WORLD WAR SECTION 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
Class 
 
 Book. - - j 4 t:. 1 
 
 Copyright N^_ ^„ 
 
 COF»t!CHT DEPOSm 
 
\':; 
 
 'h^ 
 
 
 
World War Section 
 
 OF 
 
 The History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Jews of Richmond 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT T. EZEKIEL 
 
 AND 
 
 GASTON LICHTENSTEIN 
 
 Aicbmonli. i^irginia 
 
 ?Ierbert T. Ezekiel, Printer and Publisher 
 
 1920 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1920, 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT T. EZEKIEL 
 
 AND 
 
 CASTON LICHTENSTEIN 
 
 m 25 1920 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Remembering the work involved in procuring the records of 
 soldiers in the War Between the States, when our country 
 entered the world conflict, the compilers of this volume began 
 to follow events closely, with a view to bringing it up to date. 
 Casualty lists were scanned and incidents of moment noted. 
 
 So far as known, no other community has a chronicle of this 
 character. A task of such magnitude could not be accomplished 
 by two men. Co-operation came from various sources, primarily 
 the participants, and, in numerous instances, relatives. 
 
 Many of the boys had removed to other localities. In some 
 cases, the principals were uncertain as to their own records. In 
 one particular did there exist no uncertainty — nearly every man 
 knew the date of his discharge. 
 
 Where available, recourse was had to official documents ; 
 when these could not be had, statements of the men were used, 
 and it is reasonable to presume that, in the main, these are 
 correct. 
 
 There are many to whom thanks are due for assistance ren- 
 dered. It would be difficult to name all of them. Justice de- 
 mands that the services of the following should be publicly ac- 
 knowledged : Rev. Dr. Edward N. CaHsch, Mrs. Nelson C. 
 Cauthorn, Miss Hannah Cohn, Aron Gross, Alfred E. Hirsh- 
 berg, Umbert LaFratta, Major Joseph LeMasurier, David 
 Marks, Simon Passamaneck, Mrs. IMerton J. Rosenbaum, Fred- 
 erick H. Spigel, Dr. W. G. Stanard, Adjutant-General Jo Lane 
 Stern, Mrs. Landon C. Tucker, Morton L. Wallerstein and 
 G. Joseph Walpert. 
 
 [The senior compiler of this volume feels the statement is due 
 his colleague that the latter did the greater portion of the work 
 in securing data for the records herein contained.] 
 
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. 
 
 Admitting that America was unprepared for entrance into 
 the world war, what would she have accompHshed had she been 
 prepared for such an eventuaHty? 
 
 For years students of history had predicted a conflict into 
 which all the great powers of Europe would be drawn. That 
 this country would participate in the struggle appeared remote. 
 The sinking of the Lusitania, but for the forbearance and care- 
 fully-considered policy of President Wilson, would have prob- 
 ably at once resulted in war. When Germany announced her 
 intention of sinking all vessels (enemy and neutral) but one 
 honorable course remained. 
 
 Patriotism asserted itself. At first the people found it difficult 
 to realize that they were involved in a struggle the scene of which 
 lay three thousand miles away. Enthusiasm and excitement had 
 small place ; with grim determination preparations were made in 
 a business-like manner to prosecute hostilities to a successful 
 termination. 
 
 This country at war, Richmond boys, as ever, did their duty. 
 Some volunteered forthwith ; others were with the National 
 Guard, which entered the service bodily; some were already in 
 the Regular Army. It became apparent that a long and bitter 
 conflict impended. A number enlisted while yet in their "teens," 
 more entered the service before they attained their majority. 
 Good, red American blood had not disappeared from the face 
 of the earth; some falsified as to their age (an ofifence at which 
 the Recording Angel must have smiled). One young man, in 
 his eagerness to fight for his country, and suffering from bad 
 sight, memorized the eye chart to the end that he might pass 
 the optical - examination. 
 
 Never did Jewish intellect receive such tribute as in the 
 recognition of the ability of these soldiers and sailors. There 
 were 234 of them. Most of them were born in Richmond ; others, 
 not natives, entered the army and navy from this city, being resi- 
 dents; a few made their domiciles here after the cessation of 
 hostilities. Taken, as a rule, from civilian pursuits, the amazing 
 
3S2 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 fact stands forth that of this number 113 were private soldiers, 
 marines and seamen. Over fifty-two per cent, of them were com- 
 missioned and non-commissioned officers. Forty of these, not 
 quite eighteen per cent., received commissions. There were three 
 majors, three captains, twelve first lieutenants, eleven second 
 lieutenants, three naval lieutenants, and eight ensigns. Of non- 
 commissioned officers thirty-six were sergeants (how firm a 
 foundation — the authorities say an army is built around the 
 sergeants), two of marines, fourteen corporals, twenty-five petty 
 naval officers and six radio men. 
 
 The first Richmond man, Jew or non-Jew, to lose his life in 
 conflict with the enemy, Jacob Edel Cohen, went down with the 
 Lakemoor, when torpedoed off the coast of Scotland, April m, 
 1918. There had been other deaths, from accident or disease. 
 As an employee of the mail service, Cohen could have claimed 
 exemption, but he did not wish to remain in safety while others 
 fought for his country. So eagerly did he seek service, that he 
 entered the Navy in the humblest capacity, but his ability soon 
 obtained recognition. 
 
 In far-away France Samuel Stern fills a hero's grave. To 
 him came the greatest honor which falls to the lot of mortal man. 
 He died gloriously fighting for. his country. Killed in action 
 October 11, 1918, his body rests in the American Battle Area 
 Cemetery, at Romagne-Sous-Montfaucon, Meuse.* 
 
 What shall be said of those men who shed their blood in the 
 actual shock of battle? At the time, in army parlance, they con- 
 sidered themselves "out of luck," but in years to come, those 
 who received honorable wounds for their country will regard them 
 as not the least distinctive of decorations. 
 
 The list from Richmond of those thus distinguished, com- 
 prises the following: Sergeant Isadore Bernstein, November 5, 
 1918, gunshot; Sergeant Lewis Bloom, St. Mihiel, September 
 14, shot in hip, spent two months in hospital ; Corporal Morris 
 Cantor, wounded in right shoulder; Private A. Chipiwalt, dur- 
 ing the Argonne drive; Private Henry Freeman, October 6, 1918, 
 
 * To the compilers of this book is accorded the mournful satisfaction 
 that by reason of information supplied by data in their hands, Stern's 
 resting place is marked with the Mogen Dovid (Shield of David) emblem 
 of the Jewish faith. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 3S3 
 
 wounded and gassed in the Argonne drive, discharged fifteen per 
 cent, disabled; Morris Groh (to show that all service is danger- 
 ous), a musician, wounded by shrapnel in the Argonne Forest; 
 Private George Kass (twice), first at Chateau-Thierry, next at 
 Blanc Mont Ridge; First Lieutenant Julian A. S. Meyer, wound- 
 ed and shell shocked; Private Julian Rubenstein, detached on 
 medical service, shell shocked, four months in hospital; Morris 
 Schoenbaum, and Private Samuel Weinstein, also of the medi- 
 cal detachment, during the Argonne engagement. 
 
 The counterpart of the Rabbi of old who unmurmuringly 
 yielded his jewels when they were demanded of him could also 
 be found here. Joseph Freeman, Mrs. Julia Hirshberg, Mrs. 
 Charles Michael, Sol Oppenheim and Moses Zander each had 
 three sons in the service. 
 
 Sergeant Morris J. Liberman, who "displayed great courage" 
 in the discharge of his duties, by reason thereof was cited in 
 General Orders. Attached to the Medical Department, his work 
 took him to the front line, as he had to minister to the wounded 
 as they fell. Liberman's regiment suffered eighty per cent, 
 casualties, but he escaped unscathed. Sergeant Alvin C. York 
 served with this same regiment, and as a matter of fact, it was 
 in coming to the assistance of Liberman's battalion, he per- 
 formed the extraordinary feat which makes him one of the out- 
 standing figures of the war.. Having been an eye-witness of the 
 entire affair, Liberman has quite a vivid recollection of it. 
 
 Other instances of exceeding interest are to be found in the 
 lists which follow. 
 
 RESIDENTS OF RICHMOND WHO SERVED IN THE 
 ARMY AND NAVY: 
 
 Anten, Rubin, Private, Battery F, 6oth Regiment, ist Army; 
 enlisted August 3, 1917; discharged February 15, 
 1919 ; at St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest ; nearest of kin, 
 Israel Anten, father. 
 
 Arnheim, William M., 
 
 enlisted October 12, 1917; discharged April 19, 
 1919; Private, 148th Aero Squadron ; transferred to 
 
384 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 I72d; entered service at age of sixteen; stationed in 
 England; nearest of kin, Mrs. G. J. Michelbacher, 
 mother. 
 AsHER, Jack, Second Lieutenant, Motor Transport Corps ; 
 enlisted as private September 23, 191 8; received 
 commission at Camp Johnston six weeks later; re- 
 lieved December 24, 1918; nearest of kin, Morris 
 H. Asher, father. 
 
 AsHER, Fallen, Private, First Class; 
 
 enlisted June 26, 1917; discharged August 25, 1919; 
 128th Company, 7th Regiment, Marines; stationed 
 at Quantico and later in Cuba; expert rifleman; 
 nearest of kin, Morris H. Asher, father. 
 
 Bear, x\lexander L., Second Lieutenant; 
 
 enlisted October 8, 191 7, as private. Coast Artillery, 
 Fortress Monroe, Va. ; attended School of Enlisted 
 Specialists, Fortress Monroe; Assistant Engineer 
 Coast Artillery Corps, March 12, 1918; sailed for 
 France as Assistant Engineer N. C. S., C. A. C, 
 July 30, 1918; attached to 71st Artillery, C. A. C. ; 
 Second Lieutenant, Field Artilleiy Section, Febru- 
 ary I, 1919; returned from France February 22, 
 1919; discharged March 14, 1919; nearest of kin. 
 Dr. Alexander L. Bear, father. 
 
 Bear, Dr. Joseph, First Lieutenant, Medical Corps ; 
 
 entered service September 6, 1918; discharged De- 
 cember II, 1918; stationed at Camps Oglethorpe 
 and Meade ; nearest of kin, Philip Bear, father. 
 
 Bear, Nathan, Sergeant, First Class ; 
 
 enHsted December 13, 1917; discharged May 7, 
 1919; Quartermaster Corps Detachment, Finance 
 Division ; Camp Le€ ; nearest of kin, Philip Bear, 
 father. 
 
 Bendheim, Adrian L., Sergeant, Base Hospital 45; 
 
 enlisted September 14, 1917; discharged April 29, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Samuel Bendheim, father. 
 
 Bernstein, Emanuel, Base Hospital 45 ; 
 
 enHsted September 17, 1917; discharged April 29, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Samuel Bernstein, father. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 385 
 
 Bernstein, Harry, Sergeant, First Class; 
 
 enlisted September 15, 1917, Base Hospital 45; 
 transferred to Headquarters 3d Army, Chief Sur- 
 geon's Office ; in Germany seven months with Army 
 of Occupation; nearest of kin, Samuel Bernstein, 
 father. 
 
 Bloomberg, Louis, Sergeant, First Class, 811 Aero 
 Squadron ; 
 
 enlisted November 28, 191 7; discharged March 30, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Sol L. Bloomberg, father. 
 
 Breitstein, David A., Sergeant, Medical Department Repair 
 Shop; 
 
 enHsted October 2, 1917; discharged June 21, 1919; 
 Company M, 318th Infantry; transferred to Base 
 Hospital, Camp Lee; nearest of kin, Harry Breit- 
 stein, father. 
 
 Brown, Abe J., Private, Base Hospital, 86th Division ; 
 
 enlisted at fifteen years April i, 1918; discharged 
 September 17, 1918; nearest of kin, Joseph Brown, 
 father. 
 
 Calisch, a. Woolner, Second Lieutenant, Air Service, Fight- 
 ing Observer; 
 
 entered service January 27, 1918; relieved from 
 duty December 10, 1918; nearest of kin, Rev. Dr. 
 Edward N. Calisch, father. 
 
 Calisch, Harold E., Second Lieutenant, Q. M. C, Construc- 
 tion Division ; 
 
 enlisted with Bryan Unit (Motor Ambulance) May 
 17, 1917; transferred to McGuire Unit; June 15, 
 1918, received commission ; eleven months in 
 France; Assistant Adjutant at Fort Bouguen ; near- 
 est of kin. Rev. Dr. Edward N. Calisch, father. 
 
 Cantor, Morris, Corporal, Company M, 127th Regiment, 32d 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted October 3, 1917; discharged January 3, 
 1919; at Alsace-Lorraine front, Chateau-Thierry, 
 Soissons; wounded in right shoulder; nearest of 
 kin, Samuel N. Cantor, father. 
 
3S6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Chipiwalt, Abe, Private, Company K, iioth Regiment, 28th 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted June 20, 1918; discharged May 23, 1919; at 
 Metz and Argonne (wounded) ; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Dora Romm, sister. 
 
 Chipiwalt, Ben, Private; 
 
 enlisted at the age of sixteen May 2, 1918, at Fort 
 Thomas, Ky. ; transferred to Camp Grant, 111., Base 
 Hospital 58; discharged August 27, 1918; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Dora Romm, sister. 
 
 Chipiwalt, Jake, Bugler, Company A, 318th Infantry, 80th 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted September 5, 1917; discharged June 5, 1919* 
 at Artois, St. Mihiel and Argonne; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Dora Romm, sister. 
 
 Cohen, Abe, Private, 323d Ambulance Company, 306th Sani- 
 tary Train, 8ist Division; 
 
 enlisted May 22, 1918; discharged June 30, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Louis Cohen, father. 
 
 Cohen, Jacob Edel, Radio Operator; 
 
 volunteered August 7, 1917; went down with the 
 Lakemoor, when that vessel was torpedoed off the 
 coast of Scotland, April 11, 1918; first fatality 
 among the Masons of Richmosd ; nearest of kin, 
 Edel Cohen, father. 
 
 Cohen, Louis, Private, 4th Company, 5th Engineers, Camp 
 Humphreys ; 
 
 enlisted August 5, 1918; discharged August 26, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Nathan Cohen, father. 
 
 Davids, Samuel, Private, First Class, Field Medical Supply 
 Unit No. 2; 
 
 transferred to Embarkation Hospital Corps, Camp 
 Stuart; enlisted April 5, 1918; discharged Novem- 
 ber 28, 1918; nearest of kin, Louis Davids, father. 
 
 Davis, Louis L. ; 
 
 enlisted December 18, 1913; served as Apprentice 
 Seaman ; advanced to Ordinary Seaman ; then Sea- 
 man ; "showed ability as leader of men" (official) ; 
 discharged January 5, 1917; re-enlisted September 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 387 
 
 27, 1917; discharged as seaman August i, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Hugh L. Davis, father. 
 
 EisENMAN, Leo I., Sergeant, Q. M. C, Fort Jay, N. Y. ; 
 enlisted August 13, 1917; discharged April 27, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Jeanne Eisenman, mother. 
 
 Elsner, Sol, Private, Company A, 121st Engineers; 
 
 enlisted July 15, 1918; discharged July 19, 1919; 
 about seven months and a half in France; nearest 
 of kin, Charles Eisner, father. 
 
 Engelberg, Martin Larus, Storekeeper, Third Class, Navy; 
 enlisted December 14, 1917; released January i, 
 1919; on inactive duty; nearest of kin, Mrs. Rosa 
 Engelberg, mother. 
 
 Ezekiel, Dr. Gerald A., Major; 
 
 entered service April 21, 1917, as First Lieutenant; 
 July 9, 1918, Captain; Major, May 2, 1919; with 
 Medical Reserve Corps ; received third commis- 
 sion with regular army; discharged June 4, 1919; 
 ten and a half months in France; nearest of kin, 
 Edwin A. Ezekiel, father. 
 
 Ezekiel, Gustavus F., Sergeant, Company A, 215th Engineers, 
 15th Division; 
 
 enlisted July 15, 1918; discharged January 31, 1919; 
 stationed Camp Humphreys, Va., and Camp Logan, 
 Houston, Texas ; had been recommended for of- 
 ficers' training camp when armistice was signed ; 
 nearest of kin, Herbert T. Ezekiel, father, 
 
 Ezekiel, Percy L. ; 
 
 volunteered September, 1918; entered Central Of- 
 ficers' Training School, Camp Zachary Taylor, No- 
 vember, 1918; discharged December, 1918; nearest 
 of kin, Edwin A. Ezekiel, father. 
 
