flass Book r- a THE ^ GEOGRAPHY _X-l-~. 3^ ^ '^ OF SOUTH CAROLINA : BEINR A COMPANION TO THE HISTORY OF THAT STATE WILLIAM GILMORE SIMMS. COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AND BEST AUTHORITIES, AND DESIGNED FOB THE INSTRUCTION OF THE YOUNG. CHARLESTON. PUBLISHED BY BABCOCK & CO. 1843. ENTERED, According to tlie Act of Congress, in the year 1843, 3y William Gilraore Simms, In the Office of the Cletk of the District Court of SOUTH CAROLINA. PREFACE This work is designed as a sequel, or companion, to my History of the State of South Carolina. In separating the political and social from the geographical history of the state, the object was to simplify the subject, and so to preserve unbroken the stream of narrative in the former work, as to make its perusal by the youthful reader, a pleasure rather than a task. A publication more imme- diately contemplating the statistical resources and physical character of the country, seems necessary in every point of view, as well to the student as the citizen. This publication, it is hoped, will meet the requisitions of the two. The materials for such a work are very copious, Perhaps no state in the Union has been more accu- rately surveyed, or is so excellently illustrated by maps. The liberality of the legislature, which has contributed largely to the latter, and the industry of Mr. Robert Mills, whose elaborate work on the statistics of the state has been freely made use of by the writer of this, have left us no reason to complainof any deficiencies. Indeed, the only difficulty in the preparation of such a compend as the following, is to know what portions will best bear contraction, and in what respects omissions will be least detrimental to the value of the work. The late census of the state, taken by the local IV PREFACE. authorities, enables us to speak with more elaborate certainty on (he subject of the several district statistics, their population, pursuits and products ; and the greatly increased energies of the agricultural departments provides us vi^ith additional facts and suggestions, vvliich must prove of equal and important interest to the learner and inquirer. I take leave to inscribe this little volume TO SOUTHERN TEACHERS: MANY OF WHOM HAVE LONG FELT THE WANT OF SUITABLE BOOKS FOR THE EDUCATION OF SOUTHERN CHILDREN ; ALL OF M'HOM MUST FEEL THE EQUALLY SERIOUS NECESSITY OF HAVING SUCH BOOKS PREPARED BY SOUTHERN MEN, ACQUAINTED WITH OUR MANNERS AND CHARACTERISTICS— IDENTIFIED WITH OUR INTERESTS— AND SPEAKING, AT THE SAME TIME, THE LANGUAGE OF PATRIOTISM AND TRUTH. THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. SOUTH CAROLINA. Pago Situation, boundaries and extent, . - . . - 9 Mountains and rivers, ---.-.--10 Natural History, - -- --- - - - 12 Fruit and forest trees, birds, fish, &c. ----- 12 Physical features, ---------14 Aborigines, 15 Population, - 16 Government, .-. 16 Chief cities, towns, and villages, 17 Education, pubUc and private, 17 Morals, manners and religion, . ------ 18 Public works and buildings, «--.-- 19 Revenue and resources, ..--._. 20 Penal code, 20 Agriculture, commerce and manufactures, - - - - 21 Commerce, -._ 22 General summary, — Civil and military history, - - - 23 Districts, divisions, -------- 28 Abbeville District, 30 Barnw^ell, " 34 Beaufort, " 38 Charleston, " 43 City of Charleston, 49 Domestic exports of South Carolina from 1819 to 1841, - 56 Chester District, 58 Chesterfield " - - 61 Colleton " 64 Darlington " 69 EdgefieJd «' 72 Vlll CONTENTS. Page Fairfield District, 76 Georgetown ----------80 Greenville " - 83 Horry " 86 Kershaw " 88 Lancaster, " 91 Laurens, '«...------ 95 Lexington "- ...-..-.98 Marion " 102 Marlborough" _.- 104 Newberry " 108 Orangeburg " - - - -112 Pendleton, " (Pickens and Anderson,) - - - - 116 Riciiland, " - - 122 Spartanburg " 128 Sumter, " 132 Union " 136 Williamsburg" - 140 York " 143 APPENDLX. Aggregate population of the state, ----- 147 Aggregate statistics of the state, June 1, 1840, - . - 151 Statistics of the early Agriculture and Commerce, - - 169 Additions and corrections, ------- 173 Questions, ---------- 177 NOTE.— ERRATA. For the correction of sundry errors, the reader and student will please refer to the Appendix, pp. 173 — 175. Some of these correc- tions relate to the district boundaries, and are accordingly of vital importance. In a future edition, these errors, — the natural result of the author's distance from the press, — will receive correction in the proper place. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. SITUATION, BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. South Carolina, one of the United States, is bound- ed, north by North Carolina ; east by the Atlantic ocean ; south-west and west, by the slate of Georgia. Its ave- rage length is nearly two hundred miles ; its breadth one hundred and sixty. It contains 30,213 square miles, or nearly 20,000,000 of acres. The soil of this territory has been divided into six classes, viz : — tide swamp, inland swamp, high river swamp, salt marsh, oak and hickory land, and pine barren. The first two classes are adapted to the culture of rice and hemp ; the third and fifth to the growth of corn, hemp and indigo ; the fourth, or salt marsh land, has been neglected ; the pine barren is least productive of all, but possesses, with the oak and hickory land, the superior advantages of a salubrious climate. Without following a division so mi- nute, it will be enough to say, that the territory of South Carolina presents an exceeding variety of soil and surface. Along the seaboard, and for forty miles into the interior, the face of the country is flat and unpromising ; cov- ered with extensive tracts of pine barren, swamp and savannah ; comprising the most fertile and the most sterile extremes of soil. As you ascend towards the 2 10 SOUTH CAROLINA. center of the state, the country rises into hills of mod- erate elevation. Advancing still farther, in a westerly direction, it becomes mountainous and very beautiful. The first section, which is generally called the lower country, includes the sea-islands, which are famous for the growth of the finest kinds of cotton, to which they impart their name ; and the tide-lands, which are equally famous for their valuable crops of rice. The high lands of this region are generally poor, — only occasionally laced by thin little stripes of great fertility. The cli- mate is moist, very changeable, and, during the summer and autumn months, extremely unhealthy. The region which lies between the tide lands and the granite, or mountain ridges, is called the middle coun- try ; is more uniform in its temperature than either the lower or upper sections ; less healthy in summer than the latter, and much more so than the former. In win- ter and spring it may be regarded as much more healthy than either. All this region is well irrigated by rivers £,nd water courses. It possesses, amidst long and bar- ren tracts of swamp and forest, many choice spots for culture, and yields, in tolerable abundance, the kind of cotton which is called upland or short staple. The pro- ductions of the state are very generally the same. In addition to cotton and rice, which are chiefly the pro- ducts of the lower and middle sections, there is a nume- rous list of commodities, which show a happy variety in the resources of the country. These consist of corn and potatoes ; wheat, peas, rye and oats ; tobacco and indi- go ; lumber, tar, pitch and turpentine ; oils and silks, and many other products, in varying quantity and differing value. Amonof the metals and minerals found in the state, are gold, iron and lead ; plumbago, pyrites, asbestos ; granite, oil and soap stones, and many others. MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. A few spurs from the great range of the Blue Ridge mountains, penetrate the north west corner of South Car- olioa. The most extensive of these is the Saluda moun- SOUTH CAROLINA. 11 tain, which forms the northwest boundary line of the state. Detached and prominent spurs project from this mountain, and under the several names of Table moun- tain, Oconee, Estatoee, Sassafras, Oolenoee, Paris and King's mountain, present conspicuous objects of survey in the districts which they occupy. The scenery of this region is particularly beautiful ; — a pleasing variety of rock, valley, cascade and cultivated plain, renders it a fa- vorite resort for the summer traveler ; while its bracing air and salubrious climate, make it equally attractive to the invalid seeking health in a purer atmosphere. The rivers in South (Carolina are numerous, and will be found hereafter much more valuable than they have heretofore proved. The principal are, the Savannah, which divides South Carolina from Georgia ; the Congaree, the Santee, Wateree, Catawba, Saluda, Pedee, Edisto and Waccamaw. Among the smaller streams are the Wenee, (Black,) Eswapuddenah, (Broad,) Amoyeschek, (Tyger,) Enoree, Kaddipah, (Lynch,) Combahee, Salkehatchie, (Saltcatcher,) Pocotaligo, Pa- colet, Ashepoo, Stono, Wando and Tugaloo. The Kea- wah, (Ashley,) and Etiwan, (Cooper,) are rather arms of the sea than mere rivers, and unite in forming the basin and harbor of Charleston. Numerous smaller streams, creeks and inlets, which are called rivers, traverse the Atlantic coast along the south-east border of the state, and afford many convenient places of access from the sea ; — bays and harbors, which are landlocked by the numerous islands among which they lie. The peculiarity of the rivers in South Carolina, which distinguishes them from those of the north, is the considerable bodies of al- luvial soil which line their margins, enlarging as they descend, so as, in the main rivers, to be in some places several miles wide. These borders are immensely fertile, and when reclaimed, far surpass the powers of produc- tion in most other soils. In some instances, two thou- sand pounds of cotton in the seed, have been raised, in these reclaimed tracts, to the acre. 12 SOUTH CAROLINA, NATURAL HISTORY. Climate. — The climate of South Carolina, though sub- ject to some considerable fluctuations within the few last years, is yet very much like that of the West Indies. Six or seven months in the year pass without frost. The cold is seldom intense. The period of vegetation compre- hends seven or eight months. The fruits which mature and flourish, are figs, apricots, cherries, nectarines, ap- ples, peaches, pears, melons and pomegranates. — Oranges are uninjured in ordinary winters. Olives, al- monds, pechan nuts, and the sugar cane, succeed in the lower parts of the state. To these may be added, as fruits of natural and easy growth, blackberries, strawber- ries and raspberries ; plums and whortleberries, grapes, chestnuts, chinquapins and persimmons. Among the es- culent vegetables, which are raised with common dili- gence, are English peas, asparagus, green corn, the squash, okra, tomato, artichoke, potato and cabbage ; beans of all kinds ; beets, carrots and cucumbers. The atmospherical phenomena to which South Caroli- na is subject, are equally terrible and splendid. Thun- der storms are frequent during the summer months ; the lightning is close, keen and frequently destructive of life. The thunder, during the same period, is a prolonged, repeated, and most stunning explosion. In 1775, the city of Charleston was visited by one of these storms, in which there were five houses, as many ships, and two churches, struck by lightning. Earthquakes have been felt, but are not frequent. They have never been at- tended with danger in South Carolina, But the hurri- cane and the whirlwind, to which the climate is also subject, have not been equally harmless, FRUIT AND FOREST TREES, BIRDS, FISH, &C. The botanical wealth of South Carolina is very great. She is rich in native and exotic productions ; plants of rare and medicinal qualities ; fruits of the most lus- cious description ; shrubs, vines and flowers, of exquisite beauty, fragrance and variety, and forest trees of the SOUTH CAROLINA. 13 noblest growth and value. Among these may be enume- rated, the numerous varieties of the oak, the laurel, the ash, the hickory, the gum, the holly, the beech, the cypress, elm, pine,- maple, poplar, walnut, bay, syca- more and palmetto. But these form but a small part of the long and various catalogue. The animals, native to the state, are the mammoth, the buffalo, catamount and beaver, (all now extinct.) The bear, the panther, wild cat, wolf, red fox, red deer, otter, moose, squirrel, (gray, black, red, ground, and flying,) rabbit, pole-cat, mole, mink, opossum, raccoon, lizard, toad, frog, muskrat and weazel. The birds are very numerous, and include the follow- ing : the eagle, hawk, turkey, owl, cormorant, crane, cur- lew, goose, buzzard, crow, wood-pecker, titmouse, creep- er, humming-bird, cuckoo, paroquet, jay, jackdaw, star- ling, rice-bird, mockiug-bird, nuthatch, pigeon, dove, ro- bin, thrush, bulfinch, duck, grosbeak, gannet, sparrow, snow-bird, finch, nonpareil, linnet, kingfisher, plover, heron, bittern, Indian pullet, sanguillah, pelican, phea- sant, partridge, wren, swallow, marten, chatterer, fly- catcher, blue-bird, red-bird, titmouse, goat sucker, or chuck-will's widow, or Carolina whippoorwill ; snipe, woodcock, marsh-hen and flamingo. Of many of these birds there are several varieties. Some of them, as the goose, some species of the duck, the pigeon, snow-bird and a few others, are birds of passage, which visit us only at certain times of the year. The salt water fish are, the shark, the porpoise, drum, bass, cavalli, sheep's head, shad, whiting, porgy, black- fish, mullet, herring, skip-Jack, sailor's choice, crocus, sole, angel-fish, yellow tail, alewife, &c. Those which inhabit fresh waters are, pike, sturgeon, trout, bream, rock, mud, perch, suck, cat, gar, soft shelled turtle, terrapin, &c. Of the shell fish, there are several kinds of large and small sea turtle, oysters, crabs, shrimps, clams and mus- cles. The reptiles are the rattlesnake, viper, copper belly, hognose, wampum, horn, thunder, black, chain, glass, rib- 14 SOUTH CAROLINA. bon, moccasin, coach whip, green and bull snakes. The bite of some of these is fatal. There are many others which may be added to the list. The insects are numerous ; — many kinds of worm — the snail, the bug, flea, forty legs, cicada, woodlouse, cricket, cockroach, beetle, glow-worm, firefly, butterfly, moth, ant, fig-eater, bee, wasp, hornet, honey-bee, fly, spi- der, sandfly, tick and musquito. PHYSICAL FEATURES. One half of South Carolina is supposed to be of allu- vial formation. The other half primitive. The alluvial extends about one hundred miles from the sea coast. — The primitive occupies the residue. The proofs of the formation of the first, division are abundant. The marine shell, limestone, and its attendants, are every where seen. The upper boundary of this region is at Shell bluff, on Savannah river, in Barnwell district. From thence it crosses the state in a nearly direct line, passing through the upper edge of Marion district into North Carolina. Within the primitive formation is found the granite with its attendants. The lower boundary of this region be- gins just above Hamburg, on the Savannah river, passes a little below Columbia, one mile above Camden, a little above Cheraw, and enters North Carolina near Fay- etteville. The whole lower country of South Carolina was once probably covered by the ocean. The cuts made across peninsulas near the sea coast, have laid bare whole forests of subterraneous cypress timber. Marine shells of great size are found sixty miles from the ocean, at a depth of seven feet from the surface, in immense quarries, and in a regular vein, or track, which extends to the Oconee river in Georgia. No primitive stones or rocks are found within one hundred miles from the sea. Such as occur are of the shell limestone species, with occasional sandstone. These, near the junction of the rivers Congaree and Wateree, are mixed with a portion of iron ore. The face of the lower country is so uniform and level, that the traveler is conscious of no rise, until SOUTH CAROLINA. 15 he approaches the sand hills, about fifty or sixty miles from the coast, where he finds a considerable rapid as- cent, in the distance of a single mile, of two or three hun- dred feet. The country then becomes broken, and so continues, with occasional intervals of plain, until we reach the foot of the mountains. Here some considerable masses from the Alleghany ridge project into the state, the summits of which rise, as in the case of the Table mountain, nearly four thousand feet above the sea. The scenery of this region is equally various and sub- lime. The eye never tires of a prospect which is con- stantly changing. The mountains which lie between the Chatuga and the Estatoe, are lofty, narrow ridges, cover- ed with shrubs and trees, with deep valleys between — rocky gorges almost totally unfit for cultivation. In these gorges are numerous crystal torrents, and from the moun- tains are small cascades, and along the fragmentary rocks, shallow rivers brawl along in constant foam and impatience. The stupendous precipice called the Table mountain, is an object of great curiosity and admiration. It is a naked rock of granite, almost perpendicular on three sides, eleven hundred feet from its base. The wa- ters trickling down its sides have worn numerous chan- nels, which give its surface a fluted appearance. When the sun strikes upon these trickling waters, they seem so many showers of brilliants. From this eminence the prospect is equally grand and extensive. From one point of view, you can see five cascades, of unequal size, at a single glance of the eye. ABORIGINES. South Carolina, at the coming of the European set- tlers, was occupied by no less than twenty-eight nations or tribes of Indians. The chief of these were the Chickasaw, the Cherokee, Catawba, Muscoghee and Choctaw. The inferior were the Yemassee, Congaree, Santee, Wateree, Saluda, Chickaree and Serratee. — These, with the exception of the Catawba, are either extinct, or have emigrated to the south-west. Of the 16 SOUTH CAROLINA. Catawba, but a miserable and profligate few remain ; de- livered up to the basest indolence, and the most wretch- ed drunkenness. The Indian names, which have been numerously preserved throughout the state, will show, in most respects, the regions which they severally occu- pied ; as the Congarees occupied the country which is watered by the river ofthat name ; the Santees, the San- tee ; the Saludahs, the Saluda ; and so on, with the Wa- teree, the Pedee, the Edisto, and many others. POPULATION. The population of the state of South Carolina, by the census of 1840, makes a total of 594,439 inhabitants. — Of these, 259,002 are white ; 8,279 free colored, and 327,158 slaves. Of this number, 200,000 are computed to be engaged in agriculture ; 2000 in commerce ; 10,000 in trades and manufactures ; 500 in the navigation of the seas ; 500 in the navigation of canals, lakes and rivers, and 1500 in the liberal professions. It is probable that all these estimates are too low. The militia force of the state consists of five divisions, comprising ten brigades and forty-six regiments, and numbers about 50,000 men, rank and file. GOVERNMENT. South Carolina is a representative democracy. The people are the sources of power. The right of suffrage belongs to all free white citizens not degraded by crime, and this principle secures the adoption of equal laws and moderate taxation. The government of the state, in its several departments, is entrusted to three bodies — name- ly, the Legislature, which makes the laws,the Judiciary by which they are expounded and interpreted, and the Executive, or Governor, by whom they are enforced. — The Legislature consists of two chambers; the one a Senate, the other, a House of Representatives. The senators are forty-five in number, and are elected for a term of four years. Each district or parish is entitled SOUTH CAROLINA. 17 to a senator. The members of the House of Repre- sentatives are one hundred and twenty-four in number, and are elected for two years. A mixed basis of popula- tion and property determines the number of delegates which are allotted to the several districts. The judicial power is vested in ten judges. The courts are three in number — Law, Equity and Appeal. — The two former are common to all the districts. The latter is held only at Charleston and Columbia. The executive authority is confided to a Governor, and in the event of his death or incompetence, to a Lieu- tenant-Governor, who is elected at the same time with himself. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges, Solicitors, Masters and Commissioners in Equity, and Treasurer of the State, are elected by the Legislature. The election of most other officers has been reserved to the people. CHIEF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Charleston is the metropolis of the state. It lies at the junction of the two rivers. Cooper and Ashley. It was founded in 1680. It has a population, (the sub- urbs or neck, included) of 41,000 inhabitants. {See Charleston District.) Columbia is the capital of the State. It lies on the east bank of the Congaree river. — {see Richland District.) Camden, (see Kershaw Dis- trict.) Georgetown, Beaufort, Cheraw, {see Chesterfield District.) Hamburgh, {see Edgefield District.) Aiken, {see Barnwell District.) Walterborough, {see Colleton District.) Greenville, Pendleton, Edgefield and Coosa- watchie, {see Beaufort District.) Sumterville, States- burg, (see Sumter District.) Lancaster, Barnwell, Orangeburg, Abbeville, Yorkville, Spartanburg, Winns- boro', Summerville, and many others. EDUCATtON, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. The state of South Carolina has shown itself properly sensible to the necessity of public education in a country where the people govern. The College of the State, at 18 SOUTH CAROLINA. Columbia, was a liberal and fortunate endowment. It was establisbed in 1 802, and receives a large annual ap- propriation from the Legislature. It has sent forth some of the ablest men in the nation. It is now in a highly flourishing condition. The officers are a president, six professors, and two tutors. There is an annual ap- propriation of two thousand dollars for the library, which already contains several thousand volumes, well se- lected and excellently arranged in a building especially devoted to this object. An annual appropriation of near forty thousand dollars is made to the free or public schools throughout the state ; but the results from this appropriation are less satisfactory than that to the col- lege. The free school system is only partially success- ful. The private institutions for educational purposes are numerous and valuable. The corporation of Charleston have beneficently endowed, and sustain with annual ap- propriations, a college and high school, which are well governed and are producing excellent results. The Medical College of South Carolina, in Charleston, is a highly flourishing school of science. MORALS, MANNERS AND RELIGION. The morals and manners of the South Carolinians, have always been regarded as among the best in the Union. The early settlers came from good stock at home, and, up to the time of the revolution, the young men of family were mostly sent to Europe for educa- tion. They are characterized by a nice sense of pro- priety and honor ; a high, but not haughty carriage, and an equal ease and dignity of carriage and expression. — The religion of the state is mostly Protestant. The Catho- lics are not numerous, but respectable. They have in Charleston a Convent and a Theological Seminary. The Baptists have a Theological Seminary in Edgefield, the Lutherans in Newberry, and, in Columbia, the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia have one also. There are other schools and seminaries, of different persuasions, SOUTH CAROLINA. 19 in exercise or contemplation, in various other parts of the state. PUBLIC WORKS AND BUILDINGS. The state has appropriated largely, and not always with success, to works of internal improvement. Seve- ral millions have been appropriated in this way, and much of it wasted. Still, something has been gained to the comfort of the people, if not to the resources of the country. Obstructions have been removed from rivers, canals have been dug, and shoals and falls overcome by industry and art. A great state road, passing from Charleston, by way of Columbia, through the Saluda Gap, facilitates communication with Buncombe, North Carolina. Numerous causeways, of great length, in va- rious parts of the country, have overcome morasses which were otherwise impassable. The Santee Canal is twenty two miles in length, and a work of great diffi- culty, cost and importance. The Charleston and Ham- burg Rail Road, was, at one time, the longest work of the kind in the world. It is one hundred and thirty-six miles in length. This road passes from Charleston to Summerville, (22 miles,) to Branchville, (62,) crosses the Edisto to Midway, (72,) to Grahamville, (81,) to Black- ville, (90,)to Williston,(100,) to Aiken, (120,) and Ham- burg, (136.) From Branchville, it extends an arm to Columbia, passing by the village of Orangeburg, which is 80 miles from Charleston, I'rom thence to Lewisville, f 92,) thence across the Congaree river, to Gadsden, (11 1,) and on to Columbia, a distance from Charleston of 131 miles. The public buildings of the state are numerous, gene- rally of durable materials and tasteful architecture. — Among these is the Lunatic Asylum in Columbia, — a building imposing in externals, very spacious, and proof against fire. It is large enough to accommodate one hun- dred and twenty patients, besides having large corridors, hospitals, refectories, parlors, keepers' apartments, sun- dry offices, kitchens, and a medical hall. The cost of this structure approaches $100,000. The State House, 20 SOUTH CAROLINA. or House of Assemblj'', is a far less valuable and impo- sing structure ; built of wood, according to a plan, meanj ineligible and obscure. It is something of a reproach to the state, that, while making large annual appropriations for other objects, a nobler fabric should not be substi- tuted for this. The college buildings, also in Columbia, are good, solid and spacious fabrics. The library lately built, is an architectural improvement upon former plans. In Charleston there are several excellent buildings be- longing to the state. Such are the Court House, the fire proof building in which the archives and public of- fices are kept, and the banking house of the state fiscal institution. REVENUE AND RESOURCES. The revenue of the state is chiefly derived from assess- ments on lands, negroes, city and town lots, stock in trade, dividends from the Bank of the State, &;c. The ordinary revenue from these sources, is about four hun- dred thousand dollars, and the expenses of the state are so regulated as ordinarily to fall within this sum. The debt of the state, at this time, may be set down as about five millions. The fiscal department is under the man- agement of a Comptroller General. There are two State Treasurers, one for the upper and one for the lower division of the state. THE PENAL CODE Of South Carolina, with sundry modifications, is that of Great Britain. The common law of England has been declared by statute, to be of force, except in cer- tain enumerated cases. All the statutes of England, ■which guarantee the right and liberties of the subject, are of force in South Carolina. The criminal laws, though milder in character than those of Great Britain, and perhaps less rigidly administered, are yet supposed to need farther modification. A nicer discrimination between offences and the proper degrees of pun- ishment, seems to be necessary ; and the tendency of SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 public opinion begins to incline towards the adoption of the penitentiary system, as a grand agent in the proper regulation of this subject ; particularly in bringing about the substitution of solitary confinement for life, in lieu of the punishment o( death. AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The statistical returns of 1840, give 200,000 persons as the number employed in agriculture in South Caroli- na. This is probably much below the true number. We are of opinion, that two thirds of the state are thus em- ployed, in one or other of the departments of rural in^ dustry. In the lower districts, the labors of the field are chiefly performed by slaves. The proportion of whites to blacks is, therefore, comparatively small in several of these districts. In the middle country, the population is very equally composed of white and black. In the upper districts, the proportion is greatly in favor of the former. The slaves are very prolific, increasing in greater pro- portion than the whites ; a sufficient proof of the mild- ness of their servitude and labor. Tha agricultural in- dustry of the country, though resulting in temporary suc- cess, chiefly from the newness and great fertility of the soil, has been of that injurious kind which has tended very much to its exhaustion. It is only of late years that manure has been employed, and it is not even yet made use of generally. The improvement in this and other respects, though gradual, is certain. Agricultural societies are active, and usefully engaged in all the districts, under the direction of able and influential men. The State Agricultural Society, which meets annually at Columbia, holds a cattle fair and distributes premiums, has given a decided impulse to the popular mind on this important subject. The staples of Carolina have been indigo, tobacco, rice, and cotton. The two former are now very little cultivated. Her exports beside, have been tar, turpentine, lumber, peltry, &c. These lat- ter articles were, during the proprietary government, her only exports. Rice was introduced in 1690 from Mada- 3 22 SOUTH CAROLINA. gascar, and in 1841, the export of this article reached 110,000 barrels. Indioro was introduced in 1741 from Antigua, and at the beginning of the revolution, the ex- port of this article was 1 ,200,000 pounds. The first cul- tivation of tobacco was introduced sometime prior to the revolution, and probably superseded and led to the final abandonment of indigo as a staple. It was cultivated with profit for twenty years after the war with England. Cotton was cultivated as a curiosity in South Carolina, as early as 1720, but was adopted slowly into the general cultivation. In 1795, the export was about 3,500 bales. In 1839, it was 300,000 bales. The vine, the olive, and the silk worm, are interests to which the people of South Carolina have never done jus- tice. It is not improbable that one or other, or all of these commodities, will be resorted to, in the compara- tive decline of value in the present staple, cotton. There are numerous other articles beside these, which would reward cultivation in Carolina. The country is fine for grazing, and a better attention to stock, horses and sheep, will amply recompense the planter for any diminution in the value of the great staples. Indian corn, or maize, is cultivated with tolerable suc- cess. The production of wheat is increasing. Silk, of which South Carolina exported ten thousand pounds so far back as 1760, is produced in some of the middle dis- tricts, and may be increased in all. If ever there was a country more particularly designed than any other for the raising of the mulberry and the silk worm, it is the pine barrens of South Carolina. For the oflScial returns of the state census of 1840, which includes a classification and summary of its stock, produce, &.c. See Appendix. COMMERCE. The commerce of South Carolina is not now in her own hands. Her produce is unhappily almost entirely car- ried off by foreign shipping. In this particular, she has uot maintained her position. Her native commerce was once very extensive. Some of her first families distin- SOUTH CAROLINA. 