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Conservation Resources 
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 Copy 1 
 
 The University of the State of New York 
 
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 "™'~ The State Department of Education 
 
 Visual Instruction Division 
 
 Reprinted from the twelfth annual report of the 
 State Department of Education 
 
 SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 List II 
 
 (Revised and enlarged, 1916) 
 
 THE BERMUDAS 
 
 The Bermudas are becoming essentially a tourists country. The 
 chief interest of the islands for the people of the North Atlantic 
 States lies in the fact that they have a salubrious climate and, while 
 well out in the ocean, are still near enough to offer a ghort and 
 inexpensive sea voyage. The following pictures are of interest to 
 those who have visited these islands or who contemplate doing so, 
 and also to all those who desire to understand the peculiar con- 
 ditions and life found on this remarkable group of coral islands 
 belonging to Great Britain and situated off the North Atlantic coast 
 of America south of the Gulf stream. 
 
 For school classes in elementary geography several of the illus- 
 trations are useful as showing vegetation characteristic of sub- 
 tropical countries, a peculiar type of buildings and some unusual 
 customs. 
 
 The islands are connected with the early history of the Virginia 
 colony. During the Civil War in the United States, they were 
 used as a harbor for blockade runners. They now constitute a 
 naval base and coaling station for the British empire. 
 
 Commercially, the Bermudas are not important. They have been 
 rather generally known for their potatoes, onions and Easter lilies. 
 The development of new areas of cultivation of early potatoes and 
 onions in the United States and of lily bulbs in Japan has affected 
 trade between the United States and the Bermudas. 
 
 Thirteen additional views are included in this revised list, ampli- 
 fying the points previously illustrated and introducing some new 
 features. 
 
 A. W. Abrams 
 Chief, Visual Instruction Division 
 
 Albany, N. Y., February 12, ipi6 
 
 V43r-Api6-20oo 
 

 Bibliography: 
 
 Books 
 Bushell, John J. Handbook — All about Bermuda. Hamilton, Bermuda. 
 
 191 1 
 Hayward, Walter Brownell. Bermuda Past alid Present. Dodd, Mead & 
 
 Co. 1911 
 Ober, Frederick A. A Guide to the West Indies and Bermudas. Dodd, 
 Mead & Co. 191 1 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Bookman, April 1909, p. 180-85. " Tom " Moore's " Nea," by Ella Darrell 
 Kay 
 
 Harpers Magazine, December 191 1, p. 16-17. A Bermudan Sojourn, by 
 
 W. D. Howells 
 Outlook, April 15, 191 1, p. 812-15. Impressions of a Careless Traveler, 
 
 Bermuda, by Lyman Abbott 
 
 World's Work, September 1906, p. 7939-50. England's " Half-way House " 
 to Panama, by Charles T. Whitefield 
 
 \ o^ D. 
 JUL 10 1915 
 
 ^/^ 
 
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 1 
 
 LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 Means of reaching the Bermudas 
 
 Most of the pictures of this list were made in July. The sail 
 from New York to Hamilton requires about two days. The steamer 
 usually lies over at the islands three days. In this time by constant 
 traveling one can obtain a good general idea of the islands, but 
 can not see all their attractions. 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fv Ab Sailing on a Quiet Sea, View from Rail of Steamer Bermudian. 
 On the Atlantic. (July 191 1) 
 
 Sometimes the entire trip is made with no more motion of the 
 water than shown here. Contemplate sailing hour after hour on 
 such placid water bounded only by the distant horizon. During 
 the voyage the Gulf stream with its deep blue water is crossed. 
 Flying fish are seen frequently darting out from the water at the 
 side of the ship. 
 
 Fv Ab2 A " High Sea " on the Trip from New York to the Bermudas. 
 (February 1914) 
 
 Sometimes the ocean is very rough and the ship rolls and plunges. 
 Here one end of the vessel has sunk far down into the trough of 
 the waves and the other stands high apparently throwing the horizon 
 line much out of its normal position. 
 