 Fisher, Frederick Harold, Private, First Class, Battery C, 
 Coast Artillery, 71st Reg'iment; 
 
 enlisted March 14, 1918; discharged March 14, 
 19 19; in France with Battery A, 55th Artillery; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Daisy B. Fisher, mother. 
 
388 THE HISTORY or 
 
 Freeman, Henry, Private, Company H, 319th Infantry, 80th 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted April 15, 1918; discharged June 7, 1919; 
 15 per cent, disabled; fought at St, Mihiel battle 
 and in two Argonne engagements ; his company of 
 250 men in one battle was reduced to 53, he com- 
 ing out uninjured; on another occasion only 18 of 
 250 came through untouched — this engagement took 
 place October 6, 1918, at which time he was wound- 
 ed and gassed; nearest of kin, Joseph Freeman, 
 father. 
 
 Galeski, Walter S., Ensign, Naval Reserves ; 
 
 entered service June 22, 1917; relieved March 29, 
 1919; on submarine chasers and Battleship Iowa; 
 nearest of kin, Salo Galeski, father. 
 
 Gellman, Moses, Hospital Apprentice, First Class, Navy; 
 enlisted May, 1918; discharged December, 1918; 
 nearest of kin, Aaron Gellman, father. 
 
 Gellman, Samuel H., Sergeant, Quartermaster Corps; 
 enlisted August 31, 1918; discharged December 17, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Aaron Gellman, father. 
 
 Glass, Harry, Corporal, Company B- 218th Engineers 
 (musician) ; 
 
 enlisted September 2, 1918; discharged February 
 10, 1919; nearest of kin, Samuel Glass, father. 
 
 Glass, Max, brother of above. Sergeant, ii6th Engineers; 
 transferred to 137th Engineers, A. E. F. ; studied 
 four months at University of Bordeaux and received 
 certificate; enlisted August 13, 1918; discharged 
 July 29, 1919. 
 
 Goldbarth, Harvey M., Sergeant, Base Hospital 45; 
 
 enlisted September 14, 1917; discharged April 29, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs, Bertha S. Goldbarth, 
 mother. 
 
 Goldman, Dr. Isaac H., First Lieutenant, Medical Corps; 
 entered service July 16, 1917; relieved from duty 
 May ID, 1919; stationed at Camp Lee Base Hos- 
 pital, Fort Oglethorpe, and Port Inspector and 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 389 
 
 Statistical Officer at port of embarkation, Hoboken, 
 N. J.; nearest of kin, Benjamin Goldman, father. 
 
 Gordon, Max, Private, 77th Company, 5th Regiment, Marines; 
 enlisted at New York June 8, 1917; discharged 
 September 30, 1919; with A. E. F. in France; 
 Meuse sector sub-sector Montainville, April i to 
 May 12, 1918; Chateau-Thierry sector, June i to 
 23; St. Mihiel sector September 12-17; Champagne 
 sector, October 2-10; Meuse-Argonne, November 
 i-ii ; with Army of Occupation eight months; ex- 
 pert rifleman ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Goldie Gordon, 
 mother. 
 
 Green, Clifford I., Private, Depot Brigade, Company I, Camp 4; 
 enlisted August 30, 1918; discharged December 22, 
 1918; nearest of kin, William A. Green, father. 
 
 GuNST, Edward Henry, Second Lieutenant, Infantry ; 
 
 appointed from Plattsburg; received commission 
 September 16, 1918, when twenty years of age; 
 sent to Camp Grant ; preparing to sail overseas 
 when armistice was signed; discharged December 
 3, 1918; nearest of kin, Emanuel H. Gunst, father. 
 
 Harbaugh, William Yost, Private, Headquarters Company, 
 3d Battalion, Coast Artillery; 
 
 went to France; enlisted May, 1918; discharged 
 December, 1918; next of kin, Mrs. Sallie I. Har- 
 baugh, mother. 
 
 Harris, Archie Jack, Storekeeper, Second Qass, Naval Re- 
 serves ; 
 
 enlisted July 15, 1918; discharged April 20, 1919, 
 from the Steamship Nokomis, converted yacht used 
 as a convoy submarine chaser ; nearest of kin, Henry 
 Harris, father. 
 
 Harris, Jesse, Engineering Ensign ; 
 
 enlisted May 3, 1918; discharged July 20, 1919; two 
 trips to St. Nazaire, France, as Watch Officer in 
 Engine Room; next of kin, Henry Harris, father. 
 
 Held, Charles, Private, 383d Company, Battalion O, 7th Regi- 
 ment, Marines; 
 
 enlisted October 17, 1918; discharged June 17, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Mary Held, mother. 
 
390 'THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Held, Gerson \Y., Private, First Class, Q. M. C. ; 
 
 enlisted July 29, 1918; discharged December 14, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Mary Held, mother, 
 
 Hellstern, Horace, Seaman, First Class; 
 
 enlisted June 20, 1917; discharged December 13, 
 1918; patrol duty; nearest of kin, Abram Hellstern, 
 father. 
 
 Hellstern, Isaac, Limited Service; 
 
 nearest of kin, Abram Hellstern, father. 
 
 Hertzberg, Dr. Herman, Passed Assistant Surgeon, Lieutenant, 
 Senior Grade; 
 entered service February 20, 1918; relieved June 4, 
 1919; stations — Navy Medical School, Pelham Bay 
 Park; U. S. S. Tiger (transport) ; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Katherine Hertzberg, wife. 
 
 Hirsiiberg, Fred P., Corporal, Headquarters Company, iioth 
 Field Artillery, 54th Brigade, 29th Division; 
 
 enlisted June 19, 1916, Company A, Virginia Signal 
 Corps ; served on Mexican border eight months, 
 promoted to Sergeant; left for Camp McClellan, 
 Anniston, Ala., September 16, 1917; Signal Corps 
 disbanding, transferred October 7, 1917, to artillery; 
 Corporal, November 23d ; ten months in France ; at 
 St. Mihiel, Verdun, MoUeville Farm, Bois de 
 Haumont, Bois Pat and Chene ; discharged May 30, 
 1919 ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Julia Hirshberg, mother. 
 
 Hirsiiberg, Harold B.,. Private, Battery B, 35th Regiment, 
 Coast Artillery ; 
 
 enlisted December 6, 1917; discharged December 5, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Simon L Hirshberg, father. 
 
 Hirsiiberg, Harold L, Private, Battery F, 36th Regiment, 
 Coast Artillery; 
 
 enlisted August 13, 1909, at Fort Snellings, Minn. ; 
 discharged August 13, 1912; re-enlisted August 25, 
 1912, at Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; discharged 
 August 25, 1915; third enhstment, September 10, 
 191 5, for duty at Jefferson Barracks, Mo.; trans- 
 ferred to Battery F, Fortress Monroe; discharged 
 November 22, 1919; enlisted fourth time upon the 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 391 
 
 day of his discharge; now on duty with Coast 
 Artillery School Detachment; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Julia Hirshberg, mother. 
 
 HoRWiTZ, Aaron A., Private ; 
 
 enlisted as cavalryman June 15, 1917; after four 
 months changed to 8ist Field Artillery Regiment; 
 transferred to casual company; discharged Decem- 
 ber 15, 1918; nearest of kin, Hyman Horwitz, 
 father. 
 
 HuTZLER, Harold I., Landsman Electrician, Radio; 
 
 enlisted July i, 1918; discharged February 21, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Leroy Hutzler, father. 
 
 HuTZLER, Leroy, Jr., First Lieutenant, Infantry; 
 
 attended First Fort Myer Training Camp; received 
 commission as Second Lieutenant August 15, 1917; 
 First Lieutenant December 31, 1917; at Camp Lee; 
 sailed with 319th Regiment, 80th Division; acted as 
 Platoon Commander ; then Battalion Supply OfHcer ; 
 third as Assistant Regimental Supply Ofificer; in 
 Picardy Sector with British; St. Mihiel; Meuse- 
 Argonne; from February till August, 1919, in 
 charge of detachment at Russian Prisoner of War 
 Camp, Altdamm, Pomerania, Germany; discharged 
 September 16, 1919; nearest of kin, Leroy Hutzler, 
 father. 
 
 Jacobs, Gaston M., Private, Aviation ; 
 
 volunteered April 10, 1917, Virginia Signal Corps, 
 Company A ; changed to 54th Field Artillery, Head- 
 quarters Company ; transferred to air service, Kelly 
 Field; then to School Military Aeronautics, flying 
 cadet; discharged December 2, 1918; nearest of kin, 
 Abram L. Jacobs- father. 
 
 Jacobs, Norman, Limited Service; 
 
 enlisted September 7, 1918; discharged December 
 22, 1918; nearest of kin, Abram L. Jacobs, father. 
 
 Jaffe, Salmon M., Private, Company A, 323d Infantry; 
 enlisted May 22, 1918; discharged June 25, 1919; in 
 Meuse-Argonne offensive and St. Die sector; near 
 est of kin, Mrs. Minnie JafiEe, mother. 
 
392 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Kapiloff, David, Coast Artillery ; 
 
 enlisted October 24, 1918; discharged December 8, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Morris Kapiloff, father. 
 
 Kapiloff, Harry, Pharmacist's Mate; 
 
 enlisted July 8, 1918; discharged February 20, 1919; 
 served on troop ship Susquehanna; nearest of kin, 
 Morris Kapilolf, father. 
 
 Karp, Dr. William, First Lieutenant, Medical Corps ; 
 
 commissioned June, 1918; died in service at Camp 
 Meade- October 9, 1918; nearest of kin, Joseph 
 Karp, father. 
 
 Kaufman, Benjamin, Corporal, Company E, 319th Infantry, 
 80th Division; 
 
 enlisted April 2, 1918; discharged April 12, 1919; 
 at Meuse-Argonne and Arras ; nearest of kin, J. 
 Newman, uncle. 
 
 Kaufman, Lewis, First Lieutenant, Ordnance Department ; 
 entered service December 11, 191 7; relieved Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1919; nearest of kin, Isaac H. Kaufman, 
 father. 
 
 Harry E. Wilkins, Brigadier General, Q. M. C, 
 commanding, said: "Showed exceptional ability as 
 officer in charge Patersoi:^ Ordnance Depot"; recom- 
 mended for promotion to rank of Captain, but did 
 not stay in service. 
 
 Kaufman, Marcus S., Yeoman, Second Class; 
 
 enlisted July 3, 1918; discharged July 5, 1919; near- 
 est of kin, Carl Kaufman, father. 
 
 KiRSH, Alfred J., Regimental Sergeant Major, Judge Advocate 
 General's Department; 
 
 enlisted June 19, 1918; discharged December 21, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Sadie M. Kirsh, mother. 
 
 Lebarwitch, Paul, Sergeant, Company A, 5th Engineers Train- 
 ing Regiment ; 
 
 enlisted July 13, 1918; discharged December 13, 
 1918; stationed at Camp Humphreys, Va. ; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Minnie Lebarwitch, mother. 
 
 Levy, Dr. Ernest Coleman, Major, Medical Corps; stationed 
 at Camp Pike. Little Rock, Arkansas; 
 
THE J E W S OF RICHMOND 393 
 
 promise made him that he should enter the service 
 as major, but through oversight commission as cap- 
 tain issued August 28, 1918; rectified October 28, 
 1918, when he received his majority; relieved from 
 duty January 4, 1919, to assume duties of Director 
 of Public Welfare of Richmond; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Levy, wife. So far as disclosed by 
 the records, Major Levy is the ranking Jewish 
 officer from Richmond in the World War, his uncle, 
 Captain E. J. Levy, figuring in a like manner in the 
 War Between the States ; Major Levy is one of a 
 unique avuncular line of soldiers, being the uncle 
 of Major Gerald A. Ezekiel, mentioned in this list ; 
 his (Levy's) uncle, Captain E. J. Levy, fought in 
 the Confederate Army, and Captain E. J. Levy's 
 uncle, Surgeon Moses Albert Levy, served in Sam 
 Houston's (Texan) Army. I 
 
 Levy, Frank, Hospital Sergeant, Base Hospital 45 ; 
 
 enlisted September 15, 1917; discharged April 30, 
 1919 ; nearest of kin, Lewis P. Levy, father. 
 
 Lewis, Benjamin A., Second Lieutenant; 
 
 received commission October 2, 1918; July 13, 1916, 
 enlisted Supply Company, 3d District of Columbia 
 Infantry; discharged April 24, 1919; served on 
 Mexican border nine months ; promoted private to 
 sergeant, mustered out at Fort Myer, Va., March 
 30, 1917; called back April 6th, out of service about 
 a week ; remobilized at Fort Myer ; at Camp Greene 
 left 3d D. C, transferred to ii6th Field Signal Bat- 
 talion, Camp Mills, .Long Island ; France nineteen 
 months ; transferred to office of Division Quarter- 
 master, stationed St. Aignan, three months, under 
 fire with Company C, i i6th Supply Train, detached 
 service, at Soissons, 37th Division; received com- 
 mission at Motor Transport Division School in 
 France ; with troops in Argonne, from there to 
 Flanders in off^ensive ; born in Richmond ; nearest 
 of kin, father, Jacob H. Lewis. 
 
394 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 LiBERMAN, Morris J., Sergeant, Medical Department, Regular 
 Army; attached to 328th Infantry, 164th Brigade, 82d Division; 
 volunteered July 7, 1917; at Marbache, in addition 
 to the places mentioned in the following "citation" ; 
 discharged May 28, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. Leah 
 Liberman, mother. 
 
 Headquarters 328TH Infantry, 
 
 American E. F., France, 
 
 April I, 1919. 
 General Orders 
 No. II. 
 
 (Extract) 
 
 1. The following named soldier of the 328th' Infantry is here- 
 by Honorably Mentioned in Regimental Orders. He fully and 
 properly performed his duties as a_ soldier in the hard fighting of 
 the Saint Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives. He is a credit 
 to his Organization and Country. 
 
 SERGEANT MORRIS J. 191 1654 LIBERMAN, 
 SANITARY DETACHMENT, 328TH INFANTRY. 
 This man was withi the First Battalion Detachment while at 
 the Toul and Pont-a-Mousson fronts, and during the Saint Mihiel 
 and Meuse-Argonne Offensives. He displayed great courage and 
 devotion to his duties in administeririg to the wounded at Norroy 
 on September 15, 19 18, and again at Apremont and Sommerance. 
 
 2. The Commanding Officer takes pride in announcing this 
 fine example of courage and self-sacrifice. 
 
 By order of Colonel Wetherill. 
 
 W. K. Merritt, 
 Captain, 2,28th Infantry, Adjutant. 
 
 LicHTENSTEiN, JosEPii, Jr., Quartermaster, First Class; 
 
 volunteered April 5, 1917, the day before war was 
 declared ; entered service as Second Class Seaman ; 
 won his first promotion by remaining at wheel 
 seventeen hours, during a storm which incapaci- 
 tated most of his shipmates and during which he 
 himself was injured; volunteered for foreign ser- 
 vice; promoted, first and last, five times; passed 
 examination for Naval Aviation Service, but capa- 
 ble men being needed on mine sweepers, his superior 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 395 
 
 officers kept him at that work; spent two weeks on 
 French submarine practicing "listening in" ; greater 
 portion of service on mine sweeper Cahill, a con- 
 verted fish boat ; twenty months in foreign waters ; 
 nearest of kin, Joseph Lichtenstein, father. 
 
 London, Louis M., Sergeant, Quartermaster Corps ; 
 
 enHsted December 15, 19 17, in Medical Department 
 at Washington, Financial Branch ; discharged Feb- 
 ruary 5, 1919; nearest of kin, Solomon J. London, 
 father. 
 
 LovENSTEiN, Herman M., Private, Second Section Headquar- 
 ters, Camp Lee; 
 
 enlisted June 28, 1918; discharged January 7, 1919; 
 served previously in regular army; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Rebecca Lovenstein, mother. 
 
