.9 p *' '+* ** « ;. "^o* •. «5=* » ^ A^»/ ^°* v. ^ .."-'. >*- • •••• d ^ V** -.0* ^L . *??rf» *.A ■ <^. ?..' ..6* »W^L* V &« .^SW. "o w* .wai*. -v .^ .'^arC. W ^\ '-ifStsfc A , \lfe : ^ °* •'SHI . ^ *W %~* /\> ill' /\ \fjgt' j>% lf|p /C • Mary Olmstead Stanton PHYSIOGNOMY. A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TREATISE. BEING A MANUAL, OF INSTRUCTION IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY AND ORGANISM, CONSICEEED CHEMICALLY, ARCHITECTURALLY, AND MATHEMATICALLY ; Embracing the Discoueries of Located Traits, with their Relative Organs and Signs of Character, together with the Three Grand Natural Diuisions of the Human Face. BY MARY OLMSTEAD STANTON. PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. SAN FRANCISCO: ■SAN FRANCISCO NEWS COMPANY, 413 AND 415 WASHINGTON STEEET. 1881. .S11 Copyright 1879. Argonaut print. D. Hicks & Co., Bookbinders. AEISTOTLE. J. BAPTISTA POKTA. JOHN CASPAR LAVATEE. DE. J. SIMMS. FOUB OF THE MOST NOTED PHYSIOGNOMISTS OF ANCIENT AND MODERN TIMES. TO EENST HAECKEL, PROFESSOR I!V THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED WITH THE ADMIRATION AND VENE- RATION OF THE AUTHOE. PREFACE. To the Eeader: In sending forth this little work to the public, 1 am im- pelled thereto by my desire to benefit the masses of mankind in a manner which I believe they very much need. Man's knowledge of himself seems not to have kept pace with the knowledge of his surroundings. It is time, therefore, that there should be an accordance of intelligence between the two, in order that, through Man's comprehension of his powers and possibilities, he may by scientific methods assist in improving his own life, and in perpetuating a race which shall be an improvemeDt on the present one. This can come only through a knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Physi- ognomy, and Hygienic Law, practically applied. I have endeavored to put this science in as plain and simple lan- guage as possible, so that the non-scientific reader should not be confused by terms whose meanings might be ambig- uous. The method of classification used in this system of science is in accord with that observed by all naturalists in their classifications of the lower animals, and is based on the forms of the human organism which are produced by the intermingling of the Yegetative, Thoracic, Muscular, Osse- ous, and Brain and Nerve systems. These are treated in the order of evolution — from the first evolved to the latest acquired, the true and perfected cerebral system. " Scientific Physiognomy" gives the most comprehensive theory of the Mind of any work hitherto presented to the D PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. world. It takes the position that mind inheres in the entire organism, and that the brain is only one source of the mind. This view is supported by Herbert Spencer, George H. Lewes, Ernst Haeckel, Dr. Maudsley, Dr. J. Lauder Lind- say, and all of the most advanced students of Mind and Physiology. In this system this theory has been elaborated and carried to its ultimate by proofs which I believe to be incontrovertible. I would like to give many illustrations of animal life, but the limits of this work forbid. If this sys- tem of Physiognomy find a welcome in the minds of the people, I shall be encouraged to give to the world a volume of more extended research. My hearty thanks are due to the engraver, Mr. Durbin Yan Vleck, for his artistic and intelligent treatment of the wood-cuts in this volume. The faculties of Secretiveness, Force, and Resistance were inadvertently enumerated on page 26 among those of the Vegetative division. Their proper place is in the Architect- ural division. Earnest and religious regard for the welfare of humanity has impelled the writing of these ideas. With the hope that they may lead to a correct knowledge of Man, and that this knowledge may conduce to his welfare, physically, morally, intellectually, and religiously, I am, sincerely, your friend, The Author. PHYSIOGNOMY INTRODUCTION. If the most learned man of the twelfth century were to return to earth and become cognizant of our advance in the sciences and industrial arts, he would doubtless believe, at first, that he was in the midst of works of magic more won- derful and powerful by far than the mysterious and occult operations of the Magi of his own age. He would note the use of natural forces turned to the economies of life by in- genious and complicated machinery; he would be shown the wonders of steam navigation, of the art of printing, of elec- tricity in its numerous developments and uses, of the tele graph and the telephone, together with the telescopic and microscopic discoveries which astonish even this progressed age; the knowledge of the laws of sound, motion, light, and color, which this epoch has evolved, would unfold to his senses a world of realities as new to his mind as if he, in verity, were transported to quite another planet than the one which had been his former habitation. After taking note of all our increased knowledge of Science in its various depart- ments, and after examining our museums and institutions of learning, if he were to ask, "What do you now know of Man? — of his powers and properties?" what reply could we make? We might answer that we understand the circulation 2 10 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of the blood, a little about the nervous system, somewhat of the process of digestion; that we know the number of the bones and have named them, and also the action of the mus- cles; that we are in a state of uncertainty as to the function of the brain; that we know very little of the prevention of disease, much less about its cure, and nothing at all as to the meaning of his physiognomy. What think you would be his opinion of our progress in useful knowledge? Surely, he would conclude that we had vexed our minds with many things that could be dispensed with, and had neglected the most useful of them all. The knowledge of Man, and how to improve his capacities, how to protect his bodily powers, how to prevent and remedy the diseases which assail him, is surely of more importance than many of the studies upon which valuable time has been spent without advancing the knowledge of Man one step. All through the ages of which we have any recorded history we find inklings of a dawning perception of Physiognomy. The writings of Moses show him to have been a profound student of human nature and possessed of a power to read and understand countenances and features. His knowledge of sanitary law, in regard to food and diet, and the protec- tion of the body, and the success attending the application of these laws, place him even beyond the Sanitarians of to-day. Among the earliest Greek writers, Aristotle, Plato, and Galen may be named as having written and taught Phys- iognomy. Hippocrates also formulated a system based upon the several colors of the human complexion. This classifi- cation has passed down to the present day, and has been accepted by naturalists in its application to man, while at the same time, with singular inconsistency, the lower animal kingdom has been classified on the basis of form; and cor- rectly so, as color is an effect, not a cause; it is dependent on climate, food, habit, and other accidental surroundings. Even Phrenologists, who ought to know better (since their researches extend widely among the animal kingdom), have retained the classification which Hippocrates set up. The INTRODUCTION. 11 differences observable in the human family he denominated Temperaments — a word which has no intelligent application even to the false basis upon which the old Greek physician founded his system, long before the circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey, and before the functions of the liver, heart, and brain were at all understood. Each age has added its contributions to our knowledge of Physiognomy, and if these contributions have not given us heretofore a correct system, at once practical and scientific, they have maintained an interest and a belief in this science. This interest and belief have served as a beacon-light, which has flashed far down the age's made brilliant by the works of the most renowned philosophers and literates. Among the Grecians, Aristotle wrote extensively on this subject. Pliny, Cicero, and others of ancient Borne, found this science worthy of their consideration; while, later in the advancing centu- ries, we find Petrus d'Abbano lecturing on Physignomy be- fore the students of the University of Paris. After him followed the renowned Avicenna, Averroes, Michael Scott, and the Italian sculptor and naturalist, J. Baptista Porta, the discoverer of the camera obscura. Later still, many German, French, English, and American observers left their writings among us to be added to and built upon. Lavater, in 1801, wrote numerous volumes on the subject, copiously illustrated, in which he had the assistance of some of the best artists in Europe. It is through his works, and from his associations, that this science is best known to modern students. His purity of life and high position (he having been an eloquent clergyman, pastor of St. Peter's Church at Zurich) placed Physiognomy on a footing of credibility. His works are what he named them — "Fragments" — merely, without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the belief and interest in the science. Prominent among the German and French observers and writers are the eminent Biumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and De la Sarthe; among the English, 12 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker; and among Amer- icans, James W. Redfield. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse pub- lished from the University Press, at Glasgow, a series of lectures on Physiognomy which he had delivered, setting forth a system which contains practical knowledge, suscep- tible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary observer. The latest work on Physiognomy, written by Dr. J. Simms, of New York, entitled "Nature's Revelations of Character," is the first that has given to the world a system based upon a natural classification, and corresponding to the other departments of Natural Science. His system, as is this, is based upon form, and, viewed from that standpoint, is unassailable; it should be in the hands of every thinking person. Without pretending to treat this science as ex- haustively in regard to principles as Dr. Simms has done, I claim to have discovered and elaborated some laws which seem to have escaped his penetrating mind, and also to have carried it one step beyond his exposition. Professor Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California, in a recent able article in the "Popular Science Monthly," describing the advance of science, says: "In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more complex departments, there are three distinct stages of ad- vance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and arrangement of facts — Descriptive Science. The second is the reduction of these to formal laws — Formal Science. Thus far the science is independent of all other sciences. The third is the reference of these laws to the more general laws of a more fundamental science — in the hierarchy as their cause — Causal Science. It is this last change only which necessarily follows the order indicated above. Its effect is always to give great impulse to scientific advance; for then only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning planetary motions — Descriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced INTRODUCTION. 13 these to the three great and beautiful laws known by his name — Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for Newton, by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Kep- lerian laws by referring them to the more general and more fundamental laws of mechanics as their cause, and thus he became the founder of Physical and Causal Astronomy. In other words, Astronomy was at first a separate science, based on its own facts. Newton connected it with. Mechanics, and thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time, As- tronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, however, another more solid and central shaft had grown up under the hands of many builders; viz., Mechanics. Newton connected the astronomical shaft with the central column of mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a yet higher shaft." This description truthfully and beautifully shows the prog- ress of scientific research. The system which this work presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to the human organism which have been observed and collected; it reduces these facts to laws; and, lastly, shows the corre- spondence of this science to the general and fundamental laws which underlie all matter — viz., those of Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. The sum of all human ac- tion is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, and Man's organism illustrates 'the influence of these laws. I would like to see the facts contained in this little work in the hands of all who love their kind, and who desire its ele- vation by scientific methods. In the years to come, I do not doubt that more ample knowledge of Physiognomy will be disseminated by greater minds, with better opportunities of observation than have fallen to me. It would seem a very appropriate time for the spreading of knowledge of Man now that so much is known of his environment, and while so many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and sub- 14 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. stances of Nature are coming daily to light that are imme- diately connected with his welfare. Earnest and religious regard for the advance of mankind to grander heights of purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing short of the knowledge of scientific laws and their applica- tion can regenerate the human race, has impelled the writing of these ideas. CHAPTER I. PEIMITIVE OKIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OE MAN. "Looked at through a single science, life is unintelligible ; for the sciences, sepa- rately taken, are but like the constituent portions of a telescope — we can only see properly by connecting them." — Gbindon. Tracing Man to his origin, the Monera, or, as some natu- ralists claim, the Amoeba, we find entering into his constitu- tion four essential elements, or primal components. These, in the language of chemistry, are called nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These elements are first exhibited in the air and water; they are taken up by plants, and upon these elements all vegetable life subsists. All organized life proceeds from the same elementary powers: First, plant life; then insect organisms; after these, reptiles, fishes, birds, beasts, and, last of all, Man. In every one of the varied and various organisms the same universal principles prevail; very little of any other elements enter into the composition of any of these bodies. The dif- ferent phenomena are produced only by difference in propor- tion, by chemical action and chemical changes. The plants suck up through the roots the nourishment needed to give them form, color, and stability. The leaves also assist in their nourishment by taking up through their innumerable pores, or mouths, the elements which they require from the air. One hundred and twenty thousand of these inhalers have been counted on one small leaf by the aid of the micro- scope.* Animals feed upon the plants, and the same elements =* Johnston's "Chemistry of Common Life." 16 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. still reside in their organisms. The form is changed, it is true; and one might suppose that the animal form was com- posed of entirely different materials from those which create and nourish the plant; but it is not so. The very same ele- ments are there; there is no addition of other principles; they have simply assumed different forms through the power of chemical action. The same activities which formed the Moneron, or germ-cell, of all organic life continue the process of chemical action, but in a more complex manner, to form the animal organism, as well as all the intervening grades of organic life. Chemical analysis proves this truth. The ele- ments of plant life and animal life are identical, differing only in proportion. These elements take on other forms, and are called by other names, according to the location in which they are found and the organism in which they reside or create. Yet the chemist never loses sight of them, and, no matter what metamorphoses take place, he knows that they are sure to appear, and identifies them regardless of the forms which they assume. Before these elements can become human organisms, they must pass through many complex and subtile chemical changes. They must have had an existence in minerals, air, and water. After this stage, they pass into plant, insect, and fish life; later on, into the various organized birds and beasts; these, in turn, feed upon and increase by the help of plants and water; and upon plants, beasts, and water, Man is sustained. This, in brief, is the progress of Man from his primitive creation, as a simple germ or cell. From this starting-point emanates all organized life, coming up through gradational forms until the physical man is reached, and his wondrous mentality exhibited by the aid of his physical phenomena. What is mind? What are mental operations? These are questions which the wisest minds of all ages have vainly tried to solve. Not until the present epoch have we found the instrumentalities essential to their solution. The micro- scope, the spectroscope, the telescope, and chemistry, together PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 17 with our knowledge of the laws of molecular motion and of the other forces of Nature, have gone far toward unraveling what has always been both a wonder and a mystery; and although the ultimate of knowledge in the direction of mind and mental action has not been reached, yet we have learned enough to know that all mental phenomena are dependent upon the differentiated physical organisms for their demon- stration, and that the same four primal elements contribute directly to the production of all mental action as well as physical power. In the beginning of organized matter, these elements were called oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydro- gen; in the blood and tissues of man they are found after many transmutations, and are then known as flbrine, albu- men, caseine, and water. By continued physical and mental labor on the part of man these elements are exhausted, but are replenished by a due admixture of animal, vegetable, and marine foods. The manner of their use, and how they conduce to the upbuilding of the hunian organism, will be shown in the chapter on Hygiene. The first use which organized mind makes of its newly acquired powers which a progressive evolution has bestowed upon it (as is first shown in animal life) is to commence re- creation on a small scale, out of the materials which are found in abundance suited to the purposes of its peculiar phase of development. The manifestations of constructive energy, as shown by the spider family, for instance, are re- markable. Here we find no brain proper; it is true there is a nervous system in simple form. Its mental energy, for I cannot name it less, must proceed from the power and intel- ligence which inheres in this nervous system, for it is shown that in the human organism nerve and brain matter are identical; hence, we must conclude that the peculiar form of nerve matter which is found in organisms that have no brain proper is the source and seat of intelligence in such bodies, and that their peculiar forms of mental and constructive en- ergy proceed from the power of their nervous system, as well as from such organs as are developed in them. In support 18 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of this theory, let me quote from Prof. Grimes. He says: "The very lowest animal life that can be produced is the amoeba, a mere minute mass of jelly. It cannot be said to have any particular permanent form, but it has the ability to assume almost any imaginable shape, according to circum- stances. It can protrude a portion of itself forward in the form of a limb; it can thus produce a dozen limbs; it can spread itself out into a thin sheet, and envelop and absorb what it wants, and then change its form again. This creature occasionally manifests a degree of mechanical skill not sur- passed by the beaver, and not even equaled by civilized man. We learn an important lesson here, and that is, that Nature is capable of performing superior mental operations without any special organs that can be perceived. Next, observe the spider. He has nerves, but no cerebrum or cerebellum, no thalamus, no striatum; he has something that appears to be analogous to the human oblongata, and that is the nearest approach to a brain; yet he surpasses the beaver in mechan- ical skill, the fox in cunning, the monkey in dexterity, and the tiger in malicious cruelty. He surpasses all animals that have brain, excepting man. What is the explanation? The answer is obvious. The spider has the organs of his mental faculties, call them by what name you will, located some- where in his body, in his nerves, or in his ganglionic masses. He has no brains; no animal has them except fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Fishes have what is called a brain, but it is a mere bud of the anterior lobe of a brain, and that only. There is not in all Nature a more interesting lesson than that which is conveyed by a comparison of the animals that have no proper brains with the fishes (the lowest of those that have them), and then a comparison of these with the next class above them, and then again with the birds that are one step higher still, and then the birds with some of the lowest animals of the next higher class, the mammals, such as porpoises and rabbits; then higher mammals — cats, foxes, dogs, horses, elephants, apes, man." Dr. M. Foster, an able and recent writer on Physiology, PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 19 claims that the amoeba is possessed of the following powers and functions: he says that "it is contractile; it is irritable and automatic; it is receptive and assimilative; it is metabolic and secretory; it is respiratory and reproductive." And yet the microscope fails to find a simple nervous system in this animal! The lowest organism in which has been found a simple nervous system is the turbellaria. This organism, ac- cording to Haeckel, is the sixth in progressive creation, starting from the monera. It has also organs of secretion (kidneys) and of generation. According to my theory, and the system of progressive growth which I set forth in this work, man represents, in his unfoldment and progress from his lowest development as an embryo, the same order as is observed in the primitive growths or primeval organisms. This system of Physiognomy also finds in the first or lowest division of the human organism the organs of reproduction and the first organs of secretion — viz., the kidneys. The coincidence would be remarkable did not Nature abound in just such corroborations of her unity of action and method. These methods are as potential in the development of man as in the development of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and outwork in the same manner. "The laws of inherit- ance and adaptation" are the prime factors in making man what he is. After taking into account man's inherited qual- ity, the remainder of his individuality is the result of his environment; that is to say, the soil upon which he lives and from which he derives his food, the air which he inhales, the water which he drinks, the climate which he dwells in, and the quality of mentality which surrounds him. If the soil upon which is grown his food, his plants, grains, fruits, and cattle,, holds in excess certain mineral compounds, then all of his food, as well as himself, will derive their character (aside from their inherited quality) from these sources. He will take his color, his mental powers, his moral and his physical qualities from these surroundings and conditions; and thus man is constantly the subject of manifold laws and processes ever moulding and fashioning his character, his 20 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. form, color, quality, and all his personality. As the study of the origin and science of color progresses, we shall find that it plays a most important part in our lives and in the history of our planet. Every mineral has its own color; from these mineral compounds the plants, flowers, and fruits get their beautiful dyes. Taken up from the soil, air, and water, these dyes assist in forming character; and by the colors of plants, animals, and man, much of their character is discerned. In the early geologic periods, while yet the whole earth was in a moist and heated condition, the colors of the flora must have been gorgeous in the extreme; but as it approached a cooler condition, the minerals of which the crust of the earth is composed must have parted with some of their coloring power, for we observe that all of the races of plants, animals, and men in the temperate and frigid zones are lighter and have less coloring matter in their composition. As the people in the torrid zone are richer in color, so, as we ap- proach the poles, all Nature is destitute of deep shades. As the earth continues to cool, all Nature, reasoning from anal- ogy, will continue to part with its color, until the inhabitants of our planet will possibly assume the pallor and transpa- rency which is usually ascribed to ghosts and spirits. Never having seen a spirit, I cannot vouch for their complexion, but the prevalent idea is that they are pale and exceedingly diaphanous. Advance in the knowledge of the origin and character of color has been most wonderful in this era. As the intense colors in visible Nature lessened, discoveries of colors hidden in many hitherto unknown substances have been made, and have been applied to remove disease and to the industrial arts in ways never before attempted. The basic color of nearly every mineral has been traced through the medium of chemistry and the spectrum analysis, and the direct influence of the colors of the various plants, flowers, and minerals used in remedies has been demonstrated. This may strike the reader as a singular statement, but why should not color, which is palpable to our sight, be as potent in its influence upon our organism as electricity, the ethers, and PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 21 other fine forces which are almost imperceptible ? What is color for? — to please the eye merely? I have never found anything in Nature that did not serve a two-fold purpose, at least; such is the wonderful economy of Nature. Every age has its own peculiar form of mental activity, progress, and culmination, corresponding to the growth of man's nature. The Philosophical Age of Greece — the age of Plato, Xenocrates, Polemon, Zeno, and Aristotle — made its impress on the character of the men of that era. Its influ- ence did. not end there. All through the Dark Ages, great minds — the Galileo?, the Bacons, the Brunos, and others — who could not be crushed through fear of the Church, of superstition, or of death, were stimulated to further philo- sophical and scientific inquiry by the writings of those old Greek thinkers. Thus, modern Science, following naturally its predecessor, Philosophy, was given to the world. In the order of natural mental progression, inquiry and reason always precede the discovery of laws and principles. Hence, we find during the later years of those "ages," rendered "dark" by the despotism of Ecclesiastic! sra, a revival of Philosophy, which took a practical direction (the result, mainly, of the activity of Northern minds, aided largely by the inventions which speculation and experiment had pro- duced), and which resulted in the birth of modern Science. In the days of Phidias and Praxiteles, we had probably the nearest approach to perfection in sculpture that the world will ever witness. In the age of Bubens, Titian, Michael Angelo, and Guido-Beni, the height of configuration and coloring as an art, purely, was reached. The Middle or Dark Ages gave us the acme of superstition and religious fervor, which have produced a natural reaction in the present epoch of reality and science. This has achieved a marvel- ous number of discoveries and practical inventions. We are, as yet, upon the threshold; the culmination in this direction has not been reached. The wonders which coming years may disclose can neither be imagined nor depicted. And thus we see that Evolution brings first one side and 22 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. then another of Man's wonderful mentality face to face with the resources which have been hidden away in Nature's great storehouse, awaiting, seemingly, the time when Man's pro- gressed nature shall demand them. CHAPTER II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Standing at the apex of all creation is Man, the very epitome, sub- limification, and essence of creative energy; what more natural than that in this high and complex organization should be found, in combination, all of the components of what may be termed the lower creations? Man is literally made up of the "dust of the earth;" considered as a chemical compound, iu Man will be found, made into solid bone, muscle, brain, blood, and tissue, not only the "dust of the earth," but also nearly all the elements contained in the earth. In his composition will be found oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, The Three Geand Divisions of the Face. 1, Chemical. 2, Architectural. 3, Mathematical. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 23 phosphorus, potassium, and a small amount of other min- erals. In the face of Man will be found, by dividing it into three grand divisions, the signs of character representing the three basilar principles underlying all matter, as well as Man's own organism; viz., Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. If one examines a grain of sand, and enters into an analysis of its constituents, he finds that it has, first, chemical prop- erties — so much of one kind of element, another particle of some other sort; perhaps several other elements enter into its constitution. These various elements have an affinity for each other, and harmonize in their combination; this is the power which binds them in one, and forms them into a chem- ical compound. Upon further examination, it will be found to possess a definite form. In the case of crystals of the various miner- als, this form is always defined by law, and the mineralogist recognizes each object by its form. This natural Law of Shaping of all objects, both animate and inanimate, is an illustration of Architectural Law. If the crystals be reduced to their elementary particles, the number of their constituents is discovered. This is the Mathematical Law exemplified. All creations, from a grain of sand up to the planetary bodies, have their Chemical properties, their Architectural formation or shape, and the number of quantitative particles which Mathematical Law requires. The same constituents which compose planets, which form minerals as well as plant, insect, and animal life, form also Man's organism. These elementary constituents bring with them, into Man's body, their basic principles; and wherever we find Man, we can but observe that in the chemical action of the elements composing his body and surrounding him — that in his form and proportions, and in the number of ele- ments entering into his constitution — the same laws of Chemical action, of Architectural formation, and of Mathe- matical quantities or particles, which govern all other de- 24 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. partments of life, are as potential in fashioning him and in determining his character. It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, typifies all creation; proving that he is the very essence, the subtile, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, powers, causes, and chemical actions in the universe. He is, in short, the highest creation of which we have knowledge. A correct understanding of this grand organization is the first science in the world; the first in importance to each one of us. It has its laws, which are exact and yet complex; but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them? As Nature is perfect in her works, and has made few laws so mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, then, to suppose that man is capable of understanding his own organization and the laws which govern it? He may, if he will but seek the truth and fear not. As the dial is to the clock, so is the human face to Man; it is his exponent, morally, mentally, physically; on it are written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weak- nesses, and predispositions to health and disease; and there is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot learn all those signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge is incalculable. Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest impor- tance, not only that we should understand ourselves, but also that we should be able to comprehend, to a nicety, all with whom we associate; not merely for our protection and the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good that we may do; because this knowledge will teach us that what we now call "charity," in overlooking the faults and weaknesses of others, is but simple justice, for it is not just to expect more of an organization than Nature has given it power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our "char- ity," and through knowledge give justice. The three grand divisions of the face — namely, the Chemi- cal, the Architectural, and the Mathematical— have also their BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 25 subdivisions. The Chemical includes the moral, the domes- tic, and the supplyant powers; the Architectural, the faculties which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration. We shall proceed now to the examination of the sub- basilar laws of the science. The first is stated thus: All form indicates character. The second, all color denotes character; third, texture is significant of quality; fourth, the size of the nose, controlled by quality, is the measure of power; fifth, the shape of the nose shows the kind of power; sixth, Nature is harmonious; seventh, Nature is compen- satory. These last two propositions are established throughout all Nature's works. They are proved in all the lower ani- mals, among birds, insects, and plants. Observe, for in- stance, the spider, which has no wings to assist it in escap- ing; its compensation consists in having eight eyes, placed two in front, two on top of the head, and two on each side. These eyes are without motion; yet their situation enables the spider to comprehend every view which his safety demands. "We now commence with the general proposition that "all form indicates character." Within the three grand divisions of the face, we find the facial indications of five different systems of functions which go to create the different forms of man, and which are always found in combination, but in different degrees of development in different persons. These are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. Upon the dif- ferent degrees of development of these several conformations depends man's power for being mainly either Chemical, Architectural, or Mathematical. The organization which is mainly Chemical in its operation and effects is known by a predominance of the Vegetative system, and is accompanied most largely by all those func- tions which serve to supply the body with material, and for 3 26 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the protection and procreation of the race. The functions included in this division of the organism are those of diges- tion, reproduction, respiration through the mouth, secretion, excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of the following faculties: Conscientiousness, Firmness, Ali- mentiveness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Se- cretiveness, Eesistance, and Force. These include in their action all the laws common to vegetable life, and have not the power of motion, will, and conscious sensation — these being exclusively animal powers. The development of all these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action; as, for instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of the race. These operations are entirely chemical. The Architectural division is shown by a predominance of the Muscular, Thoracic, and Osseous systems, which embrace within their own action almost all of the principles of me- chanical forces; such as the different lever powers, different principles of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye); also other powers which will be mentioned hereafter. The traits indicated in this division are Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Language. You will observe, by these names, that the artistic and religious faculties are included in this as sub- divisions. The Mathematical division of the face has its work per- formed mainly by the Brain and Nerve system. The facul- ties shown in this division are named Time, Causality, Com- parison, and Intuition. '. The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind act and react upon each other, and sustain inter-relations to each other; but each division is mainly sustained by the action of the system to which the several different parts of the face indicate it as belonging. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. A i As I have before stated, the principles of Physiognomy are founded on the same general laws which underlie all matter, but having for their demonstration special laws. When we reflect that brain, matter in the form of nerves, and nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in producing mental manifestations, we must at once conclude that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient metaphysicians and modern phrenologists must give way to more extended and well demonstrated fads. The entire surface of the body being covered with a cuticle, upon which a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, gives us a very extensive sense-organ, and makes us cognizant of temperature, tactile sensations, and pressure; and by the aid of these several sensations, very many mental impressions are conveyed. The theory of Mind which is set forth in this system of Physiognomy is more comprehensive than any which has been given hitherto. Many advanced and eminent scientists and physicians to the insane have recently become imbued with the idea that the brain is not the sole and exclusive mental organ; that the muscles, and the nervous ganglia and plexuses of human and animal organisms, may be of a mental character, and exhibit or assist in illustrating mental mani- festations. Among those who advocate this idea as probable, I may mention Herbert Spencer, Dr. Maudsley, and Dr. Lindsay — men whose opinions are received with respect and credence. It has been reserved for a woman, however, to carry their observations and research to a finality; and by the aid of the physiognomies of both animal and human beings, their ideas of the diffusive locale of the mind have been extended and made more comprehensive still, by proving that the viscera, as well as the bones, muscles, and nervous ganglia and plexuses, are instrumental in exhibiting mental phenom- ena. It is not essential, at this stage of this work, to give proofs of the position I assume in this theory of Mind; but as we proceed, the rationale will be developed, and I believe the evidence will not be wanting to substantiate my position. 