 Fve Be7 Promenade Deck of Steamer Bermudian Bound for the Bermudas. 
 On the Atlantic. (July 191 1) 
 
 Sometimes the passengers sit on the deck in this manner rest- 
 fully enjoying the bracing air and extended sea view; at other times 
 games of various kinds are played. 
 
 Fve Tc2 Steamer Tagus in Grassy Bay, froni Deck of Steamer Bermudian. 
 (July 191 1 ) 
 
 This vessel is lying at anchor in the outer bay of Hamilton 
 harbor. Its draught is too great to allow it to enter the narrow 
 channel leading into the inner harbor. Passengers must be landed 
 by a lighter. 
 
 Ew HB5 Steamer Bermudian at the Dock, City in the Background. Hamil- 
 ton. (July 191 I ) , 
 
 The Bermudian is the only vessel that docks at Hamilton. Hamil- 
 ton is the seat of government of the islands. The various points of 
 interest are most conveniently reached from here. The cathedral 
 rises above the surrounding buildings. 
 
General topography of the islands and harbor views 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ew 3 Map of the Bermudas with Insert Showing Position in Relation to 
 
 the American Coast. Prepared by the Visual Instruction Division. 
 
 (1911) 
 
 Note the many islands — 100 or more, not 365 as often stated — 
 
 the principal roads, the steamer route, etc. The general shape of 
 
 the group is that of a fish hook. Their united area is 20 square 
 
 miles. The islands are 700 miles from New York. 
 
 Ew A2 Northeast Shore of St George Island, First Land Passed on 
 Approaching the Bermudas, as Seen from Port Side of Steamer Look- 
 ing Aft. (July 191 1 ) 
 
 There are dangerous shoals north of the islands. These protect 
 the islands from attack and help make the Bermudas a naval station. 
 Vessels from New York approach the islands by a circuitous course, 
 sailing east and south of the most northern point of the islands 
 before reaching the main ship channel along the coast. Observe the 
 general appearance of the land and the white or gray buildings, 
 some of which are fortifications. 
 
 Ew A3 Panorama Northeast from Sugar Loaf Hill over St George Island; 
 
 Rose Hill, the Highest Point on Horizon ; Part of Mullet Bay at Right. 
 
 (July 191 I) 
 
 Most of the islands are small. Even the largest are narrow and 
 
 much indented by bays and inlets. The white roadway along Mullet 
 
 bay, the dazzlingly white houses and the dark foliage of the cedar 
 
 trees are characteristic features of the islands. The color of the 
 
 water surrounding the islands varies greatly and defies description. 
 
 It is very striking and often beautiful. For colors see Hayward, 
 
 p. 108. 
 
 Ew A4 Ireland Island, Navy Yard and Dry Dock, Grassy Bay, from Out- 
 going Steamer Bermudian. (July 191 1) 
 
 This view should be studied in connection with the map. The 
 western end of this " hook " of islands appears from Hamilton 
 harbor as a mere fringe of land. The portion shown in the picture 
 is almost completely occupied by the navy yard and barracks. 
 
 Ew A5 View Looking West from Deck of Steamer Berm'udian Passing Out 
 through Two-rock Channel; Great Sound and Sandys Parish in Dis- 
 tance. (July 191 1 ) 
 For position of the two-rock channel, see the map. The channel 
 is only 20 feet deep and is very narrow. 
 
 Ew HB3 Sunset on Hamilton Harbor. (February 1914) 
 
Call no. 
 
 Ew HA Hamilton Harbor Looking West; American Flag at Point Pleas- 
 ant Hotel to Welcome Steamer from New York. (July 191 1) 
 
 This view is seen from the dock. Account for the display of 
 the flag on arrival of steamer. 
 
 Ew A6 Panorama Nearly East from Gibbs Hill Lighthouse. (July 191 1) 
 
 Gibbs hill is in Southampton parish. See map. In this view the 
 inner Hamilton harbor can be seen in the distance on the left. 
 A little of the ocean appears on the opposite side indistinctly through 
 the notch on the horizon. The narrowness of the island is thus 
 shown. Note the hilly character of the surface, the cedar woods 
 and the scattered houses. 
 