 LuBNER, Nathan, Chief Yeoman ; 
 
 enlisted May 7, 1917; discharged December 26, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Morris Lubner, father. 
 
 LuTTO, Louis Alexander, Navy ; 
 
 enlisted April, 1917; discharged April 12, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Abram Lutto, father. 
 
 LuTTO, Morris, Regimental Supply Sergeant, 80th Division; 
 enlisted September 19, 1917; discharged June 5, 
 1919 ; served in Artois sector, St. Mihiel and Meuse- 
 Argonne ; nearest of kin, Abram Lutto, father. 
 
 Marks, Joe C, Sergeant, Tank Corps ; 
 
 enlisted October 14, 1918; discharged December 26, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Philip Marks, father. 
 
 Marks, Keeve, Corporal, 315 Field Artillery, 80th Division; 
 enlisted June 12, 1917, in Battery A, Headquarters 
 Company, iiith Field Artillery; discharged April 7, 
 1919; served in St. Mihiel and Argonne engage- 
 ments ; nearest of kin, Harry Marks, father. 
 
 May, Irving, Sergeant, First Class, Base Hospital 45 ; 
 
 enlisted September 14, 1917; discharged April 29. 
 1919; saw service in France; nearest of kin, David 
 May, father. 
 
396 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Mayer, David \V., Sergeant Major, Senior Grade, Coast Artil- 
 lery; 
 
 enlisted July 2y, 1917; discharged December 12, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. S. C. Mayer, mother. 
 
 Meyer, Adolph, Landsman Electrician, Radio ; 
 
 enlisted June 29, 1918; discharged January, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Flora Meyer, mother. 
 
 Meyer, Julian A. S., First Lieutenant Infantry ; 
 
 attended second ofifilcers' training camp at Fort Ogle- 
 thorpe ; received commission as First Lieutenant, 
 November 2y, 1917; assigned to Company K, 60th 
 Infantry, Camp Greene, and served with that com- 
 mand until July 5, 1918; next as Renting, Requi- 
 sition and Claims Officer on Stafif of 5th Division ; 
 relieved at own request for service on line; partici- 
 pated in a number of battles and skirmishes with 
 Company H, 60th Infantry, 5th Division ; wounded 
 and shell shocked ; with Army of Occupation ; dis- 
 charged February 11, 1919 ; praised for efficient work 
 as Renting, Requisition and Claims Officer; Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Robert Burkham wrote : "You have 
 shown more than ordinary 'energy, and all of us 
 have felt from our experience of you that your rec- 
 ommendations were to be relied upon" ; nearest of 
 kin, Mrs. Julia G. Whitlock, mother. 
 
 Meyer, Julius, Ensign; - 
 
 enlisted May 9, 19 18, as Seaman on submarine 
 chaser; discharged April 29, 1919; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Bertha Meyer, mother. 
 
 Meyer, Milton M., Private, 398th Company, Battalion T, Ma- 
 rine Corps ; transferred to Supply Company ; 
 
 enlisted October 23, 1918; discharged February 28, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. Flora Meyer, mother. 
 
 Michael, Jess. Quartermaster, First Class; 
 
 enlisted October 10, 1916; discharged September 9, 
 1919; served on battleship Louisiana and transport 
 Leonora ; twenty-eight times back and forth ; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Carry Michael, mother. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 397 
 
 MiLLHisER, E. Ross, First Class Yeoman; 
 
 enlisted July, 1918; discharged January 6, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Bessie Millhiser, wife. 
 
 Nelson, Theodore, Jr., Third Class Yeoman; 
 
 enlisted May 21, 1918; discharged November 26, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Theodore Nelson, father. 
 
 Nelson, Walter D., Chief Quartermaster; 
 
 enlisted May 7, 1918; discharged November 26, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Theodore Nelson, father. 
 
 Newman, Harry S., Private, R. O. T. C, Blacksburg, Va., 
 September 2-29, 1918; 
 
 enlisted S. A. T. C, Richmond College, October 3, 
 appointed to Infantry Officers' Training School, 
 Camp Fremont, California, October 27, discharged 
 December 9, 1918; nearest of kin, Jacob Newman, 
 father. 
 
 Oberdorfer, Henry S., Sergeant, 7th Engineers; stationed Camp 
 Humphreys, Va. ; 
 
 enlisted August 6, 1918; discharged December 16, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Myer B. Oberdorfer, father. 
 
 Popper, Nathan, Painter, Third Class, Navy ; 
 
 enlisted May 31, 1918; discharged November, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Rose Popper, mother. 
 
 Prag, Meredith, Landsman Electrician, Radio; 
 
 enlisted July 3, 1918; discharged February 21, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. D. W. E. Prag, mother. 
 
 Raab, Merrill E., Chief Yeoman; 
 
 enlisted October 22, 1917; discharged December 21, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Camille Lang Raab, wife. 
 
 Reinach, Aubrey H., Yeoman, First Class ; 
 
 enlisted August, 1918; discharged January, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Phyllis Reinach, wife. 
 
 Reinhard, Meyer, Seaman; 
 
 enlisted June 29, 1917; discharged December 7, 
 1918; served on mine sweepers P. K. Bauman 
 (sunk) and W. J. Courtney, converted fish boats; 
 nearest of kin, Harry M. Reinhard, father. 
 
 Rindsberg, William. Yeoman, Second Class; 
 
 enlisted March 8, 1918; discharged February 5, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Joseph Rindsberg, father. 
 
39S THE HISTORY OF 
 
 RosENBAUM, Ivan I., Boatswain's mate, Second Class; 
 
 enlisted July 3, 1917; discharged January 11, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Morton B. Rosenbaum, father. 
 
 RosENBAUM, Merton J., Private, Company E, nth Engineers; 
 volunteered May 21, 1917; discharged May 6, 1919; 
 at Cambrai, Arras, St, Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne ; 
 nearest of kin, Morton B. Rosenbaum, father. 
 
 Rosenberg, Jacob, Corporal, Battery A, iiith Field Artillery, 
 54th Brigade, 29th Division; 
 
 enlisted National Guard, August 5, 191 5; U. S. 
 Army, June 22, 1917; discharged May 25, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, M. Rosenberg, father. 
 
 RosENFELD, MiTCHELL Wm., Corporal, 356th Aerial Squadron ; 
 enlisted December 4, 1917; in England six months; 
 discharged December 22, 1918; nearest of kin, Israel 
 Rosenfeld, father. 
 
 Rosenthal, Jean R., First Lieutenant, Infantry; 
 
 enlisted ist Virginia Infantry May 23, 1913; Cor- 
 poral July I, 1914; Sergeant March 16, 1915; Sec- 
 ^ ond Lieutenant August 15, 1917; First Lieutenant 
 October 17, 1918; discharged December 31, 1918; 
 saw service on Mexican border; stationed at 
 Brownsville, Texas, six months; was at First Ft. 
 Myer Training Camp ; stationed at Camp Lee, Va. ; 
 Camp Sevier, S. C. ; Camp Funston, Kansas ; with 
 depot brigade in each camp ; in charge of Post Ex- 
 change at Camp Lee ; drilling at others ; nearest of 
 kin, Mrs. Rosalie Rosenthal, mother. 
 
 Rosenthal, Martin M., Seaman, First Class ; served on flagship 
 of submarine chasers ofif the Atlantic coast ; 
 
 enlisted July i, 1918; discharged December 11, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Rosalie Rosenthal, 
 mother. 
 
 Rosenthal, Samuel, Private, First Class, Medical Department; 
 in charge of dispensary at Camp Hospital, Douglas, Ariz. ; 
 enlisted June 4, 1918; discharged February 7, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Jacob Rosenthal, father. 
 
THE J E W S OF RICHMOND 399 
 
 Rosenthal, Samuel B., Seaman, Second Class; 
 
 enlisted June 5, 1918; discharged September 18, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Max Rosenthal, father. 
 
 RosENZWEiG, Harry H., Private, Headquarters Company, 317th 
 Infantry, 80th Division ; 
 
 enlisted March 29, 1918; discharged June 10, 1919; 
 in Artois sector; at St. Mihiel and in Meuse- 
 Argonne drive ; served on Mexican border ; nearest 
 of kin, Simon Rosenzweig, father. 
 
 Rothschild, Albert M., Private, Company G, Military Police, 
 Navy Yard, Philadelphia ; 
 
 enlisted November 13, 1918; discharged May 31, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Aaron Rothschild, father. 
 
 Sa Franek, Maurice B., Corporal, 12th Virginia Coast Artillery; 
 enlisted December 7, 1917; discharged July i, 1918; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Sylvia L. Sa Franek, wife. 
 
 Savage, Samuel, Private; 
 
 enlisted June 18, 1918; July 4 transferred to limited 
 service ; nearest of kin, Louis Savage, father. 
 
 ScHER, Mike, Private, Battery E, 314th Field Artillery; 
 enlisted April 15, 1918; discharged June 7, 1919; 
 at Verdun, St. Mihiel and Argonne drives ; nearest 
 of kin, Isaac Scher, father. 
 
 Scher, Simon David, Private ; with Electrical Detachment, Bliss 
 Electrical School : half time of service spent in Walter Reed 
 Hospital, Washington ; died from goitre week after returning 
 home ; 
 
 enlisted March, 1918; died October 4, 1918; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Sarah Scher, mother. 
 
 Scher, Solomon, Private, Company 11, Depot Brigade; 
 enlisted August 3, 1918; discharged January 25, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Isaac Scher, father. 
 
 Scherr, Samuel, Yeoman, Third Class; 
 
 enlisted June 29, 1918; discharged December 12, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Benjamin Scherr, father. 
 
 ScHLOss, George S.. Private, Company F, 104th Ammunition 
 Train, 29th Division ; 
 
 enlisted with Troop B, ist Virginia Cavalary (Rich- 
 mond Blues) October 10, 1917; transferred to Divi- 
 
400 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 sional Headquarters; discharged June i, 1919; at 
 Meuse-Argonne ; enlisted at 18; nearest of kin, 
 Philip Schloss, father. 
 ScHOENBAUM, MoRRis, Private, Headquarters Company, 318th 
 Infantry, 80th Division ; 
 
 enlisted April 2, 1918; discharged June 5, 1919; 
 in Attois sector; at St. Mihiel (reserve) and Meuse- 
 Argonne with machine gun company ; acted as "run- 
 ner" ; near Captain John Crum when the latter was 
 killed ; received wound, but refused to leave his com- 
 pany; nearest of kin, Samuel Schoenbaum, father. 
 ScHRADER, Al, Private, Supply Company, iiith Field Artillery, 
 29th Division (Blue and Gray) ; served in France and assisted 
 in entertaining soldiers ; 
 
 enlisted July 28, 1917; discharged June 2, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Annie Solomon, sister. 
 William Schrader, who resided in Richmond two years, was a 
 brother; he served in the 28th (Keystone) Division, and was 
 killed in action in the Argonne Forest on October 11, 1918. 
 ScHWARTZBERG, Ch.\rles, Private, Company A, 104th Ammuni- 
 tion Train, 29th Division ; 
 
 enlisted June 19, 1916; saw service on Mexican bor- 
 der with Company B (Grays,) ; recalled March 25, 
 1917; served in Alsace, in reserve at St. Mihiel, 
 Meuse-Argonne; discharged June i, 1919; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Fannie Schwartzberg, step-mother. 
 ScHWARZsciiiLD, SoL. M., Sergeant, First Class, Aviation; 
 enlisted May 5, 1917; discharged March 2, 1919; 
 stationed at Camp McClellan, Anniston, Ala. ; Kelly 
 Field, San Antonio, Tex.; transferred to 6th De- 
 tachment, Detroit, Mich. ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Bella 
 Schwarzschild, mother. 
 Segal, Harry, Private, First Class, Battery F, iiith Field Artil- 
 lery; 
 
 enlisted August 22, 1917; discharged July 2, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, David Segal, father. 
 Shapiro, Sam, Private, First Class, Medical Supply Depot; 
 enlisted March 30, 1918; discharged April 3, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Lessie Shapiro, mother. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 401 
 
 SiDENBERG Harry, Private, First Class (Stretcher Bearer), 319th 
 ^ Ambulance Company, 305th Sanitary Train, 80th Division; 
 
 enlisted September 26, 1917; discharged June 9, 
 
 1919; at Meuse-Argonne (two engagements); in 
 
 reserve at St. Mihiel ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Annie 
 
 Sidenberg, mother. 
 SiDENBERG, SoL., Private, Headquarters Company, 317th Infan- 
 try, 80th Division : 
 
 enlisted March 29, 1918; discharged June 12, 1919; 
 
 in Picardy sector, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne ; 
 
 nearest of kin, Abram Sidenberg, father. 
 SiEGEL. IRVIN, Quartermaster, Second Class, Naval Aviation ; 
 
 enlisted August 8, 1918; discharged February 20, 
 
 1919; nearest of kin, Harry Siegel. father. 
 SoNNENBERG, Nathan, Wirclcss Operator, Second Class ; 
 
 enlisted July 30, 1918; discharged October 29, 1918; 
 
 nearest of kin, Louis Sonnenberg, father. 
 SoNNENBERG, Samuel, Private, First Class, Base Hospital, Camp 
 
 Lee; 
 
 enlisted October 7, 1917; discharged March 14, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Louis Sonnenberg, father. 
 
 Spilberg, Mitchell, Private, Company M, 3d Battalion Infantry, 
 Replacement and Training Camp; 
 
 enlisted May 27, 1918; discharged August 19. 1918; 
 nearest of kin, Simon Spilberg, father. 
 
 Stern, Dr. Henry S., Captain, Medical Corps ; 
 
 trained at Camp Oglethorpe; commissioned First 
 Lieutenant May 17, 1917; Captain, May 15, 1918; 
 in France ten months ; served with Evacuation Hos- 
 pital 18; then attached to Field Hospital of 2d and 
 36th Divisions of American Army and General 
 Gouraud's 4th French Army; again detached and 
 served with ist American Army at St. Mihiel; re- 
 lieved May 12, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. Minna 
 Stern, mother. 
 
 Stern, Ira Y., Yeoman, Second Qass ; 
 
 enlisted July 9, 1918 ; discharged January 2, 1919 ; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Hannah Stern, wife. 
 
402 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Stern, Sam, Private, First Class, Company H, 38th Infantry ; 
 enlisted September 15, 1917 ; killed in action October 
 II, 1918; buried in American Battle Area Cemetery 
 at Romagne-Sous-Montfaucon, Meuse, France ; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Sarah Adelanski, sister. 
 
 Straus, Arthur L., Jr., Sergeant, Ordnance; 
 
 enlisted, in California, July 18, 1917; discharged 
 June 18, 1919; Battery F., 143d Field Artillery, 40th 
 Division; transferred to Ordnance Department, De- 
 cember 10, 1917; left Camp Kearney, May 31, 1918; 
 ten months overseas with chief ammunition officer, 
 first army, also at French proving grounds, Bourges ; 
 nearest of kin, Arthur L. Straus, father. 
 
 Straus, Aubrey H., First Lieutenant, Sanitary Corps, Army 
 Laboratory No. i ; 
 
 commissioned November 10, 1917; discharged Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1919; in France about a year; nearest of 
 kin, Mrs. Wilma Straus, wife. 
 
 Straus, Harold, Corporal, Engineers, Camp Humphreys, and 
 San Antonio; 
 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Ella Straus, mother. 
 
 Strause, Gordon E., Boatswain's Mate, Second Class ; 
 
 enHsted June 16, 1917; disch^irged December 15, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs,. Leon M. Nelson, mother. 
 
 Strause, Philip E., Sergeant; 
 
 to Camp Lee September 4, 1917; had previously 
 enlisted as ambulance driver; assigned to Head- 
 quarters Troop, 80th Division, with rank of Acting 
 Sergeant ; Sergeant one month later ; at his own re- 
 quest transferred to Intelligence Section as Ob- 
 server, in order to be in fighting line ; at St. Mihiel 
 and Meuse-Argonne ; discharged. June 5, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Leon L. Strause, father. 
 
 Strauss, Morris, Second Lieutenant, Field Artillery ; 
 
 entered service October 17, 1918; discharged Jan- 
 uary 29, 1919, from regular army; in reserves until 
 1924; nearest of kin, Lewis S. Strauss, father. 
 
