U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 56. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester. A WORKING PLAN FOR FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA. BY CHARLES S. CHAPMAN, FOREST ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 19 5. ■""fm^ 3 H-6- J'^ 2^4 j|. 56, Forest "Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate I. <-' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 56. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester A WORKING} PLAN FOR FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA. BY CHARLES S. CHAPMAN, FOREST ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. . Manegraph LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Washington. D. C, June SO, 1905. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report entitled "A Working- Plan for Forest Lands in Berkeley County, South (^irolina," by Charles S. Chapman, Forest Assistant in the Bureau of Forestry, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 56 of the lUireau of Forestry'. The map and four plates accompanying the report are necessary for its proper illustration. Very respectfully, Gifford Pinchot, Fore^ster. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agi'iculture. HUV3^ *.^v** 'tt CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 5 Part I. — The Timbeelands. General description of tract 7 The forest types 7 Loblolly pine land 8 Longleaf pine land 10 Swamp land 11 Bottomlands 11 True swamps 12 Waste land 14 Volume and yield 14 Volume tables for loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress 14 The yield by blocks 15 Yield between different diameters 22 Total yield for tract by species r 27 Number of trees of each diameter of ash, maple, and hickory on the whole tract 28 Comparison of two-thirds and Doyle rules 28 Lum))ering 29 Market and transportation 30 Fire 31 Effect on the soil 31 Effect on standing trees 31 Effect on reproduction 32 Grazing 32 Silvical description of the most important trees 33 Loblolly pine 33 Longleaf pine 36 Shortleaf pine 40 Pond pine -.. . , ^ 40 Cypress ^i .."... '. 41 Red gum .' 42 Black gum 43 Red maple 43 Yellow poplar 43 Hickory 44 White ash 44 Water oak 45 Other oaks 45 Trees on the Cooper River holdings 45 Trees and shrubs forming underbrush 46 3 4 . CONTETSTTS. Part II. — Management. Page. Introduction 47 Present and future yields of pine 47 Sustained annual yield 48 The rotation for pines 50 Objects sought on different types of forest land 52 Loblolly pine land 52 Longleaf pine land 52 Swamp land 52 Lumbering 53 Removal of hardwoods 53 What hardwoods can be used for 53 The steam skidder 53 Height of stumps 54 Supervision and protection 54 Marking trees for removal 54 Necessity for a forester 55 Protection against fire 55 Cost of conservative management 56 Rules for lumbering 56 Conclusions 57 Index 59 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. A two-storied forest of longleaf pine Frontispiece II. Fig. 1. — Virgin longleaf pine, hill country. Fig. 2. — Stand of medium loblolly on an old field 32 III. Fig. 1. — Loblolly pine and hardwoods on the border of a swamp. Fig. 2. — ILyd woods on swamp type 40 IV. Fig. L— A mixed stand of loblolly and longleaf pine. Fig. 2. — Reproduction of longleaf pine on an old burn 40 MAP. Map of the Cooper River holdings of the E. P. Burton Company, Berkeley County, S. C (Folder) follows page 62 A WORKING PLAN FOR FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA. INTRODUCTION. The object of the investigation, the results of which are presented in the following working" plan, was primarily to determine how much timber is at present standing on the land of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company, how much is necessary for a sustained annual yield equal to the present capacity of the compan^^'s mill, and in what way the largest successive crops can be obtained in the shortest time and at the least expense. It led to the conclusion that the prevailing species (lobloll}^ pine), the method of logging, and the location of the tract are all adapted to make the pine lands permanently valuable if treated in such a way as to insure future crops of timber. The swamp lands do not offer the same favorable opportunities for forest management. Here the most important species, cypress, occurs only as scattered individuals, or at best in small groups, surrounded by a luxuriant growth of hardwoods which prevents its reproduction on a large scale. The improvement of these lands will therefore be slow. The work of collecting data on which to base recommendations for the treatment of this tract took a crew of six men three and one-half months, and embraced the following measurements: (1) The measurement of all hardwoods to 10 inches and all soft- woods to 2 inches in diameter breasthigh over approximately 5 per cent of the tract. (2) The measurement of 1,545 felled trees for volume. (3) The measurement of 3,107 stumps for rate of growth. (4) The measurement of 4,102 trees for total height and clear length; The standing trees were measured throughout the various holdings in strips Q6 feet wide and one-fourth mile apart. The diameters of the trees were recorded on sheets which showed for each acre the number of trees of each species and their diameters. The measure- ment of felled trees followed the logging and included: Height of stump. Diameter of stump inside and outside of bark. Diameter 4i feet from the ground. Diameter at the top of each log inside and outside of bark. Total height. Clear length or distance from the ground to the first large limb. 5 6 WOKKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. From these measurements volume tables were constructed which show the merchantable contents for trees of ditferent diameters. Measurements of diameter growth were taken on the stump only. The annual rings w^ere counted along an average radius, and the diameter growth for each ten ,years was thus secured. The rate of growth of hardwoods, of species of pine whose occurrence was too infrequent to be of importance, and of cypress, of which no trees suit- able for such measurements were available, was not obtained. PART I.— THE TIMBERLANDS. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TRACT. The tract of timberland owned by the E. P. Burton Lumber Com- pany is situated in Berkeley County, S. C, between the Cooper and Santee rivers, and is made up of holdings which still retain the names of their former owners. The holdings vary in size from 599 acres to 20,213 acres. The total area of all lands controlled is 44,943 acres. Of this 5,243 acres are cultivated and waste lands, and 39,700 acres timbered. On 10,158 acres of the latter the company owns only stumpage. Adverse holdings, aside from those on which stumpage is owned, are insignificant, comprising only a few small lots of from 10 to 100 acres each. Except for these adverse holdings the tract forms a solid block. The land is uniformly flat, but may be divided into uplands and swamps. Small sink holes, or " pocosons," are scattered all over the uplands. The swamps, of which Hell Hole is the largest, are but little lower than the flat uplands. Their area is approximately 13,000 acres, or nearly one-third of the total timbered area. The soil varies from a nearly pure sand in the northwestern part of the tract to a sandy loam with an admixture of cla}^ in the southern and eastern parts. The swamps have a uniformly wet, deep, sandy loam, which in a few instances becomes muck}^ Over a few areas the soil seems phj^sically unsuited to tree growth, but generally soil conditions are excellent. There is no outcropping of rock throughout the tract. Small runs or streams are plentiful. The principal ones are Turke}'^ and Nicholson runs, which form the headwaters of the east branch of Cooper River and drain the southern portion of Hell Hole Swamp. Savannah Creek, which flows into the Santee River, drains the north- ern part of Hell Hole. The tract is accessible b}'^ roads which traverse it in all directions. These roads are good in dry weather, but in wet weather they become almost useless for hauling; since, however, the logging is done almost entirely by rail, wagon roads are of minor importance. (See map at end of volume.) THE FOREST TYPES. The forest lands of this region are divided, by differences in topog- raphy and composition of stand, into three broad types— loblolly pine land, longleaf pine land, and swamp land. The latter may be further subdivided into bottomlands and true swamps. 8 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. The dividing line between loblolly and longleaf pine land is not well defined, since the two species occur more or less in mixture on both types. The swamp land, being a topographic type, has well- defined boundaries. The percentage of each type of land over the whole tract, as determined from the valuation surveys and map, is as follows: Per cent. Loblolly pine land 34 Longleaf pine land 33 Swamp land 33 Total 100 LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. Loblolly pine land occupies the fresh and moist uplands, extending in places into the bottoms. It stands first among the types both in area and in commercial importance. The soil on this land is a light, sandy loam, with a considerable admix- ture of clay over occasional areas. Humus, except in wet places, is almost entirely wanting. This is because fires pass over the land so frequently that humus has no chance to form. The ground is covered with a growth of tall grass and broom sedge, which affords pasturage for a considerable number of cattle. The amount of underbrush varies greatly; over large areas there is practically none, while in places it is dense. It consists of such species as gall berry, red and white bay, wax myrtle, sprouts of gums and oaks, and raspberry bushes. Red and white bay form the tj^pical underbrush on swamp land, while gall berry and wax myrtle are found mainl}^ on the pine lands. As a rule, underbrush increases in direct proportion to the amount of moisture present. .Lobloll}^ pine occurs both in pure stands and in mixture with long- leaf pine and hardwoods. Over the bulk of the land, however, some longleaf is mixed with the loblolly, while hardwoods, in the form of an understory, are nearly always present. The stands in this forest type tend to be even aged. Where land formerly under cultivation has come up to loblolW pine, the trees are of uniform size and the range in age is small; but where land has always been under forest the trees vary greatly in age, approaching in this respect a selection forest. The understory of hardwoods which loblolly pine lands generally support may be dense or very open, according to moisture conditions. Where there is plenty of moisture in the soil, red gum, black gum, water oak, red maple, and occasionally yellow poplar, ash, beech, and hickory form the hardwood growth, while on the drier soils scrubby blackjack, black, Spanish, and post oaks occur. Reproduction of loblolly pine in this forest type is limited only by the occurrence of forest fires. Wherever fire has been kept out for a short period, reproduction is plentiful. For this reason it is best LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. 9 on the moist situations. But on the drier soils reproduction has liad very little opportunity to establish itself. Good reproduction has taken place on cut-over loblolly pine lands wherever sutiicient seed trees have been left. Over the greater part of the area loblolly pine is thrifty, and at* present is putting- on fair growth. In some places, however, the trees are either overmature or badly burned out at the base, or both, and windfalls are very common. Although the present loblolly pine forest is in excellent condition, b}' the judicious cutting of the present crop and by protection from fire the future forest can be made to produce still more timber and to give proportionally better returns. Table I shows the representation of species on loblolly pine land. Table I. — Stand on loblolly pine land. [Softwoods and yellow poplar calipered to 2 inches and other hardwoods to 10 inches breasthigh on 757 acres.] in diameter Average number of trees per acre. Diameter breasthigh. 6 g ■ft >) o 1 1 4) fl ■p. ■3 0) 1 a a 3 a be % a5 a ■p. 4^' s 6 P. 03 a s ai a 'S. .a CO 1 .a a> D pq 'w < 03 a g ■ft ft d a a - 's Oh Inches. 2 6.43 4.57 3.34 2 74 0.31 .36 .48 .52 .54 .43 .42 .40 .41 35 :.:: 0.01 .04 .07 .08 .12 .10 .11 .12 .14 .09 .11 .09 .08 .07 .05 .07 .05 .03 .04 .03 .03 .02 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 0.03 .03 .04 .04 .04 .04 .06 .04 .04 .03 .04 .04 .03 .03 .01 0.01 .02 .04 .03 .05 .04 .04 .03 .04 .03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 '.'6i .01 .... 0.01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01 .02 .01 .02 03 0.01 .01 3 4 4.25I 2.71 4.06! 2.06 3.6O' 1.61 2.95, .95 3.40! .88 2. 86] . 73 3. 26 . 66 2. 78 . 49 5 6 .01 7 8 .01 9 10 11 6. 64 0. 39 .421 .36 0.25 .22 .20 .16 .12 .10 .09 .06 .04 .04 .03 .03 .02 .01 .02 .02 .01 .01 0.18 .12 .12 .09 .06 .05 .05 .03 .04 .02 .01 .01 '.'6i .01 0.10 .11 .07 .06 .05 .06 .03 .03 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 0.04 .03 .04 .03 .03 .03 .02 .03 .01 .01 .01 .01 0.05 .04 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 0.04 .04 0.02 .02 O.OI 12 3.01 .54! .38 2.69! -52! .34 2.54; .38! .32 2.30' .38! .27 1.92 .28 .24 1.77 .25' .16 1.71i .19! .14 1.36 .13 .07 1.36 .15' .06 1.12 .12! .04 .96 .10 .03 .65 .05, .02 .64 .05 .02 .411 .03! .01 .32 04! 01 .41 .28 .38 •:'8 .02 .62 .02'.... .011 13 ... .02 .04 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 14 .27I .24 '.'61 '.'6i 15 .19 .15 .11 .10 .07 .06 .03 .03 .02 .01 .01 .24 .18 .13 .11 .07 .05 .05 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 16 17 18 19 20 21 .01 .01 22 .01 23 . 24 01 .... 25 01 26 .01 .01 27 .24 .17 .10 .07 .02 .02 .01 28 29 .01 30 31 06 ni . 32 03! 33 03' 34 .03 .01 .02 .01 61.69 35 36 37 1 Total 19.44 6.33 15. 02 3. 46 2.80 2.58 1.63 T65 1.25 .98 2.06 1.44 .80 .62 '.'62 1.31 .54 .32 .62 .22 .47 .47 .29 .25 ?3 .23 08 .05 .04 08 ,01 1 .13|.... . 25 . . . . 