F CQPHUGHT DEPOSrn A^ c^\ / 0>2, ^omfilimeais or f §ee S^gi- ^ I / Y r ¥■ Y YYVYYYYYirVVVY YJT J TRADE RE\ rEW. ■elMO.E.toD-PuBL.<^- PRINTING /fUBBER STAMPS, BOOK-BINDING seals, etc, PAPER BOXES THOS. GILBERT 15 TWELFTH ST. COLUMBUS, CA. BLANK BOOKS, OFFICE APPLIANCES, MERCANTILE Desks and Cabinets STATIONERY TM E Largest, Most Comfortable and Elegant Hotel, THE VERNON, Bar, Bath and Barber Shop Connected. Corner First Areiiiie and Thirteenth Street, Colnuibus, Georgia. Rates $2 per Day. Weekly Rates given on Application. ^:W See Page 141. COLUMBUS : HER Trade, Commerce and Industries 1892=3. MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES, BUSINESS AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. TOGETHER WITH Sketches of the Principal Business Houses and Manufacturing Concerns -OUKKN CITY." Historical and Descriptive Review. J. E. Li^NID, Editor, An'llou OK "flllfAGO, THE FUTURE MkTI{()P(H,1S UK THeNeW WoKI.D," '■ St. LiHTS, her TliAlii:, ('(HHIEKIK .\M> JIaMKAI TUHES," "MILWAUKEE, HER TliADE, CoM.MEKl'E AND MANUFACTr UES,"" " J'E.V I1.I.I STIi ATloNS or New Oki.eans," " Indu.stries of St. I'aui,," " Inuustries of I.ndianafoi.i.x," "iNursTHiKs OF WllEKI.INIi," " I.NIHSTRIES OF Pf.ORIA," "iNDl'.'iTRIES OF EVAXSVl I.I.E," "('llARI.ESl'oN, S. ('., OKI! TRADE, COMMERCE AND InDU.STI!I ES," AND Many (tiiiEi; Works on the Indu.striai, Growth of .Vmkhu'an Cities. COLUMBUS, QA: ( OCT 20 1892 ) Published BY J. E. Land Publishing Company. " ., ,. ^'^ 18 92. ' . \ :^0-^ b^^V- PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. The labor connected with sucli a work as this none can fully appreciate but those who have performed it. The work is presented to the public witli the belief that it is as nearly accurate as such works can be. The utmost care has been exercised in the collation and presentation of the matter in this work, especially that relating to the manufacturing and commercial advantages of Columbus, and no expense has been spared to make it not only acceptable to the general reader, but in the highest degree valuable to our tradesmen, manufacturers and financial institutions. The book is mainly designed to furnish the most comprehensive and authentic information concerning the facilities and resources of this city, which will awaken a more appreciative spirit of enterprise at home, and increase patron- age and favor from abroad. It also aims to direct attention to our vast capabilities and resources, many of which are yet undeveloped, and to utilize more thoroughly the facts which demonstrate the superiority of Columbus as a commercial and manufacturing city. In a city like Columbus, where improvement and change are the order, and the watchword, it would be strange, indeed, if we did not here and there find an error. If, however, our pen shall succeed in directing the attention of the trade to its manifold superiorities, or draw to this vicinage a population that shall sieze upon its possibilities and go forward to glad fruition — controlling its agencies and shaping its destinies ; if we do all or any of these, we shall be munificiently rewarded, and our chiefest aim be reached. It remains for us now to acknowledge obligations to the various sources from which we have I'eceived assistance. Our object, throughout, having been to i)roduce a useful book, we have not felt at liberty to reject aught that could be turned to practical use. Therefore, as far as was consistent with our own plan, we have carefully gleaned whatever was perti- nent and of value we have discovered in other directions. Nor have the newspapers been overlooked. To the Directors of the Columbus Board of Trade, for their indorsement and hearty co-operation ; to A. G. Grant, for the excellent photographs from w^hich the cuts were made, and to the patrons of the work, who compose so valuable a portion of the business men, and are contributing most largely to the growth and prosperity of Columbus, the publishers desire to return their grateful acknowledgements. With this brief ])reface, we launch our vessel, trusting that it may bring to port the treasures which the merchants and business men of the Queen City so richly deserve. Very truly, July 15, 1892. THE PUBLISHERS. STATISTICS AND INDUSTRIES OF COLUMBUS. TiiK. Cm. t Mills BiiARn of Trade, \ CiiLiMiirs, Ga., February 2!), 1802. j We, the unilereigned, Directors ul tlie ('oliiinljiis Hoard of Trade, have exainiiied a prospectus and plans submitted by the .1. E. Land I'ublishins Co., of Chiiajio, conleniplatinK tlie publication oC a book setting forth the advantages and industries of Columbus, Ga., for general circulation, and tiike pleasure in recommending the enterprise for a favorable <(insideration of the business men of Columbus. It has been the desire of the Board of Trade, and the Committee on Sta- tistics and Advertising, to publish such a work, and we think the proposition of the .1. K. Land Publishing Co. offers the liest inducements for a |)uldication of that kind. Respectfully, L. H. CH.\PPKLL, President. W. C. 1!I!.\1)LKV. Isl Vice-President. WILLIAM A. WIMIUSH, 2d Vice-President. L. C. FKAZKK, ;id Vice-President. .1. .1. MOULKY. THOS. GILBERT, PRINTER, COLUMBUS, GA. GEISTER^L INDEX. A. Averett, E. M., Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables, .... 136 B Banks and other Financial Institutions, ....... S2 Bagging Manufactory, ......... 50 Barrell ^Manufactures, ---.-.-.. 46 Berry, Geo. 0., Steam Brick Manufacturer, - - . - - - 80 Bethune, A. J., Stationery, Fancy Goods, etc., 133 Bergan, M. T., Wholesale Liquors, etc., 100 Blandford & Grimes, Attorneys-at-Law, .--... 100 Book Binders and Blank Book Manufactures, - - - - - 4(5 Books and Stationery, -...---.-. 36 Breweries, .....-----. 46 Brick Manufacturers, ---------- 46 Brush Electric light and Power Co., - - - - - - - 88 Browdy, Jacob, Hats, Caps, Clothing, etc., - - - - . 135 Browne, Rhodes, General Insurance Agent, - - . . - 102 Bullard, Dr. W. L., Occulist and iVurist, 122 • o Candy Manufacturers, --------- 46 Cantrell, V. R., Groceries, Dry Goods, etc., ...... 106 Cargill, J. W., Staple and Fancy Groceries, . . . - . I35 Carriage and Wagon Manufacturers, ------- 46 Carter & Bradley, Cotton Factors, Commission Merchants, - - - 74 Characteristics of the People, -------- 24 Charitable and Beuevolent Institutions, ------ 69 Chattahoochee Brewing Co., ........ ^2 Cider and Vinegar Manufacturers, ------- 47 Cigar Manufacturers, --.------- 47 GENERAL INDEX Central Line of Boats, 98 Churclies and Religious Institutions, - 67 Clotliin<^ Mauufacturers, 48 Climate of Columbus, 65 Columbus, as it is in 1892, 20 Columbus and Western Railway, 26 Columbus and Rome Railroad, 27 Columbus as a Cotton Market, 29 Columbus as a Place of Residence, 65 Columbus Business College, 1-15 Columbus Grocery Co., Wholesale Grocers, 78 (Jolumbus Iron Works, ---------- 92 Columbus Investment Co., - • - - - - - - - 128 Columbus Water Works, - - - - 103 Connor, J. II. & Co., Dry Goods and Groceries, ... - 115 Crawford, Tol Y., Attorney -at- Law, 98 "Creole" rile Cure, 121 Cotton and Woolen Goods Manufacturers, 45 D Davis, Robt. & Co., Groceries, Liquors and Cigars, ... - 125 Dclmonico Restaurant, ..--.---. 86 Drugs and Chemicals, ....-.-,-- 50 Dun, R. G. & Co., Mercantile Agency, 76 Dudley, T. J. k iSons, Manufacturers Doors, Sash, Blinds, etc., - - 129 E East Highlands, Property of Muscogee Real Estate Co., . . - - 57 Eifler, Philip, Dealer in Guns, Pistols, etc., . - . . . 133 Embryonic Colund)us, - - - - - - - - - - 13 Ennis, J. W., General Merchandise, 102 Everett, II. F., The Stove Man, 132 Excelsior Steam Jiaundry, - - - - - - - - - 118 F Fertilizers, .-..-.---•- 48 Fire Department, - ....----- 72 Flour and Grist Mills, - • - - - • 48 Flournoy & Epping, AVarehouse and Commission Merchants, - - 79 Frazer House, - - - - - ■ - - - - - 122 Fruits and Confectioneries, .....--- 37 GENERAL INDEX G Georgia Midland and Gulf Railroad, - • - - . - - 27 Girard, Ala., Trade, Commerce and Manufacturing Advantages, - - - 68 Girard, Ala., Natural Resources, - . - - - - - 64 Ginsberg, A. IL, Gents' Furnishing Goods, etc., ..... 126 Granite and Marble Works, ........ ,50 Green, W. J., Boot and Shoe Maker, ....... 125 H Harrison, J. B. & Co., Real Estate, Stock and Bond Brokers, - - 83 Harrison, J. S. & Bro., Boots and Shoes, ...... 137 Hamer & Eason, Wholesale Grocers, • - - - - - 147 Hill, Reese & Co., Real Estate and Insurance, - - - - - 124 Holmes, Dr. D. A., Veterinary Surgeon, ...... 140 Howard, R., Board' and Sale Stables, ....... 151 Ice Manufactures, .......... 41* Immense Water Power, ......... 44 Introductory, ...-.-.--- - Iron Manufactures, .......... 48 J Jackson, H. F., Physician and Surgeon, - - - - - - 107 Jefferson, R., Groceries, ......... 84 Jones Bi'os., Sash, Doors and Blinds, etc., ------ 81 Joseph, M., Jobber of Dry Goods and Notions, ..... 95 Joseph, J., Dry Goods, Clothing, etc., ....... 127 Johnson, W. E., Southern Traveler for Kerr Thread Co., - - - 138 Jungerman, E., Photographer, ........ 124 K Kaufman, J. J., Candy Manufacturer, - - - - - - 151 Kelly & Co., Wholesale Grocers, --..--.- 96 Kyle, J. & Co., Wholesale Dry Goods, etc., .... . 90 L Leo, M. H., Dealer in Fine Millinery, 132 M Manufactures and Manufacturing; Advantai^es, . . - . . 39 Miles & Lett, Life Insurance Agents, - - ... . . 117 sillier & Miller, Attorneys-at-Law, ....... 86 GENERAL INDEX Mitchell, Thos. S., M. D., Physician and Surgeon, - - - - 77 Mobile and Girard Railroad, . . . . . - - 2») Morgan, Dr. D. E., Druggist, etc., 112 Munday, Wm., Livery, Feed and Sale Stables, . . . . . 14(3 Music and Musical Instrunaents 36 Newspapers of Columbus, - - - - - - - - - 71 North Highland Land Improvement and Manufacturing Co., - . - 61 o Orr, J. K. & Co., Wholesale Boots and Shoes, 87 Patterson & Thomas, Wholesale Druggists, ------ 130 Pease, J. W.'s Sons, Books, Stationery, etc., - . . . . 130 Pekor, V. J., Watchmaker and Jeweler, - - - - - - 110 Peacock, G. J., Clothing Manufacturer, ------- 88 Piedmont Cider Works, 104 Power's Cash Store, Phenix City, Ala., - 112 Posada, Mrs. A., Cigars, Tobacco, etc., 07 Population. -...--....- 21 Prospectively, --..--.--.-. 20 Public Schools of Columbus, --..--.. 67 R Railroad Interests, ---------- 25 Rankin House Barber Shop, W. A. Mahonc, Proprietor, - - - 80 Real Estate Interests in Columbus, - ------ 5-4 Redd, Wm., Jr., Real Estate and Fire Insurance Agent, - - - 127 Reid & Lenoir, Painters, Paper Hangers and Decorators, - - - 147 Riddle & Nuckolls, Wholesale Tobaccos and Cigars, - - - . 00 Rhodes Browne, Insurance Agent, - - - - . . - 102 Rothschild, David, Wholesale Dry Goods, etc., - - - - 134 Rogers, S. J., Photographer, - 113 Rothschild, B., Dry Goods, Clothing, etc., ...... 126 s Sauls, Mrs. S. J., Florist, 107 Scarbroiigli, L. A., Groceries and (xcncral Merchandise, - - - 150 Selignian, M., Clothing, Hats, Boots and Shoes, - - . . - 75 Shepherd's Brick Yards, --------- 04 GENERAL INDEX Simmons, S. L., Meat Market, . . 84 Singer Manufacturing Co., Sewing Machines, 101 Sims & Sims,' Physicians and Surgeons, 152 Southern Plow Co., Manufacturers Plows, etc., .... -93 Society of Columbus, ...---.... 05 Smith, U. H., Druggist, Phenix City, Ala. - - - - - - 111 Spear, T. S., Watchmaker and Jeweler, 83 Streets of Columbus, ........ . 70 Sunday Schools, ...-.-.--- - 07 Swift Manufacturing Co., Plaids, Cottonades, Ticking, etc., - - - 77 T The A. G. Rhodes Furniture Co., 120 The Matrimonial Outlook, 23 The Georgia Central Railroad, - - - - - - - - - 20 The Columbus Southern Railroad, 28 The Dummy Line, .....------ 28 The Jobbing Trade of Columbus, -...---. 30 The Wholesale Dry Goods and Notions Trade, 31 The Wholesale Grocery Trade, ........ 31 The Wholesale Clothing Trade, 33 The Wholesale Liquor Trade, 35 The Wholesale Furniture Trade, ..--...- 30 The Retail Trade of Columbus, ........ 37 The Columbus Board of Trade, - - - - - - - - 53 The Environs of Columbus, -....-..- 57 The Enquirer- Sun, .......... 71 The Evening Ledger, - - - - - - . - - 71 The Sunday Herald, - ........ 72 The Public Library, 72 The Chattahoochee National Bank, -...-.. 73 The Columbus Barrel Manufacturing Co., ..... 85 The Steam Plant and Plumbing Co., - - - ... 95 The Southern College of Music, '....... 103 The Eagle Clothing Manufacturing Co., - - - - - - 85 The Vernon Hotel, Geo. A. Riddle, Proprietor, ..... 141 The Columbus Savings Bank, ........ 148 "The Hustler," 119 Third National Bank, 143 Thomas, Grigsby E,, Jr., Attorneyat-Law, .... - 128 Tomblin, F. B., Groceries, etc., Girard, Ala., ..... 100 Torbert & Floyd, Millers and Jobbers of Meats, etc., - - - - 108 Torbett, C. L., Undertaker, etc., ....... 115 Transportation Facilities, - - - . ■ . - - - 24 Turner Bros., Manufacturing Pharmacists, ..... 105 Vlll GENERAL INDEX Vernon Hotel Barber Shop, ........ 99 Veranda Hotel, 118 W. W. C. Co., 114 Ware, H. L., Dry Goods, etc., 119 Watt, W. J., Groceries, etc., ........ 131 Wholesale Boots and Shoes, ........ 8-3 Wholesale Hats and Caps, ........ 3-t Wholesale Drugs, Paints, etc., ........ 34 Wholesale Hardware, etc., ...... . . 30 Wholesale Cigars, Tobacco, etc., - - - - - - - - 3G Williams & Booker, General Merchandise, Piienix City, Ala., - - 109 Willcox, D. F., & Sons, Insurance Agents, ...... 142 Wimbish, Wm. A., Attorney -at-Law, ...... 113 AVynne, AViley, Cigars and Tobacco, - - - - - - • 130 Y Young, W. H. Co., Manufacturers Pantaloons, .leans Suits, Shirts, etc., - 110 CORRECTIONS. Since putting the article of the Chattahoochee Brewing Company in type, Mr. II. H. Epping, jr., has been elected President, vice E. H. Epping. In the article of M. Seligman, page 75, the location should read 22 Tenth St. Page 124 — The firm of Hill, Reese & Co. changed to Geo. Reese & Co., office over R. Jefferson, cor. Broad and Eleventh streets. Page 130 — E. M. Averett — Location of business house 945 Broad street. COLUMBUS, GA.: THK OUKKN CITY OF THK SOUTH. INTRODUCTORY. FREEDOM of industry, the printing press, steam and electricity, neither of which were enjoyed in ancient times, are the four grand forces in the economy of modern times, which renders our civilization higher than that enjoyed by the ancients — the day-star of mankind, the solar-light of the human race. The ancients were largely devoted to Avar; only a select few to literature, mainly in its less utilitarian departments. The industrial arts found no appre- ciable place in their systems, and material development was regarded important only so far as it was necessary to national defense or aggressive military opera- tions. In modern times, on the other hand, the interests of industry — agricul- ture, manufactures and commerce — all the useful arts and avocations have been exalted to the first importance ; all other considerations are made subordinate to these. If any proof Avere needed of the transcendent importance of industrial development to human progress, Avhat more forcible, Avhat more eloquent testi- mony could be re(piired than is afforded by the record modern civilization has made in the last three or four centuries, contrasted Avith the record of fifty odd centuries of earlier times '( Unquestionably it is to industrial development that civilization must look for a realization of its highest hopes. "For it is to be remembered," says Wells, " that the material needs of man must first and ahvays be fairly satisfied before morality, certainly, in any high degree, is likely to exist among the masses; and furthermore, that something of material abundance or Avealth must be earned and saved before leisure for study can be obtained, or the scholar can exist." But to sujjjjly the "material needs" of man begets a diversity of employment — the jjroducer, the dealer, the conuuon carrier, the manufacturer^ the merchant, the ])ankcr, the officers of the law, all the army of trades and 10 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER professions entering into the machinery of society and forming a city. How senseless, then, and nnworthy of Cicero, was his remark: "Commerce is a sordid aftair when it is of little consequence ; for the small traders cannot gain without lying; it is a business only tolerable at best, when carried on on a large scale, and in order to supjly tiie country with jirovision." This only serves to show how little the true interests of society were studied, how little they were understood in his time. With such sentiments prevailing, it is not to be avou- dered at that so little progress was made in real civilization during the long centuries of anti([uity. Striking as is the contrast between the jirogrcss maile in ancient times and KESIDKNCr. OF JOS. K. LAJ1I5, EAST UKaiLANDS. that made by in(Mleru civilization, the contrast between the progress of modern nations of Europe and that of the people of this country is hardly less remark- able. Scarcely more than a century has elaj sed since the dawn of our national existence, at which period nine-tenths of the vast country we now occupy was an unexjilored wilderness. Yet, in that comj.aratively l)rief time we have grown to be one of the greatest, and in many resj)ects ^//e (jreateat of the nations of the earth. From a population of 8,000,000, we have reached over 60,000,000 greater than any nation in Eurojie fully civilized, and greater than any on the globe except China, India and Russia. During this period we have increased in population more than 1700 per cent., while the nations of Europe, as a whole have increased less than 75 per cent. In area but two nations surpass us — Rus- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 11 sia and China — -while in other physical conditions ours is incomparably superior to either. We lead all other nations in national wealth. In the value of manu- factured products, of agriculture, of the carrying l)usiness, or transportation, and of mining, we are in advance of any other country ; and in the six leading lines of business or pursuits, including the above, and also commerce and bank- ing, taken as a whole, no nation equals ours. While we are, perhaps, the wealthiest nation on earth, our public debt at the same time is incomparably less than any of the more important nations. Of telegra])h lines we have twice as many miles as any other peo})le, and of railroads, more than all Europe, and half as many as the entire world. Cities are said to l)e the product of ages ; vet, voung as our country is, we are already third among the nations in respect to important cities. Speaking of the wonderful progress of this country, a writer in a recent number of the Edinhury Review says: " Yery naturally, our American friends are in the hal)it of boasting of the colossal scale of everything in their magnificent continent. Their lakes are seas and their rivers are navigable for many thousand miles above the mighty estuaries. The very parks which are locked away Avithin the recesses of their grand mountain ranges, might pass for provinces or princi])alities in the cramped countries of the Old World. Yet, engineering science, backed by unlimited capital, has overcome these formidal)le obstacles and barriers, flinging bridges everywhere across l)road rivers, and carrying railroads by every gradient through the passes of the mountain chasms ; everywhere they may point with legitimate pride to the triumphs of mind and energy over matter. Agriculture has kept pace with manufacturing industry, while it has far out-stripped com- merce. The boundless prairies are being reclaimed by indefatigable labor, and the buffalo and roving savage have given place to herds of sleek cattle with their stockmen. Mining has made greater millionaires than manufactures ; discoveries of minerals and of mineral oils have directed the rush of immigration to the most savage districts of the continent, till, from the Golden Gate of San Fran- cisco to the quays of New York, and from the shores of Lake Superior to the mouth of the Mississippi, the States are being settled u}) by a community that is being steadily consolidated by the spread of a vast net-work of railway lines. Clusters of wooden shanties shoot up into towns, while towns that are favored by situation. or circumstances, grow rapidly into great cities; nor is there any surer road from competence to wealth than judicious investment in eligible building lots." With the record of such trium])hs as we have pointed out, achieved in so short a time, who will attempt to picture the future of this magnificent country? Does any one doubt that it is capable of supporting a population as dense as Great Britain ? Yet, settled as thickly as those islands it would contain a billion inhabitants — three times the i)resent population of all P^urope, and half that of the entire globe. If to-day, with sixty million inhabitants, this is the greatest industrial nation inider the sun, when the resources of the country are but little more than explored, to what degree of grandeur and sjilendor may we not justly 12 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER expect it to attain in the fnture ? It is not surprising that the marvelous pro- gress of the country has attracted the wonder and admiration of the civilized Avorld ; but when it is considered that this ])rogress is, in a great measure, due to the Southern States — to tlie "Sunny South," as they have been appropriatelv called — what must lie tliouglit of the magnificent resources of this new emjjire of material wealth and of the splendid en ter)>rise of the people to whom its destiny has been committed. If modern civili- zation has so nuicli s u r p a s s e d t h e "splendid barbari- « ans" of anti(iuitv in 2 "every department of ^ human progress ; if Z ill this country we K SO transcend the ^^ people of Europe « in every ratio of w material ad vane e- 5 ment : if the "New^ o South" has sounded K the liimde-call and ^ leads the onward H march of ])usiness "^ and industrial de- velopment, can it be regai"ded as more than every economic condition sufisests to say that in this sunny clime, tiiis great dominion, as boundless in mate- rial resources and in the enterp,rise of its nndtijilying millions as in its area, a (pa-en-like metropolis will stand, a s])lendid monument of civic grandeur and magnificence? To ask tlie (piestioif is to answer it ; for nature made the decree, so that he who runs may read, that here in (reorgia, on the banks of the Chattahoochee river, is located the city to which all streams of traffic, and tlu' industi'ies of learning and the liberal arts COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 13 -will flow. With the (liseerninent to see this, and tlie energy to anticipate it, Columbus will make herself the crowning scene of this great human sea, and through the vista of approaching years we behold the Metropolis of the '•'■New South y EMBRYOI^rC COLUMBUS. But before jiassing to the present condition of our City's trade, we deem it a])i>ropriate to give some brief account of its past condition, the better to show her importance, and the claims she has upon the country. All civilization grows up from, and out of, small centers and humble resources. A man, a house, a village and a machine, are the starting points of new and grand developments of commercial success, social life and national history. The world is full of such records, that find illustration and culmination in the fame, and wealth and power that gives success and triumph to personal enterprise and stability and grandeur to a city's history. Columbus is rich in annals, rich in associations that make her plains historic, her hills remarkable, and her name beloved and honored in many a clime. "These, then, are the treasured memorials of her people." These, whether they come down from the dim and shadowy past, or have their birth and fruition in the near and still remembered, are the only anti(iuities of the place and of her citizens. In the usual acceptation of the term, our country has no antiquities. Art, science, literature, music, poetry, war, have left no records — given us no monuments. But itf> jyhi/ si cal condition — glorious, comprehensive phrase! taking in, as it were, in one grand respiration, its unap- proachable climate, its areable fields, its clear, swift-rolling rivers, its unhidden and exhaustless mineral wealth, its uncut forests — these are the monuments ; and monumental, too, of the "Eternal Power and Godhead." Aside from these and with these, what do we lack, for aught that wisdom can employ, or skillful labor produce? (Jur only real anti(iuities are reminiscencies of Indian life and warfare, and a recital <»f the hardshij)s, endurance and fortitude of pioneer struggles. The former, as to its origin and incidents, is involved in mystery and mixed Avith fable. But it is reidete with interest to the curious, and goro-eous with thrilling tales of field and flood to the workers of fiction. The latter blushes yet in virgin loveliness and beauty, and yet lifts its maiden hands, emploring Old Mortality to decijiher its inscriptions, to freshen its facts, to revivify its memories and hand down to the generations coming -and to come, "the short and simple annals" of a peo])le who, coming from their homes beyond the mountains and on the eastei-n shore, settled on the banks of the beautiful Chattahoochee, whose fertile valleys their children have enriched as a garden, and made to bloom and blossom as a rose. Since that time years have rolled around; years of history, civil and social, ])ersonal and domestic, unfold their pages of trial and triumph, progress and pause, toil and suffering, virtue and vice, life and death. War, fire, famine and pestilence have held high carnival in her centre ; and the march of youthful art, 14 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER science, trade, commerce and literature approach, anxious to 1)0 chronicled; while festivals and feasts, religion and licentiousness, each "come trooping up like bannered armies," with their contributions of glory or of shame, to fill the measure of the city's history, The leaves are brimming full ; the acts and inci- dents are innumeralile. Would tliat we could open the long-closed volume and bring things long hidden out into tlie sunlight, make scenes long lying in obscurity, names long lost in the whirlpool of life, voices long silent, address us from the graves of the past; but such is not our task. Therefore, we shall oidy garland a few of the reminiscences, skip lightly over the remainder, and s])eak with words of soberness of the great and living jjresent. LAKK ANNIi;. WlI,l>WiMir> I'AliK. K \ST Hlwll I. \ XDS. From the most authentic information relative to the condition of the coun- try about Columlms at the time of its earliest settlement, we are led to believe that the hills were covered with cedar, its valleys and low ])laces hid by a dense undergrowth of l)ushes, while tlie level country around about was "jjeoided" bv dense forests of cotton-wood, oak, magnolias, ann its pi-ey and liold in its flight, "on cliffs and cedar-tops its eyries build- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 15 ing;" the timid deer, ])asking at will in the genial sunbeams ; or the winding smoke laizily ascending from the wigwam by the river's margin ; warrior and maiden, chief and brave, are here in glorious contentment, discussing in colloquial pleasure, brave deeds or simple loves in their home, "Shut out by alpiue hills from the rude world." Standing there \ipon the hills opj-.osite the city, what a grand and magnifi- cent prospect would here unroll itself before our vision ; the far-off" hills that now skirt the city's suburbs, blackened by dense foliage; the broad surface of the river stirred to gentle rolling by the evening breeze, and dashing its silvery spray against the rocks of its rugged banks, the rolling, undulated surface of the soil ; the tangled background of cliff" and cloud empurpled by the brush of heaven ; all would here make up a scene presenting a marvelous master-piece of an omnipotent artist, a landscape as sublime and imposing in its grandeur as the Yosemite Valley, which distinguished the brush of Bierstadt, and gave his name to the roll of immortality. No churlish plowshare had ever marred the velvet of the old mossy green sward; no cultivator's fire had ever rioted in the wild, hixuriant undergrowth that waved its graceful plumage in every sheltered dingle, or in the tufted clumps of cedar that flaunted their verdant banners on every knoll and hillock ; no axe had ever razed the gnarled and knotty barks of the huge oaks, time-honored and immortal Titans, which, scattered far and near in their mighty grandeur, lifted their white, thunder-splintered heads, "stag-horned, and sear, and blasted," above their less pretentious neighbors. Beneath their shadow the bow-string of the dusky hunter twanged terror to the antlered monarchs of the forest. Perhajjs they stood here in their youth, when the boom of Columbus' gun announced to the whole world that a new land had been found. We know they were here, proud in meridian majesty, when America's uncouijuered legions swept on, like a moving wall of brass, against the scarlet-coated mercenaries of the British lion. But lo I a change has come over these tranquil scenes ; the forest has disappeared, and up from the productive soil has vegetation sprung ; the briar patch has been turned into a cotton patch ; deep into the hillside the emblems of agricidture have fastened their roots, and no more will the startled stag bound from his lair when the crack of the rifle is heard in the valley, for some daring hunter has looked down upon it from the bordering hills, and claimed it as the heritage of his children; the foot-prints of the Anglo-Saxon are made in its rich soil, and are impressed forever — the age of civilization has begun. Columbus was estal>lished as a trading town in 1827, by an act of the (Geor- gia Legislature. Twelve hundred acres were allotted for the town and commons, and a reservation of ten acres square for the county buildings of Muscogee county, the county having the privilege of selling any portion not needed for county buildings. The first sale of town lots, consisting of a half acre each, began on the 10th 16 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER day of July, 1828, and closed on the 23d ; out of (332 lots laid off, 488 were sold, the total proceeds of the sale being $130,991. In 1828 the first manufacturing establishment was built, and consisted of a turning lathe, erected on a little branch north of the city. In the same year the first theatre Avas built, and o})ened in July with a very creditable performance. In 1828 the first bale of cot- ton ever sold in the town was brought in No- vember from Gwinnett county. It was sold at 12| cents per pound. ■2 In November, 2 1828, the first X- boat landed at < the Avharf. It § was called the = "Rob Roy," and g was owned b}^ a y-< man named Love. ^ Her cargo con- ^ sisted of groce- S ries for J. Fon- g tain, Maharrey, Love & Co. In 1828 the town was incor- porated by an act of the Legisla- ture, but the bill was not signed until the 19th of December, and provided for an election to be held on the first Monday in January, 1829, for an Intendent and six Commissioners. The first Mayor of the town of Columbus Avas L'lysses LcAvis, Avho Avas elected January, 1829, and R. T. Marks was the first City Clerk. The first ordinance passed by the city government Avas one reipiiring all houses on the public streets and common to be removed, and forbidding all per- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 17 sons to cut down or destroy any tree on the river eoninion. In 1829 the first bank was organized, and was called the Bank of Columbus. In 1828, the first newspaper was established by jVTarebeau B. Lamar, and was called the Columbus Enquirer. The first j)aper was issued in May of that year, it was a weekly j)aper, and was ably edited. On the 14th of March, 18-^)9, the first fire occurred in the city. The quotations for this year were: Cotton 8 J to 8| ; bagging 23; bacon 9 to 12|; coiFee 15 to 17; sugar 10 to 12; flour $8 to $9 ; meal 75; molasses 45. In 1831 a new bank was organized, called the Farmers Bank of Chatta- hoochee, Avith E. S. Shorter President, and Edward Carey Cashier. The following shows the condition of the banks in 1832: NAME Capital Cibcul'n Deposits Silver Gold Bank of Columbus Farmers' Bank $ 120,000 60,000 150,000 $ 229,972 91.881 101,299 813,603 50 32,579 00 7,965 23 e 132,951 92 70,171 71 70,375 73 $ 301 50 18 000 00 The Insurance Bank Totals $ 330,000 $ 423,152 854,147 73 $ 273,499 35 $18,301 50 In 1836, there was considerable trouble with the Indians who inhabited the Alabama side of the river. There were a number of fights, and on one occasion they fired into a steamboat, and killed the pilot who was on duty at the time. In 1836, the town of Columbus was incorporated as a city, and an election held January 2d for a Mayor and six Aldermen, with the following result: John Fontaine, Mayor; T. G. Gordan, Geo. W. Dillard, Hampton S. Smith, E. Sigour- ney Norton, Thos. C. Evans and Ernest L. Wittich as Aldermen. In 1841, the bridge across the river was swept away by a freshet, but was rebuilt during the same year by John Godwin, at a cost of ^15,00-0. On March 15, 1842, the first big fire occurred in tliis city. The total loss was $100,000. One death, that of Prof. G. R. Hurlburt, occurred by the the explosion of Boswell & Billing's drug store. The origin of the fire was a mystery, and was never explained. x\pril 14, 1843, the first bank robbery was committed, wdien the Western Insurance and Trust Company was robbed of some $60,000. One Thomas McKeen was arrested and gave information as to where the money was hid. All but S6,000 was recovered. In February, 1844, the total valuation of city property was SI, 266,055. In December, 1844, the Times gives the following list of establishments : "Dry goods stores, 26; groceries, 57 ; provisions, 28 ; silver smiths, 5 f cloth- ing, 5 ; hats and caps, 1; hardware, 2; books and stationery, 2 ; saddle and harness, 3; tobacconists, 1 ; shoes, 7 ; bar-rooms, 17 ; auction stores, 2; drugs, 5; crockery, 1; confectioner, 1 ; tinware, 2; cabinet warehouses, 4 ; bakeries, 3; cotton warehouses, 5 ; livery stables, 4; hotels, 4; book-binderies, 2 ; iron foundry, 1 ; printing offices, 3; bank and ])ank agencies, 4; blacksmiths, 10; carriage warehouses, 2; cotton gin maker, 1 ; wheelrights, 3. — Total 209." 18 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER In 1845 the first cotton mill was erected. They had 1,200 spindles at work, but were making improvements every day. In 1845, the price of cotton ranged in January at 2 to 4|c. The first bale of the new crop that year was sold August 5th, at S^c. The market for the new commercial year opened in September at 6|@7c., and dropped to 5|(a6ic. in November. The closing ([notations. December IGth, were 5J@6ic. The receipts for the year ending August 31st, were about 85,000 bales, a decrease of 30,000 bales from the preceding year. The first Board of Trade was organized July 3, 1845, with Henry King, Chairman, and C. E. jNIims, Secretary. In 1847, tlie city made a subscription to the Muscogee Railroad (now the Soutlnvestern), and during this year there Avere numerous fires, but not so disastrous as in previous years, as the city fire companies were better able to cope with the fire fiend. In 1848, the subscription to the Muscogee Railroad was ratified, and it was agreed at an election, by a vote of 337 to 27, that a special railroad tax for a town of two years, of 2 per cent, on real estate, and one-quarter of one per cent, on sales of merchandise and banking business, should be levied to meet the subscription. The first telegraph line reached Columbus in July, 1848. In 1849-50 the city continued to grow, the factories already here enlarging their plants, while the building of the Muscogee Railroad was pushed forward with rapidity. In 1851, the first agitation of a waterworks was begun, and the first agricul- tural fair was held in November of that year. In 1852, the first gas company was formed. The city council appropriated $10,000 to the capital stock of the company. In March, 1853, a severe storm swept over the city, doing considerable damage unroofing and otherwise damaging houses, blowing down chimneys, etc The damage done was estimated at from $50,000 to $100,000, but no lives were lost. From 1853 to 1856 the city continued to grow, and notwithstanding the financial difficulties of 1855, subscribed and voted capital stock to two railroads. In 1860, the United States census showed the population of Columbus to be — whites, 5,674 ; slaves, 3,265 ; free negroes, 100 — Total, 9,036. In this year political excitement ran high, and a number of military companies were organized. In December, 1861, the first year of the war, we find the following market quotations: Bacon, 25 to 30c.; flour, $10 to $12; coffee, 67ic.; sugar, 10 to 12c.: salt, $10 per sack; corn, 85c. to $1 ; wheat, $2; prints 15 to 20c. From 1861 to 1865, the city was at a stand-still — a )>atural result — caused by the war between the States. On April 16, 1865, the Federal forces under command of Gen, AVilson, succeeded in capturing the city, after a hotly contested fight by the few hastily organized troops, and the city was badly looted and many houses burned. After peace was declared, the energetic people of Colum- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES 19 bus began a system of l)uil(ling uj) their lost fortunes and their city's greatness, and out of the ashes of the old Columbus has grown this magnificent city — "The Queen City of the South" — with the mammoth cotton factories, warehouses, etc., her palatial dry goods and grocery houses, and her magnificent residences. At this juncture of our labors we may, with propriety, change the current of our remarks. We have brought the records of our city — in a rude and imperfect manner though it be — down to a period within the memory almost of even our youngest citizens. However, we by no means claim to be the historian of the city, and trenching in no part upon ground that properly belongs to the domain of biography, we have sought only to balance all drafts upon the Past by -f'^^ ~"*eK^Ti^ -^^^J^^ Wi;i!