 Sunderland, Joseph F., Private, Headquarters Detachment, 
 54th Field Artillery ; 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 403 
 
 enlisted July 6, 1916, in Virginia Signal Corps; 
 served on Mexican border; in France nearly a year; 
 discharged May 24, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. Jen- 
 nie Doktor, sister. 
 
 Sycle, Junius S., Radio Electrician; 
 
 enlisted May 30, 1918; discharged February 25, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Seymour Sycle, father. 
 
 Sycle, Dr. Moses Carlisle, Captain, Medical Corps ; Fort Ogle- 
 thorpe for training; 
 
 commissioned September 3, 1917; Chief of Urologi- 
 cal Department, General Hospital, Fort Harrison, 
 Indiana; discharged July 15, 1919; nearest of kin, 
 Mrs. Florence Sycle, wife. 
 
 Tatarsky, Philip, Private, First Class, Medical Department; 
 enlisted August 16, 1917; discharged August 11, 
 1919; served in France with Hospital Train 65; 
 nearest of kin, Joseph Tatarsky, father. 
 
 Thalhimer, Morton G., Captain, Ordnance Department, Am- 
 munition Section, Field Service ; 
 
 with the Blues (State troops) until his commission 
 as First Lieutenant issued December 25, 1917; sta- 
 tioned at Washington, Administration Division of 
 Chief Ordnance Ofifice-r, in charge of Supplies and 
 Personnel Branches ; arrived in Brest, France, July 
 17, 1918; stationed in Paris from July 21 to August 
 10; at his request transferred to field service; 
 served at ammunition dumps at St. Mihiel Salient 
 during the drive; transferred to First American 
 Army, September 20, 19 18, and served nine ammu- 
 nition dumps in the Argonne Forest offensive ; while 
 working with the 26th Division, in front of Verdun, 
 was recommended for promotion and his commis- 
 sion as Captain issued in compliance therewith ; 
 transferred to staff of Chief Ammunition Officer 
 at signing of armistice as Adjutant and Personnel 
 Officer, and as such had charge of the demolition 
 of ammunition in the battle area of the First Army, 
 until March 15, 19 19; returned with the 26th Di- 
 
404 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 vision; discharged May 12, 1919; nearest of kin, 
 
 Mrs. Pauline Thalhimer, mother, 
 Tregar, David, Private, 327th Company, Quartermaster Corps : 
 
 enlisted August 5, 1918; discharged March 17, 1919; 
 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Esther DeRusse, sister. 
 Wallerstein, Lester, Ensign, Naval Reserves ; on Luckenbach 
 
 enHsted December 12, 1917; released February 14, 
 
 1919; nearest of kin, David Wallerstein, father. 
 
 Wallerstein, Morton L., Ensign; 
 
 enHsted June 16, 1917, as boatswain's mate; after 
 course in wireless telegraphy qualified as Radio 
 Operator in September ; transferred to Naval Radio 
 School at Harvard University ; acted as secretary 
 to Eligibility Board, First Naval District (Boston), 
 which obtained throughout New England men suited 
 for particular purposes, such as weather observers 
 for aviation, supply officers, radio experts, engineer- 
 ing officers, and selected many of the men who per- 
 fected the anti-submarine devices ; as a result of 
 competitive examinations, in navigation, gunnery, 
 and seamanship, commissioned Ensign, Reserve 
 Force, and ordered to Reserve Officers' School, 
 Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., for four and one- 
 half months course ; graduating in May, 1918, trans- 
 ferred to the Minnesota, Atlantic Fleet, flagship, as 
 Junior Watch and Division Officer, and made En- 
 sign ; in September, jthe Minnesota was struck by 
 enemy mine or torpedo and nearly sunk ; for service 
 in saving the ship, its captain was awarded the dis- 
 tinguished service medal and the ship's complement 
 received praise from the Commanding Officer, At- 
 lantic Fleet, for their "efficient and prompt action" 
 which resulted in saving the ship ; Navy Department 
 awarded gold chevron to every man serving aboard ; 
 transferred in November to U. S. S. C. 235, Atlantic 
 Fleet, to attend' at same time School of Anti-Sub- 
 marine Tactics, at New Lx)ndon, Conn. ; engaged 
 in teaching on the ship anti-submarine tactics to 
 higher officers from signing of the armistice until 
 
THE J E IV S OF R I C H M O N D 405 
 
 discharged March i, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Clara U. WaUerstein, mother. 
 
 Wallerstein, Ralph, Ensign, Naval Reserves; transport Han- 
 cock ; 
 
 enlisted December 12, 1917; released January 19, 
 1919; nearest of kin, David WaUerstein, father. 
 
 Wallerstein, Robert L., Second Lieutenant, Air Service, Aero- 
 nautics ; 
 
 attended Second Fort Myer Officers' Training 
 Camp; received commission. Field Artillery, No- 
 vember 2y, 1917; transferred to Air Service, De- 
 cember, 1917; sailed July 16, 1918, overseas; served 
 in England; discharged January 4, 1919; nearest of 
 kin, Leon Wallerstein, father. 
 
 Walpert, G. Joseph, Yeoman, First Class, Boston Navy Yard ; 
 enlisted December 4, 1917; discharged December 
 7, 1918; nearest of kin, Benjamin M. Walpert, 
 father. 
 
 Watsky, Sam, Ensign ; 
 
 enlisted June, 1917; released March, 1919; troop 
 transport service, Veratyr; nearest of kin, Isaac 
 Watsky, father. 
 
 Watts, J. Leicester, Private, First Class, Base Hospital 41, 
 University of Virginia; 
 
 enlisted October 6, 1917; discharged July 2^, 1919; 
 operated in district of Paris ; prepared court material 
 and assisted at trials and investigations under Major 
 Witt, Summary Court Officer in Adjutant's Office: 
 attended University of Paris, Faculte de Droit, four 
 months ; certificate of graduation in special courses ; 
 also attended Alliance Francaise; received certifi- 
 cate; designated by Secretary of War (July 12. 
 1917} for competitive examination for Second Lieu- 
 tenant, Mounted Service, but was unable to report ; 
 nearest of kin, Isaac Watsky, father. 
 
 Weinstein, Samuel, Private, Medical Detachment, ii6th In- 
 fantry, 29th Division ; 
 
 wounded in Argonne engagement; saw service in 
 Alsace-Lorraine; enlisted April 17, 1917; discharged 
 
406 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 February 8, 1919; nearest of kin, Israel L. Wein- 
 
 stein, father. 
 WiLKiNS, Solomon, Private, iiith Field Artillery (Richmond 
 Howitzers), Battery A; 
 
 enlisted June 28, 1917; in France nearly one year; 
 
 discharged June 2, 1919; nearest of kin, Herman 
 
 Wilkins, father. 
 Wolf, David, Sergeant, Base Hospital 45 ; 
 
 enlisted September 14, 1917; discharged April 29, 
 
 1919; nearest of kin, Barney Wolf, father. 
 Zimmerman, Morris, Corporal, Company 15, First Air Service, 
 Mechanical Regiment; 
 
 enlisted September 19, 1917; discharged July 2, 
 
 1919; in France fifteen months; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 
 Tillie Zimmerman, mother. 
 
 ENLISTED IN RICHMOND, NOW RESIDING 
 ELSEWHERE 
 
 Adler, Harry, Private, 12th \'irginia Coast Artillery; 
 
 enlisted December 6, 1917; resides in Massachusetts. 
 
 Barker, Max Albert, Private, Battery B, 35th Regiment (12th 
 Virginia), Coast Artillery; 
 
 enlisted December 3, 1917; discharged November 
 26, 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Sarah Barker, 
 mother ; resides in Roanoke. 
 
 Bernstein, Isadore, Sergeant, Company B, 318th Infantry, Both 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted September 18, 1917; discharged June 4, 
 1919; sharpshooter, February 7, 1919: at Artois 
 Sector, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne (two engage- 
 ments; gunshot wound, November 5, 1918; near- 
 est of kin, Jacob Bernstein, father; resides in 
 Atlanta. 
 
 Bloom, Lewis, Sergeant, Battery F, 19th Field Artillery, 5th 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted January 18, 1915; discharged April 23. 
 1919; at Chateau-Thierry and St. Mihiel; wounded 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 407 
 
 at battle of St. Mihiel, September 14, 1918; shot 
 ill the hip and two months in hospital; resides in 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Braverman, Leo. 
 
 Calisch, Dr. Harry Francis, Second Lieutenant, 34th Regi- 
 ment, Coast Artillery ; 
 
 entered service October 13, 1917; discharged Sep- 
 tember 10, 1919; nearest of kin, S. H. Calisch, father; 
 resides in Danville, Va. 
 
 Faigelman, Philip, record unknown; name appears in list of 
 those on Young Men's Hebrew Association service flag. 
 
 FiNKOFSKY, Herman; served in Engineers; resides in Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., since war. 
 
 Flax, Maurice, Apprentice Seaman ; 
 
 enlisted July 31, 1918; discharged March 22, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Fannie Nusbaum Flax, wife. 
 
 Freeman, Isaac ; 
 
 enlisted Signal Corps, Company A, Virginia Na- 
 tional Guard, Private, First Class, and left for Mexi- 
 can border October, 1916, after having been sta- 
 tioned at Camp Stuart, this city ; fell from his horse 
 and injured November, 1916; left Camp Wilson, 
 San Antonio, March, 1917, for home and mustered 
 out; called back into 'Federal service in July, but 
 failed to pass the examination, and discharged as 
 physically unfit on July 28, 1917 ; next of kin, Joseph 
 Freeman, father. 
 
 Gerson, Samuel, Private, Ordnance Department; 
 
 enlisted August, 1918; discharged February 6, 1919; 
 stationed at Washington, D. C. ; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Yetta Gerson, mother. 
 
 Goldstein, Isidore (born in London), Private, Company 6, 
 154th Depot Brigade; 
 
 enlisted June 20, 1918; prior to this he had been in 
 service of Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corpo- 
 ration, and made five attempts to volunteer; dis- 
 charged July 15, 1918, and served with the Emer- 
 gency Fleet Corporation until January 24, 1920; 
 nearest of kin, N. Levensohn. 
 
408 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 Goldstein, Louis B., Sergeant, Company D, 318th Infantry, 80th 
 Division ; 
 
 enlisted September 6, 1917; discharged March 17, 
 1919; automatic-gun instructor at Divisional School 
 of Arms, Camp Lee ; transferred to Camp Hill, 
 March, 1918, where he was drill instructor of the 
 5th Casual Company; nearest of kin, Mrs. Leah 
 Goldstein, mother; resides in Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Greenspon, Morris Reuben, Quartermaster Sergeant; 
 enlisted Washington, D. C, in Marine Corps, June 
 18, 1918; discharged August 7, 1919; period of en- 
 listment extended for convenience of Government, 
 and re-sworn in with proviso that he be discharged 
 within ten days after request ; attached to Marine 
 Corps Headquarters, Washington. D. C. ; detailed 
 at Bureau of War Risk Insurance, in charge of 
 detail ; nearest of kin, Raphael Greenspon, father. 
 
 Groh, Morris, Musician, 314th Field Artillery Band, 80th Di- 
 vision ; 
 
 enlisted September 5, 1917; discharged January 21. 
 1919; wounded by shrapnel in Argonne Forest, 
 October 18, 1918; nearest of kin, Abraham Groh, 
 father; resides in New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 Herman, Samuel Raines, Private, 48th Motor Ambulance Com- 
 pany ; 
 
 enlisted (about) May 29, 1918; discharged January 
 25, 1919; at Camp Lee, Va., and Camp Hancock, 
 Ga. ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Frances Herman, mother. 
 
 Hoffman, Nathan, Navy ; resides in Atlanta. 
 
 HvMEs, Benjamin, Fifth Engineers' Training Camp; 
 
 enlisted July 15, 1918; discharged January 6, 1019; 
 nearest of kin, Harris Hymes, father. 
 
 jAconsoN, Maurice; 
 
 record unknown ; name on list of Young Men's He- 
 brew Association service flag. 
 
 Jaffe, Louis I., First Lieutenant ; 
 
 attended First Officers' Training Camp at Fort 
 Myer, \^a.. May, 1917; obtained Second Lieuten- 
 ant's commission at Second Officers' Training Camp 
 
THE J E IV S OF RICHMOND 409 
 
 at same place (Field Artillery) ; transferred Jan- 
 uary, 1918, to Air Service, 649th Aero Squadron; 
 March, 1918, put in charge of fifty men and sent to 
 Air Station No. i, France. (See Civilian Sei-vice.) 
 Jerushalmy, Nathan, Private, Casual Detachment; 
 
 enlisted September 23, 1918; discharged December 
 12, 1918; stationed at Camp Lee; resides in New 
 York; as indicated by his name, Jerushalmy was 
 born in Jerusalem. 
 
 Kass, George G., Private ; 
 
 enlisted 21st of June, 1917, at Marine Barracks, 
 Philadelphia; sea service Marine Detachment on 
 U. S. S. St. Louis, August 21 to August 28, 1917; 
 U. S. S. Minnesota, September i, 191 7, to May 11, 
 1918; France from May 24, 1918, to January i, 
 1919; wounds received in service: one at Chateau- 
 Thierry, one at Blanc Mont Ridge ; Chateau-Thierry 
 Sector, June 21 to June 26, July i to July 6; July 
 17 to July 23, Soissons Sector; August u to August 
 17, 1918, Marbache Sector; September 11 to 19, 
 St. Mihiel Sector; September 30 to October 4, 
 Champagne Sector; wounded in action Blanc Mont 
 Ridge; sharpshooter, April 26, 1918; discharged 
 April 25, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. Celia Kass, 
 mother. 
 Letter from George Kass to his mother : "Well, I am still in 
 the hospital, but am getting along fine (October 26, 1918) * * * 
 and expect to go back to duty in two or three weeks. I guess 
 you are anxious to know how I was wounded. Well, I simply 
 got it when the skipper asked for five volunteers to unflank a 
 machine gun nest. We captured the crew, gun and all ; that is, 
 what was left of them; we charged the gun, one of our pals 
 was killed and one hit in the leg and me in the arm. When we 
 got to about twenty-five yards from the gun, we dived behind 
 anything that would prove a little shelter. I dived for a small 
 shell hole and one fellow was about ten feet from me; he was 
 behind a stump of a tree, and two fellows behind a small rise in 
 the ground ; although I Was wounded in my left arm, it did not 
 keep me from throwing hand grenades ; so laying on my left side, 
 
410 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 I heaved two grenades, and one of the other fellows had three, 
 so he heaved his, and then we charged the gun again; that is, 
 four of us ; the fellow who was hit in the leg went about ten 
 yards and had to quit, as he was unable to continue ; but he sure 
 was game. So the three of us went forward and as we were 
 only about ten yards from it we heard the word 'Kamerad.' We 
 found out that our grenades did the work, for there were six 
 Germans; none were killed, but every one was wounded. I 
 went back for first aid and also helped the chap who was hit 
 in the leg." 
 Leion, Maurice, Private, Medical Corps; 
 
 nearest of kin, Dr. I. H. Leion. 
 Levin, Louis H., Private; at Camp Lee. 
 Levy, Martin D., First Lieutenant, Quartermaster Corps ; 
 enhsted October 4, 1915; supply sergeant Field 
 Artillery, National Guard, from April i, 1916, to 
 June 18, 1918; on, detached service with Student 
 Company 6, Camp Joseph E. Johnston, Fla., Na- 
 tional Guard ; commissioned Second Lieutenant 
 June 19, 1918; First Lieutenant, November 6, 
 1918; relieved October 28, 1919; nearest of kin, 
 Nathan Levy, father. 
 John T. Geary, Colonel, Q. M. C, "wrote to the Adjutant Gen- 
 eral, Washington, D. C. : 
 
 1. Forwarded, recommending that First Lieutenant Martin 
 D. Levy, Q. M. C, be commissioned Major in the Quartermaster 
 Reserve Corps. 
 
 2. This officer has been Subsistence Officer at this Division 
 Camp for a year. A good portion of this time there were 50,000 
 men at this camp. 
 
