/ ADVERTISEMENT, The anxiety with which the present work has been expected by the public since its announcement, has in- duced the publishers to hasten its appearance by issuing it in numbers. The whole work will be completed in six numbers, each containing from 70 to 100 pages. The learner will thus be enabled to commence and finish his study with the work* *r7. SPANISH GRAMMAR: BEING A NEW METHOD OF LEARNING TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK THE SPANISH LANGUAGE: « ARRANGED ACCORDING TO OLLENDORFF'S METHOD OF TEACHING LANGUAGES. GIVING AT FIRST & £i$nxeb pronunciation of i!)£ Spaniel) ttloro©, \» AN ILLU9TRATION OF THE RULES FOR THE SAME, AND IN ORDER TO RENDER THII WORK SERVICEABLE FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION. FOR WHICH PURPOSE A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IS PUBLISHED IN A SEPARATE VOLUME. WITH AN ADDITION TO EACH LESSON, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING 'HE FORMER, THE USUAL FORMS OF SALUTATION AND OTHER IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS, AND THE LATTER, A TREATISE ON THE SPANISH VERBS ; THE EXPLANATIONS OF SOME RULES GIVEN IN THE LESSONS. AND OTHER IMPORTANT RE- MARKS, WHICH. FOR THE SAKE OF PERSPICUITY, HAVE NOT BEEN INTRODUCED IN THEM ; INCLUDING A COLLEC- TION OF THE MOST POPULAR SPANISH PROVERBS, ETC. By FRANCISCO JAVIER VINGUT. Few rules and much practice. — Dumarsias. i~f. 3/r NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY CLARK & AUSTIN, 205 Broadway. M DCCC XLTIII. t/s.£*u. £ ty. y&s./q. /far- Pat.O*~Ii»>. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, BY FRANCISCO JAVIER VINGUT, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. . W. BENEDICT, Printer, 16 Spruce Street. A DEMONSTRATION OF RESPECT AND ADMIRATION, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED &0 tfje JJoxpU of ti)e Enitea 0taU0, BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION OF OLLENDORFF'S METHOD APPLIED TO THE GERMAN. Every one who learns a language naturally desires to be able to speak and write it : and as the Grammars that have heretofore appeared are not adapted to this purpose, I have thought it might be useful to make public the method which I have made use of in teaching for seventeen years, and which has enabled my scholars not only to read the lan- guage, but also to speak and w r rite it like natives. I might here expatiate with great fluency on the greater or lesser ad- vantages which the different grammars of the present day s offer ; this, however, would lead me too far. I shall confine myself to the remark, that none of those in common use cor- respond to my idea of a good Grammar : they all appear to me w T anting in clearness, order, and precision. As to those which have lately appeared, the authors of which begin by giving examples from the best poets, they resemble the can- vas on which a painter has begun at the feet to paint his picture ; or rather they resemble one who appropriates to himself some characteristic features, which he has borrowed from the great masters, and which he merely disfigures, w 7 hile he arranges and exhibits them without a plan or a leading object. But how have we solved the problem proposed to us ? Teachers and scholars will very soon judge for them- selves. I must here be permitted to give a few explanations of my method ; it is intended not only to teach the reading of a language, but also to enable one to express himself in it w T ith ease, and to write a letter correctly. I have often been led to reflect upon the manner in which a language can be taught in the shortest time ; and I have found it everywhere surrounded with difficulties. Meidinger, who holds the first rank among those who have essentially contributed to improve the methods of teaching languages, PREFACE. is yet very far from leading the scholar to the object he wishes to attain ; and although his Grammar has had an ex- traordinary sale, and imitators without number, it by no means contains the requisites of a good method. I have myself used it for a long time in teaching ; later, however, I found that this Grammar, besides its deficiency in grammatical exercises, and precise and definite rules, accustoms the learner to recite lessons too rapidly, without affording him a previous opportunity of practically applying them. It has also the disadvantage of containing ready-made, and there- fore comparatively useless sentences ; the author mixes too much those rales of which the scholar is quite ignorant, with those which he already knows; and not till the 143d lesson, after he has explained the compound tenses of the verbs ; can the teacher form questions and answers of the sentences ; and even then he is still obliged to adapt all such sentences to the very limited knowledge of his scholars. After Meidinger, Seidensticker has also done something to improve the method of teaching languages, especially in plac- ing the dissected or analyzed (zergliederte) sentences before the Lessons, and introducing the verb in his first exercise. But besides not attempting any grammatical explanations, he also fails, equally with Meidinger, in putting questions which the scholars may readily answer, in the language they are learning. Nothing, therefore, availed, but to unite the excellences which these two Grammars afforded ; the sentences must be so dissected that the teacher may propose questions, and the scholar be able to answer them in the language taught. This twofold need I in some measure supplied by causing my scholars to transpose the constructions of all the lessons they had learned ; and in order to combine and unite the first and last lessons learned, the earlier lessons were con- tinually repeated. In this way I attained my object. I was, however, still anxious to improve upon my effort. " If," said I often to myself, " ail the ordinary forms of conversa- tional discourse were united in a series, and all the rules of grammar could be applied to them, this would be the method of acquiring a perfect knowledge of a language in the short- est time possible." While I continued to exercise my scholars in combining their lessons in various forms, I was naturally brought nearer to this simple, easy, less monotonous, and often amusing system, by means of which beginners, from the first hour of instruction, are not only able to speak, but are not obliged to restrain their reasoning faculties, and confine themselves to tedious forms. I therefore prefixed to all my sentences a clear and intel- ligible grammatical statement ; I then arranged them in questions and answers, at the same time embracing all the parts of speech, the general as well as the particular rules of grammar, the idiomatic phrases, and the greater part of the familiar forms of conversation. I was not guided by arbitrary laws but by the manner in which a child begins to learn his mother tongue. I left the scholar in freedom to meditate upon what he had learned, and to give an account of every- thing before he applied it. I thus succeeded in teaching my scholars at the same time to read, write, and amuse them- selves. Arranged in this manner, my method very nearly answered my intentions ; it had, however, the defect of being adapted to private instruction, besides leaving too much to scholars the choice of sentences in their compositions. This I reme- died by adding exercises to the lessons, in which I endeavored to give every sentence and every rule, with all the turns and transpositions capable of making sense. By this means this Method may be used with a great number of scholars, and it is by no means difficult for them to answer the question with which they have become familiar in the Lessons. I do not flatter myself that my work, as I here present it, is susceptible of no improvement ; but all who have been occu- pied in the study of languages, or have had opportunity of watching the progress of scholars in different schools, will agree with me that this Method affords the only means of obtaining the exact knowledge of a language by the shortest way, and without fatigue. I have felt it necessary thus to explain how I have suc- ceeded, step by step, in forming my Method, that I might an- ticipate those who should feel disposed to criticise my work without waiting till at a future time it shall appear complete. I beg to remind them that this Method is not, like many others, the work of a day, or the product of a fiery imagina- tion, but the fruit of seventeen years' labor and experience, INTRODUCTION, Delectando doceo, The plan pursued in the present work is substantially the same as that explained in the preceding preface, excepting some slight alterations in the arrangement of the lessons, which by his own experience, the author of the present work has deemed indispensable, thereby avoiding many tedious repetitions which were necessary in the French edition. The treatise on the feminine gender, instead of being placed in the third part of the book, has been introduced in its proper place, in the first part, the former for many reasons being considered an objectionable arrangement ; other not less important objec- tions the author has endeavored to remove, by a more syste- matic arrangement of the models. The superiority of Ollen- dorff^ Method is now so readily and universally acknow- ledged, that we deem it unnecessary to set forth its peculiar merits by comparisons derogatory to other methods. To instruct, it is necessary to mingle the useful withth e agreeable ; that the heart may enjoy while the mind im- proves. A perfect knowledge of the languages of this conti- nent, and its right and exact use, are not only necessary parts of a cultivated mind, but also essential elements of civilized society in America ; without it, it is impossible to cultivate literature, to fertilize wit, to recreate imagination with pro- ductions worthy of rational beings, or to avoid those errors which occasionally have an influence upon the happiness of man. In this a°"e of improvements, the theory of language is inti- mately connected with the most sublime parts of the meta- physical sciences ; and the art of speaking with perspicuity and precision, has become the basis of the art of thinking with exactness and solidity. The Castilian language would (perhaps more easily than 1* 10 INTRODUCTION. any other of the modern languages) have acquired all the perfection of which it is susceptible. But when the best epoch of its improvement had arrived, two powerful obsta- cles were presented; that is, " Purism" and " Gallicism." The Purists, fanatical admirers of the sixteenth century, thought that their pens had fixed the boundaries to any fur- ther improvement in the Spanish idiom. But we are far from diminishing the eminent merit of those learned men, who, combating the great obstacles of scholastic pedantry, knew how to embellish their language with so many graceful and noble ornaments, and to relieve it of the harshness with which the age of the Northern barbarians had infected it. But their exertions were almost fruitless ; not from their fault, but from that of the century in which they lived. They created a lan- guage only suitable for bigots, poets, or lovers. That the language might be the organ of ratiocination, something else was necessary ; and degraded reason was obliged to keep a deep and long silence before the oppressive government of a superstitious court, and among a people under the dominion of the " Inquisition ;" and all the errors which fanaticism could create. When the noble faculty of thinking began to spring forth, under the auspices of freedom, in Spain, the Gallicism over- came and took exclusive possession of the language ; and by imitating the poorest and least sonorous language of Europe, the Spanish has degenerated. Fortunately, while the Spanish language is degenerating in Europe, a better fate awaits it in this part of the world, where it was brought by a spirit of conquest. The independence of Spanish America marks a very impor- tant period in the Spanish language : and as all humane insti- tutions ought to prosper in this happy land, without doubt the national language of the greater part of this continent will rise to the level of other improvements, and will become wor- thy of being the organ of the general intercourse between the United States and Spanish America. Our principal object in dedicating this Grammar to the People of the United States, is no other than to promote and generalize the instruction of the Spanish language — so useful and so necessary to all its citizens, whatever their profession may be. The merchant, the man of letters, the agriculturist, finally, all classes of society, will readily agree with us upoi INTRODUCTION. 11 the necessity of possessing this language, which is the most generally spoken in this vast continent. It is with that object that we have adapted the present work not only to the use of teachers, but also for self-instruc- tion, by means of giving the pronunciation of the Spanish words* for those persons who, from peculiar circumstances, may be obliged to study without the assistance of a teacher ; for which purpose we publish in a separate volume a Key to the Exercises, to be compared with the translation of the learner. But at the same time, we would advise them not to avoid the assistance of a teacher if it could be conveniently obtained, or at least to consult one occasionally, for it would prove of great advantage, since it would give the learner a more accurate and correct pronunciation ; besides, the explanation of the many questions and doubts which must necessarily occur in the course of the lessons. The author avails himself of this opportunity to explain a fact, which he has observed in the course of his instruction, and which may, perhaps, appear strange to many. Since he undertook the present work, he thought of repre- senting the pronunciation, for the purpose of assisting the scho- lar ; and in order to discover its effect, and to make an experi- ment of his plan, he handed his manuscripts to his pupils, as they are now published, without making the least observation to them concerning the pronunciation ; and he may state that the result has always by far surpassed his expectation. It seems that the scholar remembers the sounds more easily by bearing in mind the letters by which they are represented, than by bearing them from the teacher ; for being constantly before their eyes, it is the same as if they were continually hearing them. Thus, by our plan, it will be seen that much time and trou- ble are saved, even to teachers themselves, in repeating the pronunciation of the words to their scholars — a task disagree- able to both parties — some slight remarks being sufficient for that purpose. * It will be found to be very correct, having been properly read by several persons at the first trial. But should any doubts occur to the learner, the explanation we give of the Alphabet will be sufficient to satisfy him. EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED IN THIS BOOK. T Expressions, which vary either in their construction or idiom, from the English, are marked thus : f The irregular verbs are designated by an (*) asterisk. Rules of syntax or construction will be found at the end of each lesson, according to numbers. SPANISH GRAMMAR. The Spanish Alphabet is composed of the following CHARACTERS. NAMES. CHARACTERS. NAMES. A, ah. N, ainay. B, bay. N, an-niay, c, thay. o 5 0. Ch, chay. P, pay. D, day. Q, koo. E, ai. R, airay. F, aiffay. Rr, air-ray. G, hay. S, aissay. H, achay. % tay. I, ee. u, 00. J, hottah. V, vay. L 5 ailay. x, aikeys. LI, ailyeay. Y, e. M, aimay, z, thater. The y is pronounced e like the Spanish i, but is denominated eegreedigah. OBSERVATIONS. In Spanish each letter represents a peculiar and distinct sound, con- sequently there is not, as in English and French, letter without sound and sound without letter, but every letter must be pronounced clearly and distinctly. THE ALPHABET Vowels. , a, i, o, e, o, 14 Their sounds, ah : Vowels, in Spanish, always preserve the same sound. But, as in the syllables que, qui ; gue, gui, the u is not sounded except when gue gui has a diaeresis on the u ; thus, gi'ie, gi'ii. Consonants. [A figured pronunciation is given below each combination.] . C. 2 C, before e, i, is pronounced as th in thank, think ; before a, o, u, like k. ca, ce, ci, co, cu, kah, thay, thee, ko, koo. Ch. Ch, as ch, in the English words charity, church. cha, k. die, chi, cho, chu, chah, chay, chee, cho, choo. D. 1 D, is pronounced, very similar to the sound of th in the English words though, than. da, de, di, do, du, dah, day, dee, don, doo. G. G, before e, i, is pronounced like h in hen, hill ; in every other case as in gap. ge> gh gu, gah, hay, hee, go, goo. H. H, always mute. ha, he, hi, ho, hu, ah, ai, ee, oh, oo. J. J, is pronounced always as in the English words hill, hall, hand, that is the same as the g with e, ?', in Spanish. ja, je, ji, jo, ju, hah, hay, hee, ho, hoo. LI. LI, as Hi in William. lla, lie, Hi, Ho, llu, lliah, lliay, lliee, llio, llioo. THE ALPHABET. 