2" to 9" 32.12 .26 .... .50 Per cent 61.77 29.57 62.28 28 88 6-65 10" and over Per cent 4.42 9.31 2.87 6.05 2.80 5.89 2.58 5.43 1.44 3.03 .80 1.68 .21 .44 .29 .61 .25 .53 .23 .49 .10 .21 .08 .17 .01 .02 .01 .02 31147 — No. 5(>- 10 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. LONGLEAF PINK LAND. Long-leaf pine is confined, in the main, to the higher situations and to the drier and lighter soils. It is most prevalent in the northern and eastern portions of the tract. On the drier parts of loblolly pine lands the two types mingle. Soils of longleaf pine land vary from pure white sands to sandy loams with an admixture of clay; either class of soil seems well fitted for the growth of the tree. Here again humus is nearly wanting on account of the yearly ground fires, which, favored by a thick growth of grass, seldom fail to over- run these lands. Underbrush, while not so plentiful as on loblolly pine land, is often present. It consists ehietiy of gall berry, hardwood sprouts, wax myrtle, and sometimes raspberry bushes. Longleaf pine occurs on this type either in pure stands or mixed with loblolly pine and hardwoods. Loblolly pine, however, is nearly always present. The small sink holes or pocosons in the midst of longleaf pine land, where moisture is more plentiful, are invariably fringed with loblolly pine. Small patches of loblolly pine often become established on longleaf land simply because loblolly has been able to seed up such areas first. Hardwoods are less prevalent than on loblolly land. They are for the mosi; part very small and stunted, and are composed largely of such species as Spanish, blackjack, black, and post oaks. Longleaf pine occurs in even-aged stands, but these stands are apt to take the form of small groups, and seldom exceed a few acres in area. The forest cover is therefore much broken, and as cutting has taken place over the bulk of these lands, the stand is often very open. This type of forest has been mismanaged more than any othcx on the tract. Lumbering has removed the bulk of the large trees, and 57 per cent of all the longleaf pines 10 inches and over in diameter has been boxed for turpentine. As a result of this lumbering and boxing, fires have been able to kill many of the trees left standing and largely to prevent renewal of the forest. Consequently there are now large areas over which the stand is so open that it is doubtful if it could be lumbered with profit. In spite of the fact that young growth has occasionally come in so that the prospects for a second crop over limited areas are excellent, reproduction throughout this type as a whole is nearl}" wanting; seedlings are more scarce than saplings or poles. If fire were kept out, however, reproduction would establish itself. Table II shows the representation of species on the longleaf pine lands. LONGLEAF PINE LAND. 11 Table II. — Stand on longleaf pine land. [Softwoods and yellow poplar calipered to 2 inches and other breasthigh on 755 acres.] hardwoods to 10 inches in diameter Average number of trees per acre. Diameter breasthigh. g ■ft 0) a ■3. 1 m (U 6 g ■p. •V a 1 3 a S3 3 a 60 .3 p. 1 .S3 CO s a ID tS Inches. 2 5.88 6.13 7.59 7.44 6.45 5.19 5.36 4.59 4.17 3.38 3.14 2.42 1.01 1.61 1.35 .97 .66 .39 .30 .16 .12 .07 .06 .04 .02 .01 .02 .01 .01 2.98 2.50 2.67 2.44 2.13 1.42 1.34 1.03 .96 .85 .76 .70 .76 .58 .47 .42 .37 .27 .24 .25 .19 .15 .11 .07 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 1.30 .72 .65 .44 .30 .16 .17 .16 .15 .12 .12 .09 .08 .08 .06 0.01 1 .07 .06 .06 .08 .07 .09 .07 .14 .16 .13 .17 .16 0.01 .01 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 ".'6i' .01 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0.22 .11 .12 .07 .05 .06 .04 .04 .03 .02 .01 0.03 .03 .04 .04 .01 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 6.05 .04 .04 .03 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 6.62 .02 .02 .01 .01 "."6i' .01 o.oi .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 0.01 '".'6i' "o.bi 14 15 16 .01 .01 "".bi 17 .04 ! .13 .03 i .10 .02 .08 .03 .07 . 02 . 06 18 19 20 .01 21 .01 ! .61 22 .02 .01 .01 .01 .05 .03 .02 .02 23 , 24 ... 25 1 1 26 ' .61 27 28 .01 29 . j 30 31 32 .01 1 Total 69.64 23.78 4.80 1.91 .77 1 .24 .23 .14 .10 .07 .04 .02 2" to 9" 48. 62 69. 92 21. 02 65. 29 16.51 23.74 7.27 22. 58 3.90 5.61 .90 2.78 .42 .60 1.49 4.63 .09 .13 .05 .16 1 Per cent 10" and over Per cent .77 ' .24 2.39 1 -75 .23 .71 .10 .31 .07 .22 .04 .12 .02 .06 SWAMP LAND. This type comprises about 13,000 acres, or approximately one-third of the total wooded area of the tract. The most important swamps are Hell Hole and Darrington. The others are smaller and contain less valuable timber. The swamps are practically virg'in forest land, the only lumberino- ever done having been the removal of a few cypress trees for shingles. The composition of tlie stands varies greatly in the two subtypes — bottomlands and true swamps. Bottomlands. — Bottomlands occur principally along the borders of the true swamps and along streams. The area of this type is com- parativelj'' small and the species composing the stand of timber are less valuable. The soil of the bottomlands is the best in the region. It is some- times wet, but generally moist to fresh. In composition it is a sandy loam. The humus is made up of decayed hardwood leaves and needles and is medium to deep. 12 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. The amount of underbrush varies greatly. In places it is dense, consisting of rattan, sniilax, and wax myrtle; in other instances it is almost totally lacking. Grass occurs here but sparingly, and the lands are of small value for grazing. In the bottomland type of forest a large number of species occur. Here maple, ash, beech, red, white, black, Spanish, and water oaks, hickory, elm, pond pine, and red gum reach their best development. Loblolly pine also grows well. Few of the above-mentioned species are at present cut, and many do not occur in sufficient quantities to be worth removing. The lob- lolly and pond pine will be cut. Maple, ash, hickory, white and red oak, and red gum could probably be removed with profit at the same time, thus making room for reproduction of loblolly pine and the great increase in the future value of the forest. The trees are of all ages and diameters. Saplings and poles of all the species are much more plentiful than seedlings, which are gener- ally very scarce. Fire occurs on this forest type only during extremely dry seasons, and as such seasons do not usually occur more often than once every ten years, little damage has resulted from this source. True swamps. — The true swamps occupy the low-lying lands, where, except in occasional very dr}^ seasons, there is standing water the year round. The soil is deep and rich, but very wet. It varies from sandy loam to heavy muck; the latter, however, occurs only over small areas. Froperl}' drained, these lands would be valuable for agricultural purposes. Humus is deep but not well decaj ed, for the standing water retards its decomposition. Over this layer of hunuis is a thick mat of leaves and needles, decaying slowly under water. Underbrush is nearly alwaj's present in the true swamps. It occurs on tussocks raised above the water, and consists of hurrah brush, red and white bay, smilax, rattan,- and holly. These tussocks also bear one or more trees each. The forest is made up of a large number of species. The commonest .are cypress, loblolly and pond pine, black and red gum. maple, water oak, yellow poplar, and ash. With the exception of cypress, none of these trees prefers the class of land found in this type; all of them grow to better advantage on drier situations. The trees of chief commer- cial importance are cj'press, loblolly pine, and yellow poplar. Cypress occurs in groups or as scattered individuals throughout the type, and reaches larger size than any other species found on the tract. Loblolly pine also is of irregular occurrence. It seeks the higher places, and is- found either on small islands or on tussocks, while cypress often grows in the water. Notwithstanding their scattered occurrence, these two species make up the bulk of the merchantable stand throughout the true swamps. Yellow poplar occurs only in a few small groups, and if it were not for its large size would be of no importance. SWAMP LAND. 13 Reproduction throughout this forest type is scarce and poorly dis- tributed. Small patches of cypress seedlings, however, are sometimes found, and loblolly reproduction is occasionally dense along the edge of a swamp. Saplings and poles of cypress, loblolly pine, 3'ellow poplar, and the hardwoods are much more common than seedlings, but on account of the dense shade they are apt to be poor, suppressed specimens. Table III shows the representation of species on the true swamps and bottomlands combined. Table III. — Stand on swamp and bottomland. [Soft woods and yellow poplar calipered to 2 inches and other hardwoods to 10 inches in diamettT breasthigh on 599 acres. 1 Average number of trees per acre. Diameter breasthigh. 1 o 0^ a ft 1 1^ a bo s P. a -a a Sao -a pq SI 0. ft < a ■ft, 1 Q a ■ft •3 ''lO 10-14 V 1,452,837 2, 134, 472 1, 349, 894 1,514,486 193, 091 105, 270 17, 448 53, 507 1, 645, 928 2,239,742 1,367,342 1,567,993 } 1,168,434 j- 396, 070 15-18 8,142 19-21 88, 403 Total 6, 451, 689 369, 316 6,821,005 1,564,504 96 645 10-14 VI 573, 308 1, 140, 014 1, 303, 607 1,927,901 573, 308 1,140,014 1, 303, 607 1,927,901 } 60, 889 } 260, 428 15-18 20, 541 19-21 22 and over 39, 248 Total 4,944,830 4,944,830 321, 317 59, 789 10-14 VII 826, 613 1, 286, 158 1, 424, 873 1,908,754 826, 613 1,286,158 1,424,873 1,908,754 } 365, 040 } 107, 890 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 5, 446, 398 5, 446, 398 472, 930 10-14 VIII .S52, 678 1,732,547 1, 414, 968 1, 563, 9G9 852, 678 1, 732, 547 1,414,968 1,563,969 1 3, 787, 023 1 1, 659, 678 15-18 19-21 .22 and over Total 6,564,162 5,564,162 6, 446, 701 10-14 IX 1,672,778 2, 965, 459 3, 468, 168 7, 244, 618 1,752 5, 255 5, 255 29, 777 1, 674, 530 2,970,714 3, 473, 423 7, 274, 396 1 3, 406, 862 1 4,284,414 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 15, 351, 023 42, 039 15, 393, 062 7, 691, 276 17,516 10-14 X 1,477,476 2,095,236 1,642,212 2,254,824 1,477,476 2, 096, 236 1, 642, 212 2, 254, 824 \ 2,315,570 1 721, 750 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 7, 469, 748 7, 469, 748 3, 037, 320 10-14 XI 2,954,868 2,725,072 1,151,416 1,435,616 159, 964 210, 308 43,848 3, 114, 832 2, 935, 380 1, 195, 264 1,435,616 •V 1 15-18 t 1, 284, 584 1 548, 100 19-21 22 and over Total S, 266, 972 414, 120 . 8,681,092 1, 832, 684 24 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table VI. — Yields from carious holdings— Contmued. TOTAL YIELD FROM HELL HOLE HOLDING— Continued. Block No. Cutting limit diameter breasthigh. Loblolly pine. Longleaf pine. Both pines. Bald cypress. J-ellow XII Inches. 10-14 Board feet. 4,637,742 1, 669, 352 457, 308 288, 022 Board feet. Board feet. 4,637,742 Board feet. 1 1, 445, 988 i 496, 103 Buard feet. 15-18 457, 308 288, 022 19-21 Total 7, 052, 424 7, 052, 424 1,942,091 10 14 , XIII 536, 373 536, 373 1 571,442 1 33, 720 15-18 19-21 401, 043 401,043 22 and over Total 1,729,162 1 1 1,729,162 605, 162 XIV .. 10-14 142, 595 364, 457 308,453 1, 200, 640 156,380 ! 298,975 238,232 i 602,689 146,903 : 455,356 141,302 1 1,341,942 1 78, 836 } 67, 636 15-18 19-21 Total 2, 016, 145 682, 817 •^. 698. 962 146, 472 TOTAL YIELD FROM CHAPEL HILL HOLDING. I. 10-14 734, 829 657, 478 540, 244 644, 184 2, 470, 378 951, 168 154, 701 37,467 3, 205, 207 1, 608, 646 694, 945 681, 651 } } 748,123 238, 094 1.5-18 19-21 22 and over Total 10-14 15-18 19-21 2, 576, 736 3,613,714 6, 190, 449 986, 217 11 631, 620 1,691,870 2, 056, 903 3, 388, 097 8,712 640, 332 1,691,870 2, 056, 903 3,388,097 } 1,612,591 597, 643 871 22 and over Total .. . 7, 768, 490 8, 712 7, 777, 202 2,210,234 871 10-14 Ill 268, 814 284, 612 444,244 356, 593 35, 162 17,963 20,' 662' 303, 976 302, 575 444, 244 376, 595 i 162, 180 63, 700 15-18 19-21 22 and over . Total 1,354,263 73, 127 1, 427, 390 225, 880 10-14 15-18 19-21 IV 913, 353 1, 716, 293 1, 526, 139 2, 526, 595 344, 117 321,422 99, 984 142, 922 1,2,57,470 2, 037, 715 1, 626, 123 2, 669, 517 i 617,080 203, 649 4,907 22 and over Total 10-14 15-18 19-21 0, 682, 380 908, 445 7, 590, 825 820, 729 4,907 V 274, 981 250, 399 201,476 601, 536 274, 981 250, 399 201, 476 601, 536 ! 194, 969 67,239 Total 1,328,392 1, 328, 392 262, 208 TOTAL YIELD FROM LIMERICK HOLDING. 10 14 448, 521 69, 489 4,274 86, 954 151,613 57, 971 27, 313 535, 475 221, 102 62, 245 15-18 19-21 . .. 27,313 Total 522, 284 323,851 846, 135 10-14 I 1,026,274 698,253 241,019 234, .540 1,850,403 1, 578, 284 759, 339 588, 293 . 2, 876, 677 2,271,537 1,000,358 822, 833 3,887 15-18 19 21 Total 2, 195, 086 4,776,319 6,971,405 3,887 YIELD BEL WEEN DIFFEEENT DIAMETERS. 25 Table VI. — Yiekh from various holdings — Continued. TOTAL YIELD FROM LIMERICK HOLDING— Continued. Block No. Cutting limit diameter breasthigh. Loblolly pioe. Longleaf pine. Both pines. Bald cypress, jello^ Ill Inches. 10-14 Board feet. 53,886 97, 765 54, 912 102,383 Board feet. 303,045 426, 726 161, 145 495, 495 Board feet. 366, 931 524, 491 216, 057 597,878 Board feet. Board feet. 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 308, 946 1,386,411 1, 695, 357 10-14 IV 477, 713 455, 726 298, 821 340, 795 ^ 361, 783 323, 806 109, 934 26, 984 839, 496 779, 532 408, 755 367, 779 1 17,988 } 75,954 15-18 19-21 Total 1, 573, 055 822,507 2 395.562 93,942 TOTAL YIELD FROM RODGERS HOLDING. I.... 10-14 235, 401 195, 760 127, 243 349, 432 114, 030 205,548 82, 218 214, 357 349, 431 401,308 209, 461 563, 789 } } 44,046 108,646 • 19-21 Total 907, 836 616, 153 1, 523, 989 152, 692 10-14 n 19, 285 30, 194 97, 790 140, 353 19, 285 30, 194 97, 790 140,353 ! 142,788 522,259 15 18 19-21 17, .337 Total 287, 622 287, 622 665, 047 17 337 TOTAL YIELD FROM WINDSOR HOLDING. I 10-14 299. 418 396, 032 346. 419 1, 148, 928 139, 264 138, 394 61, 798 28, 723 438, 682 534, 426 408, 217 1,177,651 } 31, 334 15-18 870 19-21 1 60, 928 Total 2, 190, 797 368, 179 2, 5.58, 976 31,334 61 798 10-14 II 115, 797 73, 539 14, 418 38, 553 115, 797 73, .539 14,818 38, 553 } } 76, 695 67, 091 16-18 19-21 :"":": Total 242, 707 242, 707 143,786 TOTAL YIELD FROM PETER MURPHY HOLDING. I 10-14 405, 349 691, 803 496, 041 826, 735 633, 738 407,008 100, 093 63, 042 1,039,087 1, 098, 811 596, 134 889, 777 } I J 55, 853 117, 789 15 18 19-21 22 and over Total 2,419,928 1,203,881 3, 623, 809 173, 642 10-14 n 58, 581 115, 5.54 170, 384 355, 771 58, 581 115, 554 170, 384 355, 771 } 1 600, 453 588, 487 15-18 16, 253 19-21 22 and over 6,965 Total 700, 290 700,290 1, 188, 940 23 218 10-14 m 390, 385 311,3.50 224, 172 239, 021 164, 776 145, 616 77, .598 17, 244 5.55, 101 4.56, 960 301,770 256,265 } 4,311 15-18 1,437 19-21 22 and over Total 1,164,928 405, 234 1,, 570, 162 4,311 1 437 10-14 iT 130, 522 271, 903 326, 971 403, 534 17, 396 32, 132 18, 947 82,435 147, 918 304, 035 345, 918 485, 969 ! 