 3. Lieutenant Levy is thoroughly familiar with the Subsist- 
 ence Division of the Camp Supply Office, and his record here has 
 been one of exceptional merit. He is a man of great zeal and 
 energy, devoted to his work, and secures a maximum amount of 
 good results, with a minimum amount of friction. He is a good 
 organizer and knows all the details of his work. Personally I 
 would rather have him as Subsistence Officer under me than to 
 have performing the same work three average officers. 
 Levy, Moses, Storekeeper, First Class; 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 411 
 
 enlisted January i, 1918; promoted from Store- 
 keeper Third Class; resident of Washington, D. C. 
 Masinter, Morris L., Sergeant, Battery F, iiith Field Artil- 
 lery, 29th Division ; 
 
 enlisted June 2y, 1917; discharged June 2, 1919; in 
 France; nearest of kin, E. M. Masinter, father; 
 resides in Roanoke, Va. 
 Michael, Julius, Sergeant ; 
 
 enlisted April 3, 1917, three days prior to declara- 
 tion of war, Medical Department, administering 
 first aid to recruits leaving Fort Slocum, N. Y., en 
 route to their companies; stationed there for thir- 
 teen months; about eleven months at Camp Lee, 
 Va. ; discharged March 26, 1919; nearest of kin, 
 Charles Michael, father. 
 Michael, Morton, brother of above; 
 
 nearest of kin, Charles Michael, father. 
 Michael (Goodblear), Sam J., Sergeant, Marine Corps; 
 enlisted October 10, 1916; on recruiting duty at 
 Richmond, Huntington, VV. Va., and in North Caro- 
 lina; was stationed for a while at Paris Island and 
 Quantico; still in service; nearest of kin, Charles 
 Michael, father. 
 Oppenheim, Ben, Yeoman, Third Class; 
 
 enlisted April 18, 1918; discharged February 3. 
 1919; nearest of kin, Sol. Oppenheim, father. 
 Oppenheim, Lewis, Supply Sergeant, Company L, 3d Battalion, 
 Replacement and Training Centre, Camp Lee ; 
 
 enlisted May 27, 1918; discharged December 13, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Sol. Oppenheim, father. 
 Oppenheim, Reuben, Private, First Class, Ordnance Depart- 
 ment, Bridgeport, Conn. ; 
 
 enlisted September, 1918; discharged February, 
 1919; nearest of kin, Sol. Oppenheim, father. 
 RosENFELD, Keeve, Private; 
 
 enlisted in the Regulars, Richmond, December 13, 
 1917; assigned to Signal Corps, and sworn in at 
 Fort Thomas, Ky., following day; transferred to 
 Camp Zachary Taylor, then to San Antonio ; finally 
 
412 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 to 43d Balloon Company ; sailed for Brest June 29, 
 1918, and went into camp near Bordeaux; partici- 
 pated in battles of St. Mihiel, Verdun-Meuse and 
 Argonne-Meuse, and at the signing of the armistice 
 ^was in the Ardennes Forest; spent winter of 1918 
 in Argonne Forest, sailing for home from Bor- 
 deaux, Passover week (April), 1919; discharged 
 May 11; nearest of kin, Mrs. Fannie Rosenfeld, 
 mother. A relative furnishes the following extract 
 from a publication : 
 "To Private Rosenfeld belongs the distinction of having 
 served throughout the war as a 'Buck,' and was made a First 
 Class Private just before leaving France. 
 
 "As a member of an observation balloon company, he could 
 not participate in a direct offensive, as his outfit was not prop- 
 erly armed for such operations; but he conceived the idea of 
 repairing and utilizing abandoned German machine guns and am- 
 munition, so ten of these were assembled by him and mounted 
 on wires for high angle fire, and together with the usual com- 
 plement of guns furnished Balloon Companies for defense, suc- 
 ceeded in beating ofif an attack by an unusually bold squadron of 
 German airplanes who attacked the balloon while in the bed, they 
 retiring without accomplishing their "purpose, and also saving a 
 battery of large calibre guns stationed nearby." 
 RosENSTEiN, Morton, Ensign; 
 
 enlisted June 29, 1917; nearest of kin, Frank Rosen- 
 stein, father. 
 RosENZWEiG, Abe, Sergeant, Battery C, 77th Regiment, Field 
 Artillery, 4th Division ; 
 
 seven or eight years in Regular Army ; still in ser- 
 vice. Second Cavalry ; nearest of kin, Simon Rosenz- 
 weig, father. 
 RoTKiN, MosEs, Corporal, 2,2"/ Repair Unit, M. T. C. ; 
 enHsted May 22, 1918; discharged August 19, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Abraham Rotkin, father. 
 RuBENSTEiN, JuLiAN, Private, Company H, 2d Virginia Infantry; 
 enlisted June 2y, 1917; served in Medical Detach- 
 ment, ii6th Infantry, 29th Division; shell shocked, 
 in hospital four months, and has never fully recov- 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 413 
 
 ered; nearest of kin, Mrs. Frances Rubenstein, 
 mother ; resides in New York. 
 
 Sachs, Louis, Private, Medical Corps, 635th Aviation , Supply ; 
 enlisted November 20, 19 17, with 13th Virginia 
 Coast Artillery; nearest of kin, Joseph Sachs, 
 father. 
 
 Sharove, Samuel H,. 
 
 enlisted in Ordnance Corps, Fort Myer, Va., De- 
 cember 15, 1917, and assigned to Supply Division, 
 Washington, D. C. ; transferred to Ordnance Train- 
 ing Company, University of Pittsburgh; to Ord- 
 nance Training Camp, Camp Hancock, Ga. ; re- 
 turned to Washington ; here, while standing physi- 
 cal examination for commission, it developed he 
 had, in his eagerness to enter the service, "de- 
 frauded" the Government upon original enlistment 
 by memorizing the eye-chart, his sight being bad; 
 for this he was court-martialed and reduced to first- 
 class private, and placed in Class C, Limited Ser- 
 vice, and assigned to duty at Springfield, Mass., 
 Armory; discharged February 21, 1919; nearest of 
 kin, David Sharove, father. 
 
 Stern, Lawrence, First Lieutenant, Ordnance. 
 
 Tatarsky, Nathan, Private, 80th Division ; 
 
 enlisted September 19, 1917; served, approximately, 
 six weeks; nearest of kin, Joseph Tatarsky, father. 
 
 Whitlock, Edgar J., Naval Lieutenant; 
 
 commissioned April i, 1918; discharged May 26, 
 1919; Assistant Naval Inspector, New Jersey In- 
 spection district; had direct charge of equipping 
 mine plants and general supervision of manufacture 
 of mines; the 73,000 mines for the entire North 
 Sea were manufactured in this district, and were 
 under his direction and supervision; this was con- 
 sidered one of the great secrets of the war, and 
 every precaution used to safeguard their manu- 
 facture ; also had general supervision of the manu- 
 facture of rotating hands for major and minor 
 calibre shells used by the Navy; member of the 
 
414 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 examining board, and general survey officer for this 
 district; nearest of kin, Edward Whitlock, father. 
 
 NATIVES OF RICHMOND ENLISTING ELSEWHERE 
 
 Edel, Albert Frederick, Lieutenant, Naval Reserve ; 
 
 entered service November 20, 1917; released May 
 18, 1919; stations: Naval Academy, S, S. South 
 Carolina, Navy Yard, Norfolk, Va. ; resides in New 
 York; nearest of kin, Mrs. Lee Rindsberg Edel, 
 wife. 
 
 Ezekiel, Mordecai J., Second Lieutenant; 
 
 attended Officers Training Camp, Plattsburg, N. Y. ; 
 commissioned September 16, 1918, when nineteen 
 years of age ; acted as instructor of Dartmouth Col- 
 lege S. A. T. C. Unit, Dartmouth, N. H., com- 
 manding Company B; relieved December 20, 1918; 
 nearest of kin, Jacob L. Ezekiel, father ; resides in 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Heller, William, Yeoman, Third Class, on Ship William A. 
 McKenney, carrier of supplies to Army in France; 
 
 enlisted August 19, 1918; discharged April 7, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Mrs. Amelia Heller, mother ; resides 
 in Raleigh. 
 
 Kopple, Augustus Smith, Major, Quartermaster; 
 
 enlisted as private, twenty-four years ago, when 
 eighteen years of age; with the exception of one 
 year, has served continuously ; in the Spanish-Amer- 
 ican and World Wars, also on the Mexican border ; 
 at Brest handled supplies for as many as 125,000 
 men in a single day ; only twelve men outranked 
 him there ; remained eight months ; when armistice 
 was signed he had been recommended for promotion 
 to Lieutenant-Colonel ; received a tribute from Gen- 
 eral Pershing; at the beginning of the war Major 
 Kopple, then Captain, was sent in charge of a Red 
 Cross ship from St. Louis to France ; now stationed 
 
'THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 415 
 
 at El Paso, Tex. ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Bessie Cole- 
 man Kopple, wife. 
 
 Levy, Irving Lester, Private, Sec. Det. No. i, A. S. C. ; 
 enlisted July 24, 1918; discharged Alay 5, 1919; 
 nearest of kin, Isaac Levy, Baltimore; resides in 
 New York, 
 
 Straus, Sylvan E., Corporal, Ordnance Corps ; 
 
 enlisted January 6, 1918; discharged January 6, 
 1919; resides in Baltimore; nearest of kin, Abram 
 E. Straus, father. 
 
 Zander, Gaston W., Private, Company B, 109th Headquarters 
 Train and Mounted Police, 34th Division; 
 
 enlisted August 11, 1918; discharged April 26, 1919; 
 in France six months ; nearest of kin, Mrs. Olga 
 Hirsch Zander, wife. 
 
 Zander, Malcolm, brother of above; 
 
 enlisted as Apprentice Seaman, May 31, 1917; pro- 
 moted successively to Seaman, Coxswain, Boats- 
 wain's Mate, Second and First Class; discharged 
 January 18, 1919; in active transport service seven- 
 teen months, crossing the Atlantic eighteen times ; 
 on Transport Antigone ; the following ships of his 
 fleet of convoys were. sunk by U-boats: President 
 Lincoln, Covington, Devinsk; the Agamemnon, 
 though badly crippled, returned to port under her 
 own power ; the Antigone had several running fights 
 with U-boats, in one of which the gun crew regis- 
 tered a direct hit, sinking the submarine ; when vol- 
 unteers were called for to relieve a British vessel in 
 distress, a hundred men responded and thirteen 
 were chosen ; Zander was one of them ; water being 
 rough it took two hours to launch small boat ; near- 
 est of kin, Moses Zander, father. 
 
416 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 ENLISTED ELSEWHERE, NOW RESIDING IN 
 RICHMOND 
 
 Asterisk (*) — Have since removed. 
 
 *CoHEN, Ralph, Sergeant, 23d Construction Company; trans- 
 ferred from 29th Balloon Company; 
 
 enlisted May 6, 1918, St. Louis; discharged June 
 5, 1919- 
 
 Enoch, Arram, Private, Company B, 119th Infantry; 
 
 enlisted March 31, 1918, at Durham, N. C. ; partici- 
 pated in the engagements of Ypres, Bellecourt, Bu- 
 signy and St. Souplet, and Mazenheim; had two 
 brothers in service from elsewhere ; must have been 
 a good soldier, for his discharge (April 8, 1919) 
 shows he made "his mark" in signing name ; nearest 
 of kin, Harris Enoch, father. 
 
 GiRSH, Jack, Private, 3d Company, ist Battalion, 155th Depot 
 Brigade ; 
 
 enlisted IMarch 29, 1918; discharged January 16, 
 1919; next of kin, Simon Girsh, father. 
 
 Gellis, Joseph, Private, First Class, Company B, 318th Infantry, 
 80th Division ; » 
 
 enlisted March 29, 1918: discharged June 4, 1919; 
 at Artois Sector, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne ; near- 
 est of kin, Mrs. Eva Share, sister. 
 
 Gettis, Stanley H., Chief Yeoman, Battleship North Carolina ; 
 enHsted New York, September 20, 191 1; in army 
 February 26, 1908, to February 25, 191 1; in trans- 
 port service convoying troops ; discharged Novem- 
 ber 18, 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Sophie Gettis, 
 mother. 
 
 Greenraum, Joseph, Private, Replacement Company, Aviation; 
 enlisted May 6, 1918; discharged January 25, 1919; 
 in England about four months ; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Rebecca Wolf, sister. 
 
 *JosEPH^N, William B., Private, First Class, Ambulance Com- 
 Pany 323 ! 
 
 enlisted May 28, 19 18; in France nearly eleven 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 417 
 
 months; served in Meuse-Argonne and St. Die sec- 
 tors ; discharged July 29, 1919. 
 
 Kaplan, Milton, Private, Medical Supply Depot, Camp Sher- 
 man ; 
 
 enlisted May, 1918; discharged July, 1918, for 
 physical disability; nearest of kin, Manuel Kaplan, 
 father. 
 
 *Lenet, Benjamin, Private, Company E, 314th Field Artillery; 
 enlisted April 29, 1917, at Springfield, 111.; dis- 
 charged November 30, 1918; nearest of kin, Ed- 
 ward N. Lenet, brother. 
 
 *Lenet, Samuel, Sergeant, First Class, Bakers and Cooks' 
 School, Camp Merritt, N. J. ; 
 
 enlisted August 28, 1917; discharged March 24, 
 1919 ; nearest of kin, Edward N. Lenet, brother. 
 
 Levy, Winton Daniel, Corporal, Headquarters Detachment, 
 97th Engineers; 
 
 enlisted June 17, 1918, at Baltimore; stationed at 
 Camps Meade and Leach ; recomemnded for Second 
 Lieutenant, Quartermaster Corps, Personnel 
 Branch, armistice signed while taking course; dis- 
 charged December 12, 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Hattie Levy, mother. 
 "Corporal Levy has at all times been a faithful and willing 
 
 worker, and has, in my mind, the making of a valuable man in 
 
 any work in which he might choose to engage." — Major James 
 
 W. Houseal, 97th Engineers. 
 
 Nathan, Joseph, Yeoman, Third Class; 
 
 enlisted May 22, 1918; discharged December 28, 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Ray Nathan, mother. 
 
 Pinch EFSKY, Samuel, Private, First Class, Section 10, Group 
 C, Battalion Unit 320, Motor Transport Corps ; Automobile 
 Mechanic ] acted as Sergeant in command of about fifty men ; 
 enlisted September 19, 1917; from Philadelphia to 
 Camp Meade; discharged July 21, 1919; sixteen 
 months in France; under fire at Chateau-Thierry 
 twice ; nearest of kin, Hyman Pinchef sky, father. 
 
 Shklovsky, Julius B., Second Lieutenant; 
 
 enlisted October 17, 1917, at Clarksville, Tenn., as 
 
418 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 private; Sergeant, November ist; promoted to First 
 Sergeant December nth; sent to Central Officers' 
 Training School, Camp Gordon; October 15, 1918, 
 sent to Camp Lee to organize Czecho-Slovak Le- 
 gion, and had made preparations when armistice 
 was signed; instructed two months at Camp Lee; 
 discharged April 19, 1919; nearest of kin, Mrs. 
 Miriam Shklovsky, mother. 
 Trattner, Dr. Sidney, First Lieutenant, Medical Corps ; 
 applied for commission July 9, 1917; commissioned 
 September 8, 1917; discharged January 19, 1919; 
 served on Tuberculosis Examining Board at Camp 
 Lee nearly entire period of service ; week at Walter 
 Reed Hospital, Washington, D. C. ; nearest of kin, 
 Julius Trattner, father. 
 
 STUDENTS' ARMY TRAINING CORPS 
 
 Breitstein, Moses L., M. D., Private; 
 
 enlisted in Medical Reserve Corps, later changed to 
 S. A. T. C. Johns Hopkins Medical School ; enlisted 
 December 22, 1917; discharged November 26, 1918; 
 nearest of kin, Harry Breitstein, father. 
 
 Caplan, David, Private, University of Virginia S. A. T. C. ; 
 enlisted October 16, 1918; discharged December 19, 
 1918; nearest of kin. Max E. Caplan, father, 
 
 CoHN, Herbert, Private; 
 
 enlisted October 19, 1918; discharged December 17, 
 1918; S. A. T. C, Medical College of Virginia; 
 nearest of kin, Michel H. Cohn, father. 
 