 Ew A62 Panorama North from Gibbs Hill Lighthouse, Showing Ireland 
 Island, Spanish Point, Many Small Islands, Great Sound and Stag 
 Channel. (July 191 1) 
 This view is toward Grassy bay. Ireland island is in the distance 
 
 on the left. Note especially the numerous small islands. 
 
 Ew A65 Hamilton and the Shore of Main Island as Seen from Warwick 
 Parish across the Harbor. (May 1915) 
 
 Ew B7 Two Mile Causeway across Castle Harbor Leading to St George 
 Island. (July 191 1) 
 
 One can travel by carriage from island to island all the way from 
 St George to the nevy yard. Most of the bridges are short. This 
 causeway, built in 1871 and reconstructed in 1899, is two miles 
 long. It connects Main with St George island, which lies in the 
 distance. 
 
 Coral formations 
 Ew Y8 Coral Rocks and Surf on South Shore. Warwick parish. (July 
 1911) 
 
 These rocks are of coral formation and plainly show the effects 
 of wave action. Often a heavy sea breaks upon this shore. Not 
 all of the south shore is like the picture. Along much of it there 
 are sand hills. Barrier reefs lie close to the shore. Because of this 
 fact and the absence of good harbors on this side of the islands, 
 few vessels are seen off this coast. 
 
 Ew Y82 Cathedral, or Temple, Rock. Sandys parish. (About 1904) 
 
 For location, see map. The rock is of coral formation carved 
 out by ocean waves. 
 
 Ew Y84 Five Atolls along the South Shore, near Elba Beach. Warwick 
 parish. (May 1915) 
 
 Find out how the coral rings are formed. 
 
 See also coral blocks and quarries, Ew Y48, Ew Y5 and Ew 
 Y54, p. 10. 
 
Public roads 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ew C3 A Typical Road; Fine Road Bed Bounded by Stone Wall, Trees, 
 Shrubs and Vines. Paget parish. (July 191 1) 
 
 There are no railroads or trolley cars on the islands and auto- 
 mobiles are not allowed. But there are excellent roads like this one 
 throughout the . islands. They are made of coral rock and are 
 smooth, hard and very white. This view is entirely typical. Note 
 oleanders in blossom. In meeting a vehicle the driver turns to left, 
 as in England. 
 
 Ew C4 Up-and-down-hill Road around the Head of Ely Harbor; Stone 
 Walls ; White Houses. Sandys parish. (July 1914) 
 
 The roads are not only narrow, but pass up and down the many 
 small hills winding in and out affording many pleasing views. The 
 road here skirts Ely harbor. See map. 
 
 Ew C5 A Beautiful Road through Cedar Woods (Juniperus bermudiana). 
 Near Hamilton. (1911) 
 
 Further example of good roads. But note especially the trees. 
 Cedar trees grow all over the islands. This view is seen in going 
 from Hamilton to Prospect barracks. 
 
 Ew C6 Road Cut through Coral Rock of Government Hill. Pembroke 
 parish. (February 1914) 
 
 Kyber pass is another cut similar to this but still larger. 
 
 Trees, streets and residences 
 
 Ew HA2 Panorama of City and Harbor of Hamilton from Fort Hamilton. 
 (July 191 1) 
 
 The population of Hamilton is about 2500. Hence, though the 
 largest town on the islands, it is not larger than a fair sized New 
 York village. The harbor is on the south. The building near the 
 right margin is the cathedral. The high building at the left of the 
 cathedral is the city government building. Note the oleanders and 
 the white houses. The snowy whiteness of the houses is due to 
 frequent whitewashing. Gibbs hill is on the horizon at left, distant 
 four miles. The settlement across the harbor is Salt Kettle. Note 
 also the islands. 
 