23 giiished themselves in the foreign trade, and rendered it honorable at home. Some late efforts have been making to regain this position, and she now boasts of a few very fine and prosperous ships, which ply between Charles- ton, Liverpool, London, and Havre. The commercial houses of South Carolina, engaged in foreign trade, are set down at thirty ; a number, it is thought, rather too low. The commission houses are forty-one; retail dry good and other stores, twelve hundred and sixty-two. Lumber yards and trade, seventeen. The capital invested in these several departments, is estimated at ten and a half millions of dollars ; the persons employed in them, are numbered at twelve to fifteen hundred. — [See Charleston District.] GENERAL SUMMARY. CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY. 1497,] South Carolina is first discovered in 1497, by Sebastian Cabot. Her territory is claimed by France, England, and Spain, either by right of conquest, pur- chase, or discovery ; but no settlement is effected upon the soil for nearly seventy years. 1520.] Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, with two slave ships, enters the Combahee river, and carries two hun- dred of the natives of Chickora — as that part of Caroli- na was then called by the aborigines — into captivity. One of these ships, with all her captives and crew, per- ishes at sea. 1525.] Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon returns this year, with a large fleet, a second time to the river Combahee. His largest ship founders in that river ; his people set 24 SOUTH CAROLINA. upon by the natives and massacred. His own fate doubtful. 1562.] In this year, France sends out a colony of Protestant Christians, who settle on or about Port Roy- al island, in the harbor of that name. This colony gives names to the rivers, Broad, May, and Port Royal. Op- pressed by privation and mutiny, the company abandons the settlement in the following year, and returns to France. 1564.] A second colony of French Protestants ar- rives, but, discouraged by the late of the first, they set- tle at a station to the south of it, the precise location be- ing doubtful. This settlement is destroyed by the Span- iards, and the Frenchmen cruelly murdered. 1670.] No permanent settlement of Carolina, by Eu- ropeans, takes place until 1670, when a small body of English emigrants, under William Sayle, arrives at Port Royal island. Hence they remove [1671] to Ashley river, where they establish old Charlestown. From this spot they again remove, in 1679, to the tongue >of land called Oyster Point, formed by the confluence of the rivers Keawah and Etiwan, now known as Ashley and Cooper, where they founded the present city of Charles- ton. 1680.] The first Indian war takes place, which near- ly ruins the colony. 1682.] A colony from Scotland, under lord Cardross, settles at Port Royal. 1686.] The settlers at Port Royal dislodged and dis- persed by a body of Spaniards from St. Augustine. 1690] Popular discontents with the proprietary gov- ernment. 1702.] Governor Moore undertakes a military expe- dition against the Spaniards of Florida. 1703.] War with the Apalachian Indians. 1706 ] The French and Spaniards make a combined attack on Charleston and are defeated. -.] Colonel Palmer, of South Carolina, with three hundred men, makes a successful incursion into Florida. SOUTH CAROLINA. 25 1710.] The Free School system first established. 1712.] A dangerous conspiracy of the North Caroli- na Indians, defeated by colonel Barnwell. 1715.] The Yemassee war, which threatens the de- struction of the colony ; the Indians defeated by gov- ernor Craven. 1720.] The proprietary government thrown olT; that of the crown established. 1728.] Wars with the pirates, who are destroyed. A dreadful hurricane ; the tide overflows Charleston. 1740.] Charleston half destroyed by fire. 1741.] Indigo first planted. 1752.] A dreadful hurricane. 1760] Camden laid out. 1769.] South Carolina divided into seven precincts, viz : — Charleston, Georgetown, Beaufort, Orangeburg, Cheraw, Camden, and Ninety-Six. 1774.] First act passed to oppose royal usurpation by force. 1775.] Prohibition to import British goods. The people enter into association for the defence of their rights. First military force raised for defence of the colony against the crown. 1/76.] Battle of Fort Moultrie, and defeat of the British fleet. .] Constitution framed — the first of the union. .] Indians and tories defeated in the interior. 1777-8.] South Carolina enjoys a lucrative com- merce. 1779.] The British defeated at Port Royal by general Moultrie. .] Col. Pickens defeats the British and tories. 1779 ] Charleston beleaguered by general Provost — summoned — refuses to surrender. Provost retires on the approach of general Lincoln. . ] Battle of Stono, between Lincoln and Pro- vost. A French force under count D'Estaing, with the American under Lincoln, assault Savannah and are de- feated. 3* 26 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1780.] Charleston besieged by sir Henry Clinton — is taken after a leaguer of six weeks. Fort Motte taken by general Marion. Battle of Camden between general Gates and lord Cornwallis ; the former defeated with great loss. Colonel VVilliams defeats the British at Musgroves' mill. Sumter defeated at Fishing creek by Tarleton. General Marion is victorious in several battles with the tories. Battle at King's mountain — the British under colonel Ferguson defeated with great loss. Sumter gains several victories over the British and tories at Broad river and Blackstock's. 1781.] Battle of the Cowpens ; Morgan defeats Tarleton with great loss. Frequent victories of the par- tizans, Sumter, Marion, Taylor, Harden and others, over the British and tories. The American cavalry surprized and routed at Monk's corner by Tarleton. .] General Marion, with colonel Lee, takes Fort Watson. Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. Lord Rawdon evacuates Camden. General Greene besieges the British post at Ninety-Six ; assaults it ; raises the siege on the approach of Rawdon. Greene offers battle to Rawdon at Orangeburg ; he declines. Captain Eggleston captures the British horse near the Saluda. General Sumter expels the British garrison from Biggins' church. Colonel Isaac Hayne captured and executed by the British. Battle of the Eutaws ; the British defeated with great loss. Gene- ral Pickens invades the Cherokee country, conquers and makes them sue for peace. Greene surprises the British at Dorchester. 1782.] General Gist attacks the British force at Com- bahee ferry ; Colonel Laurens slain. The British evacu- ate Charleston. 1783.] Charleston incorporated. 1785.] The Methodists first establish themselves as a church. 178G.] Columbia founded as the seat of government, and laid out as a town. 1790.] The present constitution of the State ratified at Colunibia, June 3. SOUTH CAROLINA. 27 1791.] Right of primogeniture abolished. The Ro- an Catholics first establish themselves as a church. General Washington visits South Carolina. 1792.] Orphan House established in Charleston. 1794.] Cotton first exported, 1798.] The state divided into twenty-four districts, counties and parishes ; and subsequently into the present number, twenty-eight districts. 1800.] County courts abolished ; district courts es- tablished in the several districts. 1804.] Dreadful hurricane, which destroys a vast amount of property. 1807.] Right of suffrage extended to all citizens. 1811.] Establishment of general free school system. 1812.] Bauk of the State created. 1821.] Hamburg founded. 1822.] Destructive hurricane, with loss of life, in the low country. Insurrection among the negroes of Charleston discovered, defeated and punished. 1824.] The courts of law new modelled. General Lafayette revisits Carolina. 1827.] Legislature of South Carolina passes resolu- tions against the protective tariff of the United States, as unconstitutional. 1830.] South Carolina enacts an ordinance to declare null and void an act of Congress, imposing duties, &c. 1833.] Counter proclamations of president Jackson and governor Hayne, on the subject of nullification. 1839.] State Agricultural Society established. 1840.] Governor Noble dies ; is succeeded by lieu- tenant-governor Henegan. .] John P. Richardson of Sumter, elected, gov- ernor. 1842.] James H. Hammond, of Barnwell, nominated as governor : , lieutenant-governor. 28 SOUTH CAROLINA. DISTRICTS, DIVISIONS. South Carolina is divided into twenty-eight districts, namely, — 11, Georgetown, 12, Greenville, 13, Horry, 14, Kershaw, 15, Lancaster, 16, Laurens, 17, Lexington, 18, Marion, 19, Marlborough 20, Newberry, 21, Orangeburg, 22, Pendleton, 23, Richland, 24, Spartanburg, 25, Sumter, 26, Union, 27, Williamsburg 28, York. 1, Abbeville, 2, Barnwell, 3, Beaufort, 4, Charleston, 5, Chester, 6, Chesterfield, 7, Colleton, 8, Darlington, 9, Edgefield, 10, Fairfield, One of these districts, Pendleton, is again divided, for judicial purposes only, into two other districts, namely, — Anderson and Pickens. There is yet a minuter division of certain of the districts into parishes, with the view to convenience, and a more easy and equal distribution of political power of the state. The districts so divided, are Charleston, Colleton, Beaufort, Orangeburg and George- town. Charleston, contains ten parishes, namely, — St. Andrew, Christ's Church, ISt. James, (Goose creek,) St. James, (Santee,) St. John, (Berkley,) St. John, (Colle- ton,) St. Michael, and St. Philip, (these form the city and suburbs of Charleston, St. Stephen and St. Thomas. These parishes are independent divisions, which elect their own members, and regulate themselves by distinct municipal laws. Colleton contains three parishes, namely, — St. Bar- tholomew, St. George, and St. Paul. Beaufort contains four parishes, namely, — St. Hele- na, St Luke, St. Peter, and Prince William. Georgetown comprises the two parishes of All-Saints and Prince George, (Winyaw.) Orangeburg is subdivided into the two parishes of St. Matthew and Orange. All of these parishional divisions were originally those of church government. They are continued now for SOUTH CAROLINA. 29 political convenience. The parishes are twenty-one in number. The conorressional districts of South Carolina, ac- cording to the present representative ratio, are nine in number, viz — .1. The district of Charleston. 2. The districts of Colleton and Beaufort. 3. The districts of Georgetown, Horry, Marion, Marlborough, Williams- burgh, and Darlington. 4. The districts of Barnwell, Orangeburg, Lexington, and Richland. 5. Edgefield and Abbeville. 6. Pendleton and Greenville. 7. Spar- tanburg, Union, York, and Chester. 8. Lancaster, Ker- shaw, Sumter, and Chesterfield. 9. Fairfield, Newberry, and Laurens. A new apportionment of the congressional districts will be required under an act of Congress, by which the representation of South Carolina will be reduced from nine to seven members. ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. Abbeville District is bounded on the south-west by the Savannah river, on the north-east by the Saluda, on the south-east by Edgefield district, and on the north- west by Pendleton. It lies within the granite region. — The soil is most generally clay, covered with a rich mould, and sometimes mixed with sand and gravel. The length of the district is thirty-two miles ; breadth, thirty- one ; and comprises 634,880 square acres. The climate is mild and agreeable throughout the year, and resem- bles, in some degree, that of the south of France. The silk worm was cultivated at one period with great suc- cess in this district, but has yielded to the greater pro- fitableness of cotton. The diseases are not acute ; the instances of extreme old age are numerous. Cotton is the principal market production ; but corn, wheat, barley, hay, tobacco, wool, and a profitable and useful variety of other articles are raised, in considerable quan- tities. [See return of Ce7isus for 184:0.] This district is well calculated for farming, and by a good manuring sys- tem, which is now very much adopted, the soil will be nourished and improved. The face of the country is hilly and picturesque. The lands are broken and undulating ; in places abrupt and precipitous. There is an abun- dance of granite in the district ; freestone, and a quarry of the species of oil or Turkey stone, has been worked to advantage. The timber trees are of a fine and noble growth, consisting of oaks, (the white, red and Spanish,) chesnut and poplar, black walnut, curled maple, wild cherry, hickory, dogwood, and many others. The pine is scarce and inferior. The fruit trees are the peach, apple, quince, cherry and plum ; grapes, chesnuls, mul- berries, &c. ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 31 The water courses are numerous and important. — Bounded on two sides by navigable rivers, Abbeville is intersected by several smaller streams, which furnish wa- ter at all seasons, manufacturing and mill seats in abun- dance, and a good variety of fish. Among these are the Sapona, the Seraw, and Rocky river, besides many others of equal importance. It is to be regretted that so few of the Indian names of streams and places are preserved. In place of them we have such names as Hard-Labor, Broad-Mouth, and Cuffy-Town, which scarcely do justice to the pleasant and useful creeks and water courses, with which they are coupled. This district was originally a part of the great inheritance of the Cherokees. Game is scarce, as well birds as beasts ; the necessary effect of a rapid increase of population. In 1800, the popula- tion of this district was 13,500. In 1840, it is 29,329. It is entitled to one senator and five representatives in the state Legislature. Abbeville is the chief town. It is the seat of justice, in the center of the district, is pleasantly situated, two hundred miles from Charleston and eighty from Colum- bia, and contains five hundred inhabitants. It is well laid out ; contains, besides the court house and jail, an arsenal and magazine, and about fifty dwelling houses. The buildings are good, and the town is laid out with neatness. There are several other towns, such as Cokesbury, a flourishing place of near 300 inhabitants, and Greenwood, which is also a thriving village. Vienna, Hampton and Willington, are generally un- prosperous, in decay, and of little note. The village of Cambridge, containing a few houses, stores and tav- erns, is only remarkable as being upon or near the site of one of the most conspicuous of our country settlements before and during the war of the revolution. Here stood the fortress and village of Ninety-Six, in the district then of the same name, — a name derived from the dis- tance which it bore to the frontier fort of Prince Georgre. It stands in the eastern quarter of Abbeville, near the borders of Edgefield, and within six miles of the Saluda 32 ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. river. The village was one of size and considerable im- portance. The fortress, a portion of the ruins of which are still to be seen, was one which overawed the neigh- borhood on every hand, and through this influence be- came a recruiting fort for the British during the war, in which they accumulated levies in great numbers from among the tories, and from which they sent forth, night and day, their predatory bands for plunder and rapine. There was no portion of the state which suffered so much during the war, as this district. No one place that be- came of more importance to the success of either party in the interior. At length it was beleaguered by general Greene. The American mine is still to be traced, and may be followed for near thirty yards. The place was re- lieved by general Rawdon ; but after a brief interval, was abandoned by the British. Soon after this evacuation, the fort of Ninety-Six and the surrounding country were suddenly invaded by the Cherokee Indians. These were chastised by general Pickens, who gathered the militia, defeated and drove the savages, pursued them into their own country, and retaliated upon them by the burning of fourteen of their towns, killing many of their warriors, and taking a greater number captive. A banditti of tories, disguised as Indians, about the same time made a similar fray into the district, and from these cruel cir- cumstances, Cambridge seems never to have recovered. It is sparsely settled, but still possesses the attractions of a noble site, commanding elevation, agreeable scenery, and the traditions of past events of great interest and importance. It has been proposed to erect a monument on the spot, in honor of the patriotic deeds by which it is distinguished. The first settlement in Abbeville was made in 1756. Two hundred French emigrants followed in 1764, and from these the district is supposed to have received its name, after a town in France. The inhabitants are Pres- byterians, Methodists, Baptists and Episcopalians. The first sect is the most numerous, and exercised at an ear- ly period, a considerable influence in the educational es- ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 33 tablishments of the district. Abbeville was the place of education for a great portion of the upper country, until Columbia rose into her present important position as a central seat of learning. The Clarke and Erskine Seminary, at Due West Corner, in this district, is a new and promising institu- tion ; the first commencement of which took place in Sept. 1842, with high credit to the faculty and pupils. Abbeville has produced several eminent men, who have done honor to the whole country. Patrick Calhoun was a man of strong intellect and influence, and has been styled the patriarch of the district. General Pickens was one of our most successful partisan warriors ; general Robert Anderson was another. Their names are written on many a battle field of Carolina. Colonel Williams, who fell at King's mountain, was also a native of this district; and the list besides, of dead and living persons, natives of Abbeville, who have become famous in our history, is unusually large. BARNWELL DISTRICT. Barnwell is bounded on the north and north-east by Orangeburg ; on the south-east by Beaufort and Colleton ; on the south-west by the Savannah river ; on the west by Edgefield. It is forty-eight miles in length, thirty in breadth, and contains 921,600 acres. The soil is light and sandy, bottomed on clay ; the rich lands border the creeks and rivers. Portions of them are very fertile. The productions are cotton, lumber, corn, wheat, pota- toes, rye, &c. The face of the country is generally level ; occasionally broken by gentle hills, and interspersed with numerous ponds, in which the waters are always limpid, supposed to be supplied by secret springs from below. Many of these ponds, having become filled up in the progress of years, present the appearance of so many natural mea- dows, not unlike the prairies of the west. This district lies below the granite region, and has none of that rock, unless in its extreme north-west angle, where it slightly dips into the primitive formation. Freestone abounds on the Edisto. Shell limestone is also found in considerable quantity. The timber trees are oak, hickory, pine, cypress, pop- lar, ash, gum, cedar, dogwood, sassafras, &c. The pine forests are unusually extensive in the high lands, and the cypress in the swamps. The fruit trees are the apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry ; grapes, melons, straw- berries, &c. are in abundance. The whole country, indeed, seems naturally designed for the grape, the silk- worm and the olive. Barnwell is a well watered district. The Edisto washes the north-eastern side, is famous for its lumber, and is navigable for good sized boats ; — the Savannah BARNWELL DISTRICT. 35 borders it on the south-west, which admits the passage of large steam boats the whole length of the district. It is penetrated, and partially traversed in the center by the Salkehatchie, the main stream of which is now opened by art, for the passage of rafts and small boats. Besides these, there are many smaller streams by which the district is abundantly watered. Such are the smaller Salkehatchie, an arm from the greater stream ; the Three Runs, Jackson's Branch, and the head branches of the Coosawhatchie. The Clear Ponds are bodies of water, like lakes, of considerable depth and circumfer- ence, at once beautiful to the eye, and of never failing resource in the dryest seasons. The Savannah and- Edisto rivers are famous for their fish. In the former the shad ; in the latter, the trout, rock and cat, are found in great abundance. The smaller streams also yield many fine varieties, trout, perch, bream, red-horse, &c. The climate of Barnwell, except in the immediate neighborhood of the river swamps, is considered healthy. In these situations, bilious fevers prevail in autumn. The temperature is mild and warm ; the air during the winter and spring is particularly congenial to those troubled with pulmonary affections. The town of Aiken is a famous retreat for persons suffering from these complaints, partic- ularly in the summer. Another place of summer resort is Boiling Springs. Barnwell district once formed a part of Orangeburg. It was known as Winton. It was first, but imperfectly, settled in 1704. In 1800, it was made an independent judicial district. Its population has advanced with far greater rapidity than most of the other districts of the state. In 1800, it had a total of 7,286 persons ; in 1820, 14,750; by the census of 1840, it has 21,471. It is entitled to one senator and four representatives in the state legislature. [See statistics of 1840.] This district is making large strides towards improve- ment. A more various and better cultivation of the soil is in progress. A greater attention is paid to the edu- cation of the young. An agricultural society has been 36 BARNWELL DISTRICT. established, which holds frequent meetings and an annual fair at the district town. In the town of Aiken, a military, scientific and classical school has just been established ; and there are numerous other schools at Boiling Springs, Barnwell, Aiken and other places. The poor house fund is appropriated to the support of an establishment ; but the poor are not numerous. The religious denominations are chiefly the Baptists, the Methodists, and Presbyte- rians. There is a Roman Catholic church at the town of Barnwell, but the community is small. The chief towns are, Barnwell, (which is the district town,) Aiken, Blackville and Grahamville. There are several smaller settlements, such as Williston and Mid- way. All of these, with the exception of Barnwell, are upon the line of the Charleston and Hamburg rail road, which runs nearly fifty miles through this district. Barn- well is a pleasant village, near the center of the district, sixty miles from Columbia, and one hundred from Charles- ton. It contains the court-house, jail, an academy, some handsome private dwellings, and about 750 inhabitants. It is stationary. Aiken, which is one hundred and twenty miles from Charleston, is a place of considerable and increasing importance. It is remarkable for its health, its bracing, dry atmosphere, which makes it a place of retreat for invalids. Being in the line of rail road, intersected by stage routes for the mountains, it is almost equally easy of access from Charleston, Augusta and Greenville. It possesses a number of fine dwelling-houses, several churches, several excellently kept taverns, and is partic- ularly famous for its Coker spring, a fountain of delicious water, which is equally cold and unfailing. Blackville is a flourishing village, with several stores, and about 150 inhabitants. It is ninety-one miles from Charleston, and ten to Barnwell court-house. The history of Barnwell district, during the revolution- ary war, is almost a blank. It was then little more than a frontier, with very few inhabitants, unexplored, and without public roads. The most important settle- BARNWELL DISTRICT. 37 ment was Fort Dreadnought, afterwards Fort Galphin, at Silver Bluff. This fort was established by the old colo- nial government as a check upon the Indians. The tribe of Euchees occupied the neighborhood. Galphin, a famous Indian trader, lived here for many years. Silver Bluff is one of the curiosities of the district. It rises many feet perpendicularly above the Savannah river, which winds along its base. This steep bank, rising thus abruptly, discovers many curious strata of earth, mixed with different clays and shells ; — and earths appa- rently of an aluminous or vitriolic nature. Here also are found pyrites, sulphurous and other fragments, shining like brass ; as also petrified sticks, limbs and trunks of trees ; leaves, acorns and their cups, — all of which are as hard and shining as charcoal. BEAUFORT DISTRICT. Beaufort District forms the south-western corner of the state. It is bounded on the north-east by Colleton ; on the north-west by Barnwell ; on the south-west by the Savannah river ; and on the south and south-east by the Atlantic ocean. The length of the district, from south to north, is fifty-eight miles ; breadth from east to west, thirty-three miles; it contains 1,224,960 acres. It comprises four parishes ; viz : — St. Helena, St. Luke, St. Peter and Prince William, The soil is equally various and valuable. Nearly one half of the territory is rich swamp land, susceptible of easy improvement, and capable of great production. Rich, deep, broad tracts of loam, border the numerous streams and rivers, in some places of inexhaustible fer- tility ; but its population is not sufficiently dense for its adequate improvement and reclamation. The high lands between the swamps are of a light but productive nature ; chiefly of sand, bottomed upon clay, which lies about two feet deep. The numerous islands which stud the Atlantic margin of this district, are also of a light, sandy, but fertile description. These islands are numer- ous ; some of them famous for their production of long staple cotton, to which they give their name of sea- island ; others are almost equally famous among the res- idents, as hunting grounds. Many of them are beautiful to the eye and salubrious as well as rich. A few of the most remarkable may be named. Upon the sea-coast are Reynolds', Prentis, Chaplin, Edings, Hilton, Dawfuskie and Turtle. Between these and the main, are St. Helena, Pinckney, Parris, Port Royal, Ladies, Bermuda, Morgan, Calwassee, Lemon, Coosaw, and many others. The rivers are equally numerous. The shores are in- BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 39 dented by numerous arms of the sea, and navigable water courses are frequent. The principal are, the SaA^annah, Broad, Combahee, Coosaw, Port Royal, May, Colleton, Morgan, Bull, Cooper, Chee-chee-see and Tu- lifinnee. The Broad is an arm of the sea, an extraordi- nary body of water, forming a bay, or sound, in some places more than two miles wide. The face of Beaufort district is uniformly level. The climate, though moist and hot, is healthy compared with the other districts on the sea-board of South Carolina. Its sea-islands are supposed to be quite healthy, and the sand ridges between the swamps and water courses are equally so. The town of Beaufort has always been re- markable for the health and longevity of the inhabitants. Beaufort lies within the alluvial country, and is without rock of any kind. There is a hard substance occasion- ally found, resembling marble, which is evidently formed of shells. A rock of this substance lies at the junction of the rivers New and Cooper. Shells and the remains of mariae animals are found in abundance. The waters, salt and fresh, abound in the finest fish. In the former are caught, drum, bass, black, sheep's-head, whiting, cavalli, mullet, sailor's-choice, &;c. — of shell- fish, sea-turtle, oysters, crabs, shrimps, &;c. The fresh Avaters produce, pike, perch, and other varieties. The timber trees are, live and other oaks, pine, cy- press, red-cedar, hickory, magnolia, palmetto, poplar, beech, birch, ash, raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption. 