Class __Siil^ Copyriglitll? COEQilGHT DEPOSIT. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/studentreveriealOOcorn A STUDENT REVERIE a, Q (A O x; A STUDENT REVERIE An Album of Saxony Days (FREIBERG NEAR DRESDEN) BY FREDERICK GLEASON CORNING E.M.,LL.D. 'Speak to the Earth and it shall teach thee." NEW YORK 1920 ^o \ ^> Copyright, 1920, by Frederick G. Corning 'M 1 3 (920 0)Cf,A60^6S7 TO MY WIFE MARION ADELINE VERNON CORNING CONTENTS PAGE Freiberg the City 3 Freiberg Mines 9 Freiberg Royal Mining Academy 17 Freiberg Life 37 Contrasts in Outlook, Then and Now — The Careless Simplicities of Youth vs. The Burdensome Complexities of Maturity ILLUSTRATIONS Plate I Frontispiece Freiberg, Saxony (20 miles from Dresden) FACING PAGE Plate II 4 The Cathedral (Doni) and Market Place King John of Saxony The Moritz Tomb in Dom The Pulpits in Dom Plate III 5 Herders Ruhe Kreuz Brunnen Park (Freudenstein) Donats Thurm Plate IV , 6 Karl Theodor Korner Plate V 7 Freiberg Obermarkt One of the larger Freiberg Mines Plate VI 8 Alexander von Humboldt (Photogravure) Plate VII 10 Gabriel Auguste Daubree Plate VIII 11 Freiberg Smelting and Chemical Works Plate IX 14 Some Freiberg Ores Plate X 16 Royal Freiberg Mining Academy Hotel de Saxe, Freiberg Plate XI 17 Abraham Gottlob Werner Christian Leopold von Buch ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Plate XII .. - 18 ' Werner's Tomb Plate XIII 19 Bernard von Cotta Plate XIV 22 Friedrich August Breithaupt Friedrich Mohs Carl Friedrich Naumann Wilhelm August Lampadius Plate XV 23 Carl Friedrich Plattner Julius Weisbach Ferdinand Reich Moritz Ferdinand Gatzschmann Plate XVI 24 Theodor Scheerer Gustav Zeuner Friedrich August Breithaupt Bernard von Cotta Plate XVII 25 Twelve of the Freiberg Faculty 1. Viertel 7. Stelzner 2. Kreischer 8. Weisbach 3. Undeutsch 9. Ledebur 4. Gretschel 10. Erhardt 5. Richter 11. Gottschalk 6. Winkler 12. Leuthold Plate XVIII 26 Albin Weisbacli Clemens Winkler Theodor Richter ("Rektor") Plate XIX 27 Alfred Stelzner Jack Hammond Pliilip J. Octtingcr Plate XX 30 James Furman Kemp (Photogravure) ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Plate XXI 36 Raphael Pumpelly Gardner F. Williams Philip J. Oettinger Plate XXII 37 The Werner Monument Schweden Denkmal Plate XXIII 38 Raphael Pumpelly (Photogravure) Plate XXIV 40 Gardner F. Williams (Photogravure) Plate XXV 44 James Duncan Hague Plate XXVI 45 Louis Janin Plate XXVII 46 Rossiter Worthington Raymond Plate XXVIII 47 Samuel Franklin Emmons Plate XXIX 48 John Hays Hammond (Photogravure) Plate XXX 52 Waldemar Lindgren Plate XXXI 53 James Benton Grant Plate XXXII 54 An American Underground Threesome Plate XXXIII 55 An International Trio of Convivial Freibergers (White, McKee, Pratten) Plate XXXIV . 56 A Freiberg Mine Survey Party Plate XXXV 57 An Underground Anglo-American Quintette ILLUSTRATIONS FACINQ PAGE Plate XXXVI 58 A Yale Freiberg Trio (Cunningham, Hawley, Hammond) Plate XXXVII 59 Freiberg Superintendent in Parade Uniform Franklin Guiterman A Germanized American Freiberg Dandy (A. J. Bowie of California) Edgar P. Ratlibone Plate XXXVIII 60 A Real German Beauty Plate XXXIX 61 Cesar Vicuna Plate XL 62 North and South America at Freiberg (Frederick Gleason Corning, Cesar Vicuna) Plate XLI 63 A Trio of Kid Glove Miners (Stoiber, Corning, Guiterman) Plate XLII 65 The Three Mining Graces (Mrs. Victor Clement, Mrs. Fred Corning, Mrs. Jack Hammond) Plate XLIII 66 Marion AdeUne Vernon Corning (Photogravure) Plate XLIV 68 Frederick Gleason Corning (Photogravure) PAGE Vignette 69 Gluck-Auf Cxii: A STUDENT REVERIE FREIBERG THE CITY REIBERG, in Saxony, and its Royal School of Mines (Konigliche Sachsische Bergakademie) are historically of un- usual scientific interest and importance. The city was founded in 1175. Its fa- mous silver-lead-copper mines, collec- tively considered one of the greatest mining regions of Europe, were discovered in the twelfth century, while its celebrated Mining Academy was established in 1765 under government supervision and patronage. Forty-three years ago, or say about 1875 to 1880, the period of my studies there, the city had a population of 20,000, which had grown to about 30,000 in 1895. It is situated twenty miles southwest of Dresden, in the Erz- gebirge (Ore Range) on the Miinzbach near its conflu- ence with the Mulde, and is the center of general ad- ministration of the mining and metallurgical industries throughout Saxony. The usual new-world notion of a mining town or "camp" as a hurriedly erected, incomplete if not even dilapidated, collection of improvised houses and smok- ing, whistling works, dotted with ugly mining dumps fringed with tin cans and other unsightly refuse — evi- dences of crude, unsettled living — in no sense applies to Freiberg. In every way the picture now unfolding shows a situation quite the contrary. As the foremost mining center and an ancient impe- A STUDENT REVERIE rial city, long the residence of the Saxon princes, there were bestowed upon Freiberg many important privi- leges. These princely rulers were the grandee electors who, in armored pomp, elected the king, and whom the artists of old were wont to borrow as picturesque mod- els for immortalization in the masterpieces of the epoch, now so worshipful in quality and price. Perhaps, even, the figures on our playing cards originated away back herel Again, surrounded by this wealth of nature, may not these earliest blooded sports have also been the dis- covering coterie who showed the way to "Wein, Weib und Gesang"? As they were in fact the original king- makers, much was expected of them by the royal de- mand of the day for choice revelous accompaniments! They must have been the "real things" in kingly birds of Paradise; crafty courtiers, no doubt, but, by profes- sion, efficiency experts in Kingology, as it were. They knew the game of Courts and Kings, and doled out to the adoring people as square a deal as their manifest grati- tude and well-being appeared to warrant. And the grate- ful people followed gladly in their leaders' many aspira- tions and creations, from precious metals to rulers. To these autocrats the modern-day confused tenets and disjointed applications of democracy would have sounded like the weird jargon of missing-link savages. But they achieved results in progressive upbuilding, nevertheless, by the most sacred forms of secret diplo- macy. And the people were happy and appreciative. Are they either now? Perchance the world may yet need to close down the lid once more on "das liebe Volk," and invoke the resurrected wisdom of these shrewd nobility- philosophers who knew the king business so well in all its bearings 1 Moreover, these princes of power and en- terprise were the ideal monopolists of old, for they owned the treasures beneath the earth, the waters on top for their silver extraction (the mints inclusive), and the air above through which came from on High the Plate II THE CATHEDRAL (DOM) AND MARKET PLACE KING JOHN OF SAXONY Reigned 1834 to 187:5 Succeeded by his son Albert THE MORITZ TOMB IN DOM THE PULPITS IN DOM Plate III HE1\DERS RUHE A KHELZ BUUNNEX I« ^MMM Ij^ ^^^^H E^^^^^^^^^l n P.VHK (I-UEII)|:NSTE]N) IJONATS TlllHM FREIBERG THE CITY Divine Right of Kings of their own creation who hence "could do no wrong." Here was, indeed, a royal sweep of monopoly. They coveted not the kingly bothers and responsibilities, preferring rather to hold themselves the mysterious power for imperial creations, for, in re- turn, their royal handiwork-appointees held the devoted people in the hollows of their hallowed hands, thus clos- ing the monopolistic circle. Freiberg then was incu- bated in this proud atmosphere of treasure and privilege. After "business hours," by way of diversion, the chief concern of the many petty rulers of the day over the numerous principalities of crazy-quilt contrasts, ap- pears to have been waging alternate campaigns of tres- pass and defense. In the latter event, the exclusiveness of our Freiberg princes became cleverly discreet, for they elected to follow the fashionable precedent of prepa- ration and built their own great bastioned walls. Hence in 1187 this city of royal resource and importance started its enterprise of permanent defense. And to-day long sections of the old moss-grown walls of bygone cen- turies still stand picturesquely amid shadecf parks and encircling romantic walks. These ancient fragmentary ruins enclose, among other things of more than passing interest, a fifteenth- century cathedral of Gothic beauty, whose "Goldene Pforte" is a richly adorned portal in Byzantine style, a surviving remnant from an older church built in the twelfth century, whose sculptures rank high in me- dieval art. The group is an allegorical representation of the Kingdom of God, with reliefs and statues of Old and New Testament types and scenes. Behind the altar is the impressive burial chapel of the noted Protestant princes of Saxony, adorned with sculptured monuments of rare, quaint beauty, among which is one of Prince Maurice, who fell in the battle of Sievershausen in 1553. There is also a monument to Werner (born 1750), who is interred here, one of the foremost scientists of Frei- 1:53 A STUDENT REVERIE berg's early days. In the adjoining Lady Chapel are the remains of Henry the Pious and his successors down to Johann Georg IV, who died in 1694. If these German blue-blood warriors really looked the part in life, as fit and high and noble as their patron artists have here portrayed and forever preserved them in bronze, stone, and color, they were surely qualified for any beauty show on earth or in the heavens above. But it may well be doubted whether, in the highest flights of earthly class-conceit, these tough old knights, now in prayerful repose, ever dreamed themselves such pretty persons of unsullied purity. But perhaps the oldest of all the Freiberg relics is the castle of Freudenstein in the suburbs of the city, built in 1175 as part of its system of defense. Within these grounds there was erected in 1851 a monument to Werner, the father of geology, and in 1874 a statue was placed there in commemoration of the soldiers who fell in the Franco-German War of 1870-71. In 1762 a famous battle was fought hereabouts between Prus- sians under Prince Henry and Austrians under General Hadik, who was defeated. Reverence and high regard for these monumental landmarks of history were inborn among the old-world peoples — the non-utilitarian aspect being of small mo- ment. But the average careless student had little con- cern for these relics of hoariest, sacred antiquity, for primarily he was not "doing" this mining citadel and its exacting course of study for other than extra-tech- nical, material purposes. Frankly speaking, useful knowledge and worldly gain were the goal of his ambi- tion, so Baedeker's guide-book had small place in a Freiberg library. Passing along now nearly one hundred years, it was on September 25, 1850, that the centennial birthday of Werner was celebrated at Freiberg and the Royal Academy with great pomp and impressive enthusiasm, 161 Plate IV KARL THEODOR KORNER Freiberg, 1808 Famous Lyric Poet Born at Dresden, September 23, 1791 ; died on the battle-fleld at Gadebuseh, in Mecklen burs, August 2fi, 1813. Also studied at Leipsic and Berlin. Continued his literary career in Vienna 1S1I was made "Poet to the Court Theatre. and in His complete works were published in 1831. Pl.ATK V FREIBERG OHEKMAKKT OXE 01' THE I.ARCER I"REIBERr. MINES (Hiinnull'alirt) FREIBERG THE CITY an event at that time of wide interest among scientific circles throughout Europe. Primarily, of course, Freiberg owed its eventual great rise and fame to the discovery and widely expanded operation of its mines through the centuries; but later there also flourished here extensive manufactories of gold and silver lace, woolen, linen and cotton goods, also iron, copper and brass wares, shot, gunpowder, white lead, beer, etc. Besides the various old buildings com- posing the Mining Academy and its laboratories, the other public edifices are the town hall of the fifteenth century, the "Gymnasium" and "Realschule," a female burgher school, new law courts, barracks, an antiqua- rian museum, a natural history museum, and a pre- paratory mining school for training mine foremen, mechanics, etc. Here then, in Saxony, was an old-established com- munity and a sizable city, permanent in a sense rarely found in mining, and combining associations of mo- mentous historic and political import with industrial and academic resources quite unique and alone in their singular individuality. u:] ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT (BARON FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT) BORN— BERLIN SEPT. 14. 1769; DIED — BERLIN MAY 6. 1859. MINING ENGINEER AT FREIBERG 1791 FREIBERG MINES HE celebrated Freiberg series of veins and cross-veins occur in the gneiss rocks of the "Sachsische Erzgebirge," and be- long mainly to the older types of fissure lodes falling under the general class of metalliferous deposits formed relatively near the surface by ascending thermal waters in genetic connection with igneous rocks. The prevailing gray and red gneiss country rock occurs in many different structural varieties and shades, and passes over into mica schists and beds of limestone in places — the entire formation being traversed by dikes of porphyry and basalts. Among several hundred veins in the district, more than half have been worked as mines; and owing to the unusually wide extent and great variety of the veins and ores of Freiberg and its suburban districts, and because of there having been made accessible through the centuries by innumerable mine workings hundreds of miles in aggregate on the strike and dip, unequalled opportunities were afforded for the obser- vation and study of vein phenomena such as the rela- tions of vein filling to wall-rock, vein crossings, fault- ing, their behavior in depth, and the genesis of ore de- posits in general. The Rothschonberger Stollen alone, the main navigable Freiberg deep adit, 10 x 10 feet, some thirty miles long and thirty-three years in build- ing (the longest in the world), connects up the many groups of mines in the entire district, and drains their 1:93 A STUDENT REVERIE collective waters into the Elbe River above Meissen, which will give some idea of the immense amount of cross-cut work besides the regular drifting and sinking done in this network of vein-systems. So it came to pass that Freiberg was visited by min- ing and geological aspirants and scientists from all the mineral districts and educational centers of the world — many governments sending their brightest young men there to pursue, practically, mining and metallurgy for the development of their home industries. Among the earlier celebrities it was particularly Gatzschmann and Breithaupt of Freiberg, and Daubree of France, who, in their investigations, made important discoveries respecting lode and country-rock metamor- phosis. The former found that the impregnations of mispickel in the decomposed lode-enclosing gneiss were still going on and were caused by the internal decom- positions active within the lodes themselves. Daubree, in his "Etudes sur le