28 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I leave the case in the hands of the scientific, the logical, and unprejudiced reader. My motive is based on a love of Nature and of justice, and will enable me to reject any idea, however much I may respect it, if it be found not true and scientific. That Physiognomy, as a science of the mind and body, has been understood in some remote ages of the world, is proved by reference to Leviticus, xxi, 18-21. You will find that that great law-giver and hygienist, Moses, understood what I claim for Physiognomy to-day; viz., that all personal defects which are congenital, and not accidental, are the outward signs of mental and moral deficiencies; and he demanded that those who came before the people to be their spiritual and moral guides should illustrate in their own persons that physical combination which is the indication of moral balance and intellectual capacity. In his directions to those priests who were to serve at the Holy Table, he says: " For what- soever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not approach. A blind man or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose or any- thing superfluous, or a man that is broken-footed or broken- handed, or a dwarf or crooked-backed, or that hath a blemish in his eye, or be scurvy or scabbed, or whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, let him not approach." Indeed, the whole tendency of Moses's teaching proves him to have pos- sessed a knowledge of sanitary law and mental characteris- tics such as Scientific Physiognomy only teaches, and which has made his followers the longest lived, the healthiest, and most prosperous people on earth to-day. The index of both body and mind is written in unmistakable characters on the face; and it is most astonishing that while people have a knowledge of almost every other science, that of the face is a sealed book to them. The mass of the people are, through ignorance of natural law, generated under all sorts of horrible conditions. They perceive results only — not causes; and to erroneous and false systems of religion and metaphysics are we indebted for this lamentable condi- tion of mankind. Not until we understand natural laws and BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 29 apply them — particularly those of Physiognomy and Physi- ology — shall we have higher types of manhood. The basilar principles before mentioned, discovered by me and verified by a lifetime of observation, investigation, and reflection, I give to the world as my contribution toward the enlightenment of its denizens. I do not claim to have dis- covered all that exists on the subject. As an eminent geolo- gist bas told us, "Man is not made, but making," so the knowledge of man must go back into the past and keep pace with the present, to know what may be the possibilities of the race in the future. One person can no more tell us the all of human character than can one astronomer tell us the all of the great worlds above us. The ancient philosophers believed the mind to be a unit, operating independently of the body; Phrenology went far- ther, and showed some of the relations of the mind to the brain; Physiognomy goes still farther, and proves the rela- tion and interaction of the faculties of the mind and brain with the several organs of the body, and locates their posi- tion in the face exactly. As we proceed to study this sci- ence, we must keep this fact ever before us : That faculties or traits are dual, and have their physical, as well as mental representatives; that neither can operate without the other. The face proves this; the life of man bears witness to it. There is no line of demarkation between the different parts of our natures, separating one from another, and all mental, moral, mechanical, artistic, and literary phenomena find their sustentation and illustration in the numerous physical powers which make up man's organism. Scientific Physiognomy, well understood, declares to us that the human body and mind are regulated by a system of checks and balances; as, for instance, where we observe Self- esteem lacking, we always find some other trait in excess to supply the want — to assist, as it were, in balancing the char- acter. Just so, in the physical organism, where one organ is weak or defective Nature at once gives assistance by calling upon some other part of the system to supply the de- 30 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ficiency. Thus, to illustrate, when the kidneys are small or defective the skin is unusually active "and assists in carrying off the waste of the body by means of perspiration. In the same way a great excess of one faculty shows a correspond- ing weakness in another. This applies equally to the phy- sical as to the mental. Whenever you discover one great trait in a character, whether it be a fault or a virtue, en- deavor to ascertain for what it is the compensation. Lord Byron and Edgar A. Poe are illustrations of this principle. Each possessed a predominance of the mental faculties at the expense of the moral, and their physical organisms were correspondingly unbalanced. Both died young. Horace Greeley is another instance of the truth of this proposition. He was greatly lacking in several practical faculties; his compensation consisted in an excessive and un- common development of Reason and Memory. His physical powers partook of the same strength and weakness, and when a time of unusual exertion came to him the inequality of the mental and physical powers became apparent; his mind gave w r ay, and this great and brilliant man died in a mad-house. The judgment of the masses as to what constitutes great- ness is usually very superficial. Their estimate of a great man is that he is universally great — great in every direction; while the truth is that the man who shines so brilliantly in a given sphere is usually very much Avanting in some part of his organism. Physiognomy will discover the deficiences and locate them exactly in the face. They can be seen at a glance almost, and any one of ordinary comprehension, with a few simple instructions, can discover this readily; this test is infallible. "Were this knowledge more general it would benefit mankind incalculably; as, for instance, in selecting the right partner for marriage, in choosing friends, and in de- ciding the natural adaptability to employments, and in com- prehending the mental and physical constitutions and condi- tions of children. To mothers, it would give the power to understand, almost instantly, which organs of their children were weak and which strong. One can locate as readily the BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 31 faculties in the face, after few instructions, as one can point out the rivers, bays, and mountains on a map; it is simply Human Geography. At every step of life it is of use. At home, at church, in the street and in society, one can make studies with trifling effort. In the whole range of the natu- ral sciences, I do not know of one so beautiful or more pro- fitable than this. It is elevating to the intellect and moral character, and nothing in Nature presents greater proof of the power and wisdom of God than this science. In short, it is the duty of every one to understand himself and her- self, as well as those by whom we are surrounded. Many persons, on finding that the face discloses character, are seized with fear. Let me ask such, for what do they sup- pose the face was made? Perhaps for the same purpose for which Talleyrand said words were invented — to conceal thoughts. Not so ! — but to reveal them. God did not place us here to live forever under laws which were to be a sealed book to us, but He gave us the faculties to discover and apply them. In commencing the analysis of character, all self-love must be thrown aside, and the individual must be willing to stand before the whole world for just what he is according to the rules of science — a correct knowledge of which will give a true analysis of character and will also teach the methods by which knowledge comes to us; through which faculties we receive an understanding of Size, Form, Events, and Num- bers, and which department of our Memory is faulty, and how to strengthen it. Very few persons analyze keenly enough to discover through which faculty they learn spelling, geography, marksmanship, and other arts; also, most persons have very erroneous con- ceptions of the rationale or philosophy of the emotions and passions — love, jealousy, revenge, benevolence, generosity, hatred, aud the like. One will hear many persons declare that there can be no real love without jealousy. An analysis of any character in which jealousy preponderates will give a character very un- 32 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. balanced, and lacking either in its moral or mental make-up. "Perfect love castetli out fear." Suspicion, jealousy, hatred, and revenge are always the accompaniments of unbalanced natures, and are the proofs of a lack of either good reasoning powers, conscientiousness, self-esteem, or perception — one or more; and when we perceive either of these passions ex- hibited, we will find in the face the proof of this statement disclosed. The why and wherefore of all the defects of human nature never has been understood, through the want of a system to analyze and verify the indications. In the same way, many traits are misunderstood and tl jir action not comprehended, for lack of scientific knowledge of character. Thus, for ex- ample, the faculty named Amat'veness, or Love, which is, we may say, the power underlying all the other faculties, and really one of the most important in the human economy, is the least understood of all the faculties. Physiognomy proves this to have a mental poiver, as well as a physiological basis, and to be possessed in a larger degree by all persons of creative talent than by others not thus endowed. This creative ability proceeds from an excess or a large endow- ment of the procreative or reproductive system. This princi- ple will be understood better as the reader advances; the plan of this work is progressive, leading from the simple to the complex, But let me state, just here, that it is an estab- lished law of Physiognomy, that a person can illustrate best in his w r orks those principles and laws of Mechanism, Art, and Science which are found well developed in his own organism. It will be found, upon further study of this sys- tem of Mental Physiology, that it is the procreative power which guides the graver's chisel, the artist's brush, the com- poser's pen; and is illustrated in the musician's harmonies, the imagination of the writer of fiction, the inventor's me- chanism, and the dramatic artist's imitations. The proof of this can be established by the study of the faces of Mozart, Kubens, Michael Angelo, Shakspeare, Dickens, and all per- sons in all ages who have excelled in any department of BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 33 Creative Art. They could not have thus excelled without this function and faculty preponderating. The beautiful child-characters conceived in the brain and portrayed by the pen of Dickens are creations hs real as though the breath of life had been breathed upon them. They could not have had a mental conception and birth, had there not been a large endowment of the procreative power in the organism of this author. The face of Dickens proves him to have been possessed of the faculties of Amativeness, Love of Young, Constructiveness, Human Nature, Form, Size, and Imitation, in a remarkable degree; and one who has learned to localize the signal or these faculties can find the evidence of them in the physiognomy of this great character- painter, f, Physiognomy teaches the lai T ;s of Heredity, and shows how ancestral types are reproduced; it teaches how, by the right mingling of types, to eradicate weakness, both mental and physical, as well as vice and immorality. In order to bring about a higher humanity, we must re- verse the methods and opinions which have prevailed for ages, and, instead of regarding these subjects as bad and degrading, we must teach that religion commences in the physical system, and that the surest way to save sinners is by learning the grand truths which Science unfolds, and which must be applied in order to bring rightly organized bodies and souls into existence. A celebrated writer on Heredity says: "As yet, there has been no true breed of men under the accidental or intuitional action of love. There is a superabundance of imperfect men and women on the globe, with only here and there a speci- men that suggests the possibilities of the race." We must bring our eyes close down to Nature, and there learn the lessons which never can be false, not depending for guidance on doctrines and theories, venerable though they be, which have been tried and found utterly wanting in every element of true science and true religion, "which, is the fulfilling of the Law." 34 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I maintain that nearly all the errors in regard to Man — his life, his surroundings, his relations to them and their rela- tions to him, his religion, his sense of right, his misconcep- tions of beauty, his exceedingly scant knowledge of govern- mental principles — proceed directly from utter ignorance of himself, and while he has a knowledge of the planets, stars, winds, rocks, beasts, birds, snakes, and animalculse, he does not know the laws which govern his own body. He cannot understand one single sign of character as indicated by the face; he knows not the meaning of different voices ; the walk of man conveys to him no meaning; the color of the eyes and hair declares nothing to his sense of sight. He is like a mole, groping in daylight. He plans and executes grand enterprises; he spans continents; he examines the character of the uttermost stars, calculates eclipses, traces the paths of comets to remote ages, understands to a nicety the great world and the little world as shown by the telescope and the microscope; and yet cannot sound the depths of his child's character, which appear to him unfathomable. Why is this? Is it because the science of Man is more abstruse and occult than all others? — because it belongs to the unknowable? Not so. It is because he has not thought of these things, and because he has not been taught them as he has the other sciences. I regard it as the most simple of all the sciences, the most easily demonstrated, the most essential to human happiness and welfare. And until the science of Physiognomy is commonly under- stood, Government, as a science, cannot go forward. Legis- lating for beings, of the laws of whose existence one is in utter ignorance, is an absurdity, and will fail. Not until the masses can put themselves in harmonious relations to their environment can government go forward, and this can result only from a complete knowledge of Man, his capacities, his needs, and his possibilities. This knowledge proceeds only from a scientific study of himself. When Man becomes con- vinced that his face registers his life, and that "he who runs may read " what he has been about, and that he cannot hide THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 35 his inner self from the gaze of the world, he will endeavor to make his life so good and so noble that he will not be ashamed of the most rigid scrutiny, because it is only in thus doing that he will be enabled to have either a character or a reputation. Physiognomy as a science, with rules and established prin- ciples so plainly set forth as to be comprehended by the masses, has never been given to the world until recently. Lavater possessed the power of reading the human face intu- itively, but he has left among his writings no rules nor prin- ciples by which students can learn this science. The best book and school for students is Nature. Still, a keen ob- server may record such discoveries in this field as to be a benefit to coming generations. This science is gigantic in its proportions; and when we reflect that there are in the world no two organizations with exactly the same combina- tion of traits, we see that the field is wide, with room for many observers. CHAPTER III. THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS THAT GEE ATE CHAEACTEE. "The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of Physiognomy." WlNKLEMAN. Victor Cousin, in his admirable "Essay on the Beautiful," remarks : ' ' All is symbolic in Nature. Form is not form only ; it unfolds something inward." This philosophy is scientifi- cally correct. That all form indicates character is a principle so well established throughout Nature as to need little testi- mony from me. In the study of the science before us, it is absolutely essential that this principle should be thoroughly comprehended, and the character of its various phases un- 36 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. derstood at first sight, in order to render the interpretation of character certain and beyond all peradventure and doubt, for upon the conformation of the Physiognomy (and here I mean the entire body) are we mainly dependent for knowl- edge of the character of the entire man. It is true that size, color, texture of the skin and hair, health, etc., play their part in determining characteristics; still, Form is primarily the grand determining, dominating principle underlying all others. Its meanings should be completely mastered before proceeding to the consideration of other branches of our subject. The more advanced Phrenologists, who commenced the investigation of Phrenology on the basis of classification by color of the complexion, hair, and eyes, have gradually arrived at the conclusion that form is the most decisive factor in the interpretation of character. O. S. Fowler declares, in his work on "Human Science," that the correct way is to classify character by the forms of the body, and that these forms are produced by the predominance of one or the other of the five principal systems of functions included in the human organism. These systems and forms he designates the Vital, Motive or Mechanical, and Mental Temperaments. I cannot comprehend how Mr. Fowler can consistently re- tain the word "Temperament" in his designation of forms. Temperament is the word used by Hippocrates to indicate the several colors of the complexion. It has no more rela- tion to Form than it has to Color. If we wish to use lan- guage at once intelligent and comprehensive, it must be rejected, as well as the method of deciding character by so small a portion of the organism as the skull alone. Why should not the face, where the most active and impressible of the muscles are located, and the contour of the entire body, be taken into account? It is certainly a good dfcal more difficult to feel the head, which has no power of ex- pression, and is not as practicable for every-day and instant use as the face and outlines' of the body. "A cat may look upon a king," and so one may study the features of his fellow- THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 37 men without saying, "By your leave." This system of Phys- iognomy classifies upon the basis of forms, which are derived from the several organ-systems that are included in the human body. It also shows the influence of color and health, as well as all the other conditions which determine character. In the human organism there are five different organ-sys- tems, which, in their development, produce different config- urations of the body and corresponding differences of mental development. These systems are always found in combina- tion, but in different degrees of power, in every individual, and to these variations are we indebted for the infinite variety of the human race. . These five systems are named the Veg- etative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous or Bony, and the Brain and Nervous systems — the last mentioned forming one system and producing one conformation. Each of these systems exhibits a different set of physical functions and mental faculties peculiar to itself, but are so constituted that neither can exist without the action and interaction of some proportion of each of the others. In order to create a normal and healthful condition of the organism, there must always be a due development of each of these systems; else incompetency, disease, and early de- cline will be the result. The system which is the first in the order of development of all organized life, and which is also the underlying or basilar system of man's organism, is the Vegetative, and has, in common with the various growths of vegetable life, the functions of sustentation, imbibition from the air and water (through the pores of plants and the mouth of man), the functions of reproduction, of assimilation, of absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, circulation, and growth; but the Vegetative system gives no power for the expression of the phenomena of either thought, volition, or sensation. Every plant, tree, vegetable, and shrub has the power of absorbing, excreting, reproducing, circulating its sap and juices through its cells and tubes (and this by hy- drostatic law and the law of gravitation). All the lower ani- mals have the same powers and functions. Not until other 38 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. systems of functions are superadded do we discover any power of volition or conscious sensation. It is true that the lowest animal organisms give indications of possessing a certain form of sensation, yet these are all in the vegetative condition. No organs for the expression of sensation, as we find it illustrated in higher animal organisms, have yet been evolved, and until these organs or systems of functions are added — such, for example, as bones, muscles, and brain — volition, sensation, and thought, in their most complete sense, are not present. The intelligent reader, who has fol- lowed the course of the evolution of man from the lower organisms, will have observed the order in which the several systems of functions, and their accompanying faculties of Mind (as it is called), have evolved or developed. As Nature has indicated this order as her supreme law of progression, I shall endeavor, in the exposition of this system of Physi- ognomy to follow her methods, believing the laws of Nature to be divine and infallible. These laws, if allowed free scope and not impeded by the ignorance or willfulness of man, will always result in harmonious development and equilibrium. A study of the laws of natural progression shows us that all organic life commences with the development of the func- tions of sustentation, reproduction, secretion, and excretion. Here, then, is the physical basis of life. "Man, in his em- bryonic life, passes through all the various stages of progress and development that the lower organisms pass through in their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms."* At his birth he possesses all of the functions and faculties which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, with the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension and with more perfected and sensitive members and faculties. These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they have evolved in the lower organisms, the vegetative functions occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the # Haeckel. THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 39 body. In the human face, the signs indicating these several organs and functions, with their accompanying faculties, will be found to follow the same plan precisely. THE YEGETATIYE SYSTEM. The amoeba, the first and lowest specimen of animal life, like Topsy, "never was born. It growed." At its starting-point it is a mere speck of jelly, without form, swayed by the waters in which it exists into any shape the waves compel it. It appears in this stage to be nothing more than stomach — stomach all over. It lives by assimi- lating nutriment which it derives from the air and water. It is expressionless, shapeless. It is now simply a chemical compound. The rudimentary stage of all organic life is chemical merely. After a while this speck of jelly, in its next stage of progress, begins to attract from the. sea parti- cles of lime, and shape for itself an outer covering; this is its bony system. At this point of growth the bone is placed outside instead of inside the animal. It has now taken upon itself the next step in evolution, and become architectural as well as chemical, and assumes various fixed geometrical forms, as we find in the foraminifera. It is probable that the first races of men were stomach men merely; that is to say, they lived in the lowest range of functions and faculties — viz., those of sustentation and reproduction — and that the powers which assist Man in his Architectural and Mathe- matical efforts were not developed at that stage of evolution to any appreciable extent, but were merely rudimentary. The New Zealander is a fair sample of this stage of evolu- tion. Of course, the germs of all the five systems were 40 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. present in the lowest types of man, but in that epoch of de- velopment they lacked both size and quality, and were not perfected as at the present time in perfected races. The other systems of functions, and many faculties now seen in combination with the Vegetative, have been very largely per- fected since — particularly the Brain and Nerve system, which is now in a more active state than ever before in the world's history. From being a stomach race we are becoming a brain race. What evolution will do for us in the ages to come, it is difficult to predict. The law of progress is always from the lower to the higher, and surely we can say of human nature there is need of higher growth. The Vegetative system will always play an important part in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of character, as well as being the sustaining power of the or- ganism. The absence of a due admixture of this system produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many beautiful and useful traits. Friendship, Approbativeness, Conscientiousness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are di- rectly related to this system, and all sustained by its devel- opment and action. The Vegetative system is known by a preponderance of soft fatty tissue all over the body, fullness of cheeks, large mouth, slow motions and weak mental action, slow pulse, and face with little expression. People in whom this system predominates are never deep thinkers, are unex- citable, sensual, wanting in dignity and enterprise, generally domestic and social. This system constitutes the chemical or underlying basis of the human organism. It is almost entirely chemical in its operation, and sustains those faculties which also lead to chemical action; as, for example, the pro- creation of the race, love of children, friendship, etc. The facial indication of this system is shown more particularly developed in the part of the face below the nose. A line drawn across the face below the base of the nose, across the cheek, up to the bottom of the ear, will show in all per- sons the degree of development of the Vegetative system, although where this system predominates the entire face, as THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 41 well as the body, will indicate its supremacy. The Vegeta- tive system includes all the viscera within the pelvic basin. These are named the intestines, spleen, bladder, kidneys, pancreas, and organs of reproduction. The action of these organs leads directly to the development of the following named faculties: Conscientiousness, Amativeness, Aliment- iveness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Mirthfuloess, Ap- probativeness, Friendship, Modesty, and Firmness. The diseases which affect this system are dropsy, inflammatory rheumatism, gout, apoplexy, tumorous growths, and various chronic disorders. The Vegetative system shows the functions of body and faculties of mind that are dominant in childhood; and the Physiognomy of all infants and young children, if they are healthy, exhibits a larger development of the signs of those faculties and functions than of the other divisions, where the sigus of the Artistic, Mechanical, and Mathematical are lo- cated. The three divisions of the face, by the very order of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of progressive growth and development of the body and mind: First, the Vegetative system, which is dominant in childhood; afterward, the Mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers, just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strength- en; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material substances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature, and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and math- ematical calculation serves also to assist mental processes. The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the Chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis — just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affecting the human family would be unknown. A judicious mingling of this 4 42 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the organism creates health and happiness. How to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of Physiognomy. This system constitutes the Chem- ical division of the body and mind; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation. THE THOEACIC SYSTEM. We are taught that in the early geologic periods, the development of the organ sytems of the primary verte- brates was in the following order: First, the intes- tines; second, the swim-bladder. And this corre- sponds to the true Lung or Thoracic system in later or- ganisms. The mus- cles were the next evolved; then the spinal axis and the bones; last of all s£&^*s$^-v:^--- foe brain proper thomas H. benton. made its appear- ance. In the fish, the earliest vertebrate, the lung is rudi- mental, and is known as the "swim-bladder." And in the fish we have the basilar plan of all verte- brates; and as Man is the highest development of that class, I shall follow the same line of unfoldment in describing his formation, believing that the methods of nature create a THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 43 unity of action and universality of type, and when we wish to understand principles concerning the human organism which seem obscure or mysterious, a practical ' ' interroga- tion of Nature " is the readiest way to solve the problem . Nature never errs — never lies; it is the only "infallible" power of which I have knowledge. "The breath is the life thereof;" without a fair proportion of the Thoracic system (which includes the lungs, liver, and heart), Man would be inefficient, short-lived, and groveling. This system, in its highest manifestation, shows that the aeration of the blood is performed on a large scale. This induces buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of the brain, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, ambitious and aggressive people the world over, will be found within this class. History abounds in the record of men with large lungs and small brain, who have made of life a brilliant success, but is almost void of those possessed of large brain and small lungs. This system is recognized by large chest, wide cheek-bones, bright, hopeful eyes, elastic step, large nose, wide nostrils, good complexion, happy dis- position, not given to intense study, with moderate-sized brain and abdomen. Persons in this class are fond of amusements and out-door sports and business in the open air; quick at apprehending everything, and as quick to drop a pursuit. This peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneer- ing and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where activity and constant motion are needed. The diseases to which this system is most liable are acute and inflammatory. All the great warriors and orators of the world have pos- sessed a large share of this system. Julius Caesar, Welling- ton, Bonaparte, and Cromwell, among warriors, and Cicero, Patrick Henry, William Pitt, and Henry Clay, among ora- tors, are illustrations of this conformation well developed. The Thoracic system is included in the Architectural divis- ion of the face and body, and assists, with lung power and activity of the heart and liver, in the promotion of the many and varied activities which mechanism calls into play. 44 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Hope, Cautiousness, Human Nature, Sublimity, Analysis, and Imitation are directly related to and governed by this system. Persons with this system dominant are character- ized by their ready apprehension of natural laws and princi- ples, and appear to be in accord with the laws of Nature; yield readily to hygienic treatment when attacked with dis- ease; and, as their ailments are generally acute, must have prompt attention and relief. They are very susceptible to atmospheric influences, and are easily affected by the poison- ous gases engendered by crowded assemblies; indeed, bad air affects them sooner than it does those with small lungs, for the reason that as they inhale more air in the same time, the entire organism becomes permeated with the noxious effluvia arising from a crowded hall or theater. Children in whom are found the salient points of the Thoracic system are restless, eager for change, quick to learn by perception rather than from books; are seldom profound scholars; never apply themselves in childhood, but as they advance in life are more capable of continuous application; are adapted only to professions which are pursued mainly out of doors; the study of the natural sciences, and the pursuit of science professionally, is best adapted to this class. The faculties of mind to which their physical functions give rise endow them with just the combination of traits that is essential to success in this department of knowledge. Such should be- come botanists, stock-breeders, floriculturists, geologists, hygienists, or follow similar pursuits. By this method, their health, happiness, and usefulness will be enhanced. People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, for, as their organisms are filled with the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere, their moral sense and purity of mind are stronger than in weaker developments of the Thoracic sys- tem. They retain their youthful purity, spirits, and vivacity to an advanced age; also, they are, as a rule, high-minded, filled with noble and philanthropic desires, or ambitious to fill prominent and distinguished positions in society. Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 45 do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present age. We cannot expect pure-minded, noble characters to thrive and expand in close, ill-smelling, noxious dwellings. If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and water supply will have to be amended before such result can be secured; for any system of Theology or Ethics, which does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle, will create no improved types of the human family, and will only succeed in producing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, without the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly religious. Fresh air, pure water, bathing, hygienic diet, and self-control, used according to law, contain all the funda- mental principles of true religion, and will advance civiliza- tion to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than all the dogmatic theologies of the centuries. Pure water and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be had if a fine development of the Thoracic system is desired. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Great size is not, as some imagine, always an indication of great strength; it may be, and often is, an evi- dence of weakness. A person with a large, bony frame, without a due proportion of mus- cle, is found to be very lazy; he dislikes mo- tion, and is not so strong as his appearance would indicate. On the other hand, an individual possessed of a large Vegetative develop- ment is not stroug because the Bony and Muscular systems JAMES McFADDEN, A NOTED BURGLAR. 46 PEACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. are not sufficiently powerful to carry around the large quan- tity of soft, fatty tissue which this system exhibits. The result in either case is weakness. Beginners in the study of the science of Physioguomy find it somewhat difficult to distinguish between fat and muscle — between the Vegetative and the Muscular developments. The signs of this system are located all over the body, from the eyes to the tips of the fingers and the ends of the toes. It is not my intention to go into an extended description of the Muscular system ; this can be obtained from any work on Anatomy; but a few simple instructions, to enable the observer to distinguish the salient features of the system, is all that will be needed in this connection. A broad form, with well developed muscles and tendons, quick, elastic step, shoulders broad in proportion to the rest of the body, low forehead, and relatively small head, large, full convex eye, short, thick nose, and short, thick neck, are the chief indices of the predominance of the Muscular system. Mentally muscular people are seldom gifted, but under the excitement or stimulus of the emotions, will succeed in many difficult enterprises; under the influence of rage, will become des- perate and destructive, and should guard against the exercise of this passion, as really well meaning persons have com- mitted capital crimes by losing control of their muscular powers. The many and varied expressions of the human face are due to the action of a great number of muscles, some anato- mists describing as many as thirty-six pairs and two single muscles in the face alone, and in the entire body more than five hundred. All eminent actors, singers, musicians, and sculptors are largely endowed with a fine quality of muscle. The nature of their professions requires that they should be able to have perfect control of the muscular sense. A scientific reading of the faces of all who excel in any of these pursuits shows that the Muscular system is pre-eminent in their organisms, with a suitable Brain system added. Part of the muscles are voluntary and under the control of THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 47 the will; as, for instance, the muscles attached to the joints, the muscles controlling facial expression and the voice. An- other set are involuntary, and perform their functions without the control or will of the individual; such as the heart, stomach, luugs, etc. The action of the muscles of the hu- man organism affords a wonderful and beautiful exhibition of mechanical ingenuity and effects, and serves to illustrate one of the fundamental principles of Scientific Physiognomy; viz., that man cannot perform any work outside of himself unless his nature is largely endowed with the very principles which he requires to use in his work. Hence it is that we find in mechanics who excel a good development of the bony and muscular systems; also, in sculptors, orators, and artists. Who ever saw a mechanic with the Vegetative sys- tem predominant, with short, fat limbs, large abdomen, small bones and muscles, puffy cheeks, round head, and slow, waddling gait? Such men are incapable, even, of under- standing mechanical principles, and wholly incompetent to perform mechanical labor. They are not built upon me- chanical principles themselves; therefore unsuited to carry out those principles. Dr. J. Simms, the eminent Physiognomist, tells us that "a curious law operating in connection with the human fac- ulties is that it is not within the power of any individual to do or perform anything which does not already exist and reside within his own organism. A man need not attempt to become a carpenter or architect, or to build a house, if he is not himself constructed on mechanical principles. If he has not a square form, and is not provided with large bones, he will be quite unable to distinguish himself in dealing with square objects, or things with angles and straight lines." My own observations fully corroborate all that Dr. Simms says on this subject, which he explains in the most simple and concise manner in his celebrated work entitled " Nature's Revelations of Character." The following description of the powers of the various muscles in the human organism will give the reader some 48 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ideas of the mechanical powers and principles included in the Muscular system : " The human body combines in itself almost all the principles of natural forces; viz., the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones. One principle of it is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm ; so, also, in the flexors generally — namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna, in ex- tending the forearm, is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus magnus muscle of the thigh, in abducting the femur. The different joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder, the hinge joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions, as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno- clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones, the verte- brae, and the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We have also the different principles of valves, in the heart and veins, and the pylorus between the stomach and the duode- num, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye."* From the foregoing explanation of the action of the mus- cles within the body of man, it is quite easy to comprehend that, when these principles are largely represented in an individual, he will be better able to understand and put in practice the same principles in objects external to himself than one in whom these mechanical powers are deficient. From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of mus- cular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural division of the organism, and, in combination with the Osseous or Bony system (which will next be treated * Z. Hebert, M. D. THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 49 of), constitutes the building powers and capacities of maD. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are coDstructive, often artistic, religious, emotional, and ama- tive; with a good quality of brain added, excel in literature as novelists, dramatic writers, and in sensational sermons. Many highly emotionally religious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not necessa- rily follow that they are moral also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality. At the same time, muscle assists faith, ardor, and zeal. In the races in which is found the most Credenciveness — that is to say, faith or belief — there will be found the predominance of the Muscular over the Bony sys- tem; as, for example, in the Jews, Turks, Persians, Ara- bians, and Hindoos. And what is true of the races applies with equal force to individuals. A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and char- acter of man. Herbert Spencer, in his "Essay on Educa- tion," remarks that "without acquaintance with the general truths of biology and psychology, rational interpretation of social phenomena is impossible." And he also says, "The actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood." Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysi- cians and theologians were not founded on an intimate knowl- edge of either physiology or the- laws of mind, as revealed by investigation of either bony, muscular, or brain and nerve system. They w T ere, most of them, simply speculative theo- ries, which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. They were like the loves of the poets — creatures of the imag- ination merely. If we desire to advance in exact knowledge of real human nature, we must cast out the ancient dogmas, which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy, and interrogate nature face to face. First, learn the facts; then manufacture your theory in accordance therewith. Formerly the method was to construct an abstruse theory, couched in incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. 50 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one time considered the crowning virtue of human character. Now childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying eye, and we feel both sorrow and contempt for him who is too weak or too cowardly to grapple with the truths of Nature lest they overthrow some time-honored error which he is cherishing. "For Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last." When we wish to understand the emotions which play so important a part in the drama of life, we must look to the physiological and anatomical conditions of individuals and races, for it is to the Muscular system mainly that we are in- debted for the power to manifest emotion, will, and expression. The great number and variety of the muscles of the face alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feel- ing, emotion, will, mental energy, and capacity, than all the other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental characteristics of the individual than any other portion of the muscular system; and the reason why it does this is ex- plained by the fact that the eye is a mass of muscles. Added to this power is the fact, also, that the optic nerve finds its centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world the mind of the man as he stands before our gaze. The mus- cles of the eye and the optic nerve combined bring to us the bulk of the knowledge we acquire. It is true, we can feel heat and cold, changes in the temperature of the air; we can taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual or- gans; but the world of Form — of Architecture — is unknown without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge of form bring to us our most useful and practical acquire- ments, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted for much that is practical, useful, and necessary. Hence, THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 51 the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleas- ure are laying up a store of goodness, which, whether they will or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and thus "do our deeds follow us." When we examine the nature of muscle, we find, although it is powerful in expressing emotions, it is wanting in feeling, in sensitiveness. Hence, we find that muscular people, al- though able to express emotion, have very little of that keen- ness of sensation which those have who enjoy a fine nervous organization. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that those who seem to feel the most in reality feel the least. If one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve, there would be little, if any, feeling experienced. It is only by analyzing the constituents and nature of the several systems in the body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate share of work. This method enables us to relieve the brain of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind have ascribed to it. Hitherto, it has been a poor overworked organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has been assigned to it by metaphysics, of what use, I ask, are the several ganglia, plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral organs? We must either divide the labor equitably or de- clare the utter inability of the last mentioned in assisting mental manifestations. THE OSSEOUS OE BONY SYSTEM. The Osseous or Bony system is known by height, large joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and predominance of the lower part of the forehead — projecting over and beyond the eyes — prominent chin, large hands and feet, and moder- ate sized brain. The bony structure is the foundation and framework of the human organism, upon which is built the entire man; and to the predominance of the bony structure 52 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY.. ANDKEW JACKSON. man owes his char- acter for integrity, and stability, and physical and mental soundness; the very constituents of bone — lime, phosphates, magnesia, soda, etc. — give stability, in- tegrity, decision and firmness to the or- ganization in which they abound most largely; hence, the Bony system is the one in which, from the very nature of its components } we nat- urally look for the most stability and trustworthiness. It is also built upon the straight principle, "the bones forming right angles to each, other, causing the character to accord with its upright and downright architectural formation." (Simms.) Long, lean, bony people are noted for their usefulness, unselfishness, integrity, and generally for mechanical ability. Bony people, with a fair proportion of the Muscular system in combination, make the best mechanics in the world; length facilitates activity, while muscle, combined with a large bony structure, gives the power essential to mechan- ical construction. This system is included in the Architectural division of the face and body, and has for its assistance the muscular powers. These two systems combine and include most of the principles of natural forces, as has been shown. Now, persons in whom this combination is largely developed will not only have the power to become good mechanics and art- ists, but will be able to build up and perpetuate a fine race THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 53 of children, if proper attention be given to combinations with suitable conformations, added to righteous regard for hygienic and sanitary laws. It will be perceived, from this analysis and illustration of the Bony system, that the human organ- ism is dependent upon an excess of bone development for all those attributes which go to form stability, integrity, as well as architectural and mechanical ability. These principles lie at the very foundation of physiology, anatomy, human greatness, moral goodness, government, and society; and in every age, country, or community noted for its justice, pro- bity, and true civilization, there will be found, upon examina- tion, a majority of its people built upon this conformation and possessed of mechanical powers. In selecting trades for young people, due attention should be paid to this principle of Nature. A neglect of its appli- cation would result in failure; and one reason why we some- times find poor mechanics is that they have mistaken their vocation, and chosen a pursuit to which their conformation was unsuited. The signs of the bony form predominant are found all over the individual — in the large joints of the hands, fingers, wrists, arms, and legs. The projection downward of the lower jaw, forehead projecting over the eyes, the high, bony nose, are all evidences of a conscientious and morally inclined character; indeed, the Bony system may be depended upon for moral conduct. The large development of bone shows that the fluid circulation has done its work in a thorough manner, and has conveyed all the materials needed in bone- making to their several destinations, in just the right propor- tions, thus giving soundness to the whole framework. Size and Form, Physical Order, and Calculation are some of the prominent faculties in this system, as well as Veneration and Executiveness. Conscientiousness is seen all over the indi- vidual in whom the Bony system predominates over all the other systems. The list of faculties in the Architectural division are as follows: Secretiveness, Force, Kesistance, Hope, Cautiousness, Imitation, Analysis, Ideality, Sublim- 54 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Ven- eration, Self-will, Executiveness, Credenciveness, Observa- tion, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Language. Some of these faculties are derived from the functional action of the heart and lungs; others from the power of the muscles and bones; Hope is related to the liver; Veneration, to the stomach. Every faculty depends upon some organ or system of func- tions for the power to exhibit its peculiar mode of activity. This page concludes the description of the Architectural division of the face and faculties. The term "architectural" is used in its broadest and most comprehensive sense. What- ever exists has a form — is built; not a particle of any sort whatsoever is found without foim and without combination with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance; thus it is architectural. In works of art, the same principle applies; in dramatic composition, in works of liction, and in the ser- mons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive element prevails. Constructiveness is the basis upon which all de- pend, and wherever we look — whether into the world of material organization, the universe of forms, or into the world of thought — the same formative or architectural law governs and controls. THE BEAIN OE NEEVOUS SYSTEM. One of the best evidences of a developed race is found in its manifestation of high mathematical powers. The unper- fected races of the world, among whom I may mention the South Sea Islanders, many African tribes, and the Esqui- maux, have so little ability, in this direction as not to be able to calculate or comprehend anything beyond the number of their fingers and toes. I think that man's superiority over the brute creation is more marked in this respect than in the matter of simple reason, which attribute many deny to the animal kingdom, although the power of reasoning, to a large extent, is proved by modern naturalists to hold a place in the mentality of the higher races of animals. THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 55 HERBERT SPENCER. The faculties of reason — Causality and Compar- ison — endow man with the gift of abstract math- ematical ratiocination; in this respect he is, per- haps, more distinguished from the brutes than in any other manner, with the exception of the fac-* ulty of Speech, although this is possessed by the parrot; but in this in- stance, speech proceeds from a suitable formation of the vocal organs and a good development of the faculty of Imitation, and is not accompanied with a corresponding degree of sense or sensibility. This might serve as a lesson to those persons who ascribe to the human race "divinity," and to the lower animals none. When we find the lower animals endowed with a fine degree of reason, as in the horse, dog, and ele- phant; and some mathematical ability or sense, as in these same creatures and in "learned pigs," who are taught to count and reckon ; when we find human speech in the parrot, I think the self-love and vainglory of Man may as well give way, and allow to these, our "blood relations," as Haeckel terms them, a fair share of divinity. We ought to be thank- ful to the Creator, who, in His w r isdom, has chosen these humble instruments to serve as a means of teaching us whence we sprung and from whom we originated. The Brain system is the. highest and last in the progressive development of the human race. Its physiognomical mani- festation is shown by breadth, fullness, and height of the forehead. The annexed portrait of Herbert Spencer gives a epresentation of its shape and position in the physiognomy. 