■<^.N ./ HISTORY OF J RAWFORD AND RICHLAND COUNTIES. WISCONSIN. toqetheu with sketches of theiu towns and villages, educational, civil, mili- TAItY AND political HISTOKY; POKTRAITS OF PROMINENT PERSONS, AND biographies of REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. <"y (_' 7 ■ i-i^i-^-i. EMBRACING ACCOUNTS OF THE PRE-HISTORIC EACES, AND A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF ITS TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. ILLUSTRATED. SPRINOFIELD. ILL. lINrON PKBLISHINO COMPANT. 1884. n . TO THE PIONEERS f iV.^^ 9)^ OF 'u CRAWFORD AND RICHLAND COUNTIES. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, WITH THE HOPE THAT YOUR VIRTUES MAY BE EMULATED AND YOUK TOILS AND SACRIFICES DULY' APPRECIATED BY' COjMING GENERATIONS. .?7y PREFACE. This work was commenced, and has been carried forward to com])letii>n, witli a s])(MMlic object in view, which was, to place upon record in a reliable manner and in pcnniiiiinl I'.om, whatever incidents of importance have transpired within what are now the limits of Crawford and Richland counties, since their first settlement. As preliminary lo the narrative j. roper, it was thought best to give a succinct history of the State at large, including an account of its pre- historic earthworks, of the early visitations of ti.e fui-trader and missionary, and of the jurisdic- tions exerciseil over this region by different governments; also of the important incidents trans- piring here wliile the Territory of Wisconsin was in existence. fThis part of the work is from » the pen of Prof. C. W. Butterfield, of Madison./ In the general history of the two counties, as well as in those of their cities, towns and villages, the reader will find that incidents, reminiscences and anecdote.' are recorded with a variety ajtd completeness commensurate with their importance. Herein is furnished (and this is said with confidence) to the present generation and to those which follow it, a valuable reflex of the times and deeds of the pioneers. It has been truly said that "a people that takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything to be remembered with pride by remote descendants." It is believed that, in the following pages, there is erected to the pioneer men and women of Crawford and Richland counties a lasting monument. The resolutions passed by Congress in 18Y6 in reference to the preparation and preservation of local history, and the proclamation from the President recommending that those resolutions be carefully observed, have met with the very general and hearty approval of the people. In- deed, so acceptable has seemed this advice from our law-makers, that steps have already been taken in almost every thoroughly organized community throughout the land to chronicle and IV PREFACE place in permanent form the annals of each neighborhood, thus rescuing from oblivion mncli interesting and valuable information that is irretrievably lost each year tlirotigli the deatli of old settlers, and the decay and ravages of time. It was thought there could be no good reason why the history of Crawford and Richland counties should not be placed upon as enduring a founda- tion as those of surrounding counties; and, to this end, no expense or pains has been si)arcd to render it worthy the patronage of its citizens. A number of experienced writers upon local his- tory under the guidance, and aided by C. W. Butterfield in Crawford county, and George A. Ogle in Richland county, have had the work in charge from its inception to its close ; and, iipcjn completion of their labor, before any portion of the manuscript was sent to the press, the whole was submitted to county and town committees of citizens for revision, thus insuring correctness and adding materially to the vulue of the book. The labors of all engaged in this enterprise have been cheered by the cordial assistance and good-will of many friends, so many, indeed, that, to attempt to name them, would, in this con- nection, be impracticable; to all of whom, grateful acknowledgement;; are tendered. Tlie officers of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, have, from the first, been unremitting in their en- deavors to aid the undertaking. The press of both counties is entitled to sjiecial mention for their help and encouragements so generously tendered. UNION PUBLISHING COMPANY. April, 1884. TABLE OF CONTENTS. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. CHAPTER I. PAGE. PKRHISTOllIC AND SETTLEMENT 17 Kii'St Exploi-ntiim of tbe Northwest 18 VV seonsin visited by fur trailers iiml Jesuitmisslon- aries 19 Kou tilling of Jesuit missions in Wisconsin 20 Wisnonsin unrler French domination 21 Wisconsin under English supreniaey 23 Wisconsiti as a part of the Northwest Territory 25 Wisconsin as a part of the Territory of Indiana 27 Wisconsin as a part of Illinois Territory 29 CHAI'TEU II. WISCONPIN AS A TEKlirmUY. Sieri-laiics r Mi led Stales Attorneys I'liited States Marshals CHAPTEH III. WISCONSIN AS A STATE I'AOE 34 . . 35 35 35 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. WISCON .IN CHAPTER I. A IIEA. POSITION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES . Area • •• Position ; Physical Eeatures The Kivers of the County CIIAI'TERII. TOPOtiltAPHY ANDGEOLOGY CHAPTER HI. ANCIENT INHABITANTS Mound Huilders The Sioux Sa<-s and Koxcs Indian Conflicts within the County The Winnebnsoes CHAPTER IV. EARLY EXPLOUATIONS Expedition of I,i>uis .loliet Expedition of Michael Accau i:xpcditionof Dnluth Perrol's Voyajre to the West I,a I'erriert^ liuilds a Eort on LakcPopin TheJourneyof Jonathan Carver .'.. . Observatioiis of Major Pike Up the Mississippi in isili CHAPTER V. THE W A U OF 1812-15 Anderson's Journal 1814 CHAPTER VI. THE WINNEBAGO WAK Murder of Gagaierand Lipcap 88 fc8 94 «5 99 103 129 129 13(1 132 132 132 133 140 142 147 1.54 I'.l'.l 199 I' A Winnebajro debauch The tirst battle of Dad Ax Arrival of K-ovcrninent troops ne-Kau-rav's imprisonment .lames H. Lockwood's aeeountof the Winnebago War Last act of the Wiunehajfo W»ir Mrs. Coasm Cherrier's aeeountof the Uajfuierinur- der '. ■ CHAPTER VII. THE DLACK HAWK WAK liattleof Stillman'sKun IJattle of Pecatonlea Haltlp of Wisconsin Heights Itattle of Had Ax Up and down the Mississippi before the Black Hawk War Death of Ulack Hawk CHAPTER VIH. UNITED STATES LAND SURVEYS CHAPTER IX. KV, V. 199 2011 201 3(11 211 220 22(i 227 282 236 238 253 257 284 PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS CHAPTER X. FIRST SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY 280 Of the first live settlers ^1 Names of early settlers 281 An unsolx-ed problem *81 W here the fl rst settiericnt was made ;W1 Firtrlv customs and habits 288 Crawford C(ninty in 18UB ^ Traditions and recollections of Prairie du Chlon 290 Settli-rs between l.siil and 1840 294 Residents who were livinif here in 183» 295 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Settlers in 1837, 1838 iind ISW 396 i^ioneer times 296 Incidents of pioneer history 299 Prominent pioneers 300 CHAPTER XI. I'UIXEERLIFE Tb(^ Ioh: cabin I'loiieer iLirnitiirc. . Primitive cookery. Primitive tliresliing Goinf*- to mill Wild animals 307 307 308 309 CHAPTER Xir. FlKSTTHlNGS Milit-^ry road The tirst school Thirst postal arranjrcment First Sunday School First prot^&tant meetjny-s CHAPTER XIII. FORM A'L' ION AND OUGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY AN n L( )f AT I N G TH E COUNTY SEAT Forming- and naming the County CHAPTER XIV. MILlTAire OCCUPATION • 'The French Fort"— a myth The lirst Foit Crawford William Harris < 'rawford A reij?n of terror A milder reign The first Fort Crawford In 1833 Zachary Taylor Notable events 313 3U 314 314 315 329 3:!9 334 334 3:a 336 337 337 337 CHAPTER XV. TEKUITORIAL, STATE AND CONGKESSIONAL REP- RESENTATION Congressional delegates from Michigan Territory. . . Congressional delegates from Wisconsin Territory. . . Members of the Council of Wisconsin Territory Members of the Assembly of Wisconsin Territory. . . Constitniioual conventions Members of the Senate Members of Congress. CHAPTER XVI. THE COURTS, PAST AND PRESENT A model justice A lawyer ■ 'squashod" First term of the County Court A tribute to the late H. L. Dousraan Territorial Circuit Court Holding court under ditKcuItie^i A special session of the Circuit Court state Circuit Court \ ' Circuit .judges. County Court of Crawford County Clerks of the Territorial Countj- Court Clerks of the United S'ates District Court Clerks of the State Circuit Court CHAPTER XVII. THE BAR, PAST AND PRESENT Present County orticials c;hapter XVIII. RAILROADS. 3.5.5 3.55 355 355 3.56 3.5t) 357 358 359 363 .364 364 369 373 373 374 383 383 386 3«0 390 390 391 401 403 chapter XIX. AGRICULTURE AND THE AGRICULTURAL SOCI- ETY 408 CHAPTER XX. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 423 CHAPTER XXt PIONERK REMINISCENCES 430 My .bhn .-^hiiw 430 By .lames H. Lockwood 4.33 l!y William . I. Snelling 440 ByS.M. Palmer 467 CHAPTER XXII. PAGE THE SCHOOLS OF CRAWFORD COUNTY 470 CHAPTER XXIII. _ VARIOUS THINGS 475 A Pioneer Incident 475 The Vast Illimitable changing West 475 Crawford County, in 1873 477 The fur trade in Crawford County 479 In Memoriara 491 Attempted removal of the County Seat 492 CHAPTER XXIV. THE WAR FOR THE UNION 495 Crawford County Pensioners 531 CHAPTER XXV. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS .534 Prairie du Chien Patriot 534 The Crawford County Courier .535 The Prairie du Chien Leader 539 The Prairie du Chien Union 540 CHAPTER XXVI. EARLY CUUNTV GOVER.VMENT 544 CHAPTER XXVII. TOWN OF BRIDGEPORT 5.59 Recollections of Mrs. Joseph Atherton 5.59 Village OF Bridgepoht .562 Reminiscence of Theresa Barret te ? .564 CHAPTER XXVIII. TOWN OF CLAYTON -573 Village OF SOLDiEU's GitoVE 580 Village OF Kingston 581 CHAPTER XXIX. TOWN OF EASTMAN .588 CHAPTER XXX. TOWN OF FREEMAN .594 DeSoto V1LL.1GE .598 Village OF I'EKRYViLLE 603 CHAPTER XXXI. TOWN OF HANEY OH Village OF Bell Centek 61.) CHAPTER XXXII. TOWN OF MARIETTA "20 Reminiscence of Nancy Wayne 624 VILI.AGE OF BOYDSTOWN 625 Village OF Georgetown 626 CHAPTER XXXIII. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN— TOWN AND CITi.' 635 City OF Pbaikie DU Chien 637 CHAPTER XXXIV. TOWN OF SCOTT 693 CHAPTER XXXV. TOWN OF SENECA 712 Village OF Sr.NECA 717 Village OF Lynxville 719 CHAPTER XXXVI. TOWN OF UTICA 728 N'lLLAGE OF MtH'NT >^TERLING 734 Village of Towehvillb 736 Village of Risixg Sus 739 CHAPTER XXXVII. TOWN OF WAUZEKA 750 VILL.4GE OF WAUZEKA 732 TABLE OF CONTENTS. BIOGRAPHICAL. /^ Ackorley, ,lohn Adams, Thomas Akin. Vininus E Allen, .larob Alien, .I.U. Allen, Lemuel H Ames, Boi'sev I* Anns, Pliilenu Arnistrohg, Samuel Ateheson, ,Sr. William Atherton, Josepli liailey, Charles A Uailey, Andrew Itaker Isaac Baker, Charles Wesley. Itaker, George C Halrirhard, A , Harry, J. S Uarrette, Henry linrrette, Sr. Peter Uarrette, Charles Itarrctte, Samuel Karthdlomew, Peter... Ilassett, Harvey Itaxter, I)r Iteach, Ale.vauder >I . . lieaeh, S. S Beaumont. William Beeseeker, Andrew J. Beekwar, Andrew Beier, Georj^e Benedict, Alonzo Bensou, H. ,1 Bennett, Charles P Biederman, C. Eliza... liijfelow, J. S Bishop, Blind T Blair, A. V Bonne.v, I^eonard Bosch, Andrew Bowen, Ethan A Brace, P. It Braman, Amos Breidenbaeb, .Michael.. Briifgs, J.J BrigKS, Darius \V Brii-'ht, Thomas C Bri^'htman, Prank Hrower, Arthur Brower, Thomas L... , Brown, S. L Brunson, Alfred Brunson, Ira B Brunson, Emma Urunner, H Bull. Benjamin Bullock, Walter U.. . Burrell, ,Iohn Burkholder, David Biu-nett. Thomas P. ... Bntterflell. LeRojT... (]lallawav. J. M Camplxll, Will G Campltell. Peter Camphell, .lamesE Case, Lawrence Casey, Dr Caswell. Oliver A Ca\'a, Louis < iiya, Miteh»ll Chapek, Prank ... PAGE .. eSiflhapek, Mathias ."^ .. 741 Christopheison, Sever .. (iOli Chiircliill, GeorK-e W. ... . . iS- Clark, Samuel Adams. ... .. 0:14 Clemen tson, George 727 Coalljurn. Deitriek 60:i Coalburu, Charles F . . 5(;7'Coleniau, .Johu P 7'.il Coleman, Harrison . 7iiUjCollins, Kred. E . . ofJliK Sonant, John ^,-^u;^ook, Pizarro ■ • l^ijilCopper, Ralph ■„.,^ Cothren, Montgomery M. ('urran. James .\ Curts, Jr., William . . .581 5tB 5!)a 427 5B4 ■iBJ r)«4 Ottt BOil .505 428 4U1 42;) 4-W .571 .5!>2 7«U 424 fi.S4 .5S: lil8 724 805 ;(».• 5'j:i 077 71J4 Dallam, James B Daugherty, .1. W.. Davis, William Davis, (ieorge W Da.v, Jeremiah Day, John Dean, George Dognan. Jr., James Denio, Aaron Dickson, William. Dickson, Thomas Dinioek, Redmond 0. Dinr^dale. James Dinszale, Dr Dousman, Jane F Dousiuan, llercules L Doyli'. Peter Drew, David Duncan. Robert Dutcher, William Eastman, B. D Eddy, Edward S... Eitsert, Henry ;„;! Elliott, Edward C s^jiElwee-, Dr 582 Evans, William H. 74' ; Evert, Fred. ■j^j^lEyers, , Robert. .581 , Fairbanks, Harry. J I'airlield, (ieorpre. . l''anifclion. .lulius. Ii'<2 (1 .5s:i :!in liHl) 3tti 42U iSlt Ferrel, Stephen S Feldnumn, John Nicholas. Fenton, D. (i Kerrel, James M Ferrel, J. T Feriell, S. S r'u'-iFlsh, Seyniour '-(),. Fisher, James. .. . .'«,. Flint, Edwin ■ftori Folsom, John H. . ., "■"'Foster, (ieorg.- W... 632;Fri>nk, AlphcusE... 402 Friedorieli, Marcus. KiO Frltsche, Charles... B77 Fuller, Charles S.... 67» 428 Gale, George 741 Gander, David 722 Gander, G.J 722 Gardiner, Stephen.. 7.50Garvey, Brothers... 688 585 70' 073 380 7as 702 70:i 617 572 420 722 IIOII :18;5 74.S no'.i 3!)2 03! cm 74- 3061 .587 5421 7001 7IKI 393 708 383 68: McDonald, William McDougal, Charles. ... McDougal.J. W .McHarg, John Mclnlyro, D:n ifl Marsden.Sr., Thomas.. Marsdon.Jr., Thomas. .Mason, Darius .Mai hews, Charles A Matibews, Richard G.. .Maynard. llc'nr.v <,: Meimrd, Mary Ann .\Ienges, Michael Merrill, Willard Merrell, William D .... Miller, Andrew Millar, H. C Miller.G L Miller.John Miller. North .. .Mills, A. E. ^f|.';iMills, Fergus.. ^j,:jMills, George_ 005 700 394; Mills, Joseph T Mindham. WilMam... .Mitchell, Mahlon G... •>nr,'Momo, Grtliriel iJiV .M ontgomery, Archibald . . 5841 424 -Mook, David. Kast, Henry CO . ... Kast, Ira F Kast, J. N Kast, Jeremiah N Kast, William V. N... Kahler. Charles Kelly, F. W Ivenneson, Marstiii S. Kenyon, Lewis Kinder. J. It King, Henry C Kingsland, John S King, Lynum King, Rufus Knops, John Knowlton, Wiram. .. Knutson, Ole Newton, William Newton, John A. i Moore, Dr. 6:i4 Morgan, G 010 Morris, Robert 400; Mumtord, Charles N.. 2|^flNewick, Walter 50; ijS Niekcrson, Marcus F i:.; Noggle, David... ,..;- Volan, Peter .±; Norris, M. E .... V'lj^Norris.T.n i;:,. Nugent, Thomas :J;j;lNnfer, Eli 087 otto, Henry . . >Ar.E . 601 . 692 . 617 , 673 . 391 070 3iii; . 7:',o . om . 705 . 089 609 609 , 428 700 ' 680 571 ■571 42.5 6811 6tti , .568 42.1 682 ;»I4 537 759 42.3 401 706 725 747 720 400 385 704 740 74M 581 582 427 426 72:! 758 Patten, James. H. La Force, Louis. . Lampkins, .X D Langdon, William l.alhrop. L. L I.athriip, Piatt A Laurence, Richard B Lawrence, Thomas.. I^awson S Learned, Charles.. . Leclerc, Leander Lester,, David K Lester, Hern'v C 383 ^''*'' Patten. J. 722 Pease, G. W 187 Peek, Cyrus 017 Peterson, Hoorer M 7.57 Peterscm, Nelson O 018 Peterson, Peter N . . 70V) Phillips, Friend A 393 Phillips, Abraham ;bi3 Pickett, Theodore F.. 742 Pittsle.v,. lohn 749lPorter,C. V VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Portci-, Samuil C Pose}', James Putnam, James RaflfauC, Jac Ke te iieyer. A. H .. Rice, Cliri8li-in Hichardsoii. John G Hk'bman, H. L Kogvrs, Alfred A.... liDg-ers, Kdwai-d Itojrers, Jonathan ... Kosenhanni, S Rounds. Charles R... Rowan, M. \V Kussell. A. (J Rutter, John Samufls, Alexander F . Schumann. Theodore. . . . Schweizer. iohn George. ."■'earlc. A. N Sears. .Archibald Sharman.Sr., William.. . Sheridan, Philip Sherwood, H. i Sime, TostenT t^mereina, Frank... Smethurst, James.. .Smelhui>t. John SiiiiUi. ( Icorge A . - . . Smith, Ralph Speck, Charles H .. Spencer, J. R Steele, Chauncey H . Stefify, J Steiger, Emil Steiner, Adam Stein er, John G Sterling-, William T., St. Johns, Charles.. Stowell.J. L Strayer, Jacob ».VOE .58:3 74(1 600 689 617 7411 581 75B 401 702 630 746 42B 591 677 7:J0 4:;ii 58a 571 : PACK Thomas, O . B 392 Thompson, Ambrose T^i Thompson, Edwin 741 Tichnor, Dealton . ..... 397 Tilmont, Joseph 684 Tower, John H 609 Tower,Jr.,John H 610 Trott, Hannah 599 True, Dr 428 Turk, James. . . 703 Turner, Samson 748 Vanderbelt, John .. .. Van Vickie, Edson W. Vaughan, Aaron C B.. Vaughan, O. P Vaiighan, W. A Viele,L. F. S 728 689 740 759 758 .397 Taft, Seymour 619, Wachter, George 687 Tat't, Sr., Alanson 618 Walton, J. B 400 Tallman, Nelson A 745 Walton, William B 704 Taylor, James 726, Wannemaker, Samuel L.. 631 PAGE Ward.T.V 401 Wayne, James N 627 Wayne, Lewis 628 Wayne, Nathaniel 62S Wayne, William 627 Webster, Baniel 397 Webster, Myron M 399 Weniger. Henry 691 Whalev. Edward A 678 Whittemore,J. F 586 Whitney, J.J 435 Widman, John G 760 Wilbur, George M 746 Wilcox, Joseph 398 Wilt, William 705 \V inegar, Ferdinand .593 Withee.A. B 726 Withee, Daniel 727 Wood,E. B 424 Wolcott,Alden E 728 Wright, E. M 681 Young, Alexander 604 Young, Henderson 701 PORTRAITS. Brower, Thomas L 183 Case, Lawrence 217 PAGE PAGK IDousman, H. L 285 Dousman, Mrs 286 PAGE King, H. C 319 Merrill, William D 133 Otto, Henry. PAGE TABLE OF C ONTENTS. IX H 1 STORY OF RICH LAND CO UN 1 Y. CHAPTER I. PAGE. INTKOIU'CTOllY "fil Topography 7(J'^ Oiogiaphy imd Geology 702 CHAPTER H. MOL'ND iiUILDEItS AND INDIAN OCCUPANCY 7r.B CHAPTP^R in. E A l{ I,Y S ETTLE M KNT Tll'l (.)r;:finization of Ihc County 775 Fiist EycMits. 7711 CHAPTER IV. COUNTY GOVERNMENT 7a3 CHAPTER V. VARIOUS OFFICIAL MATTERS 7!W CHAPTER VI. PO1.ITICAL STATISTICS SU CHAPTER Vn. NATIONAL, STATE AND COUNTY REPRESENTA- TION 823 Congressional 82) Legislative 821! County Clerk 827 Clerks of Court 828 Register of Deeds 828 County Treasurers 8:i0 Sheriffs 8;!1 County Judges Si3 Proseeuting Attorneys 8;j;j County Superintendents 8;h Cou nty Surveyors 834 Coroners 8;j.t CHAPTER VIII. THE COURTS OF HICHLAND COUNTY 8.!0 CHAPTER IX. THE RAH OK RICHLAND COUNTY 858 CHAPTER X. EDUC.\T10NAL 867 CHAPTER XI. GOVERNMENT SURVEYS 8«!l CHAPTER XII. REMINISCENCES OF EARLY DAYS 873 BvLevIHouts 874 By William Wulllng... 876 Bv A. Hnseltine 878 BvSalma Rogers 881 PAGE. By George H. Babb 882 ByA.L. Hateh 884 Byd.L.Laws 8K) BvJ. M. Reid 886 By J. H. Waggoner 888 By .lanifs H. Miner 890 Bv Rev. John Walwortli 8!I2 By Rev. J. H. Mathers 893 By Mrs. Cvrus D. Turner 896 By IsraelJanney 898 CHAPTER XIII. WAR FOR THE UNION iKB CHAPTER XIV. 930 THE HONORED PIONEER DEAD CHAPTER XV. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 940 CHAPTER XVI. RAILWAY AND TELEGRAPH LINES 948 CHAPTER XVII. DARK DEEDS 9.J1 CHAPTER XVIII. THE PRESS 9fil Richland Count J' Observer , 962 Riehland Counlj' R epublican 964 Republican and Observer 964 'I he Live Republican 965 The Observer 966 Satt's Pine River Pilot 906 The Richland Democrat 966 The Uii hland Rustic 967 Uiihland County Democrat 907 The Zouave 967 The Sentinel 908 Thr 1 11.1. -pendent 968 The Richland Union Democrat 988 Lone Rock Pilot 970 CHAPTER XIX. TOWN OF AKAN 971 CHAPTER XX. TOWN OF BLOOM 981 ViLi.AOK OF Sphi NO Valley 98:! Village OP West Li.MA 981 CHAPTER XXI. TOWN OF BI'ENA VISTA 989 Richland City 993 Lo.vE Rock 994 CHAPTER XXII. TOWN OF DAYTON 1012 Village OF BoAz 1015 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIII. PAGE. ^ TOWN OF EAGLE 1023 CHAPTER XXIV. TOWN OF FOREST ]{M3 Village OF VioL.\ 104.5 CHAPTER XXV. TOWN CF HENRIETTA 1031 Early St-ttlement 1051 Eflucatioiial 10.W Religious 105i Village OF Woodstock 10.56 ViLLAGf; CF i'DB.l 1058 CHAPTER XXVI. TOWN OF ITHACA 1070 Early Settlement lOTO Religious lOTB Elucational 1078 Organic 1079 Village OF Pktf.ksuurg 1080 Village OF Neitune 1080 Village OF Ithaca 1081 Village of Se.xtonville 1083 CHAPTER XXVII. TOWN OF MA USH ALL 1107 Early Settlement 1107 First Things 1109 Educational 1110 Religious 1111 CHAPTER XXVIII. TOW.v OF OlilON 11.30 Enrlv Settlement 11.50 FirstTliings 1132 Educational 1I3;; Religious 1132 VILL.AGE OF Obion llSl CHAPTER XXIX. TOWN OF RICHLAND 1U7 Richland Center 1149 The Beginning .. 1149 Business Development 1151 Business Directory 1153 Industrial Enterprises 11.56 Village GoTcrnment 11.57 Temperance Movement 1166 page. Educational 1169 Religious 1170 Societies 1173 CHAPTER XXX. TOWN OF RICH WOOD 1216 Early Settlement 1210 First Events 1217 Industrial Enterprises 1318 Religious 1219 Educational 1219 ViLL.tGE OF Port Andrews 1220 Village OF Excelsior 1221 CHAPTER XXXI. TOWN OF ROCKBRIDGE J237 Early Settlement 12:i7 Organic 1241 Educational , 1242 Religious 124;) Items of Interest 1244 Village of Rockbridge 12U CHAPTER XXXII. TOWN OF SYLVAN 1200 Early Settlement 1260 Various Matters i:'.l>i Schools 126-i Religious 1263 Organic 1303 CHAPTER XXXIII. TOWN OF WESTFOUD 1268 Early Settlement 1268 First Events .. 1270 Organic 1270 Educational 1271 Religious 1271 Village OF Cazenovia 1272 CHAPTER XXXIV. TOWN OF WILLOW 1281 Early Settlement 1281 Educational 1284 Religious 1383 Historical Items 1286 Village op LoYD 1287 CHAPTER XXXV. EARLV EVENTS IN RICHLAND COUNTV I:a5 PORTRAITS. page Carswell, John H 996 Cai-swell. Mary U 99; Clark, H. J 117' Downs, D L 1213 Fogo, W. M... Gribhle, Iivin page . . 1159 James, D. G.... I . 1195,ivmilcr, Peter. page . . 845 Miner, James H. I Walworth, John 913 879iWhitcomb, Myron 811 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI BIOGRAPHICAL PAOF. Aknii. Willimn lllis! Allen. H. H 1U'1L> Allison. W ().. ll-.'7 A Iwoi 111. Kil wa n\ M laiOj AndersiU), .Ahrnhain l».^4 Andeison. Diivid.. ]2.')4 Alliii rsiin. Jaoiili Andrews. Thoinus. Api)l"It.v. ,Ijinn.-s .. Atkins, CHrri M . Atkinson. L. E.~. . Austin, E. 1' Austin, llinini 12-.'l 8:14— siwl 12711 IS*! 125S 1247 BHbh. Goorjre H. Hachti'nIun-iRM-, James liaili V. II T Itakf'r, W \V Ilal-iley, William A.. -. Itancroft. .1. C Uarncs, William M Harron, W. C. S Uarn tt, Alexander. .. BaxtiT, L. W Bi-ai-. D W Behove. E. W liellville, C. U, liencicr, Daniel Iteiider. William Bennett, Geoijfe E Bennett. .Jaeob Henin-tt. Van S Benton. Josepil Benton, Geoive Benton, .Ii-., .loscph .. Ber^fer. Philip Daniel. Berr> man. .1. H lievier. Zenas \V Ililile, Moses Biektord. A. W Bills, .lames A Blaek, Winfleld Scott . Bliiek, O. K Black, .\le.\antier. ... Blake. Simon S lioek. Hugo N Bovee, Elisba Bovce, Durfoe Biiwen, 1". P Boweu. W..I Braee. Cnr-(ls E ISradv, .lames Jirad:'lia\v, ,1. W. Brewer, I*. E Brewer, I\ S Brewer. It. K BriKt-s. Ja.v W. Brimer, B<'?i.iamin F. . Brimer. .Jacob Ilrimer, J. X. Britton. Orrin I,. . .. BrowTU'lI. Ben,jamln B Buchanan. ,lr.. Knbcrt Buchanan. Itobert Bnnell. .Icsse (i Burnhain. V . W, . . , Burnhain. .1. W Burnham. Horace L Burwitz. Cliristian.. Itush. A H Bn-*b.v. Harry ... Button. Leonard Byrd. I). H l:;ti5 !)7!t lisw lal.-l nai 1007 1023 1198 104; 131: 1040 941 828 1047 1047 12117 1U0';1 834 !i:i."i 1247 1123 114', 8ti:i 10111 1271! 1141 IIKL'l 8(i0| 8t!2 8«l! 1143 lOIOi 1181 118^ 118S 118S lOOB: H77' '.I.SS' 1103: 1104, lllll 1021 114.'. Old' I>40 10871 1203' 12:it 12;c; 12071 so I 1204' 1101 114.1 8: ill .s:t2 1002 8:i0 HAOE Carson, .Alonzo 1220 Carswell, George J 1004 Carswell. .John A lOWi Carswell. ,lohn H lOOS, Carpenter, JSilas L . 12.>i Carver, Itandolph L 937 Casey, F. P »4li Cass, George W 1003 Cass, ,James M 1001 Cass. Osnum - .- .... 04 1 Gate. H. W 12.W Chandler, I). O 1180 Chesemore, Stephen W.... 1318 Chishulm, Ale.\ander 1256 Clark, P. M 12.57 i lark, E. I) 1230 Clark. Homer J 864 Clark, Edmund 1231 Clark, J. S 12:30 Clarson. John 12.5.') Cleveland, J A 1210 Cline, Samuel 1291 Closson, C. E 978 Coates, W. H 1232 Coates, H. F 12J2 Coates, J. T.. 1232 Cotlinbcrrv, J. W 856 Collins, Henry 1184 Collins, WillinmF. 1180 Conner. Henry 12:i7 Cook. Levi H . . llOli Cooper. William 1031 Cornwall. Horace 1039, Coulter. William 113:> I'ouinbe. J. Hobert 1231 Cratsenbersr, William iO.Mi Crawford, Williau: 830 Crumbecker, A. M 1208; CunniUKham, M.H B. ... 12461 Davis, John C 931 Davis, Samuel 931 Davis, AbijahS 1005 Davis, George 1124 David, O. F 1236: Dawson, William Henry.. 1141 Dedcrich. Anthony 1102 DeHart. Henry B. 931 D< Lap. It. H «i;i Deinmer. .lohn Henry 114.T Dewey. David 12*1 DiUKnian. Jcremiali 1220 Di.von. William 1103 Dobl.s. Lewi« »7(i Dornihoe, J(thn 1275 Do,, ley. William 1136 r)i,udna. W. V ]20fi, Doniliia. Isaac 1126 Dove. .lames 1208) Dowling. James 9:34' Downs. D. L 940, Down<. William H ... IBl Dri'ikill, Oliediah 1206' Durnloril. Alfred 862 Dunn. John 1068 Eastland, H. A 86] Easllanrl. A. C 8.56 Ka-'tland. H.W 1199 Easthuid. K. W 801 Kilwanls. Thomas J 087 Eldreil, 1(. S 1007 Elliott, Joseph 1238 PAGE. Elliett. Randolph 1236' Kllswi,rth. H. B 1236 Ellswnrlh, J. S 1:J38 Ellsworlh. M. 1)^ 1329 ;Ellsworth, Thoi^Tas J 1339 Ellsworth, Eli 1011 Ellsworlh, Wallace 1011 Knishoir. llenrv 1141 'Ewers, ,|i.hn 1364 Ewiuf, Joshua. . . o:i4 Fay, John 1185 Fcrebee, Samuel 10:35 Ferguson, John W 1067 Flamme. John I14ti Fbeknor, Peter 960, Fogo, ,John Ill F(,!ro, John 9:35 Fogo, W M 965 Fogo. George 1346 Ford, Nathan 1193 Fowler, F. D 1209 Fowler, John 1066 Fowler. Allison 1067 Fowler, Burgess 1067 Fowler, John W 1007, Francis, William. 1254 PAflE. Hanzlik, Wenz<'l J 1278 Harris, .\braham 1017 Harnng, J. D jaio Harlan. SaEUuel. 1021 Harn, Thomas 1287 Harl, John 1120 Hart, Lvnian 1126 Hart, T M 1191 Harfer, Andrew 1008 Hart-ihoni. Dr 940 Haseliine. IraS 1183 Hascltiiie, Alden 938 'lascltine, Hascal 827 Hawkins, U. C 831 Hayward, J. G. S 9:33 j Haseliine, Oriii I2i5 Heal, William 1267 Herbert. Joseph 9.SC Helm, John ii 912 Hendricks, Samuel 1257 Heuthorn, William 1366 Hice.. William 1200 ''rnncois, Jules ]3S,sl Freeborn, S. 1 1091 Freeman, .Morris. 1340 Freeman. Morris 931 French. James 1388 Fries, J. C 1204 Fries, A. S 1304 Fries, 0. C 1204 Fries. Henrv W 8:33 Furev. William f 967 Furey, W. P 9:i6 GarJleld, William W 1061 (iartield, William W 9:(4| Garner, E. S I02I1 Garner, J. W 12:351 Gault, Samuel B 10;t6| Ghormlev. Michael 9:311 iilasier. H. W 1204 (.ileason. OtisL 1274 Gi,ir, Thonuis WiO G<,yer, Joseph 94:3 Grafton, Alexander B. ... 1105 Graham, Charles 1119 Graham, Thomas 1118 Gray, Enoch 12.5:3 Greaves, Bronson 1062 Grilible. Irvin S65 Glim, \athanii-l 1265 (Jrover, Amasa 1089 Groves, Samuel 12tW G fosse, Hernnui 1280 Guess. Oliver 1263 Guess, Albert W 1047 Gunnell. Thomas 1037 Hale, /achariah 9:t:f Hall. Calvin 1367 Hall. William H KKIS llallin. B. C ... 1187 Hamilton, Hichard Wade. 1251 Hamilton, Herman T .. . 1350 Hamilton, Hoswell It 1017 Hamilton, D. S .. 828 Haney, J.W lOox Hanson. Nels 1327 Higgiubotham, N. Hills, F.G . Hillberry, George H (Hiilberi'v, George IHiliman, W.J ' 'Hitchcock, William A.... Hitchcock, J. B Hoke, George ] Holcoinb. A . Jj . .. . Householdei-, Daniel Houts, O Hurless, Jobe M. 1265 988 1:;;h 1037 1212 1143 944 1090 1008 9:34 941 985 Hurless, Henry H 10:15 Huston, .John I0a5 Hyatt, Alfred 1194 Hyatt, S. C 1194 Hyde, A.P ]245 Hynek, Wensel UKi8« Irish, Joseph E 834 James, N. L 1191 James David G 1192 James, George H 1193 James, .\. G ; 1197 Jaiuiey, Lot P 1115 Jauney, William 1115 Janncy, Israel 1244 Janncv,John F' 1345 Jaquish, David 9:10 Jarvis, George 861 Jarvis, George 1374 .Ja.\. John .M 127S Jewell, John J 986 Johns, G. A. ..■ 930 Johnson. Sr., Isaac 1351 Johnston, James 1292 Jones, Samuel IIOO Jones. Hezckinh 114:1 Jones, Jcdtuhaa 1189 Jones, J. W 12ai Jones, Warrington 12:11 .lones, John 1). 13:t1 Joslin, W. H 1181 Joslin, Carlos 1061 Joslin, William H 831 Kcane, John 1278 Kell.v, John 97B ICi'pler, Henrv ... 1125 Keyes, James D 1003 Kincannon, Marion M 1226 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Kincaunon, William M... 1225 Kinder, Peter 1224 Kiuney, Thoiiiaa It:i4 Kimciii, Biidiiigton 1250 KlinVler, John 1185 Kiiit-'bt, Joseph 1201 Koeh, Jeremiah lOtifi Koeiiig-. Kev. Henry 10' ^vr0U!?kop, Georg-e 1184 Krouskop, Jacob 93;^ Krouskop, William 100;j Kuykeadall. Alfred .... 10(U Lamberson, J. G 1090 Lane. A. D 1184 Larson, August 1310 Laws, James 1140 Laws. G. L 827 Lawrence, Fred B J2 Lawton, Isaac R 1049 Leather berry, Thomas J.. 1063 Leiber.John, 1292 Le^vis. James 1142 Lewis. Andrew 9:i9 Le^v'is, James. . . 860 Lewis. William F. . . 100' Lincoln, O^^car B 1280 Lincoln, Levi J 1104 Logan. T, P 1333 Logan, James 1233 Looker. Edmund B 1128 Long, Samuel 1003 Loveless. A 829 Lucas, James 1036 Lunenschloss, William. .. . 