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THE 
 
 STUDENT'S MANUAL 
 
 y 
 
 BY 
 
 V 
 
 ALFRED WAITES. 
 
 -■ No lU. 
 
 BOSTON: LEE & SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS. 
 NEW YORK; CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM. 
 
 1878. _ 
 
 Copyright 1S77, by Alfred Waites. 
 
HE purpose of this Manual is to show, at a glance, the duration of the reign of all the 
 -^ English monarchs, and that of their contemporaries of France, Germany, and of the 
 
 Papacy, from the invasion of William "The Conqueror" to the present time. 
 
 It was thought unnecessary to repeat dates : the student will at once perceive that the reign 
 of each ruler commences from the date placed opposite the predecessor ; should there be, however, 
 an interregnum, or should a ruler be effectually deposed, it will generally be found so stated, 
 either under his name or in the notes accompanying each period. 
 
 The list of Popes is that authorized by the Roman Church; two anti-popes only are men- 
 tioned, — those who resided at Avignon immediately after the commencement of the Great Schism, — 
 opposite to the names of whom no dates are placed, to indicate that these persons were not in 
 possession of legitimate authority. 
 
 One great advantage must accrue to the student who makes use of this Manual, for, l)y 
 
 frequently seeing the various rulers' names in juxtaposition, he will find that they become 
 
 almost unconsciously memorized, and that in a brief period he will possess an acquaintance witli 
 
 ropean history, such as those only who have devoted much time to its study have hitherto 
 
 been enabled to obtain. 
 
 The relationship of the English monarchs, from A.D. 1066, is clearly shown. 
 
 Celebrated events of each period are placed throughout, the more important or curious of 
 which have references to the authorities from whom they were taken. The utmost care has been 
 exercised in the verification of every date ; and it is now published in the confident hope that it 
 will meet a want too long unsupplied, and facilitate the acquisition of historical knowledge. 
 
The Historical Students Manual. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Anglo-Norman Kings, 
 
 William I., "The Conqueror," son of Robert "The 
 Devil" and Harlotta ; m. Matilda, d. of Baldwin, 
 Count of Flanders. Reign: Dec. 25, 1066-1087. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Capetians. 
 
 Philip I., succeeded 
 his father 1060 ; d. 
 iioS. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 House of Franconia. 
 
 Henry IV.. succeeded 
 his fatlier 1056 ; d. 
 1 106. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Ale.\ander II., elected 
 
 106 1, d. 1073. 
 Gregory VII. ( Hilde- 
 
 brand ), d. 10S5. 
 Interreg}tuin, 1 year. 
 Victor III., d. 10S7. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Battle of Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066. Conflict between Gregory and Henry IV., concerning the right of investiture, 1073-1085. Henry 
 excommunicated, 1076; submits, and humbly sues for pardon, of Gregory, at Canossa, Jan., 1077; revokes liis submission, 1078 ; 
 captures Rome 10S4. Gregory dies in exile, at Salerno, May 24, 10S5. Sligand, Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 1070 County 
 justices first appointed, 1076. Baheading first introduced into England by Wiiliain 1 , as an aristocratical method of capital 
 punishment, 1076. Completion of Domesday Book, 10S6 Odo, Bisliop of Bayeux, d. 1097. Surnames first used in this century.' 
 
 William II., "Rufus," 3d son of William I. and Matilda. 
 Reign : Sep. 26, 10S7-1 100. 
 
 Philip I., d. I loS. 
 
 Henry IV., d. 1106. 
 
 Urban II., d. logg. 
 Paschal II., d. 1118 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Urban 11. announces the first Crusade, Nov. 18-28, 1095. St. George becomes the patron saint of England, ioq6 16,000 Jews 
 murdered by the Crusaders at Triers, Cologne, and Mayence, io)6.- Jerusalem captured, June 27, logq, by the Christian Army, 
 under Godfrey de Bouillon, who is elected King of Jerusalem, and first Crus.ide ends, July 23, 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon, d. iioo. 
 
 William II. accidentally shot in the New Forest, Aug. 2, 1 100. Peter the Hermit, d. 1 1 15. 
 
 Henry I., " Beauclerk," 4th son of William I. and 
 Matilda ; m. ist, Matilda of Scotland, and 2d, Adeliza 
 of Louvain. Reign: Aug. 5, 1100-1135. 
 
 Philip I., d. iioS. 
 Louis VI., d. 1137. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Henry IV., d. 1106. 
 Henry V., d. 1125. 
 
 House of Saxony. 
 
 Lothaire III., d. 1137. 
 
 Paschal II., d. 1118. 
 Gelasius II., d. 1 119. 
 Calixtus II., d. 1124. 
 Honorius II., d. 1130. 
 Innocent II., d. 1143. 
 
 Stephen, grandson of William I. by Adela 4th daughter, 
 who married Stephen, Count of Blois. Reign : Dec. 
 26, 1135-1154. 
 
 Louis VI., d. 1 137. 
 Louis VII., d. iiSo. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Lothaire III., d. 1137. 
 
 House of Swabia. 
 
 Conrad LII., d. 1152. 
 
 Innocent II., d. 1143. 
 Celestine II., d. 1144. 
 Lucius II., d. 1145. 
 Eugenius III.,d. 1153. 
 Anastatius IV., d. 1154 
 
 Ghibellines and Guelphs first used as party names at the battle of Weinsberg, 1140. Abelard, d. 1142. William of Malmesbury, d. 1143. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, d. 1154. 
 
 House of Plantagenet. 
 
 Henry II., son of Matilda, d. of Heniy I. and Geoffrey 
 of Anjou (Plantagenet). Henry II. succeeded to the 
 throne by the arrangement made by the parties of 
 Stephen and Matilda, in order to terminate the war, 
 which had been waged with varying success between 
 them ; m. Eleanor of Guienne, ex-qi;een of Louis 
 VII., of France, from whom she was divorced. 
 Reign: Dec. ig, 1154-1189. 
 
 Louis VII., d. iiSo. 
 Pliilip Augustus, d. 
 1223. 
 
 Frederick I., d. 1190. 
 
 CELEBR.ATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Anastatids IV., d. 1154. 
 Adrian IV., d. 11 59. 
 Alexander III., d. 1181. 
 Lucius III., d. 1185. 
 Urban III., d. 1187. 
 Gregory VIII., d. 1187. 
 Clement III., d. 1191. 
 
 .Arnold of Brescia burned at Rome, 1 155. 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, Jan. 25, 1164. Rome attacked and entered 
 by Frederick I., 1167. Ireland invaded by Henry II., 1171. 
 Thomas A'Becket, slain at the altar of Canterbury Cathedral, Dec. 29, 1170. 
 The Bank of Venice, the first banking house in Europe, established, 1171." Jerusalem recaptured by Saladin, October, 1187. 
 Nicholas I'reakspear, the only Eiiijlishman who has attained the Papacy : he assumed the name of Adrian IV. 
 