15 h "■ . n. N, as in opinion, or gn in French. wan ? If he feels any doubt as to the pronunciation, he must look, as a reference, at the column where the pronunciation of the words, of which the phrase is composed, is figured. After he has gone through this exercise once, twice, or more until he may be completely satisfied of the operation (without which he ought not to go further if he wishes for success), he will then write the translation in a copy-book, with which every pupil ought to be provided to write in it all the exercises in Spanish. (2). Pupils desirous of making rapid progress may compose a great many phrases in addition to those given in the exercises, but they must pronounce them aloud as they write them in the copy-book. They should also make separate lists of such substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs as they meet with in the course of the lessons, in order to be able to find those words more readily when required to re- fer to them in writing their exercises. Note.— WHEN DIVIDING WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, observe, that a compound syllable must begin with a consonant. Example : te- ner, a-zu-car, som-bre-ro, cere-mo-nias, ca-ba-llo, pe-rro, etc. SECOND LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. Second Lesson. Leccion segunda. Lectheon saigoondah. It. 0) Lo. Lo 5 lah. Have you my hat ? ; Tiene V. mi sombre- < Teeainy oostaid me ro ? sombrairo. Yes, Sir, I have it. Si, Senor, lo tengo. See, sainnior.lo taingo Good. Bueno. Buaino. SECOND LESSON, 23 ENGLISH. Bad. Pretty. Beautiful, fine. Handsome. Ugly. Old. The handkerchief. The shoe. The cotton. The fan. The looking-glass. mirror. The dog. The horse. Have you my pretty JYot. I have not. I have not the bread. No, sir. Have you my old hat ? No, sir, I have it not. Which paper have you : I have the good paper. Which dog have you ? I have my good dog. Of. The cotton handker- chief. The paper hat. The leather. The leather shoe. Which handkerchief have you ? I have your handker- chief. Which hat have you? I have my paper hat. Have you my leather shoe ? No, sir, I have it not. SPANISH. Malo. Bonito. Hermoso, bello. Lindo. Feo. Viejo. El panuelo., El zapato. El algodon. El abanico. El espejo. El perro. El caballo. j, Tiene Vd. mi bonito perro ?( 3 ) JYo. No tengo. No tengo el pan. No ? senor. I Tiene Vd. mi sombre- ro viejo ?( 4 ) No, senor, no lo tengo. I Cual papel tiene Vd.? Tengo el papel bueno. I Cual perro tiene Vd.? Tengo mi buen perro. ( 5 ) Be. El panuelo de algo- don.( 6 ) El sombrero de papel. El cuero. El zapato de cuero. I Cual panuelo tiene Vd.? Tengo su panuelo. i Cual sombrero tiene Vd.? Tengo mi sombrero de papel. i Tiene Vd. mi zapato de cuero ? No, senor, no lo tengo. PRONUNCIATION. Mahlo. Boneeto. Airmoso, bailyo. Leendo. Fai-o. Veeai-ho. Ell pan-yu-ailo,, Ell thahpahto. Ell algodon. Ell ahbaneeco. Ell espaiho. Ell pair-ro. (*) Ellkabal-yo. I Teeainy oostaid me boneeto pair-ro 1 JVb ; No taingo. No taingo ell pan. No sainyor. I Teeainy oostaid me sombrairo veeai-ho ? No, sainyor, no lo tain- go- i Kwal papa.il teeainy oostaid ? Taingo ell pap ail bwai- no. i Kwal pair-ro teeainy oostaid ? Taingo me bwain pairro. Day. Ell pan-yu-ailo day al- godon. Ell sombrairo day pah- pail. Ell kwairo. El thahpahto day kwairo: I Kwal pan-yu-ailo tee- ainy oostaid ? Taingo soo pan-yu-ai- lo. i Kwal sombrairo teeai- ny oostaid ? Taingo me sombrairo de pahpail. I Teeainy V. me thah- pahto de kwairo ? No, sainyor, no lo tain- go. 24 SECOND LESSON. (1.) It, when placed before a verb is rendered by 41, ella or ello, ac- cording to the gender of the noun it refers to. Those cases will be found explained in their proper place (Lesson XXVI). For our pur- pose, in this lesson, we only have to say that when It is used after the verb it is translated by lo or la — by lo when it refers to a noun whose gender is doubtful or not mentioned, and also, when it refers to a mas- culine noun whenever the action of the verb falls and remains in the subject itself, and it is not an objective case; for then. If must be rendered by le (referring to a masculine noun). Example — i Ha pu~ blicado V. ya su libro 1 — Have you already published your book ? No lo he publicado todavia ; porque tengo que anadirhiz antes un capitulo. — I have not published it yet ; because I have to add before a chapter to it. Finally, It is rendered by la when it refers to a feminine noun. i^ 3 Lo, le or la is generally placed before the verb, except when it is used in the infinitive, present participle, or imperative. . (2.) Double rr in Spanish is pronounced a little stronger than the r in English at the beginning of a word, thus : in similar words as perro (dog) guerra, (war), &c, the rr must be pronounced a little stronger than the r in the English words rich, right. (3.) When a verb is used negatively no is placed before it. (4.) Adjectives are generally used in Spanish after the substantive ; however, the Spaniards like the French consult taste and harmony in its collocation. Hermoso, Undo, and all those adjectives which denote excellence or superiority, are sometimes elegantly placed before the substantive, especially when used with any of the possessive pronouns. (5) The adjectives bueno, good ; malo, bad ; uno, a or an ; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero. first; tercero, third ; and postrero, last, lose the final o when followed by a masculine noun in the singular, for the sake of euphony. (6) The preposition de is always put between the name of the thing and the name of the substance of which it is made. EXERCISE No. 2. Have you my fine horse ?— Yes., Sir, I have it.— Have you my old shoe ? — No, Sir, I have it* not. — Which dog have you ? — I have my pretty dog. — Have you my bad paper ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Have you my good looking-glass ? — Yes, Sir, I have it.— Have you my ugly fan ?— No, Sir, I have it not. — Which fan have you ? — I have your fine fan. — W T hich handkerchief have you ? — I have the cotton hand- kerchief. — Have you my cotton handkerchief ? — 1 have not your cot- ton handkerchief.— Which hat have you ?— I have the paper hat. — Have you my paper hat ? — No, Sir, I have it not.— Have you the old bread ? — I have not the old bread ? — Which shoe have you ? — 1 have my fine leather shoe. — What soap have you ? — I have my old soap. — Which sugar have you ? — I have your good sugar. — Which looking- glass have you ? — I have my old looking glass. — Have you my fine fan ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Have you the exercise number two ? (Ejercicio numero dos.) — Yes, Sir, I have it. THIRD LESSON. 25 ADDITION TO THE SECOND LESSON. THE USUAL FORMS OP SALUTATION, ETC. ENGLISH. Good morning or good day, Sir. Good afternoon or good evening (only till dark), Madam. Good night, Miss. How do you do % Very well, and you % Very well, at your ser- vice. Good bye, Until to morrow. Until day after to mor- row. SPANISH. Buenos dias,(a) S*enor. Buenas tardes Senora. Buenas noches, Sefiori- ta. I Como lo pasa V. 1 Muy bien, i y V. 1 Sin novedad, para ser- vir a V.(b) A Dios. Hasta manana. Hasta pasado manana. PRONUNCIATION. B wain os dee-as, Sain- yor. Bwainas tardes sain- yora. Bwainas noches, Sain- yoreeta. Como lo pasa oostaid 1 Moo-e bee-ain, e oos- _ tkidl Sin novaidad, para ser- vir ah oostaid. Ah Dee-6s. Asta man-yana. Asta pasado man-yana. {a) In Spanish we never say u good morning," but "good day," buenos diets, in the plural. (b) Para servir a V., — it is used also as an equivalent of the Eng- lish expression "You are welcome " to answer any person who thanks us EXERCISE No. 3. How do you do, Sir ? — Very well, and you ? — Very well, at your service.— Good evening, Miss. — Good evening, Sir. — Good bye, Sir, until day after to-morrow — perhaps (tal vez or quizd) to-morrow. — I will be very happy to see you {me alegrari mucho de ver a Vd.) Thanks (Graciai Third lesson. THIRD LESSON. Leccion tercera. Lectheeon tairthdirah. Somethi?ig, anything. Algo. Have you anything ? Tiene Vd. algo ? I have something. Tengo algo. 2 Algo. Teeainy oostaid algo. Taingo algo. 20 THIRD LESSON- ENGLISH. JVolhing, not anything. The wine. My money. The gold The string. The gold string. The button. The coffee. The chees-e. The vest. The copper. The candlestick. The copper candle- stick. Are you hungry ? I am hungry. 1 am not hungry. Are you thirsty ? ^ I am thirsty. I am not thirsty. Are you sleepy ? I am sleepy. I am not sleepy. Are you warm 1 I am warm, I am not warm. Are you cold ? I am cold. I am not cold. Are you afraid ? I am afraid. I am not afraid. Are you ashamed ? I am ashamed. I am not ashamed. SPANISH. JVo— nada.{?) El vino. Mi dinero. El oro. El cordon. ( 2 ) El cordon de oro. El boton. El cafe. El queso. El chaleco. El cobre. El candelero. El candelero de cobre. f Tiene Vd. hambre ? „ Tengo hambre. ,, No tengo hambre. ,, Tiene Vd. sed? ,, Tengo sed. ,, No tengo sed. „ Tiene Vd. sueno ? „ Tengo sueno. ,, No tengo sueno. „ Tiene Vd. calor? ,, Tengo calor. „ No tengo calor „ Tiene Vd. frio ? ., Tengo frio. ,, No tengo frio. „ Tiene Vd. miedo 1 „ Tengo miedo. „ No tengo miedo. ,, Tiene V. vergiienza ? ,, Tengo vergiienza. No tengo vergiienza. PRONURCUTIOH JVo — nddah. Ell veeno. Me deenairo. Ell oro. Ell kordon. Ell kordon day oro. Ell boton. Ell kahfay. Ell kaiso. Ell chalaico. Ell kobray. Ell kandailairo. Ell kandailairo day ko- bray. Teeainy oostaid arn- bray ? Taingo ambray. No taingo ambray. Teeainy oostaid said ? Taingo said. No taingo said/ Teeainy oostaid swai nio? Taingo swainio. No taingo swainio . Teeainy oostaid kalor':? Taingo kalor. No taingo kalor. Teeainy oostaid freeo? Taingo freeo. No taingo freo. Teeainy oostaid meeai- do? Taingo meeaido. No taingo meeaido. Teeainy oostaid vair- gooaintha. Taingo vairgooaintha. No taingo vairgooain- tha. (1.) Two negatives in Spanish, strengthen the negation j as No tengo nada, I have nothing. No he visto d nadie, I have seen no- body. H the negative adverb commences the sentence, the no then cannot be used ; as nada tengo, I have nothing — A nadie he visto, &c. (2.) String is cordon if it is made of silk, cotton, or any fine thread, but if it is made of hemp or hide, as those of musical instruments, &,c, it will be called cuerdxu I'HIRD LESSON. 27 EXERCISE No. 4 Have you my good wine ? — I have it. — Have you the gold ? — 1 have it not. — Have you the money ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you the gold horse ? — No, Sir, I have it not.' — Have you your copper can- dlestick ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you my old hat? — I have your old hat. — Have you your fine cheese ? — I have it— -Have you "your cotton vest? — Yes, Sir, I have my cotton vest. — Have you your gold hutton ? — J have it not, — Which horse have you ? — I have your good horse. — Which handkerchief have you ? — I have your fine cotton handkerchief. — Have you anything ? — I have something. I have good coffee, I have good sugar — Are you hungry ? — No, Sir, I am not hungry. — Are you thirsty ? — Yes, Sir, I am thirsty. — Are you sleepy ? No, Sir, I am not sleepy. — Are you cold? — Yes. Sir, I am cold.- — Are you not ashamed ? — No, Sir, I am not ashamed. — Are you warm ? — I am warm. — Are you not afraid ? — No, Sir, I am not afraid. — Have you the copper candlestick? — No, Sir, I have the fine gold candle- stick. — Which vest have you ? — 1 have your pretty cotton vest. — Have you your fine gold button ? — No, Sir, I have it not, I have my copper button. — Have you my paper hat? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you my fine dog ? — 1 have not your old dog. — Have you my good wine ? — ■ No, Sir, I have not your good wine. ADDITION TO THE THIRD LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. Will you favor me with duiere V. favorecerme your name % con su nombre % If you please. With much pleasure. I am very much obliged to you. Not at all. I present to you my best respects, Miss. I am your humble ser- vant, Sir. Si V. gusta. Con mucho gusto. Gluedo a V. muy agra- decido.(a) No hay de que. A los pies de V.(b) Se- norita. Beso a V. las manos(c) caballero. PRONUNCIATION. Kee-airay oostaid fah- voraittiairmay con soo nombray 7 See oostaid goosta. Con moocho goosto. Kai-do ah oostaid moo-e ahgradaitheedo. No i day kay. Ah los pee-ais day oo- staid, sain-yorceta. Bai-so ah oostaid las manos kah-bal-yay- (a) If it is female must be agradecida, to agree in gender. (6) Literally translated, " I am at your feet." (c) Literal translation, "I kiss your hand," — Spaniards use also in their letters, as a polite expression, the following writing before the signature Que sus manos besa, (who kisses your hands) abbreviated thus : a. S. M. B. 28 FOURTH LESSON. EXERCISE No. 5. Good morning, Sir. — How do you do ? — Very well, Sir — and you ? — Very well, at your service. — Will you favor me with your name? — Yes, Sir, with much pleasure — I am much obliged to you, Sir. — Not at all. — Good bye, Sir, until to-morrow, or (6) day after to-morrow. — Good day, Sir. FOURTH LESSON. ENGLISH. Fourth Lesson. SPANISH. Leccion cuarta. PRONUNCIATION. Lectheeon kiodrta. That. That book. Aqucl. Aquel libro Ahkail. Ahkail leebro Of the, or from thee. Of the dog. Of the tailor. Of the baker. Of the neighbor. Del. Del perro. Del sastre. Del panadero Del vecino. Dell. Dell pa rro. Dell sastray. Dell panadairo, Dell vaitheeno. That, or the one El— Ell— The neighbor's, or ) that of the neighbor. > El del vecino. ^ \ Ell dell vaitheeno. The baker's, or, that > of the baker. 5 El del panadero \ Ell dell panadairo. The dog's, or, that of ) the dog. \ El del perro. Ell dell pair-ro. Or. Have you my book, or, the neighbor's. o.O) l Tiene Vd. mi libro, 6 el del vecino ? Teeainy oostaid me le- bro, 6 ell dell vaithee- I have the neighbor's. Tengo el del vecino. Taingo ell dell vaithee- Have you my bread, or, that of the baker ? I have yours. I have not the baker's. Mine, or my ow Of, or from mine Yours. I Tiene Vd. mi pan, 6 el del panadero. Tengo el de Vd. No tengo el del pana- dero. Teeainy oostaid me pan, 6 ell dell panadairo ? Taingo ell day oostaid. No taingo ell dell pa- nadairo. {Nominative) El mio. Ell meeo. {Possessive) Del mio. Dell meeo. {JYominat.) El Suyo( a ) Ell Sooyo, {or ell day {or el de Vd.) oostaid.) FOURTH LESSON. 29 ENGLISH. Of, or from your«. The man. The man's friend. Of the friend. That of the friend. The stick. The thimble. The coal My brother. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. (Possessive) Del Suyo, Ell Sooyo, (or dell day (or del de Vd.) El. hombre. El amigo del hombre. Del amigo. El del amigo. El baston. El dedal. El carbon. Mi hermano. My brother's, or that of El de mi hermano. my brother. Your friend's, or that of El de su amigo, or your friend. del amigo de Vd. Vd.) Ell ombray. Ell ameego dell om- bray. Dell ameego. Ell dell ameego. Ell baston. El daydal. Ell karbon. Me airmano. Ell day me airmano. Ell day soo &me&g&?-m — """ ell dell ameego day oostaid. (1.) Conjunctions used for the sake of euphony. A u is used instead of 6, when the word begins with o or ho, as Ver u oir. To see or to hear. Siete u ocho. Seven or eight. Mujer u hombre. Woman or man. An £ is used instead of ?/,when the word following the conjunction begins with i or hi, as Escribir e imprimir. To write and to print. Padre e hijo. Father and son. But if the conjunction y is followed by a word beginning with hie, it is retained, as Cobre y hierro. Copper and iron. Destrosa y hiere. It destroys and wounds. Because then the word does not begin properly speaking, with an i, but y, as hierro, and hiere are pronounced the same as if written yerro, yere, and for this reason many indiscriminately write yelo or hielo, ice, and yerba or hierba, herb. (2.) El suyo is the pronoun now in use in good society instead of el vuestro, though the former is defective, since it means —yours, his, hers, theirs ; so then, whenever there may be doubt as to the person to whom we allude, el de Vd. (yours), — el de SI, (his), el de ella, (hers), el de ellos, or ellas (theirs), is used instead of el suyo. — The same observation is applied to su which means — your, his, her, their. EXERCISE No. 6. Have you that book ?— No, Sir, I have it not.— Which book have you ?— I have that of the neighbor. — Have you my stick, or that of 30 FOURTH LESSON. my friend ? — T have that of your friend. — Have you my bread or the baker's ? — I have not yours ; I have the baker's. — Have you the neigh- bor's horse ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Which horse have you ? — I have that of the baker. — Have you your thimble or the tailor's? — [ have my own. — Have you the pretty gold string of my dog ? — I have it not. — Have you my gold button or the tailor's ? — I have not yours ; I have the tailor's ?