(i(i)P.A DKIVK, EAST HKUILANDS the marvelously increased value of tlie Present, demonstrating the philosophy of political economy in the presentation of <'ause by the grander illustration of effect. Therefore, Ave may say the past of this city has been Avell cared for, and as a Neophyte in iVrcluvology, one may well, then, despair of success, and devote attention to the actual and the present of our city, which, sustained by energy backed by capital, stimulated with fortitude by virtue of success, presents with its material progress, its advances in commerce and manufactures, its internal naviga. tion by river and rail, its industrial features, its telegraphy, telephones, electric lights, its enlightened press, its metropolitan advancements in every particular, themes sufficiently comprehensive and voluminous, and to which we invite the 20 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER closest attention, and in which we promise faithful account of its magnitude and development. In this connection we may say, PROSPECTIVELY, Her destiny is fixed ; like a new-born empire she is moving forward to conscious greatness. In her bosom all the extremes of the country are represented, and to her growth all parts of the country contribute, Mighty as are the possibilities of her people, still mightier are the hopes inspired. The city that she now is, is only the germ of the city that she will be, with her hundreds of thousands of souls occupying her vast domain. Her strength will be wonderful, and as she grows toward maturity, her institutions of learning and philosophy will cor- respondingly advance. If we but look forward in imagination to her consummated destiny, how grand is the conception! We can realize that there will be built great halls and edifices for art and learning; here will be represented some future great teachers of religion, teaching the ideal and s{)iritual development of the race, and the higher allegiance of man to the angel-world ; here will live some future Plutarch, who will weigli the great men of his age; here some future "Mozart will thrill the strings of a more perfect lyre, and improvise grandest melodies" for the congregated people; here some future " Rembrandt, througli his own ideal imagination, will picture for himself more perfect panoramic scenes of nature's lovely landscapes." May we not justly rejoice in the antici- pation of the future greatness of the civil, social, intellectual and moral elements which are destined to form a part of the Columbus of the future ? and may Ave not realize that the thousands who are yet to be its inhabitants will be a wiser and better people than those of this generation, and who, in more perfect life, will walk these streets of the city of the future with softer tread, and sing music with sweeter tones, be urged on by aspirations of higher aims, rejoice with fuller hearts, and adorn in beauty, with more tender hands, the future Queen City of the South? COLUMBUS AS IT IS IN 1892. The entire length of the city shows a magnificent river frontage of more than three miles, forming a beautiful and picturesque curvature, while the thickh^ settled suburbs beyond give it even greater frontage. The average breadth of the city is two miles, and the greatest width two and two-thirds miles. THE QUEEN" CITY PROSPECTIVE. From the more prominent points about the city, and particularly the hills across the river in Alabama, a fine view is obtained of the city and the surround- ing country, which, lying like a vast amphitheatre, the range of hills forming the segment of a circle, and stretching far away to the North and Soutii, about three miles equi-distant from its central point, makes up a picture of hill and dale, ravine and river, city and country, exceedingly grand and lovely. The beautiful suburban towns, and the thickly populated agricultural district far beyond, made COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 21 lovelier still by the soft gray veil of distance, handsomely diversified -with highly cultivated vegetable, floral and horticultural gardens, and extensive and valuable plantations, intersected by numerous railways and graveled roads, present a most enrapturing prospect. Turning toward the "busy haunts of man," what a pano- rama of mingled art and nature meets the eye ; church-spires are marshaled in hosts, and warehouses stud every quarter; the mansions of the opulent, half hid by ancestrial trees, and the cottages of the humbler citizens are seen in every direction ; the smoke-stacks of industry rising at countless points, form a forest of progress, while the clouds of smoke vomited from their untiring throats bathe the city in vapory folds, and seem climbing one on top the other to kiss the "God of Day." Lastly, the river winding like a silver snake — not by bald and sky- kissing |)eaks, but past the scenes of honest toil and thrift, lending the force of its waters to turn the ponderous wheels of its shipping, and to add to the comfort of the people who inhabit its banks. There are no red gashes in the fair bosom of mother earth; swords in this quarter of the "moral vineyard," have been turned into plow-shares, spears into pruning-hooks — -it remains only for the iron- tongued eloquence of the pen, more powerful than the gleam of falchion or the sceptre of kings — -to proclaim its glittering excellencies and to assert its proud position. To witness these charmes and to feel the sublimity of the cause, there seems within the heart such a flood of melody seeking voice that some times, for very ecstacy, one is half tempted to give language to all the pent-up joy that other men have frittered away, and that we have garnered up for a sight so rare and exquisite. The poet, Cowper, had in his mind's eye a scene of comporting grandeur : " 'T is pleasant, through the loop-holes of Retreat, To peep at such a world; To feel the stir of the great Bable. and not feel the crowd; To hear the roar she sends through all her gates At a safe distance, where the dying sound Falls a soft murmur on theuninjur'd ear." kSo, whether we take it in the, garish light of day, or under moonlight, or starlight vision, no city in the South presents a fairer view than Columbus, the Queen City of the South. POPULATION. In days immediately prior to the Avar, Columbus advanced with regularity, and, up to the commencement of hostilities it was a place of comparative import- ance. The greatest growth and increase in population, however, has been during those years intervening the close of the late struggle and the present time, and it has moved forward with bold impetus, not only in wealth and commercial and manufacturing magnitude, but in substantial and i»erceptible aggregation of resi- dent population. In 1870, the first census taken after the war, Columbus con. tained a population of 7,401, and in 1880, 10,123. There was considerable disappointment, and we may say, chargin, among the boastful citizens, when the census of IS'JO showed a population of only 18,(^50. In this connection we may say, too, that the census-taker is yet to see the light of earth who could give 22 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER general satisfaction, and for this reason all census reports have been set down as notoriously innperfect. We, however, propose to be just a little charitable with the authorized enumerators, but to take sides with the people in this way : In the the first place, the Census Bureau, as at present conducted, is nothing short of a Government sinecure, glaringly faulty and speculative in the extreme. The enumeration i s generally made during the sum- mer months, at Av h i c h time a large proportion of the urban population are "out of town." T heir loss is never placed on 7 the credit side = of a coramuni- = ty"s numbers, = nor do we find ~ included in the /: r e port s many ^ persons living jf in tenement - houses, in back _ alleys,desultory dwellings, in basements or in attics. In view of tliese facts, w e propose selecting three plans of calcula- tion in determin- ing the present population in the city, and while we depri- cate these (.'uniparisons Avhic'i are proverbially "odious," we shall place sufficient confidence in the general correctness and utility of the figures to give them a place in this department of our report, asking for them a careful consideration as to plausi1)ility: First — According to the official vote of the city at an election where a full vote is cast, there were 8,500 votes polled. Estimating seven inhabitants COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. to each vote, (instead of eight, as is generally customary), we have a total population of 24,500. Secondly — There are eight thousand and nineteen names in the last City Directory for Columbus alone ; estimating 3 J inhabitants for each name, and we find in this city a population of 28,067; add to this the population of Girard and Phenix City, 7,036, and we find that the city and suburban towns show 35,703 inhabitants. Thirdly — Estimating 9,440 lots within the city limits (or eight lots to the acre), and three inliabitants to each lot (in Chicago and Philadelphia the rule which holds is six inhabitants to each lot, and ten lots to the acre), the city aifords accommodation for 28,320. There are a variety of means of accounting for this gratifying growth, and observant Columbusonians will readily believe it. The most prominent reason established is the fact that, our manufacturing interests having made such percep. tible and gigantic strides of late, it has brought to us a greater addition of numerical strength than could have been the case had our trade been merely and only of a commercial nature. Nevertheless, we chose to accept even our own figures only with a grain of conservative salt, and to predict that the year 1900 will witness a hona fide population in the city of Columbus of 50,000 souls Now, observe that we do not resort to the trick of percentage — a very untrust_ worthy method, since it is a less feat for a small town to grow twenty-five, fifty, or one thousand per cent, than for a great city to do the same — but having by three different rules of calculation, found an absolute addition to the city's popu- lation of an average of 8,310 souls which, added to the Federal census, gives us an average population of 26,960, may we not fairly and not ungreedily figure the increase tlie next eight years commensurate with that of the past two, calculating for the contribution of the country to the city, added to the city's own recruting power by birth — and the locality is certainly favorable to fecundity — legitimately entitlino; us to the better half of a hunched thousand at the close of the next decade. THE MATRIMONIAL OUTLOOK. Columbus, it would seem, is also a good place at which to " raarrj^," pro- vided, of course, the applicant is of suitable age, comes well recommended, is good-looking, sensible, industrious, and possesses a fair modicum of this world's goods and chatties ; though these preliminary (qualifications are generally settled by the parties most interested, and we have nothing to do with the business, only in a statistical form to present the city's advantages in this light. From April 1, 1891, to March 31, 1892, the total number of marriage license issued was 400. The number of divorce suits docketed for the iMay, 1892 te'-m of Court was six, which proves conclusively that there are very few unhappy matrimonial alliances, and that a very large and gratifying percentage of those who copartner- ship their jo^^s and sorrows, travel the rugged paths of life in full accord and sympathy. 24 ■ COLUMBUS, GEORGIA^HER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE. The native Columbusonian is not the lean, lank, sad, intense, subjective Yankee, nor the dilatory, fatty, undemonstrative dullard of Pennsylvania; but he is always florid, plethoric, laborious, well-fed, jolly and complacent. He works like a dray-horse in daylight, and is a profound sleeper at night, open, laquacious, liberal, he i»atronizes "church festivals," and while yet a beau, congregates in scores at club dances. lie is gallant to the ladies, attentive to strangers, and all in all, is a "duced clever fellow," He loves self-reliance as the son of Erin loved solitude, ad est, with his crony or his sweetheart. Whetlier he is a laborer or a banker, he manages to get away with three S(piare meals per diem. He frec^uently wears a respectable mustache, generally shaves his chin, never wears gloves during l)usiness liours, always keeps the side-walk, owns his turn-out, which sometimes being a phaeton, he permits his matronly and excellent better-half to drive down and escort him homeward ; he is an irreclaimable literary cliei?t of the Enquirer-Sun ov Ledyer ; he takes great interest in politics, but never allows public matters to interfere with business ; always goes to church on Sunday, and during the week patronizes amusements of first-class and acknowledged merit ; in short, he is ever on the alert, and prone to do things that will promote the city's interest and glorify her commercial condition. Such a people are necessarily practical, since the executive faculty under such conditions is too important for work to allow attention to what is not visibly practical. It is attributable to such characteristics, perhaps, that our city has progressed and prospered as she has, for undoubtedly a fair degree of the very best enterprise of the country is seated in Columbus. THANSPORTATIOK FACILITIES. The position of Columbus on the banks of the Chattahoochee river, gives her advantages Avhich few cities of the South command. Her location with respect to the Avhole extent of the country embraced in the Chattahoochee Valley, and extending to that portion of the country traversed by the many streams tributary and made tributary to her by means of her river, is of such a peculiar character, that when viewed with reference to her natural means of intercourse with the States within these boundaries, she stands in a position both to demand and con)mand the entire trade of this vast territory. The increasing demand for cheap transportation, and, in fact all transportation arising out of the multi])lying wants of the growing population of the various sections of the nation, must, at an early day, cause tlie Chattahoochee to be made as fully available for transpor- tation as it is possible for engineering skill to render it. The Chattahoochee is the dividing line between Georgia and Alabama, with a navigable length of 228^ miles; the Flint, witli a length of 261 miles; and the Apalachicola, 137 miles, have shown each year a ])rompt return in the increase of commerce as the work of improvement went on ; and what has been done in the past is but a slight indi- cation of what will ])e the result when, Avith navigation unimpeded, and schedules COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AlSfD INDUSTRIES. 25 of our boats as reliable as they will be, the country bordering on our streams settled with an industrious population, and all our country receiving the full benefit of these water-ways so favorably placed for use and benefit. The improvement of the navigation of the Chattahoochee has, in past years, been so strongly pressed upon Congress, that the Chattahoochee Valley Improvement Commission will no doubt soon perfect plans and secure an appropriation sufficiently large to enable them to make the river navigable at all seasons of the year. RAILROAD INTERESTS, To the railroad interests of the city, the past year has been of the utmost importance, as it has marked throughout the country a period of remarkable IIILTOX— PROPERTY' OF MUSCOGEE KE\L ESTATE COMPANY, EA8T niGHLAXDS. prosperity to the railroads in general. During almost the entire year the roads concentrating in the city have been taxed to their full capacity, and in some instances beyond their facilities, to perform the work. Both passengers and freight have greatly increased, especially the former, and it may be stated, with- out any exaggeration, tliat the railroads in which Columbus is interested have never before been in a more prosperous condition. Not only has there been more to do, but the physical condition of the property has been better than at any previous period. The past few years have witnessed remarkable development, not only in the railroads actually running into Columbus, but in those that, in other Southern States, had apparently no definite termini, and formed merely a (C) 26 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER disjointed system of railways, each looking out for its own local interests. The o-reat railroad manager of the age suddenly appeared in the field, and although he did not commence his work in this immediate section, his gigantic operations, Avhether in the North, West, the far West, or in Mexico, have all had a direct bearing upon Columbus The rapid manner in which he obtained control of road after road, and combined them into vast but harmonious co-operative systems, was suddenly followed in the South by several bold railway managers; and the pro- duct has been the combination of numerous short and weak roads into long and self-sustaining trunk lines, reaching from the lakes to the Gulf, from the Missis- sippi to the Atlantic. The establishment of these trunk lines has produced a wonderful activity in railroad circles, the benefits of which to the South in the purchase of new material, laying new and re-laying old tracks, securing a host of new locomotives and cars, and engaging thousands of additional employees? have been sustained by the competition natural between such strong and wealthy corporations to add new lines, new territory, and new trade to their resources. THE GEORGIA CENTRAL RAILROAD, The Georgia Central system stands more prominent than any other great system in the South, and it is largely due to the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia that Columbus is to-day one of the most flourishing cities in the South. Instead of taking from Columbus her retail trade, the Central Railroad has enabled Columbus to become the great manufacturing centre that it is. It has given her prominence over other places to which she never could have attained with the miles of iron track, reaching out like so many arteries from the heart, over which course the pulses of trade as measured by the country. The Central system proper is 1,043 miles long, and embraces the following: From Savannah to Macon 193 Macon to Atlanta 104 Milledgeville to Gordon 17 Coliinibas and Western 89 Columbus and Rome 50 Augusta and Savannah 53 Eatonton Branch 22 Southwestern and Branches. 321 Montgomery and Eufaula 80 Mobile and Girard 85 Port Royal and Augusta 245 Upson County IG Savannah and North Alabama 00 Ocean steamship 250 Making Total 1,643 COLUMBUS AND WESTERN RAILROAD. This road is a part of the Georgia Central system, and is one of the best equipped roads out of Columbus, and places this city in direct communication with Birmingham, Montgomery and Atlanta. At Birmingham it forms a connec- tion with the Birmingham, Memphis and Atlantic Railway, thus making the shortest line from Kansas City to New York. By this road, Columbus is con- nected with all the important cities of the North-West on a direct line. MOBILE AND GIRARD RAILROAD. The Mobile and Girard Railroad is one of the most important tributaries to the city of Columbus. It is embraced in the Central System, and has been leased to the Central for a period of ninety-nine years. This road extends from Columbus to Troy, Ala., a distance of eighty -five miles, and in as good condition COMMEKCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 27 as any road in the country. The Mobile and Girard has been under the control of the Central for a number of years, and while this has been the case, the people of Columbus have much cause for congratulation in the liberal policy adopted. Since the road has been leased there is none other than the highest commenda- tion for the course pursued, as it is believed that it will be for the best interest of the stockholders, the Central Railroad, Columbus and all concerned. There is a clause in the lease which gives the Central authority to extend it, if so desired, and as a commercial move it Avas to the interest of the Central to extend it, and it has been done. GEORGIA MIDLAND AND GULF RAILROAD. This road can be strictly called a Columbus enterprise, for it it is to the untiring eftbrts of some of her leading citizens that the road was built and e([uip- ped. The road was built by the Georgia Midland Construction Company, which was chartered by the State with an authorized capital of ipl,000,000. The road extends from Columbus to Griffin, where it connects with the Georgia Central for Atlanta and all points in Southern Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. At Columbus it connects with the Alabama Western for Montgomery, Mobile, New Orleans and. Texas ; Columbus and Western for Birmingham, with the Mobile and Girard for Eastern and Central Alabama, and with the extension of this line to Albany will connect at that point with the Georgia Central for Savannah, with the Brunswick and Western to Brunswick, and with the Savannah, Florida and Western to Savannah, Fernandina and Jacksonville ; at Jacksonville with the Florida Railway and Navigation Company to Cedar Keys, and the Jacksonville, Tampa Bay and Key West Railway to Tampa Bay, and thence by ocean steamer to Key West and the West Indies. It is the best built road to-day in the South, and has been constructed with such economy as to astonish even expert con- tractors. It has standard steel rails, iron bridges throughout, and is the smoothest roadbed and best equipped road in the South. It traverses the garden spot of Georgia, and a section of country that has only needed railroad facilities to develop the finest country in the South — a country of excellent water, exhilarat- ing climate, productive lands and fine timber. COLUMBUS AND ROME RAILROAD. This is a narrow gauge, and extends from Columbus to Greenville, in Meri- wether county. The road was originally contemplated to be built to Rome, a dis- tance of 125 miles. The road is now operated to Greenville, and brings more cotton to Columbus annually than any of the other roads. It was asserted some time ago that this road would be extended to Atlanta, but if such a thing was ever contemplated it seems to have been abandoned. And this will, no doubt, be con- ceded a good thing for Columbus, as well as a wise one for the Central Railroad, as all the cotton in the sections of country contiguous to the line now finds its way to this market, and aids materially in swelling our receipts. The road is in splendid condition, and the amount of business done over it is enormous. It is an exceedingly popular road, is run under the right kind of management, and is a blessing to Columbus. 28 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER THE COLUMBUS SOUTHERN RAILWAY. This road runs via Albany to Brunswick, and via Americus to Savannah. It is an im])ortant outlet for the city, THE BUENA VISTA AND ELLAVILLE RAILWAY. This is a part of the Georgia Central system, and extends to Americus. The road is now in complete running order, and has some important connections. THE CHATTANOOGA, ROME AND COLUMBUS RAILWAY, Is another important outlet to the city, and when fully completed to its intended terminus, will be of great value to the already large railway system of Columbus. THE DUMMY LINE. Connecting with all the railroads entering the city, is a Belt Dummy Line, owned by the Columbus Railway Company. It extends through the city and MAGNOLIA— PHOl'EKTY OK MISCOGEK REAL ESTATE COMPANY, EAST II ICll LANDS. suburbs, and is used for passenger trafic, and for delivering car-load lots of freight direct to and from the stores and mills of the city. The value of this line to the wholesale and manufacturing interests can scarcely be estimated, as it facilitates the handling of freights, and saves a large bill of expense for extra handling and hauling. The Compan}- are so accommodating that they agree to put in side tracks in any portion of the city, into the yards or warehouses of any firm desiring them. COMMEKCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 29 And now, with this wide-spreading, comprehensive system of transportation, together with our water facilities, to make trihutary to our market the riches of the vast scope of country in which we are located, developing our own unrivaled resources, and distributing far and wide our products in manufactures and com- merce, who can portray in word-picturing the grand and brilliant future in store for this beautiful city, or doubt that it is destined to rank prominent among the proud array of American cities whose towering strength makes them the marvel of the entire world. COLUMBUS AS A COTTON MARKET. This city has always ranked as the best cotton market in the South, and the receipts during the past year have demonstrated that she is holding on to her reputation. The cotton year closes on the last day of August, therefore, we can only give the official figures for 1890-91, taken from the Enquirer-Sun of September 1, 189L : RECEIPTS. Railroad 37,144 Wagon 29,148 River 22,560 Total receipts 88,852 COTTON SHIPMENTS. By rail 66,333 By factories 19,041 River 2,774 Total shipments 88, 148 STATEMENT. stock on hand August 31, 1889 500 Received during 1889-90 88,152—89,443 Shipments 88,148 Stock August 31, 1891 1,294 STOCK IN WAREHOUSES. The folio wino; is the stock on hand at the various warehouses at the close of business last night : Planters 205 Alston 61 Lowell 585 Fontaine 193 Webster 250 Total 1,294 THROUGH COTTON. The through cotton since August 31, 1891, which is cotton shipped from other points, compressed in Columbus and shipped to Savannah, thence to New York, Eastern spinners and Liverpool, amounts to 96,502 bales, divided, as follows: Columbus and Western road 57,320 Mobile and Girard road 7,222 Columbus and Rome road 13,708 W^estern Railway of Alabama 17,947 Buena Vista and EUaville road 305 Total 96,502 •)<» t'OLUMBUS, GEORGIA — IIHR There are three compresses in this city, with a capacity of pressing 2,400 bales per ctay, and in tlie busy season they work both day and night. There are seven large cotton Avarehouses in the city, with a capacity for storing 55,000 bales of cotton. These warehouses are substantially built, and made as near fire proof as it is possible. THE JOBBING TRADE OF COLUMBUS. In taking up this department of our labors, wo propose demonstrating, so far as our power lies, the vantage ground Columbus occupies, and the facilities she possesses for the conduct of a successful commerce, not only respecting those articles of manufactured goods turned out from lier industrial establishments, Itut to include all goods imported from other markets, whether of domestic or foreign production. Our mammoth establishments for the sale of dry goods, groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, drugs, queensware and all the articles that go to make up a general merchandise trade, contain immense stocks of every description, and are conducted by merchants of acknowledged probity, energy, intelligence and wealth — many of whom were engaged in business here previous to the war — while a host of new houses have sprung up, increasing competition and imparting renewed vigor to the sinews of trade, which were impaired by the terrible con- vulsions of civic strife. They have thus confidently entered the list of commer- cial rivalry with tlie merchants of the Eastern cities, having themselves })erfected an-angements with the manufacturers of the United States and foreign countries, gaining f;icilities thereby of utmost importance. Formerly, it was the custDm of buying stocks twice a year (spring and sum- mei-, fall and winter), but this plan has been completely changed, and assortments are now kept up by making purchases oftener — say, every month or two — and the Conclusion is, that "old goods" are rarely, if ever, on hand, and articles are not handled in the store six months, are kept cleaner and brighter and more attractive. If, then, the retailer who visits New York and the East cannot afford to go oftener tban twice a year, he suffers loss by being "behind the fashion" if he does not go, and loses money and traveling expenses if he does go. If he is an expe- rienced merchant he may perform the labor of selecting without any serious det- riment ; but even then it is a labor, and consumes all the difference in profit he would gain l)y purchasing in a nearer market. If he is inexperienced, he is likely to be led into the purchase of goods which will prove entirely unsalable, and tlie loss thereto incident may ])rove a serious drawback upon the success of a whole season's business. Hence, it is oltvious that a purchaser of a miscellaneous stock, including everything adapted to the wants of a rural town or city poj)ula- tion in the country, must be, when in Columbus, as near the most desiralde mar- ket as it is possible for him to get. The only practical (juestion for a retailer to consider, then, is, whether it is probable he can make his purchases in the Columbus market as cheaply as in any other. This we assert he can do, and we leave it to the consideration of those COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 31 who study and appreciate commercial economy. To our own personal knowledge it has been already forcibly and eloquently demonstrated. Is it not probable, then, that the merchants of Columbus, in view of their advantages, consignments from abroad seeking their shelves, with abundance of capital and good credit, can buy and sell on terms as favorable as any of their competitors ? There are a great many other local advantages that might be placed to the credit side of our account, but such as we have omitted here will be spoken of in detail in other portions of our book. Those we have considered, however, are entitled to the closest consideration of the country merchant. THK WIIOLESALE DRY (JOODS AND NOTIONS TRADE. The trade in dry goods, considered as a branch of commerce, is the most important of any now existing in this country. It controls a greater amount of capital, employs a larger number of persons, and contributes a gi'eater value of commodities than any other branch of mercantile pursuit. In the dry goods line, perhaps, more than any other, energy and capacity decide the success of the business man, for it is a business recjuiring great judg- ment in the selection of stock, as well as resolution in general management. To buy at the right time, and the right classes of goods to suit the trade, and in proper quantities, as well as to gather the custom to take the goods, require no ordinary class of ability. Commercial prosperity is largely due to the business men who control this interest, for they have shown a degree of ability and energy in building up tiie wholesale dr}' goods trade of this city surpassed nowhere in the country. Our jobbing trade has a bright record for the past year ; no failures, increase of territory yearly, a steady increase of sales, consequently increase of stocks and facilities of doing business. It to-day looks forward to the time when it will make Columbus- tiie Southern market for dry goods and notions for the States of Alabama, Florida and Georgia. If push, capital, accommodation, stocks and prices to meet the wants of the trade mean anything, then it will be done in the near future. Three exclusively wholesale and importing houses are engaged in the trade, besidesthirty-three wholesale and retail, and retail houses, making a total of thirty- six houses engaged in the dry goods and notions business. The total business, accord- ing to the data we have obtained, foots up to the enormous sum of $3, 787, 94-5. Some of the retail establishments are mammoth concerns, several of them employ- ing at least fifty clerks, etc., each. These stocks in general are of the finest and most fashionable kinds, and the stores are generally filled Avith customers. THE WHOLESALE (iROCERY TRADE. In its wholesale branch, the grocery trade of Columbus engages the atten- tion of more merchants than any other one vocation. In the city's crowded thoroughfares may be found its spacious warehouses, one day being filled, and the next day, as it were, emptied of their immense stocks, for, of all. the mercantile pursuits, none surpasses this branch for vivasity and bustle. On every street and 32 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER thoroughfare one encounters the throngs of well-laden drays and ponderous floats, rolling ceaselessly and noisily in their busy career, which, mino-led and confused with the emphatic and sometimes profane ejaculations of the almost innumerable army of teamsters, and draymen, and porters, and laborers all highly essential features of the trade — present a truthful panorama of a com- mercial Bable, y e t everything moves with the r e g u 1 a r i t y of clock-work. Splendidly ar- ranged and capa- cious buildino;s, in keeping with the demands of ■2 the trade, have 2 been erected in g the leading marts ^ New sections of '£ country have - been made tribu- ^ tary, until now ^^ the l»us ine ss 5 stands out bold y and prominent, ^ symbolizing that ^ eminent (luality of go-all eadative- noss that charac- terizes the Col- uml)us wholesale grocery trade, either as individ- ual firms, or taken as a fra- tcrnity. The total number of wholesale grocery tinus in the city is thiiti.n. ^ \ ,ii w in. Icsale and retail grocers, making a total of twenty firms carrying on the wholesale grocery business. Besides these, there are one hundred and fiftv-four retail jirocers in the citv, making a total of one hundred and seventy-four firms engaged in selling groce- ries in this city, the aggregate sales amounting to $6,284,312 i>er annum. Our wholesale grocery business is governed 1)y cai)italists and merciiants of long experience, who sujijily themselves in largest (juantities from original sources. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 33 The low rates of freight to Coluiul>u.s 1)y ear-load lots, strengthened by purchases of large invoices and their corresponding discounts, give our wholesale grocers the opportiniity of dividing the goods to retailers* and country merchants at as low or lower figures than small or moderate (|uantities can be bought at any other competing ])oint. The rapidity Avith wliich goods can reach interior points obviates the necessity of laying in larger stocks than are wanted for immediate use, which is a very decided advantage to the retailer, as it prevents the accumu- lation of old stocks, which is a dead weight in business. THE WHOLESALE CLOTHING TRADE. Ready-made clothing in Columbus, as well as in all jobbing markets occupies an important position among business pursuits. It has extended to all sections of the country, limiting the country merchants' sale of piece goods for men's and boys' wear, compelling tailors, in some instances, to abandon their trade and embark in the business themselves, or seek other employment. The introduction of sewing machines to this class of work, has greatly facilitated rapid and durable manufacture, and brought clothing down in price to a wonderful degree. Country merchants, who have been careful in the selection of sizes and styles, have found that the sale of clothing can be effected with less trouble than piece goods, and without the serious drawback of remnants ; that there is less competition ; that t'heir daily receipts of cash are thereby increased, as well as other advantages. Indeed, so satisfactory and lucrative has this business proven, that as an addi- tional illustration of the tendency of the age to increased manufactured articles, mention may be made of shirt-making, and of those branches, including men's and boys' underwear, which form important adjuncts to the business. Connected with this department, gents' furnishing goods, embracing neckwear, handker- chiefs, gloves, hosiery, etc., etc., come in for a large share of attention. The Columbus market will favorably compare in this respect with any in extensive and varied stocks, in quality, style, workmanship, "fit," reasonable price and fair dealing. Three firms in the city are wholesaling clothing, and there are quite a number of retail firms who are not averse to selling a bill to country merchants. The total business in clothing Ave estimate to be about ;^T60,000 per annum. WHOLESALE ROOTS AND SHOES. Not less important than the wholesale clothing trade is that of boots and shoes, Avhich has also had a wonderful growth in the last few years. Like the old, slow-coach method of making our wearing apparel by hand, the cobbler's bench, with its accompanying "kit," which, not many years ago, was an essential feature upon almost every plantation, as Avell as a fixture of every city, town or cross-road hamlet, has "had to go" the way of old-time customs. The advance of progress, Avith its pOAverful equipment of labor-saving machinery, hesitates not to destroy ruthlessly the Avell-loved images of our earlier recollections. But regrets are soon dissipated by the blessings Avhich fiow from Avhat — at the time — is looked upon as tantamount to vandalism. This is fully demonstrated in the fact that ninety per cent, of the boots and shoes now Avorn are factory-made, and as a 34 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER result the world receives coQipensation in a nmltitude of ways, and to an extent that could never possibly have been hoped for from the ancient system. The manifold benefits derived by our city from this important branch of business may be conceived, from the immense annual sales made by the dealers in this city, footing up over $1,250,000, and yearly being augmented by the expanding trade, which is reaching out in every direction through the country now tributary to us, and being added to by the further increase of transportation facilities There are thirty-nine firms selling boots and shoes in this city — two ]»eing jobbers. The stocks are all complete and suited to the wants of the Southern trade. WHOLESALE HATS AND CAPS. In this line we have one wholesale establishment, but the stock is carried in RESIDKNCE H. .1. ARBiiTT, EA.ST IIIGULANDS. connection with dry goods and notions, but is full and complete, and sold at prices as favorable to the purchaser as any other Southern city can boast. Besides the house mentioned, we have nine firms engaged in retailing hats and caps in connec- tion with other goods. The trade in this line is in an exceedingly prosperous condition, and the annual oj)erations of the establishments engaged in it show that their growth is healthy, as well as rapid. The sales will average .fr)00,0OU. WHOT-ESAI.K DRlliS, I'ALXTS, ETC. TiOng l)ef(»re the wholesaling of goods of this line was ever thought of as a distinct business, or even considered in conil)ination with any other branch in this city, the great houses of the Kast had already establisheil themselves firmly, COMMERCK, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES, 85 as thev thought, in the trade of this whole rei^ioii of country; so that, for every (hillar's worth of custom the liouses of this city o))taiiie(I, they liad to contend Avith giants already in tlie field. The same condition of attaii's, however, held good in all hranches of our wholesale ti-ade, hut the enterprise, vim, and deter- mined efforts of our drug men have resulted in the most pronounced success, just as the outcome of energies ];ut in every other dejjartment has brought ))ros])erity to those so engaged. Those houses dealing in this line have, by their skill as ])harmacists and chemists, and tlieir thorougli knowledge of the Avants of the ])eople in the teri-itory tributary to this city, succeeded in fvdly establishing themselves in the good estimation of their patrons, and building u]) a trade ■which will not in any wise suffer by comp-arison, i-elatively speaking, with the immense establishments of the large Kastei-n cities. Carrying nothing but the fi-eshest and piirest goods in the way of drugs, kee];ing every department in their line up to the highest standard, and with ample cajjital, their stocks are constantly enlarging, and their trade extending and growing heavier. . There are two whole- sale houses in this city, besides eighteen retail druggists. Tlie annual transac- tions will average S68"J,()()0. TiiK w ii(»LKSAr,K r,r<.,>r(ii! trade. The rKpu)r business is <^ne to be found every whei-e, go where you will, and notwithstanding it is one which beai-s the unenviable re)»utation, in all quarters of the globe, as being a destroyer of mankind — not without good reason, it is true — and p.aradoxical although it may lie, we find it not infre(pientlv in advance of civilization, and ((//ra//s keeping abreast with the \anguard of progress. It is a source of undoubted wealth to all our cities, and contributes unipiestioned strength and general j)rosperity to the conuuerce and industries of all commu- nities. Candidly s];eaking, it is an evil, hydra-headed, and more venemous than the tooth of any sei'jsent that drags its cold and clanuny folds over the bosom of this kindly earth, wlien abused liy fallen manhood, and it is this maltreatment of an article, which evidently was not created foi- a lianeful j>ur]!ose, and which we know contains elements highly Iteneficial to the world at large, that has brought odium ujjon the name, and woes unniunbered ujion the luiman race, individiudly and collectively. Fortunately, however, for our city, the trade has always been in the hands of perfectly honorable business men, and being not less enterprising and public- spirited than they are upright in character and dealings, they have succeeded in establishing an exceptionally high reputation for their business throughout the entire country tributary to the trade of this city. The stocks kept here equal those to be found in any city of the country in (|uality, both in imported and domestic goods, and they also compare favorably in extent, while the assortment is full and complete in all the various brands of wines, brandies and li(j[Uors. The high standard of goods has made this point a wholesale centre for the trade, (|uite extensive in proi)ortions, and highly profitable to those engaged in it. The annual transactions foot up $480,000. 