 Cooper, Meyer E., Private; 
 
 S. A. T. C, Richmond College; discharged Decem- 
 ber 9, 1918; nearest of kin, Ellis Cooper, father. 
 
 FoRMAN, Philip, S A. T. C, V. P. L ; 
 nearest of kin. A, Forman, father. 
 
 Freeman, Louis, brother of Henry and Isaac; Private, S A. 
 T, C, University of Virginia ; 
 
 enlisted October 15, 1918; discharged November 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 419 
 
 26, 1918; prior service with Company A, Virginia 
 
 Engineers, October 16, 1916, to April 16, 1917; 
 
 on Mexican border; only sixteen at time of first 
 
 enlistment, 
 Krapin, William, S. A. T. C, V. P. I.; 
 
 nearest of kin, M. Krapin, father. 
 Levin, David E., Private, S. A. T. C, Company C; 
 
 enlisted October 19, 1918; discharged December 
 
 7, 1918. 
 Lewit, Jack, Corporal, S. A. T. C. ; 
 
 enlisted October 3, 1918; discharged December 9, 
 
 1918; in Richmond Light Infantry Blues about 
 
 fourteen months before joining students' corps; 
 
 nearest of kin, Julius C. Lewit, father. 
 MiLLHisER, Roger; 
 
 S. A. T. C, Yale University ; died in training. 
 Sharove, Isadore, Acting Supply Sergeant, S. A. T. C, Carnegie 
 Institute of Techonology, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 
 
 nearest of kin, David Sharove, father. 
 Wallerstein, Emanuel, Private, Medical Reserve, S. A. T. C, 
 Johns Hopkins; 
 
 nearest of kin, Henry S. Wallerstein, father. 
 Weinberg, Arnold L., Privat-e, S. A. T. C, Richmond College ; 
 
 enlisted October 3, 1918; discharged December 9, 
 
 1918; nearest of kin, Mrs. Minnie Weinberg, 
 
 mother. 
 WiLKiNS, Emanuel, Private, S. A. T. C, Richmond College ; 
 
 enlisted October 3, 1918; discharged December 9, 
 
 1918; nearest of kin, Herman Wilkins, father. 
 Wolf, Ralph, Seaman, Columbia University Naval Unit ; 
 
 enlisted October i, 1918; discharged December 18, 
 
 1918 ; nearest of kin, Barney Wolf, father. 
 Zander, Whitlock, Private, S. A. T. C, University of Virginia; 
 
 enlisted October 22, 1918; discharged December 12; 
 
 nearest of kin, Moses Zander, father. 
 
420 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 IN SECRET SERVICE 
 
 HiRSHBERG, Milton K., Secret Service; 
 
 in discharge of duty accompanied President Wilson 
 on the George Washington, acting as chef ; nearest 
 of kin, Mrs. Julia Hirshberg, mother. 
 
 PoLEN, Joseph, a regular official of the Department of Justice 
 did much work of a secret nature in Richmond dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
A SOLDIER'S DIARY 
 
 According to the law of evidence a book of "original entry" 
 is considered competent testimony. It will, therefore, be ad- 
 mitted that entries made on the ground at the time events occurred 
 will give much better idea of the detail and minutiae of a soldier's 
 life than could be obtained in any other manner. In passing 
 through events of momentous importance the memory may be- 
 come dimmed and vague, but the written word is for all time. 
 
 The following extracts are from the diary of Sergeant Isadore 
 Bernstein, Company B, 318th Infantry, 80th Division. A perusal 
 of them will reveal the fact that a soldier's life is not all pomp 
 and excitement. Day after day there appears the entry, "Drill." 
 This will explain why the boys from America became such splen- 
 did fighting material in so short a time, comparatively. The 
 writer of this diary is a Richmond-born man. The little book 
 is given a touch of romance by reason of references to a certain 
 young lady, whom it will please all to know has since become 
 Mrs. Isadore Bernstein. Delicacy forbids that any allusion should 
 be made to those entries. 
 
 MAY, 1918. 
 
 20— Left Camp Lee, Va., 1 P. M. ' 
 
 21 — Arrived Jersey City. Ferry to Hoboken. Transport Leviathan. 
 Heavy thunder storm. Cigars, cigarettes and safe-arrival cards 
 issued by Red Cross. 
 
 22 — Departed. Savvr Statue of Liberty through porthole (last sight). 
 Good by Broadway and good old U. S. A. Physical exercises 
 "B" deck. 
 
 23 — Abandon-ship drill. Wearing life preservers all the time, used for 
 pillows at night. Never without them. 
 
 24 — Calm smooth sea. Two ships sighted. Guns ready for action. 
 
 25— Abandon-ship drill and exercise. Boxing on quarter deck. 
 
 28 — Three ships' sighted. Guns ready for action. Sea choppy, but rid- 
 ing easy. 
 
 29 — Met by seven convoys (torpedo destroyers). Extreme danger zone 
 by 9 P. M. Every man in bunk, ready, fully clothed with belt, can- 
 teen of water, listening for signal in case we are hit by U-boat. 
 Everybody very nervous when all lights go out. Whew ! Made a 
 detour of 300 miles as per wireless to avoid enemy submarines. 
 
 30 — Three air-plane convoys. Nearing Brest. Number of enemy sub- 
 
422 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 periscopes sighted. Terrific battle ensues, in which we sink two 
 subs and convoy cripples two more, and later reports say we cap- 
 tured two others in shallow water. We are in H. 12, bottom of 
 boat during battle and just crazy to get out on deck to see the battle, 
 but stairway is guarded by officers with drawn and cocked pistols, 
 ready to shoot any man who made an attempt to pass. Forty 
 minutes of living hell before it is over. We are theri allowed on 
 deck and saw the most beautiful view I ever saw in my life, the 
 mountains of Brest on eithef side. Some relief. At 3 P. M. anchor 
 in harbor. Can never forget this date. Memorial Day. 
 31— Our battalion unloading ship. Some task. Highly praised by captain 
 and officers of the Leviathan and our own major. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 1 — Left ship. Marched through Brest to camp on heights about. Very 
 
 steep climb with hy. packs. Known as Ponteneson Barracks, founded 
 
 by Napoleon. Later being his prison. Guillotine still in evidence. 
 
 Gruesome sight. 
 
 2 — Paraded thru Brest and boarded train about 9 P. M. 
 
 3 — On train. Pretty scenery. First introduction to our old friend, bully 
 
 beef and hardtack. 
 A — Arrived at Calais. Forty-three hours on train. Stiff and tired. Bil- 
 leted in tents in English camp pitched in dirty sand. Bags two feet 
 high around tents for protection from shrapnel. First air raid over 
 camp at night. Everybody excited. Flashes of bursting shrapnel, 
 many rays of enormous search-lights from all directions. Very pretty 
 — but. Rat-tat-tat of machine guns and anti-air-craft everywhere. 
 5 — Another air raid at night while 319 and 320 were coming into camp. 
 Great commotion. Had to laugh. Many women and children killed 
 in streets. Issued gas-masks and helmets. More weight to pack. 
 6 — Issued English rifles. Passed through gas. Five miles to chamber. 
 7 — Left Calais for Samer. Eight hours on train. 
 8 — Left Samer hy. packs as usual over steep hills. Ten mile hike. 
 9 — Arrived Enquin. New tents camouflaged with Bull. Took supper 
 
 with an old French woman. Enjoyed it. 
 10 — Left for Cormont. Ten mile hike. Heat intense. Billeted in cow shed. 
 11 — Bay. and close order drills. Five mile hike. Parade. Now under 
 
 19th King's Regiment. 
 12 — Close order. Four mile hike and inspection. 
 iZ — Drill, four mile hike. Inspection. 
 14 — Drill, skirmish, gas and bayonet. 
 15 — Trench digging. Hard work. 
 16 — Call to arms (fake). 
 
 17 — Bay. drill. Gas school, grenade throwing. Parade. 
 18 — Rifle range. Nights cold, days hot. 
 19 — Gas school. Hike and drill. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 423 
 
 20— Close order. Grenade throwing and parade. 
 
 21— Close order, gas, bayonet and open warfare drill. 
 
 22— Trench digging and drill. 
 
 23— Church. 
 
 24-27— Drill. 
 
 28— Six mile hike and drill. 
 
 29— Parade at Samer. Air raid. 
 
 30— Church. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 l_'Close order, bay. and gas mask drill. Passed in review before Gen. 
 Pershing and Duke of Connaught. Double time. One hour to get 
 off field. 
 
 2 — Close order and bayonet. 
 
 3 — Machine gun practice. 
 
 A — Holiday. Well earned. 
 
 5— General inspection. Left Cormont for Candas. Eleven hours on 
 train. 
 
 6 — Left Candas. Five mile hike to Montrelet. 
 
 7 — General clean-up and inspection. 
 
 8 — Open order. Eight mile hike. 
 
 9 — Open order. Fourteen mile hike. 
 10-14 — Open order and close order drill. 
 15 — Competition drill 1-2-3 Battalion. 
 16 — Fourteen mile hike rifle range. 
 
 17 — Eight mile hike. Air raid. General inspection and drill. 
 18— Eight mile hike to drill. 
 19 — Fourteen mile hike. Parade. 
 20— Eight mile hike. Drill. 
 21— Church. 
 
 22 — Gas chamber and drill. Five mile. 
 23 — Close order. 
 24 — Close order and bayonet. 
 
 25 — Left Montrelet for Val-de Maison. Ten mile hike. Dog tents. 
 26-27— Drill. 
 
 28 — Eight mile hike for bath. 
 
 29 — Ten mile hike. In trenches all day. Wet and muddy as usual. 
 30— Drills of all kinds. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 1 — Eight mile hike to rifle range. Saw four of our observation balloons 
 
 shot down by Jerry in as many minutes. Mad as h . 
 
 2 — Instruction in Wills, Hayes and Newton grenades. 
 
 3 — Rifle range. 
 
 4 — Day off. Very few. 
 
 5-6— Drills of all kinds. 
 
 7 — Left Val for Varennes. Twelve mile hike. 
 
424 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 8— Resting. About all in. Left for trenches, Albert sector. Six mile 
 hike in evening. With 115th Welsh Regiment. Observation. 
 
 9— Under hy. artillery fire. Sleeping in dug-outs. In support. Beau- 
 coup cooties. My first sight of a smoke barrage. Brought back 
 sixty prisoners. Daylight raid. Very exciting. Big guns everywhere. 
 
 10— Front-line trenches. Avaloy Woods. Ancre River. Albert on fire. 
 Beautiful sight. 
 
 11 — Jerry's lights and shell caldrons plainly visible. Look like a cele- 
 bration at Xmas time. Lt. back in dug-out (scared). All quiet 
 except an occasional Whiz-bang. Gas shelis flying overhead. Hear 
 them plainly. No Man's Land quiet as a cemetery. 
 
 12 — Thousand aeroplanes going to battle. Looks like a huge flock of 
 crows. Left trenches for Varennes under hy. artillery fire. 
 
 13 — Left Varennes twelve mile hike back to Val-dc Maison. 
 
 14-18— Drills. 
 
 19 — Left Val for Montrelet ten mile hike. 
 
 20 — Arrived Montrelet. Left same day for Longevillers. Twenty mile 
 hike. All English equipment turned in. 
 
 21— Eddystone rifle issued. Left Longvillers on train after standing in 
 rain waiting. Thirty-six hours ride. 
 
 22— On train. Passed through Paris. 
 
 23— Arrive at Chattilon. Left same day for Recy twenty mile hike in 
 hy. thunderstorm all night. 
 
 24 — Arrived Recy-Sur-Ome after 1 P. M. dead tired and soaking wet. 
 Billeted at 5 A. M. 
 
 25 — Day off. Thank God. 
 
 26-28 — War problem. 
 
 29-30 — Inspection and drill. • 
 
 31 — Left Recy for Dancevon. 10 mile hike. Always hy. packs. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 1 — Day of¥. Church in wheat field. 
 
 2 — Left Dancevoir for Latrecy. 5 mile hike to train. 
 
 3 — Arrived Longeville. 11 hours on train, riding atop company kitchen 
 
 on flat car. 5 mile hike. Dog tents. 
 A — Rifle range. Seek cover at approach of enemy aeroplanes. 
 5-6 — Rifle range. 
 
 7 — Problem. Night maneuvering. 
 
 8 — Left Longeville for Resson at night. 7 mile hike. Soaking wet from 
 storm. Pack weighs a ton. Billeted in French loft. Nice hay, dry 
 and warm. 
 15— Left Resson.'^ hurriedly leaving 200 F. meal bou<:ht from Co. fund. 
 
 Am really hungry. 
 16 — Arrived Souilly. 40 mile ride in trucks. Slept in big field. 
 19—10 mile hike. 
 20— Camping in woods back of Verdun. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 425 
 
 21 — Verdun front. Went to heights overlooking Verdun at Fort 
 
 DuRegret. 
 23-24 — Shooting rifle grenades. 
 25 — Open big drive. In reserve. Living in shell holes, some filled with 
 
 water at Cuiry under hy. artillery, aeroplane fire. Very troublesome. 
 
 Argonne-Meuse Offensive. 
 26-27— In drive. 
 
 28 — Stood in rain all night waiting to attack. 
 29 — Over the top at daybreak. 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 1-3 — In drive. 
 
 A — Over top again. Gained objective every time. 
 
 5-11— In Bois-de-Faye. 
 12 — At last, relieved. Whew ! 
 
 13— Resting. Still under fire from artillery and snipers in trees. 
 14_Left for Pretz in Argonne. 30 mile ride in trucks. In reserve for 
 
 St. Mihiel drive. 
 15 — General clean-up. 
 16 — Inspection. 
 17— Resting. 
 
 18— General inspection. Everybody sick from gas and exposure. 
 19— Drill and 5 mile hike. 
 20 — Mustering. Sham battle. 
 21-24— Old schedule of different drills. 
 25— Left Pretz. Thirty mile ride in trucks. Camping in woods. Rifle 
 
 range. Browning Automatic rifles. 
 26— Rifle range. 
 27 — Ready for another drive. 
 28-31 — In reserve. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 1— Left woods for Chatel-Chery. 15 mile hike. 
 
 2— Left Chatel-Chery. 6 mile hike at night. In support. 
 
 3 — In support. 
 
 4 — Over the top. Captured Sammanthe and LaPolka Fann. 
 
 5— In support. Slightly wounded in right side by machine gun bullet. 
 
 6-7 — In reserve. 
 
 8 — Relieved. 10 mile hike to Grandpre. 
 
 9 — Left Grandpre for St. Juvin 12 mile hike. 
 lO^St. Juvin. 3 mile hike. Inspection. 
 
 11 — 15 mile hike to French dug-out. Some hike thru mud, rain all day. 
 At 10 A. M. heard rumor from M. P. Lieut, that armistice was signed. 
 Hy. packs seemed very light. Ha ! 
 12— Resting. 
 13 — Inspection. 
 
426 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 14 — Memorial for our dead. Reviewed by Gen. Cronkhite. 
 
 18 — Memorial hike begins IS mile hike. Dog tents. Slept in snow 4 
 
 inches deep. Some cold. 
 19 — Off at daybreak. 12 mile hike to Brizeau. 
 20-27 — (Series of hikes, varying from 10 to 20 miles). 
 28 — (Thanksgiving). 30 mile hike to Cerilly. Worst dinner in the army. 
 
 Slum without seasoning. 
 29 — 15 mile hike to Asnieres-en-Montagne. 
 30 — Rest. Everybody half dead. 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 1 — Resting. 
 
 2— Drill (old friend). 
 
 3-7_Drill. 
 
 8— Day off. 
 
 9-13 — Drills and games. 
 14 — Inspection. 
 15— Day off. 
 16 — Problem (in mud). 
 17-20 — Drilling and games. 
 
 21-24 — In Dijon buying food for Xmas dinner. Great time. 
 25 — Holiday. My birthday. Hope never to spend another birthday like 
 
 this one. Such a difference from last Xmas. 
 26 — 8 mile hike. 
 27-31 — Drill and games. 
 
 JANUARY, 1919. 
 
 1— Holiday. 
 
 2 — Problem. 
 
 3 — Drill and games. 
 
 4 — Inspection by Colonel. 
 
 5— Day off. 
 