35,788 48, 641 15-18 7,202 19-21 22 and over Total 4,543 1, 132, 930 150,910 1,283,840 84,429 11, 745 31147— No. 56—05- 26 WORKINa PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table ^^I. — Yields from various holdings — Continued. TOTAL YIELD FROM BATES HOLDING. Block No. Cutting limit diameter breasthigh. Loblolly pine. Longleaf pine. ■ Botb pines. Bald cypress. Yellow poplar. I Inches. 10-14 Board feet. 3, 127, 236 3,521,238 Board feet. 4, 123, 392 2, 502, 780 386, 668 128, 856 Board feet. 7, 260, 628 6,024,018 3, 144, 582 4,423,230 Board feet. \ 2, 061, 696 1 659, 148 Board feet. 15-18 2,478 19-21 22 and over Total 10-14 15-18 19-21 22 and over 2, 758, 014 4, 294, 374 13, 700, 862 7,141,596 20,842,458 2,720,844 2,478 II 140, 182 510, 558 803, 464 1,911,640 16, 232 5,902 156, 414 516, 460 803, 464 1,911,640 } } 644, 099 1, 392, 966 59, 762 244, 212 Total 3, 365, 844 22, 134 3, 387, 978 2, 037, 065 303, 974 TOTAL YIELD FROM RIVERS HOLDING. I 10-14 479, 767 572, 984 397, 668 541,342 1, 536, 794 981, 770 260, 836 61,574 2, 016, 561 1,554,754 658, 504 602, 916 1 2.53, 139 1 71, 837 15-18 19-21 Total 1, 991, 761 •?_ 840. 974 4, 832, 735 324, 976 10-14 II 107, 862 269, 077 214, 858 445, 145 105, 843 80, 608 24,370 11, 680 213, 705 349,685 239, 22S 456, 825 } } 198,852 19,323 19-21 Total 1,036,942 222,501 1,259,443 218, 175 TOTAL YIELD FROM McCABE & INABINETT HOLDING. I 10-14 2, 071, 440 2, 175, 998 1, 499, 328 2, 852, 669 1, 085, 040 686, 534 218, 981 218, 981 3,156,480 1 2,862,632 )/ 1,718,309 '1 1, 219, 190 595, 786 15-18 19-21 3,071,650 / Total S, 599, 435 2,209,536 1 10,808,971 1,814,976 10-14 11 87,547 232,263 378, 414 966, 607 30,857 4,545 118, 404 236, 808 378,414 966, 007 } } 196, 622 499, 928 15-18 12, 199 19-21 22 and over 86, 830 Total 1, 664, 831 35, 402 1, 700, 233 696, 550 99 029 10-14 Ill 1,248,990 1,221,164 861, 329 241,644 516, 671 412, 957 144, 187 163, 041 1,765,661 1, 634, 121 1,005,516 1, 094, 685 r } 190, 985 321, 892 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 4, 273, 127 1,226,856 5,499,983 .512,877 TOTAL Y'lELD FROM HILL HOLDING. I 10-14 1,087,649 1,257,329 882, 336 868, 762 592, 183 412, 322 1,415,131 200,222 2, 344,978 1,751,098 1,004,505 1, 615, 353 } } 257, 914 218, 887 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 10-14 3, 977, 299 2, 738, 635 6, 715, 934 476, 801 II 124, 8.52 155, 757 223, 012 787, 742 124,862 il 105, 360 15-18 17, 736 11, 940 6, 848 173,493 234, 962 794, 590 J 19-21 22 and over Total , 1,291,363 36, 524 1,327,887 105, 360 10-14 Ill 35, 670 49, 486 13, 439 100, 229 35, 670 54, 384 13, 439 100, 229 } ! 11,932 32, 907 15-18 19-21 4,898 Total 198,824 4,898 203, 722 44, 839 TOTAL YIELD BY SPECIES. Table VI. — Yields from I'arioit.'^ holdings — Continued. TOTAL YIELD FROM FISHBROOK HOLDING. 27 Block No. Cntting limit diameter breasthigh. Loblolly pine. Longleaf pine. Both pines. Bald cypres.s. Yellow, poplar. I Inches. 10-14 Board feet. 347, 609 644, 431 523, 670 1,174,873 Board feet. 425,482 165, 904 54, 173 25, 958 Board feet. 773,091 810, 335 577, 843 1,200,831 Board feet, j 5, 643 } 6, 772 Board feet. 15-18 19-21 1,129 Total * 2, 690, 583 .. - . 671,517 3,362,100 12,415 10-14 II 52, 937 189, 307 314, 744 1, 157, 705^ 52, 937 189, 307 314, 744 1, 157, 705 i 227,283 209, 446 15-18 3, 452 19-21 ... 22 and over 24, 167 Total 1,714,693 1,714,693 436, 729 27, 619 TOTAL YIELD FROM SILKHOPE, EAST, HOLDING. I 10-14 555, 352 744, 943 587, 230 1,196,271 1, 684, 511 1, 494, 920 286, 904 149,324 2, 239, 863 2, 239, 863 874, 134 1 .'?45 rtQh 1 15-18 1 5,033 {• 11,745 19-21 Total 3, 083, 796 3, 615, 659 6, t)99 455 1 1 "TdF, 1 fl nsa 10-14 II 108, 907 44, 723 130,415 329, 110 164, 213 124, 952 38, 920 8,194 273, 120 169, 075 169, 335 337, 304 1 71, 353 341 1 . ,.„ 15-18 19-21 > 5, 462 Total 613, 155 336, 279 949, 434 76, 815 341 10-14 Ill 21,235 2,284 9,052 30, 456 1,184 6,176 3, 722 22, 419 8,460 12, 774 30, 456 15-18 19-21 22 and over Total 63, 027 11,082 74, 109 TOTAL YIELD FROM SILKHOPE, WEST, HOLDING. I 10-14 15-18 19-21 763, 366 1,078,142 649, 307 1,520,996 153, 565 285, 466 73, 915 43,330 916, 931 1,363,608 723, 222 1,564,326 22 ana over Total 4,011,811 5.56, 276 4, 568, 087 10-14 15-18 II [ 4, 775 4,775 19-21 22 and over Total 4,775 4,775 TOTAL YIELD FOR TRACT BY SPECIES. Table VII shows the total number of board feet of lumber over the whole tract b}^ species. This table includes all trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh. It is seen that the stand of loblolly pine exceeds that of all the other species combined. 28 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table VII. — Total yield for tract of trees 10 inches and orer in diameter breasthigh. Species. Yield. Log rule. Species. Yield. Log rule. Board feet. 193, 911, 867 45, 598, 711 58, 550, 299 2, 908, 027 7, 640, 485 Two-thirds. Do. Do. Doyle. Do. Black gum Board feet. 26,755,818 5, 452, 440 2, 020, 881 Doyle. Longleaf pine Do. White oak Do. Yellow poplar Total 342,838,528 NUMBER OF TREES OF EACH DIAMETER OF ASH, MAPLE, AND HICKORY ON THE WHOLE TRACT. Table VIII shows the number of ash, maple, and hickory trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh over the whole tract. This table is given to show, in a general wa.j, the amount of timber avail- able from these species, lack of volume tables making it impossible to give their volume in board feet. Table VIII. — Stand of ash, maple, and hickory over the whole tract. Diameter breast- high. Inches 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total number of trees on the tract. Ash. i Maple. 3,029 2,636 1,842 1,711 1,588 1,183 794 528 528 528 262 18, 282 9,480 12, 363 8,027 7,229 6,177 5,522 4,728 3,815 2,497 2,231 Hick- 1,199 802 933 667 532 528 266 266 135 266 Diameter breast- high. Total. Total number of trees on the tract. Ash. Maple. 262 135 131 15, 157 1, 445 1,048 659 528 393 131 131 131 131 84,948 Hick- ory. 266 266 131 6,257 COMPARISON OF TWO-THIRDS AND DOYLE RULES. Table IX shows the total yield for each holding from the three most important species — loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress — scaled both by the two-thirds and by the Doyle log rules. In each case the scale by the two-thirds rule is far in excess of that by the Doyle rule. LUMBEEING. 29 Table IX. — Comparison of total yield from ItokUmjs hij two-thirds and Doyle rules. Loblolly pine. Longleaf pine. Cypress. Excess by Two- thirds rule. Name of holding. Two-thirds rule. Doyle rule. Two-thirds rule. Doyle rule. Two-thirds rule. Doyle rule. Hell Hole Chapel Hill Bates Bd.ft. 108,273,069 19, 710, 259 17, 066, 7(t6 3, 028, 703 14,537,394 5, 467, 486 4,405,274 2, 433, 504 5,418,077 3, 759, 977 4,016,586 4, 599, 372 1,195,460 Bd.ft. 87,784,270 16,524,720 14,177,384 2, 466, 156 11, 673, 604 4,558,413 3, 729, 679 2,123,614 4, 445, 166 3,14.5,451 3.354,484 3, 258, 258 993, 555 Bd. ft. 9,271,396 4, 603, 999 7, 163, 730 3, 063, 475 3,471,794 2,780,048 Bd.ft. 6,227,870 2,721,189 4,270,484 1,869,551 2, 235, 991 1 . 820. 777 Bd.ft. 42,016,738 4, 505, 269 4, 757, 910 543, 151 3,024,402 627, 000 449, 144 175, 120 1, 451, 323 88, 560 Bd.ft. 32, 293, 301 3,004,187 3, 593, 342 342, 924 2, 360, 200 452, 1.52 346. 766 122, 687 1, 192, 418 68, 387 Bd.ft. 33, 255, 762 6, 569, 431 6,947,136 1,956,698 McCabe & Inab- 4, 763, 795 Hill 2, 043. 192 Fishbrook 671,517 399,524 368,179 253,286 1,760,025 1,137,241 3, 9(53, 021 2, 708, 708 556, 276 394, 427 7,309,085 5,102,772 618, 156 487, 932 1,049,966 477,216 Peter Murphy . . . Silkhope, East . . Silkhope, West.. Limerick Rodgers 1,854,000 1,889.012 823, 951 93, 943 817, 739 87, 947 773, 950 3, 553, 423 373. 918 Total 193,911,867 158,234,754 45,598,711 29,629,752 58,550,299 44,638,261 65, 558, 110 LUMBERING. When lumbering operations began uncier the present owners, the only lands on which lumbering had been done were those bearing a considerable stand of longleaf pine. These lands were cut over from ten to fifteen years ago, when, owing to the low stumpage prices and the high cost of transporting logs, only the sound and largest trees were removed. As a consecjuence a good stand of thrifty 3^oung trees remains on some of the longleaf pine lands. The bulk of these old cut-over lands, however, have, as a result of this first lumbering and the tires that followed it, a ver}" open stand of longleaf. Since the present owners have commenced operations on the tract cutting has been mainl}' confined to the lobloll}" pine lands, which were in virgin forest. These lands are now being cut over at the rate of about 20,000,000 board feet per year to supply the company's mill, and it is the intention of the owners to continue cutting at this rate until the lands are all logged over. Under present methods luml^ering is very close and there is little waste. Practically all pine down to 12 inches in diameter breasthigh is removed, and trees smaller than this are often taken. With the exception of yellow poplar, no hardwoods are cut. Since nearly all lands support at least a sparse growth of hardwoods, cut-over areas have a very open growth of hardwoods, with pine scattered through them . Lumbering is now done almost entireh' by railroad and steam skidders. Spurs are run out from the main tramway at intervals of about one-fourth of a mile, and skidders snake the logs from the stump to the track and load them on the cars. Timber carts are some- times used when logs from a small area of timber, out of reach of a spur, can be more economically got out thus than by Vjuildingnew track. Owing to the flatness of the country, very little grading has to be 30 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. done when putting down track, but much trouble is caused by the large number of marshy places, where the track sinks. The rails and ties used in building the spurs are taken up as soon as the timber is removed and laid over again elsewhere. The frequent spiking soon renders the ties useless, but the rails last for many years. Young timber is used to a large extent for the ties, track corduroy, and firewood. Table X shows the number of trees of each species left per acre after cutting on a part of Fishbrook holding. For this table hard- woods were- measured to 10 inches and softwoods to 2 inches in diameter breasthigh. Of the 36.78 loblolly pine trees left on each acre, 12.5 are over 5 inches in diameter and 3.36 are over 10 inches in diameter. Since nearly every loblolly pine tree left standing should be large enough to cut at the next rotation, the basis for a good second cut is already on the ground. Table X. — Stand per acre of softwoods 2 inches and over, and of hardwoods 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh, left after lumbmng on Fishbrook. Species. Loblolly pine. Ked gum Black oakis . . . White oaks . . . Shortleat" pine Black gum . . . Red maple . . . Dead pines . . . Cedar Beech Number of trees. Percent. 36.78 67.70 8.52 15. 68 1.91 3.51 1.46 2.69 .83 1.53 .83 1.53 .68 1.26 .67 1.23 .67 1.23 .60 1.10 Species. Hickories Longleaf pine. Cypress Elms Ashes Yellow poplar Spruce pine . . . Total.... Number of trees. 0.59 .25 .19 .14 .12 .06 .03 54.33 Percent. 1.09 .46 .35 .26 .22 .11 .06 MARKET AND TRANSPORTATION. An excellent system for the transportation of logs from the woods to the mill is now in operation. Logs are carried to the landing on Cooper River b}^ rail, at which point they are bundled or made into rafts and towed down the river to the mill, 40 miles below. This system of transportation is effective and cheap. The cost of transport- ing logs from the stump to the mill for the jQ2iV 1902 was $2.79 per 1,000 board feet. In any system of water transportation a great many logs sink, and are either lost entirely or recovered at heavy cost. A deceased manager of the company devised a scheme whereb}^ such loss in Cooper River is largeW eliminated. A trestle is built out into the river and the carloads of logs run out upon it. Two chains are then fastened to the trestle below the cars, passed down into the water, and again attached to a windlass on a framework above the trestle. As the logs are thrown into the water they are caught in the loops of the chain, and when a sufficient number to make up a bundle has been thrown off the cars the chains are tightened and the logs bound together. By this means the lighter logs float the heavier, and no FIRE. 31 loss occurs unless the logs loosen in the bundle and slip out. This seldom happens. The mill is situated in a seaport town, so that facilities are excellent for export trade, and a large amount of the best grades of timber is exported to England, Scotland, Germany, and Holland. The bulk of the timber manufactured is still, however, sold in this country. The market for loblolly pine, the chief timber tree on the tract, is a con- stantly increasing one, and though the longleaf pine lumber brings better prices, the more rapid growth of the former species makes it the more profitable one to grow in the future. FIRE. Adequate protection from fire is essential to the conservative man- agement of the timberlands of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company. Fire has passed over nearly every acre of land owned by the com- pan}^, and fires will continue to be common unless drastic measures are taken to prevent them. Ever since the settlement of this country it has been customary to burn over the pine lands in earl}^ spring, to improve pasturage and prevent the growth of underbrush. This custom is now acknowledged by many of the inhabitants to be shortsighted, but there is still a lack of active opposition to the practice, and fires con- tinue to be set by negroes and people not interested in lumbering or agriculture. The tall growth of grass under the open stands of pine makes the starting of fires very easy; many are consequently acci- dental in origin. EFFECT ON THE SOIL. In consequence of these repeated fires, humus and leaf litter are largely wanting on the uplands. Swamps and bottoms have been harmed little, for they are seldom dry enough to burn, but even here fires have occurred in the past, and only a dry season is necessary for them to occur again. EFFECT ON STANDING TREES. The surface or grass fires do not kill the large trees, but by burning up all of the leaves, needles, and twigs on the ground they rob