36 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER WHOLESALE HARDAVARE, ETC, This department of trade embraces hardware, heavy iron, steel, hollowware, tinware, etc., and very properly deserves a prominent place among the pioneer jobbing lines of the city, having been among the first to take the field against older and established points. However, it has advanced with steady strides, and is now one of the solid interests of the city. Experience has fully demonstrated the fact that it cannot only be carried on here with success in the face of all com- petition, but that it is one of the most prosperous and profitable lines of trade we have. Notwithstanding the formidable proportions the trade has already reached, there is abundance of room for a large increase of the business. Indeed, no point in the country offers better inducements than this as the centre of the hard- ware business. Last year the total sales amounted to not less than $630,000, and very possibly the actual total exceeds these figures. One thing is assured beyond all question of doubt, that the future of the trade here is of the most promising character, and must reach that high degree of prominence which the grand facilities of the locality will fully sustain, and which the entire country tributary to our market demands. There are five houses engaged in the wholesale and retail hardware business. WHOLESALE CKJARS, TOBACCO, ETC. There is a large business transacted in this city in the above lines. Nearly all of the wholesale grocers carry heavy lines of both foreign and domestic cigars, and all of the leading brands of chewing and smoking tobaccos. Then, there is one firm engaged exclusively in the wholesaling of tobacco and cigars. To sepa- rate this branch from the other lines dealt in would be an endless task, therefore, we can only approximate the sales and place them at §300,000 per annum. MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Columbus has three houses engaged in the sale of music and musical instru- ments. Stocks are not only extensive, but represent the best quality of goods ; rare collections of sheet music, adopted to all manner of instruments, with immense stocks of pianos, organs, melodeons, violins, flutes, guitars, banjos, accordeons, german silver, brass and field band instruments, strings, musical goods of every variety, from a reed fife to the most elaborately finished and finely cased rose-wood piano, representing all of the most popular and celebrated manu- factures in the country, and brought to this city in all forms — grand, square and upright. The trade in tliis business will amount to fully §220,000. ROOKS AND STATIONERY. The character and standing of those houses engaged in this trade is well and favorably known throughout tliis section, and their enterprise and liberality to the trade has kept abreast of our great advancement. The business is in a healthy condition, and dealers report a large per cent, of gain over the business of preceding years. THE FURNITURE TRADE. There are a number of substantial firms engaged in the above business in COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 37 Columbus. The businCvSS is iu the hands of men of probity and reliability. There are eight fi-ms, whose annual transactions will reach $250,000. FRUITS AND CONFECTIONERIES. There is considerable business carried on in the above line in this city. Tiie stocks carried are full and complete, and all kinds of fruit find a ready sale here. Our dealers are always in the lead in securing the first of the season, which com- mands good prices. In confections, the stocks carried are large and varied, and always fresh. The business is in the hands of honorable and upright dealers and will average $120,000. MISCELLANEOUS. In addition to the leading lines of the wholesale business which we have briefly alluded to, there are, of course, a large number of other branches, such as are always to be found clustered at a large wholesale centre, which contributes largely to the general prominence aAd financial prosperity of the community, and its commerce and industries. But while we cheerfully accord to those varied lines of our commerce the meed of praise they so justly deserve for their generous contributions to the wealth of the city by their vast sales, annually aggregating millions of dollars, Ave have not the space to take them up separately and seriatum, giving to each the extended notice its intrinsic value so highly merits. Suffice it to say that they all are in an exceedingly prosperous condition, and that they are extending their trade in every direction with great enterprise and commendable energy. In conclusion, it can be said with truth and pride that, as a wholesale point for the establishment of any branch of commerce, no city is this country can boast advantages superior to those centered in this particular portion of the Sunny South, and which are steadily building up — making broad, firm and solid the financial integrity, honor, wealth and enduring greatness of the Queen City of the South. THE RETAIL TRADE OF COLUMBUS. It is not expected that a detailed statement could be made of the retail trade here in its various departments. Such a paper, fully elaborated, would by far too greatly transcend the limits not already occupied in this work, delay its appearance, and demand a personal sacrifice of time and means which cannot now be entertained. Our patrons and readers Avill be content, we are certain, Avith a general outline of it, as furnishing an indication as to its extent and importance. The benefits of a healthy and progressive retail trade to a city are not easily summed up or disposed of in a few words. It not only supplies the city and country demand, but the inducements which it offers bring hither thousands upon thousands of dollars from all portions of the surrounding country tributary to this market, by means of convenient railroads and river communication. Every species of goods, from the plain and common to the most superb and costly articles, 38 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA— rllER are to be obtained bere at prices wbicb are tbe same as Eastern retail figures, and we believe every article in general use can be found. Tbe retail mercbants of this city are, as a body, men of intelligence and business qualifications, and constitute an element in our midst wbicb adds mucb to tbe vigor, prosperity and growth of our city. Their establishments are scattered over every quarter — in the business centres and in tlie sul)nrb3 — everywliere a group of dwellings may be found, some en- terprising retail- er has set up his sign as a land- mark of the ex- tending frontiers of ci vilization, and while driving a good business for himself, is ad- (lino; something!; to the grand ag- o;re crate of bustle and importance of tbe city. Al- though there are a great many of these houses keeping miscel- laneous stocks, yet we feel con- fident the follow- in"; figures wi 11 approximate the true number, and for tbe most part those that have not been men- tioned before. Altogether there are about o3 firms retailing dry goods ; boots and shoes, and leather, 37 ; clothing and furnishing goods, 10; drugs, 18 ; groceries, 158; saloons and restaurants, 38; bakers, 4; barbers, 21; blacksmiths, 11; butchers, 17 ; besides a numerous array of miscellaneous bouses, so varied that it would be a herculean task to give a clear idea of their pursuits. After having made a careful summary, we are able to j)lace the retail establishments, all COMxMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 39 branches included, at not less than six hundred and twenty-two. We hardly feel like attempting an estimate of their business, for anything short of a complete census would be incomplete, for the man has yet to be born, and besides be vouch- safed prying qualities and inquisitiveness supernatural, to enable hira to form any correct idea of trades where large dealers have a horror of tax-gatherers, and small dealers a penchant for making their business appear as large as possible, and oftentimes, swelling their volume beyond such reason that even a newspaper reporter would be put to blush ; and yet, for the sake of a little mathematical calculation, even if we cut down the receipts of the houses to ^50 per day each, for 300 days of the year, we have an annual miscellaneous retail trade of more than 7iine millions of dolhirs. MANUFACTURES AND MANUFACTURING ADVAN- TAGES OF COLUxMBUS. CAUSES OF SUCCESS. It is an axiom, as true as trite, that no city has been or can be permanently })rosperous without manufactures. A prosperity based exclusively upon a com- mercial business must necessarily be ephemeral. A city which, for instance, depends upon any one or more of the great agricultural staples for support, busi- ness and growth is liable to become paralyzed in her energies and interests, not only by failure in the production of such staples, but from tlieir diversion to other points where eligibility gives them the advantage and preference as markets. Such, also, are the fluctuations in the price of articles of produce that no cer. tainty of successful operations can be relied upon, and when uncertain, feverish and exciting speculation underlies the business of any community or city, there is no guarantee of permanent prosperity ; whereas, where manufacturing is carried on successfully there is a steady, healthful and substantial growth. These facts, then, however unwelcome they may be to strictly commercial men, prompt us to the consideration of Columbus as a manufacturing point. The term manufacture, in its derivative sense, signifies making hy hand. Its modern acceptation, is directly the reverse of its original meaning, and it is now applied moi-e particularly to those products which are made extensively by machinery, without much aid from manual labor. The word, therefore, is an exceedingly flexible one, and, as political economist do not agree in opinion whether millers and bakers are properly manufacturers or not, we shall, if need be, take advantage of the uncertainty and consider as manufacturers what strictly may belong to other classifications of productive industry. The end of every manufacturer is to increase the utility of objects by modi- fying their external form or changing their internal constitution, and that the labors of both millers and bakers effect these things stand undisputed. Political economists also divide the essential re(iiuisites of production into two parts, viz.: labor and appropriate natural objects. ]jut when apj)lied to manufacturing indus- 40 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER try, "success," they say, "depends upon a variety, or rather combination of circumstances, partly moral and partly physical." Foremost among the former are freedom of industry and security of property. Happily for us that our republican form of government not only protects, but fosters and encourages industry, while true republican principles make its faithful pursuit the "open sesame" to the enjoyments of its manifold benefits; and property is adequately protected by governmental and legislative action, wherever honesty is the ruling policy. Another moral cause contributing, and in fact essential to eminence in manufacturing industry, is the general diffusion of intelligence among the people. By intelligence, in this connection, we do not mean merely the understanding necessary to enable an individual to become the maker or master of a machine KESIDKNCE OK GRKJSliV I'.. TUoMAS, Jit. — for capacity to contrive and invent seems a part of the original constitution of man — but simply the exercise of ids faculties in the applicsHion of practical improvements upon successful enterprise in invention or mechanical labor, and the approbation and rewards bestowed thereupon. The eminent position at present occupied by the New England and other manufacturing States, are due rather to their sound, intelligent and practical philosopliy than to any physical advantages or original intellectual superiority. As ingenious mechanics and rapid workmen the Anglo-Americans have no superiors. As skilled workmen in departments for which tliey have been specially educated, the English are celebrated. Regular and habitual energy in labor, how- ever, is a characteristic of both. They have no life but in their work — no enjoyment but in the shop. What other races consider amusement, is no amusement to them. But in England and America there is a marked difference between the quality of the labor that can be obtained in the country and in the towns. In fact, in or near large cities only can labor of the first (piality be obtained. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 41 As iron sharpenetli iron, so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friends; and away from the centres of population and competition the face looseth its sharpness and the hand its cunning. Cities are in nothing more remarkable than in their attractive, magnetic influence upon talent of every discription. "The man who desires to employ his pen," observes Carey, "and who possesses only the ability to conduct a country newspaper, removes to the inte- rior, while the man of talent leaves his country paper to take charge of one in the city. The dauber of portraits leaves the city to travel the country in search of employment, while the painter removes to New York or London." Superior mechanics and dexterous workmen manifest a similar prefer ence for cities and an abhorrence for isolation ; hence, if for no other reason, extensive mechanical or manufacturing operations must be conducted at a great disadvantage in isolated localities. Passing to the consideration of the physical causes of eminence in manufac- turing industry, we remark: They are more obvious than the moral causes, but not more important. To produce manufactured goods of a given quality with the least expense being the great disidteratum, it follows that whatever con- tributes to economy in production, whaever saves labor, or transportation, or raw material, cannot safely be overlooked or dispised. But to investigate care- fully all the circumstances that have an influence upon economical production would require a considerable volume and be foreign to our main inquiry. The physical advantages which have contributed to England's eminence in manufac- tures, and which, we think, would aj^jjly as well to our country, are epitomized by the Edinhurg Revieiv in the following summary : " Possession of surplus of raw material used in manufacturing ; the command of natural means and agents best fitted to produce power ; the position of the country as respects others, and the natui'e of the soil and climate." "As respects the first of these circumstances,"' says the writer, " every one who reflects on the nature, value, and importance of our manufactures of wool, of the useful metals, such as iron, lead, tin, copper, and of leather, flax, and so forth, must at once admit that our success in them has been materially promoted by our having abundant supplies of the raw material. It is of less consequence Avhence the material of a manufacture, possessing great value in small bulk is derived, whether it be furnished from native sources or imported from abroad, though, even in that case, the advantage of possessing an internal supply, of which it is impossible to be deprived by the jealousy or hostility of foreigners, must not be overlooked. But no nation can make any considerable progress in the manu- facture of bulky and heavy articles, the conveyance of which to a distance unavoidably occasions a large expense, unless she has supplies of the raw material Avithin herself. Our superiority in manufactures depends more at this moment on our superior machines than anything else ; and had we been obliged to import the iron, brass, and steel, of which they were principally made, it is exceedingly doubtful whether we should have succeeded in bringing them to anything like the present pitch of improvement." 42 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER "But of all the physical circumstances that have contributed to our wonder- ful progress in manufacturing industry, none has had nearly so much influence as our possession of the most valuable coal mines. These have conferred advanta- ges upon us not enjoyed in an equal degree by any other people. Even though we had possessed the most abundant supply of the ores of iron and other useful mctal>:, they would have boon of little or no use, but for our own almost in e X h a u s t i b 1 e coal mines." Water power was for a long time considered cheaper, especial- h^ for small manu- facturing estab- lishments, than steam power, but .; eminent e n g i n- 5 eers have c a r e- S fully investigated r the subject, and :: are of the opinion 2 that in any posi- ^ tion where coal Z can be had at 5 "ten cents per '^ bushel," steam is as cheap as water power at its minimum cost. Steam, therefore, until superceded by some more ef- fective agent, will be the power principally relied upon to propel machinery, and as Avood for the generation of steam upon an extensive scale is out of the (juestion, we may safely conclude that at no very distant day the centre of our manufactures will certainly be in or near a district possessing inexhaustible supplies of cheap coal. While we concede that coal is a more useful agent in manufactures, still it is equally as essential that the supj lies of raw material be near at hand, and we assert that it is cheaper to transport the coal to Columbus, even from Tennessee, COMMEKCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 43 and there is plenty of it nearer, than to send the raw cotton to Ncav Encdand to be made up. And so it is, despite the pre-eminence of New England, her glory is destined soon to be overshadowed, for the sceptre will, ere long, depart from Judah and fall into the hands of the cities of the South, for the virtues which make a great people are indegenious to our soil, and will animate and ennoble our population whenever our capitalists and ingenious men have given its o-reat physical advantages the fulfillment of this "manifest destiny." With regard to the third point, viz.: favorable situation as respects com- merce with other countries, its importance is second only to that whicli we have just considered. It is in the nature of manufactures to be regardful of its mar- kets, and to supply with cash the demands of these, as well as to obtain the raw material on easy terms. Therefore, it is highly important that there should be a complete communication with all parts of the adjacent country by rail or river and establish commerce, or facilities of commerce therewith. A suitable climate is also a consideration of very great importance. The influence of climate upon the productiveness of industry, especially in manufac- tures, is very marked. In very cold climates the powers of nature are benumbed and the difficulty of preserving life overrides all consideration for makino- exis- tence comfortable. Climate has also a direct influence upon the durability of buildings, the workings of machinery, etc., and thus becomes an element of important consideration in many kinds of manufactures. Most writers on the subject insist that the soil of a country or district well adopted to manufactures need not be naturally very fertile, for when the soil is naturally so rich that agriculture is an easy art, it will not aff'ord sustenance to many kinds of manu- factures. This, to us, seems a mistaken idea, for it is reasonable to suppose that the cost of transportation to and from manufactories, outside, and Ave mifdit sav far removed from the districts abounding in raw" materials that enter laro-ely into manufactures, could be obviated by the erection of similar manufactories nearer to hand. Let us now pass to examine the claims of Columbus to the position of a manufacturing centre. While we do not claim that tliis city has all the requisites for a general manufacturing city, we do claim that for certain articles of manu- factured goods we possess all the advantages necessary for the successful prose- cution of such business. The centers of wealth, population and intellio-ence in the South are not numerous. Communities abounding in iron are few, but we have the raw material, the cotton, the wool, the timber. Our numerous streams roaring seaward as they go b}' fields white with the snow of Southern summers, have been long calling to us in vain to allow them to join in the universal anthem of social industry. Capitalists of Columbus saw the advantages for large cotton factories, and they have been built, a description of which will be found on another page of this work. The jn-ofits of well con. ducted Southern factories are so certain and so great that the conversion by us of every pound of cotton into fabric is a mere question of time. The supplv is, or could be, almost infinite ; and that the demand for cotton fabrics in the same ratio 44 COLUMBUS, (lEORGIA HER grown Avitliin sight, as it were, of the factory walls, Avould cost the manufacturer much less than it does his Eastern rival, even at its minimum value at the mills of the latter. The wool of Georgia is unsurpassed ; flax, hemp and tol)acco yield the best of crops. Nearly all of the cereals of the United States grow in Georgia. Almost all of the valuable varieties of forest trees grow in abun- dance in close proximity, and are of easy access by rail or river. In fact, the view is propitious for the manufacturer and for the establishment of manu- factures from every standpoint. The motives of freedom, the fertility of soil, salubrity of climate, facilities for commerce and manufactures, and ease of rail- road and Avater transportation, are the natural advantages which invite the capi- talist, the tradesman and the manufacturer of every clime and nationality to a FRKXCH PLACE— I'UdPKRTY OF IMU8C(lGEE REAL ESTATE COMPAXY. EAST HIGULAXDS. home in our midst, to co-o])erate in the development of its measureless resources, and to an inriching partici})ation in its prosperity. IMMENSE WATER POWER. Before quitting the subject of manufactures, it is proper to say that Colum- bus has a water power that is a Avonder of the land — that of the Chattahoochee river, extending northward over forty miles. It is equal to 1,000,000 horse power for the lowest stage, and nearly double that for the average stage. Only a small jiortion of this vast power is now utilized. Only one-tenth of the avail- able power near the city is now in use, and the field is a most inviting one for the establishment of all kinds of manufacturing industries. In this connection, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 45 it is a pleasure to state that free sites with railroad froutap;e will he donated all Avorthy manufacturing institutions that desire to locate here, COTTON AND AVOOLEN GOODS MANUFACTURERS. Columhus has long been the largest cotton manufacturing city in the Soutli, having gained for herself the sobriquet of the "Lowell of the South," but we we prefer to call her the " Queen City," for she will lead in other manufac- turers. Columbus in the manufacture of Cotton goods is rather peculiar in that all its mills manufacture finer grades of goods than those usually made in the South- ern factories, embracing cotton blankets, terry cloths, the celebrated INIitcheline quilts, sewing threads, cordage of many varieties, ginghams, cottonades and tickings. Three years ago the Paragon Mills were built, and as an experiment, embarked in the manufacture of the finer grades of ginghams, plaids, etc. The success of the venture has been clearly demonstrated and the Paragon has taken its place among the most successful cotton mills in Columbus. It cannot be denied that the cotton mills must eventually come to the cotton fields, and the history of mills in Columbus is but another link in the chain of evidence which so clearly establishes this fact. The tabulated statement Avhich appears below- Avill give some interesting information in reference to the cotton mills of the city. Names of Mills Looms Spindles Hands Employ'd Cotton Used Daily Capital AND Surplus Eagle and Phenix Manufacturing Co. . . Muscogee Mannfacturino' Co 1,800 42fi 360 300 100 60,000 9,000 8,000 2,000 500 400 300 100 80 300 50 Bales 9 " 9 " 5 " 91 " 4' " $ 3,225,000 300,000 Swift Mann factvi ring Co Paragon Manufactnring Co Clegg Manufactnring Co 200,000 100.000 50,000 Brown's Cotton Factory 4,000 80,000 f Chattahoochee Knitting ]\Iills *266 50,000 Totals 3.486 81.000 3.680 79i B'ls $3,100,000 f Owned by Eagle and Phenix Mills. * Machines. REAL ESTATE HOLDINGS. The list below gives the real estate holdings of the cotton mills of Colum- bus. Machinery and stocks are exempt from taxation and are not included in the figures named below : Eagle and Phenix Manufacturing Company, mills and tenements $ 729,000 Muscogee Manufacturing Company 147,000 Swift Manufactnring Company 73,000 Paragon Manufacturing Company 40,000 Clegg Manufactuiing Company 20,000 Browne's Cotton Factory 15,000 Chattahoochee Knitting Mills 30,000 Total $1,053,000 The above figui-es by no means represent the total wealth of the cotton mills 46 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER of the city. They simply give the value of real estate held by the several com- panies, as taken from the books of the city assessors for the year 1891. Thus, it will l)e seen that Columbus has some large establishments manu- facturing cotton and woolen goods, giving employment to 3,680 hands, to whom is paid annually the large sum of 31,766,400. ];arrel manufacturers. There is one large establishment engaged in the manufacture of barrels, kegs, etc., in this city. The quality of the work turned out is equal to that of any city in the South, and the entire output finds a ready sale in the local and near markets to Columbus. The company employs a large force of men, and pay out annuall}^ as wages $18,200, while the annual sales will amount to SlOO,- 000. A more extended notice will ])e found on page 85 of this work. Rooi: binders and blank book manufacturers. There is one large esta1)lishment engaged in the manufacture of blank books. They have in connection with the same concern, a mammoth job printing office, paper box manufactory, etc. Employment is given to a large force of both male and female employes. The annual business Avill approximate about 850,000. BREWERIES. The reputation of Columbus beer has continued to strengthen ever since the plant was started, and at the present time the malt litpiors made in Columbus, known as the "Chattahoochee Beer," takes precedence in ever}" market where it has been introduced. We have taken pains to give an extended notice of this enterprise in another portion of our book, and we call particular attention to it. The business runs up into the thousands each year. BRICK manufacturers. There are four concerns engaged in the manufacture of building brick, tile, etc., in this city. Some of the establishments are mammoth concerns, and turn out as many as 100,000 brick per day. The business is in a healthy, growing- condition, and, will no doubt, l)e largely increased during the coming year, as the outlook for a large number of new buildings is promising. The annual busi- ness will amount to $120,000. CANDY MANUFACTURERS. Columbus has two establishments eno;aii;ed in the manufacture of candies, etc. Besides these there are a number of small concerns that make the cheaper grades of candy, such as taffy and common stick. On account of these small concerns Ave are unable to give reliable figures as to the transactions. As near as we are able to we place the total business at 850,000 per year. CARRIAtJE AND WAGON MANUFACTURERS. The manufacture of carriages and wagons is extensively carried on in this city, there being no less than three firms engaged exclusively in their manufac- ture. Some of them are (juite large, and the work turned out is first-class. The annual sales will reach about 845,000. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 47 CIDER AND VINECAR. There is one large concern in this city manufacturing cider and vinegar, a more extended notice of ^vhich Avill be fo'und in another portion of this Avork. The ciuality of the goods ma las a ^vide-spread reputation for its p.urity, no adulteration ..f any kind being per.nittedin its manufacture. The business is in a flourishing condition and steadily growing. CICAR MANUFACTURERS. Columbus has three establishments engaged in the manufacture of cigars and the pro.luct manufactured here is conceded to be e,.-}29,2o5 Maimtaetures II.SS.IOOO Retail Trade 9,000,000 Grand aggregate 807. 414. i-")-") This magnificient showing is the result of industry, perseverance, economy, skill and progressive energy in a community of people, who, less than a quarter of a century ago were pennyless and powerless, with its cit}' prostrate in the ashes created by the better hatred of civil war that hesitated not to sacrifice friend and foe alike in the agony of its expiring thores. What city in the annuals of history ever achieved grander results in so short space of time. When the great metropolis of the "West was laid in waste by the fire fiend, and its people left homeless and starving, its ainiihilation was thouglit complete, and its restoration impossible. But while its inhabitants Avere still fleeing before the wrath of the destroying enemy, the world outstretclied its loving hand to succor and to save. Even the remotest hamlet was eager in the good work, and the most uncompro- mising foe was touched with pity that put to flight all thoughts but those which prompted relief for the helpless. The result of such an outpouring of sympathy — demonstrative of the power of "Peace on earth and good will to man" — was quickly manifested in the sudden rise of Chicago to a state of grandeur, that makes it more truly than ever the phenominal city of modern ages and the aston- ishment of all who visit it. Compare Columbus with Chicago. Analyze every 52 COLUMBUS, GEOKGIA — HER feature of their respective conditions at the date of the down fall of each, and every step in their progress to restoration — Chicago with the entire world for a friend, Columbus left to drink the last dregs in the cup of bitterness, and strug- gle onward alone— and then, if you can, deny that the metropolis on the banks of the Chattahoochee has Avon a noljler victory and a prouder record than the metropolis on Lake Michigan's front. BANKS AND OTHER FIXAXCIAL INSTITUTIONS. Columbus has four Xational and three State Banks, making a total of seven, Avith a capital of ;?6o0,000, and deposits a m u n t i ng to upAvard of three and a half mil- lions of dollars, and a surplus and undivided profits of nearly .^ $300,000. <■ OTHER INSTITU- - TIONS. < There are in ^ Columbus a ~ numljcr of im- % portant Land >^- and Li vestment u Companies and g Building and 2 Loan Associa- ^ tions, Avhich arc proving v a 1 u- able factors in the up-building of the city, and a r e receiving lil>eral support and encourage- ment from her l)eojile. The names of some of the leading and authorized capital, are given beloAV : Companies, together Avith their actual liiterHtatc Ltiiildiii;^ and Loan Association S7,.">(K(,(i()(l • u'orgia Home Iiisurancf Co. (toUil assets) 1,ihki,(KKI Miisiogep Keal Kstatc Co. (authorized capita!) 1,(I(KI,{KMI North Highland Company ].>(i,(Kl(i Columbus Inve.stmeiit Company 5iki.(IIKI Muscogee Mutual and Columlms Mutual Loan •l'2ll.0(K) City Lanii Company l(Hl,(HK) liose Hill Coniiiauy'. 7.">,(HXI Total §1(1,745,(100 COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 53 THE COLUMBUS BOARD OF TEADE. The following address, delivered by Mr. L. II. Chappell on assuming the duties of President in Januar^^, 1892, gives a brief history of the Columbus Board of Trade, which is composed of the leading business and professional men of Columbus : It is idle, gentlemen of the Columbus Board of Trade, for one entering upon the office of President of this Board to attempt to express, in well-rounded sentiments, his appreciation of the honor conferred. His acts, and not his words, must tell the story of his fitness, and his devotion to the true interest of Colum- bus must indicate the sense of obligation and duty with which he accepts the trust — a trust which none among us would accept did we not feel that the obliga- tion to heartily co-operate for the accomplishment of our common purpose is mutual, and rests alike upon each member of this Board, and upon every loyal advocate of the interests of Columbus. With this co-operation success is assured ; without it, failure must be the portion of the ablest among us. The Columbus Board of Trade is habituated to success, and success has uniformly marked the career of those who have, in the ten years of its existence, administered its affairs, while their individual triumphs in Columbus was in the phenomenal devel- opment of our natural advantages. The first President, ten years ago, was G. Gunby Jordan, a man whose very name has become a synonym of strength and progress and success, and from whose massive brain and indomitable energy we have seen spring into existence a half score of corporations, employing an aggre- gation of millions of capital, and carrying the fame of Columbus into every State in the Union, and into the financial centers of the world. Next came J. W. Woolfolk, now the leading promoter of important enterprises in the capital city of our neighboring State. Next, the beloved and lamented Hochstrasser, a gen- tleman who stamped the impress of his exalted character upon every act of his life. Next, J. K. Orr, whose counsel is ever sought in the affairs of our city, and who never fails to respond with heart and hand, encouraging the timid and aiding the strong and brave. Next, Mr. C. E. Caverly, who comes to us flushed with success achieved in the wonderful Gate City of the South, and who blends so harmoniously the genius of his former with the genius of his present home. Finally, our retiring President, to Avhom this board owes, perhajjs, a deeper debt of gratitude than to any of his predecessors, since to him we are indebted for our existence as a corporation, backed by a capital which insures our perpetuation independently of the limit of human life. At no time in our municipal history has there been greater need for the concert of action than at present. The begin- ning of the year 1892 finds the South struggling to recover from the effects of financial disturbances. They may be owing to the revolutions in South America and the consequent failure of the Baring Bros, in London, impairing confidence and credit throughout the financial world ; or they may be the consequences of extravagance and over-trading during the flush times of '89 and '90 ; or it may be the over-production and low price of cotton ; or it may be the McKinley Bill. Whatever the cause, there is no question about tiie fact that the times are 54 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER hard. Xortli and South have felt it alike, and no city has been exempt. Colum- bus, in the midst of it all, has continued to progress. It may not be christian-like, but there is a great consolation in being able to look around at our neigliboring cities and say thank the Lord, we are not as bad as they. Instead of bank failures, Ave have a new bank opening, and another doubling its capital. Instead of rail- road receivers we have a new suburban line opened — one of our new railroads reaching out for the snows of the Nortli. and anotlier for tlie orange lilossoms of l;i:.SIl)EN'CES I'ULK lIAKias AXP .IiiHN U. HENDKKSoN. l;A^T UltiHLAMis;. Florida. These evidences of progiess and prosperity in times of stagnation and depression are the legitimate results of conservatism and co-operation and mutual confidence. So long as we adhere to these principles we liave nothing to fear. The same causes which have guided us away from disaster in tiuies of depression will lead us on to the achievment of grand results in the flush times of prosperity, which will as surely follow as the flood tide follows the ebb. KEAL ESTATE INTERESTS IN COLUMBUS. The condition of the real estate market during the past few years has been one of steady increase in values. All classes of real property have advanced in value, and the prices of to-day, as compared with those of past years, show an average advance of from 25 to 50 per cent. The heaviest demand for property. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 55 however, has not been from the capitalists and specuhitors, but from persons desir- ing homes or places of business for their own occupancy. Never, perhaps, in the history of our city have our people been so thoroughly possessed with the deter- mination to own their own homes. This idea seems to have become incorporated in the warp and woof of every man's life, and to be the object of his exertions in business. This is not confined to one class of our citizens, but comprehends and permeates all classes and conditions. The demand covers every class of jtroperty, from the most palatial residence and handsomest stores in our city to the humblest and cheapest house known to the business. Our merchants and professional men who have long since owned comfortable, staid residences, and whose prosperity now warrants something different, are now purchasing more modern sites or buildings fiirther North or East, and by building and remodel- ing, securing for themselves residences more in keeping with their increased means and advanced idea of comfort and elegance of the present day. The man of more moderate means, who has heretofore rented, is straining every nerve to own his own home and rent no more. Keal estate has been too much neglected by investors, and in the mad rush for wild-cat speculative stocks and bonds, the staid old investment has been left for a soberer period when the excitement of speculation had spent itself. That time is now upon us, and the panic which some of our wiseacres see dimly (?) in the distance is but the bursting of some of the bubbles of their own inflation, and cannot from the very nature of its everescent character, be widespread or general in its effects. Even over guaranteed stocks and bonds — all of which are now at a high rate of premium — does real estate possess positive advantages. The p'irma- nent character of it is an investment, the appreciation in value which it must ex- perience in a growing country, the better rate of net interest it pays, all recom- mend real property over personal. The fact that it is not subject to such violent and frequent fluctuations, and is beyond the control of directors and syndicates having power to reduce its value to a minimum price without let or hindrance, is a powerful factor for inducing men to leave the uncertain ways of incorporated stocks in favor of this class of property. Another reason for the advance in the price of property in this locality is found in the advance in rents during the past few years. This advance was a healthy one, predicated upon the law of supply and demand, and made necessary by the reduction which had taken place after the war, as a result of that calamity. AVe are all forced to study economy in some measure, and the item of house rent is the first to receive attention at the hands of most men. The conclusion is then easily reached that it is an economic measure to save the profits realized by the owner of the house. The desire follows to be your own landlord, and the reali- zation is made possible through the poor man's helper, the loan association. These institutions have been of incalculable benefit to Columbus. The results of their work is the building up of nearly all that part of the city known as Rose Hill and East Highlands. Many a man in our midst owns his own home, who, but for their assistance, would now be a hewer of wood and a drawer of water, 56 COLUMBUS. GEORGIA — HER paying out the larger part of his monthlv earnings for a shelter for his family, and barely eaking out an existence. These associations have been of great help to men of larger means, who could aftord to pay a considerable out per month in order to secure a comfortable home, but who could not afford to jeopardize their business by taking out the amount necessary to build a home from their own capital. Again have these associations been useful in assisting men to accumulate wealth in the matter of purchasing or building tliat class of houses which very nearly or entirely pay their own way through the loan associations, and at its termination leave them possessed of the property clear. In this way have some of our citizens amassed ^ealth, and added materially to the taxable property of the city. In these ways. HI KdRV HILL I'lMrKUTV MUSCO'JEE REAL ESTATE COMPAXV, EAST HICHLAXPS. and in others, have loan associations become important factors in building up our city, and increasing the demand for real estate by simplifying and attaining of it. In the consideration of the subject of real estate in Columbus, sufficient promi- nence has not been given to our improved condition as a community, as one of the elements of strength in the market. The financial solidity for which Colum- bus has always been noted is greater and more stable to-day than it ever Avas. While we have fewer millionaires than some communities further North, yet we are in a better condition, because the wealth of the city is more evenly distri- buted, and there are a great number of persons possessing moderate means and fewer extremely wealthy. The increase of wealth by slow accumulations gives COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 57 as a population with a vast purchasing ability. The tax digest unfortunately is not the means of acquiring this information. But daily operations on the street will prove it, as will the presentation of any scheme which promises safe returns and good management call for the ample and liberal responses of capital. Colum- bus is rich in her resources of capital, and the best informed upon the subject know that the custodians of it are not to be found only in the recognized marts of the city, but frequently in unpretentious corners. THE EIsTYIRONS OF COLUMBUS. We have before remarked the thickly populated condition of the suburbs, in each direction, each quarter possessing some elements of beauty and attractive- ness. Property, consequent upon the large influx of population that Columbus has received in the past few years, has so increased in value that space has be- come a costly luxury, only to be enjoyed by the more extravagant. In fact many persons who constitute a moving power, and a large proportion of our commercial and manufacturing world, are compelled to seek homes in some one of the many suburban towns that cluster around the metropolis and are vitalized by its prox- imity. They are as follows : EAST HIGHLANDS. THE PROPERTY OF THE MUSCOGEE REAL ESTATE COMPANY — THE MOST DESIRABLE RESIDENCE PROPERTY IN THE SOUTH. There are two points which particularly impress every stranger who visits Co- lumbus — the extreme desirability of its eastern slope for delightful and pleasant homes, and the astonishingly reasonable prices at which such property can be bought. Nor do they fail to note its many facilities for cheap and pleasant living, coupled with the fact that every dollar of this property must double, and probably treble, in value, while its owner occupant has the use of it as a home. Occupying (by actual measurement) the highest ground on the Georgia side of the beautiful and fast flowing Chattahoochee river, it is the most delightful place for a home that can be found. Here in ante-bellum days the merchant prince and Avealthy planters made their homes, surrounded by all the luxuries that fancy could dictate and money purchase. A number of these old Southern homes still adorn the East Highlands. The Muscogee Ileal Estate Company was organized October 23d, 1887, by John F. Flournoy, Louis F. Garrard, and others of Columbus, with prominent capitalists of Savannah, Ga., Richmond, Ya., and Rochester, N. Y. This company is different from most of the land companies organized in the so- called boom towns. Its lands were all paid for cash. Its stock is fully paid up, and none of it has been off"ered on the market. No auction sale of lots has been necessary, but a steady, solid, substantial growth has been encouraged. Since the material for the first new house was placed on the ground, October 27, 1888, there has been no time that a dozen new and handsome houses have not been (E) 58 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER under construction. There has been no ^vild speculation. The lot purchasers have been, as a rule, "home builders," and the hundreds of new and attractive homes which dot " The HighJanch'^ attest the wisdom of the policy. During the summer of 1888, the company commenced the development of their property by clearing the lands, opening the streets, etc. How well they have succeeded is told in a brief paragraph taken from the Unquircr-Sun of August 31, 1890: "The development of the East Highlands within the past year is simply wonderful. The originators of the enterprise gave the signal for the breaking of the old routine improvement plan, and opened a world of progres- m KEh^IDEXCKS avilion to lie erected, whicli is free from the general pleasure-seekers at the park. For years this has been the rendezvous of the lovers of cpiiet and the beautiful, and now, with the rosaries to be planted around the pavilion, the beautiful drives, and many other attractive features (including bathing pools, tennis grounds, gun club grounds, etc.), it has a destiny of world- wide popularity. The lots on the boulevard have from 80 to 150 feet front, and from 140 to 250 feet depth, Avitli twenty feet alley-way in the rear, and on the streets 50 to 150 feet depth, with ten foot alley-way. Chicago has her lake view, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 63 Philadelphia her Fairmount Park, Baltimore her Druid Hill Park, but in natural and rustic beauty North Highlands excels them all. Among the many views are Lovers' Leap, Sunset Rock, Marie Springs, Murmuring Falls, Eagle's Nest, and the " S" view in the river. Just above Lovers' Leap is an apparent lake, abound- ing in trout and other game fish. Mr. S. A. Carter, of the firm of Carter & Bradley, one of the leading business men of the city, is President of the company ; Mr. E. J. Rankin, Vice- President; Mr. J. Rhodes Browne, Secretary and Treasurer, and Messrs. J. B. Hoist, D. P. Dozier, R. A. Carson and T. F. Smith, all prominent and influential citizens and business men, complete the Board of Directors. In a limited notice such as this must of necessity be, one can but give the bare facts ; and we would say to those interested, volumes might be filled and then fail to carry an adequate idea ; so we refrain, and simply add in conclusion : If you miss this, you miss a chance of a life-time, for this place, with its noble river and superb scenery, ofifers advantages unequaled anywhere in the South, and most of the eligible locations will be quickly taken up. There is no such thing as retrograding, for once let it be known and an increasing throng of both old and new guests will make it their favorite resort and stopping place. GIRARD, ALABAMA. TRADE, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES. The growth and development of the LTnited States stands pre-eminent among the most remarkable wonders of ancient or modern history, and yet how little our own people seem to realize its astonishing magnitude. When we stop to reflect upon the prodigious results accomplished by the nation since the close of the Rev- olutionary war, we are filled with amazement by the gigantic character of our own labors. In the century wiiich has elapsed since the thirteen original States were established as a free and independentGovernment we have grown to a Nation of thirty-eight States and nine Territories, and fifty-six million people, having an internal commerce spread over an area three and a half million square miles, and possessed of property amounting to the enormous aggregate of forty -five thousand million dollars. These brief told facts constitute the very cone of our wonderful progress and demonstrate the unparalleled wealth of our natural resources, the unceasing industry and the boundless ambition of our people. But as the mental eye scans the grand exhibit of this one century of labor, Ave discover that the most astonishing features have been contributed by that portion of the country geographically defined the SOUTH, which has been actively progressing about one and a half score years. "Within that period, however, the progress has been upon the most gigantic scale con- ceivable. A tour of inspection would reveal no more interesting facts concerning the giant strides of progress in this mighty South than those developed by the great State of Alabama. Among the foremost and ambitious to contribute to the 64 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER fame of Alabama and aid in the general advancement of the State bj properly utilizing its own quota of magnificent advantages, is the city of Girard. It is located on the opposite bank of the Chattahoochee river from Colum- bus, in the corner of Russell county, which extends up to the river, the river being the line between Georgia and Alabama separating Girard from Columbus, but does not deprive it of any of the advantages of Columbus, as they have two wagon bridges, affording ample transportation. girard's natural resources. Of first importance in considering the advantages of a city for building up the interests of commerce and manufactures are its relations to the natural resources, chief among which rank the agricultural and mineral products. To attempt the discussion of a city's resources for fostering its growth and improve- ment, encouraging industry and enterprise, and increasing its Avealth and popula- tion without showing that it possesses favorable advantages as regards agricultu- ral resources, is a fruitless waste of time, for without the aid of this highly im- portant factor, none of those much desired conditions of prosperity can be expected to exist to any appreciable extent. Without doubt Alabama is one of the finest agricultural States in the Union, and as to her iron and coal she is second to none. Her soil is highly adapted to cotton, corn, oats, potatoes, fruits and vegetables, the annual average yield of each being large. Girard receives full benefit of all the transportation, banking and commercial facilities of Columbus. Although she is eminently qualified to excel as a commercial city, the principal has been to develop it as a manufacturing center. The wisdom of such endeavors is not to be questioned, since it is so plainly apparent that the city possesses in the highest degree the leading essentials for success in manufactures — endless amount of water power, comparatively no taxes, and a boundless demand for the articles after they are made, practically at our very gates, thus saving to the producers a vast sum in freights. Skilled labor ig as cheap here (as manufacturing statistics show) as in any section of the country, although the laborers realize more here because of less cost of living. Aside from the price of labor, all expenses to the manufacturer are less at this point than in any part of the South. Girard can lay claim to the title of one of the healthiest cities in the Union. The fact of the remarkably low death rate of mortality among our people has been wondered at by sanita- rians, but when our conditions are carefully studied, it appears perfectly plain and satisfactory, for our city has been absolutely free from epidemics, and such contagious diseases as scarlet fever, minengitis, diphtheria, etc., are compara- tively unknown. We are likewise free from the malarial influences of the river bottoms, and the few fevers we have are not of a malignant type. Our readers can see at once that Girard is the place for the manufacturer. Rose Hill is another beautiful addition to the city, lying within the corporate limits. Phenix City, across the river, above Girard, is a thriving town, and many of our business men live in that beautiful suburban town, and quite a number of COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 65 large manufacturing establishments are also located there, because of the excel- lent condition of the water and the liberal inducements oifered by the authorities to manufacturers seeking advantaffeous locations. COLUMBUS AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. From what has already been said concerning Columbus, it is plainly evident that she possesses very superior advantages for man's abiding place, constraining one almost to believe that nature especially designed the site for a residence city, leavinjir nothino; undone that could be deemed essential to the convenience of those erecting habitations thereon. But this is an age of progress, and however per- fect nature may regard its handiwork, man can always find room for improving upon it, Columbus well illustrates this inborn desire of the human race, to tear down and build over, remove and re-arrange, or tinker in some way with every- thing it becomes possessed of, for man has so altered, rounded up and finished her marvelously original work that few places of crudity now appear. CLIMATE OF COLUMBUS. Probably the most essential physical advantage of a city lies in its climate — a climate favorable to vigor of mind and health of body. The climate of Colum- bus, like other portions of our country, has undergone important changes within a half century. Ice is a thing that is seldom seen. Sometimes the early riser may see a thin coating of ice on the gutters, but it never remains until mid-day. Sleighing and skating hereabouts are things decidedly out of the question ; in fact, the weather during January is as genial as spring. In the summer the thermometer sometimes rises for a few consecutive days above 95 degrees ; but the temperature invariably diminishes sensibly after sunset, the nights being gen- erally comfortable and refreshing, and often delightful. HEALTHFULNESS OF COLUMBUS. The comparative healthfulness of various cities has been made a subject of careful observation by physicians and others for more than a half century, and many cities have not even hesitated to prevaricate, to draw it mildly, concerning so serious a subject; but in all candor we assert that in a sanitary point of view Columbus is highly favored, and the tables of mortality have uniformly shown that Columbus is one of the healthiest cities in the United States. SOCIETY OF COLUMBUS. As Avould be expected all classes of society are represented here. We have in our city some of the most refined and cultivated peo}:le to be found any- where, and unfortunately, some of whom tlie least that can be said is the best. No matter to what class of people one may belong, he will have no reason to echo the sad reflection of Byron : " I am among them, but not of them." All may find congenial and kindred spirits here. Upon the whole, however, no city can boast of better society than Columbus. Manv of our l»est families descended 6Q COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER from the earliest and most distinguished characters in the history of American independence. Identified with the city and the South from an early dav, thev have grown in wealth and prosperity with the growth and improvement of the country. Nor have mental culture and social refinement been neglected. For many years Columbus was noted for her institutions of learning. AYith all these advantages, it would be strange indeed if our best society did not reflect honor upon the cit}'. Gentle of birth and ambitious of learning, refined by nature and hospitable to a fault, possessed -; of great wealth < and enthusiastic 3 lovers of art,they ^ constitute an or- g dre de monde in z which the most 2 brilliant devotee > of letters and Z fasliion may find ^ com])an i o n i h i p I worthy of his "^ highest taste. ? All the better ^ classes of society = are liberal in '- their ideas, and p; welcome all who ■:: are worthy of their confidence and e s t e e m. Those Avho have come among us in late years have been gladly re- ceived into our social circles, and many of them are now the leaders of society in wealth, culture and public spirit. Indeed, a number of our leading fiimilies — families whose recognition and hospitality would honor any guest, however high in fame or state — are those who have won their position within a recent period by their own merit and character. Thus, while our personne de qualite are eminently select and rigidly COMiVIERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 67 strict in the observance of all the finer conventionalities of good society, they are generously democratic when merit knocks for admission. CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. Columbus has always been noted for the church-going proclivities of its people, their fervid Christianity and zeal in advancing the cause of morality. The buildings are large and comfortable, are well ventilated in summer and heated in Avinter, All of the churches have been peculiarly fortunate in the selection of ministers, as they are all fine speakers and enjoy the highest moral and religious character. There are nineteen churches in the city, as follows : Baptists five, two white and three colored; Episcopal, one; Hebrew, one; Methodist nine, five white and four colored ; Presbyterian two, one white and one colored; Roman Catholic one. The total value of church property is about $500,000, and the churches have a seating capacity for about 15,000 persons. The limits of our book forbid our giving a more extended write-up of the churches, besides we could not obtain data from all, though we made repeated eftbrts. SUNDAY-SCHOOLS. Connected with all of the churches of the city are interesting and flourishing Sunday-schools, where many hundreds of the children and youths of the city are gathered each Sabbath day to be instructed in the great truths of the Bible, and in the religious and moral duties of life. It would be impossible to over-estimate the beneficent influence these schools have on the community. Nurseries of religion, and of virtue and good citizenship, they are justly cherished by our people as the safest guardians of their children's characters, and the surest guar- antees for their future. If it is possible for the departed dead to witness the progress of human affairs, the spirit of the founder of Sunday-schools could behold no happier sight than the assemblage of all the Sunday-school children of Columbus in one grand union meeting. We are proud of our Sunday-schools, and justly so. No pains are spared by the teachers and officers, no expense withheld by the parents and churcees, to make them worthy of our city and society. PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF COLUMBUS. Education is the mortar that holds the social fabric together. Without it civilization would crumble to the earth. Religion itself would be lost in the Cimmerian darkness of ignorance and superstition. Pythagoras puts the neces- sity of education in strong language : " He that knoweth not that which he ought to know is a brute among men ; he that knoweth no more than he hath need of is a man among beasts ; and he that knoweth all that may be knoAvn is a god among men," CD o Greece, the ])right, particular star in the old dark canopy of antiquity, the mother of the arts and the sciences, was first to declare the necessity of Educa- tion, Her own proud fame she owed to learning, Init unfortunately for her she flourished in an age when the equality of men, the crowning glory of modern times, was unknown. She fostered Education, but the education only of her 68 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER higher classes. Her common people, constituting four-fifths of her population, were left in ignorance. This was her fatal mistake. " A grievous fault it was, and grievously hath she paid it." Education of the higher classes was carried to Rome. She, too, neglected her common people, and Rome as Rome is no more. A dark wave of ignorance and rapine swept over the Avorld. All seemed to be lost. Suddenly a light flashed athwart the Western heavens, and Reformation stood revealed. The trumpet voice of Martin was heard proclaiming the grand truth : " Government, as the natural guardian of all the young, has the right to cjmpel people to sup- port schools. That which is necessary to the Avell- being of a State should be supported by those who enjoy the privileges of the State. Now, nothing is more necessary to this than the training of those Avho are to come after us." Here the principle of free popular education was first proclaimed. Here it was given birth and life. Holland and Scotland hastened to apply it. Both countries claim the imperishable honor of having been first to introduce it. The result of their foresight and wisdom was, that for ages after, these nations were regarded as the most intelligent and thrifty people in Europe. Whatever they applied themselves to they excelled in. Macauley bears eloquent testimony of the race superiority of the Scotch. From Europe the principle of popular Edu- cation was brought to America ; Maryland, Ncav York, Connecticut and Massa- chusetts, all contend for the proud distinction of naturalizing it here. Maryland doubtless had the first free municipal schools, followed by the others in the order named, ])ut Massachusetts Was the first to adopt the State system of free schools, since adopted by all, or nearly all of the States. The Northeastern and North- ern States were next to adopt it. Previous to the late war private academies were almost exclusively patronized by the ])eople of Columbus, but at its close the uncertain condition and prospects of our citizens caused greater reliance to be placed upon the free school system. The Columbus Public Schools were organized in 18GT, and form the second oldest system of public schools in Georgia. Their growth has been steady, but constant, from their organization. The names of more than 2,400 children have been enrolled as pupils of these schools this year, and more than $26,000 appro- priated for defraying the expenses of the schools for scholastic year 1891-'92. The Boys' Public School building, a most convenient, handsome school structure, costing $27,500, was finished and furnished but a little more than three years since. Since then the Chappell College property and Rose Hill scliool property have been bought by a generous City Council for the use of the public schools. In addition to this, there are now in the neighborhood of S20,000 in the city treasury to the credit of the school fund to be used in erecting a modern school building for the girls. Nearly two years ago a High School department was added to the primary and to the grammar departments, and is now in a most flourishing condition. In no schools, perhaps, in the South are teachers doing more in the way of attending Normal Schools, Teachers' Institutes, etc., and in reading professional COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 69 books than are the teachers of Columbus. They are intensely progressive, and the resul*,s of their teaching are exceedingly satisfactory to the patrons of the schools and the people of the city. With a generous people to sustain them, a liberal Council to appropriate Avhatever funds that may be found necessary for successfully operating them, Avith wise, progressive trustees to direct their operations, and a superintendent and teachers thoroughly conversant with the history, principles and methods of the best school systems of the world, the Columbus Public Schools have as bright a future as any schools in the South. CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. "And now abideth Faith, Hope and Charity, these three ; but the greatest is Charity." Charity, the first-born of Heaven, is the divine essence Avithin us. It is that which forms us in the image of our Maker. It is the manifestation of God himself incarnate in man. It is the lamp which lights our pathway through life and leads us on to heaven. The mission of charity is gentleness and love. It visits the poor and con- soles the friendless. It rests the weary and shelters the homeless. It feeds the hungry and clothes the destitute. It soothes the sick and comforts the sorrowing. The widow and the orphan are its wards. Its rule of life, " Love thy neighbor as thyself." Its admonition, "though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal." In the bright galaxy of virtues, philanthrophy, benevolence, kind- ness, sympathy, generosity and mercy, it is the central radiant star. It is the beo;innino; and the end of all virtues. It breaks the bonds of avariciousness and selfishness, and gives with a willinii; and generous hand. It strives for the moral culture and elevation of mankind. It has given its apostles and evangelists, its missionaries and martyrs, its ministers and priests to humanity without money and without price. It ani- mates the patriot and inspires the philosopher. It is the source of every gen- erous impulse, the fountain of every noble aspiration. It is the salvation and hope of society. It is the virtue preservative of all virtues. It is the visible presence of God on earth. The following is a list of the various charitable and benevolent and secret organizations in Columbus: Ancient Order United Workmen, two lodges ; Inde- pendent Order B'nai Brith, one ; Red Men, three ; Knights of the Golden Rule, one ; Knights of Honor, one ; Knights and Ladies of Honor, one ; Knights of Pythias, three ; Masonic, six ; National Union, two ; Odd Fellows, three ; Royal Arcanum, one; Typographical Union, one, and four colored secret organizations. Besides the above, Columbus has a Lodge of Elks that she may well feel proud of. It is composed of the best citizens in the town, and their devotion to protec- tion and benevolence is observable in all the walks of life. Their motto, " The faults of our brothers we write upon the sands; their virtues on the tablets of love and memory.*' is strictly adhered to, and coidd their many acts of benevolence be brought to 70 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER light, a volume could be Avritteu. They have a magnificent club room, elegantly furnished and fitted up, and the latch-string is out to all visiting Elks and strangers in the city. THE STREETS OF COLUMBUS. "Really, the breadth of our streets, from one point of view, is to our dis- advantage, as we would look more like the large city we claim to be if the streets were not so wide, and the line of buil- dings closer to each other. But this fault is amply compen- sated b y the knowl edge of the actual area, • and the most '^ delightful vista = a n d openness = through Avhich = circulates invig- c oratini;; breezes, J, and much of a S city's noise is ~l lost in shady ^ distances. Near- K ly every street 5 holds a narrow strip of park, a broad space on either side for vehicles, and every available spot for a tree holds its mon- arch or a sturdy sapling. "In the cen- tre of the city is the Court House I'ark, which occu])ies the space of an entire block, and is given over to giant trees, grassy beds bordered with flowers, winding, sanded walks, small settees, a handsome fountain presented by the Water Works Company, some tame sijuirrels, perambulators, nurses and children. In the centre of this stands the grim old court house, built nearly half a century ago, but its walls COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. Tl are so sturdy, and the exterior is so long familiar, that a sentiment clings about it, and many are loath to see it torn down. Progress decides, however, that old 'landmarks' must go, so in a few years a most commodious modern edifice will stand there." NEWSPAPERS OF COLUMBUS. Newspapers are the nervous system of society. They transmit intelligence to and from all parts of the body politic. Without them, or some substitute for them, public sensibility would be impossible. And as the state of the nervous system is one of the best indications of the condition of the human body, so the character of the newspapers of a community is one of the best evidences of its thrift and "-eneral intelli<2;encf . Columbus has no reason to fear a judgment by this rule. The character of our papers is highly creditable to us as a community. We have the J^nrjuirer- aS'uw, daily and weekly issue ; Evening Ledger ^ ?iX\. evening paper; lUustrated South, Sunday Herald, and The Rifle. We regret that we cannot speak of them all separately, but our space will permit us to mention only one or two. THE ENQUIRER-SUN. The Columbus Eviquirer was established by Mirabeau B. Lamar, in 1827. It was a Aveekly sheet of good size and appearance, and was edited with great ability. At that time the population of Columbus was about 1,000. Mr. Lamar severed his connection with the Enquirer on the first of October, 1830, and shortly removed to Texas. The paper continued under various manage- ments, and from a weekly, in 1850, it merged into a tri-weekly. The Daily Sun was established on the 30tli of July, 1855, by Mr. Thomas DeWolf. There were then three other papers in Columbus. There was no material change until 1873, when the Enquirer absorbed the Sun, and the paper became known as the Enquirer-Sun, wdiich title it has since retained. In 1889 it passed under its present management, and since then its progress has been steady, and it is on a more solid footing and more prosperous than at any time in its career. The circulation has been largely extended ; its facilities for news greatly increased, and in all departments it is fully up to the re(juirements of advanced journalism. It is a strong factor in the development of Columbus, and possesses great influence in the State, and its editorial columns are largely quoted from by the metropolitan journals in the North and West, of both politi- cal parties. The Enquirer-Sun commands the highest respect on account of its reliability, conservative and consistent course on all political measures — devoted and loyal to the Democratic party. Col. B. H. Richardson is the editor and manager, and he has gathered around him an efficient corps in the editorial and business departments. THE EVENING LEDGER. The Evening Ledger Avas established in 1880, by E. T. Byington & Co., and has a large and increasing circulation in Georgia and xVlabama. In politics the Ledger is Democratic, and it has done much toward building up tlie city. 72 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA THE SUNDAY HERALD. The Sunday Herald^ edited and published bv B. J. Daniel & Co., was established in 1891, and is forging ahead to a bright future. The firm consists of Messrs. B. J. Daniel, AViley Williams, and R. F. Ellis, all of whom are old newspaper men, and the combination makes a lively team. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. The Public Library is a constant source of pleasure to its large number of subscribers, and a subject of pride to all. Numbers of new books are received monthly, and the best periodicals and newspapers always at hand. The rooms, ever cheerful and inviting, are a favorite resort for the old and young of literary tastes. The directors are untiring in their efforts to promote the welfare of this beneficent institution, in which they are ably seconded by Miss Anna Hull, the energetic and most efficient librarian. The association confidently hopes soon to own the most elegant Library home in the South, having purchased the property of Trinity church on First avenue. FIRE DEPARTxMENT. Columbus is also equipped with a paid Fire Department, the excellence of which is a matter of congratulation to all our citizens. As an evidence of the efficiency of the department, it may be stated that the total losses by fire, by both the property holders and insurance companies in the year 1890, was only $9,000, of which amount the property owners sustained only $1,000. The paid department has been in operation for several years, and its efficiency and trust- Avorthiness has been thoroughly and fully demonstrated. The department is sustained by the city at an annual cost of only $15,000, which includes the wages of the firemen and all expenses of the department. The city has a fire alarm telegraph system, which has been in successful operation for a period of several years. But our space allotted to this chapter on Columbus' advantages, is ex- hausted, and Ave must cease, though but a trifling part of the whole has been touched upon. We could fill scores more of pages about the charms of the city, found both indoors and out of doors, in its old-time houses, among the silent dead — the homes of the old age and of the new — Avho sleep so calmly among the beautiful surrounding of grand monuments, guardian giant trees and lovely flowers, cared for so tenderly by gentle hands and loving hearts, or amidst the innumerable fields, each Avith its OAvn absorbing story, along its brooks and creeks and river, in its old relics created by limner's skillful brush and the printers' nimble type — ever^nvherc there is an attraction that Avill make one linger long, and finally lonfi to stai/. Truly, a more delightful city than Colum- bus could not be desired for a place of residence. Its attractions are of the most satisfactory character to the ])hysical, the mental and the moral demands of our nature, and in their enjoyment there most come that feeling of blissful peace that sooths so gently ojili/ in our oavu home — the dearest spot on earth. LEADIISTG BUSIISrESS HOUSES OF COLUMBUS. We present to our readers and business community herewith a l)rief historical review of the prominent business houses and manufacturing firms of Columbus. It will be interesting as an exhibit of the growth of the city for the past thirty years. The notices, as a group, embrace numbers of substantial and enterprising firms in every department of trade, including many specialties not to be obtained in any other market, and will be an assurance to those contem- plating a visit for the purpose of purchasing supplies, that their every want can be fully satisfied on as favorable terms as at any point in the United States. No firm of any prominence has been willingly excluded. 1630— THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL BANK— H. H. Epping, President; E. H. Epping, Cashier; A. S. Mason, Ass't Cashier. Banks are designed to afibrd safe places of deposit for money of individuals, corporations and governments, for facilitating the exchange of funds from the hands of parties who have payments to make to those who are to receive them. Thus, they are clearing houses, as it were, for the community in which they are located. They also extend aid to business men by granting loans or discounts on notes, bonds or other securities. Their origin is obscure, hidden in the unpub- lished and dim traditions of the past, though the merchants of Tyre Sidon and ancient Rome, it is supposed by historians, practiced some system of banking. It has come down to us through the unwritten history of cities long buried in ol)livion, whose merchants transacted commerce traditionally greater than that of the present day. Banks are of three kinds, which may be classed as follows: 1st. Banks of deposit, which receive money on deposit, subject to the draft of its owner. 2d. Banks of discount, which furnish loans upon drafts, promissory notes or securities. 3d. Banks of circulation, Avhich pay out their own notes, the credit of which is guaranteed by the general government. They are oro-an- ized under an act of Congress passed in 1863, and are termed National Banks. The majority of the banks of this country at the present are of this third class, as it is considered the safest and most satisfactory method, as it combines the prin- ciple and advantages of the first and second and gives an independent circulation of its own. Among the banks acting under the last named class none in Colum- bus ranks higher than the Chattahoochee National Bank, No. 1630, chartered in 74 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER 1865 -with a capital of §100,000, and in 1885 it Avas re-chartered. The bank has been managed with rare financial ability and judgment, and added, by its course, materially to the financial reputation of the city, and to the facilities of her business men. We do not propose to be fulsome when we state that the manage- ment of this bank has evidenced a degree of higli-toned principle and honor, and an intimate and thorough knowledge of finance as possessed by its officers, that has reflected credit not only upon themselves, but upon the city. The last statement showed a surplus of $75,000, and undivided profits, $40,000. The Directory is all that could be desired. All are men of high standing and influence in the city. Tlie President, H. H. Epping, is a native of Germany, and came to the United States when quite young, and to Columbus in 1841, and has always been identified with the city's best interests. He is president of the following companies : The Columbus Water Works, the Alabama Connelsville Coal and Coke Company, and the Rose Hill Land Company. He possesses fine ability as a financier and business man, and is always alive to any movement that will redound to the benefit of Columbus. 