Metamorphisme," defined these peculiar phenomena: "les depots metalliferes ne sont que des cas particuliers de phenomenes metamor- phiques." The researches of these pioneers in the science of ore deposits tended to show that most fissure ore deposits, not essentially consisting of hydrated per- oxide of iron, were formed not on the surface of the earth, but at considerable depths below, and, through transformation, have taken on their present appear- ance and character; and that accordingly, and because of the participation of water in the origin and trans- formation, the formations should be properly desig- nated as hydroplutonic. These vein-systems of complex and diverse types and ages have been studied and scientifically described by modern as well as by the older geologists and scientists of renown. Others of the recognized local authorities of the past who became widely known through their studies and learned brochures on Freiberg were: A. G. Plate VII GABRIEL AUGUSTE DAUBREE Born at Metz June 25, 1814; died at Paris, Franee, May 30, 189fi Honorary Member American Institute of Mining Engineers Brilliant Frenchman, and famous geologist of the day. One of the notable authorities and \\Titers on Freiberg. Made many conlributions to geology, mineralogy, and hydrology. Studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, and at the Ecole des Mines, Paris; graduated as Mining Engineer. Traveled in (ireat Britain, Gernianj', Algiers. In 183S, Mining Official in the Department of the Upper Rhine and also Professor of Geology in the Academy of Strasburg. In 1861, chair of geology in the Musee des Sciences Naturelles at Paris. Later Professor of Geology in the Ecole des Mines, and, in 1807, Inspector General of Klines. In 1872 Direc- tor of the iScole des Mines for fourteen years. In 1879 author of Etudes Synthetiques de Geologie Experimentale, followed by publication in 1887 of three large volumes: One volume on: "Les Eaux Souterraines aux Epoques anciennes. Role qui leur revient dans I'origine et les modifications de la substance de I'ecorce terrestre." Two volumes on: "Les Eaux Souteri-aines, a TEpoquc Actuelle, leur regime, leur temperature, leur composition, au point de vue du role qui leur revient dans I'economie de I'ecorce terrestre." > < FREIBERG MINES Werner (1791), A. von Weissenbach (1836), J. C. Freis- leben (1843), F. C. von Beust (1840), Bernard von Gotta (1861), and H. Miiller (1849-1900). The older veins were usually grouped by these writers under four heads or vein-types, as follows: (a) Noble Quartz Formation ("Edle Quarz Formation") : meaning high-grade or rich silver ores; fine quartz, argen- tite, native silver, pyrargyrite, pyrites, arsenopyrite, etc. (&) Pyritic Lead Formation ("Kiesige Bleiformation") : quartz, galena, pyrite, zincblende, arsenopyrite, chalcopjrite. (c) Noble Lead Formation ("Edle Bleiformation") : quartz, rhodochrosite, ankerite, galena, pyrite, zinc, tetrahedrite, py- rargyrite, polybasite, and proustite. (d) Tin Formation : cassiterite, chalcopyrite, quartz, arseno- pyrite, fluorite, etc. The younger veins were classed as the Barytic Lead Formation ( "Bary tische Bleiformation" ) : galena ( low in silver), chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and blende, quartz, cal- cite. They were usually found to run relatively strong and of considerable width, frequently carrying nickel and cobalt minerals as well. Authorities of the day as- signed them to the Tertiary age, and probably connected with the basaltic eruptions of that geological period. The older group are by some authorities considered to be genetically related to the intrusions of granitic rocks of the Garboniferous age — more specially defined as lodes formed relatively near the surface, the metallic ingredients being carried upward in eruptive rocks now largely eroded. Their economical value, however, has been proven by profitable operations to depths of from 1500 to over 2000 feet, with ore continually still normal, it is claimed (?). The "Edle Quarz Formation" was found to be inter- sected by dikes of quartz porphyry, but little, if any, typical granite appears in the Freiberg mines proper, though granitic structural developments of the gneiss are quite common. The ore bodies or "shoots" are rather irregular in these veins, collectively considered. A STUDENT REVERIE but some of the more extensive bodies of specially high grade and large tonnage frequently occur along the zones of vein-intersections. The rocks which appear to favor the deposit of ores in the traversing fissures, sometimes termed the "ore carriers," cannot be desig- nated absolutely, their influence being only relative and local. Rut in quite a general way, without regard to the particular formation, the lodes of economical im- portance may be said to live and yield better in com- pact rocks in which quartz, feldspar, or hornblende, as well as carbon (graphite) or carbonate of lime, form essential ingredients; while on the other hand, within less compact or shattered micaceous or magnesian rocks, the ore deposition has shown unfavorable devel- opment. Sharp and significant distinctions are made between the typical Freiberg gray gneiss and the red gneiss, although there are many intermediate grades and transition zones between the two varieties which cannot be properly assigned to one or the other. The normal gray gneiss, however, appears in the Erzgebirge more decidedly to favor the metalliferous contents of the veins than the red gneiss, which latter carries few veins, as a matter of fact. Moreover, where the red variety (containing the red feldspar) does occur well defined, it appears intrusively as an igneous rock even carrying occasional enclosed fragments of the gray, or again it actually courses as a defined dike of gneissic- granitic structure. The distinctions between the normal Freiberg gray gneiss and the red have been chemically and micro- scopically analyzed as follows: Freiberg Gneiss Normal Gray Gneiss Red Gneiss Silica 64-67%. Silica 74-767r. Ingredients: orthoclase. Ingredients: orthoclase, some oligoclase, quartz, and cjnartz, and small amount of much dark mica. light mica. 1:123 FREIBERG MINES In the Pyritic-Galena-Quartz Veins of the Freiberg "Kiesige Bleiformation" that have been mined to depths of over two thousand feet, the galena contains one tenth to two tenths per cent, of silver, but the pyrites, zinc- blende, and arsenopyrite run poor in silver. Although the ores, as a whole, in these numerous vein- systems are complex, the method of treatment at the mines was comparatively simple, consisting of crush- ing and mechanical ore dressing or concentration at or near the main shafts and surface plants of the various groups of properties, and shipment of the products to government smelters centrally located. Labor being very cheap, the ore was hand-assorted into many ship- ping classes, according to metal contents and suitable- ness for the smelting processes. The poorer grades remaining were crushed, classified, treated on jigs, per- cussion and revolving tables, and other washing ap- paratus of the primitive old-school types. Mechanical concentration, one of the basic branches of economic mining, owes its development, in great measure, to the Freiberg masters — the names, works, and achievements of such men as Rittinger and Gatzschmann being stand- ard among the old-world constructive authorities in the ore-dressing art of that early formative period. In later years, of course, the entire plant and practice became greatly revolutionized and improved through United States leadership, so that much of the older apparatus and hand labor manipulations no longer have place in the present state of the art. In the production of the shipping ore classes, by hand sorting to a high degree of metal contents, and making the corresponding concentrates by the ore-dressing process, the aim was not only one of enrichment by discarding the waste rock, but also to create products for the smelters best suited in point of mineral and metallic constituency and combinations for their vari- ous processes. Some of the principal classes of ship- CIS] A STUDENT REVERIE ping products (ores and concentrates) were those in which (a) lead and silver predominated; (b) silver pre- dominating; (c) copper; (d) zinc; (e) arsenic; (/) pyrites, etc., etc. In general the gold contents were small, only certain ores of the richer variety carrying appreciable amounts. Illustrative of the economical character and sloping yield of Freiberg lodes, taken over a long period of time, the records show that for one hundred years (1765 to 1865) the delivery or market value of the ore per running square yard of vein was in round figures $15, an average of the rich and poor ore shoots and the good and bad years and varying widths of ore bodies taken together. Furthermore, considering that the sta- tistical summaries show the total delivery or selling value of the mines' outputs for these same hundred years to have been $52,500,000, or at the rate of $525,000 yearly, an idea may be had of the relatively restricted scale and attendant business results of the Freiberg operations. There were, of course, prosperous periods of bonanza-years with much larger yield than this average figure. While the profit margin and rate of returns in this old industry, employing thousands of men, hardly measured up to the modern speculative standards of the new-world get-rich-quick mining un- dertakings, yet the old-fashioned business policy and slow operating pace, it must be admitted, had the merits of extraordinary thoroughness, conservatism, and pa- tience, and the maintenance of the exploration and de- velopment work far afield assured wide extent of the ore ground in reserve for rainy days. Two extensive government smelting, refining, and chemical works treated the many and often complicated ores and ore products from the Freiberg fields, and those of other home districts and foreign markets as well, namely: Kgl. Muldner Hiitle and Kgl. Halsbriick- ner Hiitte. Plate IX SOME FREIBERG ORES I Galena. I Zincblende. Iron and Copper Pyrites. i i Baryta. ^H Gneiss. FREIBERG MINES These plants and their diversified processes became, in their way, as widely known as the Freiberg mines themselves. The furnaces, refineries, chemical and ac- cessory buildings, situated but short distances from the city proper, cover many acres widely distributed in their respective valleys. Some of the larger mines as well as these central smelting plants and many other works in Saxony are government-owned. While in the early days silver constituted the chief realizable value of the district's output, from 1845 on the proportionate value of other metals and of the mis- cellaneous by-products rose rapidly, as evidenced by these figures, compiled at wide intervals : Proportionate Values Miscellaneous Products Year Silver Lead Copp 1845 92% 7% 1% 1875 64% 151/2% 6% 1902 50% 141/2% 6% 141/2% 291/2% It is of scientific interest that, in addition to the fore- going principal products, there were produced at times quite a number of the very rare elements, among which were indium and germanium (discovered by Freiberg savants), also selenium, tellurium, thallium, platinum, palladium, and iridium. Indeed, the Freiberg works outranked all others of the day in their great variety of finished smelting and chemical products. After long record years of profitable activity on an expanding scale, the Freiberg mining and metallurgical industries declined to a point of prostration, largely through the disastrous fall and long-continued depres- sion in the silver market and, at times, in the prices of other metals as well. For example, in recalling the pre- vailing average prices per ounce for only twelve years of this low period — 1897— 60.48«S; 1898—59.01^; 1899—60.15^; 1900—62.00^; 1901—59.59^; 1902— 52.79{» ; 1903—54.25^; 1904—57.87^; 1905—61.02^; 1906—67.68^; 1907—66.15^; 1908—53.49^; CIS] A STUDENT REVERIE — it will be realized what a strain was put upon these old industries, not counting the increase in cost of mining with depth and wide extent of underground workings, cost of material, rates of wages, etc., and why the gov- ernment was so often obliged to come to their assist- ance. Whether these ancient mines will ever be profit- ably resurrected, now that high prices for silver again prevail, remains to be seen. cie] Plate X ROYAL FRETBERG MINING ACADEMY Interior Court of Principal Building HOTEL DE SAXE, FREIBERG Where the Americans met X m S^IS D rl!^ ca :; 1 c" j:-3 Z o III! > -^ ™ ;; J5 S tc .- ao -^ o 1"* III O 5 SI lebrate Geogno alien," durch •z" CJ - •- flj .2 CA i) - 1— I « < ifell H ? 2 > 3 ■* :/: £ « — *- a: Cj" u O E ? "S "I ; 3 5 3 5 X =^-A> -5 o c o 1:1 = ^! c ?i:l§ and sor Ition ents d at logy 'rofes nstitu stud ^ S Sc 2 Si a C3 o X K^ ,._! T . .- c: a: P C3 >i ij 3 -^i^ H K |5^£ = O x 3 o c ^•*' u o -J o £ c _ 1, ),_, t. ^ ^ = : S .-^ C - . £ ~ < C. Q. X I-J i^ C "" U^ i *^ — i, c. X ^i /.