 T.ixes first levied on personal estate, in England, by Menry II.' The founder of the House of Plantagenet received this name from 
 his custom of placing a plant called genet in his hat, instead uf the plume of feathers usually worn at that lime. 
 
 Richard I., " Cceur de Lion," 2d son of Henry II. 
 and Eleanor ; m. Berengaria of Navarre. Reign : 
 Sept. 3, 11S9-1199. 
 
 Henrv VI., d. 1197. 
 Philip and Otho. 
 
 Clement III., d. 1191. 
 Celestine III.,d. 119S. 
 Innocent III., d. 1216. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Richard I. made prisoner by the Duke of Austria, Dec. 20, 1192, who sells him to Henrv VI., of Germanv : he is ransomed Feb. 4, 
 1194, for 150,000 marks, — ^300,000 The office of M.ayor, in England, dates from the time of Richard I. Richard I. mortally 
 wounded at the siege of Chaluz, Mirch 24, 1199. Roger de Hovedon, d. 1201. Philip of Germany is assassinated, 120S, and 
 Otho crowned sole Emperor. Giraldus Caiubrensis, d. 1222. 
 
 John, "Lackland," 4th son of Henry II. The right- 
 ful heir was Arthur, who was the son of fleoffrey, 
 the 3d son of Henry II. and Constance of Bretagne ; 
 m. Isabella of Angouleme. Reign : March" 27, 
 1199-1216. 
 
 CELEBRATED 
 
 Philip Augustus, d. 
 1223. 
 
 Otho IV., deposed 1215 ; 
 
 d. 12 18. 
 Frederick II., d. 1250. 
 
 Innocent III., d. 12 16. 
 
 PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Prince Arthur murdered at Rouen, April 5, 1203. England placed under an interdict, bv Pope Innocent TIT , March 23, 1208. 
 The Pope absolves John's subjects from their oath of fide itv .nnd allegiance, and gives the kingdom of England to Philip of France, 1212. 
 John surrenders his crown to the Pope's legate, Pandiilph, Mav 15, 1213. The interdict removed, December 6, 1213. 
 Battle of Bouvines, Aug. 27, 1214. John signs Magna Chartn,'june 15, 1215- Francis It'A^'^i'-;, d. 1226. Matthew Paris, d. 1250. 
 
The Historical Students 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Planiaqenet. 
 
 Henry III., eldest son of John and Isabel ; m. Eleanor 
 of Provence. Reign: Oct. 28, 1216-1272. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Capetians. 
 
 Philip Augustus, d. 
 
 1223. 
 Louis VIII., d. 1226. 
 Louis IX., d. 1270. 
 
 ( Sainted.) 
 Philip III.,d. 1285. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 House of Swabia, 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Frederick II., d. 1250. 
 Civil wars and inter- 
 regnum, during which 
 Conrad of Swabia, 
 William of Holland, 
 Richard of England, 
 
 and 
 Alphonso of Spain, 
 were merely nominal 
 rulers of Germany. 
 
 Roger Racon, d. 1292. The first regular representative Parliament is summoned 
 
 by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, January 20, 1265. 
 Trial by ordeal was abolished in England during this reign. 
 
 Frederick II. of Germany, excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX., 1227 and t2j(). 
 Casibeian coined gold in Britain about 55 B.C. Henry III. reintroduced gold coinage, 1247. 
 Conradin, son of Conrad of Swabia, executed at Naples, October, 1268. 
 
 The proscription of Frederick I L, by Innocent IV. and Alexander IV., was the main cause of the ruin of his 
 Henry III. borrowed 5,000 marks from the Earl of Cornwall, and for his repayment consigned over to him all 
 
 Honorius III., d. 1227. 
 Gregory IX., d. 1241. 
 Celestine IV., d. 124 1. 
 Interregnum, i year 
 
 7 months. 
 Innocent IV., d. 1254. 
 Alexander IV., d. 1261. 
 Urban IV., d. 1264. 
 Clement IV., d. 1268. 
 Interregnum, 2 years 
 
 9 months. 
 Gregory X., d. 1276. 
 
 family." 
 the Jews in England.' 
 
 Edward I., elder son of Henry III. and Eleanor; m. ist, 
 Eleanor of Castille, 2d, Margaret of France. Reign: 
 Nov. 20, 1272-1307. 
 
 Philip III., d. 1285. 
 Philip IV., d. 1314- 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 The Jews were expelled from England in the time of Edward I., and 
 never obtained any legal permi.ssion to reside till the time of Cromwell." 
 Spectacles invented, 1299. 
 
 Sir William Wallace executed in London, Aug. 24, 1305. 
 Duns Scotiis, d Nov. 8, 1308. 
 Albert I. of Germany, assassinated by his nephew, John of Swabia, 
 
 May I, 130S. .Sicilian Vespers, 12S2. 
 The house of Austria owes the rise of its glory and power to Rudolph." 
 The Emperor Adolphus was slain at ihe Battle of Hasenseret, where his 
 
 forces were defeated by those of Albert of Austria, who thus woo 
 
 the imperial sceptre, 1298. 
 
 House of Hapsburg. 
 
 Rudolph, elected 1273 ; 
 
 d. 1291. 
 Adolphus of Nassau, 
 
 d. 1298. 
 From Adolphus to 
 Sigismund every Em- 
 peror had either to 
 struggle against a 
 competitor, claiming 
 the majority of votes 
 at his election, or 
 against a combination 
 of the electors to de- 
 throne him. 
 Albert I., d. 1308. 
 
 Gregory X., d. 1276. 
 Innocent V., d. 1276. 
 Adrian V., d. 1276. 
 John XXL, d. 1277. 
 Nicholas III., d. 1280. 
 Martin IV., d. 1285. 
 Honorius IV., d. 1287. 
 Nicholas IV., d. 1292. 
 Interregnum, 2 years 
 
 3 months. 
 Celestine V., resigned 
 
 4 months after his 
 election. 
 
 Boniface VII I., d. 1303. 
 Benedict XL, d. 1304. 
 
 Edward II., son of Edward I. and Eleanor ; m. Isabel of 
 France. Reign: July 8, 1307-1327. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Edward II. murdered in Berkeley Castle. Sep. 21, 1327. 
 
 The English army, 100.000, defeated by the Scotch 
 army, 30,000, under Robert Bruce, at Bannockburn, 
 — Englisli loss, 50,000, — June 24, 1314. Dante, d 
 
 Philip IV., d. 1314 
 Louis X., d. 13 16. 
 John I., d. 1316. 
 Philip v., d 1322. 
 Charles IV., d. 1328. 
 
 Houses of Luxembourg 
 and Bavaria. 
 
 Henry VII., d. 13 13. 
 
 Louis v., d. 1347. 
 
 Benedict XL, d. 1304. 
 