'Sir. A. Illges and Mr. A. Wittich are capitalists and large real estate own- ers ; James Kyle is a large wholesale dry goods merchant; J. F. Flournoy is a member of the firm of Flournoy k Epping, cotton commission men ; he is also president of the Columbus Street Railway Company, the Columbus Investment Company and the Muscogee Real Estate Company ; G. P. Swift is president of the Muscogee INIanufacturing Company, and one of the wealthiest men in the State; Dr. G. J. Grimes is a noted physician of the city; E. H. Epping, the cashier, is a gentleman of high social standing. Filled with push and enterprise, his aim is always to push the bank forward to the front rank of the financial institutions of the State. He is a financier in every sense of the Avord, and in the past has done much for the bank. CARTER & BRADLEY — Fontaine Warehouse, Cotton Factors and Com- mission Merchants. In dilating at length, and in detail upon the industrial advantages of this city, it must not be forgotten that they arise, to a large extent, from a fortuitous geographical position, a climate unusually equable, and magnificent water faci- lities, which place it in direct communication with the finest cotton growing district in the world. These considerations have exerted a vital influence in promoting the cotton trade, which is here carried on upon a scale the magnitude of which cannot be readily appreciated Avithout carefully revicAving the trade in detail. In undertaking such a Avork, Ave sliall begin Avith reference to the enterprise of Carter & Bradley, Avhich Avas established in 1885, and Avho are to-day doing a large and profitable business, handling from 18,000 to 20,000 bales of cotton per annum. Eighteen men are required to conduct this business, the pay-roll amounting to $200 per Aveek. They carry an average number of 3,000 bales in stock, and are continually receiving and shipping the staple, consignments coming from this State, Alabama and Florida; a large portion of their business COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. (0 coming from the lower river country in the Chattahoochee Valley — a section of country that is fertile, and productive of good staple and large crops, which are transported to this market by packet. The individual members of the firm are S. A. Carter and W. C. Bradley, both young men, and well knoAvn as business men with unimpeachable reputations for honorable, upright and liberal dealings, and as a firm, they are justly entitled to the esteem and confidence of the general public. Always active in everything that tends to the advancement of the com- merce of our city, they are respected by their associates in trade as Avell as by the large number of customers they have secured by their intelligent efforts and liberal dealings. It may be judged that this firm is composed of brainy men, when it is shown that the positions they hold in other enterprises are of great importance. Mr. Carter holds the position of President of the Columbus Grocery Company, is President of the North Highland Railroad Company; he is also a Director in the National Bank of Columbus, and in the Georgia Home Insurance Company. Mr. Bradley is Vice-President of the Columbus Grocery Company, a Director in both the Third National Bank, and the Columbus Savings Bank, and a member of the Board of Trade. Mr. Bradley was born at Oswichee, Ala., June 28, 1863. He located in Columbus in 1884. The firm of Carter & Bradley is widely known in this sec- tion, and their spacious warehouse of 210x160 feet, situated on Front street, presents a business-like appearance, with its side-tracks to the front, to the rear and inside, where cars are being loaded and unloaded with their burdens of the fleecy staple. M. SELIGMAN — Clothing, Hats, Boots and Shoes, 22 Front Street. Of the several firms in this city engaged in the clothing trade, none are better stocked, or conducted with a more thorough knowledge of the require- ments of the trade, than the establishment of M. Seligman. He came to Colum- bus in 1885, with comparatively no capital, and opened up business for his father, and with his sterling business qualities, energy and push, he soon built up such an enormous trade that he was compelled to open another store at 1019 Broad street, to accommodate his customers ; and still his trade continued to increase, and he opened up another store at 1226 Broad, and successfully managed the three stores till May, 1891, when he beceme sole proprietor of the store at 22 Front street, where he still does an overwhelming business. Mr. Seligman deserves much credit for the skilled and successful manner in which he managed the three stores. He carries a complete stock of men's, boy's and children's clothing, gent's furnishing goods of every description, hats, caps, trunks, valises, etc. His prices are the lowest. A visit to his busy establish- ment Avill convince you that he sells goods cheaper than any house in the city. He is a native Russian Jew, possessing fine business qualities ; came to this country in 1888, and to Columbus in 1885, and his success in business has been remarkable. We commend our readers to the establishment of M. Seligman. 76 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER R. G. DUN & CO. — Mercantile Agexcy, 1137J Broad Street, J. J. MoBLEY, Manager. The importance of the line of business carried on by Messrs. R. G. Dun & Co. can scarcely be estimated, so vast are its ramifications and so important are its bearings upon the trade of every city. By means of the information -which they aftbrd to their subscribers, many of whom are saved heavy losses, and unreliable and unscrupulous dealers or merchants are made known to the community. The Columbus branch was started January 1, 1890, with .J. J. Mobley, Manager. They have taken here, as elsewhere, a front rank and outrank all other agencies in number of subscribers, and this fact is due to the energy and business capacity of Mr. Mobley and his assistant, Mr. I. P. Clark, a young man of marked ability, and also to the exactness of their reports, that come from all parts of the Union and Canada. R. G. Dun & Co. have been doing business since 1841, and now covers the American continent and Europe. They have 150 branch offices, and are considered by far the best agency. The Columbus office covers seventeen counties in Georgia in a manner characteristic of the Company. Mr. Mobley is a native of Georgia, and has been in the employ o i the agency for some years. Under his supervision the business is increasing rapidly. He is a member of the Columbus Board of Trade, and is a gentleman of excellent standing and marked business capacity. THE HOWARD SHOE STORE— H. M. & M. W. Howard, Propr's, 1112 Broad Street. The design of our volume being to diffuse general information concerning the industries and resources of Columbus, we would be doing an injustice to one of the best firms in the city, to neglect passing mention of the proprietors ^ of The Howard Shoe Store. This house, ^ Tjj^\ though not possessing the same claim to I 7(i\ antiquity as some of its contemporaries, is, I \\ nevertheless, ranked as a leading establish- § ^^Vk ment in the boot and shoe trade of this city. ^^^ nKv T\us enterprise was started in 1880, by Mr. ■HBI^^£^^;^^-_^\K,.^ AVm. Meyers, the present })roprietors suc- ^^^^^^^^^flQ|^M|i|^^^^|^Rc ceding to the business in 1891. Possessing ^^^^3 ^^^^^jj^^^P^*^ ample capital, they have, by judicious man- af^ement and strict attention to business, secured a large and lucrative trade in Georgia and Alabama, particularly in those portions lying contiguous to Colum- bus. They carry a stock of $10,000 worth of goods, made by the best manu- facturers of the country, and the annual transactions will reach ?20,000. The premises occupied are 30x100 feet in size, and the display of goods is both artistic and satisfactory. Prompt and courteous attention is paid to all customers, two assistants being employed, and l)oth proprietors giving personal attention to the trade. Messrs. H. M. and M. W. Howard are the individual members of the firm, both natives of our city. Mr. H. M. Howard was born here in 181o,Mr. M. W. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 77 HoAvard in 1864; both active, energetic business men, who are pushing the busi- to its greatest limits. Mr. M. W. Howard has been engaged in this branch of trade since 1883, and in assuming control of this well-known concern has infused new life into its management. The success which has already attended this enterprise is such as to warrant the prediction that the house will, ere long, rank first among similar institutions of the city. THOS. S. MITCHELL, M. D.— Resident Physician and Surgeon, Office 1141 Broad Street. A Avork of this kind would not be complete Avithout the names of some of our most prominent physicians, and none rank higher in the medical fraternity of our city than Dr. Mitchell. He is a man of much experience, both as a physician and surgeon, graduating tAvice, first in 1854, and again in 1866. As an CA'idence of the public appreciation of his (jualities as a physician and public spirited citizen. Dr. Mitchell has been selected to hold positions of honor, trust, and confidence ; practicing as surgeon two years in the United States army, also city physician of Columbus for six years. Dr. Mitchell is a native Ala- bamian ; he practiced for tAventy-seven consecutive years in Hamilton, Ga., and noAv enjoys a large practice in Columbus and adjoining counties. SWIFT MANUFACTURING COMPANY— Plaids, Cottonades, Ticking, Stripes, etc.. Improved Mitcheline Bed Spreads. Columbus has, during the last decade, manifested more spirit of progress and enterprise than at any other period of her history. Evidences of substan- tial prosperity are becoming abundant, and industry, the hand-maid of civiliza- tion, is exercising her potent influence. Manufactories of staples are springino- into existence, one of the surest harbingers of an aAvakening to the enterprise that is elscAvhere characterizing this progressive age. In the history of cities, from the days of Tyre and Thebes, the first stimulus tOAvards prosperity has been from the building of manufactories, and in modern times, no city has become truly great and metropolitan that has not encouraged manufacturing. The great cotton interests of this section demand certain classes of goods Avhich every kindred interest Avould suggest, could be produced here to a greater advantage than by importing them from Northern marts. The SAvift Manufacturing Company, an institution of conspicuous magnitude, was chartered in November, 1882, by Geo. P. Swift, Sr., Geo. P. Swift, Jr., W. A. SAvift, Louis Hamberger and G. M. AVilliams, capitalized at S200,000. In 1888 the mills Avere erected, and a complete outfit of the most improved machinery put in, and they at once began an active and profitable business, placing their products throughout the Southern States, and many of them in the Northern markets. Mr, G. M. Williams is President and general manager, and Mr. Sam Salisbury Secretary and Treasurer, and under the guidance of these practical business men, the institution is kept in a most healthy state of pros- perity. Four hundred hands are here given employment, Avhich requires a monthly pay-roll of $8,000. There are 10,000 spindles and 450 looms busily COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER clattering away, turning out plaids, cottonades, ticking, stripes, and the cele- brated Mitcheline Bed Spreads, which are produced in various tints and most beautiful designs. This company has sold enormous (piantities of these spreads in all parts of the United States. It so happened that, among the number of hands brought here from England, there was a weaver named Mitchell, Avho had perfected the system of weaving this peculiar style of bed spread, and from whence came the name, "Mitcheline Bed Spreads," the manufacture and sales of wdiich have been a most flattering success. The out-put of this company is So50,000 worth of goods per annum. Great credit is due the officers for the enterprise and ability they have displayed in developing this branch of industry and carrying it to its present successful posi- tion, contributing materially to the reputation of the city, and stimulating enter- prise by their example. COLUMBUS GROCERY COMPANY— Jobbers of Staple Groceries, 1037 TO 1045 Front Street. In all our prominent towns and cities, there are always those whose energies and business abilities qualify them for leaders in business pursuits, and in what- ever occupation they are engaged, they will be found to excel in excellence of stock, and in ability to meet the requirements of their trade. As an important branch of the commercial industries of Columbus, the grocery business is entitled to a large share of consideration, and in this connection we direct attention to the wholesale establishment of the Columbus Grocery Company, situated on Front street, from No. 1037 to 1045, and running back 1(50 feet, three stories high. The stock embraces the fullest and most complete line of groceries and articles pertaining to the trade to be found in the city, including both staple and fancy groceries and provisions, canned goods, foreign and domestic fruits and nuts, wooden and willow ware, confectioneries, choice tobaccos and cigars, notions, etc. The stock is constantly being replenished by fresh arrivals from producers, manufacturers and jobbers ; a flattering patronage from the States of Georgia, Alabama and Florida having been enjoyed since the establishment of the business. The Columbus Grocery Company was incorporated July 1, 1891, with S. A. Car- ter, President; W. C. Bradley, Vice-President; and C. E. Caverly, Secretary and Treasurer, and a stronger quota of officials it would have been difficult to have secured. Each one of these gentlemen is now classed among the leading business men of Columbus, they having shown themselves to be composed of that material which tends to build an industrial cit}^ into one of prominence. Mr. S. A. Carter was born at Florence, Ga., March 4, 1854. He removed to Columbus in 1884, when he became associated with Mr. W. C. Bradley, in the warehouse and commission business. In 1801, Mr. Carter was instrumental in organizing the North Highland Land Improvement and Railroad Company, which enter])rise is one of the attractions of Columbus. Mr. Carter is also a Director in the National Bank of Columbus, and the Georgia Home insurance Company. Mr. W. C. Bradley, the Vice-President of the Columbus Grocery Company, was COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 79 born at Oswichee, Ala., June 28, 1863. He located here eight years ago, -when he entered the business in Avhich he is now engaged, and although a comparatively young man, it has been demonstrated that he has an old head on him, adopting and carrying out a sound and safe policy in the management of affairs in which he is interested ; this being evident from the fact that his counsel is required in the Directory of the Third National Bank, and the Columbus Savings Bank, and also, as a member of the Board of Trade of this city. Mr. Bradley is ever on the alert to lend his aid to any undertaking looking to the advancement of the city and the public interests of the citizens of Columbus. Mr. C. E. Caverly, the Secretary and Treasurer, was born in Newport, Fla., September 22, 1852. He began the study of the grocery business in 1875, since which time he has continued to give it his close attention, until to-day he is looked upon as a thoroughly posted grocery man, second to none in the country, and it is his work that is doing so much tOAvards bringing Columbus to the front as a grocery mar- ket, which fact, within itself, is of much value to the mercantile reputation of the city. The Columbus Grocery Company was organized with a paid-up capital of $50,000, the average amount of stock carried being from 815,000 to 825,000, and the annual business 8500,000. Sixteen men are required to attend to the immense business of this enterprise, and special attention is given to filling and shipping orders received from a distance. Every facility for handling groceries has been arranged, side tracks being on three sides of the building, thus enabling cars to be loaded and unloaded at the doors. Directing attention to the manner in which it is conducted, the pmplitude of its resources and facilities, and remark- ing that, as ranking first among its contemporaries, the establishment is of that class which commands the respect, confidence and consideration of the city at large. FLOURNOY & EPPING — -Warehouse and Commission Merchants, Twelfth AND Front Streets. Through a wise provision of nature, the different sections of this vast country have each some commercial function or element which exerts a controlling influence on trade. This condition is brought about by divers causes — geographical posi- tion and natural mineral deposits are most important, while in some localities facilities for transportation, and the fecundity of the soil for producing cereals, are the basis on which ultimate wealth and commercial prosperity have their foundation. The West has her great grain products and unequaled facilities for transportation ; the middle tier of States have their invaluable coal and iron resources ; this part, the South, has, to a certain extent, a unification of all these elements of progress, furnished by nature with a prolific'hand, only aAvait- ing development by enterprise. These are cotton, the king of vegetable products, and the wonderful deposits of coal and iron underlying the whole section, and last, and of equal importance, our splendid facilities for transportation, both water and rail. This is particularly true of this section of Georgia. The city of Columbus receives yearly about 90,000 bales of cotton, and it is but natural that 80 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER we should find the live, progressive business men of the city engaged in handling the fleecy staple. The most extensive commission men in our market are Flournoy & Epping. The firm, composed of John F. Flournoy, and H. H. Epping, jr.; was started in 1873 by Flournoy, McGehee & Co., and changed in 1877 to Flournoy & Epping. They have a large capital, and no interior house in the South enjoys a better reputation than this. They handle about 20,000 bales yearly. Both members of the firm are largely identified with Columbus and her progress, and are heavy real estate owners. Mr. Flourney is President of the following Companies: Columbus Railroad Company, Columbus Investment Company, Mus- cogee Real Estate Company ; Vice-President Georgia Midland and Gulf Railroad, Director Chattahoochee National Bank. Mr. Epping is a man of public spirit, pushing and energetic. In 1884 he Avas elected Alderman, which office he held with dignity and respect, and honor both to himself and the city. GEORGE 0. BERRY — Steam Brick Manufacturer; Any Style of Brick OR Tiling Made to Order. The condition of raw material is an item that is of much concern to the manufacturer — superiority of grade produces an increased value to the product. The abundance of material to be found at this point for the manufacture of brick is peculiarly superior to that to be found at any other place in this section of the country, which fact brought forth a remark from a contractor in Albany, who said that " God must have favored Columbus Avhen he made material for makinor brick." Hence, it is, that this city has ever been noted for the manufacture of superior brick. The pioneer in this industry was W. W. Berry, who came South from Wheeling W. Va., in 1815, and shortly thereafter began moulding brick for the local market, and continued in the business the balance of his life. Mr. George 0. Berry, the subject of this sketch, is the son of W. W. Berry. He was born in Eufaula, Ala., in 1817, coming to Columbus in 1850 with his father. Here he Avas raised and brought up in the business, thereby gaining a thorough knowledge of this industry. Mr. Berry owns seventy-six acres of ground, upon which is to be found the finest brick material, thereby giving him an inexhaustible supply. Mr. Berry is furthermore fully equipped with the latest improved machinery, among which is to be seen the " Penfield," " Plunger," "Frey-Seckler Company Auger," and " H. Brewer" brick machines; also, three engines and boilers, two tAventy-five horse-power and one ten horse-poAver. He is operating four plants — tAvo machine and two hand — this large outfit giAdng a capacity of 100,000 brick per day, the output being composed of pressed brick, common brick, ornamental brick and tiling. Mr. Berry's establishment is situated southeast from the jail, at the junction of the Central, Columbus Southern and Georgia Midland and Gulf railroads. Each of these roads secure hauls from him, transporting his product north, east, south and Avest, going into the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Some of his most extensive shipments go to the eastern part of the State, including Savannah and BrunsAvick. Thoroughly iden- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 81 tified with the progressive spirit of this city, and possessed of the essential requisites of sound judgment and care of his business policy, he presents the strongest claims to popular favor Avith those desiring business relations in this department of our business activities. JONES BROTHERS — Sash, Doors and Blinds, Lumber, Contractors. Statistics show that out of every hundred men who embark in business, ninety-seven meet with failure, while only three succeed in driving their business through to a successful termination. We take pleasure in referring to the firm of Jones Brothers as successful business men. They began business in Columbus in the fall of 1888, with small capital, but as their business increased, they added more machinery, and erected more buildings, and so continued until to-day their plant comprises two acres of ground, nearly half of which is covered with build- ings equipped with the very best and latest improved wood-working machinery Avhich is driven by a 100-horse power engine; and they make any and every thing that can be manufactured of wood. Among the employees are to be found some of the most skillful artisans and experts in the various departments of the business. An inspection of their warehouse will show a complete stock of sash, doors, blinds, lime, plaster, cement, paints and oil, and everything needed in the building line. In their work-shops are to be found a full assortment of patterns and designs for brackets, scroll work, draperies, newells, ballusters, and all other ornamental wood work, with machinery and mechanics ready to turn anything in 82 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER a finished style and on short notice. On the yards are to be seen towering stacks of all kinds of lumber, laths and shingles, and the facilities are such that they can fill any kind of an order for material to build anything from a chicken-coop to a steamboat, figuratively speaking. The success of this firm has been phe- nominal, and although in business for the short space of three and a half years, their reputation has gone abroad beyond the limits of Georgia and adjoining States, and orders are received for lumber in car-load lots from distant sections, even as far oif as Rhode Island. Messrs. Jones Brothers are young men, and are wide awake to the requirements of an energetic and practical business policy. Mr, Rufus Jones, the senior member of the firm, is now, and has been from the beginning, the general manager, and to his close attention, untiring energy, watchful care and skillful management, the phenominal success of this young firm is chiefly due ; and while their business career is not yet ended, either in failure or success, we feel confident that when that period is readied, Columbus will add the name of Jones Brothers to her list of successful men, of whom she has her full quota of the three per cent wdio never fail. CHATTAHOOCHEE BREWING COMPANY— Office 1205 Broad Street Capital S250,000. A one-horse wagon, on which were two men, drove into Columbus, Ga., one bright spring day in the year 1887. These two persons were brewers from Walhalla, S. C, a German settlement, where, after failing to make the success their ambition deserved, were prospecting for a more profitable field. An iron kettle, capable of brewing one and one-half barrels of beer at a time, and three ordinary wine butts in which to ferment, age, and store it after brewing, comprised, with their wagon and horse, their stock in trade. They took a great fancy to Columbus, so much so indeed that they determined to make it their stopping place, but after having had a careful analysis made of the water, they discovered that it was not very good for brewing purposes, but just across the river, in Ala- bama, they found an inexhaustible supply having all the natural constituents necessary for the brewing of the finest beer. Having shown, in a small way, the excellent beverage that could be made with it, they interested a few of the most prominent citizens, forming a company which finally, from the investment of a few hundred dollars, have at last created a company whose vested interests in the Brewery now amount to $250,000. Daily the fame of its production increases, and with its popularity, the sales go upward, and with the rapid strides made by the Chattahoochee Brewing Company, it will soon be among the most prosperous in the entire Southern States. The Directors are the leading business men of Columbus, and characteristic of their enterprising spirit, they decided at the annual meeting of 1891, to have the quality of the beverage made equal to any beer in the world, regardless of expense and work. Deeming this course a sound polic}', they proceeded at once to put it in operation, and forthwith opened com- munications with ]Mr. E. M. Walsh, of Dublin, Ireland, a man with wide experi- ence in the brewing business, and possessed of great ability as a manager, who COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 83 will, under no circumstances, allow any beer to be taken out of tbe brewery that is not perfectly brewed and carrying the proper age ; and, adhering to tbe policy of making the best beer, the finest German hops and best American malt in the market is used. Mr. Walsh will not have any cereoline, rice, grape sugar, glucose, or acids of any kind put in the product, and guarantees that it will stand a chemical test with any beer in the United States, and as a health tonic, is unsur- passed by any beverage whatever ; and last, but not least, possesses a flavor highly pleasing to the most fastidious. The brewery has an outfit of the latest improved machinery, including ice machines, Corless engines, compression ice and ammonia machines. Thirty hands are given employment, among which are skilled brewers from Germany. The officers are: E. H. Epping, President; E. M. Walsh, Vice-President and General Manager; C. A. E])ping, Secretary and Treasurer. The product of this industry is shipped largely throughout Georgia, Florida and Alabama, and is sold in every ])ar in Columbus, both in liottles and kegs. The Chattahoochee Brewing Company will do much toAvards bringing Columbus prominently to the front as an enterprising manufacturing city. J. B. HARRISON & CO. — Real Estate, Stock and Bond Brokers, Twelfth Street, Near Broad. The leading real estate dealers in our city is J. B. Harrison & Co. The business of this firm is under the personal charge of Mr. Harrison, a man of marked ability and high business honor, a person above all others to take charge of a business of this kind, and he will always be found to be a gentleman in whom confidence can be placed. The other members of the firm are John F. Flournoy, a real estate man of note, who is doing much to advance the various interests of the city, and H. H. Epping, a gentleman of high standing in the community, who is identified with the progress and development of our city. This firm has much valuable city propery on their books, both improved and unimproved, of which they will gladly give any desired information. The firm of J. B. Harrison & Co. commends itself to the public as one from whom the most liberal treatment may be expected. T. S. SPEAR — Watchmaker and Jeweler, and Dealer in Fine Diamonds, Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Silver and Silver -Plated Ware, 1121 Broad Street. Columbus has in every department of trade stores equal to any to be found elsewhere, and of no line is this more true than of jewelry. Each store seems to vie with the other in the beauty and display of their exhibits, and among these the handsome store of T. S. Spear holds a leading place, both for the elegance of the line carried, but particularly for the fine Avork done in the watch repairing and special departments. Mr Spear Avas born in New Jersey, Jan. 19, 1825, but early in life moved to Charleston, S. C, where he learned his trade, in which he has no superior. He followed the business in Charleston for several years in connection with his brother J. E. Spear, prior to 1857, in that year coming to Columbus and buying 84 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER out L. B. Purple. He had in cash capital about $15,000, and having push, energy and a determination to succeed, he quickly won for himself a high position. Backed by high business honor, he determined to turn out only work that would prove satisfactory alike to himself and his patrons. Mr. Spear is identified with the progress of the city, and her best interests are ahvays first in his mind. He has served as Alderman, filling the office with that same spirit of honesty and uprightness that is characteristic of the man. During the war the store was rob- bed of a large stock of costly diamonds by Gen. AVilson's raiders. Mr, Spear is an optician of no mean skill. He carries a large stock of glasses, in which he does the largest business in this section. S. L. SIMMONS— Meat Market, 16 Tenth Street. Among the enterprises most essential to the well being of the people of a city, none are more important than those which furnish the daily supply of pro- visions. Among this class we cheerfully devote space to the meat market of Mr. S. L. Simmons. The fresh meats sold by this house are always the choicest, as Mr. Simmons does not handle any but stall-fed meat. It has long since been demonstrated that grass-fed beef does not have the tender, juicy taste that the stall-fed meat has, hence the stall-fed meat has the lead. The sausage put up by Mr. Simmons cannot be surpassed in quality. His premises numbering 16 Tenth street, occupies 25x60 feet, aifording ample room for his sausage-making machinery, and all appliances necessary to the successful conduct of his business. He also runs stall No. 7 in the market house. Mr. Simmons was born in Macon County, Ala., and came to Columbus in 1880; was employed by Cook & O'Brien to work in their market, where he served two years, then, with D. L. Thomas, five years, and then entering business for himself. Five years has built up a trade second to none. Mr. Simmons has followed his trade for twelve years, and no one better understands its details or the wants of his customers than he. He is a naan of high integrity and sterling business qualities, attentive and courteous to all his patrons, liberal and conscientious in all his dealings, he richly merits the success he lias attained. R. JEFFERSON— Groceries, 1041 Broad Street. In a history of the advance and development of Columbus, with reference to commercial affairs, the grocery trade must always occupy a very prominent position as a branch of mercantile industry, contributing is no small degree to the present commercial importance of the city. Among those houses whose extended transactions and high standing entitles them to special mention, is that of Mr. R. Jefferson, being one of the largest establishments in the city. Mr. Jefferson occupies the building located at No. 1041 Broad street, 35x137 feet in size, where he has stored a complete stock of the choisest staple and fancy groceries, reaching S10,000 in value. Four assistants are employed, and the annual trans- actions will reach 865,000. Mr. Jefferson conducts business with a capital of $25,000, and is interested in an invention of his own make, which has become very popular with all the COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 85 farmers -who have met -with it. This is Jefferson's celebrated Plow Fender. This Fender is a wonder to the farmer, saving time and quality in work to the ploughman in any kind of crop, cotton, corn, vegetables, etc., and its cheapness puts it in reach of every one. Price, one dollar, while it saves ten dollars, under guarantee. The out-put the first year was 3,000, and they are highly recom- mended by each purchaser. Mr. Jefferson was born here in 1849, and is well known in business circles as a gentleman of large business abilities. His trans- actions are large throughout Georgia, Alabama and Florida. He is justly esteemed for those attributes which invariably lead to success. THE COLUMBUS BARREL MANUFACTURING COMPANY— Works, Opposite Central Railroad Compress. For wood-working establishments it is evidenced that Columbus has an admirable situation. From the large industries now in operation here, and among the most prominent, is to be found the Columbus Barrel Manufacturing Company, the only one of the kind in this part of the South, and one of the most extensive in the entire country, their output being 150 barrels daily. These are used for oil, spirits of turpentine, cidar and vinegar, and are shipped to points throughout the States of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, and besides barrels, this company deals in staves, headings, kegs, etc. Seventy hands are here given employment. Steam power is used, a Mtj horse-power engine is required to drive the machin- ery, the very latest improvements in machinery is included in the outfit, enabling them to lower the cost of production to a considerable extent, and one feature is conspicuous, which is, the superior grade of the Columbus-made barrels and kegs. The shipping facilities are fine, as they have side-track connection with every rail- road centering in Columbus, The officers of the company are: M. M. Hirsch, President, and H. Elson, Manager, both residents of this city, and are classed among the most enterprising business men of Columbus. The business was estab- lished seven years ago, and by good management and a straightforward business policy, they have steadily increased their trade every year, until now the business reaches i?100,000 per annum. The size of the grounds is just one acre, covered with buildings and material. The weekly pay roll is $350. Columbus is justly proud of this industry, which demonstrates to the outside world that she is a desirable point for manufactures. THE EAGLE CLOTHING MANUFACTURING COMPANY— Opposite Eagle and Phenix Mills. In noting the improvements of the New South and the varied industries springing up, that of the manufacturing of jeans pants has grown ([uite promi- nent. During the past few years a new departure has taken place in the woolen jeans and cottonades consumption, inasmuch as the retail merchant, who, foi-merly purchased regularly every year, a stock of jeans and cottonades in the piece, but now, instead, he buys ready-made pants of these materials, his customers prefer- ing the ready-made garments, as they are more regularly put together than can be done at home, and is just as low in the cost, if not cheapear, hence, the 86 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER increased demand for pants in the South among the farmers, miners and mechan- ics, and from the fact that the 60,000 spindles in Columbus produced the material for making pants, was a sufficient inducement to a party of enterprising men of our city to organize a pants factory, to be called the Eagle Clothing Manufactur- ing Company, with M. L. Patterson, President; Abe Strauss, Secretary and Treasurer, and L, Meyer, Manager. This company, though but a few years in the trade, has gained a reputation on the merits of the work sent out, and one feature of their make is the strong seams and special patterns. Their pants and overalls are made from jeans, cottonades, denims, etc., that are manufactured specially for them. It is only necessary to select a particular pattern and name the weight and material and place their order Avith some of the cotton and woolen manufac- turers here and thus the exact goods needed are made. Tlie Eagle pants are well made and are sold to meet any competition, from any market, and this is one other industry assisting_in bringing Columbus to the front as a manufacturing city. DELMONICO RESTAURANT— H. A. Payne, Prop., 1021 Broad Street, (Opposite Central Hotel. The popular and fertile section, of which Columbus is the center, gives her great importance as a point of distribution for all kinds of supplies. To persons visiting the city on purchasing tours, or for pleasure, it will be interesting to know that the city contains a number of establishments designed for the comfort and convenience of guests. No restaurant in the city is better prepared for the entertainment of patrons, or furnishes a table that, for cleanliness, excellence in cooking, and the season's luxuries than the "Delmonico." A still greater advan- tage is in having at its head Mr. H. A. Payne, an experienced caterer, whose qualifications as a host are excelled by none ; frank, genial and with true ideas of hospitality, he gives to the restaurant more varied and greater advantages than can be enjoyed elsewhere. He and his employees are courteous and obliging to the patrons of his establishment, and everything is prepared in a way that will meet the wishes of the most fastidious. The restaurant is run on the European plan, meals are furnished table tVhote^ or a la carte, and can be had day or night. Mr. Payne has constantly on hand all the delicacies of the season, which are served in excellent style. This is the chief restaurant in the city that caters to ladies patronage. Ice cream parlors are attached, in which all the popular ices are served. MILLER & miller- Two brothers, T. T. Miller and B. S. Miller, compose the above firm. They are both young men, born and reared in a neighboring county, in the noted little town of Buena Vista. Although identified with Columbus from their early child- hood, they did not locate here until August 1, 1890. Since that time, by their pluck, their skill and merit, they have established for themselves an enviable rep- utation, and are recognized lawyers of ability, enjoying a lucrative practice. One among the first steps of progress made by this firm was the purchase of a COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 87 library, at a cost of $2,500, and not only is it said to be well selected, but is acknowledged to be