7 70 DARLINGTON DISTRICT. The timber trees in the low lands are very large. The timber in the high lands is generally inferior. Among the forest trees are, the pine, the black and white oak*, cypress, cotton-tree, sycamore, sweet gum, &c. The fruit trees are the peach, nectarine and cherry. The grape is abundant, and a very good domestic wine has been made from it. Game is not now in abundance. The deer and turkey are seldom met with. Partridges, doveSy snipe and woodcock, are, however, in plenty ; also, the wild duck, and occasionally wild geese and pigeons. The singing birds are the mock-bird, thrush, red-bird, and blue-bird. Darlington is a w^ell watered district. The Pedee has a good steamboat navigation its whole length. Black creek is navigable thirty miles from its junction with the Pedee ; and Lynch's creek, eighty miles from where it joins the same river. By removing some obstructions, it may be made navigable into Chesterfield. There are numerous other streams of value and importance, — such as Sparrow creek, Jeffery's creek. Cedar, Swift, High- hill, Buckholt's, Alligator, Black Swamp, Lake Swamp, Middle Swamp, &;c. On the Pedee there are excellent fisheries for shad and sturgeon, in which quantities are caught. The herring, also, visits this river. There are, also, the trout, the bream, catfish, &c. The population of Darlington, by the census of 1840, is 14,822, of whom 7,560 are slaves. The district is entitled to one senator, and two representatives in the legislature of the state. Education has not been left unattended to in Darling- ton. The schools are frequent and flourishing. Free schools ar^ numerous, and an annual appropriation of six hundred dollars is made by the state for their support. The Baptist is the most numerous religious sect in the district — next to it, the Methodist and Presbyterian. Some attention has been paid to manufactures, confined however to the coarser stuffs ; but this branch of indus- try does not flourish, people preferring to raise the raw material, rather than to make it into cloth. ^ARLINGTON DISTRICT. 71 TThe village of Darlington, situated on Swift creek, is the seat of justice for the district. It is a small but neat town, containing a handsome Court House of brick, a Jail, sundry taverns, &c. It lies seventy-five miles from Columbia and one hundred and thirty from Charleston. Darlington has three other villages, which are places of summer retreat. The principal of these is Society Hill, a rural eminence, houses and trees interspersed picturesquely, and without any regard to order. It promises to be a place of equal beauty and importance, needing but a little more attention to the style of build- ing, and a little more order in arrangement for the former. Its population is about 600. Well placed for health and having many facilities for trade, its promise of increase and prosperity appears well founded. It contains churches for the Baptist and Methodist persuasions, and has a good Academy. Two or more steamboats, and oth- er vessels, ply between it and Georgetown, Society Hill w^as once called Greenville. Old Cheraw was once the seat of justice for a large district of the same name. But it has long been since abandoned. Two other villages, Springville and Me- ehanicsville, are chiefly valuable for the security for health which they afford. They are places of residence chiefly during the summer season. Cheraw is the only Indian name preserved in this district. EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. The District of Edgefield was settled cliiefly by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina. Its name is presumed to have been derived from its geographical position, on the edge of the state, and adjoining the state of Georgia. Edgefield lies on the south-west border of the state, bounded in this quarter by the Savannah river, which separates it from Georgia. On the east and south- east, it is bounded by Lexington, Orangeburg and Barn- well districts ; on the north and east, by the Saluda, which separates it from Newberry ; and on the north- west by Abbeville. The average length of the district is forty-six miles ; breadth thirty-seven. It contains 1,089,280 acres, and is the fifth district, in point of size, in the state. The soil of Edgefield is generally good, and partakes of several varieties. A portion of it, in the eastern and southern parts of the district, is sandy, bearing the long- leaved pine, such as belongs to the country along the sea- board ; the rest is the oak and hickory land, such as belongs to mountain regions. This latter portion yields good crops, is of rich quality ; of various colors, red, white and black ; of sand and loam, with clay founda- tion. The face of this part of the country of Edgefield is very hilly, and this constitutes the only objection to the soil in an agricultural point of view. It is liable to wash into gullies in heavy rains. The productions are such as are raised generally in the middle and upper coun- try, — cotton and corn, and grain of every description. The pine lands are peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of peas, beans and potatoes. The oak and hickory lands yield wheat, tobacco, corn, hemp, cotton, &c. The tim- ber trees of Edgefield are, pine, (long and short leaf,) EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 73 oak, hickory, elm, ash, gum, &,c. The fruit trees are, apple, peach, plum, cherry, pear, quince, &c. The birds are, the turtle-dove, mocking-bird, partridge, robin, wren, snow-bird, red-bird, swallow, wood-pecker, wood- cock, buzzard, hawk, owl, &c. In the upper division of the district, there are considerable bodies of granite, and quarries of excellent freestone, suitable for millstones. Beds of iron ore have been discovered in different places. The chief navigable stream in Edgefield, is the Savan- nah, which is navigable for steamboats from Hamburg to Charleston ; and for smaller craft, above, to Vienna, in South Carolina, and Petersburg in Georgia. The Sa- luda is next in importance, and is navigable for boats carrying fifty bales of cotton, the whole length of the district. The Sapona, or Steven's creek, which emp- ties into the Savannah, might, according to Mills, be made navigable into the heart of the district. Shaw's creek, Little Saluda, and some other smaller streams, might, it is supposed, by a small amount of labor, be converted into navigable courses of considerable value. The Seraw, Serannah, and Cussaboe, are streams origi- nally with musical Indian names, which are made to yield to such vulgar appellations as Horse creek, Cuffy- town creek, Hardlabor creek, &:c. The principal fish are, shad, (during spring,) cat, perch, rock, pike, trout, red-horse, &c. The average value of land in Edgefield is probably $2,50 per acre. The agriculture of the dis- trict, like that of most parts of the state, is improving. Manuring is becoming a system, and will become more so, in the diminished value of cotton as a product. Ham- burg, Augusta and Charleston, are the principal markets. The climate of Edgefield is mild, and generally speak- ing, healthy. The diseases are of a bilious kind, and occur chiefly on the mill seats, and near the banks of creeks and rivers. The population of Edgefield, by the census of 1840, is 32,853 ; of these 15,315 are free ; the rest slaves. She is entitled to one senator and six representatives in the legislature of the state. The principal occupation of 74 EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. the people is agriculture. The chief towns are Ham- burg and Edgefield. The former is a flourishing trading town on the north-east bank of Savannah river, opposite the city of Augusta in Georgia, and a competitor for a considerable portion of its trade. It is the terminus of the Charleston and Hamburg rail road ; and, with this facility, and a steamboat communication with Charles- ton and Savannah, by the Savannah river, it lacks, per- haps, nothing but capital to render it a formidable rival of its Georgia neighbor. It is distant from Charleston, by rail road, one hundred and thirty-six miles ; twen- ty-three south of Edgefield ; and contains a population of about 1,500. Its trade is chiefly in cotton, corn and tobacco. The court town bears the name of the district. It is a neat and thriving village, on elevated ground, lying in the head fork of Beaver Dam creek. It contains a popu- lation of five six or hundred ; has a neat Court House and Church, numerous fine dwelling houses, and issues an interesting weekly newspaper. The situation of Edgefield village, is one of uninterrupted health, lying upon the ridge which separates the pine and oak lands, between the waters of Edisto, Savannah and Saluda. It is sixty-two miles from Columbia, and one hundred and fifty-seven from Charleston. Pottersville is a small village, about a mile and a half from Edgefield, chiefly distinguished by its pottery, in which stone ware of a superior kind has been extensively manufactured, and may be to an incomputable extent. Other potteries are also to be found in this district. At Pottersville there is a cotton factory, for the manufac- ture of the coarser fabrics. Richardsonville is another small village, seventeen miles north of the court house. Fort Moore, five miles south-east from Hamburg, is the site of an old fortress and place of settlement. It was first occupied in 1740. Education and morals, in Edgefield, have undergone great improvement within a few years. She is strong in her intellectual men, who exercise a salutary influ- EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 75 ence over civilization. Religion is benevolent and ac- tive ; her schools are good, and the subject of education is beginning to make itself felt in its proper force every where. There are several academies and numerous pri- vate schools. Fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars are annually appropriated to the free schools by the state legislature. The religious denominations are chiefly Baptist and Methodist. An Agricultural Society, which promises to be active and of great value, has re- cently been established. There is little real poverty in Edgefield. Edgefield district was once a part of the vast posses- sions of the Muscoghee nation. It has been the scene of frequent warfare since their day ; and has produced several eminent men, among whom may be named, co- lonel Le Roy Hammond, a distinguished leader against the Indians, before and during the war of the revolu- tion ; captain Thomas Harvey, who acquired credit in the Cherokee war, and was slain in battle by the tories, after having won the victory. Major Hugh Middleton, colonel Purvis, captains Ryan and Butler, were also men of rank, and well remembered for their Indian and revolutionary valor. This list might be numerously ex- tended, were this the place for it. For the achievements in this quarter, see the History of the State. FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. Fairfield was first settled by emigrants from Vir- ginia and North Carolina. It derives its name, most probably, from the grateful appearance which it made, in the eyes of wanderers, weary with long looking for a resting place. It is bounded, on the north by Chester district ; on the south by Richland ; on the west and south-west by Broad river, which divides it from Union, Newberry and Lexington ; south-west by Lexington ; and on the north-east, by the Wateree and Catawba riv- ers, which separate it from a part of Lancaster and Ker- shaw. Fairfield is, on an average, thirty-two miles in length, twenty-three in width, and contains about 471,040 square acres. With the exception of a slip of sandy pine land, on its south-eastern limit, Fairfield is within the granite re- gion. In its general aspect, the country is much diver- sified, justifying its name, lying now in level plains, rising into slopes and gentle undulations, and sometimes swelling into rugged surface and imposing mountain. The soil is very various, combining the best and worst of the upper country. The lands on the water courses are rich and inexhaustible ; the uplands are perhaps too hilly for safe cultivation in a season of much rain. Cotton, of the short staple, is much cultivated; the small grains grow well in Fairfield ; corn and wheat in particu- lar. Of these, with rye, oats, barley and potatoes, the crops are usually abundant. The chief rivers are the Broad, or Eswawpuddenah, which is navigable the whole length of the district ; as also the Catawba and Wateree, (which, being one river, becomes, in this district, one in name also.) Little river, FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 77 which empties into the Broad, is only partially naviga- ble. It has numerous branches, and is a stream of much importance. Wateree creek, the entrance of which, into the Catawba, imposes upon the latter its name, is the next considerable stream. This union takes place three and a half miles above the line of Lancaster and Ker- shaw. The lands on the banks of this stream are noted for their fertility. Dutchman's creek, which empties into the Wateree ; and Beaver, which empties into Broad river; are both valuable ; the one being a creek, the oth- er a beautiful stream ; noted, also, as the first place of white settlement in the district. There are other streams, — the Suwannee, Rocky, Morris, Fox, Bear, &c. which find their way into the Wateree. The tribu- taries of the Broad, in Fairfield, are Wilkinson, Terri- ble, Rock, Goodacon, and Cool Branch. In these two main rivers, the Broad and Wateree, are numerous islands, all fertile and some of them in cultivation. The fish are, the shad and sturgeon, the trout, pike, perch, eel, gar, red-horse, suck, carp, &c. Fairfield has the finest granite for building ; soapstone, sandstone, slatestone, gneiss and hornblende, are occa- sionally to be seen. A remarkably high rock, on the road from Columbia, and four miles from Winnsboro, is called, from its appearance, the Anvil rock. Rock crystals are common ; also, crystalized quartz ; iron is abundant, and pyrites. A valuable mineral spring, good in dyspep- tic and cutaneous diseases, is found within ten miles of Winnsboro. The forests of Fairfield contain the finest timber and in great variety ; among which are, the poplar, hickory, walnut, pine, beech, birch, oak, (black, white and red, Spanish, post and Turkey,) ash, elm, linden, gum, su- gar, maple, cherry, dogwood, sassafras, papaw, iron wood, cotton, cedar, &c. The wild fruit trees are, crab- apple, chinquapin, mulberry, persimmon, haw, hazel- nut, walnut, hickory-nut, cherry, chestnut, &c. The cultivated fruit trees, are, peach, quince, apple, pear, apricot, fig, pomegranate, cherry, plum, almond, &c. ^8 FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. The shrub and bush fruits are, strawberry, raspberry, whortleberry, gooseberry, &c. The game are, deer, turkey, foxes, raccoons, opos- sums, squirrels, &c. Of birds, migratory and domestic, there are, the martin, swallow, duck, snow-bird, robin, mock-bird, cat-bird, humming-bird, snipe, wood-pecker, Avhippoorwill, plover, kingfisher, &c. ; jay, red-bird and sparrow ; turkey, partridge, dove, woodcock, crow, owl, hawk and black-bird. The wild pigeon occasionally ap- pears, and sometimes the bald eagle. The population of Fairfield, by the census of 1840, is 20,165; of these, 7,660 are free; 12,505 slaves^. The district is entitled to one senator and four repre- sentatives in the legislature of the state. The employ- ments of the people are chiefly agricultural ; domestic manufactures are carried on to considerable extent. The water courses furnish numerous mill seats, but these works are chiefly used for sawing lumber, ginning cotton, or grinding corn. Winnsboro is the seat of justice, and the town of most importance in the district. It is a healthy and pleasant spot, thirty miles from Columbia, and one hundred and fifty from Charleston. It is placed on the dividing ridge between the rivers Wateree and Broad. A main branch of the Wateree creek heads near the village. This and other streams furnish excellent springs of water. The town stands on an elevation of more than three hundred feet above the Wateree river, and about five hundred feet above the ocean. The lands around are fertile, un- dulating and greatly improved. The population is near 500. It has a handsome Court House and Jail, an Academy, three Churches, a Masonic Hall and Market- house. Mount Zion college was established here prior to the revolution, and received a charter in 1777. Some of the dwellings in Winnsboro, are handsomely built. In 1780, lord Cornwallis made this village his head quarters. The cotton gins manufactured in Winnsboro, have a high reputation throughout the state. There are some other villages in the district. Monticello, lying between Lit- FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 79 tie river and Wilkinson's creek, contains an Academy, a few houses, and occupies in the center of a healthy, rich and populous neighborhood. Rocky Mount, or Grimke- ville, stands on the Catawba river, of which it commands a beautiful view ; and Longtown, situate on a high sand ridge, twenty miles east of Winnsboro, is the resort of the planters of the Wateree during the autumn season. This district lies in a salubrious region. The climate is pleasant and healthy. Fevers occur in the fall, along the rich bottoms and the water courses ; but there are few portions of the upper country more healthy than this. The instances of longevity are numerous. A considerate regard is paid to education in Fairfield. The academies and schools are numerous. The free schools receive twelve hundred dollars from the state annually. A decent sense of religious duty is prevalent, and Sunday schools are efficiently exercised. The reli- gious sects are Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episco- palian and Dutch Reformed. Fairfield is prominent, in- deed, for its high sense of religious and moral obligation. It has also made some advance in literature, and there are many excellent private libraries. The territory of Fairfield was once apart of the heri- tage of the Catawbas. They received the whites kindly, and were affectionately true to them through all periods. Fairfield has furnished to the state her full share of distinguished men. Among these were general Richard Winn, who was a prominent leader in the revolutionary war. Thomas Woodward has the reputation of having instituted the sort of forest-justice — in the absence of regular laws and officers — which went by the name of regulation. He is claimed to have been the Jirst regulator. GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. Georgetown lies upon the Atlantic, to which it pre- sents a considerable front, and from which it is sepa- rated by a sand ridge and chain of islands. It is bound- ed on the south-west by Santee river ; which separates it from Charleston district ; on the north-west by Will- iamsburg ; on the north-east by a part of Marion district ; on the east by the Great Pedee, and Horry district, and on the south-east by the Atlantic ocean. The length of the district averages thirty-eight miles ; breadth twenty- four ; and includes 583,680 acres. The islands are Bull, Waccana, North, Santee, Cat, Sandy, Crow, &c. The inlets, along the coast, are North, Georgetown, Gahany, North and South Santee, and the bay of Win- yaw. The rivers are the Great Pedee ; Waccamaw, Weenee, or Black, Sampit, North and South Santee ; all of which are navigable, wherever they traverse the district. The face of the country is uniformly flat and unimproving. The river lands are a deep rich mould of inexhaustible fertility ; next to these are the inland swamps ; the pine ridges are little else than sand, bot- tomed sometimes on clay, and having occasionally a pro- ductive soil. The tide lands, which constitute the fa- mous rice lands, are the most valuable in the district. The fertile regions are appropriated almost exclusively to rice, which is produced in great abundance. After rice, cotton is the next great product. But little corn is raised. The other products, though in small quantities, are potatoes, wheat, oats, &:c. Among the exports are, tar, pitch and turpentine, staves, ^c. The pine is the most common tree of this district. The river swamps abound in cypress, and their margins with the various kinds of oak, hickory, poplar, ash, chest- GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 81 nut, cedar, beech, sycamore, laurel, cotton-tree, &;c. The live-oak, near the sea, is large and abundant. The fruits are, the peach, plum, apricot, fig, cherry, nectarine, orange, pomegranate, grape, &c. The woods abound with fragrant trees, shrubs and vines, — the mag- nolia, yellow jessamine, eglantine, bay, honey-suckle, azalea, vanilla, asters, lilies, wild rose, &c. The waters teem with the finest fish, both of the salt and fresh water tribes — the shad and herring in spring ; the trout, pike, bream, perch, sturgeon, rock, terrapin, soft shelled turtle, carp, &c, ; the drum, bass, sheep's- head, mullet, cavalli, whiting, black ; oysters, crabs, sea- turtle, shrimps, &c. Of game there is plenty ; deer, foxes, rabbits, rac- coons, and occasionally the wolf and bear. Of birds, the turkey, goose, duck, (of all varieties,) snipe, woodcock and pigeon ; partridge, plover and rice-bird ; eagle, hawk, owl ; black-bird, mocking-bird and bullfinch. Snakes are numerous in swamp and forest ; and the alligator, in fresh, tide and brackish waters, grows to an enormous size. The climate is moist, hot and unhealthy ; subject to fevers in summer and agues in autumn. There are choice spots however, along the sea shore, to which the inhab- itants resort for health ; among these is North, and the neiofhborinff islands. The population of Georgetown district, by the census of 1840, is 18,274; of these, 2,281 are free; the rest are slaves. The district comprises two parishes, viz. — All-Saints and Prince George, each of which is entitled to a senator in the state legislature, where the district has four representatives. Agriculture is the only employment. There are no manufactures. A small portion of the free population is engaged in trade. There are few native schools, the planters generally preferring that their children should be educated in healthier districts. The free schools are moderately attended. The state appropriates to this object, twelve hundred dollars per annum. 8 82 GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. Georgetown is the seat of justice for the district. It is situated on the north side of the river Sampit, near its junction with Winyaw bay, and, in a straight line, about nine miles from the sea. Vessels of considerable size may approach the town and lie at the wharves. George- town is well situated for trade, surrounded by fertile and cultivated lands close to the sea, with a safe harbor and an extensive back country. It contains about 1500 inhab- itants, has a handsome Court House, a Bank, Jail, Mar- ket place, and several churches. There is a public Li- brary, and several private societies ; among which is the the Winyaw Indigo Society, incorporated in 1756, which maintains a school of twenty-five orphan children, and has a funded capital of thirty thousand dollars. George- town has an Agricultural Society also, and issues two weekly newspapers. The climate of Georgetown, however, is so sickly as to impair most of its advantages as a place of trade. Its trade is chiefly carried on through and with Charles- ton, from which it is distant 61 miles. It is distant from Columbia 121 miles. La Grange, on North island, the summer retreat of the people of Georgetown, is noted as the spot where La Fayette first landed in America, during the revolution. It is a delightful and salubrious resi- dence. Georgetown has been the seat of much interest- ing occurrence, particularly during the revolutionary war. In its neighborhood are shown the frequent scenes of Marion's achievements. It was twice attacked by him, while it lay in possession of the British, and at last cap- tured. The district is full of such memorials. It has produced several distinguished men, among whom may be mentioned the great historical painter, Washington Allston. GREENVILLE DISTRICT. The District of Greenville received its first settlers in 1766, from Virginia and Pennsylvania ; but the progress of settlement was slow mitil the close of the Cherokee war. The face of the country, verdant and picturesque, is supposed to have led to the adoption of its name. The Cherokees were the original possessors of the soil. Greenville is bounded on the north by North Carolina ; on the east and south by the districts of Spartanburg and Laurens ; west by the Saluda river, which divides it from Pendleton. Its extreme length, from north to south, is fifty miles ; its average breadth does not exceed twenty. It contains about 414,720 square acres. The country is elevated ; in the south, undulating and attractive ; in the north, mountainous and imposing. The soil is various, embracing sand, clay, gravel, and stone. Much of it, properly cultivated, is capable of yielding bountiful re- turns to the hands of industry. It is well adapted to the culture of all the small grains, and corn, tobacco, and green seed cotton. The climate is one of the most delighful in the world ; the diseases are few ; the lands are well drained and ir- rigated, and the mountains are admirable barriers against the chilling blasts of winter. Rocks of granite, gneiss, quartz, &;c. are found in great abundance ; minerals of several kinds have been discovered — iron, yellow ochre, pyrites, lead ore, the em- erald, and many others. The chief materials for building are rock and clay. Materials of wood are neither very good nor in great quantity. The timber trees are, the short-leaved pine, poplar, chestnut, white, red, and Spanish oak, maple, walnut and cherry. The fruit trees are the apple, quince, plum, &c. 84 GREENVILLE DISTRICT. Greenville, though finely watered, does not possess many navigable facilities. The Saluda and Tyger rivers are interrupted by rocks and falls of considerable extent. The Reedy river, which flows through the district, and passes by the court house, it is thought might be made useful, by canals, for the purpose of communicating with the Saluda, and thus open a communication by water with Columbia, and thence to Charleston. The other chief river is the Enoree. There are several branches of the Saluda, and numerous smaller streams. In these streams fish of various kinds are caught, — such as the trout, lock, red-horse, &:c. The birds of Greenville are such as are common to all the upper districts, Greenville, to the north, is walled in by the mountain barriers of the Blue Ridge, some of the spurs from which make into the very heart of the district. Such is Paris mountain. Other mountains within its limits are called, the Hogback, Glassy, Caesar's Head, Dismal, Prospect and Pine. The Hogback is steep, difficult of ascent and dangerous. Its name is derived from its appearance. On the top of the mountain is the Cold Spring, perpetu- ally gushing forth, and the abandoned plantation of a hermit. The Glassy mountain, which adjoins the Hog- back, is so named because the water, trickling down its sides, and frozen in winter, reflects the blaze of the sun with the dazzling lustre of a mirror. Caesar's Head and Dismal mountains are abrupt and highly picturesque eminences. The former, indeed, though little known, is described as presenting one of the most beautiful prospects in America. The population of Greenville, by the census of 1840, is 17,839; of whom 12,534 are free, and 5,305 slaves. It is entitled to one senator and four representatives in the state legislature. Agriculture constitutes the chief em- ployment of the people. The manufactures are for purely domestic objects. There have been several iron works on the Reedy river which are now abandoned ; but the working of iron, on a limited scale, still continues in different parts of the district. GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 85 The people of Greenville have been honorably regard- ful of education and morals. The academies and schools are numerous and efficient. An appropriation of a thou- sand dollars per annum, for the free schools, is made by the legislature. The religious denominations are, Pres- byterian, Methodist, Baptist and Episcopalian ; the first named being the most numerous. The village of Greenville is the seat of justice for the district. It is beautifully situated on a gentle and undu- lated plane. The Reedy river runs beside it, precipitating itself, in the immediate neighborhood, in a beautiful cas- cade, over an immense bed of rocks, The Paris moun- tain, at a distance of seven miles, presents another object similarly picturesque, for the admirer of fine scenery. The village is regularly laid out in squares, and, equally grateful to health and sight, is preferred as a place of resort. The public buildings are a handsome brick Court House, a Jail, tw^o or three houses of public worship, a male and female Academy, several public houses of great size, and many private residences which are equally handsome and spacious. The population is estimated at 8 or 900. There is a public Library, a weekly and well conducted newspaper, and an Agricultural Society. Greenville is 108 miles from Columbia, and 225 from Charleston. The district has given birth to several dis- tinguished men. It is destined, from the salubrity of its climate, its fertility of soil, and beauty of situation, to cherish a population as numerous as it is now vigorous and virtuous. 