 Clement V., d. 1314. 
 
 Seat of the Papacy re- 
 moved to Avignon. 
 
 Interregnum, 2 years 
 3 months. 
 
 John XXII. , d. 1334. 
 
 Benedict XII., d. 1342. 
 
 . _ -,..,. _ -, -. .,- Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, d. 1329. 
 
 Suppression of the order of Knights Templars, many of whom were condemned to the flames, 1309 ; their Grand Master, Jacques 
 de Molay, was burned to death, in Paris, by order of Philip IV., on the i8th March, 1314" 
 
 Edward III., elder son of Edward II. and Isabel; m. 
 Philippa of Hainault. Reign: Jan. 25, 1327-1377. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 House of Valois. 
 
 Phihp VL, d. 1350. 
 John II., d. 1364. 
 Charles V., d. 1380. 
 
 Louis v., d. 1347. 
 Charles IV., d. 1378. 
 
 Benedict XII., d. 1342. 
 Clement VI., d. 1352. 
 Innocent VI., d. 1362. 
 Urban V., d. 1370. 
 Gregory XI., d. 1378. 
 Throne rest'd to Rome. 
 
 The first University in Germany, that of Pracne, founded by Charles IV., 1348. The Dose of Venice, Marino Faliero, executed, 
 April 17, 1355. Rienzi, "The last of the tribunes," murdered bv the people of Rome, Oct. 8, 1354. The English language 
 substituted for the French in English courts of law, i3f)2. liattle of Cressy, 1346. Sir John Mandeville, d. 1372. John 
 Wickliffe, d. 1384. Glazed windows were not used in England ear ier than the' 14th century; they were considered as movable 
 furniture, and probably bore n high jirice. When the Earls of Northumberland, as late as the reign of Elizabeth, left Alnwick 
 Castle, the windows were taken out of the frames, and carefully laid by.t^ 
 
 Richard II., only child of Jane of Kent and Edward 
 "The Black Prince," who was the eldest son of 
 Edward III. and Philippa; m. ist, Anne of Bohemia, 
 2d, Isabel of France. Reign: June 22, 1377-1399. 
 
 Charles V., d. 1380. 
 Charles VI., d. 1422 
 
 Wenceslaus, deposed 
 by the Electoral 
 College, 1400. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Richard II. deposed, ."^ept. 29, 1399. 
 
 Denlh of Aniold von Winkelried, at the Battle of Sempach, July 9, 1386. 
 ' Wnt Tyler's Insurrection, 1381. 
 John Cower, d. 1402. Geoffrey Chaucer, d. 1400. 
 
 Gregory XL, d. 137S. 
 
 The death of Gregory 
 caused a schism which 
 created the greatest 
 confusion in the 
 church. There were 
 now two Popes; one 
 at Rome, the other at 
 Avignon : 
 
 Urban VI., d. 1389 ; 
 Boniface IX., d. 1404, 
 
 At Rome. 
 Clement VII., 
 Benedict XIII., 
 
 At Avignon. 
 
The Historical Students Manual, 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Lancaster. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 House of Valois. 
 
 Henry IV. was the son of John of Gaunt, D. of Lancas- Charles VI., d. 1422. 
 
 ter ( who was the 4th son of Edward III. and Philippa ) 
 and of Blanche, of Lancaster who was the danghter of 
 Kdnnind Crouchback, 2d son of Henry III. and Eleanor; m. ist, Mary Bohun of 
 Hereford, 2d, Jane, daughter of the King of Navarre. Reign: Sep. 30, 1399-1413. 
 The rightful heir to the throne was Edward Mortimer, E. of March, who was a 
 grandson of Lionel, D. of Clarence, who was the 3d son of Edward III. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Captivitv and death of Bajazet, 1403. Rebellion of the Percies, and Battle of Shrewsbury, 
 1403. Tamerlane, d. 1405. Execution of Scrojje, Archbishop of York, for treason, 
 June S, 1405, the tirst instance in England of capital punishment inflicted on a Bishop. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Robert, d. 1410. 
 Sigismund, d. 1437. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Houses of Luxembourg r> t tv 1 
 
 and Bavaria. ^ Boniface IX d 1404 
 Innocent VII., d. 1406. 
 Gregory XII., deposed 
 
 1409. 
 Alexander V., d. 14 10. 
 A council was sum- 
 moned, to meet at 
 Constance, in the 
 by John XXIII., for the purpose 
 _ the schism that had so long rent the 
 Papacy. John XX 11 I. was deposed March, 
 1415. Gregory XII. sent a voluntary resigna- 
 tion of his claim Benedict XIII. was solemnly 
 re-deposed, and Otho Colonna unanimously 
 chosen head of the church, under the title of 
 Martin v., Nov., 1417, 
 
 year 14 14 
 of healing 
 
 Henry V., eldest son of Henry IV. and Mary Bohun ; 
 Catharine of France. Reign: March 21, 141" - 
 
 1422 
 
 Charles VI., d. 1422. 
 
 Sigismund, d. 1437. 
 
 Martin V., d. 1431. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 John Huss, burned at Constance, July 7, 1415. Council of Constance, 1414-1418. Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415. Zisca, d. Oct. 12, 1424. 
 
 Henry VI., son of Henry V. and Catherine of France; 
 ra. Margaret of Anjou. Reign: Sep. i, 1422-1461. 
 
 Charles VII., d. 1461. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 House of Austria. 
 
 Albert II., d. 1439. 
 Frederick III., d. 1493. 
 
 Martin V., d. 143 1. 
 Eugeiiius IV., d. 1.(47. 
 Nicholas v., d. 1455. 
 Calixtus III., d. 1458. 
 Pius II., d. 1464. 
 
 Joan of Arc, burned as a sorceress at Rouen, May 30, 143 1. Charles VII. instituted the first standing army in Europe, 1444.'^ 
 
 Wars of the Roses began, 1455. Building of St. Peters commenced by Pope Nicholas V., 1450. Jack Cade, d. July 11, 1450. 
 
 (iutenberg first used cut-metal types in printing the Mazarin Bible, 1450-1455. Mohammed II. captured Constantinople, and 
 dissolved the Eastern Empire, 1453. Schoeffcr invented cast-metal types, which were first used, 1459. 
 
 The defence of Belgrade, 1456, by John Hunniades, was the last and most glorious action of his life; after a siege of forty days, the 
 Turks, who had already entered the town, were comi)elled to retreat, and the joyful nations celebrated Hunniades and Belgrade as 
 the bulwarks of Christendom. About a moutli afterwards the champion exjHred. His most splendid epitaph. Gibbon says, was the 
 regret expressed by Mahomet II., that he could no longer hope for revenge .against the single antagonist who had triumphed over his 
 arms. John Hunniades, d. Sept. 10, 1456.''' 
 k ______^ _^^_^^ 
 
 House of York. 
 