56 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. You will observe that the brain and nerves form one sys- tem and belong to the Mathematical division, and its work is performed by these two forces, which are really one force, but usually considered two on account of the difference in locality, the substance which composes the nervous system being identical with the brain matter. Those in whom this system predominates are noted for their intensity of thought and feeling, refinement, mental acumen, memory, desire for learning, pure and virtuous desires, great physical activity, sharp features, rather small nose, thin nostrils and lips, face of a pyriform shape, small bones and muscles, slim build, too apt to overdo and exhaust the vital forces. Many of our most brilliant thinkers have possessed this system. Many, not having a due proportion of the other systems, have died young. This conformation large, in combination with the Bony and Vegetative systems harmoniously blended, has produced many powerful intellects. Samuel Johnson, Ark- wright, Gibbon, Dumas, Buckle, Hume, Benjamin Franklin, William Penn, Handel, and many others, were thus endowed and were noted for their thought and industry. Individuals in whom the Brain system has the ascendancy are liable to dyspepsia, nervous exhaustion, and irritability, apt to be fussy and exacting in small things, and desire to exhibit taste in all their surroundings. The faculties originating from this function are Causality. Comparison, Time, and Intuition. The reader will doubtless say, upon observing the relatively small noses of persons in whom the Brain system prepon- derates, that the law laid down in the chapter on sub-basic principles is inconsistent and cannot be harmonized with the facts observed. Let us examine the evidence in this case. The law states that "the size of the nose, controlled by qual- ity, is the measure of power." Now, if quality were not must potent in deciding power, the noses of the most gifted persons would have to be enormous in order to show the poiver of the traits whose signs are located in the nose — par- ticularly about the tip of the nose, where so many signs are placed. As the human mind and body rise from the Yegeta- THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 57 tive system up and through the several higher systems of functions and faculties, the size of the nose decreases (rela- tively) with the increase of quality; yet, where a large nose coexists with fine quality, a first-class intellect in some direc- tion is indicated. The peculiar characteristics must be decided by the shape or form of this member. The fact is, very gifted persons make up in quality what they lack in quantity or size, and thus the nose is able to indicate many beautiful traits in a small space. The intelligence of low animal organisms is exhibited by the nervous system which they possess, be it simple or com- plex. As these organisms rise higher in the scale of pro- gression, a simple brain is formed. This, in course of evo- lution, rises in the grade of intelligence and assumes many diverse forms, until a more complex brain is evolved, such as we find in civilized man. Until the brain appears, all knowl- edge of the outer world comes to the lower organisms by the sense of touch mainly. This progress from the simple to the complex epitomizes the different ascending grades of intelli- gence in man. The lowest form is found with the purely Yegetative system. Eising a little, the Thoracic lends its aid, by the simple fact of a greater degree of oxygenation of the blood, and by increased power of the heart portal and circu- latory systems. Next in the grade of increased usefulness we find the Muscular system bringing a rich endowment of functions and faculties; also, of greater procreative power, for wherever we find a large development of the muscular and fibroid systems, the ability for 'procreation and creative effort is augmented. This is the law right along the line of progressive growth : The more physical functions, the more mental faculties. Following this natural order, we next find the bones, formed chiefly by the action of the sun, although food and water contribute their quota. This Osseous devel- opment gives mechanical and inventive powers, either in man or animal. Last of all, the more perfected Brain system makes its appearance, together with a more complex arrange- ment of the nervous system. This produces greater activity 5 58 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of thought and reason, and consequently of mathematical power. How any one can study the human physiognomy scientifically, and not find therein the proof of the evolution of the world — of the animal and human races — passes my comprehension. It is a " revelation," a " gospel," and a "religion" all combined, The three divisions of the face represent, also, the three ages of man's existence — infancy, middle life, and old age. They also illustrate, in the manner of their unfolding, the methods of Nature in evolving a race. The features in in- fancy are like the lower types of men, flat and almost ex- pressionless; in middle life, the central division comes into full expression and activity; later, after the mind has been strengthened and stored with fact, fancy, and practicality, pure reason asserts its dominance by enlargement of the cerebrum, until old age comes on apace and dissolution en- sues, typifying the decay and death alike of man, of races, of nations, and of the world. CHAPTER IT. LOCALITIES AND DESCEIPTION OF SIGNS IN THE FACE. " Eacial history, ancestral characteristics, personal aspirations, passions, and exploits become part of each living soul, and are portrayed distinctly on the outward form, and more especially on the most discernible portion — the countenance." — Db. J. SIMMS. The form of the human body is only one of the many indications of human character. The voice, the walk, gest- ure, attitude, handwriting, and hand shaking are all indices and exponents of traits, as well as of physical and mental conditions. A skillful and observant person can tell much by the hand or foot alone; by the eye, very many things are indicated; the nose reveals much of the mind and interior of the body; in short, each feature has in it many meanings. In the pages which immediately follow this, the way to dis- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 59 cern and locate the signs of the various faculties will be explained. The use, primarily, of all the functions and faculties is for the preservation, protection, and perpetuation of the species. Other faculties and powers have aggregated by use and attempts in higher directions. Practice increases capac- ity. There is no doubt that the human mind is gradually acquiring more faculties by striving after higher knowledge. These, undoubtedly, will be evolved in the regular order of progress, from the lower to the higher. The present age is expanding and strengthening the higher powers of the mind; reason is more general among the civilized races than in any previous era. As a consequence, superstition is giving way to positive scientific truth and demonstration, and theories unsustained by reason and fact are impeached and rejected. As the powers of the mind expand, we become cognizant of facts in Nature which lower developments failed to per- ceive and could not penetrate. We are gradually, but slowly, becoming acquainted with the world we live in, and things which have seemed to be the work of supernatural powers are now so well understood as to come within the compre- hension of school children, and can no longer be used to pander to the ambitions, vices, or designs of wicked kings, crafty priests, or unscrupulous politicians. Among the most important discoveries, I may mention the science of Physi- ognomy, which is destined to play an important part in the civilization of the world, by unveiling what has been so long a mystery to man; viz., Man himself. Physiognomical sensation, as Lavater designated the innate and intuitive conception of character, is common both to men and animals. A dog will show by his actions that he understands character, and will be instinctively attracted to those who love his kind. Babes, who are yet in the stage of animal instinct, will attach themselves at sight to those who are fond of children. Men, in looking at the faces of others, will be drawn in confidence or repelled by something in the countenance which they cannot define or locate exactly. 60 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. They say of one, " He is a good, square man;" or, "He is a sneak and coward — I can tell it by his face;" and yet, if you ask them to point out the precise places where they discover these traits, they cannot tell you where they are to be found. The possession of this physiognomical instinct is general, and shows not only that the face is understood to be for some other purpose than to place the eyes, nose, and mouth conveniently, but instinct and intuition as well point to it as the natural record of the body and mind — of the real Man himself. The nerves of sensation ramify upon the face and front of the organism, while the motory nerves are at the back of the brain. This disposition of the nerve forces would cause the face not only to exhibit more of the character than any other portion of the body, but would prove the fact that the greater the development of the features of the face, the greater its power for receiving sensation; thus exhibiting more gifted characters than where the features are small and undeveloped. All human nature attests this fact, and shows that the more varied are the features — the more depressions and elevations there are in the face — the greater the variety of character is exhibited. A smooth, small featured, un- wrinkled face always discloses a small, unemotional, unthink- ing, and selfish character, of very small capacities. A man's real character is spread all over him. His voice and walk agree with the shape of his body, and reveal his mentality to a degree; but the face sums up the whole Man. As I have before shown that certain powers are derived from the predominance of certain conformations of the or- ganism, and are always found accompanying them, it is log- ical to infer that determinate portions of the body sustain and are related to certain faculties of the mind. Upon investigation, it will be proved that the face is the exact register of all mental faculties and bodily functions and conditions. A keen analysis and comparison of the development of the organs of the body with the action of the faculties, emotions, and sentiments, will show that the organs of the viscera — the THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 61 kidneys, the reproductive system, the liver, the intestines, the heart and lungs — as well as the bones and muscles, sustain and are directly related to certain mental faculties. All mental faculties have their physical bases, from which the mind is able to produce thought, emotion, or will. This interaction of the mental and physical powers will be ex- plained as we proceed. The locality of signs in the face will here be given. The rationale of the order of their arrange- ment will be made apparent as the reader progresses. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. SIB ISAAC NEWTON. (Conscientiousness.) Conscientiousness is largely represented in the face of this eminent astronomer and scientist, and assisted him in comprehending those truths and laws of Nature which he had discovered. Rectitude of character is known in the face by that width of chin which is produced by the development or width of the inferior maxillary, or lower jawbone, and by a general squareness of all the bones and straightness of the face; also, 62 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. by the manner in which the eyes are placed in their orbits. Eyes which turn far downward at the upper and outer cor- ners are not truthful eyes. Those which are almond-shaped or cat-like, and turn upward at the outer corners, are crafty and deceitful, as seen often in the Mongolian race. Indeed, any eye off the straight line varies in truthful signification, according to the amount of its deflection from a straight line, running all the way from amiability through the various degrees of plausibility, duplicity, deception, secretiveness, craft, cunning, lying, and cruelty; all of which are shown by the shape of the eye which deviates from a straight line, either above or below the line. Where the outer corners of the eye turn upward, the indications are like those of the same shape in the lion, tiger, fox; and like traits will be exhibited — cruelty and craft, deceit and cunning. But where the outer corner turns downward slightly, agreeability of speech is always found; indeed, persons possessed of this sign would rather tell a pleasant untruth than be the bearers of harsh or unpleasant tidings. Still farther turned down- ward, they are plausible and persuasive, and make good salesmen and politicians. Benjamin F. Butler's eyes are more marked in this respect than the eyes of any celebrated man that has come under my observation. As Conscientiousness gives moral courage, it is the base of many heroic acts, and will often lead even delicate women to deeds of daring for principle's sake, and to protect the helpless. Joan of Arc and Charlotte Corday are examples of the former; and Mrs. Patten, the wife of Captain Patten, the lady who navigated the ship " Neptune's Car" from Bombay to Boston, while her husband lay delirious in his berth, is an instance of the latter. This lady nursed her husband, navigated his ship, and suppressed a mutiny with the assistance of part of the crew, and carried the ship safely into Boston Harbor, a few years since. This woman was a small, delicate person, and gave birth to a son a few months after this occurrence. Her portrait shows that Conscien- tiousness was one of her leading traits. Such women are the mothers of heroes. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 63 This faculty is large in the faces of North American In- dians, who kill and slay from a sense of justice (knowing themselves wronged by a Christian government), and not, as many think, from a love of slaughter. Under an equitable system of dealing, they have ever proved true; notably in their transactions with the Quakers under William Penn, who always made just and satisfactory terms with the In- dians, and then kept his agreements rigidly. This faculty in excess leads to severity and exaction in moral conduct and life. The pioneers in all departments of advanced thought, in governmental and moral reforms, have possessed this faculty largely. The faces of Franklin, Jef- ferson, Jackson, Washington, Paine, John Bright, Cobden, Wm. Cobbett, William Lloyd Garrison, Abby Kelly Foster, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, and all who have dared to demand the abolition of unjust laws, and who have contended for the establishment of new forms of government based on human rights, evidence by their physiognomies that Con- scientiousness fills a large part of their natures. Conscientiousness is found most largely developed where the Bony system predominates; and, as liquids do not affin- itize as well with this system as with the Yegetative and the Muscular, there is, consequently, less drunkenness among persons of the Bony structure predominant. Many leaders of the temperance movement will be found to possess the Bony system predominant. Those who have been great drunkards and have reformed, like Gough and Murphy, the leader of the "Murphy movement," are men of muscular build, and are held to their pledges through their religious associations, and do not depend upon pure Conscientiousness, which is found most active with persons of the Bony system. Conscientiousness is in the domestic group, and does not belong to the religious group of faculties. It antedates them in the evolution of organs, functions, and faculties, and is of far more importance in the human organism, being primarily for the protection of the purity of the entire body. Con- scientiousness is related to the kidney system, which both 64 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. secretes and excretes the fluid waste and impurities of the entire body. As seventy-five per cent, of the organism is water, the physiological importance of the organ must be apparent at first glance; its moral importance follows as a matter of logical sequence. The relation of the various organs of the body to the moral and social faculties is ex- plained fully in the chapter on "The Eationale of Physical Functions and their Signs in the Face." FIEMNESS. ANNA DICKINSON. (Firmness.) The portrait of Anna Dickinson exhibits this faculty in a marked manner. She is noted for her perseverance under great difficulties. She is also a celebrated orator and writer. In her youth she was a poor working-girl, but with the aid of this fac- ulty has achieved eminence and distinction. This faculty, shown by length of the lower jaw, evinces great tenacity of purpose, stability, perseverance, and deci- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 65 sion. A retreating chin shows a lack of all these qualities. Firmness is an attribute only of developed races and indi- viduals; man is the only being endowed with a chin. All of the undeveloped races of men have narrow, retreating chins and depressed noses. (Observe the faces of the New Zea- landers.) The length of the chin is one of the facial indica- tions of the Bony structure, and, in combination with Con- scientiousness (width of chin), is the base of the heroic. Indeed, this faculty (Conscientiousness) is the primal cause of moral action; true heroism could spring from no other motive. It also gives the power for fidelity to principle, truth, and justice. The chin is the seat of heroic character, which depends upon the firm and substantial nature of bone for its sustenance. A certain writer on Physiognomy — Eedfield — has given the chin as the locality of the signs of Love. He certainly could not have considered the nature of bone in this connection. "We do not love with our bones. Love signs are found pre- dominating in those who are the most emotional and im- pressible. Muscle and fat are more easily acted upon than bone, and the physiognomical signs of Love will be found in the muscles of the face, just as Love is found more largely developed in muscular organisms. Bone shows more of integrity; muscle, more of the affec- tional nature. Length of chin indicates perseverance and calm, firm, persistent action, rather than what is called will- power, which exhibits itself in sudden bursts of violent temper. This distinction must be thoroughly understood. The nature of bone, like that of rock, offers a steady resist- ance and pressure, and large Firmness is the result of a large development of the Bony system. Muscle has a reactive quality, and will-power is based on and operated by muscular action purely. The physiognomy of Miss Anna Dickinson admirably il- lustrates the faculty of Firmness. She has pursued the career which she marked out with a firm and unyielding determination. It is not singular that success should crown M PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. her efforts; she stands to-day pre-eminent among the women of the age, in mentality, in moral and intellectual power, and in works of humanity. The scientific physiognomist knows well how much she is indebted to a good, honest Bony sys- tem for her power. Had she possessed an organism com- posed of soft, fat, flabby material, she would never have been heard of outside of the kitchen and dining-room, the favorite resorts of this description of persons. DIGESTION, OE ALIMENTIYENESS. ALEXANDRE DUMAS. (Alimentiveness.) The facial expression of Alexandre Dumas, the novelist, illustrates the function of Digestion, or Alimentiveness. To an active brain, he added large assimilative capacity. This enabled him to perform very arduous mental labors. His writings are extensive ; his capacity for both solid and liquid foods was enormous. The mouth being the entrance to that chemical laboratory, the stomach, large size would disclose great appetite and power for digestion. Fullness of the lower part of the cheeks is another sign of good digestive power, for if the food as- similate with the juices of the stomach, liver, and pancreas, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 67 the lower part of the cheek will indicate this condition. Large development of the parotid or salivary glands, just in front of the ears, is another proof of assimilative power. When this gland is well developed, a soft, cushion-like pro- tuberance will be observed directly in front of and below the opening of the ear. It is usually large in outdoor labor- ers, seamen, farmers, and all who eat heartily and digest well. BENEVOLENCE— GENEBOSITY— SYMPATHY. WILBEKEOKCE. (Benevolence.) The picture of Wilberforce, the great philanthropist, illustrates this faculty" in every particular. He was instrumental in abolishing the slave trade of the English colonies, and imperiled his position in a courageous protest against the unchristian mode of life practiced by the middle and upper classes of England. Died 1833 ; was buried in Westminster Abbey. The full, rolling under lip is a sure sign of these faculties; it depends on the faculties in combination which of these forms will exhibit itself. I have known one with this indi- 68 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. cation large, but with small Friendship, so destitute of sym- pathy as to leave the sick uncared for, yet loved to give money and presents, apparently for the sake of giving, just to please himself. In others, especially in combination with Friendship, it takes the form of active sympathy. In con- junction with Conscientiousness and good reasoning facul- ties, it shows true benevolence or philanthropy. It depends entirely upon the faculties in combination with it as to the particular way in which it will outwork. The philanthropic phase of this faculty is seen in the portraits of Elizabeth Fry, John Howard, George Peabody, and Peter Cooper. In all of these persons, Reason and Conscientiousness, com- bined with a broad understanding, induced a desire to benefit large numbers of their fellow-beings in one broad plan or scheme of benevolence. The lower lip of stingy, close, miserly people is usually very thin and dry. All the noted misers whose portraits I have observed have this peculiarity. Abraham Lincoln's portrait illustrates the faculty of Benev- olence thoroughly. His life-work is the proof of his facial record. The action of this faculty and function is derived from the glandular system. AMATIYENESS. This faculty is directly related to the reproductive system. Its principal facial physical sign is found in the lip. The middle of the upper lip, if very thick and red, is indicative of large passional and reproductive powers. Another sign of Love is found in the eyes; the larger and fuller the eye, the greater the devolpment of the love-nature. I have found that the fullness and size of the eye is more significant of the sentiment of Love; the development and color of the lip shows its physical power and activity merely. Small eyes evince much less amative power than large ones, and are often accompanied by a thin, white upper lip. The shape of the eye is potential in disclosing the kind of Love the indi- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 69 N. GOODWIN, COMEDIAN. (Amativeness.) Mr. Goodwin's countenance is a fine exposition of the faculty of Amativeness. He is very original and creative in his efforts as an actor. The Glandular and Muscular systems, from which Amativeness is evolved, assist in creative art. He has a fine endowment of these systems, as have .all artistic persons who excel. vidual is endowed with. The round eye, like that of the dove, is an unfailing sign of large mating ability, of faithful conjugal attachment, love for one only. In some instances, it is so marked as to prevent the individual from ever form- ing but one attachment for the opposite sex in a life-time. The thick upper lip and full eye are also indices of muscular power. Eyes the commissures (or openings) of which are almond-shaped prove promiscuous love. For these facts in regard to the form and size of the eye I am indebted to the renowned Physiognomist, Dr. J. Simms. The eye is signifi- cant of many other characteristics which will be treated of in their proper places. LOVE OF CHILDBEN AND ANIMALS. Love of offspring and of the young of the animal kingdom are traits which are seldom seen separated. The most prom- 70 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. EKIEDEKICH FBOEBEL. (Love of Young.) The founder of the Kindergarten system of education possessed a wonderfully intuitional comprehension of child-nature. His system is in accord with the natural development of the human mind, commencing with the mechanical and artistic fac- ulties and followed by the use and development of the reasoning powers. His love of children and mirthfulness, his ingenuity in contriving plays and methods, and, above all, his insight into child-nature, rank him among the first educators of the world. inent sign is found on either side of Amativeness, causing the outer corners of the upper lip to droop and form a slight scallop. Where this faculty is large we observe the forma- tion of a "Cupid's bow" in the contour of the upper lip. This sign is very marked in dogs, horses, and cows. It is so large in these creatures that the outer sides of the upper lip project downward over the under lip. Their love of young- is intense. In horses and dogs this feeling extends to the young of the human species. Many dogs, which are fero- cious to all adults, have been known to caress and treat with kindness young children. The development of the mammary glands is an unfailing sign of this sentiment. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. MIKTHFULNESS. 71 ELIZA COOK. (MlBTHFULNESS.) This happy, mirthful, hopeful countenance of the author of "The Old Arm Chair," and many other lovely poems, portrays in every lineament the dominance of the fun-loving and fun-making propensity. Love of young and hopefulness are also very decided traits. Mirthfulness always accompanies large Love of Children, and its sign adjoins the latter. The harmony of Nature is exemplified in a wonderful manner in the grouping and associating of faculties. Mirthfulness is essential to the love, care, and companionship of children, in order to attract their love and company and to amuse and entertain them, and in the face its principal local sign adjoins that of Love of Young. The sign for this faculty lies just outward from the corners of the mouth, next to Love of Children, and be- tween that faculty and Approbativeness. It is shown by several small vertical wrinkles in the muscles at this point, 72 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY and also by the corners of the mouth turning upward, and by a merry, pleasant expression of the eye, as well as by several straight wrinkles running outward from the corners of the eye. This last sign is seen only in adults. A gloomy and sad disposition is never found with Love of Children, and when we observe the sign for Mirthfulness in a face we naturally look for Love of Children and Animals. When Nature creates a faculty, such as Love of Children, Love of Music or Art, the faculties needed for its expression in some form or other are provided and work in harmony with it. Under this law of Nature it is safe to predicate, from seeing certain signs in the face, that certain other faculties are pres- ent. The origin of Mirthfulness is glandular. APPROBATIVENESS. CARL LINN^US. (Appkobativeness.) This eminent Swedish naturalist, noted for his contributions to Botany, died in 1778. He was very susceptible to praise and flattery, and very approbative of the efforts of others. His physiognomy is quite marked in this direction. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 73 This is the faculty which gives rise to love of commenda- tion and praise, and which also makes one sensitive to the speech and opinion of others. It causes individuals to be ambitious and to desire to excel, that they may be praised and well thought of. It is distinguished from the faculty of Self-esteem in that it seeks the good opinion of others, and cares more for the applause of the world than for the appro- val of self. Its action is often mistaken for that of Self- esteem by superficial readers of character. Approbativeness is found larger in actors, artists, and singers than in other classes. It is essential to the success of these people; the approval of their audience is the spur and incentive to still greater efforts. It is also large in those who are fond of fash- ionable life, who love display and make great exertions to "keep up appearances." This trait leads public men to de- sire popularity, praise, and attention; and, in excess, makes "shoddy aristocrats" of those who ought to be proud of being American citizens, who should be content to be classed among the "plain people," as the good Abraham Lincoln named the laboring masses. Approbativeness is the incen- tive to many great and noble deeds. It inspires the orator, artist, and actor with the desire to win fame by the excel- lence of their achievements. It is a very useful faculty where it is possessed in a balanced degree. "Unbalanced, it pro- duces excess of vanity, foolish love of display, and an undue dependence on the opinions of others, thus taking away all true dignity and independence of thought and action. The location of the sign for Approbativeness adjoins Mirthf ill- ness in a straight line outward from it, and often produces dimples at this point. It is shown in others by two or three deep vertical wrinkles at the same place. Where this faculty is uncommonly large these wrinkles are permanent; in others they are observed while the face is animated, as in smiling or in conversation. Approbativeness originates in the gland- ular system. 6 4 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. FRIENDSHIP. ELIZABETH FRY. (Friendship.) The physiognomy of Elizabeth Fry, the prisoner's friend, shows in every feature the friendliness, philanthropy, and nobility which characterized her life. Her en- deavors to mitigate the horrors of prison life, and to lessen the sufferings of the insane, are historical. Her idea of woman's sphere was bounded by the sphere of human suffering. No one can gaze upon this face without venerating it. Friendship is the faculty which gives love of associating with friends, society, and congenial spirits. The physiog- nomical signs of Friendship are known by a fullness of the upper part of the cheek, over and below the malar bone. The cheeks, both in the upper and lower parts, seem to be nourished by the action of the bowel system. The rationale of friendship is that it primarily seeks the bodily comfort of the objects of its affection; it sets before them food and drink and all creature comforts. In its sentimental aspect it shows more in love of association, in presents, and in delicate atten- tions. Its excess often produces a silly, gushing demeanor. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. SELF-ESTEEM. 75 CHARLES BRADIAUGH. (Self-esteem.) Self-esteem very large. Charles Bradlaugh, Member of Parliament, author, editor, and orator, is noted for his determined stand in advocating the right to free- dom of conscience. His firm belief in his own powers assists materially his reform- atory efforts. This faculty gives the power for self-appreciatioD, true pride of character, independence, and self-control. It is one of the noblest faculties, proving often a " tower of strength" to its possessor. It lends dignity and decorum to the de- meanor. Those possessing a large degree of Self-esteem are never undignified, even in their amusements, but will be guided by a strong sense of propriety upon all occasions. Self-esteem is more common to northern characters than to the inhabitants of the tropics. It is found large in the coun- tenances of the Scotch, EDglish, and New Englanders. Rel- ative length of the upper lip is the physiognomical sign for this faculty, and this indication is always accompanied by a straight, erect carriage of the body and head. The faces of 76 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Washington, Sir Walter Scott, Admiral Farragut, Herbert Spencer, and John G. Whittier, all well known to tbe public, have the sign of Self-esteem large. Where this faculty is found in a balanced degree, there is much in the character to esteem and admire. The more tbe reader investigates the human mind scientifically the more he w T ill be convinced that Nature works intelligently, and never places a faculty, or sign for a faculty, in an organism without a use and mean- ing. An excessive development of this faculty leads to ego- tism and a feeling of importance; makes its possessor very grave and ludicrously dignified; he sets great weight upon his opinions and desires to be treated with marked respect and consideration. The sober faces of some baboons, .who have an extremely long upper lip, aie quite amusing in their gravity, while their actions are anything but dignified. MODESTY. SIB WALTEK SCOTT. (Modesty.) Sir Walter Scott inherited, with his great talent, an exceedingly delicate and sensi- tive organism. His uncommon modesty is remarked by his biographers. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 77 Modesty is found in those who possess an uncommon sense of purity of thought and action. One of the most promi- nent signs of Modesty is the channel-like groove running down the centre of the upper lip, from the septum of the nose to the extreme end of the lip, where it terminates in the sign for Amativeness; it is most developed where the depression is well marked. This faculty is found large in all those in whom the Brain and Nerve system predominates, whether this sign he present or not. The Brain system always gives a more elevated cast of thought than the other systems. As its posi- tion indicates it to be the highest in the organism, it will be found to produce the purest and loftiest sentiments and emo- tions. It is the system of quality and fineness; hence, fine hair and skin are also signs of purity, modesty, and love of cleanliness and neatness. The faces of Charlotte Bronte, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Beranger, the French poet, and Lavater, are well marked in this respect. All of the foregoing faculties and signs of character are included in the Chemical, or underlying division of the or- ganism, and are mainly dependent for their activity on the quantity and quality of the juices secreted and fibres and tissues supplied by the several organs which compose the systems from which their powers are obtained. After the full and explicit exposition which I have made of the nature and action of these functions and faculties, it would seem superfluous to call attention to the fact that, if a moral, up- right, healthful, and happy life is desired, all of the physical organs in this division must be used with a conscientious regard for their care and preservation, for on them depends mainly our power for usefulness and morality; and any sys- tem of ethics which ignores this as a fundamental principle will save neither mind, soul, nor body, here or hereafter. In localizing the signs of the faculties, Phrenology was obliged to encroach upon the domain of Physiognomy; and yet, after having accepted and taught the fact that the face 78 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. indicates character, by localizing the "perceptives" and "re- flectives " in the upper part of the face, one of its expound- ers, Dr. Grimes, says: " After having studied Physiognomy for many years, I confess that little can be known by the face alone;" while another, O. S. Fowler, states his belief in Physiognomy, and hopes that a system of this science will some day be discovered. Mr. Fowler says, further: "The mind and face are inter-related; all the mental operations shine out through the human face divine. Highly emotional persons manifest themselves more emphatically and distinctly by their countenances than words. Peculiar shades of feel- ing and existing thoughts and desires are expressed and can be read in this 'mirror of the mind' better than words can possibly portray them, and without the possibility of decep- tion in the one read or reading, and without instruction by either. And, since some can be thus read, all can, of course. Indeed, facial expression is by far the best medium known to man." In giving the locality of the signs of the faculties com- prised in the Architectural division of the face, you will find that there are several which phrenologists classify as " perceptives" located, in this scheme of Physiognomy, in the same places which Phrenology has set for them. My theory of their origin and action, however, is entirely differ- ent to that set up by the phrenologists. They discerned and located many local signs of character, situated in the upper part of the face, which scientific Physiognomy endorses as to their locality and meanings, but utterly repudiates the idea that they derive their power from the brain alone. These signs are indications of the conformation of the Bony structure; as, for example, in the signs for Size and Form. These are illustrated by width of the Bony structure, and not by any "organ" of the cerebral substance. Others located in this region are caused by the Muscular system; as, for example, Language and Locality. The theories of the phre- nologists are wrong, while their observations, in some in- stances, are correct. They make their best tests, however, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 79 in the upper part of the physiognomy . Theirs is a system of half truths. In accordance with the plan of Nature upon which this system is founded, Ijshall here present the signs of the fol- lowing faculties: Force, Secretiveness, Resistance, Cautious- ness, Hope, Analysis, ImitatioD, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self- will, Credenciveness, Observation, Form, Size, Weight, Lo- cality, Color, Order, and Calculation. These faculties rep- resent all of the architectural, building, artistic, literary, arid religious powers in man. Conscientiousness is not a religious faculty, as many suppose, but a moral one, and is not found in the face in the religious group, but with the Chemical or Domestic division, in the very basis or begin- ning of the functions of life, and, no doubt, is formed while the germ of life is in a watery or fluid condition, as it is found, in the perfected human organism, to be the repre- sentative of the kidneys, or fluid system of the body. FORCE. The power to destroy is evidenced all through Nature by the size and form of human organisms. There are many signs for this faculty both in men and animals. Those which are common to both these classes consist in the predominance of the Muscular system, breadth of chest, width of mouth, wide nostrils, and an abundance of coarse hair. The facial signs of this faculty in man are large size of the mouth, heavy lower jaw, wide flat nose, high cheek bones, low forehead, and relative small and very wide head. Force is one of the most essential faculties. Its adaptation is, primarily, to the destruction of beasts for food, to fishiug and huntiug to ob- tain the means for sustenance. Without this destructive power humanity could not progress; as, for instance, in the tearing down of mountains, in excavating rocks, and in all the operations essential to the progressive development of the country, all of which involve destruction before the 80 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. DEAF BURKE, CHAMPION OF THE ENGLISH PRIZE -PINO. (Foece ) process of building can be commenced. Its excess leads to severity, useless destruction, revenge, violence, and murder. SECEETIVENESS. Secretiveness may be recognized by compressed and thin lips, and small mouth if the lips are thin. There are other signs of this trait: small eyes, shy and sly glances of the eyes, looking downward and out of the corners of the eyes, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 81 and loDg eyelashes, all indicate different degrees of secretive inclinations. Broad, flat nostrils are still other signs of secrecy. This sign is common to negroes and all undevel- oped races. As the large eye and large mouth are evidential of volume of language, so the converse of this will show a lack of linguistive desire. All orators have very large mouths. Secretiveness is an important faculty in the human organism. Without a due degree of secrecy, we could not be just to our friends, nor plan and manage our own affairs with interest to ourselves. An excess of Secretiveness causes slyness, cunning, deceit, falsehood, cruelty, and treachery. Many animals possess a large share of this quality; it is es- sential to the preservation of their lives, and assists them in gaining a subsistence. A well balanced mind, possessed of Conscientiousness and good reasoning faculties, will find little use for this faculty. KOBESPIEKRE. (Secretiveness.) Secretiveness is well illustrated in the features of the tyrant Kobespierre, who deluged France with the blood of his victims. He was cruel, crafty, and secretive. Guillotined 1794. Vindictiveness and a lack of Benevolence are noticeable in his countenance. His life corroborates his physiognomy. 