the soil of its natural fertilizer. What efl'ect this has on the development of trees which are not killed can only be conjectured, but it certainly lessens their rapidity of growth. Many standing trees are killed each year by fires. Owing to the thick bark of both loblolly and longleaf pine, these trees resist fire to a remarkable degree, and a tree not previouslv injured seldom suc- cumbs to a grass fire. Slash fires, however, are sometimes so intense that they kill trees outright, particularly small ones. Hardwoods are 32 WORKING PLAIST, LANDS IN BEKKELEY COUNTY, S. 0. not easily killed b}^ grass fires after they reach a diameter of 6 or <$ inches, though the}^ are mucn more susceptible than pines. \ The boxing for turpentine of both longleaf and loblolly pine has\ done much to make fire disastrous to standing timber. The wood in these boxes is fatty, or full of pitch, and tire catches easil}" and burns \ intensely in it. Trees that have been boxed are often killed outright \ or so badly burned that the}" are thrown by the first heavj" wind. Trees injured by fire, whether previously boxed or not, are often attacked b}^ fungi, which weaken them and make them liable to windfall. Fire afl'ects the merchantable condition of trees, both by causing pitch to accumulate about fire scars, thus making the butts of the trees fatt}^, and by making trees susceptible to attack b}" fungi. In either case the part affected becomes worthless for lumber. EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION. The resistance of the mature trees to fi-re is not shared by the seed- lings. Seedlings start in the grass, and if fire occurs before they have grown above it a large percentage of them are killed. Longleaf pine seedlings are practically safe from light fires after a height of 1 foot is reached, but loblolly seedlings 3 or 4 feet high often succumb to them. This means, in the case of lobloUj" pine, that seedlings are not safe until they reach an age of from 3 to 5 years. GRAZING. Cattle, sheep, and hogs are ranged on all parts of the company's holdings by people living on or near the tract. Although this section of the country is not well suited to g'razing, and cattle here do very poorly, cattle-raising is one of the chief sources of income to the resident farmers. The number of cattle ranged on the company's holdings is not large and the direct damage done by grazing is small. The chief damage from this source is through its relation to forest fires, most of which are set to improve the range. In the winter the grass becomes very dr}^, which makes the green grass coming up under it in the spring very hard for cattle to get at. If the land is burned over earl}^ in the spring, however, cattle can get at the new grass without difficulty. This practice of burning is, nevertheless, shortsighted. The soil is impoverished by it, and the better but less hardy grasses are killed out. The poorer grasses already form so large a part of what now grows on the pine lands that even with protection from tire a long time would elapse before the grazing would be materially improved. The chief direct damage done by animals is the rooting up of loblolly and longleaf pine seedlings by hogs. Large numbers of seedlings are thus destroyed. But it is certain that the greatest damage done the forest at present is by fire, and, if this be eliminated, grazing can go on without causing noticeable harm. Bui. 56, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate II. Fig. 1.— Virgin Longleaf Pine, Hill Country. il^^.UM LuBLOLLV O.M AN OlD FIELD. SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 33 SILVICAIi DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TREES. LOBLOLLY PINE. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE. Loblolly pine occurs throug-hout the tract from the wet swamps to the dry sand}^ uplands. It prefers, however, the intermediate flat moist lands, edges of swamps, and well-drained bottoms. It occurs both in pure stands and in mixture with other species, developing well in either case. ASSOCIATED' SPECIES. In the swamps themselves loblolly pine is seldom the dominant spe- cies, but is scattered throughout the forest of gums, cypress, oaks, maple, and ash. On the low islands in the swamps, along the edges of swamps, and on the large areas of moist flat land characteristic of the tract lobloll}" pine occurs practically in pure stands. Such hard- woods as red gum, black gum, and stunted oaks, together with cypress and occasional pond pines, are generally present in the form of an understory, but are not important. As the moisture decreases longleaf pine comes into the mixture, and when the soil becomes dry forms the main stand with loblolly as a secondary species. DEMANDS UPON SOIL AND MOISTURE. Loblolly pine is in no way fastidious in its soil requirements. With a good amount of moisture, it holds its place tenaciously on any class of soil. When, however, the soil becomes drj% it is easily ousted by the longleaf. In the wet swamps, while it sometimes occurs in large "numbers, it is generally kept back b}- the black gum and other hard- woods. The trees in such places are uniforml}^ large, but probably grow more slowly than when on only fairly moist soils. That moisture rather than quality of soil is the requisite for good growth is fre- quently illustrated by fringes of loblolly pine about the small pocosons in the midst of longleaf land. FORM AND DEVELOPMENT. The loblolly pine attains good size in all situations. Trees up to 30 inches in diameter are common, but trees over 40 inches in diameter are seldom seen. The largest tree measured was 42 inches in diameter. A height of 120 feet is often attained, and trees as high as 140 feet were measured. If grown in somewhat crowded stands, it has a long, straight, cylindrical bole, clear of limbs for .50 or 60 feet. In youth it has a long, broad, conical or ovoid crown, which as age increases dies off at the bottom and becomes smaller and more flattened. TOLERANCE AND REPRODUCTION. For a few years in early life loblolly will endure considerable shade, but for the best development full enjoyment of light from the start 34 WOEKING PLAN. LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. is required. The shade of tall grass interferes with germination but does not prevent it. Loblolly pine reproduces well, provided that sufficient moisture is present and that fire is kept out. Trees begin to bear seed at an early age, especially where there is an abundance of light, but large crops are not borne until a diameter of 10 inches is reached. After this period some seed is borne nearl}- ever}- year, with heavy crops at intervals of two or three years. Seed is carried a long distance b}" the wind, so that a few good trees will seed up a large area. Exposed mineral soil makes the best germinating bed. For this reason the plowing up of the soil in skidding logs by steam is an advantage. Seedlings tend to come up in even-aged, dense stands. Old fields are seeded up progressively from the edges, while in virgin woods thickets come up adjacent to the dense stands where the light is good. Natural thinning out progresses rapidly after the tenth or fifteenth year, the overtopped trees giving way and allowing the crowns of the dominant ones more room. Height and diameter growth are rapid at this period. Owing to repeated fires the filling up of blanks on the drier lands is exceptional, but along the edges of swamps thickets of poles are generally present. On the cut-over lands reproduction, with few exceptions, has been excellent. This has been, however, the result of chance, no attemjjt having been made to leave seed trees. Since the future value of these timberlands depends on the reproduction of desirable species, seed trees must be carefully selected and left standing and fire must be entirely kept out if good results are to be insured. RELATION OF AGE TO DIAMETER. Table XI shows the average diameter breasthigh which a tree will reach in a given number of years. The fastest growth is made from the ninth to the twenty-seventh year, when it drops ofi^ slightl}', and thereafter a uniform rate of growth is maintained until the forty-sixth 3^ear. Up to the eighty-third year growth is fair, but from then on it becomes slow. Table XI. — Age of loblolly pine. Diam- Diam- Diam- Diam- eter breast- Age. eter breast- Age. eter breast- Age. eter breast- Age. high. high. high. high. Inches. Years. Indies. Fears. Inches. Fears. Inches. Years. 1 9 10 30 19 65 28 126 2 11 11 33 20 71 29 134 3 13 12 36 21 77 30 143 4 15 13 39 22 83 31 152 5 18 14 43 23 90 32 163. 6 20 15 46 24 97 33 174 7 22 16 50 25 104 34 186 8 25 17 55 26 111 35 199 9 27 18 60 27 118 36 213 SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 35 RELATION OF VOLUME TO AGE. Table XII shows the number of board feet in a single tree at a ^iven age. The greatest growth in volume is made up to the seventieth 3'ear. The rate then declines quite slowly and regularly to the one hundred and tenth year, after which it becomes irregular and drops otf faster, but makes good growth up to the one hundred and seven- tieth year, and fair growth to the two hundred and fiftieth year. Table XII. — Volume of loblolly pine at various periods. Age. Volume. Age. Volume. Age. Volume. Years. Board feet. Years. Board Jeet. Years. Board feet. 30 65 110 690 190 1,200 40 140 120 760 200 1,255 50 230 130 830 210 1,310 60 315 140 900 220 1,365 70 400 150 965 230 1,415 80 475 160 1,025 240 1,465 90 550 170 1,085 250 1,515 100 620 180 1,145 RELATION OP AGE TO HEIGHT. Height growth decreases rapidly from the tenth to the seventieth year, after which it is regular but slow to the one hundred and for- tieth year. After the one hundred and fortieth year height growth becomes too slow to be of any importance as a volume factor. Table XIII. — Height of loblolly pine at various periods. Age. Height. Age. Height. Age. Height. Years. Feet. Years. Feet. Years. Feet. 10 12 100 Ill 190 125 20 38 110 114 200 125 30 59 120 117 210 126 40 75 130 119 220 126 50 86 140 121 230 126 60 94 160 122 240 127 70 100 160 123 250 127 80 104 170 124 90 108 180 124 RELATION OF CLEAR LENGTH AND TOTAL HEIGHT TO DIAMETER BREASTHIGH. The clear length (or the distance from the ground to where the firsfc green limbs occur) at first increases much more slowly with growth in diameter than does the height of the tree. The clear length begins to increase most rapidly at the point where the growth in height begins to drop off slightly, or at about 8 inches in diameter. This rapid rate of increase in clear length continues until the tree is about 13 inches in diameter, after whicb it falls off rapidly, as does the height, which has been increasing at a uniform rate of a little over 5 feet to each inch of diameter growth. The growth in clear length becomes practically stationary when the tree is 20 inches in diameter. 36 WOEKmG PLAN, LANDS IN BEEKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table XIV. — Clear length and total height of loblolly pine. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. i Diameter i breast- i high. Clear length. Height. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Inches. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 Feet. Feet. 10 15 21 27 32 38 43 49 54 59 Inches. 11 12 1 13 1 14 I 15 16 17 18 19 20 Feet. 33 38 43 47 ■ 50 52 54 55 56 57 Feet. 65 70 75 79 84 87 91 94 97 100 Inches. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Feet. 58 68 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 Feet. 103 105 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 121 13 15 16 17 19 20 22 25 28 PERIODIC DIAMETER AND VOLUME INCREMENT. Table XV shows the growth in diameter breasthigh and in volume at different periods in the life of a tree, and the number of years required to grow 1 inch in diameter. Table XV. — Rate of grovili of loblolly pine. Period. Periodic diameter breastliigh growth. Periodic olnme growth. Time requir- ed to grow 1 inch in diameter brea.sthigh during period. Age. Time requir- ed to grow 1 inch in diameter breasthigh — average for total age of tree. Years. 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Inches. 3.9 3.8 2.6 ■ 2.2 1.8 l.G Board feet. Years. 3 3 } } Years. 20 30 f 40 t 50 f 60 \ 70 80 Years. 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 74 83 93 82 LONGLEAF PINE. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE. Longleaf pine is much more restricted in its occurrence than is lob- lolly. It is purely a tree of the higher, lighter, better-drained areas, and is rarely found where much moisture is present for any length of time. It occurs both in pure stands and in mixture, and thrives in either case. ASSOCIATED SPECIES. Over large areas longleaf pine occurs in nearly pure stands, though a scattering of single loblolly trees is nearly always present. As the soil moisture increases loblolly becomes more plentiful, until it is the dominant species. As on loblolly pine land, there is nearly always a lower story of hardwoods. Where the soil is very dry oak sprouts sometimes get possession of small areas to the exclusion of pine. SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOISTGLEAF PINE. 37 DEMANDS UPON SOIL AND MOISTURE. For the best development of long-leaf pine a light, diy loam or sand is required. Of er considerable areas, however, it develops well on a clay loam. With it, as with loblolly, moisture is of more importance in determining its distribution than soil qualities, longleaf pine with- standing ver}" little moisture. FORM AND DEVELOPMENT. Owing to the removal of the large longleaf pines the average size of the trees is not great. The largest tree seen measured 40 inches in diameter, and trees over 2 feet in diameter are not common. In height, also, it is inferior to loblolly, seldom exceeding 100 feet. Under favorable conditions longleaf pine develops a long, straight, cylindrical, clear bole (iO feet in length, with a small, flat crown. In youth it has a thin crown, with the branches turning up at the end, giving a candelabra-like effect. In the sapling stage trees have a remarkable height for their diameter and depend much on one another for support. TOLERANCE AND REPRODUCTION. Longleaf pine is the most intolerant species on the tract. From the start it endures little or no shade. Reproduction is found only in very open stands, where there is an abundance of sunlight. In the sapling thickets overtopped trees die out very fast, the first stage of their decline being the dying off of the leader. If there is plenty of light, trees begin to bear seed when very small. Seed years occur less frequently than with lobloll}^ generally at inter- vals of three or four years. Seed is carried well by the wind, and a few trees will seed up considerable areas. A mineral soil is most favorable for the germination of longleaf pine seed, but is seldom found except after lumbering. A heavy crop of grass nearl}^ always covers the ground, and seeds germinate fairly well in this. As a result of fires, the present tendency is for the trees to come up in even-aged groups. A small patch of ground is free from fire for a few 3^ears, and a group of trees springs up on it. If fire be kept out after cutting, the stand will come up as even-aged forest, provided sufficient seed trees be left. Loblolly pine is not encroaching upon the longleaf land to any marked extent. Very few cases of loblolly following longleaf were seen. RELATION OF AGE TO DIAMETER. The diameter which a longleaf pine will reach in a given number of years is shown in Table XVI. Diameter growth is very uniform. 