 Edward IV., eldest son of Richard, D. of York, and 
 Cicely Neville ; his grandmother was the daughter of 
 the Earl of March, who was son of Lionel, D. of 
 Clarence, 3d son of Edward III. (on the maternal 
 side); bis paternal grandfather was Richard, E. of 
 Cambridge, son of Edmund Langley, 5th sou of Edward 
 III.; m. Elizabeth Grey. Reign: March 4, 1461-14S3. 
 
 Louis XI., d. 14S3. 
 
 Frederick III.,d. 1493 
 
 Pius II., d. 1464. 
 Paul II , d. 1471. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Louis XI. was the first King entitled "His most Christian Majesty.""" 
 Cardinal Balue arrested and imprisoned by Louis XI., April, 1469. He 
 was confined in an iron cage of his own invention, in which it was 
 impossible for him to stand upright or stretch himself at length. He 
 remained a prisoner eleven years.'' 
 Earl of Warwick, " The King-Maker," killed at the Battle of Barnet, April 14, 1471. 
 Charles the Bold, D. of Burgundy, slain at the Battle of Nancy, 1477. Luther born, Nov. 10, 1483. 
 
 Edward V., elder son of Edward IV. and Elizabeth 
 Grey. Reign : April 9, 14S3-14S3. 
 
 Louis XL, d. 14S3. 
 
 Frederick III., d. 1493. 
 
 Sixtus IV., d. 1484. 
 
 Richard III., brother of Edward IV. and 4th son of 
 Richard, D. of York, and Cicely Neville ; m. Anne 
 Neville. Reign: June 26, 14S3-14S5. 
 
 Charles VIII., d. 149S. 
 
 Frederick III., d. 1493. 
 
 Sixtus IV., d. 14S4. 
 Innocent VIII., d. 1492. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 Murder of Edward V. and the D. of York in the Tower, August, 1483. Richard III. slain at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485. 
 
 House of Tudor. 
 
 Henry VII., son of Edmund Tudor, E. of Richmond 
 ( who was the son of Owen Tudor by Catherine, d. of 
 Charles VI. of France, and Widow of Henrv V. of 
 England) and Margaret Beaufort, sole daughter and 
 heiress of John, D. of Somerset, and great-grand- 
 daughter of John of Gaunt, D. of Lancaster, who was 
 4th son of Edward III. ; m. Elizabeth of York, d. of 
 Edward IV., thus uniting the rival houses of York 
 and Lancaster, and ending the Wars of the Roses. 
 Reign : August 22, 1485-1509. The daughters of 
 Edward IV., and Edward Plantagenet, the young E. of 
 Warwick, had better claims than Henry to the throne. 
 He was the son of the D. of Clarence, who was 3d 
 son of Richard, D. of York, and brother of Edward iV. 
 
 Printing introduced in Scotl; 
 
 Charles VIII., d. 1498, 
 Louis XII., d. 1515. 
 
 Frederick III., d. 1493. 
 Maximilian I., d. 1519. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Innocent VIII., d. 1492. 
 Alexander VI., d. 1503. 
 Pius III., d. 1503. 
 Julius II., d. 1513. 
 
 Lorenzo de Medici, d. 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella make their triumph- 
 ant entry into Granada, and abolish the Moorish Empire, 1492. 
 
 Columbus discovers America, 1492. .Savonarola burned at Florence, 1498. 
 
 Diet at Worms, 1495. This assembly is celebrated for the establishment 
 of a perpetual public peace, and of a paramount court of justice, — the 
 Imperial Chamber. The object of the Diet was to provide an effectual 
 remedy for jirivate wrongs or disputes between states of the empire, 
 which might supersede all pretence for taking up arms.'* 
 
 Torquemada, Grand Icujuisitor of Spain, d. 1498. During the term of his 
 administration 10,220 mdividuals were burned alive; 6,860 burned in 
 effigy, died in pri.son or fled; and 97,321 suffered from confiscation of 
 property or perpetual imprisonment : so that the total number of families 
 destroyed by this one friar alone amounted to 1 14,401.'* 
 and, 1501. Philip de Commines, d. 1511. 
 
The Historical Students 
 
 lANUAL, 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Tudor. 
 
 Henry VIII., second son of Henry VII. and Elizabeth of 
 Vork ; ni. ist, Catherine of Arragon ; 2d, Anne Boleyn ; 
 3d, Jane Seymour ; 4th, Anne of Cleves ; 5th, Catherine 
 Howard; 6th, Catherine Parr. Reign: April 22, 
 150J-1547' 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 House of Valois. 
 
 Louis XII., d. 1515. 
 Francis I., d. 1547. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 House of Austria. 
 
 Maximilian I., d. 1519. 
 Charles V., d. 155S. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Julius II., d. 1513. 
 Leo X., d. 1521. 
 Adrian VI., d. 1523. 
 Clement VII., d. 1534. 
 Paul III., d. 1549. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 In the sixteenth century, Spain became the first power in Europe. The daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, Joanna, married the 
 ruler of the Netherlands, Philip of Austria (son of Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Maximilian, son 
 of Frederick, Emperor of Germany) ; their son, Charles ( V.), consequently succeeded to Castile, Arragon, Burgundy, and the 
 Netherlands. In 1516, Ins grandfather, Ferdinand, died, whom he succeeded as King of Spain ; in 1519, his other grandfather, the 
 Emperor Maximilian, died, when Charles succeeded to the empire of Germany. This great power declined with portentous rapidity, 
 so that in three reigns after the death of Philip II. (son of Charles V.), it had sunk to the lowest depth of degradation, caused, 
 for the most part, by that fatal policy which dictated the suppression of the freedom of religious and political thought. 
 
 Pope Leo X. issued a bull condemning the doctrine of Luther, June 15, 1520. Luther burned the bull, Dec. ir, 1520. Luther d., 1546. 
 Raphael, d. 1520. Battle of Pavia, Feb. 24. i52<;. At the first Diet of Spire, 1526, the power was unanimously granted to every Prince 
 of man.aging ecclesiastical matters as he thought proper till the meeting of a general council. This was revoked, by a plurality of 
 voices, at the second Diet, 1529. The decree announcing the revocation was jirotested against by some of the princes and members, 
 who appealed to the Emperor and a future council : hence arose the denomination of Protestants, which, from this period, was given 
 to those who renounced the communiou of Rome.-" Cardinal Wolsey, d. 1530. Abolition of the Papal Supremacy in England, 1534. 
 The first primers were published soon after the commencement of the reformation; one in 1535, another in 1539-^' Anne Boleyn 
 beheaded, May ig, 1536. Thomas Cromwell, F^arl of ICssex, beheaded, July 28, 1540. Pizarro assassinated by Juan de Herrada, 
 June 26, 1541. Catherine Howard beheaded, Feb. 12, 1542. Fernando Cortes, d. Dec. 2, 1547; his fate was similar to th.at of all 
 those who disiinguished themselves in the discovery or conquest of the new world : envied and neglected by contemporaries, admired 
 and celebrated by posterity. 22 Council of Trent, 1545-63. Persecution of the Vaudois, 1545. Loyola, d. 1556. 
 
