 Tama 21,585 Taylor 15,633 Union 14,980 Van Buren 17.043 Wapello 25 285 Warren 19,578 Washington 20 374 Wayne 16,12? 20 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. COUNTIES. POPULATION. Webster 15,951 Winnebago 4 917 Winneshiek 23 938 Woodbury 14,996 Worth 7,y53 Wright 5,062 Total 1,624,615 The statistics of the agricultural pro- ductions of the State for 1884 are given in connection with the article on Agricul- ture. The value of property in the State at present is estimated $1,500,000,000. These figures are wonderful, telling of a marvel- ous progress in the short space of fifty years, and this vast wealth is generally diffused among the people, so that we have but few persons possessed of im- mense fortunes, and comparatively few homes the abode of poverty and want. Material wealtb alone does not constitute the true grandeur and greatness of a State, nor does it consist of fertile fields with abundant harvests or manufactured pro- ducts, but in the institutions which she founds and encourages, and in the moral and intellectual training of her sons and daughters. In those early days there were no school houses or church edifices ; to-day there are in the State, 11,844 school houses, valued at about $10,000,000; 13,624 public schools, 530 of which are graded, and equal to the best in the Union, with an enrollment of 424,057 pupils, maintained by voluntary taxation, and the income from che school fund of the State, which in 1880 reached the sum of $4,843,098, for the support of these schools. There are to day in Iowa 3,500 churches, with some 3,000 ministers, teaching the great funda- mental principles on which must rest the security and permanence of all free gov- ernments, namely, accountability to God, and righteousness of life. These churches are independent of and separate from the State, yet without the restraining influ- ences of Christianity the experiment of self-government must prove a failure, for that faith teaches us to see the hand of God in our country's history, working out the beneficent results which w« enjoy to- day. Iowa has ever shown her loyalty to the Union, and twenty thousand of her bravest sons died to keep the lofty trust, and save the priceless heritage of such a land as this. She was pledged to love and obedience from the first, for the union of these States is to us the only hope of peace, freedom, and prosperity. Iowa has been most fortunate in having wise and trustworthy State officials and judicious legislators, and her prosperity is largely due to the wise legislation by which she has been governed, and it is worthy of note, that her affairs have been so prudently and economically adminis- tered that to-day Iowa has no State debt. Much attention is given to the manage- ment of our State educational, charitable^ and reformatory institutions, which are among the finest in the United States, and whose prosperity reflects great credit upon the governors and executive councils, and under their supervision the State has ex- pended millions of dollars in the erection of buildings, beside making liberal appro- priations for their support, and this she has accomplished without borrowing a dollar, and at a rate of taxation as low as in any State in the Union. The intelligence of her people, the thrifty, industrious, enterprising spirit of her business men, the genial hospitality of her citizens, her healthful climate, fer- tile soil, beautiful landssapes, wonderful agricultural and mineral resources and her unsurpassed natural advantages have called for thmore encomiums, as her fame has gone abroad, than any other Western State. The possibilities of the future in the development of her latent or undevel- oped wealth will yet astonish the world, more, by her rapid strides in commerce and manufacturing in the years to come, than the wonderful and marvelous changes that have been wrought in the past. Less than one hundred years ago our beautiful forests and magnificent rolling prairies were an unbroken solitude, while but fifty years since the winding trail led from one trading post to another, where some ad- venturer had established himself far in advance of civilization, for the purpose of IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 21 traffic with the native tribes. In the I course of time, our broad acres, blooming in all their loveliness, wild and unculti- ■ vated, having awaited, through the lapse of ages, the coming of the husbandman, were found by the white f> an. Since then upwards of a million and a half of intelli- gent, energetic people have found their way to Iowa, our beautiful lands have been brought under cultivation, our rivers spanned by bridges, cities and towns have sprung up in every quarter, and the State is intersected by railroads, second to none in the world in their equipment, now about seven thousand five hundred miles of rail, which minister to the comfort of the traveler, while the sound of the me- chanic's hammer, and the rattle of ma- chinery, answers to the rumbling of the wheels of the iron horse. Labor has had its triumphs, for our peo- ple have time for relaxation, recreation, and mental improvement, while the tables of the industrious are laden with plenty, and the people rejoice in a feeling of com- petence and independence. These results have been accomplished by industry. economy and enterprise, for such are the characteristics of our citizens, but while they have acquired to such a degree that our surplus products crowd the ware- houses, and tax the transportation compa- nies in moving them to the markets of the world, we have not forgotten the social and domestic relations, or the moral and intellectual influences, as evinced by the majestic church spire pointing its sugges- tive finger heavenward in every commu- nity, and the colleges and public schools which abound throughout the State, for the education of all classes, and to which we owe so much in the scale of unexcelled prosperity, wealth and influence. In regard to our beautiful State, we quote from our Governor, B. R. Sherman : "The Iowa of to-day is a very empire, the joy of every citizen, and containing within itself all the essential elements of political and personal greatness, which needs only the watchful and liberal care of the State to make it the realization of the hope of the most sanguine or its pen pie. Our growth in population and devel- opment, in resources and possibilities, has been without parallel, and it is not too much to say that our people have been exceptional in prosperity, as unrivalled in business energies. Our prairies, so lately a wilderness, are teeming with a popula- tion unusually intelligent and industrious, being constantly added to from the over- crowded East; and in the near future the many thousands of untilled acres, fertile beyond description, and only awaiting the touch of the husbandman, shall be made to laugh in abundant harvests, alike the joy and profit of the hardy pic neer. The products of our soil, yielded in such won- derful abundance, are sent to the utter- most parts of the globe to make glad the inhabitants of earth, and our very name '' has finally become the synonym for super- iority and plenteousness. and the enter- prise of the people has accomplished results none the less astonishing to our- selves than a marvel to the nation." Hon. C. C. ZSTourse. who delivered the address for Iowa at the Centennial of our National Independence, closed his remarks as follows : " Iowa is capable of sustaining a people equal to the present population of the en- tire Nation. We are increasing at a ratio that will, if continued, give us such a pop. ulation in the coming century. What may be the result of such a vast accumulation 1 of people, and of the necessary increase of I wealth and luxury attending it, we cannot know. Our responsibilities are great, even as our blessings and privileges. We can only do our duty in our day and gen- eration, and leave the future f o Him who doeth all things well, with the earnest supplication that to us and our children and our children's children, this goodly land may be an inheritance forever. ,l Iowa hails with joy this centennial of our Nation's birth. She renews her vows of devotion to our common country, and looks with hope to the future. The insti- tution of slavery, that once rested as a shadow upon our land, that was fast pro- 22 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. during a diverse civilization dangerous to our unity and nationality, has been forever abolished. "This centennial exhibition of our Na- tional greatness and material progress, must re-awaken in the mind and heart of every Amerioan, emotions of profound love for his country, and of patriotic pride in her success. Surely no American would consent that such a civilization as is evi- denced here should perish in the throes of civil war. If there be anything in the history of Iowa and its wonderful devel- opment to excite a just pride, the other, and especially the older States of the Union, may justly claim to share in it. Such as we are, the emigration from the other States made us. Our free soil, free- labor, free schools, free speech, free press, free worship, free men, and free women, were their free gift and contribution. Iowa is the thirty-year-old child of the Republic that celebrates the first centen- nial of its birth, Our State is simply the offspring of a civilization that has found its highest expression in building up sov- ereign States. Iowa was not a colony planted by the oppressions of the parent government, and that threw off her alle- giance as soon as she gained strength to assert her independence ; but she was 'he outgrowth of the natural vitality and en- terprise of the Nation, begotten in obedi- ence to the divine command to multiply and replenish — born a sovereign by the will and desire of the parent, and baptized at the font of liberty as a voluntary conse- cration of her political life. Not a sover- eigc in that absolute sense that would make the Federal Government an impossibility, but sovereign within her sphere and over the objects and purposes of her jurisdic- tion, with such further limitations only upon her powers as renders an abuse of them impossible, to the end that the per- sonal liberty and private rights of the citizen should be more secure. " This wonderful exhibition of mechani- cal skill, of cunning workmanship and of the fruits of the earth, is but the evidence of the existence and character of the peo- ple that have produced them. The great ultimate fact that America would demon- strate is the existence of a people capable of attaining and preserving a superior civilization, with a government self-im- posed, self-administered and self-perpetu- ated. In this, her centennial year, Amer- ica can exhibit nothing to the world of mankind more wonderful or more glori- ous than her new States — young empires, born of her own enterprise and tutored at her own political hearthstone. Well may she say to the monarchies of the world, who look for evidences of her regal gran- deur and state : ' Behold, these are my jewels.' And may she never blush to add : ' This one in the center of the diadem is ealled Iowa.' " In the closing remarks of Hon. J. H. Craig, of Keokuk, orator at the celebration of the semi-centennial of Iowa, held at Burlington in June, 1883, he says : " 1 have already reminded you that the first white man whose eyes ever beheld these shores, which the Indians call the ' Beautiful Land,' was a Christian mission- ary. That was a blessed omen, but it is a better omen still that three thousand Christian ministers have found a place in Iowa within the semi-centennial of its first settlement. The power of that Chris tian faith which they teach is the might- iest force that ever influenced the condi- tion and affairs of men. The fairest forms of our modern civilization — its beneficent, benevolent and free institutions, and our American system of civil liberty, are its offspring. The heralds of the cross, who are leading on the victorious armies of our God, are moving in the vanguard of the triumphal march of the world's progress. That faith teaches us to see the hand of God in our country's history, working out the beneficent results which we enjoy to- day. We are all citizens of Iowa, grateful to God for such a State, with deeper grati- tude and loftier pride — with an exultation above the proud Roman boast, we all stand here to-day, American citizens, under the shadow and protection of the Constitution IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 23 and flag of the Union. That Union is the great republic of the world ; the empire of a hemisphere ; the latest born, but queen of the nations; baptized in blood and fire, the heir of earth's best heritage of free- dom, and a patrimony of the fairest, rich- est lands beneath the sun. Iowa's place is in the heart of the Union. We stand to-day in the center of the Mississippi valley. It stretches from the tropics to the Northern lakes, and from the Eastern to the Western mountain range. The sun shines on no other scene so fair. It is a vast landscape of lakes and rivers — of fertile lands and wooded hills and moun- tain slopes, where stores of inexhaustible wealth are buried in the earth, and ''Plenty sits upon the clouds, and drops Her bounties into the laps of men." Here ■ life is young ' and men are strong, and human hands and brains are building up free and mighty States. Everywhere, by lake and river, mountain, plain and sea, cities which have been 'born in a day,' temples of industry, temples of learning, temples of charity and temples of religion, and the happy homes of a free people stand in the sunlight. Tha Genius of prophecy looks upon the scene, as Baalam from the mountain top looked on the tents of Israel, aad exclaims: Here — unless the folly and wickedness of men can reverse the decrees of God — here is the destined seat of empire. "When fifty years have passed and Iowa's centennial is come, will that grand vision have faded from the eyes of men, or will it stand revealed a glorious reality? Let the sons still follow in the steps of their fathers. Let the motto, ' In God we trust,' engraven on our National coin in the dark- est hour of the Nation's greatest trial, be still engraven on our hearts. Let our con- stitution and laws still ordain, 'Liberty for all, and justice to every man.' Then these States, — with more gigantic strides in the future than in the past, — in peace> liberty, righteousness, fraternity and union, will move on in the path of Nation- al power, progress and glory ; outstripping the swiftest visions of prophecy, and hold- ing up before the nations the fairest ex- ample of republican progress and Chris- tian civilization that the world has ever seen." HISTORICAL SKETCH. DISCOVERY OF IOWA — EARLY SETTLE- MENTS — INDIAN WARS — TERRITORIAL HISTORY — ADMISSION TO THE UNION — CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS— TERRI- TORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS, ETC. In a work of this character, proposing to represent the resources of Iowa, a brief history of the State may not be deemed inappropriate. The history of Iowa has never been fully written, but sketches of her early history have from time to time appeared in various publications. Ban- croft, who has carefully preserved with historic fidelity, the facts relating to the tribes and original discoverers of the great Northwest, devotes but a few chap- ters to the territory now called Iowa. The aboriginal owners of this lovely region, in their appreciation of its beauty, fertility and location, bestowed upon it the very appropriate name of Iowa, signifying in their language, " The beautiful land." The first Europeans who trod the soil of Iowa were two zealous French Jesuits, of Canada, James Marquette and Louis Joliet, who had heard from the tribes of the Northwest, assembled in council, of the noble river on the banks of which they dwelt. Marquette and Joliet were stationed at the mission of St. Marys, the oldest settlement in the present State of Michigan. Marquette formed the pur- pose of discovering this great river, and the Indians, whe had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, endeav- ored to dissuade him from his perilous journey, representing to him that the In- dians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. But he was not to be diverted from his purpose, and on May 13th, 1073, with Joliet and five French Canadian boatmen, he left the mission, and proceeding westward to the Wiscon- 24 IOWA RESOURCES AIJD INDUSTRIES. sin, they descended that river to the Mis- sissippi, and on the 25th of June landed a little above the mouth of what is now the Des Moines River, where they remained six days with a part of the Illinois nation, and on their departure Marquette received from them the calumet, the emblem of peace and a safeguard among the nations. The first settlement of the whites in Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, who purchased from the Indians the land where the city of Dubuque now stands, and engaged in mining and trading at that place, where he died in 1810. Although Marquette and Joliet in their exploration of the Mississippi River looked over the luxuriant border of Iowa as early as in 1673, yet the French and Spaniards left this country to the undis- turbed possession of the aborigines. Even the enterprise of Julien Dubuque was not inaugurated until more than a century later, and it was yet nearly fifty years afterward before the whites manifested any special interest in it, the first perma- nent settlement being made in 1833. When the United States came into pos- session of the Mississippi Valley, by the " Louisiana Purchase," the territory now comprising the State of Iowa was in the possession of the Sacs, Foxes and Iowas, with the savage and warlike Sioux Indi- ans in the northern and western portion of the territory. After a long contest with these tribes, under the leadership of the renowned Black Hawk, known in history as the " Black Hawk War," the treaty by which the whites at last obtained posses- sion of Iowa was concluded at Rock Island September 21st, 1832, and ratified February 13th, 1833, to take effect June 1st, 1833, when the Indians left the ceded territory known as the Black Hawk Pur- chase, thus opening the way for its settle- ment by the white man. The territory embraced within the lim- its of the State of Iowa was, as is well known, a part of the immense empire which France sold to the United States in 1803, and which had been previously for a time a part of the possessions of the crown of Spain, to which it was conveyed by France in the year 1763. On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved, authorizing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory and provide for it a tempo rary government, and another act approved March 26th, 1804, authorized the division of the " Louisiana Purchase," as it was then called, into two separate terri- tories. All that portion south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the " Territory of Orleans," and that north of the said parallel was known as the "Dis- trict of Louisiana," and was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as "Indiana Territory." On the 4th day of July, 1805, another change occurred, the district of Louisiana becoming on that clay the " Territory of Louisiana." The legislative power was vested in the governor and three judges, to be appointed by the President and Sen- ate, the former for three years, the latter for four. This government continued un- til the 7th day of December, 1812, when the territory of Louisiana became the territory of M issouri. In 1819, a portion of this territory was organized as " Arkansas Territory," and in 1821 the State of Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former *' Territory of Missouri." The admission of Missouri carried with it the abolition of the territory of Missouri. All that part of the latter, not included within the limits of the State of Missouri, was therefore left without civil government, and remained in that condi- tion until June 28, 1834, when the portion east of the Missouri and White Earth Rivers, which limits included all of the present Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, and most of the territory of Dakota, be- came a part of the territory of Michigan. In July, 1836, the territory embracing the present States of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, and organized with a separate territorial government under the name of " Wiscon- sin Territory." IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 25 By virtue of an act of Congress, ap- proved .June 12, 1833, on the 5d of July of the same year, the " Territory of Iowa" ■was constituted. It embraced the present State of Iowa, and the greater portion of what is now the State of Minnesota. Robert Lucas, who had been one of the early Governors of Ohio, was appointed the first Territorial Governor, and William B. Conway, Secretary. The latter died during his term of office, in November, 1S39, and James Clarke was appointed to the vacancy. The first Legislative Assem- bly convened at Burlington, November 12, 183S. That place continued as the seat of the Territorial Government until the Fourth Legislative Assembly, which con- vened at Iowa City, December 6, 1841. The latter place continued as the capital of the territory and State, until the per- manent location at Des Moines, in 1857. On the 17th of January, 1846, the Legis- lative Assembly passed an act providing directly for an election, in April fol- lowing, of delegates to a constitutional convention. The convention thus pro- vided for met at Iowa City ©n the 4th day of May following, and formed a constitution with the present boundaries of the State, which had meantime been proposed by Congress. This constitution was adopted by the people August 3, 1846, by 9,492 affirmative votes against 9,036 negative votes. Governor Clarke, by proclamation, called an election of State officers for October 26, 1846. On that day, Ansel Briggs, of the county of Jackson, was elected Governor, Elisha Cutler, jr., Secretary of State, Joseph T. Fales, Auditor of Public Accounts, and Morgan Reno, Treasurer. These officers entered upon their respective duties De- cember following. On the 28th day of December, A. D. 1846, Iowa was admitted to the Union as the twenty-ninth State. It is a matter of some interest to glance at the various changes of ownership and jurisdiction through which it has passed. It belonged to France, with other ter- ritory now belonging to our national do- main. In 1763 with other territory, it was ceded to Spain. October 1, 1800, it was ceded, with other territory, from Spain back to France. April 30, 1803, it was ceded, with other territory, by France to the United States. October 31, 1803, a temporary govern- ment was authorized by Congress for the newly acquired territory. October 1, 1804, it was included in the " District of Louisiana," and placed under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Govern, ment of Indiana. July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of the " Territory of Louisiana," then organ- ized with a separate territorial govern- ment. June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the "Territory of Mis- souri." June 28, 1834, it became part of the " Territory of Michigan." July 3, 1836, it was included as a part of the newly organized "Territory of Wisconsin.'* June 12, 1838, it was included in and constituted a part of the newly organized " Territory of Iowa." December 28, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as a State. Among the first important matters de- manding attention at the first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature, was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public build- ings, for which congress had appropria- ted $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his mes- sage, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the fu- ture State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Mississippi river, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque county; John Ronalds, of 26 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Louisa county, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines county, Commissioners, to se- lect a site for a permanent seat of govern- ment within the limits of Johnson coun- ty. Johnson county had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wiscon- sin, approved December 21, 1837, and or- ganized by act passed at the special sess- ion at Burlington in June, 1838, the organ- ization to date from July 4th, following, and was, from north to south, in the geo- graphical center of this purchase and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as then could be made, as the bound- ary line "between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immedi- ately west of the county limits. The commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres in- to a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public build- ings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Ter- ritory for this purpose. The commission- ers met at Napoleon, Johnson county, May 1, 1839, selected for a site section 10, in township 79 north, ot range 6 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and imme- diately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geo- graphical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for this purpose. The capitol was located in the center of the square. On Monday, December 6,1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new cap- itol, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature oc- cupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Con- stitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the- people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in con- vention at Iowa City, on the 7th of Octo- ber, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitu- tion. The members of this convention were as follows : Lee county— Charles Stanley, Alexan- der Kerr, David Galland, Calvin J. Price,, James Marsh, John Thompson, Henry M. Salmon, O. S. X. Peck. Des Moines county — James Clarke, Henry Robinson, John D. Wright, Shep- herd Leffler, Andrew Hooten, Enos Lowe r John Ripley, George Hepner. Van Buren county — Elisha Cutler, Jr r John Davidson, Paul Brattain, David Fer- guson, Gideon S. Bailey, John Hale, Jr , Thomas Charlton. Jefferson county — Robert Brown, Har- din Butler, Sulifand S. Ross, James I. Murray, Samuel Whitmore. Henry county — Joseph C. Hawkins, George Hobson, John H. Randolph, Jonathan C. Hall, Joseph D. Hoag. Washington county — Wm. R. Harrison r Enoch Ross, Caleb B. Campbell. Louisa county — John Brookbank, Win . L. Toole, Wright Williams. Muscatine county — Jonathan E. Fletch- er, Ralph P. Lowe, Elijah Sells. Johnson county — Robert Lucas, Samu- el H. McCroy, Henry Felkner. Linn county — Thomas J. McKean, Sam- uel W. Durham , Luman M. Strong. Cedar county — Samuel A. Bissell, James H. Gower. Scott county — James Grant, Andrew W. Campbell, Ebenezer Cook. Clinton county— Lyman Evans, Ralph R. Benedict. Jones county — John Taylor. Jackson county — Joseph S. Kirkpatrick, William Morden, Richard B. Wyckoff. Wapello county— William H, Galbraith, William W. Chapman. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 27 Davis county — J. C. Blankinship, Sam- uel W. McAtee. Keokuk county— Richard Quinton. Mahaska county — Yan B. Delashmutt, Stephen B. Shelledy. Dubuque, Delaware, Blackhawk, and Fayette— Francis Gehon, Edward Lang- worthy, Theophilus Crawford, Stephen Hempstead, Samuel B. Olmstead, and Michael O'Brien. Shepherd Leffler elected president, Oc- tober 7. G-eorge S. Hampton elected secretary, October 7. The constitution adopted by this conven- tion was rejected by the people at an elec- tion held in April, 1845, and also at one held on the 4th day of August, 1845, there being, at the latter, 7,235 votes cast "for the constitution," and 7,656 votes cast f against the constitution." A second Constitutional Convention as- sembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th day of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted, and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August follow- ing, when it was accepted. The Constitution was approved by Con- gress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. The members of this convention were : Lee county — David Gall and, Josiah Kent, and George Berry. Des Moines county — Enos Lowe, Shep- herd Leffler, and George W. Bowie. Van Buren county — Thomas Dibble, Erastus Hoskins, and Wm. Steele. Jefferson county — Sulifand S. Ross and William G. Coop. Henry county — George Hobson and Al. vin Saunders. Davis county — John J. Selman. Appanoose and Monroe counties— Ware- ham G. Clark. Wapello county — Joseph H. Hedrick. Iowa. Marion, Polk, and Jasper coun- ties — John Conrey. Mahaska count}'— Stephen B. Shelledy! Keokuk county — Sanford Harned. Washington county — Stewart Goodrell. Louisa county — John Ronalds. Muscattne county — J. Scott Richman. Johnson county — Curtis Bates. Linn and Benton counties— Socrates H. Tryon. Cedar county— Samuel A. Bissell. Scott county— James Grant. Clinton county — Henry P. Haun. Jackson county — William Hubbell. Jones county — Sylvester G. Matson. Clayton county — David Olmstead. Dubuque, Delaware, Buchanan, Fayette and Black Hawk counties — Thomas Mc- Craney and Francis K. O'Ferrall. Enos Lowe elected president, May 4. William Thompson elected secretary, May 4. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Sena- tors and forty Representatives. It as- sembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admit- ted into the Union. At the first session also arose the ques- tion of the re-location of the capitol. The western boundary of the State, as now de- termined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was intro- duced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some ex- tent the location of the State University which had already been discussed. It provided for the appointment of three commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligi- ble site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not ex- ceeding one section of the land so select- ed; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend fur- ther operations, and make a report of their 28 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, re- ceived the signature of the Governor, and became a law, and in 1851 bills were in- troduced for the removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the ma- jority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. On the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appointment of commission- ers, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An as- sociation of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to State at a nominal rent. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October fol- lowing, Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the city of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. A third constitutional convention was held at Iowa City, Jan. 19th, 1857, for the purpose of adopting a new State Constitu- tion, to which the following persons were elected delegates : First district, Lee county — Edward Johnston, William Patterson. Second district, Lee and Van Buren counties— Squire Ayers. Third district, Van Buren county — Tim- othy Day. Fourth district, Des Moines county — Jonathan C. Hall, Moses W. Robinson. Fifth district, Davis county — David P. Palmer. Sixth district, Jeflerson county — James F. Wilson. Seventh district, Henry county — Rufus L. B. Clarke. Eighth district, Wapello county— Geo. Gillaspy. Ninth district, Monroe, Lucas and Clarke counties- -John Edwards. Tenth district, Appanoose Wayne, and Decatur counties — Amos Harris. Eleventh district, Fremont, Mills, Page, Taylor, Montgomery, Ringgold, Adams, and Union— Daniel H. Solomon. . Twelfth district, Pottawattamie, Harris- on, Shelby, Woodbury, Monona, Audubon, Crawford, Carroll, Calhoun, Sac, Ida, Cher- okee, Buena Vista, Pocahontas, Palo Alto, Emmet, Clay, Dickinson, Osceola,0'Brien, Plymouth, Sioux, and Buncombe counties — Daniel L. Price. Thirteenth district, Louisa county — Francis Springer. Fourteenth district, Washington county — David Bunker. Fifteenth district, Keokuk county — Jeremiah Hollingsworth. Sixteenth district, Mahaska county — James A. Young. Seventeenth district, Marion county — Hiram D. Gibson. Eighteenth district, Warren, Madison, Adair, and Cass counties — Lewis Tod; hunter. Ninteenth district, Muscatine county — John A. Parvin. Twentieth district, Johnson and Jones counties — William Penn Clarke. Twenty-first district, Scott county — George W. Ells. Twenty-second district, Cedar county — Robert Gower. Twenty-third district, Clinton county — Aylett R. Cotton. Twenty-fourth district, Linn county — Hosea W. Gray. Twenty-fifth district, Linn, Benton, Black Hawk and Buchanan counties — James C. Traer . Twenty-sixth district, Poweshiek, Jas- per, Marshall and Tama counties — Harvey J. Skiff. Twenty-seventh district, Polk, Dallas and Guthrie counties — Thomas Seely. Twenty-eighth district, Jackson county — William A. Warren. Twenty-ninth district, Jackson and Jones counties — Albert H. Marvin. Thirtieth district, Dubuque county — John H. Emerson. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 29 Thirty-first district, Dubuque and Dela- ware counties — John H. Peters. Thirty-second district, Clayton county — Alpheus Scott. Thirty-third district — Fayette, Bremer, Butler, Franklin, Grundy, Hardin, Wright, Webster, Boone, Story,Greene, Allamakee, Winneshiek and Humboldt counties — Sheldon G. Winchester. Thirty-fourth district, Howard, Chick- asaw, Mitchell, Floyd, Worth, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Bancroft and Kossuth counties— John T. Clark. Francis Springer elected president, Jan- uary 20. Thomas J. Saunders elected secretary, January 20. The constitution adopted by this con- vention was sanctioned by the people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1857; there being 40,311 votes cast "for the constitution," and 38,681 votes cast " against the constitution ;" and took effect by proclamation of the Governor, Septem- ber 3, 1857. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the funda- mental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capitol. The building; used for governmental pur- poses was purchased in 1864. It soon be- came inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became ap- parent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropria- tion aud provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gover- nor Samuel Merrill, ex efficio, President; Grenville M. Dodge,Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; James O. Crosby, Gainsville; Charles Dudley, Agency City; John N. Dewey, Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secre- tary. The act of 1870 provided that the build- ing should be constructed of the best ma- terial and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most ap- proved manner: should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers,, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricul- tural Society, and for all purposes of State government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that pur- pose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000, and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for con- structing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and speci- fications furnished by Cochrane & Pique- nard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the corner stone was laid with ap. propriate ceremonies. TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors.— Robert Lucas, appointed 1838; John Chambers, appointed 1841; James Clarke, appointed November, 1845. Secretaries. — William B. Conway, ap- pointed 1838, died in office November, 1839; James Clarke, appointed 1839 ; O. H. W. Stull, appointed 1841; Samuel J. Burr, appointed 1843; Jesse Williams, ap- pointed 1845. Auditors, office created January 7, 1870, — Jesse Williams, appointed January 14. 1840; William L. Gilbert, appointed Jan- uary 23, 1843 ; re-appointed February 27, 1844; Robert M. Secrest, appointed 1845 Treasurers, office created January 24, 1839. — Thornton Bayless, appointed Janu. ary 23, 1839; Morgan Reno, appointed 1840. Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion ; office created January 13, 1841 ; abol- ished February 17, 1842.— William Rey- nolds, appointed in 1841. Commissioners to Locate the Seat 30 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. op Government at Iowa City, under act approved January 21, 1839. — Chauncey Swan, appointed January 18, 1839 ; J ohn Rolands, appointed January 18, 1839; Robert Ralston, appointed January 18» 1839. Legislated out of office January 14, 1841. Commissioners Appointed to Superin- tend the Erection op the Penitenti- ary, at Ft. Madison.— Jesse M. Harrison, John S. David, and John Claypole, chosen by the Legislative Assembly, January 25, 1839; John Claypole re-elected January 12, 1840. Supreme Court.— Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 to 1846; Joseph Williams^ Associate Justice, 1838 to 1846 ; Thomas S. Wilson, Associate Justice, 1838 to 1846; Thornton Bayless, Clerk, 1838 to ; George S. Hampton, Clerk, to 1846; Eastin Morris, Reporter, 1843 to 1846. District Attorneys. — Isaac Van Al- len, appointed 1838; Charles Weston, ap- pointed 1840 ; John G. Deshler, appointed 1843; Edward Johnston, Ft. Madison, ap- pointed 1845 and 1846. Marshals.— Francis Gehon, appointed 1838; Thomas Johnson, appointed 1841; Isaac Leffler, appointed 1842; Gideon S. Bailey, Van Buren county, appointed 1845 and 1846. Delegates in Congress. — William W. Chapman, in Twenty-fifty and Twenty- sixth Congresses ; Augustus C. Dodge, in the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses. STATE OFFICERS. Governors — Ansel Briggs, Jackson coun- ty; elected October 26,1846; oath of office administered December 3,by Chief Justice Mason. Stephen Hempstead, Dubuque county; elected August 5, 1850; oath of office ad ministered December 4, by Chief Jus- tice Williams. James W. Grimes, Des Moines county; elected August 3, 1854; oath of office ad- ministered December 9, 1854, by Matu rin L. Fisher, president of the joint con. vention. Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county; elected Oe. tober 13, 1857 ; oath of office administer ed January 14, 1860, by Chief Justice Wright. Samuel S. Kirkwood, Johnson county; elected October 11, 1859; oath of office administered January 11, 1860, by Chief Justice Wright. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Johnson county; re- elected October 8, 1861 ; oath of office administered January 15, 1862, by Chief Justice Baldwin. William M. Stone, Marion oounty ; elect- ed October 13, 1863; oath of office ad- ministered January 14, 1864, by Chief Justice Wright. William M. Stone, Marion county; re- elected October 10, 1865 ; oath of office administered January 11, 1866, by Lieu- tenant-Governor Eastman, president of the joint convention. Samuel Merrill, Clayton county ; elected October 8, 1867; oath of office adminis- tered January 16, 1868, by Judge Wright. Samuel Merrill, Clayton county ; re-elected October 13, 1869 ; oath of office admin- istered January 13, 1870, by chief Jus- tice Cole. Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county; el- ected October 11, 1871 ; oath of office administered January 11, 1872, by Rob- ert Lowry, president pro tern of the Sen- ate. Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county ; re. elected October 8, 1873 ; oath of office administered January 27, 1874, by Judge Cole. • Samuel J. Kirkwood, Johnson county; elected October 13, 1875 ; oath of office administered January 13, 1876, by Chief Justice Cole. Resigned February 1, 1877, having been elected a senator of the United States. Succeeded by Joshua G. Newbold, Henry county, Lieu- tenant Governor, who took the oath of office as acting Governor February 1, 1877, before Edward J. Holmes, Clerk of the Supreme Court. John H. Gear, Des Moines county ; elected October 10, 1877 ; oath of office admin- IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 31 istered by Chief Justice Rothrock, Jan- uary 17, 1878. John H. Gear, Des Moines county; re- elected Octobers, 1S79; oath of office administered January 15, 1880, by Chief Justice Adams. Buren R. Sherman, Benton county, elected October 12, 1881; oath of office admin- istered January 12, 1882, by Chief Jus- tice Seevers. Buren R Sherman, Benton county, elected October 9, 1S83 ; oath of office adminis- tered January 17, 1884, by Chief Justice Rothrock. Lieutenant Governors, office created September 3, 1857, by the new Constitu- tion — Oren Faville, Mitchell county; 1858-60. Nicholas J. Rusch, Scott county, 1660-62. John R. Needham, Mahaska county; 1862-64. Enoch W. Eastman, Hardin county; 1864-66. Benjamin F. Gue, Webster county; 1866-68. John Scott, Story county; 1868-70. Madison M. Wal den, Appanoose county; 1870-71; resigned, having been chosen a representative in Congress. Henry C. Bulis, "Winneshiek county; 1871-74. Mr. Bulis was appointed by the Governor September 13, 1871, under the general constitutional provision au. thorizing the Governor to fill all vacan- cies not otherwise provided for, the Lieutenant Governor and the Speaker of the House of Representatives having both resigned, in consequence of their election to Congress; and Mr. Bulis, the president pro tern, of the Senate, having resigned his seat in the Senate because of being nominated for the office of Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to the office in October, 1871. Joseph Dysart, Tama county; (January 27), 1874-7G. Joshua G. Newbold, Henry county; 1876-78 (Became acting Governor Feb- ruary, 1877. j Frank T.Campbell, Jasper county ; 1878-82. Orlando H. Manning, Carroll county; (removed to Pottawattamie county) 1882. Secretaries op State— Elisha Cutler, jr., Van Burea county; 1846-48. Josiah H. Bonney, Yan Buren county; 1848 50. George W. McCleary, Johnson county; 1850-56. Elijah Sells, Muscatine county; 1856-63. James Wright, Delaware county; 1863-67. Ed. Wright, Cedar county; 1867-73. Josiah T.Young, Monroe county; 1873-79. John A. T. Hull, Davis county; 1879-85. Frank D, Jackson, Butler county ; 1885 — Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, Des Moines county; 1846 50. William Pattee, Bremer county : 1850-54. Andrew J. Stevens, Polk county; 1854-55. Resigned. John Pattee, Bremer county (appointed September 13, 1855) ; 1855-5&. Jonathan W. Cattell, Cedar county ; 1859- Go. John A. Elliott, Mitchell county; 1865-71 John Russell, Jones county ; 1871-75. Buren It. Sherman, Benton county; 1875-81. William Y. Lucas, Cerro Gordo county ; 1881-82. John L. Brown, Lucas county; 1883. Treasurers op State. — Morgan Reno, Johnson county; 1846-50. Israel Blister, Davis county ; 1850 52. Martin L. Morris, Polk county; 1852-59. John W. Jones, Hardin county ; 1859-63. William H. Holmes, Jones county; 1863- 67. Samuel E. Rankin, Washington county; 1867-73. William Christy, Clarke county ; 1873-76. George W. Bemis, Buchanan county ;1877- 81. Edwin H. Conger Dallas county; 1881-85. Y. P. Twombly, Yan Buren county; 1885. Superintendents op Public Instruc- tion; office created in 1847. James ILirlan, Henry county; elected 1847; qualified June 5. 32 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Dubuque county; 1848 54. James D. Eads, Lee county; 1854-57. Sus- pended by the Governor, March 3, 1857 Joseph P. Stone, Johnson county; ap- pointed by the Governor, and qualified March 4, 1857. Maturin L. Fisher, Clayton county ; 1857- 58. Office abolished by act of the Board of Education passed December 24, 1858, the duties of the office to be performed by the secretary of that board. Secretaries of the Board of Educa- tion; office created by act of Board of Education, passed December 24. 1858. Josiah T. Tubby, Polk coun- ty; acting as Secretary of the Board during its session which commenced December 6, 1858, and continuing after its adjournment as acting Secretary of the Board of Education, under resolu- tion of December 24, until the Secretary elected by the Board should qualify. Mr. Tubby qualified December 29. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Pottawattamie county; 1859-G3. Elected by the Board of Education, 1858; qualified January 14. 1859. Resigned in 1863. Oran Faville, Mitchell county ; appointed by the Governor January 1, 1864. Office abolished March 23, 1864, and the duties devolved on Superintendent of Public Instruction. Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, office created March 23, 1864— Oran Faville, Mitchell county ; 1864-67. Resigned March 1, 1867. D. Franklin Wells, Johnson county; 1867-68. Appointed by the Governor March 4, and qualified March 9, 1867: elected in October, 1867 ; died Novem- ber 24, 1868. Abraham S.Kissell, Scott county; 1868-71. Appointed by the Governor December, 1868; elected 1869. Alonzo Abernethy, Crawford county; 1872-76. Resigned September 14, 1876. Carl W. von Coelln, Black Hawk county; 1876-82. Appointed by the Governor September 14, 1876; elected 1876,1877 and 1879. John W. Akers, Linn county; 1882 — Registers of the State Land Office office created February 9, 1855 — Anson Hart, Johnson county ; 1855-56. Theodore S. Parvin, Muscatine county; 1&57-59. Amos B. Miller, Cerro Gordo county; 1859-62 Appointed captain Company B, Thirty-second Iowa Infantry, Octo- ber 6, 1862. Edwin Mitchell, Polk county; 1862-63. Appointed by the Governor October, 1862; qualified October 31. Josiah A. Harvf-y, Fremont county; 1863-67. Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county; 1867-71. Aaron Brown, Fayette county; 1871-75. David Secor, Winnebago county; 1875-79. James K. Powers, Cass county; 1879-82. Office abolished January 1, 1883, and duties devolved on the Secretary of State. State Printer, office created January 3, 1849— Garret D. Palmer and George Paul, Johnson county; 1849-51. Harrison Holt and Andrew Keesecker* Dubuque county ; elected 1851 ; declined- William H. Merritt, Dubuque county; 1851-53 ; appointed by the Governor. William A. Hornish, Lee county; elected 1853; term commenced May 1; resig- nation accepted May 16. Dennis A. Mahony and Joseph B. Dorr» Dubuque county ; appointed 1853 : qual- ified May 23; term expired April 30, 1855. Peter Moriarty, Jackson county; 1855-57. John Teesdale, Johnson county; 1857-61. Francis W. Palmer, Dubuque county; 1861-69 ; resigned March 1, 1869. Frank M. Mills, Polk county; 1869-71; and 1879-83. Appointed by the Govern or from March 1 to May 1, 1869. George W. Edwards, Des Moines county; 1871-73. Richard P. CI arkson, Polk county; 1873- 79. George E. Roberts, Webster county ; 1883 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 33 State Binders; office oreated February 21, 1855. WLliam M. Coles, Scott coun- ty; appointed by the Governor, March 16, 1855, and chostn by the General As- sembly in 1857. May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859. Frank M. Mills, Polk county; 1859-67. James S. Carter, Polk county; 1867-71. James J. Smart, Black Hawk county; 1871-75. Henry A. Perkins, Woodbury county; 1875-79. Matt.Parrott, Blackkawk county; 1879-85. M. S. Merchant, Linn county; 1885. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief J ustices.— Charles Mason, Des Moines county; resigned in June, 1847. Joseph Williams, Muscatine county; ap- pointed by the Governor June, 1847. Term expired January 15, 1848, by con- stitutional limitation. S. Clinton Hastings, Muscatine county; appointed by the Governor, 1848. Term expired January 15, 1849. Joseph Williams, Muscatine county; elected by the General Assembly, 1848, and commissioned December 26, 1848, for six years from January 15, 1849. George G. Wright, Van Buren county; elected 1855; qualified January 11. Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county ; elected Judge 1859, with Caleb Baldwin and Lacon D. Stockton, and drawing the shortest term became Chief Justice; qualified January 12, I860. Caleb Baldwin, Pottawattamie county; elected as above, and drawing the sec- ond shortest term became Chief Justice January 1, 1862. George G. Wright, Yan Buren county; 1864 and 1865. Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county; 1866 and 1867. F. Dillon, Scott county; 18G8 and Chester C. Cole, Polk county, 1870, and again from January 1 to January — 1876. James G. Day, Fremont county, 1871, 1877 and 1881. Joseph M. Beck. Lee county, 1872, 1873 1879, and 18S5. William E. Miller, Johnson county, 1874 and 1875. William H. Seevers, Mahaska county, February 17, 1876, to January 1, 1877, and for the year 1882. Appointed by the Governor February 17, 1847. James H. Rothrock, Cedar county, 1878 and 1884. Austin Adams, Dubuque county, 1880 and 1881. James H. Rothrock, Linn county, 1883. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams, Muscatine county, 1846-'47. Appointed Chief Justice 1847. Thomas S. Wilson, Dubuque county 1846-' 47. Resigned in October, 1847. John F. Kinney, Lee county, l847-'54. Appointed by the governor June 12, 1847, and again January 26, 1848 ; elected by the General Assembly and commis- sioned December 8. Resignation ae_ cepted January 20, 1854, to take effect February 15. George Greene, Dubuque county, 1847-'55. Appointed by the Governor November 1, 1847, and again January 26, 1848, elected by the General Assembly De- cember 7, 1849. Jonathan C. Hall, Des Moines county 1854-'55. Appointed by the Governor) January 20, 1854, to succeed Kinney, re- signed. William G. Woodward, Muscatine county 1855-'56. Elected by the General As- sembly, 1855; qualified Jaauary 9. Norman W. Isbell, Linn county, 1855-'56. Elected by the General Assembly, 1855; qualified January 16. Resigned in 1856 # Lacon D. Stockton, Des Moines county 1856-'60. Appointed by the Governor May 17, 1856, vice Isbell, resigned; qualified June 3; elected by the General Assembly January 12, 1857; re-ek'Cted by the people, under the present consti- tution, October 11, 18C0. Died June 9^ 1860. 34: IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Caleb Baldwin, Pottawattamie county 1860-'61. Elected by the people, 1859 ,' qualified January 11, 1860. Became Chief Justice January 1, 1862. George G-. Wright, Van Buren county) 1860-'63 and 1866-'70. Appointed by the Governor June 19, 1860, vice Stock. ton, deceased ; qualified June 26; elected by the people, November 6, 1860; be- came Chief Justice January 1, 1864; re- elected October 10, 1865. Resigned September 1, 1870, having been chosen a Senator of the United States. Ralph P. Lowe, L«e county, 1862-'65- Elected 1861; new term commenced January 1, 1862. Became Chief Justice January 1, 1866, John F. Dillo', Scott county; 1864-67. Became Chi i Justice January 1, 1868. Re-elected 1869. Declined the office, having be«n appointed United States Circuit Judge. Chester C. Cole, Polk county; 1864-69 and 1871-76. Appointed March 1, 1864, oy the Governor under the provisions of Chapter 23, Acts of Tenth General A s- sembly, which took effect February 27, 1864; qualified same day; elected by the people November 8, 1864; term commenced January 1, 1865; re-elected 1870. Became Chief Justice January 1, 1870 and 1876. Joseph M. Beck, Lee county; 1868-71 1874-78 and 1880. Elected by the peol pie 1867, 1873 and 1879. Became Chief Justice January 1, 1872, and January 1 1879. Elias H. Williams, Clayton county : 1870* Appointed by the Governor January 19. Resigned September . James G. Day, Fremont county; 1870, 1872-76 and 1878-82. Became Chief Jus- tice January 1, 1871, 1877 and 1883. Ap- pointed by the Governor September 1, 1870, to succeed Judge Wright. Elected by the people 1870, 1871 and 1877. William E. Miller, Johnson county; 1870-73. Became Chief Justice January 1, 1874. Appointed by the Governor September 14, 1870, vice Williams. Elected 1870. Austin Adams, Dubuque county ; 1876-79 and 1882. Became Chief Justice Janu- ary 1, 1880. James H. Rothrock, Cedar county ; 1876-77 and 1879. Appointed by the Governor February 24, 1876, under the provisions of Chapter 7, Acts of the Sixteenth General Assembly. Became Chief Jus- tice January 1, 1S78. William H. Seevers, Mahaska county; 1877-81 and 1883. Became Chief Jus- tice January 1, 1882. Joseph R. Reed, Pottawattamie county; 1883-85. James H. Rothrock, Linn county ; 1885-. Clerks of the Supreme Court— George S. Hampton, Johnson county; appointed and bond approved 1847. George S. Hampton, appointed January 2, 1848, for the fourth judicial district. James W. Woods, Des Moines county; appointed 1848, for the first judicial district. Alexander D. Anderson, Dubuque county; appointed 1848, for the second judicial district. Lewis J. Whitten, Polk county; appoint- ed for the fifth judicial district. Thomas J, Given, Wapello county; ap- pointed 1848, for the third judicial dis- trict. George S. Hampton, Johnson county; 1853-55. Appointed 1853 ; bond approved March 5. William Vandever, Dubuque county; 1855-56. Appointed and qualified June, 1855. Lewis Kinsey, Wapello county; 1856-67. Appointed 1856, and qualified Novem- ber 14. Charles Linderman, Page county ; 1867-75. Edward J. Holmes, Jackson county; 1875-83. Gilbert B. Pray, Hamilton county; 1883-, Attorneys-General ; office created Jan. uary9,1853. David C. Cloud, Musca- tine county; 1853-56. Samuel A. Rice, Mahaska county; 1856. 61. Charles C. Nourse, Polk county; 1861-65. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 35 Isaac L. Allen, Tama county; 1865-66. Re- signed January 11, 1866. Frederick E. Bissell, Dubuque county; 1S66-6T. Appointed by the Governor and qualified January 12, 1866 ; elected by the people October 9. 1866. Died June 2, 1867. Henry O'Connor, Muscatine county ; 1867. 71. Appointed by the Governor June 20, and qualified June 29, 1867; elected by the people 1867, 1868 and 1870. Re- signed 1872. Marsena E. Cutts, Mahaska county; 1872- 76. Appointed by the Governor Febru- ary 23, 1872 ; elected by the people 1872 and 1874. John F. McJunkin, Washington county ; 1677-81. Smith McPherson, Montgomery county; 1881-85. A. J. Baker, Appanoose county; 1885.- Reporters of the Decisions of the Supreme Court. — George Greene, Du- buque county ; acting from 18-47 to 1855. The Attorney-General, ex-officio, from September 1853, under the law creating the office of Attorney-General. Mr. Cloud, Attorney-General, however, ap- pears never to have acted ; and Judge Greene continued to perform the duties of the office. Wm. Penn Clarke, Johnson county; 1855. 60. Thomas F. Withrow, Polk county; 1860- 67. Edward H. Stiles, Wapello county; 1867- 75. John B. Runnells, Polk county, 1877-82. Resigned March, 1882. Bradbury W. Hight, Pottawattamie coun- ty; 1882. Appointed by the Supreme Court, March, 1882. Ezra C. Ebersole, Tama county; 1883.- CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTA- TION. united states senators. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1S48-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Burling- ton, Dec. 7, 1848-1855 ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W, Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 185S — died 1870; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected January 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3 ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871- 1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877 ; James F. Wilson, Jefferson, March 4, 1883 ; Wm. B. Allison, Dubuque, Mareh 4, 1885. Members of House of Representa- tives.— Twenty-ninth Congress, 1846 to 1847.— S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress— 1847 to 1849.— First District, William Thompson ; Second Dis- trict, Shepherd Leffier. Thirty-first Congress, 1849 to 1851. — First District, first session, William Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, second session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-second Congress, 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn; Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress, 1853 to 1855.— First District, Bernhart Henn; Second District, John P. Cook. Thirty-fourth Congress, 1855 to 1857. - First District, Augustus Hall ; Second Dis- trict, James Thorington. Thirty-fifth Congress, 1857 to 185*.— First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress, 1859 to 1861.— First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-seventh Congress, 1861 to 1863. — First District, first session, Samuel R. Curtis. First District, second and third sessions, James F. Wilson; Second Dis- trict, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress, 1863 to 1865.— 36 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. First District, James F. Wilson ; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B.Allison; Fourth District, Jo siah B. Grinnel! ; Fifth District, John A. Kassony Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- bard. Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865 to 1867.— First District, James F.Wilson; Second District, Hiram Pr]ce; Third District, William B, Allison ; Fourth District, Jo- siah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- bard. Fortieth Congress, 1867 to 1869.— First District, James F.. Wilson; Second Dis- trict, Hiram Price; Third District, Wil- liam B. Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- bard. Forty-first Congress, 1869 to 1871.— First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Wil- liam Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Charles Pom- eroy. Forty-second Congress, 1871 to 1873.— First District. George W. McCrary; Sec- ond District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third Dis- trict, W. G. Donnan; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Jack- son Orr. Forty-third Congress, 1873 to 1875.— First District, George W. McCrary ; Sec- ond District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third Dis- trict, William G. Donnan ; Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, William Lough- ridge ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth Congress, 1875 to 1877.— First District, George W. McCrary ; Sec- ond District, John Q. Tufts: Third Dis- trict, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Samp- son; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress, 1877 to 1879 -First District, J. 0. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Bur- dick; Fourth District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B* Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-sixth Congress— 1879 to 1881. First district, Moses A. McCoid; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, Thomas Uppdegraff ; Fourih District, Na- thaniel C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark; Sixth District, J. B. Weaver ; Sev- enth District, E. H. Gillette ; Eighth Dis- trict, William F. Sapp; Ninth District C. C. Carpenter. Forty-seventh Congress, 1881 to 1883— First District, M. A. McCoid; Second District, S. S. Farewell; Third District, Thomas Uppdegraff; Fourth District, N. C. Deering; Fifth District, William G. Thompson; Sixth District, M. E. Cutts;. Seven; h District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, W. P. Hepburn; Ninth District, C. C. Carpenter. Forty-eighth Congress, 1883 to 1885— First District, M. A. McCoid; Second District, J. M. Murphy; Third District David B. Henderson ; Fourth District, D. A. Weller; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, M. E. Cutts ; Seventh Dis- trict, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, William P. Hepburn; Ninth District, W. H. M. Pusey; Tenth District, Admiram J. Holmes. Forty-ninth Congress. 1885 to 1887— First District, B. J. Hall; Second Dis. trict, J. H. Murphy; Third District, David B. Henderson; Fourth District, William E. Fuller; Fifth District. Ben. F. Frederick ; Sixth District, J. B. Weaver ; Seventh District, H. Y; Smith, (to fill va- cancy occasioned by resignation of J. A. Kasson); E. H. Conger; Eighth District, W. P. Hepburn; Ninth District, Joseph H. Lyman ; Tenth District, Admiram J. Holmes ; Eleventh District, Isaac S. Stru- ble. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 37 THE TENTH FEDERAL CENSUS. A general view of the relative position occupied by Iowa in respect of population, healtbfulness, intelligence, production, etc., exhibits our State in a most favorable light, as shown by the following tables, taken from the publication entitled, "His- torical and Comparative Census of Iowa," in 1880: RANK OF IOWA AMONG THE STATES OP THE UNION. In respect of total population . . 10 In respect of area 12 In respect of area of laud surface 13 In respect of area of water surface. 20 In respect of density of population 15 In respect of number of dwellings 8 In respect of male population. .7 9 In respect of female population 10 In respect ol native-born population 13 In respect of native-born white population 7 In respect of foreign-born population 10 In respect of white population 8 In re*pect of colored population 27 In respect of Chinese population 17 In respect of Indian population . . 14 In respect of number of Austrian-born resi- dents 11 In respect of number ol Belgian-born resi- dents 11 In respect of number of Bohemian-born residents 3 In respect of number of British American- born residents 10 In respect of number of Danish-born resi- dents 2 In respect of number of French-born resi- dents 11 In respect of number of German-born resi- dents 8 In respect of number of English-born resi- dents 11 In respect of number of Irish-born resi- dents 10 In respect of number of Scotch-born resi- dents 8 In respect of number of Welsh-born resi- dents 6 In respect of number of Dutch-born resi- dents 5 In respect of number of Hungarian-born r sidents 10 In respect of number of xsorwegian-born residents 7 3 In respect of number of Swede-born resi- dents 3 In respect of number of Swiss-born resi- dents 8 In respect of natural militia (male persons between 13 and 45) 9 In respect of number of Dativ-borne white person? between 18 and 45 7 In respect of number of foreign-born per- sons between 18 and 45 10 In respect of number of all white persons between 18 and 45 9 In respect of number of males 21 years of ag read In respect of number of persons over ten unable to write In respect of proportion ot persons over ten years able to read In respect of proportion of persons over ten years able to write In respect oi proportion of white noTvijq- tion over ten able to writa .... In respect of proportion of colored popula- tion over ten able to write In respect of proportion of white popula- tion 10-14 able to W;ite . In respect of proportion of male white population 10-14 able to write In respect of proportion of female white population 10-14 able to write In respect of proportion of colored popula- tion 10-14 able to write In respect of proportion of colored male population 10-14 able to write In respect of proportion of female colored population 10-14 able to write In respect of proportion of whites 15-20 able to write In respect of proportion of male white pop- ulation 15-20 able to write In respect of proportion of female white population 15-20 able to write In respect of proportion of co.ored popula- tion 15-20 able to write In respect of proportion of colored male population 15-20 able to write In respect of proportion of colered female population 15-20 abie to write In respect of proportion of white popula- tion 21 years old and upward abie to write In respect of proportion of white male pop- ulation 21 and upward able to write .... In respect of proportion of white female population 21 and upward able to write . . In respect of proportion of colored popula- tion over 21 able to write . .. In respect of proportion of colored popula- tion over 21 able to write In respect of proportion of colored female population over 21 able to write In respect of number of persons in pris- ons In respect of number of male persons in prisons In respect of number of female persons in prisons In respect of number of prisons in propor- tion to the whole populatian In respect of the number of male prison- ers in proportion to male population In respect of the number of female prison- ers in proportion to female population. . . In respect of number of farms In respect of number ot farms of 3 acres or less In respect of number of farms of 3-9 acres In respect of number of farms of 10-19 acres In respect of number of farms of 20-49 acres In respect of number of farms of 50-99 acres 5 6 17 17 15 22 22 32-33 12-13 24 22 16 6 In respect of number of farms of 100-499 acres 4 In respect of number of farms of 500-999 acres 13 In respect of number of farms of 1000 acres and over 17 In respect of number of acres of improved land 2 In respect of the production of Indian corn 2 In respect of the production of wheat 6 In respect of the production of oats 2 In respect of the production of barley 4 In respect of the production of rye 5 In respect of the production of buckwheat. 