38 WORKIlSrG PLAN, LANDS TN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Up to about 90 years of age a little over five 3"ears is required to g-row 1 inch in diameter. Bej^ond that point the rate of growth becomes very slow. A comparison of this table with the one for loblolly pine will show that the diameter growth of lougleaf for the first seventy years is onlj" about one-half as fast as loblolly. At 100 j^ears old, however, it has reached a diameter three-fifths that of loblolly of the same age, and during its second centur}' of life it almost keeps pace with the loblolly. Table XVI. — Age of longleaf pine. Diam- Diam- Diam- ' Diam- eter breast- Age. eter breast- Age. , eter ! breast- Age. eter breast- Age. high. high. j high. high. Inches. Years. Inches. Years. Inches. Years. Inches. Years. 1 19 9 62 17 114 25 220 2 24 10 67 18 125 26 235 3 30 11 72 19 137 27 251 4 35 12 78 20 150 28 267 5 40 13 83 21 164 29 283 6 46 14 89 22 177 30 299 7 62 15 96 23 191 8 67 16 105 24 206 RELATION OF VOLUME TO AGE. (See Table XVII.) In the case of longleaf pine sixtj" years must elapse before the mer- chantable contents of a tree become great enough to be considered. From this point the annual increment in volume continues to increase in amount to about the one hundredth year, between which and the one hundred and thirtieth year it makes a marked drop. Thencefor- ward it remains fairly uniform, though fluctuating somewhat one way or the other. Table XVII. — Volume of longleaf pine at various periods. Age. Volume. Age. VoUime. Age. Volume. Years. Board feet. Years. Board feet. Years. Board feet. 60 30 130 295 200 500 70 70 140 325 210 525 80 110 150 355 220 555 90 150 160 385 230 580 100 190 170 415 240 (110 110 225 180 445 250 635 120 260 190 470 RELATION OF AGE TO HEIGHT. (See Table XVIII.) Height growth of longleaf pine is greatest from the tenth to the thirtieth year, but coatinues to be rapid to the eightieth year. After this it rapidly drops, until at 120 years the tree is growing only one- tenth of a foot per year. It continues at about this rate up to two hundred 3^ears, after which it practicall}" stops. SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LONGLEAF PINE. Table XVIII. — Height of longleaf pine at rariuus periods. 39 Age. Height. Age. Height. Age. Height. Years. Feet. Fears. Feet. Years. Feet. 10 4 100 86 190 99 20 17 110 89 200 100 80 29 120 91 210 101 40 41 130 93 220 101 50 52 140 94 230 102 60 62 160 95 240 103 70 71 160 96 250 103 80 78 170 97 90 83 180 98 RELATION OF CLEAR LENGTH AND TOTAL HEIGHT TO DIAMETER BREASTHIGH. (See Table XIX.) Clear length and height both increase most rapidly before the trees are 10 inches in diameter. Height growth is uniforinl_y greater than increase in clear length, but both continue at a uniform rate after the diameter reaches 10 inches, until it passes 20 inches, when both be- come exceedingly slow. Table XIX. — Clear length and total height of longleaf pine. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Inches. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Feet. Feet. 14 23 30 36 42 48 53 59 Inches. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Feet. 38 41 44 46 49 51 53 64 Feet. 64 69 73 80 S2 85 87 Indies. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Feel. 56 67 59 60 61 62 62 63 Feet. 89 91 93 95 96 98 99 100 15 19 23 26 29 32 36 PERIODIC diameter AND VOLUME INCREMENT. (See Table XX.) The rate of diameter and volume growth is here shown for different periods in the life of a longleaf pine tree, and also the average num- ber of years required for trees of different ages to grow 1 inch. The best periodic growth, both in diameter and volume, is made from the twentieth to the ninetieth years, the former culminating between the seventieth and eightieth years, and the latter between the eightieth and ninetieth 3"ears. In the case of the diameter growth for the total age of trees, it is seen that the best growth is between the eightieth and one hundredth years, while here the number of years required tt>^ grow 1 inch in diameter is much greater from the twentieth to the sixtieth years than for the same periods as shown under periodic diameter growth. This is due in the former case to the slow growth of longleaf pine during very early life, it taking, as shown in Table XIV, nineteen years to produce a tree 1 inch in diameter breasthigh. 40 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table XX. — Rate of groivth of longleaf pine. Time re- quired to Time re- quired to Periodic Periodic grow 1 inch grow 1 inch in diameter breasthigh — average for total age of tree. Periods. diameter volume in diameter Age. growth. growth. breasthigh during period. I "ears. Inches. Bd.ft. Years. Years. Years. 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50- 60 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 6 5 } 20 30 40 60 17 10 8 7 33" 60- 70 1.9 35 } 80 6 70- 80 1.9 42 100 6 80- 90 1.7 42 } 120 7 90-100 1.4 40 100-110 1.1 36 } ■» 110-120 1.0 36 SHORTLEAF PINE. Shortleaf pine is of too rare occurrence to be a factor in the com- mercial forest. With the exception of spruce pine, it is the pine least represented on the tract. It occurs for the most part as scat tered individuals over restricted areas, occasionally forming 12 to 20 per cent of the stands. It is found in mixture with either longleaf or loblolly pine, but more frequently with the latter. Its soil and moisture requirements are between those of the two pines with which it associates; it grows on the more moist longleaf lands and drier loblolly lands, preferring a fresh loam. ii It is a uniformly small tree, seldom exceeding 2 "feet in diameter, ^f but reaching a height of 100 feet. It develops a long, clear bole, with a small, irregular-shaped crown. Shortleaf pine is not tolerant. It will stand some shade in youth, but soon demands full sunlight. It ranks with loblolly in this respect. Reproduction is generally good. Trees of this species left after lumbering are surrounded with seedlings. Since it is in nearly all respects a less desirable tree than loblolly, reproduction should not be encouraged. In growth this species is slower than loblolh' and faster than long- leaf pine. POND PINE. Pond pine occurs on wet lands, swamps, savannahs, bays, and bottom- lands, but reaches merchantable size onh' on the bottomlands. It is the tree most largely represented on waste lands, such as savannahs and bays. In the bottoms it occurs in mixture with loblolly pine, maple, ash, red, white, and black oaks; in the deep swamps with cypress and black j gum. In poor situations it sometimes occurs in almost pure stands. Like the lobloll}^ pine it will grow where there is standing water during the greater part of the 3' ear, but it develops best on the rich, Bui 56, Forest Service U S. Dept, of Agriculture. PLATE III. Fig. 1 .—Loblolly Pine and Hardwoods on the Border OF A Swamp. ' .-■la^^^.y^-' Fig. 2.— Hardwoods on Swamp Type. Bui. 56, Forest Service, U. 5. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate IV. Fig. 1.— a Mixed LubLuLLY AND LONGLEAF PiNE. F,^. 2.— Reproduction of Longleaf Pine on an Old Burn. SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF CYPRESS. 41 moist loams of the bottoms. On lands physically ill adapted to tree growth it is often the only tree present. It forms the bulk of the stand over considerable areas of low-lying wet lands, such as are found along the southeast boundary of Hell Hole. When growing under favorable conditions it closel}^ resembles lob- lolh^ pine, reaching about the same size and having similar form. On the waste lands it becomes a stunted tree, of small diameter and height. On the low flat lands it is a short-bodied, long-crowned tree, but attains diameters up to 20 inches. Like the other pines, it is not ^ tolerant tree. In mixture its exist- ence depends on its being dominant, and when in pure stands it forms a one-height class. Reproduction is not plentiful, but saplings are fairly numerous. In good situations its growth resembles loblolly pine, but is -slightly slower. On poorer soils it is slow; trees of 6 to 10 inches in diameter are from 50 to 60 years old. CYPRESS. Cypress occurs in the deep, wet swamps, pocosons, and bays, along streams, and on low flat lands where there is standing water at least part of the year. Occasionally specimens grow on the fresh uplands, but such are exceptional. It occurs for the most part as scattered individuals, or in small groups, occasionally nearly pure, over limited areas. Black gum, loblolly pine, red gum, ash, maple, and occasional pond pine are nearly always present with the cypress. Yellow poplar is sometimes also in the mixture. Saplings and cypress often grow under loblolly pine as a lower story. The best soil condition for cypress is a light sandy loam, with an abundance of standing water the year round. Hence the best cypress is in the deep swamps. A mucky soil, of which there is little on the tract, is said to cause shake, but otherwise it appears to be favorable to good development. Cypress is the largest tree on the tract. Trees up to 50 inches in diameter are not uncommon. The largest tree found measured 75 inches in diameter. The cypress seldom exceeds 100 feet in height, but has a long, clear bole (50 to 60 feet long), and a short, irregular crown made up of rather large branches. On account of the ''peck" (a form of rot to which it is subject) the top of the tree is generally killed back. In the pocosons the tree is much smaller. Cypress is capable of standing considerable shade. The few seed- lings which come up grow under very dense shade, and saplings seem to endure shade fairly well, though many are killed ofl" by it. Reproduction is very poor. Only occasional seedlings are seen, though saplings are numerous. These saplings are most plentiful in 42 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. the drier parts of the tract and along the edges of the swamps, which should indicate that seed does not germinate well in the wet places. The thickets of black gum, no doubt, also retard reproduction. The outlook for a crop to take the place of the one now mature and on the decline is poor. The fungous disease commonly called "peck" is found in nearly every mature tree. It enters at some scar near the top and works down, making the affected parts worthless. Nearly all of the large trees have hollow butts. While figures of growth could not be obtained for this species, the few trees the rings of which were counted showed very slow growth from early life to old age. The clear length and height growth of this tree cease very early. (See Table XXL) After 13 inches in diameter is reached they prac- tically stop increasing. One great reason for this short period of height growth is doubtless the "peck," which causes the trees to become stagheaded. Table XXI. — Clear length and total height of cypress. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Diameter breast- high. Clear length. Height. Inches. 1 2 3 ■i 6 6 7 8 9 10 Feet. Feet. 16 28 38 47 55 62 67 71 75 77 Inches.. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Feet. 56 67 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 Feet. 79 81 83 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 Inches. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Fett. 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 Feet. 88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 34 43 48 52 54 55 RED GUM. Red gum occurs throughout the tract, from the dry to the very wet lands. By preference, however, it avoids the two extremes and seeks the moist flat lands on the edges of swamps and along streams. It associates with all species from longleaf pine to cypress, but is most often found with loblolly pine and trees of the bottomlands. A fresh soil is necessar}^ for the growth of red gums of any size, and a moist one is preferred. The tree reaches best development on moist loams where there is not standing water the year round. It is not uniformly a large tree. Three feet is. the maximum diam- eter, and 80 to 90 feet the maximum height. Under favorable con- ditions it develops a good, clear bole, and has a long, irregular crown. It is often defective from hollow butts. A small amount of shade is endured throughout life, but large red gum trees seldom develop unless they enjoy full sunlight. Reproduction from seed is rare, but from sprouts it is very common, especially on the moist pine lands. SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF YELLOW POPLAR. 