 EinvARD VI., son of Henrj' VIII. 
 Reign: Jan. 2S, 1547-I553- 
 
 and Jane Seymour. 
 
 Charles v., d. 155S. 
 
 Paul III., d. 1549. 
 Julius III., d. 1555 
 
 CELEBRATED, PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Duke of Somerset, Protector, beheaded, Jan. 22, 1552. Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen, July 10, 1553 ; relinquished the title, July 
 '9> I5S3' Calvin caused Servetus to be burned to death, as a heretic, at Geneva, October 27, 1553.^^ Michael Angelo, d. 156). 
 
 J\Iarv, daughter of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Arragon ; 
 m. Philip II., of Spain. Reign : July 6, 1553-1558. 
 
 Henry II., d. 1559, 
 
 Charles V. abdicated in 
 favor of Ferdinand, 1556. 
 
 Marcellus II., d. 1555. 
 Paul IV., d. 1559. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Execution of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Dudley, Feb. 12, 1554. Martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer, Oct. 16, 1555. Burning ol 
 Cranmer, March 21, 1556. Loss of Calais, last English possession in France, Jan. 7, 1558. Death of Henry 1 1., in consequence of 
 a wound received in a tournament, July 10, 1559. 
 
 Elizabeth, d. of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Reign '. 
 Nov. 17, 155S-1603. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 '" '55li John Lok went to the West Coast of Africa in 
 search of ivory and gold-tlust, and he, first of English- 
 men, discovering that the negroes "were a people of 
 
 Henry II., d. 1559. 
 Francis II., d. 1560. 
 Charles IX., d. 1574. 
 Henry III., d. 15S9. 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 Henry IV., d. 1610. 
 
 Ferdinand I., d. 1564. 
 Maximilian II., d. 1576. 
 Rodolph II., d. x6i2. 
 
 Pius IV., d. 1565. 
 Pius V. d. ii;72. 
 Gregory XIII., d. I5?^5. 
 Sixtus v., d. 1590. 
 Urban VII., d. 1590. 
 Gregory XIV., d. 1591. 
 Innocent IX., d. 1591. 
 Clement VIII., d. 1605. 
 
 beastly living, without God, law, religion or commonwealth," gave some of them the opportunity of a lift in creation, and carried ofl 
 live as slaves.-* In the year 1564, the Bishops of the Englisli Church urged the clergy of their several dioceses to subscribe to the 
 liturgy, ceremonies and discipline of the church; those who refused were called Puritans, a name of reproach, derived from the 
 Cathari or Puritani of the third century. 2'> Lord Darnley murdered at Kirk- a-Field, Feb. 10, 1567. Alva arrived in the Netherlands, 
 and established the Council of Blood, 1567. Execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn, at Brussels, June 5, 1568. The 
 Netherlands revolted, under William of Orange, 1572, who entered Brussels in triumph, Sept. 23, 1577, and was assassinated by 
 Balthazar Gerard, July 10, 15S4. Battle of Monconlour, 1569. ^The Regent, Murray, assassinated by Bothwellhaugh, Jan. 23, 1570. 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572. John Knox, d. Nov 24, 1572. Sir Francis Drake discovered gold at San Francisco, 
 Cal., 1579.-'"' Sir Philip Sidney, d. Oct. 17, 1586. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, at Fothering.ay Castle, Feb. 8, 1587. Defeat of 
 
 the Spanish Armada, 15S8. Henry III. assassinated by Jacques Clement, Aug. 2, 15S9. Battle of Ivry, 1590. 
 April 25, 1595. Edict of Nantes, April 13, 1598. Spenser, d. January 16, 1599. 
 
 Torquato Tasso, d. 
 
 House of Stuart. 
 
 Jamhs I. (and VI. of Scotland) was the son of Lord 
 Darnley and Mary Queen of Scots. Darnley was the 
 son of Matthew Stuart, E. of Lenox, and ' Margaret 
 Douglas, who was daughter of the E. of Angus and 
 Margaret, daughter of 'Henrv VII. and Elizabeth of 
 York, daughter of Edward IV. Mary was daughter of 
 James V., of Scotland, and Marv of Giii-e. James V. 
 was son of James IV. and Margaret, daughter of Henry 
 VII. Darnley was thus great-grandson, and Marv great- 
 granddauchter, of Henry VIL ; m. Anne of Denmark. 
 Reign: March 24, 1603-1625. 
 
 Henry IV., d. 1610. 
 Louis XIII., d. 1643. 
 
 Clement VIII., d. 1605. 
 Leo XL, d. 1605. 
 Paul v., d. 162 1. 
 Gregory XV., d. 1623. 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. Urban VIII., d. 1644. 
 
 Rodolph II., d. 1612. 
 Matthias, d. i6ig. 
 Ferdinand II., d. 1637. 
 
 During the first eighty years of the seventeenth century many thou'^ 
 ands of persons were put to death in Europe for witchcraft.^' 
 James I. sold several iJeerages for considerable sums, and created a 
 new order of hereditary knights, called baronets, who paid ^^looo 
 each for their patents. 2« Gunpowder Plot, Nov. 5, 1605. Henry IV. 
 assassinated by Kavaillac. May 14, 1610. The last victims of heresy 
 in England, Legat and Wightman, were burned at the stake bv the 
 Bishops of London and Lichfield, in 1611.20 Shakespeare, d. April 23, 
 1616. Cer\'antes. d. April 23, 1616. Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded, Oct. 29, 161S. Commencement of 
 the Thirty Years' War, 1618. Dr. Harvev discovered the circulation of the blood, 1619.' Execution of John Barneveldt, May 13. '/"9- 
 "House of Burgesses," the first representative body in America, convened at Jamestown, 1619.2" The Plymouth Colonists (Pilgrims) 
 landed at Plymouth, Mass., Dec. 21, 1620. Impeacliment of Lord l!acon, Mav 3, 1621. The first regularly-published newspaper, 
 bearing the title of " The Certaine News of the Fresent IVeek^' first number daied May 23, 1622. 
 
The Historical Students M 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Stuart. 
 
 Charles I., second son of James I. and Anne of Den- 
 mark ; m. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., of 
 France. Reign: March 27, 1625-1649. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 House of Austria. 
 