11 In respect ot the production of all grains ... 2 In respect of the production of Indian corn per capita 1 In respect of the production of wheat per capita 7 In respect of the production of oats per cap- ita l In respect of the production of barley per capita 7 In respect of the production of grain per capita l In respect of the yield per acre of corn 1 In respect of the yield per acre of wheat 22 In respect ot the yield per acre of oats 6 In respect of the yield per acre of rye 5 In respect of the yield per acre of hay 2 In respect to the yield per acre of Irish po- tatoes 6 In respect of the number of horses 3 In respect of the number of cattle 2 In respect of the number of milk cows 3 In respect of the number of sheep 21 In respect o f the number of swine 1 In respect of number of gallons milk sold or sent to butter and cheese factories 7 In respect of production of butter on farms 4 In respect of production of butter in factor- ies ... 7 In respect of production of cheese on farms 1 In respect of production of cheese at factor- ies 8 In respect of total value of products at but- ter and cheese factories 4 In respect of wool product i.-> In respect of clip of wool per sheep.... 1 In respect of value of farms 6 In respect of value of farm implements and machinery 5 In respect of live stock on farms 2' In respect of cost of fences during the year preceding census .. f> Ik respect of cost of fertilizers during the year preceding census 29 In respect of value of farm productions . . 4 In respect of product of coal 6 In respect of number of manufacturing es- tablishments 10 In respect ot capital employed in same 18 In respect of wages paid . .' 18 In respect of vulue of product 19 In respect of assessed valuation of property 13 It respect of state taxation 19 In respect of state and local taxation 9 In respect of amount of state debt 33 In respect of amount of state debt per cap- ita 35 In respect of amount of state and local in debtedness , . 31 In respect of amount of state and local in- debtedness per capita 37 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 89 PHYSICAL FEATURES IOWA. OF GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION — DRAINAGE — RIVERS AND VALLEYS, LAKES, AND GEN- ERAL WATER SUPPLY — PRAIRIE AND FOREST — MINERAL DEPOSITS — THE BOULDERS. BY A. E. ETJLTCN, DES MOINES. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The northern boundary of Iowa is the parallel of 43 degrees and 30 minutes, sep- arating it from the State of Minnesota. The southern limit is very nearly in the latitude of 40 degrees, 36 minutes, the average width of the State being about two hundred miles. Bounding it on the east and west are the two great rivers of the North American Continent — the Mis- sissippi and the Missouri. The general course of the former is from north to south, separating Iowa from the States of "Wisconsin and Illinois. This river, as it flows along the eastern border of Iowa, forms an irregular arc, with its convex side toward the east, and its extremities giving a chord of about ninety miles in extent. The most easterly point on the river is nearly fifty miles from this chord. The Missouri River is the western boun- dary as far north as the mouth of the Big Sioux, at Sioux City. From this point the Big Sioux River forms the western boundary up to the parallel of 43 degrees, 30 minutes. The extreme length of the State is about three hundred miles, and its shape a figure approximating a rec- tangular parallelogram. Its area in square miles is estimated at 55,044, equal to 35,228,160 acres. The average elevation cf the State above the level of the sea is about eight hundred feet, but the south- eastern corner has an elevation of but little over one-half the average. The highest point in the State is in the vicin- ity of Spirit Lake, in Dickinson county, which is about 1,250 feet above low water in the Mississippi at Keokuk, and about nine hundred feet above the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad level in the City of Des Moines. DRAINAGE. The drainage of the State is divided into two S3 r stems — the eastern and the western. The former comprises the streams which are tributary to the Mississippi, and the latter those tributary to the Missouri. The eastern, or Mississippi drainage sys- tem, embraces about two-thirds of the State, and the western, or Missouri sys- tem, the remaining one-third. The rivers of the eastern system flow in a southeasterly course, and those of the western system in a southeasterly course. The summit of the great west watershed which separates the two drainage systems is the higest land between the two great rivers on the east and west, but rises to its maximum ele- vation so imperceptibly that the presence of the great watershed may be observed only by the direction of the drainage. Besides the great watershed described above, there are others of a secondary character, dividing the streams which flow into the larger interior rivers, thus afford- ing a complete and admirable drainage to every part of the State. Between the streams there are no abrupt elevations of surface, its general character being gently undulatory, and, as a result, nearly the whole surface is susceptible of cultiva- tion, including even the more broken portions bordering the valleys of the streams. It has been estimated that at least ninety-five per cent, of the surface of Iowa is arable land, and may be easily brought into cultivation. RIVERS AND VALLEYS. Iowa has no mountains, and even what we term hills are only the terminations of the primitive general level of the surface which existed before the streams eroded their valleys. The interior rivers gener- ally take their rise in small rivulets ol the almost level prairies, and flow fon long distances in slight depressions before the denuding action of the water culd below the drift, or general surface deposit. Owing to this peculiarity, the upper por- tions of our water courses are bounded by 40 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. sloping sides, with but small areas of what are termed flood-plains, or perhaps more commonly, "bottoms." As they flow toward their junctions with the great rivers their flood-plains expand, forming broad acres of the finest alluvial farming lands. In these lower portions of their courses many of the rivers have eroded through the surface deposits, exposing the geological strata underlying the drift. This, however, does not apply to many of the streams comprising the western drain- age system, for in that part of the State but very few of the stratified rocks are exposed by the erosian of the streams. There these rocks are deeply covered by the surface deposits. Covering a great portion of Iowa west of the great watershed there is a peculiar foimatioQ which our geologists have termed the bluff deposit. It is known to be, in many places, over two hundred feet in thickness, and overlies the ordinary drift of sand and gravel. There is a sim- ilar deposit in the valley of the Rhine, where it is known by the name '• loess," a term which has been adopted by some geologists in this country. It is believed to be of lacustral origin, or an accumula- tion of sediment in an ancient lake. The rivers of Western Iowa have in but few places eroded their channels through this deposit and the drift underlying it. Consequently there are but few exposures of stratified rocks along these streams. In the valleys of some of the southern rivers of Iowa belonging to the western drainage system there are occasional exposures of the upper coal measures, the strata con- sisting of beds of limestone, alternating with clay and shale. The principal streams belonging to the western system are Chariton, Grand River, Platte, One Hundred-and-Two, East, Mid- die and West Nodawa, East and West Nishnabotna, Boyer, Soldier, Little Sioux, Floyd and Rock River— the last named being a tributary of Big cioux River. To these we may acid the Missouri and Big Sioux, forming the western boundary of the St^e. These rivr-s, with their in- numerable small tributaries, constitute the western drainage system of Iowa. Several of these, to-wit : Chariton, Grand, Platte, One Hundred-and-Two, the Noda- was and Nishnabotna, are but partly in Iowa, having their confluences in the State of Missouri. The two main branches of the Nishnabotna form their junction in Southwestern Iowa, and flow to their con- fluence in Northwestern Missouri. There is a marked difference between the rivers forming the eastern drainage system and those of the western. This is owing to the difference in the geological character of the two portions of the State. The most important of the interior rivers of this system is the Des Moines, which, with its tributaries, drains a vastly larger area of the State than any of the other streams. It rises in two branches in the State of Minnesota, and traverses the State of Iowa in a southerly course to ils con- fluence with the Mississippi at the extreme southeast corner of the State. The two branches mentioned as having their source in Minnesota have not eroded their channels below the drift, except for a distance of four or five miles above their junction in Humboldt county, where there are exposures of sub-carboniferous limestone. A few miles below, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, the river enters the great Iowa coal field, and traverses the same a distance of nearly two hundred miles. At Fort Dodge, in Webster county, the river passes through a vast deposit of gypsum, showing exposures for a distance cf six miles by the course of the stream. The deposit is regularly stratified in its formation, and reaches a thickness of thirty feet. Its extent has probably not yet been ascertained, but exposures ap- pear in tho valleys of the small streams which enter the river in the vicinity, so that the extent of the deposit is doubtless large. This is the only known large de- posit of gypsum in Iowa, or any of the States adjoining, and it will doubtless prove of great economic value. The qual- ity is excellent and the supply inexhausti- ble. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 41 Here, as staled, the Des Moines River fairly enters the great coal region of the State, and for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles runs through and upon the lower coal measure strata. The same strata appear at intervals in the valley down to the southeastern corner of Van Buren county. The great coal region of Iowa embraces within its limits nearly all the tributaries of the Des Moines. The largest and most important of these trib- utaries are upon the western side, and afford a perfect drainage to the splendid agricultural region between the great watershed and the Des Moines. One of these tributaries, Raccoon River, has its source in Storm Lake, on the summit of the great watershed, and flows in a south- easterly course to its junction at the capi- tal of the State. Three other principal tributaries are known, respectively, as North, Middle and South Rivers, and fur- nish complete drainage to a splendid farm- ing region. Farther south other important tributaries enter the Des Moines on the same side. The largest eastern tributary is Boone River, which rises in the prairies of Hancock and Kossuth counties, flows southward, and enters the Des Moines near the west line of Hamilton county. Along the lower portion of the valley of this stream are a number of exposures of the coal measure strata. The next river east of the Des Moines, known by the not very euphonious name of Skunk River, flows throughout its en- tire length within the State. It rises in two principal branches, known as North and South Skunk, in the central part of the State. The two branches unite in Keokuk county, and thence the river pur. sues a generally south-east course to its confluence with the Mississippi a few miles south of Burlington. Throughout the greater portion of its course it runs upon the sub-carboniferous lime-stone, and near the eastern border of the lower coal measures. Along the lower portion of the stream there are frequent outcrops of limestone in cliffs from twenty to fifty feet high. In Henry county it receives on the western side the waters of a con- siderable tributary known as Big Cedar. The river, with its tributaries, drains a large area of central and south- eastern Iowa. The next two rivers eastward are known respectively as Iowa and Cedar rivers, both rising in the northern part of the State. Their waters unite in Louisa coun- ty, and thence to its confluence with the Mississippi, the stream is known as Iowa River, although the eastern branch, Cedar River, is much the larger and long- er branch. Both of these streams are east of and outside of the coal fields of Iowa, except in Hardin county, where Iowa River cuts across the northeastern corner of the coal field. The rocks ex- posed above this are sub-carboniferous limestone, and a short distance below it enters the region of the sub-carbonifer- ous again, which continues until it reaches the Devonian strata, near the south- western corner of Benton county; thence to its junction with Cedar River the rock exposures are of Devonian orign. Cedar River flows its entire length through the region occupied by the De- vonian strata. The stream has numerous important branches, along which are many exposures of the Devonian rocks. The Cedar River valley is noted as one of the finest and most productive agricul- tural regions of the State. The river af- fords in many places abundant and re- liable water power. Eastward of Cedar River, and flowing nearly parallel with it, is Wapsipinicon River. Although a stream of over one hundred and eighty miles in length, it drains but a very narrow strip of terri- tory, not exceeding twentv miles in its widest part, and in the lower portion of its course in some places only ten miles wide. The rocks on the upper portion of this river are of Devonian formation, and on the lower portion it flows through the region occupied by the Niagara lime- stone of the Upper Silurian system. This river supplies many fine mill sites, which are the more secure and reliable from the 42 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. fact that it is not subject to extreme floods. Maquoketa River, as compared with the Wapsipinicon, is a short stream, but drains as large an area of territory as the latter. Its course is irregular, and its val- ley presents much wild and romatic scen- ery. The exposures of rock strata are the Niagara limestone of the Upper Silu- rian age. it affords excellent water pow- er in many placss. Turkey River is a short, rapid stream, flowing nearly its entire course in a deep, narrow valley, and in these respects it is quite unlike any of the other rivers we have described. In some places the river flows at a depth of nearly four hundred feet below the general level of the sur- rounding country. The rocks through which it has eroded are classified by geol- ogists as the Galena and Trenton lime- stone formations belonging to the lower Silurian. Water power is abundant, but in some places quite difficult of access, owing to the precipitous character of the sides of the valley. The river through- out its whole length is within the State. Upper Iowa River is another stream possessing characteristics not common to the rivers of the State generally. It has its source in Minnesota, but enters Iowa as a small stream on the north line of How- ard county; thence its general course is eastward to its confluence with the Mis- sissippi. Toward the lower part of its course it has cut its valley to a depth of over four hundred feet. Although it rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, before it reaches its confluence its valley presents outcrops of all the forma- tions of the upper and lower Silurian systems. Its fall is greater than that of any other river in Iowa, and consequently it possesses immense water power. Its water supply is maintained at all seasons of the year by a large number of spring- streams, adapting it to trout culture. We have now briefly described the sev- eral interior rivers of the State, which form the principal arteries in its drainage system. The two great rivers — the Mis- sissippi and Missouri — which enfold Iowa in their affectionate embrace, need no description here, for they are world-famed. They receive to their bosoms the grand tribute of Iowa's noble rivers, sent down to them through ten thousand sparkling rivulets from every one of her 55,044 square miles of surface. While, to the casual observer, Iowa pre- sents a generally uniform surface, un- broken by mountains, yet the geological and lithological variations which have been noted show exposures of strata along- her water courses representing athickness- of over three thousand feet of the earth's crust, from the post-tertiary, or drift pe- riod, down through the various formations of the Cretaceous, Carboniferous, Devon- ian, Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian ages. In the extreme northwest part of the Stat ', in the valley of Big Sioux River r there is a fitty-feet exposure of rocks which geologists have determined as belonging even to the Azoic age, and have named it Sioux Quartzite. The fossil flora and fauna found in the various strata, especi- ally those of the Carboniferous age, pre- sent many interesting studies for the paleontologist. LAKES. Located upon the watersheds generally in the northern portion of the State are a number of bodies of water ,which, although small, are called lakes. These highland lakes differ essentially from the isolated bodies of water, also called lakes, which exist in the river valleys. The waters of the former rest directly upon the drift,, while the latter rest upon alluvial beds in depressions formed by the shifting of the channels of the rivers. The highland, or drift lakes, owing to the character of the beds they occupy, are finer and more beau- tiful bodies of water thaj the alluvial lakes of the river valleys. Some of them are of considerable depth, and their waters are always clear, while their surroundings are attractive. The lands adjacent are free from the marshes which usually ex- ist in the vicinity of the river valley lakes. Some of these alluvial lakes in the valleys IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 43 of the Mississippi and Missouri are now above ihe highest floods of the rivers, receiving their supply from the drainage of the adjacent country, and discharging their surplus through outlets to the rivers. In such cases they present more pleasant features than those occupying lower situ- ations in the valleys. It will thus be seen that what we call lakes in Iowa are of two classes, possessing quite distinctive fea- tures. Several of our beautiful little highland lakes are worthy of special mention. The largest and most important are Spirit and Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county; Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, and Clear Lake in Cerro Gordo county. Of these the first three named are all situated on the great watershed, dividing the east- ern and western drainage systems of the State, while Clear Lake is on the water- shed between Iowa and Cedar Rivers. All of them are pleasant little bodies of wa- ter, with very attractive surroundings. Spirit Lake occupies about twelve square miles of surface, and is quite uni- form in shape. Its northern border rests di- rectly upon the Iowa and Minnesota line. Its western shore is well wooded, while along other parts of its banks are light fringes of native timber. The shores are gravelly, the surrounding county- undulat- ing, and very fertile. Okoboji Lake lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and receives the surplus water of the latter through an outlet having a slope of six feet in the short distance be- tween the two lakes. In other words, the surface of Okoboji Lake is six feet lower than that of Spirit Lake. Okoboji Lake is quite irregular in shape, though its gener- al form resembles somewhat that of a horse shoe. From the foot of the outlet con- necting with Spirit Lake it extends south- ward about five miles, thence westward about the same distance, and theD north- ward again a distance of five miles, mak- ing its entire length about fifteen miles. It is almost divided into two parts at the point where it bends westward, so that the two parts are sometimes designated as East and West Okoboji, The west di- vision was called by the Sioux Indians Minnetonka, by which they meant "Big Water," or that it was the largest part of the lake. The waters of West Okoboji, or Minnetonka, are very deep and clear, with fine, gravellv beaches along some portions of its borders. The surroundings of both Spirit and Okoboji lakes are exceeding^ attractive. There are some fine groves of native tim- ber with a variety of wild vines and shrubbery bordering many portions of these lakes. Several kinds of excellent fish, as pickerel and buffalo, are abun- dant in both lakes, and at certain sea- sons of the year vast numbers of water fowl resort to them. These lakes also pos- sess historical interest as the scene of that fearful series of tragedies in March, 1857, and known in our history as the " Spirit Lake Massacre." Since they have been made easily accessible by railway many tourists are visiting them. Another lake which has attracted much attention as a pleasure resort is Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county. It is about five miles in length, and from two to three miles wide. Large portions of its shores are gravelly, and some fine groves of na- tive forests adjoin them in places. It is a pleasant sheet of water, and although not deep, is very clear, as its name indicates. The country around is undulatory, and very fertile. We now return west, to the great water- shed, where we find Storm Lake situated upon its summit. It is said that a portion of the surplus waters of Storm Lake flow into the Mississippi through the upper branches of Raccoon River, and another portion into the Missouri, through the headwaters of Boyer River. This lake embraces an area of nearly five square miles, and like the others we have de- scribed, is a clear and beautiful sheet of water, well stocked with fish. It is sur- rounded by a fine region of farming coun- try, but its borders are destitute of native groves of timber, in this respect differing from the other lakes described above. 4:4: IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. During the dry seasons of the year some of these lakes appear to have no outlet, but they doubtless discharge a portion of their waters through the drift below the surface. This, however, is not the case with Okoboji Lake, which has an outlet discharging into the Little Sioux River, carrying its surplus water to the Missouri. The lakes already described are the four largest, in the State, but there are many smaller ones possessing considerable in- terest. Two are known by the name of " Wall Lake," one in Sac county, and the other in Wright county. The former is on the great watershed, with an outlet draining into Indian creek, an affluent of North Raccoon. It is quite irregular in shape, with its longer axis east and west, and covers an area of two to three square miles, with a depth varying from five to twelve feet. In calm weather its waters are very clear, but when high winds pre- vail it becomes turbid. The lake of the same name in Wright county lies on the watershed between Skunk and Iowa riv- ers. It is very shallow, so that the greater portion of it is sometimes studded with rushes, or a species of rank grass, grow- ing to a height of several feet above the surface of the water. This lake is especially noted for the feature which has given to these two lakes their name of "Wall Lake." Considerable portions of their borders are marked by more or less elevated embankments of bould- ers, gravel, and earth, rising in ridges above the water, and also considerably higher than the general level of the land on the outside. Some have even entertained the opinion that these embankments are of artificial origin, but there is really no sufficient reason to jus- tify such a conjecture. Well known natural causes are quite adequate to ac- count for these so-called "walls." They are only the result of the action of ice and the winds. The same effects are observed to a greater or less extent on the borders of all the drift-lakes in Iowa, but it is a more striking feature of the lakes whose waters are shallow. Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county, are two pretty little sheets of water, embrac- ing within their limits about seventeen hundred acres. Their shores, in places, are studded with boulders, having in some parts the appearance of rude walls, the result of the expansive force of ice, and other natural causes. The two lakes are separated by a narrow strip of land, and have their drainage through a small afflu ent of North Raccoon. Besides those described above, there are numerous other small lakelets in the northern part of the State, possessing the same general characteristics, such as grav- elly beds, clearwater, embankments along portions of their margins, and clean, grav- elly beaches along other parts. Nearly all of them are well stocked with fish of several excellent varieties. Many of them are also skirted in plases by small groves of native trees, relieving the monotony of the broad expanses of prairie which surround them. GENERAL WATER SUPPLY. The rivers and their affluents, together whh the lakelets, provide a bountiful sup- ply of excellent surface water accessible to man and beast in nearly every part of the State. In addition to these sources of supply, it may be stated that nowhere is excellent water more easily obtained by means of wells than in Iowa. Wells sunk to the depth of fifteen to forty feet at almost any point on our highest prai- ries, rarely fail to furnish excellent water in sufficient abundance for all domestic purposes. In many parts of the State springs abound. Nearly all the water, from whatever source obtained, except as rain, contains more or less carbonate of lime in solution, but is otherwise pure, wholesome, and excellent for all uses, ex- cept for washing. In several localities springs-possessing medicinal properties of great value have been discovered, and some of them are now attracting much at- tention, as those at Colfax, Des Moines, and Ottumwa. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 45 PRAIRIE AHD FOREST. It has been estimated that -when Iowa was first settled by white people about seven-eights of its surface -was destitute of timber, and yet we find nothing in the character of the soil or the climate inimi- cal to the growth ot trees. On the con- trary, we find that since the settlement of the State the forests have encroached upon the prairies. Many kinds of timber have betn introduced upon the prairies, by planting or transplanting, and have been found to thrive luxuriantly. If, com. mencing one hundred years ago, the an- nual fires had been restrained from sweeping over the surface of Iowa, and such restraint continued, the first white settlers, fifty years ago, would have found Iowa a forest region. Those parts of the State best supplied with native groves are the lower portions of the rirer valleys, with the forests ex- tending in some localities out upon the higher lands between the rivers and along their tributaries. The northern and northwestern parts of the State have but few native groves of any considerable ex- tent. The principal bodies of timber when the State was first settled were found in the valleys of the streams, where ihey had been protected by natural bar- riers from the ravages of the fires which annually swept over the higher portion s of the country. Among the indigenous tiees we find several species of oak, white and red elm, white and sugar maple, white and black walnut, Cottonwood, linden, ash, hickory, hackberry, birch, sycamore, box elder and buckeye. THE BOULDERS. In traveling over the State of Iowa the observing tourist would scarcely fail to notice, here and there, those conspicuous objects which we commonly call boulders. They are seen in the valleys, in the groves and upon the prairies. By far the larger proportion of them are rocks which are within the 1 of th' Before geologists had in- * subject, and discovered the f a glacial movemeni over the greater portion of the contirent, we could only call them "lost rocks." While they are more or less distributee! throughout almost our entire State, in a few localities they form a conspicuous feature in our prairie landscapes. They vary in sizes from small fragments that a man may lift to masses of fifty or more tons in weight. I measured one in Cherokee county and found it to be sixty feet in length and forty feet in width, with about twenty feet of its thickness exposed above the surface of the ground. It lies upon one of the elevations bordering the Little Sioux River, and is so conspicuous an object that from the earliest settlement of that region it has been known as " Pilot Rock." This rock, in its composition, is what is known as red quartzite, identical with that which is found " in place " far up on the Big Sioux River. Boulders of this composition largely predominate in the western part of the State. Further east we find the common gray and reddish granite, such as the builders of our new State capital have utilized for the ground course of that structure. In the central and eastern part of the State we find occasionally some boulders of the magnesian limestone formation. All these different varieties of rocks scattered loosely over Iowa have been traced to the ledges far to the north, from which they are derived. Their presence in Iowa is attributed to the agency of ice during the glacial epoch. However this may be, we find them here, forming in some places a noticeable feature in the physical characteristics of our State. CLIMATE AND HEALTH. TEMPERATURE — ANNUAL RAIN FALL — EX- TRACTS FROM PLOF. HENRICHS AND A. R. FULTON ON CLIMATE — PAPER BY L. F. ANDREWS, SECRETARY STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. C I. r MATE AN© HEALTH. Tl e climate in Iowa cannot be called in it is delightful, healihful,and 46 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. invigorating. The pure, running water, with an admirable system of drainage, (which is fully explained in the article by Hon. A. R. Fulton, on "Physical Features of Iowa," found elsewhere in this work,) and an absence of swamps and sloughs renders the atmosphere salubrious at all seasons. Malarial and epidemic diseases are infrequent, and that scourge of some of the older states— fever and agU2— is seldom known. The sluggish humid atmosphere which depresses and enervates in summer and the chilling mists and drizzling rains which generate virulent fevers in winter are almost unknown to our climate ; so that persons coming to Iowa from the eastern states find the atmosphere invigor- ating and recuperative, possessed of many health-giving properties. The mean an- nual temperature is about 48 degrees Fahrenheit; that of summer 10% degrees, and of winter 23^; and the temperature is seldom lower than 10 degrees or higher than 90 degrees. The mean annual rain- fall during thirty years was 44.72 inches ; the least being 23.35, and the the greatest 74.49 inches. Fruit trees blossom in May and wheat ripens in August. One writer in speaking of our climate, says : "The summers are perfectly delightful, ihe air being dry and bracing. The sun's heat is se'dom oppressive, yet warm enough to bring forward a luxuriant growth of grass aud grain. The wind is gentle and re" freshing, while the never failing showers of rain supply the ground with sufficient moisture to bring forth abundant harvests. The winters are generally quite pleasant, the snow being suffiicient to make good sleighing. The general temperatnre is equal, and milder than in the same lati- tude east of us. There is but little thaw- ihg from the beginning to the end of the winter, and consequently the roads are usually smooth." The healthfulness in comparison with other states presents Iowa in a favorable light. The census of 1880 gave only four states as having lower rate of mortality in proportion to the population than Iowa, and only three had a less number of deaths in proportion to male population. Iowa has a higher average health record than most other states in the same latitude, but as expos- ure and neglect, as well as unforeseen causes will produce fevers and other dis- eases in any region, it is a fact that peo- ple in Iowa do sometimes die, although the general elevation of the State, its ex- cellent drainage, and the salubrity of its climate, are all favorable to heal.h The soil and climate of Iowa are well adapted to the growth of all kinds of fruits as well as cerals suited to this latitude, and when the spring is late the fall is usually lengthened. So that crops have time to mature. From Prof. Gustavus Henrichs, of the Iowa State University, director of the Iowa Weather Service, we give the fol lowing quotation on the climate of our State : "The climate of Iowa is temperate. The summers are very warm, with fre- quently southwesterly winds. The win- ters are very cold, with westerly and north- westerly winds prevailing, yet neither of these seasons is ordinarily oppressive, for the hot days of summer are usually fol- lowed by cool and clear nights, and the winters are particularly distinguished for clear calm days, with brilliant, vivifying insolation, and a dry, pure and invigorat- ing atmosphere. In the winter the mur- cury descends, at Iowa City, to or below zero on twenty-two days, which may be called very 'cold days.' In summer we have, ordinarily, twenty-six 'hot days,' on which the thermometer rises to or above eighty-six degrees in the shade. In spring, chilly and damp easterly and northeasterly winds occur, but the temperature is usu- ally rapidly ascending toward the sum- mer warmth. The number of warm davs reaching, or exceeding, sixty-eight de- grees, at Iowa City, is, in March one, April four, May seventeen. During the fall season the temperature sinks but very slowly until the middle of November. Spells of beautiful hazy weather occur in October, and even in November, and con- stitute the so-called "Indian summer." At Iowa City frosts begin in October IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 47 (usually), and are very frequent in No- vember, during which the mercury usu- ally reaches the zero once before winter. The fall season is, in many respects, the most beautiful and also the healhiest in our year. "The rain-fall of Iowa exceeds that of many eastern States much nearer the At- lantic. Our rains usually set in with southeasterly winds coming up from the Gulf of Mjexico. During the rain storm, or snow storm, the wind 'bucks' toward the east and northeast, if the storm in- creases in severity south of us. If the wind veers, that is, turns through south towards the west and northwest, the storm is more severe north of the station in Iowa. In this case a great depression of the temperature usually follows the storm. The great northwest storms of winter, called blizzards in Iowa, are nearly always preceded by a rain or snow storm from the southeast, and mild weather, which makes the rapidly ap- proaching and very severe cold of the ** blizzard" so much the more intensely felt. "The greatest amount of rain usually falls during the months of June and Sep- tember; the least in February and mid- summer, when injurious droughts may occur. Snow, ordinarily, falls first in Oc- tober and last in April. " Iowa is not a dry State, so far as rain- fall and the growth of crops is concerned ; in fact, on the whole, damage is done to crops from too much rain-fall than from droughts, but, as the surface of the State is generally rolling, the drainage is excel- lent, and the injury from floods is lim- ited. "Few agricultural regions^in the world are so well provided, both with rain-fall and sunshine, as in Iowa; this fact, to- gether with the frequence of thunder storms in summer, accounts for the gener- ally large returns yielded by the soil. That injurious droughts really are very rare in Iowa, and that it therefore is ut- terly incorrect to name Iowa with the dry States proper, which do often suffer from droughts and the attendant pest of grass- hopper, may be seen from the following enumeration of all droughts which have occurred in midde eastern Iowa, at Iowa City, during twenty years, and in the grow- ing season, from the first of March till the first of September: "During the past twenty years, and during the spring season, from the first of March to the last of May, there have but three times been a period during which, at Iowa City in thirty days less than half an inch fell ; there never was a period of thirty days without any rain. The six dry spells are the only periods of thirty days with but half an inch of rainfall that have occured at Iowa City in twenty years, and only one of these spells may properly be called an injurious drought. There are, undoubtedly, very few parts of the United States that can show a better record than this. " In fine, the climate of Iowa develops a rich vegetation, ripens abundant har- vests, and is favorable to the growth of a strong, sinewey, and active race." Judge Fulton, to whom we have al- ready referred in this article, says in. his pamphlet entitled " Iowa, the Home for Immigrants:" " The opinion may prevail to some ex- tent that the climate, esp ecially of North- ern Iowa, is rigorous, and the winters long and severe. It is true that the mercury usually sinks lower than in the States farther south, but at the same time the atmosphere is dry and invigorating, and the seasons not marked by the frequent and sudden changes which are experienced in latitudes further south. The winters are equally as pleasant and more healthful than in the Eastern or Middle States. Pulmonary and other diseases, arising from frequent changes of temperature, and miasmatic influences, are almost unknown , unless contracted elsewhere. Winter usually commences in December and ends in March. The spring, summer and fall months are delightful. Iowa is noted for the glory and beauty of its autumns. The gorgeous season denominated " Indian 48 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Summer" cannot be described, and in Iowa it is peculiarly charming. Day after day, for weeks, the sua is veiled in a hazy splendor, while the forests are tinged with the most gorgeous hues, imparting to all nature something of the enchantments of fairy-land. Almost imperceptibly, these golden days merge into winter, which holds its stern reign without the disagree- able changes experienced in other climes, until "spring ushers in another season of life and beauty. And so the seasons pass, year after year, in our beautiful and healthful Iowa." The following paper was prepared by L. F. Andrews, the efficient Secretary of the Iowa State Board ot Health: VITAL STATISTICS OF IOWA. Iowa State Board of Health, Des Moines, Nov. 1, 1884. The health and prosperity of a State in- volves several elements. The climate, soil, water, drainage and temperature de- termine to a great degree its sanitary con- dition. Iowa in form is nearly a parallelogram, lying between 43 degrees, 30 minutes lati- tude north, and 40 degrees 3(5 minutes latitude south. Its eastern line is the Mississippi River, at 90 degrees 30 min- utes west from Greenwich; its western line is the Missouri River, at 96 degrees 30 minutes. From its south to its north line is two hundred miles, and nearly three hundred miles from its east to its west line. Its area is over fifty thousand square miles, and contains 3,520,000 acres of arable land. When thrown up by some upheaval of the earth's crust from the water which covered its entire surface, it was left in an inclined position, the highest poing being in the northwest corner, the declination being to the southeast. A ridge or " di- vide," so called, west of the Des Moines River, extends diagonally across the State, east of which the rivers flow southeast to the Mississippi, and west of it to the Mis- souri, so that more than two-thirds of the rivers of the State flow to the southeast. At the northwest part of the State the elevation above sea level is about seven teen hundred feet, or nearly eleven hun- dred feet above that at the southeast. The bed of the Missouri River is nearly four hundred feet above that of the Mississippi River. The natural drainage of the State is therefore excellent. The soil is a drift, consisting of liine, sand, clay and vegetable matter — the ac- cumulation of ages, which came from the north and is remarkably fertile. It is moist, so that water exists at a slight depth over the entire State. The constitu- ents of the drift causes the water in nearly all rivers and wells to be hard, yet so far as investigation has been made it does not affect the public health. The organic matter therein seems to be of vegetable origin and not objectionable for dietetic use. The general surface of the State is un- dulating or billowy .There are no extended marshes, swamps or sloughs. Those that do exist can be easily drained ; therefore there are no breeding places for malarial diseases. While the climate of the State is not af- fected materially by its topography, it is- clearly modified thereby, it is near the center of the great Western Plain, beyond the sweep of Atlantic storms, and protect- ed by the Rocky Mountains from the moisture-laden winds of the Pacific. The winter is mild, spring comes early, and summer though warm, is followed by a genial, pleasant autumn. The tempera- ture is uniform throughout the year, the average mean since 1839 being 47.47 de- grees. The geographical position of the State, gives it a medium climate, favorable to health. The State Board of Health was organ- ized by enactment of the legislature, in 1880. There has, therefore, not sufiiient time elapsed to perfect and put in opera- tion a complete system of sanitary and hy- gienic regulations, nor to secure sufficient IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 49 vital statistics on which to predict or es- tablish conclusions ; but sufficient, how- ever, has been gathered to show that a large proportion of the diseases prevalent in the State are clearly preventable, and the result of local causes. Those diseases which are most fatal and non-preventable are comparatively few. A proper educa- tion of the masses in saDitary matiers is therefore only necessary to secure immun- ity from those diseases which now largely make up the mortality rate. The statis- tics already gained show beyond question that under the sanitary regulations now but partially enforced the mortality rate is being steadily decreased and zymotic diseases controlled. Miasmatic diseases are gradually reced- ing under the process of cultivation and under-drainage of the soil, and the culti- vation of timber, most efficient remedies for their extinction. Malarial diseases give a death rate to total deaths only '4 per cent. That nothing is so costly as sickness is Tincontroverted. Self-protection and econ- omy suggest the remedy. The State Board of Health has sought to provide the rem- edy by educating the people as to the im- portance of sanitary regulations. It has prepared rules and regulations in several languages for the restriction and preven- tion of contagious diseases, which have been disseminated over the State. Local Boards of Health auxiliary to the State Board, exists by law in every township* city and town in the State. In every in- stance where, on the outbreak of a con- tagious disease, the regulations of the State Board have been enforced, the dis- ease was quickly controlled and extermin- ated. Unquestionably progress is beiDg made in sanitary matters. The results al- ready attained demonstrate the value of the work of the State Board in the dimin- ished loss of life, suffering and cost. The population of Iowa in 1870 was 1,194,020; in 1880 it was 1,624,615; an increase of 430,595, or 36 per cent, in ten years. At this ratio of increase the population is now not less than 1,753,792. The total number of deaths reported for the year 1870 was 10,568, which is evident- ly below the actual number, as the U, S. census report for that year gives the num- ber at 19.337, to which should be added not less than 33 per cent, as having been omitted by the enumerat >rs. This would give the total deaths for that year at 25,836, or a mortality rate of 16 to 1,000 of living population. The number of deaths report- ed for 1882 is 8,295 ; a decrease of 2,373 for the year, with an increase of population of of 43,059. Of the total deaths for 1880, 2.999 were of children under five years of age, or over 33 per cent. Of these, 541 were caused from diphtheria ; 309 from cholera, infantum; 213 from measles; 215 from scarlet fever; 218 from cer- ebro-spinal fever; 129 from whoop- ing cough — all preventable diseases. The total deaths under five years for 1881, were 4,062; of which 1,158 were from diphtheria ; 467 from scarlet fever ; 264 from cerebrospinal fever; 185 from whooping cough; 98 from measles; 533 from cholera infantum. The decrease in mortality of those under five years of age from 1881 was 1,073, which may safely be ascribed to the more general enforcement of sanitary regulations. AGRICULTURE. AREA OF ARABLE LAND — SOIL — CLIMATE — WATER— GRASSES — CEREALS — STATIS- TICS, ETC. Iowa is pre-eminently an agricultural State, and whatever inducements at pres- ent or in the future may be offered to per- sons engaged in the various pursuits of life the essential fact remains that the true source of her gieatness and grandeur lies in the capacity of her soil to supply those staples necessary for the sustenance of mankind. This prosperous common- wealth is one grand garden, the produc- tiveness of whose area is attested by the rich harvests of grain and other products annually taken from it, and to this, in a great measure, she owes her rapid devel 50 IOWA RESOURCES AliD INDUSTRIES. opnient in all those improvements and enterprises so essential to the comfort and convenience of her citizens, leading all the other States in non-productive area, which is less than five per cent, of her 85,228,000 acres. Iowa has been justly styled " the Eden of American agricul- ture," for her soil is unsurpassed in its adaptability to the raising of all kinds of cereals, and larger crops can be raised, with equal labor, than in any other State in the Union. Such is the nature of the soil that it successfully resists the effect either of drouth or rain to a degree that renders an utter failure of crops almost impossible. The effect of these drouths or wet seasons is to lessen the number of bushels in her productions, but always to leave a good average crop. Farming in Iowa is not so laborious as in many other States, the surface being entirely free from stones and rocks, except where nature, by some freak, has planted a huge boulder, solitary and alone, out on the prairie. Of late years farm machinery has been brought to such perfection as to render the labor of the farm much less arduous than heretofore, and the ease given in cultivation by the use of this improved machinery, and the greatly augmented transportation facilities for the disposal of their surplus products, either of grain or live stock, render the farmer's life one of comparative profit and independence. Blessed with a soil that is rich, fertile and easily cultivated, and with a system of drainage so nearly perfect as to leave scarcely a section of land without a stream of living water upon it, and having up- wards of seven thousand miles of railroads within her borders to carry off her sur- plus products, and to give us access to all the leading markets of the country, Iowa, as an agricultural State, is unsur- passed. Then, too, there never was in the history of the world so large a number of intelligent and enterprising farmers as at present, who are, by scientific skill and careful experiment, elevating the social and financial condition of agriculture. Although Iowa is justly considered a prairie State, yet along the banks of the numerous streams are found groves of native timber, including many varieties which are valuable for fuel and building purposes. The surface of the country is gently undulating throughout the State, with no elevations which can properly be called mountains, and only along the channels of some of the principal rivers do they rise to any considerable height. To persons desirous cf opening new farms, the prairie offers many advantages over a timbered country, and in the summer with its luxuriant grasses and its flowers of almost every hue, presents the aspect of a garden rather than a wilderness. These grasses, instead of being coarse and destitute of nutrition, are almost equal to tame grasses, and afford excellent pastur- age for stock. The Iowa farmer, having no stones or stumps to remove, finds his farm clear and already prepared for cultivation, so that he may plow his land, plant his crops, and reap such a harvest the first year as will abundantly reward his labor. The richness of Iowa soil is attested by the fact that as many as twenty successive crops have been gathered from a single field, without the use of fertilizers. In the variety of her products, she is unex- celled by any of the Northwestern States. Corn is the most reliable crop, is more ex- tensively cultivated than any other, and yields from sixty to one hundred bushels per acre. It is an unfailing crop, no mat- ter what the season may be. The other principal products of the soil are wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, and flax. The average yield of wheat is from eigh- teen to twenty-five bushels, of excellent quality, and the flour manufactured from it compares favorably with that raised in any of the western States. Oats is a relia. ble crop, and averages from fifty to sev- enty-five bushels per acre, according to the season. Barley, rye, and buckwheat pro- duce good crops, while the culture of flax is so successful that it has become quite extensive in many parts of the State. Broom corn and hops are raised in consid- IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 51 erable quantities, while all varieties of vegetables, including potatoes, turnips, beets, onions, peas, beans, sweet potatoes, melons, and many others are grown in abundance, and with good profit. In regard to the production of sorghum in Iowa, it is a crop which never fails, and the time is approaching when the manu- facture of sugar will be one of the leading productive industries of the State. Prof. Knapp, of the Iowa Agricultural College, says : " The product of sorghum syrup in Iowa has ranged from one hundred and twenty to two hundred gallons per acre, possibly averaging one hundred and forty gallons, which has sold at fifty cents a gallon. " One acre cleared about fifty dollars profit, besides the satisfaction of having honest syrup. " One gallon of syrup is worth, for fam- ily use, two and a half times the glucose purchased at the store." We also quote the following from the report for 18S3, of Hon. J. R. Shaffer, Secretary of the State Agricultural So- ciety : " In June, 1883, 254 townships reported 24.341 acres planted, and the condition 84 per cent from 457 townships. In the July report 366 correspondents report an in- creased area, and 14 a decrease ; 553 town- ships reported the conditiou at 86 per cent. The product of syrup in 1867 was 2,994,557 gallons; 1869, 2,592,393 gallons; 1875, 1,386,908 gallons; 1880,2,037,398 gallons. The estimated acreage for 1883 is 30,000 ; the yield is 88 gallons per acre, giviDg a product of 2,640.000 gallons ; market price, 54 cents per gallon, a crop worth $1,425,- 600. 'Wherever a good syrup can be produced sugar may also be made;, perhaps not in so large proportion or of equal quality, with that made from the cane of the semi- tropical regions. Sugar has been made from Amber cane and other varieties in paying quantities, and the experiments now being made will verify the oft-repeat- ed predictions of this Society that Iowa can safely guarantee to make its own su- gar, and after a time export it." FARM PRODUCTS OF IOWA, TAKEN FROM THE REPORT OF THE TENTH FED- ERAL CENSUS, IN 1880. There were 19,866,541 acres improved* and 4,886,159 acres unimproved land in farms and 2,312,659 acres in natural tim- ber. There were raised, of corn, 6,616,- 144 acres, producing 276,024,247 bushels ; wheat, 4,049'288 acres producing 31,154,- 205 bushels; oats, 1,507,577 acres, produc- ing 50,610,591 bushels; barley, 198,861 acres producing 4,022,588 bushels; rye, 102,607 acres, producing 518,605 bushels ; buckwheat, 16,318 acres, producing 1,518,605 bushels; flax, 185,918 acres, pro- ducing 1,571,707 bushels; sorghum, 23,735 acres, producing 2,037,398 gallons of syrup; potatoes, 121,358 acres, producing 9,962537 bushels; hay 3,613,941 tons; 55,- 481,958 pounds of butter, exclusive of creameries; 1,075,988 pounds of cheese, exclusive of factories; 2,971,975 pounds of wool ; 2,612,036 cattle ; 0,034,316 hogs ; 455,359 sheep; 792,322 horses, and the value of eggs and poultry was $4,600,000. From the foregoing figures it will be seen that a large proportion of Iowa's wealth consists in her agricultural pro- ducts. In the meantime, the various in- dustries which enable a people to live upon their own productions, are increasing. So long as the channels of the river?, and the lakes afforded the only highways of commerce, and the West beyond her was an uninhahited wilderness, this State suffer- ed from these disadvantages, but with the opening of the great trans-continental railways, the settlement of the great West, and the mineral wealth produced by those states, these disadvantages disappeared, and with a judicious development of her resources, the encouragement- of indus- trial as well as agricultural pursuits, with a continuance of the financial integrity which has always characterized the State, and with the standard of morality and ed- ucation ever advancing, the grandest pos- sibilities of any state in the Mississippi Valley are now within her reach. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. BY J. R. SHAFFER, SECRETARY STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. This table shows the estimated number of acres in cultivation, the yield per acre,, bushels produced, price per bushel, and value of products, and the stock, butter, cheese, poultry and eggs, in 1884: Yield CROP. No. of per Total Market Value of Acres. Acre. Product. Price. Crop. Corn 7,210,000 86 259,560.000 $.24 $62,294,400 Wheat 2,694.532 13 35,028,916 .55 19,265,904 Oats 2,082,378 31 64,553,718 .20 12,910,744 Rve 111,920 16 1,790,720 .38 680,473 Barley 176,900 24 4,245.600 .34 1,443,504 Buckwheat 17,100 11 188,100 .78 146,718 Max 300,000 9 2,700,000 1.04 2,808,000 Irish Potatoes 128,500 98 12,593,000 .27 2.400,110 Sweet Potatoes 3,530 95 335,350 .90 301,815 Sorghum 31,350 98 3,072,300 gal. .46 1,413,258 Hay 3,500,000 1% 5,250,000 tons 4.42 23,305.000 TirnothySeed., 4^ 1,800,000 1.17 2,106,000 Clover Seed 2^ 50,000 5.18 259,000 Millet Seed 300,000 Total. . $129,634,926- STOCK, BUTTER, CHEESE, POULTRY AND EGGS. Number of cattle 2,800,000 @ $15. 00 value, $ 42,000,000 Number of horses 790,000® 50 . 00 " 39,500,000 Number of hogs 5,000 000@ 3.00 " 15,000,000 Number of sheep 450,000® 2.00 " 900,000 Wool clip, pounds 2,500,000® 20 " 500 000 Butter, pounds ... 60,000,OCO@ 12^ " 7,500\000 Cheese, pounds 1,000,000® 10 " 100,000 Poultry, number 8,500.000® 10 " 850 000 Eggs, dozens 32,000,000® 8 " 2,560,000 Total $108,910,000 Total products of the farm $238,544,926 HORTICULTURE. IOWA'S honors in competition with OTHER STATES — APPLES — OTHER FRUITS — LISTS RECOMMENDED BY THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. HORTICULTURAL. Iowa has for years taken the first prem- ium at the National and State exhibitions, for the finest and greatest number of va- rieties of apples, true to name, which our State Horticultural Society holds the med- als to attest. It has long since been fully- demonstrated that this is one of the best fruit-growing states in the Union, and the beanty and flavor of her orchard products have not been surpassed. Since our hor- ticulturists have cultivated the varieties- adapted to this climate, we have no diffi- culty in raising apples in abundance. What is true of apples may be said of cherries, plums, pears, and smaller fruits. From the latest data at our command, it is- estimated that Iowa has upward of 4.000,- 000 bearing apple trees, and at least an equal number of other varieties of fruit IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 53 trees. Among the many extensive or- chards in Iowa we will mention but one, which is situated in Mahaska county, con- taining 160 acres, and whose average yield is fifty thousand bushels of the finest apples produced anywhere. The superior quality of Iowa apples is becom- ing well-known and appreciated in the eastern markets, and her horticulturists are entirely satisfied with her present po sition, as tbe leading apple raising State in the Union. In the records of the State Horticultural Society we find the follow- ing: "At the American Pomological conven- tion, at Richmond, Virginia, in the fall of 1871, Iowa took first premium for best ex- hibit of apples, awarded by a committee of experts of which Chas. Downing was chairman. The above award shows what Iowa could do in the production of ap- ples where she came in competition with such old fruit producing states as Michi- gan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, ZSTew York and all New England and the border states of the south. In 1875, at the Amer- ican Pomological Convention in Chica- go, the highest award for apples was given to the State of Iowa. In 1876, at the Cen- tennial Exhibition, the State of Iowa re- ceived the highest award on an exhibit of two thousand plates of apples, includ- ing three hundred and forty-two varieties of apples. One exhibitor, James Smith of Polk county, displayed 160 varieties, true to name, and received the highest award for the same. "Our State Horticultural Society receiv- ed four highest awards, and individuals of the State received nine awards on apples and pears. In 1S79, at the convention of the American Pomological Society, held in Rochester. New York, the "Wilder med- al, the highest award, was given to the State Horticultural Society for the largest and best exhibition of apples. At the last named exhibition there were exhibits from over twenty States. ••The State Horticultural Society has several silver medals, won in competition with other states, for best exhibits of ap- ples. The above is conclusive evidence that Iowa can and does produce not only apples, but apples of a superior quality. It may be said by some that the exhibits made by this State at various times came from the south half of the State; such is the fact to a certain extent, bur out of the 342 varieties exhibited at the Centennial exhibition, in 1876, over 100 of them came from the north half of the State." In all the conventions of the American Pomological Society which have been held during the last ten years, Iowa has taken the first prize for the best exhibi- tion of apples, and last, but not least, the first prize on apples was awarded to our State at the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, at Xew Orleans, in 'So. The success of Iowa horticulturists at these conventions removed the steadfast belief m the minds of the people of the eastern states, that Iowa was not a fruit producing state, and it also give an im- petus to orchard planting, the effect of which is still manifest in the increased interest shown in horticulture. Iowa is divided into three fruit growing regioas, known as the northern, central and south- ern districts, and apples are raised more extensively in the southern district, which is due to the fact that this portion of the State is more heavily timbered, and as a conseqnerce, orchards have better pro- tection. In the northern section groves have been extensively planted for the bet- ter protection of orchards, thus brioging the northern and southern districts into more of an equality in this regard, and the result is that entire Iowa is rapidly be- coming one grand apple raising State. Iowa horticulturists, however, do not con- fine their labor to the growth aud propa- gation of apples alone, but during the past few years much attention has been given to the culture of pears, Siberian and Trancendent crabs, plums, cherries, cur- rants, strawberries, raspberries, gooseber- ries, and especially grapes, which are grown in great abundance and of the finest quality, as this delicious fruit has proved successful wherever it has been tried in Iowa. 54: IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. In those sections of the State, where tame fruits have not yet been cultivated, the wild fruits serve as an excellent sub stitute, as the native groves of Iowa yield many fruits of excellent quality and flavor, including grapes and plums of several varieties, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, and crab ap- ples. These native fruits have been suc- cessfully transplanted and cultivated, in many instances, thereby increasing their size and general excellence. We give be- low the list of fruits recommended by the State Horticultural Society for culti- vation in the different fruit districts of Iowa. FRUITS RECOMMENDED BY THE IOWA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. NORTHERN FRUIT DISTRICT AFPLE LIST. NORTHERN Summer — Oldenburg and Tetofsky ; for the south part of the district and more sparingly in the north, Cole's Quince and Williams' Favorite. Autumn — Gros Pomier, Wealthy, Utter's Red, Plumb's Cider, Sweet Pear, and St. Lawrence. Winter — Walbridge, Fameuse, and Tall- man Sweet. Allen's Choice is recommend- ed for planting in the south part of the district. Crabs— Whitney's No. 20, Briars Sweet, Hyslop . Cherries — Early Richmond, English Morello, and Late Richmond. Grapes — Concord, Worden, Janesville and for trial, Moore's Early, and Coe. Plums— Miner and De Soto. Raspberries — Doolittle, Mammoth Clus- ter, and Turner. Blackberries — Sn y der . Strawberries— Crescent Seedling, Red Jacket, Green Prolific. Currants — Red Dutch, White Grape, White Dutch, and Victoria. Gooseberries— Houghton. Asparagus — Common Seedlings. CENTRAL FRUIT DISTRICT — APPLES. Summer — Red June, Early Harvest, Oldenburg, Williams' Favorite, Red As- trachan, Early Pennock, Benoni, Sops of Wine. Autumn — Cole's Quince, Lowell, Au- tumn Strawberry, Dyer, Porter, Fam- euse. Winter — Jonathan, Winesap, Ben Davis, Rawle's Janet, Willow, Dominie, Grimes' Golden, Fulton, White Winter Pearmain, Paradise Wintei\ Sweet, Tallman Sweet, Wagener. Crabs — Hyslop and Whitney's No, 20. Small Fruits: Grapes — Concord, and for trial, Moore's Early, Worden, Elvira, and Coe. Strawberries — Crescent, Charles Down- ing, Downer's Prolific, and Wilson. For trial, Bidwell, Cumberland Triumph, and Glendale, Currants— Red and White Dutch, and Victoria. Raspberries — Gregg, Mammoth Cluster. Doolittle, and Turner. Bl ackberries — Snyder . Gooseberries — Downing. FRUIT LIST FOR SOUTHERN DISTRICT — AP- PLES FOR FAMILY ORCHARD. Summer— Early Harvest, Red Astra- khan, Oldenburg, Red Stripe, Coopei's Early White, Sweet June. Autumn — Maiden's Blush, Dyer, Low- ell, Mother, Fall Wine, Rambo, Jersey Sweet, Wealthy, and Fameuse. Winter — Jonathan, Grimes' Golden, Winesap, Willow, Wagener, White Pip- pin, Roman Stem, Rawle's Janet, Ben Davis, Smith's Cider, Tallman Sweet, Rome Beauty (the latter for sandy soils). Pears and Plums: Pears— Osband's Summer, Beurre Gifford, Clapp's Favor- ite, Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Belle Lu- crative, 'White Doyenne, Seckel, Sheldon, Beurre d'Anjou, Lawrence. (These are in order of ripening.) Plums — Lombard, Miner, De Soto. Small fruits: Grapes — Moore's Early, Ives, Concord, Worden, Delaware, Coe, Lady. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 55 Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster, Gregg, Turner, Cuthbert. Strawberries — Crescent, Charles Down- ing, Cumberland Triumph. Blackberries — Snyder. Gooseberries — Houghton, Smiths, and Downing. Currants— Red Dutcb, White Dutch , Versailles. Cherries — Early Richmond, English Morello. FORESTRY. TIMBER SUPPLY —NATIVE GROWTH— CULTI- VATION OF TIMBER— ACT OF THE LEGIS- LATURE FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF FORESTRY AND ORCHARD PLANTING — LIST RECOMMENDED BT THE STATE HOR- CULTURAL SOCIETY. Although Iowa has no extensive forests, she is by no means destitute of timber, as 2,312,659 acres of her soil is covered with a growth of Dative woods, including oak, maple, elm, cottonwood, hickory, cedar, walnut, linden, ash, box elder, buckeye, birch, sycamore, and otber varieties, whicb are found principally along the banks of the rivers and streams, although occasion- ally groves covering from ten to fifty acres are found on the higher elevations. Ac- cording to the natural distributien of trees in the State, a narrow strip of timber of heavy growth borders the Missouri, an- other the Des Moines, and a broader tract extends along the Mississippi River, reaching back to the Iowa River in the northeast, so that the eastern and south- eastern portions of the State were about one-eighth to one-fifth covered with tim- ber. It requires but a few years for cer- tain varieties to mature in Iowa, ten or twelve years being sufficient to render them fit for fuel, fencing or building pur- poses, and our people are wise enough to see that it is to their advantage to plant trees, not only for these purposes, but for beauty and comfort as well. Many artifi- cial groves, planted during the last ten or fifteen years, have now attained a growth sufficient to render them valuable for a variet}*of uses, and inany farmers in Iowa have to-day a supply of timber suitable for fuel and fencing. The Hon. C. E. Whiting says: " Timber-growing is no longer an ex- periment, but. with care, a certain and complete success. " If planted in bel^s around the farm, the protection is worth more than the rent of the land on which the timber stands. Ail the timber which I have planted, or will plant under the present law, will stand, when ten years old, without having cost me a cent. " It renders a farm so much more com- fortable, beautiful, and attractive as a home, and so much more valuable if we ever wish to sell. " One can hardly look on these beauti- ful groves, with their cocl shade in sum- mer, and protection in winter, without a feeUng of self conscious satisfaction that he has done one good thing for himself, for his State, and for his posterity." Those best informed as to how and what to plant, are generally of the opinion that a mixture of the various kinds is better, and many in Iowa are now following this theory; but too many of the groves in Iowa, planted in the past, present too much of a monotony, being all soft maple or some other variety, while, says one writer, " the grouping together of certain trees is grateful to them all." Hon. J. J. Thomas, a prominent New York horticul- turist, says " it is the opinion of some planters that a heavier growth may be ob- tained from a given extent of land by in- termixing different kinds, each of which may draw different ingredients from the soil, or extend their roots into the earth at various depths." In regard to this sub- ject, Prof. J. L. Budd, of the Iowa Agri- cultural College, says: 11 In Europe, where tree-planting is more of a science, and to which our Na- tional Horticultural. Society proposes sending learned men to take lessons in tree planting, it is one of their rules not to confine a grove to any one species, but the 56 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. greater tlie mixture the better the success. One species of tree obtains from the soil all the elements suitable for its growth, while it leaves or rejects that which is suitable for another species. The differ- ent writers upon the subject have not set- tled the exact reason why a heavier growth and longer life were guaranteed to trees when there is a general mixture of the species of forestry, yet experiment and observation have established the fact." Hon. Suel Foster, of Muscatine, one of our most reliable horticulturists, says: " A tree is the grandest product of the vegetable kingdom, and I submit for the consideration of this society if trees are not the most serviceable to man of any- thing that grows out of the earth. If land owners will appreciate and learn the art, trade and work of timber culture they will find it pleasant, attractive and profit- able." In the last few years there has been a great increase of timber planting in Iowa, and many fine groves have resulted from it, which not only furnish shelter, fuel and material for building, but add greatly to the beauty and variety of the scenery, enhancing the value of farm property and presenting a varied landscape of exceed- ing loveliness. The planting of trees has received much encouragement from the State, which offers a bounty in the way of exemption of taxes for the planting and culture of fruit and forest trees. The law providing for these exemptions is as follows: To encourage forestry and or- chard planting in Iowa. Section 798 of Title 6, Chapter 1, of the Code, as amended by the Seventeenth Gen- eral Assembly. " For every acre of forest trees planted and cultivated for timber within the State, the trees thereon not being more than twelve feet apart and kept in a healthy condition, the sum of one hundred dollars shall be exempted from taxation upon the owner's assessment, for ten years after each acre is so planted ; provided that such exemption be applied only to the realty owned by the party claiming the exemp- tion, not to exceed each one hundred and sixty acres of land, upon which the trees are grown and in a growing condition. "For every acre of fruit trees planted and suitably cultivated within the State, the trees thereon not being more than thirty- three feet apart and kept in a healthy condition, the sum of fifty dollars shall be exempted from taxation upon the own- er's assessment, for five years after each acre is planted. Such exemption shall be made by the assessor at the time of the annual assessment, upon satisfactory proof that the party claiming the same has com- plied with this section; and the assessor shall return to the board of equalization the name of each person claiming exemp- tion, the quantity of land planted to tim- ber or forest trees, and the amount deducted from the valuation of his prop- erty." We append a list of the varieties recom- mended by the State Horticultural Society for cultivation in this State : Silver leaf maple, soft maple, recom- mended for shelter-belt, fuel and orna- ment. Sugar maple, black maple, for sugar, ornament and fuel. Honey maple, ash-leaf maple, box-elder, for sugar, fuel, shelter and ornament. Red maple, soft maple, for shelter-belt, fuel and ornament. Sugar maple, rock maple, for sugar and ornament. Balsam fir, for shelter-belt, balsam and ornament. Douglas spruce, for shelter-belt, orna- ment and manufacture. White spruce, for shelter-belt, ornament and manuiacture. Norway spruce, for shelter-belt, orna- ment and manufacture. Black spruce, for shelter-belt and orna- ment. Sweet buckeye, for ornament in south, half of State. Horse chestnut, for ornament in south half of State. Tree of Heaven, for manufacture and ornament in south half of State. IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. oi Yellow birch, for manufacture, orna- ment snd shelter-belt Sweet birch, for manufacture, ornament, shelter-belt and fuel. Black birch, for fuel and ornament. Paper birch, for shelter-belt and orna- ment. Barberry (a shrub), for hedge and orna- ment. Shell-bark hickory, for manufacture, fuel, ornament and fruit. Bitter-nut hickory, swamp hickory, for manufacture and fuel. Pignut, o<- broom hickory, for manufac- ture and fuel. Pecan hickory, for manufacture, fuel and fruit. Thick shell-bark hickory, for manufac- ture, fuel and fruit. Catalpa, for manufacture and ornament- Black cherry, for manufacture and orna- ment. Hackberry, for manufacture, fuel and ornament. Chestnut, tor manufacture, ornament and fruit. "White cedar, for ornamental manufac- ture. Scarlet-fruited hawthorn, for ornament and hedge. Cockspur hawthorn, for ornament and hedge. White ash, for manufacture, fuel and ornament. Red ash, for manufacture, fuel and or- nament. Blue ash, for manufacture, fuel and or- nament. Black ash, for manufacture, fuel and ornament. Green ash, for manufacture, fuel and ornament. Honey locust, for hedge, manufacture, fuel and ornament. Coffeenut, for manufacture and orna- ment. Butternut, white walnut, for manufac- ture and fruit. Walnut, black walnut, for manufacture and lruit. Red cedar, for shelter-bell and orna- ment. Tyrolese larch, European larch, for manufacture, shelter belt and ornament. Tamarack, American larch, for manufac- ture, shelter-belt and ornament. Osage orange, for hedge and manufac- ture in south half of State. Mulberry, for manufacture, fruit and ornament. White pine, for manufacture, shelter- belt and ornament. Scotch pine, for manufacture, shelter- belt and ornament. Austrian pine, for manufacture, shelter- belt and ornament. Heavy wooded pine, for manufacture, shelter-belt and ornament. Tooth-leaf aspen, Highland cottonwood, for manufacture and fuel. Yellow cottonwood, necklace poplar, for manufacture, fuel and shelter-belt. White cottonwood, Angled cottonwood, for manufacture, fuel and shelter-belt. Lombardy poplar, for hedge and shelter- belt. White poplar, silver leaf poplar, for shelter-belt. Willow-leaf cottonwood, for manufac- ture and shelter-belt. Sycamore, for manufacture; wet land. Burr oak, over-cup oak, for manufacture, ornament and fuel. Post oak, box white oak, for manufac- ture, ornament and fuel. Two-colored oak, for manufacture, orna- ment and fuel. Chestnut oak, for manufacture, orna- ment and fuel. Quercitron, yellow oak, black oak, for manufacture, ornament and fuel. Scarlet oak, jack oak, for manufacture, ornament and fuel. Red oak, for manufacture, ornament and fuel. Spanish oak, pin oak, swamp oak, for manufacture, ornament and fuel. Smooth sumac, for tanning material. White willow, green willow, for shelter- belt, hedge and fuel. Basket osier willow, for basket stock. Black willow, for wet places. Forbes' willow, for withes and ties, strong as hemp. 58 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Basswood, for shelter- belt and honey. White elm, water elm, for manufacture, fuel, shelter- belt and ornament. Slippery elm, red elm, for manufacture, fuel, shelter -belt and ornament. Whahoo elm, winged elm, for manufac- ture, fuel, shelter -belt and ornament. Rock elm, hickory elm, for manufac- tare, fuel and bolts. STOCK-RAISING. BAPID DEVELOPMENT OP THIS INTEREST — ADVANTAGES FOR STOCK-RAISING IN IOWA — GRASSES — GRAIN — IMPROVED BREEDS — REMARKS OP C. P. CLARKSON, L. S. COFFIN, AND J. R. SHAFFER. The business of stock-raising has as- sumed vast proportions in Iowa, so that it has become one of the leading industries of the State, as a large percentage of the agricultural wealth consists of all kinds of farm stock. Iowa, located between the two great rivers of the continent, with its unsurpassed prairie lands, yielding abun- dantly of rich, nutritious grasses, and wa- tered with numberless streams and rivers, has the conditions of climate, food, and water which are favorable to success, and with our superior transportation facilities, giving access to the markets of the world, the prosecution of this industry has be- come one of the most profitable sources of revenue in the State. Stock feeding is a business in which the surplus grain can be most profitably utilized, a fact which has been fully demonstrated by every one who has given his attention to it. There is no branch of agriculture which pays so large a revenue in Iowa, as there is scarcely a farmer who does not give his attention in a greater or less degree to the raising of stock for market. No class of men in Iowa are acquiring wealth more rapidly than stock men, and this great in- dustry commands more of the time and attention of our farmers than any other branch of agriculture, so that Iowa is to- day one of the leading stock-raising States in the Union. The exhibits of horses* cattle, hogs, and sheep displayed at our State Fairs, from year to year, demon- strate most conclusively the advance which has been made in stock breeding in our State, and to Iowa was awarded the first premium for beef, at the National Fat Stock Show, held in Chicago last year, a result attained through superior care and skill in selection, feeding, and management. Iowa farmers are rapidly coming to understand the best modes of agriculture in its various branches, and one result of this is seen in the fact that but a small percentage of the corn crop of Iowa is shipped out of the State, being re- tained here for the purpose of feeding, thus realizing larger profits trom the corn, and saving cost of transportation. During^ the spring, summer, and autumn months, it is necessary to do but very little feed- ing, as the rich pastures furnish an abun- dance of nutritious food, which proves quite sufficient, during this portion of the year. Everything seems to work to tha advantage of the stock-raiser in Iowa, for by the time the grazing season is over, many of the farmers have gathered their corn, and the cattle are then turned into fields, which affords them nearly all the food they require until winter fairly com- mences. Of late years much attention has been given to the improvement of stock of all kinds, and this has been greatly stimulated by the liberal premiums offered by the State Agricultural Society for improved breeds. The breeds of cattle which are- receiving most attention from our stock men are the Short-Horns, Devons, Hol- steins, Herefords, Jerseys, Alderneys, and Ayrshires, with the Polled Angus, which have been more recently introduced, but space forbids our entering into a discussion of their respective meiits. The successful farmer, then, is he who utilizes the products of the soil in the feeding of stock, which always finds a sure and ready market at remunerative prices, and the farmer in possession of a herd of cattle, hogs, or sheep knows he IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 5P can command the cash for them at any time. Stock raising and feeding, in con nection with the ordinary branches of agriculture, never fails to produce a fine profit on investment, labor, and expenses. The God of Nature made Iowa espe- cially a corn-growing and grain raising- State, for the good of the people who might inhabit this favored laud, and as there is always a fitness in the works of the Great Architect, it may safely be as- sumed that this was not done without ref- erence to the use which might be made of the surplus products of the soil, hence the adaptability of Iowa to the business of stock-raising. The following, figures show the number and value of stock for 1884: Number of cattle, 2,800,000, at $15; value, $42,000,000. Number of horses, 790,000, at $50; value $39,500,000. Num- ber of hogs, 5,000,000, at $3; value, $15,- 000,000. Number of sheep, 450,000, at $2 ; s'.-; 0.000. We quote the following from Hon John R. Shaffer, Secretary of the State Agricul- tural Society : "This State is especial!}- adapted to the rearing of cattle, from its being first of all essentially a grass growing region ; then follow in regular order its numerous streams of water, on the surface, and the facility wi h which water can be procured almost everywhere by wells and conserved in ponds; then its widely distributed belts of timber, giving protection and shade; then its singular adaptability for the growth of hedge rows and artificial groves; then its unparalleled resources in the production of corn and cereils, fitted for the best elements in the growth of cat- tle. These natural resources are supple- mented and amplified by our intelligent and persistent effort to improve the breeds. Men have taken advantage of the natural conditions, and have through endeavor and effort steadily made the business ot cattle raising a profit and a pleasure. The Improved Stock Breeders' Association has done and is doing mo^t excellent work in calling attention to improved breeds, and in discussing and publishing many matters intimately connected with them. Their annual meetings are ever occasions of great interest; they call together and enlist the sympathy of the very best breed- ers in Iowa, and from them have gone out influences that have made their impress- ion upon the farmers every where. " Hon. C. F. Clarkson, agricultural editor of the "State Register", says in regard to the improvement made in stock in Iowa : "There have been in Iowa importers and breeders for over a score of years, and by their enterprise they have added at least three hundred millions of dollars to the past and prospective value and profits in cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, etc, of the State. The mere money is not the only pay a man receives for raising fine stock. It satisfies a laudable pride, without which a man is of little use in the world. There is a sociability about these quiet animals, which makes a man nobler, purer and better by feeding and watching their de* velopment, and their ornamenting yarel and landscape. There is real comfort in raising and associating with these super- ior animals, which is not the least item in the compensation for their feed and care." We also give the following extract from Mr. Clarkson's address before the Iowa Fine Stock Breeders' Association : "Iowa has had another year peculiaily favorable to the interests of stock-bieed- ers. Whilst there has been some uneasi- ness and real cause for alarm, our flocks and herds have been permitted to dwell safely and enjoy the fat of the land. Not only has the stock of Iowa enjoyed an ex- emption from any fatal diseases, but the early and the later rains have been so favor- able as to produce abundant pasture, and an unrivaled crop of that standard cereal, without which it is hard to ripen, to per- fection, the choicest beeves. And while nearly all other branches of industry have complained of a depression and stringency in business, one branch especially, over which this Association has jurisdiction — that of neat cattle— has been peculiarly prosperous. Thoroughbred cattle have 60 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. felt none of tlie depression of which oth- er industries complain On the contrary- it has been a better year for improved de- mands and stability of prices, than the previous years. There is everything to encourage, and make the stock breeder glad, "In 1880 there were in Iowa 2,609,530 head of neat cattle. If there has been an increase in the four years since of 18 per cent, there are now in the State 3,COO,000 head. Gen. Loring estimates it at 40,000 higher. He also calculates that of these, 638,000 head are thoroughbreds or grades. This is but 21 per cent. But allowing that 66 per cent, are unimproved, or so little so as to be worth on an average $20 per head less than a high grade animal, a loss of forty millions to the peoplo of Iowa in such scrub stock. And this is only one branch of stock for which this association is working and planning. "The question of the improvement of horses should be made a more prominent feature in the deliberations of this Associ- ation, and more thoroughly impressed up- on the great mass of the people of the State. There are in the State some super" ior horse breeding farms, aud equal to any in the United States, and managed with liberal capital and by educated energy. The farms of this kiud in Linn, Keokuk, Hamilton, Bremer, Black Hawk, Chicka- saw, and other counties, would be a credit to any State. And they are doing a great work, without which the improvement of the horse would be slow and uncertain. It is almost impossible to succeed with this second, if not the equal ot any class of stockbreeding, without some superior breeding centers. So we should fully ap- preciate the enterprise which has brought these breeding farms to such prominence and usefulness. "But this is not enough. Public senti- ment among the great mass of Iowa farm- ers must be educated and awakened to the great importance, financially and socially, of bringing this noblest of all animals up to all of his immense possibilities, in beauty of form, strength, activity, and intelligence. A stupid, sluggish horse, no matter how fine his form, or how powerful his muscles, cannot fill his real position in the estimation of a true lover of this ani- mal. He must have intelligence of a high order, as well as be proud of his strength and position in man's esteem. And there is no nobler work in any branch of stock- breeding than in raising the horse from his low position in this State, to all his possibilities of perfection as a servant of man. '•There are millions of acres in Iowa just suited to sheep raising, now lying idle. Our State could profitably own five mil lions of sheep instead of less than half of one million. I hope the friends and advo- cates of sheep raising will bring this sub- ject so plainly before the people of Iowa as to create an awakening on this subject. -When we abandon the sheep, we sin against our interests as owners of the soil, and sacrifice one of the most important branches of domestic industry, which has been admitted by poets and pastoral writ- ers to have made the hills and valleys a panorama of beauty. "There is one other important branch of stock, though of the highest importance, needs but little further stimulant. The boom in swine, in the language of latter- day politicians, is already painted red. And it is claimed by many that the color will stand the crucible of time and the corrosion of the elements. There are those here who will not sutler the interests of this class of domestic animals to be neg- lected. "Nor is there any probability that the business of fine stock breeding, in which you have invested your means, and devoted your time and powers, is likely to be soon accomplished, requiring a change in your pursuits. The field of improvement is yet wide, requiring untold means and long years of devotion before. all of the ground will be occupied. "Dressed beef shipment is a new thing. It is reducing the amount of transporta- tion. It is not my object to enter into a discussion of the benefits of dressed beei IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 61 shipment. It saves, if charged fair prices, nearly one-half of the cost of taking beef from the producer to the consumer. It saves a large per cent in wayside ex- penses and in the shrinkage of the "beef. The meat is healthier, sweeter in fl ivor and more nutritious as an article of diet. It is not heated by abuse and irritation, nor bruised by the cars, nor mutilated by cattle men. "You, gentlemen of the Iowa Stock Breeders' Convention, are the true repre- sentatives of the stock interests of the State. I trust you have sufficient at stake, have the necessary independence of character, ana the ability to speak with no uncertain sound upon the subject of State and National protection to the great industrial interests which you represent. This should be one of the main objects of your deliberations at this session." The following extracts are taken from a paper by Hon. L. S. Coffin, of Ft. Dodge, on the subject, " Money in Stock Raising in Iowa on a 160-Acre Farm," read before the Iowa Fine Stock Breeders' Associa- tion at their last annual meeting : "The real farmer of Iowa is the man that runs successfully and makes a good living for himself and family, and grows each year more and more independent on the 80, 160, or 320 acre farm. He, too, is the real strength and honor of the agricul- tural producers that have given such an honorable reputation to this State. Then, again, this calling one class of agricultur- ists breeders and another farmers, is to my mind out of place. It presupposes that there is a class of men living, it may be in towns and cities, who are breeders of farm stock, and yet are aloof from and independent of the farm. All such ideas are erroneous and misleading. I know that a great many men have attempted to carry on the breeding business as a money making enterprise who were not practical farmers, depending upon either buying all they want for feed, or depending upon buying the proper labor to raise from some fancy farm their money has bought, what was necessary for their stock and also for the care of feeding of the same ; but all such, or nearly all, have been sig- nal failures, and it is only a question of time when all will fail, for which, too, I am most devoutly grateful. " But I am asked to show how a farmer can make money on a small or ordinary sized farm by stock-raising. " The real farm has been the one where all kinds, or at least a large variety of stock, domestic animals, were raised, hence then there is sure anel good money in stock raising. I do not say men who live away to the frozen pole must raise stock, unless it be polar bears or seals. I have never farmed in Alaska or Green- land. Neither do I say to what extent those away up along and north of the Northern Pacific R. R. should introduce stock-raising into their wheat farming. I will merely say that I have no desire for their country or their farming unless I could with their wheat raise some stock. Iowa is good enough for me, for I know of no spot on earth where mixed farming can be so successfully carried on as here. To my mind Iowa is the very paradise, the 'Eden' for the man whose idea of farming is based on the picture we have drawn as the true one of the real farm. "But again, the question is, how shall it be done ? " The best answer I can give is, as Mr. Greeley, I belive it was, said about resum- ing, The way to resume is to resume, so the way to make stock-raising pay is 'to farm.' " If * to farm' in the best and only true meaning of the word is to raise stock, and as real farming is always a safe and pay- ing business, 'stock-rising' on a farm is then, as a matter of course, profitable. "In the first place the would-be-success- ful farmer must be a boy on the farm. Here is the great fact on which so much of failure or of success in after life de- pends. " To be an expert in the great multi- plicity of things connected with mixed husbandry and stock raising is what must be learned by long years of actual expert 62 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, ence and personal observation. It cannot oe told to one, it cannot be obtained from books or papers, it cannot be had from lectures, professors or schools, other than the school of experience in actual farm life, where the teachers are the animals themselves and the soil he tills. " I would right here impress upon him the all importance of starting right with his stock. Never buy or keep a poor ani. mal. Always get the very best of its kind your circumstances will allow. After getting these, then never breed to a sire that is not better than the animals you have. " Let every step ahead in increase of numbers be always on an up grade as to quality. The real profit, the easiest profit, that which cost the least in proportion to value and return is in quality. The hen that lays one egg a month more, the sheep that shears a pound of wool more and that puts on ten per cent, more weight of car- cass, the cow that gives a quart of milk a day more, or that makes a pound of butter a week more. The steers that assimilates 20 per cent, more of food, and the colt that brings fifty dollars more when grown than the common or inferior ones, are the ones that make success and sure profit doubly sure. " The increase of one cow for a term of ten years has been figured out, over and over again, and so accurately that there is left no manner of doubt as to the result. Take a cow just coming in with her first calf, and supposing every other calf to be a heifer and the other bulls, and allowing each heifer to come in at two years old« The total product for ten years would be 72 bulls and 72 heifers. Now allowing 33% per cent, deduction for barren cows and losses — and this is a large per cent. — and we shall have 95 animals by the pro- duct of one cow for ten years. If we sup- pose the original cow be only a native or scrub, and she bred to a common bull, the product, even at a scrub price, would be $2,880.00. If the first cow had been a high grade thoroughbred, while it would have cost little if any more feed, no more barn room, no more rods of fence for pas- ture, no more steps and labor to care for them, the product, provided a full blood bull of good individuality had been used, the value of the product, I say, would have been enhanced from 50 to 200 per cent., while the first outlay in cost would not have been a drop in the bucket as com- pared with the result. " Carry this same thing along for twenty years, making the same one-third deduc- tion, and we have 740 head of cattle, and if high grades or full blood and selling for about one half what such cattle are bringing to-day and we have, as the pro- duct of one cow in twenty years, the enor- mous sum of $74,000.00; making a differ, ence, even at that low price for good ones, and at the high price of $30 a head, had they been native, of $30,000.00. Here, in a most glaring contrast, we see the advan- tage of good stock over common, as well as the real solid rock on which rests the surety of success of stock raising. "Now, what man is there on an Iowa farm to-day, but would be offended if he were told that he could not take ten young sows and raise enough from his farm to keep them, and their increase for the next four or five years? While doing that he could at the same time keep eight or ten cows, for these cows would help keep his pigs. The team he would be using all this time to do the ordinary work of the farm, could be mares and these mares could, by careful handling, do the work and raise him some colts at the same time. With the price of wire so cheap as now he could easily fence a small lot for a few sheep and these would be giving him a clip of wool right at the time of year when money is most usually scarce with farmers. "If he would manage his cows so as to have them drop their calves in the fall, he could have all his winter time for tak- ing the very best care of these cows and fussing with his calves— so that the very highest market price would be realized for his butter and the best possible growth could be given to the calves. In the spring IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 63 these calves would be ready to be weaned from milk just as the first tender grass would tempt the appetite of the calves so as they would not feel the change from milk to grass, and the pigs would ihen be just old enough to take the sour milk, and by the time the cows were dried off for the next calf in the fall the sweet corn would be in just the right stage for the pigs. ''Really, when one comes to look the whole field over, it will be harder to ex- plain why a man does not make money on a 160-acre farm in Iowa with stock than to tell how to do it. "I would say, then, that in order to make money with stock on a farm here in Iowa, there are some things that should not be done. A young man must not ex- pect, that he can spend his long winter evenings in the coiner store, or tippling in the saloons with hail fellows well met, and succeed in stock raising. The beauty of winter dairying, and in stock raisiug at all, is the fact of its giving the best kind of employment to a man's time in winter, and that, t^o, right at home all the time. It may seem for the day and the time being that the cost of the beer, the whisky, the tobacco and cigars is but a mere trifle, but let me assure you that in the long run it will beat the best 160-acre farm in Iowa. The world at large is coming to look upon farming as it really is. It is the first and grandest of all. Pew, indeed, in the future will be the children born on the farm who will leave it as compared with the past. It is coming to be understooel that tj be a suc- cessful farmer a man must to the manor born. " Men of thought, men of wealth and influence in other walks of life are seeing that farming is, of all others, more to be desired, and they are wishing tbeir chil- dren to follow a farm life, and they are buying and moving on to farms that their sons and daughters may the better learn its mysteries and diverse operations. On the farm the man is his own man and his own master; he is his own employer. I can never pass a farm and see the owner about his work but a feeling of respect arises in my heart for that man. He is smait enough to hire himself. There is an immensity of meaning to this. We come and go at no man's beck and call. What we produce the world must have. We are triumphant masters of the situa- tion. All we want is to realize our posi- tion, and with an intelligence and hon- esty that becomes men who live so near the Eternal source of things, honor more and more the grand avocation we have chosen. "We shall have the respect of all other classes as we respect ourselves. Let us see to it that our children shall be so edu- cated as they shall be satisfied with no less a useful and honorable life than that of the farjm. With the degree of intelli- gence that is now attainable and a true nobleness of character and the purity of heart a life on the farm, raisiug and car- ing for dumb animals, is so well calcu- lated to incite, we can lay aside all differ- ences of personal opinions and so unite our strength, which numbers and intelli- gent purposes alone can give, and we can wield an influence in this nation w T ell nigh omnipotent. "Gentlemen of this Association, I con- gratulate you on the grand work you are doing and the nation-wide reputation you have already gained. A very prominent man before the breeders and farmers of this nation said, a few days ngo, in my hearing, that he looked upon this Associa- tion as the very ablest agricultural organ- ization in America. You, by your earnest work, are lifting up to its proper position the avocation of farming. "Let us not slack our hand or allow the standard of either of the leading lines of agriculture to be lowered one inch. For- getting the things that are behind, let us press on to still higher attainments. Per- fection is far ahead, although we have made great advancement in our favorite line in breeding improved stock. Excel- sior! Excelsior! Higher, higher, and still higher, be our motto, now and ever- more." 64 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. DAIRYING. ADVANTAGES FOR DAIRYING IN IOWA IN COMPARISON WITH EASTERN STATES — FACILITIES FOR SHIPMENT— SUPERIOR- ITY OF IOWA BUTTER — PAPER BY HENRY WALLACE — REMARKS BY COL. R. M. LITTLER, JAMES WILSON, J. R. MORIN, AND OTHERS. DAIRYING. Iowa is well situated, for the dairy mar- kets of the continent. The great markets of the East and the mining regions of the West, are within easy reach, while the Southern markets are easily accessible by river, and Iowa butter and cheese now finds its way to all the large cities of the country. The character of the soil, the purity and distribution of the water, the climate, the excellence of her grains and grasses, and the superior quality which has made the dairy products of the State so popular throughout the country, all warrant us in the statement that Iowa is destined in the near future to rank as one of the foremost, if not the leading dairy State in the Union. This whole State bids fair to become one vast dairy district. The hay crop is one which never fails, and the wild grasses can be cut from the first of June to the middle of September, yielding from two to four tons per acre, which is considered but little inferior to timothy and clover. Blue joint grass grows luxuriantly in the lowlands in abundance and is of excellent quality, be- ing particularly esteemed as an article of food for horses. That this is pre-emi- nently a dairy region is well established from the fact that wherever Iowa dairy products come in competition with those of other States, they have invariably taken the prize. The low price of hay and grain as compared with these articles in the Eastern dairy States, the large ranges af- forded to dairymen in many parts of the State, and the ready market facilities pre- sented throughout Iowa combine to make this, in point of economy and excellence of quality, the premium dairy section of the country. The following is quoted from the National Live Stock Journal: "When we examine the situation of dairying in the West, its advantages ap- pear manifold. It is not their only ad- vantage that the dairying is done upon lands of one-fourth to one-third the value of the Eastern lands, but unlimited grain food is at hand, at prices less than the cost of labor for its production in New York. This unlimited grain resource points out the proper system of dairying for the West, and that is, winter produc- tion of butter, it is as cheap to feed cows for milk there in the winter as in summer, and at this season the price of butter is usually from thirty to fifty per cent, higher. This increase in price of product will pay for grain, food and the labor. The summer is the expensive season for labor in the West, on account of its enor- mous grain crops, while the winter finds many idle hands which can be employed at a very low rate of wages. The winter dairyman gives his cows a rest during the busy season of summer, and commences operations again in September or October- Thus it appears that all things work to- gether for the good of dairying in the West." Col. R. M. Littler, Secretary of the Na- tional Produce Exchange, and for several years Secretary of the Iowa Butter and Cheese Association, makes the following statement : "The dairy interests of Iowa, or rather the interest taken in dairy husbandry, by the people of Iowa, has become a sub- ject of general notice and remark, not only at home but abroad, and to the Hawkeye State is conceded by press and public, a prominent place in the dairy history of the great nation. But a few years ago the dairy districts of the older states were conceded to be the only local- ities where could be secured the proper kind and condition of soil, climate, grasses, water, temperature, and genius, adapted to making the best of products of the dairy. That western dairy products once had a very limited reputation for excel- IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 65 lence, is acknowledged; but that was sometime ago. Conditions have changed. Old processes of manufacture have been superseded. General intelligence and not indifference is leading the dairy queen's forces. Dairy associations, conventions, and exhibitions of product, etc., have ac- complished much, and can and will do more to educate the people to the vast im- portance of the dairy, as a factor in the domestic and commercial welfare of the people," Col. Littler, wtio knows as much, if not more, in regard to buiter and cheese in the United States, than any other person, was recently interviewed, and in speaking of the creamery interest in Iowa, he said, "four tubs of butter out of every six sold in New York are made west of Chicago, And one-third of the entire quantity is the product of Iowa creameries/' The re- porter then said, 'Tow a must be rich in creameries," when Col.L. responded quick- ly : "Iowa rich in creameries ? I should say so ! I should like you to tell me what Iowa isn't rich in! She is the best agri- cultural and dairy State in the Union — the best State in the Union for all pur- poses of life, any way, I believe. There are : 650 creameries in Iowa. 470 creameries in Illinois. 430 creameries in Wisconsin. 139 creameries in Minnesota. Here is a total of 1 ,689 creameries in four Northwestern States, and Iowa has more than one-third of them. Take the product of the same number of creamer- ies in the other States named, and it will not equal the quantity of the Iowa cream eries." The amount of butter and cheese in Iowa for 1884, is : Butter, 60.000,000 lbs. @12^. . $7,580,000. Cheese, 1,000,000 lbs.@10. . - . $100,000. Iowa butter took the gold medal and sweepstakes, and eight of the eleven first premiums at the WorljTs Industrial Ex- position in New Orleans; and this is the fourth consecutive International Exposi- ng n at which Iowa has taken the great dairy prize. Mr. J. R. Morin, one of the most exten sive creamery men in Iowa, in his address before the Iowa Butter and Cheese As- sociation, at Cedar Rapids, remarked that: ''We represent au interest whose ad- vance in xhe last three or four years has been marvelous, and now takes rank with the foremost in the State — ODe that en- ables the farmer to concentrate the pro- duction of his farm so that five per cent or less of its value pays the freight to the far eastern markets, as against fifty per cent when the raw material was shipped. " More pasture land, as manj 7 cows as the farm will feed, well selected, well housed and well milked; as many pigs and calves as can be profitably kept; such seems to me will be the model farm of the future. W r ith farms so stocked we shall have a creamery to every eight or ten square miles. The farmer, in lieu of shipping his corn, oats, and hay to a dis- tant market at an expense of 50 per cent of their market value for freight, converts them through the medium of the creamery into butter and cheese. " Our grand State, washed on the east and west by two great rivers, with their tributaries reaching through and through, checkered with railroads traversing her beautiful prairies, is now conceded to be the banner State in the manufacture of fine butter. She has won this proud posi- tion on many a contested field of friendly strife with her sister States. Her geo graphical position, soil, climate, beautiful and clear running streams, and abundance of strong living springs of water, all point to Iowa as the future center of the dairy interest of the United States. She is so located that the East, the West, the North and the South, all draw upon her largely for her products." Hon. L. S. Coffin, of Ft. Dodge, the well- known agricultural writer, says in regard to dairying in Iowa : "We all know that for the last thirty years dairying has been a grand success. in all eastern States. It is a fixed fact that as twenty-cent corn in Iowa is to sixty cent corn in the east, so is Iowa that much* 66 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. a better State for dairymen. We can put up grass here at a nominal figure. We have the grandest grass soil known in the world. The men of Kentucky, the great blue grass State, admit that our blue grasses equal theirs. This is a great coun- try for clover, as I know ircm my own ex- perience; we have as good soil for this grass as there is. The fact should be pre- sented to people who know what dairying is, that refrigerator cars now run on all the lines of railroads which span the State, so that the smallest producer can put his tub of butter in one of these cars and send it to the eastern market as cheap as the man who sends a carload. Another point, in my experience of five or six years of butter and cheese making, is that I make the cow pay for herself every year in butter and cheese, and with the sweet skimmed milk I raise the calf and other stock besides. * * * Let the prices fall to a low point, and all the east- ern dairymen must go to the wall. We have it all our own way in the west. It is an impossibility, from the very nature of things, for us to fail in this business. There is no man in Iowa who can point his finger to the year in which the grass failed, or even a year when corn failed." Hon. James Wilson, of Traer, a valu- able contributor to the agricultural litera- ture of the State, says: " The great safety to Iowa dairymen is, that food is cheap compared with feed elsewhere, while distance of carriage is comparatively less every year. The re- frigerator cars run on the railroads now, often enough to take off our butter in prime condition. Every year it will dawn on the minds of more men that the Iowa butter maker has a soft thing competing against butter makers farther east, where land, corn, hay, and other auxiliaries are dearer, and more and more men will turn their attention to this sure profit. Land will jump up in price as greater profits are made from cultivating them through better management and cheaper capital. Money is borrowed now at one-half what it used to cost, indicating its increase here. When the cow has her proper place on every farm, our income will greatly in crease, still increasing our surplus, which will be on the outlook for investment. No man, however, can resolve himself into a successful dairyman; he must work up to it. mastering the details as he pro- ceeds. When he becomes possessed of sufficient skill to make uniform good but- ter, raise good calves, and good pigs, he is a valuable man in the community, and Uncle Sam sets more store by him than ninety and nine that have no cows." We give herewith an article on the dairy interests in Iowa, from the pen of Henry Wallace, ef Winterset, the well- known dairyman and agricultural writer, and the editor of the "Iowa Homestead:" IOWA AS A DAIRY STATE. Until within the last five years the gen- eral impression prevailed that but a few favored regions were capable of producing the choicest brands of butter. New York and New England were sup- posed to have the soil and climate for ex- cellence and, but few suspected that Iowa would ever enter into competition in the eastern markets. In fact prior to 1876 Iowa butter was called grease, and sold at grease prices. A few enterprising men who had noticed that not only the far-famed Kentucky blue grass but the clover sprang up after the cow's foot on the open prairie in Iowa, conceived the idea that she could rival New York as a butter State. The result was shown at the Centennial exposition, when Iowa carried off the prize. From that time onward Iowa butter has held its own in the great butter markets of the world. A dairy region requires a clear, bracing atmosphere, a soil that is free from marshes and stagnant water, and sufficiently fertile to produce a great variety of the finest grasses, springs or wells of clear, pure water at % temperature of 55 degrees or under, a climate where the grazing season may be prolonged to at least seven months in the year, and where the winter is cool IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 67 enough to furnish a plentiful supply of ice. Not less important, but rather more, in fact quite iadispensible, -is a population that has the requisite intelligence, skill, industiy and habits of thrift and cleanli- ness to utilize all these advantages which nature bestows. In addition to all this, there must be railroad facilities for the speed} 7 and safe transportation in all seasons of the finished product. Hence no undeveloped district, no matter how great its resources, can figure in the world's market as a dairy re- gion. All these requisites Iowa possesses in a prominent degree. Her clear, bracing atmosphere is without a superior, and has scarcely a peer. The streams, as they fall from the di- viding ridge is seven to nine hundred feet into the Mississippi and Missouri, but gradual in flow, leave few undrained marshes, and these, under the tread of cattle, are disappearicg year by year. In the more elevated portions streams of pure water gush from the hill sides, and in the tablelands pure water is obtained at from thirty to fifty feet. Her grazing season commences the first of May and extends, when tame grasses here come in, till snow falls, which is rarely before the 20th of November, and often not till Christmas. Her pastures are best when the soil has been undisturbed by the plow, and the clo- ver, and timothy, and blue grass, and or- chard grass have been sown on the wild prairie and covered by the tread of cattle. Five great lines of railroad leading from Chicago to Council Bluffs cross her entire territory, and as many from northwest to southeast give3 her connection with all parts of the South. Her people have come from all parts of the Union, and largely from the Eastern States, bringing with them the skill and energy that are necessary to make dairying a success. The dairy interest in Iowa is as yet in its infancy. The creamery system was ■devised to meet a present want. Yet the Iowa farmer is a long way from the world's markets, and must study the problem of condensing freights. He must, to farm for profit, find packages for his corn, and hay, and grass. He finds this in the steer and the pig. To raise these to advantage he must have milk. He can do without the cream, and the creamery is simply a device to utilize the cream the farmer can spare. It sends its agents over a circuit of ten miles or more, takes up this surplus cream sets it in vessels of uniform size, in water of a uniform temperature and skimmed uniformly, and from this it makes the creamery butter of Iowa. As the years go by and lands become more valuable, and labor less expensive, and skilled help more abundant, the but- ter product of Iowa will increase vastly. The dairymen of the East can never find cheap corn, which gives Iowa butter its superior value in the winter season on the Eastern markets, cheap hay and cheap pasturage, with a system of transporta- tion which brings his product into New York in a week at a cost of less than one and a-half cents per pound. Other States can make as good butter as Iowa, but none can do it more cheaply, and none have a more happy combination of feed, climate and transportation. We have aimed in the above to set forth as faithfully and tersely as possible the advantages of dairy stock, stating nothing but conceded facts, and only hinting at the possibilities of the future. BEE-KEEPING. IMPROVEMENTS IX BEE-KEEPING — LABOR- SAVTNG INVENTIONS — IMPROVED BEES — BEE PASTURAGE — CLIMATE — PROFITS OP BEE-KEEPING. BY 0. CLUTE, OF IOWA CITY. Within a few years bee-keeping has rapidly come forward as an attractive and profitable business. Formerly many farm- ers kept a few colonies of bees, hoping to get from them enough honey for the fam- 63 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. ilv, but expecting from them no cash in- come. Now men who have from one hundred to five hundred colonies are by no means rare, and such men expect a living income from their bees as much as the dairyman or wheat-grower expects a living income from his cattle or his fields. The possibility of making bee-keepiDg a profitable business comes, in the first place, from the modern improvements in the science and the art of bee-keeping. These improvements began in 1851, when Rev. L. L. Langstroth, now of Ox- ford, Ohio, invented the movable-comb hive. This is, essentially, a hive opening at the top, containing movable frames which hang, by the top bar of the frames, in rabbets at the ends or the sides of the hive. In these frames the bees are led to build their combs, hence every comb is movable; can be easily lifted from the hive and examined ; can be put in another hive; can be put into an extractor and have the honey thrown out without injur ing the comb. The movalle-comb is the great corner-stone of successful modern bee-keeping. The movable-comb made possible the invention and the use of the honey ex- tractor. This is a can, inside of which there is a revolving holder. Into this holder the frames of comb containing honey' are set, and being rapidly whirled by turning a crank, the honey fiies from the comb by centrifugal force, collects on the sides of the can and runs to the bottom, where it is drawn by a faucet. In this operation of extracting, honey is obtained in its purest shape, and the combs are not at all injured. They can be returned to the hives to be filled several times the same season, and kept for use in seasons to come. The extractor was invented by « Herr Hruschka, a bee-keeper living at 1 Polo, near Venice, About twice as many pounds of extracted honey as of comb honey can be taken in a season from a colony. Comb-foundation is another invention which followed the movable comb, and was made practical by it. By its means great help can be given the bees in the- construction of comb. Honey-comb is made of bees wax. Bees wax is made by the bees from honey. When bees want wax, they fill themselves with honey and hang themselves up in large clusters in the hive. While they are thus quiescent the honey undergoes a process of change into wax, which appears in minute scales on the under sides of the rings of the ab- domen. The bees then take these scales of wax and knead them into comb. It takes from fifteen to twenty-five pounds of honey to make one pound of wax. If the time, labor, and honey consumed in making wax can be saved, bee-keeping will be much more profitable. This sav- ing is in great measure effected by the use of comb- foundation, which is thin sheets of wax impressed on both sides with hex- agonal indentations. These sheets of foundation being fastened into frames and hung in the hives, the bees build it out into beautiful comb. Very thin founda- tion is used in the boxes for comb-honey ; a heavier article for the frames in the brood-chamber. Both in comb-honey boxes and in frames, the foundation can be used either as a "starter," or in full sheets. Besides largely increasing the yield of surp'.u s honey, the foundation is very valu able as an aid in preventing the rearing of drones, and in making increase of colo- niees. The section honey-box for comb-honey is an indispensable element in bee-keep- ing to-day. It is a small box, so made as to hold a single comb, varying in size from half a pound to two pounds capacity. They put comb-honey on the market in the most beautiful and valuable shape. The bellows-smoker, invented only a few years ago by Mr. Quinby, the famous bee-keeper of New York, is a great help in handling bees. By its aid a strong stream of smoke can easily be directed upon the bees, which aids much in quiet- ing them when hives must be opened. The rearing of queen bees artificially, so as always to have good, young queens, reared from the very best stock, is another element of success which the bee-keeper IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. fi9 of to-day could not give up. By having good queens on hand he can at once re- place the queen of any stock which may "be old and spent, and he can make as many new colonies as his judgment ap- proves, without depending at all on natural swarming. The introduction of improved bees has very largely helped the art of bee-keep- ing. This was begun in America about 1860, by the introduction of the Italian bee. Since that time this bee has been very widely distributed all over America. There are a number of importers who bring every summer many queens from Italy, and supply them to their customers in all parts of the country. The Italian bee is more hardy, more prolific, more in- dustrious, and much more gentle than the common black bee. The movable-comb hive, the honey-ex- tractor, comb-foundation, the section honey-box, the bellows-smoker, artificial queen-rearing, and improved bees — these are the points of progress and the founda- tions of success in bee-keeping. Rut of course it is necessary that a country should be prolific in the production of honey-producing flowers in order to succeed with bees. Bees do not make honey, they gather it from flowers. If there are no honey-producing flowers there will be no honey for the bees to gather. Hence the necessity of bee-pas- ture. And it is at this point that the ad- vantages of Iowa as a bee-keeping State become apparent. There is, perhaps, no State in the Union having, on the whole, a better supply of flowers that are rich in the production of the best quality of honey. With the first warm days of re- turning spring the earliest flowers bloom; not until the severe frosts of autumn de- spoil the sunflowers and the golden rod of their yellow glory does the beautiful pro- cession cease. In the very early spring along our streams the willows put foith their deli- cate catkins, giving the bees their first supply of pollen. Then comes the red maple, yielding a little honey and pollen in abundance; the elm from its incon- spicuous blooms yields a grateful harvest; the cottonwood supplies pollen without measure; the box- elder gives both pollen and honey. The cherry and the apple trees make the orchards a vast sea of bloom, which brings to the bees its lus- cious gifts. Currants, gooseberries, rasp- berries, grapes, all store some nectar for their insect friends. From the sources indicated the bees secure enough to feed the large quantities of growing brood with which the combs of every good col- ony are at this season filled, and in very good seasons they may also store some surplus. But the great benefit of this early bloom is that it is spread over sev- eral weeks, and yields to the bees enough pollen and honey to stimulate them to great activity, and to supply, during these weeks, the food for the numberless young bees that are coming forward, so that by the last of May or first of June every col- ony is crowded to overflowing with faith- ful workers ready to bring to the hives whatever nectar may be found in fields and woods. It is now that the white clover covers all Eastern and Southern Iowa with its interminable green carpet, which is soon dotted with innumerable white balls of bloom. The quantity of white clover is simply measureless, and its profusion of flowers is wonderful to see. Everywhere creep the delicate leaves, which are the emerald setting for the myriads upon myriads of gems of creamy white. And every one of these flowers is a storehouse which beneficient Nature hourly fills with aromatic nectar for the joy of the eager bees. They work through the long bright days with an abandon of industry. In the early morning they are afield; in the heat of noon they cease not their busy hum; not until dusk do the last wanderers come, heavy-laden, home. The hives grow heavy apace. The caieful bee- keeper rapidly secures his harvest of sec- tions, each filled with a beautiful comb; or perhaps all day long does he keep the extractor whirling to throw from the combs their delicious store. 