-- S K '"__ C 2 c /■• < n = ^f£g •; o i"-- s - c " E ^ - - r ~ - , - " S w "" ^ C ^ ^ c 7. "" H 5 1 2 1 1 FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY j^^^ ^^P {^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ffi ^m H ^^^KZ ^^^ N such an extraordinary mining atmos- phere as had early developed at Frei- berg, amid unique opportunities for the pursuit of scientific studies hand in hand with geological excursions and actual practice in the mines and smelt- ers, covering the basic and collateral branches of diver- sified metal mining — all situated in great expanding fields of ever new discoveries, enriching through the years the accumulated data of experience — no wonder that German inborn love of systematic learning and efficiency should have demanded here, in 1765, the es- tablishment of the Freiberg Mining Academy, "die alteste technische Hochschule der ganzen Erde" (the oldest technical "High College" in the world); and, in- deed, as it transpired, this state institution within range of the culture of Dresden, and the Kingdom of Saxony behind it, was not only the parent of all schools of mines, but for very many years of its acknowledged leadership was also the model for all similar colleges of later date. As a matter of historical interest, the men who, as presidents ("Rektor") and professors, have directed the destinies of this truly Royal School of Mines from its birth down to recent times, are here recorded in chrono- logical order, many of them having been, in fact, grad- uated from Freiberg: Generalbergkommissar Frhr. von A STUDENT REVERIE Heynitz (later Royal Prussian Minister) and Berg- hauptmann von Oppel to 1769; Berghauptmann Pabst von Ohain and Oberberghauptmann von Ponickau to 1784; Berghauptmann B. von Heynitz to 1801; Ober- berghauptmann von Trebra to 1819; Oberberghaupt- mann Frhr. von Herder to 1838; Berghauptmann Freis- leben to 1842; Oberberghauptmann von Beust to 1869; Gustav Zeuner to 1875; Theodor Richter to 1896; Clemens Winkler to 1899; Adolf Ledebur to 1901; Erwin Papperitz to 1903; Geheimer Bergrath Prof. Adolf Ledebur, 1904; . . . Geheimer Bergrath E. Treptow, 1910; . . . Oberbergrath Johannes Galli, 1915. Some of the more prominent professors from the beginning down to the present time, many of whom be- came of world renown, are: Chr. E. Gellert (Metallurgi- cal Chemistry), 1766-1795; J. Fr. W. von Charpentier (Mathematics, Mechanical Drawing, Mechanics), 1766- 1784; A. G. Werner (Abraham Gottlob Werner), (Min- eralogy, Geology), 1775-1817; J. Fr. Lempe (Mathe- matics, Mechanics, Machinery), 1783-1801; W. A. Lampadius (Chemistry, Metallurgy, Chemical Tech- nology), 1794-1842; A. Breithaupt (Mineralogy, Crystal- lography), 1813-1866; Fr. Mohs (Mineralogy, Crystal- lography), 1818-1826; C. Fr. Naumann (Mineralogy, Crystallography, Physics), 1826-1842; F. Reich (Chem- istry, Physics), 1827-1860; C. M. Kersten (Chemistry), 1829-1847; Julius L. Weisbach (Mathematics, Descrip- tive Geometry, Crystallography, Physics, Mechanics, Machinery, Mine Surveying), 1833-1871; M. F. Giitzsch- mann (Mining), 1835-1871; C. Fr. Plattner (Blow- Pipe Analysis, Chemistry, Metallurgy), 1842-1858; C. B. von Cotta (Geology, Paleontology, Ore Deposits), 1842-1874; Fr. W. Fritzsche (Assaying, Metallurgy), 1843-1873; C. J. A. Th. Scheerer (Chemistrv, Metal- lurgy), 1848-1873; H. Th. Richter (Metallurgy, Blow- Pipe Analysis), 1856-1896; Albin J. Weisbach (Mineral- ogy), 1860-1901; A. W. Stelzner (Geology, Paleontology, CIS] Plate XII WERNER'S TOMB In llie Freiberg Cathedral (Dom). Born, 1750; died, 1817 Platk XIII 3 'il BERNARD vox COTTA Born al Zillbach, Oclober 24, 1808; died at rreiberg, September U, 1S79; enrolled at Freiberg 1827. Succeeded Naiimann at tbe Uoyal Mining Academy from 1812-187 ( as Professor of Geology, Paleontology, and Ore Deposits. He conducted many geological surveys fi>r the Government, and was a prolific contributor to the scientific literature of the day. His *'Treatise on Ore Deposits," translated into English, 18()0-187l), by I'redcriek Prime. .Ir., an American Freiberg Mining Kngineer, was the authoritative basic work of the early period. Plis publications also included "Gcognostische Wanderungen," "(ieologle der Gegenwarl," "Der Altai," etc. After Werner, von Cotla was Freiberg's most widely known geologist and author. FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY and Genesis of Ore Deposits), 1866-1870 and 1874-1896; G. G. Kreischer (Mining), 1871-1891; G. Zeuner (Mechanics, Machinery), 1872-1875; H. Gretschel (Mathematics), 1873-1892; CI. A. Winkler (Chemistry and Chemical Technology), 1875-1902; A. Schertel (Metallurgy), 1896-1902; and some of the faculty of 1915: E. Treptow (Mining, Ore Dressing, Briquetting) ; E. Papperitz (Higher Mathematics, Descriptive Geom- etry, etc.); Leoben R. Beck (Geology, Ore Deposits, Paleontology); 0. Birkner (Political Economy, Finance, Insurance, Mining and Smelting Statistics) ; C. Schiffner (Metallurgy, Electro-Metallurgy, Assaying); P. Wilski (Mine Surveying and Geodesy); G. Brion (Electro- technic. Physics). The academic library has over fifty thousand volumes and brochures. The mineral collections, of which there are four, viz.: A. G. Werner's (12,000), Professors Breithaupt and Weisbach's (40,000), and two smaller ones, have in the aggregate about sixty thousand speci- mens. The geological collections cover five classes of specimens: 1st, General Geology and Petrography; 2d, Paleontology (animal); 3d, Paleontology (plants); 4th, Sections of Ore Deposits; 5th, for microscopic examina- tions of rocks, etc. There are also at hand collections of models in the departments of Mechanics, Mining, and Ore Dressing, Machinery, Metallurgy, Chemical Tech- nology, Iron Metallurgy, Mechanico-Metallurgical Tech- nology, etc. Also chemical, assaying, blow-pipe and metallurgical laboratories; collections of mining and land-surveying instruments, building materials, plans, etc. All of the surveying practice is carried on in the underground workings and around surface plants at the various mines and works. There were in my day (1875-1879), and still are, four principal courses, three to four years long, and for which final examinations were required for those ap- plying for diplomas and degrees — though this was A STUDENT REVERIE optional with the students — they could elect thus to specialize or take a mixed course, the latter plan being usually adopted by the Americans who came for special subjects and courses rather than for the regular cur- riculum planned for the German students. The four standard courses were for: Mining Engineer, Metallurgical Engineer, Mine Surveyor, Iron Mine En- gineer and Metallurgist. A still higher degree, namely, "Doktor-Ingenieur" (in the nature of an honorary title), may be obtained by a holder of any one of the above degrees, by his post- graduate submission of an acceptable dissertation, and otherwise conforming to certain "Promotion Rules" of the Dresden Technical High College in cooperation with the Freiberg Mining Academy governing this particular bestowal. We Americans usually combined the main subjects of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, which, of course, embraced Mine Surveying, Assaying, etc. Those going in for the Mining Engineer degree would also attend many of the lectures for the Metallurgical course, and conversely those going in for the Metallurgical Engineer degree would also attend the Mining Engineering lec- tures, etc. A list of the subjects usually taken in my day by those aiming to combine the Mining and Metallurgi- cal courses, appears on the official academic papers as follows, thirty- two in number: Advanced Mathematics, Descriptive Geometry, Selected Chapters of Higher Mathematics, Higher Equations, Natural Philosophy, Mechanics, Machinery, Machinery Drawing (First and Second Parts), Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Qualitative Chemical Analj^ses, Quantitative Chemical Analyses, Mineralogy, Practical Determinations of Min- erals, Crystallographic Determinations, Geognosy, Sci- ence of Ore Deposits, Paleontology, Petrography De- terminations, Mining (First and Second Parts), General 1:203 FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY Metallurgy, Assaying (Lectures and Practice), Blow- Pipe Analyses (Determination), Geodesy and Mine Surveying, Underground Surveys and Map Making, Geodetic Practice, Experimental Physics (Lectures), Experimental Physics (Laboratory Work), Building Construction, Mechanical Drawing and Planning of Mining and Metallurgical Plants, Mining Law, General Jurisprudence. But the foregoing list does not comprise all of the sub- jects lectured upon at Freiberg, with their correspond- ing practical courses. True to the traditions of German efficiency there were still more on tap! The Mining Engineer's examination and degree, how- ever, covered proven qualifications in fourteen subjects, besides a thesis on a given problem or project in prac- tical engineering, chosen by the faculty, and for the sub- mission of which five to six months were allowed. These fourteen subjects, taken from a diploma award- ing the degree of Mining Engineer ("Berg-Ingenieur"), dated December 1, 1879, are recorded as follows: Higher Mathematics, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanics, Ex- perimental Physics, Mineralogy, Geology, Paleontology, Mining Law, Jurisprudence, Mining, Concentration (Ore Dressing), Ore Deposits, Mine Surveying, Mining Ma- chinery. The very comprehensive curricula at Freiberg, even in my day, over forty years ago, also facilitated the pur- suit of specialties quite apart from the regular engi- neering courses. Thus, students and older graduates of other colleges desirous of specializing in geology and mineralogy, could follow a dozen different lectures and "praktikums" in constituent branches of this group. Similarly, in chemistry and chemical technology, many lectures covering this special field were available to fill out a two or three years' course, etc. Hence the Acad- emy's rank and standing of scholarship, in my day and since, has always been on a par with the highest institu- 1:21: A STUDENT REVERIE tions of learning, such as the leading universities and polytechnics. In the American colleges and universities forty-five years ago there were, of course, able lectures being given on many mining subjects, and various more or less complete Mining and Metallurgical courses had been gotten well under way at established schools of mines; but they had not at that time become rounded out or risen to the high standard they subsequently attained. At this writing, however, and indeed for many years past, American schools of mines such as Columbia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale, Harvard, the universities of California, Lehigh, Pittsburgh, and Golden (Colorado), etc., have also taken their places in the front rank of mining colleges, and are far better adapted for present-day American requirements and practice. But because of American institutions having caught up to, and in some respects surpassed, Europe in facilities and standards for our purposes, thus making it no longer necessary or even desirable to pursue one's entire course of mining engineering study abroad, this does not in the least detract from Freiberg's prominence and unequaled contribution, in early days, to mines and mining. Weighing fairly, therefore, the greatly perfected edu- cational advantages of our own technical institutions of learning during, say, the last thirty-five years, and their present high level of scholarship, Europe may nowa- days be regarded solely as inviting for finishing purposes and post-graduate specializations; while, of course, the acquirement of one or two foreign languages (preferably Spanish and French) is always a live asset for the wider practice of the expert mining engineer and manager. Generally speaking, it seems self-evident that the quality and quantity of a professional educa- tion, especially mining engineering, should bear close 1:22: Plate XIV FRIEDKICII AUfiUST liRElTHAUPT I'RIEDRICH MOHS CARL FRIEDRICH NAUMANN Wll-HELM AUGUST r.AMl'AIJlUS Plate XV CARL FRIEUllICII l'LAir.M;i>, JULIUS WEISUACH li;ill)INANI) lUUCII MOIilTZ 1 I-lilllNANI) CATZSC.IIMANN FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY relation to the necessities and "ways of doing things" of the country in which one expects to live and function — fitting in, as it were, with the home conditions and standards, industrially, economically, and even politi- cally. Among the other important European schools of mines of the years in question, the ficole des Mines of Paris, the London Royal School of Mines, and the Berg- akademie at Clausthal, situated among the mines in the Hartz Mountains (in cooperation with the Berlin-Berg- akademie), were the leaders; but the schools at Liege, St. fitienne, Przibram, Leoben (Austria), Fahlun (Swe- den), St. Petersburg, and Chemnitz were also favorably regarded. Looking backward, again, Freiberg had, besides the attraction of antiquity, certain natural advantages of location difficult to duplicate, as well as the wide fame of its savants and their literature, standard of that period, which lent a prestige to the Academy, historically and scientifically, beyond that of any other institution. Indeed, from this old citadel there emanated an amazing volume of epoch-making scientific and technical litera- ture on mining, metallurgy, the genesis of ore deposits, geological surveys, mechanical processes of ore treat- ment, and the related arts, much of which was trans- lated into other languages and issued as authoritative in its day to the remotest parts of the earth. At the risk of possible repetition, a list is here submitted of some of the more prominent German scientists who studied at Freiberg, a sample lot of the foundation men of olden days who were leaders in the life of the Academy — in the highest sense epoch-makers in their respective lines, whose labors and publications have placed the profession of mining, and indeed the scientific culture of the world, under lasting indebted- ness: n233 A STUDENT REVERIE student's Name Year Academic No. Joh. Friedr. Wm. Charpentier 1766 4 Abraham Gottlob Werner (the "father of geology") 1769 52 Leopold von Buch (in 1853 "Kammerherr" in Berlin) 1790 345 Frhr. von Humboldt (Alexander) 1791 357 Carl Friedrich Mohs 1798 503 Karl Theodor Korner (the famous poet) 1808 697 Fr. Aug. Breithaupt 1811 747 Carl Friedrich Naumann 1816 829 Ferdinand Reich - 1816 832 Carl Fr. Plattner 1817 835 Karl Gustav Adalbert von Weissenbach 1819 904 Mor. Ferd. Gatzschmann 1821 953 Julius Ludw. Weisbach 1822 981 Karl Moritz Kersten 1822 992 Carl Bernard von Cotta 1827 1148 Frhr. von Herder (Eugene Wolfgang) 1827 1149 Carl Johann August Theodor Scheerer 1830 1243 Carl Gottl. Gottschalk 1842 1524 Hieronymus Theodor Richter 1843 1530 Albin Jul. Weisbach 1850 1727 Alfred Stelzner 1859 2115 Paul von Groth (Munich's greatest mineralogist) 1862 2295 These creative men of Freiberg, for the gift of their learning, will ever merit high place in the Science Hall of Fame. Numerically, Freiberg has never been a large affair — a qualitative rather than a quantitative institution. In fact, for a long time, it seemed as though there were nearly as many officials, "Ordentliche Professoren," "Ausserordentliche Professoren," "Dozenten," and "As- sistenten," as students. This feature, however, had its decided advantages in that it facilitated personal contact and close informal association with members of the faculty, contrasted with the more official aloofness and exclusiveness of the larger universities. Up to 1838 in- clusive, only 1416 men of all nationalities had matricu- lated, nineteen having entered in that year; and the records show that for one hundred and thirty-seven years (up to 1903), in all 4823 students had entered. Gradually, however, the number increased from about 1:243 Plate XVI THEODOK SCHEERER i;rSTAV ZEUXER FRIEDRICH AUGUST BREITHAUPT Enrolled at Freiberg ISll BERNARD von C.OTTA Freiberg, 1877 Plate XVII TWELVE OF THE FREIBERG FACULTY 1875-1880 1 Vicrlol 9 KrciscluT 3 I'lKk-ulsch 4 Grc-lsclu'l RiihttT (i Winkler 7 Sll'lziUT s Wfisbacli <) Lcdibur Erlundl U C.otlsflKilk 12 Leiithohl FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY 150 in my day to over 470 in 1902, of which one half were foreigners. The student body continued to grow, but later dropped off, until in the war year 1914-15, the number had declined to 247, one third being foreigners. The American attendance had already been falling off for many years, for the obvious reasons noted above. As early as 1838 an occasional American appeared on the academic register; but it was not until 1854 that our students began to come from the United States in in- creasing numbers. The Academy was always exceed- ingly liberal and accommodating in its policy of encour- agement toward the Americans, facilitating in every way their gaining admission to the lectures; and for that matter this was the official attitude toward all foreign- ers, because, like the Americans, the others, too, played an important role in the affairs of the Academy and in the entire community, socially and otherwise. Then, again, the limitations and difficulties under which foreigners labored from inadequate knowledge of Ger- man, made for leniency and helpful toleration on the part of the directorate. Our fellows were usually accepted by virtue of their degree-diplomas or