 Louis XIII., d. 1643. 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Ferdinand II., d. 1637. 
 Ferdinand HI., d. 1657. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Urban VIII., d. 1644. 
 Innocent X., d. 1655. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Th8 Massachusetts Ray colonists (Puritans) entered Salem Harbor, Sej). 16, 162S. Kepler, d. Nov. 15, 1630. Gustavus Adolphus slain at 
 the Bittle of Lutzen, Nov. 16, 1632. Assassination of Wallenstein, Feb. 25, 1634. Trial of Hampden, June 12, 1637. Stratford behead- 
 ed. May 12, 1641. Attempt of Charles to seize the five members iii the House of Commons, Jan. 4, 1642. Galileo, d. Jan. 8, 1642. 
 Cardinal Richelieu, d. Dec. 4, 1642. liattle of Marston Moor, July 2, 1644. Laud beheaded, Jan. 10, 1645. Battle of Naseby, 
 June 14, 1645. Treaties of Westphalia, which ended the thirty years' war, signed, 164S. Trial of Charles, Jan. 20 ; sentenced to death, 
 Jan. 27; beheaded, Jan. 30, 1649. 
 
 The Commonwealth, Jan. 30, 1649-1660. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Ferdinand III., d. 1657. 
 Leopold I., d. 1705. 
 
 Innocent X., d. 1655. 
 Alexander VII., d. 1667. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Descartes, d. Feb. 11, 1650. Battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. Cromwell dissolved the Long Parliament, April 20, 1653 ; he is made 
 Lord Protector, Dec. i6, 1653 ; han'^ed Don Pantaleon Sa, brother to the Portuguese Ambassador, for assassination, 1654-" ; d. Sept. 
 3, 165S. Richard Cromwell resigned the title of Lord Protector, May 13, 1659. Milton, d. Nov. S, 1674. 
 
 Charles II., eldest son of Charles I. and Henrietta 
 Maria ; m. Catherine of Bragajiza. Height : May 29, 
 1660-16S5. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Leopold I., d. 1705. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Alexander VI I., d. 1667. 
 Clement IX., d. 1669. 
 Clement X., d. 1676. 
 Innocent XL, d. 1689. 
 
 Desecration of the grave of Cromwell (Jan. 30, 1661); those who had fled before him were forced to content themselves with the 
 miserable suisfaction of digging ui), hanging, quartering, and burning the remains of the greatest prince that has ever ruled England.^' 
 Cardinal Mizarin, d. 1661. "Pascal, d. Aug 19, 16O2. Tlie Great Pl.igue, 1664-65. The Great Fire of London, 1666. Charles II. 
 
 • betrayed his country to France, May, 1670-'' Moliire, d. Feb. 17, 1673. Sir Matthew H.ile, d. 1676. " Habeas Corpus'' Act passed. 
 May 27, 1679. The words " Whig" and "Tory" were first ined, in their aiijilication to English faclioiis, in the year 1679.^* Sir Thomas 
 Browne, d. 1682 John Sobieski compelled the Turks to raise the siege of Vienna, Sept. 12, 16S3. Philadelphia founded, 16S3. John 
 Bunyan, d. 16SS. 
 
 James II., second son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria; 
 m. ist, Anne Hyde, daughter of E. of Clarendon ; 2d, 
 Mary d'Este, of Modena. Reign: Feb. 6, 1685-16S8. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Leopold I., d. 1705. 
 
 Innocent XL, d. 16S9. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Rebellion of .Monmouth, and Battle of Sedgemoor, June-July, 1685; Monmouth beheaded, July 15, 16S5. Jeffreys held the Bloody 
 Assizes, and hanged three hundrecVand twenty persons, I6S5.'''' Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Oct. 22, 1685. Trial of the seven 
 Bishops, June 29-30, 16SS. Landing of the Prince of Orange, Nov. 5, 16SS. James II. fled from England, Dec. 22, 16SS. 
 
 William ( III.) and Marv. William was the son of P. 
 William of Nassau and Mary, daughter of Charles I. 
 and Henrietta Maria. M.ary was daughter of James II. 
 and Anne Hyde. Reign: Feb. 13, 1689-1702. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Leopold I., d. 1705. 
 
 Innocent XI., d. 1689. 
 AlexanderVI II., d. 1691. 
 Innocent XII., d. 1700. 
 Clement XL, d. 172 1. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Bill of Rights, Nov., i6Sc). Commencement of th^ Eng'.ish National Debt, 1692. Glencoe Massacre, 1692. Witch delusions in Salem, 
 Mass., 1692. Queen Mary d., Dec. 28, 1694. Richard Ba.\ter, d. i6gi. Treaty of Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697. Dryden, d. 1701. 
 
 .•\nne, daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde; m. P. 
 George of Denmark. Reign: May S, 1 702-1 714. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 
 Leopold I., d. 1705. 
 Joseph, d. 1 71 1. 
 Charles VI., d. 1740. 
 
 Clement XL, d. 1721. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714. Battle of Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. John T ocke, d. 1704. Union of Scotland with England, 
 under the name of Great Britain, M.av i, 1707. Famine in France. 1705. Charles XII. defeated at Pultowa, July 8, 1709; killed at 
 Fredericshali, Dec. it, 1718. Sachevereli's Riots, 1710. William Penn, d. 1718. John Churchill, Duke of Mariborough, d. 1722. 
 
 House of Brunswick. 
 
 George I., son of the Duke of Brunswick Lunebnrg ( after- 
 wards Elector of Hanover) and Sophia, youngest child 
 of the Elector Palatine and Elizabeth, eldest daughter of 
 James I. and Anne of Denmark ; m. Sophia Dorothy, of 
 Zelle. Reigtt: Aug. i, 1714-1727. 
 
 Louis XIV., d. 1715. 
 Louis XV., d. 1774. 
 
 Charles VI., d. 1740. 
 
 Clement XL, d. 1721. 
 Innocent XIII., d. 1724. 
 Benedict XIII., d. 1730. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Joseph Addison, d. 1710. South Sea Bubble bursts, Sept. 29, 1720. 
 Peter the Great, d. Feb. 8, 1725. Sir Isaac Newton, d. March 20, 
 1727. Robert Walpole, d. 1745. 
 
The Historical Students Manual, 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Brunswick. 
 
 George II., son of George I. and Sophia Dorothy; m. 
 Wilhehnina Carolina, of Brandenburgh Anspach. Reign : 
 June II, 1727-1760. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 Louis XV., d. 1774. 
 
 CELEBRATED PER.^ONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 House of Austria. 
 
 Charles VI., d. 1740; 
 last Emperor of the 
 House of Austria. 
 
 Interregnum, 2 years. 
 
 Charles Albert of Ba- 
 varia, d. 1745. 
 
 House of Austria-Lor- 
 raine. 
 
 Francis I., d. 1765. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 Benedict XIII., d. 1730. 
 Clement XII., d. 1740. 
 Benedict XIV., d. 1758. 
 Clement XIII., d. 1769. 
 