 Ew SA Panorama of St George and Its Harbor. (February 1914) 
 
 St George was the capital of Bermuda until 181 5. Why was 
 the capital transferred to Hamilton? The present population is 
 about 1000. Should the channel leading into the harbor be enlarged, 
 it would tend to restore the town to its former prominence. 
 
Call no. 
 
 Ew SC Public Square; Pride of India, or China, Trees (Melia asedarach). 
 
 St George. (July 191 1) 
 Ew SC3 A Narrow Street; a Typical House Showing Gutter on Roof; 
 
 Pickaninnies. St George. (1911) 
 
 The streets of St George are narrow and irregular. Many of 
 them are very picturesque. The picture is an excellent illustration 
 of the common type of dwelling house; built of native coral rock, 
 gray white in color, outside chimneys, roof provided with gutter for 
 carrying water to the cistern. Nearly all the houses of the island 
 appear neat and clean. Nothing in external appearance suggests 
 whether a house is occupied by a white or a black family. 
 
 Ew 1SC4 Street Scene; Wall around House and Yard. St George. (May 
 1915) 
 
 Such walls are common in Bermuda. 
 
 Note the shadows under the window blind and the cart. What 
 do these tell about the latitude of the Bermudas? At what time 
 of the year was the picture made? 
 
 Ew SC5 lA Narrow Street, Bordered by Walls and Trees. St George. 
 
 (May 191S) 
 Ew X4 A Fine Country Residence. Paget parish. (July 191 1) 
 
 Across the harbor from Hamilton; a modern house, more pre- 
 tentious than common, but built of the same material as others. 
 
 Ew HP Driveway and Terrace of the Person Estate; Norway Pines and 
 Palms. Hamilton. (May 191S) 
 
 J. C. Person, a wealthy Philadelphia manufacturer, spends a 
 large part of each year here. 
 
 Ew X5 An Old House; Characteristic Vegetation. Paget parish. (Aibout 
 1904) 
 
 Compare house with Ew SC3, above. Palms (palmettos) are 
 found here and there in the islands. Note also the small screw 
 palms. 
 
 Churches, school and hospital 
 
 Ew HF Episcopal Cathedral. Hamilton. (July 191 1) 
 
 Begun in 1885 ; still uncompleted. It is of the Church of England. 
 State, naval or military services are held here from time to time. 
 
 Ew SF St Peter's Church. St George. (July 191 1) 
 
 The oldest church on the islands ; on the site of a cedar church 
 built by Governor Moore in 161 2. About the middle of the eigh- 
 teenth century, a stone church replaced an earlier structure. In 
 1908 the building was thoroughly renovated. 
 
Call no. 
 
 Ew SdF St James's Church and Burying Ground. Sandys parish. (July 
 191 1) 
 
 Compare with St Peter's as to structure of nave and aisles. Each 
 church has a burying ground beside it. Graves are excavated very- 
 deep and several coffins are placed one upon the other. As a rule 
 these are cut into the coral rock underlying the thin layer of soil. 
 
 Ew DF Old Episcopal Church and Burying Ground. Devonshire parish. 
 (About 1903) 
 
 Quaint and primitive. Parts of it date from 1719. Most of 
 the churches on the island are Episcopal. Note screw palm and 
 cedars. 
 
 See also St Mary's Church Ew WF, p. 9. 
 
 Ew X7 A Rural Schoolhouse; Cistern for Water. Warwick parish. (July 
 191 1) 
 
 Educational system of the islands is not well developed. The 
 schools are private, some of them receiving government aid. 
 " Teachers are poorly trained and underpaid." Many of the schools 
 are conducted in rooms of buildings used in part for other purposes 
 also. There are separate schools for negro children. Note cistern 
 at left, flag pole at right and cedar trees in rear. Building very 
 plain in structure. 
 
 See note under Ew X8, p. 10 about the water supply of the islands. 
 
 Ew PH Cottage Hospital. Pembroke parish. (May 191S) 
 
 This is the only hospital on the islands. It was opened in 1893. 
 Small as it is, it has contributed much to the welfare of both resi- 
 dents and visitors. It is on the road from Hamilton to Prospect 
 barracks. 
 