70 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. For from four to six weeks the white clover is in "bloom. Before its flowers are gone, the linn (linden or hasswood) is open. In Iowa this majestic tree is found in abundance all along our streams. No plant or tree yields honey more profusely, nor of better quality. It was from this tree that Mr. Doolittle, of Borodino, N. Y., secured from a single colony of bees sixty- six pounds of honey in three days. While it is in flower the bees leave everything else in order to revel amid its abundance. But it lasts only a short time. In ten or twelve days its nectar-filled flowers have faded. After linn and white clover fail there is usually in Iowa a dearth of honey for two or three weeks. During this time flowers are so scarce that the bees get but little honey. It is usually best at this season to feed each colony a little every evening in order to stimulate the queen to lay, so as to keep the hives full of grow- ing brood to gather the fall harvest, which begins about the middle of August, from which time until frost we usually have large quantities of bloom, which, as a rule, gives an abundant store of honey. The several species of sunflowers and golden rods that give a brilliant touch to our fields and roadsides, and the banks of streams are all rich in honey, Spanish needles, asters, boneset and fig- wort bring for the bees a welcome store. Wherever buchwheat is grown it makes the air heavy with perfume, and often gives a large harvest of honey. Hearts- ease is a near relation of the buckwheat, and is a very valuable honey-plant. It is often called smart- weed, but it is not smart-weed, though it looks very much like it. In Iowa heartsease is abundant, and is the source whence, in some sections, in favorable years, bees get a large quan- tity of honey. So from the time that the frosts have let go their icy hold in the spring until in fall they again lay on all vegetation their withering touch, the glad procession of the flowers goes by, and gives, with one or two brief intervals, a flow of nectar to be sought and stored by the ever-working bees. But bee pasturage is not the only essential to successful bee-keeping . How ever numerous the flowers and abundant the honey, if the weather during the per- iod of bloom is cold, or wet, or windy, the bees cannot work, and no harvest will be secured. Now, our Iowa climate is, on the whole, very favorable to bee-keep- ing. Its most unfavorable season is spring. The beekeeper who knows how, can win- ter his bees with no serious difficulty, but after they are taken from the cellar in the spring comes the time of trouble. At this season we have a good deal of rain, and a good deal of wind, interspersed with bright days. The changes of weather are sometimes sudden, sometimes severe. It requires knowledge, skill, attention to bring the bees through this period in safety and in strength. That it can be clone is fully proven by the fact that it is done every year by our many successful bee-keepers. About the middle of May, or earlier, this trying period usually ends. Then for months and months are we amid the luxuriant beauty of the Iowa spring and summer and fall. Our State is in the great corn belt. A warm sun calls forth life from the unctuous soil. At frequent intervals the clouds drop their garnered full ness down . Light winds rustle among the growing corn, bring pleasure to the numberless cattle that fill our pastures, give comfort to the busy farmers as they follow the corn plows through intermina- ble rows. The brooding summer fosters the harvest within her warm embrace. Through the long, bright autumn our mighty State, an empire m extent, is a serene and peacefnl scene of fruitful industry and glowing beauty. These words are written on the last day of Oc- tober. We have had some frosts, it is twie, but still in the garden under my window the petunias show a mass of pur- est white and richest purple, and the oak trees on the lawn are almost as green as they were in June. Our climate in late spring, in summer and in fall is thus, usually, favorable to bee-keeping. It gives the bee-keeper a rich harvest of honey and a large increase IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. of bees. The genial autumn enables the bees to breed late, and so tliey go into winter quarters strong in numbers. As a rule, those wkj know how can winter their bees safely. The)* give them protection on their summer stands, or they put them in cellars where the ventilation and the temperature are under control. Probab'3*, for our climate, the last way is the best. Put into a well-ventilated, dry, daik eel lar, which can be kept at a temperature of about 45 degrees, bees winter with but little loss, often with no loss at all. Our abundance of honey-producing flowers, and our climate so favorable on the whole, have led already 1 .o a large de- velopment of bee-keeping. Not a few bee-keepers have now hundreds of colo- nies, Irornwhich they obtain a fair income. But the industry is yet in its infancy. Not one one-hundredth of the bees are kept for which wc have pasturage. In- telligent men and women who will learn the business, and follow it with nerve and energy, will find it a fascinating and profitable calling. Iowa City, Ia., Oct. 31, 1884. POULTRY-RAISING. FOOD— WATER— CLEANLINESS — IMPROVED BREEDS— TO PRODUCE EGGS IN WINTER — PROFITS OF POULTRY-KEEPING. Of late years more attention is given to the care and improvement of poultry than heretofore, still it does not yet receive the attention it should, when we consider the fact, that when properly pursued it is a remunerative business. A larger revenue may be derived from egga and poultry in proportion tJ the amount of capital in- vested, than in almost any other business? and there is no portion of the State where it cannot be successfully prosecuted. The convenience of a ready market for eggs and chickens, and the transportation facil. ities for shipment to eastern markets has given encouragement to the poultry raiser, and large quantities of eggs are annually shipped east. Poultry can be made to pay, if they receive equal care with domestic animals, and a properly arranged house for their accomodation is as necessary to their welfare as it is that horses and catle should have a good stable, while warm, clean, well ventilated quarters are essen- tial to the production of eggs in win- ter. Caring for fowls in all the details, is one of the most pleasant pursuits in which one can engage. They must be kept clean, and, to obtain the best results, must be supplied with a variety of food. As eggs bring better prices in the winter than at any other time, the poultry raiser will be well rewarded for the care he may be- stow if the fowls are well cared for, and their wants amply supplied. Meat in some shape is essential, and pure water is very important. Reports from all parts of the State show that the poultry and egg business reaches a much larger sum than might be sup- posed, based upon estimates of shipments from various counties. The shipments from the State, in 1880, amounted to $2,300,000, while the home consumption reached a still larger figure, and from the most reliable authorities we have been able to obtain, it is believed that the busi- ness this year cannot be less than $5,000, 000. There is every reason why poultry raising should be encouraged, and the present price is an admonition that those who do not give attention to this branch of industry will lose more than they are aware of. With care every hen ought to yield a profit of $2. There is profit, also, in raising turkeys, as the turkey is an in- dustrious forager, and picks up a large portion of his food, which brings the cost of production to a very low sum. Ducks and geese may also be profitably raised where the conditions are favorable, and there is a supply of water and grass. The improvement in the breeds of chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese has not kept pace with the improvement made in other classes of farm stock, being gen- erally considered by the busy farmer as of too little consequence to demand his at- tention. Nevertheless, during the past few years the improvement of poultry bj 72 IOWA RESOURCES A1W INDUSTRIES. the introduction of thorough-bred fowls of various breeds, has received much atten- tion, and the display at our State Fairs and annual Poultry Shows, exhibit many very fine and handsome fowls. It pays, too, to give attention to the improvement of poultry, for while an ordinary hen may be expected to produce from ten to fifteen dozen eggs in the course of the year, many hens of the improved varieties will aver- age over twenty dozen. This business is well adapted to the care of women and children, and will afford a great amount of pleasure at a trifning cost, to say noth- ing of the profits which may be derived from it, and the fowls, when petted, ad- mired, and well cared for never fail to gratefully respond with a liberal produc- tion of eggs at all seasons The amount of poultry and eggs in Iowa for 1884 amounted to, poultry, 8,500,000 fts. at 10 cents, $850,000; eggs, 32,000,000 doz- en, at 8 cents, $2,560,000. MINERAL WEALTH. COAL FIELDS OF IOWA — STONE— "CORAL MARBLE" — GYPSUM — SILICIOUS AND OTHERS SANDS— CLAYS — LEAD — MINERAL PAINTS, ETC. Among the great attractions which Iowa offers, in her wonderful agricultural re- sources, healthful climate and many other advantages, none are of greater import- ance for the wealth and prosperity of the State than our mineral products. No territory of equal extent in the United States contains more coal (bituminous, though in some places cannel-coal is found), suitable for all purposes, than Iowa, and this fact has done much toward promoting the development of our resources, as commerce and manu- factures could not have reached their pres- ent prosperity, but for the abundance of this useful mineral. The various geologi- cal surveys have made known the great extent of our coal deposits, which are most wonderful, being practically inex- haubt be. The ( ojI beds of the State, are divided into three sections, known as the upper, middle, and lower measures of the State, the latter producing the better quality of coal for all purposes. The veins vary in thickness from three to seven feet, although coal has been found even eleven feet thick, but this is rare. The extent of the coal fields, as far as has been ascer- tained, embraces an area of about 16,000 square miles, of which the most accessible portion is included in a district about fifty miles in width and one hundred and sev- enty-five in length, extending along both sides of the Des Moines River, from Ft. Dodge, in Webster county, through Des Moines, in Polk county, to Keokuk, in the southeastern part of the State. The coal is found at a depth of from one hundred and fifty to five hundred feet. The coal interest is assuming vast proportions, and bids fair soon to equal any of the leading industries of the State. By means of our admirable network of railroads, our coal fields are easily accessible from every part of the State, and in addition to the large amount required for home consumption, large shipments are made to other Stales, so that our coal fields are a source of great wealth to Iowa. The supply of building stone in this State is ample for all demands, and is of excellent quality. Limestone, well adapted for building purposes, is found in abund- ance in many counties, and makes the best of lime. Iowa granite is found to a limited extent in some of the northern counties, where it exists in the form of huge boulders. The Insane Asylum at Independence is constructed of this stone, and it was also used in the new Capitol at Des Moines, and may be considered the most durable building stone in the State. Iowa also produces a most beautiful mar- ble, known as ihe Iowa Coral Marble, and a fine slab being sent to the State Univer- sity for its cabinet, S. Calvin, professor of geology in that institution, examined the stone, and from his report of it we give the following extract : " From a geological standpoint the spe- cimen presents some features of special IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 73 interest. It is a very hard, compact lime- stone of the Hamilton Period of the De- vonian Age. Its appearance, compared ■with other 'marbles,' is altogether unique; the characteristic features being- due to the presence of numerous masses of the ambiguous coral-like fossil known as Strom ltopora. Limestones of the Hamil- ton Period occupy a large area in Iowa. They occur in the neighborhood of Dav- enport, Iowa City, Vinton, Independence, "Waterloo, Waverly, Charles City, Mason City, and all the intermediate points wherever rocks come to the surface. At many of these localities Stromatopores of various species are among the common fossils; but nowhere else, so far as I have seen, are such fossils present in anything like the abundance indicated by the slab in question, and nowhere else have I seen the matrix enclosing the fossils hard and compact enough throughout any consider able poition of the beds to take such a perfect polish." '•The stromatopores in the literature of geology are usually referred to as fossil sponges, but it must be remembered that porous calcareous structures whether made by sponges, polyps, or worm-like polyzoa, are popularly called corals, and any lime- stone firm and compact enough to take a a fine polish is called a marble ; and hence in the popular sense the name of 'coral marble,' applied to these splendid polished slabs from Charles City, is eminently ap- propriate." Xot long since we received from the company a slab of the marble, accompan- ied by the following description : "The quarries from which this marble is taken, are located one mile east from Charles City, on the north bank of the Ce- dar River. It may be described geologic. ally as a coralline deposit or formation of the Devonian Period. Corals of wonder- ful beauty, Crinoid stems, Brachtopods, Cephalopods, and other varieties of fo3. sil forms of life abound. The deposit is stratified, the layers of marble running from 8 to 30 inches in thickness, the sev- eral layers aggregate 20 feet in thickness, and each strata has an independent color, pattern and style peculiar to it alone. It is found first within 7 feet of the surface, and the supply is practically unlimited. ''It is a trifle harder than Italian mar j ble, and considering its conglomerate na- ture is remarkably free from the checks, seams and defects common to most color- ed marbles. It takes a very high finish. "It has a great variety of color, no two pieces bung alike ; the ground work is mostly either buff, gray or drab, this inlaid and blotched with masses of coral vary- ing in size ironi 1 to 20 inches in diame- ter, and of the most exquisite and delicate coloring and tracing, some resembling wood, some beautiful sea-shells, some of it birds-eye of pure white, other a dark mahogany brown, veined like a French walnut burl. "Its uses are for interior decorative work, such as : wainscoting, fancy panels, newel posts, mantels, mantel facings, til- ing, table tops, furniture slabs of all kinds, columns, counter tops, radiator tops, plumbers' slabs, and all kinds of bric-a- brac, such as inkstands, placques, paper weights, etc., and we claim for this mar- ble that it will not stain or discolor, and that it is proof against the action of either grease, oil or ink." The finest and largest deposit of gypsum in the country, is found near Ft. Dodge, in Webster county, extending for five miles along the Des Moines River, in sol- id rock formation. It is perfectly white on being pulverized, and from it a fine quality of plaster of Paris is obtained. From the "Home Seekers Guide" we quote the following in regard to it: "This deposit is found to abound in endless quantities near Fort Dodge, Web- ster county, this being the most impor- tant deposit yet discovered in the United States, and the only one of any economic value in Iowa or any of the ad- joining States. The Ft. Dodge gypsum is the purest yet discovered in any State, containing not over one-eighth of one per cent, of impurities. For agricultural purposes it excels anything of the kind yet found, the lime made from it being from twenty to thirty per cent, superior to 74 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. that made from other gypsum. Contain- ing as it does such a small per centage of impurities, the time will come when this deposit will be in great demand as a fertil- izer. This gypsum is also used for build- ing purposes to some extent, although its use in this respect is mostly confined to foundations, upon which brick or frame superstructures are erected. The Ft. Dodge gypsum is quarried just like lime- stone and is capable of being cut into blocks of any shape or dimension 1hat may be desired. Its superior qualities have given it a wide reputation, and large quantities of it are exported yearly." Sand for building purposes is found in abundance throughout the State, and in some portions, a fine quality of moulding sand exists. Silicious sand for the manu- facture of glass is found in several parts of the State, in the locality of the coal de- posits. This sand has been tested and is found to possess all the requirements for the manufacture of glass of a superior quality. Excellent clay for manufacturing brick, sewer pipe and drain tile is found in all parts of the State, and potters' clay exists in abundance in almost every county, while the finer clay suitable for the man- facture of terra cotta is also found, and our terra cotta works make pottery of such elegant design and workmanship as rivals the products of European factories. Fire clay also abounds, in the locality of the coal deposits, and ochre of fine quali- ty [from which mineral paint is made, ex- ists in many parts of the State. For many years, lead has been extensive- ly mined in the vicinity of Dubuque, hav ing been commenced long before any per- manent white settlement was made in Iowa. Iron and copper have been found in very limited quantities in Iowa, but not suffi- cient to warrant a profitable return in mining. The following article on the coal inter- ests of the State is from Hon. Parker C. "Wilson, State Inspector of Mines: COAL MINING. EXTENT OF IOWA COAL FIELDS — QUALITY OF THE COAL — STATISTICS OF PRODUCT OF OUR MINES— ESTIMATE OF THE SUP- PLY. In Iowa that group or series of stata known as " the coal measures" (including the drift) is from one hundred to six hun- dred feet in thickness, measuring verti- cally. But the general position of the coal measure formation is not horizontal. There is a general inclination downward or "dip "from each toward the west or southwest which will probably average from two to four feet to the mile. There are, of course, many places where, in limited districts, the dip may seem to be horizontal or even toward the east, but the general tendency of all the coal-bear- ing as well as other formations is to dip to the southwest. For convenience of de- scription, the coal measures have been divided into three groups, viz: The "upper," middle " and " lower coal meas- ures." Each of these groups embrace a great many strata of various formations of rocks that are usually associated with tLe beds or seams of coal. In some places the " coal measures " are barren of any seam of coal of sufficient thickness to be worked profitably, but as a general rule each of these groups of coal measures carries a seam of coal that is one of the chief characteristics of that coal measure wherever it may ex- ist. The " lower " coal measure is the one which in Iowa is now producing the great bulk of the coal raised in the State. The general thickness of this lower coal measure is probably 150 feet, and it has been proven in many places to carry three seams of coal, these seams of coal being at various distances ranging from eight to sixty feet apisrt. The average aggregate thickness of these three seams is probably twelve feet, and are being mined to a greater or less extent in the counties of Webster, Hamilton, Hardin, Greene, Boone, Story, Marshall, Dallas, Polk, Jasper, Warren, Marion, Mahaska, Keo- IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 75 feuk, Lucas, Monroe, Wapello, Jefferson, Henry. Davis and Van Buren. The " mid- dle " coal measure also carries three or four seams of coal, but there is only one ■workable seam. It ranges from twenty- two to thirty inches in thickness. The other seams are too thin to be mined profit- ably. The counties producing coal from the second coal measure are Appanoose, Wayne. Lucas, Warren, Dallas, Guthrie. The upper coal measure carries oDly one seam of coal from twelve to twenty-two inches thick, and is being mined in the counties of Page, Taylor, Adams and Cass. These three coal measures lie overlapping each other, the lower one projecting from fifty to seventy-five miles northeastward past the edge of the middle one, and the middle one projecting northeastward an average of about fifteen miles beyond the edge of the upper one. The eastern or outcropping edge of this upper coal meas- ure may be approximately traced by a line drawn from about the center of Appanoose count}-, in the southeastern part of the State, northwestward through Chariton, Guthrie Center and Audubon. The eastern or outcropping edge of the middle coal measure may be approximately traced by a line drawn from the southeast corner of Appanoose county to the city of Des Moines ; thence about fifteen miles further northwest, and thence west. The eastern or outcropping edge of the lower coal measures may be approximately traced by a line drawn from the southeast corner of Van Buren county noith, lapping over into Lee county in places a distance of from four to six miles, extending north through Henry county about six miles ; east from the west line of the county north into Washington county to a point on Crooked creek, close to the southwest corner of Franklin township; following the creek northwestwardly some fifteen or twenty miles; thence west to the east line of Keokuk county; thence following almost a direct course to the Iowa River at a point where the river crosses the east line of Marshall county; thence up the riv.r to a point about two miles below Iowa Falls ; then west to the north line of Webster county. Following the line as above described and the northern and eastern edge of the coal measures will be found, with the exception of a small de- posit in Scott county, eight miles from Davenport, where there is a small district of almost one township which bears a seam of coal averaging about thirty inches in thickness. The area of the Iowa coalfield as above described is about sixteen thousand square miles, and within this limit there are thirty-three counties and parts of counties producing coal to a greater or less extent. The total number of mines in the State is about five hundred. Many of them are, of course, small affairs, but show at least that the coal is there for the development of the mine. The following table gives the approxi- mate estimate of the mines of the State by counties for the four years since the State mining law went into effect : Mahaska. . Keokuk... .. Lucas Polk Boone Webster.... Wapello. Appanoose Monroe Marion Greene Jasper Dallas JefEerson . . Warren .. . Scott Hardin Adams Hamilton.. Wayne Van Buren. Davis Page Taylor Henry Cass Guthrie — Total.... ISSl. 917195 1882. 1883. 701397 927387 463010 5113- 1 9 500040 458-274 41o217 4S7S21 473S93 327819 558821 3377-24 1286391 466981 1843C0 218478 248560 131815 207721 237S21 107348 97976 128896i 9? 143 90325 93435 • 93997 90927 90985 81530 62531 8S851 42435 40189 45883 47SS1 38O0S 39124 22121 38887 129S9 11061 12828 3-01 3711 3714 1317 1125 1203 3708 1691 3891 1787 874 1998 77 51 1892 987 216 489 301 527 68c 118 748 87 8i 94 67 65 65 36 41 43 :■'/■ < > 312770' 3881300 1884. 932714 43094 i 410729 619921 473073 214014 2«072U loS.-.'S i 98427 970S5 9o327 46321 37185 8172 13727 3S21 1075 3981 1878 4947 1778 1207 1009 127 87 "54«7 In reference to the probable future sup- ply of coal for Iowa it is estimated that the coal field embraces an area of 16,000 square miles, and that after making a de- duction of three-fourths of this area for the erosions of the streams and other causes that had either carried away the IOWA RESOURCES AKD INDUSTRIES. coal or prevented its deposit, there would be left at least 4,000 square miles that might be estimated to carry a four foot seam of coal and that this deposit, if the estimate hold good, would furnish 4,000,- 000 tons per annum for 3,000 years. BUSINESS AND COMMER- CIAL INTERESTS. ADVANTAGES FOR BUSINESS — GROWTH OP BUSINESS INTERESTS— DEMAND AND SUP- PLY OP THE NORTH-WEST — MANUFAC- TURING CITIES OP IOWA — INDUCEMENTS TO CAPITALISTS. The rapid development of our State, the growth in population, the unexcelled transportation facilities, our inexhausti- ble coal mines and excellent water power, the unparalleled richness of the soil in the yield of all kinds of agricultural pro- ducts, the manufacturing resources, the low price of lands, and the certainty that Iowa has so many superior natural advantages for becoming one of the wealthiest and best States in the Union, has attracted the better class of men for the prosecution of all kinds of business, trades and industries. Our leading commercial cities to-day are looked upon by Chicago and other eastern business centers with envious eyes in our rapid march toward commercial greatness and supremacy. But little has been said about our vast resources for the prosecution of all kinds of business, or the facilities for various branches of man- ufacturing, yet to-day we have a large number of enterprising, industrious busi- ness men, and skilled mechanics in our factories, while the volume of business, and the products of our factories, compare very favorably with those of any State in the Union. The demand created through the settlement of the great Northwest, for goods of all descriptions, together with our facilities for transportation, bespeak for Iowa, situated between the commer- cial centers of the East, and the demands of the great West, a future, placing her in the front rank among her sister State? at no distant day, in wealth and commercial influence. The principal interest in the develop- ment of the business and manufacturing interests of the State, is in supplying the demands of the north-west, which is a matter of great importance, and from the advantages and resources Iowa has, she intends to do her part, and is thus an in- viting field to capitalists and manufac- turers. These demands are largely sup- plied from the commercial centers of our State, and our enterprising citizens, full of public zeal, and ready toco-operate in any undertaking for the general good of the State, are alive to all important enterprises which tend to secure the full development of our vast resources. The banking insti- tution, of the State provide liberal money- ed accommodations to traders and manu- facturers. There are a number of cities in Iowa which can properly be called commercial and industrial centers, the principal of which are Des Moines, Du- buque, Davenport, Burlington, Keokuk, Council Bluffs, Cedar Rapids, Marshall- town, Clinton, Sioux City, Ottumwa, Mus- catine, Iowa City, Ft. Dodge, Waterloo* and Cedar Falls. These cities have either a Merchants' Exchange or Board of Trade, which- will give special information re- garding the advantages of their respect- ive localities on application to the secre- taries' of chese various associations. Many other towns and cities in Iowa have scarcely less of the natural elements of future prosperity, and, we doubt not, will demonstrate to citizens at home and capitalists abroad, that well directed enter- prise is not lacking, It is not alone the size of cities which most attracts capital and industrial enterprises, but those which enjoy the best natural advantages and re- sources, the most complete transportation facilities, and an enterprising citizenship, foremost in individual enterprise in the es- tablishment of new industries. The cit- ies and towns that possess these essential elements for the increase of wealth and prosperity, are justly entitled to be called first-class. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 77 The beautiss and riches of Iowa ara be- ing rapidly brought to view by the opening of the great avenues of commerce, capi- talists and men of smaller means are be- coming convinced that this is the real gar. den of the world, unsurpassed in natura- advantages, and as her source-, of wealth are being developed, she stands forth in her unrivalled beauty and grandeur. We have referred elsewhere to the transportation facilities, the agricultural and mineral resources, and inducements to capitalists and manufacturers. We de- sire, in connection with the commercial interests of the State, to speak especially of the advantages for manufacturing. MANUFACTURING. ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING— COAL — WATER POWER — TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES— COST OF LIVING— WILL MAN- UFACTURING PAY IN IOWA— THE MANU. FACTCRE OF IOWA PRODUCTS— ADJUNCTS TO MANUFACTURING — INDUSTRIES WHICH ARE NEEDED— STATISTICS. While too much cannot be said of the attractions of Iowa for the agriculturist, it is quite evident that the manufacturing fa- cilities are almost unlimited, and that capi- tal judiciously invested in productive in dustries will return as large a per cent, of profits as can ba realized in any other State. The admirable adaptation of Iowa for the production of raw material, her vast coal deposits, good water power^ and her unrivalled transportation facilities, enable her to offer remarkable induce, rnents to the capitalist and manufacturer, and within the past few years manufac- turing in Iowa has . increased rapidly. Our great agricultural resources render this State a most profitable field for manu- facturing, and her central location in one of the richest agricultural regions of the world, her proximity to the rapidly devel- ing States and Territories west, her accessibility, by means of our numerous railroads, making this territory trib- utary, all combine to offer strong in- ducements to manufacturers, and new factories are being established, and those already engaged in the busi- ness are increasing their capacity to meet the demands. The success of the factories already established and the rapid settlement of the country tributary are warrants for the establishment of many more. Cheap motive power is one of the ad- juncts of cheap manufacturing, and the elements of power are distributed through- out the State in our excellent water power and inexhaustible coal mines. The coal fields of Iowa cover an extent of about sixteen thousand square miles, and coal of excellent quality for manufacturing purposes may be had at prices varying from $1 to $2 per ton. The transporta- tion facilities for obtaining the raw ma- teiial have been greatly augmented during the past few years, giving us easy com- munication with the lumber regions and, the ore districts of the country. Besides this, Iowa abounds in material for the manufacture of almost everything used in civilized life, such as the various kinds of agricultural implements, tubs, baskets, pails, furniture of all descriptions, sash, doors and blinds, carriages and wagons, pumps and windmills, starch, oils, soaps, printing and wrapping paper, and many other articles in daily use. Having, then, the material for manufac- turing, the demand for the manufactured product, and the facilities for reaching the principal markets of the country, the all- important question is, the consideration of cheaper freight rates, in order that we may compete with eastern manufacturers. This question is now engrossing the at- tention of the people throughout the State, and the outlook is most encouraging for better rates of transportation, for the con- struction of new lines of road in all direc- tions, and a largely increased volume of traffic, produces competition, which, in in our opinion, is the most successful agency in adjusting the differences which occasionally arise, and in securing lower and equitable bases of rates. It is to our railroads, more than to any other single. fb' IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIE: agency, that Iowa is indebted for her rapid development in agricultural, manu- facturing, and other industrial pursuits, so that our various industrial establish- ments have teen able to maintain their business, and increase their capacity to rmet the larger demands of trade. An - need in 1 he matter, is that the peo- ple of Iowa patronize home manufactur- ers, in preference to those of other locali- ties, as a matter of encouragement, and when this is the case, the increase of business thereby assured will ena- ble 'hem to manufacture mere exten- sively, and at the same time more cheaply, and sec are lower rates of transportation by reason of increased shipments. This would have a tendency to stop ibe continual drain upon our finances and keep the balance of trade in our favor. The citizens of Iowa are favorable to any system of improvements which will advance the material interests of the and when they fully realize the lm- ace of encouraging our home indus- tries in preference to tho:e of other States, then, and not until then, we shall witness the lull development of our manufacturing resources. Every dollar spent at home adds to the value of our home industries, and thus to the wealth and progress State. In regard to this subject we quote from an address of Governor Snermaa. as follows : •' The best market is that of the home. and to my mind, the diversified interests of the State are at once its profit and pro- tection. Could we induce the establish- ing of large manufacturing interests among ns, and therewith accomplish the apparent: to become alive to all those im- portant considerations that tend to the development of our vast undeveloped re- sources. Capital will then seek invest- ment in manufacturing enterprises, when our public spirited citizens give encour- agement to all branches of productive in- dustry. Capital and labor are mutually depen- dent, and although it may be said that cap- ital controls labor, it is none the less true that capital is powerless as a source of wealth, unless utilized by labor. The capitalist is wisest then, who in locating his factory, not only gives consideration to the facilities for manufacturing and for transportation, but to the cost of living as regards his operatives, as this has an important bearing upon the price of labor, for the remuneration given the workman must be commensurate with the cost of living, as the value of a day's wages is determined by the amount which it will purchase. In view of these facts, and that the necessaries of life are pro- duced in such abundance, and the cost of living is consequently much cheaper than in the Eastern States, we claim that Iowa otters the greatest inducement to capital in this particular, for the skilled mechanic in Iowa, with the same wages which he could command in the east, will secure not only a comfortable living, but save enough from his wages in a few years to obtain a good home. Many cities in Iowa possess natural ad- sjes for the prosecution of manufac- turing industries, which afford strong in- ducements to capitalists, and the citizens generally are ready to encourage and co- re with the manufacturers locating in their midst. The incentive to business home consumption of the surplus of our activity is the desire to accumulate wealth, and enterprising citizens in the various business centers of the State are investing their capital in such industries as will bring the most profitable returns. The question, "Will manufacturing pay in Iowa ?" admits of no discussion, for the de- velopment of our agricultural resources creates the demand necessary to the sup- port of manufacturing enterprises. farms, we have reached a degree of inde - rnce which places us far in advance of those governments which make of their labor, and reduce it to servitude nnd competition of countries whose entire interest is subservient and wholly subor- dinate to the domination of a few indus- tries." The duty of the people of Iowa, then, is IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Iowa has a few of the most extensive es- tablishments, in their respective branches of industry, in the Unite Si tes, anJ many very prosperous smaller manufac- ) taring establishments. Her iron works, I foundries and machine shops have proved i very profitable investment;, while her | starch factories, oat meal and flouring 1 , mills, agricultural implements and ed -wire factories, woolen mills, pork pack- ing establishments, creameries and cheese factories, canning establif furni- ture, wagon and carriage rkfi linseed oil mills, scap works and many others are doing a very prosperous business. In regard to the industries which si be more ful'y developed in Iowa, with her rapidly inc h and popu- lation, there is presented a grand field and promise of abundant reward to "hose who improve this opportunity. One of the best investments would be in the man- ufacture of agricultural implements, for which the demand is almost unlimited throughout the west. Another in field is the manufacture of wagons and carriages, for although almost everything in ihe line of vehicles, from a transfer wagon to the finest car: 1 a - . ade in Iowa, yet the demand far exceeds the sup- ply. Oat meal has become sopor an article of f ocd that there is room in Iowa for more mills producing it. Iowa oats are not only abundant, but of such excel- lent quality that Iowa oat meal has ac- quired a reputation for its s : excel- lence. There are al- oil mills in the State, but the demand for the oil and oil cake is so great that they are crowded to their utmost cap -.city, and even then are unable to supply scarcely any attention is paid to the fibre which might be utilized in various ways. _ urn is one of the • profitable crops which can be produced in Iowa, and when we consider that the people of the United - consume nearly two billion pounds I - gar annually, cons enth of ail whethei urage the product] sugar Hen. John R. Shaffer Secre ry of the St Agricultural Society, years, has urge I f this • The census of 1 SSO dc es riot re j . - - sugar made ghum in Iowa; but there is abun I at -- i that much has been made. T: • ■■ -"- SD S been made from sirghum in from every v of the ca r :e. With enlarged facil- ities, wi'h improved machinery, with 1 . 1_- . with a greater intel- ligence, by active and earnest c - lion, sugar can 1 in im- reable quantity, and may be one of the best of all out gi Of printing of a million dollars o ul.y. and but a very -: tured in the 8 I while the: j are -everal mills mam: a zapping p they supply but a very small pro] orti< n of the demand There is no adequate i why the manufacture of f urn should n t be more extensively ens _- in. where we have cherry, oak and black walnut = 1 the rapid d< at of ;he count: ates a . r all grades of furniture. There are a multitude of articles in use, and for which there is m and, which Hi . Qufactured at a better profit than they are now manu- factured in the east. j ring the statist 3 of manufacturing in the S is from the "Historical and Compai Census of Iowa." in 1880, and makes a very creditable exhibit of her indui for so young a State: 80 IOWA RESOURCES AITD INDUSTRIES. ALL KINDS OF MANUFACTURES IN IOWA. STATISTICS FOB, YEAR ENDED MAY 31. 1880. COUNTIES. The State Adair Adam9. Allamakee Appanoose Audubon Benton • - — Black Hawk Boone — Bremer Buchanan >.' — Buena Vista — Butler Calhoun • Carroll Cass Cedar ... Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware, Dea Moines Dfckinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette.... Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton, Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon.... Madison A Mahaska Marion Marshall 6,921 95 133 80 59 75 28 45 25 14 42 65 31 31 60 36 26 209 172 54 63 72 65 155 134 2 459 4 98 81 30 70 33 27 40 44 1 81 56 99 47 17 4 58 130 67 05 180 115 130 28 285 207 40 59 4 43 100 102 111 $33,987,886 32,560 40,550 451,496 78,60' 15,100 221,365 539 578 254,325 143 650 297,: 58,'850 139,915 21,650 42,350 127,63^ 125,915 187,' "" 65,475 I28,85 fi 79,150 31,875 783,085 2,752,49 98,015 151,025 90,995 116,480 359,480 1,420,373 18,000 3,749,761 4,900 264,976 310,160 61,660 208,463 105,005 89,750 132,255 75,240 1,800 296,545 121,575 346,280 102,500 72,175 28,000 263,838 583,630 158,510 175,925 816,466 276.4i)0 270,240 55,675 2,146,534 1,564,150 89.80^ 108,97 32,500 90,475 392,381 201,835 692,538 AVERAGE NUMBER OE HANDS EM PLOYED. 25,383 25 64 228 100 15 200 438 218 125 174 68 79 30 38 174 82 59 69 122 69 37 486 1.419 115 91 161 123 294 1.277 9 2,796 4 18J 185 76 198 103 54 77 73 So 1,431 200 139 237 85 31 21 227 405 152 127 658 272 206 66 1,574 1,170 98 130 8 78 296 195 424 ^ o O 1,559 10 10 la += p p*£ P en o > > Eh 9,725,932 4,423 17,837 79,919 26,750 3,525 53 837 166,749 87,41 36 756 56,229 20,166 20,428 4 695 10,159 58,418 24,381 22,048 25,199 30 6o: 27.58 12,385 153,173 581,010 41,300 18,510 45 598 23 253 90.499 550,293 2 025 1,399,994 1,150 45,667 60,425 14,214 76 655 21,048 18 314 20,881 19,983 67,814 3-i,4G6 62,501 23 500 8,731 6,375 68,179 121,424 35,784 35,973 191,478 79,307 52,707 16,425 600,910 464,596 26,695 43,681 3,480 18,909 105,593 46,9>2 182,296 CD o "el o s Ph $48,701,311 $71,045,926 i 32 590 42,017 174,827 255,999 348 408 545,852 196 625 285,103 30 650 39,165 278,390 418.504 1,083.281 1.437.027 399.938 680 053 175,483 274,204 265 640 422,583 140,204 196,008 251 892 338,738 41,219 62.757 67,425 100.591 497,526 635 657 131,478 202,349 293 880 363 305 142,770 192.959 195,228 288 046 174;420 2*9,644 94,841 125,237 722,883 1,079,6"3 2,704 554 4 080.647 197,712 306,891 204,723 270,917 159,778 267,425 156,388 234,544 890,614 644,319 1,623,936 2 838 053 32 970 38,140 4.235.244 6,835,289 11,350 15,115 445,400 590.666 366 869 540 865 70,014 106,479 295,154 481,899 116,443 169,952 71,879 116,675 155,888 228 483 109,154 167,915 6,650 7,538 311,821 471384 184,578 267.056 467,101 623,815 186,569 264,487 36,010 82,670 64,250 80.840 343,133 512 364 1,469 512 1,788.664. 292,290 3£7,536 286,159 418 603 887.633 1,332,549 547,679 785,626 380,452 560,503 • 79,395 122,466 1,978,312 3,192,058 4,249,617 5 205^859 189,806 276 452 163 291 266,344 41.430 49,170- 133 545 205,7^8 364,273 611 530 273,114 395,311 1,008,669 1,507.650 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 81 ALL KINDS OF MANUFACTURES IN IOWA— continued. STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDED MAY 31, 1880. m O a fa DC To CAPITAL. AVERAGE NUMBER OF HANDS EM- PLOYED. c '3 ~ B'B 5 — eo .- Q ? (>, 23.398 67 385 16.2 4 29.291 32520 34140-1 6,135 Materials. COUXTEES. . ~ CD O oSth os si J— So -3 a ^z ^"> 3 4 1 4 2 123 O Mills Mitchell 29 81 33 49 41 195 12 S 60,682 3S4 485 90,700 73; 755 131,475 1,056.985 86.825 6r 183 82 126 92 806 25 .... ^ 2 3 5 81 209 315 478.793 128,940 166,703 164 895 1,238,421 39 550 275 235 625,559 1713,471 249 905 247,320 1,913.149 57,545 Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Oscaola Pa-e Palo Alto 42 16 12 g 202 120 51 16 21 241 11 36 81 32 48 97 154 60 70 55 59 ""67 91 10 4 89,350 31.500 128 5' m 2,200 1,564,790 546 54! 244,100 IS 750 63 903 2,983.157 46,330 14,950 58.650 242,334 62,423 125,500 301,400 1,094.495 110.7.3-5 175,350 62,450 171,525 ""393,786 r .05,5'0 66,000 13-300 32 38 37 2 1,396 685 177 45 58 1.564 63 10 62 156 77 147 228 943 121 145 129 191 "229 449 33 7 1 3 1 26.908 10.702 18,176 1,000 715,399 282,369 79 062 13,350 14,922 705,603 15,707 2,582 19,443 53,581 iO,405 6B.952 88,072 375.577 2^838 45,950 27,677 65 478 66^982 192,47? 14.600 1,500 129 645 32,098 277.880 500 3,023 659 1,779,234 211 803 60 050 99,665 2,105.143 74,611 19.200 5i;988 357.141 143,467 289 217 449.722 2 706,528 218.460 383,183 158.060 194,878 '" 512596 846 095 79 900 15,510 48,704,311 197.503 57 818 356,381 Plvniouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Pinfold 75 29 58 3 85 " i '"41 101 2 ""io 16 104 5 6 3 5 » 1 3 8 7 5 16 23 3 1 1 4 "'3 14 4.530,428 2,448,842 411.010 92 595 128 959 4,667 511 102 660 59,530 96,126 502,741 209 453 Sac.T Scott Shelby Sioux Storv Tama Tavlor Union 423,695 655,084 3,506,379 314,418 513013 245,757 Van Bnren Wapello Warren Washington.. Wavne. Webster 341,190 "689,125 1,233 666 110 625 Winnebago Winneshiek. ... Woodburv Worth Wright 20,086 Total 1 6.921 33,987,886 25,382 1,431 1,559 9,725,962 1 71,045,926 82 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES FOR YEAR ENDED MAY 31, 1880. SELECTED INDUSTRIES — STATE AT LARGE. MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING INDUS- TRIES. All industries A gricultu/al implements Bread and other bakery products Brick and tile Bridges Carriages and wagons Cheese and butter Clothing— men's Cooperage Flouring and grist-mill products Foundry and machine-shop products. Furniture = Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber, planed Lumber sawed — Marble and stone work . Oil linseed Printing And publishing Saddlery and harness Sash, doors and blinds Slaughtering and meat-packing Soap and candles.. Tinware, copperware and sheet-ironware Tobacco, cigars Wire Woolen goods. ... All other industries & O'Z O-S c3 m >i 3 . o o m & o> o® § ® M m . a O 0> '5. 3*3 03 toa o ^ "3 KB 6,921 o $33,987,886 < 23,372 8^9 E* 3 $ 9,725.962 243 635 $48,704,317 601,096 58 1,185 530 97 353,633 347 134 662 541629 280 478,614 2,251 4 6 120 270,963 8 685 600 138 87 808 242 858 203 1,505 645 1,388 610,017 1,042 758 244 6)7,503 795 139,318 1,261.316 167 665 363 892 353,100 830.510 112 194,539 519 207,573 312,06^ 713 7,890,859 2,147 748,04- 16,488,480 102 1,032,550 1,106 471,574 747,559 169 744,670 752 314 752 626,453 3 118,200 75 20,00) 192,338 114 1,987,313 526 218,017 925,135 12 94,600 10 42 633 161.501 328 4,916.390 2,989 825.241 4,141 885 85 240,970 321 142,200 186,119 7 432 0J0 97 46,330 570,812 146 1,125,086 990 498,229 514.380 451 964,728 1007 380 552 238,592 1,173,862 27 713 200 621 847,002 38 1,955 509 1532 530,188 9,996 845 15 135,500 64 23.418 195,800 321 52 1,150 620 256,286 P83.786 .131 263 675 588 225,961 376 621 3 131, 00D 46 35,135 319,350 34 553,500 497 117,792 435,747 3,046 4.411,533 7.152 2, 387 3% 5.114.441 o S-i Pi $71,045,926 1,271,872 839 712 944,497 351,476 2 212,197 1,736 400 1,508,398 660 213 19,089,401 1,594,349 1,293,504 288 000 1,653,851 - 256 800 6,185 628 499,744 766 800 1,399,289 2,068 486 1,236,072 11,285,032 259,960 1,198 804 830,097 447,500 679 904 10 437 940 The clays of this State add no small value to its industries. Not only is clay for the manufacture of common brick abundant, but the linest quality of white, or "Milwaukee" brick are made in some portions of the State. Fire clay abounds in connection with our coal deposits, and the best and most valuable of coal meas- ure clays— potters' clay— is found of a superior quality. We have large drain tile works in the State, and their product is greatly appreciated by farmers in every direction. This is also true of artificial stoae and sewerage pipe manufactories. Clays in large quantities also exist which prove unexcelled for the manufacture of mineral paints. It is a well-known geo- logical fact that where bituminous coal ex- ists in any quantity there is almost sure to be found in the upper strata, near the sur- face, excellent clay, suitable for the finer grades of brick and terra cotta manufac- ture. Actual experiment has shown that throughout our coal fields, near the surface of the ground, thers ex- ists an inexhaustible supply of this clay, Parties who have made the ceramic arts their study for years in the interest of terra cotta manufacture, and have visited the leading establishments of Europe, where clay is manipulated for manufactur ing purposes, say that our clays seem pe- culiarly fitted for this work and tests prove them of a better quality than the European clays, in some localities import- ed to manufacture the finer grades of pressed brick, terra cotta and fancyjpottery wares. Among the exhibits of Iowa soil dis- played at the Centennial Exposition were three of glass sand. By actual test this sand is capable of making glass of a more brilliant whiteness than the sand brought from other States. This sand is found in IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. S3 large deposits and the quality being unex- celled and the quantity inexhaustible should certainly be sufficient to induce large establishments for the manufacture of glass in the near future. In the latter part of March last the Twentieth General Assembly of Iowa cre- ated a Bureau of Labor Statistics, and in April following, His Excellency, Governor Sherman, appointed as commissioner thereof E. R. Hutchins, of Des Moines. The space afforded here permits but a very cursory review of the work contem- plated and already accomplished by this office. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. BY E. K. HUTCHIXS, COMMISSIONER. Among the provisions of this law the commissioner is directed to collect, assort, systematize, and present in biennial re- ports to the Governor, on or before the loth day of August preceding each regular meeting of the General Assembly, statis. tical details relating to all departments of labor in the State, especially in its rela- tions to the commercial, social, educational, and sanitary conditions of the laboring classes, and to the permanent prosperity of the mechanical, manufacturing, and productive industries of the State. In this connection he shall also compile and publish such information as he is able to secure relative to the wages earned by laborers, the savings of the same, the pro- portion of married laborers and mechanics who live in rented houses, with the aver- age annual rental and the value of prop- erty owned by laborers and mechanics, etc. Although the office is less than a year old a large amount of data has been se- cured. Information based upon actual facts— statistics— is always of most value, and to obtain these facts has been the work •of the commissioner. The progress that Iowa has made during her short existence as a State is certainly astonishing. It is due to the fact, first, that those who were her early settlers were prudent, intelligent, and industrious, and, second, to her rich soil and expansive prairies. In 1838 Iowa was organized as a territorial government, with a popula- tion of 22,859. At the end of eight yea,rs and a half she became a State, with her population more than quadrupled, having 95,588 inhabitants. Thirty-eight years have passed and now there are more than a million and three-quarters of people within her borders. With less waste and more tillable land than any State in the Union, with a coal area only exce Jed by three other States, with the intelligence of the people ex- celled by those of no State in the Union, for in comparative ability of the popula- tion to read, Iowa stands first among all the States, while only one exceeds her in ability to write ; with an entire State and local debt of $4.90 per capita less than any other State, with one exception, and a State tax of but two mills on a dollar; with a central geographical position in the Republic; with an aggregate of produc- tion, in proportion to population, without a parallel anywhere or any time; with scarcely a church known to the Christian religion without a representative organiza- tion in our midst; with a smaller ratio of prisoners to population than any other State in the Union, with one exception; with six huadred and forty-three newspapers ; with an assessed valuation of property of $591,325,84.8; producing one-third of all the butter made in this country ; with rail- road facilities unsurpassed, and of an as- sessed valuation of $2,500,000, and under control of a State commission ; with a sys- tem of education in her common schools, universities, and colleges nowhere sur- passed, and with a healthfulness of climate which can neither be doubted nor ques- tioned, it is after all not a matter of sur- prise that the literal and original mean- ing of the Indian word, Iowa, has been re- alized in its splendid condition to-day, and 84 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, her people and visitors cordially unite in saying "This is the place." As has been said, but a cursory idea can be conveyed in these pages as to the work- ings of this Bureau, but enough, perhaps, can be shown to enable the reader to form an idea as to its plans and results sought to be attained. All the information is ob- tained upon blanks sent out by the com- missioner and thus far a cordial support has been given him. The following tables are but partial ones, but give a correct idea of much more complete ones to be pub- lished in the First Biennial Report of the office. For example, the following table gives wages, hours of employment, cost of living, etc., among working men, and a comparison with several other States: fig, I gj * a "" 80 P P O p cc . <<: o 2-2. i~i.cotocococococo >£». tO OS JO to CO © K3 Carpenter's av'rage daily wages. •6© h-» ^0 CO CO CO to CO CO Ol-IOiOOOOOlO Plasterer's average daily wages r-i CO, (*». CC CO CO CO. CO Mason's average daily wages. ^-* to co to co co co co cobr'— O— •O^or ©OC7IOO-3Q0O Painter's averaerp daily wages. CO M. CO H* CO CO CO O b' 6 Q W ^ (i O OO O C - C CI Hames s-maker's av. daily wag^s. t-i t— ' CO I— »■ I— ' i— » ;-* go '** rf* © bt bt co co COCni— -OOOCOOI Laborer's average daily wages. ■6© i-*- to CO bO CO CO CO CO CO GO ^J CT h-i ^ b? b* oo ©ooo co© o Blacksmith's aver age daily wages CO CO >-» •^J.^00 ~7 -i -^ o -:? cs oa a o i- ot o ►* oo Gi GO -3 O? © OO --* Per cent of worthing men owning homes. *Total av. earnings by head of family for a year. O • • co m- • or Total av. expenses of a family for a year. It will be seen that the average yearly co=t of living is $114 less than Ohio, which is next to Iowa. This is accounted for from, the fact that fael, meat, and flour — the three great staples of life — are in great abundance here. The first two in our very midst, and the geographical posi- tion of Iowa, with reference to Minnesota, Kansas, and Dakota — the wheat fields of the world — giving her remarkable facili- ties for cheaply adding this staple to our own great granaries. The following shows a few of Iowa'& farms with value, acreage and rental : Sixteen returns show an average acre- age of 434 each, valued at $8,000; annual rental $1,000. Twenty returns show an average acre- age of 268 each, valued at $5,000; annual rental $268. Twenty-eight returns show an average acreage of 388 each, valued at $1,000; an- nual rental $170. Twenty returns show an average acre- age of 165 each, valued at $3,200; annual rental $320 . Sixeen returns show an average acre- age of 163 each, valued at $3,000; annual rental $290. Twenty returns show an average acre- age of 203 each, valued at $2,900; annual rental $200. A large per cent of the farms in Iowa rent for two fifths, and a greater number for one third the crops produced. TEACHERS. Quite a large number of reports have been received from teachers in the State, and the following interesting figures are collected from replies to a series of ques- tions : Average yearly cost of living, $306.06. Average monthly wages, $47.00. Of those reporting, 43^ per cent have not accumulated any savings, while 66 per cent -have don- so, and but \% per cent have run in debt. To the question, "total number wholly or partially depend- ent on you for support," the answers var. ied, from 1 to 7, with an average of 4. IOWA RESOURCES AND I V T DUSTRIES. S5 F.VR>r LABOR. * >> J. — I — '>> « a" = 90 I u to ■ a a '£ © — oa - .- ® °« . a $19.23 - $204.29 a o S $25.79 C $1.29 a o $-29.18 SI. 70 s o $18.82 "3 n .98. These tables give an idea of the -work being done. In addition to this, investiga- tion is being made of the questions of ia- -dustrial education, convict labor, strikes, arbitration and conciliative laboi organ- izations, sites offering special advan- tages for location of manufacturing and other industries, etc. That no more rapid advancement has been made towards the solution of the mighty problem of labor and capital, to the satisfaction of both classes represented, has been due to the tact that reliable information has been lacking. The highest type of thought and intellect is absolutely barren of re suits in this direction, without facts as a basis. Xo solution, of this question can ever be reached without reliable statistics, from which alone can be evolved reasonable and tangible propositions. Dis- asters to capital, men deprived of work by the closing of work shops, mines or factories, or by their own volition based upon disbarmony between employer and employed, can only be averted by reason- ing founded on statistical facts at once positive and indisputable, and with a view to place labor and capital in reciprocal relations — their true positions — the one de- pendent upon the other for healthful life and growth, have these bureaus of labor statistics been created, and it is hoped and believed that that of Iowa will be product- ive of much good in this direction. THE FARM AND FUTURE ACTIVITIES. RELATION OP AGRICULTURE AND MANU- FACTURING— CONDITION OF IOWA FARM- ERS — AVENUES FOR SKILLED FARMERS — MANUFACTURE OF OUR RAW PRODUCTS- BRAIN WORK AND SKILLED LABOR— HOME MARKETS — THE COMPLETE STATE. BY HON. JAMES WILSON, OF TRAER. The flocks and herds of Iowa are grow- ing in number and improving in quality as the flocks and herds of no other State are; and while the distance to be gone over between the poorest and best is al- most infinite, yet the point reached by the average is so advanced as to require the support of other industries. The grains of Iowa, in quality and magnitude, have in- creased so fast that few States compare well with us in either, and grain growing has been pushed so fast and far that it re- quires the support of other industries to assure its continuance. The best interests of the shepherd re- quires that the fleece be woven beside the flock. The best interests of the man that rears cattle require that the bullocks be slaughtered within his hearing. The best interests of the grain-raiser require that the grain be all consumed in his presence. This is a commercial era Commerce animates agriculture. The line breeds of animals that we bring from abroad were called for to meet the wants of factory towns that began to grow after the Napo- leonic wars, and the commerce of those countries sought every sea, as ours does now. Four -fifths of our exports are still from the farm, but the shop is becoming a great factor in our foreign commerce. The good prices tbe farmer gets are only guaranteed by the wants of men outside of agricultural pursuits. We sell eight per cent of our total farm products abroad ; and if farm products increase faster than the demands of the people at home out- side of the farm, our markets will be pre- carious, as foreign demand depends so much on ability to buy. Every consider- 86 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. ation embracing the welfare of the farmer requires the diversification of products on the prairie. Times are propitious. The present industries will supply the means. There is no direction in which the activity of vigorous men can get promise of surer returns. While we sell abroad we should only sell what is as valuable as skill can make it; but it should be the aim of every American to encourage industries that will consume everything the farm pro- duces, and sell the results of skill from the factory. The conditions under which Iowa farmers work are more advantageous than have attached to tillers of the soil in the Eastern or Southern States, or in any part of Europe. Not only is substantial wealth within their easy reach, but also higher mental enlightenment than history has told of the husbandman. The precepts of Christianity have emancipated the tiller of the soil in the Old World, but the soil remains in the possession of the strong hand, and to this day in the best farming districts superior culture only makes greater luxury possible to the landlord, while a bare living is all the tenant re- ceives. In the Eastern States of our coun- try the soil is poor, yielding but a respecta ble living to the most industrious. Under none of these conditions can a commonwealth rise to the plane possible to Iowa, Every source of wealth possible to farmers in our latitude throughout the world is guaranteed to us. We have but to look at Great Britain and estimate her income from her flocks aud herds, and re- flect that not only are greater incomes within our reach from that source, but that the disposalof these incomes is within our power. We trace the prosperity of New England to its source, and find the forge, the loom, and the anvil. We can light the fires in the forge, put motion in the loom, and start the echoes of the anvil. Heretofore we have been laying the foun- dations ; they have been laid in strength, broad and deep ; their massive proportions are just at the surface; the growth will be more visible in future. The disadvantage at which the farmer worked is about over- come. Productive Iowa has paid for non- resident lands ; paid off mortgages ; created home capital; lowered interest rates; is preparing pastures and stocking them; erecting comfortable houses, and conveni. ent farm steadings ; inviting railways every ten miles ; packing and canning meats and vegetables ; instituting creameries ; build- ing machinery; making paper; pressing oil ; making work for educated minds, and educating minds for the great work just ahead. The refrigerator car now attached to the daily train virtually places the Iowa dairy beside the Eastern dairy. The manufacture of farm machinery at home retains all the profits of the business in the State. These activities become possible as mon- ey becomes cheaper ; money will still be- come cheaper as year by year the farmer receives from abroad the price of his sur. plus crops. Heretofore in laying the foundations of our prosperity, yearly in- comes were swallowed out of sight; they are more easily seen now. A vessel cross- es the Atlantic with a million in gold ; it hies on till it reaches the farmer who sent something from the farm to get it ; it began to come and stay in 1873. Can any one tell when it will cease coming? It does not have to return for debts ; we do not support a standing army with it; we do not waste it on wars to gratifiy re- gal ambition; it is the per diem of a unique farm economy where the pay is ample and all at the disposal of the work- er. The income is stupendous. What will we do with it? Every year will add to it; the last debt will be paid, and st'dl the surplus will be great; fields will be fully stocked, and will only add to the growing income. Factories will work up straw and rags into paper on which the daily and weekly press of the country will be printed, and utilize the fiber of the flax crop how wasting; and still the deep soil of Iowa will yield more than the State needs. Our corporation debts from abroad will come home with our last na. tionalbond, and lodge in Iowa— where IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 87 even now some millions are held, and still the surplus of the finest farming country in the world, farmed by the most intelli- gent and virtuous people, will only in- crease the incomes of its proprietors. With the surplus from like States in the Mississippi Valley, it will overflow the continent and build our much needed merchant marine. It is a financial maxim, that "a rich soil managed by an intelligent people, pro- duces more wealth than its cultivation re- quires." It is the boast today of Iowa men, that our State leads in the production of Indian corn. That speaks well for our soil and climate, but says very little for us. Our corn goes to Europe to make milk and meats, giving as much profit to those who feed it as to those who raise it. Its car riage hence costs more than its price here. Our future activities will save both the cost of transportation and the profit of the foreign feeder, because everything pro- duced abroad from our corn can be pro- duced here. Iowa grains and grasses make prime butter, but how little is made. Any two counties in Iowa could make more bu',ter than is made in the whole State. We tell the world that we shipped 30,000,000 bushels of corn to Chicago last year. That advertises two things. First, 'hat Iowa can raise great ciops of corn, but for some reason does not know how to exhaust the profits that are in the crops. Our 40,000,- 000 bushels of wheat are sold ; the E istern dairyman make- as much butter from the bran as we get for the wheat. The aven- ue 4 for skilled farmers are not at all filled. It i- only becoming possible to farm profit- ably oa the prairies. Our future activities will include the manufacture of our own sugar. It is estimated that we pay $6,000,- 000 annually for this article of domestic economy, while Iowa will grow beets or cane to perfection. Six million dollars in premiums are offered to the manufacture of sugar. Th* farm requires the mechanic within reach who makes what the farmer uses, but does not make. We are just now produc- ing aud exporting enormously— and pro- duction is only just begun. Not one farmer in ten has his place fully stocked, but this is being done rapidly. Wisdom in- dicates that prompt attention be given to the diversification of industry. There is no village of 1,000 inhabitants but can be- gin the manufacture of some of our raw products. When the price of the present crops comes to us money will be plentier than we ever saw it, and cheaper. Every well settled neighborhood can prepare to make its own machinery in competition with Ohio; make oil from flax seed in competition with the flax seed of Calcut- ta; or work up its flax fibre in competi- tion with the fibre of Russia. Every coun- ty in Iowa can make brown paper more cheaply than it can be made elsewhere, the principal material being so much cheaper. If our pioneer institutions live at all, denser population, cheaper money and more skilled laborers will give them profits and invite competition. These things are what make farming profitable. Our farm incomes are assured; twenty- five years of uniformly good crops prove this. These incomes will be liberally ex- pended to sustain an advancing civiliza- tion; the highest good of the State re- quires that they be expended as much as possible at home. Skill and capital are necessary in condensing raw materials, and capital seems to be forthcoming soon- er than skill. The needed additions to our population are men who are familiar with the handicraft of the factory, instead of the family with the covered wagon, the yellow dog, shot gun, breachy cow and frying pan, that moves this year to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, labeled " Kansas or Bust," and next year is back, labled "Busted." The addition to any well settled country of a factory of any kind that employs help and works up the raw material wasting in our fields or lying idle in our mines is worth more than a hundred more farmers who only labor to in^nase our surplus of heavy, low priced articles. 88 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. The wants of agricultural Iowa change, and close observation is required to note them. Manufactures should be planted and nursed as we planted and nursed our orchards, and no neighborhood of farmers should neglect to have a beginning made in their midst. A sentiment in favor of diversified industry should be dissemina- ted, just as a sentiment in favor of free schools needed dissemination at one time. There is plenty of water power in Iowa to turn the wheels to make every article the farm and family need, as well as to work up our raw material. Enterprising man has far more to do with the location of the work-shop than material advanta- ges have. The iron ore of Missouri goes to Pittsburg to be smelted, while the coal fields of Iowa and Illinois are more con- venient. Cotton from the Gulf States goes to New England to be spun, while Southern streams run idle. English work shops presumed to buy the world's raw material and sell the world the manufac- tured article. We must find brain work for the gradu- ates of our academies and colleges. The manufacture of all the high priced goods we get in exchange for our farm surplus is giving employment to high priced skill abroad. We want high priced men to live here. The inauguration of diversification will open up many new fields to educated young people who have but one aim at present. Up to this time the intelligent farmer has been the best paid man in Iowa, but there is a visible limit to the gains of any farmer, while the strong man who devotes a lifetime to the building up of some condensing process, reaches with his goods, not only over the conti- nent, but t ) the ends of the earth. The foundations of national prosperity must be effectually laid. The home market invites tens of thous- ands of mechanics and operators. A complete State, with all the industries in full activity, is the aim of every com- prehensive mind. The farmer accomplishes much, but is idle nearly half the year. A people en- tirely devoted to one industry is depend ent on other people for everything else. Is it possible for a people to reach the highest intellectual heights when activity has play in only one direction? If Iowa turned all her productions into the most costly form they ever reach, the income of the State would be more than doubled. A certain quality of heroism is required to transform our educated young men who look for eminence through gen- teel occupations that never soil the glove or boot, into masters of creameries, sugar mills, machine factories, canneries, paper mills, woolen mills, glass works, foun- dries, and the like, where the successful man understands every detail, and can put his hand to any part of the work when occasion requires, though dust, stains, and grease proclaim his vocation to the world. The mines of the Sierras never offered so inviting roads to future wealth as the coming activities of Iowa offer to well ed- ucated men. The farmer has made all things ready ; the State overflows; our raw material forms the basis of wealth to thousands outside of the State, as John Milton's great work furnished ideas to a ho~t of plagiarists before the world gave it recognition. Iowa is now the new Massachusetts in her care of education; the new Kentucky in her fine cattle; the new Georgia in the number of hogs ; the new Illinois in the extent of her corn fields ; the new New York in the volume of her wheat; the new Sparta in the bravery of her sol- diers; the new Ireland in her gallantry to women ; the new Scotland in her reverence for Deity ; the new England in her straight- forwardness; the new Germany in her thrift, surpassing all her prototypes. We must add to her attributes. Future Iowa must rival Sheffield and Lowell in mechan- ical industry, and Oxford and Harvard in scholarship. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 89 TRANSPORTATION CILITIES. FA- CROWTH AXD DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAIL- ROAD SYSTEM OP IOWA— LEGISLATIVE CONTROL — BOARD OF RAILROAD COMMIS- SIONERS — STATISTICS — PERSONAL MEN- TION OF THE ROADS — TRANSPORTATION BY THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIV- ERS. The prosperity and development of a State is essentially dependent upon its means of transportation, aud to our rail- roads is due more than to any other single agency, the present prosperity of Iowa. The attractions which Iowa presents to enterprise, capital and skilled labor, with all her natural elements of productive wealth, have been developed by the great- est river navigation and the best system of railroads existing in any state in the Union. The benefits which are derived from railroad communication are untold, and can only be realized when we remem- ber that civilization and improvement of all kinds follow the iron horse, and as if by magic, towns and villages spring up in its wake. The building of railroads as- sisted greatly in the development of our State by furnishing convenient markets for the farmer. Iowa is to-day traversed by lailroads in almost every direction, while the work of building uew lines is steadily progressing, and this wonderful advance in the construction of railroads indicates the confidence which capitalists entertain in regard to the future of our State. Indeed there are very lew states in the Union, if any, in which railroad building has been pursued with such en- ergy as in Iowa. The great national high- ways across the continent pass directly through the State, affording our people ss to the principal markets of the ■world. From these roads, branches de- flect in all directions, until with these and her north and south lines and their branches, there remains not a county in the entire State which has not one or more railn In the spring of 1855 the first locomo- tive and cms were introduced within the borders of our State at Davenport. In 1856 Congress made a munificent grant of lands to the State, to aid in the building of railroads, which in turn, was granted by the State to various companies for the construction of lines in different direc- tions throughout Iowa. For several years thereafter progress in railroad building was slow, owing to the financial depres* sion in 1357-58, and the civil war which followed so soon afterward, and it was not until after the close of the war that the increased demand for transportation facilities necessitated the more rapid building of railroads. The benefit de- rived from these commercial highways is two-fold. Not only are the people of the State afforded an easy communication with the great markets of the country, but when it is understood tbat these great cor porations are subject to local and State taxation, and that they pay into the treas- ury of the State a large amount annually, it will be seen that the burden of the tax- payer is lessened thereby. The railroads of the State are subject to legislative con- trol, so that the General Assembly has the power to fix the maximum rales for the transportation of passengers and freight on the various lines and to prevent unjust discrimination between points on the same line. The interests of the people are guarded by a board of railroad commis- sioners, consisting of three persons, ap- pointed by the governor for the term of three years, and whose duty it is to adjust those differences which may arise be- tween the people and railroad companies, or between one company and another, hearing and determining complaints, in- quiring and recommending, and up to this time its recommendations have been heeded. It is to be taken for granted that the public appreciate the great conven ience of the railroads as well as the fact that they have been indispensible in the development of our State, and there is no reason for, and wc believe there is no real antagonism of interests between our peo- ple find the railroad companies, although there have been misapprehensions on both sides, though perhaps no more than 90 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. arises in other business relations of the same magnitude, yet they are each inter- ested in the prosperity of the other, as a broad and comprehensive view of the rights of each reveals. The management of the railroads of Iowa has been wise and judicious, and in their endeavors to pro- mote the prosperity of their respective companies they have been important fac- tors in the development of our wonderful resources. The accidents were less in the aggre- gate last year than in the year previous, and will probably be still less in the fu- ture, owing to the exercise of greater pre- cautions and the improvements made for the safety of the traveling public, as well as of employes. The companies are en- deavoring to do all in their power to ac- commodate the public in the improve- ment of their roads and in handsome, con- venient and comfortable cars, and the roads doing business in Iowa are unex- celled both in equipment and manage- ment. The last annual report of the railroad commissioners for the year ending June 30, 1884, gives the railroads of Iowa at that time 7,249.25 miles in operation. To- tal amount of side track was 877.16 miles. Fif ly per cent, of the roads in Iowa, exclu- sive of sidings, were of steel rails. We can safely estimate from the number of miles known to have been built since June 30th, that we have in Iowa to-day (Jan. 1, 1885), a total of 7,500 miles of road. The total number of locomotives re- ported is 3,253. The weight of standard guage engines varies from thirty to seventy tons ; of narrow guage, from seventeen to twenty-five tons. The total number of cars is reported as 103,337; of these, 1,328 are passenger cars, 7&0 baggage cars, and 180 parlor, sleeping, and dining cars, 60,- 344 box freight cars, 10,727 stock cars, 22,- 128 platform and coal cars, 7.840 other cars. The total number of stations reported in Iowa is 1,178. The total number of persons employed regularly in operating the roads of State is 26,731. The amount paid them for their services is $13,970,661.65. The gross earnings of all the roads for the year, passenger, mail, and express were $9,248,818 01, freight and miscellane- ous, $25,184,536.76, The operating ex- penses were $22,827,450.50, leaving the net earnings for the year $11,511,572.98. The total amount of taxes paid by the companies on their lines in the State was $881,149 36, which is 7 per cent of the net earnings. IOWA TONNAOE CLASSIFIED. ARTICLES. m a o a O U h and chestnut with marble wainscoting and pilasters, and has an en- caustic tile floor. In the East wing are the Legislative Post Office and committee rooms. Third Story. — The whole of the third story is devoted to committee rooms for the use of the General Assembly. It is but justice to the gentlemen who have been in charge of this work, to state that the money appropriated trom time to time, by the General Assembly, for the construction of the new capitol has been most judiciously and economically ex- pended by them, and so honestly and faithfully has every dollar been applied to the purpose for which it was intended, that it is a matter of astonishment to strangers and visitors generally, thai so magnificent an edifice could have been erected at so comparatively moderate an outlay. Thus far there has been expend- ed about $-.2,000,009 and it is estimated that to complete and furnish the building and properly improve the grounds sur- rounding it— consisting of ten acres — wi.l recprire the outlay of about $1,000,- JO more, thus making the total cost of the building and grounds about $ 3,00 3,000. It is expected that the capitol will be com- pleted by January 1, DEDICATION OF THE XEW CAPI- TOL, The following address was delivered by Hon. John A. Kasson, at the dedication ©f the new Capitol on January 17, 1881: Gentlemen of the General Assembly, Officers of State and Fellow Citizens: For the people of Iowa, and especially for you, their representatives in the ex- ecutive, legislative and judicial depart- ments, this day may well be devoted to congratulations. The people will rejoice that this great structure, now so near completion, has been erected with econ- omy, honesty, and sound judgment, and without special taxation or debt. Their representatives rejoice that they can now enter into appropriate halls with abun- dance of Heaven's pure air and clear light, and with suitable chambers for the important work of their committees. Their executive and judicial officers have special reason to be glad that they are so m to leave the inconvenient and inse- cure quarters hitherto assigned them, for the safe and spacious rooms, where fire cannot destroy, where thieves caunot easily break through and steal, and where moth and rust are far less likely to cor- rupt. All our people, in public or in private life, will to-day experience pro- found gratification that all the high au- thorities of government, the elect of their suffrage, enter, in their name, into the possession of a State House befitting the intelligence and the wealth, the dignity and the worth of a State which is justly proud of her record of good government. It is the third time that the State has taken possession of a Capitol building. As the immigrating farmer willingly passes his first difficult years in a cabin of logs, and when his family is better grown, and the tide of steady prosperity has enriched him, erects a substantial dwelling in which, as he hopes, his children, and their children after them, may preserve his name and virtues in lasting memory, so Iowa, passing from her earlier official cabins, has devoted a part of her increas- 116 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. ing wealth to the erection of this endur- ing mansion for the residence of her elected government during generations to come. Our first prayer beneath this high dome is, that here the moral and political foundations of this imperial State may be so deeply and so wisely laid that remote generations shall recall and celebrate tne wisdom and the virtues of their ancestors, who in the nineteenth century erected and occupied this solid mansion of the State. It is for us all a source of profound gratification that from the day when the present commissioners assumed control, with their accomplished superintendent of construction, the legislative bodies have never withdrawn from them their confi- dence. Not one act of speculation or spoliation, not one coin wasted or vainly spent, has defaced the bright record of their administration. It shall be a part of the legacy we leave to our children that all these vast and durable walls have been laid in the cement of honesty, and built by the rule of fidelity. More proud of this legend are we than of all these classic columns and brilliant domes which please the eye and gratify the taste. As this house of the government has been erected in integrity, without turmoil or disorder, so may neither corruption nor violence ever appear within its chambers. Let nothing be ever here transacted against patriotism, religion, morality or education, nor against the just principles of civil liberty, or public or private right. As the wheels of time roll on, as generations of men arise, act their part and decay, may each generation rep- resented in these halls leave to its posterity a newly-enriched inheritance of order, liberty and j ustice. Let us cherish the hope that for centuries to come the eyes of happy industry shall see with joy the beams of the rising day playing upon these bright domes ; and that there also, well-rewarded labor may look with contentment upon the rays of the declining sun, when the evening hour brings its welcome repose to toil. This noble Capitol to-day becomes a monument between two eras in the history of Iowa, dividing the frontier transitory record of the State from its grander his- tory begun with the census of 1880. The past of our State presents a brief record which is within the memory of living men. No misty traditions of antiquity have either obscured or illuminated our course. We have lived chiefly in our an- ticipated future, to which we have sought to give form and reality. When the bell of Independence Hall rang out the peal of Liberty in 1776, Iowa was unknown, except as a land whose borders had been discovered by the French. When Spain ceded the region to Napoleon, and Napo- lean in turn ceded it to the United States in 1803, it was still unexplored, unknown, and nameless. First attached in 1804, under the name of the "District of Louisi- ana," to the jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana, it became, in 1805, part of the Territory of Louisiana, and in 1812, by change of name, part of the Territory of Missouri. In 1834 all the country north of the State of Missouri and west of the- Mississippi river, as far as the Missouri and White Earth Rivers, was attached to- the Territory of Michigan. Two years later, in 1836, Wisconsin Territory was created, and embraced all that had so lately been transferred to the jurisdiction of Michigan. After two years more, in 1838, the Territory of Iowa was establish- ed, including what are now the States of Iowa aad Minnesota and a large section of Dakota. Seven years later, in 1845, Con- gress offered to admit us as a State by the side of Florida, on certain conditions, which established our western boundary at longitude 17 degrees, 30 minutes west of Washington, separating from us the en- tire Missouri 'slope.' This our people wisely refused ; and finally, in December, 1846, Congress extended our western boundary to the proper limit of the Mis- souri River, and Iowa became one of these- United States. Thus, only thirty-seven years ago, Iowa with 130,000 people and two Representatives became a member of this great Union of States, which she now IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 117 supports with nearly two millions of loyal people, with eleven Representatives in Congress, with over 21,000 school-houses, more than 2.2,000 teachers, and 464,000 pupils ; and with a greater proportion of her people able to read than is shown by any other State of the Union. This record becomes the more notable when ic is remembered that the very hill upon which this Capitol stands, and all the valleys and plains for many leagues around, were forty years ago in the occu- pation of the aboriginal tribes. All this fair domain between the two great rivers of the continent was in the possession of roving or resident tribes until 1830. In that year the relinquishment of the Indian title began by a treaty which covered, with ill-defined boundaries, all the region •west of the divide between the Des Moines and Missouri Rivers, as far noith as the forks of ths Des Moines River, and thence westward, tak- ing in the valleys of the Boyer, Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to which was added a strip extending northeastward to the Mississippi River. These concessions were made by the Iowas, Otoes, Omahas, Missouri s, Sacs and Foxes, and four bands of Sioux, all of whom claimed rights in the districts relinquished to the United States The Sioux separately ced^ ed a strip of territory twenty miles wide running from the Mississippi River below La Crosse southwesterly to the Des Moines River, on which cession are now found the towns of Cresco, Osage, Charles City, and others as far as Dakota City. The Sacs and Foxes ceded a like strip im- mediately abjoining it on the south, on which are now many towns, embracing Waukon, West Union, Postville, and oth- ers to Fort Dodge. . This double concess- ion, forty miles in width, formed a neutral zone between alien tribes. All of Iowa north of these concessions was claimed by different bands of the Sioux until 1851, when their relinquishment was obtained. But these first concessions in 1830 seem to have been not so much in the interest of the whites as to prevent wars among the Indian tribes, disputing their respective rights to that territory. The advancing tide of immigration, however, was by this time ready to cross our great Medi- terranean River, and open up the country on its western bank. The Sacs and Foxes yielded to its demands, and in 1832 gave to white settlement a district equal to two or three tiers of counties up and down the Mississippi. Again, in 1837, they yielded to further pressure, and gave up one and a quarter million of acres along the Cedar and Iowa Rivers, including their chief % Keokuk's, village. This still left all cen- tral Iowa south of Fort Dodge and as far west as the Missouri water-shed, in pos- session of the allied tribes, who number- ed, all told, about two thousand two hun- dred and fifty souls. But the friendly character of these red men had given op- portunity to the whites to hear of these clear skies, this fruitful soil, and these wooded streams, and even to see these lands of promise, and so to covet them . Under the influence of the progressive human tide pressing on from the east, in 1842 they finally threw themselves into the arms of the Federal Government to choose for them a new home further west ; and agreed to surrender all their imme- morial heritage in three years from that time. When, at midnight following the eleventh day of October, 1845, the signal gun from Fort Des Moines, on yonder point, announced the end of all aboriginal right, the last of these faithful tribes had left their ancestral grounds forever, and the complicated law of the white man succeeded to the simple usages of the native tribes. And so was the very ground now covered by the shadow of these walls transferred from the dominion of Asiatic tribal organization to the control of our European Christian civilization. These tribes of Sacs and Foxes were among the best Indians of their race. The testimony of our frontiersmen, and the official records of the government describe them as thoroughly entitled to the respect of our race. The United States agent at the Raccoon Agency, just before their mi- 118 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. gration, attributes to them "the manly virtues and innate principles of honor and honesty." After their migration, the agent speaks in his reports of their " fidelity and regard for truth, their sense of honor and honesty, and pride of person and nation." It should be told to our children that these sons of the soil to whom we have suc- ceeded left behind them a noble name for manly virtues which we may well desire to emulate. Would that my voice might reach them now with these words of praise ; and that they might be consoled for the loss of this Eden-land of their ancient pos- session by knowing that the ground over which they roamed to find food for little more than two thousand souls, now gives home and food to near two million souls, under the protection of the same Great Spirit who rules both them and us. Those of us who have known the liberal pleasures as well as the struggles of the spacious frontier life, the invigorating con- tests with wild nature and wilder beasts, the simpler manly virtues which it devel- ops, the self-reliance, personal indepen- dence and courage which spring spontane- ous from it, may well indulge a feeling of sympathy in the passing away of those tribes who had for centuries enjoyed that life along these running waters, under the shade of these oaks and walnuts, and over these blossoming prairies, where some of us once wandered with gun and fishing-rod in the days that have fled with the game. Shall the restlesss and eager life of the white man be sweeter than the life of the peaceful savage whom we have displaced — savage only to his enemies? Shall our greed of wealth be more profitable to the human soul than his greed of game ? Shall truer virtue be found in our speculating marts of trade and in our crowded bins and stockyards, than that which was nour- ished in the sheltered tents of the red men, and under the influence of the bril- liant heavens that beamed over their un- plowed prairies? Shall the means of per- sonal happiness, now far removed from the simplicities of nature, be more fruitful for us than they were for them as they re- posed on the very breast of Nature ? Let the philosopher who shall live at the close of the twentieth century answer these questions. As the Indian with bow and arrow dis- appeared in the west, the frontiersmen ad- vanced from the east with axe and plow. They gathered around the meeting of the rivers in this valley, and believed they could see even then the dawning aurora of a brilliant future. They eagerly expected the rising sun of prosperity. But oh, the weary waiting for its coming! The cold blasts of winter, the overfloodings of the streams in spring, the unsold harvests of the autumn, the tedious roads to market, the hopeless improvement of navigation, the tired expectancy of promised railways ! Old settlers of central Iowa, you remem- ber the years that seemed decades, the decade that seemed a century. But we now hail the risen sun. The long expected time of prosperity has come. Instead of struggling wains, dragged by worn beasts over miring roads and across swollen streams, there now depart each day from beneath the shadow of this Capitol eighty trains of cars, propelled by a tireless power, and laden with busy men, or with the wealth of State and nation, over iron ways radiating to all points of the com- pass, directed to the interior of a continent or to the shores of two oceans, and to mar- kets in foreign lands. Instead of danger- ous fords, iron bridges span our streams. Tall groves and houses of comfort defy the wintry blasts of our prairies. Churches and school-houses illuminate the country and beautify the towns. The joy of this time would be complete if it had pleased Heaven to spare the lives of all our hardy pioneers to see this day. They were the daring scouts of ©ivilization — these early settlers who bore the severest hardships of the struggle, and opened the way for the happier multitude who now enjoy the ripened fruits of their planting. All hail to the memory of these departed, and a living welcome to you who survive ! May Heaven long preserve you in the well- earned comfort of your declining years. Taking leave of our past, what shall be IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 119 our future in the history of the Republic? Shall we grow into a powerful member of this great Union of States, or bury our- selves in the fatness of our fruitful fields and populous pastures? The real facts which most concern our personal comfort and happiness are undoubtedly those which have for their scene our hearths, our farms, our churches, schools and workshops. But these are rarely gathered up by the pen of history. It is the larger communiiy, the State, which embodies the resulting character of all this local train- ing; the State which has its own rooftree and hearthstone, preserves its own records, and develops a character of its own;— it is the State which passes into histon% and by its perpetual record conveys to poster- ity the impressions which they shall en- tertain of their ancestors. The Legislature of the little emigrant colony of Plymouth, over two hundred years ago, declared: " Forasmuch as the maintenance of good literature doth much tend to the advance-, ment of the weal and flourishing state of societies and republics, this court doth, therefore, order that in whatever township in this government, consisting of fifty families or upwards, any meet man shall be obtained to teach a grammar school, said township shall allow at least twelve pounds, to be raised by rate on all the in- habitants.'' While we know little of the men who thus resolved, of their names, mode of living, or conditions, this noble record of their devotion to education has illuminated all the later pages of the his- tory of Massachusetts. Three States of this Union maintained for two generations a character among their sister States as in- dividual and disiinct as that of an eminent man amcng his associates. In proportion as the trails of State character are more marked and resolute, trie longer they en- dure. The influx of new elements among the masses of population in many of our States has subjected this character to mod- ifications, until even the family likeness is in some cases dangerously near to dis- appearance. Our Northwestern States are so miscellaneously settled, and are still BO young, that no artist can yet venture to draw a portrait which will be recognized as faithful a half century hence. But for the last quarter of a century the pulses of Iowa, and her impulses, have been so thoroughly felt, her tendencies and the influences working in her development are so clearly shown as to justify the in- dulgence of a noble hope of her future. Her liberality in the support of schools, and of religious and charitable institu- tions, the superiority of her people in the comparative tables of popular education, the more equal diffusion of wealth and comfort within her borders, her unques- tioned love of liberty, temperance and justice, and her military and civil courage in their maintenances so distinguish her as to lend a halo to the brightest promise of coming history. The dangerous influences which threaten to defeat this promise are visible, and de- mand your vigorous activity to suppress them. The State will rise no higher than the motives and the intellect of the men who, in all ranks, most prominently rep- resent it. If you allow your offices to be sold as patronage, or claimed as a per J sonal right, and fill them in response to personal solicitation, or party dictation, without regard to fitness, you fail in your duty to the State. If you listen to dema- gogues who appeal to prejudice against measures of justice, who defame the character of your elected officers to grat- ify malice or to obtain office for them- selves, you prepare the way for the deg- redation of all public life, and for the humiliation of the State itself. Some new Peter-the-hermit will yet arise among the people to preach a new crusade against the system of falsehood, forgery and de- famation, which are still tolerated as weapons of political warfare. Let your curse rest upon them, and your heel crush them out. They degrade us in the eye of all foreign nations, and they insult the puriiy and patriotism of our own people. As your vengeance should be swift upon those who are proved coirupt,so let it fall with the speed of a thunderbolt upon the forgers and libellers who fear not to cor- rupt the public mind with falsehood, and 120 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. defame the reputation of the State and Nation by reckless assaults upon their representative officers. Let your indignation also flow in full tide against the corrupters of the ballot- box. Our laws are not yet severe enough against these enemies of the Republic. Tricks and deceptions which rob the voter of his sovereign right are not adequately punished. Fraudulent tickets are repeat- edly delivered to the ignorant and unwary. And yet a single vote has been known to shape the policy of a State. The ballot is the crown of popular sovereignty, and it should be guarded with a care like that bestowed upon the jeweled emblem with which kings go to their coronation. What influence will the five hundred and seventy periodical presses of Iowa exert upon the future character of our State? What will this enormous power for good or evil do to form the reputation and build up an honorable name and fame for our home Republic? Shall their col- umns be filled with a mixture of good and evil, of truth and falsehood, that they may thrive by ministering to all depraved as well as elevated tastes? The preaching of your churches and the teaching of your schools will be robbed of half their edu- cational force if the press fails to con- tribute its share to the elevation of public sentiment. The hurried demand of the daily page upon overtaxed brains leads too often to recklessness of assertion, to viciousness of argument, and even to the invention of facts, while verification of their statements awaits the leisure of their author. Meanwhile the public mind is led astray, and public opinion in part corrupted. The great majority of their issues, it is willingly believed, are useful instructors among the moral forces of the community. But from this central he arth- stone of the State we to-day invoke them all to recognize a higher responsibility to truth and justice, a more thorough emancipation from prejudice of party and of person, and a deeper appreciation of their influence upon the destinies of Iowa. Formidable social and economic ques- tions have in recent years risen in the political horizon, to which we direct our troubled gaze as we should look at some unknown comet stretching across the heavens. The simpler manners and the greater equality of fortunes have passed away. The progress of our raee in this nineteenth century has been so rapid, and signal discoveries of science occur so fre- quently, that when we pause to look back- ward along the line of our own advance we are filled with astonishment. The venerable man of four-score years who may listen here to-day, knew a time when no boat was propelled by steam ; while now all great seas and all inland waters are vexed by their ceaseless wheels. The mature man of three-score years knew a time when no vehicle for freight or pas- sengers moved rapidly on iron rails, gov-* erned by an unseen force ; while now their noise disturbs the tranquility of two con- tinents. Men of still more vigorous years know a time when electricity was an un. chained force; while now, subjected to our use, messages are instantaneously transmitted by it thousands of miles over laDd and under seas, annihilating time and outspeeding the coursers of the sun. The boy still at school, with satchel slung upon his shoulders, remembers the time when the human voice was lost at a short radius in the atmosphere, where now it travels, guided by a delicate wire, for scores of miles, and speaks gently in the ear which listens, even beyond the horizon of the human eye. Such events, so strange, so wonderful, occurring within our own time, surpass the imaginative compass of an Arab story, and fill us with awe and amazement. Unable to forecast the productive future, we tremble as its open- ing scenes are displayed to our bewildered sight. We ask, what is to be the effect of the enormous accumulations of wealth rendered possible by the numerous amaz- ing inventions of man? What shall be the fate of Labor, which applies all these discoveries to the production of this vast wealth? Shall it share in the improve- ment of human conditions, or be left to ret- rogradation ? Remembering that extreme wealth and extreme poverty are the two IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 121 widely separated ends of the buinan chain, shall the great middle classes which so largely outnumber both the others, reconcile the rights of one with the inter- ests of the other, and so maintain our peaceful development? These pregnant questions, gentleman, will demand your unimpassioaed thought for years to come, for they must in part be hereafter resolved by legislation within the halls of which you this day take possession. The coun- try is feeling its way steadily toward their solution. Let Patience be a welcome guest at your deliberations, and let Justice con- trol them. For Justice is the richest jewel in the crown of government — justice to the low, justice to the high, justice to all. Legislation must not take away from industry, activity and extraordinary capac ity the legitimate earnings of these super- ior qualities . for that would be to discour- age the best labor and to retard the ad- vance of society. Nor, on the other hand, must it give to superior faculty such ad- vantages as will enable it to oppress hum- bler natures, or deprive them of their fair protection and their fitting share in the world's advance. The just principle must be found upon which proper social legis- lation shall be based. It may possibly be recognized by analogy to the care be- stowed by governments upon those in its military service who are wounded or dis- eased in the line of duty. It may be found in the compulsory and regular con- tribution from the profits of the enterprise to a beneficial fund, or in the principles of an insurance association. Voluntary efforts of enlightened wealth are already opening the way and blazing the path of future legislation. The principles of jus- tice, reinforced by the sentiment of Chris- tianity, will surely lead our fair minded countrymen to the settlement of these questions without the violence and dis- order which are so dangerously distract- ing the older nations of Europe. We, gentlemen, shall soon pass from the stage of public action. The hope of the country will soon pass to the next genera- tion. The fair flower of Iowa, now in her public schools or just leaping the fences into political life, will claim the control of the destinies of the State. I appeal to them to avoid the common road which leads through the passions and prejudices of men, and to choose the path which de- mands higher courage, but which leads assuredly to an honorable fame. The generosity of their years should easily lead them to resist the despotism of the strong, as well as to scorn the ways of the demagogue. To gain greatness for them- selves or for their State, they must be guided by the nobler sentiments of the human heart and by the higher qualities ot the human intellect. It is of the very nature of greatness that it represents these qualities, as it is developed by them. But it is cf the very nature of prejudice and passion that they cannot endure in leader- ship ; they must die of the moral mephitic gases which are evolved out of their own active heat. You may try to convert them to a better nature, but try not at all to build yourself upon them. They make a Marat, who flooded a city with blood ; but never a Napoleon, who curbed and con- quered them, and organized an empire upon their fall. Truth alone is indestruct- ible. "The eternal years of God are hers," as well in politics as in religion. Truth and you together are stronger then you and all the hosts of error in company. In a time of great passion and excitement John Milton wrote, " I care not what error is let loose into the field, so Truth be left free to combat it." One of the noblest things in this contest against popular error and prejudice on the one hand, and against the prejudices of organized wealth and position on the other, to which 1 sum- mon the youth of Iowa, is found in the manly qualities of courage and personal independence which it evokes. Slaves of party and slaves of self-interest and prej- udice abound, and will threaten you with defeat if you take sides against them for public justice and public honor in times of difficulty. But the battle, though pro- longed, is surely won in the end for truth and justice. It is not the skirmish, but the final victory, which wins the chaplet of rjii IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. immortality. We send these messages to- day from beneath this dome to the bios- soming manhood of our State, now in university, college and schools, who shall soon occupy our places in this Capitol, and shall here direct the affairs and estab- lish the fame of a greater State. One sentiment more demands expres- sion under these arches as they are dedi- cated to future centuries. Need I say to you, men of Iowa, who have so recently and so bountifully given your treasure and your blood to maintain it, that the strong- est hope of the future welfare of our State, under favor of the Almighty, is in the perpetuity of the National Union. In that well-rounded circle we dwell secure. Detached from that bond, a broken frag- ment, we should be the prey alike of in- ternal faction and of faithless and tran- sient external alliances. Jealousies of rivals on every side, obstructed intercourse, com- mercial exactions, and frontier broils, would impoverish the people, excite their passions, and destroy their peace. In the end we should fall like the petty Repub- lics of Greece under foreign domination, or like Rome seek relief from domestic faction in submission to a despot's rule. The rallying cry of all patriots must still be the Constitution and the Union. The victories of war and the glories of peace, won under the common flag, must never be divided. May each generation transmit from these halls to its succeeding generation the watchword: Let the Union remain forever. When, in 1851, being the seventy-sixth year of our Inde- pendence, the corner-stone was laid for the extension of the United States Capi- itol, Mr. Webster deposited a memorial of the ceremony in which he declared that if it should thereaf terbe the will of God that the structure should fall from its base and its foundations be upturned, that memor- ial should make it known that the Union of the States then stood firm, and the Consti- tution unimpaired, and grown stronger in the affections of the people than ever be- fore. Standing to-day in this noble presence of all departments of the Government, legislative, executive and judicial, and' of the people of the State, I would en- large the lofty words of that great states- man. If it shall hereafter be the will of God that the pillars and domes, towers and walls of this great structure shall fall prostrate, and even itsfoundations be bur- ied from the eyes of men, be it known that at this time, in the one hundred and eighth year of our Independence, the Union of the United States of Ameri- ca, having withstood the shock of two foreign wars, and of one more terrible civil war, still stands firm, and more strongly consolidated than ever before, having been cemented by blood; that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, and even improved by the introduction of universal human liberty within its entire jurisdiction ; and with more than its orig- inal usefulness and glory; that it grows every day stronger in the affections of the great body of the American people, and attracts more and more the admiration of the world. And all here assembled, wheth- er belonging to public or private life, with hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty God for the preservation of the liberty and the happiness of the country, and for the great prosperity of the State, unite in sin- cere and fervent prayers that these walls and arches, domes and towers, columns and capitals, may endure so long as the Republic and Liberty survive. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF IOWA STATE LIBRARY. THE BY MRS. S. B. MAXWELL, LIBRARIAN. The Twenty-fifth Congress, at its second session, passed the following act : " Chap. 96. — An act to divide the Terri. tory of Wisconsin, and establish the Territorial Government of Iowa." Section 18 of said act provides " That the sum of five thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be expended by and un- der the direction of the Governor of said IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Jl23 Territory of Iowa, in the r-urclmse cf a library, to be kept at the seat of govern- ment for the accommodation of the Gov- ernor, Legislative Assembly, judges, sec- retary, marshal and attorney general of said Territory, and such other persons as the Governor and Legislative Assembly shall direct." The first Legislative Assembly of the Territory was begun and held at Burling- ton, November 12, 1S3S, and Governor Robert Lucas in his message to this as. sembly, in reference to the proposed li- brary, says that, previous to leaving Ohio, he, with the assistance of several literary friends, had made out a catalogue of sucb standard works as are deemed most im- portant as the foundation of a public li- braiy. and commissioned an agent in Cin- cinnati to purchase the books, and this having been done, and the books expected in a short time, he recommended to the Assembly the appointment of a librarian, defining his duties, who should be the cus- todian of the library. The books selected were standard bio. graphical, historical, legal and miscellane- ous works, many of which, are still in the library, and in addition to these Dr. O. Fairchild, of Cincinnati, presented the library with a valuable set of maps. As his suggestions were not acted upon. Gov. Lucas caused to be fitted up a room on Jefferson street, belonging to Mr. J. S. David, and, April 10, 1839, commissioned Mr. T. S. Parvin, his private secretary, as librarian. This commission is framed and now bangs in the State Library, the gift of Mr. Parvin. He soon resigned his office, and Mr. Charles Weston was made " temporary" librarian. In 1840 the second Legislative Assembly passed an act for the appointment of a librarian, defining his duties, and Mr. Morgan Reno, treasurer of the Territory, was appointed by the Governor to dis- charge said duties at a salary of $210, be- ing required to give bond in the sum of $5,000. The library was kept open every day during the sessions of the legislature and Supreme Court, and during the remainder of the year, four hours on each Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. The Fourth Legislative Assembly met in Iowa City, the seat of government hav- ing been removed there, but the capitol not being ready for occupancy, temporary quarteis were prepared for the State offi- cers and the library. The first report of the librarian is that of Mr. Reno to the Fifth Legislative As- sembly, in 1842-43. The first catalogue of the library is a small volume of eighteen pages, containing the titles of about six- teen hundred "volumes, classed as follows: " Biography, history, jurisprudence, re- ports, laws, medicine, miscellaneous, peri- odicals, political, etc., poetry, science, etc., theological, voyages and travels,, and maps." In 1846, L. B. Patterson was appointed librarian by the First General Assembly of the State, at a salary of $150, and the bond was reduced to $2,000. At the session in 1848 this was made a circulating or rather a peregrinating library, as the judges of the Supreme and Districts Courts were allowed to take twenty volumes of law books to use in the courts of their respective districts. In 1851 an appropriation of $500 was made to be expended by the Governor in books for the library. In 1852 Mr. Israel Kister was appointed librarian, and in his report to the Fourth General Assembly he gives the number of bound volumes at 2,627, with 1,100 un- bound volumes, documents, pamphlets, etc. The library had now been removed to more commodious quarters in the new Capitol. In 1852 a second appropriation of $500 for the purchase of books was made, and Martin L. Morris, who succeeded Mr. Kister as treasurer and librarian, reported to the Fifth General Assembly, in 1854-55, a list of the books purchased therewith. This legislature also appropriated $1,000 for the purchase of books, and passed an act forbidding the removal of the books 124 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. from the seat of government. The libra- rian was also directed to number and label the books, and to make an alphabetical catalogue and report the same to the Gov- ernor to be printed. In the fall of 1857 the library was brought from Iowa City, in charge of Mr. John Pattee, Auditor of State, who was also librarian. The 3,000 volumes which the library then contained, were deposited in a room prepared for that purpose in the Capitol, and shortly after Mr. LI. Coulten was made librarian. In 1858 the legislature, in making an appropriation for the pay of a clerk to the secretary of the Board of Education, pro- vided that said clerk should also act as librarian, and this proviso appeared in each appropriation for ten years succeed- ing. The report of Mr. Coulten, in 1862, sh/)ws the^number of volumes to be 6.433. In 1866, 100 copies of the Supreme Court reports were given to the library for exchange, and at the suggestion of Gov. Kirkwood $3,000 were appropriated to be expended by the judges in the purchase of law books. With this sum 744 volumes were added to the library, making the to- tal number at this time 8,216. In 1868 the demands of the two offices became such that one person could not do justice to both, and the Legislature au- thorized the appointment of a librarian at a salary of $150, but failed to provide for the payment of this sum. The Census Board unwilling to see the library closed on this account decided to employ an ad- ditional janitor at a compensation of $2.00 per day and place the library in his cus- tody. Thereupon Governor Merrill ap- pointed a young man by the name of John C. Merrill — not a relative, however — as librarian. This appointment was really the beginning of the library, as a library. Thenceforth it was kept open all dav, Mr. Merrill devoting his entire time to the work and interests of the library. Nearly thirty years had left it in a very undesir- able condition. Many of the volumes were lost or injured, and no systematic arrangement seemed ever to have been though! oL Mr. Merrill, however, brought order out of chaos by renumbering the entire collection and classifying and re- arranging the books. He introduced the card catalogue, and thus laid the founda- tion for the preservation of and access to information otherwise inaccessible. In 1870 the Legislature made the judges of the Supreme Court " Commissioners of the State Library," with authority to man- age and control the same. An appropria- tion was made for the purchase of several hundred volumes of G. Green's Reports to be exchanged for the benefit of the law department. Many of the English, Irish and Scotch Reports were purchased about this time from the proceeds of the sale of Iowa Reports, and an effort was made to complete the sets of American Reports, and many law treatises, state papers, etc., were added to the library. " Young as Mr. Merrill was, for his really brilliant career of three years ended as he became of age, he ran*ked as one of the very best librarians of the country. But ambition and overwork proved too much for his physical frame, and in September, 1871, he passed from the life of earth to that of eternity." When Mr. Merrill left the work in September, 1871, the library contained 14,079 volumes. Mrs. Ada North was appointed by Gov- ernor Merrill to fill the vacancy occa- sioned by the death of the librarian. The compensation still came through the hold- ing of a janitorship, but in 1872 the law concerning the library was revised, the office of State Librarian created with a salary of $1,200 per year, and the term fixed at two years. A board of trustees was created to have supervision over it, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, the superintendent of public in- struction, and the judges of the supreme court, an annual appropriation of $1,000 to be expended by the governor in the purchase of new books for the library, and all the supreme court reports remaining after the distribution by the secretary of state was made, were to be given to the library to be disposed of by the trustees for law books. The librarian, the same IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 125 year, made a catalogue of the books show- ing the entire number to be 14,500. "From this time there was more attention paid to the general library, though there was no cessation in the effort to make the Slate's collection of lawbooks complete, and this effort, begun at the instauce of Judge Cole and supervised by him so long as he re- mained on the bench, finally succeeded in making it one of the five best collections of law books in America." Mrs. North retained the position of State Librarian until 1S78, when she was succeeded by the present incumbent, Mrs. S. B. Maxwell. Mrs. North continued the good work begun by Mr. Merrill, and in her first reports she says that the Eng- lish, Irish and Scotch Reports and Statutes are complete to date. This was an error, but owing to the imperfect catalogues of the publishers at that time it was impossi ble to know what constituted a set of for- eign reports. I believe, however, that we now lack only one report, the 7 Vermont. The East India Reports were but re- cently received and will be catalogued as soon as time will permit. My predeces- sor's last report shows 15,836 volumes, ex- clusive of duplicates and pamphlets. The present number is about 27,000. In 18S0 an assistant librarian was au- thorized at a salary of $500 a year, the cash appropriation was increased to $2,000, but the supply of Supreme Court Reporcs which had been a goodsource of revenue, was cut off. In 1882 the appropriation was again increased, this time to $3,000. In January, 1884, the library was re- moved to the new quarters in the west wing on the second floor of the new Capi- tol. This room is 53 feet wide, 108 feet long and 45 feet high. It has four gal- leries, reached by winding stairs at either end of the room, is finished in ash and chestnut, with marble wainscoting and pilasters, and has an encaustic tUe floor. Including duplicates, there are over forty thousand bound volumes already upon the shelves; the full capacity of the library is about one hundred thousand volumes. The Twentieth General As- sembly made a special appropriation of $6,000 for the purchase of books for the general library, and this has been expend- ed in the purchase of the best books in every department of knowledge. This Legislature also authorized the librarian to emplo} 7- a second assistant at a compen- sation of $500 and a messenger at $300. The library contains twelve rooms, three in each corner, which have been fitted up as a librarian's office, workroom, cloak-room and private room for the judges on the main floor; on the first gallery, what I call the art room, a me- morial room, a room for law periodicals and a newspaper room; the gallery above the newspaper room is fitted with spring rollers for maps; upon the next floor, im- mediately above this, is another news- paper room and another room for maps. Four of these rooms do duty as duplicate rooms. Hon. Charles Aldrich, of Webster City, has donated to the library a large and in- teresting collection of autographs, photo- graphs, etc., which has been pk.ced in the library, in elegant cases prepared espec- ially for that purpose. I have made an effort to rescue from oblivion the rapidly vanishing scraps of the early history of the State, and also to collect everything written by Iowa au- thors. I have what I call the Iowa De partment, in regard to which I can do no better than to quote from Mr. Perkins' notice of my last biennial report: "The department was established over two years ago for the special purpose of rescuing from oblivion the material scat- tered here and there, throwing light on the early history of the State. The result has been the collection and classification of a large number of manuscripts, pam- phlets, records, old newspaper files, etc., which will be invaluable to the future historian of the State. * * * * In the same department there is an interest- ing and very complete collection of the books and writings of Iowa authors. * ii * * The exhibit of Iowa author- 126 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. ship is constantly accumulating by new contributions, and already amounts to creditable proportions. The books of the entire library in all its departments have been catalogued, and the Legislature will be asked for an appropriation for its pub- lication. Not until such publication will the people generally have an adequate idea of the magnitude and value of the library that has been so carefully and un- ostentatiously collected." It is impossible, in a hastily-written sketch like this, to give an adequate idea of the magnitude and usefulness of the library. STATE UNIVERSITY. IOWA CITY, JOHNSON COUNTY. Of the State institutions, none are more worthy special mention than the Univers- ity, which stands at the head of the grand educational system of Iowa. Every citi- zen of the State has reason to be proud of this institution, for the great work which it is accomplishing, its students are drawn from nearly all parts of the Union, and from various classes of society, while its alumni are scattered throughout the country, filling with credit to themselves and their Alma Mater, positions of honor and trust. Since 1858, the date of the first commencement, there have been grad- uated from this institution nearly two thousand students. Under the judicious management of the Board of Regents, and their wisdom in se- curing the best instructors in all depart- ments, the University has grown and pros- pered until it has become one of the leading educational institutions of the West. The University fund arising from the sale of lands donated by the General Gov- ernment has been supplemented from time to time by legislative grant. The institution is now in receipt of an annual endowment, whereby the work and useful- ness of the University are greatly extend- ed. No preparatory work is done in the Uni- versity, that is left to the high schools* academies and colleges throughout the State. Believing that our readers will be inter- ested in a fuller knowledge of the Uni- versity, we give the following sketch of its foundation and development: " The origin of the State University of Iowa is found in an act of Congress, dated July 20, 1840. This act reads as follows: ' That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby authorized to set apart and reserve from sale, out of any public lands within the Territory of Io wa,to which the Indian title has been or may be ex- tinguished, and not otherwise appropri- ated, a quantity of land, not exceeding two entire townships, for the use and sup- port of a University within the said Ter- ritory, when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever, to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the legal divisions into which the public lands are authorized to be surveyed.' " The Legislature of the Territory of Iowa early recognized the importance of providing for such an institution, and February 25th, 1844, passed a series of resolutions on the subject, which General A. 0. Dodge, our delegate in Congress, was instructed to lay before the Secretary of the Treasury. The original grant made by Congress set apart 46,080 acres of land, which was to form the endowment of the University. The General Assembly, which convened in Iowa City, November 30th, 1846, ap- proved an act entitled 'An Act to Locate and Establish a State University/ on Feb- ruary 25th, 1817. The first meeting of the Board of Trustees appears to have been held in the early part of the summer of 1847. In March, 1855, the University was partially opened, for a term of sixteen weeks. This action appears to have been somewhat informal, as the records of the Board do not show any explicit authority for it. In compliance with ?n act of the Gen- IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 127 •eral Assembly, approved January 25, 1855, for the re-location of the seat of govern- ment, the capital was located at Des Moines in the spring of 1856; but, as there were no suitable buildings there, the State officers continued to use the old ones, un- til suitable quarters were provided in Des Moines, although the capitol at Iowa City had been donated to the State for Univers- ity purposes. In December, 1S5T, the State officers vacated the buildings here, and removed their quarters to Des Moines, leaving the building in the possession of the University with the exception of the rooms occupied by the United States District Court. The Board of Education commenced its first session December 6th, 1858. It con- sisted of thirteen members, viz , the Lieu- tenant-Governor, who was presiding officer, the Governor, and one member from each of the eleven Judicial Districts, to be elected by the people. The "Act for the government and regu- lation of the State University of Iowa" was passed December 25th, 1858. It provided for a Board of Trustees, consisting of seven persons, to be elected by the Board of Education. They were authorized to appoint their own presiding officer, a treasurer, librarian, secretary, and a curator of the cabinet of natural history, and to fill vacancies in unexpired terms when the Board of Education was not in session. Their first meeting was to be held on the first "Wednesday in Febru- ary, 1S59, and the annual meeting on the last Tuesday in June of each year. Both sexes were admitted to all depart- ments of the University, on an equal foot- ing, in 1859. In 1860 there were eighty-nine students in attendance in the Normal Department, six of whom graduated. At a meeting of the Board held June 28th, 1860, it was re- solved to complete the organization of the University, and a plan submitted by President Totten was adopted. It provided for six departments, viz : 1, moral and in- tellectual philosormy and belles-lettres; 2, history and political economy; 3, ancient aud modern languages; 4, mathematics and astronomy; 5, chemistry and natural philosophy ; 6, natural history. The normal was made a separate depart- ment, aud placed under the exclusive con- trol of the Principal. Two students from each county in the S.ate were to be admit ted to this department, free of tuition charges, while all students of the depart- ment were required to sign a declaration of their intention to engage in teaching upon graduation. Under the new order of things, the first session was formally opened on Wednesday, September 19th, 1860, and the organization of the Univers- ity may, with propriety, date from that time. The first class in the collegiate depart- ment graduated in 1863. The General Assembly convened on the second Monday in January, 1864, and by an act approved March 19, 1864, a=5 au- thorized by the Constitution, abolished the Board of Education, and restored the office of Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion. By this action the General Assem- bly resumed full jurisdiction over the subject of education. The first student of the University who received the degree of A. M. was of the class of 1864. In March, 1866, the General Assembly made liberal appropriations for the north hall or chapel, and for necessary repairs in the different buildings. The law department of the University was established by the board at the annual meeting in June, 1868. At a special meeting of the board, held September 17, 1868, the committee on a law department, appointed at a previous meeting, reported an arrangement made with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been organized and for three years previous in successful operation, under the charge of Hon. George G. Wright, Hon. C. C. Cole and Hon. William G. Hammond; and by this arrangement the institution, as it had existed at Des Moines, was transferred to Iowa City, and merged into the Law De- partment of the State University. 128 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. At the same special meeting of the hoard, held September 17, 1868, a com- mittee was appointed to consider the question of the establishment of a medical department, and subsequently reported in favor of its establishment. Seven chairs .were constituted, and at the annual meet- ing of the board for 1869, held June 26, and continued until July 1, it was ordered that a part of the south hall be fitted up for the medical department. The first term of the medical depart- ment was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates. At the session of the General Assembly, begun January 10, 1870, there was passed the act, approved April 11, 1870, for the gov ernment of the State University. Under this law was instituted the Board of Re- gents, as the governing power of the University, and it is at the present time the fundamental law of the institution. June 28, 187©, the board held its first f meeting, and was duly organized accord- ' ing to the law of its appointment. The Board of Regents is constituted as follows : The Governor of the State, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the President of the University are ex- officio members — the Governor of the State being, by virtue of his office, the president of the board. The General Assembly elects one person from each Congressional District of the State to hold office *f or six years. The regents are dirided into three classes, so arranged that the members of one class are elected at each biennial session of the Legislature. The Board of Regents is empowered to confer such degrees and to grant such diplomas as are usually conferred and j granted by other universities. I At a meeting of the board in June, 1872, | a committee of homoeopathic physicians J appeared before the board to request the establishment of a department for giving instruction in homoeopathy, and the board referred the subject to a committee, with instructions to report thereon at the next meeting. The committee reported that, consider- ing the condition of the finances of the University, it was impossible for the board to enlarge the operations of the medical department, and they referred the subject to the next General Assembly. At the June meeting of this year there was established a chair "to be slylcd the chair of military instruction." The Presi- dent of the United States was. requested to appoint an officer for the position, as pro- vided by law, and, accordingly, Lieutenant A. D. Schenck, of the Second Artillery, U. S. army, was detailed as " Professor of Military Science and Tactics," by order of the War Department, August 26th, and reported for duty September 10th. At the session of the Sixteenth General Assembly, 1876, by the act approved March 17, 1876, the regents were directed to es- tablish a department of homoeopathy, in connection with the medical department of the University. It would occupy too much space to men- tion in detail all the improvements which have been made in the various depart- ments of the University, as well as in the buildings and grounds, during the past few years ; but it is sufficient to say, taken throughout the several departments, its work is thorough and progressive, and it maintains a high rank among the educa- tional institutions of ihe country. THE AGRICULTURAL COL- LEGE AND FARM. AMES, STORY COUNTY. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by an act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858, and a board of trustees was ap- pointed, which met in June, 1859, and re- ceived propositions for the location of the college and farm from the various counties in the State, and in July the proposition of Story county and some of its citizens, IOWA RESOURCES AND I \ T DUSTRIES. 129 and by the citizens of Boone county, was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. The college occupies a pleasant and healthful location, one and a half miles west of the town of Ames, on the Chicago & Northwestern railway, in the central county of the State (Story), and thirty- seven miles north of the city of Des Moines. Iu 1862 CoDgress granted to the State 240.000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechan- ical arts, aud B'5,000 acres were located by the commissioner, in 1862-3. In 1864 the General Assembly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building, and an appropriation of $91,000 being made in 1866, the building was completed in 1868. Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resi- dent of the State six months previous to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three schol- ars from each county; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spir- its, wine, or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechan- ical, or medical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricul- tural College embraces the following branches: Natural philosophy, chemis- try, botany, horticulture, fruit growing, forestry, animal and vegetable anatomy, geology, mineralogy, meteorology, ento- mology, zoology, the veterinary art, plane mensuration, leveling, surveying, book- keeping, and such mechanical arts as are directly connected with agriculture; also, such other studies as the trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsis- tent with the purposes of the institution. The manual labor required by law of the students in the college is divided into two kinds, viz., uninstructive labor, which shall be compensated by the payment of wages; and instructive labor, which shall be compensated by the instruction given and the skill required. Uninstructive labor shall comprise all the operations in the work-shops, garden, upon the farm, and elsewhere, in which the work done accrues to 'he Denefitof the college and not to the benefit of the stu- dent. Instructive labor shall embrace all those operations in the work-shops, muse- um, laboratories, experimental kitchen, upon farm and garden, in which the sole purpose of the student is the acquisition of skill and practice. Uninstructive labor is paid for rigidly according to value as settled by comparison with regular labor. Course in the Sciences Related to the Industries. — The purpose of this course is to give a scientific training in the branches which are related to the indus- tries, and to furnish a liberal and practi- cal education for young men and women in the several pursuits and professions of life. Course in Agriculture.— The design of the course in Agriculture is to furnish a broad and thoroughly practical educa- tion, giving it such direction as will be especially applicable to the life and duties of the farmer. The course has been framed to combine that knowledge and skill which will best prepare the pupil for the highest demands of agricultural indus try, and to meet the requirements of an educated citizenship. Course in Mechanical Engineering. — The object of this course is to impart such scientific knowledge and practical skill as are essential to success in mechan- ical engineering. This demands a thor. ough mastery of the principles of math- ematics and a diligent study of their ap- plication to the construction of machines. In addition to the technical instruction given, it aims to furnish the mean fo] obtaining a liberal and practical educa- tion. Course in Civil Engineering.— It is the object of this course to educate and thor- 130 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. oughly train the student for the work of the Civil Engineer. It furnishes a thor- ough and practical course of instruction in the application of the mathematical and physical sciences to the profession of Civil Engineering. It furnishes a systematic drill in pure mathematics and includes, in common with the other courses, the stud- ies necessary to a liberal education The Course in Veterinary Science. —The purpose of this course is to furnish a thorough, practical and theoretical train ing in the veterinary specialty of medi- cine and surgery. It aims, furthermore, to prepare young men for the practical work of the veterinary profession. The course of study includes two years, and embraces a portion of the studies of the Course in Sciences related to the In- dustries, together with the lectures on the technical and special topics of the course and practice in the microscopical and an- atomical laboratories and the veterinary hospital. Vocal and Instrumental Music — Music is not, by law, a regular study in the College curriculum. Opportunities are given, however, to such as desire it, to take lessons upon the piano and organ, or in vocal training. The College domain includes 860 acres, and of this about 70 acres are set apart for college grounds. These occupy the high land southwest of the farm, and in- clude a large lawn, shrubbery plantations, young forestry plantations, the flower bor- ders and garden, with the surroundings of the professors' dwelling-houses. Excel- lent gravel walks and drives have been laid down, leading to all parts of the grounds and to the various buildings. This institution has facilities that are unusually abundant for giving instruction in the higher practieal and industrial branches of study. It offers a wide range in courses which fit the student for the various pursuits and professions of life. Ir supplies the complete means of a prac- tical education at an outlay which is lim- ited to the personal expenses of the student. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. CEDAR falls, black hawk county. In 1876, by an act of the Sixteenth Gen- eral Assembly, the State Normal School was established at Cedar Falls, and the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home were required to turn over to the directors of the new institution all the property in their charge belonging to the Home, lo- cated at Cedar Falls. This was satisfac- torily done, and properly receipted for, as prescribed by law, and the school opened September 6, 1876, with an enrollment of eighty-seven students during the first term. Each student receiving free instruction is required to sign a declaration that in be- coming a studeut of the Iowa State Nor- mal School, it is his purpose to prepare himself for the business of teaching; that it is his intention to teach in Iowa after leaving the school, and that he will report to the principal as often as twice a year during the first two years, and once every year thereafter while engaged in teaching. The work of the normal school is to prepare teachers for their profession, and the course of study embraces the branches taught in both the common and higher schools, but the special province of the school is to give instruction in the phi losophy of education, and the methods of teaching. The teacher needs fuller and more critical mastery of the branches to be taught than is necessary for the ordi- nary business of life, and this thorough- ness and fullness of knowledge in these subjects is the preparation for teaching which the normal school gives. The full course of study requires four years ; the examinations are thorough and compre hensive, and upon completing the didactic course the student receives a certificate, showing the course of study and his pro- ficiency therein. Those graduating in the scientific course receive diplomas. The State Normal school is no longer an experiment, but a success beyond all doubt, and it has been brought to its present excellent condition chiefly through IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 131 the untiring efforts of its very efficient faculty. More than a thousand students have been graduated from this institution to engage in teaching in Iowa, and the influence of the school must necessarily be felt upon our public schools. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. History. — This institution was opened for the reception of pupils at Iowa City, April 4th, 1853. On July 10, 1862, it was removed to its present location, Yin- ton. The building is three hundred feet long, with an average width of sixty feet. It is heated by steam, is well ventilated, is four stories in height and is well ap. pointed throughout. Foundation. — -To meet current ex- penses there is appropriated out of the State Treasury $40 per quarter for each pupil in attendance. The sum of $10,000 per annum is appropriated for salaries of officers, teachers and employes. For the biennial period ending June 30, 1883, an appropriation of $1,000 was made for securing the services of an oculist; and for the present biennial period ending June 30, 1885, the sum of $1,500 has been appropriated for the same purpose. The total expenditure of the institution for the last biennial period was $54,318.70. Management. — Six trustees, appointed for four years by the Legislature, and three of them retiring every two years, have the general supervision of the institution, adopt rules for the government thereof, provide teachers, employes and neces- saries, and perform all acts needed to carry out the purpose of its establishment. The officers and faculty consist of a principal, steward, and matron, six liter- ary, three music, and three industrial teachers. The principal is J. J. McCune. The employes number one engineer, one fireman, one assistant steward, one porter, one night watchman, three chambermaids, three dining-room girls, three laundry girls, two kitchen girls, two nurses, and one cook. Literary Department.— The law gives the trustees power of determining the time each student shall enjoy the privileges of the institution. They have arranged a course of study for twelve years, requiring to complete the primary, intermediate, and academical divisions, four, two, and six years respectively. This is one of the few blind schools in which special attention is given to advanced literary education, and in which systematic grading has been made a success. The department is sup- plied with a library of twelve hundred em- bossed books, and one of thirteen hundred seeing or printed books. The supply of apparatus is moderate, but will be in- creased five hundred dollars worth the present term. Music Department. — Every student capable of receiving musical instruction is given the full benefit of this department. Twenty-three pianos, three cabinet organs, one pipe organ, and a sufficient number of violins, guitars, bass viols, clarionets, and brass instruments, constitute the equipment in the course. The science of harmony re- ceives daily attention. Industrial Department.— B el i eving that work, whether profitable or un. or unprofitable, is conducive to happiness, the trustees aim to establish every trade practicable for the blind. Bead-work, cane seating, knitting, crocheting, fancy work, hand sewing, machine sewing, mat- tress making, broom making, carpet weav- ing, hammock netting, horse netting, and door mat weaving are in present opera- tion. Many former pupils are earning good livings through one or more of these occupations. Treatment. — Dr. C. M. Hobby, oculist, of Iowa City, visits the institution several times during the term, prescribes treat- ment, and when necessary or desired, per- forms operations. All these services, as well as those of the regular institution physician, Dr. C. C Griffin, of Vinton, are at the expense of the State. Results. — The number of students in 132 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. present attendance is one hundred and thirty-five. Whole number admitted and educated to date, five hundred and fifteen. From all available information, the conclu- sion is reached that about one-third of those discharged have been and are mak- ing their own living. With very few ex- ceptions, however, all have been fitted to take their places as useful, happy, and contented members of society. IOWA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. The act establishing the Iowa Institu- tution for the Deaf and Dumb was ap- proved in January^ 1855, and a school for mutes which had been carried on by Mr. W. E. Ijams on a small scale at Iowa City, adopted by the State as a nucleus for the Institution. Mr. Ijams was chosen principal and his wife matron. In the year 1870 the Institution was removed from Iowa City to Council Bluffs, Rev. Benjamin Talbot having meanwhile, in 1863, become principal in place of W. E. Ijams, who resigned. The Institution is located about half a mile southeast from the city limits of Council Bluffs, and can be easily seen from the trains on four railways, one of which, the Wabash, passes through part of the grounds belonging to the Institu- tion, and two, the Rock Island, and Mil- waukee and St. Paul, by the other side of it. The location has proved a good one for the health of the inmates, very little sick- ness having occurred. First-class medi- cal skill is promptly employed where needed, and combined with careful nurs- ing, all serious cases of illness have been brought safely through, the only excep- tions in the last six years being two of consumption. Council Bluffs is, of all cities in Iowa, most accessible; being the terminus of eight railways, the managers of which have generously given special rates to the deaf and dumb when going to and re- turning from school. All children in the State of Iowa, too deaf and dumb to be educated in the com- mon schools, of sound mind and free from contagious disease, between the age of nine and twenty-one, are admitted and provided with tuition, board and books free of charge. The ordinary course covers eight years. Those capable of profiting by a higher course of study are allowed three years in addition, during which time they can fit themselves for admission to the National Deaf Mute College at Washington, which is maintained by the U. S. government, Iowa at present has more students in at- tendance on that college than any other State. The system of instruction in use at the Iowa Institution is known as the combined; articulation and sign classes being carried on simultaneously. The pupils of the Iowa Institution are provided with means to acquire a trade. Shoemaking, carpentering, printing and dressmaking are taught by instructors w r ell posted in these branches, and the pupils who improve their advantages can leave the school possessed of a means of earning their living. Specimens of pupils' work in these lines have been sent to the New Orleans Exposition. By act of the last legislature, an appro- priation was made for school buildings, which is being expended in accordance with the most approved plans suggested by many years of experience on the part of the leading educators in this line in the United States. These buildings, which will soon be available, will enable the In- stitution to accommodate three hundred and fifty pupils. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS HOME. DAVENPORT, SCOTT COUNTY. This institution was organized in De- cember, 1863, as a home for soldiers* orphans. Sioice then some twenty-five hundred children have enjoyed the com- forts, education and training- of this insti- IOWA RESOURCES AND I SDUSTRIE3. 133 tution. In July, 1876, it was opened to all indigent children. The present en- rollment is '.260. Their ages range from two to fifteen years. There are 120 girls and 140 boys. The home is conducted upon the cottage plan; though not the most showy, it is the most comfortable and healthful. The allowance by the State for the maintenance of each child is $100 a year. Attention is given to indus- trial pursuits to as gieat an extent as our limited means will allow. It is our aim to keep all of our children regularly em- ployed. "We have four thoroughly graded schools, taught by the best of teachers nine months in the year. Regular habits and plain, wholesome food in all cases produces healthy children. We scarcely ever have any sickness among our chil- dren, though we receive them from the Jower classes and in bad physical condi- tion. As an illustration I will state tha combined with the valuable efforts and counsel of Dr. C. T. Wilbur, at that time the superintendent of the Illinois Institu. tion. To these men too much praise can- not be given for their zealous and di>in- terested efforts in behalf ©f the unfortunate children in Iowa. The building and grounds were put in as good condition as the limited appro- priation of one thousand dollars would allow, and in July, 1876, Dr. O. W. Archi- bald, formerly assistant physician to the Hospital for the Insane at Mt. Pleasant, assumed the duties of superintendent. The first child was admitted in Sep- tember, 1876, the people of the State then looking upon the new charity as an ex- periment, and although there were many children who were proper wards for the institution, parents naturally felt un- willing to trust their children until some one else should have tested its worth. From that time forward the confidence of the people has steadily increased, until now the different wards accommodate two hundred and fifty children, that num- 13± IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. ber being their fullest capacity at present, | and the applications now on file number nearly six hundred. The object of this institution is to pro- vide special means of instruction for that class of children so deficient in mind, or afflicted with such marked peculiarities of intellect, as to deprive them of the ben- efits and privileges of other educational institutions and ordinary methods of in- struction. The education imparted to this class in- cludes not only the simple elements of instruction of our common schools, where that is practicable, but embraces a course of training in the more practical matters of every day life, the cultivation of habits of cleanliness, propriety and self-reliance, and to develop and enlarge their capacity for useful occupations. To promote these objects, children re- ceive such moral and hygienic treatment as their peculiar and varied conditions demand. Mental imbecility depends upon some abnormal or imperfectly developed condi- tion of the physical system, a condition in which the nervous organization is espec ially defective, preventing the harmonious and natural development of the mental and moral powers. Idiots and imbeciles are, as a rule, fee- ble in body as well as in mind. Their gait and voluntary movements are gener- ally awkward and slow, and their special senses inactive and undeveloped, and are wanting in nervous and muscular power. Physical training and developments, therefore, are essential in order that their mental improvement may become perma- nent; hence the importance and necessity of gymnastic and calisthenic exercises in their treatment. The very feeble power of attention must be cultivated and increased by the most attractive means. The special senses must be trained and educated, vicious habits are to be corrected, and the idea of obedience and moral obligation must be planted and nourished. Some, who are only backward, and are undeveloped from being misunvleratood or abused, can be brought out and re- claimed by special means. Many others can be arrested in their downward course, made orderly and obedient, docile and industrious; and all can be improved in their general condition and habits. In order to secure these blessings to this afflicted class, they must have that special care, treatment and instruction, which can not be obtained in the family at home, or in private medical practice, or by any of the ordinary methods of education; and it is only in some insitution arranged and directed for the accomplishment of these objects, that they can receive such benefits. Each individual casemu^t be studied, and treated as its peculiarities demand. Every child and youth residing in the State, between the ages of five and eight- een, who, by reason of deficient intellect, is unable to acquire an education in the common schools, is entitled to receive the physical and mental training of this insti- tution at the expense of the State. The special system of instruction, train- ing and management adhered to in this institution, renders it a desirable home for all children of this class. The school department at present com- prises six regular day schools, taught by earnest, hard-working ladies. In these schools the children are taught according to their ability to receive instruction; from the simplest means of fixing the at- tention and calling forth an effort, how- ever feeble, of the benighted intellect, to the rooms in which the common elemen- tary branches are taught. In addition to these there are as special classes, a drawing class; many evincing considerable aptitude in this direction ; a singing class, which is a great source of enjoyment to all, and two sewing classes, where the girls are instructed in sewing, both by hand and with the sewing ma- chine. A night school is maintained for the larger boys and girls who are at work dur- ing the day. Twice each week a dance is given for IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 135 the children. In these they learn polite- ness, ease of manner, and a good carriage, as well as spending a very enjoyable eve- ning. These are held in the calisth-enic room, a hall thirty by sixty feet. During good weather from six to ten boys are regularly detailed to work on the farm and grounds, which comprise a tract of one hundred and eighty acres. The farm has already proven a source of revenue, and furnishes all vegetables used on all the tables during the summer and fall months. The cows pastured on the farm, furnished during the past year Dearly ten thousand gallons of milk. There is also in successful operation a broom shop, and a shoe shop, in both of which the boys are mak- ing very satisfactory progress. It is certain that each year as the managers of institutions become more acquainted with the results of manual instruction, this department of all institutions will form an important part in their make-up. The Iowa Institution is located upon a hill just south of Glenwood. The site commands a most charming view of the little city of two thousand inhabitants, lying some distance below the buildings of the Institution. The general arrangement of the build- ings is in the form of a hollow square, the design being to have the boys' and girls' departments entirely separate. The plan is only partly completed. There are at present but two separate cottages, built of brick, three stories high, one used by boys, the other by girls. There is now being built a new central or administrative building, to cost, when completed, $75,000, This will give much long needed room for the better systema- tizing of the work. A water tower one hundred and twenty feet high has just been finished at a cost of $10,000. This will be used for the en- tire water supply for all purposes, the water being forced into the tanks by steam pumps. Its tank capacity is thirteen hun- dred barrels. Beginning eight years ago with one old building, this Institute has gradually grown and added to its buildings each year. The valuation of the land and buildings now is $50,000. Those who labor in the Iowa Institution have much cause for encouragement. The good results which have been accomplish- ed by the work in its infancy, should give them great hope that year by year as the Institution grows older, and as they become better fitted for their work, they may see greatly increased good as the result of their labor. It is certainly a noble thing to strengthen and bring forth the feeble mind ; in some instances almost creating an intellect where it seemed there was none before, and letting in a ray of light, however small, upon the mind which must other- wise have been forever in total darkness. To the men whothave given their lives and best efforts for the founding and up- building of this work in America, Dr. Se- guin, Dr. Howe, and Dr. Hervey Wilbur, the American people owe an everlasting debt of gratitude. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. The first suggestion of the necessity for a Hospital for the Insane in Iowa was made by Governor Grimes in his message to the Fifth General Assembly, in 1855. During that session of the Legislature, Dr. D. L. McGugin, in a public lecture, urged an appropriation in accordance with this recommendation, and a commission was appointed, consisting of the Governor, Edward Johnson, Esq., of Lee county, and Dr. Charles S. Clark, of Henry county, and an appropriation of $50,000 was made. The first meeting of the commission was held March 15, 1855. One hundred and seventy-three acres of land was purchased near Mt. Pleasant, and 136 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. after the adoption of plans, work was com- inenced October 22, 1855, under the super- vision of Henry Winslow, and a portion of the building was ready for the recep- tion of patients February 27, 1861, when the first inmate was admitted, six years after the first appropriation was made. The hospital consisted of a central or ad- ministrative building, four stories high, with wings extending east and west, three stories high, and consisting of three sec- tions each, the whole structure facing north. Extending south in the rear are buildings containing the chapel, employes sleeping apartments, kitchens, bakery, laundry, engine room, boiler and coal houses. The exterior walls are of cut stone about five inches thick, and lined with brick, the division walls inside being exclusively of brick. The roof is of gal- Tanized iron. The institution was constructed for the accommodation of 350 patients, with the necessary officers and employes to care for them. It is heated by steam and lighted by gas. The farm has been enlarged by more recent purchases of land, so that it now consists of 350 acres, and much of the necessary farm produce used in the Hos- pital is raised here, giving healthful ex- ercise to patients, and furnishing fresh vegetables, etc., for the tables. The organization of the hospital at first consisted of a board of trustees, seven in number, who had control of the property of the institution. They appoint the superintendent and treasurer, and, upon the nomination of the superintendent, confirm the assistant physicians, steward and matron. The number of trustees has been reduced to live since the act consti- tuting the first board was passed. The first board of trustees consisted of the following named gentlemen: M. L. Fisher, president; Harpin Riggs, Samuel McFarland, D. L. McGugin, J. D. Elbert, John B. Lash, G. W. K incaid. R. J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected superintendent in 1860, and Henry Winslow, steward and treasure-. D. C. Dewey, M. D., assistant physician; and Mrs. Catharine Winslow, matron. Dr. Patterson continued in charge of the institution for a period of about five years, when he resigned, and Mark Ran- ney, M. D., of Massachusetts, was ap- pointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. Ranney resigned in 1873, and Dr. H. M. Bassett succeeded him for two years. Upon his resignation, Dr. Ranney - was re-appointed, and continued in dis- charge of the duties of the position until his death, January 31, 1882. Dr. H. A. Gilman, of Jacksonville, Illi- nois, was elected to fill the vacancy thus made July 25, 1882, and took charge of the institution October 16, 1882. An additional wing is being constructed for the accommodation of two hundred more patients, which will be furnished, ready for occupancy, next year. The present medical superintendent is H. A. Gilman, M. D. ; matron, Mrs. F. V. Cole. There are nearly three thousand insane in the State, and advanced steps are being taken for the care of those unprovided lor in the present institutions. HOSPITAL FOR THE IN- SANE. INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTY. The Iowa Hospital for the Insane, at Independence, is in the northeastern part of the State, and was established in 1868. This act of the General Assembly pro- vided, that the location should contain 320 acres of J and, that the exterior of the buiiding should be of stone, and that it should be erected piecemeal. E. G. Morgan, of Port Dodge, Maturin L. Fisher, of Farmersburg, and G. W.Bemis, of Independence, were the building com- missioners. Upon the death of Mr. Fisher in 1879, A. tx. Case, of Charles City, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The hospital is situated two miles south- west of town, it fronts towards the east; it consists of an administration building IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 137 and two wings, one extending north fox male, and the other south for female pa- tients. The foundation of the entire building is granite, furnishing a basement which rises four feet above the general surface of the ground. The walls of the central building are four stories high; these are capped with a mansard roof, which adds another story. Each wing is divided into three longitud- inal and . three transverse sections, which are so linked together as to cause the ex- tremities of the wings to recede. The wings are three stories in height. The cornice is iron and the roofs are either tin or slate. The institution is to a great ex- tent made fire-proof. In 1872 A. Reynolds, M. D„ of Clinton, Iowa, was elected superintendent of the hospital by its trustees. In October, 1881, Dr. Reynolds resigned on account of im- paired health, and Dr. Gershom H. Hill, who had been assistant physician for sev- en years, was elected his successor. On the 1st of May, 1873, four wards were opened for the reception of patients, and not until May, 1884, eleven years after the institution was opened, were the last sec- tions made ready for occupancy. The portico over the main entrance has just been completed and now the entire build- ing is finished. The institution, with its chapel, kitchen, laundry, boiler house, gas house, wagon house, barn and farm, up to the beginning of the year 1884, had cost the State $850,000. It has sufficient ac- commodation for six hundred patients, be- sides room for officers and employes. All this money has been carefully and hon- estly expended. Our commonwealth has thus an institution of which she may well be proud, for it compares favorably with any of its kind in the sisterhood of States. The appropriations of the last General Assembl}- increase the cost of the hospital to $000,000, but this adds eighty acres to the farm, together with a cow barn, a house for cold storage, a carpenter shop, and a detached building for incurable in- sane men, that will accommodate 100 more patients. The cold storage building, carpenter shop, and detached building or cottage have granite foundations, brick walls, iron cornices and slate roofs. They are two stories in height; plain but neat, durable structures. The cottage will cost, with furniture, $25,000, and will be ready for occupancy early next spring. Steam-heating, in which direct and indi- rect radiation are combined, is used throughout. Since the extensive system of drive-well points was planted there has been an abundance of pure, fresh water. A large duplex Worthington pump draws the water, and at the same time lifts it into tanks under the roof of the main build- ing. Twelve hundred feet of one inch three-ply rubber hose is distributed at suit- able points, and kept constantly connected with water-pipes; besides five hundred feet of the best two and a half inch fire- engine hose is reeled near the force pump, which will reach to the extremities of the wings, the cottage, the carpenter shop, or barn; when coupled with the pump and at work a large stream can be thrown over the top of any of the buildings. Gas, made of naptha in a house on the premises, lights all parts of the institu- tion. During the last year the entire ex- | pense of lighting was $1,300. The law does not allow permanent im- provements to the hospital to be made out of the current expense fund. Even costly repairs are made by appropriations out of what is called the repair and con- tingent fund. The current expense fund is used to pay the wages of regular employes, to purchase fuel, food, clothing, drugs, and other supplies. It is drawn, through the State treasury, from the fifty- five counties lying in the north half of Iowa and tributary to this institution. In 1884 the amount of this fund was $102,- 159. The average number of patients for the year was just 600; making the cost per patient, $170.26, or $14.18 per month. 138 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. The following table shows the work of the hospital up to June 30, 1884: > < <-t go CD O E* o" o Number admissions. Number recovered.. Per cent ot recov eries on number ad mitted Number under treat ment Number deaths Per cent of deaths on number treated B B Q o <} B g a 1-3 o •=1 to GO to to to co- w. to CO CO -5 CO i— » -3 CO 1874. o CI M tO 1— *■ 1— I to 01 OT to »-»• h-* CO-3 CD CO i-* 00 O h- 1875. to- o B o B o K| B > to OJ co en k— k to -q. ■ • £*.= to CO -3 to OIO to rfi. tO OS COCO 187G. GO CO OT OT tO -3 CO ^ (-»■ ^ tO CO M-.H-* CO CO h-i 1877. CO CO cs OS OS OT tO tO CO -3 f-» *>■ tO co cs -a co i— k — ' 1878. 1— 1 o B OT --i to CO CO CO i— ' ^ CO *- CO to OT 4^ CO 1879. B o 00 —i to OT CO O tO Or £*. Cn tO OT tO »U. tO 1880. B o B ►fe. GO CO CO to _q CO i--- l-i k^CO OS CO CO OT CO OS 1881. OT CO C7T to ~3 GO tO CO cs to t-J. OT -3 to OlO CO to GO 1882. a B w o 3 OT co ^ go to ^ CO -3 h-i OT CO GO COM. GO to t— > 1883. tr 1 Or GO o CO CO OT O h-» OT tO CS I**.!-*- GO CO >-k 1834. The present medical superintendent of the institution is Gershom H. Hill, M. D. Matron, Mrs. Lucy M. Gray. THE PENITENTIARIES AT FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY, AND ANA- M0SA, JONES COUNTY. The first act of the Territorial Legisla ture, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress, approved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square in the town of Fort Madison, Lee county, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was given the power of ap- pointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The present Warden is L. W. Crosley. The citizens of the town of Fort Madison executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the build- ing site. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to contain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July; 1839 ; the main building and War- den's house were completed in the fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrange- ments were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiaries, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prisons. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23. 1872, com- missioners were appointed to locate and provide for the erection and cortrol of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones county, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentinry. The entire enclos- ure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 603 feet, and the accommodations are IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 139 now sufficient for 640 convicts. The pres- ent Warden is Ancil E. Martin. There is a prevailing fallacy that be- cause a man has been convicted of crime and sentenced to the State prison, there- fore the voice of conscience is forever silenced, and all hope of. reformation by the use of ordinary agencies. is gone. The objects of punishment are to protect soci- ety in the enjoyment of life, liberty and property; to deter others from commit- ting crime, and to reform the evil-doer. The State does not entertain malice to- ward the violators of law, but upon con- viction for offenses removes the malefac- tor from society for a time, with the hope of reformation, and thereby rendering him a fit subject to again mingle in social life, and properly discharge his duties to his family, his God and the State. With this end in view the discipline maintained is most humane, at the same time requir- ing obedience to all the rules and regula- tions, which are strict and firm but not severe. The lessons taught inculcate rev- ertnee for human and divine law, inspire the convict with better and livelier hopes, promote self-respect, impress the mind with clearer views of duty to society, friends, human government, and to God, and in every way tend to elevate, purify, and refine the mind and the moral nature, and to develop the nobler qualities of the heart, and restrain its baser passions and evil tendencies. There is no human being so low but that he or she may be influ- enced by the law of love, and raised to a higher plane of existence by educational and christianizing influences, and tbese influences^ exercised over the convicts through the Sabbath school, the pulpit and the school-room, are valuable aids in the maintenance of good order, and to a prompt acquiescence in the mandates of the officers. The rules of the prison require that a copy of the Holy Scriptures be placed in every cell, and this has a most salutory in- fluence on many of the prisoners. Until their confinement here, 10 many of them it has been a sealed or neglected book; but now with time and opportunity afford- ed them for reading and reflection, its promises and threatenings often present themselves with wonderful power, fre- quently leading them to the Saviour of mankind. Religious services are held Sunday morning and Sabbath school in the afternoon. Recognizing the rest, re creation and reformation which may be had through its instrumentality, the full and free use of the library is accorded to all, believing that the habit of reading good books produces thoughtfulness., self- respect and manliness, and lays an intelli- gent basis for the necessity and acknowl- edgement of self-control and discipline. An evening school is conducted in the prisons and many of the inmates are per- manently benefitted by the instruction given here, while the interest manifested, and the attainments made are very grat- ifying. The food of the prisoners is good, sub- stantial and of a great variety for the healthy working convict; and for the sick, an appropriate diet is provided, including even luxuries. The greatest cleanliness is observed throughout the institution, and the sanitary regulations are strictly enforced. In this connection we deem it well to notice the Prisoner's Aid Association of Iowa, an organization which was formed about two years ago for the purpose of giving aid and encouragement to ex-pris- oners. In one of his reports the chaplain of the State Prison says : "Perhaps none, unless connected with the prison, and but few even of those, have the remotest idea of the difficul- ties which a discharged convict, without friends, has to meet before he obtains em- ployment. Many, when liberated, do not wish to return to the place from which they were sent. Why, I know not, unless realizing their disgrace, they are unwill- ing to go back where it is known. Many have no friends or relatives, and as a rule, not only prefer to go, but do go where they are unknown. The stigma of the peni 140 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. tentiary resting upon them, the strength of public opinion against them, and near- ly penniless, they are almost compelled to do one of three things— beg, starve or steal; and, alas for the weakness of good resolutions, the latter at times is resorted to. I most heartily recommend that a State Prison Aid Association be organ- izecl, with a branch in every county, and that persons with large sympathy and warm hearts be encouraged to assist in this noble enterprise, thus procuring for all who desire to reform, places to work where they can earn an honest livelihood, by this means shielding them from idle- ness, and from the merciless attacks of un- kind and evil disposed persons." The objects of the association and the importance of the work undertaken may be briefly stated. As a State we annually dismiss from our penitentiaries and other penal institution's of the State, some six hundred or more of those who have been imprisoned for crime. These ex-prisoners are turned out of our prisons upon society, usually without money or character or friends or means of self support ; and, with the reproach of the convict resting upon them, find it almost impossible to obtain honorable employment. Moreover they are met by a class of professional crimi- nals who lie in wait for them, and who take advani age of their disgrace and ne- cessities to press them into the commis- sion of other crimes. So that an alarming proportion of our ex-prisoners are led back into lives of crime, and become an element of danger and a source of vast ex- pense to our commonwealth. We believe it to be the duty of the State to exercise over these ex-prisoners a limited guar- dianship beyond the term of their impris- onment; to find for such as are willing to accept it, a place of useful employment, upon which they may enter immediately upon the expiration of their sentence. And to make it possible for such as seek to reform, to win their way back to re- spectability and honorable citizenship. Re- formation is cheaper than punishment. And f* any considerable proportion of these men can be influenced to lives of honest industry, and saved from re em er- ing the ranks of the criminal and danger- ous classes, it will greatly lessen the crimi- nal expenses of the State, aside from all consideration of moral obligation. The success which has attended the efforts of similar organizations in other States, en- courages us to believe that the successful carrying out of the purposes of this Asso- ciation will not only reduce our criminal expenses, but also add largely to the peace and security of society. Our last General Assembly, convinced of the practical im- portance of this work, appropriated the sum of $2,000 of the public funds of the State to aid in accomplishing the objects of this Association. This Association cherishes no false sentimentality toward the criminal classes. Its chief object is to prevent crime and to encourage those who wish to reform; and, incidentally to fur- nish such information respecting the resi- dence, character and associations of ex- prisoners as may lead to the detection and arrest of such as return to criminal pursuits. STATE REFORM SCHOOL. FOR BOYS AT ELDOBA, HABDIN COUNTY — FOB GIBLS, MITCHELLVILLE, POLK COUNTY. By "an act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offend- ers," approved March 31, 1868, the Gen- eral Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Henry county; provided for a board of trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the trustees leased White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, with the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceeded to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. April 19, 1872, the trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 141 the erection of the necessary buildings. They were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept, which was done in 1873. The trustees located the school at El- dora, Hardin county, and in the Code of 1873 it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of sixteen years and over seven years of age, and the law requires that the trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufacturing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disciplined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, oris bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The superintendent is B. J. Miles. In 1879 the building and grounds of the Universal ist Seminary, at Mitchell- ville, were purchased, and the girls' de- partment of the reform school was estab- lished there, with Mrs. L. D. Lewelling, matron. As in the cases of children who never enter this school, the career and destiny of these waifs of society are var- ied, some will go to the penitentiary and others will become honored and useful citizens; but it is estimated that seventy per cent, of those committed to this insti- tution leave it reformed in purpose and conduct. Too muah cannot be said in praise of the discipline of the school, which is gentle and home-like, and the instruction imparted is thorough and efficient. The best estate of childhood is the Christian home, and to the institution which most nearly resembles this, the wails of society and the wards of the State can be more safely trusted than else- where. BOARD OF RAILROAD COMMISSIONERS. The Railroad Commission of Iowa was created by the Seventeenth General Assembly, and was organized at the Capi- tol in Des Moines on the 4th day of April. 1878, It consists of three members, who elect their own secretary. The first board was composed of Peter A. Dey, James McDill, and Cyrus C. Carpenter. J. S. Cameron was elected secretary. The board was intended to be, and was by the terms of the law, an amicable ar- bitrator or umpire between the carrier and the shipper, the people and the railroads ; whose findings, recommendations, and de- cision?, were by virtue of their just and equitable character to commend them- selves to the contestants without ordinary legal methods of enforcement, by writ, and officer serving the same. How well the board has succeeded in the accomplishment of the object for which it was created, is evidenced b}' the fact that since the organization of the Iowa commission, not a suit has been brought in any of the courts of the State— so far as I am informed — involving questions of over- charges or extortion, while under the law which was in operation from 1874 to 1878, hundreds of such suits were instituted, many of which are still pending. It is fast becoming a settled conviction in the public mind, not only of the people of Iowa but of other States, that the commis- sion, acting as it does in the capacity of a board of arbitration, before which com- plaints may be inade, evidence taken, and matters Of difference promptly adjusted, and whose decisions when rendered, have all the moral weight of judicial decrees, with the great saving of time and expense 142 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. attendant, gives much better results than can be derived from the more tedious and expensive processes of courts. An inspection of the reports of the com- mission from the first organization of the board down to the present year will reveal the fact that there has been an almost uni- versal acquiescence in and obedience of the orders and recommendations of the board. Nor has this acquiescence and obedience resulted from the fact so per- sistently stated by the enemies of the sys- tem, that all orders made by the board were pleasant and palatable to the railroad companies. No intelligent and candid person will fail upon inspection of the de- cisions to see and admit that many of the decisions have been adverse t© the compan- ies. Some of them have been deemed illegal and extra jurisdictional, yet the orders have generally been obeyed. In the original law, all failures to obey the orders of the board were to be report- ed to the Governor and through the chief executive, knowledge of the disobedience came to the General Assembly, the direct representative of the people, but the Twen- tieth General Assembly passed an act ap- proved April 3d, 1884, "authorizing ac- tions against railroad companies to be brought in the name of the State upon recommendation of the board of railroad -commissioners." By this act the Circuit and District Courts of the State are to have jurisdic- tion of actions brought to enforce orders made by the railroad commissioners affect- ing public right, if authorized to be made. There are two classes of cases which the board has power to consider. First, that class which affects public right, which seeks to compel the railroad companies to perform a public duty, to fulfill a public obligation, and in such cases, when the board has authority to deal therewith, the courts will enforce their orders. Second, it deals with a class of cases affecting pri- vate right. In this case the board occu- pies purely the position of an umpire or arbitrator. It may investigate , conclude .and recommend : but it cannot order. We quote as follows from the seventh annual report of the commission : "The methods of dealing with railroads and transportation companies in their re. lations to the public are still the subject of much discussion. Varied and conflict- ing views still exist, and sharp and acri- monious criticism is being made by different theorists. Yet, in spite of all this, the commissioners, in taking a view of the situation in the State in 1878, and the changing attitudes of the question during the years which have passed down to the present time, that being the period of the commissioner system in Iowa, are able to report a more intelligent and tolerant understanding and discussion of the sub- ject than has ever before been known in the State. The seven annual reports of the board of railroad commissioners con- stitute a concise history of what has been done in the State during that time, and no one can intelligently discuss the trans- portation question without mastering the details of these volumes." The present board consists of Peter A. Dey, J. W. McDill, and L. S. Coffin, with E. G. Morgan, secretary. BUREAU OF LABOR STA- TISTICS. The following circular, issued by the Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is ex- planatory of the objects and the work of this department : The Twentieth General Assembly cre- ated a Bureau of Labor Statistics, and provided for a commissioner thereof. In several of the States this office has been productive of great good to their varied industries, and it is hoped the same result may be reached in Iowa. The pro- visions of this law are briefly these : To collect, assort, systematize and pre- sent in biennial reports to the Governor, on or before the 15th day of August pre- ceding each regular meeting of the Gen- eral Assembly, statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the State, IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 143 especially in its relations to the commer- cial, social, educational and sanitary con- ditions of the laboring classes, and to the permanent prosperity of the mechanical, manufacturing and productive industries of the State, and as fully as practicable, collect such information and reliable re- ports from each county in the State the amount and condition of the mechanical and manufacturing interests, the value and location of the various manufacturing and coal productions of the State, also sites offering natural or acquired advan- tages for the profitable location and oper- ation of different branches of industry; by correspondence with interested parties in other parts of the United States impart such information as may tend to induce the location of mechanical and producing plants within the State, together with such other information as shall tend to increase the productions, and consequently em- ployment of producers ; and in said bien- nial report the Commissioner shall give a statement of the business of the bureau since the last regular report, and shall compile and publish therein such infor mation as may be considered of value to the industrial interests of the State, the number of laborers and mechanics em- ployed, the number of apprentices in each trade, with the nativity of such laborers, mechanics and apprentices, wages earned, the savings from the same, with age and sex of laborers employed, the number and character of accidents, the sanitary con- dition of institutions where labor is em- ployed, the restrictions if any which are put upon apprentices when indentured, the proportion of married laborers and mechanics who live in rented houses, with the average annual rental, and the value of property owned by laborers and me- chanics. And he. shall include in such report what progress has been made in sthools now in operation for the instruc- tion of students in the mechanic arts, and what systems have been found most prac- tical, with details theieof. These reports, when published, are to be disposed of as follows, viz: To the public libraries in the State, to the vari- ous trades organizations, agricultural and mechanical societies, and other places where the Commissioner may deem proper, and best calculated to accomplish the furtherance of the industrial interests of the State. As will be seen, all industries of the State are included in this act. It is the earnest desire of the Commissioner to make the office largely beneficial to these industries and to the State at large. To this end he hopes for the hearty co-opera- tion of the various unions, organizations, societies and schools, and of county offi cers and citizens generally. From time to time blanks will be sent out, and it is urged that prompt attention be given in filling and returning them, and speedy replies made to communica- tions from this office. Mutual interest on the part of the pub" lie and the Commissioner will make this feature of great value to Iowa. Statistics of Labor, furnished us by Commissioner E. R. Hutchins. are pub- lished in connection with the chapter on Manufacturing. STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. This is another of those organizations which derive support and encouragement from the State, having been established and its powers and duties defined, by the Eighteenth General Assembly. By the terms of the act the attorney-general of the State, a civil engineer, and seven phy- sicians compose its membership. The board was organized in May, 1880. The act referred to appropriated $5,000 a year, or so much thereof as was necessary, to carry on the work of the board. The principal work of the board is to educate the people as to the importance of better sanitary and hygienic conditions, to impress upon them the clearly ascer- tained fact that many diseases are prevent- able, and to disseminate the knowledge of avoiding such diseases. The efficiency of lU IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. the board of health has been clearly dem- onstrated during the prevalence of con- tagious diseases in the State, and the sani- tary measures adopted by them have forci- bly brought to the notice of the people the relation of cause to effect, in preventable diseases. New sources of danger to the public health are constantly being investi- gated and the old more vigorously restrict- ed. An impression has been made upon the people, as is proven, not only by the action of individuals, but of communities, and public sentiment is aroused to the im- portance of improved sanitary conditions. The rapid increase of periodicals devoted to sanitary and hygienic topics; the nu- merous organizations of voluntary health associations.comprising the ablest minds of all professions and trades, all indicate pro- gress in this direction, and when we look at the evidence of the advancement of san- itary science, we have reason for devout thankfulness. The reports of the board cover a vast amount of valuable information regard- ing the diseases incident to our popula- tion, and also to the live stock of the State. They embrace essays on many subjects re- lating to infectious diseases and matters pertaining to sanitary science, which have been contributed by the members of the board, and the leading scientists and phy- sicians of the State. The information con. tained in the reports is of great value to our people. The present board consists of William S. Robertson, of Muscatine, president; Wilmot H. Dickinson, of Des Moines; S. B. Olney, of Fort Dodge; J. M. Hull, of Lake Mills; P. W. Lewellen, of Oarinda; Henry H. Clarke, of McGregor ; Ephraim M. Reynolds, of Centerville; James L. Loring, Civil Engineer, of Dallas Center; A. J . Baker , of Centerville, attorney gen- eral, ex officio; L. F. Andrews, of Des Moines, acting secretary. PHARMACY COMMISSION. The Eighteenth General Assembly, in response 10 a general public demand therefor, enacted a law organizing a Phar- macy Commission, the object of which was to regulate the sale of medicines and all poisonous drugs and liquids, in order to the better protection of the people. By the provisions of the act, the executive was required to appoint, "with the advice of the Executive Council," ''three Commis- sioners of Pharmacy." Said Commission- ers were to have power to make the neces- sary regulations to carry out the provi- sions of the act. The board was organ- ized April 26, 1880, and is made up of men skilled in their profession, and the general purpose of the law has received the un- qualified endorsement of the State Phar- macoutical Society. None but educated and experienced persons should be allow- ed to deal out drugs and medicines to the public, the evidence of qualification being the certificate of the Commissioners. As shown by the report of the Commis- sion there are at present eighteen hundred and twenty registered pharmacists in the State. The p.esent Board consists of George H. Shafer, of Ft. Madison, Charles A. Weav- er, of Des Moines, and Robert W. Craw- ford, of Ft. Dodge. IOWA FISH COMMISSION- fish COMMISSION — LOCATION OF HATCHING HOUSES — NATIVE FISH — SUCCESS A- CHIEVED WITH IMPORTED FISH— PAPER BY HON. A. A. MOSHER, ASSISTANT FISH COMMISSIONER. By an act of the General Assembly, there was located at Anamosa in 1876, an establishment for the propagation and cul- ture of fish, and although it has not long been in operation, it has demonstrated the fact that the depleted waters of the State can be successfully stocked, not only with native fish, but also with varieties of great value not heretofore found in Iowa waters. The buildings are located three miles from Anamosa, on a tract of twenty acres of land, belonging to the State. Several IOWA RESOURCES AND I SDUSTRIES. 145 ponds well stocked with fish of different sizes and varieties, are adjacent to the fish house, besides a series of ponds for the cultivation of the German carp, in which great success has been attained. The present Commissioner is A. W. Aldrich. The establishment of the fish commission was so successful and the industry had reached such proportions, that the Legis- lature in 1880, established a branch at Spirit Lake, in Dickinson county. At this place the buildings are located on an isthmus between Okobiji Lake and Spirit. Lake, and it would be difficult to imagine a better location for the purpose. The lakes in their character are well adapted to fish culture, having a bed of every kind, from mud to clear sand, peb bles and large stones. The water is clear and pure, and in places one hundred feet or more in depth. The level of Spirit Lake is four feet higher than that of Oko- boji. giving the requisite fall for hatching purposes. The success achieved by this establishment is illustrated by the fact that out of 300,000 trout eggs, 94 per cent were successfully hatched and planted in the lakes ; and of 500,000 white fish eggs 99 per cent were hatched. Land-locked salmon, lake trout, brook trout, black and striped bass, wall-eyed pike, sun-fish, cat- fish, eels and many other varieties have been successfully propagated, and planted in many of the lakes and rivers of the State. Several streams which never had a trout in them until planted by the Fish Commision, are now good brook trout streams furnishing these fish weighing from three to four pounds. The German carp, which is a most valuable fish for food, and often attains a weight of eight- een pounds, is now being successfully cul- tivated in Iowa waters.. In addition to the culture of fish at the hatching-houses, the Fish Commission has saved from destruction millions of young naive fish, which have heretofore died each fall, in the drying up of the sloughs of the Mississippi, and planted them in th" partially barren waters of Iowa. The fact that the fish planted by the Commission have since been caught in considerable numbers and of good size, proves that they have become established in waters which are adapted to their future propagation and growth, and that they may in the future become valuable addi- tions to the number and variety of the food supply of these waters, a result of which it would be hard to estimate the value. We give below an article from the pen of Hon. A. A. Mosher, Assistant Fish Commissioner of Iowa, who is in charge of the establishment at Spirit Lake, on the fish of Iowa: " The State of Iowa is not called a pis- ca'orial State. Still it might not be amiss to let the outside world know that we have fish, and plenty, too, of various kinds. Being bounded on the east by the Miss- issippi and on the west by the Missouri, the State has a vast reservoir for the nat- ural propagation of fish, could the natural advantages be utilized. It could and would readily take a prominent position as a fish-producing State. " As it, is, our rivers (and we have plenty of them), are the natural home of the walleyed pike, the large yellow wall-eye pickerel, some of very large size, weigh- ing up to thirty pounds; the bass, the king of game fish ; croppy, catfish, sun- fish, eels, silver or striped bass; buffalo, weighing from five to seventy-five pounds, perch, etc. "All ihe above named are found in the various lakes here, and we have many beautiful ones, especially in the northern part, among the most notable of which are Spirit Lake, the Okobojis, Lost Island, Clear and Storm Lakes. These lakes are swarming with game fish of many kinds, and those piscatorially inclined can follow their- own sweet will and choose time, place, and kind of fish. The above lakes are really good fishing, especially those in Dickinson county. They can be reached by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North ern Railroad and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. " This season, 1884, more fish than usual 146 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. were caught in these lakes, and those of the very best quality and game. In some parts of this State speckled trout are na- tives, and now that the streams are being restocked with trout, and other native fish in the near future, as good fishing can be had iu Iowa as anywhere. Carp do well here, and are being raised all over the State. "Superintendent Aldrich, of the Com- mission, is doing splendid work in break- ing up seine fishing. He has taken sev- eral hundred nets of various kinds since April, 1884, and is still at it. Once stop these lawless characters and good fishing in the future is assured." IOWA IN THE REBELLION. The population of Iowa at the begin- ning of the war, was only about 675,000, and she was one of the youngest of the States, having been admitted only fifteen years previously, but she has reason to be proud of her record during the war of the rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. Of her en- tire population, only about 100,000 were available for military duty, and of this number 75,475 men volunteered their ser- vices. Thus it is seen that three-fourths of those competent to bear arms marched to the field in the defense of their coun- try. The first call for Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received June 13th, 1861. Her contribution to the armies of the Republic was a genuine offering of man- hood and patriotism. From her fields, her workshops, her counting houses, her offices, and the halls of her schools and colleges, she contributed tbe best muscle, sinew and brain of an industrious, enter- prising, and educated people. The record of Iowa troops during the war was a proud and glorious one. The brilHancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neighboring State, "The Iowa troops have been heroes among he- roes," embody the spirit of all. No stronger proof of loyalty and patri- otism can be found in any State or country than was exhibited by Iowa soldiers. The first regiment of Iowa soldiers fought the baltle of Wilson's Creek after their term of enlistment had expired, and after they were entitled to a discharge. They were citizen soldiers, each of whom had a per- sonal interest in the struggle. It was to them no question of enlistment, of bounty or of pay. When the gallant General Lyon placed himself at their head, and told them that the honor of Iowa and of the Nation was in their hands, he ad- dressed men who knew what the appeal meant, and to whom such an appeal was never made in vain. From the Des Moines River to the Gulf, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, in the mountains of West Virginia, and in the Valley of the Shenandoah, the Iowa soldier made his presence known and felt, and maintained the honor of the State and the cause of the Nation. They were with Lyon at Wilson's Creek, with Tuttle at Donekon. They fought with Siegel and with Curtis at Pea Ridge; with Crocker at Champion Hills; with Reid at Shiloh. They were with Grant at the surrender of Vicksburg. They fought above the clouds with Hooker at Lookout Mountain. They were with Sherman in his march to the sea, and were ready for bxttle when Johnston surrendered. They were with Sheridan in the Valley of the Shenandoah, and were in the veteran ranks of the Nation's deliverers that stacked their arms in the National Capital at the close of the war. Their gallant and heroic deeds did not go unrewarded, for of the promotions made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments, four were to the rank of Major General, twenty-one to Brig- adier Genera], five were promoted to Ma- jor General by brevet, and sixteen to Brig- adier General by brevet. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 147 In Adjutant General Alexander's Report for 1880, he says : " That the government, during the war of the rebellion, was en- abled to place such large bodies of troops in the field, and so rapidly convert them into effective soldiers, was due in a great measure to the amount of reliable military information furnished by our military academies, and in the ranks of the militia. In support of this statement I desire to call attention to some facts shown by the records of this office. Under President Lincoln's first call for 75,000 men Iowa's apportionment was one regiment, and so quickly was the requisite number of men tendered the State, that none but organ- ized companies could be accepted. That regiment furnished for Iowa alone (and many are known to have accepted com- missions from other States): One major general, four brigadier generals, four bre- vet brigadier generals, ten colonels, eight lieutenant colonels, seven majors, fifty- seven captains, eighty-five lieutenants.-" The citizens of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, aod by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed our State in the front rank of those who be- came distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points con- venient for rendering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the cir- cumstances rendered possible for the health and comlort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. The so- cial life of the people was made up to a great extent of meetings to raise means for sanitary and hospital supplies. Socia- bles were held, concerts given, festivals made; all with one object— to raise mon- ey for the sanitary commissions. The hearts of the women of Iowa followed their loved ones to the field; and their every thought was, how they could alle- viate the sufferings they were not per- mitted otherwise to share. In the Adju- tant's Department at Des Moines, are pre- served the shot-riddled colors and standards of our regiments. Upon them, by special authority, were inscribed, from time to time during the war, the names of the bat- tlefields upon which these regiments gain- ed distinction. These names constitute the geographical nomenclature of two-thirds of the territory lately in rebellion. LIST OF FLAGS IN THE AKSENAL CARRIED RY IOWA REGI- MENTS DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. ARM OF SEBVICE. CAVALRY. First Regiment Second Regiment , Third Regiment Fourth Regiment Fifth Regiment Seventh Regiment Eighth Regiment ARTILLERY. First Battery SecondBatery Fourth Battery INFANTRY. Second Regiment Third Regiment Fourth Regiment Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment Seventh Regiment Eighth Regiment N inth Regiment Tenth Regiment Eleventh Regiment Twelfth Regiment Thirteenth. Regiment Fourteenth Regiment Fifteenth Regiment Sixteenth Regiment Seventeenth Regiment Eighteenth Reg ment "Nineteenth Regiment. ... Twentieth Regiment Twenty-first Regiment Twenty -second Regiment Twenty-third Regiment Twenty-fourth Regiment Twenty- filth Regiment Twenty -sixth Regiment Twenty seventh Regiment Twenty 'eighth Regiment Twenty-ninth Regiment Thirtieth Regiment Thirty-first Regiment Thirty-second Regiment Thirty-third Regiment Thirty-fourth Regiment Thirty-fifth Regiment Thirty-sixth Regiment Thirty-ninth Regiment Fortieth Regiment Unknown.. COLORED TROOPS. First Infantry (60thTJ.S.Vols.A.D ) NUMBER 4ND KIND. Total. 61 54 12 127 148 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. IOWA REGIMENTS DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. REGIMENTS. 1st Battery 2d Battery 3d Battery 4th Battery 1st Cavalry 2d Cavalry 3d Cavalry 4Wi Cavalry 5th Cavalry 6th Cavalry 7th Cavalry 8th Cavalry 9th Cavalry Sioux City Cavalry. . . . Co. A, 11th Pa. Cavalry. 1st Infantry 2dlnfantrv 3dlnfantrv 2d and 3d Inf. Cons'd. .. 4th Infant'-y 5th Infantry 6th Infantry 7th Infantry 8th Inlantry 9th Infantry 10th Tnfantry 11th Infantry 12th Infantry 13th Infantry 14th Infantry 14th Inf. Res. Batt 15th Infantry 16th Infantry 17th Infantry ISth Infantry 19th Infantry 20th Infantry 21 st Infantry 22d Infantry 23d Infantry 24th Infantry 25th Infantry 26th Infantry 27th Infantry 28th Infantry , 29th Infantry 30th Infantry 31st Infantry 32d Infantry 33d Infantry 34th Infantry 31th Consolidated.- .. 35th Infantry 36th Infantry 37th Infantry 38th Infantry 39th Infantry 40th Infantry 41st Infantry 44th Infantry 45th Infantry 46th Infantry 47th Infantry 48th Infantry 1st African Infantry. . . Totals o 149 123 142 152 1,478 1,394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 859 1,247 1,074 1.184 1,037 1013 1,138 1,027 1,091) 1.027 1022 981 988 840 1*196 918 950 875 985 925 980 1,108 961 959 995 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 "984 986 914 910 933 900 294 867 912 346 U03 o o n3 m 124 62 79 17 513 602 770 59M 4:52 193 402 274 258 5 165 758 749 28 973 761 973 739 61 76 852 526 11 1,029 819 614 449 562 359 531 634 570 761 584 562 530 696 511 646 540 589 580 561 72 510 619 503 431 406 361 17 15 22 10 13d 89 61 33 86 13 66 105 69 111 61 69 21 76 27 33 5 187 191 224 186 127 59 92 91 162 4 7 107 99 9 237 90 124 135 137 2>8 134 148 243 182 122 194 217 97 109 91 130 157 126 196 197 199 204 162 180 248 233 2>1 203 196 228 13 182 226 141 310 119 179 2 14 17 23 45 4 331 56,364 30,394 3,139 8,695 It will be seen that in the above table of casualties, only the totals of those who were killed inaction, or died from wounds or disease are given, which tota's aggre gate 12,843. If to this aggregate is added 8,282 wounded ; 9,968 discharged for dis ability ; 115 missing ; 109 deaths by drown- ing; 78 by accidental killing, and 8 by suicide ; all of which are shown in the corrected report of casualties as made to the Legislature by the late Adjutant Gen- eral N. B. Baker, in his report for 1867, then we have the grand total of casualties as shown in the table aggregating 30,394. The foregoing list of casualties only shows those occurring among enlisted men ; but in addition to these there were casualties among the commissioned offi- cers amounting to 2,321, of which number 133 were killed, 88 died of wounds receiv- ed in battle, and 115 of disease contracted in the service. By the Adjutant General's report we also find that in addition to the men assigned to the regiments as set forth in the table, there were 19,155 enlistments of Iowa men in regiments of other States, making a grand total of 75,519. Of this number it is estimated that less than 20,- 000 are now living in Iowa. A movement has been inaugurated in the State, through the medium of the Grand Army of the Republic, to erect a suitable monument commemorative of the twenty thousand brave men of Iowa, who gave their lives for the perpetuity of the Union. This monument is to be placed in the Capitol grounds, which will soon be laid out and beautified in a manner in harmony with tuat magnificent structure of which the people of Iowa are so justly proud. Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of estab- lishing a home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in des- titute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren county, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institu- tion received liberal donations from tbe general public, and also from the soldiers I in the field. In 1865, it became necessary IOWA RESOURCES AND I INDUSTRIES. 149 to provide increased accommodations for the large number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk county, and by se- curing, during the same year, Camp Kins- man, near the city of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Congress. A more extended account of the Or- phan's Home will be found in connection with the State institutions. IOWA NATIONAL GUARDS GOVERNOR BUREN R. SHERMAN, COMMAND- ER-IN-CHIEF. W. L. ALEXANDER, ADJU- TANT GENERAL, The military arm of the State govern- ment consists of forty-eight companies, forming two brigades of three regiments each, well drilled and equipped. The headquarters of the first brigade is Mus- catine; second brigade, headquarters, Du- buque. First regiment, headquarters Marshall- town. The companies of the first regi- ment are located as follows: Co. A, Boone; Co. B, Tipton; Co. C, Lisbon; Co. D, Marshalltown ; Co. E, Carroll ; Co. F, Eldora; Co. G, Nevada; Co. H, Tama City; Co. I, Jessup. Second regiment, headquarters Center- ville. Co. A, Fairfield ; Co. B, Davenport ; Co. C, Muscatine; Co. D, Washington; Co. E, Centerville; Co. F, Columbus Junc- tion; Co. G, Ottumwa; Co. H, Burlington. Third regiment, headquarters Marengo. Co. A, Des Moines; Co. B, Greenfield; Co. C, Iowa City; Co. D,' Indianola; Co. E, Des Moines; Co. F, Oskaloosa; Co. H, Stuart; Co. K, Marengo. Fourth Regiment, headquarters, Inde- pendence; Co. B, Waterloo; Co. C, Man- chester; Co. D, Postville; Co. E, New Albin; Co. F, Waverly; Co. G, West Union ; Co. H, Independence ; Co. I, Wau- kon ; Co. K, Dubuque. Fifth regiment, headquarters, Villisca ; Co. A, Osceola; Co. B, Villisca; Co. C, Glenwood; Co. D, Afton; Co. E, Shenan- doah; Co. I, Bedford; Co. K, Red Oak. Sixth regiment, headquarters, Osage; Co. A, Mason City; Co. B, Osage; Co. Webster City ; Co. D, Pattersonville ; Co! F, Charles City; Co. H, Hampton; Co. K, Nora Springs. This is a volunteer service, the term of enlistment being five years, and the mem- bers receive pay only when actually upon duty. The organization, equipment, dis- cipline and military regulations of the Iowa National Guards conform strictly to the regulations for the government of the army of the United States, and all orders governing troops are binding upon the Iowa National Guard. All persons serving five years consecutively are en- titled to an honorable discharge, exempt- ing them from military duty, except in war or public danger. All able-bodied male citizens of the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, who are not exempted from military duty according to the laws of the United States, shall constitute the military force of the State; provided, that all persons who have served in the United States service, and have been honorably discharged therefrom are exempt from duty under the military laws of the State; but nothing herein contained shall be con- strued to prohibit any person from be- coming a member of anv military organ- ization, or holding any office in the militia of this State. NUMBER OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY DUTY, AS PER REPORT OF COUNTY AUDITORS, 1884. COUNTIES. NUMBER. Adair 1 9?2 Adams 1,466 Allamakee 2,100 Appanoose 2,C46 Audubon 1,308 Benton 2.826 Black Hawk 2 918 Boone 3,153 Bremer.... 1,493 Buchanan 2 057 Buena Vista 1,616 Butler 2,057 Calhoun 1,185 Carroll 2,850 Cass 2,348 Cedar 2,332 150 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Cerro Gordo 1,358 Cherokee 1,460 Chickasaw 1,949 Clarke 1,721 Clay 873 Clayton 3,621 Clinton 3,886 Crawford 802 Dallas 2,900 Davis 2,232 Decatur 2,330 Delaware . 2,008 Des Moines 2 864 Dickinson 273 Dubuque 5723 Emmet ? 194 Fayette 2 835 Floyd l'754 Franklin 1578 Fremont... 2 660 Greene ... 2 238 Grundy 1 9>5 Guthrie 2'231 Uamilton.... .. 1'545 Hancock '494 Hardin 2 666 Harrison. 2'389 Hanry 2 ! 210 Howard 1 : 3S4 Humboldt '826 Ida 150 Iowa 2178 Jackson... 2,770 Ja3per 3,393 Jefferson 2 48> Johnson 2,86G Jones 2,294 Keokuk 3 06; Kossuth 1,201 Lee 3,567 LiUii 4,516 Louisa 1,579 Lucas 2,255 Lyon 221 Madison 2,347 Mahaska 2,668 Marion 2,891 Marshall ...... 2,669 Mills 2,128 Mitchell l',46a Monona 1199 Monroe 1,783 Montgomery '. 1*823 Muscatine . 2995 O'Brien '636 Osceola 38^ Page. "... .... 2,313 Palo A lto 726 Plymouth 1 352 Pocahontas 507 P°ik 6,077 Pottawattamie 4,384 Poweshiek 2 474 Ringgold i 2',000 g ac 1,595 kcott 6099 bhelby 2 444 Sioux .'I..".'"!"". '833 Story 2,014 Tama 2,477 Taylor ...'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'. 2J069 Union 1662 Van Buren 2,422 Wapello 3775 Warren .'.'."." .. .* *. 2 272 Washington ".' 2,583 Wayne 2,164 We'oeter 1,926 Winnebago ". '678 Winneshiek 2,649 Wo dbury '.. 1.420 Worth v)42 Wright 770 Total 209 2-18 STATE, COUNTY AND MU- NICIPAL GOVERN- MENT. BILL OF EIGHTS— RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE- GENERAL ASSEMBLY — EXECUTIVE DE- PARTMENT — -JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT — MILITIA — STATE DEBTS — AMENDMENTS — COUNTY OFFICERS — TOWNSHIP OFFICERS MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT — - SCHOOL GOVERNMENT — LIMITATION OF ACTIONS — RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN — EX- EMPTIONS FROM EXECUTIONS. Iowa's prosperity is largely due to the wise legislation by which she has been governed, and it is worthy of note that her affairs have been so prudently and eco- nomically administered as to reflect great credit upon her Legislators and State officials. The general prosperity which prevails throughout the State indicates that wise management has also controlled our county and municipal affairs. We quote the following extracts on the government of our State, and its sub-di- vision and certain statutes, from the CONSTITUTION OF IOWA: We, the people of the State of Iowa, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on him for a continuation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independent government, by the name of the State of Iowa. STATE GOVERNMENT. The supreme law of Iowa is its consti- tution, in which is set forth the rights of the people, and in which the powers and duties of the various departments, and the officers connected therewith, are pre- scribed and defined. The government is divided into three departments, the legislative, executive and judicial, each actiog within its own special sphere, but all in harmony. The first department enacts the law, the second attends to the execution of it, and the third is to declare, when called IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 151 upon so to do, whether such law is in ac- cord with, or contravenes, the Constitution- Bill of Rights.— The first article of the Constitution treats of the " Bill of Rights," which, among other things, con- tains the following : Men, by nature, are free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights. All political power is inherent in the people, and government may be altered or reformed by them when deemed neces- sary for the public good. No law shall be passed respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for of- fice. Duelling is prohibited under the pen- alty of disqualification from holding office. All general laws shall be uniform in oper- ation, and no citizen, or class of citizens, shall be granted privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not be- long to all. No law shall be passed to re- strain the liberty of the press or of speech. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property, shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue unless supported by oath or affirmation. The right of trial by jury shall remain invio- late. No person, after acquittal, shall be tried for the same offense; and all per- sons are bailable except for capital offenses. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended or refused, unless in case of rebellion or invasion. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act. Excessive bail shall not be reouired, nor excessive fines im- posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compen- sation first being made. No person shall be imprisoned for debt unless in case of fraud. The people have the right freely to assemble together; to make known their opinions to their representatives, and to petition for redress of grievances. No bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts shall ever be passed. Foreigners who are, or may become residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, and descent of property, as native born citizens. There shall be neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude in this State, unless for the pun ishment of crime. Rights of Suffrage.— The second arti- cle treats of the "Right of Suffrage," and prescribes the qualifications necessary to become an elector. It provides that elec- tors shall, in all cases, except treason, fel- ony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, dur- ing their attendance at such elections, go- ing to and returning therefrom, and that all elections by the people shall be by ballot. Legislative.— The third article vests the legislative authority in a general as- sembly, and prescribes how, and when, the members shall be chosen; who are eligible to be members, and what consti- tutes eligibility; how elections to that body are determined, and what shall con- stitute a quorum; fixes the authority of the houses and the privileges to which memOers are entitled ; tells how vacancies are to be filled, where bills might origin- ate, and how they shall be passed; gives the governor power to return bills with- out his approval, and sets forth how a bill may be passed over his objections; power of impeachment vested in the house, and triable by the senate; designates who may be impeached for misdemeanor or mal- feasance in office, and to what extent judg- ment in such cases may go; impeach- ment does not preclude the parly impeach- ed from indictment, trial and punishment according to law ; no senator or representa- tive shall be appointed to any civil office of profit under the State during the term for wmich he shall have been elected ; no person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this State, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the general as- sembly ; fixes compensation and mileage ot members; provides when laws of a general nature shall take effect ; no divorce 15^ IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. shall be granted by the general assembly, nor shall any lottery be authorized by the State, or sale of lottery tickets allowed ; declares that each act shall contain but one subject, and forbids the passage of lo- cal or special laws in certain cases; pre. scribes the oath to be taken by members, and fixes the time for taking the census; limits the number of senators and repre- sentatives, and directs how they shall be apportioned; gives the general assembly power to fix the ratio of representation, and directs that in all elections by the general assembly the members shall vote viva-voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journal. Executive. — The fourth article treats of the "executive" department, and de- clares in whom the executive power shall be vested, who shall be styled the gover- nor of the State of Iowa; direcls how the governor shall be elected, and also the lieutenant governor, and what are the re- quirements for eligibility thereto; makes the governor commander-in-chief of the militia, army and navy of the State; pre- scribes his duties, and empowers him to fill vacancies in certain offices; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly by proclamation; when the two houses disagree as to the time of adjournment, gives the governor power to adjourn the general assembly ; declares that no person shall, while holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this State, execute the office of governor; fixes the official term of gover nor at two years; vests him with pow- er to grant reprieves, commut itions and pardons after conviction, for all offenses except treason, ;:nd in cases of impeach- ment : declares on whom the powers aDd duties of the office shall devolve in case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the governor, makes the lieutenant gover- nor president of the sena f e, and gives him the privilege of voting when the senate is equally divided; makes the governor keeper of the seal of the State, and directs that all grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the great seal of the State, signed by the governor and countersigned by the secre- tary of state. Directs also that there shall be elected by the qualified electors, a secre- tary of state, auditor of state and treas urer of state, who shall continue in office tevo years. These latter officers, and the governor, constitute the executive council, whose duties are various, among which are equalizing assessments, canvassing election returns, visiting the various insti- tutions of the State, and having general control of the State property. Judicial. — The fifth article treats of the judicial department, and by this article all the judicial power of the State is vested in a supreme court, district court, and such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, establish. Since the Constitution was adopted, in 1857, two additional judges have been added to the supreme bench, making the number of supreme judges in the State five. Our present judicial system comprises a supreme court, district courts and circuit courts. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only in cases of chancery, and is a court for the correction of errors at law, and has power to issue writs and processes necessary to secure justice to parties, and to exercise a supervisory con- trol over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the State. The district court is presided over by but one judge, and has general original jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, where not otherwise provided, and appel- late jurisdiction in all criminal matters. The circuit court has general original jurisdiction concurrent with the district court in all civil actions and special pro- ceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, tribunals or officers. All the judges of the courts are elected by the people, the supreme judges for the term of six years, and the district and cir- cuit judges for four years. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 153 For judicial purposes the State is di- vided into fourteen districts and circuits. The jurisdiction of both courts is the same, except in criminal and probate cases, the former belonging exclusively to the district court, and the latter to the circuit. The officers of the supreme court, aside from the judges, are clerk, reporter and attorney general, all of whom are chosen by the electors of the State. The clerk records all the judgments and proceedings of the court; the reporter collates and publishes in book form all the decisions of the court, which are known as the " Iowa Reports ;" and the attorney general represents the State in any court where its interests are involved, and is also the advisor and counselor of the General As- sembly and State officers. Each county in the State elects a clerk of the district and circuit courts, and sheriff, who act as officers in both the district and circuit courts. In each judicial district a judge and district attorney is elected, whose term of office is four years, the duty of the latter being to prosecute all cases in which the defendant is charged with having com- mitted an offense against the peace and dignity of the State of Iowa. In addition to these officers a short-hand reporter may be employed by the court when deemed necessary. The other articles of the Constitution refer to the militia of the State, State debts, corporations, education and school fund, amendments, miscellaneous, and schedule, and may be summarized as follows: Article 6, Militia. All able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, are liable to militia duty. Article 7, State Debts. The credit of the State shall not be given or loaned to any individual or corporation, and no in- debtedness exceeding $250,000 shall be contracted. Article 8, Corporations. No corporation shall be created by special law; the Gen- eral Assembly must provide general laws. The State nor no municipal corporation can become stockholders in any banking institution. Article 9, Education and School Funds and Lands. The board of education pro- vided for by this article was abolished in accordance with section fifteen by the General Assembly, and the duties were distributed between the offices of State Auditor and State Superintendent. Article 10, Amendments. All amend- ments before being submitted to the peo- ple must pass two General Assemblies. Article 11, Miscellaneous. Gives jus- tices jurisdiction to the amount of $100, and by consent of parties to $300. No sounty or municipal corporation can con- tract a debt to exceed five per cent, of the value of taxable property. Article 12, Schedule. Provides for car- rying into effect the provisions of the Constitution regarding elections, etc. COUNTY GOVERNMENT. For taxation and other purposes the State is divided into counties, and to carry these objects into fuller effect, the coun- ties are in turn subdivided into townships, the latter also being cut up into smaller subdivisions known as school and. road districts. The counties of Iowa number ninety- nine, the boundaries and names of which are fixed by the Legislature, the townships, boundaries and names by the connty boards of supervisors, and school districts each being arranged by the people locally inter- ested. The county officers are elected for two years, and consist of the following : Three supervisors (in large counties from five to seven), auditor, treasurer, clerk of courts, sheriff, recorder, superintendent, coroner and surveyor. The supervisors are the general business managers of the affairs of the county. They levy the State and county taxes, examine and allow bills against the county, provide for changes in, and making of new roads and bridges, canvass the vote, and have general charge of the property and buildings of the coun- ty. The auditor is ex officio clerk of the board of supervisors, and performs cer- 154: IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. tain duties in relation to the school funds and lands, makes up the tax lists, has charge of the road and land transfer books, and is custodian of the official papers of the county. The treasurer collects the taxes and pays out the money according to law. The clerk of the district and cir- cuit courts keeps a record of their pro- ceedings, and has charge of the seals and papers. The sheriff attends each court, makes arrests, serves legal processes, has charge of the jail and prisoners, and per- forms various other duties. The recorder makes a full copy of deeds, mortgages^ and other similar papers made in the county, in books provided for that pur- pose. His books show the ownership of the lands of the county. The superin- tendent has charge of the common schools of the county, and issues certificates to persons qualified to teach. The coroner holds inquests in case a person is supposed to have died by unlawful means. He acts as sheriff in case of vacancy. The sur veyor makes surveys of land whenever called upon. The notary public, though not a county officer, is commissioned by the governor to administer oaths and take acknowledgment of legal papers within his county. Any proper person can be- come a notary. TOWNSHIP GOVERNMENT. For sundry purposes each county is di- vided into townships. Townships are of two kinds, civil and congressional; the former a part of the system of govern- ment, and the latter a part of the system of national surveys. The civil township usually takes the area of the congressional township, consisting of thirty-six square miles. The township has the following officers: Three trustees, clerk, assessor, two justices, (more if needed) and two constables (more if needed.) All elected for one year, except justices, the latter for two. The trustees have general manage- ment of internal affairs, act as judges of elections and also as overseers of the poor, and divide the townships into the necessary road districts. The clerk keeps a record of the proceedings of the trus- tees. The assessor makes a list of all property in his township that is liable to taxation, affixing a value to each piece, and returns the list to the county auditor. The justices and constables, though elected by the townships, are in part county officers also, their acts being legal in any part of the county. The justice tries disturbers of the peace and holds preliminary trials of persons charged with crime, binding the accused over to a higher court when deemed guilty. He has jurisdiction in the collection of debts to the amount of $100, and by consent of parties to $300. He also performs the marriage ceremony. The constable bears the same relation to the justice's court that the sheriff does to the district and circuit courts. Each towc- ship is divided into road districts, with an elective supervisor in each, whose duty it is to superintend the roads and require every man between twenty-one and fifty to work two days in each year, or pay the wages of a man to do it. Municipal Government. — Besides the county and township organizations there are also incorporated cities and towns, having a separate system called a munici- pal government. Cities are of two classes, graded according to population. Cities of the first class must have at lea?t 15,000 population, while those of the second cla^s must have 2,000. A city is governed by a mayor and council, the latter con- sisting of trustees elected from wards, into which the city is divided. The mayor is the chief officer, presides at council meetings and holds a court for the trial of offenses against the city ordinances. The council passes laws called ordinances for the government of the city, levies taxes, etc. The city also has other officers — mar- shal, treasurer, and solicitor. Cities of the first class have additional officers — auditor and police judge, the former at- tending to the financial books, while the latter relieves the mayor of the duties of a magistrate. Incorporated towns may comprise any number of people up to 2,000. They have mayor and council. School Government. — The State is IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 155 divided into school districts, each civil township constituting a district. For con- venience each district is divided into sub- districts. Cities, towns and townships may organize as independent districts. The money for the support of the schools is derived from taxes and from several other sources. The school money consists of three lands : a teacher's fund, a school- house fund and a contingent fund. The teacher's fund is derived from the following sources : 1. Proceeds from the sale of the 16th section in each Congressional township. 2. A donation of 500,000 acres of land in 1841, also by Congress. 3. Five per cent of the price received for public lands sold by the national gov- ernment. 4. Estates of persons who die without will or heirs. 5. Fines inflicted for violation of the penal laws of the State. 0. Proceeds of sales of lost goods and es rays. 7. Forfeitures in cases of usurious in- terest. 8. Money paid for exemption from military duty. 9. A tax levied by the county super- visors of not less than one, nor more than two and one-half mills, on the taxable property of the county. The contingent fund is derived from an annual tax levied by the county supervis- ors to meet the expenses ot fuel, repairs, etc. The school -house fund is derived from a special tax levied by the county super- visors upon the property of the subdistrict wherein the house is to be built, at the request of the directors of the township in which the subdistrict is located. Both township and independent districts are governed by directors. When town- ships are divided the directors are called subdirectors, each having general charge of affairs in his subdistrict The inde- pendent districts are not divided and its managing officers are called d. rectors. In the large districts the schools are graded into primary, intermediate, grammar and high school departments. County high schools can be established in certain cases Teachers' institutes are held during one month in each year in each county, when lectures are delivered and teachers discuss matters pertaining to their profession. Every child between the ages of five and twenty-one years is entitled to free education in the schools of the State, for not less than six months in the year. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Actions for injury to the person or repu- diation, for statute penalties, and to en- force mechanics' liens, must be brought within two years. Those against a public officer, within three years. Those foundo d on unwritten contracts, for injuries to property, for relief on the ground of fraud, and all other actions not provided for, within five years. Those founded on written contracts, judgments in courts other than those in courts of record, within ten years. Those founded on judgments in courts of record, within twenty years. The foregoing limitations except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minora and insane persons until one year after the disability is removed. Time, during which defend- ant is absent from the State on account of change of residence, shall not be included in computing any of the limitation per- iods. Action for the recovery of real property sold for the non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the treasurer's deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor, or convict, or in- sane person is the owner, and in these cases five years is allowed after the disa- bility is removed. MARRIED WOMEN. A married woman may own, in her own right, real and personal property acquired by descent, gift or purchase, and may dispose of the same in the same manner that the husband can property belonging to him. Where property is owned by either the husband or wife, the other has 156 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. no interest therein which can be the sub- ject of contract between them, or which will make the same liable for the con- tracts or liabilities of the one who is not the owner. The husband is not responsi- ble for civil injuries committed by the wife. Conveyances, transfers, or liens, made between husband and wife, are valid to the same extent as if made be- tween other persons. Either husband or wife may be constituted attorney in fact for the other. A wife may receive the wages of her personal labor and maintain an action therefor i»n her own name, and hold the same in her own right Neither husband nor wife is lkible for the debts or liabilities of the other incurred before marriage. Neither husband nor wife can remove the other, nor their children, from their homestead without his or her con- sent. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTIONS. If the debtor is a resident of this Stale, and is the head of a family, he may hold exempt from execution ihe following property: All wearing apparel of him- self and family kept lor actual use and suitable to their condition, and the trunks or other receptacles necessary to contain the same; one musket or rifle and shot- gun; all private libraries, family bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public wor- ship; an interest in a public burying ground, not exceeding one acre for any defendant; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as herein- after provided; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom; six stands of bees; five hogs and all pigs under six" months; the neces- sary food for all animals exempt from ex- ecution, for six months ; all flax raised by the defendant on not exceeding one acre of ground, and the manufactures there- from; one bedstead and the necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant, not exceeding one hundred yards in quantity; household and kitchen furniture, noi ex- ceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels and looms, one sewing machine and other instruments of do- mestic labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the u-b of the family for six months; the proper tools, instruments or books of the deb:or, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergy- man, lawyer, physician, teacher or pro- fessor; the horse, or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physi- cian, public officer, farmer, teamster, or other laborer, habitually earns his living; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shail also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material necessary for the use of such presses and a news- paper office connected therewith, not to exceed in all the value of $1,200. The earn- ings of a debtor for his personal services or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy, ate also exempt from execution and attach- ment. There is also exempt to an unmar- ried person, not the head of a family, ordinary wearing apparel and trunk nec- essary to contain the same. Where a debtor absconds and leaves his family, such property shall be exempt in the hands of the wife and children, or either of them. STATE OFFICERS, COMMIS- SIONS, BOARDS, ETC. STATE OFFICERS. Buren R. Sherman, Governor. Welker Given, Private Secretary to Governor. Orlando H. Manning, Lieut enant-Gov- erner; P. O., Council Bluffs. Wm. P. Wolf, Speaker of the House of Representatives; P. O., Tipton. Frank D. Jackson, Secretary of State. Daniel W. Smith, Deputy Secretary of State. John L. Brown, Auditor of State. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 157 Samuel F. Stewart, Deputy Auditor of State. Voltaire P. Twombly, Treasurer of State. John Whitten, Deputy Treasurer of State. A. J. Baker, Attorney-General ; P. O., Centerville. Gilbert B. Pray, Clerk of Supreme Court. Chiistopber T. Jones, Deputy Clerk Supreme Court. Ezra C. Ebersole, Reporter Supreme Court. John W. Akers, Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. Geo. H. Nichols, Deputy Superinten- dent of Public Instruction. Geo. E. Roberts, State Printer. Matt. Parrott, State Binder until May, 1885. L. S. Merchant, State Binder after May 1, 1885. Mrs, S. B.Maxwell, State Librarian. William L. Alexander, Adjutant-Gen. eral, Parker C. Wilson, State Mine Inspector. E. R. Hutcbins, Commissioner of La- bor Statistics. B. W. Blanchard, State Inspector of Oils; P. 0., Dubuque. Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superinten- dent of Weights and Measures; P. O., Iowa City. NOTE.— Where not otherwise stated, the post- office address of State Officers is Des Moines TWENTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. OFFICERS OF THE SENATE. President, Orlando H. Manning, Council Bluns. Secretary, Frank D. Jackson, Greene. 1st Assistant Secretary, E. R. Zidler, Winterset. 2nd Assistant Secretary, E. R. Eutchins, Des Moines. Enrolling Clerk, Ida Little, Newton. Engrossing Clerk, Mira E. Troth Hamp- ton Sergeant-at-Arms, J. C. Mason, Green- field. Asst. Sergeaut-at-Arms, Lizzie Christ, Des Moines. Doorkeeper, Theo. Schreirjer, Mt. Pleas ant. 1st Asst. Doorkeeper, W. T. Lyon, Bucl Creek. 2nd Asst. Doorkeeper, G. W. Beall, Cen- terville. Janitor, Henry McCravcns, Des Moines. MEMBERS OF THE SENATE. Lot Abraham, Mt. Pleasant. Henry A. Baker, Ossian. Orsmond M. Barrett, Sheldon. Frank D. Bayless, Elkader. John C. Bills, Davenport. Moses Bloom, Iowa City. Cassius M. Brown, Sigourney. Timothy J. Caldwell, Adel. John W. Carr, Milton. George Carson, Council Bluffs. Edward R. Cassatt, Pella. John C Chambers, West Branch. Charles C. Chubb, Algnna. Talton E. Clark, Clarinda. Wickliffe A. Coiton, De Witt. William G Donnan, Independence. Francis A. Duncan, Columbus City. Enoch W. Eastman, Eldora. Edward J. Gault, Cincinnati. John D. Gillett, Ogden. John D. Glass, Mason City. Julius K. Graves, Dubuque. Benton J. Hall, Burlington. Herman C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls. John W. Henderson, Cedar Rapids. James S. Hendrie, Pacific City. Cephas B. Hunt, Greenfield. Joseph G. Hutchinson, Ottumwa. Gilman L. Johnson, Maquoketa. John L. Kamrar, Webster City. William Larrabee, Clermont. Thomas M. C. Logan, Logan. Ben McCoy, Oskaloosa. John McDonough, Woodburn, Chapman A. Marshall, Nashua. Lewis Miles, Corydon. Pliny Nichols, West Liberty. Alfred N. Poyneer, Montour. Gifford S. Robinson, Storm Lake. 158 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. Henry W. Rotbert, Keokuk. John W. Russell, Jefferson. John Ryder, Vinton. Hiram Y. Smith, Des Moines. A. P. Stephens, Crescent. Egbert C. Sudlow, Sully. Preston M. Sutton, Marshalltown. J. Henry Sweney, Osage. Alvin M. Whaley, Aplington. Charles E. Whiting, Whiting. Eli Wilkin, Winterset. OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE. Speaker, William P. Wolf, Tipton. Chief Clerk, Sidney A. Foster, North- wood. First Assistant Clerk, Frank S. Rice, Rockwell City. Second Assistant Clerk, J. F. Weaver, Colfa*. Engrossing Clerk, Alice G. Smith, Des Moines. Enrolling Clerk, Lizzie L. Wilson, Ke osauqua. Sergeant-at-Arms, J. H. Fisher, Spencer. Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms, D. F. John- ston, Hampton. Doorkeepers, T. A. Cheek, Des Moines ; J. C. Stoughton, Battle Creek; A. D. Gas- ton, Ames. Janitors, W. W. Wilcox, Centerville; G. H. Cleggett, Des Moines. MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA- TIVES. Dreugman O. Aaker, Ridgeway. Washington I. Babb, Mt. Pleasant. Isaac W, Baldwin, Cascade. Peter G. Ballingall, Ottumwa. Elijah Banta, Lamoni. Rufus S. Benson, Hampton. George C. Boggs, Russell. Lemuel R. Bolter, Logan. Samuel T. Brothers, Malvern. Henry C. Brown, Dumont. John G. Brown, Marshalltown. Charles Bullock, Denison. William Butler, Clarinda. Martin H. Calkins, Wyoming. Daniel Campbell, Blenco. Henry Canfield, Ottumwa. Cyrus C. Carpenter, Ft. Dodge. William H. Chamberlain, lndepend ence. Benj. F. Clayton, Macedonia. Hardin B. Cloud, Columbia. Samuel A. Converse, Creeso. John Coie, Tingley. William B. Culbertson, Burlington. Henry C. Curtis, Le Mars. Albert R. Dabney, Winterset. Edwin W. Davis, Avoca. Norman Densmore, Rockwell. George Derr, Creston. Chas. Doerr, Fort Madison. Chas. W. Filraore, Peterson. Lewis Forclyce, Liberty ville . John M. Gilliland, New Hampton. WhaakerM. Grant, Davenport. Henry H. Green, Plainfield. W. H. Hall, Osceola. Dennis Hamblin, Conway. Baptist Hardy, Bloomfield. Thomas W. Harrison, Emmetsburg. Squire W. Haviland, Salix. George W. Hayzlett, Waterloo. Albert Head, Jefferson. Loran R. Henderson, Anderson. L. G. Hersey, Earlville. James S. Hogeland, Colton. Joseph M. Holbrook, Manchester. Norman B. Holbrook, Marengo. William T. R. Humphrey, Clarion John P. Huskins, Washington. John V. Johnson, Red Oak. Julius M. Jones, Webster City Samuel Jordon, Moulton. Jesse Kennedy, Ida Grove. Daniel Kerr, Grundy Center. John Killen, Monona. Jacob Kuhn, Anita. John L. Linehan, Dubuque. Oliver H. P. Linn, Letts. Philip Livingston, Moingona. Edward W. Lucas, Iowa City. Wm. Lynch, Kingston. James A. Lyons, Guthrie Center. Thomas C. McCall, Nevada. Timothy F. McCarty, Keota. William H. McCulloch, Newburg. D. J. McDaid, Sac City. Josiah D. McVay, Lake City. John Mandercheid, Cottonville. Charles Mentzel, Elkader. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 159 Nathaniel A. Merrell, De Witt. James H. Millen, Indianola. Michael Miller, Carroll. Henry C Miller, Ft. Madison. Welcome Mowry, Waltham. Theo. Nachtwey, Lansing. Jonathan J. Nugent, Nugent. Jacob A. Overholtzer, Yiola Center. David J. Pattee, Perry. Mathew Picken,Eddyville. Cyrus S. Ranck, Iowa City. Edward Rice, Brush Creek. James J. Russell, Muscatine. George W. Schee, Primghar. William O . Schmidt, Davenport. Geo. C Scrimgeour, Belle Plaine. Lorenzo D. Sherman, Iretm. Robert Smyth, Mount Vernon. Joel Stewart, Grinnell. John A. Story, Fontanelle. James M, Tuttle, Des Moines. Larkin Upton, Clinton. Clarence C. Yanderpoel, West Mitchell. Byron C. Ward, Prairie City. Charles L. Watrous, Des Moines. George F. Wattson, North wood. Silas M. Weaver, Iowa Falls. William R. Wherry, Keosauqua. Benjamin Widner, Corning. Ethelbert W. Wilber, Rockford Samuel Wright, Clio. Christian J. Wyland, Harlan. STATE INSTITUTIONS, OF- FICERS AND COM- MISSIONS. STATE UNIVERSITY. IOWA CITY, JOHNSON COUNTY. J. L. Pickard, President. Board of Regents — Governor Buren R. Sherman, ex-omcio President. William O. Crosby, Centerville. Horace Everett, Council Bluffs. J. N. W. Rumple, Marengo. Thomas S. Wright, Des Moines. H. H. Burrell, Washington. D. N. Richardson, Davenport. H. C. Huntsman, Oskaloosa. J. F. Duncombe, Fort Dodge. John S. Dunning, Jefferson. H. C. Bulis, Decorah. M. M. Ham, Dubuque. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. AMES, STORY COUNTY. Leigh Hunt, President. Trustees — Henry G. Gratton, Waukon. C. S. Stryker, Creston. S. R. Willard, Denmark. W. T. Rigby, St an wood. H. D. Peck, Sac City. D. W. Mott, Hampton. J. S. Clarkson, Des Moines. Joseph Dysart, Dysart. John Morrison, Sigourney. R. P. Spear, Cedar Falls. Piact Wicks, Harlan. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. CEDAR FALLS, BLACKHAWK COUNTY. J. C. Gilchrist, Principal. Trustees.— Carlton C. Cory, Pella. Edward H. Thayer, Ciinton. W. M. Fields, Cedar Falls. D. J.McDaid, Sac City. J. W. Satterthwaite, Mt. Pleasant J. C. Milliirian, Losan. INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE CO. A. Rogers, Superintendent. Trustees. — B. F. Clayton, Macedonia. Louis Weinst-in, Burlington. Thos. H. Elder, Albia. COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. J. J. McCune, Principal. Trustees. — J. S. Barclay, Sibley. Milton H. Westbrook, Lyons. Jacob Springer, Watkins. C. O. Harrington, Vinton. Sanil. H. Watson, Vinton. G. M. Miller, Hazelton. 160 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. SOLDIERS ORPHANS HOME. DAVENPORT, SCOTT COUNTY. S. W. Pierce, Superintendent. Trustees.— Clinton Orcutt, Durant. Seth P. Bryant, Davenport. Hugh McConnell, Morning Sun. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. H A. Gilman, Snperintendent. Trustees.— T. Whiting, Mt. Pleasant. P. W. Lewellen, Clarinda. G. R. Henry, Burlington, D. A. Hunt, Oskaloosa. John H. Kulp. Davenport. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. INDEPENDENCE , BUCHANAN COUNTY G. H. Hill, Superintendent. Trustees. — Albert Reynolds, Clinton. Lewis K. Smith., Algona. J. L. Whitlev, Osage. Frederick 6. Thomas, Carson. Jed Lake, Independence. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN. GLEN WOOD, MILLS COUNTY. T. M. Powell, Superintendent. Trustees.— W. H. Hall, Osceola. E. R. S. Woodrow, Glenwood. A. H. Lawrence, Le Mars. PENITENTIARIES. FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY, AND ANA- MOSA, JONES COUNTY. L. W. Crosley, Warden, Fort Madison. A. E, Martin, Warden, Anamosa. STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. ELDORA, HARDIN COUNTY, AND MITCHELL- VILLE, POLK COUNTY. B. J. Miles, Superintendent, Eldora. Mrs. A. 0. Lewellin £7« >> §r<20> OoQ •<« i2 S, CQ.d © a; ' a ^h5 ac d ; a> : a : • o • J ? a. MaHJO^O^ffl^^^^^HiSJSP^KS^S^-sjdd^d^rsfe^J^EHW^OJi-s'QSan Ji si das a- •MftS .... ■ o an a • • • -• ;W .# £bc = g M •d-S^" -ii.2 • c3 © - ;q 2 ? <*> a -2 " ^ a> ?s^-S2ie-2S ®Hz::> 3 ost; ©.a ;^.2SS >:z Hi /3 DO s=fs§s'gS8' ffl - BHaJfrQ'5 ftcd ^ ,H W fflJ . -o . . ■ S . . .S«So« • .^^! . ^ . • • • .flSo* . * .5 ■ • o . S « -s • '5 s M C-C O « o « 5 H CD °3 © Q rj _] ^ ,tJ . .Oh . - s§ >, ■ ©>"3 be© 3 © ^ -H a, P=l t- OE n Tj ■ • .u ej./ . ,_J . © o • SO ?g a w ^ J3 . % v t, • . £© . -^ '«'§ _ d d 2r o"°^W d d'd ot>HsOt>e5^ :SiS§ _• : 'S3 •' l^aagwaaaSJ dcmeS^iflS . .- F © ■o 9 © a; e8 g.© © ^SoQ^g^ 'g^faodbdS^ . o hW?H^H i-> . • o • • • <3 fe «E t"t> Q < tS3 c ^5 b"S be © c3 4- s — ; © cj d Co © d p 3 0? 1 a c CD - 1-5 7 c ^5 a © > 09 C s CD BK- o M O ; © o: assg-l^S'lslsga • o> © : d d: : © ©. © cja 8d=-S ■S o ^ den So 'Tj d-o feo^- ©-« ^0-iO"h» .saa IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 163 1 ~ • w -* —i Lj ^5 . u »il ;sg: . -CQ H o^= 3,2-3 _« ^^ «o,x- "3,2^ **2 J SJhl!E crss-a. = __X ? • • ^ • _ _c5 rt o^«§ 5 > © 1=1 n ^ o x - : :-^d^d^^ R 5 »£ =3^ ©> ^s^s^q — ( O ^2***5 3 a^ : Bfa^^^b^bmSd^^bH m c rt : 1*81 ^^'Eh'-J^S t* a _ a © M®o©rt B S > 3 ° • I;.- J-;; l^|^ ;«o^ow 6* CO C^ S-. O E a ° 2 W =2 ,2 £ o © ^^ 3"o r - 3 . £ 72 N o O CD rt JS ™ iS m -«0Q( X — ~<^a= 3«!H ►^. . . «kJ ■ . t-t •> e- hs M 5 < Q CO sa^ Ob^O |"S : o i ©.S-v © £ fe © "M ! ddc£ 1-1 bffg g © ShRmo ? '3 S = .H-- « ? - " . 2 H ■o « ; : • : an ', • • ' . t-> . t. m -• =3 ^.5 5 :,gS g^52l M)2 :2 '■ *2 :QO^^£'x"2^ O Oil O T s ^ fcc+» : >»§ 12-33 1 i = 3i rt rt ~ -'^ o t? oS ^ o o c o o o£- ^ « £ s 5 5 g • 3 it *s s § ■ c eS '-2 : a .2^ _ _, CM. ♦Ji-J E3 ^ ST 1 . 2 ."Sd : M . p. 8 » >.r> s a - 1(54 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. INDUCEMENTS TO GRANTS. IMMI- CLIMATE — SOIL — WATER — CHARACTER OF THE POPULATION — SOCIAL AND MORAL INFLUENCES — RELATIVE PRICE OF PROP- ERTY AND LABOR — PROPERTY RIGHTS — PRICES OF LAND — CONGRESSIONAL GRANTS — VALUE OF REAL ESTATE — TAX- ATION — HON. C. F. CLARKSON'S VIEWS OF "THE FUTURE 10 WA" — PAPER BY HON. J. R. SHAFFER. Iowa offers great inducements to the home seeker, by her healthful climate, her rich soil, capab'e of yielding abundantly all kinds of cereals, her mineral wealth, natural advantages, and her excellent transportation facilities, all insuring a rea- sonable degree of success in agriculture, manufacturing and the various commer- cial and industrial pursuits. The stranger, without seeing this land of general excel- lence, can form no adequate idea of the greatness and grandeur of this rapidly de- veloping and progressive commonwealth. The agriculturist, the manufacturer, mechanic, merchant, tradesman, capitalist and the laborer, can all find ample oppor- tunities in Iowa, with her rich and varied resources, for the prosecution of their re- spective branches of industry. Hereto- fore, New England and the Middle States have contributed most of our population, although we have received considerable numbers from the various German States, Scandinavia, Holland and the British Isles. Irish immigration has scattered over the State, making about two per cent of the population; Germans form about one per cent in the newer counties and about ten per cent in the Mississippi river counties ; the Canadians, English and Welsh form about one-twentieth, and large bodies of Swedes and Norwegians have settled in colonies, making about one- twentieth of the population. The tenth Federal census gave the population of Iowa at 1 ,624,620, of which 1,362,965 were of American birth, and 261,655 were for- eign. The man of limited means, as well as the capitalist, finds here an opening, for there is always a demand for the great staples of our State, and thy diversified products of our farms and factories find a ready market at remunerative prices, while the social, moral and intellectual advantages are of such a character as to* attract the better classes to Iowa, and to such she will always extend a welcome^ whether they be of native or foreign birth. Believing that we have given sufficient information of our beautiful State to in- duce such persons as are desirous of mak- ing a new home or investing capital in the West, to come and examine for themselves the advantages presented by Iowa, we de- sire to call attention to the transpjrtatton facilities for reaching all portions of the State. The immigrant train from the East via Chicago has a choice of five direct lines by which he may reach Iowa, viz., the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Chi- cago & Northwestern, Chicago, Milwau- wee & St. Paul, pud the Illinois Central. If coming via St. Louis he can make choice of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, St. Loui-\ K' okuk & Northwe-tern, in connection with the Chicag \ R >ck lslind & Pacific,, or of the Missouri Pacific, in connection wiih the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Coun- cil Bluffs. Arrived wi;hin the borders of the State he can readily visit any portion which he pleases by means of branches from these great trunk lines, and by other roads north and south, east and west, as there is not a county in the entire State without one or more railroads. Here he finds the advantages in moral, educational and social influences equal to those in many of the Eastern States, with substantial and imposing public buildings, elegant church edifices, and handsome and commodious college and school build- ing5. These are not confined exclusively to the cities, but handsome churches and school-houses dot the landscape through- out the State. Hence the newcomer is relieved of the taxation usually exacted for these improvements in a new State, as- IOWA RESOURCES AND I * PUSTRIES. 165 he finds them here awaiting him. You are invited to make your homes with a people whose intelligence, education, mor- ality and energy have given them an emi- nent position in the nation, where Chris- tian influences and teachings will be thrown around you, where the home is sanctified and the Sabbath is held sacred, and where every one is free to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. These, with many other priv- ileges and advantages Iowa offers you, on condition that you become loyal, true and law-abiding American citizens. At the relative price of property and labor, a sober, industrious man can, in a short time, acquire a home ; and there is, perhaps, no country on earth where there is such an equality of condition as regards property, and "where so many enjoy a com- petence. The law exempts from execu- tion a homestead, with the necessaries of life, to every head of a family. As educa- tion is free, so also are the avenues of success open in every pursuit ana calling, and the highest incentive exists to exer- tion and industry. The farmer or mechanic, industrious and skilled in his profession, though coming among us with small capital may in a few years, become the owner of the farm ol- factory to which he first devotes his ener- gies, and which, by diligence, will lead him to wealth, no matter in what part of the State he chooses to make his home. In 1846. when Iowa was admitted to the Un ; on it was ordained in her fundamental law that "Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect of the possession, enjoyment and descent of property, as native born citizens." In 1863 the law was amended and re-enacted, so that it provides that "Aliens, whether they reside in the United States or any foreign country, may acquire, hold and enjoy property, and may convey, devise, mortgage, or otherwise encumber the same in like manner, and with the same ef- fect as citizens of the United Stites." It will be seen that by this liberal policy a foreigner may come to Iowa, acquire prop- erly and hold or dispose of it at his pleas- ure, and if he shall choose to return to his native land, he may still hold and con- trol the property he has acquired here. Again, it a foreigner desires to remain in his own land, and yet establish his chil- dren or others in homes in Iowa, he may do so, and at the same time hold the title to said property if he so elect, or he may purchase property here for any other pur- pose, and such property remains under his control and at his death passes to his heirs, the same as though it was under his own surveillance and in his own country. Iowa is pre-eminently an agricultural State. Of her 35,228,800 acres, 24,752,700 acres are in farms, 4,886,159 acres of this being held for hay and pasturage ; 2,312,- 659 acres are in native timber, leaving about 8,163,000 acres still unimproved. Though it is true, that no desirable gov- ernment lands can now T be purchased in Iowa, the days of "Government Land Sales" having passed, yet the man with limited means can purchase land and se- cure himself a home on as advantageous conditions as heretofore. Iowa is no lon- ger a frontier State, but for such as desire to avail themselves of the benefits afforded by well established laws, first class educa- tional facilities, refined and cultured soci- ety, and rapidly developing country, "Iowa still wears the laurels of the Great West." There are lands located in almost every county in the state, which can be bought upon very reasonable terms. These lands unimproved will cost from $10 to $25 per acre according to location, and are cheaper than government lands in frontier states; from the fact that the ex- pense of securing railroad facilities, of erecting school houses, churches, county and public buildings, the cost of building bridges, improving public highways and the various outlays neccessary in a new country, have been already met by the en- terprising citizens that have heretofore come and taken possession of this goodly land. Good markets with all the elements 166 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. of good society having been already se- cured, the new comer will enjoy a greater per cent of benefits during any given time hereafter. To the tiller of the soil in the East, we say why waste your energies in a hopeless effort to draw from the impoverished land, more than it is able to bestow? Come where plenty will reward your labor, and where you will not only be enabled to pro- vide amply for the present, but lay aside that which will insure you comforts in the future. Congress has at various times, made lib- eral grants of land to the State of Iowa, of which the following is a statement as ap pears in the certified lists and patents in the land department of the office of the Secretary of State m % o M P W < H o c C DO o co tt co it: <" oo ~> si k3 gj to cjcooocoo 3 -- T O M i-c t- iri'co m co * c? C? CO ■* i eagffl : T30^ - 5 IE - : • 2 m « |.g o 3 ffl : m . C3 . O d ■ CD ' QJ co & ■fc 2 b a o :tfSH ii* -^! :g£n- ra . t* O— i— co °3 g tg ^-2 5 > O.rH ^- ggp->,, as to &c c >. a 5c5 ^co to £ 3.2 § ■*s«oo ) c> c- c* ira >rr in i t^ ex m "~ ir;iq e? o? oo tj co op ©? ut These lands were all granted for some specific purpose. The 16th section grant and the 500,000 acre grant, were for the benefit of the common schools, of which about 182,000 acres are yet unpatented. The grant of university and saline lands was for the benefit of the State University, and is under the control of the Board of Regents of that institution. Of the university lands, 2,860.79 acres, and of the saline lands 3,767.75 acres are yet unpat- ented. The entire amount of land re- ceived by the State for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College was 224 010.36 acres, of which there yet remains unpat ented 173,186.82. The grants known as the Des Moines River Lands were for the improvement of navigation in the Des Moines River. This scheme proved a failure, as the water was not of sufficient depth for successful navigation, but the lands were retained by the parties receiv- ing them as compensation for said im- provements, but have since been disposed of to speculators and actual settlers, and there is very little left for sale. The swamp lands were granted to the State for the purpose of reclaiming them by meats of levees and drains. In regard to these lands, the last biennial report of the Sec- retary of State, of July 1, 1883, from which this information is derived, says : " The object had in view in the passage of the act granting these lands was an excel- lent one, and had the end been attained which was anticipated, doubtless the State would have been greaily benefitted there- by. But the General Assembly after hav- ing granted these lands, by act of Janu- ary 12, 1853, to the several counties in which the same were situated, to be used for the purposes expressed in the act of ( 'ongress, saw fit, by act of March 22, 1858, to permit the counties 'to devote the same or the proceeds thereof, either in whole or in part, to the erection of public buildings for the purpose of education, the buiiding of bridges, roads and highways, for build- ing institutions of learning, or for making railroads through the county or counties to whom such lands belong.' " IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 167 Various railroad companies in the State received large grants of land to aid in the construciion of their roads, aggregating upwards of 3,500,000 acres of land, most of these grants being made as early as 1856. From the report of the Iowa Rail- road Commission for the year ending June 30, 1883, we learn that 136,672 acres of these lands were still unsold at that date. They are located in various coun- ties in the State through which these railroads extend, and are offered for sale to actual rettlers at reasonable rates and on good terms, and while they can- not be purchased at as low prices as in former years, the terms of payment, with all the advantages afforded by the present railroad facilities, social and educational advantages, and the improved condition of the State, more than compensates for the additional cost of the land. Large tracts of land in various counties in the State are held by speculators, and until recently have not been offered for sale, but many of these tracts have been placed in the hands of real estate men for sale, and compare very favorably, in re- gard to location and fertility, with the im- proved lands in the State. The value of Iowa real estate in 1880, as shown by the Tenth Federal Census, was $100,000,000, and from the report , then made, the property was assessed at only one-third of its true value. The law at present limits the levy for State tax to 23^ mills, and this limit has heretofore proved ample for all State purposes. This is an exhibit equal to any State in the Union, and much better than many. The same judicious management which has characterized the State government, has been exercised also in our county and mu- nicipal affairs. It is provided in our State constitution that "no county or municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any pur- pose, to an amount in the aggregate ex- ceeding five per cent of the taxable prop- erty within the limits of such county or corporation." The municipalities have, with few exceptions, shown no disposi- tion to rush recklessly into debt and the same is true also of the counties, many of them having =o indebtedness. The State is entirely out of debt. To the merchant, manufacturer, capital- ist, or mechanic, as well as the farmer, Iowa offers the best of inducements, and while our agricultural advantages are al- most unsurpassed, and offer the farmer a rich reward for his labor, it is quite evi- dent that our facilities for manufacturing are unexcelled, and that capital judicious- ly invested in manufacturing will yield as large a per cent of profit as in almost any other State. Our fertile lands, inex- haustible coal fields, our excellent water power and transportation facilities, the certainty of a ready market and remuner- ative prices for our products, are consider- ations wnich should encourag3 the es- tablishment of various productive indus- tries in our State. There are a number of cities in Iowa which offer special in- ducements to manufacturers, and the de- mand for a large class of manufactured articles, with the great increase in the number of our manufacturing establish- ments and the success which they have attained, point with certainty to a time, when Iowa will be classed with the manu- facturing States of the Union. There are many skilled mechanics in the East who have accumulated some sur- plus capital, and who, by union of effort, might establish productive industries in Iowa which would, with judicious man- agement, return large dividends on the capital invested. Iowa, however, with her millions of acres of unoccupied lands, has no room for the shiftless and indolent, and she has no inducements to offer to those not in- clined to industry, but to farmers, mer- chants, mechanics, manufacturers and laborers, as well as to all who come with brave, honest hearts, noble purposes and willing hands, she extends an invitation to come and see for yourselves this garden spot of the world so appropriately named Iowa. 163 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES INDUCEMENTS FOR IMMIGRA- TION TO IOWA. BY JOBTN R. SHAFFEE. Iowa has steadily grown the past quar- ter of a century in every direction, mater, ial and moral. Manufactories have in- creased. Iron, steel, glucose, glass. agricultural implements and a hundred other industries have brought producers and consumers face to f_.ce. Iowa is working out for itself the solution of a multitude of questions that in their several relations affect the man who raised the corn and the man who found a market | for it. Iowa feeds its own people luxuriously: it spreads a table groaning with the best products of the farm to its own inhabi- tants, and when they are all fed. it sends its surplus to the markets of the worid. Industry, application and inte ligent en- deavor are sure to win a gratifying reward. Its soil is fitted for the proclucti n of grasses and cereals that will feed thirty millions of people. Its coal will warm and make comfortable all those who may seek its borders. It will furnish fuel for railroad locomotives and an unnumbered series of machinery that will convert the raw material of the field inte the goods and merchandise that find their way into all lands. Its people are wise and thought- ful. Iowa has the best breeds of cattle, and hogs and sheep and horses. Iowa stretches forth her hand for something b.