82 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Its operation is explained elsewhere. "When largely exhib- ited in Man, it denotes a great deficiency of either mechan- ical, moral, or intellectual capacity, and is the compensation Nature gives for these defects. All animals who exhibit great Secretiveness are deficient in power of some sort, and Secretiveness is, in their case, the faculty which contributes to their means of subsistence. This faculty is large in snakes, rats, opossums, foxes, hares, and all other animals who are weak or timid. Among men of power and capacity, it is never found in a marked degree; they do not need it. A character like George Washington's, for example, could maintain itself in every position of life without resort to this trait, because he was possessed of mental and moral re- sources to meet every emergency, and hence had very little use for cunning, craft, or deception. BESISTANCE. See portrait of Sir Charles Napier at Executiveness. This faculty, like all the others found in the human organ- ism, is difficult to designate completely by any single word in our language. Sometimes it shows itself by a combative disposition ; at others, by resisting assaults, by courage, in- trepidity, resolution, and thoroughness. It gives force to mental energies and physical prowess; it assists the preacher, moral reformer, and temperance lecturer to enforce their ideas in a vehement manner. It also is the power which, when perverted, gives the pugnacious and quarrelsome their force and combative disposition. It is indispensable to every character; it gives presence of mind and coolness of judgment in danger. There is scarcely a day of our lives in which we have not need to invoke its power in some form or other. Life is one long round of resistances. "We resist aggressive infringements of our natural and acquired rights; we resists the elements, and erect barriers to protect our- selves against the assaults of wild beasts; we resist the en- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 83 croacbments of disease, by applying the remedies with which Nature's great laboratory has supplied us; in short, Kesist- ance gives us the power to live under all circumstances. Without it, we could neither gain a livelihood nor retain our health. Its excess leads to aggression, bullying, fighting, and war. Some observers give, as one sign of Combativeness, Kesistance, or Courage, the ears standing well out from the head. Another sign of the aggressive phase of this faculty is known by shaking of the head from side to side and for- ward and backward, while engaged in an energetic conversa- tion. A short, low nose, with a high and thick pug end, is evidence of pugnacity. All the noted prize-fighters whose portraits I have observed have this description of nose, and a very short, thick neck, with great muscular powers gener- ally; but moral courage and resistance springs from an excess of Conscientiousness, and is a mightier force than that com- bativeness or resistance which proceeds from muscular de- velopment merely. Veneration, shown by height of the nose, lends to the character the ability to combat argument and opinions. Every faculty has its own peculiar force, or mode of expressing power. These different methods of showing force must be analyzed by the reader, else confusion will ensue and motives will not be comprehended fully. CAUTIOUSNESS. One of the most reliable evidences of Cautiousness is seen in the long nose. Its location is admirably adapted to the preservation of the body, presiding, as it does, over all the functions of digestion, and guarding the avenues of approach to the stomach by its keenness of scent, which soon detects qualities of food unsuited to the sustentation of the body. Short noses are not so efficient in guarding these functions as long ones. This faculty is general, and is useful in all the walks of life, giving forethought and carefulness, making the individual 84 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. EDMUND SPENSEE. (Cautiousness.) Cautiousness is one of the leading signs of character in the countenance of this portrait of Spenser, an English poet of the sixteenth century. His biographies attest that he was exceedingly cautious, almost to timidity. Delicacy, sensitiveness, and shyness are often the accompaniments of genius. provident, discreet, and vigilant. It is large in all those animals who have to depend more upon their carefulness than strength for their subsistence and preservation. The fox, rabbit, hare, and squirrel all evince a high degree of this trait. It is larger in women than in men. Woman's con- servative nature requires the exercise of its power for the protection of the family. Sly children are largely endowed with Caution. Its excess causes irresolution, melancholy, fear, terror, suspicion, cowardice, dementia, and suicide. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. HOPE. 85 MADAME D'ARBLAY. (Hope.) Hope shines pre-eminent in every feature of this lovely woman. Mme. d'Arblay mind as hopeful as it was original. Her vivacious style, as exhibited in her tale of "Evelina," as well as her face, attests the presence of the faculty of Hope. A high development of this faculty is found large in those whose septum, or middle partition of the nose, projects downward below the alse, or sides. The part where the septum joins the upper lip is devoted to the sign for this trait, although clearness of the skin and eyes is another facial 86 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. indication of Hope. Where this is well defined, the liver will be naturally active, and, if properly used, .will never be the subject of attacks of biliousness. Bright, wide open eyes, buoyant and elastic step and carriage, are also eviden- tial of Hope. Drooping of the corners of the mouth, with dull eyes, denote a lack of this faculty. ANALYSIS. CANOVA. (Analysis.) The local sign for Analysis is well denned in the accompanying physiognomy of Antonio Canova, a renowned Venitian sculptor of the eighteenth century. His anal- ysis of character, as illustrated in his grand and mblime classic statues, challenges the admiration of the world. x4.nalysis, as shown by this portrait, illustrates the ability to analyze, classify, and suggest. It is related to architect- ure, mechanism, literature, human nature, music, and the THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 8' laws of Nature generally. It endows its possessor with the capacity to suggest inventions, improvements in art, music, literature, etc. It is accompanied with a fertile, suggestive, criticizing mind, and is ever ready with expedients and re- sources. Its facial sign is known by a drooping of the sep- tum of the nose, just forward of and adjoining Hope. Its action is affected by the liver, but not in the same degree as is Hope. The physiognomies of La Place, Dr. John Hunter, Dr. Jenner, Canova, the sculptor, Sarah Siddons, actress, and Arkwright, inventor, all exhibit this sign well defined. MENTAL IMITATION. JOHN GREENLEAE WHITTIER. (Mental Imitation.) The sign for Mental Imitation is exhibited in the face of the Quaker poet, whose works seem to be imbued with the spirit of prophesy. They are all of an elevating tendency, evincing purity, sincerity, and beauty. His expressive countenance dis- closes all these traits, and many others as lovely. Imitation is very decided in the picture of Edmund Spenser, as well as in the faces of most authors. Mental Imitation is located just under the tip of the nose, and forward of Analysis, causing a drooping of this part. It is found much developed in the faces of all persons in the 88 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. imitative professions — in actors of the imitative class, in writers of fiction, in artists, poets, and in the faces of all persons in private life who exhibit marked imitative power in any direction. This sign is as indicative of mechanical imitation as of mental imitation, and those who possess a fine endowment of this faculty have the ability to copy the posi- tion, walk, voice, and gesture of others. A suitable physi- ological construction accompanies this sign, and all who have a large degree of Imitation have also a fine quality of muscle, which enables them to adapt themselves very readily to changes, and adopt the habits and customs of others. The Irish, as a rule, are very imitative, and early adopt the cus- toms and habits of all countries where they find a home. The French are the reverse of this. IDEALITY— TASTE— IMAGINATION. SIR PETER LELY. (Ideality.) Sir Peter Lely's nose discloses a large degree of Ideality, or love of the beautiful- He is noted for his fine landscapes and portraits of Court beauties, painted in Eng- land in the seventeenth century. His entire organism reveals the artist. Eorm, Size, Color, Constructiveness, Amativeness, and Love of Young, together with Imi- tation and Analysis, mark their local signs upon this expressive countenance. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 89 There is no single term in the English language which expresses this faculty. Those possessing it in a large degree evince all three of these traits. It is known by width of the tip of the nose, often giving it a square cut appearance. It is noticeable in the faces of artists, poets, sculptors, actors, and certain classes of the literati. In private life, all per- sons who exhibit good taste arid refinement have this indi- cation in their countenances. Sharp pointed noses show just the reverse of this; such features denote very matter-of- fact, unimaginative characters. The portraits of Edmund Burke, Lord Byron, Washington Irving, Corneille, Akenside, Mrs. H. B. Stowe, Horace Vernet, and a host of other writers, artists, etc., exhibit this sign of character. SUBLIMITY. SIR JOHN HEESCHEL. (Sublimity.) Sir John Frederick William Herschel will ever be renowned for his grand discov- eries in Astronomy. His sublime and far-reaching intellect recognized the inter- relation and correspondence of all sciences. His vivid imagination assisted, by its comprehension of analogy, his great efforts in discovery. The signs for Sublimity and Ideality are wonderfully apparent. 7 90 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The sign for the love and appreciation of the grand and sublime in Nature, art, and conduct of life lies just each side of and beyond Ideality, producing a full and rounded appear- ance of the end of the nose. It is large in those who excel in depicting the grand and sublime by pen, brush, or chisel. It is also seen in the faces of all who appreciate this quality in art or Nature, for faculties are both executive and appre- ciative. Some persons possess one form of this talent, and some the other, while others have both. Where this faculty is large, in conjunction with a good development of Acquisi- tiveness, it will lead its possessor to plan and execute large business enterprises and financial schemes. Persons who exhibit large Sublimity have broad and comprehensive views of life and of business, and never like to undertake anything on a small scale. They have either physical or mental power to carry out their plans. Jewish physiognomies have this sign large. HUMAN NATUBE. Human Nature is found lying between and above Ideality, and fills out the nose at this point. In some it produces a decided turning up — what the French call the nez retrousse; and, as it indicates a knowledge of human nature, it gives with this formation a piquancy, aptness, and keenness in conversation and repartee, caused by a ready apprehension of the character of the person with whom one is conversing. It also gives an intuitive comprehension of Physiognomy and of truths as they relate to the human mind and body. Noses which rise high above the plane of the face at the tip indicate a far-seeing understanding of human nature and of all nature, combined with a love for its study and investigation. Ex- amine the noses of Aristotle, Porta, Lavater, and Simms, in the front of the Introduction to this volume, for proof. It endows one with an insatiable desire to know the facts of Nature as they relate to Man. An individual with this fac- ulty large can readily become a physician and hygienist. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 91 JOHN LOCKE. (Human Nattjke.) Human Nature large. John Locke, the celebrated English philosopher, is noted for his "Essay on the Human Understanding." It shows him to have had the ability to penetrate the inmost recesses of the human mind. His nose, rising high above the plane of the face at its tip, is a corroboration of his gift as a seer of Nature. Another sign of Human Nature is found in the fullness of the ethmoid bone at the inner corner of the eye. This, joined with width between the eyes (Form), shows the power to retain the memory of faces, forms, etc. Human Nature is very large in children, and some adults possess it in a large degree. "Where the point of the nose stands high up from the face, a ready apprehension of human nature exists. Knowledge, of human nature is the most essential to human happiness and welfare; hence, it occupies the most prominent position in the face. A good share of intelligence on this subject will lead to suitable selection for partners in marriage, and in this way it tends directly to race improvement. Doubtless, this is its primary use. The countenances of all eminent doctors, botanists, 92 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. naturalists, philosophers, and scientists exhibit this trait. It is noticeable in pictures of Cicero, Hippocrates, Averroes, and Avicenna, among the ancients; it is large in the faces of Drs. Jenner and Hunter, Sir Astley Cooper, Corvisart, and hundreds of similar characters. CONSTBUCTIVENESS. SAMUEL F. B. MOESE. (Constructiveness.) The inventor of the electric telegraph was, as his nose indicates, both mechanical and artistic. He excelled in both directions. Boldness and originality are stamped upon every feature. Observation is also very marked. Constructiveness, or mechanical ability, is known by full- ness of the sides of the alae, or wings of the nose. It joins Human Nature and Sublimity on the upper side, and Ac- quisitiveness on the lower side. A good constructive nose is well filled out at the sides below the bridge. Noses having a depression or indentation at this part lack mechanism. This faculty is needed in art, to assist the painter, sculptor, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 93 novelist, actor, and musician, in order that they may be able to construct their work on mechanical principles, for without mechanism as a basis, art could not advance. Mechanical construction is as essential in planniog a sermon, a novel, or a history, as it is in building a house. The faculties found in combination with Constructiveness will decide what par- ticular thing will be constructed — whether a book, a statue, a painting, or a church. ACQUISITIVENESS. MICHAEL REESE. (Acquisitiveness.) The accompanying cut reveals the faculty of Acquisitiveness on a large scale and in many places. The signs in the droop of the eyelids, the thick straight nose, and dry appearance of the lower lip disclose the fact that Michael Reese, the capitalist of San Francisco, lived for the pleasure of accumulation purely. The entire organism shows the predominance of the accumulative principle. This sign fills out the nose just where the alse join the face. The "hooked nose," such as is often seen in Jewish 94 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. faces, is another unfailing indication of acquisitive power, In those in whom this faculty is deficient a hollow is seen at this place. This faculty gives the power to acquire proper- ty, learning, or power, or whatever the faculties in combina- tion with it lead the individual to desire most. It is some- times seen in the heavy eyelid, which shows the whole of the upper lid while the eve is yet open. This feature is most seen in Oriental faces. This indication is well illustrated in portraits of Sir Moses Montefiore, Alexander T. Stewart, and George Washington. Benjamin Franklin was large in Acquisitiveness as well as economy, and was charged with penuriousness. The combination of traits in his face sub- stantiates the charge. When biographies of great men do not agree with their physiognomies, I always believe the latter in preference to the former. VENEKATION, At the highest part of the nose, very commonly called the "bridge," "Veneration is located. The higher and broader the nose at this point, the greater the development of Ven- eration. This faculty gives the power to venerate or respect God, law, Nature, old age, antiquities, and every idea, per- son, and thing according to its merits. The most noted divines and commanders of all ages have possed this faculty largely. Those with Veneration large make good command- ers, for those who can the best command can the most readily obey; the faculty that gives one the power to comprehend and respect law produces the desire to see it carried out, either by executing or obeying its provisions. The ability for logical argument is one attribute of this faculty, and where the nose is broad as well as high at this sign large rea- soning powers may be inferred, as well as capacity for logical ratiocination. Plato, Huss, WicklifTe, Luther, Emanuel Kant, Calvin, Fontenelle, the two Mathers, John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, George Herbert, and Canon Kingsley, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 95 EEV. DK. MUHLENBUEGH. (Veneeation.) Veneration is exhibited in this countenance of the Eev. Dr. Muhlenburgh in a most conspicuous manner. His life-work tells us how large a place it filled in his nature. He founded hospitals, homes for the aged, and retreats for crippled and destitute children, and lived a celibate life in order to carry out his plans for the needy of earth. His Veneration gave him respect for all that merited it — God, old age, the helpless and desolate. all have this faculty in a remarkable degree. Yeneration is not, as some imagine, a slavish adoration of a deity, or of a number of deities. That is the perversion of the true use of this noble faculty; or, rather, its use without reason. Yen- eration should always be moderated by reason, or subordi- nated to it; for, without it, it degenerates into many gross errors and unjust customs. Lecky, in his ''History of European Morals," says: "Kev- erence is one of those feelings which, in utilitarian systems, would occupy at best a very ambiguous position, for it is ex- tremely questionable whether the great evils that have grown out of it in the form of religious superstition and political servitude have not made it a source of more unhappiness than happiness." This idea shows that it can be turned 96 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. from its legitimate use, and work injury to whole nations. Still, no character is truly beautiful or noble without it. Persons deficient in Veneration have a decided depression at this point. . They are never leaders nor commanders, and do not yield ready obedience to law. Not apprehending the nature of veneration or respect, of course they cannot easily put it into operation. Where there is a great lack of Venera- tion, we are sure to find impudence and impertinence in excess. Negroes as a class have little reverence. Their re- ligious feelings proceed almost entirely from an over-develop- ment of Credenciveness, making them grossly superstitious, as fc they have little reason to control this faculty. In all undeveloped people and races, an excess of Credenciveness is thought to be a religious trait, whereas it is only a mark of an unbalanced mind. True religion is shown where rea- son and morality hold the balance. EXECUTIVENESS. SIR CHAELES NAPIER. (Executiveness.) This leonine countenance announces to the most casual observer the qualities which characterize the king of beasts — power, force, and courage. Admiral Sir Charles was a descendant of a family noted for its warriors ; hence, he inherited Executiveness in an intensified form. His physiognomy speaks for his character. No biography is needed here. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 97 Executiveness is found on the ridge of the nose just above Veneration, and forms the outline generally called "Roman," from its having been the form of the nose of many of the leading Eoman generals, commanders, orators, and states- men. It is the faculty which gives ability to execute law and order. It makes the individual bold, resolute, and daring in the discharge of duty, with power to lead rather than to be led. It is found in the physiognomies of Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Charlemagne, Duke of Marlborough, Lord Nelson, Marshal Saxe, Duke of Wellington, Generals Scott and Sher- man, and all who have become known to history for their abilities to command and lead large bodies of men in ag- gressive movements. With such men it assumes the aggress- ive form, and peculiarly adapts them to fill the position of military leaders. Unaccompanied by a strong sense of jus- tice, it becomes tyranny. SELF-WILL. Self-will is located at the root of the nose just between the eyes, and is indicated by height at this part. It is found more largely developed in European noses than in American, and it is this which gives the plodding, persevering character so often observed among them. Americans, as a class, do not continue and dwell so long at their undertakings as Eu- ropeans, and, consequently, show a greater depression in the descent from the forehead to the nose. Self-will is one of the most important faculties in the human mind. It is found small in undeveloped races and faces, and large in all who have excelled in any work requiring continued attention, as have the following named persons: Dante, Josephus, Sir Isaac Newton, Humboldt, Milton, Omar Pasha, John Steven- son, Richard Arkwright, Kossuth, Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mme. de Stael, Edwin Booth, Brigham Young, Cyrus W. Field, Horace Greeley, and C. P. Huntington. Female physiognomies are seldom seen with this sign large. Their 98 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY, COUNT VON MOLTKE. (Self-will.) Self-will is stamped on every lineament of General Count Yon Moltke, eminent alike as a commander, strategist, and writer. His strong will, in combination with his intellect, led him to success in vast military enterprises. occupations preclude its cultivation. Woman's life is made up of trivialities and constant changes of small occupations. Yery few have the opportunity to pursue one grand object in life. Some observers give as one sign for this faculty horizontal wrinkles across the top of the nose, where it joins the fore- head. My observation affirms this sign, but it is found only in adults after concentrated effort in a given direction has been made long enough to stamp its effect upon the muscles at this point. I have never seen this sign in childhood. The former sign of height where the nose joins the forehead is indicated in children, as well as in adults, as showing the ability for consecutive efforts of the will. Those persons who have been successful in carrying forward great enter- prises — such as building railroads, laying telegraph cables, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 99 etc., founding and managing communities, and in all under- takings in art and invention requiring persistent Self-will — show this height of the nose. This faculty occupies a com- manding position in the face, and thus shows its importance to the intellectual operations, as well as to the social and do- mestic faculties. In most faces in which it is predominant the sign for Firmness is often small; the chin will be found retreating somewhat. In rare instances you will find both these faculties large, and this will give an exceedingly willful, obdurate, set character. Herder says of this locality: "The region of the face where the mutual relations between the the eyebrows, the eyes, and the nose are collected, is the seat of the soul's expression in the countenance; that is, the expression of the will and of the active life." Europeans use the word soul often to designate mind; I think this is the sense in which Herder has used it in this passage. When Self-will is large, the Muscular will be one of the dominant systems of the individual. Will is operated by the muscles. Firmness, which is erroneously called will-power, is evolved from the Bony structure and operated by it. When one analyzes the constituents and nature of bone and muscle he will observe the propriety of this distinction. Will is very changeable like muscle; Firmness is immovable like bone; hence the difference in their operation. CEEDENCIYENESS. This trait has been named both Spirituality and Faith, neither of which expresses its real office. It gives a love of history and belief in tradition and biography. Perverted, or unbalanced by reason, it leads to superstitious belief in all sorts of improbable dogmas and wonderful or impossible stories. It is located at the inner corner of the eyebrow, where it joins the nose, causing an arched appearance of the eyebrow at this part. It is found large in the Chinese, in Turks, in Jews, and in all Oriental nations, who have for 100 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. JOHN DE WICKLIFFE. (Credenciveness.) This eminent divine of the English Church made a determined stand against the errors of the Romish Church, but was himself a believer in many things not con- sistent with reason or the truths of Nature. He saw only the "mote" in his brother's eye, not the "beam" in his own. He lived a moral life, however, and was popular in the fourteenth century. ages listened to the recital of superstitions or wonderful traditions. It is shown, also, by the wide open eye, and is small in scientists and those who are so constituted as to demand proof before belief. Its absence in them is shown by an appearance just the opposite of this, or by eyebrows drawn close down to the eye, thus bringing the eyebrow down so close as to make the eye seem small. Where it is uncommonly developed, it begets a love of the wonderful and superstitious. The individual will place implicit reliance on all great and improbable narrations, such as relate to ghosts, spirits, and great snake stories; and many persons, of good judgment in all the affairs of every day life, will accept as a religious belief statements founded on the impossible, and which reason and truth show to be so. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 101 This faculty is very general, and is found in degrees rang- ing all the way from its legitimate action — viz., a belief in history, biography, and well authenticated facts — to child- ish credulity and belief in the impossible — in fairies, ghosts, genii, dragons, and in the religious power of charms, incan- tations, and in the sanctity of certain animals, birds, and insects. " Plain sense will influence half a score of people at most, while mystery will lead millions by the nose," said Lord Bolingbroke. The sign of this faculty is found excessive in the faces of Joan of Arc, Bajazet, Ignatius Loyola, Schamyl, a prophet and military commander of the Circassians, Pope Alexander, Mahomet, and Swedenborg, and other "believers." OBSEEVATION. CICERO. (Observation.) Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman orator, statesman, and jurist, discloses by his facial record that Observation was his natural and cultivated talent. The constant use of the muscles at the place where the inner termini of the eyebrows approach, together with the tension of the muscles of the eyes toward Observation, contribute to form the protuberance found in the face of this great observer and thinker. 102 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Observation is a faculty of the Muscular system, and is related to the observation of all visible objects as separate and individual existences and entities. It gives an insatiable desire to look at and examine everything, to ask the use and purpose of every object in sight. It is always large in chil- dren, and the faculty most used by them, and through which nearly all knowledge comes to them in the early years of life, before the practical faculties and reason have begun to assert themselves. It should always be cultivated in chil- dren ; never repressed by avoiding answering their questions or forbidding them to gaze about. Its situation is in the middle of the lower part of the forehead, between the inner termini of the eyebrows and above the top of the nose; when large, rilling out the forehead to a level with the ad- joining parts, and causing the eyebrows in adults to lower down toward the eyes at their inner corners. This last sign is not observable in children, the faculty not having been put in use sufficiently long to leave its impress upon the muscles. It will be found large in scientists and mechanics generally. It is the opposite of Credenciveness, and its sign is also the reverse of that faculty. It depends upon personal ob- servation for its proof of all things, and, therefore, is small in theologians and the superstitious, who accept doctrines unproved, upon faith and without demonstration. The por- traits of Arago, Buffon, Michael Angelo, Fulton, James Watt, Professor Tyndall, Charles Darwin, Cyrus W. Field, Professor Morse, Elihu Burritt, John and Joseph Le Conte, and Dr. J. Simms show Observation very well defined. POEM. Form is that faculty which gives the power to recollect configuration generally. The memory of faces, figures, pict- ures, spelling, distances, and length proceed from a devel- opment of this faculty. It is large in draughtsmen, artists, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 103 WILLIAM HOGARTH. (Form.) The faculty of Form shines pre-eminent in the impressive face of Hogarth, the most eminent of all caricaturists. His etchings and engravings have a world-wide renown. Width of the bony structure between the eyes is the chief facial sign of this faculty. His countenance discloses mirthfulness without stint. His sense of the ludicrous and grotesque is well illustrated in his "Marriage a la Mode" and " The Rake's Progress." He lived in England in the seventeenth century. wood engravers, wood carvers, sculptors, etc. It is exhibited by width between the eyes. Persons with large Construct- iveness, or mechanical ability, also retain memory of form well. Scientists usually possess it in a great degree. It is useful in classifying and arranging physical substances, and is needed in Architecture, Geometry, Botany, and Com- parative Anatomy. Dressmakers and pattern-makers must possess this faculty, and all who employ form as the basis of their trade or profession. It is found large in actors and elocutionists, who excel in gesture. Kean, Siddons, Rachel, Madame Ristori, Booth, and all those who have excelled in delineating the posture and form of others, show this faculty in excess. It is un- commonly large in the' faces of Cuvier, the naturalist; Lin- naeus, the botanist; Baron Humboldt; Sir Astley Cooper, 104 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the celebrated surgeon; Watt, Fulton, and Stephenson, who were mechanics and inventors; and in all the great artists. " An artist," said Michael Angelo, "should have his meas- uring tools not in the hands, but in the eye." Form, as well as Size, are caused by the peculiar conformation of the Bony structure. SIZE. See portrait of Hogarth at Form. Measurement, by the eye and memory, of distances, pro- portion, and magnitude, are all the result of a development of the faculty of Size. Persons endowed with this faculty, in conjunction with Form, make good architects, and can estimate accurately lengths, widths, angles, quantities, and centres. Its location is on either side of Observation, and gives a Y-shaped appearance to the forehead just above where it joins the nose. Hogarth is a fine illustration of both Form and Size; also, Rembrandt, Durer, Van Dyck, Gerome, and all persons re- nowned for their power in comprehending and delineating the size of objects. Physiognomists possess this faculty as well as Form. The faces of Aristotle, Porta, Lavater, Dr. Gall, the phrenologist, and Dr. Simms have these last two signs very large. Surveyors, engineers, architects, and in- ventors have Size and Form well developed. In the face of Brunei, the architect of the Thames Tunnel, it is remarkable. Persons whose eyes are placed close to the nose, with little width between, are deficient in Size. Many otherwise well educated men cannot spell correctly, owing to the absence of Form and Size. WEIGHT. Weight gives an intuitive appreciation of the laws of motion, balance, and weight. Persons with a good endow- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 105 AEAGO. (Weight.) In this "counterfeit presentment" we have the local sign for Weight very large. Arago, a distinguished astronomer, mathematician, and scientist of France, proved by his discoveries that the faculty of Weight, or Balance, was largely represented in his organization. The Y-shape at the termini of the inner ends of the eyebrows is one of the facial indices of this muscular faculty. ment of this faculty are natural climbers, skaters, dancers, etc. It is always found large in rope dancers, billiard play- ers, marksmen, gunners, and archers. It is an essential power in carpenters, architects, and sculptors, as it enables them to plumb lines by the eye, and gives a correct and natural pose to the figure. The architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa must have possessed this faculty in an emi- nent degree. I have observed it in acrobats, gymnasts, trapeze performers, velocipedists, and sailors, and in all who require good balancing power. The sense of Weight might properly be called the sixth sense, as it enables us to balance in walking, and to judge of the weight of articles by lifting. It is related to the Muscular system; therefore, the shape of the hands and feet 8 106 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. would indicate its power. Its location is adjoining Observa- tion and Credenciveness, and is a faculty that carpenters, iron workers, and astronomers must possess in order to excel in their several callings. When it has been much exercised, the muscles called corrugator supercilii increase in size, and this is another proof of its muscular origin. This sign is noticeable in the portraits of Sir Isaac New- ton, the Herschels, E. A. Proctor, Brunei, the architect, and Blondin, who crossed Niagara Falls on a wire. It is adapted to muscular control, to the use of tools, machinery, to swimming, dancing, etc. George Combe, the phrenologist, states that those in whom it is largest are least subject to sea-sickness, which proceeds from two causes : Lack of bal- ancing power — that is, absence of the sense of weight; and, second, from an abnormal bilious condition of the liver and stomach. The muscles and bones assist in forming a system of levers and other mechanical powers. A predominance of these two systems — the Bony and Muscular — contributes to the mechanical powers of the individual. Now, mechanism of all kinds — whether it be by the voice, brush, pen, or chisel; whether by skillful manipulation with the hands on the piano or sewing machine, or by practiced movements of the hands and feet — is indebted to the muscles, principally, for the illustration of its power; hence, we must look to the degree of muscular development of the entire organism for artistic and mechanical power. The more bone, the more mechanical, exact, and scientific; the more muscle, the more artistic, emotional, and ideal. Singers, like Jenny Lind or Grisi, depend upon the fine quality and rich endowment of the muscles of the larynx and ear for their powers of song. The orator, also, finds in the resonant quality of muscle his sure ally; while the mechanic and sculptor must depend upon bone, muscle, and nerve for the keen sensibilities of their hands to perfect their useful and artistic creations. The perfection of vocal expression, whether in song, oratory, the drama, or in language, is reached when the Muscular system is of fine quality and THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 107 abounding. The sculptor must be able, by his natural and acquired sense of weight, to judge how to graduate the blows upon his chisel in order to produce the effects which he desires upon his marble. His ability is the result of an organization suited to his work by nature ; then perfected by cultivation and use. Thorwaldsen, Canova, and Miss Hosmer represent in their physiques a strong endowment of the Muscular system and sense. The sign for Weight is uncommonly large in all these great artists, and their hands are the hands of artists. Any observer, after mastering the principles underlying the hu- man organism, as laid down in this work, should be able to give most of the salient points of character from the hands alone. COLOE. A fine perception of Color is shown, generally, by a de- cided color of the eyes, skin, and hair; that is to say, the deeper the colors in one's organism, the better the sense and appreciation of the harmony of shades and tints. Persons with light hair, eyes, and skin are not so capable of becom- ing good colorists as those with darker hues in their physi- ognomy, and this principle of Nature is obvious. We can give out only that which .we possess, and those who are de- ficient in color cannot perceive its shadings and harmonies so well as those whose natures are permeated with it. Color is also shown in the arching of the centre of the eyebrow, as seen in the face of Guido Reni. Color is of far more importance in the economy of Nature than is generally known. Recent discoveries in the princi- ples of color have shown its power as a remedial agent, and colors are now applied to various diseases with great success. Color is an effect of climate, soil, food, and drink, acted upon by the solar rays. Every mineral which enters into the earth's composition, or into that of the sun, gives forth its color, which has a perceptible and powerful effect upon the 108 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. GUIDO KENI. (Color.) The portraits by this distinguished artist are compared to those by Raffaelle in the brilliancy of their coloring. Dense color pervaded his entire body. Olive com- plexion, red cheeks, and black hair and eyes prepared him to comprehend the har- monies of colors, shades, and tints. Lavater says, "We read the coloring of Guido in his countenance." This portrait represents the artist at an advanced age. human organism. These rays must harmonize with the con- ditions of the human system in order to produce health. Many persons are color-blind. A very much larger percent- age of men than women are so. A depression or lowering of the eyebrow at the centre is an infallible indication of color- blindness. A recent writer on color-blindness, Dr. Jay Jeffries, estimates the percentage of those who are color- blind, in a greater or less degree, as one in every twenty-five males. The proportion is much less in females; Dr. Holm- gren found but ten women in seven thousand one hundred and nineteen, of all ages and occupations, color-blind! The reason why men are more deficient in the sense of color is that they do not make the same study and use of colors that women do, in their dress, and in the pursuit of their tastes generally; in the disposition of house and flower decorations, and in adapting colors to complexion. The use of tobacco and alcohol is thought to injure the color sense. The prin- ciple that "use increases capacity" applies as well to this THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 109 department of the organism as to all the other parts of the system. Professor Holmgren says that "color-blindness is not a disease in the sense of being attended with suffering, obliging the person to have recourse to a physician. Color- blindness, quite as well as normal sight, is a sense of color, though of another and more simple nature. He whom we call color-blind is not, correctly speaking, at all blind to all colors. In the system according to which he arranges his colors, he has fewer kinds than the normal observer. It results from this that he finds resemblances between colors, or confuses others that the normal observer finds different; for instance, red and green." There are many unsatisfactory theories put forth to account for the deficiency of the color sense. My own ideas on the subject may be useful as far as they go; I know, however, that they do not cover the whole ground. My observations have led me to remark two causes for this defect : First, the lack of foods which contain those elements that produce the kind and amount of color essential to the healthy equilibrium of the organism; that is to say, that in the chemical combi- nation of the food with the blood and tissues, there is not sufficient coloring matter mingled to endow the person with the right proportion of color to constitute a strong and decided color sense; also, there is not enough of color de- rived from the solar rays. This proceeds from a disregard of sanitary law in pursuing an in-door existence, or a non- assimilation by the organism of these rays, in consequence of certain diseased conditions which prevent, for a time, the proper action of the light and heat of the sun. This oppo- sition is, however, only temporary, as it is well known that sunlight alone will eradicate many diseases; and, as the white rays of the sun are composed of a combination of all the colors of the prism, the curative properties must reside in the colors alone. If this were not the case, a heated room would conduce to health as well as sunlight. Experience proves that this result cannot be obtained without the direct rays of the sun. Plants languish and become pale and sickly 110 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. when deprived of sunlight, and vegetable juices undergo seriotfs chemical changes from being shut off from the action of the solar rays. There are other sources of light and color which are nearly the same in their composition and action as sunlight. Electricity is one of these sources which has a direct bearing upon the health of organic life; and, although many of the laws relating to this force are unknown, still enough of its action has been observed to assure us that a proper amount must enter into the constitution of the human organism to produce healthful conditions. There are other sources of light, which cannot be dwelt upon here. The reader might consult the works of Descartes, Helmholz, Huyghens, and Draper on this subject with profit. The second cause of defective color sense is plainly proved, I think, by the fact that a much larger percentage of males are lacking in this direction than females. The reason for this has been previously stated; viz., non-use of colors habitually. Colors are interwoven, one may say, into the every-day life of woman, while only a few men, compara- tively, pursue callings into which colors enter as a prime factor. The theory of non-assimilation in the organism of mankind, by chemical action, of sufficient color to give a correct and just understanding of colors, should teach us how important, in a moral sense, a due development of color is to the human body. The reader will observe, in the chapter on sub-basilar principles, the reference made to color by the celebrated naturalist, Haeckel, who has ob- served that the absence of color induces or accompanies abnormal conditions, both in animals and man. He, how- ever, gives no theory on the subject. Absence of color produces not only physical defects — as, for instance, the absence of the. color sense — but also moral deficiencies. Now, very light gray eyes, or almost all light eyes, are indicative of either scrofulous tendencies or weak- ness of the kidney system; and weakness or deficiency of that system shows a lack of natural integrity or Conscien- tiousness. I know that this theory will be assailed and THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. Ill scouted. Let me ask my opposers to bring as good proof against this theory as I can to its support, before they pro- ceed to condemn it. Surely, twenty-five years of observation in the study of the human organism have not failed in dis- covering what the eye of the indifferent would never become cognizant of. At the same time, I would advise all doubters to take heed of Descartes' maxim, "Assent to no proposition the matter of which is not so clear that it cannot be doubt- ed." As the moral as well as mental powers depend upon the constitution of the atoms and molecules which compose the cellular tissues of the body, how can it be expected that integrity shall be one of its components if chemical action has failed, in the first instance, to properly blend and har- moniously balance the physical organism ? Morality is not a fine spun, fleecy, cloudy theory of belief; Conscientiousness is not an intellectual opinion as to the merits of Infant Damnation or the doctrine of Salvation and Election, or any other purely speculative belief. It is the very groundwork of our physical construction; it inheres in the chemical or underlying basis of our organism, and depends for its sound- ness on the purity of the body primarily, and afterward on a cultivated and quickened moral sense. A more general comprehension of colors would lead to greater protection of life and property. Colored signals and lights are used largely on railways and on shipboard. The failure to understand the colors of these signals might prove disastrous in the highest degree. Men intending to enter positions where such signals are used should be subjected to an examination in colors before assuming such responsibili- ties, where ignorance of colors might jeopardize the lives of hundreds. The Color sense is dependent upon the normal condition of the glandular system and the arterial circulation for its illustration. The local sign (arching of the centre of the eyebrow) is an inherited feature, transmitted from an- cestors who have had the Color sense cultivated in trades or professions, and it then becomes a permanent formation. This sign is also caused by the roundness and size of the 112 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. muscles of the eye and its orbit; also, by raising the lid and brow constantly, as all artists do in their work. ORDER. CUVIER. (Order.) Baron Cuvier's brow illustrates the local sign for this faculty admirably. His classification of scientific subjects, and his collection of natural objects, aroused this sense to its highest activity. He is remarkable among the greatest scientists for his systems of classification and orderly arrangement. The Bony system is one of the ruling powers in him. The next local sign in the Architectural division is found externally from Color, and adjoins Calculation, its natural assistant. When very large it forms almost an angle, and assists in forming the arch produced by the local sign for Color. It is adapted to method, system, regulation, law, and custom, and is essential in business, housekeeping, and in all the trades. It is found large in apothecaries, printers, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 113 accountants, scientists, and librarians. Those with a large share of Order are pained by disorder, and must have a place for everything and everything in its place. Order de- rives its power from the size and form of the Osseous sys- tem. The bones of the