8* HORRY DISTRICT. The District of Horry was"principally settled by Irish emigrants in 1733. It receives its name from general Horry of revolutionary renown. Horry forms the north- eastern corner of the state and fronts on the ocean, which bounds it on the south-east for a space of thirty-one miles. On the north-east it is bounded by North Carolina ; on the south by Georgetown ; north-east by Georgetown and Marion, and north-west by the latter. Its average length is thirty-seven miles ; breadth twenty-nine. It contains about 687,720 acres. The face of the country is uniformly flat ; along the rivers the soil is rich and highly productive. The uplands are of light soil, with a clay basis. But the waste lands are very extensive, and the river lands require to be reclaimed for cultivation. Cotton, corn and rice are the chief productions. Wheat, peas and potatoes are raised in abundant quantities for domestic use. Lum- ber, tar and turpentine are among the exports. Cloths of domestic manufacture are considerably used. Horry is a well watered district. With a front upon the sea of thirty miles, it has yet a number of lakes and streams. Of the former are, Kingston, Lake Swamp, &c. The rivers are, the Great and Little Pedee ; the former navigable for vessels of sixty tons, and the latter for boats drawing three feet water, up to the North Carolina line. The Waccamaw is navigable for vessels of one hundred tons above Conwayborough, subject to the ob- struction of one sand shoal, which, at low water, has a depth of six feet. There are also Lumber and Little river, and several smaller streams. Bull creek is also navigable for large vessels. Horry maintains, in naviga- tion, fifteen or twenty vessels, and employs from eighty to one hundred seamen. HORRY DISTRICT. 87 The waters abound in fish, among which are, the trout, bream, jack, perch, shad, and (in season) the herring. Besides these, there are the usual sea-fish. The forest trees are, the long-leaved pine, the cypress and oak, (live and white, &:c.) The fruit trees are, the peach, apple, pear, plum, fig and cherry. The game are, deer, turkey, duck, (various kinds,) fox, wild-cat, and, occasionally, the bear. Of birds there are, the partridge, dove, &c. Compact shell limestone is found on the Waccamaw. Lime is prepared from oyster shells. The population of Horry, according to the census of 1840, is 5,755 ; of these, 4,181 are free ; 1,574 slaves. It is entitled to one senator and one representative in the state legistature. The population has suffered much from emigration. The climate, particularly along the sea, is favorable to health. In the neighborhood of the creeks, rivers and swamps, agues and fevers prevail during the months of autumn. Kingston, or Convvayborough, is the seat of justice for the district. It lies on the west side of the river Wacca- maw, at its junction with the lake of the same name. It is distant from Charleston 117, and from Columbia, 135 miles. It is a place of small population and trade. The residents are scarce 200. Its chief importance is due to its being the district town. Kingston lake is a fine sheet of water. There is another small settlement, established chiefly with reference to trade, is placed upon Little river, a few miles from the sea. Its exports, in tar, pitch and lumber, are considerable. The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect in Horry ; after them, the Methodists, the Presbyterians and Episcopalians. Education is improving. The people are generally moral and religious in their habits. There are few paupers. The legislature appropriates annually five or six hundred dollars for the free schools. This district gave birth to many distinguished whigs of the revolution. It was the theatre of much fierce fight- ing between the whigs and tories. Bear Bluff, on Wac- camaw river, is pointed out as the scene of one of these conflicts. KERSHAW DISTRICT. , The first settlement of Kershaw was made by a colony of Irish Quakers, about the year 1750. The district takes its name from colonel Joseph Kershaw, an officer of great local reputation, during and previous to the war of the revolution. Kershaw is bounded on the north-east by Sumter ; on the north-west by Richland ; on the west and north by Fairfield ; on the north-west and north by Lancaster ; on the north-east by Chesterfield and Darlington, from which it is separated by Big Lynch's creek. The average length of the district is about thirty -two miles ; width twenty-seven; number of acres, about 553,000. Kershaw lies immediately between the primitive and alluvial formation. The lower line of the granite region runs through the middle of the district. The sand hills are high and barren. The face of the country is varied and agreeable. It contains every variety of soil, — very rich and very inferior. The rivers have great extent of alluvial low grounds, easy of reclamation, generally above the influence of freshets. In the upper parts of the districts, clay lands are found ; but the great body of uplands are usually sandy. Numerous streams irrigate the highlands, and furnish many choice spots for the cultivator. The climate is pleasant and commonly healthy, ex- cept in the neighborhood of rivers. The products of the soil are, cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Cotton is raised for export ; all the rest for home consumption. Domestic manufacturing establishments are large and nu- merous. Flour has been manufactured for sale to a considerable amount, but has been superseded by cotton. So, also, from the palma christi, was cold pressed oil KERSHAW DISTRICT. 89 once made, at the rate of one hundred and fifty gallons to the acre. That, too, has been abandoned for cotton. The Wateree and Kaddipah (or Lynch's) are naviga- ble streams. There are other rivers of importance, viz. Little Lynch's, Flat Rock, Hanging Rock, Beaver, San- ders, Pine Tree, &c. Fine fish are afforded by most of these w^aters. Kershaw has several mineral springs which have con- siderable domestic reputation. Among these, the most important are those at Liberty Hill. A gold mine has been worked on Little Lynch's creek, on the Lancaster boundary line, which proved to be one of the richest in the south. The population of Kershaw, by the census of 1840, is 12,281. Of these, 4,238 are free, and 8,043 slaves. Kershaw is entitled to one senator and two representa- tives in the state legislature. One thousand dollars is the state annual appropriation for the free schools of the district. The chief interest of Kershaw centres in and about the town of Camden. This place has been particularly famous from the war of the revolution. Camden is the seat of justice for the district, and is the oldest inland town of the state, being settled in 1750. It is handsomely situated on a plain, on the east bank of the Wateree river, about a mile from it, and at an elevation above it of nearly one hundred feet. It is almost an island. Pine Tree creek, with Belton's Branch, sweeping round three sides, and, by their head springs, nearly meeting on the fourth. The town limits embrace, from east to west, one mile ; and in length, from south to north, nearly two. It was laid out in squares in 1760, chartered in 1769, had a regular police and was thriving before the revolution. That event proved for a time fatal to its prosperity. It fell into the hands of the British, was made a fortified town, and destroyed by them when they were compelled to abandon it. For the interesting incidents connected with its fortunes, see the History of South Carolina. Here, in this neishborhood, Cornwallis defeated Gates ; De 90 KERSHAW DISTRICT. Kalb was slain ; Rawdon and Greene met in a memorable but drawn battle ; and colonel Washington, by a happy ruse de guerre, captured Rugely. Camden is now a beau- tiful and flourishing town, and carries on a considerable trade with Charleston, from which it is distant 136 miles. It is 33 miles from Columbia. It has also a con- siderable trade with the interior. Its population is about 2,300. It contains an elegant Court House, of superior classical design, a Jail, City Hall, Bank, public Library, several places of public worship, some of which are in the most graceful style of art ; academies, schools, societies, and issues a neat weekly newspaper. Here, also, may be seen a graceful monument, raised by the gratitude of the citizens, to the memory of the brave old German, DeKalb, who perished at the head of the continentals, in the fatal battle at Gum Swamp, between Gates and Corn- wallis. Camden suffered terribly, during the war, from British and tory atrocities. Kershaw has given to the gtate many distinguished citizens. LANCASTER DISTRICT. The first settlers in this district came from Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, about the year 1745, and planted their colony on the Waxhaw creek, in the immediate neighborhood of the Catawba Indians, then one of the most powerful Indian nations of the south. The name of the district was conferred upon it by the settlers from Pennsylvania, who came from Lancaster in that state. Lancaster constitutes one part of the northern bounda- ry of the state, and is placed entirely within the granite region. It is bounded on the west by the Catawba river, which divides it from York, Chester, and a part of Fair- field ; on the south by Kershaw ; on the north-east and north by the state of North Carolina and the district of Chesterfield. Lancaster is of irregular form ; in its greatest length it is forty miles ; width twenty-eight. It is computed to contain about 383,000 acres. The face of Lancaster district is pleasingly varied by hill and dale, gentle undulation, rock and valley. The soil is equally various, comprising all sorts, from the ster- ile sand to the rich and fruitful loam. The rocks are mostly granite and white flint. Some beautiful quarries of white granite have been worked to advantage, and employed in many important and permanent structures. Slate and the asbestos, are said to lie along the Kaddipah, or Lynch's creek. The Catawba river bounds this district on its longest side, and with some labor may be rendered navigable. So may Cain creek. Sugar creek, the Kaddipah, Twelve Mile creek, &c. The other streams by which this dis- trict is well watered are, the Waxhaw, Cane, Camp, Cedar, Hanging Rock, Tuckahoe, Little Lynch's, Flat and Wild Cat. The Catawba abounds in shad, when in 92 LANCASTER DISTRICT. season. The native fish are, the trout, rock, red-horse, perch, &:c. In this river are several islands, viz. Patton, Davy, Taylor, Lackey, Mountain, Allen and Montgomery. Mountain island is the largest, and nearly two miles in length. The Great Falls of the Catawba present a noble and imposing spectacle of great natural magnificence. The stream is gradually enclosed by rocks, straightened sud- denly into a channel one third its width, and breaking from its prison with measureless violence, plunges head- long over its barriers of stone, from rock to rock, till it subsides in a basin nearly one hundred and fifty feet below. Curiosities of this kind, though inferior in grandeur and beauty, are frequent in this district. Hanging Rock, Flat Rock, and Anvil Rock, are objects of particular interest and attraction, from their peculiar appearance, as well as from the events which distinguish them in history. Hanging Rock is the site of one of Sumter's famous battle grounds. It is of curious shape. Flat Rock is a mighty mass, five hundred yards across, com- posed of a very closely cemented and hard gravel. Its name is derived from its level surface, which is covered with numerous pits or cisterns, hollowed out, as sup- posed, by the Indians, for the purpose of holding water. The Anvil Rock is small, and would attract no notice, but for its shape. A mile from Hanging Rock there is a a mineral spring. Its waters act as a gentle aperient, and are strongly diuretic. It is beautifully situated, de- lightfully shaded, at the foot of a gentle descent, and has a fall for a douche, or shower bath. In process of time it will doubtless be a place of much resort for the invalid and idler. The forest trees are, oak, pine, poplar, hickory, chestnut, ash, beech, sycamore, dogwood, walnut, sassafras, &c. The sugar-tree sometimes grows to a prodigious size. The fruits are, apples, pears, peaches and cherries ; grapes, berries of various kinds, chestnuts, walnuts, hickory nuts &c. The vine has occasionally been culti- LANCASTER DISTRICT. 93 vated here with success. There are a few deer, wild turkeys, pigeons, ducks and geese, besides partridges, doves and woodcocks. Lancaster has also such other birds as are common to the country. The climate of the country is bland and agreeable. Autumnal diseases prevail along the large water courses; but elsewhere the inhabitants enjoy excellent health, and instances of longevity are frequent. Agriculture is the chief business of the people. The staple production is cotton, which finds its way, chiefly by land carriages, to Camden or Charleston. The other products are, corn, wheat, oats and rye, chiefly for home consumption. No goods are manufactured except for domestic use. The population of Lancaster, by the census of 1840, is 9,907. Of these, 5,672 are free, and 4,235 are slaves. This district is one which suffered most from the emiffra- tion of its people to the south and west. Its population shows a repeated decrease, with each census, for the last twenty years. Entitled, in the state legislature, to one senator and two representatives. The seat of justice derives its name from the district. Lancasterville was laid out in 1801, and has a present population of 4 or 500. It has some trade, and is com- paratively prosperous. The town is regularly laid out. It is six miles from the Catawba river, fifty-nine from Columbia, and one hundred and seventy-six from Charles- ton. Its Court House and Jail are highly ornamented fabrics, and built of stone. The " Franklin Academy," a well endowed institution, has a handsome brick build- ing. There are one or two other small villages in the district, such as Kingsbury ; but they are not increasing. Of late, agriculture and education are regarded with a more just consideration than formerly. The state appro- priates from twelve to fifteen hundred dollars to the free schools of the district, and several hundred poor children receive its benefit. Private schools are increasing and improving. The religious denominations are, Seceders, Presbyterians, Methodists, and a few Baptists. 9 94 LANCASTER DISTRICT. Among the eminent men to whom tliis district has given birth, is Andrew Jackson, who was born on the wa,ters of the Waxhaw, and seems to have been destined from the beginning to distinction, 'i'he Waxhaws were a nation of people expelled by the Catawbas. Lancaster was the scene of several battles during the revolution, the chief of which are, the battles of Hanging Rock, and Tarleton's massacre of Buford's command. For these interesting events see the History of the State. LAURENS DISTRICT. Laurens was settled about 1755, by a few emigrants from Virginia and Pennsylvania. The terror of the Indians, inspired by the defeat of Braddock, drove the borderers of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, to this and other more secure regions. The acquisition of the Cherokee country, to which nation the territory of Laurens originally belonged, under governor Glenn, of South Carolina, added still further to the population of the district. Its name was given in honor of Henry Laurens, one of the most eminent of the revolutionary patriots. Laurens is situated about the middle of the upper country. It is bounded on the south-west by the Saluda river, which separates it from Abbeviile ; on the north-east by the Enoree, which divides it from Union and Spartanburg ; on the north-west by Greenville ; and on the south-east by Newberry. Its average length is thirty miles ; its breadth twenty-four. It contains 560,800 square acres. This district lies in the granite region. The face of the country is hilly. Granite is found in abundance ; but no freestone or limestone. The soil is mostly clay and gravel ; but it is productive, and v/ell adapted to the cul- ture of cotton, corn, wheat, tobacco, &c. Cotton is the only commodity raised for market. The manufactures are purely domestic. The climate is temperate and very healthy. The at- mosphere soft and serene. The soil is dry and elevated. Agues and fevers prevail to a small extent, during the autumn, in low, moist situations ; particularly along the water courses. The rivers are, the Saluda, Enoree, Little, and two arms of the Reedy river, which are remarkable, for run- 96 LAURENS DISTRICT. ning, at short intervals, nearly a parallel course with the Saluda and with each other. The Saluda is navigable by boats carrying seventy bales of cotton. The Enoree is a fine stream, and may be made navigable also. The smaller streams are, Duncan, Dunbar, Warrior, Indian, Bush and Raeburn. The fish are, trout, pike, carp, eel, suck, red-horse, perch and cat, Laurens is a well timbered district. Besides the pine, of which there are both the long and short-leaved, there are numerous varieties of oak. The other trees are, poplar, chestnut, beech, dogwood, hickory, linden, locust, (fcc. The fruits are, apple and peach, (numerous kinds,) grape in abundance, plums, chinquapins, chestnuts, and various berries. The game is not numerous. There are deer and wild turkeys ; yet, when the district was first settled, the buf- falo was so numerous, that it was nothing uncommon, for three or four men to kill from ten to twenty per day. A rifleman could kill his four or five deer in the same time ^ and of bears, the ordinary hunter laid up several hundred pounds of bear bacon every winter. The waters abounded with beavers, otters and muskrats : and the forests teemed with wolves, panthers and wild-cats. It was a famous stock country, from its profusion of canes and native grasses. Of birds, there are, the pigeon, duck, partridge, wood- cock, dove, robin, blackbird ; the eagle, owl, hawk, king- fisher, crow ; the mocking-bird, thrush, humming-bird, snow-bird, whippoorwiil, &c. The population of Laurens, by the census of 1840, is 21,584; of these, 12,673 are free, and 8,911 slaves^ This return shows a small increase in ten years. The district is entitled to one senator and four representatives in the state legislature. Laurensville is the seat of justice for the district. It is a small but pleasantly situated place, at the head of Little river, seventy-five miles from Columbia, and one hundred and ninety-five from Charleston. Its population is small — about 300. It has a neat Court House, a public Library, LAURENS DISTRICT. 97 a Meeting-House, School, Jail, and about forty dwelling houses. There are several small villages in the district, Belfast, Huntsville, &c., of little importance. Education improves, and a taste for letters is increasing among the people. The free schools are numerous, and a large number of pupils are educated at the expense of the slate, which appropriates for this purpose, annually, about twelve hundred dollars. The Presbyterian is the most numerous religious sect, the Baptist next, and next the Methodist. Considerable zeal is manifested here in behalf of morals and education. Laurens has given birth to several of the distinguished partisan warriors of the revolution. Among these were majors Downs and Hunter, who were in frequent fight with the tories and Indians. 9* LEXINGTON DISTRICT. The first settlers of Lexington were from Germany. The original district in which Lexington was comprised, was called Saxe-Gotha. The present name of the dis- trict was a tribute to the people of Lexington, in Massa- chusetts. Lexington is situated mostly in what is called the middle country of South Carolina. It is bounded on the north-east by the rivers Congaree and Broad, which separate it from Richland and Fairfield; on the south- west by the North Edisto, which divides it from Orange- burg ; on the south-east by Orangeburg; and on the north- west by Newberry and Edgefield. It averages thirty-four miles in length, thirty in breadth, and contains 652,800 acres. The country undulates generally, but slightly, and has a few superior advantages. The largest portion of the land is included in the sandy regions, and is covered with an immense growth of pines. The most valuable lands lie in the space between the Broad and Saluda rivers. On the banks of rivers and near the water courses, the lands are also fertile ; but, in the lower parts, are liable to frequent overflow. The chief products of the district are cotton and corn. Cotton and lumber are almost the only articles prepared for sale. Mill-seats are choice and numerous ; timber of the best kind is in abundance, and great quantities of lumber are annually sawed for the Charleston and other markets. Among the products for home consumption are, wheat, rye and oats. The grape has been culitvated with success, and some tolerable wine has been prepared from it. The district is well watered. The Congaree, Broad, Saluda and Edisto rivers, either border or pass through LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 99 it. The first three are navigable for boats drawing two feet water ; the Edisto, during high water, is passable for rafts. These rivers have all of them numerous tributary streams, which fertilize the neighboring lands, and furnish numerous admirable mill-seats. The creeks are, the Wateree, Priester, Camping, Bear, Holly, Congaree, Sandy Run, Cedar, Big Beaver, Black, Thorn, Twelve Mile, &c. The shoals of the Saluda are avoided by two canals, with locks, which give passage to freight boats. Of fish there are, the shad, sturgeon, trout, bream, red- horse, mud, cat, and a variety of perch. Granite is found in adundance along the Broad and Saluda rivers. One species, of a beautiful chocolate color, is considered rare and remarkable. Quarries of freestone lie on and near the banks of Congaree creek ; some of it very white, and at a little distance resembling marble. It is easily worked, when first taken from the quarry, and hardens on exposure to the air. It is much used for building, and in quantity it is inexhaustible. There is no limestone ; but a species of chalk, or potter's clay, is found, some of which, sent to Europe, was made into a set of china, and the clay pronounced by the manufacturer to be far superior to any found in England. A beautiful, variegated pink-colored stone, of a soft and soapy nature, is found at Congaree bluflf. On the Wateree creek, there is slatestone. Iron, small in quantity and poor in quality, has been found, and there is a tradition, that lead ore was once procured abundantly at Ruff's mountain, near the line of Lexington and Newberry. This mountain is a conspicuous elevation, of great beauty, three hundred feet above the level of the surrounding country. It is one mile in length. On its top are, sienite, ferruginous sandstone, clay, slate and talc. From the abundance of the last, it has been called mount Talco. An excavation of considerable size, by unknown hands, seems to indicate the labors of former miners. The forest trees of Lexington are very fine. Here the pine grows to great bulk and gigantic height. It is the most numerous tree ; but there are besides, the poplar, iOO Lexington district. walnut, maple, oak, (various species,) wild orange, ever- green, elm, hickory, ash, gum, &c. The fruits are, the peach, pear, plum, apple, quince, and cherry ; grape, nuts, &LC. The game consists of the deer, turkey, wild pigeon, partridge, snipe, woodcock, dove and lark ; the birds are, the eagle, owl, hawk, wren, lark, wood-pecker, sparrow, mocker, thrush, red-bird, jay, &c. The population of Lexington, according to the census of 1840, is 12,011. Of these, 7,426 are free, and 4,685, slaves; showing an increase of more than 4000 persons in twenty years. Lexington is entitled, in the state legislature, to one senator and two representatives. Ag- riculture is the chief occupation of the people. The manufactures are chiefly domestic, and for home use. There have been some attempts at manufactures on a larger scale, but they have declined. The climate is mild and salubrious. The bilious, and other fevers, are chiefly confined to the water courses. Instances of lon- gevity are frequent. Lexington is the seat of justice. It stands near the centre of the district, in a high, healthy situation, thirteen miles from Columbia, and one hundred and twenty-two from Charleston. Its population is small, not exceeding 100 persons. It contains a Court House and Jail, and fifteen or twenty dwellings. Granby, at the head of navigation on the Congaree, now in ruins and nearly deserted, was, during the revo- lution, a place of considerable importance. It was frequently the scene of conflict, and several limes under- went siege during that period. Piatt's Springs, nine miles south-west from Lexington, is a place of considerable summer resort. It is very healthy, and has fine water. The Piatt Spring Academy, has long possessed an enviable reputation, and receives pupils from every portion of the state. Attached to it is an excellent library. Education and agriculture are both improving in Lexington. The annual state appropriation for free schools is six hundred dollars. The German LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 101 Lutheran is the most numerous sect in this district. Their churches are frequent. There are other denomina- tions, the chief of which are Baptist and Methodist. The people are uniformly industrious, and property is very equally distributed among them. MARION DISTRICT. Marion was settled chiefly by Virginians, about the year 1750. Its name was conferred upon it in compli- ment to the famous partisan. It is one of the extreme eastern districts of the state ; is bounded on the north- east by North Carolina ; east by Horry ; south by George- town and Williamsburg; north-west by Darlington and Marlborough. Its length is forty-one miles ; breadth thirty. It contains 787,000 square acres. The face of the district is uniformly level, intersected in all directions by the finest creeks and rivers. The swamp lands, which are of considerable extent, are very rich ; the uplands sandy, bottomed on clay. Portions of the highlands are productive, but cultivation is necessary for the residue. The rivers Pedee, (Great and Little,) are navigable for vessels of considerable burden. So is the Kaddipah, or Lynch's creek. Besides these, there are Jeffrie's creek, Ashpole, Buck, Sweet, Big, Smith and other swamps, and numerous smaller streams. The lakes are, Jordan ana Snow. The latter, with the Great Pedee, forms two islands, Hunter and Gaston. Snow's island is locally famous, as the frequent retreat and place of en- campment of general Marion. Ashpole swamp was scarcely less famous, as the place of tory refuge. In some of these swamps, there are lakes of considerable size, one of which is the Duck Pond, up the Great Pedee, and near the line of Darlington. The shad and herring, when in season, are caught in great abundance in this district. Tlie Pedee is the last river to the south in which the herring mav be caught. The other fish are, trout, bream, perch, cat, &c. Marion, lying within the alluvial region, has no stone but shell limestone. When burnt, it is a good substi- MARlOrC DISTRICT. 