other graduation credentials, certi- fying to the successful completion of undergraduate courses. Quite a number had already pursued mining or other engineering studies at home and visited Frei- berg more for finishing purposes and to "have a look around," while attending lectures on a few specialties. Indeed, in the full and oftentimes embarrassing realiza- tion that much would be expected "at home" of the re- turned Freiberger, it was quite a problem to know just what line of studies to follow to the best advantage. There were so many of the distinguished faculty to meet, with an even more bewildering menu of subjects and lectures to select from (handicapped frequently by limited knowledge of the language), that to make wise choice of a study-program for a given length of course 1:253 A STUDENT REVERIE was no easy task. The scheme was (or should have been) to maximize the cardinal, useful branches, and minimize the least necessary subjects, those unlikely to be called for in practical professional life, and to fit the selected curriculum into the allotted time, whether one, two, three, or four years, with or without final degree- examinations, as the case might be. For those advanced students not well up in German nor planning to take the regular long and somewhat tedious top-heavy course for the conferment of the de- gree, the opportunities were excellent for absorbing, with comparative ease, a rather wide and varied useful knowledge of mining subjects, because of the numer- ous "praktikums" that made up fully half of the course, in the laboratories and collections of the chemical, physical, machinery, blow-pipe, assaying, petrological, paleontological, microscopical, drawing and geodetic departments, not to mention the underground surveys and work in the mines, concentrators, and smelters, and trips of inspection during the vacation times. The con- versational character of these exercises afforded, of course, the best opportunities rapidly to improve one's speaking knowledge of German; but really to follow the lectures profitably, a fair familiarity with the lan- guage was quite indispensable. There were twelve principal professors in the faculty of 1875-80: Viertel (1), Kreischer (2), Undeutsch (3), Gretschel (4), Richter (5), Winkler (6), Stelzner (7), Weisbach (8), Ledebur (9), Erhardt (10), Gottschalk (11), Leuthold (12), who were among the eminent men of Germany in their respective branches. Their official duties .«:eemed to include an unwritten ethical obligation to cultivate and entertain the students socially, as well as elevate them academically, which in- timate relations would have been impossible to main- tain in a larger institution with scholars running into the thousands. Outside of the lecture room, at society t:263 Plate XVIII JTUn/n^ ©■«-v^A-*"h- . CLEMENS WINKLER THEODOR RICHTER -"REKTOR" Plate XIX AI.rRED STELZNER Profcisoi- of Geology, l"icil>eig, 187 .lAc.K HAMMOND AT inuciiucnCi l.S7ll-187'J IMIII.II' .1. OKTTINC.KH New V.ilU, 1!ia(l (I'iimIm-iK. 18I1."i1 FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY functions, concerts and the like, they would relax and fraternize with the students, on equal terms, recalling the careless happy hours of their own youthful univer- sity days. They opened their homes hospitably, espe- cially to the foreigners, giving series of dinners spread over the winter and summer semesters, to which the students were invited in groups of ten to fifteen at a time; and the expense of all this wining and dining made no small inroads upon their meager salaries. In similar relations of camaraderie, professors and students met at the concerts, balls, and beer gardens; and also on the geological and mining excursions, sur- veys and inspections, when a veritable picnic fraternity prevailed. In the dark hours of the morning, the students in mine clothes would start in parties for the mines for a day underground, while at other times we went down on the night shift. Arriving at the shaft just in time for the change of shifts and while the usual service of prayer by candle-light with organ and weird congregational singing was in progress, we were as- signed by the manager or superintendent to a foreman, who acted as guide for the surveying or other purposes of the trip. The miners of all ranks and stations were obliging, simple people, proud of the reputation of the Academy, and desirous of accommodating the foreign visitors and students. They were keenly interested in hearing tales about the mining districts in distant lands and the home cities of the foreigners, which filled them with much wonderment. These plain miners were essentially a re- ligious set. One of the more fervent men once remarked at the daily service that the contrast must appear strik- ing to the Americans, whose miners always "started be- low with a curse on their lips," as he had been informed. ("Immer fahren sie ein mit einem Fluchl") Four of the faculty, Stelzner, Richter, Weisbach, and Winkler, were, perhaps, the most widely known, and at 1:273 A STUDENT REVERIE the same time enjoyed greatest popularity among the students. They spoke several languages, and Stelzner and Richter knew more English than many foreigners' knowledge of the German language. They were prac- tical, progressive men of vision, and, temperamentally, quite up-to-date in their clubby tastes and ideas. Alfred Stelzner (Freiberg, 1859) lectured on all of the geological subjects. He had been the favorite scholar of Bernard von Cotta years before, and was called to the Academy to succeed him. In the interim, Stelzner had been Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at the Uni- versity of Cordoba, and had conducted geological sur- veys in the service of the Argentine Government, his reports on the geology and paleontology of that republic being accepted as authoritative in geological literature. He was a highly accomplished and traveled scientist, speaking, besides German and English, French, Span- ish, and Portuguese. Having returned to Freiberg from roaming far afield in the outside world of expansion and movement, he infused into his lectures and delivery a certain snappy, enlightened style of presentation, de- rived from his contact with the new-world currents of progress, all of which lent to his instruction the charm of original appeal. The practice hours devoted to rock, fossil, and ore determinations under the magnetic, energetic Stelzner were regarded by the students as the most agreeable and profitable of the entire course. The inherent attraction of his branches and their practical utilitj'^ created a large following and regular attendance at his lectures. There was much about this brilliant and highly cul- tivated geologist, intellectually, temperamentally, and even in general physical appearance, that suggested his younger friend. Professor James Furman Kemp (now long identified with Columbia University, N. Y.), the widely known and gifted American geologist, a scientist of highest accomplishments, most genial character, and [:28: FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY personal charm, all his own. Though not an enrolled student at Freiberg, Dr. Kemp has visited in this field and participated in some of the geological excursions with members of the faculty. In fact, to this day, he is one of the best authorities on all matters personal and educational pertaining to the old historic district and the Royal Academy. As one of America's most pop- ular and sympathetic authors and teachers, Kemp has passed on to his many classes of eager students the lore of ore deposits, which is so largely derived from the old masters of the Freiberg institution. Of all scientific subjects and scientists, geology and geologists are probably the least narrow and prosily materialistic. In the pursuit of geological studies, par excellence, there comes into play a mysterious inspira- tional power derived from closest association with Na- ture's huge creations and forces. Set with sublimest scenery, in a supernatural atmosphere of beauty and with the marvelous unfolding of Nature's ways, the awakening consciousness of the eternal powers, the majesty of conception, the everlastingness of time, material, force, and movement, and of resulting life it- self, create an intimate approach along the paths of science, to the very gateway of the unfathomable secrets and mysteries of life. These awe-inspiring, magnetic influences and the dawning comprehension of universal greatness, transmitted through these poetic and scien- tifically romantic contacts, cultivate the reverential up- lift and expanding vision. They strike through and through with spirituality and bring to the surface in fullest refinement the finer traits and aspirations of character. These are the transcendent situations and flights, which mellow and broaden the faculties, making for man at his best, and creating the fiber of the very soul of life. Dr. Theodor Richter (Freiberg, 1843) was the "Rek- tor" of the Royal Academy, and signed the official 1:293 A STUDENT REVERIE papers, certificates of attendance at lectures, diplomas, degrees, etc. He was widely known in Europe for his lectures on metallurgj^ assaying and blow-pipe analy- sis, and as the discoverer of indium. In appearance he was of the spectacled German type, though more trim and better-looking than the average. The many "prak- tikums" connected with his branches afforded ample opportunity to get well acquainted with the Rektor, who cooperated with his assistants in this analytical work. He was a democratic man in a quiet way and of a serious turn of mind not so readily relaxable. Among his dis- tinguished private students was Thomas Egleston of New York, later a founder of the Columbia School of Mines. Egleston, however, studied chiefly in Paris and did not enter regularly at Freiberg. Albin Weisbach (Freiberg, 1850), scholar of Breit- haupt (Freiberg, 1811), enjoyed as mineralogist and crystallographer much prestige as the successor of Breithaupt, and especially as the son of the original and famous Julius Weisbach (Freiberg, 1822), who wrote the great work on Mechanics and Machinery, among others, translated into English by our distinguished American Mining Engineer Eckley B. Cox (Freiberg, 1862). In Weisbach's lectures on mineralogy and the diffi- cult, dry, and unpopular crystallography, he had a pecu- liar unmagnetic delivery. As a corps student he had received a severe long saber-gash across his broad fore- head which was thought to have influenced his sight and facial expression, suggesting, at times, even mental eccentricity. There was a great deal of dry formulae connected with his courses; and as the very nature of these subjects precluded the wide inspirational sweep and scientific uplift inherent in the geological group, the popularity of his teaching was not on a par with Stelzner's. Clemens Winkler had made a great name for himself cao] JAMES FURMAN KEMP, A. B., E. M., D. SC, LL. D. (ANOTHER AUTHORITY ON FREIBERG AND FREIBERGERS) ADELPHI ACADEMY. BROOKLYN, 1865-1877; AMHERST 1877-1881; COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF MINES 1881-1884. ASSISTANT TO DR. NEWBERRY THERE: LEIPZIG AND MUNICH UNIVERSITIES LATER; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PUBLICIST OF DISTINCTION AT THE SCHOOL OF MINES. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK: AUTHOR OF "ORE DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA" 1893— "HAND BOOK OF ROCKS" 1895. INVALUABLE FRIEND AND COUNSELOR OF THE RISING ENGINEER- PLATE XX FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY in all branches of chemistry, and his lectures on chem- ical technology were especially fine and instructive. His courses were sought by students specializing in these branches, quite apart from the pursuit of mining or metallurgical engineering. Winkler was a brilliant man of much originality and also possessed the happy faculty of coming down to earth among the boys, and through personal magnetism and good will winning their confidence and ambitious endeavor. A bureau for the sale of specimens, appropriately mounted and carefully labeled, conducted under Herr Wappler, was an active department of the Academy, which encouraged the students making mineral collec- tions, and incidentally served as an informal meeting- place for social exchanges. Selected type-specimens of ores and the associated minerals, in crystal forms as well, characteristic of the various vein formations, were to be had as low as a few cents apiece — special prices made to students only. For the small sum of twenty- five dollars a useful collection could be put together representing the metallic and non-metallic minerals most commonly met with in practical mining, and to serve also as the foundation for a larger collection to be gradually accumulated through later years. If called upon to criticize the old Freiberg educational system — no agreeable or easy task in view of its prom- inence and acknowledged excellence — the following general comment may be permitted: It seemed to us Americans, inexperienced as we were in those far-back times, that in some of the lectures on mining methods, machinery, and processes of treatment, much valuable time and energy were needlessly wasted in wearisome historical recitals, in greatest detail, of the formative and development stages of these arts, past and forever gone and of no present practical moment. It lies in the German character to doctrinize and aca- demicize (words created for Teuton glory I) their sub- A STUDENT REVERIE jects and teaching, from the most rudimentary founda- tions upward, at the expense of the larger vital things — so by the time the really useful realities and worth-while essentials are reached, a brain-fag may have set in, crippling the mind for further receptive effort. The national book-making, encyclopedic habit of mind with love for minute classification, and the mental reflex of the involved language, all blended, peradventure, wdth soporific surcharges of excellent beer, may partially ac- count for a certain ponderosity of viewpoint and the theoretic bent of the Germanic race! The book-worm feature of the instruction at the Academy was, however, in great measure, offset by the ample opportunities referred to for practical observa- tion and work in the mines, ore-dressing and smelting works, without which Freiberg's advantages and effi- ciencies would have been very much reduced. For some years, beginning about 1850, it became a sort of fashionable educational fad to go to Freiberg for a mining career, whether there was to be any studying done after arrival there or not. And while the bare fact of having entered as a student or even visited the place did frequently lend a certain glamour to Freibergers, this accorded hall-mark of efficiency, of course, did not in any sense furnish a magic guarantee of real mining capacity, training, and judgment. But the sojourn at Freiberg, in any event, did stand for a man having had a chance, of the best and wisest choosing at the time, to acquire useful first-hand knowledge to put him well along on the road to a successful career, provided he in turn could supplement the situation by furnishing some natural capacity and