forehead form the shape which is assigned to the local sign for Order. The phrenological idea, that it is an organ of the brain, is wholly false. It in- heres in the squareness of the Bony system, and is not found in the Vegetative along with fat. It belongs to the mind of the hones. CALCULATION. GEORGE BOOLE. (Calculation.) Calculation very large. The square bony frame of George Boole, in combination with the muscular powers, enabled him by its orderly arrangement to calculate un- commonly well. His power of reason added made him one of the most profound mathematicians of the world. His works are too abstruse for general use ; hence, he is little known. The ability to calculate numbers, reckon figures in the head, and remember figures, dates, and sums, is shown in 114 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the face by width of space between the external angle of the eye and the eyebrows, hs shown in the above portrait of Boole. This faculty varies in different individuals in an as- tonishing degree. While some can compute immense sums almost instantaneously, others, who are exceedingly intelli- gent on many other subjects, are often nearly idiotic in this. George Combe said of himself that, after seven years of study of arithmetic, the multiplication table was a profound mystery to him. Calculation is found more largely devel- oped in the Chinese than in any other race. The teacher of a Chinese mission school in San Francisco informed me that young Chinese boys would commence with notation, and in four months could calculate division of fractions. Two years are required to carry the white children of the public schools through the same course. Individuals possessed of Arith- metical Calculation, in conjunction with Form, Size, Causal- ity, Comparison, and Constructiveness, can become both mathematicians and geometricians; with Locality and Imita- tion added, can easily become surveyors and civil engineers. The physiognomies of La Place, Herschel, Lagrange, Brind- ley, Stevenson, Smeatou, Bradley, Lalande, Gibbon, and Delambre, and all others who have excelled in astronomy, history, physics, surveying, engineering, and similar pursuits, express the faculty of Calculation. This faculty inheres in the Muscular system mainly, assisted by the Bony. "We know this by the fact that those who have excelled in Calcu- lation have possessed a good share of these two systems. We cannot go beyond or outside of Nature for proof of natu- ral operations. Those in whom the Vegetative system is regnant are very poor calculators, have little Order or Local- ity, and are deficient in the Bony and Muscular powers gen- erally. LOCALITY. Localizing sense gives the power to place everything in ex- istence as seen. It also gives the memory of scenery, cities, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 115 CHARLES ALFRED TOWNSEND. (Locality.) A talented journalist, well known for his accurate and brilliant descriptions of localities and persons. roads, and all places, things, and localities once viewed. All scientists have this faculty large. It is indispensable to the naturalist, geographer, astronomer, chemist, and descriptive writer, and in all the practical industries. Noted travelers and navigators possess this faculty in a large degree, and all persons who find and remember places, who can localize mi- nute objects in the home, store, or factory, are indebted to this trait for their capacity in this direction. Locality, in combination with Constructiveness, gives the ability to re- member machinery and set it v in position; with Observation, Human Nature, Memory of Events, and Form large, a desire to travel and to study men, tnings, and the world generally is evinced. It is found just above the local sign for Weight, running upward and outward, and is so large in some cases as to resemble a small wen or kernel. The study of anat- 116 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. omy, physiology, and physiognomy, as well as of all other sciences, cultivates and develops this power. The sign for this faculty is strongly defined in the faces of La Place and Herschel, the astronomers; Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir John Franklin, Captains Eoss, Cook, and Parry, navigators; Hou- din, the French conjuror; Marco Polo, traveler; General Fremont, explorer, and Sir Walter Scott, writer. It derives its power from the Muscular system, and is largest in those who are given to excess of motion. In giving local signs, it must not be understood by the reader that the faculty or power is located with the sign. The faculty and power are general, are diffused through the individual, and inhere in the entire system which the local sign indicates it as belonging to; as, for example, Weight beloDgs to the Muscular system, Constructiveness to the Muscular, and Form and Size depend upon the conformation of the Bony system. MEMOEY OF EVENTS. The Memory of Events, as its name indicates, gives the power to retain and recall events of all kinds — history, scien- tific facts, anecdotes, experiments, public measures, and news and neighborhood gossip. It is located above Obser- vation, and between the two local signs of Locality. Those with this faculty large readily learn and accept new doctrines, principles, and ideas; can become teachers, and, with Lan- guage large, editors and writers. It endows the individual with a common sense view of affairs and assists progressive tendencies. It is large in children, as their faces indicate. It is possessed by historians, descriptive writers, orators, and statesmen. The portraits of Victor Hugo, Dean Swift, Pres- cott the historian, Gladstone, and James Parton, all present this indication. Memory of Events is indebted to the Mus- cular system mainly for its power, assisted by the Osseous and Nervous systems. Its complex derivation gives it power THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 117 LORD CHANCELLOR SOMERS. (Memoey op Events.) Memory of Events is very pronounced in Lord Chancellor Somers, an English jurist of eminence. His numerous writings on legal and political subjects evidence his uncommon memory for events. His countenance, shown above, discloses by the fullness of the centre of the forehead that his works and physiognomy corroborate each other. to remember events which the visual organs, the eyes, take cognizance of, as well as what is heard — as events transpire in history, or in affairs of the city, town, or neighborhood. The region about the eyes being well developed gives great practical inclinations to the individual, in all of which the eyes assist. In listening to news, the ear and auditory nerve are concerned, and thus this department of the Memory of Events is indebted to the Nervous system as well as to the Muscular. Memory pertains to every individual thing and fact in existence. There is memory of forms, words, tunes, time, taste, color, locality, numbers, faces, gesture, walk, motion, and of all things in existence. Memory is a faculty of each of the five systems of functions; each remembers its own sort of activity. 118 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. MUSIC. The genius, love, and ability for music are shown in many ways and localities. It is more general and of the highest quality where the Muscular system predominates, with a due admixture of the Vegetative to give softness to its expres- sion. It is less marked in the Bony system predominant than in the others. The reason of this is that muscle has the qualities of both resonance and contraction, which bone has not, being unyielding in its nature, and therefore not af- fording as much assistance to the sound waves. Two of the elements of sound are elasticity and resonance; therefore, air, strings, and wires convey sound best. Another element of sound is its wave, or curved motion; and, therefore, mus- cle is best adapted to the giving forth and receiving of sound. The larynx, where sound is originated in the human voice, is composed of muscles and ligaments; the bones have no part in the act of emitting sound. The sub-basilar principle, that " Nature is harmonious," is nowhere more beautifully exemplified than in the most prominent local sign for Music — the ear. Under this principle, the external must agree with the internal; therefore, if the body is built on musical principles, the brain must correspond of course, and the ear, being the channel through which sound is conveyed to the brain, must be adapted in its size, form, and color to the re- ception and conveyance of musical and other sounds to the tympanum. Dr. Simms has given the best exposition of the rationale of this faculty of any writer on the subject. He says : ' 'The round or rounding ear, well set out from the head, arrests more of the passing musical waves, and conveys them with more force to the tympanum, or drum of the ear. This not only gives more power of hearing, but it conduces to musical judgment; for the organ, being put more on stretch, vibrates more rapidly to the nearly instantaneous succession of musical waves than the flabby ear that lies upon the side of the head, and, sponge-like, absorbs the force of the ear- THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 119 ARTHUR SULLIVAN. (Music.) The round ear, round nose, and rounding muscular body of Arthur Sullivan ad- mirably display the faculty of Music, as it inheres in the Muscular system. Musical talent was inherited by this gentleman, and has been cultivated thoroughly. He is a popular English composer, author of " Pinafore " and many other well known compositions. vibrations, instead of conveying them to the internal part of the organ; hence, flat ears are not only unmusical, but gen- erally dull of hearing. To make a good musician, the two ears must be alike, both of them being round, thin, and standing well out from the head, especially the outer rim. Musical ears are likewise generally red, because the vibratory motion with which they so readily respond to the waves of sound draws the blood to the surface of the organ. A blood- less ear is not one generally that has had much musical edu- cation. Another notable circumstance is that where the ear is largest at the top, the upper part being round, the person is capable of learning instrumental music. On the other hand, ears round at the top, but wide in the lower portion, with heavy pendant lobules, evince the faculty of vocal music; while width in the centre denotes the inclination to 120 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. speak, and the power to speak well, so far as the tone and modulation of the voice are concerned. "The musical ear in some cases is, and in others is not, a matter of inheritance. If the father or his relatives are musical, and the mother's family destitute of this talent, the children may be musical or otherwise, according to the parent that each of them represents in the musical heritage. When the two ears in any person are not alike in size and form, the right ear resembles either the father or the father's family, and represents their musical capabilities, while the left ear will be found like that of the mother or her near relatives. Sometimes it happens that the right or male side of the child represents a musical father, and that ear is round; while the left ear may be square, indented, angular, and broken at the outer edge, or depressed and flat, showing that the mother or her family must have been unmusical. On the other hand, if the father or his ancestors were deficient in musical talent, the rim of the right ear of the child will be more or less an- gular, or exhibiting straight lines, sharp turns or other devi- ations from the round form, evincing that mechanical rather than musical talent has been inherited from the father's side of the house. Some children inherit the musical as well as other capacities from ancestors two or three generations back. All round-eared animals love music, while long-eared animals are indifferent to or dislike it." The Muscular system is mainly instrumental in producing sound. LANGUAGE. Language, or the ability to communicate by speech, has its signs in several places. The large, full, wide-open eye is an unmistakable evidence; so, also, a large mouth is proof of volume of language, and capacity, if the nostrils be large, for producing very loud tones. Full lips and throat are other evidences of this faculty. Many eyes appear small to the THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 121 LETITIA E. LANDON. (Language.) Language large. The fullness of the eyes and lips, and general roundness of the physique, show the predominance of the Muscular system. It is this system from which Language is derived. The numerous works of this lovely English poetess evince her great copiousness and power of language. superficial observer because the bony ridge over the eyes projects so far forward as to hide their size, and very keen observation is needed here to distinguish their real size. One with large, full eyes aud large mouth is fluent, volu- ble, and able to express himself with copiousness, freedom, and power; will be able to learn foreign languages easily; will possess great memory of language, and, with large rea- soning powers, Causality, Comparison, Memory of Events, and large Observation, will have great power for oratory of high order. All vocal expression is dependent upon the Muscular system for its power. The vocal cords are carti- laginous, of the nature of muscle. The tongue, the mouth, and the larynx are mainly muscular. The ear, which receives sound, is indebted to the muscular sense for its effectiveness, and the eye, which "speaks," is also a mass of muscles. 9 122 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The nation which reached the highest perfection in oratory was the Greek. This nation sought the perfection of the human form by the encouragement and exercise of those games which tended to the highest development of the Mus- cular system. The Olympian and Isthmian games were national and universal throughout ancient Greece, and were maintained at the expense of the government. They were considered sacred by the people. One fact in connection with language, which philologists have overlooked, is that the language of races has progressed only as their physical powers have developed. The lowest races existing at the present time are as undeveloped in their muscular conformation as in their language. By tracing races physiologically, it will be found that their language has improved in the ratio of their muscular development. Lan- guage is the natural expression of the intellectual powers, and is also the channel of communication for our physical necessities. It is related to the three divisions of the face, and is necessary alike for physical, mechanical, artistic, re- ligious, and mathematical expression. I believe it to be related to pulsation. Inasmuch as language is naturally and necessarily divided into pauses, there may be some connec- tion between the beats of the pulse and the natural accentu- ation and periodicity of syllables and sentences. I give this as a suggestion to observers, not having investigated it suffi- ciently to state it as a fact in Nature. The explanation of the locality and office of the faculty of Language completes the description of the Architectural group, occupying the middle portion of the face, and in- cluding the mechanical, artistic, religious, literary, and ex- ecutive faculties. THE MATHEMATICAL DIVISION. All of the faculties and powers which relate to or assist in mathematical computation and demonstration are found in THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 123 the upper or third division of the face, as exhibited in the outline cut on page 22. This attribute pervades all things, and shows the divisibility of substances, space, and time. Mankind would be like the blind groping in daylight without this power of computing, numbering, and demonstrating the numerical divisibility of all things in Nature. Statistics, surveying, navigation, weighing, measuring, and all business transactions involving calculation and accounting, come under the action of this department of the mind. Time in music, rhythm in poetry, the periodicity and revolution of the heav- enly bodies, the succession of the seasons, and the quantita- tive particles of matter, are all subject to the laws of mathe- matics. So much of one element, another quantity of a different constituent, and a third proportion of some other substance, gas, acid, or ether, go to form every atom of or- ganized life or matter of which the senses can take cognizance. There is no doubt that the pulsations of the heart and the natural accentuation of speech are subject to mathematical law. Indeed, there seems to be a law of correspondence throughout all Nature, by which the laws of all departments are correlated and act in unison with each other. If the motions of the planets and the duration of the sea- sons, with all their sequences, are subjects of mathematical law and demonstration; if, in short, every atom of every kind whatever is regulated and governed by this all-pervading law of numerical certainty, why is it not reasonable to conclude that man's life, its duration and pathway or orbit through time and space, are also matters of law, coming naturally and necessarily under the law of mathematical certainty, and sus- ceptible of demonstration, like every other atom, or organi- zation of atoms, in the universe? You may say that this is but a restatement of what is called "the law of destiny." I do not object to that term if it be so understood as to in- clude scientific law as the basis of the destination of all created matter. I do not give out this idea as based on a settled law of Nature, because I cannot substantiate it by well demonstrated facts; but reasoning from all the analogies 124 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of Nature, from the harmony that I observe attending all her operations, and from the co-ordination of all her forces, I believe that mathematical law may be the basis of the dura- tion of our allotted time here. Its universality of applica- tion is simply unlimited. "It is a character of all the higher laws of Nature," says Sir John Herschel, "to assume the form of a precise quanti- tative statement. The law of gravitation expresses the exact mathematical decrease of the gravitating force with the in- crease of the distances. Chemistry is, in a most prominent degree, a science of quantity. Astronomy likewise builds on mathematically expressed relations: the satellite revolving around its primary describes equal areas in equal times, and the squares of these periodic times are as the cubes of the distance. In the vegetable kingdom, two is the number ruling in the flowerless plants, three in the endogenous, and fi.Ye in the exogenous. There is a mathematical law also governing the relative number of petals, sepals, and stamens, and the growth of leaves around the stalk. In animal life, the mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and propor- tions the size of its whorls to the distance between them; and in the higher animals it is discovered, as in the number and size of the vertebrae, the number of teeth, etc., the same fact of a quantitative principle prevailing everywhere while yet in subordination to special laws of function or mode of life." In commencing the examination of the Mathematical di- vision of the face, I shall refer first to Time. TIME. Two kinds of ability to comprehend Time may be observed in the physiques and faces of George Boole and Arthur Sullivan, on pages 113 and 119. Time is the faculty which enables us to take cognizance of the lapse of time, of periods of succession, of hours, days, months, and years. It is found large in the organisms of watch and chronometer makers, in astronomers, chemists, THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 125 dancers, elocutionists, in the higher classes of mechanics, and in musicians. It is manifested in a variety of ways and by several local signs. As there are different kinds of this faculty in the human mind, it is logical to infer that it would be exhibited in the action of the different systems. This is in reality the case. "When we find Time shown by persons of the round form equally with those of the square build, and then again another manifestation of this sense by those with the Brain system predominant, we conclude that its origin is as diverse as its manifestations are various and unlike. Many eminent musicians, like Handel and Meyerbeer, who were muscular and round men, illustrate the sort of Time used in musical exercises. It is large also in many mechan- ics and physicists who unite the Muscular with the Bony system slightly predominant. It is never found large in the Yegetative system. Time gives the power to tell instinctively the hour of any given time of day or night, and ability to keep time in music. Persons witli Time large evince a desire to be punctual, to have a set time for every act; can remember the dates when certain events transpired; will excel in keeping time in music and in marching. Time inheres in the entire organism — less probably in the Yegetative system than in the others, for in low animal organisms assimilation is constantly going on, but when we ascend to the higher, to the Thoracic, the periodic movements of the lungs and heart prove that this form of Time is expressed here. Although in that portion of the process of digestion carried on by the intestinal system there is a set time for the completion of the process of assimilation of the foods taken into the stomach as nutrition, in the Mus- cular and Bony systems we have still further assistants to periodic movements covering lapse of time; still in the Mus- cular and Bony systems we have more power evinced in this direction, in marching, in music, and in making instruments which illustrate the periodic movements of the earth, winds, tides, etc. Coming higher up, we find in the Brain and Nerve system the ability to comprehend the lapse of time, to 126 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. compute its periodicity by mathematical calculation. Thus each part of the organism exhibits its peculiar phase of the time-keeping faculty, showing that time is a component of man as a whole. In proof of the separateness of Time as distinct from Tune, let me state that I have known those who were so destitute of Music as not to be able to know one one musical air from another, yet who kept time perfectly in dancing and marching. These were persons in whom the Bony and Muscular systems were in the ascendant. As I have shown that Time inheres in the entire organism of man, it necessarily follows that there would be many signs by which to discern this faculty and to discover the particu- lar sort of Time with which the individual is endowed. In accordance with the principles upon which it is founded, we should, then, find the kind of time used by musicians in the round form, and also in those who combine the Bony with the Muscular system, being so blended as to avoid both an- gularity and obesity. In those who apply time in mathe- matical computation, we shall find the square bony form in excess in some, and the Brain system predominant in others. Among musicians and composers of music there are many of the round build, like Handel and Meyerbeer; many with the Brain system dominant, such as Wagner, Yon Weber, and Mendelssohn; others in whom the Bony and Muscular sys- tems seem about evenly developed, as we find in the physi- ognomies of Listz and Haydn. One local sign for Time is found in the forehead, just above the sign for Order. This sign is discovered mostly in the muscular and bony people, and is owing to the peculiar conformation caused by the com- bination of these two systems. Dr. J. Simms gives as indi- cations of Time the following: " Mechanical Time is known by a squareness of the face, joined with a large numerical capacity." Of the kind of Time denoted by the round form, he says: "The round form of the face and physique bespeak for the individual the ability to comprehend and produce natural time." His further illustration is as wonderful as it is beautiful and comprehensive, showing the law of correspond- ence with the shape and motions of the planetary bodies. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. CAUSALITY. 127 SIR ISAAC NEWTON. (Causality.) Newton possessed in a remarkable manner the power to trace cause to its origin. His large Conscientiousness was a valuable assistant to this faculty. To his Causal- ity and love of natural truths we are indebted for the discovery of the laAV of gravi- tation, and other natural laws as well. This is the faculty which traces causes to their origin, seeks out the why and wherefore, deduces inferences from premises, causes originality, and gives reasoning power and invention. Its principal sign is located in the upper and lateral portion of the forehead, on either side of Comparison, which is its natural ally in perfecting reasoning processes. Where Causality is largely developed, it produces a rounding out and slight fullness of this part of the forehead, giving this part of the face breadth. It is found larger in broad, strong organisms than in thin, weak persons. Its foundation is in general strength of the body and mind, with a suitable quality of the Nerve and Brain system. Its location is the highest in the face, and enables it to sit in judgment, as it were, upon all the acts of the body and processes of the 128 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. mind. In conjunction with Comparison, it presides over the religious faculties; for "religion without reason is supersti- tion." It is, in fact, the latest acquisition to the human mind, and the greatest distinguishing difference between Man and the brute creation; although there is no doubt that the animals of the higher grades reason in a limited degree. The facts of natural history attest this, and Man, with all his boasted superiority, is different only in degree; he re- mains the same in kind as other animals. Causality is found in the faces of all who excel in investi- gation, research, reason, science, and jurisprudence. In the physiognomies of all the celebrated jurists of England — Lord North, Earl of Clarendon, Erskine, Blackstone, and Ellen- borough — this faculty shines pre-eminent; also, in those of the most eminent scientists and astronomers — Lalande, La Place, the Herschels, Galileo, and Mitchell; among meta- physicians, in Hobbes, Paley, Adam Smith, Dugald Stewart, and John Stuart Mill; among divines, in Jonathan Edwards, John Knox, Melancthon, Wesley, and William E. Channing; among scientists and naturalists, in Ampere, De Candolle, Sir Humphrey Davy, Yon Liebig, Buffon, and Agassiz. It is large, also, in the faces of the celebrated statesmen of all ages, such as Metternich, Talleyrand, Pitt, Eox, Palmerston, Webster, Monroe, Jefferson, Calhoun, Alexander Stephens, and others. This faculty, along with that of its close companion, Comparison, is best illustrated where the forehead recedes slightly. This angle of inclination always discloses the practical reasoner. The foreheads of all great intellects indicate this formation. See, for example, Locke, Cicero, Newton, Cuvier; while the foreheads of many artistic persons are thrown more forward at the upper part. They have not the necessity for practicality as the former. THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 129 COMPAKISON. See portraits of Lord Chancellor Somers, Sir Isaac Newton, and Charles Bradlaugh, on pages 75, 117, and 127. Comparison is the companion, naturally and necessarily, of Causality. Possessing high powers, it holds its position in accordance with its importance, being located between the two local signs of Causality, and above Memory of Events. It fills out and elevates the centre of the forehead at the highest part, and is most effective in those who are possessed of stroug, broad, and harmoniously organized bodies, to- gether with a high quality of nerve and brain. It enables the individual to criticise, analyze, compare, classify, and discriminate between truth and error. It endows him with the power to generalize and apply facts. It assists the scientist, philosopher, architect, and mathematician. All our great judges possess the faculties of Comparison and Causality in a pre-eminent degree. These faculties are never seen with a flat nose, and all races and persons who have undeveloped noses are destitute of the gift of inductive reasoning, are never philosophical, and are not capable of performing the highest mathematical demonstration; for "the size of the nose is the measure of mental power," as well as the gauge by which we measure the architectural or building powers and artistic capacities in man. The portraits of Socrates, Aristotle, Bacon, New- ton, Kepler, Voltaire, D'Alembert, Descartes, Condorcet, Hugh Miller, David Hume, Herbert Spencer, and Owen Jones show Comparison to have been very large in their organizations. All of these men possessed large, high, broad noses, and broad, full foreheads at the superior part. Caus- ality and Comparison can always be inferred if the nose is high and broad at the bridge and below it. 130 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. INTUITION. CHAKLOTTE BKONTE. (Intuition.) Charlotte Bronte was distinguished for her insight into human nature. Her analyses of character are remarkable when we consider the limited field she possessed for investigation. She was au English novelist, one of the most eminent of the age. Intuition is a faculty which seems to be directly related to the Brain and Nerve system, and depends upon a peculiar quality of this system for its power. If Intuition is found with persons of the Muscular, Thoracic, or Bony systems predominant, then its action is determined by the quality of the brain and nerves in conjunction with it. This quality manifests itself by keenness of apprehension of the character of everything of which the individual takes cognizance. Persons with this faculty large are good physiognomists; understand at first glance, almost, the physical conditions of those whom they observe. Such scarcely need to be told the symptoms of disease, but appear to apprehend the vari- ous feelings and forms of suffering, and to make a correct THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 131 diagnosis of diseased and healthful conditions with facility. It is not adapted alone to the requirements of physical in- sight, but brings with it intellectual intuition, and compre- hends instantly the indications and appearances of intellect- ual truth or falsity; it penetrates moral conditions, and is able to almost divine the true, and to separate it from the false system of ethics. I believe the higher animals to be possessed of this faculty in a large degree. It is their method of discerning the character of their fellows, as well as that of their masters and human companions and acquaintances. This endowment is for their protection, the same as with Man. It can be cultivated by those who possess it, but cannot be imparted to others. Persons of the Yegetative system large have very little of this faculty; it is found mostly with the higher systems. The great actors depend largely upon Intuition to aid them in comprehending the characters which they per- sonate. The signs of this faculty are various. The principal facial sign is a bright, clear eye of a decided color, such as true blue or pure black or brown. Mixed eyes or very pale ones are seldom found with those whose intuitions are correct. Another sign is a predominance of the Brain system over all others. Still another sign is shown by fine, clear skin and fine hair. Suspicious and jealous persons have so little of Intui- tion that they substitute suspicion for observation and truth, and are jealous because they cannot apprehend traits as they really exist in the characters of those about them. Persons with large Intuition should study the natural sciences, be- cause they are so well adapted to discern universal truth. They should devote themselves to scientific Physiognomy, because their natural qualifications will enable them to be- come experts in character reading, and the requirements for a first-class physiognomist are very exacting; no other faculty can be substituted for Intuition. The face has for its expression thirty-six pairs and two single muscles. I advise my readers to procure some good 132 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. work on Anatomy and Physiology, and make themselves familiar, not only with the muscles of the face and body, but also with the several systems included in the human organ- ism; viz., the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. The scope of this work will not permit an extended anatomical and physi- ological description of the numerous principles and laws regulating and giving expression to the physiognomy. As in all sciences there are many points which can be imparted only by a teacher, so in Physiognomy there are many mean- ings to expression which cannot be reproduced on paper, but must be taught from the living subject. Still, enough of the science is given in these pages to lift the veil which has so long hidden Man from his own knowledge, and every careful observer and thinker will be able, with the assistance here rendered, to progress with rapid strides toward a more complete knowledge of this wonderful and beautiful science. The faculties treated of in the Mathematical division are the highest in the scale of human development. I mean by this that this part of the face is developed only in the most perfected races and people, and appears latest in evolution. It requires a more perfected mind to be mathematical, in its highest and broadest sense, than to be either artistic or lit- erary. A man may be highly religious, in the common ac- ceptation of the term, without having a single idea as to the powers of numbers, or an appreciation of the harmonies of rhythm or chromatics, or of the grand and far reaching knowl- edge of Astronomy. He may be artistic to a high degree, without being able to comprehend the harmonies of Nature which bring to us a knowledge of the wonders of infinite causation. Causality and Comparison sit in judgment upon all the processes of mind and acts of body; their locality is above all the other faculties in the face. They are the only faculties through which we can comprehend the unity and co-ordination of the laws of matter. They are pre-eminently large in philosophers and in those who have given to the world systems of Causal and Formal Astronomy and Science. SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 133 Aristotle, Galileo, Bacon, Lavoisier, Cuvier, Linnaeus, Kep- ler, and Newton must have presented, in their own organiza- tions, such combinations of form and faculties as were in harmony with, and based upon, just such principles as the powers are which they discovered and demonstrated. Such, indeed, is the fact, as the "counterfeit presentments" of their faces and physiques show. CHAPTER Y. EXPOSITION OF SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. FOKM AND SIZE. Whether we accept the doctrine of evolution or not, we must, with the vast array of evidence in organized life before us, admit that there is a singular unity of action influencing the methods of Nature. An ordinary observer will find that certain characteristics in the animal outwork in the like re- sults when found in the human family. The same general laws as to form, size, color, texture, proportion, and faculties are common to both man and the brute creation. A study of the various conformations, colors, and textures of the several species of animals, both wild and domestic, together with the birds — which, Geology shows, preceded the animal kingdom in the scheme of creation — will assist very materi- ally in the knowledge and proofs of scientific Physiognomy. First, as to Form and Size. Consider the hippopotamus — b>ulky, unwieldy, slow, with large abdomen, small brain, thick hide, wanting in sensitiveness, useless for any practical purpose. Behold the elephant, a little in advance of the former; he, also, is built on the broad plan, with dark, tough skin; brain considerably larger, in proportion to his size, than that of the hippopotamus; much more intelligent, sa- 134 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. gacious, and sensitive; bony structure more prominent, with dark eyes and skin; possessed of greater activity of emotions, revengeful under insult or injury; very wide mouth and large abdomen. To which formation of the human family do these animals correspond? If you have given attention to the preceding pages, you will recognize at once all the general characteristics of the Vegetative form ; here is correspond- ence number one. Examine closely the stag, made for mountain climbing; behold his length, leanness, activity, and form, the bright- ness of his eye, his ambition, desire for scaling the greatest heights, and his great breadth of chest, the broadest part of his body. He is here, there, and everywhere in a moment; does cot dwell long at one place or pursuit. His lungs and heart must be well developed to give the power for such activity. This form is the counterpart of the Thoracic in the human organism. Let us pursue this system of Physiognomy still further. In the animal world, whenever we see creatures endowed with the disposition for great destruction, we naturally look for a corresponding amount of strength; in this grade of development, strength and destruction are synonymous. If you were to examine a lion, tiger, or panther, you would find them characterized by strong, compact muscles, dark hairy coat, dark or yellow eyes, with rapid motions, intense pas- sions, and great courage. This class of animals represents the Muscular system in man. Persons of this form exhibit great strength, capacity for destruction, and large amative- ness. They are also social, domestic, emotional, and com- mercial; the commercial faculty corresponding to the preying and getting instinct in the animals of the same form. As I have previously shown that the most reliable, moral, tractable, and naturally intelligent of the human species are found where the Bony system is predominant, so in the ani- mal kingdom you will find the corresponding faculties in those domestic animals — the horse, cow, ox, camel, and dog — who render to mankind faithful, gentle, and intelligent SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 135 service. The distinguishing marks as to color, form, and texture are relatively the same as in the Bony system pre- dominant in man. The prominent points are rather fine hair, variety of colors, given to herbivorous living; although the dog, like man, lives on a mixed diet. The horse and dog are particularly receptive; the projecting bones over the eyes resemble the development of the practical or mechanical faculties in man. Width between the eyes, in either dog, horse, or man, is always indicative of a broad intelligence. It shows the. faculty of Form to be large, and also gives breadth to all the functions and faculties of the mind; for Physiognomy, well understood, reads the body as well as the face; it takes cognizance of the color of the hair, skin, and eyes; it observes the walk, the voice, gestures, and move- ments. All are indices of character. To a practiced ear, the intonation of a single sentence will reveal very much to the listener. Everything which one does, no matter how trifling, is highly significant of character; and habits of ob- servation and analysis should be formed in youth, and the reason why traits are combined as we find them should be given by parents and teachers. I feel assured that, after a careful reading of these thoughts, any parent will be compe- tent to direct aright the dawning perceptions of his child in Physiognomy. It is the duty of all parents to throw around their children such protection as the knowledge of the laws of Nature affords. It will prevent the erroneous reading of character to which the present lamentable ignorance of the laws of Physiognomy leads. The many physiognomical er- rors current will be rectified, and the human family will be given a compass which will keep it clear of many shoals and quicksands which are found on the journey of life. Size is a subject so little understood that I feel compelled to correct some opinions in regard to it, which have come to be accepted as truths. The phrenological principle that "Size is the measure of power (all else being equal)" has been accepted in part, and it is now generally thought that 136 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. a large head is, or ought to be, the sign of a very intellectual person. Now, the truth is, that the larger the head the duller the person, unless there are very many favorable con- ditions accompanying it; and the first is inherited quality. Now, quality is the determining power all through Nature — not size. If one wishes a fine flower, one does not pluck a sunflower. It is large, true; but it is also coarse in look and devoid of fragrance. So one selects a smaller and more developed flower. This development is shown in the same way by which a brain or an ear of high quality is known — by the number of its convolutions. A fine rose or pink will illustrate this difference. A flat, broad ear, stand- ing out at the side of the head like that of a pig, is no indi- cation of "ability to receive fine musical sounds. On the contrary, a small ear, with a well defined rim and a number of elevations and depressions, will show itself to be of high quality." (Simms.) A large head is a serious disadvantage to its possessor, unless it be accompanied by large lungs, large heart, and good digestive powers; also, inherited quality of a high order. Then, again, a great deal depends upon the shape or form of the head. If most of the head lie behind the ears, the character will be low and sensual; but if the top of the forehead be broad, and much of the size lie in front and above the ears, then the character will be pure and noble, as well as intellectual. A large head merely, without all or most of these conditions, is an indication of a dull, stupid person. A large head must be accompanied by large lungs, in order to supply a great deal of oxygenated blood. The brain requires one-fifth as much blood as the entire body, according to Haller, and it is apparent that unless there be an ample supply of this material, there can be but a low degree of activity in the brain. Peuschel, a German ob- server, says: "A forehead of excessive size announces a man slow of conception, dull or sluggish in forming his ideas." Schaliz, another observer, tells us that "a forehead too large is the sign of a character timid, indolent, and stupid." The SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 137 physiognomical indication of greatness is not found in size alone, nor in any other single sign. I have laid down, in the chapter on Basilar Principles, the rule that "the size of the nose, controlled by quality, is the measure of power; the shape of it is the proof of the kind of power." Therefore, in order to recognize powerful character in an individual, we must see that the nose stands high above the plane of the face, the nostrils broad, the eye large and bright, the mouth also large, the chin of proportionate breadth and length, the eyes set well under a rather project- ing brow (an eye that is on a level with the plane of the brow discloses great stupidity), the cheeks well filled — not fat, a forehead broad across its upper part; and when to this is added a tine skin and fine hair, true greatness of some sort is indicated. The kind of greatness depends upon the shape of the nose. If it be a literary nose, then the possessor will excel in a literary direction; if the nose be architectural, that power will be exhibited; an artistic or dramatic nose will decide the talent and power of the individual in that depart- ment. To make all this effective, good health is most im- portant, for without it the individual would be like a power- ful steam-engine without steam — an inert, helpless machine. QUALITY. In determining the quality or mental power of an individ- ual, the texture of the skin and hair is to be considered first, as these indicate quite as much as the form, and really de- termine its power and activity. If the skin be fine, clear, smooth, and thin, a high grade of mental activity may be inferred. As the brain-substance, in the form of nerves, is spread all over the surface of the skin, the thinner and finer it is, the greater is the amount of sensation experienced; and, as Nature is harmonious, all the external appearances will be found to harmonize; hence, the hair will agree with the skin in quality, as well as with the finger-nails. The latter will be found smooth, fine, and thin in combination 10 138 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. with a skin of like qualities. This way of deciding the quality of mental power is infallible. The peculiarities of the forma- tion of the face must tell the rest. The same law obtains in the animal world; a fine, soft coat on any animal proves its superior intelligence to those who possess coarse, shaggy hair. The exterior will always be found to agree with the interior in quality and form; and, after we learn the indica- tions, it will be astonishing how simple it will seem to read character correctly, and we shall wonder why we never saw these things before, nor fathomed their meanings. The brightness of the eye is still another exponent of the quality of brain power. An eye that is dull naturally, and moving slowly, shows dullness and stupidity; while bright eyes, with a quick and animated motion, show that the mental powers are clear and active. There is much in re- gard to the eye which cannot be written. Words fail to describe adequately different degrees of brightness and ex- pressions. The reader must investigate for himself, and commence a course of generalizing and classification on his own account. I have spread before you, in the thoughts which immedi- ately precede these, the similarity between