— Have you my brother's vest or yours ? — I have your brother's. — Which coffee have you ? — I have the neighbor's. — Have you your dog or the man'ij ? — I have the man's. — Have you your friend's money ? — I have it not. — Have you the exercise number four ? Yes, Sir, I have the exercise number four. EXERCISE No. 7. Are you cold or warm ? — I am warm. — Are you thirsty or hungry ? — I am hungry. — Are you ashamed or afraid ? — I am ashamed. — Have you my vest or the tailor's ? — I have the tailor's. — Have you my good candlestick or that of my neighbor ? — I have yours. — Have you your paper or mine ? — I have mine. — Have you your cheese or the baker's ? — I have my own. — Which vest have you ?— I have that of the tailor. — Which handkerchief have you? — 1 have my own. — Have you the old hat of my brother ? — I have it not — Which soap have you ? — I have my brother's good soap. — Have you my stick or that of my brother? — I have yours. — Which shoe have you ? — I have my friend's leather shoe. — Have you your cotton handkerchief or mine ? — i have not yours ; I have my own. — Have you any thing ? — I have nothing. — Have you your pretty dog ? — I have my friend's pretty dog. — Have you my pretty stick — 1 have not your stick ; I have my own. ADDITION TO THE FOURTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. Walk in. Adelante. Be pleased to walk in. Sirvase V. pasar ade- Will you sit down. lante. Q.uiere V. sentarse % Excuse me a moment. Dispenseme V. un mo- rn ento. You are quite a stran- No hay quien vea a ger. V. I am constantly busy. Estoy constantemente ocupado (or ocupada if it is female.) PRONUNCIATION. Adai-lantay. Sirvase oostaid pasar adailantay. Kee-airay oostaid sain- tarsay 1 Dispensaimay oostaid un momenta. No i kee-ain vai-ah ah oostaid. Esto-e constantaimen- tay ckoopado. FIFTH LESSON. 31 EXERCISE No. I present to you my best respects, Miss. — How do you do, Sit ' — Very well, at your service. — You are quite a stranger. — Will you walk in ? — Yes, Miss, with much pleasure. — Be pleased to sit down, if you please ; — and excuse me a moment. — How is your friend ? — Como lo pasa su amigo de V. ? (fern, amiga). — Very well, I thank you (Gracias.) — Is he (estd 61) so busy as (tan ocupado como) you ? — By no means (De ningun modo). — He is always in company with ladies. — El anda siempre en sociedad de senoras. FIFTH LESSON. Fifth lesson. The merchant. The^ shoemaker. The boy. The pencil. The chocolate. The cloth. Lection quint a. El comerciante. El zapatero. El muchacho. El lapiz. El chocolate. El paiio. To have, to hold, to pos- Tener. sess (an auxiliary and active verb). To have>. (an auxiliary Haber. verb). Obs. A. — Haber (to have) is an a;--\- : it is generally used before a Past Parti . and active verb. As an auxiliary it * sel denotes possession and must always re Aaue,when it is not auxiliary. We sa\ , 'i the book, but we must say, ten go un iihr the first example the verb to have is auxii PRONUNCIATION. Lectheeon keenta. Ell comaircheeante. Ell thahpahtairo. Ell moochacho. Ell lahpeeth. Ell chocolahty. Ell pan-yo. Tai-nair. in the second it is active and denotes possession Ahbair. ary verb, and, consequently Tener is an auxiliary luc ,i used ; as an active it :se i o translate the verb to 'iz letdu c rbro. I have read r, i have a ^ook s because in to the veib to read, and I have. You have. He has. To receive. (Past Part.) Received. Have you received the pencil ? I have not received it. Yohe. Vd. ha. El ha. Recibir. Recibido. Ha recibido Vd. el la- piz? No lo he recibido. Yo eh. Oostai.lah. Ell ah. Rai-thee-beer. Rai-thee-bee-do. Ah raitheebeedo Vd.eil lahpeeth 1 No lo eh raitheebeedo. 32 FIFTH LESSON. Obs. B. — When the auxiliary verb haber is used in the indicative present, the past participle must always be placed immediately after the auxiliary, if the verb is used interrogatively, except the first person plural, which may be used as in English, consequently, it is not proper to say in Spanish, Ha Vd. recibido ? but, Ha recibido Vd. ? (Have re- ceived you ?) The scholar will be pleased to remember that this Obs. is applicable only to the preceding tense. ENGLISH. Has the merchant re- ceived his stick, or yours ? Neither. No. The merchant has re- ceived neither his stick nor mine. Are you hungry, or thirsty ? I am neither hungry, nor thirsty. Are you warm, or cold ? I am neither warm nor cold. Have you received the wine or the bread? The cork. The corkscrew. The hammer. Of the carpenter. The iron. The nail. The iron nail. The Frenchman. The Spaniard. The Englishman. The umbrella. What have you, or ") What is the matter > with you ? 5 Nothing. I have nothing, or } Nothing is the matter > with me. } Is anything the matter with you ? Nothing is the mfctter with me, SPANISH. Ha recibido el comer- ciante su baston 6 el de Vd. ? No — ni. JYo. El comerciante no ha recibido ni su baston m el mio. f Tiene Vd. hambre 6 sed ? „ No tengo ni hambre ni sed. „ Tiene Vd. calor 6 frio ? ,, No tengo ni calor ni frio. Ha recibido Vd. el vino 6 el pan ? El corcho. El tirabuzon. El martillo. Del carpintero. El hierro or fierro. El clavo. El clavo de hierro. El Frances. El Espanol. El Ingles. El paraguas. f Que tiene Vd.? > No — nada. f No tengo nada (see f note 1, 3d lesson.) i „ Tiene Vd. algo ? „ No tengo nada. PRONUNCIATION. Ah raitheebeedo ell co- mairtheeanty soo bas- ton 6 ell day Vd.? No — nee. No. Ell comairtheeanty no ah raitheebeedo nee soo baston nee ell me-o. Teeainy oostaid ambray 6 said? No taingo nee ambray nee said. Teeainy Vd. kahlor 6 freeo 1 No taingo nee kalor nee freeo. Ah raitheebeedo oos- taid ell veeno 6 ell pan? Ell korcho. Ell teerahboothon Ell marteel-yo. » Dell karpeentairo. Ell eeair-ro, or feeair- ro. Ell clah-vo. Ell clah-vo de eeair-ro. Ell Franthais. EH Espan-yol. Ell Eenglais. Ell parahgwas. Kay teeainy oostaid. No — nada. No taingo nada. Teeainy oostaid algo r i No taingo nada. FIFTH LESSON. 33 EXERCISE No. 9. I am neither hungry nor thirsty. — Have you received my shoe or the shoemaker's ? — I have received neither yours nor the shoemaker's. — Have you your pencil or the boy's. — I have neither mine nor the boy's. — Which pencil have you received? — I have received that of the merchant. — Have you my chocolate or that of the merchant ? — I have neither yours nor the merchant's; I have my own. — Have you received the coffee or the wine ? — I have received neither the coffee nor the wine. — Have you your thimble or the tailor's ? — I have neither mine nor the tailor's. — Have you received your corkscrew or mine ? — I have received neither yours nor mine ; I have received the copper nail." — Ave you warm or cold ?— 1 am neither warm nor cold ; 1 am sleepy.' — Are you afraid ? — I am not afraid. — Have you received my hammer or the carpenter's ? — I have received neither yours nor the carpenter's. — Which nail have you ? — I have the iron nail. — Which hammer have you received ? -1 have received the iron hammer of the carpenter. — Have you any thing ? — I have something. — What have you ? — I have the Frenchman's fine umbrella. — Have you received the cotton handkerchief of the Englishman ? — No, sir, I have received the fine handkerchief of the Spaniard. EXERCISE No. 10. Have you my umbrella or yours ? — I have neither yours nor mine. —-Which stick have you received ? — I have received my friend's. — Have you received my cotton vest, or that of my brother ? — I have received neither yours nor your brother's.— Which string have you ? — I have my neighbor's cotton string. — Have you received the book of the Frenchman or that of the merchant ? — I have received neither the Frenchman's nor that of the merchant. — Which book have you received ? — I have received my own. — What is the matter with you ? — Nothing. — Is anything the matter with you ? — Nothing is the mat- ter with me. — Are you cold ? — I am not cold, I am w T arm. — Have you received anything ? — I have received nothing. — Have you nol received your exercise? — Yes, Sir, I have received my exercise. — Which exer- cise have you ? — I have the exercise number seven. The Frenchman has the exercise number eight. ADDITION TO THE FIFTH LESSON ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. What is the best news due nos dice V. de Kay nos deethay oos- with you. nuevo 1 taid day nooaivo 1 Nothing particular. Nada particular. Nahda parteekoolar. What is that 1 Q,ue es eso 1 Kay es eso 1 Are you in a hurry 1 Esta V. de priesa 1 ? E st a oostaid day pree- aisa 1 34 SIXTH LESSON. ENGLISH. I am not in a hurry, Are you ready 1 I am ready. I am very glad to see Me "alegro you. ver a V. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. No esto-e day preeaisa. Esta oostaid leesto. Esto-e leesto, de May alaigro moocho day vair ah oostaid. No estoy de priesa. Esta V, listo % Estoy listo, mucho EXERCISE No. 11. Walk in. — Good evening. — How do you do? — I am very glad to see you. — You are quite a stranger. — Be pleased to take a seat. — What is the best news. — Nothing particular, — Are you ready. — Not yet {todavia). — Excuse me a moment, if you please. — Certainly (segu- ramente) with much pleasure, — Are you in a hurry ? — No, Sir, 1 am not in a hurry. — I shall have the pleasure to wait on you in a mo- meat. ( Tetulri el gusto de esiar a sus &rdenes en un memento.) — Thank you, Sir. Sixth lesson. The thread. The fork The biscuit Of the captam, Of the cook. The fish. SIXTH LESSON. Leccion sesta. El hilo. El tenedor. El bizcocho. Del capitam Del cocinero. El pescado. Lectheeon saisia. Ell eelo. Ell tainaidor. Ell beeth-cocho. Dail kahpeetan. Dail kotheenairo. Ell paiskado. Obs. A. — Fish is called pescado when it is caught, and it is in the water. \ez when Have I ? You have. You have not. Am 1 right ? Tengo yo ? Vd. tiene. Vd. no tiene. f Tengo yo razon ? Taingo yo 1 Oostaid teeainy. Oostaid no teeainy. Taingo yo rahthon % Obs. B. — Spaniards generally dispense with the use of the per- sonal pronouns (with the exception of Vd.) in speaking as well as in writing, except when the verb is used interrogatively, speaking em- phatically, or in degree of comparison — as, Tengo yo ? — (Have I ?) — or, Yo tengo unperro y il tiene un caballo. — (I have a dog and he has a horse). Is the man right ? f Tiene el hombre ra- Teeainy ell ombray zon ? rahthon ? He is not right. t El no tiene razon. Ell no teeainy rahthon. SIXTH LESSON. 35 ENGLISH. You are right. You are not right. Have you received the nail ? Yes, sir, I have receiv- ed it. I have not received it. Have you received any- thing ? I have received nothing What have I received ? You have received your money. Have you the carpen- ter's hammer ? Yes, sir, I have it. Have you it ? No, sir, I, have it not. Have I it ? The mutton. The knife. Which one ? That of the carpenter, or the carpenter's. That of the cook, or the cook's. The fine one. The ugly one. The new one. Have you your knife, or mine ? I have neither yours nor mine. Have you received your umbrella, or mine ? I have received neither yours, nor mine. The French General. The Spanish lawyer. The English ship. The American physici- spanish. t Vd.tiene razon. „ Vd. no tiene razon. Ha recibido Vd. el cla- vo ? Si, senor, lo he recibi- do. No lo he recibido. Ha recibido Vd. algo ? No he recibido nada. Que he recibido yo ? Vd. ha recibido su di- nero. Tiene Vd. el martillo del carpintero 1 Si, senor, lo tengo. Lo tiene Vd.'* No, senor, no lo tengo. Lo tengo yo 1 El carnero, El cuchillo. Cudl? El del carpintero. El del cocinero. El hermoso. El feo. El nuevo. Tiene Vd. su cuchillo 6 el mio 1 No tengo ni el suyo ni el mio. Ha recibido Vd. su pa- raguas 6 el mio ? No he recibido ni el su- yo ni el mio. El Jeneral Frances. El abogado Espanol. El buque Ingl6s. El medico Americano, PRONUNCIATION. Oostaid teeainy rah thon. Oostaid no teeainy rah- thon. Ah raitheebeedo oos- taid ell clah-vo. See, sainnior, lo eh rai- theebeedo. No lo eh raitheebeedo. Ah raitheebeedo oos- taid algo. No eh raitheebeedo nada. Kay eh raitheebeedo yo. Vd.ah raitheebeedo soo deenairo. Teeainy oostaid ell mar- teel-yo dell karpeen- tairo. See, sainnior, lo taingo. Lo teeainy Vd. No, sainnior, no lo tain- Lo taingo yo. Ell karnairo. Ell koocheel-yo. Kwal ? Ell dell karpeentairo. Ell dell kotheenairo. Ell airmoso. Ell fai-o. Ell nwaivo. Teeainy oostaid soo koocheel-yo 6 ell mee-o. No taingo nee ell sooyo nee ell mee-o. Ah raitheebeedo oos- taid soo parahgwas 6 ell mee-o. No he raitheebeedo nee ell suyo nee ell mee-o. Ell hai-nai-ral Fran- thais. Ell ah-bo-gah-do Ais- pan-yol. Ell boo-kay Eenglais. Ell mai-dee-co Amai- ree-kah-no. 36 SIXTH LESSOI\„ EXERCISE No, 12, Have you received your English dog ?— No, Sir, I have not re- ceived it. — Has the English captain his dog ? — He has it. — Have you my American hat ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Has the French general re- ceived his corkscrew ? — He has not received it. — Has he his cork ? — No, Sir, he has mine. — Is the Spanish general right or not ? — He is not right ; he is afraid and ashamed.— Has the American cook my new leather shoe ? — He has it, — Have I your French chocolate ? — You have it not — you have your own. — Has the Spanish captain received his fine English horse ? — He has not received his English horse, he has received his beautiful American gold string. — Has the American general the French ship ? — He has the English ship. — Has the baker my bread or that of my friend ? — He has yours. — Has he not my friend's? — No, Sir, he has it not. — Has the French tailor my vest? — He has not yours ; he has mine. — Have you received your good old wine ? — No, Sir, I have not received it. — Has my boy your knife ? — He has it not. — Have you my cotton handkerchief ? — I have not yours ; I have mine, — Have you my friend's new umbrella? — No, Sir, I have not your friend's umbrella ; I have my own. — Has your cook my chocolate, or that of the merchant ? — He has neither yours nor the merchant's. — Have you received my pencil ?— Which one ? — The gold one. — Yes, Sir, I have received your fine gold pencil. — Have you your biscuit or mine ? — I have neither yours nor mine. — Which have you ? I have that of my brother. — Have I your thimble or that of the tailor ? — You have neither mine nor that of the tailor. — Which one have I ? — You have your friend's. — Have you my iron ship ? — I have it not. — Have I your mutton or the cook's ? —You have neither mine nor the cook's. — Have I received your fine knife ? — You have received it not. — Have you received it ? — I have received it. — Which handkerchief have, I? — You have the fine cotton handkerchief of my brother — Which exercise have you received ? — I have received the exercise number eight. EXERCISE No. 13. Am I right? — You are right. — Is my friend, the French captain, cold or warm ?--He is neither cold nor warm — he is sleepy. — Is the En- glish boy afraid ? — The English boy is not afraid. — Is he ashamed ? — Yes, Sir, he is ashamed. — Have I good coffee or good sugar ?— You have neither good coffee nor good sugar. — What have I ? — You have nothing.— Have you my friend's fine ship ? — I have not his fine ship. — Which ship have you? — I have your pretty paper ship. — Which mutton have I received ? — You have received that of your cook. — Have I your corkscrew or the merchant's ? — You have neither mine nor the merchant's.— Which chocolate have you received ? — I have received that of the Frenchman.— Which shoe have you ? — I have SEVENTH LESSON. 37 the shoemaker's leather shoe.— Which one have I ?— You haye that of the old baker. — Which one have you ? — I have that of my good neighbor. — What is the matter with you ?— I am afraid. — Have I any- thing ? — You have nothing. — Which exercise have you ? — 1 have the exercise number one. — Have you the exercise number two ?