43 BLACK GUM. Black gum is one of the most largel}^ represented species on the tract, growing- in all situations except on the very sandy soils. The deep swamps are, however, the natural home of this species. It is always found in mixture, though it often makes up the bulk of the stands over considerable areas. It associates with all species except the long-leaf pine, but most often with cypress, water oak, red gum, ash, maple, and loblolly pine. Black gum is in no way fastidious as to its soil requirements, and will grow on any soil, provided moisture be present. It develops best on a moi-t or wet loamy soil. Black gum is not a large tree on the tract. Trees up to 2 feet in diameter are common, but larger ones are not plentiful. The bulk of the trees are under 70 feet in height, but occasional ones reach 90 feet. Under the best conditions a clear bole of 35 to 40 feet and a rather long, straggling, flattened crown is developed. This species is one of the most tolerant on the tract, often forming thickets under the shade of large trees; in fact, it is generally a tree of the lower story. Reproduction by sprouts on moist pine lands is quite common, but seedlings are few. Saplings and poles are plentifully represented. RED MAPLE. Red maple occurs as scattered individuals throughout the bottom- lands, along streams, and in the deep swamps. Along streams and in the drier swamps, where the best maple occurs, it is associated with oaks, ash, hickory, and pond and loblolly pines; in the deep swamps, where it is perhaps more plentiful, with gums and cypresses. Red maple requires a fresh soil, and prefers a moist or wet one. Its best development is on the moist, rich loams. Maple is not a large tree on the tract, seldom exceeding 2 feet in diameter, though occasional trees over 30 inches in diameter are seen. Under favorable conditions it develops a long bole, with a rather large, irregular crown. It is very apt to be crooked and unsoiuid. It is one of the tolerant species. Saplings live under a dense shade for a long time. In this respect it ranks with the black gum. Repro- duction is very scarce, but saplings and poles are plentiful thi-oughout the swamps. YELLOW POPLAR. Yellow poplar occurs along streams and along the edges of and in swamps. It occurs infrequently, however, and only as single trees, is confined to limited areas, and makes up only a small part of the stand. It is found in mixture with all of the species growing in the bottoms, and also largelj" with cypress and the gums in the swamps. 44 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELli:Y COUNTY, 8. C. Fresh or moist rich loams are practically the only soils on which this tree grows, as moisture, combined with proper soil conditions, is absolutely necessary to its life. The yellow poplar grows to large size, exceeding 100 feet in height and 4 feet in diameter. It generally has a long, -straight, cylindrical bole, with a small, fiat, forked crown. It appears to be uniformly sound, but most of the trees are mature. Yellow poplar is alwa^^s a dominant tree on the tract, never grow- ing mider the shade of other trees. Next to longleaf pine it is the most intolerant species found. Reproduction is practically wanting. Saplings and poles are sparmgl}' present, and the indications are that the species is not increasing its representation. H[CKOKY. Owing to similarity of occurrence and development, and to the rela- tive nonimportance of this genus on the tract, all of the hickories found will be discussed colle(;tively. Scattered individuals occur along streams and pocosons and in the bottoms, associated with maple, ash, gums, oaks, beech, yellow pop- lar, cypress, and loblolly pine. Hickories are rarely found on the drier soils. A fresh or moist soil is sought, but excess! vel}^ wet soils are avoided. A rich, light loam best favors its development. Hickory seldom reaches a diameter of over 20 inches, though trees over 30 inches in diameter are occasionally found. It reaches a maxi- mum height of about 80 feet. It is generall}'^ short, with a long, straggling crown, and is apt to be crooked and defective. Hickory is not so tolerant as the black gum or maple, but ranks more nearly with the red gum in this respect. Reproduction other than from sprouts is almost never seen, and sprouts are not plentiful. WHITE ASH. White ash occurs as scattered individuals along streams and through- out the drier and in the deeper swamps. It is rarely of merchantable size, but is more frequently found in sapling and pole stages. It occurs in mixture with all the species found in both the bottoms and swamps. A moist or wet soil is favorable to the growth of this species, a moist one preferred. Hence the best growth is on the rich loams of the bot- tomlands. The tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter and 80 feet in height. Under favorable conditions it develops a long, clear bole and a small crown, but tends to be crooked and unsound. Ash is one of the tolerant species, ranking with maple and the gums in. this respect. Reproduction is veiy scant, but saplings and poles are plentiful in proportion to the number of large trees. TREES ON THE TRACT. 45 WATER OAK, Water oak occurs throughout the deep swamps and bottoms and along runs and pocosonw. It is the oak most largel}" represented on the tract. Scattered individuals are associated with all species except longleaf and shortleaf pine. It requires a fair amount of moisture and attains good growth even in standing water. The best develop- ment is found along streams and in the drier swamps on rich, moist loam. The water oak reaches a large size. Trees 30 inches in diameter are not uncommon, and trees 4 feet iri diameter are occasionally seen. It sometimes reaches a height of 90 to 100 feet. It has a rather long con- ical crown, with a fair length of clear bole. It is, however, often unsound. In tolerance it ranks with the red gum and hickories. Repro- duction is nearly wanting, but saplings and poles are plentiful. OTHER OAKS. The white, black, red, and Spanish oaks all sometimes reach good size on the bottomlands. The post, blackjack, Spanish, and ])lack oaks also occur on the drier soils, as stunted trees. They seldom, however, interfere with the reproduction of pine. TREES ON THE COOPER RIVER HOLDINGS. Common name. Botanical name. Loblolly pine Pinus taeda. Pond pine Finns serotina. Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata Mill. Spruce pine Pinus glabra Walt. Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Mill. Bald cypress Taxodiurn distichum (Linn. ) Rich. White cedar Chamiecyparis thy aides (L. ) B. S. P. Red cedar Juniperus virginiana Linn. Bitternut hickory Hicoria 7ninima (Marsh. ) Britton. Shagbark hickory Hicoria ovata (Mill. ) Britton. Mockernut hickory Hickoria alba ( Linn. ) Britton. Pignut hickory Hickoria glabra ( Mill. ) Britton. Swamp Cottonwood Populus heteropliylla Linn. Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana ( Mill. ) Koch. Blue beech Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Beech Fagus atropunicea ( Marsh. ) Sudworth. White oak Quercus alba Linn. Post oak Quercus minor (Marsh. ) Sargent. Live oak Quercus virginiana Mill. Black oak Quercus velutina Lam. Spanish oak Quercus digitata (Marsh. ) Sudworth. Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. Water oak Quercus nigra Linn. White elm Ulmus amerira)ia. Winged elm Ulmus alata. 46 WOEKING PLAlxT, LANDS IN BERKEIrEY COUNTY, S. C. Common name. Botanical name. Hackberry Celtis mississippiensis. Red mulberry Morus rubra. Yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera. Red gum Liquidambar styraciflwx. Red maple Acer rubrum. Dogwood Cornus florida. Black gum Nijssa sylvatica. Persimmon Diospyros virginiami. White ash ^ Fraxmus americana. TESES AND SHEUBS FORMING UNDERBRUSH. Titi , Cliftonia monoiihylla. Gallberry (inkberry ) Hex glabra ( Linn. ) . Green brier Smilax laurifolia. Devilwood Osmanthus americaniis. Sweet magnolia ( white bay ) Magnolia glauca. Loblolly bay Gordonia laslanthus. Red bay Persea borbonia. Rattan Bignonia caprealata. Hurrah brush Andromeda floribunda. Wax myrtle Myrica cerifera. American holly Ilex opaca. Yaupon Hex vomitoria. Purple buckeye .Esculus octandm. Prickly ash Xanthoxylum clava-herculia. PART II.— MANAGEMENT. INTRODUCTION. Conditions are exceedingly favorable on the Cooper River holding's for the application of practical forestrv. There is a good present stand of mature timber, and a ready market for it; an excellent young growth develops after lumbering, provided the cut-over lands are pro- tected against tire — a matter which is entirel}" practicable at a small expense; the cost of logging and transportation to the mill is very low; and the mill itself is thoroughly equipped and remarkably well situated to facilitate a large and varied output. The capital invested in mill, transportation system, and timber- lands is considerable; therefore a system of management which would insure the company a continuous yield of timber is highly desirable, provided such management would not seriously interfere with present profits. If it can be so arranged that, as soon as the company's hold- ings are entirel}^ cut over for the first time, the lands first lumbered will once more support a merchantable stand ready to be cut, such an arrangement is obviously a good business policy. If this can be done, the capital remains invested; if not, after the lands are cut over, returns cease, and, except for that part of the investment which can be disposed of, the capital account is wiped out. In the following pages it is shown that by the addition of certain amounts of land it is both practicable and profitable to carry on oper- ations on the basis of a sustained yield equal to the highest present capacit}^ of the mill. PRESENT AND FUTURE YIELDS OF PINE. Table XXll shows the present average yield in board feet per acre of loblolly and longleaf pine combined, and the yield that may be expected after ten, twenty, thirty, forty, and fift}^ 3'ears, cutting to difl^'erent diameter limits. The number of 3'ears that must elapse before a cut equal to the present may be again obtained is also shown. This table is constructed from an average of all acres of timber measured on the tract. Future yields are obtained by ascertaining how many trees of each diameter are left on the ground if a given diameter is cut to (see Tables I, II, and III), and then finding b}^ the use of Tables XI and 47 48 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BEEKELEY COUNTY, 8. 0. XVI (age on basis of diameter) how large these trees will be at the end of ten, twenty, thirty, forty, and more years. The contents of these trees is then calculated from the volume tables, the result giving the yield in board feet at the end of each decade. As shown in Table XXII, the second cut of timber after ten, twenty, or thirty years is greater with a diameter limit of 14 inches than if a diameter limit of 16 inches be adopted. Raising the diameter limit usually results in increasing the second cut of timber which may be expected after a given period. That this does not happen on the Cooper River timberlands is explained bj^ the fact that in cutting to 14 inches the trees left standing which will become merchantable if the second cut to the same diameter limit is made after ten, twenty, or thirty j^ears will yield more board feet of lumber at the end of the period than will those left if the diameter limit is set at 16 inches for both cuttings. This is because the number of trees of small diameter which will become 14 inches but will not become 16 inches in diameter within the given period more than offsets the timber produced by trees 14 and 15 inches in diameter. Table XXII. — Present and future yields of pine per acre, and time required before a yield equal to the present may ayain he obtained. Time Cutting before a limit, Present Yield Yield Yield Yield Yield yield diameter yield after 10 after 20 after 30 after 40 after 50 equal to breast- per acre. years. years. years. years. years. present high. may be obtained. Inches. Bd. feet. Bd.feet. Bd. feet. Bd.feet. Bd. feet. Bd.feet. Years. 10 6,033 1,086 3,318 5,768 8,143 10, 648 31 12 5,385 1,098 3,416 6,566 9,362 12, 640 25 14 4,729 1,263 3, 753 8,293 11,086 14,543 22 16 4,021 1,124 3,165 7,697 11,968 15,670 22 SUSTAINED ANNTJAIi YIELD. In estimating the amount of land necessary for a sustained annual jdeld, it is assumed that land, if acquired, will be of the same character as that now owned by the company. Since the chances for a second crop of cypress are small (on account of its scant reproduction and slow growth), and since most of the hard- woods are at present unmerchantable, these are not considered in this calculation. The company at present does not intend to cut over 20,000,000 board feet per year from their own land, but the mill, if running at full capacity, might easily handle 40,000,000 feet. In Tables XXIII, XXIV, and XXV is shown the amount of land necessary for a sustained annual yield of 20, 30, and 40 million board feet of pine, cutting to different diameter limits; and the amount necessary, cutting to 14 inches, with a 30-year rotation. The amount SUSTAINED ANNUAL YIELD. 49 of land required varies with the yield per acre; the greater the yield the smaller the area, necessarily. Tables XXllI, XXIV, and XXV show how many acres must be added to the present holdings of the company to secure an output from the mills of 20, 30, or 40 million board feet per year during- the period of the second cut, provided the added acreage is of the same character as that now owned. Table XXIII. — Sustained annual yield of 80,000,000 hoard feet of pine. Cutting Time re- Time re- quired be- Total area Additional area to be acquired for sus- tained an- nual yield. limit, Annual Area to be quired to fore second necessary diameter yield per logged cut over yield equal for sus- breast- acre. annually. present to first can tained an- high. ~ tract. be ob- tained. nual yield. Inches. Board feet. Acres. Yearis. Years. Acres. Acres. 10 6,033 3,315 12 31 102, 765 63, 065 12 5, 385 3,714 10.7 25 92, 850 53,150 14 4, 729 4,229 9.4 22 93, 038 53, 338 16 4,021 4,974 8 22 109, 428 69, 728 Table XXIV. — Sustahted annual yield of 30,000,000 board feet of pine. Cutting Time re- Time re- quired Total area Additional area to be acquired for sus- tained an- nual yield. limit. Annual Area to be quired to before sec- necessary diameter yield per logged cut over ond yield for sus- breast- acre. annually. present equal to tained an- high. tract. first can be obtained. nual yield. Inches. Bel. ft. Aa-es. Years. Years. Acres. Acres. 10 C, 033 4,973 8.0 31 154,163 114, 4«3 12 6,385 5,571 7.1 25 139,276 99, 575 14 4, 729 6,344 6.3 22 139, 508 99, 868 16 4,021 7,461 5.3 22 164,142 124,412 Table XXV. — Sustained annual yield of 40,000,000 hoard feet of pine. Cutting Time re- Time re- quired Total area Additional area to be acquired for sus- tained an- nual yield. limit, di- Annual Area to be quired to before sec- necessary ameter yield per logged cut over ond yield for sus- breast- acre. annually. present equal to tained an- high. tract. first can be obtained nual yield. Inches. Bd.ft. Aci-es. Years. Years. Acres. Acres. 