 George Washington, born Feb. 22, 1732. Battle of Molwitz, 1741. W.ir < f ihu 
 Austrian Succession, 1741-174S. Alexander Pope, d. 1711. Dean Swift, (I.1745. 
 Battle of CuUodeii, April 27, 1746. Prince of Wales d., March 20, 1751. Thj New 
 Style introduced, Sept. the 3d being accounted the 14th, Sept. 2. 1752. .Vdniir.il 
 Bvng shot, .March 14, 1757. Capture of Quebec, and deaths of Wolfe and 
 Montcalm, 1759. 
 
 Parnientier, 1737- 1S13. This celebrated Frenchman devoted himself to the i>ropagatioii of tlid potato as a means of warding off the 
 danger of famine which had so often oppressed the jieasantry of France. He w.is the first who made bread from lliis esculent; he 
 labored with unwearied assiduity to make ils excellent properties appreciated ; he issued pamphlets without number, planted immense 
 tracts of land with the vegetable, and offered potatoes to the poor at the bare cost of production, — nay, even gratuitously. In vain, 
 however: their ignorant prejudices were not to be thus overcome. He then proliibited their free distribution; placed watcinn en to 
 guard his fields, and published through all the villages the warning, that those who should presume to molest liis crops would be 
 visited with the severest penalties of the law. In an instant, the pot.ito acquired all the sweetness of forbidden fruit; organized 
 bodies of iieasantry robbed his fields at nightfall, when the sentinels were withdrawn ; the vegetable began to be cultivated on every 
 side, and the good Parmentier hailed with tears of joy the accomplishment of his benevolent puqjose.^" 
 
 George III., grandson of George II., and son of Frederick, 
 Prince of VVales, and Augusta of Saxe Gotha ; m. Sophia 
 Charlotte, of Mecklenburg Strelitz. Reign : Oct. 25, 
 1760-1S20. 
 
 CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Treaty of the Partition of Poland, by Austria, Prussia, .ind' 
 Russia, signed at St. Petersljurg, .Aug. 5. 1772. 
 
 Revolution of the American Colonies commenced with the 
 Battle of Lexington, A|)ril 19, 1775. Surrender of Corn- 
 
 . wallis, at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 17S1. Treaty of Peace 
 between Great Britain and the U.S., Sept. 3, 17S3. 
 
 Impeachment of Warren Hastings, commenced Feb. 13, 
 1778. Lessiug, d. 1781. Dr. Johnson, d. 17S4. Frederick 
 II., of Prussia, d. 17S6. Adam Smith, d. July 8, 179a. 
 
 Louis XV., d. 1774- 
 Louis XVI., d. 1793. 
 
 The Republic. 
 
 Convention, 1792. 
 Directory, 1795. 
 Consulate, 1799. 
 
 The Empire, 1804. 
 
 Napoleon I., abdicat- 
 ed, 1814-1815. 
 
 Louis XVIII. (King), 
 d. 1S24. 
 
 Francis I., Duke of 
 
 Lorraine, d. 1765. 
 Joseph II., d. 1790. 
 Leopold II., d. 1792. 
 Francis II., d. 1835. 
 
 The title of Emperor 
 of Germany abolish- 
 ed, August 6, 1806 ; 
 Francis II. assumes 
 the title of Francis I. 
 Emperor of Austria. 
 
 Clement XIII., d. 1769. 
 Clement XIV., d. 1774. 
 Pius VI., d. 1799. 
 Pius VII., d. 1823. 
 
 Edmund Burke, d. 171.17 
 Union cf Great Britain 
 with Ireland, Jan. 1 , 
 iSoi. Schiller, d. 1S05 
 Last representative ol 
 the House of Stuart, 
 Cardinal York, died at 
 IJome, 1807. 
 Reign of Terror, 
 1794. Execution of 
 1793. Between the 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 I' ranch Revolution, 1789 
 M.iy 31, 1793— July 28, 
 Louis XVI., Jan. 21, 
 
 month of March, 1793, and tlie 17th July, 
 1794, the number of victims guillotined in Paris amounted to one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.^' The new Reign of 
 Terror: wholesale massacres of republicins by the royalists, 1795."" Washington d., Dec. 14, 1799. Bonaparte proclaimed Emperor 
 of the Frencli, May iS, 1S04. Battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2, 1S05. Battle of VV,^terloo, June 18, 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte arrives 
 at St. Helena, Oct. 16, 1815. Whjn Napoleon was engaged in the conquest of (iermany (1806), the Elector William of Hesse 
 endeavored to preserve his "neutrality, and consequently tied from tlie country to escape the popular indignation ; Amschel, a Jew, 
 rescued the private treasures of the Elector and preserved ihem with scruimlous fidelity; being subsequently rewarded with the favor 
 of princes, he obtained an extensive credit, and, as the first Baron Rothschild, became the founder of the richest house in the world. ■'•' 
 
 George IV., eldest son of George III. and Sophia 
 Charlotte ; m. Caroline of Brunswick. Reign : Jan. 29, 
 1S20-1830. 
 
 Louis XVIII., d. 1S24. 
 Charles X., abdicated, 
 Aug. 2, 1S30. 
 
 Francis I., d. 1835. 
 
 Pius VIL, d. 1823. 
 Leo XII., d. 1829. 
 Pius VI 1 1., d. 1830. 
 
 Bonaparte d., May 5, 1S21. CELEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. Byron, d. April 19, 1S24. 
 
 Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill passed, April 13, 1829. Goethe, d. March 22, 1832. Lafayette, d. May 20, 1834. 
 
 William IV., third son of George III. and Sophia 
 Charlotte. Reign : June 26, 1830-1837. 
 
 CFLEBRATED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 House of Orleans. 
 
 Louis Philippe, abdi- 
 cated, Feb. 24, 1848. 
 
 Francis I., d. 1835. 
 
 Ferdinand I., abdicat- 
 ed in favor of his 
 nephew, Francis 
 Joseph, Dec. 2, 1S48. 
 
 Pius VIII., d. 1830. 
 Gregory XVI., d. 1846. 
 
 Reform Act passed, June 7, 1832. Sir Walter Scott d., Sept. 21, 1832. Abolition of slavery in all English possessions, Aug. 28, 1833. 
 Talleyrand, d. May 17, 1S38. 
 
 Victoria, daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, 4th son of 
 George III. and Victoria of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld ; m. 
 Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha. Reign ; June 
 20, 1837—. 
 
 CELEBR.\TED PERSONS AND EVENTS. 
 
 Louis Philippe, abdicat- 
 ed, B'eb.24, 1S4S; d. 1850. 
 
 Republic, 
 
 1848. 
 
 Empire, 
 
 1852. 
 
 Napoleon III. 
 
 Republic rest'd, 1870. 
 
 Francis Joseph. 
 
 The title of Emperor 
 of Germany restored 
 by William of Prussia, 
 who was proclaimed 
 Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871. 
 
 Gregory XIV., d. 
 Pius IX. 
 
 1S46. 
 