— I have neither the exercise number two nor the number three. — Which have you ? — I have number four. — Has your friend the exercise number five or six ? — He has neither the exercise number five nor the number six. — Which exercise has your brother ? — He has the exercise number eight. — Has the French boy the exercise number nine ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. ADDITION TO THE SIXTH LESSON. Bookkeeper. Cashier. In haste. Do not trouble yourself. It is not a trouble. I am sorry to trouble you. Not at all. When shall I have the pleasure to see you again? SPANISH. Tenedor de libros. Cajero. De priesa. No se moleste V. No es molestia. Siento molestar a V. De ningun modo. Cuando volvere a tener el placer de ver a V. ? PRONUNCIATION, Tainaidor day leebros. Kahairo. Day preeaisa. No say molaistay oos- taid. No es molaisteeah. See-ainto molaistar ah oostaid. Day neengoon modo. Kwando volvairay ah tain air ell plathair day vair ah oostaid 1 1 EXERCISE No. 14.] I am sorry to trouble you for (por) a moment. — Not at all. — I am very glad to see you. — How have you been ? {Comb lo ha pasado Vd. ? — Very well, at your service. — When shall I have the pleasure to see you again. — Thank you, Sir, perhaps to-morrow I shall have myself lyo mismo) that (ese) pleasure. — I will be very happy to see you. — Is (esta) your bookkeeper busy ? — Is your cashier in a hurry for the money ? — By no means there is no hurry (No corre priesa). Seventh lesson. Who? Who has 1 Who has the pencil % SEVENTH LESSON. Lection setima. Lectheeon sdi-teemah. Quien ? Quien tiene ? Quien tiene el lapiz ? Key -din ? Key-din teediny ? Key-ain teeainy ell lab- peeth 1 3S SEVENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. The man has the pen- El hombie tiene el la- Ell ombray teeainy ell cil. piz. lah-peeth. Who has it 1 Quien lo tiene ? Key-ain lo teeainy 1 The boy has it. El muchacho lo tiene. Ell moochahcho lo tee- ainy. The boy has it not. El muchacho no lo Ell moochahcho no lo tiene. teeainy. The ox. El buey. Ell bwai-ee. The chicken. El polio. Ell pol-yo. The trunk. El baul. Ell bah-ool. The bag, the sack. El saco. Ell sah-co. The young man, youth. El joven. Ell ho-vain. He. JEl. Ell. Obs. A. — El (pronoun) always must be accented to distinguish it from El (article). He has. El tiene. Ell teeainy. He has the trunk. El tiene el baul. Ell teeainy ell bah-ool. He has it. El lo tiene. Ell lo teeainy. He has it not. El no lo tiene. Ell no lo teeainy. Has he 1 Tiene el % Teeainy ell 1 Has he the knife 1 Tiene el el cuchillo 1 Teeainy ell ell koo- cheel-yo 1 To see. Ver. Vair. Seen. Visto. Veesto.. Have you seen your Ha visto Vd. su perro % Ah veesto oostaid soo dog? pairro 1 I have not seen it. No lo he visto. No lo eh veesto. Have you seen my pa- Ha visto Vd. mi papel 1 Ah veesto oostaid mee per 1 pahpail 1 No, sir, I have not seen No, senor, no lo he vis- No, sainnior, no lo eh it. to. veesto. Is the man hungry 1 t Tiene el hombre Teeainy ell ombray am- hambre ? bray. Yes, Sir, he is. f Si, Senor, tiene. See. satn-nior teeainy. He is neither hungry tNo tiene ni hambre ni No teeainy nee ambray nor thirsty. sed. nee said. Is your brother warm or t Tiene su hermano ca- Teeainy soo airmahno cold? lor 6 frio. kahlor 6 freeo 1 Is the young man right t Tiene el joven razon Teeainy ell hovain rah- or not 1 6 no? thon 6 no ? Has the boy the bag of Tiene el muchacho el Teeainy ell moochah- the carpenter 1 saco del carpintero 1 cho ell sahco dell karpeentairo. Has the baker it % Lo tiene el panadero ? Lo teeainy ell pahnah- dairo 1 Kay teeainy me amee- What has my friend 1 due tiene mi amigo ? The gilliflower. El aleli. EU ah-lai-lee. The rice. El arroz. Ell ar-roth. The countryman. El paisano. Ell pah-ee-sah-no. SEVENTH LESSON. 39 The peasant. The servant. His or her shoe. His or her dog. His or her foot. His or her sofa. His or her tissue. His or hers 1 (absolute His own, > possess. her own ) pronoun) Has the servant his trunk or mine 1 He has his own. Somebody, or anybody. Some one or any one (indefinite pronoun). Has anybody my book 1 Somebody has it. Who has my stick 1 Nobody. No one. Nobody has your stick. El campesino. El criado. Su zapato Su perro. Su pie. Su sofa. Su tisii. El suyo (see observa- tion fourth lesson). Tiene el criado su baul 6 el mio. Tiene el suyo. Alguien^ 1 ) Alguno. Tiene alguien mi libro. Alguien lo tiene. Gluien tiene mi baston 1 Nadie.( 2 ) Ninguno. Nadie tiene su baston. PRONUNCIATION. Ell kampayseeno. Ell cree-ahdo. Soo thah-pah-to. Soo pairro. Soo pee-ai. Soo so-iah. Soo teesoo. Ell sooyo. Teeainy ell creeahdo soo bah-ool 6 ell mee-o. Teeainy ell sooyo. J Algey-ain. Algoono. Teeainy algey-ain me leebro. Algey-ain lo teeainy. Key-ain teeainy me bas- ton. Nah-deeay. Neen-goo-no. Nah-deeay teeainy soo baston. Nah-deeay lo teeainy. Neengoono lo teeainy. Nobody has it. Nadie lo tiene. No one has it. Ninguno lo tiene. (1) Alguien unlimitedly refers to any person whatsoever. Alguno limitedly refers to an indeterminate person, of a determinate number or class, as — " Si viene alguien a buscarme, di que no estoy en casa ; porque temo que ha de venir a hacerme una visita alguno de mis acree- dores ;" if anybody comes for me, say that I am not at home ; because I fear that some one of my creditors will make me a visit. This is the reason why is said, alguno de ellos, and not alguien de ellos — some one of them. (2.) The same acceptation in which alguien and alguno are used in an affirmative sense, nadie and ningwio are used in a negative sense : that is, nadie signifies unlimitedly all persons, without determining either class or number; ninguno signifies limitedly all persons who compose the class or number which is spoken of, as ; "Nadie es capaz de haceiio," nobody is capable to do it ; that is, there is not any person, of whatever class or number he may be, who can do it. " De los solda- dos que asaltaron la brecha, ninguno dejo de quedar muerto 6 herido ;" of the soldiers who stormed the breach, not one failed to remain dead or wounded ; that is, of the men who composed that determinate class or number, there was not one who was not either dead or wounded. This is the reason why is said ninguno de ellos, and not nadie de ellos, no one of them, 40 SEVENTH LESSON, EXERCISE No. 15. Who has my trunk ?--The boy has it. — Has the man the chicken ? —He has it. — Who has my vest ?— The young man has it — Has the young man my ship ? — The young man has it not. — Who has it ? — The American captain has it. — What has the French cook received ? — He has received the chicken. — Has he received my good knife ? — He has not received it. — Who has received it ? — Nobody has received it. — Is the man right or not ?— He is not right.- — Have you seen the su- gar ? — No, Sir, I have not seen it. — Have you seen your old thread ? — Yes, Sir, I have seen it. — Which cloth have you seen ?— I have seen the fine one of my friend. — Who has seen my cloth ?— The Spanish servant has seen it. — Who has seen my horse ? — The countryman has seen it. — What has the young man seen ? — He has seen nothing, Has the cook the chicken or the rice ? — He has neither the chicken nor the rice. Who has my fork ? — The French boy has it. — Who has seen the countryman's umbrella? — The Spanish servant has seen it. — Has your servant my horse or yours ? — He has neither your horse nor mine ; he has that of the neighbor. — Who has the exercise number ten ? — I have it. — What exercise have you ? — I have the ex- ercise number ten. EXERCISE No. 16. Has any body my book ? — Nobody has it. — Has the countryman my hat ? — He has it not. — Has the tailor received my pretty vest ? — He has not received it. — What has he received ? — He has received no- thing. — Has the carpenter seen his hammer ? — He has not seen it. — Has he seen anything ? — He has seen something. — Has he my English dog or my Spanish horse ? — He has neither your English dog nor your Spanish horse. — Has he received my good American cheese or my good French wine ? — He has neither received your fine American cheese nor your good French wine ; he has received his pretty gold button. — Have I your bag or your friend's ? — You have neither mine nor my friend's ; you have your own. — Who has seen the country- man's ox ? — I have seen it. — Who is afraid ? — The tailor's boy is afraid. — What is the matter with him ? — Nothing. — Is he cold or hungry ? — He is neither cold nor hungry ; he is sleepy. — Has the young man his trunk ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. — Has the captain re- ceived his money ? — No, Sir, he has not received it. — Who has seen my bag ? — Nobody has seen it. — Have you the exercise number eleven ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. EXERCISE No. 17. Has the merchant my umbrella or his ? — He has neither yours nor his. — What gillyflower has he received. — He has received that of my brother.— Which thimble has the French tailor?— He has his own,— SEVENTH LESSON. 41 Has your brother received my good Spanish wine or the neighbor's ? — He has received neither yours nor the neighbor's. — Which wine has he received ? — He has received his own. — Has any body seen my gold string ? — Nobody has seen it. — Who has my copper candlestick ? — Your boy has it. — Has he received my paper hat ? — No, Sir, he has not received it. — Who has the Frenchman's ugly shoe? — The mer- chant has it.— Has he it ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. — Has your cook re- ceived his mutton? — He has received it. — Have you my bread or my cheese ? — I have neither your bread nor your cheese. — Have you my new umbrella? — I have it not; I have my own. — Have you the Spaniard's sofa or the Englishman's ? — T have neither the Spaniard's nor that of the Englishman ; I have my own. — Who has the French- man's ox ? — Nobody has it. — Who has the exercise number twelve ? — I have it not. — Who has it ? — My friend has it. — Have you the exercise number eleven ? — No, Sir, I have it not ; I have the exercise number ten. — Have you the exercise number twelve ? — Yes, Sir* you are right ; I have it. ADDITION TO THE SEVENTH LESSON ENGLISH. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. On Sunday. On next Monaay, etc. What dav of the week is it 1 SPANISH. Domingo. Liines. Martes. Miercoles Jueves. Viernes. Sabado. El Domingo. El Lunes proximo, etc. due dia de la semana es hoy 1 PRONUNCIATION, i Domingo. Loonais. Martais. Mee-airkolais. Hoo-aivais. Vee-airnais. Sabado. Ell Domingo.'' Ell Loonais proximo, etc. Kay dee-ah day la sai- mahnah es 6-ee 1 EXERCISE No. 18. When shall I have the pleasure to see you again ? — On Monday next s or perhaps before {antes) — I will be very happy to see you. — Thank you (Gracias.) — What day of the week is it? — To-day is (hoy es) Sunday. — To-day is Monday. — To-day is Tuesday. — To-day is Wednesday. — To-day is Thursday. — To-day is Friday. — To-day is Saturday. — On Sunday. — On Monday. — On Tuesday. — On Wednes- day — On Thursday. — On Friday. — On Saturday. — On Monday next, etc. 42 EIGHTH LESSON. Eighth Lesson* The sailor. His tree. His bird. His mattress. The stranger. The foreigner. The garden. His glove. ' This or that hay. ' This or that gentleman. This or that ass. This book. That book. Have you received this or that book 1 I have received this one. I have not received that one. From my friend. From the ship. EIGHTH. LESSON. SPANISH. Leccion octava. El marinero. Su arbol. Su pajaro. Su colchon. El estranjero. El forastero. El jardin. Su guante. Este 6 aquel neno. Este 6 aquel caballero. Este 6 aquel asno or burro. Este librp. Aquel libro. Ha recibido Vd. este aquel libro 1 He recibido este. No he recibido aquel. De mi amigo.J / Del buque. PRONUNCIATION. Lectheeon octdhvah. Ell mareenai-ro. Soo ar-bol. Soo pah-haro. Soo kol-chon. Ell estran-hairo. Ell forastai-ro. Ell har-deen. Soo gwanty. Esty o ah-kail eh-no. Esty o ah-kail kah-bal- yay-ro. Esty o ah-hail assno or boor-ro. Esty leebro. Ah-kail leebro. Ah raitheebee-do oos- taid esty o ah-kail leebro 1 Eh raitheebee-do esty. No eh raitheebeedo ah- kail. Day me ameego. Dell boo-kay. Esty. Ah-kdil. This one. Este. That one. Aquel. (Ese.) Ah-kdil. (Esy.) Obs. A. — Este, designates the object near the person who speaks ; ese, the object distant from the person who speaks and near the person spoken to ; but aquel designates the object distant from both the per- son who speaks and that spoken to. Have I seen this one, He visto yo este 6 a- quel 1 Vd. ha visto este, Vd no ha visto aquel. or that one 1 You have seen this one ; you have not seen that one. Eh veesto yo esty o ah- kaiH Oostaid ah veesto esty oostaid no ah veesto ah-kail. Has the man seen this Ha visto el hombre este Ah veesto ell ombray one, or that one 1 6 aquel 1 esty o ah-kail 1 But. Pero — sino. Pedro — seeno. Obs. B. — The conjunction but, not preceded by a negative, is ex- pressed by pero or mas; after a negative it is construed sino* * It is to be observed, that although sino is the most proper to be used after a negative, pero, or mas, is preferable when the verb is repeated ; as, " They did not go on Monday, but they went on Tuesday — Ellos no fneron el Liines, pero or mas fueron el Martes." EIGHTH LESSON. 43 ENGLISH SPANISH. He has [seen this one, El 'ha visto este, pero but not that one. no aquel. He has not seen this El no ha visto este, sino one, bat that one. aquel. The note, the billet, or El billete. the ticket. The corn. El grano. Have you received this Ha recibido Vd. este ticket or that one % billete 6 aquel 1 I have not received this No he recibido este, sino one, but that one. aquel. I have received this one, He recibido este, pero but not that one. no aquel. Has the neighbor this Tien e el vecino este col- mattress, or that one 1 chon 6 aquel 1 He has this one, but El tiene este, pero no not that one. aquel. That or which (relative pronoun). Have you the note that my brother has re- ' ceived 1 I have not the note that your brother has re- ceived 7 Have you the horse that 1 have received from my friend 1 I have the horse that you have received from your friend. Que, el cual. Tiene Vd. el billete que mi hermano ha reci- bido 1 No tengo el billete que su hermano ha reci- bido. Tiene Vd. el caballo que he recibido de mi amigo 1 Tengo el caballo que Vd. ha recibido de su That which, which. I have not the one which you have received. I have the one which he has received. Have I the glove which you have received 1 the one El que. No tengo el que Vd. ha recibido. Tengo el que el ha re- cibido. Tengo yo el guante que Vd. ha recibido'? You hare not the one Vd. no tiene el que yo which I have re- he recibido. ceived PRONUNCIATION. Ell ah veesto esty, pairo no ah-kail. Ell no ah veesto esty see-no ah-kail. Ell bill-yai-ty. Ell grah-no. Ah raitheebeedo oostaid esty bill-yai-ty o ah- kaiH No eh raitheebeedo esty, see-no ah-kail. Eh raitheebeedo esty, pairo no ah-kail. Teeainy ell vai-thee-no esty "kol-chon 6 ah- kail 1 Ell teeainy esty, pairo no ah-kail. Kay, ell kwal. Teeai-ny Vd. ell bill- yai-ty kay me air- mano ah raithee-bee- dp7 I No taingo ell bill-yai- ty kay soo airmano ah raitheebeedo. Teeainy oostaid ell kah- bal-yo kay eh raithee- beedo day me amee- go- Taingo ell kah-bal-yo kay oostaid ah rai- theebeedo day soo a- meego. Ell hay. No taingo ell kay oos- taid ah raitheebeedo. Taingo ell kay ell ah raitheebeedo. Taingo yo ell gwanty kay oostaid ah rai- theebeedo 1 Oostaid no teeainy ell kay yo eh raithee- beedo. 44 EIGHTH LESSON. ENGLISH. What. What a pity ! What a beautiful ass ! What a handsome dog ! What a beautiful boy ! What a shame ! PRONUNCIATION. Que. j due lastima ! i Glue hermoso asno ! i Glue lindo perro ! Kay. Kay las-teemah ! Kay airmoso assno ! Kay leendo pair-ro ! i Glue hermoso mucha- Kay airmoso moochah- cho ! cho ! j Glue vergiienza ! Kay vair-gwain-thah ! Obs. C. — The note of exclamation (!) inverted (;) is placed in Span- ish before the exclamation. It is the same with the interrogation note 0) (?) RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES UPON THE PRECEDING RULES. EXERCISE No. 19. Which hay have you ? — I have that of the countryman. — Has the tailor received my new vest ? He has not received it. — Have you this fish or that one ? — I have this one. — Have you received the hay of the stranger ? — I have not received it. — Have you this mattress ? — I have it. — Which looking-glass have you ? — I have my own. — Who has received this note ? — This man has received it. — who has received that candlestick ? — Your friend has received it. — Have you received the corn of your garden or that of mine? — I have received neither that of your garden nor that of mine, but that of the merchant. — Who has my glove ? — That servant has it. — What has your servant ?— He has the tree of this garden. — Has the countryman this or that bird? — He has neither this nor that, but that which the boy has received. — Has this beautiful ass his hay or that of the old horse ? — He has nei- ther his nor that of the horse. — What gentleman has received my ticket ? — This gentleman has received your ticket, and your neighbor has received mine. — Have I your ticket or his ? — You have neither mine nor his, but that of your friend. — Have you this gentleman's cot- ton handkerchief? — I have not this gentleman's handkerchief. — Who has it? — Your brother has it? — Has the stranger received my bird or his own ? — He has received neither yours nor his; he has received' that of the captain. — Have you the tree of this garden ? — I have it not — Are you hungry or thirsty ? — No, Sir, I am sleepy. — Are you afraid or ashamed ? — I am afraid. — Are you cold or warm ? — I am cold. EXERCISE No. 20. What is the matter with the captain ? — What captain ? — The Spanish captain. — Nothing is the matter with him. — Who has his ship ? — The American captain has it. — Has the sailor received this or that bird ? — He has not received this bird but that one. — Has your servant that mattress or this one ? — He has this one, but not that one. — Has your cook received this chicken or that one ? — He has received neither this nor that one, but that of his neighbor. — Has the stranger his knife ? EIGHTH LESSON, 45 No, Sir, he has that of the French boy ? — Have you the note which my brother has received ?