certain forms, colors, textures, and faculties which are found both in men and animals. You will observe other principles active in all these organisms, if your attention be directed to them. COMPENSATION. All through the various forms of what may be termed the higher development of organized life — from the insect up to man — we find clearly established a law of Compensation, or, as I am sometimes impelled to call it, a law of Substitution; for its action does not seem always to fully compensate for absence of qualities, but rather substitutes other powers, both physical and mental, for defects which would render the organism helpless or unhappy without some assistance from other faculties and functions. In this relation I shall — as SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 139 this is a very important branch of my subject — dwell briefly on its action in the lower organisms, and will then proceed to discuss its operation in the human mind and body. And here let me remark, that while the law of Compensation has been recognized by naturalists in the animal organism, it has never been applied scientifically to the workings of the human mind, so far as I have been able to learn. The compensatory structure of animals will be easily recognized in the following statement of Paley. He remarks: "In many species of insects the eye is fixed, and conse- quently cannot turn the pupil to the object sought. This great defect is perfectly compensated by a mechanism not easily observed. The eye is a multiplying glass, with a lens looking in every direction, by which means — although the orb of the eye be stationary — the field of vision is as ample as that of other animals, and is commanded on every side. "We are told that one thousand four hundred of these reticu- lations have been counted in the two eyes of a drone bee. The wing of a bat is furnished with a mechanical contrivance in the form of a hook, with which it fastens itself to the surface of rocks, houses, and caves. At the angle of the wing, there is a bent claw. It hooks and remains suspended by this claw; takes its flight from this position. As it can neither run upon its feet nor take its flight from the ground, this unique instrument was necessary. A singular defect required a singular substitute. The proboscis of an elephant is a compensation for the shortness of its neck. A snail is compensated by the secretion of a viscid humor which it discharges from its skin; and so, in the absence of feet, is enabled to ascend the stalks of plants with facility." I could multiply these examples ad infinitum. In the human family the illustration of the law of Com- pensation is more extended, and includes the mental as well as the physical system. This involves some knowledge of the law of Proportion, or harmonious development of the body — upon which, of course, depends the harmonious ac- tion of the mind; for, as before stated, certain conformations 140 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of the body produce certain mental faculties. It therefore behooves us to know to which forms these faculties are re- lated, and how produced. I will notice, first, the operation of the law of Compensa- tion as regards the human organism physically, or, rather, physiologically. In cases where one lung is weak, the other often increases in size and power to make up the deficiency. Deaf mutes are compensated by an increased activity of all the other senses. Blind people are unusually gifted with an acuteness of the senses of hearing and touch. Where the kidneys are small or weak, the skin is uncommonly active, and assists the kidneys in carrying off the waste of the body. These are some few of the ways in which Nature compensates for defective and inharmonious organizations. The manifold action of the law of Compensation as exhibited in the work- ing of the human mind is as wonderful as it is beautiful. I shall have space here to offer only a few illustrations, and leave the rest for the investigations of my readers. If you will observe an individual with very small Self- esteem, which is indicated by a short upper lip, you will find Imitation, and generally Mirthfulness, correspondingly large. The philosophy of this form of compensation is that as small Self-esteem produces sensitiveness to the opinions of others, Imitation seems given the individual to assist him in enter- taining and attracting, while large Mirthfulness gives the faculty of amusing and being easily amused, and consequently prevents the individual from becoming unhappy through the consciousness of the absence of Self-esteem; for any defi- ciency which prevents a balanced condition produces a want which is instinctively felt. I hold that we all instinctively feel what we are, whether we acknowledge it to ourselves or not. Actors as a class possess the faculties of Imitation and Mirthfulness in a large degree, and most of them will be found deficient in Self-esteem, but large in Approbativeness; for it is not their own esteem that they desire and which sat- isfies them, but the approbation of their audiences. A large proportion of them have a short upper lip — relative length SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 141 of the upper lip indicating a good development of Self- esteem. An individual with large Self-esteem being self- sufficient — that is, more given to regard his own opinion of himself that to accept the estimate of others in regard to his character — feels no particular sensitiveness as to what others think of him, and therefore depends upon himself, just as he is, for the power to attract and hold the esteem of others. Self-esteem lends dignity to its possessor, and induces a sub- stantial and decorous demeanor, which, in itself, has the power to fasten the good opinion and attachment of others, and he therefore needs none of the fascinations of imitative talent to attract friends to himself. Indeed, every one could not be attracted by the same qualities, and so Nature gives this infinite variety and diversity for the satisfaction of our minds and for the varied uses of mankind. Where Friendship is lacking, we often see Benevolence compensating the character. Where Constructiveness is wanting, Size and Form assist, by an increased development, in making the individual useful in some branch of mechanical art. This system of Compensation inheres in the entire men- tal constitution. Later on, I shall refer to this subject and to the localizing of traits. Enough, however, of the compen- satory action of the mind has been shown to illustrate its method. PKOPORTION. A correct knowledge of the laws of Proportion governing the human physiognomy and organism will not be found to accord with the laws of proportion as taught in the schools of art. Science has wrought a mighty change in nearly every department of knowledge. It is possible that a wide-spread understanding of the laws of physiognomy as manifested in Nature may also create a revolution in art. The Greek ideal of symmetry, to which the ages have given their assent, will be found to be based on mathematical calculation, and it is from this cold and mechanical idea of what constitutes beauty 142 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. that the modern conceptions of beauty and proportion are taken. Winkleman, criticising the Greek profile, says, "The nearer the approach to the perpendicular, the less is there characteristic of the wise or graceful." Philosophy was the first means of breaking down the bar- riers to a scientific understanding of the laws of matter, of mind, and of the relations of man to the universe. Philos- ophy is the vanguard, which, breaking down the preconceived erroneous ideas of beauty and symmetry, precedes the natu- ral, and therefore scientific, understanding of what is real beauty and true proportion in man. Victor Cousin, from whose admirable "Essay on the Beautiful" I quote, says: "The most important element in the beautiful is the moral idea. Unity and variety should be impressed with it, and serve only to exhibit it. The beautiful is simply moral beauty. " A scientific comprehension of the law of Proportion as shown in the human face will unfold more beauties than Greek art ever conceived. My understanding of beauty, as disclosed by Physiognomy, is based on the idea that the moral beauty exhibited in the countenance and form consti- tutes true beauty. True greatness in the moral, mechanical, and mental con- stitution of man is not accompanied by any such law of pro- portion as the Greek or any other school of art has set forth. Nothing is more indicative of selfish will and heartless char- acter than the so-called Greek profile. Lavater, the great intuitional physiognomist, says, in discussing its significa- tion: "Depraved is the taste which can call this graceful, and, therefore, it must be, far from majestic. I should wish neither a wife, mother, sister, friend, relation, nor goddess to possess a countenance so cold, insipid, affected, stony, un- impassioned, or so perfectly a statue." A scientific interpretation of the face will reveal more beauties than the ordinary observer has any idea of; for when he comes to attach meanings to expressions which in- dicate beauties of character, he will regard them quite differ- ently than when in his ignorance they signified nothing to SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 143 him; and when an intelligent observer looks with the eye of understanding upon the countenances about him, his sense of the beautiful will be gratified beyond expression. A new world will open to him, and I predict that with a general diffusion of physiognomical knowledge a complete revolution in religion, art, hygiene, and government will be brought about. Proportion is as potent a factor in determining character as Form, Size, or Quality; and yet an arbitrary system based on mathematical measurement cannot be set up, for the rea- son that such great diversity of form and size exists in which symmetrical character is exhibited. If we were to form a standard of beauty, and take for the standard those faces in which the most moral goodness or power for usefulness was disclosed, we should then have a more elevating aud intelli- gent model than those already observed, which teach that beauty consists in mathematical proportions mainly, and not in those proportions and expressions which reveal somethiug inward, something of moral grandeur or useful talent of a high order. As has been shown, each of the five systems of the body produces a form peculiar to itself, and every human being possesses an admixture of some of each of these forms. It will, therefore, be apparent to the observer that the law of Compensation is more potent in forming Proportion than any other factor. If these systems were always blended in every form in exact proportions, we might then be able to realize the ideals of art in living forms, but this would not produce that differentiation of types which is needed to supply the varied wants of humanity. To carry out the idea of "di- versity in unity," which is the ruling idea observed in pro- gressive Nature, we must have constant modifications, which will, of course, produce ever varying forms and counte- nances. This comprehensive differentiation results in higher development of species. It is a law throughout Nature that the greater the variety, the higher the power for development and progress. 144 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The law of scientific proportion and beauty to be observed in the human face is illustrated in those countenances in which all of the features, working together, express to the scientific reader a balanced condition of the mind, and con- sequently of the body. In a subsequent chapter you will learn somewhat of the practical effect of proportion when I come to treat of the form, size, and locality of the signs of character. Well proportioned forms have excellent assurance of longevity, because the several parts of the body and mind being equal, the wear and tear of life, or any unusual strain upon the organism, will meet with equal resistance, and thus no part will give way first. HABMONY. The law of Harmony, as exemplified in the action of the human organism, is the last grand proof of that intelligence and design which preside over all of Nature's works. Every part of each separate individual is adapted to every other part of that individual. The physical harmonizes with the mental, and vice versa. When Nature creates great love of the artistic she provides some way for its expression, either by tongue, pen, brush, or chisel. Where she gives large ca- pacity for mechanical invention, the physical frame will be found built on the plan which will facilitate the carrying out of this power to the highest degree. Whenever a man pos- sesses large mental power for planning grand enterprises in commerce or war, his physical endowment is such as to assist in forwarding his schemes. , And thus, all through the human organism this law of Harmony will be observed asserting its supremacy. In the same way the external is always indicative of the internal. If you observe an individual in whom the nostrils are large, you will always find the lungs corresponding in size; if the nostrils are round, the lungs will have the same shape; if long and narrow, the lungs will possess the same form. In the same way, long, thin, bony fingers b.elong to SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. ] 45 a physique tall and bony. The science of Palmistry, once so popular, was based on this law of Harmony, and involved a knowledge of Physiognomy and Comparative Anatomy. When you come to understand the principles of Physiog- nomy, you will be able to tell much of the character from the hand, the foot, or from the hair, for the principles of Harmony are at the foundation, and the signs are infallible, the same as in all of Nature's works. You will never find coarse hair or coarse skin accompanying one possessed of great mental endowment. Whenever you discover the texture of the skin to be fine, you will find in the individual fine hair and decided mental activity and capacity. In this, as in all things, the external harmonizes with the internal, and is evi- dential of it. The proofs and indications of Harmony are all over the entire organism, as much in the hands as in the face, as much in the foot as in the figure. Indeed, a skillful observer, after careful study of these principles, and after due observation, should be able to tell from one finger, or a lock of hair even, very much of the individual to whom they belong. It is simply Comparative Anatomy put into practice. COLOR. Deep colors are indicative of heat, and therefore of great activity. All through Nature this principle holds good : that dark-skinned persons, with dark eyes and hair, have more intense passions and emotions than light persons. Love, jealousy, and revenge are all most active with dark people. It is the same with dark or black animals; a black horse is ,more fiery in his disposition than a white one, and less teachable. You will always see white Or cream-colored horses employed in a circus as trick horses, on account of their superior intelligence and docility. Light persons and races are found to be more progressive than those of dark color. As their passions and emotions are not so intense, they are more capable of improvement. The colors of the human race proceed from the minerals 146 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. in the earth, conveyed through the medium of foods, and from the air and light. Every mineral has its own color; the deeper the color, the more powerful its effect; just as with men of dark complexion, they have more powerful passions. The same law follows right up from the mineral to man. Color, like all the primitive characteristics of man, was intended, in the first place, as all evidence shows, for the protection and preservation of the organism. Those in whom the coloring pigment or matter is wanting are weaker than those who have a normal supply. We see this quite often in young persons who are growing too fast. Enough coloring matter is riot taken into the system by the medium of the food or by exercise in sunlight; hence, the skin fails to get its proper supply. The pallor produced indicates enfeebled conditions of other parts of the organism. Haeckel, in his "History of Creation," treating of the in- fluence of color, says: " Yery frequently, albinoes are more feebly developed, and consequently the whole structure of the body is more delicate and weak than in colored animals of the same species. The organs of the senses and nervous system are in like manner curiously affected when there is a defi- ciency of coloring pigment. The want of the usual coloring matter goes hand in hand with certain changes of the forma- tion of other parts — for example, of the Muscular and Osse- ous systems — consequently, of organic systems which are not at all ultimately connected with the system of the outer skin." He also says: " White cats with blue eyes are nearly always deaf. White horses are distinguished from colored horses by their liability to form sarcomatous tumors. In man, also, the degree of development of pigment in the outer skin greatly influences the susceptibility of the organism for certain diseases; so that, for instance, Europeans with a dark complexion and brown eyes become more easily accli- matized to tropical countries, and are less subject to the dis- eases there prevalent — inflammation of the liver, yellow fever, etc. — than Europeans of white complexion, fair hair, and blue eyes." SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 147 All bright colored insects, beetles, butterflies, and birds have the color sense very large. They seek out the brighest flowers and foliage for their enjoyment, and thus this sense is increased and transmitted from generation to generation. Tropical forests, which they love to frequent, must be gor- geous in the extreme, with their brilliant flowers and foliage and their many beautifully colored birds and insects. To one with the color sense largely developed, this sight must be inexpressibly beautiful and satisfying. The secondary use of color in man is to assist him in comprehending its nature and harmonies for industrial and artistic purposes. Deep color in the skin, hair, and eyes is indicative of a love of color and an appreciation of its har- monies and blendings. I venture to affirm that no great color-artist ever existed who was possessed of very fair hair and very light eyes and a colorless skin. Lavater understood this principle, for he says: "We read the coloring of Guido and Guericino in their countenances." Dr. Simms also lays this down as a principle in man's organism, and gives as a sign for the color sense, "deep color of the hair, eyes, and complexion." My experience has led me to observe that the color sense may be imperfect where the eyes and hair are dark, and the skin pallid or not clear. It is necessary that color should be well defined in the entire organism to give the color sense its highest power. Persons who have the color sense the best developed are, without doubt, those who have inherited large, strong lungs. This enables them to inhale copious draughts of air, which serve to oxygenate and thus color the blood. By this process, the color of the skin and eyes is deepened, and thus the color sense is enhanced. The creatures which are best endowed with the color sense, next to man, are the birds. Their existence is passed in the open air; the atmosphere permeates their entire body; even the bones of birds contain air-cells. These, undoubt- edly, serve a two-fold purpose : they assist the bird in flying, just as the lungs assist man in swimming; and they also serve to carry oxygen into its organism, and thus assist the 148 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. lungs in their work of oxygenation. The air thus introduced conduces to color their plumage, and this being transmitted and intensified by inheritance, it is not strange that the birds whose lives are passed in the higher atmospheres should be the finest colored. Marsh birds, and those who live near the ground, are not so highly colored as those who live upon trees and in the higher atmosphere. Flowers, likewise, being always exposed to the sun's rays and to the open air, are gorgeous with the hues of the rainbow. This exposition of the sub-basic principles of Physiognomy will teach the reader that, in the task of analyzing character, very many principles are involved and must be considered in order to render a just reading of the face. Besides the requisites here mentioned for consideration, there are many expressions which have been acquired by long use or misuse, which always leave their impress indelibly stamped upon the countenance. A man can no more work as a blacksmith for years without showing the increase of muscle in his arms, than can one use constantly the same set of muscles in the face without their leaving a permanent indication of such use. By watching closely the movements of the mouth in talking, one can form a very good estimate of the kind of language which that mouth has been accustomed to utter — whether it be kind, gentle, and loving, or cross, peevish, bad-tempered, and profane. The record is indelible, and cannot easily be erased or changed, except by long practice in another direction. All abuses of the physical functions write their record upon the face. The dram drinker, the sensualist, the glutton, as well as the sneak and liar, may all be detected by a close observer who has learned to apply the rules of scientific Physiognomy. Of this tendency of the muscles to reveal long continued states of mental and physical abuse, Dr. John Cross remarks: "It lies with Physiognomy to detect the impostor; for, how- ever well he may manage to jabber about morality, honor, or even religion, yet he cannot hinder the muscles without from THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 149 obeying the central impulse; nor can he prevent an organ whose function is perverted from falling, according to the self-accommodating power, into color, size, and shape most suitable to the performance of this perverted function." CHAPTER VI THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. " No impartial judge can doubt that the roots, as it were, of those great faculties which confer on Man his immeasurable superiority above all other animate things are traceable far down in the animal world." — Huxley. This age is peculiarly one of invention, of scientific re- search, investigation, and demonstration. The invention of the numerous and varied instruments used in the discovery of the laws and application of the apparently inexhaustible forces of Nature proves to us that there is nothing created in vain. Recent discoveries in light, color, sound, and the atmospheres are opening to us a world composed of the most subtle powers in the great laboratory of Nature. Examine them as we will, destructive as many seem, they have each a use in the great scheme of Nature. Electricity is a creator and a destroyer; light tears down and rebuilds; the atmos- pheres tend to both life and death. The forces which seem beneficent act also a malevolent part. Why is this? — why does God permit sin ? These are questions which theologians have grappled with, unsuccessfully, for centuries. It is only the scientist who, aided by a persistent and intelligent " interrogation of Nat- ure," can answer these questions. The invariable conclu- sion will be, that everything has its use and place in the world; that nothing is made in vain; that thunder and light- ning are useful; that birds and beasts of prey are necessary. Even snakes, gnats, flies, fleas, and other destructive and annoying creatures, have their use in the world. 150 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. So, in the human family, all those passions which, unre- strained and not balanced by justice and reason, cause destruction and suffering, are just as necessary and just as useful in the human economy as the most moral and intel- lectual traits. Jealousy, revenge, suspicion, resistance, se- cretiveness, and conceit are, in the present degree of human development, a natural and necessary accompaniment. We are in the transition state, moving from the lower to the higher. Human nature, like all growths, has its order of progress, marked by laws which are unerring. It is our province to seek these laws and apply them, in order to facil- itate man's rise to that high and holy estate which is his destiny. The first step toward this much desired result must be to understand the meanings of the forms and faces about us; next, what causes produce them; and then, to make use of this knowledge to create higher types. The only reparation we can make to the world for our failings, is to assist in perpetuating a race which shall be as noble as the laws of science can create. How many persons, observing the action of love, jealousy, revenge, suspicion, secretiveness, self- conceit, and the like, stop to reflect, for one moment, on the cause or rationale of any of these passions and traits ? The major part of the world live in their instincts, as do the animals, but without the restraints which hold the animal to the due observance of the laws of his being, and which pre- vent him from making the stupid and miserable failures in modes of living, propagation, etc., which man, with all his boasted reason and freedom of action, is constantly repeating over and over again. Most persons love and perpetuate the race instinctively, without seeking or wanting any other guide than their feelings in the matter. Is this worthy such an exalted character as the latest development of Evolution claims for himself? Love, or Amativeness, is the fundamental faculty of the organism. Like all other faculties, it has its physical and THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 151 mental aspects. In its normal development, it is the most beautiful and conservative of all the traits. It binds to- gether hearts and homes, which serve to make the founda- tions of society and government sure. Like all other facul- ties, it is exhibited in different degrees and manner by each individual. The location in the face is in the chemical or moral group, and in close proximity to Love of Children, Mirthfulness, and other domestic faculties. When possessed in a large degree, in combination with Constructiveness, it is most potent in producing the varied kinds of creative talent and art; and all who have excelled in the originating of ideas in every department of literature, in sculpture, in painting, and in dramatic representation or fiction — in short, all those who have shown themselves cre- ative to any great degree — have possessed the procreative power in their physical organization in a marked manner. Exhibited largely, and with a moral balance, it makes the man very much of a man, the woman very much of a woman; and such persons will be more influential in their community than those deficient in this faculty. The latter are the small and impoverished characters one meets with, each hating the opposite sex, being hated in return; and this arises from the fact that such are not sufficiently sexed to appreciate their opposites. This faculty, exhibited in its physical develop- ment, without a balancing degree of Conscientiousness, leads to licentiousness and a violation of Nature's laws, and these are sure to entail suffering on its possessor and on all who come under its influence. This should warn us to observe the law of Nature in regard to the normal use of this faculty, for every function has a law for its government and protec- tion. Each should seek this law for himself, since that law which may be binding on one does not necessarily involve every organization; although the Seventh Commandment should be binding on all. Each has a law peculiar to his own organization^ which should be religiously observed. Indeed, religion should commence with the perpetuation of the race. I refer now to that religion which is the living up 152 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. to natural law, and which, if rightly understood and observed as the laws of Physiology and Hygiene teach, would soon give us a race born under the law of true religion, who would become a blessiDg to themselves and the world at large. Jealousy is commonly thought to be the necessary accom- paniment of Love, and a proof of it. A scientific analysis of this passion shows it to be the result of an unbalanced con- dition. Wherever we find perception or justice lacking, or where the reasoning powers are not active, we will find this trait running riot. Shakspeare says of this passion, that "it makes the food it feeds on," and this is usually the case. "Perfect love casteth out fear," and perfect love has no need of such base company as jealousy. It is a standing insult and menace for one individual to be constantly jealous of another without exact proof. Persons with small Self- esteem are also subject to this passion. They are so con- stantly depreciating themselves that they naturally and in- stinctively infer that any one else is preferred to them; that is, they feel it to be so. Of course, they do not reason on it, not knowing the philosophy of this trait, and not know- ing, either, where to locate it in the face. Revenge, like its kindred passion, Jealousy, is more largely developed among the dark races than among the light people; for, as in the animal kingdom, the darker the skin the less developed the organization. So, also, is jealousy more active when found among dark-skinned people, with dark or black eyes. I have never seen this trait in excess in a well balanced organization. We will often find it large in those whose will is in excess of their reason and justice. Their "will is law" to them, and when they cannot enforce it upon others they seek to be revenged, believing that they are wronged. In some, a deficiency of the practical faculties will cause this trait. This defect prevents the possessor from seeing the acts of others in their true light, and he consequently thinks himself an injured individual, and meditates revenge for his THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 153 supposed injury. This trait is found most active with mus- cular people, especially if they be dark, and is often accom- panied with a large degree of Secretiveness. Whenever Secretiveness is observed in an unusual degree in an organization we naturally infer that there is something to conceal, something deficient for which secretiveness is the compensation. It is a fine veil which Nature gives to hide a defect in either the mental, moral, or practical part of the organism. Some beasts of prey possess this faculty in a large degree. This is their normal condition. Having no mental or mechanical powers, as has man, to assist in pro- curing food, this faculty is needed by them for this purpose. Lions, tigers, wolves, cats, foxes, opossums, and all animals with the muscular system predominating, are most largely endowed with this, propensity. Like its kindred passions, jealousy, revenge, and suspicion, it proceeds from a want of balance in the faculties; a lack of proper development of the reasoning faculties, Causality and Comparison, will produce it; a deficiency in Friendship or Human Nature will cause it; but wherever it is manifested one or more of these deficien- cies will be found. Want of common honesty and upright- ness of intention is sometimes the reason that Nature has provided this veil to assist the unfortunate possessor in making his way through the world. Secretiveness is given to animals to enable them both to avoid and to prey upon each other. Many persons having this trait are often con- sidered very wise, owing to the careful and deliberate man- ner which they use in conversation. It is well that Nature has put this check upon their tongues, for if reason, justice, perception, or friendliness do not accompany the utterance of their thoughts, they would inevitably be led into more trouble than they could easily extricate themselves from; hence this check. Some mistake cunning or craft for wis- dom. With persons in whom Secretiveness predominates the flexor muscles are more active than with others, often in- ducing a constricted state of the bowels and glandular sys- 11 154 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tern, and particularly affecting the liver, causing biliousness, jaundice, and other derangements of this organ. Suspicion. — Comparison and Causality working together will arrive at and comprehend motives. The reason why one suspects the action of others is because he does not possess sufficient Causality to perceive the cause of their actions and motives, and therefore substitutes his suspicions; or he may be possessed of so little sense of justice as not to be able to comprehend common honesty in others, and therefore sus- pects that they are like himself; or else the perceptive powers may be lacking. But whatever produces suspicion, a defect will always be found in the organization as the exciting cause. In a work of this size it will be impossible to state at length these theories. Enough is given to show the methods of the action of the various passions in the human mind and body, and to arouse the student to the observation and research necessary to a correct understanding of these traits. Anger, Will, or Temper, as it is sometimes termed, is a hydra-headed monster, manifold in its motives and action. Most phases of anger are detrimental to mental power and destructive to health. Only what may be called "righteous indignation" — that is to say, the indignation resulting from perceiving an infraction of the laws of justice or morality — is ennobling to the individual and conduces to strengthen both health and moral perception. This is the legitimate use of anger, and it should be reserved for such purposes. To become enraged at animals is at once wicked and stupid, and serves to show the superiority of animals to man. Nothing indicates the coward more than cruelty to our domestic ani- mals, who give us faithful, gentle, uncomplaining service, and often die in harness while working for our benefit. The law justly takes cognizance of such treatment. These creat- ures are of our own flesh and blood, and we are not their equals in some things, although we may possess some quali- ties which are superior, but treating them cruelly and inhu- manly is not the way to prove it. THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 155 Selfishness is one of the traits of human nature which has two entirely distinct and opposite methods of action and pur- pose — one of which may be commended, the other repre- hended. Selfishness, like all other faculties, has its use and purpose in the human economy. Its primal and essential property is the preservation of the body, and to provide for its perpetuation and maintenance. Its next legitimate use is for the protection and sustentation of those who are depend- ent upon us. All manifestations of selfishness which seek to please self, and to acquire by the suffering, misery, and unhappiness of others, are wrong and should be repressed. Speaking for myself, if I wished to pursue the most selfish course with the view of gaining the most, I would act the most unselfish and benevolent part in order to gain my pur- pose, for we get in this world very much what we give. If we strew our pathway through life with love, kindness, sym- pathy, noble deeds, justice, and gentleness, we will receive back the same with interest; but if, on the contrary, we pursue a malevolent career, and deal out hatred, malice, con- tempt, jealousy, suspicion, secretiveness, and anger, we will reap a harvest of these passions a thousand fold. An undue degree of selfishness is indicative of an unde- veloped nature. This trait is both inherited and acquired; increases by use, and in excess causes unhappiness to its possessor. The most selfish people are never the happiest; they cut themselves off from the pleasures and enjoyments of the benevolent, and thus limit the range of their happiness. They belong to that class which Lavater describes thus: " Which desires much but enjoys little, and whoever enjoys little gives little." I have never studied a character which possessed an excess of selfishness that did not have also some serious deficiency in the mental or moral construction. Like the other passions treated of in this chapter, it shows undevelopment. The dark races are, as a rule, more selfish than the light ones; dark people are more selfish than light ones. They are less perfect, less progressive, generally. 156 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. All Nature attests this truth, that the more refined the per- son the lighter the color; It is the same with animals. The most destructive, revengeful, and jealous are the darkest, while the white or mixed colors are the most docile, amia- ble, and teachable. This is a general principle. Of course, there are exceptions; some undeveloped light persons being- more selfish than very highly organized dark persons. The excessive exercise and indulgence of jealousy, suspi- cion, secretiveness, and anger produce morbid and abnormal conditions of health, and herein is another proof of the rela- tion of the physical organs to mental conditions. Many infants, even, have been made ill with jealousy by the pet- ting and attentions bestowed by the mothers or nurses upon another child. Anger indulged in has wrecked the health of many. Suspicion turns often to insanity, and secretiveness to nonentity almost. Jealousy, the meanest and lowest of the passions, leads to murder and suicide, and self-conceit in excess to insanity. These excesses should be avoided, not only for our own preservation, but for the sake of those who are to inherit our individuality. All traits that are cultivated and indulged in are transmitted with increased power, and we have in this way the ability to become the benefactors of the race or to curse it beyond redemption. Hippocrates, the celebrated Greek physician and physiog- nomist, says of envy: "The effects of envy are visible even in children ; they become thin, and easily fall into consump- tion. Envy takes away the appetite and sleep, and causes feverish motion; it produces gloom, shortness of breath, im- patience, restlessness, and a narrow chest." The possession of all these passions is antagonistic not only to the health of the possessor, but very much against his interest. Their action produces misery and unhappiness, both to the subject and the object. These conditions can be remedied by seek- ing out the defect, and making a constant struggle to cor- rect it. Self-conceit is perhaps the most harmless of this class of traits, but at the same time is ever offensive. Like all other THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 157 faculties, it lias its use and purpose. Nature has made nothing in vain, and so there would seem to be wisdom even in giving one an undue share of this petty trait. Where it is observed to predominate in an organization, it will be found to proceed from a lack of balance, as in the case of the preceding traits mentioned in this chapter. It is sometimes caused by merely a want of good taste, a deficiency in Ideal- ity, by a lack of the perceptive or reflective power, or by dense obtuseness of the mental faculties generally. There are various other causes which produce it; but whatever the cause, it is designed to make up to its possessor the absence of something, which, if felt too keenly, would render him un- happy; so, Conceit, coming to his relief, puts him "on good terms with himself," and therefore has its use. I have sometimes observed this trait very large in persons possessing real merit in some directions, but lacking in others. Conceit gives a sense of self-satisfaction, which is needed by its possessor just as long as he has the deficiency for which this is the compensation. If, on learning that he has a defect, and in what it consists, he would strive to rem- edy it by cultivating the defective trait or traits, he would soon be able to develop a more harmonious condition, and conceit would diminish or disappear entirely. Dwarfs and deformed persons are invariably conceited; the compensa- tory power of self-conceit in these cases is well illustrated; in such it is useful, and prevents unhappiness. All these deficiencies can be remedied in a great degree, and sometimes eradicated, by a careful and scientific analysis of character and a settled determination to improve it. The laws of Physiognomy, thoroughly comprehended, will be the guide to that result; individual determination must do the rest. This improvement must be undertaken in a religious spirit, reflecting that all our actions, mentally, morally, and physically, affect not only ourselves, but go down to poster- ity, and curse or bless, for ages to come, all who inherit our blood even in the remotest degree. 158 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The man whose life is passed with reference only to him- self, without regard to children and children's children, is little better than the brute creature; in some respects he is worse, for the brute is not characterized by any such selfish- ness as this course would imply. There can be no motive more honorable in man than the desire to transmit to his offspring great and noble qualities, and this result can be ob- tained only by leading an honorable and noble life. We may endow offspring with fortune, but nobility and talent must be inherited; they cannot be bought in the market. CHAPTER VII. EATIONALE OF PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR SIGNS IN THE FACE. "Whether the soul be air or fire, I know not; nor am I ashamed, as some men are, in cases where I am ignorant, to own that I am so." — Cicebo. "It will be understood by the word Mind we do not designate the intellectual operations only. But the word Mind has a broader, deeper signification ; it includes all sensation, all volition, and all thought ; it means the whole Psychical Life. And this psychical life has no one special centre ; it belongs to the whole and animates the whole." — Geobge Henby Lewes. The plan of this system of physiognomy would be incom- plete were I to omit the rationale, or theory, of the action of the several organs and systems of functions comprised in the human body, and which assist in producing the various so- cial, moral, and mental phenomena observed in the actions of the individual. Many philosophers have endeavored to as- certain the basis of mind; and by mind I mean that class of phenomena called reason, sentiment, mental operations, mo- rality, the emotions, the passions, such as anger, jealousy, fear, hope, love, friendship, etc. RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 159 LOCATION OF THE SIGNS FOE THE DIFFERENT VISCERAL ORGANS AND BODILY FUNCTIONS. A — The Kidneys. The sign for the kidneys is known by the width of the bony structure of the lower part of the chin. B — Sign for Digestion, shown by fullness of cheeks at this point. C — The Glands. A full rolling moist under lip indicates a good development of the glandular system. D — The Reproductive System. Full red moist upper lip is its facial record. E— Sign for the Liver. "Where the septum of the nose projects well downward the liver is strong and active. F— The Stomach. The higher end broader the nose at this point the more powerful is the stomach. G — The Muscular System, shown by the size and fullness of the eye, the height of the nose between the eyes, and the thickness of the ears. H— The Bony System. The projection of the bones of the brow indicates the domi- nance of the osseous system. J— The Brain and Nerves. The more height and breadth in this division of the head, the more power for thought and sensation is exhibited. J— The Lungs and Heart. Full wide nostrils, with good color of the skin, denote both lung and heart power. The action of these is generally considered to be the result of brain or will power, with which the interior organs of the body have little or nothing to do. Theologians teach us that 160 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the influences prompting many of the emotional states, such as anger, hatred, revenge, jealousy, and the like, are created by a spirit denominated a " devil." The acceptance of this theory would end all further inquiry on the subject. My observations do not corroborate their explanation of these phenomena, and I am consequently forced to bring against this view the Scotch verdict of "not proven." My theory of the passions, so-called, will be found in the chapter on "The- ories of Certain Traits," and the face read scientifically will corroborate this theory. The more recent of the philosophers and writers on the origin of mind — Spencer, Lewes, Haeckel, Lindsay, and others — have adopted the plan of seeking for the constitu- ents, and origin of mind by the investigation of matter; viz., in the bodies as well as brains of animal and human organisms. And here I believe the problem will be solved. The intro- duction of words into our language, representing ideas which are as far as scientific demonstration is concerned entirely without foundation or support, has caused much confusion in the minds of the masses of mankind. Before proceeding in this study, the idea of "soul" as being in any way related to mind (for at present we can offer no scientific proof that it is anything but an idea) must be dismissed. This will clear away the hinderances, so that mind can be demonstrated through the action of physical phenomena entirely, and with- out the complications and confusion which would ensue were we to endeavor to prove the origin of the mind by mysteri- ous doctrines dependent entirely on speculation and faith for their explanation. The brain has been considered by most metaphysicians, philosophers, and anatomists even, to be the sole source and seat of the mind. Recently a dim suspicion has been creep- ing into the minds of the more advanced and intelligent ob- servers and thinkers that this may be an error. The proofs of the theory of the soul and mind, so much dwelt upon by the ancient metaphysicians, have no material or tangible basis upon which to commence experiment and demonstra- RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 161 tion, but rest entirely on belief or faith. Hence, in the investigation of mind, we are necessarily limited to the ob- servation of matter. By confining ourselves to this domain, we shall reach conclusions which I believe will be decisive. The cerebrum, or front portion of the brain, has for a long time been considered by anatomists as the locality where thought, emotion, volition, and sensation are in some way (unknown) brought into a condition called consciousness. By recent experiments upon animals, and through accidents to human beings, it is demonstrated that the cerebrum does not possess the power formerly attributed to it. Much of it has been removed without destroying life and without causing the cessation of the principal physical functions. Indeed, in one instance, well authenticated by Longet, as quoted by Lewes, it is related that "anew-born infant, whose brain during the birth had been completely extirpated (to save the mother's life), was wrapped in a towel and placed in a corner of the room as a lifeless mass. While the surgeon was giving all his attention to the mother, he heard with horror a kind of murmur proceeding from the spot where the body had been placed. Soon a distinct cry was heard, and, to the sur- prise of all, this brainless infant was seen struggling, with rapid movements of its arms and legs. It cried and gave other signs of sensibility for several minutes." Mr. Lewes also gives an account taken from the experi- ments of Bouillard, a French anatomist, who, he says, re- moved the whole of the cerebrum from the brain of a fowl, and he thus records his observations of this case: "This fowl passes the greater part of her time asleep, but she awakes at intervals and spontaneously. When she goes to sleep she turns her head on one side, and buries it in the feathers of her wing. When she wakes she shakes herself, flaps her wings, and opens her eyes. In this respect, there is no difference observable between the mutilated and the perfect bird. She does not seem to be moved at all by the noises about her, but a very slight irritation of the skin suf- fices to awaken her instantaneouslv. When the irritation 162 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ceases, she relapses into sleep. When awake, she is often seen to cast rapid glances here and there. If put into a cage, she tries to escape, but she comes and goes without any purpose or rational design. "When either wing or foot is pinched, she withdraws it. When she is laid hold of, she struggles to escape and screams; if severely irritated, she screams loudly. But it is not only to express pain that she uses her voice, for it is by no means rare to hear her cackle and cluck spontaneously; that is to say, when no external irritation affects her. Her stupidity is profound; she knows neither objects nor persons, and is completely divested of memory in this respect. Not only does she not know how to seek or take food, she does not even know how to swallow it when placed in her beak; it must be pushed to her throat. Nevertheless, her individuality, her movements, her agita- tion, attest that she feels the presence of a strange body. In this recital the evidence both of sensation and instinct is incontestible to any unprejudiced mind."