-tter than that which is now esteemed I best. Iowa s'ands first in rank as t> healthfulnes . I' promises to produce a race of men Mid women that shall have no superi r f »r physical perfection on the face of the earth. It is showing that the past is scarcely an index of what the future shah lie in what is mo-t excellent and desirab.e. It di es not owe anyihing which it cannot pay on demand. The municipality, the eoun'y, the State have been exceptionally clear of the incubus of debt. There is no land under the sun that has a better soil, a better people and a better prospect. There are 23,000 teachers in our schools ; there are 600,000 children enrolled ; there are 13.000 school-houses: there are in these, libraries with 30,000 volumes; and the ratio of increase in this direction keeps pace with the march of the growth of the State. Think of these 13,000 school-houses and 23.000 teachers. That statement alone is the best warrant that Iowa is a good coun- try in which to live. Nearly every city and town of prominence has is literary and academy of science and its lyceum for the cultivation of that which is best in human character. Consider the newspa- per press, and its mighty influence for gooh Iowa circulated during ten years nearly 12,000.000 daily papers and nearly 5,000,000 weeklies. These are supported by Iowa p.ople, because they are an intel- ligent and thoughtful people. The school-house, lyceum and library are supplemented by the church. One special denomination builds a church for every week in the year. These moral advantages are hardly behind the material progress which can now be seen on every nand. Iowa has a mighty reason to be thankful for her heritage. Her people have a reason no less mighty for thank- fulness, that their lives have fallen in pleasant places. Come, from all lands, and find in soil, climate and product, in all the condition of the highest in human life, that which will not fail in realizing the grandest hepes. Come, if you would tind health, and the blessings of church and school. Com 3 , with a will to work, and a determination to earn the proud title of a citizen of the best State in the Union. Come, being assured that indus- try and careful effort will bless you and your posterity. Cune. thankful for the magnificent stream of life in which we are living, and add to its excellence by the cultivation of the noblest and purest in life. Come, and no one will fail lo find more than has ever been promised. IOWA RESOURCES AND I sDUSTRIE: 169 THE FUTURE IOWA. BY C. F. CLAUKSOX. AGRICULTURAL EDITOR Of STATE REGISTER. 11 The best place on earth we know of now to put surplus money, is in Iowa land. The arable domain of the United States is nearly all taken up. Soon there will be no more West to go to — to take up homesteads or find cheap farming lands. So it will not be long until the reaction sweeps in, and in the rebound, Iowa, with its unequaled soil, and its millions of idle acres, will catch the best buyers. This will come in five years. Indeed, it is ap- pearing now. Iowa need not worry over foreign emigration, or about not getting enough of it. Just ahead, not very many years off at the longest, it is destined to be flooded with the people of its own nation, who want to buy farms in a rich soil . "When all the arable part of the public domain shall have been taken up, and the wave of settlement shall begin to return to find unoccupied lands in settled states. Iowa will have no competition then, for there is no s^ate that has the land of deep soil and sure crops and good health., and ready access to market it has. It can have no rival because there is no State that pre- sents to agriculturalist the many superior virtues it can. At the furthest this tim; is not ten years away. Indeed, it is practically here now, for, while a year ago Iowa had millions of acres of idle land for which there was no purchasers, it does not contain an acre now that will no: find a ready buyer at cash. With the increased demand prices have gone up. But even the lands in Iowa which are for sale are the •cheaoest things and greatest bargains in the United States just now to buy. Un- improved iand sells now at $4 and $5 per acre, and cultivated farms that sell from $10 to $15 per acre, are not selling at half their retail value. After the public do- main shall have been exhausted of all its farminz lands, the land of Iowa will very quickly go up to an average value of $100 per acre. Even now. what is $100 for an acre of Iowa land, wilh the hundred i irn crops that lie in it only waiting to be taken. year by year v Apply the closer and in- telligent cultivation of Holland or Ger- many or of France to an acre of Iowa land, and what would it not produce 9 "Jay Gould, the longest headed Amer- ican who ever lived, s lid to the writer of this once, in speaking of Iowa, its extra- ordinary soil, and no waste land, and its inevitable imperial future, that •'the man who owns 160 acres of Iowa land, has a fortune for his children if not for him- self." There is no possible doubt of this- There is nothing more certain. So it is wisdom to invest surplus money in Iowa land. Any man who puts mor.ey into it for inves'ment will be profited by it. The young man who will get hold of SO or 160 acres of it, even if he buys it on time and then works to pay for it as he soon can do, is assured of certain good living all his life and very possible fortune. '•We are coming to the second Iowa. The present state and people are rich, and have their riches created as if by magic. The average farm entered as a homestead, or bought at $1.25 an acre, is now worth $40 an acre, and has in the meantime made a good living for i.s owner, and perhaps a second family likewise. Here is an ap- preciation of many millions of dollar- — hundreds of millions of dollars, indeed. This is a rich harvest of great fortune that the first Iowa has gained But the second I :wa will reap even more richly. For the oast advance from $2 t:> $-10 an acre in he part of the State now improved will go on from $40 lo $100 in twelve or fif- teen years, while in the new part it will go from the $4 or $5 as now selling to $75 and $100 in the same lime. '•Why dream of gold mines, railroad stocks and speculation in Iowa, wnen there lies right at everyone's hands a chance just as golden and a hundred times more certain." 170 IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. IOWA NEWSPAPER DIREC- TORY. A COMPLETE LIST OP THE XEWSPAPERS AXD PERIODICALS OF THE STATE, GIVING COUNTY, TOWN, XAME OF PAPER, AXD WHEX PUBLISHED . ADAIR COUXTY. Adair — News, weekly. Fontanelle— Observer, weekly. Greenfield — Adair Co. Reporter, week- ly; Review, weekly ; Transcript, weekly. ADAMS COUXTY. Corning — Adams Co. Free Press, week- ly; Adams Co. G- lzette, weekly ; Adams Co. Union, Weekly. ALLAMAKEE COUXTY . Lansing — Allamakee Journal, weekly; Mirror, weekly. Postville— District Post, weekly; Re- view, weekly. Waukon — Democrat, weekly; Standard, weekly. APPAXOOSE COUXTY. Centerviile — Citizen, weekly ; Industrial Iowegian, weekly; Journal. weekly. AUDUBOX COUXTY. Audubon — Advocate, weekly; Audub">u Co. Sentinel, weekly; Times, weekly. Exira — AuduboaCo. Defender, weekly; lie, weekly. BEXTOX COUNTY. Belle Plaine — Independent, weekly: Union, weekly. B'airs'own — Iowa Loyalist, weekly. Mount Auburn— Star, weekly. Van Home — Comet, weekly. Yin'on — Eagle, semi-weekly; Ben'on Co. Deutsche Zeitung, weekly; Benton Co. Herald, weekly. BLACK HAWK COUXTY. Cedar Falls — Gazette, weekly ; Journal. weekly. La porte City — Progress, weekly; Re- view, weekly. Waterloo — Tribune, semi-weeklv ; Cour- ier, weekly: Deutch-Amcrikaner, weekly; Iowa State Reporter, weekly. BOOXE COUXTY . Angus — Black Diamond, weekly. Boone — Boone Co. Democrat, weekly, Boone Co. Republican, weekly; Standard, weekly. Boonsboro — Herald, weekly. Madrid — Register, weekly. Ogden— Reporter, weekly. BREMER COUXTY. Sumner — Gazette, weekly. TVaverly — Bremer Co. Independent, weekly; Democrat, weekly; Iowa Volks- blatt, weekly; Republican, Weekly. EUCHAXAX COUNTY. Independence — Buchanan County Bulle- tin, weekly; Buchanan County Journal, weekly; Conservative, weekly; National Advocate, weekly. Jesup — Times, weekly. BUEXA YISTA COUXTY. Aha — Advertiser, weekly. Newell — Mirror, weekly. Sioux Rapids — Press, weekly. Stoim Lake— Pilot, weekly; Tribune, weekly. BUTLER COUNTY. Clarksv lie— Star, weekly. Givene— Butler County Press, weekly. Parkersburgh — Eclipse, weekly. Shell Rock — Xews, weekly. CALHOUN COUXTY. Lake City— Blade, weekly. Lohrvillc — Leader, weekly. Mason — -Calhoun County Journal, weekly. Rockwell City— Calhoun County Re- publican, weekly. CARROLL COUXTY. Carroll City — Carroll Herald, weekly; C-irro'l Sentinel, weekly; Der Carroll Dcmokrat, weekly. Coon Rapids — Enterprise, weekly. Glidden — Record, weekly. Manning — -Monitor, weekly; News, weekly. CASS COUXTY. Anita — The Times, weekly; Tribune* weekly. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIE-. 171 Atlantic — Telegraph, daily and weekly ; ~}ass County Democrat, weekly; Messen- ger, weekly; People's Advocate, weekly; Saturday Herald, weekly. Griswold — Advocate, weekly. Lewis — Independent, weekly. CEDAR COUNTY. Mechanicsville — Press, weekly. Tipton — Advertiser, weekly; Conserva- tive, weekly. West Branch — Local Record, weekly. CEKRO GORDO COUNTY. Clear Lake— Mirror, weekly. Mason City — Expiess, weekly; Repub- lican, weekly ; Times, weekly ; Iowa Work- '' man, monthly. Rockwell — Phonograph, weekly. CHEROKEE COUNTY. Aurelia — Sentinel, weekly. Cherokee — Courier, weekly ; Iowa Free Press, weekly. Meriden — Ledger, weekly. CHICKASAW COUNTY. Lawler — Independent, weekly. Nashua — Post, weekly. New Hampton — Courier, weekly; Die Nord Iowa Freie Presse, weekly ; Tribune. weekly. CLARKE COUNTY. Murray— News, weekly. Osceola — Democrat, weekly; Sentinel. Weekly. CLAY COUNTY. Paterson— Patriot, weekly. Spencer— Clay County News, weekly; Reporter, weekly. CLAYTON COUNTY. Elkader — Clayton County Journal weekly; Der Nord Iowa Herold, weekly; Register, weekly. McGregor — News, weekly; North Iowa j Times, weekly. Strawberry Point — Democrat, weekly: Press, weekly. CLTNTON COUNTY. Calamus — Free Press, weekly. Clinton — Herald, daily and weekly: News, daily; Age, weekly; Die Iowa Volks-Zeitung weekly ; Bugle, bi-weekly. DeWitt— Observer, weekly. Lyons — Clinton County Advertiser, weekly; Mirror, weekly. Wheatland— Spectator, weekly. CRAWFORD COUNTY. Denison— Crawford County Bulletin, weekly; Review, weekly ; Review, week- ly, German. Yail — Observer, weekly. West Side— Dispatch and Enterprise, weekly. DALLAS COUNTY. Adel — Dallas County Democrat, weekly; Dallas County News, weekly; New Era, weekly. Dallas Centre— Globe, weekly. Perry— Chief, weekly: Pilot, weekly. Redfield — Record, weekly. Woodward — Times, weekly. DAVIS COUNTY. Bloomfield— Davis County Republican, weekly; Democrat, weekly; Legal Ten- der, Greenback, weekly. DECATUR COUNTY. Davis City — Commercial. weekly. Garden Grove— Express, weekly. Lamoni— Saint's Herald, weekly; Zion's Hope, semi-monthly. Leon — Decatur Co unty Journal , weekly ; Democrat-Reporter, weekly. DELAWARE COUNTY. Delhi— Monitor, weekly. Earlville — Graphic, weekly. Hopkinton — Commercial Advertiser, weekly. Manchester — Democrat, weekly; Press, weekly. DES MOINES COUNTY. Burlington— Gazette, daily and weekly; Hawk-Eye. daily and weekly; Iowa Tri- bune, daily and weekly; Railroad Report- er, weekly; Saturday Evening Post, weekly. Danville — News, weekly. Mediapolis — New Era, weekly. DICKINSON COUNT T. Spirit Lake — Beacon, weekly; Dickin son County Journal, weekly. 172 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. DUBUQUE COUNTY. Cascade— Pioneer, weekly. Dubuque— Democrat, daily and weekly; Herald, daily and weekly; Telegraph, daily and weekly; Times, daily, Sunday and weekly. Der National Demokrat, weekly ; Independent, weekly ; Iowa, week- ly; Luxernburger G-azette, weekly; Der Presbyterianer, bi-weekly; Iowa Normal Monthly; Mid-Continent, monthly; Mt. St. Joseph's Messenger, monthly; Prohi- bitionist, monthly; Trade Journal, monthly. Dyersville — Commercial, weekly. EMMET COUNTY. Estherville — Mercury, weekly; Nation- al Bro id-Axe, weekly ; Northern Vindica- tor, weekly. FAYETTE COUNTY. Brush Creek — N ws, weekly, Fayette — Iowa Postal Card, weekly; Collegian, monthly. Oelwein — Register, weekly. Waucoma — Free Press, weekly. West Unioa — Republican-Gazette, semi- weekly; Argo, weekly; Fayette County Union, weekly. FLOYD COUNTY. Charles City— Floyd County Advoca+e, weekly; Floyd County Standard, weekly; Intelligencer, weekly. Marble Rock— Weekly. Nora Springs — Advertiser, weekly; Floyd Couny Press, weekly; Odd Fel- lows' Monitor, weekly. Rockford — Reveille, weekly. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Hampton— Chronicle,weekly ; Franklin County Recorder, weekly. Sheffield— Press, weekly, FREMONT COUNTY. Farragut — News, weekly. Hamburg— Fremont Democratic News, weekly; Times, weekly. Sidney— Union, semi-weekly. Tabor— Union, weekly; Mu Omicron- icle, monthly. GREENE COUNTY. Grand Junction — Head-Light, weekly. Jefferson — Bee, weekly. Scranton — Journal, weekly; Christian Helper, monthly; One Plan Herald, monthly, GRUNDY COUNTY. Conrad Grove — Conrad Journal, weekly Grundy Cen'er — Argus, weekly; Grun- dy County Courier, waekly; Grundy Coun- ty Republican, weekly; Der Bruderbote, monthly. Reinbeck — Times, weekly. GUTHRI E ' COUNT Y. Bagley — Banner, weekly. Bayard — Reflector, weekly. Casey — Vindicator, weekly. Guthrie Center — Guthrian, weekly Iowa Star, weekly. Panora — Guthrie Vedette, weekly. Stuart — Locomotive, weekly. HAMILTON COUNTY. Stratford— Register, weekly. Webster City — Advertiser, weekly; Ar- gus, weekly; Hamilton Freeman, weekly. HANCOCK COUNTY. Britt — Hancock County Tribune,weekly. Garner — Hancock Signal, weekly. HARDIN COUNTY. Ackley — Enterprise, weekly; Tribune, weekly. Alden — Times, weekly. Eiclora— Herald, weekly; Ledger, week- ly ; Telephone, weekly. Hubbard — Times, weekly. Iowa Falls — Hardin County Citizen, weekly; Sentinel, weekly. Union — Star, weekly. HARRISON COUNTY. Dunlap — Reporter, weekly. Logan — Harrison County Courier, week- ly ; Harrison County News, weekly. Missouri Valley — People's Defender, weekly; Times, weekly. Mondamin — Independent, weekly, Persia — Post, weekly. Woodbine — Twiner, weekly. HENRY COUNTY. Mt. Pleasant — Free Press, weekly; Her- ald, weekly; Journal, weekly. Salem— News, weekly. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 173 Winfield — Beacon, weekly; Transcript, weekly. HOWARD COUNTY. Cresco — Howard County Times, weekly ; Iowa Plaindealer, weekly. HUMBOLDT COUNTY. Dakota City — Independent, weekly. Humboldt— Kosuios, weekly. Livermore — Gazette, weekly. IDA COUNTY. Battle Creek — Times, weekly. Holstein — Bulletin, weekly. Ida Grove — Ida County Pioneer, weekly ; Maple Valley Era, weekly. IOWA COUNTY. Marengo — Democrat, weekly ; Repub- lican, weekly. Millersburgh — Iowa County News, weekly. Victor — Herald, weekly. JACKSON COUNTY. Andrew — Blaetter aus den Waisenhaus- en, monthly. Bellevue — Leader, weekly. Maquoketa — Excelsior, weekly; Jack- son Journal, weekly; Jackson Sentinel, weekly; Record, weekly. Preston — Monitor, weekly. Sabula — Gazette, weekly. JASPER COUNTY. Colfax— Clipper, weekly. Kellogg — Enterprise, weekly; Post, weekly. Lynnville — Times, weekly. Monroe— Mirror, weekly. Newton — Herald, weekly; Iowa State Democrat, weekly; Journal, weekly. Prairie City — News, weekly. JEFFERSON COUNTY, Fairfield — Evening Journal, daily and 7eekly ; Ledger, weekly ; Tribune, weekly. JOHNSON COUNTY. Iowa City — Republican, daily and Weekly; Iowa State Press, weekly; Post, weekly; Blovan Americky, weekly; Vi- de^te Report' r, weekly. Oxford — J ournal , weekly . Solon — Reaper, weekly. JONES COUNTY. Anamosa — Eureka, weekly; Journal, weekly; Hornet, semi-monthly. Momicello — Expiess, weekly. Olin — Recorder, weekly. Oxford Junction (Garfield P. O.)— Qx. ford Mirror, weekly. Wyomi g — Journal, weekly. KEOKUK COUNTY. Hedrick — Enterprise, weekly. K ota— Eagle, weekly. Ri inland — Clarion, weekly. Sigourney — Courier, weekly; News, weekly; Review, weekly. South English — Herald, weekly. What Cheer — Patriot, weekly; Report- er, weekly. KOSSUTH COUNTY. Algona — Republican, weekly ; Upper Des Moines, weekly. Bancroft — Register, weekly. LEE COUNTY. Fort Madison— Democrat, weekly; Plain Dealer, weekly; Knight's Sword and Helmet, monthly. Keokuk — Constitution, daily and week- ly; Democrat, daily and weekly; Gate City, daily and weekly ; Die Post, weekly ; News, weekly; Central School Journal, monthly. West Point— Post, weekly. LINN COUNTY. Cedar Rapid? — Evening Gazette, daily; Republican, daily and weekly; Dem- ocrat, weekly; Iowa Free Press, week- ly; People, weekly; Post and Presse, weekly; Standard, weekly ; Times, weekly; Trade Review, weekly; Farm and Journal, monthly; Iowa Farmer, monthly. Centre Point — Courier Journal, weekly. Lisbon — Sun, weekly. Marion — Advent and Sabbath Advocate, weekly ; Pilot, weekly ; Register, weekly. Mount Vernon — Hawk-Eye, weekly; Cornellian, monthly. Springville— Independent, weekly ; New Era, weekly. Walker— News, weekly. 174 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. LOUISA COUNTY. Columbus Junction— Columbus Safe- guard, weekly. Morning Sun— Herald, weekly. Wapello — Louisa County Record, week- ly; Republican, weekly; Times, weekly. LUCAS COUNTY. Chariton — Democrat-Leader, weekly ; Patriot, weekly ; Dairy Farmer, monthly. Lucas— Ledger, weekly. LYON COUNTY. Rock Rapids — Lyon County Reporter, weekly; Review, weekly. MADISON COUNTY. St. Charles — Watchman, weekly. Winterset— Madisonian and Chrojical, weekly; News, weekly. MAHASKA COUNTY. New Sharon— Star, weekly. Oskaloosa — Herald, Weekly; Messen- ger, weekly; Standard, Meekly; Tele- phone, weekly. MARION COUNTY. Knoxville— Journal, weekly ; Marlon County Express, weekly; Mirion County Reporter, weekly. Marysville — Miner, weekly. Pella — Blade, weekly; De Christelyke Heraut, weekly; Week Blad, weekly. MARSHALL COUNTY. Edenville — Gazette, weekly. Gilman — Dispatch, weekly. M^rshalltown — Times-Repablican, daily and' weekly; Beobachter, weekly; Mar- shall Statesman, weekly; Sunday Reflec- tor, weekly; Iowa Teacher, monthly. State Centre — Enterprise, weekly. MILLS COUNTY. Emerson — Chronical, weekly. Glenwood — Independent Gazette, week- ly; Mills County ournil, weekly ; Opin- ion, weekly. Hastings — Plaindealer, weekly. Malvern — Leader, weekly. MITCHELL COUNTY. Osage — Mitchell County News, weekly; Mitchell County Press, weekly. St. Ansgar — Enterprise, weekly. MONONA COUNTY. Mapleton — People's Press, weekly. Onawa — Monona County Gazette, week- ly • Whiting — Sentinel, weekly. MONROE COUNTY. Albia — Democrat, weekly ; Era, weekly ; Union, weekly. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Elliott — Reporter, weekly. Red Oak — Express, weekly; People's Telephone, weekly; Record, weekly. Stanton — Call, weekly. Villisca — Review, weekly. MUSCATINE COUNTY. Muscatine — Journal, daily, tri-weekly and weekly; Tribune, daily and weekly; Die Wacht am Mississippi, weekly; News, weekly ; Reporter, monthly. Nicliol — Iowa Watchman, weekly. West Liberty — Enterprise, weekly ; Wapsie ludex, weekly; Dairy and Farm Journal, monthly. Wilton — Review, weekly. O'BRIEN COUNTY. Paullina — Times, weekly. Sanborn — Pioneer, weekly. Sheldon, Mail, weekly; News, weekly; Iselins' Land Journal, m n.hly. Sutherland — Courier, weekly. OSCEOLA COUNTY. Ashton — O=ceola County Review, week- ly. Sibley — Gazette, weekly; Osceola Coun- ty Tribune, weekly. PAGE COUNTY. Blanchard — Record, weekly ; State-Line Leader, weekly. Clarinda — Herald, weekly; Journal, weekly ; Page County Democrat, weekly. Coin — Eagle, weekly. College Springs — Amily Index, monthly. Essex — Index, weekly. Shenandoah — Post, weekly; Reporter, weekly; Republican, weekly. PALO ALTO COUNTY, Emmettsburg — Palo Alto Pilot, weekly ; Palo Alto Reporter, weekly. Ruthven — Free Press, weekly. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 175 PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Akron — Western Delta, weekly. Kingsley— Times, weekly. Lemars — Sentinel, daily and semi-week- ly; Democrat, weekly ; Dispatch, weekly. POCAHONTAS COUNTY. Fonda — Pocahontas Times, weekly. Rolfe — Reporter, weekly. POLK COUNTY. Des Moines — Iowa Capital, daily and weekly; Iowa State Leader, daily and weekly; Iowa State Register, daily and weekly ; News, Daily and weekly ; Grand Army Advocate, weekly; Iowa Home- stead, weekly; Iowa Journal of Com- merce, weekly; Iowa Staats Anzeiger, weekly; Iowa Tribune, weekly; Persin- ger's Times, weekly; Plain Talk, weekly ; Saturday Evening Mail, weekly; Hawk- Eye Blade, weekly; Million, weekly; JSvithiod, weekly ; Christian Oracle, weekly; Western Farm Journal, semi- monthly ; Drake Index, monthly ; Iowa Advance, monthly; Iowa Review, monthly; Iowa State Medical Reporter, monthly; New Broom, monthly; Trade Journal, monthly; Railway Times, month - Mitchellville — Index, weekly. POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY. Avoca— Delta, weekly; Herald, weekly. Carson — Criterion, weekly. Council Bluffs— Globe, daily and week- ly; Herald, daily and weekly ; Nonpareil, •daily and weekly; Deaf Mute Hawk- Eye, weekly; Freie Presse, weekly. Macedonia — Macedonian, weekly. Neola— Reporter, weekly. Oakland— Acorn, weekly. Walnut— Bureau, weekly. POWESHIEK COUNTY. Brooklyn — Chronical, weekly. Grinnell— Herald, semi-weekly; Inde- pendent, semi-weekly; Signal, weekly; News Letter, every three weeks. ' Malcolm — Gazette, weekly. Montezuma — Poweshiek County Demo- crat, weekly; Republican, weekly. RINGGOLD COUTTY. Kellerton — Independent, weekly. Mount Ayr — Journal, weekly; Onward, weekly; Ringgold Record, weekly. SAC COUNTY. Odebolt — Observer, weekly; Reporter, weekly. Sac City— Sac County Democrat, weekly ; Sac Sun, weekly. Wall Lake — Journal, weekly. SCOTT COUNTY. Davenport — Democrat, daily, Sunday and weekly; Der Democrat, daily, semi- weekly and weekly; Gazette, daily and weekly ; Herald, daily and weekly ; Dan- nebrog, weekly; Iowa Messenger, week- ly; Northwestern News, weekly; Sternen Banner, weekly; Der Nordwestern, month- ly; Familien-Journal, monthly; Inter- State Press, monthly; Iowa Churchman, monthly. SHELBY COUNTY. Defiance — Argus, weekly. Harlan — Shelbv County Republican, weekly; Tribune, weekly. Shelby— News, weekly. SIOUX COUNTY. Alton— Review, weekly. Calliope— Independent, weekly. Hawarden — Commercial, weekly. 1 Orange City — De Volksvriend, weekly; Sioux County Herald, weekly. Pattersonville — Iowa Index, weekly. STORY COUNTY. Ames— Intelligencer, weekly. Cambridge— Reporter, weekly. Nevada — Highway, weekly; Represen- tative, weekly ; Story County Watchman, weekly. TAMA COUNTY. Dysart— Reporter, weekly. Gladbrook — Courier, weekly; Tama Northern, weekly. Tama City — Free Press, semi- weekly ; Tama Herald, weekly. Toledo — Chronicle, weekly; Tama Co. Democrat, weekly; Reader's Friend, monthly ; Teacher and Student, monthly. Traer— Star-Clipper, weekly. 176 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, TAYLOR COUNTY. Bedford— Iowa Southwest, weekly; Taylor County Democrat, weekly ; Taylor County Republican, weekly. Clearfield— Enterprise, weekly. Gravity — Express, weekly. Lenox— Independent, weekly ; Time Table, weekly. UNION COUNTY. Afton— Enterprise, weekly ; Tribune- News, weekly. Creston — Gazette, daily and weekly; Commonwealth, weekly; Every Sunday Morning, weekly; Independent Ameri- can, weekly; Monitor, weekly; Union County Democrat, weekly. VAN BUREN COUNTY. Bentonsport— County Paper, weekly. Birmingham — Enterprise, weekly. Bonaparte — Van Buren County Journal, weekly. Farmington — Bee, weekly. Keosauqua — Republican, weekly; Yan Buren Democrat, weekly, Milton — Herald, weekly. WAPELLO COUNTY. Eddyville — Advertiser, weekly. Eldon — Review, weekly. Ottumwa — Courier, daily and weekly ; Democrat, daily and weekly; Industrial Appeal, weekly ; Journal und Freie Presse, weekly ; Saturday Press, weekly ; Chords, monthly ; Western Scientist, monthly. WARREN COUNTY. Indianola — Advocate-Tribune, weekly ; Herald, weekly; Simpsonian, monthly. Milo— Motor, weekly. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Ainsworth — Clipper, weekly; Sentinel, weekly ; Floral Instructor, monthly ; West- ern Horticulturist, monthly; Conference Quarterly. Brighton — Enterprise, weekly; News, weekly. Riverside— Leader, weekly. Washington— Democrat, weekly; Ga- zette, weekly ; Washington County Press,, weekly. WAYNE COUNTY. Allerton — News, weekly; Wayne Coun- ty Republican, weekly. Corydon — Democrat, weekly; Times, weekly. Humeston — New Era, weekly. Lineville— Tribune, weekly. WEBSTER COUNTY. Dayton — Review, weekly. Fort Dodge — Times, daily and weekly ; Messenger, weekly ; Webster county Ga- zette, weekly. Gowrie — Register, weekly. Lehigh — Lehigh Valley Echo, weekly. WINNEBAGO COUNTY. Forest City — Winnebago Review, week- ly; Winnebago Summit, weekly. Lake Mills — Independent Herald, weekly. WINNESHIEK COUNTY. Calmar — Clarion, weekly. Decorah — Journal and Press, weekly; Pobten, weekly; Republican, weekly; For Hj emmet, monthly. Ossian — Beacon, weekly. WOODBURY COUNTY. Correctionville —Sioux Valley News, weekly. Danbury — Maple Valley Scoop, weekly Sioux Ciiy — Journal, daily and weekly; Times, daily and weekly ; Courier, weekly ; Nya Nordvestern, weekly; Tribune, weekly. Sloan— Star, weekly. WORTH COUNTY. Northwood — Worth County Eagle, weekly; Worth County Index, weekly. WRIGHT COUNTY. Belmond — Herald, weekly. Clarion — -Wright County Monitor, weekly; Wright County Republican, weekly. Eagle Grove — Boone Valley Gazette, weekly ; Times, weekly. IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY A Complete List of all the Post-Offices in the State, with the Money-Order Offices and County Seats. County Beats are indicated by italics. An asterisk (*) after a name indicates a money or^er office, and a dagger (t) after a name indicates an international money-order office. TOWN. COUNTY. Abbett Hardin Abingdon Jefferson Acklev*t Hardin Ackwbrth Warren Adair* Adair Adams Muscatine Addison Humboldt Adei* Dallas Adelpnia Polk Ufton*t Union Agency City*. . .Wapello Ain swo rth* . W as bin gton Akron* Plymouth Albany. Davis Albaton Monona Albia*+ Monroe Albion* Marshall Alden* Hardin Aidrich Wright Alexander Franklin Algona*f Kossuth Allen's GroTO Scott AUerton* Wavne Allison* Butler Almont Clinton Almoral Delaware Alta* Buena Vista Alta Vista. ...Chickasaw Alton* Sioux Altoona* Polk Amador Wapello Amana i Iowa Ajnber Jones Ames*t Story A.mish ..Johnson Amity Scott Anamosa*.. Jones Anderson Fremont Andrew* Jackson Angus* Boone Anita* Cass Ankeny Polk Annieville Clay Arlington Butler Arbor Hill. Adair Arcadia* Carroll Areola Monona Argand Jones Armour ..Pottawattamie Armstrong Fmmett Arrow -..Grundy Arthur Ida TOWN. JOTTNTY. Ashewa Polk Ash Grove Davis Ashton „ Osceola Aspinwall Crawford _Astor Crawford Atalissa* Muscatine Athol Sioux Atkins Benton Atlantic*... TOWN. COUNTY. Belknap Davis Belle Plaine*t. • .Benton Belleville Jefferson Bellevue*t Jackson Bellmond* .Wright Beloit* Lyon Belvidere Monroe Bentonsport*.Van Buren Attica Marion Audubon* Audubon Augusta Des Moines Aurelia* Cherokee Avery Monroe Avoca*t. Pottawattamie Avon Polk Ayrshire Palo Alto Avres' Grove Polk Badger Webster Bagley Guthrie Baker — Jefferson Baldwin Jackson Balluff . .Scott Balltown Dubuque Ballyclongh — Dubuque Bancroft* Kossuth Bangor Marshall Banketon Dubuque Barclay . . .Black Hawk Bard Louisa Barnes City Mahaska Barnum Webster Barryvil'e Delaware Barrwood Scott Bartlett Fremont Bassett Chickasaw Batavia* Jefferson Battle Creek* Ida Bauer Marion Baxter Jasper Bayard -..Guthrie Beacon* Mahaska Beaconsfield.. . . Ringgold Beaman Grundy Bear Grove Guthrie, Beaver Boone Beckwith Jefferson Bedford*^ Taylor Beebeetown Harrison Beetrace Appanoose Belfast Lte Belinda. Lucas CassiBergen Allamakee Berkley Boone Berlin -....Tama Bernard Dubuque Berry Marion Bertram ,.... Linn Berwick.... Polk Bethlehem. ......Wayne Beulah ..Clayton Bevington. ...... Madison Big Mound Lee Big Rock Scott Big Spring Wayne Bingham Page Birmingham* . VanBuren Bismarck Clayton Blackmore. . . . .Ringgold Bladensburgh . . .Wapello Blaine Buena Vista Blairsburgn.... Hamilton Blairstown*t Benton Blakesburgh Wapello Blakeviile... Black Hawk Blanchard* Page Blencoe - . . . . Monona Blockiey Decatur Bloomfield*f Davis Bl ooming Prairie Pocahontas Blue Grass Scott Bluff ton Winneshiek Bode Humboldt Bon Accord Johnson Bon Air Howard! Bonaparte*... Van Buren Bondarant Polk Boone* Boone Boonesborough*f. . .Boone Booneville Dallas Border Plains. . .Webster Bowen Jones Boyden Sioux Boyleston Henry Braddyville Page TOWN. COUNTY. Bradford. ...Chickasaw Bradgate Humboldt Brainard Fayette Brandon Buchanan Brayton*. . . ... .Audubon Brazil Appanoose Breda Carroll Brighton* ..Washington Briscoe Adams Bristol.. Worth Bristow* - — Butler Britt* .... .Hancock Bromley.... .^Marshall Brooklyn*t ..Poweshiek Brooks ...Adams BrookviUe Jefferson Brough Dallas Browning C arroll Brown Clinton Brownville Mitchell Bruce Wright Brush Creek*.... Fayette Bryan tburgh . . Buchanan Bryant Clinton Buck Creek Bremer Buena Vista. ...Clinton Buffalo Scott Buffalo Fork Kossuth Buffalo Grove. Buchanan Buncombe Dubuque Burgess Clinton Burk Benton Burlington*i.JDeB Moines Burnside Webster Burr Oak... Winneshiek Burt Kossuth Bussey Marion Busti Howard Butler Keokuk Butler Centre* Butler Butlerville Tama Cairo Louisa Calamus* Clinton Caledonia Ringgold Calhoi n Appanoose California .Harrison Callan Iowa Callender Webster Calliope Sioux Calmar* Winneshiek Caloma Marion Camanche* Clinton J78 IOWA POST OFFICE DIRECTORY. TOW. COUNTY Cambria Wayne Cambridge. Story Camp ••• Po , 1 k Campbell. Polk Campton ..... Delaware Canton Jackson Cantril Van Buren Capr on Marshall Carbon Adams Carl Adams Carlisle* Warren Carnf orth Poweshiek Carpenter* Mitchell Carroll* Carroll Carrollton Carroll Carson* . . Pottawattamie Carter Iowa C assady Webster /Cascade* J)ubuque (Casey* Guthrie Castalia Winneshiek Castana. Monona [Castle Grove Jones (Castleville .... .Buchanan Cecilia Howard Cedar Mahaska CJedar Bluff Cedar Jedar Falls* Black Hawk Jedar Mines. .Monroe ?edar Rapids*t Linn lenterville*. ..Appanoose (Central City Linn ">ntralia Dubuque )enterdaie Cedar Center Grove .Dubuque )enter Junction. . .Jones Jenter Point*.. Linn [Ceres Clayton Chancy Clinton khapin Franklin ]Chariton*f Lucas Charles City*f... .Floyd (Charleston Lee C harlotte* Clinton Charter Oak... Crawford Chase Johnson Chelsea* . .* Tama vherokee*\ Cherokee [Chester Howard Chester Center . ) Poweshiek Chesterfield Polk Chickasaw. . . Chickasaw Chilicothe Wapello lOhisholm Monroe Churdan Greene (Cincinnati . .Appanoose (Civil Point Audubon Olanton Madison Clare Webster [Clarence* Cedar Clarendon ... .Ida illarinda* Page Clarion* Wright Clark Clav Clarkson Warren Clarksville. Butler Clay Washington Cla\ford Jones Clay Mills . . .... .Jones Clay's Grove Lee Clayton* Clayton Clearfield* Taylor Clear Lake* . CerroGordo Clemons Marshall Clermont* Fayette Cleveland* Lucas Cleves.... Hardin Clifton Louisa Climax . . . .Montgomerv ClimbingHill, Woodbury Clinton*^ Clinton Clio ..\\ ayne .Clipper Ringgold TOWN. county. Olive Polk Clyde Jasper Coal Creek Keokuk Coalfield Monroe Coalville Webster Coburgh .... Montgomery Coin* Page Coldwater ...Franklin Colesburgh*... Delaware Colfax* Jasper College Springs* . . .Page Collins Story- Colo* Story Col umbia Marion Columbus City*t- Louisa Columbus Junction* . . . Louisa Commerce Polk Communia Clayton Competine Wapello Concord* Hancock Conesville Muscatine Confidence Wayne Conklin ...Audubon Conover Winneshiek Conrad Crove .... Grundy Conroy Iowa Conway* Taylor Cool ..Warren Coon Rapids Carroll Cooper Greene Cope Polk Coppock Henry Coralville Johnson Corley Shelby Corning*f Adams Correctionville Woodbury Cor with Hancock Coryaon*f Wayne Cottage Hardin Cottage Hill. . . . Dubuque Cortonville ....Jackson Cottonwood .Lee Council Bluffs* f Pottawattamie Council Hill . ..Clayton County Line... Jefferson Crabb Jackson Crawf ordville* Washington Crescent. .Pottawattamie Cresco* Howard Creston*t Union Creswell Keokuk Crocker Polk Cromwell* Union Cromwell Center. ..Clay Croton Lee Crown Decatur Crozier Buena Vista Crystal Tama Cumberland Cass ' urley Palo Alto Dahlo'nega Wapello Dakctah* Humboldt Dalby Allamakee Dale Guthrie Dallas Marion Dallas Center* Dallas Dana Greene Danbury* Woodbury Danforth Johnson Danville* Des Moines Dauenport*% Scott Davis City Decatur Davis Corners . . Howard Dayton* Webster Dean Appanoose Decatur Decatur Decorah*f. ...Winneshiek Dedham . . ..Carroll Deep River*.. Poweshiek Deerfield — ..Chickasaw TOVM. COUNTY Deerli._ . Vinnebago De Etta .. ..r'uweshiek Defiance Shelby DeKaib Decatur Delaware Delaware De Leon Cherokee Delhi* Delaware Delmar* Clinton Deloit Crawford Delphos Ringgold Delta Keokuk Denison*f Crawford Denmark* Lee Dennis Appanoose Denver Bremer Denby Lucas Des MoiNES*t .folk " " East Side Polk De Soto* Dallas De Witt* Clinton Dexter* Dallas Dickey Bremer Dillon M arshal I Dixon* Scott Dodds Woodbury Dodge ville... Des Moines Donahue Scott Donnellson. ... Lee Doon Lyon Doran Mitchell Dorchester ..Allamakee Doud'sStation VanBuren Douglas Fayette Dover ....Lee Dow City* Crawford Downey Cedar Downsville Pottawattamie Dows* Wright Drakesville* Davis Draper Jasper Dublin . . Washington Dubuque* t Dubuque Dudley Wapello Duke Dubuque Dumont Butler Dunbar .Marshall Duncombe Webster Dunlap*t Harrison Dunreath Marion Durango^ Dubuque Durant* Cedar Durham Marion Dyersville* Dubuque Dysart* ..Tama EagleCenter.BlackHawk Eagle Grove Wright Earlham* Madison Earling &helby Ear Iville* Delaware Early Sac Easr/Elkport ...Clayton East Nodaway.... A dams Eastport Fremont JEast Side.. Polk K ddy ville* Wapello Eden Fayette Edgewood Clayton Elberon Tama Eldon Wapello Eldora* Hardin El Dorado Fayette Eld ridge Scott Elgin* Fayette Elkader* Clayton Elkhart . Polk Elk Horn Shelby Elkport* Clayton Ellington Hancock Elliott* ....Montgomery Ellis Hardin ^station of Des Moines Post Office. TOWN. COTTNTTV Ellsworth Hamilton' Elon Allamakee Elrick Louisa Elvira .Clinton Elwell Story Elwood Clinton Ely Linn Emeline Jackson Emerson Mills- Emmets burgh*. Palo Alto Epworth* Dubuque- Erastue Guthrie Essex* Page Estherville.. Emmett : Eugene Ringgold- Eureka Adams Evans Mahaska Eveland Mahaska Evergreen Tama E wart Poweshiek Excelsior Mahaska- Exira* Audubon Exline Appanoose- Fairbank Buchanan Fairfax* Linn Fairfield* Jefferson Fairhaven Tama- Fairland Dallas Fairmount Jasper Fair port Muscatine Fairview Jones- Fam?iers Guthrie Farley* Dubuque Farmer City. ..Fremont Farmers Sioux Farmersburgh. . .Clayton Farmington*.Van Buren Farnhamville*.. Calhoun Farragut* Fremont Faulkner Franklin Fayette; Fayette Fenton Kossuth Ferguson Marshall Ferry Mahaska. Fertile.... Worth Festina ... .Winneshiek Fierce Decatur Fifield Marion Fifteen Mile Tama Fillmore Dubuque- Finchford... Black Hawk Fine Kossuth Fisk Adair Flagler's Marion Flemmgville Linn Fletcher* Sao Flint Mahaska- Florenceville... .Howard Floris* Davis Floyd Floyd Fonda Pocahontas Fontanelle* Adair Foote Iowa- Ford Warren Forest City*.. Winnebago Forest Home. Poweshiek Forest Mills.. Allamakee Forestville... .Delaware Fort Atkinson Winneshiek. Fort Dodge* t . . . Webeter Fort Madison* t Lee Four Corners.. Jefferson Franklin Lee Franklin Mills Des Moines Frank Pierce . . .Johnson Frankville . . Winneshiek Frederics Bremer Fredericksburcr'* C i okas aw Fredonia Louisa. Fredrio Monroe Freeport. , . , Winneshiek. IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 179 ^POWN. COUNTY. Fremont Mahaska French Creek. Allamakee Froelich Clayton Fruitland Muscatine Fry eburgh Wright Fulton Jackson Gale Woodbury Ga'esburgh Jasper Galion .Cass Galland Lee Galtville Wright Galvin Marshall Gambiil .Scott Garden Grove*.. Decatur Garfield .Appanoose Garnaville* Clayton Garner* Hancock -Garrison* ........ Benton Garry Owen Jackson Garwin* Tama Gear Madison Gem Clayton Geneva* Franklin •Genoa. Wayne Genoa Bluff Iowa Georgetown Monro e Germanville. . . Jefferson Giard Clayton Giflord Hardin Gilbert Scott Gilbert's Stal ion... Story Gilbertville. Black Hawk Gillett Clay Gilman^ .Marshall Gilmore City Pocahontas Givin. . ., ; Mahaska ■Gladbrook* Tama Gladstone Tama Glasgow Jefierson Glendale....... Jefferson Glendon Gutbrie Glenwood*i .. Mills Glidden* • Carrol; Golden Delaware Goldfield Wright Goose Lake Clinton Gopher Osceo 1 ^ Gordon's Ferry. Jackson Goshen Ringgold Gosport Marion Gowrie Webster Qraceville Guthrie Graettinger....Palo Alto Grafton Worth Grand J unction*. Greene Grand Mound.... Clinton Grand Ri\ «r*. . . .Decatur Grandview Louisa Grant* Montgomery Grant Center.. .Monona Grant City .Sac Granville Sioux Gravity* Taylor Gray Audubon Greeley* Delawar- Greencastle Jasper Greene* Butler Greenfield* Adair Green Island ...Jackson Green Mountain Marshal] Green Tree Scott Greenvale Dallas Greenville Clay Greenwood Polk Gregg Johnson Oresham.... Black Hawk Grtfflnaville., Appanoose Grimes Polk Grinnell*t. .Poweshiek Griswold* Cass Grove . - Audubon Grove Hill Bremer vgroveland Adair TOWN. COUNTY. Grundy Centre*. . . Grundy Guernsey Poweshiek Guss Taylor Guthrie Centre*.. Guthrie Guttenburg*?.. ..Clayton llaibur Carroll Hale Jones Hall Davis Hamburg* Fremont Hamilton Marion Hampton* Franklin Hancock. Pottawattamie Hanover A 1 lamakee Hansell Franklin Harcourt Webster Hardin Clayton Hardy Humboldt Harlan* Shelby Harper* Keokuk Harper's Ferry Allamakee Hartford Warren Hartley O'Brien Hartwick. ...Poweshiek Harvard Wayne Harveyville Marion Hastie Polk Hastings* .Mill6 Hatton Polk Havelock. . . .Pocahontas Haverhill Marshall Haven Tama Havre Washington Hawarden Sioux Hawk Eye Fayette Hawleyville Page Hawthorn. .Montgomery Hayes Adams Hayesville Keokuk Hazel Dubuque Hazleton Buchanan Haze Green... Delaware Hebron Adair Hedge Iowa Hedrick Keokuk Helena, Tama Henderson Mills Henness Mahaska Hentonville Mills Hepburn — Page Herdland Clay Herndon Guthrie Hesper* ....Winneshiek Hiawatha . . Monona Hibbsville.. ..Appanoose Hickory Monroe Higginsport Jackson High Creek Fremont High Lake Emmett Highland Clayton Highland Centre Wapello Highlandville Winneshiek High Point Decatur Hillsborough Henry Hillsdale* Mills Hilton Monroe Hinton Plymouth Hirondelle Worth Hitesville Butler Hodge Wayne HoJaday's , Adair Holbrook Iowa Holland* Grundy Holley Plymouth ttol ley Springs Woodbury Holstein — , Ida Holt Taylor ciomer Hamilton Homestead** Iowa Honey Creek Pottawattamie TOWN. COUNTY. Hopeville* Clarke Hopkinton* . . ..De aware Hoprig Emmett Horace , ..Aubudon Horn Jasper H orton Bremer Hosidns Woodbury Hosper Sioux Houghton.. Lee Howard Howard Hubbard* Hardin Hudson .Black Hawk Humboldt*.. .Humboldt Humeston Wayne Hummaconna. . .Monroe Hunters Dickinson Huron — . . .Des Moines Huxley Story Iconium App anoose Ida Grove*f...., Ida Iilyria Fayette Imogene*.. ...Fremont /ndependence*-fBuc~h.a,na,n. Indianapolis. . . Mahaska Indianola* Warren Ingart Einggold Inland Cedar loka Keokuk I oka Station .... Keokuk Ion Allamakee Ionia* Chickasaw Iowa Center Story Iowa Citu*f... .Johnson Iowa Falls* Hardin Iowa Lake Emmet Ira Jasper Ireton Sioux Iron Hills Jackson Irving Tama Irvington Kossuth Irwin* ^.iielby Ivey ville Adams Ivy Polk Jackson ...Adair Jackson Center Webster Jackson Junction Winneshiek Jacksonville .Chickasaw Jamaica Guthrie James Plymouth Jamison Clarke Janesville* Breme' Jehu Boont Jefferson*^ Greene Jessup* Buchanan Jewell Hamilton Jobes Audubon Jolley Calhour Jubilee Black Hawl Judd Webstei Kalo Webstei Kalona Washington Kamrar Hamilton Kasson Madison Keller Ringgold Kelley story Kellogg* Jasper Kendall ville Winneshiek Kennedy Dallas Kensett* Worth Kent Union Keokuk*+ Lee Keosauqua* . . . Tan Buren Keota* ...Keokul Keswick... Keokuk Kew .Ringgold Key Bremer Keystone Benton Key West. Dubuque Kier Buchanan Kilburn Van Buret KilldufE Jasper Kimballton ....Audubon King — ,.«... Dubuque TOWN. COUNTY. Kingsbury Grundy Kingsley Plymouth Kingston — Des Moines Kinross Keokuk Kirkruan Shelby Kirkville* Wapello Kirkwood. . ..Appanoose Kiron Crawford Kniffen Wayne Knox Fremont Knox ville* . Marion Kossuth... .Des Moines Koszta Iowa Lacelie Clarke Lacey ....... Mahaska Lacona Warren La Crew Lee Laddsdale Davis Ladoga Taylor Ladora* Iowa La Fayette Linn LaHoyt... Henry Lake City* Calhoun Lake Mills*. .Winnebago Lake Park Dickinson Lake Side Emmet Lamoille Marshall Lamoni* Decatur Lamont Buchanan La Motte Jackson Lancaster Keokuk Langwor thy Jones Lansing*t — Allamakee LaporteCity*Blackflawk Larchwood Lyon Lark Wo*rth Last Chance .Lucas Latimer Franklin Lattner's Dubuque Latty Des Moines Laurel .Marshall Laurens Pocahontas Lawler* Chickasaw Lawn Hill Hardin Leando Van Buren Lebanon Van Buren Le Claire* Scott Lee Union Le Grand* Marshall Lehigh Webster Leighton Mahaska Lelandsburg. Winnebago Z.e/wars*t Plymouth Lena Wright Lenox* Taylor Leon*t Decatur Leonard Taylor Le Roy Decatur Lesan Ringgold Leslie Clarke Lester Black Hawk Letts* Louisa Levy Polk Lewis* Cass Lewisbr f ;h Wayne Lexington.. Washington Liberty Clarke LibertyCenter*.. Warren Libertyville.... Jefferson Likens Benton Lima Fayette Lime Springs*.. Howard Lincoln .....Polk Linden Dallas Lineville Wayne Linn Grove. Buena Vista Linton Des Moines Linnwood ....Scott Lisbon* Linn Liscomb* Marshall Littl e Cedar ... . Mitchell Little Port Clayton Little River Decatur Little Sioux*. .Harriao» 180 IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. TOWN. COUNTY. Littleton ...... BuGhanan Livermor e Humboldt Living Spring Pottawattamie Livingston. .Appanoose Lockridge Jefferson Locust Winneshiek Logan* Harrison Lohrville C alhoun Lone Tree Johnson Long Grove Scott Longview. ..Van Bur en Lorah Cass Lore Dubuque Lossing Monona Lost Nation* ...Clinton Lothrop Warren Lourdes Howard Loveland. Pottawattamie Lovilla Monroe Lowden*t Cedar Lowell Henry Low Moor Clinton Luana* Clayton Lucas Lucas Lucky Valley.. Woodbury Luni Wright Tmther Boone Luverne Kossuth Luxemburg.... Dubaque Luzernes Benton Lycurgus Allamakee Lyman Cass Lynnville* Jasper Lyons*t Clinton Lytle City Iowa McCallsburg Story McCants Dubuque McOausland Scott McGregor Clayton Mclunkin.. Washington McKnight Humboldt McPaul Fremont McPherson Madison McVeigh Van Buren Macedonia Pottawattamie Mackey Boone Macksburgh*.. .Madison M adrid* Boone Magno]ia*t.. ..Harrison Maine Appanoose Malcom* Poweshiek Mallard Palo Alto Malone Clinton Maloy Kinggold Malvern* Mills Manchester*!. .Delaware Manhattan Keokuk Manly Worth Manning Carrol! Manson* Cal houn Manteno Shelby Maple Grove.. .Madison Maple Landing.. Monona Maple River. .. Carroil Mapleton* Monroe Maquoketa* Jackson Marathon . . . Buena Vista Marble Rock Floyd Marcus Cherokee Marena Ringgold MarengoH Iowa Marietta Marshall Marion*\ Linn Mark Davis Marne* Cass Marsh Louisa Marshalltown*f. Marshall Martelle Jones Martinsburgh* . . Keokuk Mar> sville Marion Mason C%*tCerro Gordo Masonville Delaware TOWN. COUNTT. Massillon Cedar Mauch Chunk.. Mahaska Maurice Sioux Maxfield Bremer Maxwell Story May Bell Sioux Maynard Fayette Maysvilie Franklin Mechanicsville* . . . Cedar Mederville .Clayton Mediapolis*.Des Moines Medora Warren Melbourne Marshall Melleray .Dubuque Melrose* Monroe Melville Audubon Menlo* Guthrie Menoti Buena Vista Mentor Bremer Meriden Cherokee Meroa Mitchell Merrill Plymouth Merrimac Jefferson Metz Jasper Middlefield Buchanan Middle River .Madison vi iddletown. . Des Moines Miles* Jackson Miiford* Dickinson Mill Fayette Mil edgeville. Appanoose Miller Hancock Millersburg* Iowa TOWN. COUNTT. Mount Pisgah.. Harrison Mount Pleasant* . . . Henry Mount Sterling Van Buren Mount Union Henry MountV alley Winnebago Mount Vernon* — Linn Mount Zion..Van Buren Moville ...Woodbury Muchachinock. .Mahaska Munn Cedai Munterville.. Wapello Murray* Clarke Muscatine*f.. .Muscatine Musquaka Iowa Myron Allamakee Nashua*t Chickasaw Nashville Jackson Nassau Keokuk National Clayton Navan Winneshiek Nelson Guthrie Neoga Pottawattamie Neola.. ..Pottawattamie Neptune Plymouth Nevada* t Story Ne vinville Adams New Albin* . . Allamakee Newark .Webster Newbern Marion New Boston Lee Newburg Jaspe Xe we il*+... Buena Vi«ta Millville Clayton New Hall Benton Milo Warren[/Vew Wa/wpro/7*Ohickasaw Milton* Van BurenlNew Hartford*. Butler Minburn*.. ... . .Dallas New Haven Mitchell Minden . . . Po ttawattamie Mineola Mills Mineral Ridge Boone Minerva Marshall Mingo Jasper Minnie Dickinson Missouri \' alley* ... Harrison Mitchell* Mitchell Mitchellville* Polk Modale* Harrison Moingona* Boone Mona Mitche 1 Mondamin Harrison Monmouth* Jackson Monona* Clayton Monroe* Jasper Monteith Guthrie Monterey Davis Montezuma*.. .Poweshiek Monti .Buchanan Monticello Jones Montour* Tama Montpelier.. .Muscatine Montrose* Lee Mooreville Tama Moorhead Monona Moorland Webster Moravia Appanoose Morf ordsville . . .Johnson Morgan Crawford Mormontown Taylor Morning Sun Louisa Morrison Grundy Morse Johnson Morsman Page Mortimer. Ringgold Morton's Mills Montgomery Moscow . . . Muscatine Moulton* Appanoose Mount Auburn . . . Benton Mount Ayr* Ringgold Mount Uarmel.. .Carroll Mount Etna* Adams Mount Hamill Lee Mount Joy Scott New Liberty Scott New London* Henry New Market* Taylor Newport Louisa New Providence. Hardin New Sharon*.. Mahaska Newton* . ..Jasper Newtonville. . .Buchanan New Vienna ...Dubuque New Virginia. . . Warren N e vv York , Wayne Nichol* Muscatine Niles Floyd iMira Washington Noble . Washington Noel Scott Nora Springs*.. .Floyd Nordland Worth Norman Winnebago Northbor ough Page North Branch .Guthrie North Buena Vista . . Clayton North English Iowa Northfield . . Des Moines North Libertv.. Johnson NorthMcGregor*Clayton North Washington Chickasaw Northwood* Worth Norwalk Warren Norway*t Benton Norwich Page Norwood Lucas Nugent Linn Nurna Appanoose Oak Grove.. .Poweshiek Oakland .Pott awattamie Oakland Mills ...Henry Oakland Valley. Franklin Oakley Lucas Oak Spring.... Davis Oakville Louisa Oakwood Polk Oasis Johnson Ocheyedan Osceola Odebolt* Sac TOWN. COUNTY. Oelwein* Fayette Ogden* Boone Ohio Madison Okoboji Dickinson Ola Lucas Olaf... Wright Oldfield.... Polk Olds Henry Olin* Jones Olivet Mahaska Ollie Keokuk Olymphus Harrison Owana* Monona Onslow* Jones Ontario Story Oran Fayette Oranqe City* Sioux Orchard* Mitchell Orient* Adair Orleans Appanoose Ormanville Wapello Ortonville Dallas Osage* . Mitchell Osborne Clayton Osceola* Clarke Oskaloosa*i M ahaska Ossian* Winneshiek Osterdock Clayton Otho Webster Otley Marion Oto Woodbury Otranto Mitchell Otranto Station . Mitchell Otter Creek... .Jackson Otterville Buchanan 0(tuwwa*f Wapello Owasa Hardin Oxlord* Johnson Oxford Junction*. .Jones Oxford Mills Jones Oyens Plymouth Osark.. Jackson Pacific City M ills Pacific J unction — Mills Packwood Jefferson Page Page Palmer Polk Palmyra Warren Palo Linn Panama Shelby Panora* Guthrie Panther Dallas Paris Linn Parkersburg* Butler Parrish . . Des Moines Pass Jackson Paten* Greene Patterson Madison Pattersonville* Sioux Pauline O'Brien Payne Fremont Peach Buena Vista Pedee Cedar Peiro Woodbury Pella*t Marion Pennington Lyon Peoria Mahaska Peosta.... Dubuque Percival Fremont Percy Marion Periee Jefferson Perry* Dallas Persia Harrison Peru Madison Petersburgh.. .Delaware Peterson * Clay Pierson Woodbury Pilot Grove Lee Pilot Mound Boone Pilot Rock — Cherokee Pin Oak Dubuque Pittsburgh... Van Buren Pioneer Humboldt Plainfield* Bremer IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 181 TOWN. COUNTY. Plain View Scott Piano Appanoose Plato ... Cedar Plattville Taylor Pleasant Grove Des Moines Pleasanton ... Decatur Pleasant Plain* Jefferson Pleasant Prairie Muscatine Pleasant Valley.. .Scott Pleasantville*.\. Marion Plover Pocahontas Plum Hollow*. Fremont Plymouth* .Cerro Gordo Plymouth Rock Winneshiek Pocahontas . . .Pocahonta Point Pleasant . . . Hardin Polk e Polk Pom roy*t.... . Calhoun Pony Bremer Port Allen Muscatine Portland.. .Cerro Gordo Portsmouth Shelby Postville* Allamakee Potter Tama Prairieburgh Linn Prairie City* Jasper Prairie Creek .Dubuque Prairie Grove Clarke Prairie Hill Boone Preparation Monona Prescotr, Adams Preston* Jackson Primghar O'Brien Primrose Lee Princeton* ..Scott Prole Warren Promise City Wayne Protivin ' ...Howard Pulaski* Davis Putnam Fayette Qnandahl Allamakee Quarry Marshall Quasqueton*. Buchanan •Quick.. ..Pottawattamie Quigley Clinton Quincy ...Adams Racine Buena Vista Radcliffe Hardin Jlamsey Kossuth Randalia Fayette Randall Hamilton Randolph* . . . ..Fremont Rathton Hardin Raymond. . .Black Hawk Read Clayton Reasnor Jasper Redding Ringgold Redfield* Dallas Red Oak*f.. Montgomery Red Rock Marion Reeder"s Mills. Harrison Reel's Pottawattamie Reinbeck* Grundy Remssen Plymouth .Reno Cass Renwick Humboldt Rhodes* Marshal 1 Riceville* Mitchell Richfield Fayette Richland* Keokuk Richmond* Washington Richardsville . . Dubuque Ridgedaie... Polk Ridgeway* . .Winneshiek Piiggs .." Clinton Ringgold Ringgold Ringsted Emmet Jfcippey Greene Rising Sun Polk Paver Junction. Johnson jRiverside* ..Washington TOWX. COUNTY River Sioux Harrison ttiverton* Fremont River View Lyon Robertson Hardin Rochester Cedar Rock Cerro Gordo Rock Branch. Woodbury Rock Creek Mitchell Rock Dale Dubuque Rock Falls*. CerroGordo Rockford Floyd Rock Rapids* Lyon Rock Valley Sioux Rockville. Delaware Rockwell . Cerro Gordo Rockwell City Calhoun Rodman Palo Alto Roland Story Rolfe Pocahontas Rome Henry Roscoe .. ..Des Moines Kosedale Wrisht Rose Hill*..... Mahaska Roselle Carroll Koslea Aubudon Ross Emmet Rossville .Allamakee Round Grove Scott Rousseau Marion Rowan Wright Rowley Buchanan Rudd Flovd Runnells Polk Runyan Osceola Rush Lake ..... Osceola Russell* lmcas Ruthven* Palo Alto Rutland Humboldt Ryan Delaware Sabula* Jackson Sac Cityi Sac Sageville Dubuque ^aint Ansgar*.. Mitchell Saint Anthony. Marshall Saint Charles*. .Madison Saint Donatus.. Jackson Saint Joseph... .Kossuth Saint Lucas Fayett- Saint Mary's Warren Saint Olaf Clayton Saint Paul Lee Saint Sebald ...Clayton Salem* Henry Salina Jefferson Salix Woodbury Sanborn* O'Brien Sand Spring. . .Delaware Sandusky , Lee Sandyville Warren Santiago Polk Saratoga Howard Sargent Floyd Saude Chickasaw Savannah Davis Saylorville Polk Schaller Sac Sciola.. . Montgomery Scotch Grove Tones Scott Floyd Scottswood Pottawattamie Scranton City*... Greene Searsborough* .foweshiek Secor Hardin election Monroe Selma Van Buren Seneca Kossuth Seney Plvmouth Sergeant Bluffs..". Woodbury Sevastopol Polk Seymour* Wayne Shambaugh Page TOWN. COUNTY Sharon Warren Sharon Center. Johnson Sharps Taylor Sheffield* Frank 1 -"- Shelby* Shelby Sheldahl* Story Sheldon* O'Brien Shellrock* Butl Shel Is burgh* ... Benton Shenandoah* .. Page Sheridan... .Poweshiek Sherman Poweshiet Shefrill Dubuqiu Shiloh Cedar Shirley Pocahontas Shoo Fly Johnson Shueyviile Johnson Siam Taylor Sibley* Osceola Sidney** Fremont Sigourney*i Keokuk Silver City*t Mill* Silver Lake Worth oux Center Sioux Sioux City* . . . Woodbury Sioux Rapids* Buena Vista Slagle Keokuk Sloan" Woodbury smithland... Woodbury Smyrna Clarke Snapp Pottawattamie Soldier Monona Solomon Mills Solon* Johnson Sonora Poweshiek South Amana ..Iowa South English*. .Keokuk Southerland. O'Brien South Flint. .Des Moine Spaulding Union Spencer Clay Sperry Des Moines Spillville* . ..Winneshiek Spirit Lake* . . . Dickinson Spragueville ...Jackson Spring Brook. . . Jackson Springdal e* Cedar Springfield Keokuk Spring Hill Warren Spring Valley. . .Decatur Springville* Linn Springwater Winneshiek Stacyville*.. .. Mitchel Stanhope Hamilton Stanton* . . .Montgomery Stanwood* Cedar Star Marion State Center*f. Marshall Steamboat Rock* Hardin Stennett — Montgomery Sterling Jackson Stiles Davis Stillwater Mitchell Stockton Muscatine Stone City Jones Storm Z.er/fe*tBuena Vista Story City* Story Strahan Mill- Stratford* . .Hamilton Strawberry Point*. Clayton Stuart* Guthrie Sugar Creek.. . Cedar Sully Jasper Sulphur Springs Buena Vista Summerset Warren ummitville Lee Sumner Bremer Superior. Dickinson Surry Greene Sutherland* O'Brien vr- ,, Marion TOWN. COUNTY. Swan Lake Emmett Swanton Butler Swea Kossuth Swedesburgh Henry Sweetland ...Muscatine Tabor* Fremont Tainton Mahaska Tallyrand Keokuk Tama City *f Tama Tara Webster Taylor .... Pottawattamie Teed Clinton Tempieton * Carroll Tenold... Worth Terry Benton Thayer Union Thomas Ringgold Tbor Humboldt Thornburg * Keokuk Thoten Winneskiek Thrall Wright Ticonic Monona Tiffin Johnson Tilton Poweshiek Tmgley Union Tipton* Cedar Tiyoli .......... Dubuque Toddville Linn Toledo* Tama Toolsborough.. . Louisa Toronto Clinton Tower Hill ..Delaware Towner p lk Tracy Marion Traer*t Tama Trent p ik Trenton Henry Trimello . Clay Tripoli* Bremer Troy D avig Troy Mills Linn Truro Madison Tunnel Hamilton Turkey River. . ..Clayton Tuskeega .Decatur Tyner p lk Tyrone Monroe Udell Appanoose Underwood Pottawattamie Union* Hardin Unionburgh. . . Harrison Union Center. . .Jackson Union Mills . . . Mahaska Uniontown . . . Delaware Unionville* . .Appanoose Unique ..... . .Humboldt Updegraff Glavton Upland Linn Upper Grove.... Hancock Upton Van Buren Urbanna. Benton Ute Monona Utica .Van Buren Vail* Crawford Valeria Jasper Valley Washington Valley View — Harrison Van Buren Jackson Vancleve* Marshall Vandalia Jasper Van Horn* Benton Van Meter* ... ... Dallas Van Wert.. .Decatur Vega Jefferson Veo Jefferson Vernon .... ..Van Buren Verona Poweshiek Victor* Iowa Viele Lee VillageCreek. Allamakee Villanova Clinton Villisca . . .Montgomery Vincennes ...Lee 182 IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. TOWN. COUNTY Vining Tarn 'VintonH Benton Viola Linn Viola Center. . .Audubon Yiroqua ..Jones Volga* Clayton Volney . . Allamakee Wadena Fayette Wagner Clayton Waldon Keokuk Walker* Linn Walkervilla Page Wallingf ord Emmet Wall Lake* . Sac Walnut* .Pottawattamie Walnut City. .Appanoose Waltham Tama Wapello* Louisa Wapsie Mitchell Warren Lee Warsaw Wayne Washburn . .Black Hawk Washington*i Washington Washington Mills Dubuque Washington Prairie Winneshiek Washta Cherokee Wat erloo*\ . . Black Hawk Waterman Wright Waterville . . . .Allamakee Watkins Benton TOWN. Watson Waubeck Waucom* COUNTY . . Clayton Linn ...Favette Waukee* Dallas Waukon* ...... Allamakee Waukon Junction Allamakee Wauerly* Bremer WayJand Henry Wayne Henry Webster Keokuk Webster City*.. Hamilton Weldon Decatur Weller Monroe Wellman* . ..Washington Wells Madison Wellsburg Grundy Welton* Clinton Wendell Cherokee Wentworth Mitchell Wesley Kossuth West Bend .... Palo Alto West Brauch* Cedar WestChester Washington Western College.. Linn Westerville Decatur Westfteld Plymouth West Grove ....Davis West Liberty* Muscatine West Mitchell* .Mitchell Weston . . . Pottawattamie Westphalia ... Shelby TOWN. COUNTY West Pilot Iowa West Point* Lee West Prairie Linn West Scott.. Buena Vista Westside* Crawford West Union*-f Fayette Wever Lee what Cheer*t... Keokuk Wheatland*t ...Clinton Wheeler.. Pottawattamie Whipple . Pottawattamie White Ash. .Washington White Cloud Mills White Oak Mahaska White Pigeon.. Keokuk Whiting Monona Whitneyville Cass Whitternore Kossuth W T hitten Hardin Wichita Guthrie Williams*... .Hamilton Williamsburg Iowa WilliamstownChicka-aw Willi! s Van Buren Willoughby Butler Willow Creek.. Clay Wilsonville.. Van Buren Wilton Junction* Muscatine Winchester .Van Buren Wind ham Johnson Windsor Favette Winfield Henrv TOWN. , COUNTY. Winslow....B'ack Hawk Winterset*f Madison Winthrop* Buchanan Wiota Cass Wirt Ringgold Wolcott Scott Wolf Dale Woodbury Wood Clayton Woodbine* Harrison Woodburn Clarke Woodland Decatur Woodside. .Winneshiek Woodville.. Winntshiek Woodward Dallas Woolson Jefferson Woolstock Wright Wooster Jefferson Worthington.. .Dubuque Wright Mahaska Wyman Louisa WyomiDg* Jones Y»le Guthrie Yankee Clay Yarmouth . . .Dee Moines York Center Iowa Yorktown Page Zalia Union Zearing Story Zenorsville Boone Zero Lucas Zwingle Dubuque DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS OF IOWA. DISTRICT COURTS. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS. JUDGES. 1st.— Abraham H. Stutsman, Burlington, Des Moines county, 2d —Edward L. Burton, Ottumwa, Wapello county. 3d.— John W. Harvey, Leon, Decatur county. 4th.— Charles H. Lewis, Cherokee, Cherokee county. 5th.— William H. McHenry, Des Moines, Polk county. 6th.— J. Kelley Johnson, Oskaloosa, Mahaska county. 7th.— Walter 1. Hayes, Clinton, Clinton county. 8th.— James D. Giffen, Marion, Linn county. 9th. -Carl F. Couch, Waterloo, Black Hawk county. 10th.— L. O. Hatch, Waukon, Allamakee county. 11th.— H. C. Henderson, Marshalltown, Marshall county. 12th. — George W. Ruddick, Waverly, Bremer county 13th. — C. F. Loofbourow, Atlantic, Cass county. 14th. — Lot Thomas, Storm Lake, Buena Vista county. The terms of office of all the Judges of the Dis- trct Court, except those for the 12th, 13th, and 14th Districts, expire on the 31st of December, 1886. Those for the 12th. 13th, and 14th expire on the 31st of December, 1885. DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. 1st.— D. N. Sprague, Keokuk, Lee county. 2d.— Samuel Jones, Bloomfield, Davis county. 3d. — James P. Flick, Bedford, Taylor county. 4th.— Stephen M. Marsh, Sioux City, Woodbury county. 5th. — A. W. Wilkinson, W T interset, Madison county. 6th.— John A. Donnell, Sigourney, Keokuk county. 7th— M. V. Gannon, Davenport, Scott county. 8th.— J. H. Preston, Cedar Rapids, Linn county. 9th.— Jas.H. Shields, Dubuque, Dubuque county. 10th.— Cyrus Wellington, Decorah, Winneshie'k county. 11th.— John L. Stevens, Ames, Story county. 12th.— J. C. Sherwin, Mason City, Cerro Gordo county. 13th.— A. B. Thornell, Sidney, Fremont county. 14th.— J. W. Cory, Spirit Lake, Dickinson county. The terms of office of all the District Attorneys, except those of the 12th, 13th. and 14th Districts, expire on the 2d of January, 1887 'J hose of the 12th, 13th, and 14th expire January 4, 1889. CIRCUIT COURTS. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS. JUDGES. 1st.— 1st Circuit, William J. Jeffries, Mt. Pleas- ant, Henry county; 2d Circuit, Charles H. Phelps, Burlington, Des Moines county. 2d.— 1st Circuit, H. C. Traverse, Bloomfield, Davis county; 2 J Circuit, Dell Stuart, Chariton, Lucas county. 3d.— JohnChaney, Osceola, Clarke county. 4th.— 1st Circuit, Daniel D. McCallum, Sibley, Osceola county; 2d Circuit, George W. Wakefield, Sioux City, Woodbury county. 5th.— 1st Circuit, Josiah Given and William Connor, Des Moines, Polk county; 2d Circuit, Stephen A. Callvert, Adel, Dallas county. 6th.— 1st Circuit, W. R. Lewis, Montezuma, Poweshiek county; 2d Circuit, George W. Crozier, Knoxyille, Marion county, 7th.— 1st Circuit, A. J. Leffingwell. Lyons. Clin- ton county; 2d Circuit, Nathaniel French, Daven- port, Scott county. 8th.— Christian Hedgas, Marengo, Iowa county. 9th.— W. H. TJtt, Dubuque, Dubuque county. 10th.— Charles T. Granger, Waukon, Allamakee county. 11th.— D. D. Miracle, Webster City, Hamilton countj r . 12th.— John B. Cleland, Osage, Mitchell county. 13th.— J. P Connor, Denison, Crawford county. 14th.— J. H. Macomber, Ida Grove, Ida county. The terms of the office of all the Circuit Judges expires on the 31st of December, 1888, except Judge Connor, whose term expires January 2, 1887. The boundaries of the Circuits are the same as the boundaries of the Judicial Districts, except the 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, and 7th Districts, which are respectively divided into two Circuits. IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 18£ TIMES OF HOLDING THE DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS OF IOWA FOR THE YEAR 1885. X C - COUNTIES. COUNTY SEATS. DISTRICT COURT. CIRCUIT COURT. X n ~. ■- - - •-3 = a 23 1 5 6 < >> 1 4 4 25 ^5 4 l!i 25 11 4 27 4 12 18 1*2 6 a 15 '8 'i "i 23 14 *9 ■j. < 18 11 31 31 25 31 3i 31 io z z 2 11 28 29 21 21 14 15 21 15 29 -' 2 k 19 '5 19 12 26 IH 5 26 26 5 *8 5 19 5 12 m 5 26 - = Z > 23 16 '9 23 16 16 10 *2 12 23 23 "9 24 23 16 30 - C 14 14 i '2 14 '8 ! 1 - 13 5 *5 5 12 19 5 5 26 i3 'e '5 26 26 20 19 6 5 26 19 >. u ~Z 26 '2 9 •2 '9 "9 16 2 5 '2 16 2 16 16 — 30 r, 2 31 19 16 *2 23 2 16 30 2 '2 2 *2 •3 17 m 23 < 2; 'e 13 26 *6 20 20 :: .. 23 6 20 ■n 6 -' £ 25 "a t 18 14 25 *4 25 18 12 4 11 11 25 11 25 *4 •■ '2 'l io 1 >. 21 14 28 ■j. l> <, 11 24 24 31 3 24 10 1 X '14 *22 21 14 "l '28 *21 21 17 '28 21 "l4 28 29 Z 2 'i 5 5 *6 12 26 5 19 5 12 26 1!' 5 27 12 19 12 > 2 30 23 16 23 5 19 23 30 '2 9 23 9 2 G> g ' — Greenfield Corning 3 10 Adams Allamakee ... Appanoose . .. Audubon Benton , Black Hawk... 2 13 S 9 11 2 *9 '6 *6 26 Vinton Boonsboro 9 12 9 14 12 14 13 13 8 12 4 Bremer Buchanan Buena Yista. .. Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Independence Storm Lake 'is 16 Rockwell City 3 20 27 20 6 '6 27 i3 9 in 2 Tipton Cerro Gordo. Cherokee Chickasaw — Mason City Cherokee 10 3 New Hampton Osceola 1 i Clay Spencer R 10 Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Elkader 19 '3 13 Clinton Denison 5 9 Adel 23 *2 24 30 *2 19 Bloomfield Leon 5 16 14 3 9 1 14 9 1 1 Decatur Delaware Des Moines.... Dickinson , Dubuque Emmet Favette Flovd Burlington Spirit Lake Dubuque Estherville 6 5 ' in West Fnion 16 ■-■■ 19 Charles Citv . . 11 13 V 3 Franklin — . Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard .. Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Hampton Sidney Jefferson i 9 5 11 V Grundy Center. . Guibrie Center Webster L ity Concord 16 *9 16 20 27 i3 21 8 11 4 1 Eldora Logan .. Mt. Pleasant 6 *9 10 Cresco 14 14 8 Dakota Ida Grove Marengo '2 '9 io 31 23 16 6 6 8 8 Maquoketa Newton Fairfield Iowa City An&mosa 6 Keokuk Siuournev 14 Kossuth lXee lLfift Algona Ft. ^Madison Keokuk 9 30 30 V) 8 Marion Wapello — Chariton Rock Rapids.. .. Winter set Oskaloosa 1 2 4 5 Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery .. Muscatine 6 11 13 12 4 3 7 Knoxville. ..•. Marshalltown Glenwood Osage Onawa Albia Red Oak Muscatine IS *6 '9 3 '3 2 30 13 7 184 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. TIMES OF HOLDING DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS— Continued. oc COUNTIES COUNTY SEATS. DISTRICT COURT. CIRCUIT COURT. 00 P o a 39 c9 - - 1 . n < % I s - 4 18 . a J? s £ 28 3 !! EC < 24 3 24 31 24 3 Z" X 14 2i 11 •21 — O O 12 20 12 26 z g O z 30 '3 '9 2 2 2 5 1 Q 14 ?' 7 oS c oa 28 *5 19 *5 5 >> 09 23 *9 -.' 9 9 a H 09 9 16 16 2 30 2 30 < V. 5' 3 '4 -1 4 12 CD c 1-3 'i 15 1 8 CO «i 5 31 Z z CD X 21 21* 11 'l4 14 14 ,c c 6 5 l.-t 26 lit 26 26 o> > O 9 IT '9 9 30 28 '2 16 CD -O 5 33 U CD P 4 O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie. Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Primghar 4 3 14 Sibley Claiinda 23 ' 28 6 .. 4 Le Mars 1 7 14 Pocahontas Center Des Moines 20 5 20 18 '. 26:' '4 ' 13 Council Bluffs 6 Montezuma 2 . -•'■' 3 14 Mt. Ayr Sac City 26 16 ! 3 . 7 Davenport. ... ... Harlan Orange City. .... 12 26 7 r- Shelby 4 11 Sioux Story Tama Taylor J6 ' it . 27 8 R Toledo Bedford 3 Union Van Buren Wap ello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek... . Woodbury Worth Wright Afton 2 2 Keosauqua Ottumwa Indianola Washington 5 5 •> 5 6 1'^ 2 Oorydon . 1 6 . 2 . 97 11 Port Dodge 28 21 2S 14 12 Forest City 10 Decorah Sioux City Northwood Clarion .. 1 .. s -> 6 31 24 •: 4 12 .. 11 . 6 *Avoca.