— I have it not. — Which ticket have you ? —I have my own. — Which thread have you ? — I have that which the tailor has received. — Have you the fine horse which my friend has received ? — I have not that which he has received, but the one which the Frenchman has received. — Which exercise have you?-^-I have the exercise number fourteen. EXERCISE No. 21. What a shame! — The English captain is afraid? — What is the matter with him ? — He is afraid and ashamed. — What a pity ! — Who has his ship ? — The French captain has it. — What is the matter with the Spanish general, is he cold or warm ? — He is warm. — What a beautiful dog! — Who has received this dog? — The American general has received it from his friend the Spanish captain — Have you re- ceived this cloth from the tailor ? — No, Sir, I have not received it from the tailor but from my friend the Frenchman. — What a beautiful ass ! — Who has received it ? — My cook has received it from his countryman the Spanish sailor. — Which bag has the young man ? — He has the one which my boy has received from you. — Have I your gold string ? — You have it not. — Have you my vest ? — I have it not. — Which one have you ? — I have that which my brother has received from the Englishman. — Are you cold ? — No, Sir, I am warm. — Has any body my umbrella ? — No body has it. — Ts any body afraid ? — No body is afraid, but my friend. — Is any body sleepy? — No body is sleepy ; but this gentleman. — Is that gentleman hungry ? — No, Sir, he is ashamed and sleepy. — Has that gentleman the exercise number thirteen or fourteen ? — He has neither the number thirteen nor the four- teen, but the number fifteen. — Who has the exercise number thirteen ? —This gentleman has it. — Am I right ? — Yes, Sir. You are right. ADDITION TO THE EIGHTH LESSON. ENGLISH. Who is there ? Who is it 7 How are you % I am rather indisposed 1 Has the steamer arriv- ed? It has just arrived. It brings bad news. I am very sorry. I am very glad. SPANISH. Gluien esta ahi 1 Gtuien es 1 Como esta Vd. 1 Estoy algo indispues- to. Ha llegado el vapor 1 \ Acaba de llegar. Trae malas noticias. J Lo siento mucho. t Me alegro mucho. PRONUNCIATION. Kei-ain esta ah-ee. Kei-ain es 1 Como esta oostaid. Estoee algo indispo aisto. Ah lliai-gah-do ell va- por 1 Ah-kah-ba day Uiai-gar. Try mahlas noteethee- as. Lo see-ainto moocho. May alaigro moocho. 46 NINTH LESSON. EXERCISE No. 22. Who is it ? — Who is there ? — Walk in. — How do you do ? — I am rather indisposed to-day. — How are you ? — Very well. — I thank. you. — Sit down {sientese F.)— What is the best news with you ? — -It is said that (se dice que) the steamer has arrived. — What news does it bring ? (Que noticias trae ?) — It is said that it brings very bad news. — I am very sorry. — I am very glad. NINTH LESSON, ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. Ninth lesson. Lection nona. Lectheeon nonah. DECLENSION OF THE DEFINITE MASCULINE ARTICLE IN THE PLURAL. Norn. the. Nominative) los. Nomeenahteevo, los. Poss. of or from the. Posesivo de los. Posaiseevo, day los. Obj. to the. Objetivo a los. Ob-haiteevo, ah los. Obs. A. — The articles like the pronouns, must agree with their sub- stantives and adjectives in Gender, Number, and Case. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 1st Rule. — Nouns terminating with a vowel, not being an accented a or i, form the plural by adding an s to the singular.^) This rule, as well as the following, is not only applicable to nouns, but also to the article, to adjectives, and to many of the pronouns. — Ex. : The book, the books. El libro, los libros. EH leebro, los leebros. The £ood book, the good El libro bueno. los li- Ell leebro bwaino, los books. bros buenos. leebros bwainos. Of the book, vof the Del libro, de los libros. Dell leebro, day los lee- books, bros. The tissue, the tissues. El tisu, los ti sl ^ St Ell teesoo, los feesoos. The foot, the feet. El pie, ios pies. Ell peeai> l° s peeais. 2d Rule. — When the noun terminates with y, an accented a or i, or a consonant, the plural is formed by adding es to the singular. — Ex. : The ox, the oxen. El buey, los bueyes Ell bwai-ee, los bwai- yes. The king, the kings. El rey, los reyes. Eil rai-ee, ios rai-yes. The bashaw, the ba- El baja, los bajaes, Ehbahah, los baha-ais. • shaws. The gillMower, the gil- El aleli, los alelias. Ell alai-lec, los alai- liflowers. leeais. NINTH LESSON. 47 ENGLISH. SPANISH. The wild boar, the wild El jabali, los jabalies. boars. The stick, the sticks. El baston, los bastones. The pencil, the pencils. El lapiz, los lapizes. The Spaniard,the Span- El Espanol, los Espa- iards. iioles. PRONUNCIATION. Ell habalee, los haba- leeais. Ell baston, los bastonais. Ell lah-peeth, los lah- peethais. Ell Espan-yol, los Es- pan-yoiais. 3d Rule. — If the final consonant be an s preceded by a vowel, and the stress of the voice does not lie on the last syllable, no change takes place in the formation of the plural. — Ex : The extacy, the exta- El estasis, los estasis. cies. The parenthesis, the pa- Ell parentesis, los pa- rentheses. - rentesis. The crisis, the crises; *La crisis, las crisis. Ell estasis, los estasis. The Monday, the Mon- El Liines, los Lunes. days. The Tuesday, the Tues- El Martes, los Martes. days. The Wednesday, the El Miercoles, los Mier- Wednesdays. coles. The Thursday, the El Jueves, los Jueves.^ Thursdays. The Friday, the Fri- El Viernes, los Viernes. day; Ell paraintaisees, los pa- raintaisis. Lah ereesees, las cree- sees. Ell Loo-nais, los Loo- nais. Ell Martais, los Mar- tais. Ell Meeair-ko-lais, los Meeaircolais. EU Hoo-ai-vais, los Hooaivais. Ell Vee-air-nais, los Veeairnais. The same rule is applied to compound nouns of verb and sub- stantive. El paraguas, los para- The umbrella, the um- brellas. The penknife, the pen- knives. The lightning rod, the lightning rods. ' The boot-jack, jthe boot- jacks. My. Your. El cortaplumas, los cor- taplumas. El pararayos, los para- ray OS. El sacabotas, los saca- botas. Ell parah-gwas, los pa- rah-gwas. Ell cortah-ploomas, los cortaploomas. Ell parar-rah-yos, los parar-rah-yos. Ell sah-kahbolas, los sahkahbotas. His or her. Our. Their. Singular. Plural. _ Singoolar. Plural. Mi. Mis. Me. Mis. Su (see obs. Sus. Soo. Soos. ? 4th lesson). Su. Sus. Soo. - Soos. Nuestro. Nues- Nooaistro. Nooais- tros. tros. Su. Sus. Soo. Soos. His or her books. Sus libros.(2) Our book, our books. Nuestro libro, nuestros libros. " Their book, their books. Su libro, sus libros. Soos leebros. Nooaistro leebro, no aistros leebros. Soo leebro, soos leebros, 48 NINTH LESSON. ENGLISH, SPANISH. Which book, which Cual libro, cuales li- books % bros 1 Which one, which Cual, cuales ? ones'? This or that book. Este 6 aquel libro. These or those books. Estos 6 aquellos libros. This or that pencil. Este 6 aquel lapiz. These or those pencils 1 Estos 6 aquellos lapi- zes. Which horses have you.1 I have the fine horses of your neighbors. Have I my pretty gloves 1 You have not your pret- ty gloves; you have my old hats. _ Which gloves have 1 1 You have the ugly gloves of your bro- thers. Have you the hammers of the carpenters 1 Cuales caballos tiene V(U Tengo los hermosos ca- ballos de sus veoi- nos. Tengo yo mis guantes bonitos 1 Vd. no tiene sus guan- tes bonifos ; Vd. tiene mis sombreros viejos. Cuales guantes tengo yol Vd. tiene los guantes feos de sus hermanos. Tiene Vd. los martillos de los carpinteros 1 I have not their ham- No tengo sus martillos, mers, but their nails. sino sus clavos. Has your brother my gold tissues 1 He has not your gold tissues. Which ones has he 1 Have you the French- man's fine umbrellas 1 I have not their fine um- brellas, but their so- fas. My gilliflowers. Their asses. Of my gardens. Have you the trees of my gardens 7 Tiene su hermano mis _ tisus de oro ? El no tiene sus tisus de oro. Cuales tiene el 1 Tiene Vd. los hermosos paraguas dell Fran- ces % No tengo sus hermosos paraguas, sino sus sofas. Mis alelies. Sus burros. De mis jardines. Tiene Vd. los arboles de mis jardines. I have not the trees of No tengo los arboles de your gardens. sus jardines. PRONUNCIATION. Kwal leebro, kwalais leebros 1 Kwal, kwalais 1 Esty o ahkail leebro. Estos o ahkail-yos lee- __ bros. Esty o ahkail lahpeeth. Estos o ahkail-yos lah- peethais. Kwalais kahbal-yos teeainy oostaid 1 Taingo los airmosos kah-bal-yos day soos vai-thee-nos. Taingo yo mis gwan- tais boneetos. Vd. no teeainy soos gwantais boneetos ; Vd. teeainy mis som- brai-ros veeai-hos. Kwalais gwantais tain- go yo'? Oostaid teeainy los gwantais fai-os day soos airmanos. Teeainy oostaid los marteel-yos day los karpeentai-ros 1 No taingo soos mar- teel-yos seeno soos clahvos. Teeainy soo airmano mis tissoos day oro 1 Ell no teeainy soos tis- soos day oro. Kwalais teeainy ell 1 Teeainy oostaid. los air- mosos parah-gwas dell Franthais 1 No taingo soos airmo- sos parah-gwas, seeno soos sofas. Mis alaileeais. Soos boor-ros. Day mis har-dee-nais. Teeainy oostaid los ar- bolais day mis har- deenais. No taingo los arbolais day soos hardeenois. NINTH LESSON. 49 ENGLISH. SPANISH. De mis bonitos jardines. De mis hermosos ca- ballos. No tengo sus paiiuelos de algodon. El pan, los panes. Ei fusil, los fusiles. PRONUNCIATION. Day mis boneetos har- deenais. Day mis airmosos kah- bal-yos. No taingo soos pannew- ai-los day algo-don. Ell pan, los panais. Ell fooseel, los foosee- lais. Ell eeho, los eehos. Of my pretty gardens, Of my fine horses. 1 have not your cotton handkerchiefs. The bread, the loaves. The gun, the guns. The son, the sons. El hijo, los hijos. Obs. C. — There are in Spanish certain masculine nouns, which, used - in the plural, comprehend the individuals of both sexes. — Ex. : Hijos, son and daughter — Padres, father and mother, or parents — Hermanos, brother and sister — Tios, uncle and aunt — Sobrinos, nephew and niece — Nietos, grand-son and grand-daughter — Abuelos, grand-father and grand -mother — and so on as to all other relations. In the same man- ner all the hereditary titles or dignities, from Baron and Count to King and Emperor, when used in the plural, imply also the individu- als of both sexes. Thus, by saying, for example, Los duques de Montpensier, we denote the duke and duchess of that title. It ought to be understood, that this is not applicable to those names or titles de- rived from public offices, as President, Senator, Judge, &c, because by them we denote the persons who serve such offices, and not their wives, which, are called for instance, La Presidenta, or la mujer del Presidente ; the Presidentess or the wife of the President. (1.) Except papa, mama, and sofa, whose plurals are papas, mamas, and sofas. (2.) It is to be noticed that in Spanish the possessive pronoun does not derive its number or gender from the number or gender of the person or thing to which it belongs, but from the number or gender of the per- son or thing possessed. Thus, speaking, for instance, of the eyes of a person we would say their eyes, instead of his eyes. Conse- quently, we must say sus libros (their books), speaking of many books belonging to one or mote persons. EXERCISE No. 23. Have you the gloves ? — Yes, Sir, I have the gloves. — Have you seen my gloves > — -No, Sir, I have not seen your gloves. — Have you my fine looking-glasses? — Yes, Sir, I have your fine looking-glasses. — Have I your good guns ? — You have not my good guns. — Which oxen has the countryman ? — He has the old oxen of his friends. — Has the foreigner our pretty sticks ? — He has not our pretty sticks, but our good ships. — Who has my fine horses ? — Nobody has your fine horses, but somebody has your old asses. — Has your neighbor seen the trees of your garden ? — He has not seen the trees of mv garden, but he has seen your pretty notes, — Have you the horses 5 3 50 SINTH LESSON. h a y? — I have not their hay, but their shoes — (herraduras). — Has your tailor my pretty gold buttons? — He has not your pretty gold buttons, but your pretty gold strings. — What has the sailor? — He has his fine ships. — Has he my gilliflowers or my knives ? — He has neither your gilliflowers nor your knives. — Who has the tailor's good vests ? — No- body has his vests, but somebody has his copper buttons. — Has the Frenchman's boy my good umbrellas ? — He has not your good umbrel- las, but your good pencils. — Has the shoemaker my leather shoes ? — He has your leather shoes. — What has the Spanish captain ? — He has the good Spanish sailors. — What has our friend the young English- man ? — He has his fine leather trunks. — Which forks have you ? — I have the old forks of our cooks. EXERCISE No. 24. r Which mattrasses has the sailor ? — He has the good niattrasses "of his captain. — Which gardens has the Frenchman ? — He has the gar- dens of the English. — Which servants has the Englishman ? — He has the servants of the Spanish gentleman. — What has your boy ? — He has his pretty birds. — What has the merchant ? — He has our tissues. — What has the baker ? — He has his loaves. — Has the carpenter his iron hammer ? — He has not his iron hammer, but his copper nails. — Which biscuits has the baker ? — He has the biscuits of his friends. — Has our friend our fine pen-knives ? — He has not our fine pen-knives. —Which looking-glasses has the young man ? — He has the looking- glasses of his countryman. — Has your brother the notes of the mer- chants ? — He has not the notes of the merchants, but their gold candle- sticks. — Have you received these notes ? — I have not received these notes, but these iron knives. — Has the man received this or that note ? He has received neither this nor that. — Have you seen the books that I have received ? — I have not seen the books that you have re- ceived. — Have you received these papers from the French or from the Americans ? — No, Sir, I have received these papers from the Spaniards. — Have you the chocolate of the French general or your friend's ? — I have neither that of the French general nor my friend's. I have my own. — Has the English captain his wine or that which you have received ? — He has neither his nor that which I have received. — Which wine has he ? — He has that of the merchants. — Have you seen the bag which my servant has received ? — I have not seen it.— Is the peasant cold or warm ? — He is neither cold nor warm. ADDITION TO THE NINTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH, PRONUNCIATION. What is it 1 due es eso 1 Kay es eso 1 Take care ! Cuidado ! Koo-ee-dahdo ! Be careful, Tome V. cuidado. Tomay oostaid koo-ee- dahdo. TENTH LESSON. 51 ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. The mail. La posta, el correo. La posta, ell kor-rai-o. The post-office. La posta, or la oficina La ofeetheena day kor- de Correos, rai-os. EXERCISE No. 25. Has the mail arrived ? — It has not arrived yet.— What is it ? — The mail has just arrived. — I am glad. — Is there any thing new. — (Hay algo de nuevo.) — Nothing particular. — Are you (estd V.) very husy to- day ? — Rather so (algo). — What day of the week is it ? — It is Mon- day. — Take care ! to-day is post-day, (dia de correo). — And (y) are you not busy ? — By no means. TENTH LESSON. Tenth lesson. Those. Have you my books, or those of the man ? I have not yours, but those of the man. Have you received your books ? I have not received my books. Those which. Have you the books, which I have re- ceived 1 I have those which you have received. Has the Englishman seen the knives which you have,, or those which I have 1 He has seen neither those which you have, nor those which I have. Which knives has he seen ? Leccion decima. Lectheeon ddytheenia. Los. Los. Tiene Vd. mis libros, o Teeainv oostaid mis los del hombre 1 leebros 6 los dell om- bray 1 No tengo los suyos, sino No tain go los sooyos, los del hombre. seeno los del ombray. Ha recibido Vd. sus li- Ah raytheebeedo oostaid bros % soos leebros ? No he recibido mis li- No eh raitheebeedo bros. mis leebros. Los que. Tiene Vd. los libros, que he recibido % Tengo los que Vd. ha recibido. Ha visto el Ingles los cuchillos que Vd. tiene, o los que yo tengo ? El no ha visto ni los que Vd. tiene, ni los que yo tengo. Cuales cuchillos ha vis- , to eH Los kdy. Teeainy oostaid los lee- bros kay eh raithee- beedo ? Tain go los kay oostaid ah raitheebeedo. Ah veesto eenglais los koocheel-yos kay oos- taid teeainy, oh los kay yo taingo 1 Ell no ah veesto nee los kay oostaid tee- ainy nee los kay yo taingo. Kwahlais koocheel-yos ah veesto ell ? 