* Dr. Dalton, in giving the result of experiments he per- formed in removing the cerebrum of a fowl, says that "it was not accompanied with the loss of sight, of hearing, or of ordinary sensibility. All of these functions remained, as well as voluntary motion." This is a mere allusion to the mass of evidence observed and collected by different anatomists, all going to prove that the brain is not the exclusive seat of sensation and conscious- ness. I advise my readers to consult the book from which these examples are taken, as well as the later work by the same author, entitled "The Physical Basis of Mind." I shall bring more of this writer's thoughts in support of the positions I take in this system of Physiognomy. My readers will pardon the extensive quotation I shall make, for I deem it only just to them, to my system and myself, that my the- ories should not lack competent authority, an,d that my ideas may not be accepted upon my unsustained observation and explanation alone. Many of them may seem novel; yet, upon * Gr. H. Lewes's "Physiology of Common Life." EATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 163 a close investigation of my premises, they will be found to derive their origin and support from Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and cognate sciences. Let us listen again to Mr. Lewes, whose opinions and de- ductions I value very highly. Comparative Anatomy, he says, "is freely invoked when it can sustain the argument in favor of the brain or cerebrum being the sole seat of intelli- gence, but it is quietly disregarded when it flatly contradicts the idea of the brain being the exclusive seat of consciousness or sensation. We cannot allow two weights and measures; if the evidence furnished by animals is good in one case, it is good in another. Now, what says evidence? A survey of the vertebrate classes discloses a remarkable correspondence between the size and development of the cerebrum, and the energy and variety of the mental manifestations. As we pass from flshes and reptiles to birds, and from birds to mam- mals — from the less intelligent to the more intelligent — we notice a decided increase in cerebral development. It is a legitimate inference that the one is in some correspondence with the other, and that intelligence is one of the functions of the cerebrum. Let this be admitted without reservation, although the well informed anatomist may have many diffi- culties to propound. I now ask what we are to make of the fact that multitudes of animals have no cerebrum at all, and that even among fishes there is at least one known to be without a vestige of it (and zoologists may discover many more); so that, unless we pronounce the amphioxus and all the invertebrates to be mere machines, without sensation or consciousness of any kind, we are forced to admit conscious- ness in the absence of the very organ which is said to be its exclusive seat. There are two answers open : First, it may be said, as it commonly is, that these animals have no intelli- gence — only instinct. This may be true; but to make it of the slighest use, we must be taught what instinct is, and that teaching is yet to seek. Instinct, like chance, is one of the words under which men seek to conceal their ignorance from themselves. That the actions of a bee or a crab, which 164 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. manifest sensation, memory, invention of new methods under new circumstances — not to mention anger, desire, and some unexplained mode of communicating with each other — that these are actions of ' blind instinct ' might not be inconceiv- able if we knew what instinct really was; but we shall find it difficult to conceive how precisely similar phenomena are attributed to intelligence when displayed by the dog or monkey. It is probable that the bee or the crab has no power of forming abstract propositions; it is probable that they are unable to carry on trains of thought remote from the sensations which are immediately affecting them. Let us, for a moment, grant that no invertebrate animal has in- telligence, in any sense in which it has pleased man to employ the term. Let instinct explain everything, without itself needing explanation. It will not remove an iota of the objection against the assumption that the cerebrum i's the exclusive seat of sensation and volition. The bee may have no vestige of intelligence, but you cannot deny that it has sensibility and volition; the brainless amphioxus may be a very stupid fish, indeed, but you will hardly assert that he wants the consciousness, the sensiblity of other fishes. If you grant me this, dispute is at an end ; you merely say that the cerebrum has certain special functions, among which intelligence is one; you do not thereby exclude from other ganglia other forms of sensibility." Mr. Lewes says, also: "In the same way, the brain of a bee is analogous to the brain of a bird. There are many and. important differences, but there are fundamental resem- blances of structure and connection of property and function. It is because they are both formed of ganglionic substances that they have both the property of sensibility. It is be- cause they are both connected with the organs of special sense, and are the chief centres with which, directly or indi- rectly, all the nerves are connected, that they both have the supreme function of cerebration. This is the teaching of Comparative Anatomy, and its lesson is valuable if it shows us how the cephalic ganglia of an insect may represent the RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 165 brain of a vertebrate animal, and thus seem to justify the doctrine of the brain being the exclusive seat of conscious- ness. It also, and by the same evidence, shows that sensi- bility must belong to all ganglia as ganglia, and not to any special group. The brain derives its sensibility from its ganglionic structure, in which it resembles all other ganglia; it derives its functions from the various organs to ivhich this sensibility is made subservient by anatomical connection." Elsewhere, Mr. Lewes remarks: "I conceive, therefore, that Comparative Anatomy irresistibly disproves the notion of the brain, or any other ganglionic mass, being the sole and exclusive seat of sensibility or consciousness. No one will understand these remarks to mean that the brain is not one great centre of sensation and volition — the chief and dominant organ of the whole psychical mechanism. I have said before that it has the noblest functions, but it does not exclude the other ganglia from their share in the general con- sciousness. In it, all the sensations derived through the senses and viscera are summed up, combined, modified, and, in some prof oundly mysterious manner, elaborated into ideas. In like manner, emotion may be considered as the form of cerebral sensibility which is determined by connection with the ganglia of visceral sensation." Let every fair-minded,, unprejudiced person ask himself this question: For what are the ganglia connected with the several visceral organs? — what is their use? Why, says popular opinion, to carry to the brain the knowledge of the condition of those organs. Is that all their office? — is there no power evolved from these organs? — do they not sustain or create and nourish certain so-called "mental faculties"? "Whence, then, is derived the sentiment of Love, for exam- ple? — is it manufactured in the brain, and exhibited only by the voice, by sentiment? If this were the case, then it would result in words only. This sentiment of Love is de- rived, in my opinion, from a physical base — from the func- tional action of the reproductive system — and results, in most cases, in functional activity of this system by reproduc- 166 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tion. I think the most superficial reasoner will not dispute this. Now, if sentiment is derived in one instance from the functional action of one visceral organ and its ganglia, or plexus, would it not be corroborative evidence as to the ability of all the other viscera to produce or create other kinds of senti- ment, such as Friendship, Conscientiousness, Love of Young, Benevolence, or Cheerfulness? — which last many of the most ignorant, even, understand is in some way connected with a healthy condition of the liver; for when they observe one who is "blue," as they express a despondent state of mind, they invariably ascribe it to a "bilious" condition of the liver, and correctly so; for Hope, which creates a happy disposition, is directly related to the liver; and if the senti- ment of Hope depends upon the normal action of that organ, how can it be said that Hope is a mental attribute, and cre- ated in the brain ? I grant that the liver must be connected with the brain, as we know it is by the great sympathetic or nervus vagus; but I deny that Hope is manufactured there. Its seat and source is in the liver, and depends upon, first, its natural construction, or size and quality; and, second, upon its normal condition. These two requisites being had, we find a cheerful, hopeful individual, with a clear, fertile, suggestive mind — so clear, indeed, as to make him highly analytical in everything which he observes or does. I know all this is antagonistic to the popular idea of mind, of senti- ment and emotion; but whence, I ask again, does Mind derive its power? Not from the brain alone, because I have given you the evidence collected by such eminent students as Lewes, Dalton, Longet, and Boulliard, and the opinions of others as learned will follow this. I have shown that, in the case of the newly born child, movement, respiration, and vocal exercise were possible without any brain whatever. Now, if this be possible without brain, then the power was derived from some other source. I claim that it came from the several visceral structures; and the face, which is an exact register of the size and power of the various organs in the body, will prove to any good observer, who cares to in- RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 167 vestigate the science with a dispassionate mind, that where the signs for size of certain organs are found in the face, the mental characteristics which I claim are related to these organs will be found coexistent in every iustance. Is this fancy or imagination, fact or fiction? The proof is within reach of every reader; let him justify my theories, or dis- prove them by evidence as conclusive. Those who have passed years in the study and investiga- tion of any branch of science are presumed to be more learned on the subject of their pursuit than those who have given it little attention, and I hold that the opinions of the former are entitled to the credence and respect of the latter. Believing this most fully, I append the following extract from the work of Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay, entitled "On Mind in the Lower Animals." It will not be without inter- est, and is entitled to our respect, in consideration of the source whence it emanates. Dr. Lindsay has been for many years at the head of an institution for the insane in Scotland, and is also a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of England. His investigations of diseased mental peculiarities of the insane have opened the way to an understanding of the locale of the mind, and he states his belief of its location and action thus. He remarks: "The student of Comparative Psychology can- not too soon divest himself of the erroneous popular idea that brain and mind are in a sense synonymous; that the brain is the sole organ of the mind; that mind cannot exist without brain; or that there is any necessary relation be- tween the size, form, and weight of the brain, and the degree of mental development. Even in man there is no necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain, and the degree of mental development, while the phenomena of disease in him shows to what extent lesions of cerebral substance occur without affecting the mental life. Physiolo- gists are gradually adopting or forming a more and more comprehensive conception of mind, and are coming to regard it as a function or attribute, not of any particular organ or part of the body, but of the body as a whole. " Long ago, the illustri- 168 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ous MiltOD, discoursing of mind and its seat, properly de- scribed the human mind as an attribute of man's body as a whole. In various forms and words, this view has been expressed in recent times by Muller, Lewes, Laycock, Bash- man, Bastian, Maudsley, Carpenter, and others. According to these authors, the seat of mind is throughout the body (Muller); mind pervades the body (Laycock and Bashman); mind comprehends the bodily life (Maudsley); psychical life has no one especial centre (Lewes); \he whole nervous sys- tem is the seat or organ of the mind, the brain being only its chief seat or organ (Bastian). The brain, then, is only one organ of mind — the organ, it may be said, only of special mental functions. The old doctrine or assumption of the phrenologists, as represented by Gall and Combe — the doc- trine in which they have so greatly prided themselves, and foolishly continue to do so — that, namely, which regards the brain as the sole organ of the mind, must unquestionably be given up. We must henceforth regard the true site, seat, or organ of the mind as the whole body, and this is the only sound basis on which the comparative psychologist can begin his studies. There would be the less difficulty in accepting such a basis, were it only borne in view that the muscular as well as the nervous system, that muscular action, has an intimate relation to mental phenomena, to ideas, as well as to feelings. Muscular action is essential in certain, if not in all mental processes; e. g., in feeling or emotion, outward muscular ex- pression (e. g., facial) and inward ideas and feelings are inseparably correlated (Maudsley). I might continue this form of evidence indefinitely, but will mention but one more proof, and this will show how near the eminent anatomist, Sir Charles Bell, came to dis- covering all the bases of mind. I quote again from Mr. Lewes's ''Physiology." Sir Charles Bell, he says, had a strong, but dim, conviction that it was an error to limit sen- sation to the action of the special senses. "It appears to me," he says, "that the frame of the body, exclusive of the special organs of seeing, hearing, etc., is a complex organ — RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 169 I shall not say of sense, hut which ministers, like the external senses, to the mind.''' Another of this great anatomist's conceptions was that the muscles were a distinct sense. This I have referred to else- where. Briefly alluding to this view of Sir Charles Bell, Mr. Lewes remarks : ""Whether it is legitimate or not to elevate this into a dis- tinct sense — a rank denied to the glands and alimentary canal — may be questionable; but there has long been a gen- eral unanimity as to the fact that the muscles are the sources of peculiar sensations, such as those of exercise, ^weariness, cramp, etc. It has also been admitted that the adjustments necessary for all movements, for walking, riding, dancing, sitting upright, and so forth, are dependent upon the sensi- tiveness of the muscles. The body is balanced by an inces- sant shifting of the muscles, one group antagonizing another. But this would be impossible unless each muscle were ad- justed and co-ordinated by sensation." Elsewhere Mr. Lewes remarks: "If every distinct part of the organism which is the source of distinct sensation is to be called a Sense, we must necessarily include the muscles and viscera among the senses; for the sensations derived through the muscles are as specific as those derived through the eye or tongue; and the glandular sensations are assuredly distinct from those of the muscles. The sensations derived through the viscera and muscles are not less specific, nor less important, than those of eye or ear. We are not at lib- erty to reject this fact, because it is capable of proof as rigorous as the proof of the existence of Sight or Taste. Mind is the sum total of the whole sensitive organism. No one exclusive organ of mind can be said to exist." I might bring the strongest proofs of my position, that mind is to be found in the action of the organs of the several viscera and other functions, as well as in the ganglia of the entire organism. I could bring the statements of Haeckel, of Maudsley, of Herbert Spencer — in fact, of all the more advanced thinkers of the world — but the limits of my volume 12 170 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. forbid. It is true that no scientist has, so far as I am aware, brought forward the main principles which I here present. It remains for me to elaborate and carry to a finality my theories in my own particular branch of science. At the same time, it is a very great recommendation to my theories that they receive the support (in any degree, however re- mote) of the best and most advanced thinkers. Although the task of connecting the proofs has fallen to me, it is both a task and a pleasure. It is made the easier for the reason that I have the whole world of living animal and human or- ganisms from which to derive my proofs. I hope that my readers will make use of the faces and bodies most accessible to them, and those whose physical characteristics they have knowledge of, to investigate and verify the, statements and laws here laid down. From these physical peculiarities very much of the mental capacity can be ascertained. The differences in human mind are known by differences in formation of the body, in color, and in in- herited quality. Education also modifies natural inclinations, but the forms produced by the arrangement of the internal organs, and the motive apparatus, the muscles and bones, as well as the colors resulting from chemical action, are in every case found to be the dominating influences. A few moments each day given to comparison of persons pursuing different vocations will render the observer in a short time quite expert in detecting differences of character, and also in proving the source and origin of so-called mental abilities. Let him compare, for example, twelve carpenters with twelve tavern-keepers or merchants, and these with the same number of artists, musicians, and literary persons. Apply the laws herein given in each instance, and I believe that all former errors and ignorance of the character of man will be modi- fied, changed, or entirely dissipated. As the announcement and demonstration of Galileo's dis- covery of the laws governing the earth and the heavenly bodies revolutionized (necessarily) preconceived ideas of our planet, its place and rank in the solar system, as well as all RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 171 popular ideas and beliefs in regard to man, his character and destiny, so the discovery of the facts and laws of physiog- nomy is bound to revolutionize nearly all existing ideas and beliefs regarding man's character, the origin of mind, re- ligion, art, and the forms and science of government. It must and will change most of the prevalent notions in regard to woman, her powers, her rank in Nature, and her ultimate position and destiny on earth. There is a history attached to the development of every organ and function of the body. There is also a history ap- pertaining to every faculty of the mind. If these two things (faculties and functions) are not correlated, how does it occur that they have kept pace with each other ? Why is it that as organs and functions have arisen by differentiation certain "mental" faculties have appeared simultaneously, and always the same functions and the same faculties appear in combina- tion? For example, where we find an excess of muscular power of fine quality, we observe artistic and emotional abili- ties; where we find the Vegetative system paramount, we see an utter lack of all literary and artistic conception and abil- ity for those works, but always we find the functions of sus- tentation, reproduction, respiration, etc., strongly exhibited. The argument and proofs are irresistible to any unpreju- diced mind, to every fair-minded thinker and observer. A superficial observer may not see nor accept the proofs, but I think that it may be conceded that a period of thirty years spent in constant research, in this as well as kindred sciences, has not ended in bringing forward vain delusions and chi- meras. I hope that nothing which I have written will be taken for granted without evidence. A reasonable proof should always be demanded. At the same time, a man who denies what he cannot disprove, or who accepts anything without reasonable evidence, is either guilty of a want of common honesty or possesses a very narrow intellect. Let none of my readers be found in either class. In entering into the consideration of the rationale of physical functions and their signs in the face, I give only those signs for organs 172 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. and functions which long observation warrants me in consid- ering as established beyond a doubt. I am not perfectly sure as to the others, and therefore refrain from indicating them. Time and observation will, I believe, assist in locating them all. The signs of the most important ones are, how- ever definitely located. While proceeding with the consid- eration of this subject, the reader will please keep the fact in view that the primary use of every function and faculty is for the sustentation, preservation, and perpetuation of the individual; the secondary use is intended (if we may judge from Evolution) for the progress of mankind toward a higher development of the human family. Let us commence our investigations in the Chemical or underlying division, and analyze the signs in the chin. Conscientiousness. — The width of the chin, caused by width of its bony structure, denotes Conscientiousness; also the strength and action of the kidney system. A narrow, retreating chin shows that the kidneys are narrow and small; a broad, bony chin announces broad kidneys and relative breadth at the "small of the back," as it is termed. By the kidney system I mean, not only the kidneys, but the several ducts and the bladder, as well as all the apparatus included in the performance of its functions; that is to say, all of the fluid circulation of the body concerned in the excreting of the fluid waste, and the fluid upbuilding of the entire body. Taking into consideration that, inasmuch as seventy-five per cent, of the human organism is composed of water, and the importance of water as a fluid solvent of all the materials taken into the system, as well as its very important office as the carrier of all the materials through the veins and absorb- ent and secretory tubes, to the several tissues involved in the human organism, it must be apparent that upon the power and activity of the fluid and kidney systems man depends very largely for the purity and integrity of his physical powers; hence, of his moral nature. If the kidney system is not capable of excreting the waste of the fluid circulation, it RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 173 is thrown back or retained in the body, thus destroying the soundness and integrity of the whole organism; or if it fail, as a common carrier, to convey the particles of lime and other materials needed in sustaining the power of the Bony system; or if the fluid circulation is incompetent to perform its mission in conveying other materials in their right pro- portion to their several destinations; the organism will suffer from an unbalanced condition in its physical as well as moral development. We cannot separate cause from effect; one cannot be moral without the physical powers first possess purity, integrity and equilibrium, in their components and action. Some may object to this showing of the dependence of the moral powers on the physical functions, as antagonistic to Theology. Now, if we could demonstrate morality with- out the organs and members of the body, this theory would be untenable. If Theology cannot agree with the laws of God as shown through the laws of Nature, so much the worse for Theology. Morality is related to the use of the members and organs of the body; we cannot be immoral without using them. We can be neither moral nor immoral in thought alone. It is by the improper use or diseased conditions of our organs and members that we can become immoral. Morality is not a sentiment at all; it is not a matter of belief or speculation, but a living, actual reality, related to the right use of our physical powers. Almost every individual will admit that certain persons look more honest or moral than certain others; also, that some are very sensual looking. The investigation of their conduct often proves that their lives and their looks correspond. Now, what creates this correspondence? — and what causes the difference between moral and immoral per- sons? Is it the nature of their surroundings alone? No; for, with equal opportunities and temptations, some are able to conduct themselves with more morality than others. Is it not, then, in inherited organisms? — is it not in certain com- binations of organs, bones, blood, muscle, and tissue, so placed as to produce certain forms, which, by virtue of 174 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. these inherited forms, the individual is able to be either moral or immoral? Is it possible for ns to know how these moral or immoral qualities are produced, and are we not capable of understanding which forms are most inclined to morality or immorality? I claim that all this can be known; and not only that all these qualities can be detected, but that, by judicious mingling of forms and systems, vices can be bred out, and virtues bred into the human family, just as it is done with the lower animals. What we need to know is, first, the meanings of the several organ-systems and forms of the body; and then a wise and judicious combination of these principles, add^d to hygienic diet and health condi- tions, and moral and intellectual surroundings. Firmness. — Firmness, denoted by length downward and forward of the ramus, or lower jawbone, shows power in the individual to resist disease by the exercise of a firm and persevering determination to recover, as well as the power to persevere in a course calculated to restore health. This faculty being related to the Bony system, indicates that there is organic power — the power which the conscientious nature of bone yields — and this is useful in combating diseased conditions. The face of Dr. Tanner (who recently undertook the task of fasting forty days, and succeeded) exhibits this faculty in a remarkable degree. His firmness and persever- ance contributed materially to his success, while the superior bony structure which he possesses shows that the kidney system is uncommonly well developed. These two faculties — Conscientiousness and Firmness — will carry one through not only great physical, but also great moral disorders, and en- able their possessors to stand upon principle against a world of opposition. Had Dr. Tanner exhibited equal power in other parts of his mind and body, but without Firmness, he could not have accomplished his self-imposed task. Digestion, or Alimentiveness. — Digestion has its principal sign in the face located on either side of the mouth, and is RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 175 known by fullness of the lower part of the cheek. This is the most prominent sign, in infancy, of good assimilative and nutritive powers. It is true that the signs of good di- gestion are to be found all over the person, and the bones will be well covered with adipose tissue where this function is vigorous. There is a seeming want of inductive ratiocina- tion on the part of the majority of persons, who, while they recognize this sign for one physical function in the face — viz., that of good digestive powers — look no farther for the signs of the action of the other visceral organs, such as the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, glands, stomach, etc. Now, if Nature has placed the sign for one function in the face, it is logical and natural to infer that others are also represented there. While this function (digestion) is the sustainer of all the mental faculties — that is to say, gives the nutrition essen- tial to their existence and activity — the kidney system keeps all in purity and soundness by its excretory qualities alone. The fact that the fluid waste of the body exceeds the solid waste is undeniable. By actual demonstration, it has been proved that the fluid waste from the kidneys and sweat glands is more, by several pounds weight in twenty-four hours, than is the waste excreted from the bowel system. Writers on Physiology are unable to account for the origin of the sensation of hunger. They do not seem to be able to discover how the individual becomes conscious of the need of the body for more nourishment; that is to say, how the stomach is made to feel hunger. Dr. C. Cutter, a writer on Physiology, observes: "It has been inferred, by some writers on Physiology, that the glands which supply the gastric fluid, by a species of instinctive intelligence, would only secrete enough fluid to convert into chyme the aliment needed to supply the real wants of the system." What are the reasons for this infer- ence? There is no evidence that the gastric glands possess instinctive intelligence, and can there be a reason adduced why they may not be stimulated to extra functional action, as well as other organs, and why they may not also be influ- 176 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. enced by habit. Precisely what Dr. Cutter means by "in- stinctive intelligence" he does not explain; and, until he gives his explanation, we can find no solution to the question as he propounds it. How does the human system know when it requires nutriment? My theory has been stated before, and I should answer, from its mind! For, as mind inheres in every part of the body, so the branches and fila- ments of nerves connected with the gastric glands convey to the brain these wants of the individual. The pneumogastric nerve ramifies upon the stomach, and this nerve becomes cognizant of the wants of the organ over which it presides, so to speak; and communicating with the nerves of the other parts of the organism involved in the process of digestion, all combined make demand for more nutrition, and prepare the several organs and glands for its reception. This theory is clearly proved by the fact that, where the brain is func- tionally or structurally diseased, it is often incapable of taking cognizance of the conditions and appeals of these parts, and insane persons are often compelled by force to partake of food, as they would starve to death if left to their own care, not being notified by the stomach of the needs of the body — the consequence of the diseased condition of the brain. The case of the wounded sailor, noted by Sir Astley Cooper, illustrates this theory, and shows that all the vege- tative processes of the body can go on without any assistance from the brain; that is to say, without the brain being con- scious of the action of the organs of respiration, secretion, excretion, or growth. In Sir Astley Cooper's "Lectures on Surgery," the follow- ing singular case is noted: At Gibraltar, a sailor fell from the yard-arm of a ship, and was taken up unconscious. He remained some months in the hospital there, in a perfectly insensible condition. He was then conveyed to England and placed in a hospital at Deptford, where Sir Astley Cooper, the eminent surgeon, visited him. He was informed by the attending surgeon that the sailor had been insensible for many months. He said: "He lies on his back, with few EATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 177 signs of life; he breathes, indeed, has a pulse, and some motion in his fingers; but in all other respects he is deprived of all powers of mind, volition, or sensation." If he wanted food, he had the power of moving the lips and tongue, and this action of his mouth was the signal to his attendants for supplying this ivant. This last sentence corroborates my theory of the mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus. It is here proved that consciousness was suspended for many months; yet the organs of digestion had power to manifest intelligence in the manner indicated above. This man lay in this condition for thirteen months, when Sir Astley Cooper trephined him; that is to say, raised the depressed portion of the bone from off the brain, upon which it was pressing. Four hours afterward he was able to sit up in bed and con- verse, and four days after he was restored to all the faculties of his mind and functions of body. He said that he remem- bered nothing from the moment that he fell; thus proving that the faculty of Memory of Events was entirely suspended. His reason, we see, was dormant; all power over the muscles, with the exception of a slight motion of the fingers, was gone; yet this man lived, breathed, secreted the juices of the stomach, liver, and intestines; excreted from the kidneys and bowels; but was unable to manifest intelligence, except that sort which the digestive apparatus was able to make apparent. Benevolence. : — Benevolence, shown by the full, rolling, moist under lip, indicates a strong and active condition of the glandular system, both of the secretory and absorbent sys- tems. "Whenever this feature of the physiognomy is well developed, most of the secreting glands — viz., the lachrymal, salivary, and mammary glands, pancreas, liver, prostate, and testes — will be found to coincide in their vigor and normal action with the size and moisture of the under lip. The ab- sorbent glands also find their illustration in the same feature. " Glands are divided into two classes — the lacteals and the lymphatics. The lacteals are found only in the abdomen. 178 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Their office is to convey the chyle, which they absorb (after the food has been digested in the intestine), to the thoracic duct, whence it is sent into the general circulation to repair the waste and renew the tissues. The lymphatics, on the contrary, are distributed through all portions of the body. Their use is to take up by absorption all waste or useless matters, and convey such matters which have become solvent either to the general circulation, there to be discharged from the system by some of the excretory organs, or are used again in the economy of the human organism."* I have inserted this slight description of the office of the glandular system, in order that those of my readers who are not well read in physiology and anatomy may understand the philosophy of the action of these glands and the appropri- ateness of their signs in the face. Now, the glands in the lower lip, being more numerous and more prominent than in any other part of the face, would seem to' point to that feature as the facial index of the glandular power of the entire sys- tem; added to the fact that the absorbing glands are directly related to the function of digestion, and whenever a promi- nent sign of any function or faculty is observed in the face all minor signs are always to be found in juxtaposition with it, just as in the body all the organs which assist a similar function or class of functions are placed in positions of suf- ficient contiguity to facilitate their action. If the entire glandular system is well developed, we must infer that the absorbents will take up sufficient material to supply the ne- cessities of the organism by creating new tissues, and that the excretory glands will perform the task of carrying from the system all effete or waste matter. Hence, a good devel- opment of this system shows its power to throw off diseases as well as to resist the approach of those which affect the glands more particularly. Thus you will observe that Benev- olence in its developed state assists in protecting the body, as well as gives the power and desire to assist others. We cannot give if we are in an impoverished condition, and =* Harrison's Anatomy. RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 179 cannot warm toward others if we are deficient in what creates animal heat. A thin dry under lip indicates the reverse of Benevolence, and shows a constricted or impoverished con- dition of the glandular system, as well as a stingy, close- fisted person. Amativeness, or Love of the Sexes. — Amativeness and reproductive capacity are known by thickness and redness of the centre of the upper lip. When very thick, it also denotes glandular, muscular, and adipose development. This sign is better defined in the physiognomies of ancient races and in European faces than in American people. The function of reproduction is more active with the former; consequently, the sentiment of love, of conjugal affection, of the unity of the family, of the oneness of husband and wife, is stronger and more enduring. These faculties and sentiments being strong and active in the ratio that the reproductive system is well developed, European families are larger families than Americans. This affords greater activity to the reproductive system generally; and as large families have been character- istic of these people for centuries, these sentiments, these faculties as well as functions, have become powerful by use and exercise, and have thus aggregated strength in this di- rection and transmitted it. Hence, its signs are more per- ceptible in the former. This function assists in creative art very materially. The organs of reproduction are mainly muscular, aud as this system (the Muscular) includes the power for artistic efforts and creations, the aid which the reproductive system offers to creative efforts in art, etc., is only added proof of my theory of Amativeness. This the- ory can be proved by investigation of the countenances of all Of the most talented persons known to history. Examine portraits, for example, of Dickens, Moliere, Byron, Sterne, Lady Morgan, Hood, Albert Durer, Cervantes, Shakspeare, Burus, Shelley, Joanna Baillie, Sarah Siddons, Lavoisier, d'Alembert, Eousseau, Buffon, Des Cartes, Delambre, Ark- wright, Jeremy Taylor, Murillo, Corneille, and Joshua Rey- 180 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. nolds. In fact, the examination of the faces of all who have excelled in creative art will disclose the sign of this function and faculty well defined. Its use primarily is for the propagation, creation, and per- petuation of .the race. Its moral significance is of incalcula- ble importance, for upon its normal action and natural and religious use the purity and welfare of the human family are dependent; It has no functional activity until the age of puberty, at which time important moral as well as physical changes occur. These changes are equivalent to the intro- duction of an entirely new faculty and function. Its full moral and physiological importance should be taught to youth, as ignorance of the true nature of its powers may lead to disastrous results, which may descend to the innocent for generations and lead to the utter demoralization of entire communities. Love of Childeen and Animals. — Love of children, pets, and animals is known by the drooping of each side of the upper lip on either side of Amativeness, of which it is the nat- ural and necessary companion. It forms a little "scallop" shape, which also assists in giving beauty to the mouth. In- deed, all well developed mouths present this appearance more or less. Every function that is of use to the individual, and in a normal condition, sets a sign of beauty in the face; and those who learn to understand these signs and their sig- nification will enjoy beauties w T hich are denied to those igno- rant of them. In some the outer sides of the lip project downward almost overlapping the lower lip, just as we see it in dogs and cows, and other animals whose love of offspring is intense. This sign is located in the same place in all the higher animals. As I have stated elsewhere, when Nature gives the love or capacity for any pursuit she also gives some kind of power for its expression. Hence, when we observe this sign largely defined, we must infer that the ability to nourish or care for the young accompanies it. In some it betokens the physical EAT10NALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 181 development essential to the nourishment of offspring; that is to say, good digestion and a suitable endowment of the glandular system/ In others, in the brain system predomi- nant, it is accompanied by a mirthful-constructive ability, which manifests itself in the invention of stories, games, and amusements for the diversion of the young. Miss Louisa Alcott, the celebrated writer for children, exhibits this for- mation; all the signs of this kind of talent are prominent in her physiognomy. This faculty is manifested in others by love of teaching and training young children and animals. No one can suc- ceed in training dogs or horses who has not this faculty. I have recently studied the portraits of our National Fish Commissioners and their assistants. Most of them show this sign well denned. In order to be in harmony with their work (the propagation of the finny tribe), the two faculties of Amativeness and Love of Young should be present, so as to facilitate the work of reproduction and care of animals. All of the faculties and functions in the Vegetative or Chem- ical division of the face are related in some degree to the glandular system. Now, as love of offspring is generally stronger in woman than in man, she is by Nature especially fitted to nourish the young, and the sentiment of Love of Young is created and sustained by the glandular system — by the mammary glands in particular. In man, these glands are rudimental; hence, his love for and desire to nourish and take care of the young are not so strong as in woman, al- though several well authenticated cases are found in medical works of men who were able to nourish babes at their breasts. There are a few ducts and a small gland in the mammae of men, it is true, and it is quite likely, under some abnor- mal conditions of the generative function in man, that the mammary glands have become enlarged, as is well known in cases where the testes have become atrophied. This function and faculty, it will be observed, has its moral and intellectual use, as well as its physiological power. It is, therefore, highly important as being one of the greatest 182 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. protectors of infant life and health and the conservator of posterity. The functions and faculties in the Chemical di- vision of the .body are the most easily recognized by the ordinary observer; more profound thought and reason are necessary to carry this law of correspondence of functions with mental and moral faculties to its ultimate conclusions. Mirthfulness. — The most prominent sign of this faculty is found at the outer corners of the mouth. It is shown by a depression caused (when smiling) by the action of the two muscles named major and minor zygomaticus, which draw the mouth outward and upward. The more these muscles are exercised the more defined the impress of such activity is apparent, and hence it is that we often find dimples at this place. In those less playful and mirthful, small vertical wrinkles are seen. This sign adjoins the local sign for Love of Young, and is connected naturally and necessarily with it. In some it causes the corners of the mouth to turn upward. Laurence Sterne, the celebrated humorous writer, has this peculiarity in a marked manner. It is adapted to the care and amusement of the young as well as to the recreation of adult life. It is in one sense coustructive, like Amativeness, as it assists in contriving and planning amusements for old and young; it shows in witty and funny speeches, and at- tracts all by mirthful and lovable manners; it is also an aid to digestion, and adjoins its most prominent sign. All dis- play of auger or sadness while eating impedes digestion, while mirth assists its action. Its source of supply is un- doubtedly glandular, although the muscles, too, assist in its expression. The zygomaticus minor muscle is sometimes scarcely perceptible or entirely wanting. The location of Mirthfulness near the mouth, and its inti- mate relation to Love of Young, point to its origin as gland- ular, depending undoubtedly on the quantity and quality of nutrition assimilated and animal warmth supplied to the system by the action of the lacteal glands. Shriveled, thin persons, or dyspeptics, are not as mirthful as those whose RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 183' digestion is unimpaired; and as dyspeptics regain health and normal conditions their love of fun and mirthfulness return to their natural state. The location of this function and faculty, and the effect of its normal and abnormal action, evidences its origin. Like all the faculties found in the Veg- etative system, it must be considered as having its support from sources similar to those of other functions and faculties in this system. The association of all these functions is for mutual support and assistance; hence, their origin is easily determined. To "laugh and grow fat" is a truism. Anger and sadness suppress the normal supply of secretions, while mirth and contentment excite them to action. Fkiendship. — Friendship is related to and sustained by the intestinal system, and is comprised in the chemical or vegetative part of the process of digestion. Its principal local sign is fullness of the upper portion of the cheek, and adjoins the chief sign for Digestion, or Alimentiveness. Fullness of the salivary glands just in front of the ear open- ing is another sign of the assimilative capacity. The first stages of digestion — those performed by the stomach — are produced by muscular action chiefly, with slight assistance from the chemical action of the salivary and gastric juices. The most important part of digestion is carried by the ali- mentary canal, commencing with the duodenum. The food, in its passage through the intestines, is acted upon by the secretions of the liver and pancreas; and in this part of di- gestion the process is mainly chemical; and it is here that the juices needed for animal heat and warmth, for the nutri- tion of the body generally, are found. It is here that color is evolved by chemical action, and sent through the glands and veins to its several destinations in the tissues, by the power of the same action, without the slighest assistance from the Muscular system; and when we observe fullness of the upper part of the cheek, of a bright red color, we know that Friendship is active, because the power, the warmth essential to its action is present in the body in the right. 