personal character to do his in- dividual part. Of course, the powers of the Academy to perform outright miracles without the student's serious application, were no nearer millennial perfection than those of any other college. Indeed, after all is said and done, it seems evident that the best of educations may 11323 FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY have its tragic limitations and grave disappointments in practical application to the demands of life's problems, oftentimes bitter, harsh, and heartless. So, in the last analysis, to forestall regrets, it is perhaps just as well to inventory the choice preliminary intellectual capital of professions as the mere ABC that contribute to spell a possible eventual success, and which alone can be crys- tallized into triumph by talent, intuition, keenness, and initiative. These elemental qualities, perhaps the com- ponent potentialities of the much accentuated "common sense," go far in the race for successful endeavor. They can ill afford to be spared, while their fortunate posses- sion may fully compensate for poor college achieve- ments, if not, indeed, the entire sacrifice of a college course, if need be. Hence our college and university training, be it what it may, needs at all times the cultiva- tion of these natural faculties and the ripening, balanc- ing observation and absorbing experience of life and the world in action. But on the whole, and quite impartially, be it said, Americans have acquitted themselves with credit and have also contributed in very large measure to Frei- berg's fame, as did their eminent teachers before them. This is fully evidenced when, in reviewing the history of the sweeping technical and industrial advances in scientific mining which characterized the years succeed- ing the period in point, the American Freibergers are found to have migrated to the remotest mineral sections — the mining missionaries, as it were, on the world's frontiers of advancing industry — and there left in home and foreign fields their marks of achievement in the upbuilding of these foremost of basic industries rang- ing from iron to gold, and from coal to diamonds. Just how much of their success is accreditable to Frei- berg training, how much to their previous education, and the share properly assignable to their practical ex- perience in post-graduate years, we may not know until C33: A STUDENT REVERIE clairvoyance becomes a perfected art. It is confidently believed, however, that the old Academy left its imprint and invaluable contributions to every one of them. Among many successful Americans of this type (ex- clusive of the far greater number of other nationals) who became widely recognized in their respective call- ings, and who studied at the Academy from ten to twenty-five years before my time, the following inter- esting list is here presented. As early men of note, some of whom were of remarkable brilliance and the highest order of talent and capacity, they reflected much credit on the once magic and always the highly revered name of Freiberg . student's Name Year Academic No George J. Brush 1854 1849 James D. Hague 1856 1942 Raphael Pumpelly 1856 1958 Louis Janin 1857 1998 Henry Janin 1857 1999 Rud. Edw. Werthemann 1857 2029 Rossiter W. Raymond 1860 2210 Winfield Scott Keyes 1861 2263 Eugen Nicolas Riotte 1861 2276 Eckley Brinton Cox 1862 2307 Augustus J. Bowie 1864 2391 Samuel Franklin Emmons 1864 2396 John H. Caswell 1865 2427 Thomas M. Drown 1865 2431 Arnold Hague 1865 2435 A. D. Hodges 1865 2437 Alexis Janin 1865 2440 Philip J. Oettinger 1865 2450 Edward D. Peters 1865 2452 Frederick Prime 1865 2455 Gardner F. Williams 1865 2465 Professor H. B. Cornwall, of Princeton 1866 The only survivors of this set of "originals," as far as ascertainable, are: Raphael Pumpelly, a widely traveled geologist and author of renown, residing in Newport, Rhode Island; Gardner F. Williams, of South African diamond fame, now a resident of Washington, D. C, i:34] FREIBERG ROYAL MINING ACADEMY and Philip J. Oettinger, E;M., Ph.D., of New York, also a widely traveled engineer, for ten years in Mexico with the Kansas City Smelting & Refining Co., and before that with the Argo Smelting Co., the pioneer works of Col- orado. Some of the later-day men along about my own period, whose active careers are deserving of notice, were John Hays Hammond of California (Freiberg, 1876-79), now a world citizen of renown; Governor James B. Grant of Colorado; Franklin Guiterman, late Executive Director of the American Smelting & Refin- ing Company; Edward G. Stoiber of New York and Colorado; Wm. Francis Hillebrand, Ph.D., U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.; Baron Alfred de Ropp; Harry H. Webb, 1883-84; J. McNulty; H. Schlapp; Maurice Clark; C. R. Corning; A. J. Seligman of New York; Edgar P. Rathbone of London; H. J. Hardess of Idaho; Prof. Waldemar Lindgren of the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, Geologist U. S. Survey, etc. (Freiberg, 1878-83) ; Leroy Wiley McCay, D.Sc, Pro- fessor of Chemistry at Princeton (Freiberg, 1878); 0. G. Schultz, N. J.; W. L. Austin, M.E., Ph.D., of Califor- nia; G. Jackson; Cesar Vicuiia, E.M., of Chile; Wm. Hey- wood Myers, 1871-75; Edwin H. Garthwaite, 1878-82; Frederick Hellman, 1884-85. Five of the older set not above recorded were: Ernst Le Neve Foster of London, 1868-69; Stewart M. Buck, 1868; Edmund B. Preston (Leoben, Austria), 1859-1862; John A. Porter, 1869-72; John Bigelow of New York, 1871-73. n353 Plate XXI RAPHAEL PUMPELLY AT FREIBERG, 185(). Nineteen yeai's oT age GARDNER F. WILLIAMS AT FREIBERG, 1805 PHILIP J. OETTIN'GER AT FREIBERG, 18U5 Plate XXII THE WERNER MONUMENT FREIBERG, SAXONY SCHWEDEN DENKMAL FREIBERG LIFE CONTRASTS IN OUTLOOK, THEN AND NOW— THE CARELESS SIMPLICITIES OF YOUTH VS. THE BURDENSOME COMPLEXITIES OF MATURITY UT Freiberg was not all mines and min- ers in a setting of history and science, an environment rich with the lore of antiquity; for, even in the cold bleak winters, banked with snow and ice, the old moldy burg created through its student life a unique social atmosphere all its own — of tone and color quite distinctive in rugged charms, while to the scholastic life there was much of good-fel- lowship, culture, and romance. Strange and curious intricacies of structure were here compounded, sug- gestive of the varied phenomena of the ore and geo- logical formations themselves, if a prosaic simile be permitted. Here were gathered together, from all parts of the globe, men of all ages, hues, customs, and civilizations, presenting an international ensemble of striking, en- gaging contrasts — for the greater part young men of importance and accomplishments. Many languages, suggesting the biblical Babel, were heard on the streets, in the cafes, and in the corridors of the Academy; and although students from France were rare, the French language, next to German and English, was most com- monly heard, spoken by the Russians, Poles, Italians, A STUDENT REVERIE Spaniards, and South Americans who found common social and linguistic ground along French lines of boule- vard causerie. So, after all, in popular parlance, there was "some class" to little Freiberg, quaint and overrun with its picturesquely garbed miners and students. True to the university town customs of the empire, the Germans had their regular corps duel performances and meeting-places, and exchanged with the brother organizations of Dresden, Leipzig, and other student cit- ies. Some few Americans joined these "Verbindungen," and frequently excelled in the "Schlager" contests, es- tablishing championship records and names of terror for themselves in the German student world. In con- trast with these there were several social quasi-scientific societies, notably "Vorwarts" and "Gliick-Auf," made up of Germans not usually joining the corps. At their periodic gatherings, for "Bier Abend Gemiithlichkeit," the reading of mind-improving papers and other mild forms of entertainment filled up the evenings with quiet conservative respectability. These people were regarded as "solide junge Leute"; but the real swagger set of dandy imitation knights gravitated toward the corps life of beer, buttons, ribbons, and other trappings of youth- ful, bumptious German heroics — shall we say the mini- ature swash-bucklers and forerunners of the tainted types that were eventually to initiate Germany's fall from grace! The average American boy seems not to measure up to the German student in his beer-drinking inclination or capacity. There is lacking in him the "Altdeutscher" internal beer-brewery drainage and stomachic tank capacity nonchalantly to imbibe swinish quantities of the national beverage. Nevertheless, in competitive en- deavor to be accommodating, our boys on occasions managed to hold their own, measured by the "Bier Gesetze" (the students' beer code of reciprocal drink- ing). RAPHAEL PUMPELLY (83 YEARS OLD) STUDIED AT FREIBERG 1856-1859 EMINENT GEOLOGIST-AUTHOR-SCIENTIST AND MINING ENGINEER. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AT HARVARD. EARLY TRAVELED IN CORSICA. CONDUCTED EXCAVATIONS OF EARLIEST PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS OF CENTRAL ASIA. UNDER GRANTS FROM CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. IMPORTANT PROFESSIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL ENGAGEMENTS IN ARIZONA. CALIFORNIA, NORTHERN MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN. JAPAN, CHINA, ETC. ETC. —OUR AMERICAN VON HUMBOLDT — PLATE XXMl FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW But in a city of Freiberg's size and resources, there had to be, of course, some "real society"; and indeed, the inherited rural provincialism of the place had in more modern days taken on quite a palatable flavor of cos- mopolitan trend in things social. So it was that "ganz raffinirte Gesellschaft" had come into its own full blos- som, composed of the families of professors, mining and state officials, military officers and other high-ups, if any, who, with the students, were the bright particular sustaining lights. There were two of these exclusive sets, or "Tanz Vereine," with no little club particularity to gain admission, and they encircled Freiberg's elite and set the standards of "der gute Ton." The Americans, as always, privileged beings, were very welcome members, and it was some social splurge to belong to both sets of these inner circles at one time. The Americans, even those on moderate allowances, when their dollars were once exchanged into four times as many marks, were considered in affluent circumstances and of certain worth-while consequence and merit, in- cluding, of course, potential marriage possibilities, which latter, however, rarely were realized. "Verliebt" and "Verlobt" in upper circles were terms of grave im- port in susceptible Germany of old. No repudiation liberties of the "scrap of paper" variety about these treaties of the heart were tolerated in polite society. So declaratory trifling along these delicate lines was best avoided unless prepared to go through with the pro- gram. But our boys were entitled to credit for more than mere material social assets, for it was evident that their well-bred, free and easy, at-home air and carriage met with the indulgent favor of the women folks, whatever the men may have thought of some of our original social innovations of natural spontaneity and aggressiveness in running a party. A certain self-confident, matter-of- course bearing and composed tone, and a naive bubbling 1:393 A STUDENT REVERIE frankness and politeness of the heart, rather than the mere mechanical and formal drawing-room conven- tionalities, carried our boys into marked favor. And though they may have caused a ripple of doubtful sur- prise at times, on the whole we won out in our liberaliz- ing effect on the natives. Moreover, those were the good old days when, if necessary, men were given the benefit of the doubt, for the male portion of creation was then, consequentially, an admitted nine tenths of the entire organic world. The wholesome daughters of the quality people, some few of the ennobled families, were all there in their festive flounces and garlands. Many were comfortably nice-looking and most appreciative of manner. The era of the beauty-parlor habit, now dominating all classes, had not then dawned; the practice of first aid to beauty with ever-present lip sticks, rouge pots, pow- der puffs, chamois, and pocket mirrors, in the presence of a waiting, expectant world, being still a dormant art thereabouts. So there was no mask of tints and make- ups to keep a candidate for favors guessing; and lips, if accessible at all, could be reached without mining through superficial strata of chemical radiance. Pro- vincial simplicity reigned supreme; and if color were in evidence, it was pretty sure not to come off, to mutual consternation. Better still, it might even increase through blushes of modesty and unsophisticatedness — a natural maidenly accomplishment of the good old ancestral school now well on the wane, but then flour- ishing at its height. Accordingly, things as seen more nearly approached realities, rendering expert knowl- edge of boudoir mysteries unnecessary; for even an amateur could, on sight, gauge the worst or the best in facial fitness, without fear of error or eventual dis- illusionment. But in other respects, the physical ex- positional opportunities for sound judgment were not so good in these olden days of propriety and charm-con- [-tO] GARDNER F. WILLIAMS, M. A.. E. M. LL. D. (1910) DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING (1917) (NOW OF SAN FRANCISCO. CAL. AND WASHINGTON. D. C.) STUDIED AT FREIBERG 1865-1868. WAS THERE ACCORDED THE HIGH HONOR OF BEING STANDARD BEARER OF THE ROYAL MINING ACADEMY AT ITS ONE HUN- DREDTH ANNIVERSARY — AN OCCASION CELEBRATED AND ATTENDED BY MANY OF THE LEARNED MEN OF EUROPE. AUTHOR AND MINING EXPERT OF WORLD-WIDE DISTINCTION. OLDEST LIVING ALUMNUS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MANAGER DeBEERS DIAMOND MINES, SOUTH AFRICA, MAY, 1887. TO DECEMBER 31. 