 Note the white roofs on the right. 
 
 Characteristic vegetation 
 
 Ew iSD Corner of Public Gardens ; Fine Specimens of Date Palm (Phoenix 
 dactylifera). St George. (July 1911) 
 
 These gardens are small, but well kept and interesting. 
 
 Nm Ce6 Century Plant {Agava americana) in Blossom. (July 1911) 
 
 A common plant on the islands. This specimen was about 15 feet 
 high. 
 
 Nm Sp6 A Clump of Spanish Bayonets, or Yuccas {Yucca aloifolia), in 
 Blossom; Pickaninny in Foreground. (July 191 1) 
 
 To be seen all over the island. Leaves are stiff and very sharp. 
 
 Nm Sd8 Screw Pine in Fruit. Hamilton. (July 191 1) 
 
 The leaves are spirally arranged. Note the adventitious roots. 
 
Call no. 
 
 Nn Mc2 Mangroves (Rhisophora mangle). Walsingham. (July 191 1) 
 
 The mangrove, because of its habit of sending out aerial prop 
 roots, continually advances the shore line. It grows abundantly in 
 shallow water in several places about the islands. Locate Mangrove 
 bay. Mangrove lake is in Hamilton parish. 
 
 Nm Bc8 Banana Plants (Musa cavendishii) in Fruit. (July 191 1) 
 
 The fruit of the banana plant is small here and there are no 
 plantations of commercial importance, but nearly every land holder 
 has a patch. 
 
 Ew WF Rubber Tree (Ficus elastica) and Other Vegetation; St Mary's 
 Church; Burying Ground; Roadways. Warwick parish. (July 1911) 
 
 There are only a few rubber trees on the Bermudas. The one 
 partly shown in the picture on the left is one of the largest. The 
 walls along the roads and the burying ground are characteristic. 
 
 Ew Y2 Hibiscus Tree and Sago Palm at Corner of Porch Overlooking 
 Castle Harbor. (July 191 1) 
 These hibiscus blossoms are fully 6 inches across. They are 
 showy and readily attract the attention of the visitor. 
 
 Ew Y3 Hedge of Oleander (Nerium oleander) in Blossom; Country 
 Houses. (July 191 1) 
 
 The oleander is very common throughout the islands. It is 
 seen everywhere. It grows in clumps and in hedges. The road- 
 ways are often lined with it. The height to which it grows may 
 be judged by comparing the height of the boy. 
 
 Nm LiE6 Field of Easter Lilies in Blossom. (About 1904) 
 
 Many lilies are shipped each spring to New York and other 
 cities of the United States. The Bermudas are sometimes called 
 the " Land of the Lily and the Rose." 
 
 Products 
 
 The products of the Bermudas can hardly be spoken of as " com- 
 mercial," for they are very limited in volume and do not enter 
 largely into general trade. 
 
 Ew Y4 A Typical " Farm " ; Banana Plants in Foreground ; Cedar Woods. 
 (July 191 1 ) 
 A " farm " is very small, rarely containing more than 3 or 4 
 acres of tillable land. A succession of crops can be raised. The 
 leading crops, are onions, potatoes, lilies, celery and arrowroot. 
 The soil is rather thin, much of it brown or reddish in color. 
 
10 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ew Y42 An Onion Farm at Harvest Time. (May 1915) 
 
 Compared with onion raising in certain sections of New York, 
 the yield here shown is very Hght. The Bermuda onion now has 
 a rival in the Texas onion, which is sometimes sold under the former 
 name. 
 Ew Y43 A laborer Gatliering Potatoes; a Patch of Melons. (July 1911) 
 
 The second potato crop for the year is being gathered (July). 
 The potatoes are not very large. At the left watermelon vines are 
 shown. This laborer is a Portuguese. 
 