1097 Lybrand.J. W 1200 McCarthy, Patrick H 1060 McCarthy, Conelius 936 McCaskev,Josiah 85' McCorkle, William 1092 Miller, William 1030 Miller, Jacob J 1030 Miller, George 'Hi Miller.R. M 946 Millison, Levi 1264 Miner, James H Si;3 Minctt. William Ill .Misslich, William Mitchell, G. K 946 Moody.E. L 8:e Moody,Joseph 1277 Moore,C. J 12.35 Moore,R. S 1009 -Moon, Joseph : . . 1123 Morrison, Henr.y J 1003 Moyes, James 12V9 Muhler, George.. 10.50 Mubler, Jr. , Amadeus 1050 Munson, Oliver G 1210 PAGE Kiec, Daniel 1186 Richards, William 1131 Rizer, John H 977 Rolierts, Jehiel W 1293 Hobinson, William 1033 Hotiiiison, William 1018 Ki'l.ilisoti. Hiiirv 1019 lli'.lN Hnl.iii^.iii. \Villi:nii F -.-. 1019 Uo.lolph. FriMik G 1030 Rodolph, Charles G 859 Rogers, Salma 1048 Rose, Sidney 1185 Ross, W. D. S 1201 Ross, 1334 Roth. George F 1040 iiunimery. Thomas J 1039 Kunyan, Levi 1008 Rulau, John 827 McCorkle, C . .M 829 McCorkle, Joseph C 1103 McCulhim, J. L. H 1088 McCollum, Asa lOSS McCord,B. F 988 McDonald, Daniel 1250 McGrew, J. B 11: McKay, R. N 1311 McKee, J. L 1186 MoMahan, Isaac 936 McMillan, Samuel 938 McMurtrie, Joseph 833 McMurtrey, Lee 1207 McNelly. Henry 940 McNurlen. William 1005 Mainwaring, John ... . 1140 Manning.ErasmusDarwin 1038 Manchester, T. A 1042 Manlev.Menzies Phelps 1095 MarshiS. B 1231 Marshall. Joseph 1115 Marshall, George L Ill" Martin, James 1199 Mark ham. Edward 1292 Mason, Thomas 1063 Mason, James Edward 1063 Mathews, Hubert 1034 Malh'ws, Thomas 1135 Matthews, John J 831 Ma vfield, David :.... 1137 Mayfleld, Green ,. 1137 Meeker, John A 1060 Meeker, Robert Douglas,. 1066 Merrill, Henty ... 1124 Mickel,George N 1290 Miller, Abrara 1143 Miller, John 1144 Miller, Henry 1227 .Munson, Martin . . . . 9 '4 Murray, William .... 1391 .Murphy, Daniel ... 1287 Murphy, Edward . -. .... 12.-.3 Murphy. Michael .... SU4 Neefe, Charles A .... 986 Neff, Alberts .... 10113 Newburn Jeremiah B.... UWt ^,.,)iindt, FrederickC. Nicliols D P.. It"': Schuruu n, William .\oble, WjlliamJ 1115 • . . ■ - Noble,Daniel 1121 >f oble, Samuel 1334 Norman, Sr., George 1064 Norman, George 1064 Norman, Caleb H 1064 Norman Sttltsman, WilUam 1126 alisburv, John 1389 Sands. John G 1359 Sanfont, Frank 1309 Sargent, George L 1011 Scholl, ClnistDpher.. 1358 Srlmiitz, Mathias Joseph. 1105 Seliniitz, Mrs. M.J 1105 1144 1182 Scott, John S 1352 Sellers, James A 985 Se.\ton, E. M 8.5' Sexton. Morris 931 Shaffer. John - . 1037 Shambaugh. Adam 941 .loshuaJ W^f Sherman, Frederick IKiS Norman. J -imes OWI^ijcrman, M. L 1207 Nourse, Elijah lyi'? Shireman, Ammi 1191 Nudd, Amos 859 Ogden, William 1263 ~ " 1104 1050 829 1068 Ostrander, D. B.. Ott, Isaac G. B Page, Andrew J Palmer, Oswald Palmer, L. B Partrey, Edward Paifrey, A. Parsons, DavidE Parsons, Thomas Patch, Francis M Pease, Myron C Pease, E Peckhara, Levi Pecknam. W. R Pepin, Cleophus Persinger, Levi Phoenix, Ludger Pickard, W. J Pickard, S. W Pickering, William... Pierce, Converse Pierson, Charles B ... Powell, Joseph Pratt, Richard . Pratt. \V. E Priest, Henry Priest, Daniel B Shontz, John A 1098 Shookman Philip 1258 Schuerman, Henry 1139 Sigrist, Henry 1139 Simons, Jacob 931 Simpson, William., i^ipp.v, Joseph — 834isires, Alexander. 1306 stater, (ieorge 13iii; Slaughter, A. B . 831 .-^l.ieuin, C. W 313.j;smith, B.N.. 1099 1093 930 1032 828 1315 1311 1020 1097 12U 1099 1138 1135 1249 1266 8:30 1017 Smith, Frank O. 936 Smith, Mathias M.. 1305 Smith, Whitney 1134 Smith. IsuacO SSu^Smith, Philip 1050 Smith, John 1228 Smith, .Vngus 1275 Smith, David 1193Smith, 0. H lli'7;smith, Henry J 934 1034 Smith, Edward. 1234 1279. Smith, Jerry A S'O Smyth. John H 1291 1032 Snow, Daniel 125-, 1-53 Soule. James J u.^o 1301 Southard, Ransom E 1087 "I Southard, James 108' 858 Spaugler, GeorgeL 1308 Stayton, John . . 1347 Stewart, R. B 1287 Stewart, Mahlon 987 Stewart, J.imes H 988 Stewart, Charles D 860 Stevenson, F. M 12,59 Stockton, J. C 1188 Storms, Daniel 1197 ]0."..«'>ituwi-ll, Anson 106.'' louii stockwell, Robert M 1065 PAGE. Strang, George H 1310 Straight. Albert J 1354 Stratton, A. M... 132!i Stroud. A. E 861 Stuart, Charles 1256 Surrem, JohnE 1031 Sutton, K 865 Sweet, W.S 864 ladder, German . 938 Telfair, Byron W 857 relfair, R. L 945 Thomas, L. G 1006 Thomas, J. M 1102 Thompson, A. P 8.57 Thorp, L. M 1337 Tinker, Allen 1376 Toms, Henry 1204 Totton, Jonathan 936 Towsley. A. W 1009 Tracy, Lucius 1089 Travers, .\rthur W 1065 Travers, H enry 1065 Truesdale, John 1127 Tubbs, R. A 1049 Turgasen, .lohu 975 Turner, Jonathan 1049 VanDuscn, Lawrence. Van Pool. Jacob a59 1030 Queen, Benjamin W.. Ragles, .\b'-l Randall, Miles., Reagles, Ezra Reeob, William Recob, William.. Rcnick, Lattiraore Reynolds, Jctterson J iiu„„,i »., m^, Rhodes, Joseph H 1007, Stoddard, Valentine 128 1119 1100 931 1291 937 1034 Waddell, John 1183 Waggoner, Peter 13.56 Waggoner, Caleb 1189 Waggoner, William J 1049 Walworth. John 1301 Wail H. J 946 Wallace, John 1003 Wal lace David 938 Walker, J. F 1197 Waller, George W ... 1040 Walser, Henry T 1068 Walser, Hiram H 1068 Wanless, Archibald 1120 Ward, Edgiir 979 Washburn, James 1358 Washburn, B. F 1235 Watt, James 1266 Webb, Robert ; 978 Weldy. James D 1038 Wenker, Sebastian 1379 Welton, Hiram 833 Weltoii, S 12.51 West, Edward 1376 West, Moses B 1349 Wheaton, Theodore 1041 Wherry, Demas 10(33 Whitcomb, C. U 1224 Vv'hitcomb, Myron 1225 Whitcraft, Thomas J 1190 White, George C 8:il White, Marvin 838 Wildermuth, David 1289 Wilev, William 1356 Willis, John W 1394 Wilson. John S ... 859 Wiltrout, Adam A 1048 Winn, John 1193 Winterburn, Benjamin... 1101 Winton, Nathan 1332 Wolf, Abraham 1009 Wright, T. J 1191 Wright, .luhn 1388 Wright, J. 947 Wright, W. C 86 1 Wulting, E. C 861 Wulting, William 1182 Young, E. P. 930 Certificates of Crawford and Richland Counties. We the undersignei members of the committee appointed to revise and correct the General History of ( rnwford County. Wisconsin, do hereby certify that the manuscript of said history was S'lhmitted to us and that we made all the ehansres and additions that wo, in oiir judx-ment, deemed necessary: and as corrected, we are satislled with and approve the same. Prairie du Chien, Jan. 29. 1884. [Signed.] Wm. T. sterling, 1 B. W. lirisbois, I James Fisher I John H. Tower, J Committee. Wm. I). Merrell. Alexander M. Beach, John R. Hurlbut, We the undersigned committee appointed for the purpose of correcting the History of our respective towns for the tory .)f Crawford County, hereby eerlity that the manu-('V( ral States in the Union hav- ing claims to waste and unapi)ropriated lands in the western country, a liberal cession tothegen- er.jl government of a portion of their respective claims for the common benefit of the Union. The claiming States were Connecticut, New York and Virginia, all under their colonial char- ters, and the last mentioned, in addition thereto, by right of conquest of the Illinois country. The region contended for lay to the northwest of the river Ohio. Virginia claimed territory westward to the Mississippi and northward to a somewhat indefinite extent. New York, and especially Connecticut, laid claim to territory streiching away to an unbounded extent west- waid, but not so far to the south as Virginia. The last mentioned State, by virtue of conquests largely her own, extended her jurisdiction over the Illinois settlements in 1778, and the year after, and erected into a county enough to in- clude all her conquests. But, what is now the State of Wisconsin, she certainly did not exor- cise dominion over. The three States finally ceded all llicir rights to the United States, leav- ing the general goveinmeiit absolute owner of th<> whole country, subject only to the rights, such as they were, of the Indian Nations who dwelt therein. Under a congressional ordinance, i>assed in 1785, for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the western territory, the geographer ended by the war with Great Britain, which ininiedintely followed. At the close of hostilities, British traders were prohibited by law from pursuing their calling within the jurisdiction of the United States. The result was the southwest company closed up its affairs, and the American fur company re-appeared un- der the exclusive control of Astor, who estab- lished his western headquarters at Mackinaw, operating extensively in what is now Wiscon- sin, especially at La Pointe, upon Lake Sujierior, where large warehouses were erected; a siock- ade built, lands cleared, farms opened, dwell- ings and stores put up. But English traders evaded the law by sen .ing their goods into the United States in the name of American clerks in their employ. These goods being of supe- rior quality to those furnished by Astor, they continued to command the Indian trade to a large extent. It was only when the American prince of fur-traders was enabled to import goods to New York of equal quality and send them by way of the lakes, that he could success- fully compete with his rivals and in the end drive them from the fieM. At the commencement of the war with (iieat Britain the few settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien depended largely u])i m the fur trade for their living, monojiolized, as we have seen, at that period, by British traders. At the beginning of hostilities this depeiidency was proniptlj' secured to the latter by the ca])- lure, from the Americans, of the post at Macki- naw. Naturally enough most of the people of Wisconsin, limited in number as they were, ad- hered to the English during the continuance of hostilities. As to the Indian tribes, witliin what are now the limits of the State, it may be said that, in a measure, they, too, all arraye, gave evident signs of a disposition to remain friendly, although some thought the advent of soldiers an intrusion. An Iiulian agency under John Boyer and a United States factory, well supplied with goods, with Major Matthew Irwin at its head, were soon established at the bay ; a factory at Prairie du Cliien, under charge of John W. Johnson, was also started. The Menemonee and Winnebago tribes, the former upon Green bay, the latter upon the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, were now brought into nearer relations with the United Stales. WISCOXSIN AS A PART OF MICHIGAN TBRRITORY. Upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan territory; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. At the close of the last war with Great Britian, Wis- consin began in earnest to be occui>ieur- suing whites made their appearance upon the heiglits in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete vic- tory. The action commenced about 5 o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy sustained a loss, it is said, of about sixty killed and a large number wounded.* The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. During the following night Black Hawk made his escape down the Wisconsin. He was pursued and finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the western boundary of what is now Vernon Co., Wis.; and on the 2d of August attacked on all sides by the Americans, who soon obtained a complete victory. Black Hawk esca))ed, but was soon after captured. This ended the war. *lllack thiwk ^ivrQ ii \ ri-y rtlfforoitt n<'ooniit ap to hi:^ Inss "In Ibis skiiniisli." snys lie, "with Itfty braves I de- fcn'UHl and Hcconiplisht-d my i)U«sago over thi* Wisconaiii with a loss of nuly sijt men." 34 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The survey of public lands to which the In- dian title had been extinguished; the erection of Milwaukee county from the southern part of Brown; the changing of the eastern boundary of Fowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; the attaching, for judicial purposes, of all the country west of the Mississippi river and north of the State of Mis- souri to the territory of Michigan in 1834, and the division of it into the two counties of Des Moines and Dubuque, were the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. The prospective admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, to include all that part of the territory lying east of Lake Michi- gan, caused, on the 1st of January, 1836, a ses- sion (the first one) of the seventh territorial council, to legislate for so much of the terri- tory as lay to the westward of that lake, to be held at Green Bay, when a memorial was adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new territory, to include all of Michigan ter- ritory not to be admitted as a State. This re- ([uest, it will now be seen, was soon complied with by the National Legislature. CHAPTER II. WISCONSIN AS A TERRITORY. The Territory of Wisconsin* was erected by act of Congress of April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the 3d day of July following. ♦Wisconsin takes its name from its principal river, which drains an extensive portion of its surface. It rises in Ijake Vieux Desert (which is partly in Michigan and partly In Wisconsin), flows generally a south course to Portage in what is now Columhia county, where it turns to the south- we-t, and after a further course of 118 miles, with a rapid cuiTCnt. reaches the Mississippi river, four miles below Prai- rie du Chien. Its entire length is about iriO miles, descending, in that distance, a little more than 1,000 feet. Along the lower portion of the stream are the high lands, or river hills. Some of these hills present high and precipitous faces to- ward the water. Others terminate ia knobs. The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature: the word being derived from ?7ii-s-i.s, great, and ns-sin, a stone or rock. Compare Shea's Discovoil fold Explnratinn of the MissiJi- sinpi. pp. 6 (note* and 2fi8; Foster's Mississippi VaUeu, p. 2 motel; Schoolcraft's Tliirty Tears with the Indian Tribe)!, p. 2'nand note. Two definitions of the word are current — as widel.v differ- ing from each other as from the one just given. (See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I , p. Ill, and (Vebster's Die, Una- bi-idged. p. 16-32.) The first— "the gathering of the waters"— has no corresponding words in Algonquin at all resembliug the name; the same may be said of the second— "wild rush- ing channel." (See Otchipwe Die. of Kev. P. Baragii. Since first used by the French the word ' 'Wisconsin" has 'inderg(^ne considerable change. On the map by Joliet, re- cently brought to light by Gravier, it is given as "Miskon- «'ng " In Marquette's journal, published by Thevenot. in Paris. 1681. it is noted as the "Meskousing." It appeared ihereforthe first time in print. Hennepin, in 1683, wrote ••Qnisconsin" and "Misconsin;" Charlevoix. 1743. "Ouis- consin:" Carver. 1766, "Ouisconsin" (English— "Wiscou- sin"); since which last mentioned date the orthography has been uniform.— Butterfleld's IHacmx/ry of Wi« Nurthwest in It was made to include all that part of the late Michigan territory described within boundaries "commencing at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay; thence tlirough that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert; thence to the middle of that lake; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States! ast touches the lake northwest; thence on the north, witli the territorial line, to the White Earth river; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main cliannel of that stream to the Mis- souri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to thf northwest corner of the State of Missouri; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 35 Congress, to the place or point of beginning." Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque and Des Moines, witli a portion of Chippewa and Michiliraackinac un- organized. Henry Dodge was commissioned governor April :S0, li^-SC; Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Trvin and William C. Frazer associate justices; by Andrew Jackson, Presi- dent of the United States. The following were the secretaries, attorneys and marshals, with the dates of their commissions who held office while the territory was in existence : SBCRBTARIES. John S. Horner, May 0, 1836; William B. Slaughter, Feb. 16, 1837; Francis I. Dunn, Jan. 25, 1841; Alexander P. Field, April 23, 1841; George Floyd, Oct. 30. 1843; John Catlin, Feb. 24, 1846. UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS. W. W. Chapman, May 6, 1836; Moses M. Strong, July 5, 1838; Thomas W. Sutherland, April 27, 1841; William P. Lynde, July 14, 1845. UNITED STATES MARSHALS. Francis Gehon, May 6, 1836; Edward James, June 19, 1838; Daniel Ilugunin, March 15, 1841; Charles M. Prevost, Aug. 31, 1844; John S. Rockwell, March 14, 1845. The first important measure to he looked af- ter by Governor Dodge upon his assuming, in the spring of 1836, the executive chair of the territory was the organization of the territorial Legislature. A census showed the following population east of the Mississippi : Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850; Iowa county. 5,234. Total, 1 1,683. The enumeration for the two counties west of the Mississippi was — Des Moities, 6,257; Du- buque, 4,274. Total, 10,531. The population, therefore, of both sides of the river aggregated 22,214. The legislative apportionment, made by the governor, gave to the territory thirteen councilmen and twenty-six representatives. These, of course, were to be elected by the peo- ple. The election was held Oct. 10, 1836. Belmont, in the present county of Lafayette, Wis., was appointed as the place for the meet- ing of the Legislature, where the first session began October 25. A quorum of each house was in attendance. Henry S. Baird, of Green Bay, wai elected president of the council, and Peter H. Engle speaker of the house. The following persons served as presidents of the council while Wisconsin was a territory : First session, first Legislative Assembly, Henry S. Baird, Brown county. Second session, first Legislative Assembly, Arthur R. Ingraham, Des Moines county. Special session, first Legislative Assembly, Arthur R. Ingraham, Des Moines county. First session, second Legislative Assembly, William Bullen, Racine county. Second session, second Legislative Assembly, James Collins, Iowa county. Third session, second Legislative Assembly, James Collins, Iowa county. Fourth (extra) session, second Legislative Assembly, William A. Prentiss, Milwaukee county. First session, third Legislative Assembly. James Maxwell, W^alworth county. Second session, third Legislative Assembly, James Collins, Iowa county. First session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Moses M. Strong, Iowa county. Second session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Marshal M. Strong, Racine county. Third session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Moses M. Strong, Iowa county. Fourth session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Nelson Dewey, Grant county. First session, fifth Legislative Assembly, Horatio N. Wells, Milwaukee county. >'pecial session, fifth Legislative Assembly, Horatio N. Wells, Milwaukee county. Second session, fifth Legislative Assembly, Horatio N. Wells, Milwaukee county. The following persons served as speakers of the House during llie t-.intinu.iiioe i>f Wisi-ou- sin territorv : 36 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. First session, first Legislative Assembly, Peter H. Engle, Dubuque county. Sec.ontl session, first Legislative Assembly, Isaac Leffler, Des Moines county. Special session, first Legislative Assembly, William B. Sheldon, Milwaukee county. First session, second Legislative Assembly, John W. Blackstone, Iowa county. Second session, second Legislative Assembly, Lucius I. Barber, Milwaukee county. Third session, second Legislalive Assembly, Edward V. Whiton, Rock county. Fourth (extra) session, second Legislative Assembly, Nelson Dewey, Grant county. First session, third Legislative Assembly, David Newland, Iowa county. Second session, third Legislative Assembly David Newland, Iowa county. First session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Albert G. Ellis, Portage county. Second session, fourth Legislative Assembly, George H. Walker, Milwaukee county. Third session, fourth Lesjislative Assembly, George II. Walker, Milwaukee counly. Fourth session, fourth Legislative Assembly, Mason C. Darling, Fond du Lac county. First session, fifth Legislative Assembly, William Shew, Milwaukee county. Special session, fifth Legislative Assembly, Isaac P. Walker, Milwaukee county. Second session, fifth Legislative Assembly, Timothy i3urns, Iowa county. Each of the tiiree branches of the infant gov- ernment was now (October, 1836) in working order, except that it remained for the Legisla- tive Assembly to divide the territory into three judicial districts, the number required bv the organic act, and make an assignment of the judges. This was speedily done. Crawford and Iowa constituted the first district, to which the chief justice was assigned; Dubuque and Dc'S Moines the second, to which judge Irvin was assigned; and Judge Frazer to the third, consisting of Milwaukee and Brown counties. The principal matters engaging the attention of the legislators were the permanent location of the capitol, the erection of new counties and the location of county seats. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government; and nine coun- ties were erected east of the Mississippi: Wal worth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Dodge, Wash- ington, Rock, Grant and Green. West of the river six counties were set off: Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine and Cook. The Legislature adjourned sine die, Dec. 9, 1886. Tiie first term of the supreme court was held at Belmont on the the 8th day of Decem- ber, of that year. The appointment of a clerk, crier and reporter, and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business of the first term. The following persons served as clerks while Wisconsin was a territory: John Catlin, appointed at December term, 1836; Simeon Mills, appointed at Jul)' term, 18.39; La Fayette Kellogg, appointed at July term, 1840. Gov. Dodge, appointed Dec. 8, 18.36, Henry S. Baird, as attorney general. His successors were as follows: Horatio N. Wells, appointed by Gov. Dodge, March :30, 1839; Mortimer M. Jackson, ap- pointed by Gov. Dodge, Jan. 26, 1842; William Pitt Lynde, appointed by Gov. Talimage, Feb. 22, 1845; A. Hyatt Smith, appointed by Gov. Dodge Aug. 4, 1845. Upon the organization of the territory in 1830, it was necessary that it should be represented in the National Legisla- ture; so on the day of the election of the terri- torial Legislature, George W. Jones, of Iowa county, was chosen a delegate in Congress. His successors were: James Duane Doty, elected Sept. 10, 1838; James Duane Doty, elected Aug. 5, 1840; Henry Dodge, elected Sept. 21, 1841; Henry Dodge, elected Sept. 25, 1843; Morgan L. Martin, elected Sept. 22, 1845; John H. Tweedy, elected Sept. 6, 1847. At the close of the year 1836, there was no land in market east of the Mississippi, except a narrow strip along the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 37 of tlie country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to pre-emption by actual settlers. Tiie Indian tribes still claimed a larye portion ot the lands. On the north were located the Chippewas. The soutliern limits of their possessions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46 degrees 31 minutes in a southeasterly direc- tion to the head of Lake St. Croix; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in tlie present Portage Co., W's.; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of th» Winnehagoes. Eastof the Winnebagocs in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands ex- tending to Wolf river. Sucli was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin terri- tory, east of the Mississippi, at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox rivei'; tiie wliole of the area lying south of Green bay, Fox river and the Wisconsin, ctmstituted the extent of country over which the Indians Iiad no claim. In this region, as we have seen, was a populatian of about 12,000, it was made np of the scattered settlers at tiie lead mines; the military establishments, (I'ort Crawford, Fort Winnebago and Fort Howard), and settli- ments at or near them; and the village of Milw aukee; these were about all the parts of the territory east of the Mississippi, at that date, occupied to any extent by the whites. The second session of the first Legislative As- sembly of the territory of Wi., an eighth and ninth circuit was formed. In the same year was also formed a tenth circuit. An eleventh circuit was formed in 1864. By an act which took effect the 1st day of January, 1871, the twelfth circuit was formed. In 1876 a thir- teenth circuit was "constituted and re-organ 48 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. ized." At the present time John M. Went- worih is judge of the first circuit, «hich is com- posed of the counties of Walworth, Kacine, and Kenosha; Cliarles A. Hamilton of the second, which includes Milwaukee county; David J. Pulling of the third, composed of Calumet, Green Lake and Winnebago; Norman S. Gil- son of the fourth, composed of Sheboygan, Mani- towoc, Kewaunee and Fond du Lac; (George Cleraentson of the fifth, composed of Grant, Iowa, La Fayette, Hichland and Crawford; Alfred VV. Newman of the sixth, composed of Clark, Jackson, La Crosse, Monroe, Trem- pealeau and Vernon; Charles M. Webb of the seventh, composed of Portage, Marathon, Wau- paca, Wood, Waushara, Lincoln, Price, and Tay- lor; Egbert B. Buiidy of the eighth, composed of Huffalo, Dunn, Eau Claire, Pepin, Pierce, and St. Croix; Alva Stewart of the ninth, composed of Adams, Columbia, Dane, Juneau, Sauk, M rquette; George H. My res, of the tenth, composed of Florence, Langlade, Outagamie, and Shawano; Solon C. Clough of the eleventh, composed of Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, Polk, and Washburn; John K. iJennettof the twelfth, composed of Rock, Green, and Jefferson; A. Scott Sloan, ot thethir- teenth, composed of Dodge, Ozaukee, Washing- ton, and Waukesha; Samuel D. Hastings of the fourteenth, composed of Brown, Door, Mainette and Oconto. The first Legislature provided for the re-elec- tion of juilges of the circuit courts on the first Monday of August, 1848. By the same act it was provided that the first term of the supreme court siiould be held in Madison, on the sec- ond Monday of January, 1849, and thereafter at the same place and on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. One of their own number under an act of June 29, 1S4S, was to be, by themselves, elected chief justice. Under this arrangement, the following were the justices of the supreme court, at the times indicated: Alex. W. Stow, C. J., fourth, district, Aug. 28, 1848, to Jan. 1, 1851; Edward V. Whiton, A. J., first circuit, Aug. 28, 1848, to June 1, 1853; Levi Hubbell, A. J., elected chief justice, June 18, 1851, second circuit, Aug. 28, 1848, to June 1, 1853; Charles H. Larrabee, A. J., third circuit, Aug. 28, 1848, to June 1, 1853; Mortimer M. Jackson, A. J., fifth circuit, Aug. 28, 1848, to June 1, 1853; Timothy O. Howe, A. J., fourth circuit, Jan. 1, 1851, to June 1, 1853; Wiram Knowlton, A. J., sixth circuit, organized by the Legislature in 1850, Aug. 6, 1850,to June 1, 1853. In 1853, the supreme court was separately organized, the chief justice and associate justices being voted for as such. The following persons have con- stituted that court during tbe terms indicated, since its separate organization: Edward V. Whiton, C. J., June 1, 1853, to April 12, 1859; Luther S. Dixon, C. J., April 20, 1859, to June 17 1874; Edward G. Ryan, C. J., June 17, 1874, to Oct. 19, 1880; Orsamus Cole, C. J., Nov. 11, 1880, (in oflice); Samuel Crawford, A. J., June 1, 1853, to June 19, 1855 ; Abraham D. Smith. A. J., June 1, 1853, to June 21, 1859; Orsamus Cole, A. J., June 19,1855, to Nov. 11, 1880; Byron Paine, A. J., June 21, 1859, to Nov. 15, 1864; Jason Downer, A. J., Nov. 15, 1864, to Sept. 11, 1867; Byron Paine, A. J., Sept. 11. 