 6-10 — Drill and games. 
 11 — Inspection by General. 
 12— Day off. 
 13-16 — Drill and games. 
 17— Problem. 
 18 — Inspection. 
 19— Day off. 
 20-21— Problem in mud. 
 22-24— Drill and games. 
 25 — Inspection (Dijon). 
 26 — Dijon. Week-end pass. 
 27 — Problem thru mud. 
 28-29—10 mile hike. 
 30— Problem. 
 31—8 mile hike. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICH M O N D 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 1 — Inspection. 
 
 2— Day off. 
 
 2>-A — Drill and games. 
 
 5 — Problem. 
 
 6 — Hike and drill. 
 
 7 — Mustering. 
 
 8 — :Inspection. Dijon. 
 
 9 — Dijon. 
 
 10-12— Drill and games. 
 13-14— Problem. 
 15 — Inspection. 
 16— Day off. 
 
 17-21— Problem (muddy). 
 22— Washington's Birthday (off). 
 23— Day off. 
 
 24— Problem (200 officers). 
 26 — Problem for Corps comm'd. 
 27-28 — Drill and games. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 1 — Inspection. 
 
 2— Day off. 
 
 3 — Problem. 
 
 4 — Day off. Rain. 
 
 5— Drill. 
 
 6-7 — Drill afternoon off. 
 
 8 — Inspection afternoon off., 
 
 9— Day off. 
 
 10-12— Drill. Afternoon off. 
 13 — Rifle range. 
 14-15— Drill. Evening off. 
 16— Day off. 
 
 17 — 3 day pass to Lyon. Wonderful trip. Returned 23rd. 
 24-25— Rifle range. 
 
 26 — Call at 1 :30 A. M. Hiked all night to field for inspection by Gen. 
 Pershing preliminary to leaving for God's country. Hiked 41 kilo- 
 meters. 
 27 — No reveille. Pack inspection. 
 28— Drill. P. M. farewell blow out. 
 29 — Day off. No inspection. 
 30-31 — Day off. Snow all night and day. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 1 — Inspection hy. packs. 
 
 2 — Left Asnieres promptly at 2 :30, hiked to Nuits s Ravieres served 
 
428 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 supper, boarded train, rations (beaucoup) on train. "40 Hommes en 
 
 8 Chevaux." Left Nuits at 5 P. M. rode all night. 
 3— On train all day. Very tired. Arrived Mayet 10 P. M. Hiked to 
 
 village 4 kilometres. Rotten billets changed twice. On floor. Straw 
 
 mattresses and stone (passable). 
 4 — Day of? to rest. 
 5 — Inspection in close order. 
 
 6— Sunday day of?. Feet sore, bathed them 1 hr. hot water. Felt better. 
 7-11 — C. O. drill and inspection. 
 12—10 mile hike. 
 13 — Cootie inspection. 
 \4 — Pack inspection. 
 15 — Innoculation. 
 
 16 — Arm sore. Hiked to drill field. 
 17-18 — Inspection by Colonel and Captain. 
 19 — Marched to Mayet. Capt. Williams gave us talk on 80th Div. Vet. 
 
 Ass'n. Ball game afternoon. We lost. 
 20— A day off. Very tired. 
 
 21— S. O. S. inspection. They were very strict. 
 22 — Billet inspection. Hike. 
 23 — Inspection by Major. Ball game afternoon. Lost again. Arm better. 
 
 Lanced in morning. 
 24 — Cootie inspection. Bath, fine. Afternoon won our first ball game. 
 25-28— C. O. Drill. 
 
 29 — Cootie inspection. Bath. C O. drill. Ball game. We won. 
 30 — Billet inspection. Cold. 
 
 MAY. * 
 
 1 — No drill — rain. Afternoon pay-day. Picture of Company made on 
 field. Boys beaucoup zig-zag. Leaving postponed 10 days. 
 
 2 — Hike. Afternoon rain. 
 
 3 — Another inspection. 
 
 4— Rest. Bath in creek. Water like ice but fine. 
 
 5—7 kilo hike for regimental review. 
 
 6— Another review for Colonel at Mayet. Passed 4 times. 
 
 7— Passed in review several times before Major preliminary to big re- 
 view by Gen. Cronkhite. Major complimented me on having best line 
 in Company. Bath in afternoon. 
 
 8— Review before Gen. Cronkhite. Smiled and seemed pleased when I 
 gave eyes right to platoon as we passed. Good line. 
 
 9 Gang-plank drill. Everybody in good humor. Naturally. Afternoon 
 
 Alajor inspected for unserviceable clothes. 
 10_Cootie inspection on field at Mayet 9 :45 by S. O. S. Very cold wind. 
 
 General inspection by Colonel of equipment. Pleased. 
 II— Rest. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 
 
 429 
 
 12— Cleaning up. Farewell dip in creek. Water like ice. Washed cloth- 
 ing. Everything nice and clean to leave. Can hardly wait for to- 
 morrow to come. 
 
 13— Pack inspection by Captain at 10 A. M. Fall out in road with every- 
 thing at 1. Left Mayet in U. S. box cars at 5 :30 P. M. Some happy 
 boys. Hot dinner at station. Clam chowder, jam, rolls and coffee. 
 Kitchen attached to train. Stopped at Guingamp for breakfast, steak 
 and gravy, jam, rolls and coffee. Very good. Dinner at Brest sta- 
 tion, good old slum, bread and coffee. St. Brieux, big town. On 
 train all night, arrived Brest 11 :40 A. M. 3 mile hike with heavy 
 pack up hill all the way to Ponteneson Camp. 80,000 troops there 
 at all times. Wonderful place. City in itself. 
 
 14_Through the mill. Had a bath in "nothing." New clothing and 
 equipment shortage issued. Some mob. 
 
 15— Morning rest, afternoon pack inspection. 
 
 16-^Inspection of everything for shortage. All O. K. 
 
 17— Last inspection of packs and equipment. Dinner 11 A. M. Chow 
 very good at camp. Slept 6 men to a tent, each one on iron cot 
 with felt mattress. Beaucoup room. Left Ponteneson at noon, long 
 hike around camp to wharf at Brest, arriving 2 P. M. Boarded 
 tugs for our ship U. S. S. Main 2 :30 P. M. Left at 5 P. M. immedi- 
 ately after Zeppelin (formerly German Bremen). We have 3600 
 troops on board. Small boat. Heavy sea. Dipping badly. By 8 
 o'clock half men on board sick. Sleeping 4 deep. My bunk 129 
 compt. 34. Upper with light at head. Read "Daddy Long Legs" until 
 midnight. Good night's sleep. 
 
 18— Reveille 5 A. M. Up too early, had to set watch back 1 hour 40 
 minutes ship time. Out on deck to smoke. Sea much heavier, boat 
 still rocking. By noon it seems everybody is sick but me (knock on 
 wood). Decks and stairways in terrible condition from seasickness. 
 Smell almost makes me ill. My appetite is holding up nicely. Am 
 too happy to get home to my loved ones to think of being sick myself. 
 3 P. M. Took a salt-water shower, water like ice. 8 P. M. Heavy 
 fog and sea, boat now rolling. Finished "Daddy Long Legs" and 
 go to bed. 
 
 19_Terrible windstorm raging. Waves mountain high and breaking over 
 decks. In line and at mess seasickness is even worse today. Every- 
 one made to go out on deck to allow detail to clean up sleeping 
 quarters. All men are wearing blue denim and are wet through 
 from the showers of the waves breaking. It is pitiful to see so many 
 men lying in bunks sick. Have been trying to make my men go out 
 on deck for the air— best thing in the world for them, but they can't 
 be budged. Can imagine just how they feel. I must be a good sailor. 
 At 7:30 P. M. set my watch back another half hour ship time. At 
 7 P. M. ship time sighted passenger boat going in direction of 
 France. Ate lots of chocolate today, one of the sgts. bunking under 
 me let me have half box of his for SOc. I still have a little lemon 
 
430 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 left I bought at camp. One of the officers promised to bring me 
 down a box tonight, also some cake from the canteen. Daddy has 
 a sweet tooth. Gee, the boat is rocking so it almost threw me out 
 of my bunk. Can hardly write. Hope it will be calmer tomorrow. 
 Now reading "A Son of Hagar." Lots of books on board. 
 
 20 — One year ago today we left Camp Lee. Wind subsided considerably 
 but still quite rough. Rumored that Zeppelin's engines went wrong 
 and turned back to Brest. Saw lots of big fish diving through the 
 waves this morning. J. W. B. doing good work on board, furnishes 
 all reading matter, etc. Now issuing saltwater soap and checker- 
 boards. Didn't like "Son of Hagar." Now reading "The Wonder- 
 ful Year," by Wm. J. Locke, with "Filagree Ball" in reserve. Time 
 turned back 2)7 minutes today. 
 
 21 — Such miscellaneous weather, seemed to be passing through one storm 
 after another, with a little sun occasionally. Rather calm at present. 
 Big difference between this boat and the Leviathan. 
 
 22— Left Hoboken one year ago today for France. Certainly have a dif- 
 ferent feeling today. Band concert this morning. Saw a big whale 
 this afternoon. Some excitement. Order is out today authorizing 
 us to wear our second chevron. Have mine on. The J. W. B. is 
 distributing chocolates on board tonight. Heard there is a W. W. 
 representative on board to take messages the day before we land. 
 
 23 — Supper very poor. The meals have not been up to the standard at 
 any time. Out on deck at 3 A. M. Beautiful moonlight. Back in 
 my bunk by 3 :30, too cold. Ship drill this A. M. We started today 
 to eat first for the rest of the trip. It reminds me of a lot of cattle 
 on stampede. Can put up for a few more^days. Then watch me eat ! ! ! 
 
 24 — Went out on deck at 4 A. M. Very warm all day. Feeding system 
 very bad. No officer to lead the line at dinner or supper. I re- 
 member reading about some woman having passage on a transport 
 returning to the States with troops remarking she was going down 
 to see the cattle feed (referring to the soldiers) ; she certainly told 
 the truth. Lining up to eat in the manner we have to is so embar- 
 rassing. Am sick of it all. Heard we would land in N. News either 
 Monday night or Tuesday. This is Saturday. Movies on deck to- 
 night, Doug. Fairbanks. Good. Am reading "Penrod and Sam." 
 Will finish it before I go to bed. Gee, I'd like to sit down to a big 
 steak. Am so hungry. Think I'll spend the 1st two days at home 
 at the table. Will have to do lots of eating to catch up. 
 
 25 — Fearfully hot today. Storming now, thunder and lightning. Sea 
 getting choppy. Cooler also. Sent several cards today. Used the 
 Co. machine. Issued by J. W. B. Church services this morning. 
 Another restless night, too excited about getting home, I guess. Can't 
 think of anything but home. Want to get a good night's sleep as 
 I expect to stay on deck most of the day and night tomorrow, look- 
 ing for sight of land. Lots of boys are sleeping on deck on account 
 of being so hot down in this cattle-pen. We are packed like sardines. 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 431 
 
 26— Will land tomorrow. Take on pilot at 11 A. M. Pack rolled this 
 A. M. "Raring to go." Sleeping on the springs tonight. I should 
 worry. Just come down from the pictures. Pretty good. Am so 
 nervous, can hardly wait for tomorrow to come. 
 
HOME DEFENCE. 
 
 All the National Guard having been sworn into the service 
 of the country, it became necessary to organize new companies 
 for local defence. There were two battalions of infantry, the 
 Blues and the Grays, and one of artillery. The Blues had been 
 in existence more than one hundred and twenty-five years (1789) 
 and the loss of their identity in this war caused much regret. 
 The life of the Grays antedated the War between the States. 
 The Howitzers had seen more than fifty years of service. The 
 intention was to preserve these names, even if it were not pos- 
 sible to maintain the integrity of the various commands. Most 
 of the men composing these companies were of military age, 
 but exempt by reason of marriage; some joined to gain experi- 
 ence prior to being called into the regular service. 
 
 Among the members of the Blues were: In A Company — 
 Arthur Weil. B Company — James Beale Cohen, Max J. Cohen, 
 Edgar J. Kaufman, Lewis Kaufman, Ralph J. Levy, Jack Lewit, 
 Ira Y. Stern, Percy J. Straus, Morton G. Thalhimer. D Com- 
 pany — Sol. M. Davidson (born in South Africa), Abram Dettel- 
 bach, Jr., Alvin B. Hutzler (Corporal and Secretary), Milton 
 M. Meyer. 
 
 In the Grays : First Company — Samuel Davids. Second 
 Company — Harry Goldstein, Isidore Goldstein, Isador Passa- 
 maneck, Louis Sherman, Morris S. Shefiferman. 
 
 In the Howitzers : Samuel Goldfine, Harry Levy, Isaac 
 Straus. 
 
 Not to be outdone by the younger men, those of more mature 
 age formed the Home Defence League. This organization, pat- 
 terned after similar ones in other large cities, drilled regularly 
 and acted as an auxiliary to the police force, and had been 
 trained to take the place of the constabulary should riot or other 
 trouble necessitate calling them from their regular tour of duty. 
 Some of these older men had sons in the service, which will be 
 designated by an asterisk (*) : 
 
 Benjamin Engelberg, *Herbert T. Ezekiel, Percy L. Ezekiel, 
 Irving I. Held, Arthur Levy, Edwin L. Levy, *Julius C. Lewit, 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 433 
 
 *Joseph Lichtenstein, Gus J. Michelbacher, Charles Miller, 
 *David Wallerstein, Lee A. Whitlock. 
 
CIVILIAN SERVICE. 
 
 What can be said of the civiHan service rendered by all? 
 Confined to no class — men, women, old and young, boys and 
 girls — all did their part. There was much to be done and no 
 dearth of people to do it. Though of necessity, a sad and seri- 
 ous work, those who remembered and had heard of Confed- 
 erate days saw much to be thankful for in the fact that re- 
 sources were unlimited. Liberty Bonds were purchased by 
 everyone who "had a heart and a dollar"; War Savings Stamps 
 were sold by the thousand dollars' worth ; our boys in the field 
 n-eeded the sugar, those at home went without; the starving 
 French stood in want of wheat, so to France it went ; homefolk 
 ate "war flour" and tried to say they liked it ; the Allies needed 
 our coal, so to Europe went a goodly part of our black diamonds ; 
 heatless days were a new experience to those who never before 
 lacked any luxury, and certainly no necessity; every day in the 
 week stood for some sacrifice made in the name of those in 
 the field ; that the result of this unselfishness was, in many in- 
 stances, wasted is beside the question. Profiteers there were 
 who availed themselves of high prices to make still more burden- 
 some the heavy load that had to be carried. These were in the 
 minority, and it is to be hoped that at no distant day their infamy 
 will be published to the world. 
 
 The women seemed to take on renewed vigor. They sewed 
 early and late and paid their money for the privilege of work- 
 ing for nothing. Of knitting there seemed no end. The supply 
 of socks, gloves, sweaters, and the like, kept pace with the move- 
 ment of our ships and men. Often the articles were misfits, but 
 the boys took the intent for the deed and were just as happy 
 and just as warm, and a few cigarettes enabled them to end 
 their troubles in smoke. The reading-room of the Jefiferson Club 
 was turned over to a chapter of the Red Cross which used it fbr 
 a work-room until the entire building was turned into a barracks 
 for the Richmond College student training corps. 
 
 Where so many labored well it were inviduous to laud the 
 efforts of an individual. The work performed by the women 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 435 
 
 was wonderful, and of these Mrs. Samuel Cohen, like the name 
 of Abou ben Adhem of old, led all the rest. The worthy daugh- 
 ter of a worthy sire, the Rev. M. J. Michelbacher, who did so 
 much for Confederate soldiers in "the war" days, it was meet 
 and proper that she should stand foremost in this respect. The 
 duties performed by her were numerous and complex. Her 
 resources were without number, and when occasion demanded 
 she did not hesitate to use of her private means. Among the 
 organizations for which she wrought and positions she held were 
 the following: President of the Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent 
 Association, in which capacity she headed a committee making 
 the largest sales of Liberty Bonds, for which two prizes were 
 awarded ; member of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross ; 
 vice-chairman of the Military Relief Committee, the chief func- 
 tion of which lay in caring in numerous ways for the comfort, 
 welfare and entertainment of the wounded soldiers at West- 
 hampton Hospital; she also managed and helped to manage 
 numerous entertainments for the wounded in the base hospital 
 at Camp Lee. 
 