103 tute for shell or stone lime, either for building or agri- culture. The most numerous of the forest trees in this district, is the pine ; next the cypress, the oak, hickory, &;c. The fruits are, peach, apple, pear, plum, &c. The game are, deer, turkeys, ducks, geese and pigeons, besides the birds which are comm.on to the country. The populatior.by the census of 1840, is 13,932. Of these, 8,681 are free, and 5,251 slaves. The census of Marion shows an increase, in ten years, of 2,500 persons, though emigration to the west has been frequent. Entitled to one senator and two representatives in the state legis- lature. The climate is mild and agreeeble. The diseases of the country are bilious and autumnal fevers, which are chiefly confined to the water courses. Remote from these, the settlements are considered healthy. The instances of longevity are frequent. Marion, the district town, is a small place on the east side of Catfish creek, a tributary of the Great Pedee. It has a handsome Court House of brick, a Jail and an Academy. It is ninety-four miles from Columbia and one hundred and twenty-three from Charleston. It con- tains some thirty houses and about 100 inhabitants. Spring and HarlaersviUe, are two other small settle- ments. Agriculture is the chief or only occupation of the people. The manufactures are purely domestic. The poor are few. Education is improving. There are numerous private schools, and a liberal appropriation of twelve hundred dollars by the state legislature, provides an adequate number of free scholars with tuition. The morals of the district are good. In religion, the Metho- dist is the most numerous sect. Next to them the Pres- byterians. Marion district abounds in scenes made memorable during the revolution by repeated conflicts. It was in this district that general Marion achieved some of his most remarkable successes over the tories and British. MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. Marlborough was first settled by the frontier inhab- itants of Virginia and Pennsylvania, flying from the In- dians after Braddock's defeat. The population was slow of increase, until after the Indian treaty of 1755. In 1798, it was erected into an independani judicial district, with its present name, which is pronounced to have been given in honor of the famous duke of Marlborough. Marlborough forms the extreme north-east corner of the state, and lies mostly within the alluvial region. It is bounded on the north and north-east by North Carolina ; on the north-east by Marion ; and on the south-west by the Great Pedee, which separates it from Darlington and Chesterfield. The average length of the district is twenty-seven miles ; its breadth, eighteen. It contains 31 1,040 acres. The face of the district is level. Only a small angle, (the north-west,) dips into the granite or primitive region. Much of the soil is rich and productive, particu- larly the highland swamp, which is rarely subject to freshets. The margins of streams and rivers, by which this district is intersected in every direction, afford nu- merous tracts of admirable soil. The uplands are covered with pine growth ; the soil light and sandy, but with a good clay bottom. The river lands, cultivated to the very edge of the water, are generally from one to three miles in width. These lowlands extend alongf the whole length of Chesterfield and Darlington, — a distance, by water, of fully sixty miles. The Great Pedee is the principal river of the district. It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw bridge, one hundred and forty-four miles from Georgetown, and eight from the North Carolina line. It is a remarkably crooked MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 105 Stream, of slow current tccordingly, and, in this respect, equally favoring agriculture and navigation. The Little Pedee, which is here called Gum swamp, passes through the south-east corner of the district. It has two or three branches. The streams next in importance are, Crooked Creek, Beaver Dam, Three Runs, Naked, Muddy, White, Phill's, Husband's, Hicks and Marks. Most of these creeks run through swamp lands, which maybe reclaimed and made of great value. They all furnish excellent mill seats for sawing lumber, ginning cotton, &c. Shad and sturgeon, in great quantities, are caught during the spring in the Pedee. There are, also, trout, perch, rock, bream, cat, and several other kinds of fish. The timber trees of the river lands and swamps are various and fine, consisting of cypress, sycamore, cotton, oak, (several kinds,) gum, hickory, chestnut, poplar, bay, &c. The uplands bear the long leaf pine. The fruit trees are, the apple, peach, nectarine ; (exotics ;) the native fruits are, the crab-apple, plum, grape, haw, chestnut, chingapin, &c. The game are, the deer, tur- key, woodcock, snipe, duck, pigeon, partridge, &;c. The birds are, the mocking-bird, thrush, red and blue-bird, hawk, owl, whippoorwill, &c. Granite rocks are found in the bed of the Pedee, and in the north-west angle of the district. Brown sandstone has also been discovered in the Pedee. Freestone and pyrites, or sulphate of iron, have been found in small quantities. The climate of Marlborough is hot and moist. Along the swamps and rivers, bilious fevers prevail to a great degree. But the sand hill regions are salubrious, and form the usual places of resort during the sickly season. The population of Marlborough, by the census of 1840, is 8,408. Of these, 4,290 are free, and 4,118 slaves. The population has rather diminished than increased within the last ten years. It is entitled, in the state legis- lature, to one senator and one representative. 10 106 MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. Cotton is the chief market pl^oduct of Marlborough. The market town is Cheraw. Corn, wheat, rye and oats, are raised only for domestic use. There are no manufac- tures unless for home purposes. The seat of justice is Bennettsville. It is a small, neat settlement, on the east side of Crooked creek, about twelve miles from Cheraw, ninety from Columbia, and one hundred and fifty-eight from Charleston. It is a place of health, and is moderately prosperous. Its Court House is one of the finest in the state. The offices are fire proof. The Jail is also a strong, good looking fabric, rendered secure against fire. The population of Bennettsville is small. Marlborough, formerly the district town, is near the Great Pedee. It has but few inhabitants, and has been abandoned as the seat of justice, as its climate was sickly, and its position not sufficiently central. Until very lately, the education of the young was not sufficiently regarded in Marlborough. The more wealthy parents sent their children to school in neighboring dis- tricts. Latterly, this matter has been much amended. The private schools are now good and increasing, and the free schools receive an annual appropriation of five or six hundred dollars from the state. The Methodist is the most numerous religious sect ; the Baptist and Presby- terian next. Agriculture is improving, and the establish- ment lately of a new Agricultural Society in this district, corresponds happily with the general movement on this subject throughout the state. Among the distinguished men furnished by this district during the revolution, are general Thomas and captain Irby ; both very brave and successful partisan leaders. Marlborough once had a colony of Welch, on a fine tract of land near the Pedee. Their descendants are now incorporated among the great body of the people. One of the leaders was a reputed descendant of the famous Owen Glendower. Among those beautiful flower plains of the forest, called savannahs, which are numerous in Marlborough MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 107 district, is one near the centre of the district, the great loveliness of which is expressed by the name. It is happily called " Beauty Spot." It is about four miles in circuit, and always green in tracts of grass and cypress. NEWBERRY DISTRICT. Newberry began to be settled at first by Pennsylva- nians, about the year 1750. Different tracts of it were subsequently taken by Scotch, German and Quaker set- tlers. Adventurers from this district explored the Tennessee in canoes, passed the Muscle Shoals, and pro- ceeded as far as the French or Indian settlements at Natchez, Mississippi, several years before the revolution. Newberry lies within the granite region. It is bounded on the south-west by the Saluda river, which separates it from Edgefield ; on the north and east by the Enoree, by which it is separated from Union ; on the east by Broad river, which divides it from Fairfield ; on the south-east by the district of Lexington ; on the north-west by Laurens. The average extent of Newberry is about twenty-four square miles. It contains 368,640 square acres. The face of the country is elevated and undula- ting. It contains considerable quantities of granite, freestone and soapstone. Beds of iron ore have been found, and a variety of siiicious stones, vitreous and min- eral substances. Limestone is supposed to exist, but none has yet been found. This conjecture has grown out of the fact, that wells of water have been discovered, strongly impregnated with calcareous matter. A ponder- ous mineral substance, resembling gold, has been found, which, when infusion, emits a smell like that of arsenic. Other mineral substances are met with of various appear- ances, resembling antimony, loadstone, &c. Plumbago and stone coal, in small quantities, have been discovered. There are two mineral springs in the district, which appear to be strongly impregnated with salts, sulphur, and NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 109 vitriol of iron. They act as cathartics, — sometimes vomit, will cure sore eyes, cutaneous eruptions, and have been used with success in chills and colds. The soil of this district is divided into four classes ; clay, sandy, gravelly and stony. There is very little loam. The clay is called mulatto land ; it is preferred for wheat and tobacco, and, except in very hot weather, for almost every vegetable production. The sand and gravel lands are adapted to corn, cotton, oats, rye and barley. These are the chief products. The Saluda is navigable along the whole south-west line of this district, for boats carrying fifty bales cotton. The Broad, or Eswawpuddenah, on the opposite, is navigable in like manner for boats of a similar size. The next rivers in importance are, the Tyger and Enoree. These are only partially navigable. Both of these rivers may be made as much so as the two former. Bush and Little rivers are two beautiful streams. Besides these, there are numerous other water courses, the prin- cipal of which are, Duncan's, Cannon's and Indian creeks ; Beaver Dam, Mudlick, Carron's, Sandy Run, Buffalo, Camping, Palmetto, &c. Bush, Little river, and Duncan's creek, are ninety feet wide. The fish are, sturgeon, pike, suck, trout, carp, perch, red-horse, eel, gar, horny-head, &c. Newberry has all varieties of the oak, among which is one less common — a species of swamp oak, growing in ponds and wet places, called the 'overcap.' The other native forest trees are, the ash, walnut, (black and white,) birch, elm, linden, gum, (black, sweet and poplar,) sugar-tree, cherry, maple, dogwood, box, eider, alder, witch-hazel, spicewood, sassafras, hickory, (four kinds,) pawpaw, cedar, cotton wood, &c. Other trees, not native, are, pride of India, Lombardy poplar, balm of Gilead, &;c. The fruits are, the apple, peach, quince, plum, cherry, damson and fig. The wild fruits are, the crab-apple, chingapin, persimmon, haw, plum, muscadine, grape, &c, The sweet-bay, or cinnamon tree ; ginseng, gentian, buckeye, rare in Carolina; are to be found in Newberry. 10* ^ 110 NEWBERRY DISTRICT. The game consists of deer, turkies, foxes, raccoons, opossums, squirrels, &c. The birds that migrate are, the marten, swallow, wild duck, robin, thrush, mocking- bird, humming-bird, snipe, nightingale, whippoorwill, plover, kingfisher, &c. Those that remain are, the tur- key, partridge, dove, king, red-bird, sparrow, crow, hawk, owl, woodcock and black-bird. Wild pigeons are occa- sionly seen. The bald eagle was once a resident of the district, and very destructive to young pigs and lambs ; but he is no longer to be seen. The population of Newberry, by the census of 1840, is 18,350, Of these, 8,446 are free, and 9,904 slaves. This shows an increase in ten years of about one thou- sand persons. The district is entitled to one senator and four representatives in the state legislature. Agriculture is the chief employment of the people. The market town is Columbia. The manufactures are purely domestic, but these flourish in almost every family, and include almost every commodity of use, wear, and service, which can by any possibility be made at home. The climate of Newberry is temperate and healthy. Neither the cold nor hot weather is of long duration. A great many instances of longevity are recorded. Dis- eases are few and not hard of management. The habits of the people are industrious and moral. Education has received a due share of the public attention. The state appropriation to the free schools, is about twelve hun- dred dollars per annum. The Methodist is the most numerous religious sect ; next, the Presbyterian and Baptist. The Lutherans have, within a few years, established in Newberry a theological seminary. There are numerous valuable private schools besides. Newberry is the district town, or seat of justice. It is pleasantly situated, on elevated ground, about three miles east of Bush river. It commands a fine view of the sur- rounding country. A spring of excellent water issues near it, and the health and beauty of the situation render it a pleasant and attractive residence. Its population is NEWBERRY DISTRICT. Ill small, not exceeding 300. They are represented as a frank, hardy and hospitable people. The Court House and Jail are substantial, and the former is a handsome building. So are some of the dwelling houses also. There are two academies and a library society in the village. Newberry is forty-four miles from Cokimbia and one hundred and sixty-four from Charleston, Newberry has produced several men of superior worth and endowments, who have done the state some service. Among these were the Caldwells. Colonel Philemon Waters served in Braddock's war, and was in the battles of Stono and Eutaw. He was an active and able parti- san. James Marion served in Grant's war against the Cherokees. iVmong the curiosities shown in this district is the " devil's moccasin," — the print of a man's foot in the solid granite, which is shown near Pennington's old frontier fort, on the Enoree river. ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. Orangeburg received its first white settlers in 1704 ; but it was without any considerable body of inhabitants until 1735, when it was occupied by a large colony of Germans, who, originally subjects of the prince of Orange, conferred his name upon the district. Orangeburg lies entirely within the alluvial region. It is of very irregular figure. It is bounded on the east by the Congaree and Santee rivers, which separate it from the districts of Richland and Sumter ; on the south-east by Charleston and Colleton ; on the south-west by the South Edisto river, which divides it from Barnwell ; on the north-west by Edgefield ; and on the north-east and north by Lexington. From south-east to north-west, it extends seventy-five miles. A part of this extent it is scarcely twelve miles wide. Its greatest breadth, from south-west to north-east, is forty miles. This district, extending in length so far, embraces a great variety of soil and surface. The face of the country is level in the southern and western portions, hilly and broken in the eastern and northern. Along the margins of streams and swamps, it is equally fertile and unhealthy. In the more elevated regions, where it is sterile and sandy, it is very healthy. The climate throughout is mild and agreeable, and is commended to patients suffering from pulmonary causes. There is no appearance of granite in this district. Considerable bodies of compact shell-limestone are found, in working some of which numerous petrifactions were discovered, and such shells and marine productions as are common to the sea shore. Freestone, grey and white, is to be found in several places, specimens of which have been used in public works . Potter's earth, or ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 113 soapstone, and ironstone, (tolerably rich in ore,) are also afforded by this district. Gold has been worked for, and it is thought that a considerable portion of that precious metal has rewarded the industry that sought for it. Sev- eral reasons have been given for the suspension of a labor which promised so fruitfully. The larger proportion of the soils of this district con- sist of pine lands, which are generally thin, light and sandy, but bottomed on clay. The lands of best quality are the high pine lands. The swamps most remote from the river are the most valuable. In its immediate neigh- borhood, though rich, they are endangered by freshets. The lands bordering on the Congaree and Santee pre- sent very different aspects. The soil is stiff, clayey and very productive. In one place it displays the appearance of the primitive region ; is free from swamp, the waters are clear, the country rises into hills, and bold bluffs overbrow the river. The navigable waters of this district are extensive and valuable. The Santee and Congaree are navigated by steamboats which carry one thousand bales cotton. The two Edistos, for a portion of this district, may be also used by this sort of vessels, though they are not. They are traversed by small boats and lumber rafts. The Cawcaw, a branch of the Edisto, is also navigable twelve miles above its mouth. Bull swamp might be made so. Four Hole and Dean swamp, are also branches of South Edisto. The former is something of a curiosity ; con- sisting of four great pits, which successively swallow and discharge the waters of the swamp. Plunging into one, they boil upward from the next. The pits are about half a mile apart. In a dry season, fish are taken in them, with hook and line, at a depth of thirty feet. They are near the Orangeburg line. There are other water courses, — Limestone, Cedar, Snake, Cooper, Buckhead, Bugaboo, Little Beaver, &c. These waters abound in fish. There are, in season, shad and sturgeon, trout, bream, rock, pike, cat, perch, &c. 114 ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. The forest trees are in great variety. They consist of the pine, oak, (all kinds,) beech, willow, hickory, ash, birch, walnut, cypress, bay, maple, tupelo and poplar. The game are, deer and turkey, duck, snipe, pigeon, woodcock, partridge and dove. The birds are, the bald- eagle, hawk, crow, mocking-bird, thrush, blue-bird, jay, sparrow and wood-pecker. The population of Orangeburg, by the census of 1840, is 18,519. Of these, 6,585 are free, and 11,834 are slaves. The district, divided into two parishes, Orange and St. Mathew, is entitled to two senators and three representatives in the state legislature. Agriculture is the chief employment of the people The manufactures are few, and confined wholly to do- mestics. The productions are, cotton, grain and lumber. Indigo was once produced in large quantity in this district. It has been superseded almost entirely by cotton. Grain and provisions are raised for home con- sumption. Cotton and lumber are the only commodities which are prepared for sale. Charleston is the market for the district. Orangeburg is the seat of justice. It was settled first in 1735. It is distant from Charleston, by the rail- road, eighty miles ; from Columbia, fifty miles. It is now a healthy and handsome village, having about 350 inhabitants. It is well laid out in regular squares, has a handsome Court House, Jail, and several tasteful private habitations. The old Jail was built in 1770, was con- verted into a fortified post by the British, and besieged and taken by Sumter, toward the close of the revolution. Here lord Rawdon had his quarters when pursued by Greene. The village has gone through many interesting vicissitudes ; and, lying in the great line of thoroughfare, between the sea board and interior, was necessarily the scene of many curious events and severe conflicts. A free bridge crosses the Edisto near Orangeburg, and conducts, among other places, to the Poplar springs, which is a salubrious place of summer retreat for the neighbor- hood. It is five miles west of the Court House. ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 115 Totness, another village much frequented in summer, lies on the north side of High Hill creek, about three miles from the Congaree. It is a lofty elevation, some two hundred feet or more above the level of the river. The early settlers gathered gold in the neighborhood of Totness, but the ore seems to have eluded the search of the moderns. Murrayville, Lewisville and Gadsden, are small places along the line of rail road, which traverses this district from Branchville to Fort Motte. These places are rather the seeds of future, than already existing villages. Fort Motte, also near the line of rail road, stands on the northern boundary of the district. It was famous in the revolution, for the stout defence which, manned by a British garrison, it offered to the army of Marion. The patriotic devotion of Mrs. Motte, the owner of the property, by whose means it was destroyed and the gar- rison overcome, has been already recorded in song and story, and presented on the canvass of the artist. Education and morals are improving in Orangeburg district. Agriculture has received a recent favorable im- pulse. There is an increasing taste for letters. Many of the planters are highly educated men. The state ap- propriates twelve hundred dollars per annum to the free schools of the district. The Methodist is the most nu- merous religious sect ; next the Baptists and Lutherans. There is a congregation or more of Episcopalians. Among the eminent men whom Orangeburg has given to the state, one of the most distinguished was colonel "William Thompson, who, next to Moultrie, was most conspicuous in baffling the British in the battle of Sulli- van's island in 1776. His residence was at Belleville, on the Congaree, opposite Fort Motte. PENDLETON DISTRICT. PICKENS AND ANDERSON. The settlement of Pendleton was slow from 1750 to 1 763. From that period colonization went on vigorously. The Cherokee war, which terminated in the cession of all their lands east of the Unacaya mountains, and the close of the revolutionary struggle, had the farther effect of in- creasing the population of Pendleton. Prior to these events, the settlers had chiefly been drawn from the fron- tiers of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Until 1798, this district was merged in that of " Ninety-Six." It was then erected into an independent judicial district, and received its name in compliment to Judge Pendleton. Pendleton constitutes the extreme north-west boundary of South Carolina, and is the most mountainous district of the state. It is bounded on the south-west by the rivers Savannah and Tugaloo, which separate it from the state of Georgia ; on the north-west by the Chatuga, which also divides it from Georgia ; on the north by North Car- olina ; on the north-east by the Saluda river, which sep- arates it from Greenville ; and south-east by Abbeville district. The average length of Pendleton is fifty-one miles; breadth thirty-six. It contains about 1,175,040 square acres ; being, in point of size, the third district of the state. The face of the country is rolling and agreeably diversified, or mountainous and highly picturesque. The soil is various, bottomed mostly on red clay, and suscep- tible of great use in cultivation. Along the rivers there are large bodies of rich bottom lands, with interval tracts of pine. The mountain region is the north and west. The south and east are hilly, with gentle slopes, and long PENDLETON DISTRICT. 117 Tallies and fertile plains. The soil is adapted to the culture of wheat, corn, cotton, barley, oats, hemp, indigo, gentian, ginseng, potatoes, &c. The climate is equal to any in the world; cold a short period, but stimulating; but for the greater part of the year, delightful equally for the traveler and laborer. The rivers are, the Tugaloo and Seneca, (both branches of the Savannah,) the Saluda, Keowee and Chatuga. There are several smaller streams, viz: the Jocassee,the Toxaway, Chatuga, Chauga, Oconee, Estatoe, Rocky, Oolenoe, and numerous creeks, under the various names of Big and Little Generositee, Little river, (];ane. White Water, Hurricane, Wilson, George's, Brush's, Broad Mouth, and Six, Twelve, Eighteen, Twenty-three and Twenty-six mile creeks. The district is excellently watered. The fish are, shad, cat, perch, suck-fish, &c. The timber trees of the uplands are. oak, (post, red, black and Spanish,) hickory, blackjack, pine and chest- nut. On the creeks and rivers are found, the oak, (white and water,) poplar, maple, gum, walnut, fblack and white,) cherry, persimmon, beech, &c. The fruits are, the apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry, quince, and some varieties of grape. The birds and game are such as are to be found in the upper districts, and are numerous. The wood- pecker migrates north in September and re-appears in spring. The mountains of Pendleton are numerous and stupen- dous. Rocks of granite and gneiss abound. Beds of primitive limestone are discovered. The minerals are, iron, yellow ochre, pyrites, plumbago, kaolin, talc, asbestos, quartz, crystals, &c. The mountains yield a thousand objects of the picturesque for the delight of the curious : mountains of various shapes, bulk and height ; streams of tumbling water; glens, and vallies, and walls, calculated to please and amaze the spectator. The Table rock is said to be one of the greatest curiosities of its class in the world. It rears an almost perpendicular wall of solid granite, upwards of a thousand feet from the plain. Its sides are fluted by the constant attrition of descending 11 118 PENDLETON DISTRICT. waters, which glow in the sunbeams like a belt of bril- liants. Three sides of this mountain are inaccessible, and five cascades may be seen, at the same moment, strug- gling over the rocks at its feet. The sides of these streams are completely enclosed by a verdant hedge of branch and foliage. The ascent to the top is a difficult labor. Its summit is clothed with a delightful shade of trees and shrubbery. The flat surface on its top is about a mile square. The Giant's Stool is the name of a smaller rock, which stands in proper relation to his Table. A cedar-tree, at the extremity of the mountain elevation, is the usual limit of the explorer's progress. From this point the view is immeasurably grand and beautiful. You stand upon a precipice abruptly down, of one thou- sand one hundred feet. The eye takes in a vast extent of country — mountains and vallies, cultivated spots, and serpentine vallies. The whole district of Greeneville is spread before the sight. On the north-west is Brown's and Glassy mountain, the Six Mile mountain, and even the knob in Laurens district. To the east, in York district, King's mountain, famed for Ferguson's defeat, terminates the view. The Saluda mountains, Panther's Knob, Caesar's Head, Dismal, Sassafras, Estatoe, and Oolenoe moun- tains appear in succession ; and to the west, the Currahee mountains rise up, in Georgia, bounding the horizon. The Sassafras Knob is the highest mountain in South Carolina, being three thousand two hundred feet above the ocean. The Estatoe river, which waters the beauti- ful valley of the same name, rises in its bosom. The Jocassee valley has been sung by native poets. It is cel- ebrated for its romantic beauties, its rich vallies and sparkling waterfalls. There are two splendid cascades at the head of the Jocassee valley ; that of Whitewater, and that of the main arm of Jocassee river, which, for elevation, exceeds that of Niagara. A stream called the " Devil's Fork," from the depth of its glens and the tangled gloom of its thickets, enters the valley and finds its way into the Jocassee river. The Toxaway is another lovely stream, full of similarly picturesque beau- PENDLETON DISTRICT. 119 ties, But the whole of this region is of a character to reward the traveler who looks for the beautiful in nature. The scenery of Switzerland does not surpass it in grace or grandeur. The population of Pendleton, by the census of 1840, is 32,849. Of these, 24,451 are free, and 8,898 are slaves. Pendleton is entitled, in the state legislature, to one sen- ator and seven representatives. For judicial purposes, the district has been divided into two parts, Pickens and Anderson. Pickens is in the north, and comprehends the mountainous parts of Pendleton. The population of Pickens is 14,356. Of these, 11,641 are free, and 2,755 slaves. Anderson contains a population of 18,493, of whom 12,810 are free, and 5,683 slaves. Anderson is the southern part of Pendleton, with an undulating sur- face, but not mountainous. Pickens is the seat of justice for the judicial district of the same name. It lies on the west bank of the Keowee, a small but permanent settlement, with the usual comple- ment of public offices. The dwellings are few. It is one hundred and forty miles from Columbia and two hun- dred and sixty from Charleston. Anderson judicial district has a court town of the same name, which stands near the head waters of the Gener- ositee creek. The buildings, beside the public offices, are few. The settlement is still small. The village is one hundred and fourteen miles from Columbia and two hundred and thirty-four from Charleston. There are several villages in both these sections; but they are of small size and population. In Pickens there are, Pulaski, Pumpkintown and Pickensville ; in Anderson, Rock Mills, Centreville and Andersonville. The length of Pickens is forty-two miles ; breadth, twenty-five. It contains 660,000 acres. Anderson is twenty-nine miles long, twenty-seven broad, and contains 500,000 acres. Pendleton, the ancient capital of the district, is pleas- antly situated near the waters of Eighteen Mile creek, a branch of the Seneca. It contains a splendid Court 120 PENDLETON DISTRICT. House building, a Jail, two houses of public worship, an Academy, a newspaper and printing office, a public Li- brary and an Agricultural Society ; several fine dwellings, and about three hundred inhabitants. The village is a particularly pleasant one, and is still a favorite place of resort. The scenery in its neigborhood is very interest- ing. A beautiful view of the mountains bounding the horizon to the north, is obtained from it; a glimpse of the valley of Jocassee, the Table mountain, and beyond it, the towering summits of Sassafras or mount Estatoe. Pendleton, as a summer residence, is doubly attractive from its salubrious climate and enlightened society. Education in Pendleton has been gradually and con- stantly advancing. Her citizens are generally well in- formed ; many of them highly so. Two thousand dollars are appropriated annually by the state to the support of the free schools of the district. The most numerous religious sects are, the Presbyterian, Methodist, Bap- tist and Episcopalian, Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. Charleston and Hamburg are the principal markets. There are some small manfacturing establishments. Wine has been made, of good quality. Rifles have been manufactured. Cenireville was established as a manu- facturing village ; but the most important labors of this kind are purely for domestic purposes. A beautiful porcelain clay has been found on the Keowee. Pendleton has given to the state some very distin- guished men; among them, generals Pickens and Ander- son. The former is the well known partisan warrior, famous equally in warfare with the British and Indians. General Anderson distinguished himself at Cowpens and other places. In this district also lived captain John Lynch, supposed to have originated the notorious frontier law which still bears his name. This district has been the scene of frequent conflict. The Cherokee Indians were its occupants at the first coming of our ancestors. They were a numerous people. Their names are more generally and more properly pre- PENDLETON DISTRICT. 