52 TENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. He has seen those of our friends. Which forks has he 1 He has his own. SPANISH. El ha visto los de nues- tros amigos. Cuales tenedores tiene ell El tiene los suyos. PRONUNCIATION El ah veesto los day nooestros ameegos. Kwahlais tainaidores teeainy ell 1 Ell teeainy los sooyos. SINGULAR AND PLURAL. Mine, or my own. Yours, or your own. His, hers (his own, her own). Ours, or our own. Yours, or (your own.) Theirs, (their own.) SINGULAR PLURAL. El mio. Los mios. El suyo, ( los suyos, or el de Vd. ( los de Vd. (See Note 2, L. 4th.) ' los suyos, ' los de el ' (ella.) El nuestro, los nuestros. El suyo, ( los suyos, Thine, thy own. These. Those. These books. Those books. Have you seen these books or those 1 I have seen neither these nor those. These (plur.ofthisone). Those (plural of that one). Have you received these or those 1 I have received these, I have not received those. Have I the looking- glasses of the French, or those of the Eng- lish'? You have neither these nor those. s: _ . ote r El suyo, or ( 1 el de el, 3 1 (or ella.) ( ( ( los suyos, Ell sooyo, C < ell day oos- •? £ los de Vds. taidais. ( el de Vds. ( los de Vd; El suyo, flos suyos. or j or el deellos. ] losdeellos, (ellas.) t (ellas.) El tuyo, Los tuyos. Estos. Aquellos, esos. Estos libros. Aquellos libros. Ha visto Vd. estos 6 aquellos libros 1 No he visto ni estos ni aquellos. Estos. Aquellos, esos. Ha recibido Vd. estos 6 aquellos 1 He recibido estos, no he recebido aquellos. Tengo yo los espejos de los Franceses, 6 los de los lngleses 1 Vd. no tiene ni estos ni aquellos. SEENGOOLAR PLOORAL. Ell meeo, losmeeos. Ell sooyo, los sooyos. Ell day oostaid, los day oostaid. Ell sooyo, Los sooyos. or Los day ell day ell, oostaid. (ell-yah.) (ell-yah.) Ell nooestro, los nooes- tros. Ell sooyo, T los sooyos. ell day oos- •< los "day _ oostaidais. Ell soo3 T o, flos sooyos. or | Elidayell- los day ell- \ yos. los. | (ell-yas). (^ (ell-yas.) Ell tooyo, Los tooyos. Estos. Akkdil-yos, aisos. Aistos leebros Ahkail-yos leebros. Ah veesto oostaid aistos oh ahkail-yos leebros'? No eh veesto nee aistos nee ahkail-yos. Aistos. Ahkail-yos, aisos. Ah raitheebeedo oostaid aistos 6 ahkail-yos'? Eh raitheebeedo aistos, no eh raitheebeedo ahkail-yos. Taingo yo los espaihos day los Franthaisais, 6 los day los eenglai- sais'? No teeainy nee aistos nee ahkail-yos. TENTH LESSON. 53 English. Spanish; pronunciation. You have neither the Vd. no tiene ni estos ni No teeainy nee aistos former nor the latter. aquellos. nee ahkail-yos. Obs. A. — In Spanish, the former and the latter, are generally ex- pressed in an inverted order ; by este, estos, referring to the latter, and aquel, aquellos to the former. Has the man seen these birds or those 1 He has seen these, but not those. Have you your muskets or mine ? I have neither yours nor mine, but those of our good friends. Ha visto el hombre es- tos pajaros 6 aque- llos 1 El ha visto estos, pero no aquellos. Tiene Vd. sus fusiles 6 los mios % No tengo ni los suyos ni los mios, sin 6 los de nuestros buenos ami- Ah veesto ell ombray estos paharos 6 ah- kail-yos 1 Ell ah veesto aistos, pairono ahkail-yos. Teeainy oostaid soos fooseelais 6 losmeeos. No taingo nee los sooyos nee los meeos, seeno los day nooestros bwainos ameegos. EXERCISE No. 26. Have you these or those notes ? — I have these, but not those. — Have you the horses of the French or those of the English ? — I have those of the English, but I have not those of the French.— Which oxen have you ? — 1 have those of the foreigners. — Have you the forks which I have received from the Spaniards ? — I have not those which you have received from the Spaniards, but those which my brother has received from you. — Has your son your biscuits or mine ? — He has neither yours nor mine. — Which biscuits has he? — He has his own. — Which asses has your friend ? — He has the English asses. — Has your boy my knives or his ? — He has neither yours nor his, but he has those of the captain. — Have I your vests or those of the tailors ? — You have neither these nor those. — Have I your penknives ? — You have not ours, but those of our neighbors. — Have you the birds of the sailors ? — I have not their birds, but their fishes. — Which candlesticks has your brother ? — He has mine. — Have I my shoes or those of the shoemakers ? — You have not yours, but theirs. — Have you the exer- cise number eighteen ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. EXERCISE No. 27. Which sugar has the man ?.• — He has ours. — Has he our coffee ? — He has it not ? — Have you our mattresses or those of the strangers ? — 1 have not yours but theirs. — Has your carpenter our hammers or those of our friends ? — He has neither ours nor those of our friends. — Which nails has he ? — He has his good iron nails. — Has any one of my friends the ships of the English ? — Not one of your friends has the 54 TENTH LESSON, ships of the English, but somebody has those of the French. — Who has the cook's chickens ? — Nobody has his chickens, but somebody has his mutton. — Who has his cheese ? — His boy has it. — Who has my old muskets ?— The countryman has them. — Have I the neighbor's bag ? — You have not his bag, but his corn. — Which coal has the young man ? — He has the Spaniard's. — Which umbrellas has the Frenchman received ? — He has received those of his friends. — Has he our soap ? — He has not ours, but that of his countrymen. — Is the merchant's boy hungry ? — He is not hungry, but thirsty. — Is your friend cold or warm ? — He is neither warm, nor cold. — Is he afraid or ashamed ? — He is ashamed, but not afraid. — Am I right or not. — You are right. — Has the baker the bread of our servants ? — He has not their bread, but their birds. — Has he any thing? — He has nothing. — What is the matter with you ? — -Nothing is the matter with me. — Has that young man the exercise number nineteen ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. ADDITION TO THE TENTH LESSON. Shall you go to the con- Ira V. al concierlo 1 cert 1 ? I suppose so. t Supongo que si. Of course. f Por supuesto. By all means. t De todos modos. Any how. f De cualquier modo. By no means. t De ningun modo. On no account. t Por ningun motivo (or pretesto). Otherwise. t De otro modo. I would go. , Iria. Ee-rah oostaid all con- thee-airto 1 Soopongo kay see. Por soopoo-aisto. Day todos modes. Day kwalkey-air modo. Day neengoon modo. Por neengoon moteevo (or praitaisto). Day otro modo. Ee-ree-ah. EXERCISE No. 28. Shall you go to the concert ? — I am very busy ; to-day is mail day — otherwise I would go. — Shall you go to-morrow ? — I suppose so ; — and you ? — Of course, by all means (esta noche.) — I will accompany you (acompanare a V.) if you please. — With much pleasure. — I will be happy to go (ir) with you. — Thank you. — What is the best news with you ? — Nothing particular. — How is your brother. — Very well I thank you. — Remember me to him — (Hdgale V. mis recuerdos). — I will do so (£o hare) with much pleasure, ELEVENTH LESSON, 55 ELEVENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. Eleve?ith Lesson. SPANISH. Lection Undecima PRONUNCIATION. Lectheeon Oondditheema. There is in Spanish this peculiarity that the signification of nouns can be augmented or diminished by the addition of certain syllables called augmentatives and diminutives. We shall speak first of AUGMENT ATI VES. The Augmentative nouns add to the positive the signification of the words big or large, and are formed by adding on, azo, onazo, or ote for the masculine and ona, aza, onaza, or ota, for the feminine, but suppressing the last letter if it be a vowel. Examples : The man. The big. or large man. The woman. The big, woman. or large El hombre. El homhvon. El hombrazo. El homhronazo. La mujer. La mujerona. " muyeraza, " mujeronaza. Ell omhray, Ell ombro?z-. Ell ombr&Mho. ' Ell ombronahtho. La moohair. La moohairona. • La moohairatha. La moohaironatha. DIMINUTIVES. There are two kinds of diminutive nouns, viz. : . 1st. Those which express tenderness or gentleness of any object whatever that is small ; and their termination is in ito, ico, for the mas- culine, ita, or ica for the feminine, following the same rule as the aug- mentatives in regard to the termination, that is, suppressing the last letter, when it be a vowel. Examples : The inkstand. El tintero. Ell teentairo. The small, or pretty El tinterito. " teentaireeto. little inkstand. The house. La casa. Lah kassah. The small, or pretty La casita. La kasseetah. little house. The turtledove. La tortola. " tortolah. The small, or pretty La tortolita. " tortoleetah. little turtledove. $Cf= It is the same regarding proper names : — * John. Juan. Hwon. Little John. Juanito. Hwoneeto. Adela. Adela, Adaila. Little Adela. Adelita. Adaileeta. 56 ELEVENTH LESSON. Dog, Pretty little dog. Ugly « « 2d. Those which denote contempt, or pity, or which lessen the ob- ject without adding the idea of prettiness, are generally terminated in zuelo, Mo, or cillo. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. Perro. Pairro. Perrito. Pairreeto. Fevrillo. Pairrelyo. change it into quito, or quill'o to Sahkoh. Sahkeeto. Abahneeko. Aba nee key to. Cheeko. Cheekeyto. * Cheekeyteeto. Cheequeereeteeto. Those nouns terminating in co, form the diminutive. Saco. Saquito. Abanico. Abaniquito. Chico. Chiquito. Chiquitio. Chiquiritito. , or e take cito or rillo, Mujercilla, or Mujer- zuela. Hombrecz'Wo, or ztielo. El tenedor. El tenedorcillo. El boton. " botoncito. Grande. Grandecito. to form the diminutive. Moohairtheelyah, or moohairthooeelah. Ombraytheelyo. Ell tainaidor. " tainaidortheello. " boton. " botontheeto. Granday. Grandaithecto. Pretty little bag. Fan. Pretty little fan. Small. Smaller. Very small. Extremely small. Nouns ending in r, n Contemptible little wo- man. Miserable little man. The fork. The small or ugly little fork. The button. The pretty little dog. Great. Anything a little larger than a regular size. There are other diminutives terminating in uito or nillo for nouns ending in go, as amigo, amiguito, or amz'guillo, and others in ete, in, ejo, &c, though the latter are comparatively little used. The Plural of augmentatives and diminutives is formed like that of nouns. ()rj- The termination azo added to a noun — suppressing the last latter if it be a vowel — has sometimes the import to be perceived in the fol- lowing examples : Shoe. Zapato. Thahpahto. Blow with a shoe. Zapate2ro. Thahpahtatho. Cudgel. Garrote. Garroty. Blow " " " Garrotazo. Garrottatho. Cannon. Canon. Kahn-yon. Cannon shot. Canonazo. Kanyonnatho. We observed by a note in the second lesson that the adjectives Bueno, Malo, Uno, Primero, Alguno, Tercero, and Postrero, for the sake of Euphony lose the final o, when used before a masculine noun in ELEVENTH LESSON. 57 the singular ; and now we add the following, which for the same reason require a change in their termination, viz. : 1st. Ciente (a hun- dred) loses the syllable in the singular, when immediately followed by a noun. Example : One hundred Soldiers. Cien Soldados. Theeain Soldahdos. But, whenever Ciento takes after it another number, not being 1000 or 1,000,000 it preserves all its letters. Example : One hundred and two Ciento y dos Soldados. Theeainto c dos soldah- Soldiers. dos. 2d. Santo (saint) loses also the syllable to, when followed by a a proper masculine name. Example : Saint Peter. San Pedro, Sahn Paidro. Saint Joseph. San Jose. San Hosay. We except, however, from this rule Santo Tomas, Santo FomS, Santo Tocibio, and Santo Domingo. 3d. Grande (great, large) loses the syllable de, before a singular noun beginning with a consonant. Example: The great project. El gran proyecto. Ell gran pro-yaicto. The great battle. La gran batalla. La gran bahtall-ya. " " friend. El grande amigo. Ell granday ameego. " " prattler. " " hablador. " " Ahblahdor. " " writer. " " escritor. " " Escreetor. It is worthy of notice, as a peculiarity, that the adjectives, grande, pobre, pequeno, and alguno, convey a different meaning according to the place they occupy with the substantives. Example : A great man. Un grande hombre. Oon granday ombray. A big or large man. <: hombre grande. " ombray granday. A needy man. " " pobre. " " pobray. An unhappy or weak !: probre hombre. " pobray ombray. man. A needy writer. Un escritor pobre. " escreetor pobray. 11 poor " " pobre escritor. " pobray escreetor. An insignificant man. <: pequerlo hombre. ". paikain-yo ombray. A small, or short " " hombre pequerlo. " ombray paikain-yo. Some man. Algun hombre. Algoon ombray. Any man. Hombre alguno. Ombray algoono. It will be readily observed by the examples above, that the adjec- tives grande, pequeno, &c, placed before the substantive, qualify the merit, and placed after it qualify the shape or size. EXERCISE No. 29. Who has my pretty little dog ? — The large woman has it. — What 58 ELEVENTH LESSON is the matter with that miserable little man ?— Nothing is the matter with him. — Have you seen my pretty little house ? — 1 have not seen your pretty little house ; but I have seen your ugly little dog. — Which inkstand have you ? — I have the pretty little inkstand of my little brother. — Which horse have you seen ? — I have seen the little horse of my friend. — Who has your little book ? — My little friend has it. — Have you received anything from that large man ? — I have received nothing from that big man, but my little boy has received something from that big woman. — What is the matter with that contemptible little woman? — Nothing.— Have you the biscuit of little John? — I have not his biscuit, but his pretty little bird. — Has my little ass his hay ? — He has it not. — What a large man. — What a large woman. — Have you my little bag ? — I have not your little bag, but your little gold plate. — Which bird has my son ? — He has his pretty little turtle dove. — Have you his little fork ? — I have not his little fork, but I have his little knife. — Have you the little vest of little Joseph? — I have it not, but I have his little gold button. — Have you seen the little note and big mutton which little Adela has received from her little friend ? I have not seen the little note, but I have seen the big mutton. EXERCISE No. 30. What number of English soldiers have you seen ? — I have seen one hundred soldiers. — I have seen one hundred and six soldiers. — What is the matter with that needy man ? — Nothing is the matter with him. — Have you seen some birds ? — 1 have not seen any bird. — Have you some great project ? — I have not any project. — Is the great French Captain ashamed or afraid ? — He is ashamed, but not afraid. — Have you seen my great horse ? — I have not seen your great horse, but your large house. — Is the great man thirsty? — The great man is not thirsty ; but the big or large man is afraid. — What is the mat- ter with that poor writer ? — Nothing is the matter with the poor writer; but the needy writer is hungry. — What number of new sol- diers has the American General ? — He has one hundred and four soldiers.- — Who has received a (un) blow with a shoe ? — My little boy has received it from his little friend. — What has that little sailor received ? — He has received a blow with a cudgel from his captain? — Has your ship received some cannon shot ? — My ship has not re- ceived any cannon shot. — Have you some exercises ? — I have not any exercise. ADDITION TO THE ELEVENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. Is it cold 1 Hace frio 1 Ahthay free-o 1 It is very cold. Hace mucho frio. Ahthay moocho free-o. It is very warm. Hace mucho calor. Ahthay moocho kalor. TWELFTH LESSON. 