 Ew Y48 Sawing Blocks of Coral Rock at a Quarry. (February 1914) 
 
 The entire group of islands is made up of coral rock. Before 
 this rock has been exposed to the air it is quite soft and can be 
 readily sawed into blocks, but it becomes very hard after it has been 
 left for a time in the air. Nearly all the houses on the islands 
 are made of such blocks. Almost any hillside yields building 
 material. A man may buy a small plot of ground and cut out of it 
 sufficient coral rock to build his house. 
 
 Ew Y5 Sawed Blocks of Coral Rock Used for Building Houses. (July 
 1911) 
 When first sawed, the blocks are very white, but they soon become 
 darker with weathering. The houses generally look white and 
 clean because they are frequently whitewashed. 
 
 Ew Y54 Coral Rock Quarry. Hamilton. (July 191 1) 
 
 Coral rock has no cleavage. The vertical lines indicate places 
 where the saw has cut the rock. 
 
 Manners and customs of the people 
 
 Ew HC3 Corner of Front and Queen Streets; a Native Truck Cart, 
 Building Blocks of Coral. Hamilton. (July 191 1) 
 A common type of dray. 
 
 Ew HC4 Barna'by, or Step, Street ; Negroes with Donkey and Cart. Hamil- 
 ton. (May 191S) 
 Imagine the glare of light that comes from such a white, unshaded 
 street. 
 
 Ew X8 Large Cement Catch Basin ("rain catch") on Side of Hill for 
 Collecting Rain Water; Church. (July 191 1) 
 There are no springs or wells. People depend altogether upon 
 rain water, which is gathered from nearly every roof and run into 
 a cistern. Catch- basins like this one are often constructed to give 
 added surface for gathering water. 
 
II 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ew X2 Cricket, the Bermudian Game, in Progress on Shore of Ireland 
 Island. (July 191 1) 
 
 Cricket is played at all the barracks and wherever men of any- 
 leisure assemble. It is the English national game. See Fo SX2, 
 page 10 of Australia list. 
 
 Ew HB2 Yachting in Hamilton Harbor, View Looking West. (July 191 1) 
 Yachting is a common sport. 
 
 Ew HB6 Passengers Boarding Steamer Bermudian for Departure; Negro 
 Boys Diving for Coins. Hamilton. (July 191 1) 
 The boys are expert divers. This diving for coins is a practice 
 somewhat common in warm waters. 
 
 Ew HB7 People on Dock Having Bidden Adieu to Departing Passengers 
 of the Bermudian. Hamilton. (July 1911) 
 
 This is the only steamer that lands passengers directly at the 
 Hamilton dock. Its arrival or departure is a matter of much 
 interest to those in the city. 
 
 Points of historic or literary interest 
 
 Ew SE Sir George Somers TaWet, Wall Covered with English Ivy. 
 St George. (July 191 1) 
 
 This tablet is in the Public gardens. See reference books for 
 the interesting early history of the islands. 
 
 Ew HM Tom Moore, or Walsingham, House; a Cove of Castle Harbor. 
 Hamilton parish. (July 191 1) 
 
 See reference books, especially Hayward, Chapter IX on Literary* 
 Associations. Thomas Moore arrived in Bermuda in January 1804 
 and remained only until the April following, but he is called " the 
 true poet of Bermuda." He lived in St George, but spent much 
 time at the Walsingham house. The famous calabash tree still 
 stands a few rods to the left of this house. 
 
 Ew SG St George Military Barracks. Near St George. (July 1911) 
 Ew A8 View of Watford Island Looking Northeast; Boaz Island with 
 Military Barracks beyond Dividing Channel between Islands on Right, 
 Sea on Left. 
 
 The islands of this western part of the group are very small. 
 Practically the entire width of Boaz island is -shown. 
 
 Ew IB Dry Dock and Breakwater off Ireland Island; Grassy Bay and Pem- 
 broke Shore in Distance. (July 191 1) 
 
 Consider the Bermudas as a naval base for Great Britain. 
 
 Ew IBi Battle Ship " H. M. S. Dominion " in Dry Dock. Ireland island. 
 
 (About 1906) 
 Ae M Merchant Flag of Great Britain. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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