1867, to Jan. 13, 1871; William P. Lyon, A. J., Jan. 20, 1870, (in oflice); David Taylor, A. J., April 18, 1878, (in office); Harlow S. Orton, A. J., April 18, 1878, (in office); John B. Casso- day, A. J., Nov. 11, 1880, (in oflice). The act of Congress entitled "An act to eiia ble the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," ap- proved Aug. 6, 1846, provided for one I nited States judicial district to be called the district of Wisconsin. It was also provided that a dis- trict court should be held therein by one judge who should reside in the district and be called a district judge. The court was to hold two HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 49 terms a year in the capital, Madison. This was afterward changed so that one term only was lield at the seat of the State government, wliile the other was to be held at Milwaukee. Special terras could be held at either of these places. » On the 12th day of June, 1848, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by the President district judge. By the act of Congress of July 15, 1862, a circuit court of the United States was created to be held in Wisconsin. The district judge was given power to hold the circuit court in Wisconsin in company with the circuit judge and circuit justice, or either of them, or alone in their absence. Wisconsin now com])08es a portion of the seventh judicial circuit of the United States, Thomas Drummond being cir- cuit judge. He resides at Chicago. The cir- cuit justice is one of judges of the United States supreme court. Two terms of the circuit court are held each year at Milwaukee and one term in Madison. In 1870 tlic State was divided into two dis- tricts, the eastern and western. In the westerii district, one term of the United States district court each year was to be held at Madison and one at La Crosse; in the eastern district, two terms were to be held at Milwaukee and one at Oshkosh. On the Otli day of July, 1870, James C. Hopkins was appointed judge of the western district, Andrew G. Miller i-emaining judge of the eastern district. The latter resigned to take effect Jan. 1, 1874, and James H. Howe was ajipointed to Kll the vacancy; but Judge Howe soon resigned, and ('liarles E. Dyer, on the 10th of February, 187-5, appointed in his place. He is still in office. Judge Hopkins, of the western district, died .Sept. 4, 1877; when, on the 1.3ih of October following, Romanzo Bunn was appointed his successor, and now fills that office. An act was passed by the first Legislature pro- viding for the election and defining t!ie duties of a State superintendent of public instruction. The persons holding that office, with the terra of each, are as follows: Eleazer Root, from Jan. 1, 1849, to Jan. 5, 1852; Azel P. Ladd, from Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1854; Hiram A. Wright, from Jan. 5, 1854, to May 29, 1855; A. Constantine Barry, from June 26, 1855, to Jan. 4, 1858; Lyman C. Draper, from Jan. 4, 1858, to Jan. 2, 1860; Jpsiah L. Pickard, from Jan. 2, 1860, to Sept. 30, 1864; John G. Mc- Mynn, from Oct. 1, 1864, to Jan. 6, 1868; Alex- ander J. Craig, from Jan. 6, 1868, to Jan. 3, 1870; Samuel Fallows, from Jan. 6, 1870, to Jan. 4, 1874; Edward Searing, from Jan. 4, 1874, to Jan 7, 1878; William C. Whitford, from Jan. 7, 1878, to Jan. 2, 1882; Robert Gra- ham, from Jan. 2, 1882, (now in office.) By the same Legislature, a State University was estab- lished. The school system of Wisconsin em- braces graded schools, to be found in all the cities and larger villages, the district schools, organized in the smaller villages and in the country generally, besides the University of Wisconsin, (located at Madison, the capital of the State). The university has three depart- ments: the college of letters, the college of arts, and the college of law. It was founded upon a grant of seventy-two sections of land made by Congress to the territory of Wisconsin. That act required the secretary of the treasury to set apart and reserve from sale, out of any public lands within the territory of Wisconsin, "a quantity of land, not exceeding two entire towi:- ships, for the support of a university within the said territory and for no other use or purpose whati^oever; to be located in tracts of land not less tlian an entire section corresponding witli any of the legal divisions into which the public lands are authorized to be surveyed." The territorial Legislature, at its session in 1838, passed a law incorporating the "University of the Territory of Wisconsin," locating the same at or near Madison. In 1841 a commissioner was appointed to select the lands donated to the State for the maintenance! of the university, who ppr'ormi'd the dutv assigned to him in a most acceptable ni;imii'r. Section a of article X of tlu' State i-onstilutioii prii\idi's thai "pro- 3 50 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. vision shall be made by law for the establish- ment of a State University at or near the seat of government. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State, for the support of a University shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called the 'University fund,' the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University." Immediately upon the organization of the State government an act was passed incorporating the State Univer- sity, and a board of regents appointed, who at once organized the institution. The Uniyfersity was formally opened by the public inauguration of a chancellor, Jan. 16, 1 850. The preparatory department of the Uni- versity was opened Feb. 5, 1849, with twenty pupils. In 1849 the regents purchased nearly 200 acres of land, comprising what is known as ihe "University Addition to the City of Madi- son," and the old "University Grounds." In 1851 the north dormitory was completed, and the first college classes formed. In 1854 the south dormitory was erected. Owing to the fact that the lands comprising the original grant had produced a fund wholly inadequate to the support of the university, in 1S54 a further grant of seventy-two sections of land was made by Congress to the State for that purpose. In 1866 the University was completely re-organized, so as to meet the requirements of a law of Con- gress passed in 1862, providing for the endow- ment of agricultural colleges. That act granted to the several States a quantity of land equal to 30,000 acres for each senator and representa- tive in Congress, by the apportionment under the census of 1860. The objects of that grant are fully set forth in sections four and five of said act. The lands received by Wisconsin under said act of Congress, and conferred upon the State University for the support of an agri- cultural college, amounted to 240,000 acres, making a total of 322,160 acres of land donated to this State by the general government for the endowment and support of this institution. Up to the time of its re-organization, the University had not received one dollar from the State or from any municipal corporation. In pursuance of a law passed in 1866, Dane county issued bonds to the amount of $40,000 for the pur- chase of about 200 acres of land contiguous to the University grounds for an experimental farm, and for the erection of suitable buildings thereon. The next winter the Legislature passed a law which appropriated annually for ten years to the income of the University Fund, $7,308.76, that being the interest upon the sum illegally taken from the fund by the law of 1862 to pay for the erection of buildings. In 1870 the Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the erection of a female college, which is the first contribution nyade outright to the up- building of any institution of learning in this State. In order to comply with the law grant- ing lands for the support of agricultural colleges, the University was compelled to make large outhiys in tilting up laboratories and purchas- ing the apparatus necessary for instruction and practical advancement in the arts immediately connected with the industrial interests of the State, a burden which the Legislature very gen- erously shared by making a further annual ap- propriation in 1872 of $10,000 to the income of the University Fund. The increased facilities offered by improvements in the old and by the erection of a new college building proved wholly inadequate to meet the growing wants of the institution. In its report for 1874, the board of visitors said: "A hall of natural sci- ences is just now the one desideratum of the Uni- versity. It can never do the work it ought to do, the work the State expects it to do, without some speedily increased facilities." 'J he Leg- islature promptly responded to this demand, and at its next session appropriated $80,000 for the erection of a building for scientific pur- poses. In order to permanently provide for de- ficiencies in the University Fund income, and to establish the institution upon a firm and endur- ing foundation, the Legislature of 1876 enacted HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 61 "That there shall be levied and collected for the year 1876 and annually thereafter, a State tax of one-tenth of one mill for each dollar of the assessed valuation of the taxable property of this State, and the amount so levied and col- lected is hereby appropriated to the University Fund income, to be used as a part thereof." This is in lieu of all other appropriations for the benefit of this fund, and all tuition fees for students in the regular classes are abolished by this act. 'I'he fourth section of the act of 187(5, to per- manently provide for deficiencies in the Uni- versity Fund income, is as follows: "From and out of the receipts of said tax, the sum of$!3,000 annually shall be set apart for astronomical work and for instruction in astronomy, to be expended under the direction of the regents of the University of Wisconsin, as soon as a com- plete and well equipped observatory shall be given the University, on its own grounds with- out cost to the State: Provided, that such ob- servatory shall be completed within three years from the passage of this act." The astronomi- cal observatory whose construction was provided for by tliis act, was erected by the wise liber- ality of ex-Gov. Washburn. It is a beautiful stone building, finely situated and well fitted for its work. Its length is eighty feet, its breadth forty-two feet, and its height forty- eight feet. Over the door to the rotunda is a marble tablet bearing this inscription: "Erected and furnished, A. D. 1878, by the munificence of Cadwalladcr C. Washburn, and by him pre- sented to the University of Wisconsin; a tribute to general science. In recognition of this gift, this tablet is inserted by the regents of the University." The telescope has a sixteen inch object-glass. The size is a most desirable one for the great mass of astronomical work. In 1881 a students' observatory was erected and a wing was added to the east side of the Wash- burn observatory. In the fall of 1848 there was a Presidential election. There were then three organized jjolitical parties in the State — whig, democrat and free-soil, each having a ticket in the field ; but the democrats were in the majority. The successful electors for that year and for each four years since that date, were as follows : 184S. Elected November 7. Al Large — Fiancis Huebschmann. Wm. Dunwiddie. First District— David P. Maples Second District — Samutl F. Nichlos. 1852. Elected November a. At Large — Montgomery M. Cothren. Satierlee Clark. First District— Phllo White. Second District — Beriah Brown. Third District — Charles Billinghurst. 1856. Elected November 4. At Large— Edward D. Holton. James H. Knowlton. First District— Gregor Mencel. Second District— Waller D. Mclndoe. Third District— Bille Williams. I860. Elected November 6. At Large— Walter D. Mclndoe. Bradford Rixford. Kirst District — William W, Vaughan. Second District — J. Allen Barber. Third District — Herman Lindeman. 1864. Elected November 8. .\tLarge— William W. Field Henry L. Blood. First District — George C. Northrop. Second District — Jonathan Bowman. Tliird District — Allen Warden. Fourth District — Henry J. Turner. Fifth Di.stricl— Henry F. Belitz. Sixth District — Alexander S. McDill. 1868. Elected November 3. At Largi— Stephen S. Ilailow. Henry D. Barron. 52 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. First District— Elihu Enos. Second District— Charles Q. Williams. Third District — AUeu Warden. Fourth District — Leander F. Frisby. Fifth District— Williiira G. Ritch. Sixth District— William T. Price. 18'72. Elected November 5. At Large — William E. Ci'amer. Frederick Fleischer. First District — Jerome S. Nickles. Second District — George G. Swain. Third District — Ormsby B. Thomas. Fourth District — Frederick Hilgen. Fifth District— Edward C. McFetridge. Sixth District — George E. Hoskinson. Seventh District — RomanzoBunn. Eighth District — Henry D. Barron. 1876. Elected November 7. At Large — William H. Hiner. Francis Campbell. First District— T D. Weeks. Second District — T. D.Lang. Tbird District — Daniel L. Downs. Fourth District — Casper M. Sanger. Fifth District — Charles Luling. Sixth District — J.ames H. Foster. Seventh District— Charles B. Solberg. Eighth District — John H. Knapp . 1880. Elected November 2. At Large — George End. Knud Langland. First District — Lucius S. Blake. Second District — John Kellogg. Third District— George E. Weatherby. Fourth District — William P. McLaren. Fifth District— C. T. Lovell. Sixth District — E. L Browne. Seventh District— F. H. Kribbs. Eighth District — JohnT. Kingston. The popular vote cast for President at each of the Presidential elections in Wisconsin, and the electoral vote cast for each successful can- didate, were as follows : Kl 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 CANDIDATES. Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren. . . . Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott John P. Hale. . James Buchanan John C. Fremont. . . . Milhiril Fillmore Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckinridge. John Bell 8. A. Douglas Abraham Lincoln Geo B, McClellan Ulyspcs S. Grant Horatio Sey.nour Ulysses S, Grant Horace Greeley Charles O'Connor. . . . Rutherford B. Hayes... Samuel J Tilden Peter Cooper G C. Smith James A Garfield . . . . Winfield S. Hancock. J. B. Weaver Neal Dow J B. Phelps o o 86, 65, 83, 65, 108, 84, 104, 130, 123, 1, 144, 114, 7, 747 001 418 658 240 814 843 090 579 118 888 161 021 458 884 857 707 997 477 834 668 927 509 27 398 644 986 68 91 H 10 10 10 The act of the first Legislature of the State, exempting a homestead from forced sale on any debt or liability contracted after Jan. 1, 18+9, and another act exempting certain per- sonal property, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State in the Union previous to that time. Other acts were passed — such as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the State government in all its branches, in fair running order. And, by the second Legislature (1849) were enacted a num- ber of laws of public utility. Tlie statutes were revised, making a volume of over 900 pages. The year 1848 was one of general prosperity to the rapidly increasing population of the State ; and that of 1849 developed in an increased ratio its productive capacity in every depart- ment of labor. The agriculturist, tlie arti.san, HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 53 tlie miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest, labor. The commercial and manu- facturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interests of the Stale began to assume a more systematic organization. Tlie tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wiscon- sin, the oppr.ssed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. There were many attractions for emigrants from the Old World, especially from northern Europe — from Germany, Norway, Sweden and Denmark ; also from Ireland and England. Till' third Legislature changed the January term of the supreme court to December and or- ganized a sixth judicial circuit. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the "Wisconsin Institute lor the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janes- ville, in the latter part of 1S49, receiving ils support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 9, 1850, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at .lanesville, and to qualify, as far as might be, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtain- ing the means of subsistence; and for the out $600,000, with a net income of over #.'50,000, was already in hand, with a prospect of a steady increase as fast as lands were sold, the' board, after a careful in- vestigation and consideration of the different methods, decided upon the policy of establish- ing several schools, and of locating them in different pArts of the State. At a meeting held on the 2d day of 'May, in the same year, the board designated Whitewater as the site of a school for the southeastern section of the State, where a building was subsequently erected; and on the 16th permanently located a school at Plalteville, the academy building having been donated for that purpose. The school at Plalte- ville was opened Oct. 9, 1866. Tiie school at Whitewater was opened on the 2!st of April, 1808. A building was completed during the year 1870 for a third normal school, at Oshkosh, hut owing to a lack of funds, it v>a> not opened for the admission of pupils during that year. The opening and the ceremony of dedicating the build- ing took place Sept. 10, 1871. A fourth normal school was opened in September, 1875, at River FaMs, Pierce county. It is understood to be the policy of the board of regents to establish eventually, when the means at their disposal shall permit, not less than six normal schools, but several years must elapse before so many can go into operation. The law under which these schools are organized provides that "The exclusive purpose of each normal school shall be the instruction and training of persons, both male and female, in the theory and art of teach- ing, and in all the various branches that per- tain to a good common school education, and in all subjects needful to qualify for teaching in the public schools; also to give instruction in the fundamental laws of the United States and of this State, and in what regards the rights and duties of citizens." Subsidiary to the State normal schools are teachers' institutes, held annually in nearly every settled county, and the State teachers' association, which has been organized for .-i quarter of a century. Besides the public schools of the State, there are a number of denoniina- lional and other colleges, the principal of which are Racine College, Beloit College, Milton Col- lege, Rii)on College, Carroll College, at Wau- kesha; Lawrence University, at Appleton; St. John's College, at Prairie du Chien; (ialesville University; Northwestern University, at Water- town; and Pio Nono College, at St. Francis Station, south of Milwaukee. There is also quite a large number of incorporated academies and seminaries, the more prominent ones being the Milwaukee Academy and St. Mary's Insti- tute, at Milwaukee; Kemper Hall, at Kenosha; St. Catharine's Academy, at Racine; Rochester Seminaiy, Lake (ieneva Seminary, Fox Lake Seminary, Albion Academy, Elroy Seminary, 58 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Wayland Institute, at Beaver Dam, and Santa Clara Academy, at Sinsinawa Mound. There are also about 700 private schools in Wisconsin. The whole number of children in Wisconsin between four and twenty vears of age is 483,071 ; the number of pupils in attendance in public schools, 299,019. The aggregate valuation of school property in the State is ^(5,297,678.24. The sixth administration, Alexander W. Randall, governor, was noted for its "long jiar- liament," the eleventh Legislalure of the State having been in session 125 days. A report of commissioners previously a)>pointed to revise tlie statutes, was acted upon during tlie session, the result being the publication, in one volume, of the "Revised Statutes of 1858." The twelfth Legislature (.Jan. 12, to March 21, 1859) was, like the two previous Legistatures, republi- can. At the commencement of the seventh ad- ministration, Randall's second term as gov- ernor, that party not only had control of the tliirteenth Legislature, butof all ihe State offices. The governor, in his message to the fourteenth Legislature, on the 10th of January, 1861, de clared that the right of a State to secede from the I'^nion, could never be admitted. " The gov- ernment must be sustained, the laws shall be en- forcedP'' An extra session of the Legislature was convened on the 15th of May, at which, no acts were passed except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Mean- while a demand made upon the governor by the President, for troops to sustain the federal arm, met with a quick response. During the year, 9,991 men, in ten regiments, for three years' service, and one regiment for three months service, of 810 men, were sent out of the State. The number of volunteers originally in the sev- eral military organizations, from Wisconsin during the war, were as follows: First Infantry, three months 810 First Infantry, three years 945 Second Infantry, three years 1051 Third Infantry, three years 979 Fifth Infantry, three years 1058 Sixth Infantry, three years 1108 Seventh Infantry, three years 1029 Eighth Infantry, three years 973 Ninth Infantry, * three years 870 Ti nth Infnntry, three years 916 Elevenili Infanlry, threeyears 1029 TvvelfiU Infantiy, three years 1045 Thirteenth Infant'y,* three years 970 Fourteenth Infantry, three years 970 Fifteenth Infiintry, three years 801 Sixteentl' Infanlry, three years 1066 Seventeenth Irfantry, threeyears 941 Eighteenth Infantrj^, three years 962 Nineteenth Infantry, threeyears 973 Twentieth Infantry, three years 990 Twenty-first Infantry, thre» years 1002 Twenty-second Infantry, three years 1009 Twenty-third Infantry, three years 994 Twenty fourth Infantry, three years 1008 Tweniy-fiflh Infantry, three years 1018 Twenty-sixth Infantry, threeyears 1002 Twenly-seventh Infantiy, three years 865 Twenty-eighth Infantry, threeyears 961 Twenty-ninth Infantry, three years 961 Thirtieth Infantry, three years 906 Thirty-first Infantry, three years 878 Thirty-second Infantry, threeyears 993 Thirty-third Infantry, three years 892 Thiriyfourth Infantry, nine months 961 Thirty-fifth Infantry, * threeyears 1066 Thirty sixth Infantry, threeyears 990 Thirty-seventh Infantry, one, two and threeyears 708 Thirty-eighth Infantry, one, two and three years. 913 Thirty-ninth Infantry, one hundred days 780 Fortieth Infantry, one hundred days 776 Forty (it si Infantry, one hundred days -578 Forty-second Infantry, one year 877 Fortj-lhird Infantry, one year 867 Forty fourth Infantry, one year 877 Forty fifth Infantry, one year 859 Forty-si.\ih Infantry, one year 914 Forty-S' yenth Infantry, one year 927 Forty-eighth Infant: y, one year 828 Forty-ninth Infantry, one year 986 Fiftieth Infantry, one year 942 Fifty-first Infantry, one year 841 Fifty-second Infantry, one year 486 Fifty third Infantry, one year 380 First Cavalry, threeyears 1134 Second Cavaliy, three years 1127 Third Cavalry, threeyears 1186 FourihC.ivalry, threeyears 1047 Milwaukee 83 •Nov. 1, 1865. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 59 First Battery Light Artillery t55 Second Battery Light Artillery 153 Tliiid Buttery Light Artilleiy l?" Fotirlli Battery Light Ani.lery 151 Fifth Buttery Lisiht Artillery 155 Sixth Battery Light Artillery 157 Seventh Battery Light Artillery 158 Eighth Battery Light Artillery 161 Ninth Battery Light A rtillery 155 Tenth Battery Light Artillery 47 Eleventh Battery Light Artillery 87 Twelfth Battery Light Artillery 99 Thirteenth Battery Light Artillery 156 Battery A, Heavy Artillery 1-9 Battery B, Heavy Artillery 149 Battery C, Heavy Artillery 146 B:iltery D, Heavy Artillery 146 Battery E, Heavy Artillery 151 Battery F, Heavy Artillery 151 Battery G, Heavy Artillery 152 Battery H, Heavy Artillery 151 Battery I, Heavy Artillery 150 Battery K, Heavy Artillery 148 Battery L, Heavy Artillery 152 Battery M, Heavy Artillery 152 Sharpshooter" 105 Oibbons' Brigade Band 13 Oil the 10th of April, 1802, Gov. Louis P. Harvey, the successor of AlexamlerW. Randall, started, along with others, from Wisconsin on a tour to relieve the wounded and suffering soldiers from this State, at Mound City, Padu- cah and i^avannah. Having completed his mission, he made preparations to return. He went on board a boat, the Dunleith, at ihe landing in Savannah, and there awaited the ar- rival of the Minnehaha, which was to convey him and his party to Cairo, 111. It was late in the evening of the 19th of April when the steamer arrived; and as she rounded to, her bow touched the Dunleith precipitating the governor into tbe^ river. Every effort was made to save his life, but in vain. His body was afterward re- covered and brought home for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant-governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the Stale, succeeded to the office of governor, 'i'lie enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randall's adminis- tration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the march- ing of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1R61, also, of one company of cavalry and one conijiany of sharpshooters constittited the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the Rebellion. Hut for the year 1862, this aid, as to number of organiza- tions, was more than doubled. At the end of the year 1863 thirty-three regiments left the State — tlic Thirteenth regiment being the only remaining one of the thirty-four in Wisconsin. The ninth administration, James T. Lewis, gov- ernor, saw the close of the Rebellion. On the 10th of April, 1865, Lewis announced to the Legislature, then in session, the surrender of Gen. Lee and his army. Fifty-three regiments during the war were raised in Wisconsin, all, sooner or later, mov- ing south and engaging in one way or other in suppressing the Rebellion. Twelve of these regiments were assigned to duty in the eastern division, which constituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. Tiiese twelve regiments were: The First (three months). Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-si.vth, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern Alabama and Georgia. 'I'liese ten were; The Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty- fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-si.\tli and l<"orty- scventh. Added to these was the First (re-or- ganized). Thirty-one regiments were (nilored to the western division, embraci g the country west and northwest of the central division. These were: Eighth, NintI', Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, ; Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, 60 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty- fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty- ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fiftli, Thirty-nintii, For- tieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty -first, Fifty-second and Fifty-third. During the war several transfers were made from one district to another. Tliere were taken from the eastern division the Thiri and Twenty- sixth and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, 'J"»enty- fifth. Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-.second were transferred from the western to the cen- tral department. The other niilitai'y organiza- tions from Wisconsin had various assignments Recruiting ceased in the State on the l.'ith of April, 1865. It was not many months before Wisconsin's last soldier was mustered out of service. The State furnished during the war over 75,000 men, of which number nearly 1 1,000 died in the service. Among all the noble women wlio gave them- selves to the sanitary work of the civil war perhaps few were more peculiarly fitted for forming and carrying out plans than Mrs. C. A. P. Jlarvey, widow of the late lamented Gov. Louis P. Harvey. She was appointed by Gov. Salomon one of the sanitary agents of the State. She soon procured the establishment of a convalesent hospital at Madison, Wis. The building when no longer needed as a hospital, ISJ IS. Harvey conceived the idea of having it con- verted into a home for soldiers' orphans. On Jan. 1, 1866, the home was opened with eighty- four orphans, Mrs. Harvey at the head. The necessary funds had been raised by subscription; but it soon became a State institution. The oi- phans were not only maintained but brought up to habits of industry. But it was not long be- fore the number of the inmates began to de- crease, owing to the fact that homes were found or many, while some were returned to their, mothers; none were kept in the institution after they had reached the age of fifteen. At length when the number had diminished to less than forty children, it was thought best to close the institution. This was in 1875. The whole number of orjihans cared for during the contin- uance of the heme was about 700. The Legisla- ture then transferred the building to the re- gents of the University of Wisconsin, who dis- posed of it; and a Norwegian seminary is now established therein. During the tenth administration, Lucius Fairchild, governor, the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, the northwest- ern branch of the National institution, was es- tablished in Wisconsin, three miles from Mil- waukee. It has a capacious brick building, con- taining accommodations for 1,000 inmates. In addition to this building which contains the main halls, eating apartment, oftices, dormitory and engine room, are shops, granaries, stables and other out-buildings. The Home farm con- tains 410 acres, of which over one-half is culti- vated The remainder is a wooded park tra- versed by shaded walks and drives, beautifully undulating. The main line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad runs through the farm, and the track of the northern division passes beside it. Soldiers who were disabled in the service of the United States in the War of the Rebellion, the Mexican War, or the War of 1812, and have been honorably discharged, are entit ed to admission to the Soldiers' Home. A law was passed in 1867 creating the oflice of insurance commissioner, the secretary of State being assigned to its duties. But, in 187S, it was made a distinct office, to be filled by the governor's appointment. It was, howevfr, made elective in 1881. Philip L. Spooner has served since April 1, 1878, and is still in oflice. The joint-slock fire insurance companies of Wis- consin are three in number, its mutual compa- nies also three. There is but one life insurance company in the State. A large number of fire and life insurance companies located outside of HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 61 Wisconsin transact business under State law within its borders. Hiarly in 1870, during Gov. Fairchild's third term, was organized, and in March of that year incorporated, the "Wisconsin Acad- emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters," having among its .specific objects researches and inves- tigations in the various departments of the ma- terial, metaphysical, ethical, ethnological and social sciences; a progressive and thorough scientific survey of the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricultural and other resources; the advancement of the useful arts, through the application of science and by the encouragement of original invention; the en- couragement of the fine arts by means of hon- ors and prizes awarded to artists for original works of superior merit; the formation of scien- tific, economical and art museums; the encour- agement of philological and historical research; the collection and preservation of historic rec- ords and the formation of a general library, and the diffusion of knowledge by the public i- tion of original contributions to science, liter- ature and the arts. The academy has already published several volumes of transactions, un- der authority of the State. On the 3d day of July of that year A. J. Craig, superintendent of public instruction, died of consumption, and on the 13th of January following occurred the pIication, admitted. Hy an act approved jMarch i:i, IS^O, a State board of iiealth was established, the appoint- ment of a superintendent of vital statistics pro- vided for, anil certain duties assigned to local boards of health. The State board was organ- ized soon after, seven persons having been ap- pointed by the governor as its members. And here it is proper to say a word as t<> the health of VVisconsin. "When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other States of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England States. The United States census of 1850, 1800 and 1870, gives Wisconsin ninety-four deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont 101 to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consump- tion in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four States show the lowest death-rate among the States from con- sumption, the mortality being thirteen to fourteen per cent, of the whole death-rate. Climatologic- ally considered, then, there is not a more healthy State in the Union than the State of Wiscon- sin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the cli- mate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes."* There was in Wisconsin a general feeling of patriotism (if the acts of its citizens, both native and foreign born, are to be taken as an indica- tion of their attachment to their country), mani- fested throughout the centennial year, 1876. A board of State centennial managers was pro- vided for by the Legislature, to represent Wis- consin at the Philadelphia exhibition, and $20, 000 appropriated for their use, to make there a [iroper exhibition of the products, resources and advantages of the State. Under a law of this year, three revisors, afterward increased to five, were appointed to revise the statutes of the Slate. The result was a large volume, ably col- lated, known as the Revised Statutes of 1878, which was legalized by act of the June session of the Legisl.ature of that year. On the 19th of October, ISHO, Chief .Justice Edward Ct. Ryan departed this life, in the seventieth year of his age. lie was buried in Milwaukee, with, honors becoming the position held by him at the time •Dr. Joseph Hobbius, In Illustrated Historical Atlas of Wisconsin. 66 HISTORY" OF WISCONSIN. of his death. His successor, as previously stated, is Chief Justice Orsamus Cole. By an act of the Legislature of 1881, a board of supervision of Wisconsin charitable, re- formatory and penal institutions was founded. The boards of trustees by which these insti- tutions had been governed since their organi- zation were abolished by the same law. The board of supervision consists of five members, who hold their office for five years, and who are appointed by the governor, the Senate con- curring. The board acts as commissioners of lunacy, and has full power to investigate all complaints against any of the institulions un ■'er its control, to send for books and papers, sum- mon, compel thi' attendance of, and swear wit- nesses. The powers delegated to this board are so extraordinary, and its duties so manifold, that a recital of tliem will be found of interest. They are as follows : (1.) To maintain and govern the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane, the Northern Hospital for the Insane, the Wisconsin State Prison, the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, the Wisconsin Institution for the Educa- tion of the Blind, and the Wisconsin Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb ; and such other charitable and penal institutions as may hereafter be established or maintained by the State. (2.) To carefully supervise and direct the management and affairs of said in- stitutions, and faithfully and diligently promote the objects for which the same have been established. (3) To preserve and care for the buildings, grounds and all property connected with the said institutions. (4.) To take and hold in trust for the said several institutions any land conveyed or devised, or money or property given or bequeathed, to be applied for any purpose connected therewith, and faithfully to apply the same as directed by the donor, and faithfully to apply all funds, effects and property which may be received for the use of such institutions. (5.) To make on or before Octo- ber 1 in each year, full and complete annual in- ventories and appraisals of all the property of each of said institutions, which inventories and appi'aisals shall be recorded, and shall be so classified as to separately show the amount, kind and value of all real and personal ])roperty belonging to such institutions. (6.) To make such by-laws, rules and regulations, not incom- patible with law, as it shall deem convenient or necessary for the government of the said insti- tutions and for its own government, and cause the same to be printed. (7.) To visit and care- fully inspect each of said institutions as often as once in each month, either by the full board or by some member thereof, and ascertain whether all officers, teachers, servants and em- ployees in such institutions are competent and faithful w the discharge of their duties, and all inmates thereof properly cared for and governed, and all accounts, account books and vouchers properly kept, and all the business affairs thereof properly conducted. (8.) To fix the number of subordinate officers, teachers, ser- vants and employees in each of said institutions, and prescribe the duties and compensa'ion of each, and to employ the same upon the nomi- nation of the respective superintendents and wardens. (9.) To promptly remove or discharge any officer, teacher or employe in any of said institutions, who shall be guilty of any malfeas- ance or misbehavior in office, or of neglect, or improper discharge of duty. (10.) To annually appoint for the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane and for the Northern Hospital for the Insane, for each, a superintendent, one assistant physician, a matron, a steward and a treasurer ; and for the Institution for the Edu- cation of the Blind, and the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, and the In- dustrial School for Boys, for each, a superin- tendent, a steward, a treasurer, and all necessary teachers ; and for the State prison, a warden, a steward and a treasurer, who shall be the officers of said institutions respectively and whose duties shall be fixed by said board, except as herein otherwise provided. (H.) To HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 67 maintain and govern the school, prescribe the course of stmly and provide tlie necessary ap- paratus and means of instruction for the Insti- tution for the Education of the Blind, and for the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. (12) To prescribe and collect such charges as it may think just, for tuition and maintenance of pupils not entitled to the same free of charge, in the Institution for the Educa- tion of the Blind and in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. (13.) To fix the period of the academic year, not less than forty weeks, and prescribe the school terms in the Institution for the Education of the Blind and the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. (U.) To confer, in its discretion, ui)on meritorious pupils, such academic and literary degrees as are usually conferred by similar institutions, and grant diplomas accordingly, in the Institution for the Education of the Blind and in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. On the 20th of April, 188.3, a commissioner was appointed by the governor, for two years, in accordance with the provisions of an act p.issed by the Legislature of that year creating a bureau of labor statistics. The object of this office, now filled by Frank A. Flower, is to col- lect manufacturing and labor statistics, report violations of laws for benefit of artisans, and generally to show the manufacturing condition and resources of the State. In her political divisions Wisconsin has copied, to a considerable e.\tent, from some of her sister States. These divisions are counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages. The county government is in charge of a county board of supervisors, consisting of the chairman of each town board, a su]H'rvisor from each ward of every city, and one from each incorpo- rated village. The county officers are : Clerk, treasurer, sheriff, coroner, clerk of circuit court, district attorney, register of deeds, surveyor, and one or two superintendents of schools, all elected biciiniallv. There are sixtv-five coun- ties in the State. The government of the towns is in charge of a town board of super- visors. The other officers are clerk, treasurer, assessors, justices of the peace, overseers of highways and constables. The government of cities depends upon charters granted by the State Legislature. Generally, there is a mayor, common council, clerk, treasurer, attorney, chief of police, fire marshal and surveyor. Incorpo- rated villages are governed by a president and six trustees. The other officers are clerk, treas- urer, supervisor, marshal and constable, and sometimes a justice of the peace or police jus- tice. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people in 1>^48, is still "the supreme law of the State ;" but it has several times been amended, or had material additions made to it : (I.) Article V, section 21, relating to the pay of the members of the Legislature. This was amended in 1867. (2.) Article VI, sections 5 and 9, relating to the salaries of the governor and lieutenant-gov- ernor. This was amended in 1869. (3.) Article I, section 8, relating to grand juries. This was amended in 1870. (4.) Article IV, sections 31 and 32, relating to special legislation. These sections were added in 1871. (5.) Article XI, section 3, relating to munic- ipal taxation. This was amended in 1874. (6.) Article VII, section 4, relating to the number and term of the judges of the supreme court. This was substituted for the original section in 1877. (7.) Article VIII, section 2, relating to claims against the State. This was amended in is77. (8.) Article IV, sections 4, 5, 11 and 21, re- lating to biennial sessions, and a change in salaries and peniuisites of members of the Legislature. These were thus amended in 1881. 68 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. (9) Article III, section 1, relating to resi- dence of voters in election districts some time before the election, and to registration of voters in cities and villages. Amended to this effect in 1882. (10.) Article VI, section 4, article VII, sec- tion 12, and article XIII, section 1, all relating to biennial elections. Amended to this effect in 1882.* *A. O. Wright, in Exposition of tlie Constitution of the State of Wisconsin. HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY, AATisoonsrsinsr. C H A P 1^ E R I . a:«''a, position and physical features. BKKOKE filtering upon a consideralion of tlic liiftory of Crawford county, past and prosoiit, it is a matter of importance to under- stand its area and geograpliical position. AREA. Crawford county, in aren, ranks among the soutlicrii counties of Wisconsin as one of aver- age size. It includes twenty-seven whole, half and fractional congressional townships with an average in each as folh)ws: AREA OF TOWNSIIU'S. Acres. Township 6. of range 5 west. 812 32 6 " 5,648 84 " '• " 7 " 980 12 7 " " 3 " 143 15 " " " 4 " 7,844 01 '■ " " 5 " 19, 40; 10 6 " 22,028 57 7 " 2,.'J64 24 8 " '■ 3 " 15,258 85 •• " " 4 " 22,.507 37 • '■ " r, " 33,350 73 V. r.sliip (! of range Acres. 6 we.sl 21,317 03 7 " 1,627 .57 3 " 23,003 24 4 " 22,739 57 5 ■' 23,20H 70 6 " 9,596 22 3 " 23,078 53 4 " 22 884 87 5 " 23, .540 80 6 •■ '. 17,475 44 7 " 4,705 79 3 •' 13,026 24 4 " 11,498 82 5 " 11,580 96 6 " 11,60(1 08 7 " 3,679 06 This does not inchide tlie area of the ])rivate land claims confirmed to different parties hy the United States, and located on the i)rairie, the same on which the city of Prairie du CJiien is situated. The extreme length of the cDtinty, north and south, is twentv-ninc and one-half 10 11 HISTORY OF CRATVFORD COUNTY. miles; its extreme widtli,east and west, twenty- eight miles. POSITION. Crawford county is bounded on the north by Vernon county; on the east by the counties of Richland and Grant; on the south by the county last mentioned; and on the west by Allamakee and Clayton counties, Iowa. It is in the second tier of counties north of the northern boundary of the State of Illinois; its northern line being a distance from the south- ern boundary line of Wisconsin, in a straight course, of sixty-three miles. The eastern line of the county is 144 miles distant from the western shore of Lake Michigan. A dis- tance from its northeast corner of ■225 miles, due north, is the nearest point on the southern shore of Lake Superior. PHYSICAL FEATURES. A BIEd's-ETE VIEW. [From the Illustrated Historical Atlas of Wisconsin. 1878.1 At Prairie de Chien, the prairie is underlaid by about 1 40 feet of sand and gravel — river de- posit — under which commences the Potsdam sandstone formation. This has been pene- trated to the depth of 1016 feet in boring an artesian welt, without reaching the granite. Above the plain at this place, the Magnesian limestone rises in perpendicular cliffs to the height of about 250 feet. Above this, the bluff slopes back to a perpendicular height of about 100 feet. This slope is com- posed of the' St. Peter's sandstone, and the lower portion of the Trenton limestone. The formation of the whole of Crawford county is of similar character. The county is bounded on the west by the Mississippi river; on the south by the Wisconsin. The waters of these rivers have worn out deep channels in the rock, pro- ducing beetling bluffs on either side. The Kickapoo river runs diagonally through the county from northeast to southwest, in conse- quence of which the face of the county is worn into deep ravines. A very narrow ridge runs the whole length from northeast to southwest, sloping off abruptly — to the Kickapoo on one hand and Mississippi or "Wisconsin on the other. This ridge forms an admirable wagon road. The ►oil of Crawford county is rich in the elements necessary for vegetable growth. It is both argillaceous and calcareous, mixed in many places with sand and universalis witli a large proportion of vegetable mold. T^he soil produces abundant crops of cereals and affords good pasturage. The timber is composed of oak of several varieties, hickory, butternut, ash, elm, basswood, hard and soft maple, quaking asp, white and yellow birch, and black walnut. The county has one feature which is some- what remarkable. None of it has been subject to action of the glacial period. There, is no drift, nor are there any boulders or water-worn pebbles, except in beds of streams, with only one exception, which is in a bed of liraonite at Seneca, where there are numerous water-worn pebbles imbedded in iron ore. This bed of ore is situated on the highest land in the county. At this place there is a considerable deposit of limonite, which has never been worked. In the town of Wauzeka, there is considerable copper ore, of the variety called by miners o-ossam. It is found in masses imbedded in the earth from the size of peas to fifty and sometimes 100 pounds. This ore yields about twenty-five per cent, of copper. At Bridge- port, there are extensive quarries of Dolomite or Magnesian limestone. These quarries are of much importance, producing beautiful and dur- able building stone. It is at present mostly dressed into window caps and sills and columns. In the town of Wauzeka. some lead ore is found; but in no large quantities, as the Galena limestone terminates in a north- westerly direction. There are three artesian wells at Prairie du Chien, one discharging 809,616 gallons daily. This well is 960 feet deep,and is said to possess rare mineral qualities. The others are upward HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 71 of 1,000 feet in depth, and discharge propor- tionately large quantities of water. The two wells last mentioned were bored for the ))ur- pose of obtaining water to drive machinery. THE KIVEUS OF TlIK COUNTY. Crawford county is emphatically the river county of Wisconsin. Leaving the smaller streams to be described in the record of the towns, it is sufficient, in a general view, to no- tice only the Mississippi, the Wisconsin and the Kickapoo. I. THK MISSISSIITI. This is the largest and most important river of the United States, rises in the north part of Minnesota at an elevation of l,6.'-0 feet above the tide water. Its chief source is Itasca lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and about 3,000, or, as some say, 3,1(50 miles from the mouth of the ri\ei', and is about laiiludc 47 degrees, 10 minutes nortii and longitude Uo cii- grees, 20 minutes west. FrcTii Itasci hike it runs first nortlnvard, but soiui turns tii\\aid> the east, and expands into Lake Cass and oiiici lakes. After flowing towards nearly cvers point of the compass, it ariive-i at Crow Wing, below which it runs soutliward to St. Cloud aii'i southeastward to Minneapolis. Here is a pic- turesque cataract callcil the Kails of St. An- th^G0 that any systematic attempt at mining was begun. In 1858, the land was purchased by a company of five per- sons, residents of New York city, who com- menced work in 1860, and abandoned it in 1861 on account of the war. Since then no work has been done in the Plum Creek Copper Mine, as it is called. About two car loads of ore were shipped. An analysis of some of the ore found at the mine gives only a little over ten per cent, of metallic copper, which is hardly a re- sult to justify additional expense in developing this mine. The Copper Creek mine is on the northeast quarter of section 34, township 10, range o west, (Utica). The mines of this locality are situ- ate about three-quarters of a mile southwest of the village of Mt. Sterling, and on the side of a hill sloping toward one of the branches of Copper creek. The dej)osit of copper ore was discovered, in 1843, by William T. Sterling. It was first worked by him and George Messer- smith they paying a tribute of one-sixteenth to the United States. During this time, a speci-* men weighing 300 pounds was sent to the patent office. In the work performed by these men, 20,000 pounds of ore were taken out, when the best part of the deposit appeared to be exhatisted and the work was suspended for two years. In 184^ the ground was leased to a German company who worked it abotit a year, their work being chiefly drifting and prospect- ing, after which time they abandoned it as un- profitable. The property remained idle until 1856, when it was leased to a New York company, who worked it from May to September, producing 20,000 pounds of ore, at a cost of about 14,000 ; since then the land has never been worked. In an analysis of the ore made abnut thirty years ago less than twenty per cent, was metal- lic copper. The existence of lead in Crawford county, in the Lower Magnesian formation, is confined to the vicinity of the lower part of the Kickapoo valley. The Little Kickapoo Lead Mine is located on the northwest quarter of section 10, township 7, range 5 west. (Wauzeka), in the upper pari of the bluff on the north siile of the Little Kickapoo, a small tributary of the Wiscon- sin. Lead 01 e was first discovered here in the year 1840, and was worked at intervals until the year 1850. There have been obtained from this mine from i!5,000 to 50,000 pounds of ore. An analysis shows over eighty-two per cent, of metal- lic lead. Thisisequaltoany found in Wisconsin. There are evidences of other deposits in the coun- try round about. Wherever the Lower Magnesian is exposed, there is always an abundance of good building stone. Some of the best quarries in the county are those at Prairie du Chien. This formation also affords lime with as much facility as build- ing stone All parts of the formation which are free from flint will produce lime on burning. There are several places in Crawford county HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COITNTY. 83 where lime is burned in kilns of tlie simplest form and constrnction. "^ ST. PETERS SANDSTONE. Owing to the elevation attained by the sever- al formations, through their gradual rise in a northerly di''ection, and to the great and general denudation to which the country has been sub- jected, the St. Peters sandstone is only found in isolated areas of comparatively small extent and confined to the highest parts of the ridges. The area of this formation begins in township 6, range 6 west, (Bridgeport), and extends in a northerly direction through the county. On the west it approaches to the Mississippi in town- ship 10, range 6 west, (parts of Seneca and Free- man), and maybe traced along the bluffs of that river and all its tributary streams, in a belt varying from a mile in width on the north, to a quarter of a mile wide opposite Prairie du Chien; thence, along tht- bluffs of the Wisconsin and its tributaries to the Kickapoo. On the eastern side of the divide, it is seldom found more than two or three miles from the principal ridge, but as the country descends more gradually to the Kickapoo than, to the Mississippi, it covers rela- tively a much larger area than on the west- ern slope; and in township 10, range 5 west, (parts of Utica, Seneca and Freeman), it is the surface rock over about one-half of the town- ship. The country just described embraces many fine ex])osures among which may be nu-ntioiied till- following: 1. The mounds near Mt. Sterling, which are chiefly composed of sandstone. 2. A ledge fifiy feet high near the quarter post of sections 15 and 22, in township s, range .5 west, (East- man). 3. A mound on the southwest quarter of section 34, townshi}) 8, range 5 west, (East- man). The following exposures are situated on the ridge between Knapp creek and the Kickapoo: 1. In townships, range 4 west, (Marietta), the St. Peters is the surface rock in parts of the following sections: 1, 2, 11, 12, l:i, 14,15,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 and 34. Its total area is a little more than seven square miles. There is one good exposure where it forms a mound in the southeast quar- ter of section 2. 2. In township 8, range 3 west, (Marietta), a branch of the same range is seen, extending through sections 6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 29, forming an area of about three square miles, with one fine ledge exposure near the center of section 7. 3. The same sandstone ridge continues in a northerly direction through sections 36, 25 and 24 in township 9, of range 4,(Haney), and through sections 31, 30, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 10, 9, 8, 4, 5 and 6, in township 9, of range '3 west, (Scott), and runs out in sections 3 I and 32, of township 10, range 3 west, (Clayton), comprising a surface area of six sections. There is also an isolated area on sections 13, 14, 23 and 24 in township 9, range 3 west, (Scott), equal to one section. 