1905. ETC.. ETC. A WORLD AUTHORITY ON DIAMOND MINING. AUTHOR OF "DIAMOND MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA, • 1905 AN EPOCH WORK IN TWO VOLUMES, PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW cealments; for the then fashion standards were demure and of the long-dress type, the daylight exploitation of form, feet, ankles, and all the rest of feminine blessed- ness not having been properly sanctioned or in a broad sense artistically and alluringly presented. In other words, modern-day styles and the yachty carriage were not in evidence here, nor, indeed, was any other particular style well carried out, for that mat- ter. These simple, real folk cared for none of these things. And what of it, after all, since the homely, homey standards prevailed so generally? With a little imagination, at our ages, it was, in these somewhat primitive circumstances, no strain of faith to bear wit- ness to the warrant for the old Saxon rhyme : "In Sachsen wo die schonen Madchen wachsen." Comparatively speaking, the ancient and honorable order of falling in love with faces first, is fast becoming to be "feet first," as proclaimed by feminine edict in the alluring abbreviated modes of to-day — their capricious object being, perhaps, to change the luck and accelerate the social, bohemian activities of the race I Indeed, there may be profound revolutions under- lying these seemingly trifling, girlish foibles, little dreamed of by the fair molders and trustees of our pro- priety standards and habits, which would prove start- ling awakeners to them did not the beneficent provi- sions of Nature eliminate the jar and friction of her fundamental changes by a slowness of movement that renders their advent and progress almost imperceptible, if not even agreeably tolerable. Engulfed in the inexorable, merciless cycles of evo- lution with their threatening tragic, organic reversions, it would appear that man, lured by the modern femi- nine pace, may already have passed "over the top" in his attainment to the full dignity of the erect posture; and that he is now once more dropping back, slowly 1:413 A STUDENT REVERIE but surely, toward the "all-fours" locomotion! For, compelled in part by woman's fascinating, beckoning decree of abbreviated apparel — say in the current of the Sunday processionals along the modern Avenue — and partly by male gallantry, perpetually to adopt the downward, sheepish gaze in scanning the ground to which has now been transferred the inspirational, celes- tial zone of enchantment, there is quite naturally de- veloped among the pious, admiring male following, the chronic, slouchy gait and earthward, reverential droop of figure and faculties. Never before, in truth, has the plain surface of Mother Earth become so favored and hallowed by the travel of her daughters in such be- wildering physiological varieties and fantastic displays of the new thrilling and shapely criterions of ladylike electrics in modish yet limited draping and trans- parencies. Amid this intricate profusion of ambitious limbs, each pair seemingly endowed with its own particular mission and aspiration, surely the very worms of the earth must be willing martyrs to their gentle tread, or yearn for the human uplift of faculties that shall enable them also to take notice of the passing fray. The struggle of the classes, however, to keep in fashion with the present types of our high civilization, and go the limit, if not one better, is often pathetic, especially for those who are driven to the poorest imi- tations of tawdry quality and design, and who, through inadequate nourishment and income, can adequately fill neither the stockings nor the bill. To mining scientists of deep penetration, and specu- latively inclined racial students, this dominating socio- logical and physical trend of the times, foretelling return to the types of bygone ages, is a biological dis- closure of extremest interest. In the dim, remote future of geological time, straining the mind to com- prehend, the strange learned creatures corresponding 1:423 FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW to the present leaders of scientific thought and investi- gation, in roaming over the rearranged surface forma- tions in eager quest of fossil remains of our period, will highly prize the graceful genus "limbus americana" ("limbus" meaning the fringe of hell!). And the new inhabitants will marvel at these piquant remains of a vanished race of presumably greatest talent, beauty, and highest order of achievement. Not unlikely even some of the rarer specimens of lesser symmetry will also find place in their paleontological collections, and be classified as belonging to the extremely valuable missing-link group of the Age of the American Limb. Nevertheless, in justice to the profession of profes- sions, let no passing frivolous comments lead to the supposition that our scientists are so unemotional and lacking in temperament as to fail in appreciation and pride for our American beauty and chic, however eccen- tric at times, and for the wide democratic distribution of these captivating national assets throughout the length and breadth of the land. On the contrary, science regards these well-turned picturesque human movies as incentives to increased pulsation, — indeed, the very mainsprings and vitalizers of life itself, that enter- tain, dazzle, and awaken the male portion of the com- munity to new movement and greater endeavor. Hav- ing, therefore, registered their "say so," true to the didactic habit of mind, and thus modestly "draped with science" the terminal exhibits of tender humanity, against inclement weather and the vulgar gaze, the well- balanced savants and even the older ones bent on the solution of perpetual motion, yield to the pleasing and appetizing depravities of the simple life. Optimistically they take their places in the up-to-date procession, with all its strains and risks, there lingering in hopeful expectancy that the powers may graciously allot them, too, their shares in the distribution of favors. Of one thing in the old days we may be sure: any n433 A STUDENT REVERIE angular or overfed, clumsy defects in lines, form, or movement, discernible to the eye of the cruel critic, in the docile Saxon Gretchens of confiding sweet simplicity, softened and vanished in the kindly dissolving moon- light of a Freiberg evening, when, blending with the shadowy landscape in perfect harmony of setting with the time, place, and occasion, the inquiring mind of "Herr Amerikaner" was at last in unruffled peace. But be it also remembered here and now that "der Herr Student" was of such high and mighty importance and privilege in this community of inherited uplift and learning, that he ran a close second to the princely elec- tors of old, in that, like the king himself, the student, too, could "do no wrong," in the exaggerated estimation of his adorable and adoring companion. Be this as it may, the Freiberg girls in general were nice understudies for the time being, and commendably wide awake to the chances for gaining glimpses of the outside world through cultivating the often traveled and highly accomplished students. Many had picked up an excellent parlor fluency in English and French, and also showed awakening tendencies to welcome the dawn of the liberal, progressive age that was destined to gain the emancipation of femininity and estab- lish once and for all their leadership and superiority. Doubtless the grandchildren of these sensible, solid, affable young ladies have, at this writing, evoluted on and upward to full qualification for the most drastic reforms and nursery-diverting responsibilities of this modern cult. There was much correct, old-fashioned form and stiffness about the society gatherings, which culminated in the usual feasting and wine drinking, the latter re- garded as more "elegant" than beer on extra-social occasions of this sort. And while it cannot be denied that a tone of good-will and sincere jovial affability per- vaded these periodic parties, it must be admitted that Plate XXV JAMES DUNCAN HAGUE Freiberg, 1856-1858 Born at Boston, February 24, 1836; died at Slockbridge, Mass., August 3, lOnS. A Mining Engineer, highly esteemed in United States and European circles; of winning yet dignified and forceful personality. His early studies were at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, 1854; in 1855 and 1856 at the University of Gottingeu, Hanover, where among his fellow- students were the late J. Pierpont Morgan, the New York banker, and Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University. Hague was early identified with copper operations in the Lake Superior region. In 1807 he became engaged in government geological and mining work with Clarence King in the famous exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. In 1878 a U. S. Commissioner at the Paris International Exposition. In 1904 edited the memorial of Clarence King. For many years, until his death, he was President of the North Star Mines Co., a New York enterprise owning the famous North Star mine of Grass Valley, California, one of the pronounced gold-mine successes of America. This property had been earlier resuscitated and developed into an important producer by John Hays Hammond. Hague made valuable professional contributions to mining literature and belonged to many scientific societies and social clubs. He was a man of quality and distinction. Platk XXVI LOUIS JANIN Freiberg, 1857-18G0 Born :it New Orleniis, L:i., lN:i(i; died at Santa Uarbara. Cal., >!:iiili (\, liU 1. A leader in mining engineering and metallurgy on the Pacific slope. One of three brolhers (Louis, Henry, and Alexis, all Freibergers) who became well-known engineers. Louis Janin studied at Vale in ISfUi, and after three years at I'reiberg attended, in ISOl, (he Paris Ecole des Mines. He made important contiibulions to the nietallurg>' of the Conistotk and other Pacific districts, and made extended tours in Mexico and Japan. He was an attr-actlve. l)rilliant man of much social charm. FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW an undertone of pathetic dead earnestness possessed the atmosphere and people — while the scene was not improved by the home-made frocks and bad-fitting clothes. The rapid hopping dances with one-way piv- otal wind-ups, making for eventual vertigo, were the correct thing, and to witness an American try on some reverse steps was regarded with admiring awe as a "Kunststiick" of the highest order. Had some of the latter-day gliding, dipping, and shimmy steps been sprung then and there on this rural, unsuspecting com- munity, the revolution in Germany would surely have passed into history in the long ago. Within Freiberg's approved social circle there were many differentiations of rank and standing, designated by a bewildering assortment of mining, industrial, aca- demic, government-official and court titles, ranging in relative importance up and down like a chromatic scale in music. Some of these marvelous compounds, un- pronounceable for the new-comer, are here written down in all respect and appreciation, for they usually stood for hard brain labor, merit, fidelity, and long service to state and calling. Add, if you please, "Herr" before each, and then strain your German to the ut- most, when you, too, may become awe-stricken with their complex, almost autobiographic meaning: Herr Berg-Ingenieur, Ehren - Doctor - Ingenieur, Bergrath, Oberbergrath, Geheimer Bergrath, Geheimer Rath," Geheimer Regierungsrath, Ministerialrath, Finanzrath, Kammerrath, Geheimer Fizanzrath, Berggeschworner, Polizeirath, Bergamtsassessor, Gerichtsamtsassessor, Hiittenmeister, Oberhiittenmeister, Bergbaudirector, Bergfactor, Markscheider, Stadtkrankenhausarzt, Real- gymnasialoberlehrer, Oberberghauptmann, etc., etc., ad infinitum! In this maze of grandiose titular honor lalaels, a language-wrestler, embarrassed as to choice of address, could take a chance shot if he could only think to end his selection with "Rath," when his social navi- 1:453 A STUDENT REVERIE gation would be pretty sure to proceed unblemished and with comparative safety. It is manifestly evident that this network of fine dis- tinctions, besides adding to the difficulties and labor of social pleasures, made for exaggerated politeness and a certain worshipful deference. Rut on the other hand, there was much frank, hearty hospitality and many courtesies of the old school about these meritorious folk; and they were deserving, to say the least, of all the flattering comfort extractable from these long pre- fixtures. It must be kept in mind, too, that as a regula- tive force, the high-sounding pompous words per- formed their practical mission of magic, overawing ef- fect and potential managerial powers over the common people. With learning so cheap and salaries so small, and honors great and plenty, what was more natural than to pay up differences by bestowal of titles in lieu of advancing salaries, since these simple men of high ideals and purpose, easily imposed upon as true modesl merit is wont to be, were more than satisfied with emoluments of office chiefly payable in honorable rec- ognitions and promotions? Among the people at large, their life standards were something after this order: beer and music came first; then honors and hero-wor- ship; last of all, salary. Well may we of this rapid age of rampant, wealth-getting materialism look up to this simple, genuine community of academic idealists, of earnest standards and untarnished aspirations. The German citizen of those days, when Germany was at her best, was relatively unspoiled, simple-minded, well- intentioned, and of good heart; but for his contented social equilibrium, no matter what his rank, he must be able to boss and be the envy of some one lower down, for which in turn he was quite willing to do his servile, toady part of scraping and cringing to, and taking orders from, the fellow higher up. Great veneration n46: Plate XXVII ROSSITER WORTHINGTON RAYMOND Entered at Freiberg, 1860, following a year at Heidelberg and a year at Munich. Ph.D. (Lafayette College, 1869); LL.D. (Lehigh University, 1906). Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, April 27, 1840; died at Brooklyn, N. Y., December 31, 1918. Special United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics west of the Rocky Mountains. One of the Founders of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Vice-President 1871, 1876, 1877; Pi-esident from 1872 to 1875; Secretary from 1884 to 1911; Secretary-Emeritus 1911 to 1918. A mining engineer of distinction, professor, author, linguist, lawyer, editor, story-writer, musician, poel, biblical authority, etc. One of America's most brilliant and versatile men of science and literature — and withal of wide sympathies and loyal friendships. Plate XXVIII SAMUEL FRANKLIN EMMONS B.A. (Hmviird); D.Sc. iColunibin and Harvard); Freiberg, ISOI-tSGo liorn at Uoslon, March 29, ISIl; died March 28, 1911. One ol" America's gil'ted Mining (leolo-^ists. Harvard, 1801; Kcole Inipe'-riale dcs Mines. Paris, ujuler I-~lie de HeaLnnont and Dauhree. lSli2-lS)il. In ISliT joined the (leologieal ICxpluiatiini oT the I'urtii'lh Parallel under (.".laienee King, his associated geohtglsls being James 1). Hague and his brolher Arnold Hague. In ISSO organized the geohigical survey ol" the intricate Leadville district, Colorado, of which manuscript and maps were trans milled Pebruaiy S, lS8:i. Emmons was highest character thoroughness and porlant. He was Km rope. "SuTv. — The author, after graduation at rreiberg, in engiueeiing luuler I-^nnnons in (".oloiath) in IN8(I. or strikingly modest and kind personality; 4)f and professional Irnstwoiihiness ; while his work was marked l)y good jiulgnienl. His seientillc i>uhli cat ions are nunu'rous and im- a mendjer of many of the leading societies in the United Stales and had the lionor lo make his start FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW for law and order and for established proprieties and precedents was at the high mark then. Looking back to our days of foreign exile, the stu- dents must all admit their indebtedness to these sub- stantial families of Freiberg for the warm hospitality, intellectual and domestic, accorded them; and for the kindly interest in their well-being which often extended through the years beyond the termination of the course of studies. They were charitable to a fault in tolera- tion of the often thoughtless, inconsiderate foreigners; and some Americans, too, had their wild-Indian side of law-breaking raids and pranks, outraging to the peace- ful burghers by the spread of bad example. Toward all of these breaches in conventional moral codes of behavior and good manners, the authorities and citizens were good sports in their patient, indulgent, and philo- sophic bearing. Forestalling trouble from these esca- pades, there were issued to the students official identifi- cation cards, the surrender of which, in time of stress for almost any offense, acted as bonds for immediate release. In further retrospection, the conviction grows that in those days of untainted German manhood, high cul- tural standards, and original achievements, there was much to draw serious, open-minded Americans into close responsive sympathy with these sterling traits and the strong national appeals to the wholesome vir- tues of the simple life. The Americans and English were sociably united in the Anglo-American Club, active in Freiberg since the days of Rossiter W. Raymond — the associated Society in the United States being "The Old Freibergers in America," Charles L. Bryden, E.M. (Freiberg, 1907), of New York, Secretary, and which was formed at a much later date. They instituted, at intervals, athletic sporting contests, base-ball, cricket and skating per- C473 A STUDENT REVERIE formances, meeting similar clubs in Dresden in com- petitive tournaments. These events, in the old days, at- tracted much skeptical attention from the curious Ger- mans who thronged the field under mental strain to discern the hidden meaning and joy of it all. On these occasions in Dresden, the queen sometimes graciously presented the allotted prizes. In this connection my recollection is still quite vivid of the time when John Hays Hammond, of Yale, though not of the long-legged Apollo type of beauty, carried off the first prize in the running contests. And this recalls the fact that young Jack Hammond was a popular favorite among the Frei- berg and Dresden clubs and social circles. This was due, in no small measure, to his wholesome interest in and promotion of athletics, combined with an admirable balance of judgment in advocating plenty of recreation to season up a foreign post-graduate course of study; for, indeed, he early learned abroad the importance of keeping the mind clear and unfatigued to combat the strain of life's sterner duties, never clogging the cere- bral mechanism, as it were, with surplus mental bag- gage. Rut, primarily, the secret of Jack's attractive per- sonality lay in a kindly attitude toward others, an abundance of radiant good will, modest bearing, good- fellowship, tact, and a responsive, sympathetic nature, all of which created in him the friend-making capacity throughout his eventful, dramatic career. The blend of these traits lends a certain tinge of lovableness and quality to a man, subtle and not readily analyzed, cre- ating in him the considerate gentleman of the heart, and more often reflecting the mother side of transmitted gentleness where the winning ways properly belong. Hammond's disposition and temperament were not of the boisterous, voluble sort. Quite the contrarj^ he was agreeably mild and receptive, suggesting the com- posed thinker and man of action. He early showed leanings toward the practical, operative side of affairs 1:48: / PLATE XXIX FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW rather than the diminutive technical details. Even then there was in evidence the latent bent to get at the heart of things by short-cut methods and direction along the lines of least resistance. He was a good, tolerant lis- tener, appreciative and duly weighing what the other fellow had to say, while he displayed marked capacity for discerning and sizing up generally worth-while men and situations — a very much "to the point" individual, indeed, with keen perception of the play and interplay in large-scale affairs. Through and through Jack was the American boy in every look and action. Starting on the Pacific coast, in California, and finishing on the Atlantic, at Yale, in his ante-Freiberg days, he could stretch three thousand miles more across to Europe, without the slightest con- tamination of his Americanism — of which mysterious complex article he had an abundance and of the right sort, all attractive and admirable. This popular and much abused term of the hour was then still in its pris- tine genuineness and single wholeness. Hammond had no need to shout his Americanism from the house-tops, in public meetings and canvasses for popular favor, even had these opportunities then been open. His was the quiet, self-understood and self- evident kind, forcible by weight of its inherent high class. So it would seem the subject of this talk was "some considerable fellow"; and to say the least, for scientific biological accuracy, he was assignable to the "Wunderkind" species. But this was not all. The forecasts of his varied talents and potential effectiveness are just beginning, so stand at attention and listen well! His method of procedure was frank directness along common-sense lines, with little noise or friction. For instance, had he continued later on his brief run in poli- tics and his lot been cast in the perplexing field of treaty-making, recently dominating public interest, he n493 A STUDENT REVERIE could have made an efficient contribution, no doubt, and secured decisive results with use of less than the seven million words (with more to come) and the attendant lost motion characteristic of the recent senatorial ex- hibitions in Washington, his present home, in patriotic services to the nation! As a class, however, it would seem that engineers might not be expected to be the best adapted men by training, vocation, and ethical standards for aggressive political careers; or, at least, not for those activities in- volving personal oratorical proselyting for vote-catch- ing purposes. A philosopher in human nature with intriguing pro- clivities, not too pedantically conscientious, profession- ally or otherwise, and with ethics, if any, accommo- datingly elastic, careless and casual with facts and fairness, would more nearly fill the bill for this par- ticular phase of political life. It is apparently a far cry and deteriorating drop from the sober rationale and dignity of a profession built upon the exact sciences — embodying the highest forms of truth, service, and self-respect — down to the level of the cunning tactics, subtle intrigues, and the cheap- lawyer gallery plays of hypnotic political drives. For these not infrequently call for the deliberate fostering of every device of malice, hatred, scurrility, whimsical, unreasoning prejudice, personal stultification, sweep- ing denunciations, and the spirit of knockers and strik- ers in principle and action. And, furthermore, the sys- tem often exacts the withholding of credit where credit is due; the discrediting of worthy aims and prestige; inventing differences where none exist; exaggerations of trivialities and non-essentials into "grave issues" — all at the expense of the larger things in character, ca- pacity and service, which are purposely perverted, ignored, or smothered altogether. The resolve to secure a following and votes, honestly 11503 FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW if it may be, but to "get them" at all hazards, and the pledge to subordinate one's individual best and inde- pendence of conviction to boss dictations and partizan propaganda, playing on the whim, caprice, and passing fancy of the unthinking, credulous crowds, less fortu- nate in education and capacity, to rouse, inflame, and swerve them, are the entering wedges to this demoraliz- ing departure from the cleaner consistencies and higher level of professional principle and outlook. Between these two states of mind and ideals the gulf is amply wide for the intrusion of intellectual adven- turers and conscienceless, scheming pleaders, to con- taminate the better element. Filling an apparent de- mand and masquerading as pure reformers, they confuse and taint with hypocrisy and chicanery the political system and calling, clouding alike the standing and efforts of the really high-motived public men; and it is not uncommon for some of these to be relegated to the partizan scrap-heap as politically disqualified by reason of non-conformity — through the possession of too much sincerity in character and conduct. Under stress of the uncongenial exactions and nox- ious miasma of these depressing phases of political life, Hammond would find himself uncomfortably strait- jacketed and misplaced. How effective the present system of reaching, inform- ing, and handling the people will continue to be when in the years ahead our population shall have increased to one hundred and fifty millions and beyond, can only remain matter for speculative pondering. In any event, if it be deemed desirable to increase stability and de- crease hysteria in thought and action, it would seem the part of wisdom to devise and gradually develop some more accurate and responsible regime to eliminate, as far as possible, the spread of flagrant misinformation and subtle agitation designed to deceive and mislead; but for those of the "status quo" persuasion, who hold A STUDENT REVERIE that a background unreal and double must exist to bring out by contrast, in fullest relief and luster, the true and good, this suggestion may not find acceptance. Whether these campaigns of sinister motive are conducted through the press and secret societies of foreign sympa- thies and language or other public and private channels of information and education, the situation could be much improved and the atmosphere cleared if the per- petrators were run down and held to strictest account- ability. For false news and malicious reports are slowly, if ever, fully overtaken by even the most in- telligent contradiction and enlightening efforts for truthful correction; hence much of the damage remains unrepaired. In the formative period of youth and through the many years of prolonged study and mental training, the mind and education are safeguarded with much solici- tude; although the classes less fortunately situated, in point of educational opportunities, are left to drift from early years. Following the study period, the law con- tinues to protect the individual against himself and others, in respect to physical and moral conditions and rights, and this means, of course, defense of civilization itself. Why should not the healthful condition and moralities of the mind be likewise safeguarded as the years go on, at least to a considerably further extent than now? Since body and conduct are regulated and protected for the good of all, why should mentality and capacitj^ for judgment in the years beyond young manhood be doomed to drift in foggy unwholesome atmosphere, without rudder or anchor, unguarded and neglected — all for sweet liberty's sake? And this problem of mind protection and fostering of healthful intelligence is of greatest importance for the very classes usually de- prived of educational advantages, and who in conse- quence are the easier prey of clever, designing misedu- [52:1 Platk XXX WALUEMAR LINDGREN Born at Kalmar, Sweden, February 11, 1860 M.E., School of Mines, Freiberg, 1883; LL.D., Princeton, 1918 Now Professor of Geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1883 joined Ihe Northern Transcontincnlal Geological Survey under Raphael Pumpelly, organized by the Northern Pacific R. R. Later geologist with the United States Geological Survey, employed in the special study of metal-mining districts. In 1907 was put in full charge of all the U. S. Geological Survey work in metal-mining districts and metal statistics. In 1898 Associate Professor of Mining and Metallurgy at Stanford University. From 1908 to 1910 Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on economic geology. Lind- gren is an accurate and well-equipped observer and interpreter of mining geology — his mind running specially to the physical conditions under which the vein and ore minerals have formed, such as high temperature, medium and low temperature minerals. Among bis works "Mineral Deposits" is widely known. His professional standing is of the highest. Plate XXXI JAMES BENTOxX CHANT Freiberg, 1870 Horn, Russcl CoiiiUy, Alalmnui. .T:imi:iry 2, ISIS; died ;il ICxccl.sior Spiinss, Miss('iu.) ol" Coloriulo, ISvSaiSS.'). Otic of llie rouiulcrs of Iciwi-silver snu'lting in Coloijulo; Ihe r.iiinl works nl Lt':ul- villo; the Oninhn and Cinint Snu-Ilins ('o., evciilually merged intit llio Anicrifan Snu'IIinf; um] ]\rt]\unii, Cn., Ihc I;ut;rsl i-oiu-crn of Us kind in llu' I'nilcd Stairs, if nnt in llic woilil. (Haul was a Soulln'rncr (if hif^li tiualily. and of ;ictill<\ inodcsl personality. He was a slcrlin^^ i-haraclcr. and l"i*'il)cr;:;ortaiit n;;nre in th<- risinj^ social, politieat, and indnslrial life of C.oloradn a jradin^; cili/eri htt;hly respected and lieloved by all parlies and chisscs. FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW cators — the bandit intellectuals of depraved design who undermine the fundamental standards of law and order. The pity of it all — that we, among the scores of mil- lions who must perish in the effort of preparing the way for others, may not for our pains even be specta- tors to watch the fray and listen to the praise or censure for our daring efforts and counsel, as the case may be! As monumental records of all of the wear and tear of our political contests in time, words, and sentiment, inexcusably wasteful to the casual observer, are the hundreds if not thousands of tons of controversial lit- erature, much of it of the cheap fiction, dime-novel style of exciting, extravagant presentation, all making for the bewilderment and consternation of a considerable section of the indulgent, confiding community. Everything being styled as "fair in politics," the broad license, suffered by usage, in the methods and proce- dure of the "outs" against the "ins," goes even beyond the limitations of the judge-controlled ethics of courts of law; and the secret rankle of the one unpardonable crime that the "ins" are "in" and the "outs" are "out," accelerates the lowering standards of the contest. All ambition for lofty statesmanship in truth and principle, relegated to worse than secondary consideration, be- comes superseded by animus and sinister resolve for personal revenge and displacement. The canvassing is cloaked in cunningest plausibility of presentation sug- gestive of the brilliant, gifted criminal-lawyer type of mind, struggling on the wrong side to defeat the ends of justice. Moreover, in the heat of this splendid contest, devel- oped in the friction of partizan debate and fervor, the paramount interests of patriotism, welfare of country and individual, are overshadowed by the smaller aims of spite, envy, and personal ambition — ^not what is best or should be, but what can be put over for the cause of dispossession! [1533 A STUDENT REVERIE Such are the distressing, anomalous situations in