121 served in this than in any other district of the state. The remains of their settlements are still frequently to be seen. Among these are, Keowee, old and new; Seneca, on the river of that name ; Chaugee, on the Chauga creek; Oconee, Estatoe, Quacoratchie, Tugaloo, Noyauwee and Chickaree. The Jocassee, is the sweet Indian name for as sweet a region ; besides these, there are names of rivers — the Toxaway, Cheochee, Isundiga, Oolenoe, Keshawee, Generositee, and many others. The Cherokees were frequently in arms against the white settlers, and as frequently defeated. They received a terrible defeat from the Carolinians under colonel Grant, and another from general Pickens ; for the partic- ulars of which see History of South Carolina. Fort Prince George, famous for sanguinary events, stood in this district, on the left bank of the Keowee. Near the town of Etchoe, colonel Grant obtained his victory over the Cherokees in 1761. ir RICHLAND DISTRICT. The first settlements by whites, in Richland District, were made about the year 1740. These were followed by German emigrants. Virginia subsequently furnished the chief settlers in the lower parts of the district, in- creasing the population largely, after peace was made with the Cherokees in 1755. The territory of Richland was once in the occupation of this nation of Indians. Its name is supposed to have been given it in compliment to its rich soils, — the highland swamps which border its rivers. Richland is nearly equally divided between the prim- itive and alluvial regions. It lies in the very heart and centre of the state. It is bounded on the south by Orangeburg, from which it is separated by the Congaree ; on the south and west by Lexington, from which it is separated by the Congaree and Broad ; on the east by Sumter, from which it is divided by the Wateree ; on the north by Fairfield ; and on the north-east by Kershaw district. Richland averages thirty miles in length and twenty-one in breadth, and is computed to contain 403,200 acres. The face of the country is broken, rising into ledges and hills, presenting an undulating and pleasing appear- ance. The soil is various ; along the rivers, rich, deep and highly fertile. Scarcely inferior in quality are the bottom lands of creeks. Next to this are the high, fiat, loamy, red lands, such as skirt the Broad river. The sand lands, which comprise the largest portion of the district, are inferior to these, but not unproductive. The low lands contiguous to the rivers are subject to inundation, which greatly lessens their intrinsic value. The pro- ducts of Richland, like its soil, are numerous, consisting RICHLAND DISTRICT. 123 of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, wine, (fee. The climate is mild, and the region generally healthy. In the neighborhood of the rich bottom lands of creeks and rivers, the usual fevers prevail in autumn ; the sand hill country, however, is as salubrious as any in. the world ; and with health, a fine atmosphere, and springs of the most cooling water, they attract numerous visitors from less favored sections. Richland, bounded by three noble streams, the Conga- ree. Broad and Wateree, all navigable the whole extent of the district, has numerous advantages, as well of trade as agriculture. Steamboats ply to Columbia and Camden. Bay boats, batteaux and canal boats are employed beside. These three are the only navigable streams. A canal, three or four miles in extent, avoids the great falls of the Congaree, near Columbia, and overcomes the obstructiyns which nature had thrown in the way of its commerce. This canal has four locks, is parallel to the river, and passes between it and the town. By these locks, which are the largest in the state, boats of the largest class may ascend into the town. A dam is thrown across Broad river, at the upper edge of the town, and is connected with the canal by a guard lock. This dam serv^es also to join this last canal with that of the Saluda, by which the trade of both rivers becomes concentrated at the seat of government. The approach to the town of Columbia across the Congaree, is effected by a massive bridge, the piers and abutments of which are of solid granite, in large blocks, raised twenty-eight feet above the bed of the river. The river is one thousand three hundred feet wide, its bed is a solid rock, and the carriage way to the bridije exceeds in length one thousand three hundred and fifty feet. The bridge is covered. These rivers, the Congaree, Broad and Wateree, are the only navigable rivers. There are innumerable smaller streams, which irrigate its lands, furnish rich soils alonof their borders, and refresh its sand hills. The principal of these are. Little river, Upper river, Cedar, Cane, Carter's, Colonel's, Lower Cedar, Mills, Tom's, Gill's, 124 RICHLAND DISTRICT. Rice, Spears, Kinsler, and several more still smaller. Above the falls of Columbia the Congaree is studded with beautiful islands, which furnish a pleasing picture. Large quantities of shad and sturgeon, when in season, are caught in the Conaaree and Wateree. At all times there are trout, bream, perch, red-horse, suck, cat-fish, &c. Granite is found in abundance along Broad river. Freestone has been discovered near the springs of Rice creek. Flint and quartz are most abundant. Slate and soapstone are found. Masses of ironstone, indicating the ore, are to be seen in various places. In calcareous matter the district is deficient. The timber trees are, pine, oak, (several kinds,) hickory, elm, red bay, dogwood, elder, locust, persimmon, poplar, sassafras, &c. There are several species of native grape, and the grape has been cultivated in this district with much success. The fox, summer, winter and muscadine are natives. The fruits are, the fig, crab-apple, peach, apricot, nectarine, plum, damson, cherry, raspberry, strawberry, &c. Other plants and trees, naturalized in the district, are, the willow, pride of India, palma christi, Lombardy poplar, catalpa, ash, &c. The ornamental shrubs, native and naturalized, are also numerous. The game are, the deer, fox, rabbit, squirrel, wild goose, turkey, pigeon, woodcock, partridge, dove, robin, hawk, owl, crow, woodpecker, whippoorwill, &c. The singing birds are, the mocking-bird, red-bird, thrush, oriole, blue, cat-bird, &c. The population of Richland district, by the census of 1840, is 16,397. Of these, 5,733 are free, and 10,664 slaves. This shows an increase in ten years of about 1700. The representation in the state legislature is one senator and four representatives. Agriculture is the chief employment of the people. Wine has been manu- factured with success ; so has paper for printing ; and there is a very large manufactory for cotton goods in the neighborhood of Columbia, which is in successful opera- tion The other manufactures are small and unimportant^ ^nd intended chiefly for domestic uses. RICHLAND DISTRICT. 125 The principal town of Richland is Columbia, the cap- ital of the stale. Columbia lies in latitude 33° 57' N. on the east bank of the Congaree, just below the conflu- ence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is situated upon a plain two hundred feet above the bed of the river, in a situation equally commanding and beautiful. It is laid out in regular squares, divided by streets one hundred feet, and sometimes one hundred and fifty feet, in width. The town is two miles square. Columbia was incorpo- rated in 1787. The legislature first met here in 1790. The population is near 4000. Columbia is not merely the seat of government for South Carolina. It is also her favored seat of learning. Here stands the South Carolina College, a well endowed home of letters, which has sent forth from its walls s'everal of the ablest intellects of which the whole country may boast. This institution was established by the legislature in 1801, and in 1804 went into operation. The buildings are extensive, well built, durable and undergoing expan- sion and increase. The state appropriates fourteen thousand dollars to the support of t le institution, and makes a further appropriation of two thousand dollars annually for a college library, which now numbers sev- eral thousand volumes, of a rare and select descrip- tion. The institution is amply furnished with all the necessary means and apparatus for carrying on with ease and certainty the processes of a scientific education. Three hundred thousand dollars have been appropriated to the erection of the necessary buildings, which are all of brick. The premises cover altogether about twenty- five acres of ground, and are enclosed by a lofty wall of brick. The faculty consists of a president, five professors and two tutors. The number of students, under the present flourishing auspices of the institution, is about one hundred and fifty. The State House is an inferior building, of wood, humble in its architecture, and only tolerably commo- dious. A building on an improved plan, and made of the granite of which the neighborhood furnishes an 126 RICHLAND DISTRICT. abundance, would seem due to the uses of such a building, and the dignity of the state. The Lunatic Asylum of the state is in Columbia. It is a spacious edifice, fire proofs and of imposing appear- ance. The number of patients which it contains, is sixty-five. Of these, thirteen are brought from other states. The Theological Seminary of South Carolina and Georgia has been planted in Columbia. The public buildings are, a Court House, two Banks, a Town Hall, Mason's Hall, Jail, Market House, and numerous hotels. There are Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopa- lian and Catholic churches, most of which are neat architeciural structures. There are several excellent academies in Columbia, and in no place in South Car- lina is more regard paid to the primary interests of religion and education. An appropriation to the free schools, of twelve hundred dollars, is made annually by the state. The town is supplied with good spring water by means of steam water works. There is a spacious Theatre, but the performances are unfrequent. Several societies, agricultural, literary and otherwise, denote the mental activity of the people, and promise the richest future results. The press issues three newspapers, one of which is devoted almost wholly to temperance and morals. The others are political. Columbia enjoys a considerable trade with the neigh- boring country and with Charleston. The terminus of the Great Rail Road, which was projected to run from Charleston to Louisville, in Kentucky, it is e^ddently destined to a farther increase of commercial prosperity. The watering places or summer retreats of Richland, are usually called villages. Of these, the Rice Creek Springs may be mentioned as a place of much resort. It is fifteen miles north-east from Columbia. It has an excellent school and public house. The air is dry and bracing and remarkably cool. RICHLAND DISTRICT. 127 Liglitwood Knot Spring is a similar settlement. It is situated on a branch of Jackson's creek, six miles from Columbia, Minersville, twelve miles from Columbia, has long- been the seat of an Academy, and is equally healthy with the former place. The sand ridges are generally summer retreats ; cool and shady, having the most excellent water, and invariably secure from those diseases which prey upon the richer settlement. Richland has produced her full complement of eminent men. Among these may be enumerated, the Dessaus- sures, Hamptons, Taylors ; all of them distinguished as worthies of the revolution. Several of her sons acquired high reputation for conduct and bravery in numerous actions during the same period. The events which have taken place within her borders may be found in the History of the State. Faust's Ford is famous in tradition, as being the old Indian track for the Catawba, across the Eswawpuddenah or Broad river. It was the secure route during the rev- olution for the tory or plunderer needing concealment. Below this ford is an extensive range of lofty hills which approach the river, on the brow of one of which the buffalo lick is still visible. The spot was evidently a great range for this forest cattle. Indian antiquities, mounds, or tumuli, are found in many places. Cook's Mount is a considerable eminence near the Wateree river. SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. Spartanburg first began to be settled about 1750 ; but its population did not much Increase until 1770. The first settlers were a race of hardy hunters from Virginia, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. It was originally a part of Ninety-Six district. It received the name of Spartanburg after the revolution. This district lies in a high and healthy region, forming the extreme northern boundary of the state. The face of the country is undulating, agreeably diversified by hill and dale, mount and plain. The climate is temperate and salubrious. Spartanburg is bounded on the north by North Caro- lina ; on the north-east by York ; on the east and south- east by Union ; on the west by Greenville, and on the south-west by Laurens and Greenville. Its extent from north to south averages thirty-five miles ; from east to west thirty miles. It comprises 672,000 square acres. The soil is fertile, resting generally on a clay bottom. Some of it is gravelly, some stony, but easy of improve- ment and producing well. All kinds of grain are culti- vated with success. The productions are, corn, cotton and tobacco. The forest trees are, oak, (white, red and Spanish,) pine, poplar, chestnut, black walnut, curled maple and wild cherry ; all of which, used for cabinet work, form good substitutes for mahogany. The fruit trees are, peach, quince, cherry, plum, &c. The birds are few. The crow is a native ; there are several kinds of hawk and owl ; the turtle dove, quail and sparrow. Pheasants occasionally, and wild pigeons in great abundance, are found in autumn and winter. The mocking-bird, whip- poorwill, and red headed woodpecker, make their appear- ance regularly in the spring. SJ»ARTANBURG DISTRICT. 129 The rivers are, the Broad, or Eswawpiiddenah, the Pacolet, Enoree, Tyger, or Amoyescheck, &c. The smaller streams are, the Cherokee, Serratee, Thicketty, Buck, Fairforest, Cane, James, and Ferguson's creeks. The Broad river, a little below the line of this district, has a good navigation opened to the ocean. The Pa- colet has a boat navigation up to its eastern boundary. The Pacolet and Enoree are both fine rivers, and may be yet considerably improved for the purposes of trade. The Pacolet, in this district, divides into two arms, called North and South Pacolet, both having their source in the mountains. The Tyger river is divided into three chief branches, called the South, North and Middle Forks. Twenty miles above their junction, these streams are scarcely three miles apart, and the two principal, only one mile. Fairforest, Dutchman, Fergus, James, and Cane creeks are all branches of the Tyger; the Thicketty, Cherokee and Serratee creeks are feeders of the Eswavvpuddenah. The vallies along these rivers afford excellent soil. The ridges are poor. Several beautiful cascades occur in these rivers. Those of the Pacolet are particularly so. The mountain shoals on the Enoree are also curious and beautiful. The waters, in a distance of only twenty-four chains, fling themselves over a precipice of seventy-six feet. In the Pacolet there was, at one time, a great fishery, in which were caught, the shad, trout, red-horse, rock and cat-fish. Spartanburg has a great many fine quarries of granite, gneiss, and a kind of freestone. The soapstone, of an excellent quality, is inexhaustible in quantity. Some of it has been used for the ornamental parts of public build- ings ; the caps of columns, for example, of the Green- ville Court House. Limestone and marble are abundant, and one of the heads of Thicketty creek has its source in a fine chalybeate spring, near the quarries of the latter. The Limestone Spring near the Cherokee quarry, is a place of much resort. 12 130 SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. Iron ore, in great abundance, is procured and worked in this district. The largest mass and richest mines are in Thicketty mountain. This is a majestic mound which overlooks the country. The Spartanburg iron works are now in considerable vogue. The ore is of superior quality, and manufactures, though confined to the coarse implements, are fully equal to any of foreign production. The works now are so improved as to permit the propri- etors to contend with the foreign manufacturer, in the markets of Charleston and Columbia. Plumbago, or black lead, has been discovered on the Cherokee creek. Gold, in small quantities, has been found ; as, also, tetanium, pyrites, feldspar, talc, &c. Near the Cowpens, is Clarke's Iron Factory, which supplies to the markets of the state considerable quantities of hollow ware. The Sulphur Springs, which have a large local repu- talion for numerous virtues, are twelve miles south-east of Spartanburg Court House, and near the line of Union district. They are particularly recommended for cuta- neous affections. The waters of Cedar Spring are also famous for their medicinal properties, particularly in rheumatism, ulcers, and even in fever and ague. This and the Pacolet Springs are places of summer resort. At the former village is an excellent Academy ; at both of them may be found pleasant society and attractive scenery. '1 he population of Spartanburg, by the census of 1840, is 23,669. Of these, 17,982 are free, and 5,687 are slaves. This shows an increase in ten years of 2,500. The district is entitled in the state legislature to one senator and five representatives. The chief employment is agriculture. Manufactures are not inconsiderable and are on the increase. Educa- tion is rapidly improving. The habits of the people are simple, hardy and virtuous, and religion is regarded with proper veneration. The Baptist is the most numerous sect ; but there are large numbers of Methodists and Presbyterians. An annual appropriation of fifteen hun- dred dollars is made by the legislature to the free schools SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 131 of the district. Good schools are frequent and well at- tended. Spartanburg village is the district town, or seat of justice. It is a pleasant village, agreeably situated, healthy and flourishing. Its population is about 1000. It is distant from Columbia one hundred, and from Charles- ton two hundred and twenty miles. It has the usual public buildings, Court House, Jail, &;c. There are some other small villages, such as Earles- ville, and Poolesville. At the latter is a Manual Labor School, under the patronage of the South Carolina Pres- bytery. Spartanburg furnished several very distinguished officers in the revolution, and more than one famous bat- tle field attests the hardy valor of her people and the toils through which they have gone. The Cowpens, which is situate about four miles south of the North Carolina line, is a name famous in our history for one of the severest defeats ever given to a British army. Another affair highly honorable to the Americans, took place at Greene's Spring, in this district, where colonel Clarke of Georgia defeated, with great slaughter, a superior force of the British under colonel Dunlap. In this aflfair, the Americans were put in preparation for the enemy, who expected to surprise them, by the generous courage of Mrs. Dillard, a dame of Spartanburg, who rode a young horse, without saddle or bridle, at night, to apprise theoa of the coming danger. SUMTER DISTRICT, Sumter was first permanently settled about the year 1750, chiefly by Virginians. The district was named in honor of general Thomas Sumter, of famous memory. Sumter lies within the alluvial region. It is bounded on the north-east by Lynch's creek, which divides it from Darlington ; on the south-east by Williamsburg ; on the south-west by the Santee and Wateree rivers, which separate it from Charleston, Orangeburg and Richland ; and on the north-west by the district of Kershaw. Sumter is a very large district, forty-four miles long, thirty-eight broad, and containing, by computation, 1,070,080 square acres. The face of the country, from the east to the centre, is level ; thence, towards the north-west, it rises into hills, some of which are lofty and picturesque ; all of which are salubrious. The soil is generally productive, and well adapted to the cultivation of cotton, which is the sole staple of the district. It is either a rich black loam, or a reddish clay, which is productive also. The tracts of sand are sterile and extensive. The productions are, cotton, corn, peas, potatoes, wheat, oats, rye, millet, &c. The forest trees are, the pine, cypress, sycamore, oak, (black and white,) hickory, poplar, magnolia, gum, beech, cotton-tree, and a variety of others. Many of these trees, the oak, sycamore and cypress, grow to an enor- mous size. The beautiful gardenia is a native of this district. The fruits are, peach, plum, apple, pear, fig, nectarine, &;c. Grapes and berries, of all kinds, are abundant. The game consists of the deer, turkey, duck, dove, partridge, snipe, woodcock, &c. The singing birds are numerous, and such as inhabit the similar region of coun- try throughout the state. There is also the usual supply SUMTER DISTRICT. 133 of liawks, owls, crows, and woodpeckers ; and the wild- cat, fox, opossum, rabbit and squirrel are equally numer- ous. The Wateree and Santee rivers are navigable, for boats of considerable burthen, the whole length of the district. The Kaddipah (Lynch's creek) is also traversed, but by boats of smaller size. The Wynee, or Black river, may be made so. Sumter is well watered beside by nu- merous other streams, the lands in the neighborhood of which are exceedingly fertile. Such are the Pocotaligo, Rafting, Tawcaw, Flungary, Cowpen, Douglas, Savana, Hope, Half Way, and Tear Coat. The Lakes are, Brevington's, (a curious expanse of water,) Scott's, on the Santee, the " Raft," Wood Lake, Big Bay, Green Savannah, Mill Bay, and Pine Bluff. These are all, with the exception of the last, considerable bodies of water, varying in length from one to four miles. Black Oak island, bounded by Santee and Little rivers, is the south-east corner of the district. These rivers and streams are all well provided with fish. Shad and sturgeon ascend them in the spring. The other fish are, trout, rock, bream, perch, red-horse, suck, mud and many others. Sandstone is found near the Wateree, and among the Santee Hills. The latter is of a soft and crumblinsf na- ture ; the former is hard, heavy and mixed with iron. It is sometimes found mixed with small shells and fuller's earth, and is used for building. At Bloom Hill there is a quarry of burrstone ; and in the lower part of the district some compact shell limestone. There are several min- eral springs. Of these, the most noted is Bradford's. The waters are chalybeate, with a little sulphur, and, drank freely, prove highly tonic. A remarkable range of hills, called the High Hills of Santee, are found in this district. They extend to the Kershaw line, a distance of twenty-two miles, vary in width, being, in the widest parts, about five miles. These hills are healthy places of retreat. The soil may be rendered tolerably produc- tive by pains-taking cultivation. 12* 134 SUMTER DISTRICT. Sumter district is subdivided into four counties, viz : Clermont, Clarendon, Upper and Lov^^er Salem. It con- tains, by the census of 1840, a population of 27,892. Of these, 9,017 are free, and 18,875 slaves. This shows a slight decrease in ten years. Sumter is entitled to two senators and five representatives in the state legislature. Agriculture is the chief business of the people. The manufactures are almost wholly domestic. Education is good and improving. The appropriation of the state, to the free schools, is about two thousand dollars. The Methodist is the most numerous religious denomination ; but there are respectable bodies of most other sects. A due regard is every where paid to religion and morals. Sumter has more than an usual share of the taste for arts and literature. Some of her more wealthy planters ap- propriate large sums to these objects. Collections of pictures are forming, and the private libraries are frequent and select. Sumterville is the seat of justice. It is near one of the head waters of the Wynee, which might be made naviorable to within a short distance of the Court House. Sumterville is forty-five miles from Columbia and one hundred from Charleston. It has a handsome Court House and Jail, two Churches, an Academy, a public Library, and issues a weekly newspaper. The popula- tion is small. It was founded in ] 800. Statesburg, a village of the Hills, beautifully situated among them, is four miles east of the VVateree. It is a small and unimproving hamlet, founded in 1783, by general Sumter. It contains three Churches, (one Epis- copalian and two Baptist,) an Academy, a Library and an Agricultural Society. The population, like that of Sumterville, is also very small — a fact not easily ac- counted for, since it stands in a situation of great salu- brity, much beauty, and in the centre of a wealthy and refined community. Bishopville, near the Kaddipah, (Lynch's creek) is a very healthy and pleasant hamlet. It is twenty-four miles north of Sumterville, is flourishing, does a small SUMTER DISTRICT. 135 but lively business, and contains near two hundred in- habitants. It has its Church and Academy, and within two miles are two other Churches and several schools. Manchester is a decayed town which has not realized the expectations of its founders. It is nine miles south of Statesburg, and thirteen south-west from Sumter- ville. On the north bank of the Santee, stands Fort Watson, a strong British post in the revolution, besieged and captured by Marion in 1781. (See History.) It is raised on an ancient tumulus fifty feet high. Tawcaw, Nelson's Ferry and other places were the scenes of spir- ited actions between the Americans and British during this war. Sumter has produced several eminent men, among whom, most conspicuous, was the celebrated general from whom the district takes its name. Other names may be referred to with pride by the people of this dis- trict. The Richardsons and Mannings have nobly served the country in various periods, as well of war as peace. UNION DISTRICT. This district was first settled in 1755, by emiorants from Virginia. The treaty of governor Glenn with the Cherokee Indians, contributed greatly to increase the population. It lies within the granite region of the state ; is bounded on the north-east by Broad river, by which it is separated from the districts of Chester, York and Fair- field ; on the north-west by Spartanburg ; on the south- west by the Enoree, which separates it from Laurens ; and on the south-east by Newberry, The average length of the district is thirty miles ; breadth eighteen. It con- tains 345,000 acres. The face of the country is hilly ; in the north, moun- tainous. Clay, mixed either with rock, gravel or sand, is prevalent. On the rivers are considerable bodies of low and fertile lands, chiefly of rich clay. The ridges which separate water courses are generally of a thin, gravelly and sometimes stony soil. The lower parts of the district are adapted to the culture of cotton and In- dian corn ; the highlands, to wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, pumpkins and potatoes. The finest granite is found in this district, particularly adapted to building purposes. Iron, lead ore, asbestos, talc, the sulphate of iron, quartz and orneiss have also been discovered. The forest trees are, the oak, (various species) hickory, poplar, maple, black walnut, chestnut, sycamore, birch, dogwood, persimmon, locust, beech, ash, ,591 415,115 5 02,741 581,185 594,439 148 POPULATION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INHABITANTS ACCORD- DISTRICTS. WHITES. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. CO 03 w (D ID OJ CO B o 13 a C3 B § Qu § o h § OJ ^ Abbeville, 6,971 6,909 149 174 7,434 7,714| Anderson, 6,308 6,439 38 25 2,783 2,900 Barnwell, 5,.328 5,205 207 228 5,178 5,325 Beaufort, 2,817 2,833 230 232 14,180 15,502 Charleston, 10,926 9,995 1,343 1,858 27,445 31,094 Chester, 4,940 4,949 70 66 3,750 3,972 Chesterfield, 2,695 2,842 88 78 1,442 1,429 Colleton, 3,041 2,833 205 223 9,361 9,885| Darlington, 3,580 3,598 43 45 3,667 3,893 Edgefield, 7,617 7,403 155 139 8,723 8,806 Fairfield, 3,914 3,673 39 34 6,102 6,403 Georgetown, 1,042 1,051 86 102 7,580 8,413 Greenville, 6,138 6,353 23 20 2,587 2,718 Horry, 2,073 2,081 23 4 754 820 Kershaw, 2.010 1,978 127 123 3,899 4,144 Lancaster, 2,867 2,698 52 55 2,113 2,122 Laurens, 6,239 6,333 55 46 4,463 4,448 Lexington, 3,691 3,710 11 14 2,285 ^,400 Marion, 4,269 4,324 43 45 2,567 2,684 Marlborough, 2,097 2,091 47 55 2,076 2,042 Newberry, 4,175 4,033 104 134 4,810 5,094 Orangeburg, 3,255 3,066 136 128 5,929 6,005 Pickens, 5,721 5,827 51 42 1,328 1,387 Richland, 2,794 2,532 199 208 5,330 5,334 Spartanburg, 8,935 8,989 32 26 2,821 2,866 Sumter, 4,337 4,307 180 193 9,206 9,699 Union, 5,313 5,172 52 45 4,069 4,285 Williamsburg, 1,740 1)587 13 19 3,435 3,533 York. 5,663 5,786 128,588 58 51 4,412 3,382 3,443 Total, 130,496 3,864 158,678 168,360 SOUTH CAROLINA. 149 ING TO THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1840. Deaf, dumb, blind & insane white persons. pes insa Q 3 Q Q if, dumb, blind & ne col'd persons. o (» > V ^> CO -r-l ri O J- •£* O nd O d o MS O^ CO 2 S J/} o n6 .5 Insane and idiots. •rH Insane and idiots. ^ be > be 4) > bJD p 7 16 4 16 ~4 15 9 1 11 412 1,115 153 7 7 1 10 3 2 7 31 233 687 124 1 8 1 13 6 12 8 2 4 95 440 41 1 1 2 1 172 377 126 4 12 20 5 10 20 9 2 25 1,008 904 654 8 1] 5 16 4 5 10 13 70 527 134 2 ] 2 2 5 3 2 7 5 1 112 365 277 6 4 7 12 5 6 9 7 149 305 65 8 6 3 10 4 3 5 3 28 65 152 79 2 25 98 30 1 3 1 165 73 100 8 6 4 28 3 6 7 18 148 509 75 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 — 101 20 3 2 3 6 127 304 139 4 1 2 1 1 3 4 11 6 446 128 15 10 2 16 5 10 6 3 16 200 905 95 4 8 2 2 105 146 43 2 4 3 11 3 6 4 1 4 71 238 17 3 3 3 9 1 5 5 104 229 33 5 1 9 2 1 2 3 134 757 240 3 3 10 2 9 1 5 40 236 39 7 2 22 1 1 1 22 51 579 114 2 7 32 28 6 5 1 161 366 126 10 3 1 5 1 2 31 179 375 32 3 5 3 24 5 13 145 693 186 9 8 2 25 4 4 5 24 240 738 263 8 3 1 7 9 7 6 2 70 161 28 9 10 9 4 1 2 1 16 26 318 33 679 163 140 133 91 285178 156 121 4,326 12,520 3,524 AGGREGATE VALUE AND PRODUCE, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, &c. EXHIBITING A FULL VIEW OF THE PURSUITS, INDUSTRY, AND RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AS COLLECTED UNDER THE ACT FOR TAKING THE SIXTH CENSUS. 152 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE DISTRICTS. AGRICULTURE. LIVE STOCK. 6 , all kinds, ;ed value. o a. a5 O c3 • 1-1 K ^ m in Ph <" Abbeville, 9,156 28,642 12,973 54,939 $25,261 Anderson, 5,626 18,499 10,387 36,381 15,210 Barnwell, 5,715 28,117 6,201 47,724 15,012 Beaufort, 4,933 41,710 13,751 28,521 26,860 Charleston, 4,218 30,060 11,296 17,438 30,495 Chester, 5,510 18,524 9,831 31,103 19,885 Chesterfield, 1,920 9,824 3,423 18,834 4,478 Colleton, 4,420 35,953 8,975 35,443 21,883 Darlington, 3,860 15,438 6,082 36,856 11,121 Edgefield, 9,195 36,339 15,324 62,184 30,188 Fairfield, 5,297 16,021 6,924 24,424 9,949 Georgetown, 1,350 11,200 3,500 7,840 7,150 Greenville, 3,542 11,518 6,515 26,452 8,719 Horry, 712 13,182 4,857 22,196 3,636 Kershaw, 2,643 11,494 15,984 2,004 3,041 Lancaster, 2,740 10,943 6,165 15,915 8,360 Laurens, 7,123 20,475 13,289 47,222 24,085 Lexington, 3,627 15,619 6,144 27,198 10,561 Marion, 3,252 21,909 8,352 39,837 10,104 Marlborough, 2,158 9,374 2,893 15,915 6,079 Newberry, 5,908 19,660 7,183 35,666 14,089 Orangeburg, 5,036 22,507 3,523 33,383 5,364 Pickens, 3,847 14,873 7,961 32,566 9,931 Richland, 2,954 8,878 3,022 14,709 5,206 Spartanburg, 7,844 20,498 11,104 31,251 12,749 Sumter, 5,542 32,961 8,655 47,260 25,372 Union, 5,843 17,063 7,535 32,215 14,225 Williamsburg, 1,754 17,632 3,183 29,035 7,536 York, 4,196 13,695 7,949 24,021 878,532 9,815 Total, 129,921 572,608 232,981 396,354 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IsT OF JUNE, 1840. 153 AGRICULTURE. CEREAL GRAINS. O CO d o rrt GJ . r— 1 >^ C» a> 13 -Q J- O pq O ^ rill . ~» ,0 P:^ O o ^ O "^ O ^ VARIOUS CROPS. o CO O Ph O PH 93,104 106,105 15,889 5,810 50 46,307 5,859 3,763 13,309 40,295 22,784 550 37,644 1,720 4,744 23,910 186,296 28,849 4,033 9,276 57,350 12,490 48,815 3,465 58,670 7,125 61,661 4,460 64,021 968,354 1,093 10 5 683 123 20 515 79 1,129 25 50 104,606 69,998 16,700 40,665 120,252 44,561 16,038 29,823 52,477 120,384 57,125 13,180 49,259 126 11,525 26,371 175,436 24,084 16,416 22,164 73,185 12,357 91,539 63,325 67,615 54,230 63,405 5,224 44,148 2,495 1,511 4,525 3,561 521 2,385 853 390 4,026 3,023 2,136 50 2,682 381 490 550 757 1,353 1,417 708 577 3,440 965 271 1,538 1,578 2,555 1,486,208;44,738 14" 1,135,834 15,396 698,518 16,545 670,581 7,013 786,570 38,594 397,151 13,735 714,581 8,408 198,100 3,091 325,825 9,462 457,193 13,750 1,068,521 25,310 556,055 10,398 101,975 7,000 418,940 7,286 81,641 4,734 160,300 4,850 308,832 4,800 829,473 14,699 356,827 2,286 377,041 11,289 275,999 3,616 635,634 10,307 477,011 5,680 515,215 12,684 333,796 5,436 722,751 10,791 681,977 14,073 757,319 7,899 200,312 3,390 478,833 6,648 299,170 14,722,805 198 1,336 863 525 518 3,000 87 100 1,346 1,200 275 3,478 21 1,432 300 523 655 15,857 154 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE DISTRICTS. AGRICULTURE. VARIOUS CROPS. CO O 3 O o GO 1 Ct3 . . rO n3 !>^ O IX) 03 Ph f- ffi dsof gathe O B o o o H Ph o ;=! o Oh Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, ^ Williamsburg, York, Total, 26 25 15 4 14 93 38,699 34,575 45,952 486,753 619,507 16,252 21,620 178,990 84,812 62,069 20,689 300,000 18,641 50,676 10,080 13,793 30,676 27,733 61,530 29,547 33,460 74,240 32,238 42,584 2,532 263,711 23,930 60,849 12,175 2^98,313 2 4,595 2,135 121 1,518 22 150 4,630 450 84 200 1,231 1,976 100 5,114 1,753 537 24,618 1,200 3,875 395 400 1,500 4,613 19,825 1,852 80 13,613 224 3,942 51,519 500 18,000 5,629,402 11,938,750 415 5,483,533 8,000 36,360,000 79,769 24,000 67,945 410 510,670 250 368,505 92,512 5,200 60,590,861 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 155 AGRICULTURE. COTTON, Sir.K, WOOD, FAMILY GOODS, &C. a o ■(-» o . O CD CO -5 I— I o -ixj •n o o o § o ^2 O 'o in o 03 t3 O S^ ■Ti 3 >-i O o cu O o >-» «*H ♦-» „ o 1 1 M o 0) c^ > ^ '^t-l O r^ "tr '*-• cd o o §5-2 O — ^ 2§^ P* Td o i| ^ nd O ct3 rt O > SO 8,526,482 2,349,050 2,804,067 1,544,850 2,130,224 1,844,102 268,122 420,910 1,231,985 7,613,125 8,159,450 14,174 137,765 40,780 14,475 2,647,676 5,910,368 454,191 603,496 2,446,088 3,105,107 878,370 395,253 1,281,989 1,595,303 2,298,712 1,612,524 515,038 866,594 61,710,274 266 336 240 7,333 25 120,000 250 250 17,865 600 4,692 350 3,420 5,000 344 40 550 469 250 100 450 87 20 561 38 975 740 835 6,480 96 140 334 15 30 2,080 350 171,451 $63,874 36,174 15,729 25,558 11,781 36,051 16,942 24,060 5,500 25,984 10,442 8,455 27,977 40,578 7,559 28,698 13,650 20,980 17,492 555 14,466 15,417 52,081 21,807 15,532 20,468 577,810 $4,936 1,345 40 1,289 200 53 1000 290 40 6,105 1,025 156 18,526 2,123 146 430 26 1,376 953 3,560 790 35 181 50 8,243 643 52,275 $2,1248 80,444 44,684 11,760 1,220 52,565 4,845 14,486 28,293 124,877 16,528 550 30,554 13,493 8,255 26,370 57,600 29,031 35,483 20,078 28,453 8,833 50,647 6,172 76,197 52,145 41,851 17,648 26,393 930,703 156 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE DISTRICTS. HORTICULTURE. COM- GARDENS. NURSERIES. a 9 o •5 "2 E c c W) "1 (U e a 3 O e .2 E 6 o W V x> & 9 5C •♦J (» • 1-1 ■ i-H o Val. of produce of market gardeners Val. of produce of nur§'ries& florists No. of Men em- ployed. Capital invested. Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborouorh, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York, Total, $100 7,670 30,397 20 38,187 1,057 1 $ 12 34 4 3 $68,000 — $2,000 139 210,960 27 3,563,750 2 26,000 10,300 — 20 — — 2,139 1,058 210,980 41 41 3,668,050 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 157 MERCE. PROD'TS OF FOREST Retail dry goods,gro- cery &; other stores. > .5 "a. O T3 en ^^ M s O +-» en > a •i-H «-» O 1 S V CD (U s o 6 £ (—1 0) o O "^ o > CD rj bc.2 > 0) 2 ♦J 1 _o s (X> S d 16 $178,139 $500 2 20 54,500 — 38 196,450 30,326 97 35 168,000 1 $1,000 73 274,900 $2,330 266 582 3,575,100 10 75,000 684 300 22 154,300 34 £8 202,100 45 10 9,700 — 47,227 6,917 133 26 127,000 18 39 205,500 75 41 78,600 — 34 174,775 — — 36 104,250 — 6 36,963 3 8 29,0401 — 29 216,000 1 24,000 10 24,000 18 60,000 — 28 116,209 7,137 — 13 38,800 78,978 12 48,450 2,460 10 17 99,600 — 34 95,350 — 42 — 18 42,100 — 16,175 16 59.600 20 8,564 — 15 177,300 17,000 — 39 98,700 — 35 66,500 — 25 129,750 48 — 7 38,500 1,077 14 1,253 96,500 14 508 6,648,736 $100,000 1,057 $537,684 $9,247 158 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE DISTRICTS. MANUFACTURES. | MACHINKRY. BRICKS & LIME. COT- 1 G . > s o S d 1 O o B > 1 S S >. o O CI, 6 j g a 2 >> a| "o n c 3 z; en .s o 6 t^ ^ i r— 1 't-' Abbeville, Anderson, 1 Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborouorh, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York, $500 2 11 11 3 5 5 19 5 66 127 $350 2 1 $4,250 1,308 31,620 2,000 113,890 1,340 10 420 9 E 7,880 5,500 21,000 22 40 27 1 1 19,000 60,000 72,000 700 2,000 1,964 4 700 1 120 25,000 4,100 1,000 720 2,000 7,871 3,200 4,550 10,000 2,212 1,210 150 1,756 16,690 92 1 1 5,000 101,250 16,000 17 9 400 2,000 2,207 1,056 42,300 19,200 5,800 11,960 970 12 216 4 1 5 1,281 — Total, S5,561 193,408 15 16355 359,000 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 159 MANUFACTURES. TON. 1 LEATHER, TANNERIES, &C. j s a •F-l o 5-1 CD S "o 6 o o o B . CO O 0) B 6 -^3 ■*-» (» f> - • l-H 1— H •I-l Oh O CO a CO a ^ *J CO O "^ O 03 > •r-t 45 25 70 94 50 111 55 95 25 570 7 8 2,300 2,080 5,500 1,970 25,020 5,200 905 2,700 1,700 1,589 1,150 3,410 1,716 500 4,219 1,000 1,550 2,304 2,050 355 800 3,800 3,080 10,500 2,406 23,020 7,300 3,630 2,650 3,200 2,854 2,150 4,222 2,712 666 5,725 750 2,270 4,119 3,100 392 1,040 1 q «ii 1 nnn 12 8 4 10 8 13 1 21 114 1 6 29 11 5 $5,000 2,800 $2,500 500 7,000 3,200 6,000 1,703 904 100 12,000 8,305 3,450 $68,000 17 16 ,13 8 25 16 17 43 16 7 16 21 2 16 12 13 4 11,700 2 6 3 4 8 30,500 6,500 9,200 10,000 2,000 4,000 15,500 20,000 70 000 18,500 6,275 52,000 7 11,000 4,200 50,000 4 13,000 13,000 1,000 7,444 10 3 7,570 10,700 680 100,000 1,460 300 18,366 2,434 1,298 90,000 4 7 1 8 5 7 O 9,200 27,995 8,000 7,900 10,700 8,670 1,230 1,700 112,450 55,000 1,020 13,650 5,000 1,000 617,450 97 68,018 89,586 281 212,020 243 109,472 45,662 160 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE MANUFACTURES. DISTRICTS. SOAP AND CANDLES. DISTILL E.| No. of pounds of Soap. No. of pounds of tallow candles. No. of men em- ployed. -6 > •r-l "&. o O d CD O 2 Oh CO >> S a d Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York, 14 26 10 6 64 3 3 49 37 15 24 4,325 15,515 6 13 1 135 6 3 40 15 219 36,042 11,205 3,890 179 4,340 79,307 1,760 12,066 22,299 61,840 135,950 215,202 8,239 16,294 900 168 $300 456 985 34,555 21,343 3,012 6,622 4,263 32,303 14,535 9,199 Total, 586,327 68,011 168 $300 251 102,288 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 161 MANUFACTURES. j RI£S. EARTHENWARE, &C. PRINTING AND BINDING.] Capital invested. (O (O o 6 Value of manu- factured articles. a o o CARRIAGES AND WAGONS, a Ct3 > s s 6 n3 'a. o o 6 O 'T3 O o 03 .cq Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, [York, "Total, 120,000 1,000 5,000 600 4,000 700 131,300 $9,800 3,105 7,175 79,500 2,200 11,600 16,100 2,000 3,245 7,595 1,600 3,570 2,800 4,380 3,890 5,075 1,600 5,150 5,100 10,420 1,260 2,105 189,270 15 14 26 54 12 29 36 20 9 28 7 11 9 18 18 3 12 20 6 5 68 420 $1,705 2,050 2,735 91,300 1,025 9,600 1,070 2,940 800 1,227 2,000 1,700 500 100 2,700 2,070 2,650 200 6,318 132,690 10 4,650 13 7,770 7 880 3 3,865 5 8,000 1 1 250 = 4,556 8 1,300 8 690 2 100 20 6,168 30 4,579 6 1,300 15 5,214 9 4,050 6 5 3,000 9 441 6 1,645 164 58,458 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840, 163 MANUFACTURES. 1 MILLS. FURNIIURE. HOUSES. 1 a O d c ci B cr> o 3 o > 6 ♦-» > .2 o CO }-> s s > '-6 e s § 0) ■«-> tn Qi > ■4-a • 1— ( o 3 s •1-1 Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, j Colleton, Darlington, jEdgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Oranoreburor Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York. 50 65 32 30 908 25 11 187 42 26 7 137 1 1 $48,000 17,565 17,325 20,000 1,059,200 16,000 26,825 8,000 125,000 2,000 18,100 14,000 30,416 438 16,060 1,871 $1,200 $84,555 136,973 183,475 44,500 1,078,630 42,720 40,910 30,800 84,100 127,175 550 8,000 19,000 36,350 2,550 2,580 6,200 108,800 46,815 123,700 10,970 158,256 111,508 53,960 135,350 90,350 33,400 9,948 1 i \j^\j\j\j 227 24,205 14,459 1 Q ^ ^ (\c\ 2,744 53 10 2 69 20 468 10,500 5,000 60,890 72,800 160,030 143,295 22,800 19,988 37,428 22,100 4,870 16,691 5,856 5,000 Total, 2,398 1,527,5761 82,885 $46,442 3,216,970 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 165 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS, OMITTED IN THE PRECEDING TABLES. Abbeville. Manufactures. — Value of hardware, cutlery, &c. manufactured, $10,000 ; 18 men employed. Value of hats and caps manufactured, $100; 1 person employed. Anderson. Manufactures. — Value of hats and caps manufactured, $1,525; 6 persons employed ; $115 capital invested. Beaufort. Mines. — Domestic salt: 400 bushels produced; 1 man employed; $500 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value of medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c. manufactured, $4,100 ; 6 men employed; $2,100 capital invested. Charp.eston. Mines. — Domestic salt: 400 bushels produced. Agriculture. — 30,000 lbs. sugar produced. Commerce. — Internal transportation : 57 men emjiloyed. Butchers, packers, &c.: 37 men employed: $110,000 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value of tobacco manufactured, $3,500; 7 men employed; $5,000 capital invested. Value of confectionary made, $28,083; 109 men employ- ed; $85,500 capital invested. Value of ships and vessels built, $60,000. Chester. Agriculture. — 10 bushels buckwheat produced. Chesterfield. Manufactures, — Value of precious metals man- ufactured, $3,000 ; 4 men employed. Reeled, thrown, or other silk made, 16 lbs. : vahie of the same, $f Colleton, Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and furs pro- duced, $543. Darlington. Fisheries. — 175 bbls. pickled fish ; 15 men em- ployed ; $500 capital invested. Georgetown. Mines. — Domestic salt: 850 bushels produced ; 6 men employed; $1,000 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value of confectionary made, $1,000; 2 men employed; $600 capital in- vested. Greenville. Manufactures. — Number of small arms made, 117 ; 5 men employed. Value of hats and caps manufactured, $500 ; 2 persons employed; $300 capital invested. Paper mills, 1; value produced, $20,000; 20 men employed; $30,000 capital invested. 166 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE Horry. Products of the Forest. — 705 bbls. tar, pitch, turpentine, and rosin. Value of skins and furs, $52. Lancaster. Mines, — Gold: 3 smelting houses; value produced, $26,543; 45 men employed; $30,000 capital invested. Manufac- tures. — Number of oil mills, 19. Laurens. Manufactures. — Woolen goods : 2 manufactories ; value of manufactures, $1,000; 4 persons employed; $2,300 capi- tal invested. Lexington. Manufactures. — 50 small arms made ; 2 men em- ployed. Marion. Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and furs pro- duced, $368. Manufactures. — Value of hardware and cutlery man- ufactured, $3,465 ; 8 men employed. Marlborough. Fisheries. — 250 bbls. pickled fish; 38 men em- ployed; $1,117 capital invested. Products of the Forest. — 10 bbls. tar, pitch, turpentine, and rosin. Nevitberry. Mines. — Granite, marble, and other stone: value produced, $1,000 ; 2 men employed ; $500 capital invested. Blan- vfactures. — Value of hats and caps made, $45; 1 person employed. Value of confectionary made, $250; 1 person employed; $100 capital invested. Pickens. Agriculture. — Buckwheat, 36 bushels, Manufactures . — Woolen goods: 2 persons employed; $2,090 capital invested. Value of hats and caps made, $1,580; 10 persons employed. Richland. Commerce, — Butchers and packers: 2 men employed ; $1,809 capital invested. Products of the Forest. — 20 bbls. tar, pitch, turpentine, and rosin. Spartanburg. Mines. — Cast iron: 2 furnaces; 750 tons pro- duced. Bar iron : 3 forges, bloomeries, &c. ; 750 tons produced ; 400 tons fuel consumed; 135 men employed in mining operations ; $2,000 capital invested. Gold; value produced, $1,500 ; 10 men employed; $3,500 capital invested. Granite, marble, and other stone: value produced, $2,000; 2 men employed. Manufac- tures. — Mixed manufactures : value produced, $2,450; 9 persons employed. Sumter. Commerce. — Internal transportation: 68 men employ- ed; Butchers, packers, &c. : 7 men employed, $1,100 capital in- vested. Manufactures. — 30 lbs. of reeled, thrown, or other silk made; value of the same, $300; 1 male and 3 females employed ; $50 capital invested, OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 167 Williamsburg. Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and furs, $262. York. Mines. — Cast iron: 2 furnaces; 500 tons produced. Bar iron, 6 forges, bloomeries, ployed. Precious metals: value manufactured, $3,000; 4 men employed. Wool: 3 manufactories ; value of manufactured goods, $1 ,000 ; 6 persons employed ; $4,300 capital invested. Silk : reel- ed, thrown, or other silk made, 45 lbs.; value of the same, $380; 4 persons employed ; $50 capital invested. Mixed manufactures : value produced, $2,450; 9 persons employed. Tobacco: value manufactured, $3,500; 7 persons employed; $5,000 capital invest- ed. Hats and caps: value made, $3,700; 20 persons employed; $315 capital invested. Medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c.: value manufactured, $4,100; 6 men employed ; $2,100 capital invested. Confectionary: value made, $29,-333; 112 men employed; $87,200 capital invested. Paper: 1 mill; value produced, $20,000; 30 men employed; $3,000 capital invested. Ships and vessels built: value, $60,000, STATISTICS OF THE EARLY AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. In order to afford a better opportunity for a relative estimate of the agricultural and commercial capacities of South Carolina, at successive periods, we glean from old and official documents, the following statements : TABLE I. Number of Vessels loaded at the Port of Charleston, S. C.in each year from Christmas 1735, to Christmas 1 748, icith the amount of Tonnage, Sfc. and the rates of Freight and number of seamen for the three last of those years. Between Christmas Vessels. Between Christmas Vessels. 1735 and 1736, 317 1740 and 1741, 246 1736 " 1737, 217 1741 " 1742, . 190 1737 " 1738, 198 1742 " 1743, . 206 1738 " 1739, 222 1743 " 1744, . 230 1739 " 1740, 257 1744 " 1745, 208 From Christmas 1745, to Christmas 1746. No. of Vessels. Whither Bound. Ton- nage. Rates of Freight. Amount of Freight. 86 121 48 Europe, West Indies, Northern Colonies, 10,555 4,018 1,720 £6 10 4 10 3 10 je68,607 10 18,081 00 6,020 00 255 16,293 je92,708 10 16 170 EARLY STATISTICS. From Christmas 1746, to Christmas 1747. No. of Vessels. Whither Bound. Ton- nage. Rates of Freight. Amount of Freight. 105 93 37 Europe, West Indies, Northern Colonies, 12,714 4,712 1,332 £6 10 4 10 3 10 i::82,628 21,207 4,662 235 18,758 £108,497 From Christmas 1747, to Christmas 1748. No. of Vessels. Whither Bound. Ton- nage. Rates of Freight. £6 00 4 00 3 00 No. of Men. 769 499 241 Amount of Freight. 68 87 37 Europe, West Indies, Nor. Colonies, 8,465 4,299 1,189 je50,790 16,196 3,567 192 13,953 1,509 £'70,553 TABLE II. Exports from Charleston in the year 1739, Rice, Pitch, Turpentine, Tar, Deer skins, Loose do. unpacked, Indian Corn and peas, Pine and cy- press timber 71,484 bbls. 8,095 " 33 " 2,734 " 559 hds. 1,196 20,165bush. 209,190 feet. Cedar boards, 3,200 feet. Shingles, 42,600 Cook stoves, 56,821 Tanned leather, 1,535 Rosin, Sassafras, Beef and pork, Potatoes, 45 bbls. 4| tons. 539 bbls. 790 bush SHIPS AND vessels. Cleared outward, 238 EARLY STATISTICS. 171 TABLE III. Exports of South Carolina, from Charleston, FROM 1st Nov. 1747 to 1st Nov. 1748. Rice, 55,000 bbls. Cypr's boards 5, 21,000 beef Corn, 39,308 bush. 55 55 979 boards Barley, 15 casks. Heading, 13,975 Oranges, 296,000 55 127,652 feet. Peas, 6,107 bush. " pine. 148,143 "b'rds Potatoes, 700 " 55 55 ] ,293 boards Onions, 10 casks. " plank. 22 in No. 55 200 ropes. Baywood plank, 98 " Live stock, 28buirks Scantling, 2,000 feet. 55 150 hogs. Shingles, 665,170 in No. Beef, J, 764 bbls. Staves, 132,567 " Pork, 3,114 " Timber, 4,000 feet. Bacon, 2,200 lbs. J) 9 pieces Butter, 130 casks. Walnut, 739 feet. Pitch, 5,521 bbls. 55 60 pieces Tar, common , 2,784 " Empty casks, 80 hhds. " green. 291 " 55 43 tierces Turpentine, 2,397 " Hoops, 3,000 in No. Rosin, 97 " Canes, 800 " - Masts, 9 in No. Pumps, 1 sett. Bowsprits, 8 " Beaver skins 200 lbs. Booms, 6 " Calf 141 in No. Oars, 50 pair. Deer, 720 hhds. Indigo, 134,118 lbs. Tallow, 81 bbls. Potashes, 3 bbls. Lard, 26 casks. 01 Turpentine, 7 " 55 25 jars. 55 9 jars. Silk, raw. 8 boxes. Cotton Wool, 7 bags. Wax, bees. 1,000 lbs. Sassafras, 22 tons. " myrtle 700 " Boards, 61,448 feet. Leather, tan'd, 10,356 " Cedar boards , 8,189 " Soap, 7 boxes. " plank. 1,331 " Candles, 34 " " posts, 52 " Bricks, 7,000 in No. The total value ofthesi ? Exports for one year : In South Carolina currency Tn ctprlinrr mnnpv - - ^1,129,561 06 00 . - - - Ifil .^fi5 18 00 172 EARLY STATISTICS. TABLE IV. Exports of Rice for Twenty Years. From 1720 to 1729, inclu- sive, — ten years, From 1730 to 1739, inclu 264,728 bbls. making 44,841 tons. 499,525 bbls, making sive, — ten years. ^ 99,905 tons. Of these Exports of the last ten years, from 1730 to 1739, 83,379 bbls. were sent to Portugal. 958 " " " Gibraltar. 3,570 " " " Spain. 9,500 " (in two years,) France. Great Britain, Ireland, and the British plantations. Holland, Hamburg, and Bremen, including about Sweden and Denmark. 30,000 372,118 700 TABLE V. Exports of Silk from N. and S. Carolina into Great Britain, from 1731 to 1755, inclusive. Year. Kaic Silk. Wrought bilk. Year. 1744 Rate Silk. Wrought Silk. 1731 9701bs.wt 1,035 Ibs.wt. 1732 774 " 1745 544 " 1733 1,015 » 1746 929 " 1734 943 " 1747 1,313 " 1735 1,487 " 1748 52lbs.wt 1,772 " 1736 1,223 " 1749 46 " 1,772 1737 691 " 1750 118 " 1,519 '^ 1738 1,111 " 1751 2,404 " 1739 1,273 " 1752 3,365 " 1740 1,454 " ,1753 11 " 3,027 " 1741 2,798 " 11754 2,682 " 1742 18ilbs.wt 1,576 " 1755 5i " 3,416 " 1743 1,427 •' ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. MORALS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION. Page 18. — 'The Baptists have a Theological Semi- nary in Edgefield,' and another in Fairfield called the Furman Institute, &c. PUBLIC WORKS AND BUILDINGS. Page 19.— The Santee Canal is stated to have been the first canal ever constructed in the United States. DISTRICTS, DIVISIONS. Page 28. — In the statement here made, of the districts having parochial sub-divisions, that of Sumter was inad- vertently omitted. This district has four parishes,— Clarendon, Clermont, Upper and Lower Salem. On the same page,— In naming St. Thomas as one the parishes of Charleston. It should read St. Thomas and St. Dennis ; the two being brought into one for po- litical purposes. ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. Page 30.— In giving the boundaries of this district, it would be more precise to describe it as bounded on the north-west by Anderson, instead of Pendleton. Woodville, Abbeville District, formerly Greenwood, sixteen miles from the Court House, and thirty-five from Aiken, is a healthy village, pleasantly situated on a cluster of hills, and recommended highly as a summer residence. It has two Academies, one for preparing young men for college, the other for the education of 174 ADDITIONS AND CORRCTIONS. young ladies. These institutions are already in posses- sion of the suitable buildings and apparatus. The trustees have been at considerable pains to furnish a museum, and the collection is already well provided with specimens. A Lyceum has been instituted, by whose members, lec- tures, literary and philosophical, are statedly delivered. There is a chapel for divine worship, open to all orthodox preachers. CHARLESTON DISTRICT. Page 48. — In the sentence assigning to Charleston district its Senatorial and Representative quota, the error has been made, of giving that of the City instead of the District. Instead, therefore, of two senators and seven- teen representatives, it should be ten senators and twenty-seven representatives, according to the following table, viz : St. Philip and St. Michael, ' Senators. 2 Representatives. 17 St. John's, (Berkley,) ^ St. John's, (Colleton,) 2 2 St. James, (Santee,) , St. Stephen, St. Thomas and St. Dennis, St. Andrew, St. James, (Goose Creek,) * Christ's Church, 10 27 CITY OF CHARLESTON. Page 53.— In enumerating the various sects of churches in Charleston, on this page, we should say, in- stead of 'two German,' two German Lutheran. FAIRFIELD DISTRICT, Page 77.— The Anvil Rock is described erroneously, on this page, as ' a remarkably high one.' It should ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 175 read, ' a remarkable rock.' Its height is not more than fifteen feet. Its character is derived wholly from its appearance. Page 78. — The population of Winnsboro is put some- what too low, and it is fast increasing. It contains ^i;e and not three churches, and two or three large and ele- gant hotels. GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. Page. 82 — The trade of Georgetown, foreign and do- mestic, before, and for a short time after the revolution, was very considerable. GREENVILLE DISTRICT. Page 85. — The population of Greenville is underrated at 900. It is nearer 1500. KERSHAW DISTRICT. Page 88. — Kershaw is bounded on the south east by Sumter ; (not on the north-east ;) on the south-west by Richland, {and not on the north-west.) LEXINGTON DISTRICT. Page 100. — The population of the village of Lexing- ton is underrated at 100. It should read 300. MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. Page 104. — Here occurs another error in District boundaries which the reader will please to correct. Marlborough is bounded on the north, north-east and north-west by North Carolina ; on the south-east (not north-east) by Marion, QUESTIONS ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. Page Question 9. 1. How is the state of South Carolina bounded? — 2. State its average length and breadth ? — 3. How many square miles or acres does it contain ? — 4. Into how many classes is its soil divided ? — 5. Name them. 10. 6. Which section is famous for the growth of the finest kinds of cotton? — 7, How is the climate in each section? — 8. What is chiefly produced in the lower and middle sections ? — 9. What range of mountains penetrates the north-west corner of the slate ? 11. 10. Name the principal rivers in South Carohna. — 11. Which unite in formingthe bay andharbor of Charleston? — 12. What peculiarity of the rivers in South Carohna distin- guishes them from those of the north ? — 13. What is said of the borders of these rivers ? 12. 14. What is said of the climate of South Carolina? — 15. What was the effect of the thunder storm in the city of Charleston in 1775? — 16. What is said of earthquakes, hurricanes and whirlwinds ? 14. 17, How much of the state is supposed to be of alluvial formation ? — 18. How far does this extend ? — 19. What is said of the face of the country ? 1.5. 20. What is the height of Table Mountain? — 21. How many nations or tribes of Indians formerly occupied the state? — 22. Name the chief tribes. — 23. Name the inferior tribes. — 24. What has become of them? — 25. Of which tribe does a remnant still remain ? 16. 26. What is their present condition ? — 27. What regions did these tribes of Indians occupy? — 28. Give the population of the state in 1840. — 29. Mention the number of white, free colored, aijd slaves. 17 178 QUESTIONS. Page Question 16. 30. What is the military force of the state ? — 31. What is the government of South Carolina? — 32. To whom does the right of suftVage belong ? — 33. To whom is the government of the state entrusted ? — 34. What is the number of Senators? — 35. For how many years are they elected ? 17. 36. How many members of the House of Representatives ? — 37. For how long are they elected ? — 38. In whom is the judicial power invested ? — 39. Mention the number and names of the courts? — 40. Where are they held ? — 41. What is the metropolis of the state ? — 42. Where does it lie? — 43. Wlien was it founded ? — 44. What is the population of Charleston ? — 45. Which is the capital of the state? — 46. Where does it lie? 18. 47. Where is the College of the state ? — 48. When was it established ? — 49. What is its present condition ? — 50, What is the amount of the annual appropriation to the free or public schools of the state ? — 51. What are the results of this appropriation'? — 52. What is said of the morals and manners of the Carolinians ? — 53. What is the religion of the state ? 19. 54. What is said of the appropriations for internal improve- ments ? — 55. What is the length of the Santee canall — 56. What is the length of the Charleston and Hamburgh Rail Road ? 20. 57. From what is the revenue of the state derived ? — 58. What are its ordinary amounts ? — 59. What is the debt of the state at this time ? — 60. By whom is the fiscal department managed ? — 61. What is the penal code ? 