10 6,033 6,630 6.0 31 205, 530 165, 830 12 6,385 7,428 5.3 25 185, 700 146, 000 14 4,729 8,458 4.7 22 186,076 146,376 16 4,021 9,948 4.0 22 218,866 179, 156 50 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Table XXVI. — Comparison of ratations for sustained annual yield of 30,000,000 board feet of pine. Cutting Yield per Area to be logged 1 over annuallv. 1 Time required to cut over present Area neces- sary for sus- limit, Rota- tion. Present acre sec- tained an- diameter yield per ond time nual yield breast- acre. tract is First Second First time. Second time. •second time high. logged. time land time land land is logged. is logged. is logged. Inches. Years. Bd. ft. Bd.ft. Acres. Acres. Years. Years. Acres. 10 31 6,033 6,033 3,315 3,315 12.0 12.0 102, 765 10 30 6,033 5,758 3,315 3,473 12.0 11.4 104,190 10 40 6,033 8,143 3,315 2,456 12.0 16.2 98,240 12 25 5,385 5, 385 3,714 3,714 10.7 10.7 92, 850 12 30 5, 385 6,566 3,714 3,046 . 10.7 13.0 91,380 12 40 5,385 9,362 3,714 2, 136 1 10.7 18.6 8.5,440 14 22 4,729 4,729 4,229 4, 229 1 9.4 9.4 93, 038 U 30 4, 729 8,293 4,229 2,412 ; 9.4 16.5 72, 300 n 40 4, 729 11, 086 4, 229 1,804 9.4 22.0 72, 160 16 22 4, 021 4,021 4,974 4, 974 8.0 8.0 109,428 16 30 4, 021 7,697 4,974 2,598 8.0 1.5.3 77, 940 16 40 . 4,021 11, 968 4,974 1,671 8.0 23.8 66, 840 THE ROTATION FOR PINES. By rotation is understood the number of years that must elapse between the harvesting of successive crops on a given area. In Tables XXIIl, XXIV, and XXV it is shown that if the land is reworked at the time when a cut equal to the present can again be obtained, cutting to l-i inches will permit an earlier second cut, and necessitate the buying of only a few more acres of land to furnish a sustained annual yield than if a 12-inch diameter limit is adopted, and much less than is required if a 10 or 16 inch limit is used. Though either a 12 or 14 inch diameter limit, with a rotation of twenty-live years in the first case and of twenty-two years in the second case, would be satisfactory, there are reasons why a longer rotation should be adopted. When a tract is put under forest management it is assumed that it is to be kept in timber for all time and that a certain amount of timber is to be taken from it each 3^ear to supply a steady demand. Forest management aims, by tire protection and careful lumbering, to bring about normal conditions in the forest and make each acre produce to its utmost capacity. The stand of timber on the lands of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company is not at present normal; as a consequence of repeated forest fires the yield is too small. If enough land is bought to give a sustained annual yield of 20,000,000 board feet and the area is cut over when a crop equal to the present can again be obtained, the stand per aci'e will be smaller than if a longer rotation were adopted, the area lumbered annuall}^ will be larger (which means greater expense for railroad and hauling), and more land will have to be purchased to supply the yearly demand. The object should be to get a sustained annual yield from as small an area as possible, provided this does not materially interfere with EOTATIONS FOR PINES. 51 or increase the cost of present operations. The smaller the area the smaller the invested capital and the yearly tax list, and in the long run this means the saving of a considerable sum of money. In Table XXVI is shown the amount of land necessary for a sus- tained annual yield under different rotations and diameter limits. It is seen that the smallest amount of land is needed when a 16-inch diameter limit and a 40-year rotation are adopted. As previously stated, if any rotation is adopted longer than the one when a cut equal to the present can again be obtained, the tract, when cut over for the lirst time, will not furnish enou^'h pine to supply the mill. If 14 inches is cut to, it is thought that the cypress and hardwoods, combined with the added volume of stands of pine not coming under the ax for some time, will furnish enough extra material to give the mill (com- bined with the present stand of pine) a 30 years' cut, but possibly not enough to give a 40 years' cut if 16 inches is cut to. Since it is not advisable to buy the large amount of logs that would be needed to give the mill a 40 j^ears' cut, the 16-inch diameter limit and 40-3^ear rotation are impracticable. Cutting to 14 inches with a 30-year rota- tion, while recj[uiring more land for a sustained annual yield, will give a larger present cut per acre and will not necessitate buying logs to supply the mill before a full yield can again be obtained from the lands first logged. To secure the same output during the next thirty years, or the period which must elapse before the second cutting begins, the difference between 4,729 board feet and 8,293 board feet per acre for the number of acres to be cut annually must be secured in addition. The growth which will accrue to stands of pine which are not to be cut for some years will partly supply this deficiency, and the cypress and such hardwoods as can be disposed of will suffice to make up the rest. This rotation and diameter limit are therefore rec- ommended for all pine lands controlled by the E. P. Burton Lumber Companv. Table XXVII. — Sustained annual yields of pine, rvith a 14-inch diameter breasthigh cutting limit and a rotation of 30 years. Sustained annual \ield of tract. Annual yield per acre. Area to be logged an- nually. Time re- quired to cut over present tract. Time re- quired be- fore second yield equal to first can be ob- tained. Total area necessary for sus- tained an- nual yield. Additional area to be acquired for sus- tained an- nual yield. Board feet. 20,00U,000 30, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 Bd.ft. 8,293 8,293 8,293 Acres. 2, 412 3,618 4,823 Years. 16.5 11.0 8.2 Years. 30 30 30 Acres. T2, 360 108, 540 144, 690 Acres. 32, 660 68, 840 104, 990 52 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. OBJECTS SOUGHT ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST LAND. LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. There i« no doubt but that on land suited to its growth lobloll^y pine is the most profitable species that can be grown in this region. Such land is capable of supporting heavy stands, and should be kept as nearly pure as possible. Ordinarily this will not be a hard thing to manage. In marking trees for removal it will sometimes be neces- sary to leave trees above the diameter limit. These should alwaj^s be of loblolly pine on land well suited to its growth, and since loblolly is a much more prolific seeder than the other pines growing here, few of the other species will be established. It must be remembered that loblolly should not be forced on land where it does not plainl}' grow to better adv^antage than longleaf. All possible hardwoods should be removed, since they take up room that might be devoted to the growth of loblolly pine, besides keeping back reproduction to some extent. Yields will be greatly increased in this type as soon as fires become less frequent and young growth is properly protected. LONGLEAF PINE LAND. Fire, lumbering, and boxing for turpentine have left the longleaf pine lands in ver}^ poor condition. The ol)ject in this type of forest should be to increase the density of the stand by filling up the large blanks with young growth. This can be done by keeping out fire, cutting to 14 inches diameter breasthigh, and, when necessary, leav- ing trees above the diameter limit for seed. If measures are taken to bring in young growth, these lands, after two or three rotations, will yield from two to three times as much timber as at present. SWAMP LAND. Swamp land bears a stand of timber which is very mixed in charac- ter. Nearly all of the species found on the tract, except longleaf pine, may occur in the sAvamps. The commercially important species — cypress, loblolly pine, and yellow poplar — are intermixed with a growth of gums, oaks, ash, and maple, which keep back reproduction of the important species to a great extent. Yellow poplar is of rare occur- rence, and will never be an important species in this section. Cypress grows very slowly and reproduces poorly, so that after the present stand is removed there is small hope of another crop. The future value of the swamp type depends on increasing the proportion of lob- lolly. This can be done by removing hardwoods whenever possible and leaving loblolly seed trees. It is of particular importance in marking trees for removal that unless a good stand remains below the diameter limit, one and often two trees above the diameter limit be left on each acre for seed. LUMIJEEING. 58 LUMBERING. REMOVAL OF HARDWOODS. Besides the hardwoods in the swamps, there is, wherever moisture is present in sufficient quantities, a growth of liardwoods on the pine lands. These hardwoods form an understory, and in the present forest do little harm. Hitherto fires have kept them back by killing off the smaller trees. As soon as fire is kept out of the pine forests, however, hardwoods will become more plentiful, and possibl}^ will hinder the reproduction of pine^ Therefore hardwoods should be removed so far as possible when the pine lands are being logged. Unfortunately^ the uses that hardwoods of the class found on pine lands can be put to are limited. WHAT HARDWOODS CAN BE USED FOR. In a flat country, such as the one under consideration, railroading is sometimes made difficult by the soft places which allow the track to sink. To support it poles are often laid under the ties, and too com- monly pine is used for this purpose. By using hardwoods instead the latter would be got rid of and the supply of young pine saved. Hard- woods should also be used for all temporary bridging and crib work, and, when possible, for skids. A large number of ties are used yearly by the company on their log trams. At present a few of these are cypress, but most are of pine. Since ties are hewed, the pines used for this purpose are pole pines of the right size to make a tie. This use of pine trees for ties should be avoided, for it reduces the yield at the next cut. A good many ties could be obtained from pine tops, a few from hardwoods, and what more were required from pocoson cypress. Cypress makes excellent ties, and though a valuable timber, the chances for a second crop are very poor, so that small trees of this species can well be used for this purpose. For fuel the locomotives now use either fatty knots or trees cut down and sawed up for this purpose. A considerable amount of good pine is thus used. If possible this waste should be avoided. Cull trees, pine tops, hardwoods, and down timber should be used for fire- wood so far as possible. THE STEAM SKIDDER. In lumbering nearly all of the logs are dragged from the stump to the track b}^ steam skidders. By their use the cost of logging is greatly reduced, but great damage is done the trees left standing. Many are broken off or uprooted and many more are barked or bruised by the logs. All possible precautions should be taken in skidding logs to see that as little damage as possible is done the standing trees. 54 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. Steam skidders aid greath" in reproduction, since they tear up the soil and thus make an excellent seed bed for the pines. They also materially lessen the danger from fire by mixing the very inflammable material on the ground with soil, so that it does not burn readily, HEIGHTS OF STUMPS. At present loblolly pine stumps are cut about 2 feet high, and long- leaf pine often higher. In the case of longleaf pine it is often advisable to cut high stumps to avoid an old box or an injury which has caused a pitchy butt. In the case of loblolly pine, the only thing that should cause a high stump to be cut is a bad fire scar or other unsoundness. Table XXYIII shows the amount of timber saved by cutting stumps 1 and li feet high instead of 2 feet, as is done at present. It is seen that for trees of the larger diameters the saving is considerable. It is recommended that all pine stumps be cut not higher than li feet unless the butt of the tree is unsound. With the present distribution of age classes, this would mean a saving of about 5i million board feet over the whole tract. Table XXVIII. — Amount of timber saved by cutting stumps 1 and l^feelfrom ground instead of at the present height of 2 feet. Diameter breast- high. Gain per tree by cut- ting— Number of trees neces- sary to save 100 board feet cutting— 1-foot stumps. li-foot stumps. 1-foot stumps. li-foot stumps. Inches. 10 13 16 18 20 Board feet. 3 7 10 12 16 Board feet. 2 2 5 6 9 33 14 10 8 6 50 50 20 17 11 SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION. MARKING TREES FOH REMOVAL. It is necessary to mark all pine trees that are to be cut if the best results are to be obtained. Ordinarily this will simply mean the mark- ing of all pine trees 14 inches and over in diameter breasthigh, but in case this leaves too few trees for seed purposes, trees of larger size must be left. When this necessity occurs, one or two trees capable of withstanding wind, and in other ways well suited for seed trees, must be selected and left on each acre. When trees over the diameter limit are left, enough trees below this limit should be removed to compen- sate for the larger ones. In removing trees below the diameter limit great care should be exercised. These trees should not be removed where the stand is open, but from areas where the number of small trees is great. SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION. 55 Leaving trees above the diameter limit will have to be most largely practiced on swamp lands, where pine trees often occur singly or in small groups. It is most important here that the representation of lobloHy pine be increased. It is estimated that, for the present, one man should be able to do all of the marking at a yearly cost of NECESSITY FOR A FORESTER. It is strongly recommended that the services of a forester be secured by the E. P. Burton Lumber Con;ipany. If the tract is to bear timber to its full capacity, the forest must be brought into normal shape as soon as possible. In order to bring this about a competent man must watch the marking and logging very closely. The services of a forester should be secured at a yearly cost of $1,500 and living- expenses. His duties should include: (1) A systematic marking of trees for removal, with inspection to see that no areas are cut over on which trees have not been marked. (2) A careful study of the logging, with a view to eliminating waste from high stumps, odd log lengths, leaving logs in the tops, leaving logs in the woods, breaking trees in felling, and damaging small trees in felling other trees. Waste in these various ways is considerable during the year, and the direct saving which a forester could effect along these lines would defra}^ no small part of his salar3^ (3) The organization of a sj^stematic patrol of the lands to keep out fire, with personal direction of the work of putting out bad fires. (4) The la3dng out of the trams so that old and defective stands of timber may be removed first, and young and thrifty stands allowed to put on growth as long as possible. This is very important, since, if properly carried out, the stands not coming under the ax for ten, twenty, or more years will increase in value by several million board feet. (5) The examination of all lands under consideration for purchase to report upon their suitability for forest management. If waste is appreciabh^ reduced, fires kept out, and the forest cut so that young stands are left until the last, the result will be a saving to the company which will far more than pay the salar}^ of a competent man. PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. Fire is the worst enemy of the forest on the lands of the E. P. Bur- ton Lumber Company. Fire keeps back reproduction of pine and thins out the existing stands. This thinning out of the stands is accom- plished — (1) By killing trees outright. (2) By burning out butts until the trees are so weakened that they are windthrown. 