one of the finest libraries in the city. This makes a fine showing in their behalf, for, although they may never be looked upon only from the outside, they give to their office and their surroundings an appearance, a dig- nity, a learning that can in no wise be claimed by the young practitioner who seats himself in an office with no furniture but one chair and a table, and no tools but the Georgia code and a form book. The firm of Miller & Miller is a perma- nent institution. They have become thoroughly identified with the city, and whether for weal or for woe, their fortunes are cast among Columbus people, whose destiny shall be their destiny, whose future shall be their future. The welfare of the city they have thoroughly at heart, and all schemes of public enterprise, in all efforts to advance her material progress and to add to her future glory, they'll be found enthusiastic supporters and advocates. Since their location here, the business of Miller k Miller has been largely in excess of their expectations, for, within about eighteen months' time, they have become the regular retained attorneys of some of the most important corporations and largest wholesale houses in the city. Close application to business, living in your office during office hours, promptness and reliability, merits success any and every- where, and these are the elements most conspicuous with the young men. Mr. B. S. Miller, the junior member, is a graduate of the Lumpkin Law School, of the University of Georgia. We take pleasure in commending them to our read- ers, both home and abroad, as prompt, reliable, energetic and capable attorneys. J. K. ORR & CO. — Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in Reliable Boots and Shoes. Columbus a wholesale shoe market ! and one of prominence ; it equals the most extensive Eastern markets as regards prices, grades, terms, rates, etc., and this fact brought about by the effijrts of one man, who is at the head of the wide awake establishment of J. K. Orr & Co. This business Avas instituted in 1884, and although young, has gained a reputation that insures for it at extensive trade. From the first year of its life this house has sprung forward with a bound and entered the race for trade that has rewarded it wi*h a first prize. Keeping well up and in advance of their many competitors, they have placed goods with highly satisfactory results in the States of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida, and are annually reaching out and adding new buyers to their large list. Mr. Orr, who has the management of affairs, came to Columbus nineteen years ago from New York city, and entered the establishment of J. Kyle & Co., and being possessed of an unusual amount of energy and skill, he was placed at the head of the wholesale shoe department, and in 1884 organized the present firm, and so thorough is his knowledge of the wants of the Southern trade in the shoe line, that he has rapidly grown in favor as a shoe merchant with this section, where his lines are so largely used. The business has grown from a small trade to an annual business of over half a million dollars. Mr. Orr begun the study of the shoe business when a youth, and by close application brought himself up to a COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER high standard as a shoe man, and after locating in the South, acquainted himself with the demands of the Southern trade, which is totally different from that of the Western and Eastern, hence his superior capability for filling the wants of this section. J. K. Orr & Co. represent a dozen of the best factories of the East; their goods are all made to order, and are sold from Columbus at the same prices as are named by their Boston house. With ample capital, long experience and superior management, the firm of J. K. Orr k Co. are instrumental in gain- ing for Columbus the reputation of being a shoe market second to none in the South, and one that is a pride to the city of Columbus. BRUSH ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY. Mr. W. A. Swift was the first citizen to take steps towards having Colum- bus adopt a system of electric lights for the streets, but at first his eftbrts'were not encouraged, from the fact that the city government was part owner of the gas company, and it required some time in which to gain public favor for the substitution of electric lights, which was finally done, wlien the organization of this company was perfected, and during the };ast few years they have taken advantage of every improvement on this wonderful discovery, and to-day are thoroughly equipped for furnishing lights and power. The officers are: W. R. Brown, President; W. A. Swift, Secretary and Treasurer; and W. E. Boileau, Superintendent. Mr. Brown is the Chief officer of the Columbus Iron Works. Mr. Swift is one of the most prominent business men of Columbus ; he is also President of the Paragon Manufacturing Company, and Secretary of the Mus- cogee Manufacturing Company, and is also a city Alderman, representing the Fourth ward. Mr. Boileau, although a citizen of Columbus but three years, has become identified as one of our most active and progressive business men. He is an expert electrician, and spares no pains to keep the system in thorough working order. One hundred and fifty arc and o,(lOO incandescent lights are used. The company is making a specialty of lighting up residences, and noAv have more than 1,000 lights in this dei)artment. It has recently been necessary to add more power, and noAv the spacious brick Iniilding contains two engines of 150 horse power each, and one of oOO horse power; two boilers of 125 horse power each, and two of 150 horse power — a total of 550 horse power for the boilers and tiOO for the engines. The lights furnished by this machinery are as perfect as can be made, giving entire satisfaction to patrons, G. J. PEACOCK — Clothing Manufacturer, No. 1200 Broad Street. Some sniviling, cynical, threadbare philosopher, poet, nondescript, or what not, once upon a time gave existence to the maxim, aphorism, proverb or axiom, "Clothes do not make the man." Pardon us, gentle reader, if we disagree with such a notion. John Ruskin, one of the most pleasing writers of the world of modern literature, made use of the expression, " Show me a man's books and I will read you his character," and the same is true when applied to the outer gar- ments of our fellow man. Clothes certainly do not makf the man, but clothes are indicative of the man, and we rate our opinion of strangers just as we see COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 89 them habited. The subject is one that has been discussed and meditated over ever since the days when Adam was content to pick posies in company with Eve, and she to while away the hours, even in Paradise, made their "garments of fig leaves." This commendable taste or habit has been thus handed down to us by our first parents, and year by year some new design springs up, some handsome fashion that, despite the fallen condition of humanity, causes us to revere the memory of our common primogenitor, and to accept our discomfiture cum grano sails. Each new season brings to us new adaptations, made to beautify and adorn the figure, as well as for utilities sake. This trade, then, having ramified and expanded to such an extent, there needs must be capacious houses engaged in its conduct. One of the most prominent houses employed in the business is the reliable, well-known and justly popular house of G. J. Peacock. This concern was started in 1877 by the present proprietor, with about $2,500 capital, while now he requires as many thousand dollars as he had hundreds to conduct his business. lie gives employment to eighteen males and fifty females regularly, and sometimes as many more, while he does an annual business of $60,000, extending throughout the Gulf States and in other parts of the United States. His sewing machines are operated by a gas engine, which is a great saving of strength to the operator. We place his name here, thus confident that his staunch character, energy and capital has advanced his pursuit to a first class position, and thereby entitles him to honorable mention. Peacock's name has become a synonym for fair dealing and elegant work, and his trade includes the most fash- ionable and "tony" of the men of this and adjoining cities. Nor have we a more liberal, conscientious and accommodating tradesman in our city, and if our own personal wishes could be gratified, we could seek no higher purpose in this regard than to see Peacock the absolute controller of ten times the trade he has, for this state of facts would undoubtedly contribute to a happier and better con- dition of the community in which he and his business are located. RANKIN HOUSE BARBER SHOP— W. A. Mahone, Proprietor. A first-class barber shop must always, in every community, hold a unique position, and the best proof of the esteem in which it is held is evinced by the amount of patronage Avhich it enjoys. In Columbus one of the oldest and most popular establishment of this character is that of W. A. Mahone. His shop is 30x50 feet in dimension, affording ample room for a number of barbers, bath- rooms, etc. Nothing is more refreshing than a good bath, and none are better prepared to accommodate you than the Rankin House Barber Shop. Clean towels, polite barbers, and prompt attention is the order of the day. They are Avell prepared to satisfy the most fastidious in hair-cutting, shaving or shampoo- ing, being posted right up on all the latest styles of hair-cutting, etc. W. A. Mahone is a man well-known in Columbus, always sober and attentive to business; has had a number of years experience in his business*, and always gives universal satisfaction. The shaving class of this city know W. A. Mahone to be The barber of Columbus. (0) 90 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER J. KYLE & CO. — Importers and Jobbers of Dry Goods and Notions, and Manufacturers of Ironclad Brand Pants and Overshirts, Nos. 1106 AND 1108 Broad Street. The growth of a city is always an interesting study, especially when viewed from some particular standpoint, and with reference to some particular department of human interest. Considering the rise of any populous center from its begin- '^^>f5.- ning, we find a mvdtitudc of causes contributing to swell the volume of its pros- perity, until the tide of its commercial and industrial progress resembles the floAv of a mighty river, gathering into its channel the waters of an empire. But whatever influences may affect the aggregation of men into communities, there are COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES, 91 certain natural conditions that must exist in order to give substantial and perma- nent character to such growth, and without which, increase is almost purely specu- lative, and prosperity temporary and delusive. Given these conditions, however, and they may be Avasted by lack of intelligence to see the opportunity they offer, or of enterprise to make the most of it, while other points, with fewer natural advantages, but cultivating those with more eneigy, overcome the obstacles to their progress, and outstrip the sluggard in the race for wealth and power. Hap- pily, the pioneers of Columbus were not lacking in either keenness of vision to descry the favorable features of the situation, nor in energy and ability to make use of them as the foundations of a thrifty and thriving community. Columbus is most favorably situated as to the great arteries and highways of commerce, having invaluable connections, by river and rail, her mercantile ramifications extending in every direction, and yearly growing larger and more important. One of the great factors in her progress and improvement has been her dry goods interest, and the history of her large wholesale jobbing houses, while a necessary and integral part of her statistical biography, is also interesting and valuable as an historical record, and useful for purposes of reference. Mr. Joseph Kyle is one of our pioneer merchants in the dry goods line, com- mencing first in the retail business in 1838, under the firm name of Kyle & Bar- nett, and only eleven years after Columbus had received her charter of incorpora- tion. In 1843 the firm name became J. & J. Kyle, and three years after they moved into a new store, built by them. No. 111(3 Broad street. After ten years still larger quarters were required for the volume of business controlled by the firm and they moved to the building now occupied by Blanchard & Booth, and now owned by Mr. Kyle. Here the firm name was changed to its present style, and for more than a quarter of a century this was the leading retail dry goods house in this section. Recognizing the fact that dealers in the greater part of the adjoining States looked to Columbus, with her facilities for shipping, both by rail and water, for supplies in this line of trade, Messrs. J. Kyle & Co. decided to engage in an exclusively wholesale business, and moved into their present commo- dious building, which has three times been enlarged, but with abundant capita] and a large, flourishing trade they are able to meet any demands made upon them. The facilities, so far as regard the premises occupied, are all that could be desired, 24,000 square feet of space being fully occupied, with a well-selected and comprehensive stock of dry goods suited to the trade in this section, including foreign and domestic manufactures and a full line of notions. They carry an average stock of $100,000, and their annual transactions reach $500,000. As manufacturers of the Ironclad Brand of pants and overshirts, this house has attained a wide-spread reputation, and supplies a large and increasing trade, a larger force of employees being required each year. An eight horse-power gas engine is provided for running the machines and a large number of operatives are constantly employed in the manufacturing department. The immense business of this house is thoroughly organized under different departments, managed by com- petent men, all under the constant supervision of tlie proprietors, and in these 92 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER departments can probably be found more goods suited to the wants of the mer- chants in this section of country than can be found under any one roof in the city . The number of employees has lately been increased to ninety, of which thirty are males, sixty females, including a number of popular and efficient traveling salesmen, the monthly pay roll amounting to $2,300. Last year their sales reached $500,000, and their trade this year is much larger. Increasing capital and superior advantages have but prompted them to greater efforts in their lines than have been marked out. Such an enormous business gives them a great advantage over their competitors, enabling them to sell goods at close margins, and secure for themselves satisfactory profits. The commercial grasp of this house extends throughout Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, and other States. Through all the years that this house has been in existence, all the changes it has undergone in the personnel of its proprietors, the trade incident to its long career and the depression in business at times, it has maintained, with brightening repu- tation, the perfect system, the high degree of mercantile integi'ity, the elevated business enterprise with which it was inaugurated by its founder, Mr. Joseph Kyle. Wealth is one of the elements of success, but it is non-effective and a resultless ingredient when not combined with business sagacity, which acts as a balance valve in the regulation of the supply of motive power which capital fur- nishes. In the narration of the progress and development of this great house, an illustration con be found of the grandly superior power of ability and clear thought, even in prosperity, and the subordination of capital to enterprise and adaptability. The senior member of this firm is of Scotch-Irish descent, and, although advanced in years, is brisk and alert, and bids fair to remain at the head of his colossal enterprise a number of years to come. He divides his time between his dry goods business and his plantation, called " The Bend," seven miles from the city, Mr. Kyle and his spirited bays being a well-known sight to our residents. Modest and retiring, he has never sought public office, but his voice has certain weight in public matters. His staff of assistants hold for him feelings of strong attachment and veneration, and his career is a valuable study to younger men in the business. Mr. Frederick B. Gordon, the junior member of the firm, has been closely identified with the commercial interests of Columbus, having been formerly sec- retary of the Chattahoochee Valley Exposition Company, and president of the Columbus Board of Trade. He has assumed the active management of this enter- prise, purchases all the goods for the dry goods and manufacturing departments, dictates all correspondence and decides all questions of credit. Under his man- agement the business has received a new impetus, his genial and affable manners and cordial greeting of customers making himself many friends and adding patrons to their already extensive list. Messrs. J. Kyle & Co. have the leading representative house in Columbus, and her interests and their name have become co-extensive with the South as a house of immense capital, superior stock and admirable business qualifications and judgment, with indomitable pluck, enterprise and energy, coupled Avith inva- riable courtesy and liberality. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 93 SOUTHERN PLOW CO, — Manufacturers of Plow Stocks, Steel, Wrought AND Cast Iron Plow Hoes, Cast Plows and Cotton Planters, The prosperity of a manufactory is an indication both of superiority in the output and of the management. The Southern Plow Company Avas incorporated in 1877, The officers are: W. R. Brown, President, and G. W. Brown, Secre- tary and Treasurer, under Avhose capable management the business is guided in a course of true business principles and is enjoying a prosperous career, and it is an institution that Avould do honor to any city. Fifty hands are employed in the various departments, turning out material to the amount of from $100,000 to $125,000 per aimum The product consists of plow stocks, plow hoes, steel, Avrought and cast iron plow blades, points, plates, lap rings, grass rods, Avings, castings, mold boards, single trees, heel bolts, clevis ii^ons, cast ploAvs, fixtures, etc. ; in fact, the Company is fully equipped for furnishing every attachment connected Avith improved implements. Mr. G. W. Brown, the Secretary and Treasurer, has the business in charge, and keeps the popular demand up to a high standard, making shipments throughout the Southern States, regardless of sharp competition from other portions of the United States. Besides plows, this institution is manufacturing various kinds of cotton planters. The buildings occupy a space 300x100 feet, and Ave Avould state that the Southern PIoav Com- pany is valuable to Columbus in shoAving to the outside Avorld that Ave have an industrious city. COLUMBUS IRON WORKS— Manufactures of "Columbus Iron Works Absorption Ice Machine," Steam Engines, Boilers, Tanks, Saav Mills, Cane Mills, Mill and Gin Gearing, Cotton Presses, Cal- ender Rolls, Etc., Etc., Eec. Columbus has been brought conspicuously to the front as a manufacturing city by having within her limits the most extensive Iron Works in the entire South this side of Riclmiond, Va., and with this exception, there is not a Avide difference, by any means — and in the class of Avork turned out there is no institution in the country in advance of the Columbus Iron Works. To one unacquainted Avith the magnitude of this plant it Avould be necessary to make a personal inspection to grasp the situation, as there are six acres covered with buildings, machinery and material, besides the tOAvering stacks of lumber to be seen outside of the yards on the river banks. The hum of flying machinery, the clank of the mechanic's hammer, the puff of various steam engines here and there, the rumbling of planers, the hustle and bustle of 175 active mechanics, gives the appearance of a human bee-hive. Here is produced and finished "The Columbus Iron Works Improved Absorption Ice Machine," the most popular Ice machine made; there are also manufactured steam engines, boilers, tanks, saAv mills, calender rolls, cotton presses, shafting, pulleys and hangers, hollow-ware, mill and gin gearing, cane mills, and sash, doors and blinds, the latter department is (juite extensive. They also han- dle largely, rough and dressed lumber, sliingles, laths and lime. The department for repairing work is also a feature, in this establishment, and quite a novelty in 94 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER mechanics is to be seen here, which is in the welding of pipe coils together by electricity, in this line they are perpared to furnish the electric welded pipe coils of any description, and are executing an extensive amount of work. Pumps and Clayton's double Turbine water wheels are other products of this plant. The foundry is deserving of special mention, having every facility for turning out all kinds of work regardless of size and complication of pattei-ns. About 880,000 per annum is paid out for labor. The business extends throughout the Southern States, and into Kansas, Illinois, Ohio, Indian Territory and Pennsylvania. Mr. Brown, the President, was reared in Columbus. He established these works in 1853, and in 1856 the same was incorporated. The officers now are, W. R. Brown, President: W. H, Brannon, Secretary and Treasurer, and W. Cook, Superintendent. Under this management the already large business, which, last year was about a half million dollars, is enjoying a healthful growth, ond the establishment a pride to the State as well as the city. SHEPHERD'S BRICK YARDS— Shepherd Brothers, Proprietors. To the collector of statistical data of the business interests of so great and progressive a city as Columbus, facts bearing on her most important facilities and resources, are more apparent than to the casual visitor, or even to a citizen. Special branches of industry', which are contributing more than most others, not only to her extension and improvement, but to her solidity and attractive appear- ance. Amonfi; these, all branches connected with the buildinir facilities and resources, are worthy of special mention, and as Columbus is to-day furnishing most desirable material for manufacturing brick, and dailv turnino; out larcje kilns of this product in superior grade, this class of industry deserves particular notice. "We are led into these remarks by a visit to the works of Shepherd Brothers, at Shepherd's Brick Yards, and an inspection of their products, which are conceded to be the finest in quality, appearance, color, shape and smoothness, so far made. They manufacture brick from the Nolan-Madden machine, one of the very best brick machines, with every late improvement, and having the finest raw material to be found in the South, they are possessed of every facility for making the best brick to be found, and it is this grade that has brought Columbus to the front as a superior brick market. A forty-horse power engine and boiler is used to drive the machinery. Messrs. Shepherd Brothers own 200 acres of ground at their yards, which gives them an inexhaustible supply of the finest material. Their capacity is 9,000,000 brick yearly, including pressed, common and ornamental brick. The individual members of the firm are A. H. Shepherd and A. W. Shep- herd. They were raised in Columbus, and are among our most influential and prominent citizens. This business begun in 1890, and since its inception has enjoyed a large and lucrative trade, which reaches throughout this State, Ala- bama and Florida. Continued on the plan of an honorable, straightforward policy, with which they have inaugurated their business. Shepherd Brothers will soon change into steady, vigorous maturity, and, their establishment become a representative one in its line. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIE: 95 THE STEAM PLANT ^ PLUMBIXG COMPANY— Sanitart Plumbers, No. 1145 First Avenue, G. B. Hiett, Proprietor. A good and reliable plumber is an indispensible necessity in every commu- nity, and in Columbus Mr. G. B. Hiett ranks with the best in all respects- Started in 1890 he has, by the excellence of his -work, and the promptness with which it is performed, already attained the leading rank. His salesroom and workshop are large and commodious, a number of skill- ful hands are employed and the trade extends all over the city and country, and is annually increasing. Mr. Hiett does all manner of plumbing, gas and steam fitting, and hot air furnace works, these branches being their specialty. He also puts up pumps, bath tubs, etc., in the most thorough and work- man-like manner, and every piece of work from their establishment is guaranteed. Mr. Hiett has been in the business since 1872, and is thoroughly familiar with all the branches of his business. He is a native of Tennessee, but has resided in Columbus for the past four years. The past honorable career of this house is an evidence of their fair and able business transactions, which has criven universal satisfaction. C)ur readers will find this house one of the most reliable ones in this line of business in the State, and will reap a benefit in opening business relations with them. All work entrusted to them is sure of prompt attention and of being satisfactorily performed, M. .JOSEPH — Jobber of Dry Goods, Notions, Etc., 1131, 1133, 1135 and 1187 Broad Street. The business prosperity, enterprise and solidity of a city are, in a large measure, indicated by the extent and character of her business houses. Among them, the names of the wealthy old dry goods houses have become as familiar as household words. Their reputation extends that of their cities, and in no other branch do we find firms whose business transactions cover an extent of territory, limited only by the natural boundaries of the country. Columbus is favorably situated as to facilities for the transportation and distribution of merchandise. By rail she reaches the cities and towns of Georgia, Alabama and Florida. She con- trols the inland routes by river from here to the Gulf of Mexico, through a rich and fertile country One of the great factors in her progress and improvement has been her dry goods interests, and the history of her large wholesale jubbing houses, while a necessary and an integral part of her biography, will be also interesting and valu- able as an historical record, and useful for future reference. The mercantile his- 96 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER tory of M, Joseph is exceptionally interesting. Mr. Joseph begun retailing dry goods in Columbus in 1852, with a capital of eighty-five dollars, and to-day, is doing a business of seven hundred thousand dollars per annum, requiring the services of twenty efficient men to conduct the different departments. The aver- age amount of stock corried is $125,000, and is complete in every particular. The stand of M. Joseph is at 1131, 1133, 1135 and 1137 Broad street, being centrally located and possessed of every convenience adapted to shipping and receiving goods. About seventeen years ago the leading merchants began making efforts to secure reduced freight rates from the large markets to Columbus. Success Avas their reward, we were put upon an equal footing with the other principal points of this section, as regards freight rates. Mr. Joseph (then in the retail business) realizing the situation, changed his system from the retail to the wholesale trade, and soon had his salesmen traveling the rich territory adjacent to this city, and through his pluck, enterprise and energy, has reached out further and further for business, and, year after year a large increase has resulted, until now this house has taken rank with the leading wholesale establishments in this part of the South. dry goods and notions are rolled out of the establishment of M. Joseph every day destined to Mineral regions of Alabama, the Lumber districts of Georgia throughout the Land of Flowers and fruits, up and down the fertile valley of the Chattahoochee, and on the Gulf coast, and into the cities, towns and villages of all this section embraced in the three States. This leading representative mer- chant of Columbus, M. Joseph, is widely known, his name has become familiar throughout the South, his reputation that of a progressive and thorough business manager. KELLY & CO. — ^Wholesale Grocers, Nos. 10 to 16 Tenth Street. The term grocer was formerly used to signify a merchant who sold the staple coffee, tea, etc., in gross, but with the progress in trade, the business of the grocer became more comprehensive and his stock enlarged, including many arti- cles carried by houses or branches as specialties. Mercantile establishments are divided into two classes: those who deal in necessities or staples, and those who deal in luxuries and specialties; the latter are useful, but their patronage is con- fined to the wealthy and fashionable ; the first are indispensible — their custom comes from all classes, their wares supply wants of actual necessity to the health, comfort and vigor of man. In this class are included grocers whose main stock consists of articles entering into the food supply, in some instances articles of luxury are included, as liquors, canned goods, tobaccos, etc. There is no more important factor in the commercial and industrial growth of a city than the grocery trade, and no more unerring criterion by which to estimate its enterprise. Flourishing, well conducted and prosperous grocery firms indicate the existence of energy and industry, wliich are the surest evidences of progress and the devel- opment of commercial interests. The wholesale grocery trade will always occupy a foremost position in Columbus, as it conduces, in a very great degree, to her importance as a mercantile point. This city has several houses, the trade of which will compare most favorably with those of the large Eastern and Western cities. COMMEKCE, MA-NUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 97 and among these houses there are none better entitled to special mention than the establishment of Kelly & Co. This concern was started by Farmer, Kelly & Co. in 1888, the present firm succeeding to the business in 1890. The extensive premises of the establishment are conveniently located on Tenth street, with a building 100 feet square, two stories in height, which is fully utilized in the prosecution of business. The stock carried is always full and complete in all departments, and is commensurate with the business, the value being placed at $30,000. An inspection of the business premises evidences the perfect system of the establishment, various departments moving with regularity, all under the management of the proprietors. In the stock will be found every conceivable article pertaining to the trade. Ten employees are required in selling and hand- ling goods and the trade extends throughout Alabama, Florida and Georgia, the annual transactions reaching half a million dollars. The individual members of the firm are Messrs. M. W. Kelly and John R. Kelly. They were born in Cen- tral Georgia, but moved to Southwestern Alabama when boys, and gained their excellent business experience there. Mr. M. W. Kelly was engaged in business in Columbia, Ala., until 1888, when he came to Columbus. Mr. John R. Kelly was in business in Newton, Ala., until the present house was formed, when he became a member. These are the qualifications, resources and facilities of a repre- sentative firm of our city's commercial history of this period, a practical illustra- tion that enterprise, sound business principles and commendable ambition will assure success, wheresoever the location may be, and that they, not chance, are the prime elements in progress. MRS. A. POSADA — Dealer in Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, Etc., No. 16, Twelfth Street. In a careful review of the various commercial industries of Columbus, it is plainly observable that a detailed mention of each evidences great advantages which some possess over others in the same line of business. The result of longer experience and a greater, natural aptitude to their particular trade or profession. In the cigar and tobacco business, Mrs. A. Posada may be said to have attained her reputation and prosperous trade from both of the essentials above mentioned, being one of the pioneers in the business in this section, with an experience of thirty-three years, and a practical knowledge of the business in all of its details. She established herself in business in this city in 1876 with small capital, while the city Avas still in its youth, and before it had put on metropolitan habiliments. This business, conducted with energy, close application and industry, backed by her superior knowledge of its requirements, has been successful from the start, and Mrs. Posada has succeeded in building up a lucrative patronage. She carries a complete stock — consisting of imported and domestic cigars in all grades and qualities, the most popular brands of chewing and smoking tobaccos, pipes and smoker's Sundries generally. Iler premises are commodious and convenient, 50x100 feet in size. Her trade, besides being largely local, extends through this immediate section, reaches $5,000 annually. This house is justly entitled to the consideration and patronage of the public, and the proprietress to the esteem that energy, honesty and industry always inspire. 98 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER TOL Y. CRAWFORD— Attorney-at-Law, 1155| Broad Street. Among the young men who have, in a few years, written their names high on the tablet of fame, none in our city are more worthy of the success they have achieved than Tol, Y. Crawford, the promising young attorney-at-law, at present City Solicitor of Columbus. Mr. Crawford was born in Kentucky in 18G0, and came to Columbus in 1883, studying law with Mr. Reese Crawford, and was admitted to the bar in 1885. He was a student at Center College, Louisville, Ky. It was necessary for him to i-emain with the people of Columbus but a short time ere they discovered his superior ability, as is evidenced by his election as city attorney in 1889, and again in 1890. He is a pushing young man, who is bound to win success in his chosen profession, and in the end hold a leading place in the law. CENTRAL LINE OF BOATS. On the 29th day of November, 1828, a pole boat named the Rob Roy, with a cargo of merchandise consigned to J. Fontaine, Maherry, Love cS: Co., landed at Columbus — this being the first craft to touch at this point in the history of the town. The Rob Roy was from Apalachicola, Fla., and was propelled with long poles, operated by the roustabouts. ^ The first steamboat, the Vir- ginia, landed here May 25th, 1829, from Apahichieola, and on the 28th of December, made her second trip here and returned ladened with 400 bales of cotton for New Orleans. The first steamer owned by citizens of Columbus was the "Georgian," built at Pittsburg, Pa., and made the trip from Pittsburg to Columbus in fifteen days. And with the progress of time and growth of the country, the river traffic kept pace, and at the present day the amount of business transacted on the Chattahoochee river, between Columbus and Apalachicola, is of marked importance, and of the several lines of steamboats in this trade, that of the Central Line of Boats deserves spe- cial mention. Mr. Samuel J. Whitesides is the proprietor of the line, and hav- ing the experience of thirty years in the business, and being a successful and enterprising man, he is in a position to know the requirements of his numerous patrons, and by his upright transactions has grown in popularity to an enviable degree. There are two large packets in the trade, requiring the employment of thirty-seven hands, drawing a pay-roll of $1200 per month. These steamers ply the Chattahoochee, Apalachicola, Flint and Chipola rivers, doing a large and extensive business. Mr. George B. Whitesides is a son of the proprietor, and for a number of years has held the position of manager, Avhich position he holds with ability, and having been reared in the business is, as a natural consequence, quite familiar with every detail in connection, and for this reason is the Central Line of Boats so popular and doing such a thriving business. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 99 RIDDLE & NUCKOLLS— Wholesale Tobacco and Cigars, Corner Four- teenth Street and First Avenue. In endeavoring to preserve some record of our counnereial firms l)y histori- cal notes, our object in introducing this department of our work is attributed more to a desire to gather together remembrances of such interesting nature, rather than to seek opportunity for personal compliment. But it is qviite admis- sible for us to say that the house of Riddle & Nuckolls, wholesale tobacconists, belongs to that> class of enterprising business firms which have given the city her reputation abroad. This enterprise was started in 1887 by Mr. J. W. Riddle, and in 1889 Mr. J. K. Nuckolls was admitted to the firm. The business premises consist of half an acre of ground covered with buildings, including their large store room for tobacco and cii;;ars. Messers. Riddle & Nuckolls are agents for the Humming Bird, Fat Possum, Lucy Neal and Eli Tobaccos, and Big Nickel navy Tohacco,^^ Little Carrif,^^ Spanish Flag and Custom House Cubanna cigars, and Bower's Three Thistle Snuft". A large and flourishing trade is transacted throughout Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Nine employees are required in the business, and all orders are filled with promptness and satisfaction to all concerned. The stock carried is valued at $15,000, and the transactions reach 3100,000. All of the business operations of this concern are under the direct supervision of the pro- prietors, enabling them to guarantee the purity and good quality of all goods they pvit upon the market, and has given their goods a reputation second to none. The greatest care and attention is bestowed in every department, making their house one of the most jyrominent of ourflourshing business houses. Mr. J. W. Riddle has lived in Columbus thirty-four years, and may be appropriately classed among our most prosperous and enterprising merchants. He has had fifteen years experience in this line of trade, and thoroughly understands its requirements. Mr. Nuckolls is also a native Georgian, and is widely known for his sterling busi- ness qualities. He was connected for a number of years with the firm of J. Kyle & Co., of this city, also proprietor of the large wholesale hat house of J. K. Nuckolls & Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. No firm enjoys a higher position commer- cially, which considering the liberal and enterprising spirit that actuates its opera- tions, is as natural as it is justly deserved. VERNON HOTEL BARBER SHOP— J. A. Neals, Proprietor. When yon want an easy shave, As good as barber ever gave : Call on me at my saloon — ]\Iorning, evening or at noon I I cut and dress the hair with grace, To suit the custom of the face; My rooms are neat, towels clean. Shears sharp and razors keen : Everything I think you'll find, To suit the face and please the niiiid. All my art and skill can do, If you will call I will do for you. 100 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER BLANDFORD & GRIMES— Attorneys-at-Law. In our column, while reviewing the trade and conditions of trade of our city, we do not wish to pass by that class of men who is so potent in advancing the interests of every community — tlie lawyer. The Bar of Muscogee county might well be termed a galaxy of stars, but there are none more talented or deserving of more notice than our friends. Judge Blandford and Captain Grimes. Mr. Blandford, the senior member of the firm, is a brilliant man, of unusual learning, fully rounded out in all the departments of his profession. Possessed of judicial mind and force of character, he was placed on the Supreme Bench in 1883, which place he filled with honor alike to himself and the State until 1801. He is a native of Warren county and came to Columbus in 1869. He studied law with Judge R. Y. Howderman, in Jones county, and was admitted to the Bar in 1814 under a special act of the Legislature. His health was impaired while suffering the hardships of a campaign in Mexico in '40 and '48. He served through all the years of the late war. Pleasant, learned and interesting, he is a superior man who has hosts of friends, and deserves them. Mr. T. W. Grimes is a native of Greene county. He served through two years of the war, and shortly afterward entered political life. He had been a brave soldier in war and now, in politics, he was a rival worthy of the steel of a Knight. He was elected to the lower house of Congress in 1868, and in 1875 to the Senate of his State. From 1878 to 1880 he was Solicitor-General of the Chattahoochee Circuit. His people again called him to represent them in the Fifty-second Congress, and again in the stormy Reed Congress, he nobly defended the rights of the minority. Mr. Grimes has been a close student from boyhood, studying law with Rumsey & Lamar, he was early admitted to practice. He is an able lawyer, an honest citi- zen and a noble gentleman. M. T. BERGAN — Wholesale Liquors, Bottling Works, Manufacturer of Ice, and Agent Christian Moerlein Beer, Corner Broad and Dillingham Streets. Worthy of liberal mention in any work relating to the general business activities of a city like Columbus, are all enterprises wdiich conduce to the con- venience and benefit of the general community, claiming importance as leading industries, which give reputation to a city for manufacturing enterprise and pro- gressive spirit, whether by individual or corporate action. This city has reason to be proud of her manufacturing interests, and of no one concern more so than that of Mr. Bergan. This establishment was founded seven years ago by the present proprietor, who has done as much, perhaps, to extend the reputation of Columbus and bring the excellence of her products before the people of this sec- tion as any other firm in the city. A complete and well selected assortment of wholesale liquors is kept in stock, and in the bottling department a large business is transacted. As manufacturer of ice, iNIr. Bergan fills a long felt want in this part of the South, and supplies a large trade. The business premises are 75x147 feet in size and contain apparatus and appliances of the most excellent character, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 101 the facilities being fully equal to the capacities of an immense trade. Twenty employees are required in the transaction of business and in the manufacturing department, and orders are filled in a prompt and careful manner. Mr. Bergan enjoys an extended and flourishing trade throughout Georgia, Florida and Ala- bama, and he is fully prepared to meet any demands made upon him for goods in his line. The ice factory turns out seven tons of ice per day, and Mr. Bergan has a branch house in Griffin, -where he manufactures ice also, and supplies that point and country tributary to it. The career of Mr. Bergan has been most suc- cessful, on account of the ability and skill with which be has operated his estab- lishment, and the liberal, enterprising policy that has characterized its business. Mr. Bergan was born in Ireland fifty-four years ago. He has resided in Colum- bus for thirty years, and is well known and popular among our people. He has always been esteemed a man of unusual energy, strong force of character and liberal business characteristics, his business enterprises always occupying a promi- nent position in the community, uniformly managing his business with skill and success. He deserves the praise and congratulations of the citizens for building up this splendid system of economy and thrift in their midst, and we would here take occasion to remark that such men build up the reputation and trade of cities and enable them to retain it. SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY— 12 Twelfth Street. The hum of the sewing machine is heard all over the land. There is no voice in which there is more music than in its delicate click, for it means a cessation for weary women, a folding of tired hands, and a closing of weary eyes which before the sewing machine came to make the tiresome seams, must have worked long after the rest of the household had sought their couch. There are few houses in the land in which the name of the " Singer Machine " is not familiar. It is not excelled by any sewing machine in the market, both as to simplicity of machinery and beauty of woodwork. Its management is so easy that a little child may soon learn to work it, and its '' light running" is so famous that the most delicate ladies are enabled to use it without detriment to health. The attachments are unsur- passed, and a woman can make almost anything that fancy may suggest. The ware-rooms and office for Columbus and surroundino; counties is located at No. 12 Twelfth street, being tastefully and handsomely fitted and furnished, with sufficient room to accommodate many hundred machines. The manager of the Columbus branch is C. C. Gunter, who gives all his time and attention to this Avork ; he has accomplished much for the machine in the territory under his supervision and con- trol. Energy and business tact superior to that shown by this gentleman is rarely evinced, and the company thoi'oughly appreciate his success. The high standing he enjoys is justly due him, being a man of sterling worth and keen intelligence. Everybody contemplating purchasing a new machine should not fail to examine "The Singer" before they purchase, as it gives entire satisfaction in every case. It presents a beautiful appearance, is light running, speedy, silent and easy. " To try it is to buy it." 102 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER IIH<)DES BROWNE— General Fire Insurance Agent, Office 1048 Broad Street, Georgia Home Building. The principle of insurance is founded upon the doctrine of probabilities. According to this doctrine, if we take a sufficiently extended range of instances, the probability of a certain event happening can be ascertained with a consider- able degree of accuracy. It is in this way that insurers calculate their risks and estimate their premiums. From extended series of observations and carefully prepared tables they know the chances of the event insured against happening, and determine the amount of the premium accordingly. The business of insur- ance is generally carried on by companies having a large subscribed capital, by means of which they are able without difficulty to meet any heavy loss, while their premiums being proportioned to their risks, their profit is, at an average, independent of such contingencies. The advantages of insurance are very great. AVhile to a merchant the loss of his building and stock might be a very serious matter, he can thus, by the payment of a certain sum, provide against it, so that he may carry on his business with a feeling of perfect security. The insurer is usually called an underwriter, because he writes his name at the foot of the policy. Columbus has a number of agencies representing foreign and domestic comjDanies, among tlie most prominent of Avhich is that of Mr. Rhodes Browne. This agency was originally established in 1859, and represents some of the best and most reli- able companies of the world. A glance at the companies represented by Mr, Browne will carry the convincing proof of their worth and ability : Georgia Home Insurance Company, of Columbus, Ga., Queen Insurance Company, of Liverpool, England, Commercial Union Assurance Company, of London, England, Norwich Union Insurance Society, of Norwich, England, Greenwich Insurance Company, of New York, and Central City Insurance Company, of Selma, Ala- bama, with combined assets reaching $10,000,000. J. W. ENNIS — General Merchandise. One of the largest and most prominent retail establishments in the city devoted to the general merchandise business, is that of J. W, Ennis, situated on Rose Hill. The building occupied is 35x80 feet, and admirably arranged throughout for the handling of his extensive business. He carries a complete stock of all kinds of goods, amounting to from $2,000 to $5,000, according to the demands of the sea- son, and does an annual business of $18,000 in the city and surrounding country. The merchant who heads this article is one of that class, who, through business astuteness, working with small capital, but having that business sagacity and fore- sight, has placed himself on a footing by the side of those whose capital at the start was much greater. Mr. Ennis is thoroughly posted in his business, has been brought up in it. He is fully alive to the wants of the public, and has the honor and esteem of all who have business relations with him. He is a live, progres- sive and enterprising citizen, always has the interest of Columbus at heart, ready and willing to do anything to advance the city's interest. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 103 THE SOUTHERN COLLEGE OF MUSIC— Incorporated Aug. 21, 1889. In the April of 1886 Mme. Antoinette Brousil-Grant and Prof. H. McCor- mack opened a school of music in Columbus, and so thorough and satisfactory "was the instruction given that it immediately met with flattering success. After three years of ever increasing prosperity, this school was re-organized into the Southern College of Music, which was duly chartered by the courts Auo-ust 24 1889. The object of this change was to enlarge the field of labor, and to plan and follow a more complete course of study than was possible in the smaller school. In order that the work done by this school may compare favorably with that of any other similar school, only the very finest teachers and musicians have been employed. The faculty for the present year consists of: Mme. A. B. Grant, Piano, Organ and Singing; II. McCormack, Piano, Flute and Theory; Alexander de Czeke, Violin and Theory ; Carl Hessler, Piano, Violin, Cornet and Orchestra Playing. The preparation of teachers is a specialty, and the fortunate holder of a diploma from the Southern College of Music will have a choice of many lucrative positions. For catalogue containing full particulars of course of study, methods employed, etc., address A. G. Grant, Secretary and Treasurer, 1221 Fourth avenue, Columbus, Ga. COLUMBUS WATER WORKS CO. Since water, like climate, has a sanitary bearing on a city's advantages, it is of the highest importance to have a bountiful supply of that good and whole- some beverage, so freely bestowed by God himself to " nourish and invigorate His creatures and to beautify His footstool." Then, too, villages and hamlets, and even towns and cities, are oftener than from any other cause located in proximity to good water. For all manufacturing purposes, for laundry require- ments and for culinary needs, as Avell as for the extinguishment of fires, Colum- 104 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER bus has a water supply that is second to none in the entire State. For many years Columbus jogged along in the old way without any system of water works; true, for drinking purposes, nearly every house had its well or cistern, but there was no water for fire protection, and when the cit}' was visited by this fiend the old "Bucket Brigade" was called forth to extinguish the flames. Soon, enter- prising men and capital came, and a contract was made by Thos. R. White Avith the city, and the water works were established. The plant consists of a number of miles of pipe, varying from 6 to 12 inches in diameter; a stand-pipe and two reservoirs — the reservoirs being located in Lee County, Ala., about three miles from the city, and capable of storing about one hundred and forty -five millions of gallons of water. These reservoirs are fed by never failing springs and are at an elevation of 119 feet above the level on Avhich the city stands, and there- fore the water is delivered entirely by gravity, afi"ording an average pressure of 40 pounds for fire protection, sanitary purposes and general use by consumers, and no pumping is necessary to produce this pressure. The stand-pipe is 20 feet in diameter and 120 feet high ; capacity 350,000 gallons. The Company has a contract with the city and receives in hydrant rentals, together with' Avater rents from consumers, about thirty thousand dollars per annum. The expenses of operating the plant are about six thousand dollars per annum, Avhich is a very gratifying showing for the short time it has been operated by the present man- agement. The plant is gradually increasing, it being in contemplation soon to erect another reservoir Avith a storage capacity of four hundred millions of gal- lons Avhich, added to the present one hundred and forty -five millions, Avould give a gi*and total of five hundred and forty -five millions storage capacity, thereby lookino; far into the future needs of Columbus. Mr. H. H. Epping is President (and also President of the Chattahoochee National Bank), Mr. J. G. Beasley is Secretary and Treasurer, and Mr. M. 11. Tuggle is Superintendent. These are men fully conversant Avith tlie business in Avhich they are engaged, Avith broad and liberal vicAvs and great expectations for the future of Columbus. They are men of the highest social standing, and enjoy the esteem of their fellow citizens in the highest degree, and to them much credit is due for the success their Avorks have achieved. PIEDMONT CIDER WORKS— Corner Fourteenth Street and First Avenue. A man Avho creates a ncAv and profitable branch of manufacture is a pub- lic 1)enefactor, but he Avho, in addition to this furnishes the j)eople Avith an article of drink Avhich partakes of nearly all the nutritive qualities of a beverage with- out the fre(iuent diletarious effects of violent stimulants — an article Avhich is healthgiving in all its properties, and the general use of Avhich cannot fail to ele- vate the health average of the people. A man Avho does this, absolutely deserves the gratitude of his felloAV man. We desire, therefore, to cite an instance in point: Prior to 1890 there Avas not a cider manufactory for bottling cider in Columbus, but in that year a factory Avas started by Riddle & Nuckolls, Avho built uj) such an enormous trade that it Avas necessary to take another ])artner. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 105 in 1892 Mr. Ed, Shepherd was taken in, thus making the firm consist of J. W. Riddle, J. K. Nuckolls and E. A. Shepherd. The Piedmont Cider Company and Soda Works have a daily bottling capacity of 250 bottles of soda water, and 100 kegs cider and seventy-five dozen champagne cider, and a specialty is made of bot- tling all kinds of cider, soda and mineral waters. A glance at their price list shows that among their productions in keg, half-barrel and barrel, are refined fruit grape, peach, orange and cherry, sand refined grape and peach, plain peach and strawberry, pure apple and crabapple, ginger ale and ambrosia ciders, all of which they make the highest grade, and are prepared to furnish in any quantities. They use none but the most improved machinery, a combination of the best English and American manufactures. Their factory covers one-quarter acre of ground, giving employment to eleven hands, who receive good wages for their labor. Their's is one of the largest of its kind in the South, and is under the management of Mr. E. A. Shepherd, who is a native Georgian, Avith ten years experience in the business, and is recognized for his excellent business qualities, high integrity, and is a live, progressive citizen. Such men are the backbone of a city's prosperity. They never hold back, but move on with the car of progress, TURNER BROS,— Manufacturing Pharmacists, 1002 Broad Street, Under Rankin House, The importation, manufacture and dispensing of drugs and chemicals is one of the most important branches of business in this country, as well as the most responsible and worthy of attention. In old times the medical practitioner com- pounded his own preparations, kept his supply of drugs and dispensed them. The legitimate druggist is of comparatively modern origin, as a distinct profes- sion, in this country. We were until about 1815 dependent on foreign talent and skill, most of the prominent articles and pharmaceutical preparations being im- ports from German, English and Erench laboratories. But of late years, the educated druggist having entered the field, the apothecary has been separated from the mere shop-keeper, and the business elevated to a professional rank. Much attention, too, of recent years has been directed to the complete profes- sional education of pharmacists, and colleges for that purpose have been estab- ;lished in the metropolitan cities of the country, a diploma being now considered a. mie quo non for the successful and reliable pharmacist. The drug business covers a .large field, embracing a great variety of distinct articles, and the requisite knowledge of each and its properties and effects, which every competent druggist should have, makes it a profession requiring unremitting study and profound research. The character of an establishment, like that of individuals, is generally measured by its success, and, if professional, by its merit. In pre- senting a record of the commercial industries of Columbus, it is important to select representative establishments, and to consider those most successful and worthy of confidence. One of the largest, most complete and attractive drug estal:(lishments in the city is that of Turner Bros., located at No. 1002 Broad street, under the Rankin House. These gentlemen started in business together (H) 106 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER in 1889 with limited capital, and have attained a fair share of trade in their line from our citizens. They carry a most complete and well selected assortment of articles usually found in houses of this description, and also are sole proprietors and manufacturers of Turner's Liver Pills, Picine and Diarrhoea Cordial. Their stock is valued at $9,000, and the annual transactions, which are local in char- acter, will reach $25,000. Three courteous, attentive and capable assistants are employed, the monthly disbursements reaching $225. Messrs. J. P. and J. C. Turner are the individual members of the firm, Mr. J. C. Turner occupying a prominent position with Tarrant & Co., of New York. Mr. J. P. Turner was born in Columbus in December, 1859, and commenced the study of his profes- sion in 1877. The success of Turner Bros, in competition with the old estab- lished houses is not only surprising, but the best indication of their superior merit and enterprising business policy. N. B. — Messrs. Turner Bros, make a specialty of manufacturing fine soda water. Ask for their recipes. F. B. TOMBLIN — Dealer in Staple and Fancy Groceries, Girard, Ala. The grocery trade in all towns and cities has its representatives who, both on account of the superior class of goods they handle and the reputation of the house for straightforward dealings, are acknowledged to be the leaders. Such a position is occupied by Mr. F. B. Tomblin. He deals in all kinds of Staple and Fancy Groceries and does a large business annually. Mr. Tomblin makes a specialty of "Ballard's Obelisk Flour" and fine water-ground meal. Especial notice is due to his finely and well-selected stock of canned goods, candies, etc. He also car- ries a full line of notions. He takes a delight in keeping up with all the best goods that can be had, giving his customers entire satisfaction in every respect. Mr, Tomblin is a native Georgian, but has been in this city for three years, and is well acquainted with his trade. He is a gentleman of pleasant manners, and liolds the respect and confidence of the community in which he lives. As a busi- ness man he bears an enviable reputation for promptness, business ability and integrity . y. 11. CANTRELL — Groceries, Dry Goods, Shoes, Etc., Hamilton Ave- nue and Robinson Street, Rose Hill. To no branch of commerce can Columbus point with more pride than to her immense trade in groceries. Within her incorporate limits are establishments whose colossal proportions would do honor to much larger cities. As it is not our intention to make compai'ative statements in this article? relative to the whole- sale trade of the city, we will at once confine ourselves to the facilities provided for the supply of our every day wants. Perhaps the most popular grocer in this section of the city is Mr.A^. R. Cantrell, whose well arranged establishment is located at junction of Hamilton avenue and Robinson street, telephone number 272. Mr. Cantrell commenced business at his present location in 1890, and has had a very satisfactory increase. By his sterling integrity, energy and perseverance, has built up his trade to its j)resent desirable proportions. His store-room is COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 107 capacious, finished in a neat and attractive manner, and his goods present a very inviting appearance. His stock consists of a full line of well selected groceries of all kinds ; also staple dry goods, shoes, etc. He employs two assistants, who are ever ready with affable and kind manners to serve his customers. Citizens will find this establishment a most desirable one with which to form business relations. His goods are of the best brands, and sold at bottom prices. ^Nlr. Cantrell is a native of Georgia, and was born in Paulding county 1845 ; has resided in Columbus for the past seventeen years. He is a reliable and trust- worthy man, and has established his business on a solid basis, entitling him to a high position among the business men of the city. H. F. JACKSON, M. D.— Phenix City, Ala. No history of a city's trade and commerce and industries would be complete without making special mention of those persons engaged in the practice of the learned arts and professions. In Phenix City the various professional places are filled with men fitted by nature and education for them, and this is especially true of the o-entleman whose name heads this article. Dr. Jackson is a native of Georgia, but has been practicing in Phenix City and surrounding country for the past five years. During this time he has made many Avarm friends. He makes a specialty of female diseases, and owing to his marked success in that line, with his courteous manner, has made him a general favorite with the ladies. In all the branches of his profession, his work is the best. We will say to those of our readers who are so unfortunate as to be sufferers, and especially of the female diseases, that no one can be employed who will handle their case with more skill, kindness and patience. MRS. S. J. SAULS— Florist, 732 First Avenue. To the lover of the beautiful in nature there is nothing more grateful than the presence of flowers — nothing that so powerfully appeals to our better and softer sympathies — nothing, in fact, more ennobling and refining than the love and taste for nature's own adornment and decoration, the lovely and fragrant rose and its kindred. The love of flowers is an unmistakable sign of refinement of a people, and where that love or fancy exists the rough side of human nature finds no abiding place. There can be no more delightful or interesting industry than that of a florist. Among those, however, that have secured, b}^ their enter- prise and energy, more than usual prominence in this department may be men- tioned Mrs. S. J. Sauls, who possesses qualifications which place her in the first rank as a botanist and florist. Mrs. Sauls commenced this business in 1885, and with her native industry, energy and adoption to her pursuit soon largely in- creased. The conservatories, six in number, are tastefully and practically ar- ranged with scientific accuracy, and heated with the best approved appliances for generating heat with hot water. Mrs. Sauls brings to her work all the devotion and care of a true love — treating her plants as a loving parent — finding in her pursuit personal pleasure. This establishment is spoken of as one of the largest 108 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER of the kind in the State, and is to the visitors a shrine where they can see what devotion and untiring labor can develop, flowers and flowering shrubs so beau- tiful and varied that the eye fairly wearies with their myriad of colors. Here Avill be found a profuse display of exotic and native plants in endless variety to gratify the love of the beautiful — roses, the empress of flowers, the gentle gera- nium, verbenas, coleus, the graceful and lovely fuchsias, tuberoses, stately gladi- olies, and matchless lilies, pansies, the cactus of the desert, the fern of the mountain glade, etc, Mrs. Sauls plans rustic rockeries, fancy aquariums, and designs any style of floral decorations with perfect taste and artistic skill. She is prepared to furnish bedding or pot plants or cuttings, as desired, from her well selected stock on short notice, and her bouquets, baskets, chaste and appropriate funeral emblems defy competition. ■Mr, Sauls, an esteemed gentleman of culture and taste, shares with pleasure in these endeavors of his wife, and attends to the Avants of the patrons of the house with courtesy and kindness. He is thoroughly conversant with the details of this most delicate business, and is an experienced botanist, who has built up a high reputation in his line of business, and who can and will maintain it. TORBERT & FLOYD— Millers' and Packers' Agents and Jobbers of Dressed Meats. On June 1st, 1891, two young men established a new departure in the mercantile line here, and have grown to greatness in this line, which has done much towards bringing Columbus prominently to the front as a commercial centre. The gentlemen referred to are Messrs, E. A. Torbert and John A. Floyd, the individual members of the subject of this sketch. Their success, since the in- auguration of the business, has been phenomenal, the transactions reaching to an annual business of §1,250,000, the largest of any house in the city. Their trade extends throughout Georgia, Florida and Alabama, their sales on mill products alone reaching $1,500 daily. The actual daily output of their mills being 200 barrels of flour and 500 bushels of meal, and of the verv highest sri'ade, and as it is well known that the (quality of flour depends largely upon the miller's ability, we make note of the fact that two skilled millers, having twenty years experience, are employed, which accounts for the popularity of the brands of flour produced by them, the following being a list of these brands: "Royal Patent," " Peerless," "Legal Tender" and "Regulator." Messrs, Torbert & Floyd have displayed an unusual amount of enterprise in gathering the facilities for handling meats, and it may be interesting to note that they handle a greater variety of cu's than any house in the South Atlantic States, which is saying a great deal ; but nevertheless it is a fact. iNLany of these cuts were novelties to this trade until this firm introduced them. Besides the clear, lono; and short ribbed sides, both in smoked and dry salted, they have the English square cut ribs, backs, bellies, American cut shoulders, English cut shoulders, and bacon and dry salt shoulders of both cuts, and various grades of sugar-cured breakfast bacon, hams, picnic hams, boneless hams, mutton, fresh pork, beef, veal and other COMxMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 109 products. The stock of meats usually carried varies from 100,000 to 200,000 pounds. This firm has supplied a long felt Avant in Columbus by erecting a cold storage for fresh meats, the capacity of Avhich is four cars. A stock of choice Western beef, pork, mutton, veal, etc., is kept on hand, and dealt out to the re- tailer as he needs it. Their large salesrooms and Avarehouse is situated at the corner of Tenth street and Seventh avenue. Side-tracks connecting Avith every railroad centering here are built to their doors, which gives them excellent facili- ties for shipping and receiving. Grain is also handled extensively. Their sausage department is deserving of special notice, as they are manufacturing high grades, and in large lots. During the past twelve months their sales have reached 425,- 000 pounds. The superiority of the quality is evidenced from the fact that they are shipping this sausage as far as Selma, Ala., on the west to the Atlantic coast on the east, and from Tampa, Fla., on the south to Atlanta, Ga., on the north. Mr. Torbert is just twenty-two years of age and Mr. Floyd twenty-five. This is a remarkable age at which to handle such an immense business, but it happens that their business training has been good, and that they are talented for this kind of Avork, and that they Avork early and late and do this work on a sound business policy. Such men go far toward building up a city, and Ave bespeak for them, as we do for Columbus, a solid and prosperous groAvth. WILLIAMS & BOOKER— Dealers in Groceries and General Planta- tion Supplies, Phenix City, Ala. There is, perhaps, no house in the city of Columbus more Avorthy of an extended notice in a Avork of this description, giving, as it does, a detailed revicAV of the trade, commerce and industries of Columbus, than the one Avhich heads this article. There is no other branch of the mercantile business in Avhich there is so much capital employed actively as in the dry goods and grocery trade. We take great pleasure in Avriting the history of this house. It is quite admiss- ible for us to say that Williams & Booker, dealers in all kinds of groceries and plantation supplies, at Phenix City, belongs to that class of staunch, sagacious merchants, Avho have been prominently identified with the commercial interest of their city for seven years, and to Avhose enterprise and perseverance, as Avell as sterling conduct and uprightness, those interests are indebted for much of their present vigor and development. Mr. Williams runs a large dry goods establish- ment next door to his grocery, under the style of Williams & Co., composed of Messrs. Warren Williams, John Summersgill and William McCollister, all good, influential business men. This house has a very extensive trade, reaching far out in the surrounding country. It is the leading store in Phenix City. They carry a varied and Avell selected stock of dry goods, clothing, boots, shoes, hats, etc., Avith prices that can't be beat by the wholesale houses. The premises consist of tAvo separate stores, 21x60 feet each, in Avhich is carried a large and comprehen- sive stock. Mr. Williams is a native of Alabama, and has long been identified Avith the people of Phenix City. He is a gentleman of high business integrity and hon- 110 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER esty, and, like his partner, enjoys the confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Leslie Booker, one of the junior partners, is a young man deserving much credit. He started with this firm as a clerk about six years since, and, by close attention to business and honorable and fair dealings, has gained for himself an interest in the business, holding also the responsible position of book-keeper. In Mr, Thos. Coulter he has a clerk of rare business qualities, a strictly temperate, conscientious and moral young man. As a firm, they have all the elements of success, and we predict for them a continuance of their large and lucrative trade. V. J. PEKOR — Watchmaker and Jeweler, 1034 Broad Street. The jewelry trade, with its vast and exclusive American manufactories, has been the growth of the last half century. Except in the diamond and richer work in gold and precious stones, which were formerly confined to the wealthy, it may be said that American ingenuity made it possible for poor men to enjoy this great pleasure which the possession and display of jewelry has always caused among men. Mr. Pekor is now the leading man among the many jewelers of this city. He succeeded 0. H. Lequin in 1880 with very limited capi- til, now carrying a stock of $20,000 in value, and doing a satisfactory business of about S80,000 per annum-. Mr. Pekor is entitled t^ special mention for the admirable taste tVisplayed in the selection of a very compre- liensive stock of hio-h class goods and rare articles pertaining to the trade. He carries t'.ie choicest line of diamonds and fine Avatches, which he makes a specialty, besides genuine i''rench mariner and bronze clocks ; also a complete assortment of American clocks, tableware, fruit stands, cake baskets, entree dishes, jewelry cases and goods suitable for bridal presents. In sterling silverware, such articles as knives and forks, spoons, ice cream sets, fish sets, and all the latest designs in fine plush and chamois cases. His stock of plate- ware cannot be surpassed ; in fact, you will find everything in the line that is carried as complete an assortment as you will find in the large Eastern houses. Mr. Pekor is a native of Bohemia, Europe, but has been in this city for fourteen years. He is a thorough, trained jeweler having served a long apprenticesliij) in Europe, and it may be said that COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. Ill he has been brought up in the business. He is a public-spirited citizen, an ener- getic and thorough reliable business man, pos- sessing the entire confidence and respect of the community in which he resides. He is an example of marked success which industry, skill and integrity will bring to the door of a man who begins with nothing but these qualities as his capital. For the finest work done in the most artistic manner, this house is famed, as it is done directly and entirely under the supervision of Mr. Pekor himself, their work proving as guaranteed. It is a pleasure to point out Mr. Pekor as a self-made man, whose success is notable. U. H. SMITH — Druggist, and Dealer in Fancy and Toilet Articles of EVERY Description, Tobacco and Cigars, Garden Seeds and Lamps, Piienix City, Ala. There is no other nation which so fully appreciates the value, or makes such intelligent use of drugs and chemical preparations, as the people of the South ; nor is there any nation on earth where so high a degree of intelligence and thorough comprehension of their individual properties and virtues is required for the prosecution of this important branch of trade, which may be appropriately classified as both an industrial and commercial pursuit. Entitled to favorable consideration in a review of the representative establishments of Phenix City the well-known house of U. H. Smith demands more than ordinary consideration in this connection. Pioneers, not only in their special lines of trade, but in busi- ness energy, commercial progress and industrial endeavor, the history of these staunch old houses makes the material for the biographies of cities, landmarks in the book of time illustrating the growth and progress of mercantile interest. Such a history has the drug store of U. H. Smith, established in 1888 — and now claims a prominent rank among its contemporaries in every sense of the term^a first-class and reliable pharmacy for the preparation of physician's prescriptions. Mr. Smith is a thoroughly educated druggist and pharmacist, having devoted twenty years of his life to the study of the details of his business in all of its branches. He carries an extensive stock of pure medicines, drugs and chemi- cals, together with a full line of toilet articles, perfumes, powders, extracts, choice soaps, brushes, sponges, and a large assortment of everything legitimately included in his line of business. Next door to his drug store is the U. H. Smith Furniture Company, composed of Messrs. U. H. Smith, L. T. Jones and E. A. Albright — all men of sterling business qualities. This house was estab- lished in 1888 by the above firm. They at once recognized the fact that the dealers who Avere up to the i)rogress of the age were the most prosperous and most successful in satisfying the demands of the trade. Hence they purchased a complete stock of the most desirable articles in that line, embracing an extensive and varied display of fine and plain furniture — from the elaborate and costly to 112 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER the plain and inexpensive styles. Parlor, bed-room, dining-room, library, office and kitchen furniture in all styles and prices. The men in charge of this de- partment having a number of years experience, combined with ability, intelli- gence and honest square dealings have made their business a success, and we heartily commend them to our readers. POWER'S CASH STORE— Phenix City, Ala. In preparing a comprehensive work on the commerce nild industries of a city, we often meet with men who have had such wonderful success that we pause and wonder if they were not born " under some lucky star," and Mrd t&ke eispe^ cial delight in informing the many readers of our work of the success thdse firms have attained. In this connection we desire to make mention of "Power's Cash Store," dealer in confectioneries, cigars and tobacco, making a specialty of goobers. He sells more goobers than any house in Columbus. The phenomenal success of Mr. Power is not due, however, to any "lucky star," but to his in- tegrity and honest business principles, together with industry and enterprise-. He also carries a large stock of fruits, nuts, etc., ice cream and cold drinks iri season. Mr. Power is a native of Savannah, Ga., and has only been here for nine months, but since he first opened has done an excellent business. We heartily commend him to our readers. DR. D. E. MORGAN — Specific Remedy Co., of the British Schools, South Wales, Eng., Remedies for all Chronic and Female Diseases, Phenix City, Ala. The drug store of Dr. D. E. Morgan, Phenix City, Ala., occupies a promi- nent position among the leading houses in this line, and as well for the ample qualifications associated in its management as the excellent location, has secured a liberal patronage from the medical profession and citizens. He carries a com- plete stock of pure drugs, medicines and chemicals, besides perfumeries, toilet articles, choice cigars and tobacco. Dr. Morgan is a native of England, and a graduate of the South Wales British schools. He makes a specialty of remedies for chronic and female diseases and cancer ; particularly cancer, for which he has a