 Duke of Wellington, d. Sept. 14, 1852. Daniel VVebster, d. Oct 24, i8i;2. England, France, and Turkey engage in war with Russia, 
 March 28, 1S54. Peace proclaimed with Russia, April 28, 1S56 The first pub ic message, fnmi the Queen 10 President Buchanan, 
 sent throii-di the Atlantic Cable Aug. 17, 1858. Humboldt, d. May 6, 1859. Lord Macaulav, d. Dec 28, 1S59. Cavour, d. June 6, 1S61. 
 Prince Albert, d. Dec. 14, 1S61. Thackeray, d. Dec. 24, 1863. Southern States of America rebel, and Jefferson Davis elected pro- 
 visional President, Feb. 4-8, 1861. Emancipation Proclamation issued by ['resident Lincoln, Sept. 22, 1862. Surrender of General Lee, 
 April 9, 1865. Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 186^. War between Germany and Austria, 1866. Emperor Maximilian of Mexico 
 shot, June iq, 1S67. Dickens, d. [uue 9, 1S70. Unification of Italy, 1870. Declaration of w.ar between Germ.any and Fiance, July, 
 i8;o. Surrender of Napoleon and his .Armv at Sedan, Sept. i, iS-o. Na;ioIeon III. died in exile, at Chiselhurst, Kent, Jan. 9, 1873. 
 
UTtfiiinnnBi 
 
AUTHORITIES. 
 
 1. Surnames first used, &c. — Hallam, Mid. Ages, vol. i., p. 
 
 iSq. 
 
 2. 16,000 Jews murdered by crusaders, &c. — Menzel, Ge- 
 
 schichte der Deutschen, vol. i., p. 365. 
 
 3. Chimneys first used in England, &c.— Hallam, Mid. Ages, 
 
 vol. iii., p. 333 and note. 
 
 4. Burning, by the Christians, of the Library, &c. — Menzel, 
 
 Gesch. d. Deutschen, vol. i., p. 374 and note. 
 
 5. Oriflamme first used, &c. — Bohn's Joinville, p. 390. 
 
 6. Bank of Venice, first banking, &c. — M'Culloch, Die. of 
 
 Commerce, p. 123. 
 
 7. Henry II. first levied taxes on personal estate, &c. — 
 
 Hume, Hist. Eng., vol. i., chap, g, p. 469. 
 
 8. The proscription of Frederick II., &c. — Hallam, Mid. 
 
 Ages, vol. ii., p. 193. 
 
 9. Henry III. borrowed 5000 marks, &c. — Hume, Hist. Eng., 
 
 vol. ii., p. 136. 
 
 10. Je\ys expelled from England, &c. — Hallam, Mid. Ages, vol. 
 
 iii., p. 320. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vol. i., p. 103. 
 
 11. The House of Austria owes the rise, &c. — Bayle, Hist, 
 
 Disc. Gustavus Adolphus, chap. 2, p. i. 
 
 12. Suppression of the order of Templars, &c. — Michelet, 
 
 Hist. France, vol. i., pp. 366-391. 
 
 13. Glazed windows were not used, &c. — Hallam, Mid. Ages, 
 
 vol. iii., pp. 333, 334. 
 
 14. Charles VII instituted first, &c. — Hallam, Mid. Ages, 
 
 vol. i., p. 260. 
 
 15. Defence of Belgrade, by Hunniades, &c. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 
 vol. vii., p. 27S. 
 
 16. Louis XI. was the first king, &c. — Voltaire, Manners and 
 
 Spirit of Nations, vol. ii., p. 268. 
 
 17. Cardinal Balue arrested, &c. — Commlnes' Memoirs, vol. 
 
 ii., p. 39 and note. 
 
 18. Diet at Worms, &c. — Hallam, Mid. Ages, vol. ii., pp. 
 
 95-97- 
 
 19. Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor, &c. — Motley, Hist. Dutch 
 
 Republic, vol. i., p. 323. 
 
 20. At the first Diet of Spire, &c. — Mosheim, Eccl. Hist., 
 
 vol. iv., pp. 72-74. 
 
 21. Tlie first primers were published, &c. — Froude, Hist. 
 
 Eng., vol. iv., p. 442. 
 
 22. Fernando Cortes, &c.— Robertson, Hist. America, book 
 
 v., p. 260. 
 
 23. Calvin caused Servetus, &c. — '''ibbon's Rome, vol. vi., 
 
 p. 252 and note. 
 
 24. In 1554 John Lok, &c. — Froude, Hist. Eng., vol. viii., 
 
 P- 439- 
 
 25. In the year 1564, the Bishops, &c. — Neal's Preface, Hist. 
 
 Puritans, p. x. 
 
 26. Sir Francis Drake discovered gold, &c. — Froude, Hist. 
 
 Eng., vol. xi., p. 419. 
 
 27. During the first 80 years of 17th century, &c. — Mackay, 
 
 Extr. Pop. Delusions, vol. ii., p. 141. Menzel, Gesch. 
 d. Deutsch., vol. ii., gth book, chap. 9. 
 
 28. James I. sold several peerages, &c. — Hallam, Const. 
 
 Hist., p. 195. 
 
 29. The last victims of heresy in England, &c. — Buckle, Hist. 
 
 Civilization, vol. i,, p. 249. 
 
 30. " House of Burgesses," first rep. body, &c. — Bancroft, 
 
 Hist., vol. i., p. 154. 
 
 31. Don Pantaleon Sa hanged, &c. — Hume, Hist. Eng., vol. 
 
 vii., p. 237. 
 
 32. Desecration of the grave of Cromwell, &c. — Macaulay, 
 
 Hist. Eng., vol. i., p. 116. 
 
 33. Charles II. betrayed his country, &c. — Macaula}', Hist. 
 
 Eng., vol. i., pp. 154-15S. 
 
 34. The words "Whig" and "Tory" first used, &c. — Hallam, 
 
 Const. Hi.st., p. 478. 
 
 35. Jeffreys held the Bloody Assizes, &c. — Macaulay, Hist. 
 
 Eng., vol. i., p. 4S9. 
 
 36. Parmentier, 1737-1S13, &c. — Meyer's Volksbibliothek, 
 
 Die Elemente der Botanik, pp. 87, 88. 
 
 37. Between the months of March, 1793, and the 17th July, 
 
 &c. — Thiers, French Rev., vol. iii., pp. 67, 68. 
 
 38. The New Reign of Terror, &c.— Mignet, French Rev., 
 
 pp. 299, 300. 
 
 39. When Napoleon was engaged, &c. — Menzel, Gesch. der 
 
 Deutsch., vol. iii., p. 331. 
 
 Remark on Last Note of ist Period, p. 4. — The student will remember that Charles V., though he claimed of right 
 to be Duke of Burgundy, did not acquire all the territorial possessions of his great-grandfather, Charles the Bold, and that the 
 Duchy was annexed to France by Louis XL, in 1479. 
 
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