 It would be no exaggeration to say that the work of Rev. Dr. 
 Edward N. Calisch stood second to none. Before the draft 
 became effective he spoke on the street corners to urge volun- 
 teering; participated in every Liberty Bond and Red Cross drive, 
 his efforts not being confined to Richmond alone, but extending 
 into the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Alabama, Tennessee, and the District of Columbia; he evidenced 
 his words by his deeds, and personally sold Liberty Bonds ; spoke 
 at a number of Sunday "sings" and in his capacity of "Four- 
 Minute" man at places of amusement and industrial plants ; held 
 services at Camp Lee; volunteered for a chaplaincy, but rejected 
 on account of age ; member of the State Council of Defense, 
 Executive Committee of the Red Cross, and of the committee 
 of three which conducted memorial services in honor of Rich- 
 mond soldiers, June 29, 1919; speaker at the presentation of 
 certificates from the French Government to relatives of de- 
 ceased soldiers, February 22, 1920; is a member of the Vir- 
 ginia War History Commission. 
 
 Lewis L. Strauss, Private Secretary to Herbert Hoover, was 
 awarded the decoration of Chevalier Order of Leopold by King 
 
436 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Albert, of Belgium; decorated by the Finnish Government as 
 Commander of the Order of the White Rose, for eminent ser- 
 vices of untold importance rendered the nation; one of six 
 American delegates at conference of Allies and Germany, held 
 at Brussels, March 13-14, 1919, with reference to furnishing 
 supplies to Germany. The following extracts of letters from 
 prominent Americans show the importance of his work: 
 
 "Aug. 7, 1919. 
 
 "My dear Strauss^ — Letters are poor expressions of one's 
 feelings. If I could write a letter that conveyed the sense of 
 affection I have and the appreciation I have, I would do it. 
 
 "You have given from slender means two years of voluntary 
 service to the American people. At my request you refused a 
 commission in the army. While you make the best private sec- 
 retary that any public man has had during this war, your abili- 
 ties are too great to remain in that groove except during a period 
 of national stress where every red-blooded man must make sac- 
 rifice. We both go out of service together, and if you ever need 
 a commendation from me write it yourself, and I will strengthen 
 it up, for I never trust you to do yourself justice. But I am 
 indeed promising a poor return for the obligation I am under. 
 
 "Herbert Hoover." 
 
 Cyrus Adler wrote: "In spite of the heavy work which he 
 had to do officially, he was willing and eager at all times to help 
 in the Jewish cause, and his aid both to Mr. Marshall and myself 
 was of inestimable value." 
 
 Richard I. Manning, Governor of South Carolina, who met 
 him in Paris, among other things said to Strauss's parents : "You 
 have every cause to be proud of the fine service he has rendered 
 not only to our country but to the distressed people of the coun- 
 tries of Europe." 
 
 Louis Marshall paid this tribute : "I do not merely refer to 
 his great ability, his untiring energy, his tact and savoir faire, 
 but I am especially struck by his goodness of heart, his intel- 
 lectual honesty, his unselfishness, his modesty and his readiness 
 to serve. More than all his ardent Judaism, his genuine pride in 
 his race and religion, his freedom from cant and his courageous 
 championship of and sympathy with our unfortunate brethren 
 in Eastern Europe have filled my heart with love for him. I 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 437 
 
 regard him as one of the most valuable recruits for the Jewish 
 cause." 
 
 Another Richmonder whose services were recognized with a 
 decoration is Louis I. Jaffe, of whom the American Israelite thus 
 speaks in part : 
 
 "He received from the King of Rumania through the Wash- 
 ington Government the rare decoration, in this country, Chevalier 
 de I'Etoile de Roumanie 'for service to the State.' 
 
 "The awarding of the decoration brought out Jafife's remark- 
 able experience in Europe in the service of the American Red 
 Cross. Jaffe had the almost unique experience of being released 
 from military service in Europe in order, as captain in the Ameri- 
 can Red Cross, to undertake a difficult and important mission to 
 the Balkan States in the interest of relief work being done by 
 that great organization there. He went to Rome and thence to 
 Salonica. From Salonica he traveled by automobile to Belgrade, 
 spending nearly a month on the trip because of the difficulties 
 of travel. From Belgrade he proceeded alone through Bosnia, 
 Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania, being forced to make his 
 way by boat, wagon, ox-cart, pack mule and at times on foot. 
 Jaffe's knowledge of languages, of history, geography and litera- 
 ture, of human nature, his resourcefulness and great intelligence 
 all combined to make him a most acceptable officer for this work, 
 and he accomplished his task yery successfully." 
 
 Others in the civilian service were: 
 BiNSWANGER, Harry S., in charge of warehouse for reception 
 
 of fruit stones, used in the manufacture of gas masks. 
 BiNSWANGER, Samuel, SOU of abovc ; physically unfit to do mili- 
 tary duty. 
 Bloomberg, Harold S., director of "Smileage" ; had charge of 
 the campaign in Richmond, by means of which tickets to the 
 various theatres in the camps were given to soldiers; four- 
 minute man ; served on Liberty Loan Committees ; member 
 of Committee of Council of Defence ; as president of the 
 Rotary Club, handled numerous matters of importance. 
 Clarke, Herbert. 
 Cans, Horace. 
 Goldin, Eli as A. 
 GoLDiN, Moses, Field Clerk, Signal Corps. 
 
438 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Marcuse, Isaac J., member of State Executive Committee for 
 sale of War Savings Stamps ; enjoys distinction of having 
 purchased first lot of the "little stickers" sold in Richmond ; 
 served on Red Cross Executive Committee, Executive Com- 
 mittee of the American Protective League, all the relief 
 boards, and Executive Committee of Salvation Army drive, 
 the last named being after the war. 
 PoLLAK, Philip, spent a year in Cuba. 
 
 ScHWARZSCHiLD, Henry, helped manage Red Cross parades, de- 
 signed floats, assistant director War Savings Stamp campaign ; 
 exceptional work in selling Liberty Bonds ; four-minute man. 
 ScHWARZSCHiLD, WiLLiAM H., four-miuutc man; member of Ex- 
 ecutive Corhmittees of Liberty Loans and Red Cross. 
 ^HAROVE, Alexander; physically unfit for active duty. 
 VanVort, Rosa Z., served on Council of Defense. 
 
 An effective method adopted to impress upon the mass of the 
 people the necessity of certain things was through the medium 
 of "four-minute" men. These would address the audiences at 
 the various places of amusement at each performance. They de- 
 livered an address of the length implied, rarely confining them- 
 selves to the limit, but no one complained. Everybody realized 
 there could be no restriction, by time or otherwise, of American 
 patriotism. Among those acting in this capacity were: 
 
 Harold S. Bloomberg, Dr. Edward N. Cahsch, Charles Hutz- 
 ler, Henry S. Hutzler, Henry Schwarzschild, William H. 
 Schwarzschild. 
 
 The following acted as associate members of the Legal Ad- 
 visory Board : 
 
 Harold S. Bloomberg, Alfred E. Cohen, Jacob S. Colin, Irving 
 S. Goldbarth, Leon M. Nelson, Isador Shapiro. Lay members — 
 Charles Gunst, Charles Straus, Milton J. Straus. 
 
 Dr. Mark W. Peyser served on one of the Medical Advisory 
 Boards. 
 
 An impressive ceremony took place in Capitol Square on the 
 afternoon of August 17, 1917. William H. Schwarzschild, presi- 
 dent of the Jefferson Club, in the name of that organization, pre- 
 sented the Grays Battalion with a completely equipped ambulance. 
 Governor Henry Carter Stuart accepted the gift in the name of 
 
THE JEWS OF RICHMOND 439 
 
 the State of \'irginia, and turned it over to Major J. Fulmer 
 Bright. All three spoke feelingly. 
 
 While strictly a post-war work, no history of the great con- 
 flict would be complete without reference to the splendid results 
 achieved by the Richmond Branch of the American Jewish War 
 Relief Committee, under the chairmanship of Arthur L. Straus, 
 efficiently seconded by the efforts of its secretary, Samuel S. 
 Rosendorf. 
 
ENTERTAINMENT AND GENERAL ACTIVITIES. 
 
 It were invidious to say that any one person did more than 
 the other with regard to entertaining the soldiers who visited 
 Richmond. Each did his part and did it well. None was 
 too poor, none too rich, to entertain his quota and more. Camp 
 Lee, about twenty-five miles from Richmond, at one time had 
 more than 50,000 men ; Camp Eustis, abouty sixty-five miles 
 away, also had its thousands, as did Camp Humphreys, near 
 Alexandria, and numerous camps near Newport News, to say 
 nothing of various small camps and depots in this city itself. 
 First and last, a large part of these soldiers visited Richmond, 
 and so cordial and wholesouled was their treatment that it easily 
 took the place of favorite with the boys. Week-ends and 
 soldier guests were synonymous. No lines were drawn, and all 
 denominations were treated as the salt of the earth. There being 
 hundreds of Jewish families in Richmond, which entertained al- 
 most continuously, it is a demonstrable fact that private hosts 
 did by far the greater part of the work. 
 
 The first welfare work was purely local. Richmond men 
 formed the committee which raised and spent its own money. 
 Those composing this body were: William H. Schwarzschild, 
 chairman ; Rev. Dr. E. N. Calisch, I. H. Kaufman, I. J. Marcuse, 
 L. Z. Morris, Nathan Simon, A. L. Straus, Milton J. Straus. 
 Their chief entertainment, a most popular and enjoyable one, con- 
 sisted of Saturday night dances, with refreshments, at the Jefifer- 
 son Club. They were largely attended, being under the immedi- 
 ate management of Mrs. Samuel Cohen. These were given 
 during the fall and winter of I9i7-'i8, and in the spring of the 
 latter year. 
 
 Passover, 1918, a committee of three — Mrs. Samuel Cohen, 
 Miss Hannah Cohn, and the president of the Y. M. H. A. — invited 
 all Jewish soldiers in Camp Lee to spend the holidays in Rich- 
 mond. Each boy had an invitation for the Sedar and for as 
 much time as for which he could procure a furlough. During the 
 Fall holidays the same committee so arranged that every Jewish 
 
THE JEWS O E RICHMOND 441 
 
 soldier at Camp Lee had a special invitation to some home in 
 this city. 
 
 In July and August, picnics were given by the Y. W. H. A., 
 at Bryan Park and the Reservoir respectively. These, also, were 
 very enjoyable. 
 
 Beth Ahabah's Year Book, i<)ig-20, pays this tribute: 
 
 ''Woman's share in the actual labors of the war was an unusual ex- 
 perience in this great conflict. Many of our women were likewise there 
 who donned uniform and gave active service under many severe and 
 trying conditions. 
 
 "Those enlisted in the department of the Canteen Service of the Red 
 Cross were : 
 
 "Mrs. Joseph M. Rubens, Captain; Mrs. Adele Prag, Lieutenant; 
 Miss Irma Rosenbaum, Mrs. Robert Scyle, Mrs. Ralph Levine, Mrs. Ralph 
 Binswanger, Mrs. Ralph Levy, Mrs. Raphael Levy, Mrs. Irving J. Straus, 
 Rosalie Heller, Beatrice Held, Virginia Levy, Edith Lindeman, Mrs. Ira 
 Stern, and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufman, driver in Ambulance Motor Service 
 of Red Cross. 
 
 The Council of Jewish Juniors and Boy Scouts not only re- 
 sponded cheerfully and intelligently to every call, but did much 
 on their own initiative. 
 
 The activities of our women are well set forth in the fol- 
 lowing extract from the 1919 reports of the Council of Jewish 
 Women. What is true of the members of this organization ap- 
 plies with equal force to all of their sex in the community : 
 
 "Weekly visits to Base Hospital Camp Lee (Ward 9) carrying deU- 
 cacies, flowers and records. 
 
 "Entertainment Sunday afternoons, monthly at Army and Navy Club 
 in co-operation with Woman's Auxiliary. Camp Community Service at 
 which from 100 to 350 soldiers were served with light supper and music 
 provided. 
 
 "Work during epidemic through Neighborhood House and in co- 
 operation with church organization and Motor Transport Service. 
 
 "Work in War Savings Stamp Campaign. 
 
 "Furnishing. Meals to registrars during days of registration. 
 
 "Work in United War Work Drive, house to house canvas of Lee 
 Ward, soliciting from women. 
 
 "Work in Red Cross Membership Drive, house to house canvas of 
 Lee Ward, securing 1,000 memberships. 
 
 "2nd Liberty Loan, working one day $ 30,000.00 
 
 "3rd Liberty Loan 127,00000 
 
 "4th Working with Beth Ahabah Auxiliary 808.900.00 
 
442 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 '"Practically entire membership worked throughout war in all branches 
 of Red Cross Work, both at headquarters and at Auxiliary, in Canteen 
 and in Motor Corps. 
 
 "Work in Food Conservation Campaign, house to house canvas with 
 food pledge cards. 
 
 "Recent work in organization for renewed food conservation pledge. 
 
 "Work with Jewish Welfare Board in care and entertainment of re- 
 turning soldiers and fitting out Richmond Jewish Welfare Board Head- 
 quarters. 
 
 "Attention to returned, wounded soldiers, afternoon entertainments 
 at General Hospital No. 1, Westhampton." 
 
 An epidemic of Spanish influenza in the fall of 1918, coupled 
 with the fact that the Jefferson Club building had been turned 
 over to the Government, caused a cessation of the Saturday night 
 dances. The National Jewish Welfare Board, composed of prac- 
 tically all the organizations in the country, asked that a Rich- 
 mond branch be formed. The Y. M. H. A. building had been 
 designated as headquarters. Representatives of the various local 
 organizations met and selected the following : Chairman, Herbert 
 T. Ezekiel ; Vice-Chairman, Edwin L. Levy ; Secretary, Bertram 
 Bloch ; Treasurer, Jacob Lovenstein. From this time forth an 
 intensive programme of entertaining, excelled by no city in the 
 Union, and equalled by few, obtained. Those of the soldiers who 
 wished it, were furnished transportation on Saturday evening to 
 Richmond from Camp Lee; the visitors assembled at headquar- 
 ters and were taken to dinner; this would be followed by attend- 
 ance upon a theatrical show ; later in the evening there would 
 be a dance, often with refreshments ; the boys would be furnished 
 quarters for the night; next morning breakfast at a cafeteria; 
 automobile rides and the like ; then dinner, followed by a dance 
 and refreshments, and, for those who remained over, supper, 
 lodging, and breakfast Monday morning. The fame of Rich- 
 mond's hospitality spread abroad, and visitors from distant camps 
 , were not unusual, but rather the rule. On Purim there was spe- 
 cial entertainment, and at Passover meals prepared for the occa- 
 sion were furnished all comers. 
 
 When the J. W. B. house at Camp Eustis was dedicated in 
 February, 19 19. the chairman of the Richmond branch presided 
 at the ceremonies. Tn addition to this, he made numerous visits 
 to Camp Lee and. upon invitation, addressed the soldiers on sev- 
 
THE J E IV S O E RICHMOND 443 
 
 eral occasions. \\'ith chaperones, he frequently took over parties 
 of young ladies to participate in the dances there. 
 
 Max Friedman worked particularly hard in entertaining the 
 soldiers. No call for automobiles, few or many, failed of re- 
 sponse. His own machine bore the title of "community car." 
 
 The Neighborhood House, Nineteenth and Broad, under the 
 auspices of the Council of Jewish Women, did continuous and 
 intensive entertaining. Dances were held every Sunday after- 
 noon, and all made welcome. 
 
 On the afternoon of Saturday, February 22, 1919, occurred 
 one of the most unique incidents. About thirty soldiers, nearly 
 equally divided between Jews and non-Jews, visited the city as 
 guests of the J. W. B., and were entertained for three days. By 
 special invitation they visited the Governor's Mansion and were 
 handsomely received by his Excellency, who addressed them 
 briefly. Mrs. Davis played the piano for them. So far as 
 known this is onei of the few, if not the only time, during this 
 war a body of private soldiers was received at the Executive 
 Mansion. 
 
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