59 ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. It is very fine weather, Hace un bello tiempo, Ahthay oon bail-yo tee- aimpo. It is a very fine day, Hace un bello dia. Ahthay oon baii-yo dee- ah. To-morrow morning. Mariana por la mana- Man-yana por la man- na, yana. EXERCISE No. 31. Is it cold ? — It is not very cold. — Is it warm ? — It is very warm. — It It is neither cold or warm. — It is very fine weather. — It is a very fine day. — When shall I have the pleasure to see you again? — Perhaps to- morrow morning. — I will be very happy to see you. — How is your son ? — He is much better to-day (estd mucho mejor hoy ?) — I am very glad to hear it (me alegro mucho). — He is worse (peor). — I am very sorry to hear it (lo siento mucho). TWELFTH LESSON. Twelfth lesson. The comb. The glass (a tumbler). Have you my small glasses 1 I have them. Them. Lection duodecimo,. Lectheon dwo-ddi'theemah. El peine. El vaso. Tiene Vd. mis vasitos 1 Ell paieeny. Ell vaso. Teeainy oostaid mis va seetos 1 Los taingo. Los. Los tengo. Los. Has he my fine glasses'? Tiene el mis hermosos Teeainy ell mis airmo- vasos 1 sos vasos % He has them. El los tiene. Ell los teeainy. Obs. A. — The scholar will apply to los the rule given in the second lesson regarding lo. Have I received them 1 You have received them. You have not received them. Has the Spaniard my fine gold buttons 1 He has them not. Has the English them ? The boys have them. Los he recibido yo 1 Vd. los ha recibido. Vd. no los ha recibido. Tiene el Espaiiol mis hermosos botones de oro % El no los tiene. Los tiene el Ingles 1 Los muchachos los tienen. Los eh raitheebeedo yo 1 Oostaid los ah raithee- beedo. Oostaid no los ah rai- theebeedo. Teeainy ell Espan-yol mis airmosos boto- nais day oro 7 Ell no los teeainy. Los teeainy ell Englaisl Los moo-chah-chos los teeai-nen. 60 TWELFTH LESSON. ENGLISH. Have the boys them 1 They. They have them. They have them not. Who has them ? The German. The Italian. The Turk. The Mexican. The Russian. The Germans them. The Mexicans them not. have have SPANISH. Los tienen los mucha- chos 1 Ellos. El los los tienen. Ellos no los tienen. Gluien los tiene ? El Aleman. El Italiano. El Turco. El Mejicano. El Ruso. Los Alemanes los tie- nen. Los Mejicanos no los tienen. PRONUNCIATION. Los teeai-nen los moo- chah-chos 1 Ell-yos. Ell-yos los teeai-nen. Ell-yos no los teeai-nen. Key-ain los teeainy 1 Ell Alai-man. Ell Italiano. Ell Toor-ko. Ell Mai-he-kah-no. Ell Roo-so. Los Alai-mah-nais los teeai-nen. Los Maihekahnos no los teeainen. Some^) any^). Alguno. Algoono. Obs. B. — Alguno, before a noun, means some ; after a noun means any, (see Obs. eleventh lesson). Obs. C. — But when a noun is used in Spanish, without being pre- ceded by any denning adjective, it has a partitive meaning by itself. — Ex : En todas partes hay hombres honrados (everywhere there are some honest men). ; The fire. The sealing wax. The vinegar. The tea. Have you any fire 1 I have some fire. El fuego. El lacre. El vinagre. Elte. . Tiene Vd. fuego 7 Tengo fuego. Ell fwaigo. Ell lah-cray. Ell venah-gry. Ell tay. Teeainy oostaid fwai- go- Taingo fwai-go. sealing wax He has some sealin wax. Has he any vinegar "? He has some vinegar. Have you any tea % I have some tea. Tiene lacre. Tiene el vinagre 1 Tiene vinagre. Tiene Vd. te 1 Tengo te. Has the Italian any Tiene el Italiano lacre 1 Teeainy ell Italiano lah- cray 1 Teeainy lah-cray. Teeainy ell venah-gry 1 Teeainy venah-gry. Teeainy oostaid tay 1 Taingo tay. No. No taingo fwai-go. Ell no teeainy tay. Oostaid no teeainy lah- cray. No teeai-nen amee-gos. Venah-gry bwaino Kayso malo. Tay esthai-lainty No or not any (before a noun,) No. I have no fire. No tengo fuego He has no tea. You have no sealing wax. They have no friends. Some or any good vin- * egar. Somej or^ any bad Glueso malo. cheese. Some or any excellent Te escelente. tea. El no tiene te. Vd. no tiene lacre. No tienen amigos. Vinagre bueno. ENGLISH. Some or any good cof- fee. Some or any good books. Some or any pretty glasses. Some or any fine horses. Some or any old wine. The satin. The velvet. The picture* The painter. The pencil (of the painter). Have you satin 1 I have no good satin, but some excellent velvet. Has the painter any fine pictures 1 He has not any fine pictures, but ' some good pencils. TWELFTH LESSON* SPANISH. Cafe bueno. Libros buenos. Vasos bonitos. Caballos hermosos. Vino afiejo. El raso. El terciopelo.] ; El cuadro. \. El pintor. El pincel. any good Tiene Vd. raso bueno '] No tengo raso bueno, sino terciopelo esce- lente. Tiene el pintor cuadros hermosos 1 El no tiene cuadros her- mosos, sino buenos pinceles. PRONUNCIATION. Kah-fay bwaino. Leebros bwainos. Vasos boneetos. Kah-bal-lios airmosos. Veeno an-yai-ho. Ell rahso. Ell tairtheeo-pailo. Ell kwa-dro. Ell peentor. Ell peenthail. J Teeainy oostaid rah-so bwaino. No tain go rah-so bwai- no, seeno tairtheeopai- lo esthailainty. Teeainy ell peentor kwadros air-mososl Ell no teeainy kwadros, airmosos seeno bwai- nos peenthailais. (1.) — Some, before a singular noun, which means something to eat, or drink, is generally expressed by un poco de ; as — " Trdzgame un poco de agua,' } bring me some water. (2.) — Any, interrogatively used, before a singular noun which ex- presses something to eat, or drink, is generally suppressed entirely ; as — " Hay vino en la botella ?" is there any wine in the bottle ? — Should any precede any other kind of, noun, it may be either sup- pressed or expressed like some ; as — Tiene Vd. algunos libros, or, tiene Vd. libros? have you any books ? 6 EXERCISE No. 32. f Have you my fine glasses? — 1 have them. — Have you the fine horses of the Englishman ?'— I have them not. — Who has my small combs ? — My boys have them. — Which knives have you ? — I have those of your friends. — Have I your good muskets ? — You have them not, but your friends have them. — Have you my pretty birds ? or those of my brothers ? — I have neither yours nor your brothers, but my own. — Which ships have the Mexicans? — The Mexicans have no ships. — Have the sailors our fine forks? — They have them not. — Have the cooks got them ? — They have them. — Has the captain your pretty books ?— He has them not.— Have I them ?— You have them. — You 62 TWELFTH LESSON. have them not. — Has the Spaniard got them ? — He has them. — Have the Turks our fine muskets ? — They have them not. — Have the Ital- ians them ? — They have them. — Has the German the pretty umbrellas of the Frenchman ? — He has them. — Has he them ? — -Yes, Sir, he has them. — Has the Spaniard our pretty gloves ? — He has them not. — Who has them ?— The English have them. — Has the tailor our vests or those of our friends ? — He has neither the latter nor the former. — Has your brother any soap ? — He has no soap. — Have I any mutton ? — You have no mutton, but you have some sugar. — Have your friends any money? — They have some money. — Have you any fire ? — I have no fire, but I have coal. — Have you any good coffee ? — I have no good coffee, but some excellent wine. EXERCISE No. 33. [ Has the merchant any good books ? — He has some good books. —Have the French any good gloves ? — They have some excellent gloves. — Who have the fine pencils of the English ? — Their friends have them. — Who has the biscuits of the bakers ? — The sailors of our captain have them. — Have they our cloth ? — Yes, Sir, they have it. — What have the Spaniards ? — They have some beautiful pictures. — What have the Mexicans ? — They have some fine asses. — What have the Germans ? — They have some excellent tea. — Have you any friends ? — I have some friends. — Have your friends any sealing-wax ? — They have some sealing-wax. — Have the shoemakers some good shoes ? — They have no good shoes, but some excellent leather. — Have the tailors any good vests ? — They have no good vests, but some ex- cellent cloth. — Has the painter any umbrellas ? — He has no umbrel- las, but he has some beautiful pictures. — Has any one my small combs? — No one has them. — Who has the countryman's fine chick- ens? — -Your cook has them. — What has the young man ? — He has his oxen. — Have your friends any old wine ? — They have no old wine, but some excellent vinegar. — Has any one your gold candlesticks ? — No one has them. ADDITION TO THE TWELFTH LESSON. I come to take leave of Vengo a. despedirme de Vaingo ah daispaidir- you for Havana. V. para la Habana. may day oostaid para la Ah-bana. When is your depar- Cuando es su partida? Kwando es soo partee- ture 1 da. It may be this after- Puede ser esta tarde. Poo-aiday sair esta tar- noon, day. Don't you like the city % No le gusta a V. la ciu- No lay goosta a V. la dad ? thee-oo-dad 1 I like the people very La jente me gusta mu- La hentay may goosta much. cho. moocho. THIRTEENTH LESSON. 63 EXGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. But the climate does Pero el clima no me Pairo ell cleema no not agree with me. sienta bien. may see-ainta bee- ain. EXERCISE No. 34. I come to take leave of you for Havana. — When is your departure ? — It may be this afternoon. — Don't you like the city ? — I like the peo- ple very much ; but the climate does not agree with me. — Do you in- tend to return (piensa V. volver). — I do intend to return after the win- ter is over (pienso volver despues de pasado el invierno). — It will give me the greatest pleasure to see you again (tendre el mayor placer en volverle a ver). THIRTEENTH LESSON. ) t of it. 1 mj of> (See Obs. B, twelfth lesson.) Thirteenth, lesson. Lection decima-tercia. Lectheeon dditheemah-tdir-thee-ah. Some of it, any of it, Some of them, any them, of them. Have you any wine 1 I have some. Have you any bread 1 I have not any, or none. Have you any good wine % I have some good wine. Has the merchant any sugar 1 He has some. He has not any. Has he any good cheese] Tiene Vd. vino 7 Tengo. Tiene Vd. pan 1 No tengo. Tiene Vd. vino bueno % Tengo vino bueno. Tiene el comerciante azucar 1 Tiene. No tiene. Tiene el queso bueno 1 He has some good El tiene queso bueno. cheese. Have I any coffee'? Tengo yo cafe. You have some. Vd. tiene. You have no coffee. Vd. no tiene cafe. You have not any. Have you any shoes 1 I have some. I have no shoes. I have not any. Vd. no tiene. Tiene Vd. zapatos? Tengo. No tengo zapatos. No tengo. Teeainy oostaid veeno 1 Taingo. Teeainy oostaid pan 1 No taingo. Teeainy oostaid veeno bwaino 1 Taingo veeno bwaino. Teeainy eil comair- theeanty ahthoo-kar. Teeainy. No teeainy. Teeainy ell kaysso bwaino 1 Ell teeainy kaysso bwai- no. Taingo yo kah-tay. Oostaid teeainy. Oostaid no teeainv kah- fay. Oostaid no teeainy. Teeainy oostaid thah- pahtos 1 Taingo. No taingo thahpahtos. No taingo. 64 THIRTEENTH LESSON. ENGLISH, SPANISH. Has the man any good Tiene el hombre buenos horses 1 cabal los 1 Has he any good Tiene 61 buenos cuchi- knives 1 , Uos 1 He has not any, or none 1 ? El no tiene. Has he any money 1 Tiene el diner o 1 He has some. Tiene. He has not any. No tiene. Have our friends any Tienen nuestros amigos , good hats 1 sombreros buenos 1 They have some good Ellos tienen sombreros hats. buenos. They have not any Ellos no tienen som- good hats. breros buenos. Who has some good Gluien tiene vino buen 1 wine 1 Oar merchant has some. Nuestrocomerciante tie- The hatter. El sombrerero. The blacksmith. El herrero. f Un (before a masculine noun). A, an, or one. \ TJno (when it stands alone, or not before a ^ masculine noun.) Nom. a. un. Poss. of or from a. de un. Obj. to a. \ a un. A or one horse. Un caballo. Have you an umbrella 1 Tiene Vd. un para- guas 1 I have an umbrella. Tengo un paraguas. Have you a glass % Tiene Vd. un vaso 1 I have no glasses. No tengo vasos. I have one. Tengo uno. Have you a good stick % Tiene Vd. un baston bueno 1 I have a good one. Tengo uno bueno. 1 have two good ones. Tengo dos buenos. I have two good sticks. Tengo dos bastones bue- nos'? I have three good ones. Tengo tres buenos. Have I a gun 1 Tengo yo un fusil 1 You have one 1 Vd. tiene uno. You have a good one. Vd. tiene uno bueno. You have two good Vd. tiene dos buenos. ones 7 j PRONUNCIATION. Teeainy ell ombray bwainos kah-bal-lios'? Teeainy ell bwainos koocheel-yos 1 Ell no teeainy. Teeainy ell dee-nai-ro ? Teeainy. No teeainy. Teeainen nooestros a- meegos sombrai-ros bwainos % Ell-yos teeainen som- brai-ros bwainos. Ell-yos no teeainen sombrairos bwainos., Key-ain teeainy veeno bwaino 1 Nooestro comairtheean- ty teeainy. Ell sombrairairo. Ell air-rairo. Oon. Oono. oon. day oon. ah oon. Oon kah-bal-yo. Teeainy oostaid oon parahgwas'? Tain go oon parahgwas. Teeainy oostaid oon va- 1 so. No taingo vasos. Taingo oono. Teeainy oostaid oon baston bwaino. Taingo oono bwaino. Taingo dos bwainos. Taingo dos baston ais bwainos. Taingo trais bwainos. Taingo yo oon fooseell 1 Oostaid teeainy oono. Oostaid teeainy oono bwaino. Oostaid teeainy dos bwainos, THIRTEENTH LESSON. 65 ENGLISH. Has your brother a friend 1 He has a friend. He has one. He has a good one. He has two good ones. He has three good ones. He has four good friends. He has five good ones. Has the blacksmith a knife % He has one. He has none. He has two of them. He has three. He has four. Have you five good horses 1 I have six. I have six good, and seven bad ones Who has a fine um- brella 1 The merchant has one. SPANISH. Tiene su hermano un amigo 1 Tiene un amigo. Tiene uno. Tiene uno bueno. Tiene dos buenos. Tiene tres buenos. Tiene cuatro buenos amigos. Tiene cinco buenos. Tiene el herrero un cu- chillo 1 Tiene uno. No tiene. Tiene dos. Tiene tres. Tiene cuatro. Tiene Vd. cinco caba- llos buenos % Tengo seis. Tengo seis buenos y siete malos. Gluien tiene un guas hermoso. El eomerciante tiene uno. para- PRONUNCIATION. Teeainy soo airmano oon ameego ? Teeainy oon ameego. Teeainy oono. Teeainy oono bwaino. Teeainy dos bwainos. Teeainy trais bwainos. Teeainy kwah-tro bwai- nos ameegos. Teeainy theenco bwai- nos. Teeainy el] air-rero oon koo-cheell-yo 1 Teeainy oo-no. No teeainy. Teeainy dos. Teeainy trais. Teeainy kwahtro. Teeainy oostaid theenco kah-bal-lios bwainos 1 Taingo sai-ees. Taingo sai-ees bwainos e seeaity malos. Key-am teeainy oon pa- rah-gwas airmoso. Ell comairtheeanty tee- ainy oono. EXERCISE No. 35. Have you any sugar?— I have some. — Have you any coffee ? — I have not any. —Have you any good wine ? — I have some good (wine). — Have you received any good cloth ? — I have not received any cloth, but I have received some money. — Have I any good chocolate ? — You have not any good. — Has the American any rice ? — He has some. — 'Have the French any cheese ? — They have not any. — Have the Eng- lish any new hats ? — They have ho new hats, but they have some ex- cellent tea. — Who has some good soap? — The merchant has some. — Who has some good bread ? — The baker has some. — Has the foreigner any coal ? — He has not any. — Has he any vests ? — He has some. — What fish have you? — I have some good (fish). What hay has the horse? — He has good (hay). — What leather has the shoemaker? — He has some excellent (leather). — Have you any cotton ? — I have not any, Who has some copper ? — The merchant has some. — Have I any gilli- flowers ? — You have some. — Have I any corkscrews ? — You have no corkscrews. — Has your friend any old knives ? — He has some old ones. 66 THIRTEENTH LESSON, — Have the Italians any fine horses? — They have not any fine ones. — Who has some fine asses ? — The Mexicans have some. — Has the captain any good sailors ? — He has some good ones. — Who has some biscuits ? — The baker of our neighbor has some. — Has he any bread ? — He has not any. — Who has some excellent iron nails? — The car- penter has some. — Has he any hammers ? — He has some. — What ham- mers has he ?— He has some iron hammers. EXERCISE No. 36. What is the matter with your brother ? — Nothing is the matter with him. — Is he cold ? — He is not cold ; he is warm. — Is he afraid ? — He is not afraid. — Is he ashamed or hungry? — He is hungry, but not ashamed ? — Who has some pretty gloves? — I have some. — Who has some fine pictures ? — The Spaniards have some. — Have the painters fine gardens ? — They have some fine ones. — Who has some beautiful sofas ? — Our merchants have some. — Have they any birds ? — They have not any. — Have you any rice ? — I have not any. — Who has some ? — My servant has some. — Have you a pencil ? — I have one. — Has your boy a good book ? — He has a good one. — Has the German a good ship ? — He has none. — Has the young man a good handker- chief ? — He has a good one. — He has two good ones. — He has three good ones. — Who has some fine forks? — The American has some. — Has the captain a fine dog ? — He has two. — Have your friends two fine horses ? — They have four. — Have you a good cook ? — I have a good one. — I have a bad one. — Have I a friend ? — You have a good one. — You have two good friends. — You have three good ones. — Your brother has four good ones. — Has the captain an iron nail ? — He has six iron nails. — He has six good ones, and seven bad ones. — Who has five good horses ? — Our neighbor has six. — Who has some good friends ? — The Turks have some. — Have they any money ? — They have. not any. — Who has their money ? — Their friends have it. — Have you received these or those bags ? — I have received neither these nor those. — Which ships have you seen ? — I have seen mine. — Have you a good servant ? — I have a good one. — Who has a good trunk ? — My brother has one. ADDITION TO THE THIRTEENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PB.ON UNCIATION. I wish you a good sue- Deseo a V. un buen Daisai-o ah oostaid oon cess. exito. bwain exeeto. An honest man. Un hombre de bien. Oon ombray daybeeain. I do not know whether No se si es casado o No say see es kah-sah- he is married or sin- soltero (fern, casada do o soltairo. gle. j o soltera). FOURTEENTH LESSON. 67 ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. Is it Mr, N. to whom I Es el Senor N. a quien Es ell sain-yor N. ah have the honor to tengo el honor de ha- key-am taingo ell speak 1 blar 1 on'or day ah-blar % That is my name, Sir. Un servidor de V. Oon sairveedor day oos- taid. EXERCISE No. 37. Is your friend single or married ? — He is married. — I do not know whether he is single or married. — I know that (si que) he is an honest man. — Is it Mr. N. to whom I have the honor lo speak ? — That is my name, Sir. — I wish you a good success in your undertaking (en su em- presa). — Thank you, Sir. FOURTEENTH LESSON. Fourteenth lesson. [Leccio?i decima cuarta. Lectheeon daitheemah kioarla. OF THE FEMININE GENDER. Plural. las. day ]as. ah las. DEFINITE ARTICLE. Singular. Plural. Singular. Nom. the. la, las. lah, Poss. of or from the. de la, de las. day lah. Obj. to the. a la, a las. ah lah, The table, the tables. Of or from the table. J To the table.' EXAMPLE. La mesa, las mesas. Lah maisah, las maisas. De la mesa, de las me- Day la maisah. day las sas. A la mesa, a las mesas. maisas. Ah lah maisah, ah las maisas. Obs. A. — The article never admits of any elision in Spanish; but there are some feminine nouns that beginning with a, take the mas- culine article el, instead of la, in order to avoid the disagreeable meet- ing of two fi's. (See a list of those nouns at the end of this lesson.) RULES TO DISTINGUISH THE GENDER OF NOUNS. Rule 1.