4. In township 10, range 3 west, (Clayton), there are two large isolated areas: the first is on sections 22, 23, 26, 27, 35 and 36 having an ex- tent of two square miles; the second is on sec- tions 3, 4, 9, 16, 17 and 20 having an extent of one and a half square miles. On the latter are four prominent mounds of large size, which afford fine opportunities for studying the forma- tion. TRENTON, OR BDFF AND BLUE LIME.STONE. These two formations, which are usually con- sidered collectively, are occasionally found north of the Wisconsin river. They usually attain their average thickness, which is about twenty-five feet each. There are no useful ores found in this formation north of the Wisconsin. The blue limestone would furnish an excellent material for burning to lime; but it is not used for that purpose. A very singular deposit is to be seen at the village of Seneca, in the lower part of the buff limestone. It forms a small eminence a short distance north of the village. The dijiosit con- sists of a conglomerate, formed of quartz peb- 84 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. bles of small size, and sand in large rounded grains, firmly united with iron as a cementing material. The pebbles are seldom more than half an inch in the longest dimension, consisting always of white or transparent quartz, and al- ways smoot'ly rounded, evidently having been rolled by the action of water. The extent of the deposit is small, covering only about an acre and not exceeding five or six feet in depth. Several pits have been sunk in it, and numerous large masses of the conglom- erate taken out in attempts to utilize it as iron ore; but, on account of the large amount of quartz ore material, which constitutes nearly one-half of tlie entire bulk, it is useless as an ore. This deposit derives its chief interest from the fact that it is the only ore of the kind found anywhere in the formation 1. The Trenton forms the surface rock in sections 3, 10, 11, 15, 16, IT, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31 and 32, in township 9, of range 5 west, (Seneca). On section 20, the Galena limestone appears, and buflp and blue form a belt surround- ing it. This belt, commencing on section 20, runs southwest to the bluffs of the Mississippi; thence south along that stream and all its tribu- taries; thence east and north about the upper parts of the Grand Gris, Little Kickapoo and Plum creek; thence north to the head of Otter creek to the point of departure. Compared with this large tract all the other areas are small. 2. The blue limestone is found on sections 13, U, 21, 22, 23 and 28 in township S, of range 4 west, (Marietta), lying on the crest of the ridge in a long strip about half a mile in width, comprising an area of about two sections. ■". There is also a semi-circular strip, on sections 1 and 2, in the same township, extend- ing into section 6, of township 8, in range 3 west, (Marietta), and forming an .area equal to one square mile. 4. In township 10, range 5 west, (Utica), the two small mounds near the village of Mt. Ster- ling are capped with buff limestone. 5. In township 11, range 5 west, (Utica), is an area of about two square miles, surrounding the village of Rising Sun, lying on sections 14, 15, (in Vernon county), 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35, and on the divide between the Mississippi and Kick- apoo rivers. GALEXA LIMESTONE. This sub-division of the Trenton period is found in a strip averaging about a mile in width, occu]>ying tlie highest part of the ridge between the Kickapoo and Mississippi, extending from section '^0, in township 9, of range 5 west (Sene- ca), to section 28, township 7, of range 6 west, (Prairie du Chien), a distance of about fourteen miles. From this ridge, the formation extends west, towards the Mississippi, in three small, subordinate ridges; and on the east, it extends for a short distance on the ridges between the Grand Gris, Little Kickapoo, Plum and Pine creeks. This formation isusually hard and com- pact in texture, of a yellow color and contains numerous fiints disseminated through it. It is almost devoid of organic remains, and has not been found to contain any ores or minerals ' of value. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE UNDERLYING FOR- MATIONS OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. [By T. C. ChamberliQ, State Geologist.] I. — Potsdmn Sandstone. After the great Archtean upheaval, there fol- lowed a long period, concciiiing which very lit- tle is known — a lost interval in geological his- tory. It is only certain that immense erosion of the Archaean strata took place, and that in time the sea advanced upon the island, eroding its strata and re-depositing the wash and wear be- neath its surface. The more resisting beds withstood this advance, and formed reefs and rocky islands off the ancient shore, about whose bases the sands and sediments accumulated, as they did over the bottom of the surrounding ocean. The breakers, dashing .against the rocky clifl's, brought down masses of rock, which im- bedded themselves in the sands, or were rolled and rounded on the beach, and at length were HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 85 buried, in either case, to tell their own history, when they should be again disclosed by the ceaseless gnawiiigs of the very elements that had buried them. In addition to the accumula- tions of wash and wear that have previously been the main agents of rock formations, abund- ant life now swarms in the ocean, and the sands become the great cemetery of its dead. Though the contribution of each little being was small, the myriad millions the waters brought forth, yielded by their remains, a large contribution to the accumulating sediments. Among plants there were sea-weeds, and among animals, pro- tozoans, radiates, mollusks and articulates, all tlie sub-kingdoms e.vcept the vertebrates. Among these, the most remarkable, both in nature and number, were the trilobites, who have left their casts in countless multitudes in certain localities. Tlie result of the action of these several agen- cies was the formation of extensive beds of sandstone, with interstratified layers of lime- stone and shale. These surrounded the Archfe- an nucleus on all sides, and reposed on its flanks. On the Lake Superior margin, the sea acted on the copper and iron-bearing series, wliicli are highly ferruginous, and the result was tile red Lake Superior sandstone. On the oppo- site side of the island, the wave-action was mainly upon quartzitcs, porphyries and granites and resulted in light-colored sandstones. The former is confined to the immediate vicinity of Like Superior; the latter occupies abroad, irreg- ular belt bordering on the Archfean area on the south, and, being widest in the central part of llie State, is often likened to a rude crescent. It will lie understood from the foregoing description, I hat the strata of this formation lies in a nearly horizontal po-ition, and repose un- conformably upon the worn surface of the crys- talline rocks. The close of this period was not ui:irked by any great upheaval; tliere was no crumpling or metamorphism of the strata, and they iiave remained to the present day very much the same as they were originally deposited, save a slight arching upward in the central por- tion of the State. The beds have been some- what compacted by the pressure of superincum- bent strata and solidified by the cementing ac- tion of calcareous and ferruginous waters, and by their own coherence, but the original char- acter of the formation, as a great sand-bed, has not been obliterated. It still bears the ripple- marks, cross-lamination, worm-burrows, and similar markings that characterize a sandy beach. Its thickness is very irregular owing to the unevenness of its Archrean bottom, and may be said to range from 1,000 feet downward. The strata slope gently away from the Archaean core of the State and underlie all the latter for- mations, and may be reached at any point in southern Wisconsin by penetrating to a sufficient depth, which can be calculated with an approx- imate correctness. As it, is a water-bearing for- mation, and the source of fine artesian wells, this is a fact of much importance. The inter- bedded layers of limestone and shale, by sup- plying impervious strata, very much enhance its value as a source of fountains. II. — Lower Magnesian Limestone. Daring the previous period, the accumulation of sandstone gave place for a time to the forma- tion of limestone, and afterward the deposit of sandstone was resumed. At its close, without any very remarked disturbance of existing con- ditions, the formation of limestone was resumed, and progressed with little interruption till a thickness ranging from fifty to 250 feet was a'.- tained. This variation is due mainly to irregu- larities of the upper surface of the formation, which is undulating, and in some localities may ap|)ropriately be termed billowy, the surface rising and falling 100 feet in some cases, within a short distance. This, and the preceding sim- ilar deposit, have been spoken of as linie.'^tone simply, but they are really Dolomites, or Mag- nesian limestones, since they contain a large proportion of carbonate of magnesia. This rock also contains a notable tjuantiiy of silicia, which 8d HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. occurs disseminated through the mass of rock; or, variously, as nodules or masses of chert; as crystals of quartz, tilling or lining drusy cavi- ties, forming beautiful miniature grottoes; as the nucleus of oolitic concretions, or as sand. Some argillaceous matter also enters into its composition, and small quantities of the ores of iron, lead and copper, are sometimes found, but they give little promise of value. The evidences of life are very scanty. Some sea-weeds, a few mollusks, and an occasional indication of other forms of life, embrace the known list, except at a few favored localities where a somewhat am- pler fauna is found. But it is not, therefore, safe to assume the absence of life in the depos- iting seas, for it is certain that most limestone has originated from the remains of animals and plants that secrete calcareous material, and it is most consistent to believe that such was the case in the present instance, and that the dis- tinct traces of life were mostly obliterated. This formation occupies an irregular belt skirt- ing the Potsdam area. It was, doubtless, orig- inally a somewhat uniform band swinging around the nucleus of the state already formed, but it has since been eroded by streams to its present jagged outline. III. — St. Peter''s Sandstone. At the close of this sandstone-making period there appears to have been an interval of which we have no record, and the next chapter of the history introduces us to another era of sand ac- cumulation. The work began by the leveling up of the inequalities of the surface of the Lower Magnesian limestone, and it ceased before that was entirely accomplished in all parts of the State, for a few prominences were left project- ing through the sand deposits. The material laid down consisted of a silicious sand, of uni- form, well-rounded — doubtless well-rolled — grains. This was evidently deposited horizon- tally upon the uneven limestone surface, and so rests in a sense unconformably upon it. Where the sandstone abuts against the sides of the limestone prominences, it is mingled with ma- terial derived by wave action from them, which tells the story of its formation. But aside from these and other exceptional impurities, the for- mation is a very pure sandstone, and is used for glass manufacture. At most points the sand- stone has never become firmly cemented and readily crumbles, so that it is used for mortar the simple handling with pick and shovel being sufficient to reduce it to a sand. Owing to the unevenness of its bottom, it varies greatly in thickness, the greatest yet observed being 212 feet, but the average is less than 100 feet. Un- til recently, no organic reinains had ever been found in it, and the traces now collected are very meagre indeed, but they are sufficient to show the existence of marine life, and demon- strate that it is an oceanic deposit. The rarity of fossils is to be attributed to the porous nature of the rock, which is unfavorable to their pres- ervation. This porosity, however, subserves a very useful purpose, as it renders this pre-em- inently a water-bearing horizon, and supplies some of the finest artesian fountains in the State, and is competent to furnish many more. It occupies but a narrow area at the surface, fringing that of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the south. IV. — Trenton Limestone. A slight change in the oceanic conditions eavised a return to limestone formation, accom- panied with the deposit of considerable clayey material, which formed shale. The origin of the limestone is made evident by a close exam- ination of it, which shows it to be full of frag- ments of shells, corals, and other organic re- mains, or the impressions they have left. Count- less numbers of the lower forms of life flourished in the seas, and left their remains to be com- minuted and consolidated into limestone. A part of the time the accumulation of clayey matter predominated, and so layers of shale al- ternate with the limestone beds, and shaly leaves and partings occur in the limestone lay- ers. Unlike the calcareous strata above and below, a portion of these are true limestone HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. SI containing but a very small proportion of mag- nesia. A sufficient amount of carbonaceous mat- ter is present in some layers to cause them to burn readily. This formation is quite highly metalliferous in certain portions of the lead region, containing zinc especially, and consider- able lead, with less quantities of other metals. The formation abounds in fossils, many of them well preserved, and, from their great antiquity, thiy possess uncommon interest. All the ani- m:il sub-kingd(ims, except vertebrates, are rep- I eseiited. The surface area of this rock borders the St. Peter's sandstone. Its thickness reaches 120 feet. 88 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. CHAPTER III ANCIENT INHABITANTS. The first people of Crawford county, who were they? The question, of course, can never can be answered. We know that, scattered over it in various directions, there once lived a race, concerning which all that has come down to us is exceedingly shadowy. These people are denominated the MOUND BUILDERS. Vestiges of the labor of the so-called mound builders still exist in Crawford county, in the form of earthworks consisting of mounds; some •udely representing animals; others seemingly like low battlements; while a third variety are simply elevations, usually conical in shape. ANCIEXT MOUNDS.* On the questions of the origin and design of these monuments of antiquity, I have but little at present to say. On these questions much has been said and written, but from it all the world has become but little the wiser eh- better. Their existence, together with the evidence we have of design, taste or ambition to perpetuate the memory of some noted event or honored indi- vidual, give ample evidence of intelligence far in advance of the Aboriginees found here by the Anglo-Saxon race, who at present occupy the country. The trees frequently found growing upon them of 400 years' growth declare their antiquity and tiie recent discoveries in the cop- per region of Lake Superior of mines over which trees of the same age are growing, makes it * "Ancient Mounds: or, Tumuli in Crawford County," Kead before the Wisconsin Historical Society, at its annual meeting, January, 1860, by Alfred Brun?on, of Prairie du Cbieu. probable that the same race who wrought those mines also built these mounds. Who these ancient people were, whence they came and what became of them, have been ques- tions of deep and abiding interest for the last fifty years, or since the whites have been set- tling the great valley in which their works abound; and various methods have been re- sorted to to derive some plausible answer to eich question, but all to no purpose. Indeed, he who can answer one can answer the others. But nothing has, aft yet, come to light satisfac- tory to the public mind on this engrossing sub- ject. The Book of Mormon, which has caused two civil wars, cost many lives and is now founding a new State, if not a new empire, among the mountains of California, is the first, the last and the only book ever published purporting to he a history of the people who in habited this country at the time when the tumuli and fortifica- tions were erected.* But as no one except the followers of the prophet give any credence whatever to the story, the world is not the wliit the wiser for the information it contains, and we remain in the dark, and probably shall till the end of time, as to who were the people who did this work, where they came from, what be- came of them, or what was their design in erecting these mounds. » The late Prof. C. S. Raflnesque wrote the Ancient An- nals of Kentucky, prefixed to Marshall's History of Ken- tucky, published in 1834. These Ancient Annals profess to trace the Alioriftinal history of Kentucky from the creation throiiBh si.v periods, down to a eompariiiivcly modi'tri date, giyinK quite minute details of Noah's and PcIck's llo(lll^, and many ci>n(iiiests and re-conquests of the i ntry by the op- posing Indian tribes. It is a grotesque i.roilnction, and de- serves to be. ranked, in point of historical authority, with the veritable Book of Mormon, HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 80 Tlie fact t]iat human bones have been found in some of them is no evidence that they were erected as tombs for the honored dead; because the Aborigines found here by the whites, have long been in the habit of buryiTig their dead in them; and s many of these tumuli have been opened without finding either bones or anything else in them but soil, the presumption is very strong that the bones sometimes found in them are from the interments of the Indians who more recently occupied the country. For aught that I know, or any one else knows, they may have been built for tombs; but I say the finding of bones in them at this time is no evidence of such a design; and one very strong, and to me unanswerable argument in favor of this position, is, what must be known by every one, that human bones could not have continued in them undecayed for the space of 400 years, the acknowledged age of these tumuli. In some instances, and in positions, or under circumstances peculiarly calculated to preserve them, as by embalming, or being in dry nitrous caves, bones have been preserved for a longer period; but no case can be found on record where such preservation has been had with bones exposed to the dampness of the soil, or mixed with the earth, as those found in these tumuli are. In some few instances slabs of stone were placed around the bones; but the rude masonry found in such cases would be no protection from dampness, while surrounded with a damp soil; and it must be admitted that thin rude masonry corresponds much better with the rude state of the modern Aborigines, than with the more improved state of the buililers of these ancient mounds; and if we suppose, which is very probable, that the same race which Imilt the an- cient works at Aztalan, also erected these mounds, we must suppose that their masonry would have been greatly in advance of an> thing yet discovered of the kind; and further, the de- cay of the work at Aztalan, shows conclusively that their antiquity is such that human bones would have long since mouldered back to their mother dust; for, if burnt bricks have so de- cayed as to render them scarcely distinguisha- ble from the earth with which they are inter- mixed, most certainly bones would have long since entirely disa})peared; and this fact, to- gether with the known fact, that the recent In- dian inhabitants of the country were in the habit of interring their dead in these mounds, and in the mode and manner in which bones have been found, shows conclusively to my mind, tliat the bones thus discovered are of more recent burial than that of the builders of these tumuli. And further, and in confirmation of this con- clusion, the fact that metallic substances have been found in these tumuli, which could not have been known to the natives previous to the discovery of the country by the whites, shows that the skeletons found with such substances must have been interred since the whites came to the country, which does not agree well with the antiquity of trees 400 years old, so fre- quently found on these mounds. The mounds found in the county of Craw- ford, are of various forms and sizes. On Prairie du Chien, on(! of the largest and high- est of these tumuli, having a base of some 200 feet and about twenty feet high, of a circular form, was leveled for the present site of Fort Crawford. Another, of about the same dimen- sions and form, stood within the old or first fort built at this place by the Americans, on which now stands the splendid mansion of II. L. Dousman, Esq. A cellar, well, and ice- house vault, were dug in this last, and a well dug where t^ie first stood, but in neither were any evidences found of the design of their erection; nothing was found but bones, rifles, etc., of re- cent interment. The circular form is the most common for these tumuli, but many are of different forms. Some are from one to two hundred yards long, from ten to twenty feet wide, and from two to three feet high. These frequently have an 90 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. open space througb them, as if intended for a gate, and they would have the appearance of breast works if they had angles, or a rear pro- tection, as of a fort. Others, especially on the dividing ridge be- tween the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, in towns 8 and 9 north, of range 5 west, are in the form of birds with their wings and tails spread and of deer, rabbits and other animals, and one which I have seen resembles an elephant. The birds lie spread out on the ground,while the other animals lie on their sides, with limbs stretched as if on the jump. In this region, also, some few mounds resemble a man lying on his face. These mounds are from three to four feet high, at the highest points, tapering off to the ex- tremities, corresponding with what they were intended to represent. On the margins of these two rivers, on the beach lands and the highest peaks of the bluffs, these tumuli are very numerous,and can often be seen from the boats passing on the river. In- deed there is no point yet discovered of any great extent, in the country, which is not hon- ored, to a greater or less extent, with these marks of ancient settlement, corresponding with the descriptions above given, and varying inform and size; some being not over ten feet on the base and two feet high, circular in form, while others, as above stated, have a base of '200 feet, and twenty feet elevation, and others are in forms of animals which generally are 100 feet long. And it is believed that at least 1,000 of them can be found in the county, which is, however, geo- graphically large. But in no case that has come to my knowledge, in thirteen years resi- dence, have bones, or other matter than earth, been found in them, except with evidence of recent Indian interment. One rather singular circumstance is observable in the construction of some of the mounds on Prairie du Chien, and especially those near the fine dwelling of B. W. Brisbois, Esq. They stand on the margin of the Mississippi, on the extreme west of the prairie, and about one and a half miles from the bluffs. The soil on the prairie is river sand intermixed with vegetable mould. But these tumuli are of a different soil, a loam, the like of which has not yet been discovered within several miles of its present location; so that, to appearance, the earth of which these mounds are I'omposed must have been brought from a considerable distance. It is also a singular feature of all the mounds and fortifications I have examined in the west — and they are quite numerous — that there is no appearance that the earth of which they are composed was dug up from the side of them or even near by them. The surface of the sur- rounding soil generally comes up to the base of the mound on a smooth level. In some in- stances the mound stands on a natural ele- vation, showing that the entire mass of which it is composed was carried from below, up to the place of deposit. One such mound, which stands in a group of them, on the southwest angle of Prairie du Chien, has a base of some fifty feet, and is about ten feet high; but being on a natural elevation, it has the appearance, a short dis- tance from it, of being twenty feet high; yet there is no evidence that the earth of which this mound is composed, though of the common soil of the prairie, was taken from the neigh- borhood of its present location. From the top of this mound can be seen to advantage the ex- tensive low bottom lands and lakes which lie between the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, and were it not for the timber on the margin of the two rivers, their flowing currents could also be seen for some distance. This circum- stance induces the belief that it was built for a kind of watch-tower or looking-out place, to watch the approach of enemies. But the hand of civilization, the plow, the hoe, and the spade, are fast demolishing these monuments of antiquity. When they fall within an enclos- ure, and the plow breaks the sod, the action of HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 91 the water in time of rain, and of the wind in time of draught, together with continued culti- vation, contribute to level them rapidly with the surrounding earth; and but a few years will elapse before they will be lost in the ob- livion of their builders, and will be forgotten, except as their memory will be preserved by the hand of intelligence on the page of the historian. In reflecting upon the destinj' of this people — a people once so numerous and intelligent as those must have been, who laid up with skill and care, these evidences of their existence, taste and mental improvement — we can hardly avoid feelings of melancholy. It amounts to annihilation, so far as this world is concerned. We have no trace as to a ho they were, w'here from, or where they are gone; we only know- that thev lived and are dead. If tliey reflected as we do on tiie future and contemplated that in a few centuries nothing but these mounds would be left of their whole race, that not a man, not a name, not a song, nor even a tradition of them would be left on earth, their feelings mii-^t have been gloomy in the extreme. The idea of annihilation issaid to be even more painful than thoughts of a misera- ble existence. IJut vk turn from such melancholy reflections with hopes blooming with immor- tality. The nKMital and moral culture which we enjoy with the blessings of the j)en and the press, inspire in ;is the pleasing reflection that though .lur individual names may not be noted centuries to come, yet our race will be known on the page of history, and our institutions and the monuments we leave behind of our intelli- gence and wisdom, which we trust will continue to improve our race as they descend the stream of time, will bless the world, and we shall not have lived in vain. One object, and tiie great object of this asssociation is to preserve from oblivion those scraps of history which are fast passing into forgetfulness, and by embodying them into a history, transmit to posterity not only our name, as a people, but also such facts. snatched from the destructive hand of time, as will cast some light, the best we have, on the past history of the State; and though we have not omniscience and cannot solve the historic problems of the past to our entire satisfaction, yet we can do much for the infoimation of ourselves and of our fellow-men, and thus dis- charge a debt we owe to others for the benefits we have derived from histories of other countries and other times. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS IN THE BASIN OF THE VFISCONSIN. [From Lapbam's "Antiquities of Wisconsin."] The Wisconsin river is the largest stream within the State, having its source on the boundary line between Wisconsin and Michigan, in a small sheet of water known as "Lac Vieux Desert," and running into the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. Its general course is nearly south as far as the Winnebago portage, where it almost unites with the Nee- nah. At this point it is suddenly deflected to- wards the southwest and west. Its length cannot be less than 400 miles, and it has an aggregate descent of about 900 feet, or two and a quarter feet per mile. It drains an area of about 1,100 square miles. The valley of this fine stream, from Winnebago portage to its juiu^tion with the Mississippi, may be deemed the great central seat of ]io])ulation at the time of the erection of the animal-sluiped earthworks; at least we must so infer from their comparative abundance and im|)orlance along that valley. The first published notice of the mounds in the valley of the Wisconsin, is in the narrative of Long's Second Expedition, in 1823. It is here stated that "one of the block-houses of the fort (at Prairie du Chien) is situated on a large mound, which ai)pears to be artificial. It w:is excavated; but we have not heard that any bones or other remains were found in it." Mr. Alfred IJrunson, in a paper on the "An- cient Mounds of Crawford county, Wisconsin," . read before the State Historical Society, re- marks that another similar one formerly ex- 92 HISTOKY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. isted on the prairie, now removed; but no evi- dences of the design of their erection were found — nothing was observed but bones, rifles, etc., of recent interment. "One mound, standing in a group at the southwest angle of this prairie, has a base of some fifty feet, and is about ten feet high, on an eminence of about the same elevation From lis top can be seen to advantage the ex- tensive low bottom lands which lie between the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers; and were it not for the timber on the margin of the two rivers, their flowing currents could also be seen for some distance. Tliis circumstance induces the belief that it was built for a kind of watch-tower, or look-out place, to watch the approach of enemies." Trace of mounds were discovered by me (in 1852) along the whole e.Ytent of the prairie, apparently similar to others found in the vi- cinity; but fr^m cultivation, and the light sandy nature of the materials, they are now almost entirely obliterated. Tlie large round tumuli, situated along the island between the "slough" and the main channel of the Missis- sippi, are so near the level of the river that their bases are often washed by the floods. In 1S26, at the highest known floods, (it being eight feet higher than the high water of 1832, and about twenty-six feet above the lowest stage,) the mounds were all that could be seen of this island above the water. These were doubtless for burial, and of less age than the more elab- orate works in the interior of the country. Below the town and fort, towards the month of the Wisconsin, are similar tumuli, equally subject to overflow ; and on the high bluffs south of that river are some look-out stations or mounds. Advantage is taken of these elevations for the foundations of the better class of dwelling houses, above the reach of high water ; being, . perhaps, the only instance in which the ancient works are rendered useful to the present inhab- itants. In general it is deemed necessary to remove them, as incumbrances, rather than to preserve them as matters of convenience. Some traces of a ditch and embankments ob- served on the island, evidently of a military character, proved, on inquiry, to be the remains of the original American fort that was taken by the British in the War of 1812. It is quite clear that this interesting place has been a favorite one with all the different tribes or races of inhabitants, from the days of the first mound builders to the present time ; and the construction of a railroad (soon to be completed) connecting this point with Lake Michigan, at Milwaukee, will doubtless render it one of the greatest importance. Proceeding up the Wisconsin, the first local- ity requiring notice is called by the French the Petit Caj) (ui Gres ; wliich was visited by Messrs. Keating, Say and Seymour, of Long's exploring party, and of which the following account is given : "They found the bluff which borders on the Wisconsin, about four miles above its mouth, covered with mounds, para- pets, etc. ; but no plan or system could be ob- served among them, neither could they trace any such thing as a regular inclosure. Among tliese works they saw an embankment about eighty-five yards long, divided towards its mid- dle by a sort of gateway about four yards wide. This parapet was elevated from three to four feet ; it stood very near to the edge of the bluff, as did also almost all the other embank- ments which they saw. No connection what- ever was observed between the parapets and the mounds, except in one case, where a parapet was cut off by a sort of gateway and a mound placed in front of it. In one instance the works, or parapet, seemed to form a cross, of which three parts could be distinctly traced ; but these were short ; this was upon a project- ing point of the highland. The mounds which the party observed were (Scattered without any apparent symmetry over the whole of the ridge of highland which borders upon the river. They were very numerous, and generally from HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 93 six to eight feet high, and from eight to twelve in diameter. In one case a number of them, amounting perhaps to twelve or fifteen, were seen all arranged in one line, t arallel to the edge of the bluff, but at some distance from it. Mr. Brunson, in a paper read before the Min- isterial Association of the Methodist Church, held at Viroqua, Sept. 7, 1858, says : "History is among the most pleasing and en- tertaining of human studies. By itwe converse and become familiar wiih men and things of ages long in the past, and live, as it were, from the beginning of time to the present hour; but we cannot extend our researches into the future. History relates to the past. Prophecy to the future. "History embraces the biography of men and Nations; their ups and downs, rise and fall, detailing the incidents which have been, the changes which liave occurred, the improvements which have been made, and when known, the reasons therefor, which is the ^^A/teo^Ay of history. "There are, however, many things of interest on the face of the earth of which we have no history, for the reason that none has reached us, if any was ever written; of such we can only draw inferences of their causes from the effects which lie before us. Such is the case in refer- ence to the ancient tumuli which abound to an unknown extent in the western Slates, but in none of them more numerously than in oui- own. '■'riieir forms, and the materials of which they are made, clearly indicate tlie work of liuman liands, and intelligence and design on the part of the builders. The forts and fortifi- cations indicate the existence of wars among tliem, and that the combatants had more or less knowledge of military Mcicnce. In some of them the existence of st)mething like brick or pottery indicates some advances in the arts of civilization, much more so than anything found among the aborigines which the Anglo-Saxon race found in the country. But the present race of Indians have no traditions of the people who made these mounds, nor of the design for which they were built. "The age in which these builders lived, or the distance of time from the present, is inferred from the age of trees found growing in the mounds, some of which, from their annual rings, are supposed to be 400 years old. But who were the builders, whence they came, whither they went, or by what means they be- came extinct, lies in the impenetrable darkness of the past, and is not likely to be known in time. But there is an interest excited in the mind on seeing these ancient works, a written history of which would highly gratify, if it were authentic, or believed so to be. This interest in us shows the duty to the future, to record what we know of the past or present, for its edification, as we would that others should have done unto us, even so we should do to those who are to follow us. "As the matter relative to these mounds now stands, conjecture alone can answer the inquiries of the antiquarian, which in most cases is as un- satisfactory as the total darkness in which the history of those times is now enveloped. Some have thought that these mounds were thrown up as monuments over the distinguished dead, and have inferred this from the fact that in some of them relics have been found. But as the most and the largest of them, on examina- tion, are found to contain no such remains, the inference is not well founded. "That human bones and Lulian relics have been found in some of them of late years is no [iroof that they were erected for places of in- terment; for since the whites have been in the country, our modern Indians have been in the habit, more or less, of i)uryini; their dead in them, and frequently guns, axes, kettles, etc., have been found with the bones — and some- times without them — which shows that the in- terment took place since the whites came to the continent, and the fact that such metallic sub- stances have been found without the bones, shows that if men were buried there at first, 94 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. their bones could not have continuetl in a state of preservation until this time. "It is worthy of remark that while in Ohio the most pi'ominent of these tumuli were forts or fortifications in Wisconsin, but few of that description are found. I can now call to mind but one such, that at Aztalan, and in traveling extensively in the State for twenty-two years, I have noticed but few of these mounds south of a line drawn east from the mouth of the Wis- consin river to the lake, while north of this line and between the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers there are probably 1,000 of them. In Crawford county alone there are at least 500, 100 of which can be found in the towns of Prairie du Chien and Wauzeka. "The evidences of ancient mining found in the Lake Superior copper region, with trees on them of 400 years' growth or more, indicating some degree of intelligence and skill, makes it probable that those mines were wrought by the same race of people who made the mounds, and at about the same time; and yet, there being no copper relics found in these mounds, makes it probable that either they had no commerce with each other, or that they were few in num- ber and emigrated from place to place, to avoid their pursuing enemies, and that those mines were their last retreat, from which they disappeared from this country, either by emi- gration or by being destroyed. The latier, I think, is the most probable." OF THE INDIANS. The earliest record we have of the occupa- tion of Crawford county and contiguous ter- ritory, by the Indians, is that given on the map of Samuel Champlain, dated in lo32. It is there seen that reports had reached the ears of the French upon the waters of the St. Lawrence, of a great river to the westward of Lake Huron and to the southward of Lake Superior, but which it was said flowed north into the lake last mentioned. This was a vague account of the Mississippi. Upon that river are located savages, which, probably, were those afterward known as THE SIOUX. Bands of this Nation occupied the whole country immediately north of the Wisconsin and adjacent to the Mississippi. It is not known that they had any village within what is now Crawford county; but this region was, probably, their hunting grounds, if they did not actually occupy it with their wigwams. It was known to the French, also, before any white man had ever set foot upon any part of Wisconsin or the northwest, that these Sioux were in the habit of going in their canoes to trade with the Winnebagoes, who were located at that time (before 1634) around Lake Winne- bago. Farther than this, no knowledge had been gained of these savages. Not many years afterward they must have withdrawn I farther up the Mississippi, leaving the country upon and down this river for some distance from the mouth of the Wisconsin, without inhabitants. At this time, the nearest savages eastward, were the Kickapoos, Miamis and Mascoutins, who were located on Fox river above Lake Winnebago. Such was the case in 1634, when John Nicolet, the first man to explore the present State of Wisconsin, reached that river. "The first inhabitants of this region," says the Rev. Alfred IJrunson, "included in the original county of Crawford, of whom we have any knowledge, except from ancient tumuli, were the Dakota or Sioux Indians. The builders of those tumuli are so far lost in the past, that no pretence is made to a history of them, except in the pretended visions of Joe Smith, in his so called Golden Bible. When the French missionaries and traders from Canada first visited the country south of Lake Superior, east of the Mississippi, and north and west of the Wisconsin, the Sioux were the lords of the soil. "I learned from the Chippewas at La Pointe, when I was agent for the United States among HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 95 them in 1842-3, tliat previous to their crossing Lake Superior to settle upon its southern shores, the Sioux occupied the whole country south of it, and as far east, at least, as Ke-\ve-wa-non Bay, then called Che-goi-me-gon; for there, in 1661, it seems they captured and killed the missionary Rene Mesnard, whose cassock and breviary were afterwards found among the Sioux, kept by them as amulets." * THE SACS AND FOXES What is now Crawford county and its surround- ing country remained a derelict region until finally the Sacs and Foxes from the east came to Fox river and then moved westward to the Wisconsin. Of all the tribes who have inhab- ited this State, they are the most noted. The Sacs were sometimes called Sauks or Saukies and the Foxes were frequently known as the Outagamies. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as separate tribes. After- ward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their associations, they were and still are considered one Nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of otiier tribes, and early in 1670 he visited a village of llie same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these In- dians for catching fish arrested the attention of th(^ missionary. " From one side of the river to the other," he writes, "they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fatiioms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, alihough the water does not cease to flow be- tween the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years jirevious, a knowledge of this tribe, they were repre.-'entcd as savage above all others, great in numbers, and without any ]>ennanent dwelling place. The Foxes • Bancroft's history of the United States, Vol. 3, P. 117. were of two stocks — one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name ; the other, Wusquakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say, near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iro- quois to Green bay ; but were compelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. Allouez, on the •24tli of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The Nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than 400 men bear- ing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which ex- ists among them- — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the perse- cutions of the Iroquois. Allouez established among these Indians his Mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less than two yeais he had baptized "sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 1693, they iiad plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carry- ing arms and ammunitions to their ancient ene- mies frequently causing them to make port- ages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississi])p). Afterward they became reconciled to the French ; but the rec- onciliation was of short duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in Conjui ction with the Mascoutins and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but 96 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The Nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their terri- tory in 1716 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 1718 the Foxes numbered 500 men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quanti- ties of Indian corn. In 1728 another expedition was sent against them by the French. Mean- while the Menomonees had also become hostile; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of Monomonees ; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagoes (after passing the deserted village of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the fields of the Foxes. Tliey were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734 both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe ; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditions. In 1730 the Sacs and Foxes were "connected with the government of Canada ;" but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Brit- ain, -commencing in 1754, found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the Frencli. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the in- terests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the conquerors, asking that English traders might be sent them. The two Nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about 700 warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had emigrated farther to the westward; but the Foxes, at :east a portion of them, still remained upon the wa- ters of the river of Green bay, which perpet- uates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also to a considerable distance be- low the portage, where their chief town was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while tlieir lower one was situated near its mouth at the site of the present city of Prairie du Cliien. At this date, 1766, and even later,whatis now Crawford county, was within the territory claimed as theirs. Gradually, however, they retreated down the Mississippi until, before the close of the century all their possessions in what is now Wisconsin, was in the extreme southwest. They no longer had their hunting grounds to the northward of the Wisconsin river. Another tribe had, as it were, crowded them out. During the War of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. In 1804 they ceded their lands south of the Wisconsin river to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes cannot be considered as be- longing to the Indian Nations of Wisconsin. They were generally friendly to Great Britain during the War of 181V-15, but they soon made peace with the United States after that contest ended. A striking episode in their subsequent history is the Black Hawk War, which will be narrated in a subsequent chapter. The exact date of the Foxes leaving the Wisconsin river country is unknown. They sold the prairie at the mouth of that stream to some Canadian French traders, in 1781, and subsequently vaca- ted their village. Probably about the begin- ning of the present century they had al)andoned this region as their home, although they long after visited it for the purposes of trade. WHY THE FOX INDIANS LEFT THE LOWER WIS- CONSIN. [By Jonathan Carver.] On the 8th of October, (1766), we got our canoes into the Ouisconsin river, which at this place is more than a hundred yards wide and HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 97 the next day arrived at the great town of the Saukies. This is the largest and best built Indian town I ever saw. It contains about ninety houses, each large enough for several families. These are built of hewn plank, neatly jointed and covered with bark, so compactly as to keep out the most penetrating rains. Be- fore the doors are placed comfortable sheds, in which the inhabitants sit, when the weather will permit, and smoke their pipes. The streets are regular and spacious, so that it appears more like a civilized town than the abode of savages. The land near the town is very good. On their plantations, which lie adjacent to their houses, and which are neatly laid out, they raise quan- tities of Indian corn, beans, melons, etc., so that this place is esteemed the best market for traders to furnish themselves with provisions of any within 800 miles of it. The ?aukies can raise about 300 warriors, who are generally emjiloyf d every summer in mak- ing excursions into the territories of the Illi- nois and Pawnee Nations, from whence they return with a great number of slaves. But those people frequently retaliate, and, in their turn, destroy many of the Saukies, which I judge to be the reason why they increase no faster. Whilst 1 stayed here I took a view of some mountains, (Blue Mounds), that lay about fifteen miles to the southward, and al>ounded in lead ore. I ascended one of the highest of these, and li:id an extensive view of the country. For nianv miles nothing was to be seen but lesser mountains, which appeared at a distance like liaycocks, they being free from trees. Only a few groves of hickory and stunted oaks, covered some of the valleys. So plentiful is lead here that I saw large quantities of it lying about the streets in the town belonging to the Saukies, and it seemed to be as good as the produce of other countries. On the 10th of October we proceeded down the river, and the next day reached the first town of the Outagaraies, This town contained about fifty houses, but we found most of them deserted, on account of an epidemical disorder that had lately raged among them, and carried off more than one half of the inhabitants. -The greater part of those who survived had retired into the woods to avoid the contagion. On the 15th we entered that extensive river, the Mississippi. The Otnsconsin, from the car- rying place to the part where it falls into the Mississippi, flows with a smooth but strong cur- rent ; the water of it is exceedingly clear, and through it you may perceive a fine and sandy bottom, tolerably free from rocks. In it are a few islands, the soil of which appeared to be good, though somewhat woodj. The land near the river also seemed to be, in general, excel- lent; but that at a distance is very fidl of moun- tains, where, it is said, there are many lead mines. About five miles from the junction of the rivers I observed the ruins of a large town, in a very pleasing situation. On in(juiring of the neighboring Indians why it was thus deserted, I was informed that, about thirty years ago, the Great Spirit appeared on the top of a pyramid of rocks, which lay at a little distance from it toward the west, and warned them to quit their habitations ; for the land on which they were built belonged to liim, and be had occasion for it. As a proof that he, who gave them these orders, was really the Great Spirit, he further told them that the grass should immediately spring up on those very rocks from whence he now addressed them, which they knew to be bare and banen. The Indians obeyed, and soon after discovered that this miraculous alteration had taken place, 'l^hey showed me the sj)0t, but the growth of the grass appeared to be no ways supernatural. I apprehended this to have been a stratagem of the French or S])aniards to answer some selfish view ; but in what manner they effected their pur])ose I know not. This people, soon after their removal, built a town on the bank of the Mi88i8sip])i, ne.ir the mouth of the Ouisconsin, at a place called by the 98 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. French Les Prairies les Chiens, which signifies the Dog Plains ; it is a large town and contains about 300 families ; the houses are well built, after the Indian manner, and pleasantly situated on a very rich soil, from which they raise every necessary of life in great abundance. I saw here many horses of a good size and shape. This town is a great mart, where all the adjacent tribes, and even those who inhabit the most re- mote branches of the Mississippi, annually as- semble about the latter end of May, bringing with them their furs to dispose of to the traders. But it is not always that they conclude their sale here ; this is determined by a general coun- cil of the chiefs, who consult whether it would be more conducive to their interests to sell their goods at this place, or carry them on to Louisi- ana or Michiilimackinac ; according to the de- cision of this council, they either proceed far- ther or return to their different homes. The Mississippi, at the entrance of the Ouis- consin, near which stands a mountain of con- siderable height, is about half a mile over ; but opposite to the last mentioned town, it appears to be more than a mile wide and full ot islands, the soil of which is extraordinarily rich and but thinly wooded. CO.VCERNING THE FOX INDIANS. [By Schoolcraft, 1820.] The first we hear of these people (the Foxes) is from early missionaries of New France, who call them, in a list drawn up for the govern- ment in 1V36, "Gens du Sang" and Miskaukis. The latter I found to be the name they apply to themselves. We get nothing, however, by it. It means red earth, being a compound from ■ni'isk-icau, red, and cmkie, earth. They are a branch of the great Algonquin family. The French, who formed a bad opinion of them as their history opened, bestowed on them the name of Renouard, from which we derive their long standing popular name. Their traditions attribute their origin to eastern portions of America. Mr. Gates, who acted as my inter- preter and is well acquainted with their lan- guages and customs, informs me that their tradi- tions refer to their residence on the north banks of the St. Lawrence, near the ancient cataraqui. They appear to have been a very erratic, spirited, warlike and treacherous tribe, dwelling but a short time at a spot, and pushing west- ward as their affairs led them, till they finally reached the Mississippi, which they must have crossed after 1766, for Carver found them liv- ing in villages on the Wisconsin. At Saginaw they appeared to have formed a fast alliance with the Sauks, a tribe to whom they are closely allied by language and history. They figure in the history of Indian events about old Michili- mackinac, where they played pranks under the not very definite title of Muscodainsug, but are first conspicuously noted while they dwelt on the river bearing their name, which falls into Green bay, Wisconsin.* The Chippewas, with whom they have strong affinity of language, call them Outagamie, and ever deemed them a sanguinary and unreliable tribe. The French defeated them in a sanguinary battle at Butte de Mort, and by this defeat drove them from Fox River. Their present numbers cannot be accurately given. I was informed that the village I visited contained 250 souls. They have a large village at Rock Island, where the Foxes and Sauks live together, which consistsof sixty lodges, and numbers 300 souls. One-half of these may be Sauks. 'I'hey have another village at the mouth of Turkey river ; altogether they may muster from 460 to 500 souls. \ et, they are at war with most of the tribes around them, except the lowas, Sauks and Kickapoos. They are en- gaged in a deadly and apparently successful war against the Sioux tribes. They recently killed nine men of that Na-tion, on the Terre Blue river, and a party of twenty men are now absent, in the same direction, under a half-breed named Morgan. They are on bad terms with the Osages and Pawnees, of the Missouri, and *Thi8 name was first applied to a territory in 1836. HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 09 not on the best terms with their neighbors, the Winnebagoes. I again embarked at 4 o'clock a. m. (sUi). My men were stout fellows, and worked witli hearty will, and it was thought possilile to reach the prairie during the day by hard and late push- ing We passed Turkey river at 2 o'clock, and they boldly plied their paddles, sometimes ani- mating their labors with a song; but the Mississippi proved too stout for us, and some- time after night-fall we put ashore on an island, before reaching the Wisconsin. In ascending the river this day, I observed the pelican, which exhibited itself in a flock stand- ing on a low sandy spot of an island This bird has a clumsy and unwieldy look, from the du)ilicate membrane attached to its lower niandible, which is constructed so as when inflated to give it a bag-like appearance. A shoit sleep served to restore the men, and we were again in our canoes the next morning (9th) before I could certainly tell tlie time by my watch. I'ayligiit had not yet broke when we passeil the influx of the Wisconsin, and we reached the prairie under a full chorus and landed at 6 o'clock. INDIAN CON'FLICTS WITHIN THE COUNTY. The various tribes, in visiting the "])rairi('," or in passing up and down the Mississippi, sometimes came in deadly conflict within the present limits of this county, since the first set- tlement iiere by white men — the result, in many case-*, of ancient hostilities existing between them. Two writers have well described some of tliese conflicts, and their accounts arc ap- pended. WAR BKTWEE.V TUE SACS AND FOXES AND THE SIOUX. [I.