never-failing remedy. By enclosing a two-cent stamp to any of the following names you can get any information desired regarding the cure : Mrs. Duncan, Phenix City, Ala.; Mrs. Lamb, Crawford, Ala.; Mrs. Russ, Griffin, Ga.; Mrs. Rogers, Phenix City, Ala.; Mrs. C. Morris, Salt Lake, Ala. Read the following and we think you will be convinced: very remarkable. Mr. Moses ^L Harvey, of Columbus, Ga., has been suffering for a period of ten years from a rose cancer, and after trying all the leading physicians of Columbus, and being pronounced incurable, he gave up all hopes of recovery and became resigned to his sad fate. By chance he heard of a remarkable cure being accomplished by Dr. Morgan, formerly of England, and like a drowning man grasping at a straw he at once sought this now famous doctor, and after a con- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 113 saltation he decided to give the doctor an opportunity to test his remedy, and in just two weeks the cancer was removed from his neck, and now he is fully cured, although at the time the cancer was removed his neck was almost eaten through. The cancer is now in a bottle at Dr. Morgan's Drug Store, Phenix City, Ala. Phenix City, Ala. Before me, L. Booker, Justice of the Peace for Beat 10, Lee county, per- sonally came Moses M. Harvey, of Columbus, Ga., Avho, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith that the above statements are true. Moses M. Harvey. Sworn to and subscribed before me November 12th, 1891. L. Booker, J. P. WM. A. WIMBISH— Attorney at Law. There is no city in the South better provided with brilliant legal talent than Columbus, and no city where those engaged in the practice of law stand higher in the social scale. In this connection we desire to mention the name of Mr. Wm. A. Wimbish as a lawyer of sterling business qualities, who has the confi- dence of his fellowman, not only for his ability as a legal adviser, but for his high integrity, industry and business qualifications. Mr. Wimbish is a native Georgian, born in LaGrange in 1859, and graduating with the highest honors at Washington Lee University in 1878; has been practicing in this city for nearly five years with much success, both legally and financially. Such men go far towards making a prosperous and thrifty city. We take pleasure in commend- ing him to our readers at home or abroad as a prompt, reliable and energetic lawyer, who will attend promptly and properly to all business placed in his hands. S. J. ROGERS— Photographer, lOlOJ Broad Street. Boucicault, in his popular play of " The Octoroon," brings doAvn the house by making Salem Scudder say to Simon Legree, when confronted Avith the proof oi" his guilt in the picture obtained from the camera, " The instrument never lies !" This clever melo-dramatist's touch elicits applause, but with all due def- erence to his dramatic al)ility we differ with him, or rather with the sentiment there expressed, as a bad disposition or posing of the subject; imperfect and in- judicious lighting and bad development may not only totally destroy the like- ness, but render beauty sometime hideous. This is, however, avoided by the operator who thoroughly understands his business, and who, possessed of the artistic element in his training, will so pose his sitter and adjust the lights and surroundings as to develop into prominence all the beauty and desirable points, and also communicate charms which they hardly may be said to ordinarily possess. Pictures are satisfactory or otherwise, according to the measures of his artistic ability and skill ; and wlio has not been charmed by a really fine photograph and disgusted by its opposite ? These reflections are the result of the pleasure derived from a thorough inspection of Mr. Rogers' specimens, which are so per- fect in every essential of fine photography that Ave can hardly restrain and limit 114 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER our praise and commendation. Mr. Rogers first entered this ])usiness in 186G, and lias done a successful business since I8ti8. His studio is located lOlOJ Broad street, formerly occupied by A. J. Riddle, who established the place in 1852, Mr. Rogers succeeding him in May of this year. He is a Virginian by birth, and has brought Avith him to his adopted home all the gentlemanly attri- butes for which those of his native State are so well knoAvn. Mr. Rogers is a courteous and refined gentleman, a consummate artist, and has for a motto, ele- gance, accuracy, and last, though not least, punctuality. cSt KIDNEY INDOBSED AT HOME AND ABROAD. "WRITE FOR TESTIMONIALS. Manufactured by W. W. C. CO., Columbus, Ga. soLl» ICY ALU iHti «a; THE GREAT TONIC. Purifies the Blood. Aids Digrestion. Purely Vegretable. Works Wonderful Cures ! "WRITE FOR TESTIMONIALS. Manufactured by W. W. C. CO., Columbus, Ga, SOLO ItY ALL IHilGUlST-. The reputation of this wonder extends that of the city in which it is manu- factured, the success attendant upon the eiforts of the W. W. C. Co. has been phenomenal, and it is with pride that our citizens can point out the fact that the home office of this great product is in Columbus. So, also, is it the home of its officers and stockholders, among whom are the leading citizens. Mr. L. F. Hum- ber, of Blanchard, Humber & Co., w^arehouse and commission merchants, is the President, and Mr. J. R. Garrett, for twenty years in the cotton business, is the Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. T. E. Blanchard, President of the Fourth National Bank, is one of the largest stockholders. Mr. Albert AVooldridge, the discoverer of the W. W. C.,is one of our leading cotton merchants. He formerly lived in Chattahoochee county, and it was there he manufactured W. W. C. on a small scale, and in a charitable and Christian spirit distributed gratis, more medicine than was sold, and so wonderful were the cures effected, that the repu- tation of W. W. C. was above par with those who came in contact with it, and in 1889 a party of capitalists here readily took up the necessary stock to have this medicine put before the world, hence, the W. AV. C. Co. of Columbus. The sales of this Company in 1891 was 300,000 bottles, this output being distributed throughout the Southern and Western States, and some to the City of Mexico. This Company issues a challenge to the world, offering a reward of $1,000 for any case of blood poison that the W. W. C. will not cure. Not an instance is on record wherein this medicine has failed to perform the functions for which it was intended. Testimonials from reputable citizens here are in reach of any one desii'ing to fully acquaint themselves with its great value. Mr. John R. Garrett, COiDIERCE, MAXUFACTUBES AXD IXDU5TBIES. llo the Secretary, is ever glad to furnish a list of names of those who have profite 1 by the use of W. W. C. Tne Company having been so fortunate in makiti^' large sales of their blood purifier, the W. W, C, have decided to manufacture other medicines of superior formulas. These are, pills, cough syrup, diarrhoea mixture, worm candy, linament and arromatic tonic. The splendid management of Mr. J. R. Garrett in putting out the blood medicine insures a bright future for the entire list. The Company is to be congratulated upon their success, and for the benefit they have done to suffering humanity in relieving thousands of li\-ing beings, who would otherwbe to-dav have been in their graves. J. H. COXXOR i CO. — Dealers ix Staple Dey Goods axd Gboceeies. 1023 Broad Street. The reputation and commercial claims of a city centre in the character of its representative business institutions, and, in the historical review of the indus- tries and enterprises of a community, those establishmente of acknowledged men: and true mercantile ability are considered important component parts, worthy or critical description and justifiable pride. Among the establishments which have materially contributed to the fame of Columbus as a commercial centre, possess- ing undoubted advantages and facilities and adding to the general progress of the communitv, the house of J. H. Connor k Co. claims a decided recoOTition, Messrs. J. H. Connor and William McGovem commenced business here in August. 1865, with fair capital, which close attention, thorough knowledge of the busi- ness, energetic, prompt mercantile habits and liberal principles has largely in- creased. The business premises of this firm consist of a lot 35x125 feet in size, with a building 35x100 feet located upon it, giving them certain facilities for handling goods that can be appreciated by those conversant with this line of business. The stock is large and well selected, including staple dry goods and groceries, crockery, glass, tin, wood and hollow-ware, the value reaching, if not exceeding, .$10,000. The trade supplied is local, including the city and country contiguous, and the annual transactions will reach .$50,000. Xew supplies are ^•eing constantly received, and in every respect this is a most satisfactory house to visit for supplies. Mr. J. H. Connor came here from Ireland in 1848, and Mr, William McGovem came to Columbus in 1853. They have done, and are doing a prosperous and steadily increasing business, retaining their trade by fair and honorable treatment of each customer. <\ L. TORBETT— UXDERTAKER AXD PRACTICAL EilBAL^IER, 930 AXD 932 Broad. Ever since the year 1878 the name of C. L. Torbett has been familiar to the people of Columbus, and a more successful undertaker than he has never entered into the somewhat grave, though important, business of preparing caskets for the reception of the remains of mortality. His factory, salesroom and wareroom are located at 930 and 932 Broad street. His storeroom occupies 40x60 feet, sales- room 30x60 feet, paint room 15x16, and his work-shop 15x45, affording ample 11(3 COLUMBUS, GEORCxIA — HER room for a number of workmen, and within its walls are constantly being made coffins of every description. Mr. Torbett is thoroughly posted in all the details of his business. He managed successfully for five years the embalming and undertaker department for L. Rooney. He then bought out Mr. Rooney, taking Mr. Coleman in as a partner in 1883. The business then flourished under the name of Coleman & Torbett until 1885, at which time Mr. Torbett bought out Mr. Coleman, giving him the exclusive control of the business, and under his management he has built up a trade second to none in the city. His stock is complete, embracing the latest and newest styles of coffins, caskets and ornaments, screws and all fixtures used in the business. Mr. Torbett has a thorough knowl- edge of embalming, and keeps himself posted right up in all the details and branches pertaining to it. He is a native Georgian, and is a gentleman possessed of many generous qualities, and is widely known for his high integrity and busi- ness qualifications. He is strictly temperate and attentive to business, a genial, whole-souled gentleman, who will make you feel welcome whenever you enter his house, and in his absence you will find his clever and gentlemanly assistant, Mr. F. C. Rummel ever ready to extend the same cordial greeting. Mr. Torbett has officiated on very important occasions at the obsequies of prominent public men. He has filled honorably all the high offices of the secret orders to which he be- longs, and is a member of the Columbus Athletic Club. Mr. Torbett has fur- nished the city with all their embalming and undertaker's work since 1886, thus proving the satisfactory manner in which he does his work. He is always ready to meet any emergency, and we heai'tily recommend him to the public. W. H. YOUNG CO. — Manufacturers of Pantaloons, Jeans Suits, Shirts, Overalls, Jackets, etc. The above represents one of the new industries of Columbus. One great benefit to a community resulting from the manufacture of clothing, is the im- mense field of employment it opens up for females. Our city has, for a number cui.iMins of years, enjoyed a wide reputation as an extensive cotton manufacturing point, and added to this, is fast developing into a prominent jeans and clothing manufacturing city, the grade and ])roduct of this last mentioned branch being of such high class as to attract considerable notice with the trade ; and among the finest equipped establishments is the AV. H. Young Co., which was incorporated in 1891, with C. L. Perkins, President; A. C. Young, Secretary and Treasurer; and J. W. Boyd, Superin- tendent. Mr. Perkins came here from Chicago, where he for a number of years represented several of the largest mills in the South, and having a knowledge of the advantages of Columbus, decided to cast his lot here. Mr. A. C. Young needs no introduction to the trade of the South, his long term of office with the Eagle and Phenix Manufacturing Company bringing him within communication of the leading merchants of the country, and by his great busi- ness enterprise and integrity has established an enviable reputation. Mr. J. W. T I! A 11 K M \ 1! K COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 117 Boyd is a king as a manager ; fifteen years with the leading clothing factories of the West, has familiarized him with every detail of the business in which he is engaged, and in securing the outfit for the W. H. Young Co., he made it a point to i^rocure every known improvement in the system of cutting, trimming, and making of garments, hence the advantages of this plant in turning out superior made clothing, which is resulting in a surprisingly active demand .for their product. When the entire machinery is fitted up, and the business gets under headway, the trade will amount to a quarter of a million dollars per annum. Columbus has cause to be proud of this institution, MILES & LOTT — General Agents Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. A life insurance company may be proprietary, mutual or mixed. A mutual company is an association of persons, each of whom is an insurer as well as in- sured. Policy holders exercise control through their votes for managers, and are entitled to all the profits or dividends of the society. Policies of insurance are of various kinds. The chief of them are: whole life, endowment, endowment assurance, term, joint life, annuity and survivorship annuity. Other varieties are obtained from these by modification or combination of conditions. A purely mutual company is the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., which was incorporated in 1847, and whose charter is perpetual. It is most ably represented in Columbus by Messrs. Miles & Lott, who established their office here in 1891 and do a large local business, as well as an extensive business throughout Southwest Georgia, embracing some of the best cities in the State. No prudent man will fail to leave his family in good circumstances at death, when it can be so easily done by a systematic payment of a small sum to the party who contracts to pay the sum total at his death. In all portions of the United States the Penn Mutual is regarded as a stable and trustworthy com- pany. Messrs. G. G. Miles and W. L. Lott compose the firm. Mr. Miles is a son of the late Rev. Thos. J. ^liles, who spent nearly fifty years preaching the Baptist faith in Georgia and Alabama. In the early part of 18usiness life. The Short-hand Course includes office reporting, general reporting, type- writing, orthography, paragraphing, punctuation, etc. Personal instruction and assistance is given in all departments by instructors who will be found zealous in promoting the wellfare and advancing the interests of the students, taking pleasure in providing them with every means that may contribute to their thoroughness of preparation and rapid advancement. Tuition rates are reasonable, and from three to four montlis are re(|uired to complete a course, which will be of lifetime benefit. Good family board is procured for studen.ts at $12 to $14 per month, which is a much lower rate than can be obtained in other cities, and is a leading point in favor of this school. We bespeak for this Avorthy institution the patronage and abundant prosperity Avhich it deserves, believing that great numbers of young people throughout this section of the South Avill avail themselves of its practical training. On applica- tion to the Principals, a beautifully illustrated catalogue and circulars will be sent to any address. WM. MUNDAY— Livery, Feed and Sale Stables, 934, 936 and 933 Broad Street. When and how the system of hireing horses, for longer or shorter periods originated, it is probably hard now to determine, but to Avhatever date and cause it is to be attributed, certain it is that the system as it is now carried out is not only one of our greatest modern conveniences, but an absolute necessity. With the growth of our population has increased the demand for livery teams, carri- ages, etc., and the business has assumed great proportions. Among the several livery establishments in Columbus, the stables conducted by Mr. Wm. Munday deserves especial mention in this work, as being in every way, a representative one. of the best class of such establishments. These stables, situated on 934, 986 and 938 Broad street, are complete in every way, and are arranged in a manner that aflFords the greatest convenience in every department. This enter- prise was started by Mr. Munday twenty -six years ago with no capital, but with his integrity, industry and honesty he has made a iTiarked success, and attained the highest position among similar establishments in the city. The stables are built of brick, and are tAvo stories high— occupying a space of 125 feet front ])y 150 feet deep, containing seventy-five stalls, to say nothing of the spacious lot in the rear, besides ample accommodation for vehicles of every description. Mr. Munday has in his charge about sixty-four head of horses that he boards, besides COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 147 the twenty -five he keeps for riding and driving purposes. Single or double teams can ahvays be secured, and special attention is given to supplying carriages for parties, balls, weddings and other occasions. Ten employees are required in the business. The line of vehicles kept on hand are stylish and of the most popular and recent manufacture, and a most satisfactory and lucrative trade is enjoyed throughout the city. Mr. Munday is knoAvn for his honesty and straghtforward dealings, and a business man in the fullest and best sense of the term, and his genial disposition and cordial sincerity have made him extremely popular with all. To our readers, whether residents of Columbus or from abroad, we particu- larly commend this establishment, which, in the style of stock, turnouts and mod- eration in price, is not eclipsed by any competitor in the Sunny South. HAMER & EASON — Wholesale Grocers, 1109 Broad Street. An important feature in connection with the progress and prosperity of the business interests of cities are their well-conducted wholesale houses. In a com- plete and comprehensive work, professing to present in a reliable manner the commercial facilities of a city, the wholesale grocery establishment of Messrs. Hamer & Eason deserves more than a passing notice. These gentlemen estab- lished their enterprise September 1, 1891, and it has assumed a prominent posi- tion in the trade. The large and commodious building at 1109 Broad street, which is fully occupied by them, is 35x125 feet in size, and a fine display of goods in this line is made, including meat, corn, oats, hay, flour, tobacco, cigars, bag- ging and ties, soap, soda, potash and canned goods, which are offered to the trade at bottom prices. Five employees are required in handling goods, filling orders and attending to the various departments of the business. The stock is valued at $5,000, and the trade is principally local, including many planters who come from some distance to obtain their supplies of our merchants. Tlie individual members of the firm are Messrs. George W. Hamer and James T. Eason, live businessmen, who are well-known and popular with our citizens. Mr. Hamer resides on his farm, three and a half miles from the city, situated on the Georgia Midland Rail- road, and is fully conversant with the needs and wants of planters in this section. Mr. Eason came here from Russell county, Ala., about twenty miles from Colum- bus, in December 1890, and has assumed a prominent place in business circles. Liberal, enterprising and energetic, they promote to a large extent the industrial thrift of the community. REID & LENOIR— Painters, Paper Hangers and Decorators, Deal- ers IN Wall Paper, Paints and Oils, Picture Moulding, Etc., 1039 Broad Street. Our purpose in this w5rk is not to over estimate one house at the expense of others. We merely' wish to give, by a truthful narration of facts, a representa- tion of the resources of the city. The past few years liave witnessed wonderful advancement in the art of both exterior and interior house decorations, and the business men of Columbus have ever been foremost in catering to the fastidious trade which seeks this market as the source of its supplies. The growing taste 148 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA — HER for interior decorations of the people of all classes of society is a sure indication of culture and refinement. In this connection we call attention of our readers to the firm of Keid k Lenoir, located at No. 1039 Broad street, who as painters, paper hangers and decorators are entitled to a prominent position among our enterprising houses. This firm have been engaged in this business here for t^vo and a half years, and possessing enterprise, ability, a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge of the requirements of the trade, and industrial courage, they have all the necessary elements, backed by ample capital, that win success in any of the active pursuits of life. The premises occupied are 25x100 feet in extent, and a fine stock of wall paper, paints and oils, picture moulding and such articles and materials as are included in this line of business are displayed to great advantage, this being the leading house in this branch of business in Columbus. They give employment to twelve skilled workmen, to whom the highest wages are paid, and the large amount of satisfactory work finished fully testifies to their thorough and detailed knowledge of everything pertaining to or contingent upon this business. Sign and fresco painting are a specialty, and in painting, paper hanging and dec- orating, this house is the equal of any in this section. Messrs. Alexander Reid and Frank Lenoir are the individual members of the firm, both prompt, reliable and liberal gentlemen, with an activity and industry that knows no pause. They have made their house a favorite one for those who have once appreciated the advantages to be derived there in prices. THE COLUMBUS SAVINGS BANK. In every community, especially so in a manufacturing community, there should be at least one strong, solvent and liberal savings institution. The national sin of America is extravagance. xVnything which tends to correct this should always command the good will of all well thinking men. Nothing so quickly transforms a community from a condition of extravagance to one of iudependence as a Savings Bank, which not only properly cares for the money of the depositors, but pays interest for doing so. The Columbus Savings Bank, located in the Third National Bank building in this city, is an institution which strongly appeals to the confidence of the entire community, and, with a paid-up capital of $100,000 and $20,000 undivided profits, its solvency is beyond question. The statement published by this insti* tution the 1st of July shows that a large part of its assets is invested in such bonds as State of Georgia and City of Columbus, securities which always com- mand ready cash, no matter what panic may aff"ect the markets, and giving assur- ance that depositors in this bank, when they call for deposits, will know that tiie deposit Avill come. This bank leads all other savings institutions in the city, doing an active business in the amount of deposits, and has the- confidence of this locality in the safety of the rules which govern it. Attached to the bank is a modern Safe Deposit Vault, with boxes for the use of customers and the public at a nominal rental. An elegant coupon room, comfortable, convenient, and with pleasant surroundings, is an additional attrac- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AXD INDUSTRIES. 149 tion which makes this is a favorite bank with investors and the small savers of the community. This bank has always been foremost in educating the public in habits of economy, and with no stinted hand has at all times generously contributed to the reading public, literature which told not only of the comforts of independence, but showed the way to attain it. One of the most efficient means which the bank has adopted for training the young idea in the proper way, is a nickle -plated auxiliary savings bank, which it very kindly loans to any one feeling economi- cally inclined. This bank is not a toy, but a strong, durable piece of mechanism, which answers its purpose admirably, and as the bank retains the key, when a deposit has once been made in it by the youthful depositor, it cannot be taken out until brought to the Columbus Savings Bank, where the contents are counted in the presence of the owner, and placed to his credit to bear interest. The President of this institution has had an experience running over tAventy years in Savings Banks, and has an intimate acquaintance with that class of de- positors throughout this section. The Vice-President, Treasurer, and Assistant Treasurer are all well known business men, who stand deservedly high, and who are intimately actjuainted with their duties, and who acceptably perform them to the satisfaction of the depositors of the bank. The Board of Directors embrace a list of strong names selected from the diiferent avocations incident to business of the community, and are: Messrs. H. L. Woodruff, Louis Hamburger, L. H. Chappell, J. D. McPhail, Robert E. Carter, W. E. Bradley, A. C. Prather, W. R. Moore, .James A. Lewis, G. Gunby Jordan and J. W. Murphy. DR. D. A. HOLMES— Veterinary Surgeon, Offices Vernon Hotel and Howard's Livery Stable. Although Dr. Holmes is a recent arrival in Columbus, his fame as a thor- oughly practical operator in veterinary dentistry and surgery preceded him, he having been located for several years in the neighboring State of Alabama. As an expert veterinary surgeon he is without a peer in this country. A graduate from one of the best colleges of veterinary surgery in the Union, a deep student, and thoroughly in love with his chosen profession, he is in step with all the pro- gressive theories and practices of the best schools at home and abroad, enabling him to treat upon scientific principles all the diseases of the animal kingdom and on all matters pertaining to horseflesh, likewise canine and bovine diseases, he takes rank with the leading veterinarians in this country. Dr. Holmes is also well versed in the training of horses, having spent a num- ber of years of his life on the plains among wild and untamed horses. He made a deep study of the horse in his wild state. He can train the most vicious kicker to be as docile, enduring and gentle as a dog. He can break the wildest horse from any and all bad halnts. The writer had the pleasure of seeing the Doctor enter the stall of a regular " man eater," and in ten minutes' time the animal was following him all around the lot. A great many persons imagine that a trainer has some mesmeric or magic power over the animal that no one else possesses, 150 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA HER while others suppose them to use some drug or opiate ; not so, it is only the appli- cation of a principle, and if you work upon proper principles and make no mistake in your work, you will get a proper result. If you employ a principle that will gentle the wild animal, a continuation of the same principle will certainly keep him gentle afterwards. The Doctor can explain to you the principle and mode of application in an incredibly short time. Dr. Holmes is among the best exemplars of his profession. He is a native of Texas, bringing with him that irrepressible vim and peerless spirit characteristic of that section. He is a gentleman of supe- rior business qualities, high standing and good judgment, always conducting his transactions in the legitimate channels of honorable business, liberal in his policy, he has achieved success and gained the esteem and confidence of all who know him. L. A. SCARBROUGH — Dealer in Groceries and General Merchandise, 1015 Broad Street, Opposite Rankin House. There are a number of houses in this city which, without any ostentation or striving for prominence, yet transact a business of unusual magnitude, and em- ploy capital and labor very extensively. Of such, that of L. A. Scarbrough is an excellent example, and is most certainly entitled to recognition in this work. The enterprise under consideration was started in 1888, and at once began doing a thrifty business, each year showing a flattering increase over the former. The books of 1891 show a business of S135,000, proving conclusively that Mr. Scar- brough is a thorough business man of tact and skill in the manipulation of the grocery trade, with which he is so familiar. Mr. Scarbrough began the study of his business sixteen years ago, at which time he came to Columbus from Russell county, Ala., and entered the old grocery house of J. W. Clements as clerk, and^ influencing a large trade, proved himself to be a most valuable acquisition to the establishment. He remained at this stand with William Redd (who succeeded J. W. Clements) until four years ago, when he began business for himself. His old customers have stood by him, and numbers of new ones have been added to the list. The stock embraces a full and complete line of groceries and general mer- chandise, including tobacco, bagging and ties, etc. Seven employees are re- (juired to attend to the immense business of the house, and special attention is given to filling orders from the large planters and merchants of the smaller points in Southern Georgia, Southern Alabama and Florida. Mr. Scarbrough is agent here for the celebrated Lucy Hinton 11-inch 5's Tobacco, which brand to-day holds a firm grip upon the large trade handling it throughout the South. He also has the agency for two other brands that are very largely sold in this section; they are "Gilt Edge" and " Brigham Young,'' 11-inch 5's. The identification of this house with the staple industries of the community for the past four years, and the honorable, liberal policy upon which its business has been uniformly conducted, makes it a representative institution of the city. Cordially commending his house to the trade and the public, and directing atten- COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIES. 151 tion to the manner in which it is conducted, the amplitude of its resources and facilities, and remarking that, as ranking first among a number of contemporaries, the establishment is of that class which commands the respect, confidence and consideration of the city at large. R. HOWARD — Board and Sale Stable, and General Transfer Line, East Side First Avenue between 13th and 14th Streets. As a convenience to the general public there are few business enterprises that can compare with the livery and boarding stable system of America. One of the most popular and representative establishments of this character in Columbus is that above mentioned. This enterprise was founded in 1885 by the present proprietor, with but a limited capital, in fact, his main stock in trade was enterprise, perseverance and industry, backed by honesty of purpose. The result has been very gratifying to the owner, as is evidenced by the fact that he now employs in and around his stable about twenty -five men. Mr. Howard made his first start about ten years ago, Avith one mule and dray, and worked daily himself. From that small beginning he now has the largest transfer business in the city, besides running a number of sprinklers. Mr. Howard is an acknowl- edged authority upon all aftairs concerning the selection, care and recjuirements of the horse, hence his stable has acquired a very liberal and inflviential patron- age. His stables are spacious and commodious, covering 50x170 feet of ground, thoroughly equipped with every re(|uisite, well ventilated, lighted and improved sanitary conditions. First-class and ample accommodations are provided for 200 head of horses, and every care and attention is given to those entrusted to him by experienced grooms and stablemen, and the provender is of the very best quality and supplied bountifully, while extra vigilance is exerted over all vehicles, harness and e([uipments. Mr. Howard is also a dealer in horses, and when he gives his guarantee that a horse is sound and safe he means what he says, and for this reason his patronage is derived from among our best classes of people and is steadily increasing. Orders by telephone receive immediate response at all hours, and all transactions are based upon a liberal and satisfactory footing. J. J. KAUFMAN — Wholesale Candy Manufacturer, No. 1026 Broad Street. The increased manufacture of confectionery within the past few years in this country has far exceeded most co-relative branches of trade. In its present development it has many of the distinctive artistic characteristics of French inge- nuity and invention, and the preparations of sugar and gum and pure extracts absorbs large capital and affords a livelihood to many persons. Until a recent date most of the confectionery sold in Columbus, and territory tributary to it, was manufactured in Northern or Eastern cities. Now we have a home institu- tion which will supply the trade with pure goods. So great is the competition in larger cities that the ingenuity and inventive talent of manufacturers is exercised to find some substitute for the costly sugar, flavoring extracts, and essences, and coloring material, and frequently noxious and poisonous substances are resorted to by manufacturers who manufacture for exportation to smaller cities. These poisons, which are generally mineral substances, are much cheaper than genuine extracts. There is, w^ feel confident in saying, no more careful and conscientious manufacturer of candies in the country tlian Mr. J. J. Kaufman. He takes the greatest i)recaution to exclude adulterated and poisonous ingredients, using noth- ing but pure sugar, genuine fruit extracts and flavoring essences, and no where can there be produced more brilliantly colored or pleasantly flavored, and what is 152 COLUMBUS, GEORGIA. mare important, purer confections than Mr. Kaufman's. Not an ounce of terra alba verdigris, mercury, paris green, analine, prussic acid or counterfeit imitations of any kind can be ibund in his establishment. This important enterprise was started in 1885, with small capital, and the increase in business has been so marked that to-day it ranks among our foremost institutions. The building occupied is three floors, each 35x90 feet in size, and is admirably fitted up for the manufacture of candy, containing a number of candy machines and various appliances by which the cost of production is mate- rially reduced. The capital invested is placed at 8<),000, and a large trade can be supplied at short notice. Four male and one female employes are engaged in the Avork, at a monthly outlay of 3125. The States of Georgia, Alabama and Florida each contribute their quota of trade to this leading enterprise, whose transactions will reach S40,000 per annum. Mr. Kaufman was born in Columbus in July, 1870, and has spent his life among our citizens, where he is Avell known and very popular. He is an ener- getic, active business man, thoroughly conversant with his business, and justly merits the esteem and confidence of the business community and the trade generally. DRS. SIMS & SIMS — Physiciaxs and Surgeons, First Avenue and Thirteenth Street. As scientific, practical and experienced professional gentlemen, the above- named firm is deserving of special mention. The firm is composed of two broth- ers, both natives of Georgia, and was started in 1888. Their superior skill as physicians and surgeons soon placed them in the front rank of the profession in this city. The senior member of the firm. Dr. J. Henderson Sims, began the study of medicine under his father, who was a physician of much prominence, in Covington, Ga. After reading in his father's office, he went to Atlanta, Ga., where he took a full collegiate course in the Southern Medical College, and had the houDr of Valedictorian of his class in 1881-2. In 1887 he went to Xew York for the purpose of more fully perfecting himself in the profession he had chosen. He first entered the Post Graduate School of Medicine, which is one of the most popular institutions of the kind in the world, and took a full course of lectures there, also a full course in the Polyclinic School. While taking these courses of lectures Dr. Sims was not idle in the way of o1)taining all the informa- tion to be acquired by ])ractieal work among the hospitals both in Xew York and Brooklyn, and iiad the honor of being chosen first assistant to Dr. Andrew Currier, the celebrated gyneacologist, of New Y'^ork, and also private assistant to Dr. Camman, the noted and Avorld-famed specialist in chest diseases, thus giving him the very best of practice even while he was attending lectures. He also attended tiie Clinics at Rosevelt, New Y^ork, St. Luke and Mt. Sini Hospitals, thus fitting him to practice with eminent success in any part of the United States. Dr. E. II. Sims, the junior member of the firm, also began the stud^^ of med- icine with his father, after which he attended the leading medical colleges and graduated with high honors. He has also had a wide and extended experience in hospital practice in the North and Soudi. As a firm they stand deservedly high in the estimation of the public as phy- sicians and surgeons of ability and learning, whose opinions on diseases of all kinds is looked upon as authority, they being often called in consultation with the older physicians of the city. Socially they are both gentlemen of refinement, honorable, upright and straightforward in all their dealings, they have attained a position in this community of which they may well be proud. J. W. RIDDLE, J. K. NUCKOLLS. RIDDLE & NUCKOLLS WHOLESALE DEALERS IX CIGARS andTOCACCO SELLING AGENTS FOR "Hmming M," "Fat Possm," "LiitylEal," ad "Eli" Ikmi, AND "BIG NICKEL" NAVY TOBACCO. ALSO "LITTLE CARRIE, " SPANISH FLAG SCUSTOM HOUSE CUBANNA CIGARS, AND BOWERS' THREE THISTLE SNUFF. Corner Fourteenth Nt. and First Ave, SEE PAGE 99. J. W. RIDDLE. J. K. NUCKOLLS. E. A. SHEPHERD. PIEDMONT CIDER WOffKS, D \j RE Cii Manufacturers of MPAGNE Ji ^ ^^) OI]VOE>IC iVrvE>^ Soda and Mineral "Waters, OFi^FlCEJ A.:iVI> WrOKtlidS s Corner First Avenue and Thirteenth St. SEE PAGE 104. BEGINS Oct, 26th. ^ MiMmifi^ CLOSES Nov. 5th. m COr^UJ^dTBTTS, O^^. % MAIN BUILDING A Soason of Usrivakd Attractions MAGNIFICENT RACES -AND- LIBERAL PURSES, for County and Individual Exhibits. A World of Amusements of Every Character. OBTE CENT A MIT.E ON AL.L RAILROADS. EVERYBODY IS COMING TO COI.IJMBUS. C. A. ETHREDGE, Sec'y. SAIM'L A. CARTER, Prest.