— Nouns and adjectives ending in a, d, or ion, are feminine, ending otherwise are masculine, except mano, hand ; tarde, evening : FOURTEENTH LESSON. noche, night, which are feminine, dia, day, which is masculine, and other exceptions which will be found in a list in the Appendix. Rule 2. — All abstract nouns, ending in ez, are feminine; as esire- chez, narrowness ; redondez, roundness; brillantez, brightness. — The names of the alphabetic characters also are feminine. 8Cr* Obs. B. The plural of the feminine nouns, is formed, like that of the masculine ones, and the article like the pronoun, must agree with the substantives and adjectives, in gender, number and case. (Lesson IX.) Example : ENGLISH. The woman, the wife, women, wives. The mother, mothers. The daughter, daugh- ters. The sister, sisters. The cousin, (fern.) cou- ■ sins. The girl, girls. The servant (fern.), ser- vants. She — they. Has slie the book 1 She has it not. Have they (fern.) it? They have it. This or that woman. These or those women. SPANISH. La mujer, las mujeres. La madre, las madres. La buena hija, las bue- nas hijas. La hermana, las her- manas. La prima, las primas. La muchacha, las mu- ch achas. La criada, las criadas. Ella, ellas. Tiene ella el libro 1 No lo tiene. Lo tienen ellas? Lo tienen. PRONUNCIATION. Lah moohair, las moo- hairais. Lah mahdray, las mah- drais. Lah b wain a eehah, las bwainas eehas. Lah airmahna, las air- mahnas. Lah preema, las pree- mas. La moochahcha, las moochahchas. La cree-ah-da, las cree- ah das. Ell-yah, ell-yah. Teeainy ell-yah el lee- bro? No lo teeainy. Lo teeainen ell-yas. Lo teeainen. Esta o aquella {or esa) Esta o ah-kail-ya (or mujer. esa) moohair. Estas o aquellas {or Estas o ah-kail-yas (or esas) mujeres. esas) moohairais. ■J This young lady, these Esta^ senorita, estas se- young ladies. lioritas. That young lady, those Aquella senorita, aque- young ladies. lias sefioritas. The hand, the hands. The right hand. The left hand. The face. The mouth. The cheek. La mano, las manos. La mano derecha. La mano izquierda. La cara. La boca. La mejilla. Esta sain-yorita, estas sain-yoritas. Ah-kail-yah sain-yori- tah ah-kail-yos sain- yoritas. Lah mano, las manos. La mano dairaichah. La mano eeth-key-air- dah, Lah kah-rah. Lah bokah. Lah maihil-yah. FOURTEENTH LESSON. 69 ENGLISH. The tongue, the lan- guage. The door. The window. The street. The city. The pen. The silver. The cloak. The letter. The spoon. Them (fern.) Have you my pen. I have it not. Have you my pens. SPANISH. La lengua. La puerta. La ventana. La calle. La ciudad. I have them. La pluma. La plata. La capa. La carta. La cuchara. Las (see note 1, L. 11.) Tiene V. mi pluma 1 No la tengo. Tiene V. mis plumas. No las tengo. PRONUNCIATION. Lah laingwah. Lah pooairtah. Lah vaintanah. Lah kal-yay. Lah thee-oo-dad. Lah ploomah. Lah platah. Lah kah-pah. Lah kartah. Lah koocharah. Las. Teeainy oostaid ploomah. No lah taingo. Teeainy oostaid l ploomas. No los taingo. FEMININE NOUNS THAT TAKE THE MASCULINE ARTICLE el INSTEAD OF kl, FOR THE SAKE OF EUUHONY. El agua, the water ; el ala, the wing ; el alma, the soul ; el ama, the mistress ; el area, the chest ; el habla, the speech ; el anna, the wea- pon ; el asta, the horn ; el ave, the fowl ; el aguila, the eagle ; el alba, the dawn ; el hambre, hunger ; el arpa, the harp ; el hacha, the axe ; el aya, the governess ; el aura, the buzzard ; el ansia, the anxiety ; el an- cla or dncora, the anchor ; el ara, the altar ; el asa, the handle ; ascua, red hot coal ; el asma, the asthma ; el haba, bean ; el acta, an act ; el arte, art; el aula, lecture hall; el Asia, Asia; el Africa, Africa; el Austria, Austria; because la agua, la ala, etc., would be too harsh. But, it is necessary to observe — 1st, That this change of article is ad- mitted only in the singular, since the clashing of the two vowels does not take place in the plural. — 2d. If this noun be accompanied by an adjective, this adjective must be put in the feminine; therefore we say, el agua es fria, el ala derecha, the water is cold, the right wing ; and not, el agua frio, el ala derecho. — 3d. Observe that the nouns above mentioned are nearly all which usage has permitted to deviate from the general rule, and that amisiad, friendship; Amirica, America; Habana, Havana; and all other feminine nouns not having the stress of the voice on the first a are not comprehended in the number of the exceptions, but they follow the general rule. EXERCISE No. 38. Has the servant (female) the table? — No Sir, she has it not. — Has she the gold pen ? — She has it. — Have you seen my table ?— I have not 70 FOURTEENTH LESSON. seen it.— Have you seen the water ? — I have not seen it. — Have you received the chest ? — I have not received- it. — Have you seen the wing of my chicken ? — I have seen it. — Have you the weapon ? — I have it not. — Have you seen the mistress ? — I have not seen her. — Have you received the fowl ? — Yes, I have received it.— Have you seen the ea- gle ? — I have not seen it. — Have you perceived (percibe) the dawn ? — I have not perceived it. — Have you received the harp ? — I have re- ceived it. — Have you seen the buzzard. — I have not seen it. — Have you seen the act ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the lecture hall ? — I have not seen it, — Have you seen Asia ? — I have not seen it. — Have you seen Africa ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen Austria? — I have not seen it?— Have you seen the anchor? — Yes Sir, I have seen it. — Have y u seen the altar ? — I have not seen it. — Have you seen the handle ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the handles ? — I have not seen them. — Have you seen the wings of my chicken ? — I have seen them. — Have you seen the governesses. — I have not seen them. [ EXERCISE No. 39. e Have you received the candles ? — 1 have not received the candles but I have received the bottles. — Have you seen the city ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the street ? — 1 have not seen it. — Have you seen the door? — I have not seen it. — Have you seen the window ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen this or that hand ? — 1 have seen this one, but not that one — Have you seen the right hand ? — I have not seen the right hand, but the left hand. — Have you seen this or that woman ? — I have seen this one, I have not seen that one. — Have you seen these or those women ? — I have seen these but not those. — Have you seen these or those pretty young ladies ? — I have seen neither these nor those, but I have seen the ugly one. — Have you received your new tables ? — I have not received the new ones, but the old ones. — Have you seen my new house ? — I have not seen it. — Has she her table ? — She has it not. — Have you the art cf pleasing (arte de agradar). — I have it not but my sister has it. — Have you seen the fine arts ? (bellas artes). — I have seen them. — Have you seen the horns of my ox ? — I have not seen them. — Have you the axe ? — I have it not. — Have you the axe of my cousin ? (female). — I have it not. — Have you the silver spoon ? — I have it not, but I have the silver pen. — Have you my bro- ther's clock. — I have it not. — Have you seen the beautiful girls. — I have not seen the beautiful girls, but the pretty little girls. — Have you seen the servant (fern.)— I have not seen the servant. ADDITION TO THE FOURTEENTH LESSON. ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION What hour is it 1 Glue hora es 1 Kay orah es 1 It is one o'clock. Es la una. " Es la oona. FIFTEENTH LESSON. 71 ENGLISH. 'SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. It is two o'clock. Son las dos. Son las dos. It is three o'clock. Son las tres. Son las trais. It is four o'clock. Son las cuatro. Son las kwatro. It is five o'clock. Son las cinco. Son las theenco. It is six o'clock. Son las seis. Son las sai-ees. It is seven o'clock. Son las siete. Son las see-aitay. It is eight o'clock. Son las ocho. Son las ocho. It is nine o'clock. Son las nueve. Son las noo-aivay, It is ten o'clock. Son las diez. Son las dee-aith. It is eleven o'clock. Son las once. Son las onthay. It is twelve o'clock. Son las doce. Son las dothay, EXERCISE No. 40. What hour is it ? — It is one o'clock. — It is two o'clock. — It is three o'clock. — It is four o'clock. — It is five o'clock, etc, FIFTEENTH LESSON. We shall hereafter dispense with the column of figured pronunciation, as the preceding lessons are sufficient to give all needed instruction on this subject. Fifteenth Lesson. Leccion dechna quintet. INDEFINITE ARTICLE, FEMININE. A an or one. Una. Nominative a. Possessive of or from a. Objective to a. A woman. A young woman. A young lady. A pen. Have you a pen 1 A person. A silk stocking. Una. De una. A una. Una mujer. Una jo yen. Una senorita. Una pluma. Tiene V. una pluma. Una persona. Una media de seda. PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ABSOLUTE, FEMININE. Singular and plural. Mine or my own. Yours or yo.ur own. Singular. La mia. La suya {or la de Vd.) Plural. Las mias. Las suyas {or lasdeVd.) 72 FIFTEENTH LESSON. His (er iiers, its) his La suya (or la de el, or Las suyas (or las de el - own. ella). or ella). Ours or our own. La nuestra. Las nuestras. Yours or your own. La suya (la de Vds.) Las suyas (las de Vds.) Theirs or their own. La suya (la de ellos or Las suyas (las de ellos ellas). or ellas). Thine or thine own. La tuya. Las tuyas. Obs. The following very important rule must be attended to. Rule. — In English the possessive adjectives or pronouns are in the gender of the possessor ; in Spanish they must be in the gender of the thing possessed. — Mine, thine, his, hers, yours, etc., must be expresse by el mio, el tuyo, el suyo, etc., when the thing possessed is masculint und by la mia, la tuya, la suya, etc., when it is feminine, without co~ sidering in the least the gender of the possessor, as may be seen b^ the following examples : Tiene Vd. mi pluma 6 la de el 1 No tengo ni la de Vd. ni la de el, si- no la mia. Tiene Vd. el libro de mi hermana 1 No tengo el suyo, tengo el mio. Cual vela tiene Vd.'? Cualluz tiene Vd.? Tengo la mia. Tengo las mias. Have you my pen or his 1 I have neither yours nor his, but mine. Have you my sister's book 1 I have not hers, I have mine. Which candle have you 1 What light have you % I have mine. I have mine. ADJECTIVES, THEIR GENDER, ETC. Adjectives ending in o change o into a. Hombre honrado, honest man ; mujer honrada, honest woman ; hombre virtuoso, a virtuous man ; mujer virtuosa, a virtuous woman. Adjectives ending in n or r take an a when they modify a feminine noun ; a,s,fuego devorador, devouring fire ; pasion devoradora, devour- ing passion ; hombre haragan, idle man ; mujer haragana, idle woman. Adjectives ending otherwise, keep the same termination in both genders, ixito admirable, admirable success; mujer admirable, admira- ble woman ; hombre feliz, fortunate man ; mujer feliz, fortunate wo- man ; maridofiel, faithful husband ; esposa fiel, faithful wife ; hi jo obe- diente, obedient son ; hija obediente, obedient daughter. But those ad- jectives derived from the names of nations, provinces, etc., always take an a when modifying a feminine noun, whatever its termination may be. Example : Oro frances. Plata francesa. Un caballo Espanol. Una Senora Espanola. Instituto Cubano. Industria Cubans. French gold. French silver. A Spanish horse. A Spanish lady. Cuban institute. Cuban industry. FIFTEENTH LESSON. 73 SPANISH. ENGLISH. Gobierno Ingles.] English government. • Constitution Inglesa. English constitution. Un joven Andaluz. A young Andalusian. Una joven Andaluza. A young Andalusian, (fern.) Un Senador Americano. An American senator. Una Senora Americana. An American lady. There are included in the class of adjectives, the cardinal and ordi- nal numbers. The cardinal are all of one termination, except the number one (uno), and the compounds of (cientoi) one hundred, as dos- cientos, doscientas. The ordinal are of two terminations. Note. — Two or more nouns in the singular require an adjective in die plural ; and if the nouns vary in gender the adjective must be in the masculine. Example : • Life and honor are dear. La vida y el honor son caros. EXERCISE No. 41. Have you my spoon or yours ? — 1 have yours. — Have you the silver spoon? — I have not the silver spoon, but the golden one. — Have you seen my sister's silver spoons? — I have not seen them. — Have you my cloak ? — I have it. — Have you any French gold ? — No, sir, I have not any. — Have you the silver spoon of my good sister? — I have not your good sister's silver spoon, but her gold spoon. — Have you re- ceived my beautiful cloth cloak ? — I have received it. — Have you the new cloak or the old one ? — I have the old one. — Have yo i a pen ? — Yes, Sir, I have one. — Have you a silk stocking ? — I have not a silk stocking, but I have a cotton stocking. — Have you not my silk stock- ings ? — No, Sir, I have not your silk stockings, but mine. — Have you seen an honest man? — I have seen one.— Have you seen an honest woman ? — Yes, Sir, I have seen one. — Have you seen an obedient son ? I have seen one. — Have you seen an obedient daughter. — Yes, Sir, I have seen one. — Have you seen a faithful husband. — I have seen one. — Have you seen a faithful wife ? — I have seen one. — Have you a for- tunate friend? — I have a fortunate friend. — Have you a" fortunate friend ? (female.) — I have not a fortunate one, but an unfortunate (m- feliz) one. EXERCISE No. 42. Have you seen the Spanish constitution ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the Cuban institute ? — I have not seen it. — Have you the new English constitution ? — I have it not. — Have you seen the new Ameri- can flag (bandera) ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the English pa- vilion Xpubelhn) ? — I have not seen the English pavilion.— Have you 4 74 FIFTEENTH LESSON, seen a young Andalusian woman ?— I have seen one.— Have you re- ceived my letter ? — I have not received it.— Have you seen my little table ?— I have not seen it— Have you seen my little house ! — I have seen it. — Have you seen my pretty little bird ?— I have seen it.— Have you seen the large woman ?— I have not seen the large woman, but the contemptible little woman.— Have you seen the little coat {casaca) of my little brother ?— I hav^e seen it.— Have you seen the little spoon of my little sister ?— Have you seen the pretty little gold pen of my little cousin (female) ?— I have not seen her little gold pen, but her lit- tle hat.— Have you the little chair (silla) of my little friend ?— I have not.— Have you seen the little cup (tasa) ?— Yes, Sir, I have it.— Have you the little cloak of the young Andalusian woman ? — I have not hers, but I have that of the young American lady. — Have you seen the leather shoe of the little girl ?— I have not seen her shoe, but her little chair. — Have you the penknife of my little daughter ? — I have not her penknife, but her little gold pen. ADDITION TO THE FIFTEENTH LESSON. . Is it late 1 It is not early. It is half after one. It is a quarter after one. It is a quarter to one. It is five minutes to one. It is half after two. Es tarde/i No es temprano. Es la una y media. Es ]a una y cuarto. Es la una menos cuar- to. Es la una menos cinco minutos. Son las dos y media. It is ten minutes after Son las dos y diez mi- two, nutos. Es tarde 1 No es temprahno. Es la oona e maydee-ah. Es la oona e kwarto. Es la oona mai-no^ kwarto. Es la oona mai-nos theenco minootos. Son las dos e mai-dee- ah. Son las dos e dee-aith minootos. EXERCISE No. 43. Is it late ? — It is not late. — -It is early. — What hour is it ? — It is one o'clock. — It is two o'clock. — It is half after two. — It is three o'clock. — It is a quarter to three. — It is four o'clock. — It is two minutes after four. — It is five o'clock. — It is five minutes to five. — It is six o'clock. — It is a quarter to six. — It is seven o'clock. — It is half after seven. — It is eight o'clock. — It is a quarter after eight. — It is nine o'clock. — It is ten minutes to nine. — It is ten o'clock. — It is half after ten. — It is eleven o'clock. — It is five minutes to eleven. — It is twelve o'clock. — It is a quarter after twelve. Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Sept. 2006 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111