21. 62. How many persons are employed in agriculture in the state, according to the statistics of 1840 ? — 63. What is said of Agricultural Societies ? — 64. What is the influence of the State Agricultural Society ? — 65. What have been the staples of Carolina ? — 66. Which are now very little cultivated ? — 67. What have been her exports beside ? — 68. When was rice introduced, and where from? 22. 69. How many barrels were exported in 1841? — 70. In what year was indigo introduced, and from whence ? — 71. What amount was exported at the beginning of the rev- olution? — 72. In what year was cottonfirst cultivated in South Carolina ? — 73. How much was exported in 1795 ? QUESTIONS. 179 Page Question 22. 74. How much in 1839 ? — 75. Repeat what is said of the vine, the ohve, and the silk- worm ? — 76. How much silk was exported in 1760? — 77. Repeat what is said of the commerce of South Carolina? GENERAL SUMMARY. 23. 78. When was South Carohna first discovered 1 — 79. Who claimed her territory ? — 80. What was done in 1520 by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon ? — 81. In whatyear did he return, and what was the result? 24. 82. Where did the colony sent out by France settle ? — 83. To what rivers did this colony give names? — 84. Wkat became of this colony'? — 85. What became of the second colony? — 86. In what year did the colony of English emigrants settle at Port Royal? — 87. To what place did they remove ? — 83. When and where did they again remove ? — 89. When did the first Indian war take place, and what was its effect ? — 90. What took place in 1682 ? — 91. What in 1690? — 92. What military expedition was undertaken in 1702 ? — 93. What took place in 1703 ? — 94. By whom was an attack made on Charleston in 1706. — 95. What was the result? 25. 96. In what year was the Free School system first established ? — 97. What took place in 17 1 2 ? — 98. Who defeated the Yemassees in 1715 ? — 99. When was the proprietary government thrown off? — 100. What took place in 1728? — 101. In what year was Charleston half destroyed by fire? — 102. When was indigo first planted ? — 103. What took place in 1752 ? — 104. When was Camden laid out? — 105. Name the precincts into which South Carolina was divided in 1769. — 106. What act was passed in 1774 .'' — 107. What took place in 1775? — 108. What battle was fought in 1776 ? — 109. Who defeated the British at Port Royal? — 110. By whom was Charleston beleaguered, and with what suc- cess? — 111. Who made an assault on Savannah, and what was the result? 26. 112. What battles took place in 1780 ? 180 QUESTIONS. Page Question 26. 113. What battles took place in 1781 ? — 114. When did the British evacuate Charleston? — 115, When was Charleston incorporated ? — 116. When was Columbia founded as the seat of government ■? — 117. When was the present constitution of the state ratified ? 27. 118. When was the right of primogeniture abolished? — 119. How was the state divided in 1798 1 — 120. What took place in 1800? — 121. When was Charleston visited with a dreadful hurricane, and what was the effect of it ? — 122. In what year was the right of suffrage extended to all citizens? — 123. When was Hamburg founded ? — 124. What events took place in 1822 ? — 125. What in 1824? — 126. In what year did the legislature pass resolutions against the protective system of the United States, as unconstitu- tional ? — 127. What followed in 1830? — 128. What in 1833? — 129. When was the State Agricultural Society established ? 28. 130. Into how many districts is South Carolina divided ? — 131. Which of these is divided into two others, and for what purpose 1 — 132. Name the parishes which Colleton contains, — 133. Name those contained by Beaufort. — 134. Those of Georgetown. — 135. Those of Orangeburg. — 136. Those of Sumter. {See Appendix^p. 173.^ 29. 137. What is the number of parishes? — 138. How many Congressional districts are there 1 — 139. Name them. — 140. Give the result of the new apportionment by the late act of Congress, ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 30. 141. How is Abbeville Districtbounded? (See Appen., p. 173) — 142. What is the soil generally ? — 143. Give the length and breadth of the district. — 144. State the number of square acres which it contains. — 145, Repeat what is said of its climate. — 146. What are its principal market productions? 31 . 147. What is said of its water courses ? — 148. What navigable rivers flow through the district ? — 149. What was its population in 1820, and in 1840 ? — 150. How many senators and representatives is it entitled to ? — 151. Which is the chief town and seat of justice ? QUESTION'S. 181 Fage Qxiestion 31. 152. Mention the-distance of this town from Charleston, and from Columbia. — 153. How many inhabitants does it contain ? — 154. What fortress and village iii this district was conspicuous in the war of the revolution "? — 155. Where did it stand ? 32. ]56. Repeat what is said of this fortress? — 157. By whom was the fort and surrounding country suddenly invaded 1 — 158. What did general Pickens do ? — 159. What took place at Cambridge? — 160. When was the first settlement in Abbeville made? — 161. From whom is the settlement supposed to have received its name ? — 162. What religious sect is the most numerous in this district ? 33. 163. What Seminary is in x\bbeville district? — 164< Name the eminent men who were natives of Abbeville. BARiNWELL DISTRICT, 34. 165. How is Barnwell District bounded ? — 166. State its length and breadth, and numberof square acres. — 167. Repeat what is said of its soil. — 168. What are its productions ? — 169. How is the face of the country"? — 170. By what riv-ers is this district watered? 35. 171. By what smaller streams? — 172. VVhat is said of the climate ? — 173. What places of summer resort are famous? — 174. What is the population of this district by the last census ? — 175. What is said of the increase of its population? — 176. How many senators and representatives is it entitled to ? 36. 177. Name the chief towns in this district. — 178. Where is Barnwell village situated? — 179, Repeat what is said of Aiken. — 180. Repeat what is said of Blackville. — 181. What was Barnwell district during the revolutionary war? 37. 182. Which were the most important settlements at that time ? • — 183. What tribe of Indians occupied the neighborhood ? — 184. What is said of Silver Bluff? BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 38. 1H5. Where is Beaufort District situated? — 186. How is it bounded? — 187, Name its length, breadth, and number of square acres. « — 188« What four parishes does this district comprise ? 13* 182 QUESTIONS. Page Question 38. 189. How is the soil ? — 190. What are the numerous islands famous for ? — 191. Name some of the most remarkable of these upon the sea- coast. — 192. Name some between these and the main. 39. 193. Name the principal navigable water courses. — 194. What is said of the Broad? •^ 195. How is the face of this district? — 196. What is said of the climate ? — 197. What has the town of Beaufort always been remarkable for? 40. 198. Name the productions of the district. ~ 199. Why is Beaufort district remarkable in the history of the state ? — 200. What colonies settled here in 17521 — 201. What became of them? -^ 202. Where did the English make settlements in 1760 ? — 203. Where, and by whom, was a settlement attempted in 1762? — 204. VV hat became of this colony ? — 205. When was a permanent settlement made? — 206. What is the population of this district? — 207. To how many senators and representatives is it entitled? — 208. Which is the principal town in the district? ~ 209. Where is this town situated ? 41. 210. What is its population? — 21 1. Which is now, and which was formerly the district town 1 — 212. What settlement was made by a Swiss colony in 1732 ? — 213. Where is Robertville ? -~ 214. Where is Pocotaligo ? -r- 215. What took place here in 1715? — 216. What British fort here was captured by the Americans? 42. 217. What eminent men were natives of this district. CHARLESTON DISTRICT, 43. 218. How is Charleston District bounded? — . 219. What is said of its size ? — 220. State its dimensions. — 221. Name the most important islands in this district ? — 222. Name the principal rivers. — 223. By what is the bay and harbor of Charleston formed? — 224. How far are the Cooper and Ashley rivers navigable ? — 225. Repeat what is said of the Santee river. 44. 226. Name the inlets and bays. — 227. What cape is in this district? — 228, In what parish is Copahee sound situated ? — 229. What is said of the soil of this district? — 230. What are its chief productions? QUESTIONS. 183 Page Question 4-3. 231. How is the climate of Charleston district? 46. 232. Give the number and names of the parishes into which this district is divided. (See Appendix, page 174. j — 233, What is the poijulation of this district 'J — 234. Which is the chief city ? — 235. What is said of the Neck? — 236. Where is Moultrieville ? 47. 237. By whom was Pinevilie originally settled ? — 238. What is said of Charleston city and its environs ? 48. 239. By whom was the city besieged'? — 240. Mention the places in this district famous for bloody battles. — 241. Name those conspicuous in its history, — 2 42. What is its military strength 1 — 243. To how many senators and representatives is this district entitled? (See Appendix, page 174.) CITY OF CHARLESTON. 49. 244. By whom was it invaded in its infancy ? — 24.5. What is said of the situation of the city of Charleston? 50. 246. How wide is the inner harbor at its mouth? — 247. By what fortresses is the harbor guarded ? — 248. What is the extent of the outer harbor? — 249. How many channels for entrance to the harbor are there ? ' — 250. Describe these channels. 51. 251. State the latitude and longitude of Charleston. — 252. Give the aggregate population of Charleston City and Neck. — 253. In what year was Charleston first settled? 52. 254. When was it incorporated ? — 255. What is said of the public buildings ? 53. 256. How many banks are there in Charleston ? ~- 357, Give the amount of their united capitals. 54. 2.58. What is said of the charitable institutions in the city? 56. 259. In what year was ship building commenced in Charleston? CHESTER DISTRICT. 58. 260. How is Chester District bounded? — 261. State its average length and breadth, and number of square acres. - — 262. Name the rivers. — 263. Name the smaller streams which are not navigable. -^ 264. What great natural curiosity is mentioned ? 59. 265. When was this district first settled, and from what does it take its name? •-" ^QQ. Give the population by the last census. 184 QUESTIONS. Page Question 59. 2(37. Which is the district town, and where situated? 60. 268. What mihtary events took place in Chester during the revolution ? CHESTERFIELD DISTRICT. 61. 269. By whom was this district settled? — 270. How is it bounded 1 — 271. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 272. Which of the streams is navigable, and how far? — 273. Name those not navigable. 62. 274. Give the population of the district. — 275. Which is the seat of justice, and where does it lie 1 — 276. Which is the chief town, and where situated'? — 277. What is the population of these two villages? COLLETON DISTRICT. How is this district bounded ? Give its average length and breadth, and number of square acres. Into what three parishes is it divided? Name the most important rivers in the district. Name its islands. Give the population of the district. In honor of whom was the district named ? How is its chief town situated ? How did the people of Willtown distinguish themselves in 1739 ? What town in this district was desolated by the Indians in 1715? What eminent men are mentioned ? What battles were fought in this district? DARLINGTON DISTRICT. 69. 290. By whom was this district settled ? — 291. From whom was its name probably derived ? — 292. By what river is it separated from Marlborough district? — 293. How is it separated from Sumter and Chesterfield 1 — 294. How bounded on the south-east ? — 295, Give the size of this district. 70. 296. Name the principal rivers. — ' 297. Give the population of this district. 71. 298. Which is ike seat of justice, and where situated? 63. 278. — 279. ^_ 280. 64. 281. — 282. 66. 283. — 284. — 285. 67. 286. — 287. ^^ 289. — 289. QUESTIONS. 185 EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. Page truest! on 72. 299. By whom was this district chiefly settled ? — 300. From whence is its name supposed to have been derived ? — 301. How is it bounded? — 302. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 73. 303. Which is its chief navigable stream? — 304, Which is the next in importance? — 305. Name the principal market towns in this district. — 306. Give the population. 74. 307. Which are the chief towns? — 308. How IS Hamburg situated ? — 309. What is the population of Hamburg? — 310. What village in this district is distinguished for its stone ? 75. 31 1. By what tribe of Indians was Edgefield formerly possessed? — 312. Name the eminent men which this district has produced. FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 76. 313. By whom was this district first settled? — 314. How is it bounded ? — 315. Give its length, breadth, and number of square acres ? — 316. Name the chief rivers in this district. 77. 317. What other streams are mentioned? — 318. Name the tributaries of Broad river. — 319. What remarkable rock is in this district? {SeeApp.,p.\'7i.) 78. 320. What is the population of Fairfield ? — 321. Which is the seat of justice, and where situated? {See Appendix, page 175.^ 79. 322. To what tribe of Indians did this district formerly belong? 80. 323. — 324. 325. — 326. 81. 327. 82. 328. — 329. __ 330. — 331. 332. —^ 333. 83. 334. 335. .— 336. GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. Where is the district of Georgetown? How is it bounded? State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. Name the islands, inlets, and rivers. What is the population of this district? Which is the seat of justice for the district? How is it situated ? What is its population? Wliat is its distance from Charleston, and from Columbia ? For what is LaGrange noted ? What is said of Georgetown ? GREENVILLE DISTRICT. Who were the original possessors of this district? How is it bounded? Give its length, breadth, andnumber of square acres. 19 186 QUESTIONS. tage Question 84. 337. What is said of the rivers in this district ? — 338. Name the mountains within its limits. — 339. What is its population? 85. 340. Which is the seat of justice for the district? — 341. How is its population estimated? (See Appendix, p. 17 6.) — 342. How far is it from Charleston, and from Columbia? HORRY DISTRICT. 86. 343. By whom and when was this district principally settled ? — 344. From whom does it receive its name ? ^— ' 345. How is it bounded? — 346. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. ' — 347. Name the rivers in this district. 87. 348. What is its population? — 349. From what has its population suffered'? '— 350. Which is the seat of justice for the district? KERSHAW DISTRICT. 88. 351. By whom was the first settlement made in this district ? — 352. From whom does it take it its name ? — 353. How is it bounded? (See Appendix, page 175) — 354. State its length, breadth, and number ofsquare acres. 89. 355. Which of its rivers are navigable? — 356. Name the other important rivers. — ' 357. Where are its most important mineral springs ? — 358. What is said of a gold mine in this district ? — 359, Give the population. — 360. Which is the seat of justice ? ■ — 361. How is it situated / — ' 362. What military events took place in its neighborhood.' 90. 363. What is its population ? — 364. What monument is to be seen in Camden? LANCASTER DISTRICT. 91. 365. Who v^^ere the first settlers in this district, and where did they plant their colony ? — 366. How is Lancaster bounded 1 — 367. State its form, length, width, and number ofsquare acres. — 368. What is said of the face of this district, and of its soil ? — 369. What quarries here have been worked to advantage ? — 370. Name the river which bounds the district on its longest side. — 371. Name the creeks which may be rendered navigable. — 372. By what other streams is the district watered ? 92. 373. Mention the names of the islands in Catawba river. -r- 374. What is the length of Mountain island? •— 375. How are the Great Fails of the Catawba described ? — 376. What other objects of particular interest are in the district? QUESTIONS. 187 Page Question 92. 377. For what is Hanging Rocic distinguished ? 93. 378. What is said of the climate and health of this district ? — 379. What is the chief business of the people ? — 380. What is the staple production of the district? — ' 381. Give the population. — 382. What is said of the population for the last twenty yearsl — 383. Which is the seat of justice, and when was it laid out 1 — 384. What is its present population! — 38-5. Where is it situated ? 94. 386. What eminent man was born in this district 1 LAURENS DISTRICT. 95. 387. By whom, and when was this district settled? — 388. In honor of whom was it named? — 389. How is it bounded? — 390. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 391. What is said of its soil ? — 392. What is its principal market production ? — 393. Name the rivers and the smaller streams. 96. 394. Give the population. — 395. Which is the seat of justice, and how situated? — 396. What is its population? 97. 397. What is said of education in this district ? — 398. Which is the most numerous religious sect ? LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 98. 399. Where were the first settlers of this district from 7 — 400. What was the original name of this district ? — 401. As a tribute to whom, was its present name given ? — 402. Where is Lexington district situated? — 403. How is it bounded? — 404. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 405. Where are its most valuable lands .'' — 406. What are its chief products ? — 407. Name the rivers which border or pass through this district. 99. 408. Name the creeks. — 409. Describe Ruff's mountain. 100. 410. Give the population of this district. — 411. What is the chief occupation of the people ? — 412. What is said of the manufactures? — 413. Repeat what is said of the climate. — 414. Which is the seat of justice for this district? — 415. Where is it situated ? — 416. State its population (See Appendix, page 175.) — 417. Repeat what is said of (iranl)y. — 418. Where is Piatt's Springs, and what is said of it ? — 419. What is the character of the Academy at this place? 101. 420. Which is the most numerous religious sect in the district? 188 QUESTIONS. MARION DISTRICT. Page Question 102. 421. By whom and when, was Marion District chiefly settled? — 422. In compliment to whom was its name conferred upon it 1 — 423. How is it bounded ? — 424, State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 42-3. How is the face of this district? — 426. Which rivers are navigable. 103. 427. State the population of this district. ■ — 428. What increase does this show, for ten years 1 — 429. Repeat what is said of the climate and health of this district. — 430. Which is the district town, and where situated? — 431, What is its population ? — 432. What is the chief or only occupation of the people ? — 433. Which is the most numerous religions sect ? — 434. Repeat what is said of revolutionary conflicts in Marion. MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 104. 435. By whom was Marlborough District first settled ? — 433. When was it erected into an independent judicial district? — 437. How is it bounded ? (See Appendix, page 175.J — 438. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 439. How is the face of this district, and the soil ? — 440. Which is the principal river, and how far is it navigable 1 105.441. What river passes through the south-east corner of this district ? — 442. Name the streams next in importance. — 443. Repeat what is said of the chmate and health of Marl- borough. — 444. State the population. 106. 445. What is the chief market product ? — 446. Which is the market town ? — 447. Which the seat of justice, and where situated? — 448. Which was formerly the district town, and what is said of it? — 449. What distinguished men did this district furnish during the revolution ? NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 108.450. By whom, and when was the settlement of Newberry District first commenced ? — 451. How is Newberry bounded? — 452. State its average extent and number of square acres. — 453. What minerals are found in this district? 109. 454. Repeat what is said of its soil. — 455. What are the chief productions? — 456. Name the two navigable rivers which bound 02 posite sides of this district. QUESTIONS. 189 Pnje Question 109. 457. Name the two rivers next in importance. — 458. What is said of them ? — 459. Name the other principal water courses. 110. 460. State the population of the district. — 461. What is the chief empoyment of the people? — 462. How is the climate? — 463. Which is the most numerous religious sect ? — 464. Which is the district town, and where is it situated 1 111.465. How far is it from Columbia and from Charleston ? — 466. Repeat what is said of one of the curiosities of this di^strict. ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 112. 467. In what year did this district receive its first white settlersi — 468. By whom was it occupied in 1735, and by whom was this name conferred upon it? — 469. How is it bounded ? — 470. What is its extent from south-east to north-west ? — 471. What from south-west to north-east ? — 472. What is said of the face of the country ? — 473. What of its health and climate ? 113 474. How are the navigable waters of this district? — 475. Which rivers are navigated by steamboats ? — 476. Which by small boats and lumber rafts ? — 477. What is said of Four Hole Swamp ? — 478. Name the other water courses. 114. 479. Give the population of the district. — 480. Into what parishes is it divided? — 481. What is the chief employment of the people ? — 482. Name the productions of the district, and the market. — 483. Which is the seat of justice, and where is it situated ? — 484. What is said of its vicissitudes during the revolution ? 115. 485. Where is Totuess, and what is said of it? — 486. For what interesting event is Fort Motte famous ? — 487. Which is the most numerous religious sect? — 488. What eminent character, of this district, was conspicuous in the battle of Sullivan's Island 1 PENDLETON DISTRICT. 1 16. 489. What is said of the first settlement of Pendleton District ? — 490. When was it erected into an indeiiendent judicial district ? — 491. In compliment to whom did it receive its name? — 492. How is this district bounded ? — 493. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 494. How is the face of the country ? — 495. What is said of its soil ? 117. 496. Name the rivers. 497. Give the names of the smaller streams. — 498. What is said of the mountains of Pendleton? 20 190 QUESTIONS. Page Question 117. 499. Name the minerals. — 500. Describe Table Rock. 118. 501. Wiiat is said of the view from the summit of this elevation? — 502. Name the principal objects to be seen from it. — 503. Which is the highest mountain in South Carolina ? — 504. What is its height above the ocean ? — 505. For what is the Jocassee Valley celebrated ? 119.506. Give the population of Pendleton district? — 507. How is this district divided, and for what ? — 508. Give the population of Pickens and of Anderson. — 509. In what parts of the district are Pickens and Anderson? — 510- Name the seat ofjusticefor the judicial district of Pickens ? — .511. Where does it lie ? — 512. How far from Columbia, and from Charleston ? — 513. Which is the seat of justice for the district of Anderson ? — 514. Where is it? — 515. How far from Columbia, and from Charleston 1 — 516. Give the length, breadth, and number of square acres of Pickens. — 517. Of Anderson. — 518. Where is the ancient capital of the district ? 120. 519. Repeat what is said of the scenery in its neigborhood. — 520. Which is the most numerous religious sect in this district? — 521. What is the chief occupation of the people ? — 522. Which are the principal markets ? — 523. What distinguished men has this district given the state ? — 524. What tribe of Indians formerly occupied Pendleton? 121 .525. From whom did the Cherokees receive terrible defeats? — 526. Where did Fort Prince George stand? — 527, Where was a victory obtained over the Cherokees m 1761, and by whom? RICHLAND DISTRICT. 122. 528. When was the first settlements made in this district t — 529. In what year was peace made with the Cherokees? — 530. How is Richland District bounded ? — 531. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 532. What is said of the face of the country, and of the soil T 123. 533. How is the climate ? — 534. What navigable streams bound the district ? — 535. How are the great falls of the Congaree avoided? — 536. Name the principal of the smaller streams. 124. 537, State the population and ils increase in ten years,. — 538. What is the chief employment of the people ? 125.539. Which is the principal town in tiiis district? — 540. Where does it lie, and how situated ? — 541. In what year was it incorporated? — 542. What College is located in Columbia? — 543. What appropriations are made for its support ? QUESTIONS. 191 Page Question 1-25. 544. What is its present number of students? 126. 545. State the number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum ? — 546. What Seminary has been planted in Columbia? — 547. How is the town supplied with good spring water ? 127. 548. Repeat what is said of the eminent men of Richland. — 549. For what is Faust's Ford famous 1 SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 128. 550. When was the settlement of this district first begun 7 — 551 How is the face of the country, and the climate 1 — 552. How is Spartanburg bounded 1 — 553. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 554. Repeat what is said of its soil, 129. 555. Name the rivers, and the smaller streams. — 556. What is said of the quarries in this district 7 130. 557. What ore is found in abundance 1 — 558. What is said of it, and of the iron works in the district 7 — 559. Slate the population, and its increase in ten years. 131. 560. Give the district town, and its distance from Columbia and from Charleston. — 561. What battle fields in this district are mentioned 7 — 562. How were the Americans apprised of the approach of the enemy, in the affair at the latter place 7 SUMTER DISTRICT. 132. 563. In what year was Sumter first permanently settled, and by whom ? — 564. In honor of whom was it named 7 — 565, How is it bounded 7 — 566. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 567. How is the face of the country, and the soil.? — 568. What are the productions.? 133. 569. Which rivers are navigable, and which may be made so? — 570. What other streams water this district.? — 571. Name the lakes. — 572. Repeat what is said of the High Hills of Santee. 134,573. Into how many counties is Sumter District divided 7 — 574. State its population. — 575. Which is the seat of justice, and where situated? 135. 576. What is said of Fort' Watson 7 — 577. What eminent men has Sumpter produced 7 UNION DISTRICT. 136.578. When, and by whom was this district first settled 7 — 579. Wliat contributed greatly to increase its population 7 — 580, How is it bounded 7 — 581. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 192 QUESTIONS. Page Question ]37. 582. Repeat wkat is said of Broad river. — 583. What is said of the Tyger and Enoree? — 584. Name the other principal streams, and the inferior ones, 138. 585. Give the population of the district. — 586. Which is the district town, and how situated ? — 587. Of what spirited events in the revolution was this district the scene? WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT. 140. 588. In what year, and by whom, was this district settled? — 589. In compliment to whom was the district named.' — 590. How IS it bounded .'' — 591. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 592. What is its chief market production 1 — 593. What is to be seen along the edge of Santee swamp 1 141.594. Name the rivers. — 595. Which are navigable their whole length in the district? — 595. What is said of the Black Mingo ? — 597. State the population of this district. — 593. Name the district town, and from what its name is derived. 152. 599. What distinguished men of the revolution has this district given birth to 1 — 600. Repeat what is here said of Marion and of his operations. YORK DISTRICT. 143. 601. In what year, and by whom, was York district first settled ? — 602. How is it bounded 1 — 603. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. — 604. How is the soil, and the face of the country? 144. 605. What is said of the Broad and the Catawba rivers.^ — 606. Stale the population of this district .' — 607. Which is the most numerous religious sect 1 145. 608. Which is the seat of justice, and how does it stand ? — '609. Where was the chief village of the Catawba Indians 1 — 610. What is said of King's Mountain 1 — 611. Who defeated the British at this place 1 146. 612. How many of the British were slain 1 — 613. What is the height of the highest peak of King's Mountain.' ■— 614. Who are named of the eminent men of York District 1 THE END. V^B^"^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 418 459 2