56 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. (3) By encjouraging" the growth of fungi, which weaken the trees, cause windfall, and render the diseased parts worthless for lumber. Fire protection on this tract is difRcult because of the ease with which fires can be started, not because of the intensity of the tires. Grass tires are g*enerally easily put out, either b}^ whipping them out with brush or by back firing. Slash fires are more serious, but less common. Lumbering so tears up the ground and lessens the inflammability of the ground litter that with slight precautions fire can be prevented on cut-over lands. Fire protection for the present should be directed mainh^ to the cut- over lands where a young- growth of pine is starting or may start, but all lands should also be protected and fires put out so far as possible. One man can at present easily patrol the holdings, and fires should not get beyond control before they will be discovered. The ranger should put out small fires himself; but in case of a fire becoming dangerous help should be furnished him upon demand. It is estimated that one man emploj^ed for eight months of the year, at a cost of $200, should pretty thoroughly' keep fire from doing great damage on the tract. COST OF CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT. Cutting to 14 inches diameter breasthigh will curtail the present cut of pine b}^ about 656 board feet per acre, or 26,043,200 board feet for the present holdings. This curtailment is in the trees from 12 to 11 inches in diameter, which will form part of the yield thirty years hence, when the second cutting is made. The actual expenses per 3'ear, aside from the value of the timber left standing which might be cut, are estimated as follows: Fire protection $200 Marking trees for removal 375 Salary of a forester 1, 500 Living expenses of a forester oOO Total 2, 375 These expenses must be justified by the increase in the productive- ness of the forest. RULES FOR LUMBERING. The following rules should be enforced in lumbering the tract of the E. P. Burton Lumber Compan}^: (1) All pine to be cut shall be marked, and no trees shall be cut that are not marked, (2) All pine 11 inches and over in diameter breasthigh shall be marked for removal, unless in the judgment of the forester the tree should be left for seed. If trees above the diameter limit are left for seed, enough trees below the limit should be cut to ofl^set the large CONCLUSIONS, . 57 trees. These smaller trees .should be removed onl}" when no damage to the forest will resuh. (3) Stumps shall not be cut higher than IS inches, if the butts are sound. (•i) Ties shall be cut fi-om pine tops, poeoson cypress, and hardwoods, not from pole pine. (5) Hardwoods shall be used for track corduroy instead of j^omig pine, so far as possible. If the use of young pine is unavoidable, they shall be cut, not among scattered trees, but from dense thickets, in the form of thinnings. (<)) Culls, tops of felled trees, and hardwoods shall be used for fire- wood ; no young pine shall be cut for this purpose. (7) In felling great care shall be exercised not to injure trees left standing for a second crop. (8) In skidding logs all possible care shall be exercised not to injure standing trees. (9) Tops which fall close to standing trees shall be lopped close to the ground to a distance from the trees which, in the judgment of the forester, will avoid danger from slash tires. At first this distance should be 15 feet. It may subsequently be reduced or lengthened as experience dictates. (10) Hardwoods should be removed wherever possible. CONCLUSIONS. This working plan shows plainl}' that conservative treatment of the timberlands of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company is practical — (1) Because conservative treatment will greatly increase the yield of timber on the tract; and (2) Because it will make a permanent investment out of what is at present a temporary one. By increasing the holdings a sustained annual yield may be obtained so that the mill will be supplied with timber for all time and the forest l)e as valuable at an}^ time as it is at present. In order to secure the above results, fire must be kept out, young trees protected where lumbering is going on, and no trees cut which have not reached a diameter of 14 inches. Loblolly pine, being a tree of very rapid growth and being well suited to the locality, should be favored as much as possible, that its range ma}' be extended. This tree should, so far as possible, replace the cypress and hardwoods, since C3'press is too slow growing to be profitable, and the hardwoods are not now and will not be for a long time of much commercial value. INDEX. Page. A rea, general description of tract 7 necessary for sustained annual yield of pine, tables 51 Ash, occurrence , ^) 12 stand on whole tract, table 28 white, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, reproduction, etc 44 silvical description 44 Bates holding, area, lumber yield, tables 17 lumber yield, table 26 Bay, red and white, occurrence 8, 14 Beech, occurrence 8, 12 Big Savannah, area, description, soil, value for grading, etc 14 Black gum, silvical description 43 oak, occurrence and yield 8, 10, 12, 16-27 Blackjack, occurrence .» 8 Blocks, yield 15-27 Bottom lands, timber, soil, underbrush, etc 11-12 Chapel Hill holding, area, lumber yield, tables 16-17, 24 Cooper River holdings, trees, and shrub species 45-46 Cost of conservative management 56 Cypress, form, reproduction, term of growth 42 occurrence, associate species, soil, moisture, etc 5, 41 ' ' peck ' ' disease 42 silvical description 41-42 volume, talkie 15 yield per block, tables 16-27 Devil wood, occur-rence 14 Diameter limit, relation to rotation 50. 51 yield - 49, 50 Doyle rule, comparison with two-thirds rule, table 29 East Silkhope holding, area, lumber yield, tables 20-21, 27 Fire, forest, effect on reproduction, soil, and on standing trees 31-32 protective measures 31, 55-56 swamp bottomlands 12 injury to forests 31-32 pine forests 10 range 32 and soil 32 Fishbrook holding, area, lumber yield, tallies 19, 27 softwoods left after lumbering 30 Forest lands, management, object 47 topographical description 7 working plan, results 57 management, cost 56 tracts, injury from fire - 10 types, description, etc 7-14 Forester, duties - 55 Forestry, favorable condition of tract 47 Fuel for tram engines, use of cull timbers, suggestions 53 Gall berry, occurrence 8, 10 Grazing, forest, injury - 32 impoverish ment of soil 32 swamp bottomlands, note 12 value of tract, note 32 59 60 ■ INDEX. Page. Gum, black, occurrence, associate species, soil, reproduction, etc 8,43 silvical description 43 yield per block, tables 16-27 red, occurrence, assoinate species, soil, etc 8, 12, 42 silvical description 42 yield, per block, tables 16-27 total, of tract 28 sprouts, occurrence 8 Hardwoods, in loblolly pine forest, varieties 8 longleaf jjine forest, occurrence 10 suggestions for removal from forest 52, 53 use in road building 53 Hell Hole holding, drainage, area, lumber, yield, tables 7, 11, 16, 23-24 Hickory, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, reproduction, etc 8, 12,44 silvical description 44 stand on whole tract, table 28 Hill holding, area, lumber yield, tables 18-19, 24, 26 Hogs, injury to forest 32 Holdings, forest list 29 total yield, comparison, table 29 Holly, occurrence 14 swamp lands, occurrence 12 Hurrah brush, occurrence 14 swamp lands, occurrence 12 Limerick holding, area, lumber yield, tables 21-22, 24-25 Loblolly pine, distribution, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, size, re- production, tolerance 33-34 Loblolly pine forest, reproduction, underbrush, etc 8 improvement, suggestion 9 land, description, situation, value, soil, etc 8 percentage of tract 8 stand, associated species, etc 9 suggestions for management 52 occurrence 5, 14 rate of growth, table 36 relation of age to diameter 34 height, table 35 clear length and total height to diameter, table 36 volume to age 35 silvical description 33-36 total yield of tract 28 volume, table 15 yield per block, tables 16-27 Logs, marketing, methods, losses, etc 30-31 transportation methods, etc 30-31 Longleaf pine forests, injury from lumbering and turpentining 10 land, description, situation, soils, underbrush, etc 10-11 mismanagement 10 percentage of tract » 8 stand 10, 11 suggestions for management 52 occurrence, associate species, etc 36 periodic diameter, volume increment, etc. 39-40 relation of age to diameter, table oS volume and height 38-39 reproduction, form, development, soil, moisture, etc 37 silvical description 36-40 tolerance 37 total yield of tract 28 volume, table 15 yield per block, tables 16-27 Lumber, pine, present and future yield, method of determining 47-48 table 48 sustained annual yield, cutting limit, table 48, 49-50 Lumbering, injury to pine forests 10 methods, results, etc 29-30 rules 56-57 INDEX. 61 I'tige. Maple, red, occurrence, associate species, reproduction, etc 8, 12, 4;> silvical description 4o stand on whole tract, table 28 Market, transportation of logs, export, etc o0-31 Markiiig trees for cutting, suggestions 54-55 McCabe & Inabinett holding, lumber yield, table 26 Measurements, tree, for volume tables, etc 5 Myrtle, wax, occurrence 8, 10, 12 Oak, black, yield per block, tables 16-27 post, occurrence 8, 10, 12 Spanish, occurrence 8, 10, 12 sprouts, occurrence 8 water, occurrence, associate species, soil, etc 8, 12, 45 silvical description 45 white, yield per block, tables : 16-27 Oaks, species other than water, occurrence 45 Peter Mur^jhy holding, area, lumber yield, tables 20, 25 Pine forest, area necessary for sustained annual yields, table 51 loblolly, forests, reproduction, underbrush, etc 8 occurrence 5 lumber, present and future yield, method of determining 47-48 sustained annual yield, cutting limit, table 48, 49-50 Pines, pond, occurrence 14 ' ' Pocosons ' ' pine forests, occurrence 7, 10 Pond pine, occurrence, associate species, form, soil, etc 40-41 silvical description 40-41 Poplar, yellow, occurrence, associate species, soil and moisture requirements. 8,44 silvical description 43-44 swamp lands, occurrence 12 yield of tract 28 per block, tables 16-27 Post oak, occurrence 8, 10, 12 Protection and supervision 54-57 from fire, rules 55-56 Raspberry, occurrence 8,10 Rattan, occurrence 12 Red gum. (»%e Gum, red. ) Reproduction, black gum 43 cypress 40 effect of fire 32 hickory . 44 pine, loblolly 10, 13, 33 longleaf 37 pond 41 shortleaf 40 red gum 42 maple 43 swamp land 13 water oak 45 white ash 44 yellow poplar 44 Rivers and streams on tract, remarks 7 holding, area, lumber yield, tables 17-18, 26 Roads, character on tract 7 Rock outcroppings, lack 7 Rodgers holding, area, lumber yield, tables 22-25 Rotation, timber, definition 50 Rules, lumbering 56-57 two-third, compared with Doyle, table 29 Savannahs, description 14 Sawmill company, annual output 48 Seedlings, scarcity in swamp bottom lands {see also Reproduction ) 12 Shortleaf pine, occurrence, form, value, etc 40 silvical descrii:)tion 40 Silvii-al description of most important trees 33-45 Skidders, steam, aid in forest reproduction 54 injury to standing timber 53 62 INDEX. Smilax, occurrence 14 Soil, effect of fire in forest 81 waste land 14 Soils, descriptions for tract 7, 10, 11, 12, 14 Spanish oak, occurrence 7, 8, 10, 12 Stand on loblolly pine land, table 9 longleaf pine land, table 11 swamp land, table , 13 Stumps, height, recommendations 54 low, timber saved, table 54 Supervision and protection 54-57 Swamp land, description, area 11 percentage of tract 8 reproduction 13 Swamp land, species of timber 5 suggestions for management 52 true, reproduction 13 types, description, area, etc 11-13 Swamps, description, area, etc 7 true, description, soil, etc 12-13 timber species 12 Timber, prevailing species 5 rotation, definition 50 species of trees, and value in swamp lands 12 swamp and bottom lands, average number of trees per acre, table ., 13 tract, division into blocks, metliod 15 yield per block, method of computing, and table 15-27 Timberlands, tj^pes, description 7-14 Titi, occurrence 14 Tract, general description 7 yield by species 27, 28 Tram building, use of hardwoods, and cypress 53 Transportation, logs, methods, etc 30-31 Trees, injury from fire 31-32 sylvical description 33-45 Turpentining, increase of danger from fire 32 injury to pine forests - 10 Types, forest : 7-14 Waste land, description 14 Water, drainage, etc 7 oak. See Oak, water. West Silkhope holding, area, lumber yield, tables 27 White ash. See Ash, white. oak, jaeld, tables 16-17 Windsor holding, area, lumber yield, tables 10-20, 25 Underbrush, character in several forest types 12, 14 Volume tables, method and rule for compiling 6, 14 Yellow poplar. [See Poplar, yellow.) Yield, lumber, for pine, cypress, and hardwoods 15-29 tract, by species . . . T 27-29 o LB Mr '07 Lb Mr '07 A- 1^ .^