poli- tics that would naturally grate on the love for fair play, and dampen the enthusiasm of the Hammond type of sensitively organized college man. But the veterans in this temperamental department of human affairs have only compassionate smiles for the uninitiated. They understand, as did old Barnum, our instructive circus philosopher and prince of enter- tainers, the wide demand and high market value for "humbug's" mission divine, to work the public and eliminate the drag in serious pursuits. And was he not also a great (circus) constructive engineer? Thus in this broader aspect, the froth and bubbles of our politics, apparently the indispensable accompani- ments of progressive governmental wisdom and im- provement, might fmd charitable interpretation by a senatorial psychological economist, as the fire-works of human nature — a form of beneficent humbug, as it were, or a useful poker to stir into glow the slumbering embers of the torpid mind! And so our ever resourceful, wiggling politician would contend that his function is quite up-to-date in economics and well in line with natural science, against which "his system" commits no infractions of nature's laws; and moreover, that any "wasted effort" by "his kind" is either only apparent, or, if present at all, serves the important mission of mental seasoning for the fray, which at the very worst is but the political poker-bluff- ing of our national life — all part of the greater game of living and succeeding! His economists he would quote, in their expounding of "Nature's way of doing things," as proclaiming accomplishments achieved only by greatest prodigality and waste of natural energj'^ and resource — as, in mining, the winning of the precious metals involves the high cost of prospecting, then of handling and disposing of much waste rock, slag and Plate XXXII AN AMERICAN UNDEKGUOUND THREESOME Freiberg, 1877 lames R. Grant on left — later on Governor of Colorado Plate XXXIII AN INTEHNATIONAL THIO OF COXVIVIAL FHRIBKHGE HS 1875-1880 111 flicss uiiirorin nf the Ai;iihiiiy Ciond old F.iiKkiml, llu' Uiiilcil SlilU-s, :uiil (::iikic1;i .Messrs. \\hilc, .Mclice, anil Piallcii Piico-selU'rs in "lii[iii(I;ilicnr* — ill Us luighl, whvn not to drink copiously was Iiiid lonn FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW dross, besides actual metallic loss in process, before the pure bullion bars become available for market! Hence the exasperating but entertaining man of poli- tics, in his boundless assurance and plausibility, ever ready with wily, wriggling rejoinders, comes danger- ously near convincing us of his abundant fitness for professional recognition and admission, qualifying as our marvelous composite oracle: a Mephistopheles-ex- pert in human nature and consulting engineer of the political machine — the biggest motive forces in Ameri- can fevered life! Yet we must insist on one reserva- tion, forever non-destructible, and for self-preserva- tion : that engineers be not pledged to the exciting ethics of our new member's loose talk and shifty ways, per- missible in his calling, perhaps, without loss of standing or job, but not so in ours. By way of reciprocation, nevertheless, and without the popular "reservation or amendment," we joyfully accept him henceforth as our invigorating excitant (after business hours!) now that cocktails are relegated to the secret vices. And under this new stimulus, but still fondly recollecting the old vitalizer, we discover that a change of angle means change of outlook; and that if ever-evolving viewpoint and setting form life's panorama, a politician's status must be among the higher vibrations of molecular activity, creating him, at one stroke, an object of deepest scientific interest. Mexi- cans, too, thrive well on these rapid changes; and the Irish, no less, who most surely excel in war and death — and in peace that's never peaceful; while under this law of rapid change even a funeral becomes a cheerful holiday invigoration — if only under Irish setting! Again in the ecstasy and cozy intimacy of this belated discovery, and the plighted mystic union with our com- posite-oracle, a sense of possible guilt possesses our anxious souls, lest through narrowness of conception ess: A STUDENT REVERIE we have too long withheld compassionate indulgence for this latest of living hypnotic fads. For, since his con- version to the higher ethics, and craving forgiveness in touching, silent penitence, his one pious confessional whisper is that he "wants to be good but he dassent." And now in all sympathy, and in the ever enticing and hopeful vision of enduring reform, his past trials begin to loom big with purifying intent; so, in the dazzle of the moment, our new-born political evangelist at last shines out with ever-increasing halo-radiance, as of the glorious martyr days of hero persecution. Indeed, in this liberalized view the political tempera- mental spellbinder, by dint of his persuasion, now looms up in the majesty of a serious competitor among the dry men of science; and, "for richer or poorer," as he has taught us to obey, we take him in for peace on earth and good-will toward men; and incidentally to add his favor to our waning assets. But Barnum, too, must be included — that the fall from grace may be en- trancingly complete, or can it be to consecrate for big- ger feats? Which shall be our fate, since thus we learn to say Amen to many things? After all, then, the startling exceptions in nature, the big things and events, are what save and count; and might it not well fall to the lot of a lucky Freiberger to become one of the shooting stars of unequivocal clean purpose and yet good fortune in public life? This should occasion no surprise, for it has been conclusively shown — or is about to be — that no limitations can be placed upon the high reaches in capacity and perform- ance that a disciple of this forum of science may attain to! And have we not also seen that such an one, from earliest beginnings, is an expert interpreter of the "freaks of Nature," deep down in the earth and on its surface alike? Accordingly, for the everlasting renown of Freiberg mining engineers, we must insist that Hammond could, Caen Plati: XXXIV A FREIBERG MINE SURVEY PARTY 1878 Plate XXXV AN UNDERGROUND ANGLO-AMERICAN QUINTETTE Ereibcrg, 1877 l-'raiikliii Ciuiloriiuui of New York holdiiii,' hainnier on knee FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW perchance, have ironed out into homogeneous concert of agreement and action on a precise basis for enlight- enment and world improvement, the bewildering dis- cordant chorus of the noisy political factions of the hour, all boasting in partizan exploitations the exclusive discovery and monopoly of the one genuine American- ism worth while. Only the ability derived from Frei- berg's charmed life could produce a mining engineer to cope with this political menagerie of dispositional mar- vels in the hectic atmosphere of party contests, pictur- esquely dubbed: the bitterenders, nullifiers, near-nulli- fiers, mild reservationists, atheistic reservationists, plausibility experts in constitution twisting, quack medicinizers of public opinion. Article X misinter- preters, reactionaries, peace-breaking political engi- neers, oppositionists, Roosevelt Ananiasists, obsessional oppositionists, irreconcilables, contemptible quitters, etc. Witness the spontaneous, haphazard creation of our transitory American titles of democracy's court at Washington compared to the far greater Freiberg as- sortment of jaw-breaking clang, thundering with im- perial sanction and permanently anchored in the very rocks of geologic ages! The task of orderly classification and subdual of our acrobats of the political arena, some worthy and well- intentioned, could not have added to Hammond's sur- prise or consternation after his world-wide experiences in Freiberg and other collections of curios, and his sub- sequent wanderings in all quarters of the globe, because he was from all time designed for a tactful, far-seeing man, out to conciliate and win. Making a political foot-ball of a great piece of constructive work and of the word Americanism, daily inventing corruptions of this thrilling slogan, would be in the line of a versatile mining expert to circumvent; and reinforced with Yale foot-ball credentials, among other things, he could handle well a jockeying game, i:57n A STUDENT REVERIE Rut Hammond may tell us he could do nothing of the kind, and that these titled seers of the new world, as of the old, are his particular friends, all wholly in accord; and, furthermore, that he accomplished little at Frei- berg and learned less. Rut don't mind him; these are merely the cautious, modest disclaimers of a more mod- est man. Come what may, we shall not tolerate the Academy being robbed of the prestige of his success. R needs it all at this very moment! In any event, he will not deny he had a grand time learning there that he had much yet to learn and some day must get busy filling out the missing links — so some progress was, after all, recorded. Anyhow, it mattered little, for Frei- berg's name and magic carried a long way! Moreover, the "Vaterland" propaganda of the Kaiser, in all his glory, proclaimed all big men and things to be German or of German origin; even Adam spoke the language, and Eve, of course, more so. It follows by royal sanc- tion, with equal force, that all real engineers are Frei- bergers; so come what may, we are safe and sure for all time. Rut for magnanimity and solace to the less fortunate, forever condemned to mediocrity, we ac- knowledge some embarrassment at the riddle of science still unsolvable: how mountain-peak men of the Wil- son, Hoover types ever came to be without Freiberg at their backs! And this suggests that to foil the unreason- ing, vehement allegations of shortcomings heaped upon our leaders in direct proportion to their superior power, patriotic purpose, and services performed, and like manifestations of human weakness and imperfections, the Freiberg perfecting germ must in the last analysis forever be the cure for accuser and accused alike! Could mortal man ask more from foreign education? And let this be no jest, for does not a mining engineer's training cover in its versatility, practical and academic as recorded in the foregoing pages, all that's known in- side the earth, on its top and heavenward as well? 1158] Plate XXXVI A YALE FREIBERG TRIO (1877) Cunningham Hawley Hammond (John Hays) Plate XXXVII 1 - ^BR| ■ 1 ^^^^^^^HnK' ^ ^mm H ^^^^^^■JH^^^Nf y ' j J ■"^^^ p 1 ' 1 i^J R hcJ 1 J l-KIiilJERG SLPERINTENDKNT IN PARADE LNIl-Omi I-RAXKI.IN GUITHRMAN AT FHElIiERG, 1877 A leatliT in American Metallin'ffy A C.l.IiMAMZi:!) AMi;iUC.AN I ill . I 111 .ltd DANDY III' llu' early eorps ^Uldenl tla>s (A. .1. Howie, I'reiberg, KS(ll) F.DOAn P. RATIIllONE of London anil Smitli Afrie: (rrciberg, 187S) FREIBERG LIFE— CONTRASTS— THEN AND NOW Again, in more serious strain but not forgetting for a minute our chronic student conceit: The proposition is advanced that of all the different national combina- tions of Freibergers, the American Freiberger enjoyed the best chances, other things being equal, of eventually attaining to relatively superior position in breadth of intellectual development, balanced judgment, and fit- ness for leadership in any community, over a wide range of human activities. More than mere loyalty and enthusiasm for one's foreign Alma Mater seems to war- rant this bold claim, made by a student with a back- ground of generations of purely American ancestry on both sides. For in this educational union we must surely recognize the inimitable effectiveness of the American foundation of natural alertness and practical versatility, bred in the very air of new-world movement and expansion — coupled, in the maturing years of edu- cation, with the seasoning influences of old-world sub- stantialities. These consist chiefly in thoroughness of investigation and methodical procedure, all nurtured in the infectious atmosphere of inspiring traditions and those high ideals which attain to fullest ripeness under the inherited sturdy character and solid standards of the older countries — conditions born alone of long cen- turies of earnest endeavor. Then, too, while old Frei- berg was furnishing the very useful cultural opportunity of acquiring one or two foreign languages, it afforded concurrently the broadening experience of meeting many different kinds of people of various nationalities and corresponding diversities of viewpoints. Function- ing on these lines as a supplementary educational field, all of these facilities were at their best during the middle period of the institution, long before the material de- cline of the Freiberg mines and the subsequent lamen- table moral bankruptcy of the German Empire. Finally, then, may not the merits of the combined educational system, American plus European, even now 1:593 A STUDENT REVERIE be gratefully admitted, without humiliating disparage- ment of our own capacity or expressed disloyalty to home and country? And, smart as we were and are "over here," may we not still benefit by the "over there" ripe experience and learning in all departments of hu- man affairs, for their invaluable finish, repose, and tonic-brace, in solidifying and rounding out our Ameri- can education, our outlook, and our judgment capacity? Fortunately, in things academic and intellectual, the paralyzing doctrine and insidious microbe of deadlevel- ism, so popular in certain other departments of local thought, have not so far broken into educational stand- ards as to make it thoroughly bad form, if not an un- pardonable sin, to have been somewhere, seen some- thing, and done something! The opposite contention means that we "have arrived," know it all, and prefer the lesser burden of responsibility of stagnating undis- turbed, within a narrower horizon of knowledge and outlook; thereby avoiding all progressive risks of dab- bling in world knowledge and affairs beyond our own borders, and camouflaging the retreat by morbid waves of withering denunciation of European standards and worth. In thus securing exemption from excommuni- cation by the fashionables of fiat conservatism, and escaping banishment among the "undesirables" and "visionaries," we subscribe to one of the most domi- nating of the a la mode preaching fads of the present kaleidoscopic times. But, if optimistically inclined, we may assume this eloquent creed of contraction and premium on laziness to be only transitory. In any event, we confidently look for its rapid decadence after fulfilment of its ulterior mission to establish a guardian- ship over respectability and legalities and as a salva- tion-device for conversion from the backsliding errors of our waysl Mayhap this forecast will prove true with time and we may yet "look about a bit" and admire without suffering accusations of heresy. CGO] Plate XXXVIII A REAL GERMAN HEAUTY Fraulein B.M. In costume of the classic period as licroine of tlte Flying Dulchman, combining the Geiman ideals of music, face, figure, and domestic thrift. Plate XXXIX ■ < W '^^^^^^^^KSk. m^ J^ J^^l ^■^^ •'T m'^ ^^^^^^m ^^^^^^H P M^ ^ ^^^m~~-Lj m|sJ \ 1 ^^PS^^^F A>-t>>^ ^M t imJT^ %^M A. m l^ 'iSS. ^^