— ny Mrs H. S. Baird, or Green Day] During tlie first lialf of the present century, there existed between diflFcrcnt Indian tribes of the north and west, a succession of sanguinary wars. The conflicts between the contending partie^ were marked by the characteristic traits of cruelty and ferocity of a barbarous race. The tribes engaged in these hostilities were the Sioux, Chippe" as, Sacs, Foxes and Winneba- goes. Their battles were not always fought in their own country, nor on t' eir own lands. Whenever and wherever a hostile ]iarly met, a contest was sure to be the result; and many incidents connected with this warfare were observed by the early settlers of Wisconsin, one of which I witnessed, and will relate. In the month of May, 1830, with my family, F visited Prairie dii Chien, on the Mississippi; we were guests of the late Joseph Rolette, then a trader, and agent of the American Fur Company. One evening, a few days after our arrival, we were startled by hearing the con- tinual and successive reports of fire-arras, ap- parently on the Mississippi below. The firing continued for an hour or more, and was suc- ceeded by sounds of Indian drums and savage j'ells, with an occasional discharge of guns. The family having retired at the usual time, were aroused from their slumbers about mid- night by hearing foot-steps on the piazza, con- versation in the Indian language, and finally by knocking on the door and window shutters. Mr. Rolette immediately arose and went out to ascertain the cause of the disturbance, when he was informed that a l)loody battle had been fought, and the visitors were the victors, and had called up their trader to inform him of their victory, and to obtain the necessary spirit water to celebrate the glorious event in regular savage style. Their wants were supplied, of course, when tliey took their leave, but not to sleep; neither could we sleep, as the warriors kept up through the night a most horrible pow- wow, enlivened by savage yells, all plainly within our hearing. In the morning we heard the particulars of the savage fight, and during the day witnessed one of the most disgusting and revolting exhi- bitions that human beings could display. On the day before the battle, or rather mas- sacre, a war party of some twenty or twenty- five Sioux encamped on an island opposite 100 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Praii-ie du Chien. They were there joined by a few Menomonees, who volunteered to assist their friends, the Sioux. It appears that the latter had previously received information that on that day a party of Sacs and Foxes, their inveterate enemies, would leave their village, situated on the Mississippi, some distance below Prairie du Chien, intending to visit the latter place ; and that they would encamp for the night at a regular camping ground, near the mouth of the Wisconsin river. In the afternoon of that day, the Sioux war party embarked in several canoes, and descend- ed the river. Arriving near the spot where they knew their intended victims would en- camp, they drew their canoes on land, and care- fully hid them in the thick woods, and then selected a spot covered with a dense growth of bushes, and within a short gun-shot of the landing place on the camping ground. Here, with true Indian cunning, they lay in ambush, awaiting the arrival of the unsuspecting Sacs and Foxes. No fire was made, and the still- ness of death reigned in the forest. Nor had they long to wait for the arrival of their foes. Between sunset and dark, the party, in three or four canoes, arrived at the fatal landing place, and dis-embarked. It consisted of eighteen persons, one old chief, one squaw, one boy about fourteen years old and fifteen warriors. Upon landing, the party commenced unloading the canoes. The concealed war party remained perfectly quiet, scarcely breath- ing, so that their victims might be completely surprised. After all had landed, and while carrying their effects on shore, leaving their guns and war-clubs in the canoes, the party in ambush bounded to their feet, with a horrible yell, and fired a murderous volley at the sur- prised party, by which all fell except one man and the boy. The former reached a canoe, seized a loaded gun, and discharged it, mortally wounding one of the Sioux ; but the poor Sac was soon despatched, and the only one of the eighteen who survived was the boy, who hap- pened to be in a canoe. He seized a paddle, pushed into the stream, and made his escape down the swift current of the river. After the massacre, all who yet breathed were despatched, and horribly mutilated. Hands, feet, fingers, ears and scalps were out off, and more horrible still, the heart of the aged chief was cut from his breast, and all taken by the victors as trophies of the bloody conflict. On the day succeeding the murder, the victo- rious party assembled, and accompanied by a few squaws, paraded the streets of Prairie du Chien, with the monotonous sounding drum •and rattle, and displaying on poles the scalps and dismembered human fragments taken from the bodies of their victims. The whole party was painted with various colors, wore feathers, and carried their tomahawks, war-clubs and scalping-knives. Stopping in front of the principal houses in the village, they danced the war-dance and scalp-dance, ending with yells characteristic of incarnate devils. The mangled limbs were still fresh and bleed- ing; one old squaw had carried on a pole the entire hand, with a long strip of skin from the arm of one of the murdered men, elevated above her head, the blood trickling down upon her hair and face, while she kept up the death-song, and joined in the scalp-dance. After this exhi- bition, which lasted two or three hours, the warriors went to a small mound, about 200 yards from Mr. Rolette's residence, and in plain sight made a fire and roasted the heart of the old murdered chief, and then divided it into small pieces among the several warriors, who devoured it, to inspire them wi'h courage, and "make their hearts glad." The whole scene was shocking and disgust- ing in the extreme, and such a one, we hope, never again will be witnessed in a civilized community. The incidents just related occurred in a town containing a civilized (?) population of 600 or 800 inhabitants, under the walls of the U. S. HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 101 garrison, and within musket shot of the fort. Neitlier civil nor military authorities made any effort to prevent the exhibition of the revolting and savage trophies of the sanguinary battle. In the afternoon, the party of Sioux warriors enibarkeil in their canoes and ascended the Mis- sissippi, on their return to their own village, leaving on the minds and memories of those who witnessed these horrible and frantic orgies recollections not soon to be forgotten. 11.— By James H. Lockwood. In 1830 a party of Sauks and Foxes killed some Sioux, on or about the head-waters of Red Cedar river, in the now State of Iowa; and the same season a band of Fox Indians, who resided about where Dubuque now is, had occasion to visit Prairie du Chien on business with the agent, whom they had previously informed that tliey would arrive on a certain day.' An Indian called the Kettle was their chief. It was gener- ally believed that John Marsh gave the Sioux information of the coming of the Foxes, and of the lime they were expected; and on the morn- ing of the day appointed for the arrival of ihe Foxes at Prairie du Chien, :i small war p:nty of young Sioux made their appearance here, and joined by a few of the Menoinonee young men, proceeded down the Mississijipi to the lower end of liie Prairie du Pierreaux, some twelve or tilleen miles below Prairie du Chien, where a narrow ciiannel of the Mississippi runs close to that end of the prairie, fringed with small trees, bushes and grass. They knew the custom of the Indians in going up stream to avail them- selves of all such side channels, as there was less current in them than in the broad river; and secreting themselves among the bushes, trees and grass, awaited their unsuspecting vic- tims. When the Foxes came within point blank shot, they all fired upon them, killing their chief Kettle and several others. The Foxes finding their chief killed, returned down the river to carry the news of their misfortunes to the tribe, while the Sioux and Menomonees returned home with the tidings of their victory and to dance over it. They passed through Prairie du Chien, and remained a short time here, but for some unaccountable reason, no no- tice whatever was taken of it. The signs of several war parties of the Foxes were reported to have been seen on the opposite side of the river during the year; but they ef- fected nothing until sometime, I think, in June, 1831, when a considerable number of Menomo- nees had collected at Prairie du Chien, and en- camped on an island near the eastern shore of 'the Mississippi, about one-fourth of a mile from the old Fort Crawford. They had obtained whisky enough for all to get socially drunk up- on — and it is rare to find a Menomonee who will not get drunk when he has a chance — and they had carried their revels far into the night, until men, women and children were beastly drunk. About two hours before day, a Fox war party, that had been watching their movements, fell upon them in that helpless state and killed about thirty of them. By this time some of the more sober of them were aroused, and com- menced firing upon the Foxes; who fled down the river, pursued a short distance by the Me- nomonees. Thomas P. Burnett, the sub-Indian agent, was sleeping with me in my store. It being veiy warm weather, we had made a bed of blankets on the counter, when about two hours before daylight, we were awakened l)y the cries of a Menomonee woman at the store door. We let her in, when she told us of the disaster to the Menomonees. Mr. Burnett took my horse and went to inform Gen. Street, the Indian agent, who lived about four miles above this, and who arrived about daylight and gave the first int'or- mation to the fort. Although liiere had been a great firing of guns and hallooing among the Indians, the sentinels had reported nothing of it to the officers; but on hearing of the affair, the commandant immediately dispatched a com- pany of men in boats after the Foxes, but they did not overtake them. The government de- manded of the Sauks to deliver up tht perpe- V 102 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. trators of this deed. The Foxes fled to the Sauks, and their chief, Kettle, being dead, they remained among and amalgamated with them, and have not since continued a separate Nation or tribe. I have always believed this to be the origin of the Black Hawk War. There were, I suppose, other causes of discontent, but I believe that this transaction was the immediate cause of the movements of Black Hawk. III. — BY .JOHN H. FONDA. The same year, 1830, the Fox and Sauk In- dians killed some Sioux, at the head of Cedar river, in Iowa. Capt. Dick Mason* started with a number of troops for the scene of dis- turbance, and I went along as guide. We ar- rived at the place of the fight, found every- thing quiet and all we did was to turn about and go back the way we came. Soon after, the Sioux and a number of Monom- onees attacked a party of Sauks and Foxes at Prai du Pierreaux and killed some ten Indians, among whom was Kettle, the great Fox chief, f The Sauks and Foxes were coming up to a treaty unarmed, and the Sioux, made aware of this through their runners, got the Monomonees and laid in ambush on the east shore. The un suspecting Foxes were fired into from the am- buscade and their best warriors lost their scalps. After the fight the Monomonees and Sioux came up here to have a dance over the scalps. The Indians presented a horrid appearance. They were painted for war and had smeared themselves with blood and carried the fresh scalps on poles. Some had cut off a head and thrust a stick in the throttle and held it on high; some carried a hand, arm, leg or some other portion of a body, as trophies of their success. They commenced to dance near the mound over the slough, but Col. Taylor soon stopped that * Hichard B. Mason, a native of Virginia, was a 1st lieu- tenant in 1817, captain in 1819; served in the Ulack Hawlf War; major of drag:oons in 183J?, lieutenant-colonel in 1H3H and colonel in 1846. He commanded the forces in California and was e-x-othcio governor 1847-48; brevetted briM'fldier-gen- eral and died at Jefferson Barracks. Mo., July !I5, 1850. + This was in 1830. by driving them across the main channel on to the islands, where they danced until their own scalps went to grace the wigwams of the Sauks and Foxes. In April of 1831, I was in the hospital at Fort Crawford, when, through the influence of Col. Taylor and Dr. Beaumont, I got my dis- charge. When I was convalescent, which was about June, a war party of Sauk and Fox Indians came up from their part of the country to the bluff north of Bloody Run, from where they watched the Monomonees, who were en- camped on an island opposite Prairie du Chien, a little north of the old fort. One night the Monomonee camp was surprised by the Fox and Sauk war party, and all in the camp killed ex- cept an Indian boy, who picked up a gun and shot a Fox brave through the heart and escaped. After massacreing, scalping and mutilating the bodies, the Fox Indians got into canoes and paddled down the river past the fort, singing their war song and boasting of their exploits- Soldiers were sent to punish them, but I believe they failed to catch them. In the morning I helped to bury those killed. There were twenty-seven bodies, all killed with the knife and tomahawk, except the Fox brave shot by the boy. They were buried in three graves on the landing below the present Fort Crawford, and until within a f^w years the spot was marked by a small muslin flag kept standing by the few Monomonees who lingered in this vicin- ity; but nothing is now left 'to preserve the graves from sacrilege, and soon the iron horse will course o'er the bones of those red men, long since gone to their happy hunting grounds. After the Monomonee massacre, a warrior of that tribe was found in the old Catholic grave- yard and buried. He had no wounds and it is thought that when the Foxes attacked the Indi- ans on the island, he got away and ran so fast that he had to lean against the wall to rest, and that he rolled over and died. The Indian agency was removed this year to Yellow River and the Rev. Mr. Lowrey ap- HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 103 pointed agent. It was afterwards removed to Fori Atkinson, Iowa. The mission buildings can be seen now on Yellow river, about five miles from its mouth. THE WINNEBAGOKS. The. Nation which displaced the Sacs and Foxes upon the Wisconsin river an4 its contig- uous territory, including what is now Vernon county, was the VVinnebagoes. It is now 250 years since the civilized world began to get a knowledge of the Winnebagoes — the "men of the sea,'' as they were called, pointing, possibly, to their early emigration from the shores of the Me,xican gulf, or the Pacific. The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the Stale of Michigan as lies north of Green bay. Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabiletl by several tribes of the Algon- quin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mis- si8»ii)i)i. lint the Winnebagoes, although one of liie tribes belonging to tlie family of the latter, had passed llie great river, at some un- known period, and settled ujion Winnebago lake. Here, as early as 1034, they were visited by Jiihn Xicolet, an agent of France, and a treaty concluded with them Little more was luard of the Winnebagoes for the next ihirty- tive year.s, when, on the 2d of December, 1669, some of that Nation were seen at a Sac village on Green bay, by Father Allouez. As early at least as 1670, the French were ac- tively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading. '■We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit mis- sionaries, wlio arrived among them in September of that year, "we found affairs there in a pretty bad poslure, and the mindsof the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading; ill treating them in deeds and words, pillaging and carrying away their mer- chandise in spite of tliem, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable in- solences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the missionary, "is that they had received some bad treatment from the FrcTich, to whoiii they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries. It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over 200 years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two Jesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with, when they had advanced one day's journey from the head of the bay, more diffi- cult than those which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which they had to walk with naked feet to drag their ca- noes, were so sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters. At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored; never failing, in pass- ing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arr(;ws, or paintings, or other things, to thank him tliat, by his assistance, they had, in ascend- ing, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation. The missionaries caused the idol to be lifted up by the strength of the arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more, to the idolatrous savages." The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and traffii- ing with wiiite men; for, following the fool- steps of the missionaries, and sometimes pre ceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winneba- goes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the F>ench upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winneba- 104 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. goes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteentli century. As early as 1679, an advance party of LaSalle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with tliis tribe and others contiguous to them; generally, however, the sunounding Na- tions sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of the eighteenth century found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the, dreaded Iroquois. In 171S, the- Nation numbered 600. They had moved from the Fox river to Green bay. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winnebago lake, which lake was their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the west and south- west. Their intercourse with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menominees, in their wars with the Iro- quois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took pos- session of the French post, at the head of Green bay, the Winnebagoes were found to number 150 warriors only; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. Tliey had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included, not only that lake, but all the streams flawing into it, espe- cially Fox river; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac, in 1 763, they joined with the Me- nomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the head of the bay, as- sisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the Eng- lish during the revolution, by joining with them against tlie colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the at- tack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British i:i the War of 1812-15, aiding, in 1814, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the Nation came down Fox river and re- monstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if nec- essary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one: "If your object is peace, you have too many men; if vvar, you have too few." However, tlie display of a number of cannon, which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the situation and the deputation gave the garrison no further trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the general government; but they con- tinued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the Nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1320 they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825 the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river, to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where the}^ had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the Upper Wisconsin, in other words, to the Chip- HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 105 pewa territory, including what is now Vernon county, but did not extend across Fox river, aliliougli they contended for tlie wliole of Win- nebago lake. In 1S29 a large part of their ter- ritory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississip])i, and extending to the Wisconsin river, was sold to the general govern men t. Just previous to this lime occurred the Win- nebago war, an account of which will be found in the next chapter. In \^3-2, all the residue of the Winnebago territory south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay, was disposed of to the United States. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the 1st of November, 1837, "the Winnebago Nation of Indians" ceded to the general government "all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of "the great river." 'i'his arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1S42 there were only 756 at Turkey River, Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands elsewliere. All had become lawless and roving. Some removed in 1S48; while a party to the number of over SOO left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of, and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over 100,00l> acres. How- ever, since their first removal beyond the Mis- sissippi, they have several times changed th.eir place of abode. The period of Winnebago oc- cupancy of Crawford county and the region of country contiguous thereto, properly began about the commencement of the present cen- tury and ended, virtually, in 1848. Within the last two years stejts have been taken toward paying such of the Winnebagoes, in Wisconsin, as might come forward to be en- rolled, at least a j)ortion of the money due to them tmder the act of Jan. 18,1881. It has been found by this enrollment that the whole number of Winnebagoes in Wisconsin at this time (1884) is about 1,'200; while those in Ne- braska number about 1,400; so that the entire Nation now consists of about 2,600 souls. Concerning the removal of the Winnebagoes, John H. Fonda says: During the year 1848, just previous to the adoption of the State Constitution, the Win- nebago Indians were scattered through the country along tlie Wisconsin and Fox rivers, through the Kiekapoo timbers, and the Lemon- weir valley. Orders came from the sub-Indian agent, J. E. Fletcher, to collect and remove them to their Reservation, near Fort Atkinson, Iowa. In 1848, when orders were received at Fort Crawford to remove the Winnebagoes, several attempts were made to do so, but with jioor success. Early in the same year I received the following official letter: Office Sub-Indian Agent, ) Turkey River, Jan. 4, 1848. \ Sir: — In answer to your inquiry respecting the disposition to be made of the Winnebago Indians, who may be found wandering about through the country, I have to say that I wish you to arrest them, cause them to be securely guarded, and report them to me as early as may be practicable. Very respectfully your obd't servant, J. E. Fletcher, To Lieut. , Induin AgH. Commanding Ft. Crawford, W. T. Upon receipt of the above, I made all neces- sary preparation, and started with fifty men to collect the Indians. This attempt was quite successful, and several hundi'ed were arrested, and sent to Fort Atkinson, Iowa. It may ap- pear strange to some persons that such a hand- ful of men could take many hundred Indians prisoners, and guard them day and night as we traveled through a wild unsettled country; but it was done, and I have a list of names of those men who accompanied me on that expedition. lOd HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. My journal, kept during the time we were hunt- ing the Indians, presents numerous interesting items, only one or two of which, I will relate. In taking the Indians, great caution was necessary to enable us to approach them. When the scouts reported that Indians had been dis- covej'ed, four or Ave of the men would start on ahead, enter the Winnebago camp, collect all the guns and take off the locks before the Indians were aware of their intention. Frequently a hunting party would come in while the men were ?[r. Lewis, the portrait i>ainter, called out stoutly behind us, from an island in the river, "OhI ho!" I did not know hut there was some other breaking of the canoe, or worse dis- aster, and directed the men to put hack. "See, see," said he, "that fellow's imse I Dhl you ever see such a protuberance"'" It was one of 118 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. the Menomonees from Sutte des Morts, with a globular irregular lump on the end of his nose, half as big as a man's fist. Lewis' artistic risi- bles were at their height, and he set to worlc to draw him. I could think of nothing appropri- ate, but Sterne and Strasbourg. 23d. A heavy fog detained us at Caramanis village till near 6 a. m. The fog, however, still continued so thick as to conceal objects at twenty yards distance. We consequently went cautiously. Both this day and yesterday we have been constantly in sight of Indian canoes on their return from the treaty. Wooden canoes are exclusively used by the Winnebagoes. They are pushed along with poles. We passed a precipitous range of hills near Pine creek, on one of which is a cave, called by onr \>02i,ivaQn, L\l>ahleau Port. This supersti- tion of peopling dens and other dark ])laces with the "arch fiend," is common. If the "old serpent" has given any proofs to the French boatmen of his residence here, I shall only hope that he will confine himself to this river,and not go about troublingquiet folks in the land of the lakes. At Pine river we went inland about a mile to see an old mine, probably the remains of French enter|)rise, or French credulity. But all its golden ores had flown, probably frightened ofl^ by the old fellow of U'diable au Port. We saw only pits dug in the sand overgrown with trees. Near this spot in the river, we overtook Shingabowossin and his party of Chippewas. They had left the prairie on the same day that we did, but earlier. They had been in some dread of the Winnebagoes, and stopped on the island to wait for us. In passing the channel of Detour, we observed many thousand tons of white rock lying in the river, which had lately fallen from the bank, leaving a solid perpendicular precipice. This rock, banks and ruins is like all the Wisconsin valley rocks — a very white and tine sandstone. We passed five canoes of Menomonees, on their way to hunt on Chippewa river, to whom I presented some powder, lead and flour. They gave me a couple of fish, of the kind called pe-can-o by the Indians. 24th. We were again detained by the fog till half past 5 a. m., and after a hard day's fatiguing toil, I encamped at 8 o'clock p. m., on a sandy island in the center of the Wisconsin. The water in the river is low, and spreads stragglingly over a wide surface. The very bed of the river is moving sand. V/hile supper was preparing I took from my trunk a towel, clean shirt and a cake of soap, and spent half an hour in bathing in the river upon the clean yellow sand. After this grateful refreshment, I sank sweetly to repose in my tent. 2.5th. The fog dispersed earlier this morning than usual. We embarked a few minntes after 4 A. M., and landed for breakfast at 10. The weather now was quite sultry, as indeed it has been during the greater part of every day since leaving Tipesage — i. «. the prairie. Our route this day carried us through the most picturesque and interesting part of the Wisconsin, called the Highlands or River Hills. Some of these hills are high, with precipitous faces towards the river. Others terminate in round, grassy knobs, with oaks dispersed about the sides. The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature. * Generally speaking, the country has a bald and barren aspect. Not a tree ha-i apparently been cut upon its banks, and not a village is seen to relieve the tedium of an unim- proved wilderness. The huts of an Indian locality seem "at random cast." I have already said these conical and angular hills present masses of white sandstone wherever they aie precipitous. The river itself is almost a moving mas.s of white and yellow sand, bro.nd, clear, shallow, and abounding in small woody islands and willowy sandbars. While making these notes I have been com- pelled to hold mv book, pencil and umbrella, the latter being indispensible to keep oft' the *Sin, the terminal syllable, is clearly from the Alyronquin— Os-9in. a stone. The French addetUhe letter o, which is the regular local form of the word, agreeably to the true Indian. HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 119 almost tropical fervor of tlie sun's rays. As the umbrella and book must be held in one hand, you may judge that I have managed with some difficulty; and this will account to you for many nncouth letters and much dis- jointed orthography. Between the annoyance of insects, the heat of the sun, and the difficulties of the way, we had incessant employment. At 3 o'clock p. M. we put ashore for dinner in a very shaded and romantic spot. Poetic images were thick about us. We sat upon mats spread upon a narrow carpet of grass between the river and a high perpendicular cliff. The latter threw its broad shade far beyond us. This stri]) of land was not more than ten feet wide, and had any fragrants of rock fallen, they wou!e- liinil the principal Indian chiefs sat the com- mon people — first the men, then the women and children, to the number of thousands, wlio list- ened in breathless and death-like silence to every word that was uttered. The spectacle was grand and morally sublime in the highest degree to the Nations of red men who were present, and when our proposition to sell all their country to their Father had been delivered to them, they requested an exact copy of it in writing; the request was instantly comi)lied with and the council broke up. The next d.iy we addressed the Winnebagoes, as we had the Chippewas, etc., the day before, and at their request gave them a copy of our speech. After counciling among themselves, the Chip- pewas, etc., answered favorably as to a sale, though they would do nothing yet until they had fixed on their terms. Tlie Winnebagoes appeared in council and delivered many speeclies to us. They de- manded the ^20,000 worth of goods. "Wipe out your debt," was their reply, "before you run in debt again to us." Our goods, owing to the low stage of the water, had not arrived yet, and tlie Indians feared we did not intend to fulfill Gov. Cass' agreement of the year before. When our goods did arrive and they saw them they then changed their tone a little; but in the meantime, great uneasiness existed, and I was often seriously advised by Nawkaw and other friends to go into the fort, as Gen. McNeil had done. Col. Menard's ill health had compelled him to leave the ground and go to Gen. Street's, five miles (the general calls it three) from the council house. Unless we left the ground, we were told by the Winnebagoes, that they "would use a little switch upon us." In plain Englisli, they would assassinate the whole of us out of the fort. Two hundred warriors under Keokuk and Morgan, of Sauks and Foxes, arrived and began their war dance for the United States, and they brought word that thirty steamboats with cannon and United Slates troops, and 400 warriors of their own, were near at hand. The Winnebagoes were silenced by this intelligence, and by demonstrations, not misunderstood by them. When Keokuk arrived, he brought two de- serters from the garrison here, whom he had made prisoners on his way up the river. Quas- quawma and his son-in-law, Tia-ma, came with Keokuk. It was a season of great joy with me, who placed more reliance on these friendly warriors than on all our forces. Good as our officers were, our soldiers of the army were too dissipated and worthless to be relicil on one moment. Taking Keokuk aside and alone, I told him in plain English all I wanted of him, HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. what I would do for him and what I expected from him and his good officers. He replied in good English: "I understand you sir, perfectly, and it shall all be done." It was all done faith- fully, and he turned the tide in our favor. The goods arrived and also our provisions; Col. Menard's and Gen. McNeil's health were restored and they appeared again at the council house and everything wore a new aspect. They approved of all I had done in their temporary absence. On the 29th of July, 1829, we concluded our treaty with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Potta- wattamies. On the 1st day of August a treaty was con- cluded with the VVinnebagoes. So the treaties were executed at last, and about 8,000,000 acres of land added to onr domain, purchased from tiie Indians. Taking the three tracts, ceded, and forming one whole, it extends from the upper end of Rock Island to the mouth of the Wisconsin; from latitude 41 degrees, 30 minutes, to latitude 48 degrees, 15 minutes, on the Mississippi. Following the meanderings of the river, it is called 210 miles from south to north. It extends along the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, from west to east, so as to give us a passage across the country from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan. The south part of the purchase extends from Rock Island to Lake Michigan south of the Wisconsin, the Indians now own only reservations where they live, which, as soon as the white people settle on all the ceded lands, will be sold to us, and the Indians will retire above the Wisconsin, or cross the Mississippi, where the bear, the beaver, the deer and the bison invite them. The United States now owns all the country on the east side of the Mississippi, from the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Wisconsin. When I have crossed Rock river, after hav- ing passed over the interior of the ceded coun- try, I will describe it more particularly. It remains for me to make a few remarks upon the country along the Mississippi from Fort Edwards upward, and briefly describe Prairie du Chien. Ascending the Mississippi, the country ap- peared to rise up out of the river at Fort Ed- wards, and the hills assume a greater elevation still, at Du Buque's mine and tomb not far from Galena. From thence n[)wards, the bot- tom lands are narrow, the river turns towards the northwest and becomes very crooked, bounded by high hills. Cassville, thirty miles below Prairie du Chien, stands on a narrow bottom, where an opening into the mineral country, in the direction of Mineral Point, pre- sents itself. This easy passage down to the river has located a town here of a few houses, consisting of a tavern, a storehouse for the lead, belonging to the United States; and here a government sub-agent to collect and receive the government's share of lead resides, Maj. Beal. Opposite to the mouth of the Wisconsin stands Pike's hill, lofty and abrupt, and just above this place, on the eastern bank of the river, begins the low prairie ground on which Fort Crawford and the village of Prairie du Chien stand. The town begins to show itself three miles above the Wisconsin, and extends upwards about nine miles, where it ends. The river is full of islands, and when at its highest altitude in a freshet is three miles in width, from hill to hill. Originally settled by the French, it was once a place of some importance, as the remains of old cellars and chimneys show. That importance is no more, and proba- bly never will be again. Overflowed by high waters, and but little good land near it, with- out waterpower, I see little inducement to build up a town here. On the north side of the Wisconsin there is no land on which a town can be located near the Wisconsin, and the south side is preferable for it, where one will, one day, rise up. The town, though, is a seat of justice for a county of Michigan, and perhaps thirty families,besides those belonging to the garrison, reside here No Indians reside near HISTORY OP CRAWFORD COUNTY. 123 here, and there is no sort of need of nor propri- ety in having an agency, etc., liere for the Win- nebagoes, because Fort Winnebago is the proper place for the agency. Gen. Street, the agent and near relative of Mr. Barry, the postmaster general, is the pres- ent agent, and his residence, I consider to be about five miles above the fort, though I am aware that Gen. Street's estimated distance is only three miles. The water found by digging in this prairie is not always good, and that in our well was the worst I ever tasted, operating upon the bowels like glauher salts, and I suffered excessively I'r-om using it. Even the food cooked in it af- fected ine seriously. 'I'lie well in tlie fort is betier and some persons obtain water from spiings in tlie river whtn it is low. The river covers all the town and where the fort is in liigh water. The .Mississippi rising late in the season, and subsiding in the summer solstice, this ])lace must be sickly in summer every year, when a freshet takes such a time to appear. In liS'29 there was no such rise in the river, of any amount, and the place was healthy. The only Indians living on this river below this place and near it, are the Sauks and Foxes. The principal town of the former, on the east side of the Mississippi, is situated on the nortli side of Rock river, near its mouth, and in sight of the Mississippi. Not many years ago this town contained, it is said, 4,000 or 5,000 inhabi- tants. They have sold all the country east of the river Mississipiji, and are withdrawing from it to a new town some ten miles west of the old town, and about the same distance from Rock Island. The priiu'itial town of the Foxe8*is on the l)riiik of the river near Du Buque's mine, and in sight of his tomb, which is erected on a high hill, where the cross on his grave "can be seen from the river to a considerable distance from it. Du i>u(jue was an Indian trader and lived and died here. The Fox town contains twenty wigwams or upwards, and I presume some 200 Indians. I saw but a few acres of poorly cultivated corn near the town, and the wigwams looked shabby enough. Morgan is the principal warrior of this village, as Keokuk is of the Rock river town. The Sauks and Foxes were so useful to us as auxiliaries, that I feel grateful to them and make a few remarks on their principal men who were with us. Keokuk, the princijtal warrior of the Sauks, is a shrewd, politic man, as well as a brave one, and he possesses great weight of character in their national councils. He is a high-minded, honorable man, and never begs of the whites. While ascending the Mississippi to join us, at the head of his brave troops, he met, arrested and brought along with him to Fort Crawford, two United States soldiers, who were deserting from the garrison when he met them. I in- formed him that for this act he was entitled to a bounty in money; to which he proudly re- plied, that he acted from motives of friendship towards the United states, and would accept no money for it. Morgan is the principal warrior of the Foxes, and resides at Du Buque's mine on the western bank of the Mississippi. Though less versatil- ity of talent belongs to him than Keokuk pos- sesses, yet he is a brave man and fond of war. More than a year before we were in this country, this Indian general had gone to the Sioux country and killed a woman and three children of that Nation, which act produced the war, then raging between the two Nations. This act has since been dreadfully avenged by a large party, on some twenty individuals of the Foxes. Tiama, a principal civil chief of the same tribe, is an excellent man, and son-in-law of Quasquawma. '1 heir village is already noticed as being located on the west side of the river, opposite where we lay on an island, at the head of the lower rapids. 124 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Quasquawma was the chief of this tribe once, but being cheated out of the mineral country, as the Indians allege, he was degraded from his rank and his son-in-law, Tiama, elected in his stead. The improvisatori, whose name has escaped my recollection, is a shrewd wit and a very good man, certainly a very amiable and agreeable one. He is highly esteemed by all his people. Tom, a half-blood, is a great pet among the whites. He speaks prairie-wolf French and a little English, in addition to his knowledge of Indian languages. Of the above named individuals, and several others belonging to these brave and generous allies, I brought away with me as correct a likeness as I ever saw drawn. Gratitude towards them was my motive for being at the expense of these beautiful paintings which have gone to London a year since. Like many other expenses I was necessarily put to, I have never received even one cent from the government towards them, nor have I received one cent, either for my expenses or my services at St. Louis, the lower rapids. Rock Island or Galena. I say this because it has been stated very differently, even on the floor of the House of Representatives. It is not. true that all my expenses were paid by the United States ; nor is it true that my services liave been paid for by the government at all. In saying this, I do it in justice to myself as I would to do justice to any other injured individual, however hum- ble in the Nation. I am even yet unpaid, but I never will condescend to beg for my pay at the doors of Congress. I did once expect very different treatment from my countrv- AN INDIAN SCARE. In 1846 the citizens living contiguous to the Wisconsin river were treated to a genuine In- dian scare, and as the Winnebagoes were the supposed enemies, an account in this history is properly given of the event. In the winter of 1844-5, and while the Legis- lature of the State was in session at Madison, the capital, a rumor that an Indian war had broken out,came to the ears of the legislators with a thou- sand fearful forebodings, and producing intense excitement. At this time the militia laws had all been repealed, probably with a view to coun- teract the supposed influence of Gov. Doty, and the c pital he might have made by the or- ganization of the militia, and the appointment of the officers from among his friends, the ma- jority of the Legislature being opposed to Doty. At this juncture, however, a change in the administration of the general government had changed governors, and Gen. Dodge was again at the helm of the territory. But the law which abolished the militia service with a view to hamper and trammel Doty, was now, in a time of need, found to trammel and hamper Dodge, for though great fear was excited, that plunder and murder would be, or were actually being committed by the Indians, the governor's hands were tied By the law, which he had him- self approved. The representations of the Indian disturbances made to the governor he communicated to the Assembly. The emergency of the case was such as to call the two Houses together at an evening ses- sion, to receive the governor's message on the subject, and to devise ways and means for the public defense. And while one was looking at another, at a loss to know what to do, a mem- ber penned and offered a bill to repeal the act by which the militia organization had been abol- ished, and to restore the former laws upon the subject. In offering the bill which contained only a few lines, he moved a suspension of the rules, so that the bill passed at once, and was sent to the council; and by the same process, it was passed there, and in about half an hour from the time it was first offered, the governor had approved of it, and the whole militia of the territory was organized, officers and all, and measures were taken to call out a portion of it, to chastise the supposed maraud- ers, when a second communication to the gov- ernor showed that there was no occasion for it. HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. 129 The first report bad grown out of exaggerated sta'ements of some wliite hunters, who had come in contact with some Indians in tht same pursuit, and who probably took some game which the whites would have been glad to have taken ; and possibly some pigs had been taken on the credit of the Indians, but this was. never proven against them. By reference to the Legislative journals, it appears that this matter happened on the last evening, Feb. 3, 1846. Tlie governor com- municated the proceedings of a meeting of the citizens of Muscoda, on the Wisconsin river, in Grant county, dated Sunday night, Feb. 1, 1846, stating as follows : "The citizens of this prairie and surrounding country, having been for the last several months annoyed and harrassed by the depredations of the Winnebago Indians, and submitted to tlieir bullying and insults, have at length been forced to the dernier re- sort ; to take up arms for our protection. This evening a skirmish took plac J between the In- dians and the citizens, in which four of the former were severely, if not mortally wounded; and from the known character of the Indians, we may naturally e.xpcct more serious conse- quences to ensue. A true and correct state- ment of the occurrences of the day is substan- tially as follows : A number of the Indians came down the north side of the Wisconsin river to Capt. Smith's, and stole his canoe. He discovered them and called to them to bring it back, which they refused to do. The captain, with several other men, came over to this shore, found the Indians who look his boat, and chas- tised one or two of them with a stick, and in the Thelee one of his men was severely hurt witli a club in the hands of one of the Indians. The Indians then ran, and the citizens, a num- ber of whom had by this time collected, followed them a little way and returned. In a short time the Indians came back also. All the citizens having by this time assembled, Capt. ffanies B. Estes and Booth advanced towards them, unarmed, and in a peaceable manner. making friendly manifestations, all of which time the Indians threatened, by drawing tlieir knives, throwing off their blankets, waving their guns in the air, and pointing them toward the whites. Finding it impossible to ]>acify or appease them they separated, and in a moment they fired upon the citizens ; the next minute their fire was returned, and four of them fell." They then add, that the Indians have sent their runners to collect their scattered bands, and the whites have sent for aid ; that they want the governor's assistance, and are determined to kill or drive every Indian en the Wisconsin over the Mississippi ; have upwards of fortj men under arms, and have chosen James \i. Estes for captain. Gov. Dodge recommended the adoption of a memorial to the secretary of war, asking for a corps of dragoons to protect the frontier settle- ments. "In the course of half an hour," says the Madison Aryus of that period, "resolutions were adopted to that effect, and the militia law of the territory revived ;" and on the adjourn- ment of the Legislature, the governor set out immediately for the scene of disturbance, but the excitement had died away and no more trouble was apprehended. CONCEUNING INDIAN MIGRATION. tlJy .\ If red Brunson.) At what period the Chippewas began to oc- cupy that portion of the country south of Lake Superior, and within the ancient limits of Crawford county, it is difKcult to ascertain. Their first council fire within these limits was kindled on the Island of Magdalene, now. La Pointe — but when, neither history or their traditions definitely inform us. Whenever it was, the Sioux occuj)ied the main land, and I was shown points and places on the island, as well as on the main land, where the severest of battles were fought between these warlike tribes. From the best dale I have the Chippewas were on this island in 1722; for about that time a trading post existed there, and how long pre- viously is not determined. In 1665, the mis- 136 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. sionary, Claude Allonez reached Kenenana, and interposed his influence in pieventing a party of young warriors from going against the Sioux; from which it would appear that Kenewana was then the western limi^of tlie Chippewas, on the south shore of that lake.* After the Chippewas had gained a foothold upon the Magdalene Island, their lirst move "inland" was towards the head branches of the Chippewa, and resulted in planting a colony at Lake Flambeau. As early as 1659, the Chip- pewas were near Green bay, and west and north- west of it to the Wisconsin and Lake Superior, from which the Flambeau colony probably re- ceived accessions, and by degrees they extended their conquest down the Chippewa, until the the battle field between them and the Sioux was between the falls of Chippewa and Lake Pe])in. In the meantime this warlike and conquering people extended their excursions to the head of the lake, and up the St. Louis river; and pass- ing the falls by a nine mile portage, they con- tinued to ascend that river, and the Savannah branch of it, — and by afiye mile poitage reached the waters of Sandy Lake, on the Mississippi, where they planted a colony, and this region became the battle ground lietween them and the Sioux in that direction until the line was pushed down the river to the Sauk rapids. In 1825, when General Cass, as governor of Michi- gan and superintendent of Indian affairs, had a general congress of Indian Nations at Prairie du Chien, to settle the boundaries of their respec- tive lands, a dispute arose between the Sioux and Chippewas, as to the line between them. The latter claimed to the St. Peter and the Mis- sissippi rivers, while the former claimed to Lake Superior, and averred that their fathers had al- ways occupied and owned the country to that point. General Cass inquired of the Chippewas, "on what ground they claimed the country, the Sioux having occupied it before the Chi]ipewas came to it." Upon this Hole-in-the-day, then ♦Bancrofts page 150. but a young man, rose and said, "We claim it on the same ground that you claim this country from the King of England — by conquest." "Then," said Governor Cass, "you are entitled to it." One of the most sanguine battles fought between these tribes was at the mouth of the Crow Wing river, as near as I conld learn, from Indian tradition, about the year 1768. The battle lasted four days between seventy Chip- pewas and 400 Sioux, the most of the latter being killed. In 1843 the remains of the fortifica- tions, such as holes dug in the ground, and breast works thrown up by the Chippewas, were plainly visible; and the affair was explained to me by William Aitkin, Esq. The next Indian occupants of a portion of the soil in this original country, seem to have been the Sacs, (Sauks or Saukies) and the Foxes, the latter called Ottigaumies by Carver. At what time they commenced their occupation is uncertain. In 1673, and for some time be- fore, they lived on Fox river, uQt far from Green bay. But in 1766, Carver found the Sauks at Sauk Prairie, and the Foxes at Prairie du Chien. And, according to his account of the time of building their village — it being thirty years previous to his reaching the place — it must have been as early as 17-"6, and perhaps earlier. These confederated tribes, who had been like Ishmael, their hands against everybody, and, of course, in self defence, everybody's hand against them, were driven from the St. Law- rence step by step, until they weie reduced in numbers, and compelled to unite their frag- ments of bands for mutual defence and self- protection, and settle on Fox river, fifty miles from Green bay, where in 1706, they were de- feated by the French and some allied Indians, who killed and took most of them' prisoners.* It is probable that soon after this event they moved over upon the Wisconsin river, and wrested the country from the Sicux, with whum and the Chippewas they kept a continual "war, until, as Black Hawk says, in his life by Le ♦Carver's Travels, p45. HISTORY OF (CRAWFORD COUNTY. IS"? Clerc, they discovered the beautiful country on Rock river, the occupants of which were weak and unable to defend themselves. Of this coun- try they took possession, driving off the former occupants This being tlie way this banded confederated tribe got possession of the coun- tries they occupied, we can have the less pity for them, even if their sorrowful story of frauds practiced upon them by the whites were true. Somewhere between lV06 and 1786, they must have moved to the Wisconsin; and they were there as late as ITOO, asl was informed by Mitchael Cadotte, who showed me mounds with holes in them for breast works, about five miles north of the falls of Chippewa river, wliich were made by the Sacs and Foxes when warring against the Cliippewas. The chief of the Foxes, who was first found by the whites at Prairie du Chien, was named Dog; and the prairie upon which he built his town, was called his, or Dog's prairif. After the Sauks and Foxes left the Wiscon- sin and the country north of it, and took up their abode on Rock river and west of the Mis- sissippi, the Winnebagoes moved from the vicinity of the lake of their name, to the coun- try vacated by the former; at what date is un- certain. But as the Sauks and Foxes were here in 1790, and not here in 1S05 when Lieut. Pike ascended the river, the VVinnebagoes came here prol)ably about ihe beginning of the pres- ent century. At this ])eriod the Sioux, Chij)- pewas and Winnebagoes, were the occupants of the soil as limiting grounds. The Menomonees claiming a part of the country west of the Wis- consin, and above the Portage. In 18-25 the the nirtes and bounds of these respective claim- ants were settled, in a general council of all the trihcs within reach; and continued so tintil 1837, when the Sioux and \\ iiinebagoes sold out to the United States a' I of llieir claims east of the Mississippi, and the Chippewas sold all they claimed to it, south of 46 deg. north latitude. And «iiliin ten years the Chipiiewas and Menomonees have sold out the remainder of their claims, so that the Indian title to the soil is now fully extinguished. OF EARLY INDIAN AFFAIRS. The fur traders and missionaries were at- tracted to this distant quarter by nothing save the Indian settlements. There was at first no habitation of the red men at Prairie du Chien or in that immediate neighborhood. The Foxes, the Miamis, Kickapoos and Mascouting were confederate tribes, seated east of the portage of the Wisconsin. The Sioux and Iowa tribes, somewhat similarly allied, were above and across tlie great river. Between the.