184 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. proportion to enable the individual to perform the offices essential to the active duties which Friendship exacts. A thin, flat, pale or bluish upper cheek shows the reverse of this faculty, and will always be accompanied by a small or defective bowel system. Friendship, like Love, is at one and the same time a benevolent and a selfish trait. Its character is dual, as is its functional action. It both secretes and absorbs. Pri- marily, it seeks to please itself in social enjoyments, in the society of friends, and in eating and drinking with them. It is not, like the Irishman's "reciprocity," all on one side. It seeks, also, the enjoyment of those it loves; and, where there is a good admixture of the architectural or mathemat- ical powers, it assists, by planning and personal service, in every way the interests of the objects of its affection. A good development of the bowel system gives to the organism the juices and nourishment needed to carry forward the work of friendship, and also to give the animal warmth essential to the creation and perpetuation of this faculty, either as a sentiment or social enjoyment. Its physical basis is, as I have shown, in the chemical division; and, in its primitive aspect, it leads to desire for association and companionship. In the early stages of man's development, it assisted in forming tribes and clans, and the faces of all clannish races exhibit this faculty largely; as, for example, the Highland Scotch, the Swiss, Hollanders, and others. As the organism rose higher by the development and perfection of other fac- ulties, it exhibited itself more as a sentiment, and showed its action by pleasant speech, in thought, care, and active works. In combination with the Chemical division, it will show by entertaining friends with feasts, by cooking for them, and by presents of nice foods, drinks, and by attention to their bodily wants. With the Architectural added, it shows in entertainments, also, but adds both sentiment and good deeds. With the highest, or Mathematical division large, where the brain and nerves impart sensitiveness, it will be exhibited more in emotion, feeling, thought, and sentiment; RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 185 in poetry dedicated to beloved objects; by presents of flow- ers, books, and pictures, and delicate attentions. The Germans, as a class, are the most sociable and friendly of all the civilized races. They are also the best feeders, with most uncommon assimilative powers. Hence, it will be seen that friendship is a conservator of life, and assists in the progressive development of the human family, both morally and physiologically. Some of the glands involved in digestion are both secretory and excretory. This dual action gives rise to dual action in the manifestations of friendship; they are both selfish and unselfish. Modesty. — The most prominent sign of Modesty is shown. by a vertical depression running down the center of the upper lip. It is an unfailing sign of a love of purity, clean- liness, and generally of chastity; all of which are conducive to health and long life. Persons exhibiting this sign love refined language, dislike all coarse or smutty jokes or allu- sions; love neatness of attire, and desire to change their clothing often; dislike bad odors emanating from the teeth or skin; bathe frequently; and in all ways testify to chaste and modest tastes. Its location near Amativeness suggests the beauty and utility of its placing. Cautiousness. — One of the principal facial signs of caution is shown by extreme length of nose. Its principal use is to protect the body by its sense of scent, which prevents all hurtful and noxious materials from entering the stomach, and keeps poisonous gases and odors from the lungs. The sense of scent acts as a sentinel; hence its position, directly above the mouth. This sign is conceded by Simms and Fowler. In the animal world this faculty is more used than in the human race; we depend more upon our eyes and acquired experience. The eyes and observation not being so well suited to this purpose in animals as they are in man, hence it is that all animals smell their food constantly during a meal. The herbivorous animals, while in a natural state, 13 186 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. seldom touch any grass or herb which is poisonous or detri- mental to them — so unerring is their scent; yet, after be- coming domesticated, they lose this sense partially. This sense is at least as high as man's power for observation; yet people usually speak of it as "animal instinct," giving the idea that this faculty is something inferior to human observa- tion, while in reality it is far superior to it; for no human being can tell by scent alone, without experience, whether certain plants are hurtful or useful. In many directions animals possess superior powers. Had they a suitable phy- siological development which would enable them to speak, they would soon convict us of more cruelties, meannesses, and contemptible behavior than even wild beasts are guilty of. Veneration. — This function and faculty is related to the stomach, which is our creator physically. Height and width of the "bridge" of the nose is its principal local sign in the face. Unlike the intestinal system, its functions are mainly mechanical; it is, therefore, located in the Architectural or Mechanical division. The stomach is the receiving labora- tory, where the solid materials are first mixed by mechanical action mainly. This operation is called peristaltic motion, and is produced by the contraction of the muscles of the stomach, and the expansion and contraction of the lungs and diaphragm; the saliva and gastric juice performing only a small part of the chemistry of digestion. The materials taken into the stomach, after being thus acted upon, are distributed for chemical action, which must be performed before the act of creating and replacing new tissues, bones, etc., is completed. Although we are dependent upon the fluid circulation to convey to their destination, in the liquid form, all the materials for the maintenance of the body, at the same time suitable solid materials must be furnished to the stomach, to be by its mechanism converted into chyme, a kind of pulp. Thence its further progress is continued to the duodenum, where it attains a fluid state, called chyle; this is received into the general circulation, and assists not RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 187 only in nourishing the body, but it also gives the materials essential to the creation of other human organisms. The height and width, of the nose at the bridge (or where the sign of Veneration is found) is the indication of the power of the stomach to do its work. The low or "scooped" nose is always accompanied by a predisposition to weakness of this organ. Weakness of the stomach does not necessarily in- volve weakness of the bowel system, as one depends upon the muscular power, and the other part of the process of digestion — the chief part — upon chemical action. Over thirty feet of intestinal surface (according to physiologists) are traveled over before the process of digestion is complete. In the animal kingdom, we find that in those who have very flat noses, such as monkeys and apes, and all flat-nosed creatures, dyspepsia is quite prevalent — more so than with camels, horses, dogs, elephants, and those with a higher nose. Dyspepsia leads to consumption, which cuts off both men and animals who exhibit this formation of the nose. Persons and animals with long, slim necks are also predis- posed to consumption and dyspepsia; and, accordingly, we find giraffes especially subject to dyspeptic ailments, even in their natural state. Hope. — The degree of this very important faculty found in an individual is dependent upon the normal action of a strong and healthy liver. If the liver is of good quality — that is to say, free from all inherited weakness and always acting nor- mally — a high quality of Hope will accompany its action. Hope is a great sustainer of life; it buoys one up under great difficulties; it gives power for overcoming obstacles by a hopeful, cheerful cast of mind — if I may be allowed to use this term in speaking of a physical function, for we derive our "mental powers" from these functions direct. In sick- ness no faculty except Firmness so sustains the spirits and strength of the invalid. In this way it promotes health and longevity. "Whenever I see an individual with cheerless, de- spondent, hopeless views of life and the future, I look for a 188 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. liver diseased either by abuse or by inheritance from some ''blue," grim, joyless, jaundiced, bilious ancestor, and I find this invariably the case. How little people think, as they stuff and gorge and make themselves bilious and jaundiced, of the gloom and wretchedness they are storing up for future generations, cursing the unborn, and sending down to pos- terity the blighting effects of their uncontrolled appetites. Surely, it is here religion should commence where it is most needed; and Nature has placed Conscientiousness in the Vegetative division in the physical basis of human character, in order that it should protect the body in purity and sound- ness, and that morality should prevail. When I see persons whose views of life are gloomy, arid who. live without hope, I cannot refrain from paraphrasing the Scriptures thus: "The fathers have chewed gall, and the children's teeth are set on edge." I suspect there must have been many keen, observing, thoughtful men in "Bible times," who were wiser and more scientific than they dared to ac- knowledge — some who understood, as Moses did, the physi- cal construction of the body, as well as man's requirements toward a religious life. When I read such expressions as the "gall of bitterness," "bowels of mercy," etc., I cannot but think that some of the men of those times must have known that friendship derived its merciful attributes from the bowel system, and hopelessness and bitterness of spirits came from an overflow of the gall-bladder; else why such expressions? In those days a man who "knew too much" was called a "sorcerer;" in these days, if he dare mention the "bottom facts" in regard to the operations of God's laws as exhibited in Nature's works, he is generally assailed with the opprobrious epithet of "infidel" or "materialist." Yet how any one can demonstrate the existence of God and his laws without material substance, I am loss to understand. As burning and stoning do not follow such expressed opinions as formerly, they are allowed to exist. When I see attacks made upon those giants of science, Darwin, Huxley, Spen- cer, Haeckel, and others, because like Galileo they have dis- RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 189 covered greater truths than their petty ignorant opposers can comprehend, I rejoice that they live in the nineteenth century under the reign of the civilization of the printing press; for were we still under the dominance of the ecclesiastical pow- ers like those of the middle ages, the faggot and torture would be their portion. The probabilities are that these great scientists will live to be instrumental in disseminating such knowledge of the laws of God as will assist materially in the advance of a high civilization in spite of pope or priest, bigot or ignoramus. Analysis. — As I have previously shown that Hope derives its power from the glandular system — viz., the liver — so also we will find that analytical power is in strong sympathy with the same organ. Its sign and location adjoins that of Hope, and both are at the end of the nose, directly under the cau- tionary action of the nostrils. These two faculties and func- tions (Hope and Analysis) occupy a position about midway between the Vegetative, or chemical, and the Muscular, or mechanical, divisions of the face and body, and are ,both as- sisted by the action of the liver. This organ has the power of excreting and secreting, and assists by its clearness of action in the so-called mental operations necessary in me- chanical, artistic, and literary work. As we ascend in the scale of development from a lower to a higher grade — from the Vegetative to the Thoracic, from the Thoracic to the Muscular functions — we find these differ- ent growths overlapping each other, as it were, and this pe- culiarity is noticeable in every department of organic life. This method is not only apparent in the successive growths of the same organism, but it is also very marked in the evo- lution of species, where we often see, as in the amphibia, functions which are useful both for aquatic and terrestrial existence. So, in the human family, as I read in the face and body, we see the remains of former existences, the remains of our animal ancestors. Not only are these inheritances characterized by phenomena which the popular voice terms 190 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. " animal passions," such as hate, revenge, destruction, and jealousy, but we see in the uselessness or purposeless of nu- merous organs, and parts of useless members, which are scattered in different portions of the human organism, the greatest proofs of evolution, and indeed the one of all others which would establish the truth of that doctrine on a firm and unassailable foundation. I shall give brief mention of these rudimentary remains of our ancestors, referring the reader to "The Evolution of Man," by Haeckel, for further light on the subject. The generality of people accept, without question or anal- ysis, the human organism as they find it, never glancing back to trace laws and appearances to their origin; but as soon as inquiry and investigation commence, light flows in upon them. I will refer to only a few of the remnants of former animal existences that are now found incorporated in the human system, without having any use or purpose in man's economy, but which, on the contrary, often induce disease and suffering. I will first call attention to the fine short hairs found all over the body. What is their use to man? None, that physiologists have been able to discover. They are simply vestiges of the thick hairy covering found on our most immediate animal ancestors. The little circle of mus- cles surrounding the ear-shell is another relic of an exist- ence which found flapping and raising and lowering the ears a necessity. These muscles are not of the slightest use to man, as his ears are immovable. At the inner corner of the eye we find a little fold of skin, the remains of the nictitating membrane, the third eyelid, which is useful to some birds and fishes, such as owls, sharks, and others, but serving no purpose in the human family. At the termination of the ver- tebrae, or backbone, we have five little bones, with joints and shrunken muscles, that are of no use to man. They are sub- ject to disease, and I have recently heard of the successful amputation of the coccyx, as this rudimentary "tail" is called. Another useless, and worse than useless, relic is the thyroid gland. It is situated in front of the larynx, and RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 191 is the remnant of the crop so useful to our animal ancestors. It is often the seat of disease. The swelling so common in the mountains of Switzerland called " goitre" is an affection of this gland, which has no use in the organism of man. There are various other parts, like the vermiform process in the intestines, which are only a detriment to us; also, some atrophied muscles in the thighs, which are useless in our present state of existence. They were very useful formerly in climbing trees, a process our animal ancestors found es- sential to their welfare. There are many remains of former conditions of the reproductive system when organisms were bi-sexual, and thus it is that in man are found portions of rudimentary female organs that are functionally active only in woman. These have no use in the body save to enlighten us on the subject of our pedigree and descent, and also to teach us the methods of Nature in evolution; yet all serve to illustrate the power of God, who from so small a beginning as a simple germ-cell can create by successive steps the com- plex being we call Man. No portion of the human system acts independently, but all of the five superior organ-systems are so correlated that neither can act without being affected by or affecting the others. These several powers are diffused, as it were, through the entire body, although there is a sufficiency of connection and similarity of action in each to enable us to trace its cause and operation through the entire organism. At the same time, each system extends its influence (as we rise in devel- opment) forward into the next growth, and there are faculties and functions which seem to belong to and affect the opera- tions of functions and faculties in the next system above; as, for example, mouth-breathing represents the condition of the amphibia before true lung-breathing was established. Yet breathing through the nose is the more perfected method" of respiration. The faculty of speech is not essential to the lower systems of the body — the Vegetative and Thoracic, for instance; for we kuow that all the really necessary operations of life can be carried forward without speech. But as the 192 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. functions and faculties become more complex, and art and reason assert their presence, then speech becomes essential to the perfection of character. Accordingly, we find all the requirements of this faculty in the Muscular system, and it is in this system that a marked advance of functional activity is made, as it evolves in the regular order of progressive growth in the lower organisms. The parallel holds good in man; for where we find the Muscular system pre-eminent in him, we find ability for artistic conception and execution of various kinds. Muscu- lar development of fine quality gives the desire and ability for motion, for architectural, artistic, and other works, which the lower systems of faculties and functions are not capable of producing. The sign for Hope, or the liver, in the face is situated just above the Yegetative division of the physi- ognomy; yet it seems to assist the action of both it and the and the other divisions above, particularly the lungs and heart. "We know that this is the fact physiologically; and if physiologically, then of course the "mental" character is affected by such interaction. The kind of analytical power which the action of the liver gives rise to is better adapted to the analysis of art, literature, mechanism, and science than the sort which is essential to abstract reasoning; hence, we observe with inventive, fertile, imaginative, and artistic persons this sign is very pronounced. The septum of the nose will be seen projecting downward, with an unusual clearness and brightness of the eye and skin, thus evidencing that the biliary system is doing its perfect work. An excess of Cautiousness conduces to a constricted state of the liver, and prevents its healthy action. "Where this is the case, artistic analysis and hope are never strongly devel- oped in the individual. "Where there is a good degree of muscular development, combined with Hope and Analysis, we find the most active people. Persons who are round in their forms (made so by excess of muscle and a suitable pro- portion of adipose tissue) are constantly in motion. They become acrobats, athletes, artists, actors, musicians, and in RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 193 business they are speculators; for in the Muscular formation we find the imaginative class as well as the artistic, and this induces faith, belief and superstition, love of the miraculous aud wonderful. Men with this endowment are inclined to enter into extraordinary methods in business, and are dis- posed to believe in the existence of fabulous resources, such as mines and miraculous and impossible inventions and dis- coveries. Thus believing, they extend their faith, and draw others into their schemes, which are generally outside of the legitimate channels of commerce. Such persons are usually believers in clairvoyance, in the power of some to foresee the future, and often consult them on business affairs. They are strong believers in superstitions and improbable religious dogmas rather than reasonable moral ones. This class of persons are always willing and anxious to be saved, but pre- fer to rely on some power other than their own to save them, and do not care to make great and continuous efforts to lead moral lives, as this requires great self-control aud self-denial. The rationale of this is simple and easily explained. Muscle is yielding in its nature, like fat, and is unable to be firm and steadfast in one position, like bone, which can always sup- port itself, can overcome fat and muscle, and resist pressure from the outside. Hence, bone is more capable of assisting moral efforts, because possessing more power of resistance. When we desire to know the nature of anything, we must look to its components and method of action. Scientific analysis can carry this process to its ultimate, and trace the constituents of muscle, tissue, and bone to their origin, and thus give the clue to the mainsprings of human action, of morals, art, and religious systems. THE LUNGS. In diagnosing the power of the lungs, the first thing to be taken into consideration is the size of the nostrils. Gener- ally speaking, the larger the nostrils the greater the size of the lungs. If the nostrils are large and round, the lungs 194 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. "will present the same peculiarities. If the nostrils are nar- row and long, the lungs will correspond in formation. The strength of the lungs will depend upon their inherited qual- ity, regardless of size, although the large round lungs are usu- ally the stronger. The strength and power of the lungs may be known by a healthful color of the skin, as well as by a healthful brightness and clearness of the eyes. In deciding upon possibilities of lung power, the condition of the digestive system must be taken into account. Where assimilation is easily performed, the lungs will be well sup- plied with good blood; but if the nostrils are narrow, the skin pale or blue, and the cheeks thin or hollow, great care must be taken to provide the stomach with the most nourish- ing food, else that dread scourge, consumption, will make its appearance. Persons with weak digestion set little value on food, and often neglect themselves in this respect, and in this way the lungs become impoverished and soon decay. Such persons should make a business of eating, and cultivate the appetite by eating all that the taste calls for. Appetite can be cultivated, just as any other defective function or faculty. Poor feeders do not have so strong a hold upon life, nor are they as capable of friendship, as those who nourish the body well. Consumption can be cured in its first stages by pure air and a dietary suited to the individual. Medicine cannot cure it. It may sometimes mitigate the severity of the cough, but medicine cannot supply good rich blood in the right pro- portions. Nothing but good food made into blood, and this blood oxygenated by the purest atmosphere, can replace the diseased and worn out tissues. Medicine never created either blood or tissue; food and air alone perform this mir- acle. THE HEAET. When one wishes to discover the size and power of the heart, he can readily find its index in the face. This may seem a novel way to learn the condition of an organ so deeply hidden in the interior of the body. But the reader has al- RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 195 ready become convinced, I opine, that one of the uses of the face is to disclose bodily conditions; and when we wish to know the size and power of the heart, we must look to the size and quality of its nearest companion and faithful ally for the information. The lungs work in harmony with the heart; they are correlated in their action and mutually con- dition each other. It would be as great an anomaly to find large lungs and a small weak heart as it would be to find large Love of Children and small Mirthfulness. Nature does no half-way work; Nature is no bungler, for wherever we find a strong digestive system, supplying a bountiful quantity of blood to the heart, we invariably find large lungs to receive it. And so we may set down as a law that the larger the nostril the greater the size of the heart. The cause of this is based on the great quantity of air which large lungs will be compelled to use in oxygenating. This air supply gives greater activity, not only to the heart, but also to the brain. The larger the lungs the more active the brain will become; hence, the entire circulation will be more rapid or stronger. This activity of the circulation will facilitate digestion, for as the brain calls upon the stomach for more food to sustain its activity, the stomach will respond by demanding more nourishment. This demand being met, the body will be kept well nourished and at its normal degree of heat. The hands and feet will always be warm, and the circulation will con- duce to make the entire surface of the body comfortable. All this can be seen at a glance, judging simply from the size of the nose. The surface circulation being perfect, and sup- plied with well oxygenated blood, the complexion will testify to the perfectness and soundness of the lungs and heart by a heightened color of the skin and brightness of the eyes. Weakness of both heart and lungs induces a sluggish, feeble circulation aud a pallid or bluish cast of complexion. COLOE OF THE SKIN, EYES, AND HAIE. The complexion and color of the skin, eyes, and hair have a moral as well as intellectual and physical signification. 196 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Where the organism is deficient in the coloring pigment (as I have explained elsewhere) a weakness of the glandular sys- tem is usually indicated. This deficiency is shown by milk- white or very light eyes, weak hair, and skin of a pallid hue. This appearance is often accompanied by imperfect vision, deafness, tubercles, a scrofulous diathesis, chlorosis, white swellings, and many other diseased conditions of the glands in various parts of the body. Now, if the sight or hearing is imperfect, the individual cannot gain correct knowledge of material objects, nor of speech and ideas. Persons with defective senses fail to ap- prehend the perfect and entire import of what occurs about them; hence, they are liable to take in erroneous or partial understandings of things as they appear. They are also, by reason of such defective senses, less able to perceive and avoid dangers, and, by reason of their weakness, less able to resist the attacks of disease and more liable to be affected by immoral temptations. The glandular system being both absorbent and secretory in its nature, assisting by absorption the function of diges- tion, would fail in case of defective action to absorb and convey the materials essential to supply the coloring pigment which the foods extract from the minerals contained in the earth upon which they are grown. The glands would also fail in the chemical action necessary to furnish new tissues and animal heat to the organism. Unless all these opera- tions are perfect, Friendship, for example, cannot exist in its highest state. If the secreting glands, the lymphatics, are too weak to properly perform their office, and fail to absorb the impurities of the system, the body becomes charged witk waste matter, and a condition of moral impurity will be the result. Can it be doubted, by any observant or logical per- son, that a sound and pure body is more capable of morality and integrity than one which is weak, diseased, and impure? There must be equilibrium in the several functions of body and faculties of mind in order to produce harmonious condi- tions of the moral and mental faculties. The more I inves- RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 197 tigate the human organism the more I am convinced that the moral nature is dependent for its purity and strength upon physical conditions, and not upon theories, beliefs, or dog- mas, although cultivation of the moral sense is necessary for the progress and preservation of the race. There are many other ways in which the moral and mental faculties are made to suffer by absence of coloring matter. Its deficiency causes people to be suspicious. Lacking the warmth essential for great friendship, they are ever ready to suspect their friends. Ask any very light-eyed person if this is not characteristic of them. A candid answer will prove this statement. On the other hand, too much coloring pig- ment induces another class of diseases, and evidences other moral and mental peculiarities and defects. Persons with very dark skin, hair, and eyes are liable to disorders of the biliary system, to fevers and inflammations. As with great depth of color intense heat is always found, so we must infer that the passions and emotions of very dark races, such as love, jealousy, hatred, revenge, and the like, are more vio- lent, intense, and heated than those of the white races. This fact is well illustrated in the negro and Indian, as well as in the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian races, and the inhabi- tants of the tropics generally. Sufficient color is a necessity and a preservative of life and health. It also gives tone and strength to the moral and mental faculties. Too little color- ing pigment, as I have shown, renders the individual weak, morally, mentally, and physically, and induces shortness of life. The knowledge of these facts should be an incentive to the study of hygiene, and the application of its laws to the human organism. Diet suited to each individual, proper ex- ercise and clothing, with sunlight, pure air and water, should be considered as first in the scale of human necessities, and the effort to procure them the first and highest of religions duties. 198 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. THE MUSCULAE SYSTEM. The eye is, perhaps more than any other feature, the ex- ponent of the muscular power of the entire body. It con- tains within its small orbit more muscles, more active and finer ones, and those which express more emotions, sentiments and mental energies, than those of any other part of the mus- cular system. Hence, the eye is properly the most prominent facial sign of the Muscular development. The larger and fuller the eye and its orbit, the greater is the predominance of the Muscular system in the body. This law obtains in the animal kingdom as well as in the human family. Those animals that are best developed in their muscular systems, and. which depend mainly upon their activity for their liveli- hood, have larger eyes than those which have other systems of functions dominant. The high-flying birds, the vultures, falcons, and eagles, the animals that live in mountainous countries, such as the deer, springbok, ibex, gazelle, etc., have larger eyes in proportion to their size than the domestic animals, the horse, dog, sheep, and camel, in which the Os- seous system prevails. The class of individuals who are engaged in artistic pur- suits, such as sculpture, painting, and acting, and who are writers of poetic and imaginative works, are invariably large- eyed as compared to mechanics, scientists, and moralists, and an examination of their organisms will show that the Muscular system is in excess of the Bony. Were this not the case they could not express emotion, for bone is incapa- ble of such expression ; nor could they excel in works of art, for in this department of industry the muscles must be able to take command of the hones. The sculptor, painter, and actor must be made of more pliable material than bone; so also must the athlete and the musician. They must also be endowed with more active material than fat, for too much fat creates inertia, and is not as intelligent as muscle. Muscle alone is capable of expressing emotion or feeling. Bones cannot do this, neither can fat nor brain; fat is for warmth, RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 199 for social and sensual enjoyments; muscle is for action and emotion, and brain for abstract reasoning. If brain is for the expression of art, sentiment, sociality, and feeling, as many believe, for what purpose are the muscles and the in- ternal viscera? The phrenological idea that the eye is the "organ" of language, and that the brain back of it pushes it forward, making it appear large where language is well in- dicated in the individual, is like many other phrenological ideas, only a half tauth, like the notion that the sign for the sense of weight is caused by a bulging out of the brain where this sign is located in the forehead. The signs for Weight and Language are caused, not by any particular fullness of brain-matter anywhere, but are both due to the same cause; viz., an excessive development of the Muscular system. We cannot use brain for language; one portion of the brain sits in judgment upon our speech, but neither brain nor nerve- matter can produce one word. It is true, the nerves assist all the operations of the body and mind, as intelligence or mind inheres in every portion and organ of the body; but brain and nerves are not the principal actors in either speech, sentiment, emotion, or art. The action and power of the brain have been entirely overrated, and Phrenology has as- sisted this erroneous popular idea by setting forth that the brain is the organ of the mind. This has been so generally accepted that now even disbelievers in that science have an idea that a large head, and particularly a great bulging fore- head, are evidences of a mighty intellect. Nothing can be farther from the truth. Great foreheads are in many cases, if not in most, evidences of great slowness and stupidity, while men with foreheads rather low, and sometimes slightly retreating, are found among the foremost men of the world. Such men are the leaders in thought and action. The physi- ognomies of Fox, Priestley, Marlborough, La Place, Gam- betta, Fremont, Lord Chatham, and many others, who have led in thought and activity in practical life, show foreheads not high and slightly retreating. The sooner we can discard the idea that the brain is all-powerful, and adopt the fact; 200 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. that all parts of the body contribute to the general intelli- gence and to the phenomena called "mental operations," the sooner will we arrive at a just and truthful understanding of the science of mind and of human character. The eye has for the carrying forward of its work the as- sistance of several transparent fluids, as well as a coloring pigment. Where this pigment is lacking in depth of color, as in the case of albinoes, whether it be in human or animal albinoes, the vision is defective. Where the eyes are very light in color, the sense or understanding of the shades, hues, and harmonies of color is wanting to a degree. The retina cannot reflect the image correctly if the pigment is not dense enough, or if it be too light colored, any more than can the camera obscura exclude the superfluous rays, and fasten the picture upon the plate where its color is deficient. The eye, more than any other feature, unfolds the charac- ter of the individual. The form, size, color, quality, and brightness, the manner of placing it in its orbit, and its rela- tion to the surrounding parts, together with that indefinable something which we call expression, and which is incapable of scientific description, must be "sensed" by the intuitive reader of physiognomy if he would comprehend the individ- ual under inspection. We are apt to give the sense of sight far more credit than it deserves. Much of the knowledge which we think we have gained from sight alone is due to the co-ordination of the sense of touch with sight. Let the reader experiment by shutting the eyes, and feeling all the articles in common use, especially by touching clothing hanging in a dark closet. He will find the sense of touch so exquisite that he will cease to marvel at the achievements of the blind. In analyzing the action of the Muscular system, regard must be had to the differences existing between the flat thin muscles and the round full muscles. These differences orig- inate two classes of character. The thin flat muscles are found in those organisms devoid of juices; consequently, the emotions are not as spontaneous, and the execution of art is RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 201 not as easy, as when the muscles are full and round. This difference may be known by the eye. The eyes of those with thin flat muscles are large, but not full and protruding, while the round muscles show full prominent eyes. THE EAE. The ear, as well as the eye, is an exponent of the Muscu- lar system. In the lower animal organisms no appearance of anything like an ear was found until the Muscular system was evolved; and as the same methods of evolution were em- ployed by the creative power in developing the functions and faculties of the human race as were used in evolving the lower animal races, we accordingly find the ear and all the appurtenances involved in its office in the Muscular division of the body. Without going into a minute anatomical de- scription of the ^ear, which the reader can do for himself by consulting any author on the subject, it is sufficient to note that every portion of the sense of hearing, like the faculty of speech, is performed mainly by the muscular, cartilagi- nous, or membraneous structures. It is true that here the nerves assist, as well as certain fluids; but in deciding on the degree of muscle in an individual, we can use the ear as well as the eye for this purpose. If the ear be round and thick, the Muscular system will be well defined, or if the ear be large and thick; but where the ear is thin, the Osseous, Tho- racic, or Brain system will be indicated. The ear shows the power of the tympanum to receive sound. The manner in which it is conveyed to the auditory nerve and its termina- tions is most interesting. I take pleasure in quoting from Mr. Tyndall's excellent work on "Sound" the following de- scription of its production within the ear. He observes : ' ' The sound of an explosion is propagated as a pulse, or wave, through the air. This wave, impinging on the tym- panic membrane, causes it to shiver; its tremors are trans- mitted to the auditory nerve, and along the auditory nerve to the brain, where it announces itself as sound. We have the 14 202 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. strongest reason for believing that what the nerves convey to the brain is in all cases motion. It is the motion excited by sugar in the nerves of taste, which, transmitted to the brain, produces the sensation of sweetness. The motion here meant is not of the nerves as a whole; it is the vibration or tremors* of the molecules, or smallest particles. Different nerves are appropriated to the different kinds of molecular motion. The nerves of taste, for example, are not compe- tent to transmit the tremors of light, nor is the optic nerve competent to transmit sonorous vibrations." A very eminent oculist informed me that perfect eyes are so rare as hardly ever to be met; that is to say, perfect in their mechanism. To hear the different versions of several persons who have listened to the recital of the same narra- tive, we would infer that the ear partook of the same imper- fection. The several senses are all indicative of the gen- eral tone and equilibrium of the mind. If an organism be well balanced, I believe all the senses will be more nearly per- fect than where an unbalanced condition exists. This should teach us the importance of striving to produce and transmit an equilibrated condition, in order that our sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and memory and reason, may be kept in their highest vigor and power, and thus our knowledge of the outer world will be based on the truth — upon reality. The faculties of seeing and hearing are primarily for the protection and preservation of the body. Full protection can ensue only by careful and hygienic treatment. It- is wrong to prostitute the eyes by unlawful use, as it tends to weaken our capacities, and destroys our power for receiving correct impressions of what transpires. WEIGHT. The physical use of the sense of Weight is primarily to as- sist in balancing when walking; also, to prevent the individual from falling when exposed in dangerous positions on mount- ains, high buildings, ladders, steeples, etc., and to balance RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 203 him in running, leaping, and in all ways where the muscular sense is needed to protect the body. The sense of weight is related to the Muscular system. Where it is well developed the muscles called corrugator supercilii will be found much enlarged. (See sign for Weight.) Sir William Hamilton and Sir Charles Bell, the eminent anatomist, had both formed conceptions of a sense which they denominated the "mus- cular sense." I find the most prominent sign of this sense shown in the sign for Weight. It will be found large in those who have exercised balancing of the body, in rope- dancrng, climbing, billiard-playing, carpentering, and also in those who have been accustomed to estimate weight by handling or lifting. The great astronomers all exhibit this sign, and found this faculty and function most useful to them in their vocations. THE HANDS AND FEET. The hands and feet are exponents of the mechanical and artistic powers mainly, although very much more of the char- acter can be gained from a close scrutiny of them. When- ever the individual possesses a large endowment of Weight, Form, Size, Order, and Calculation, the hands and feet will show the mechanical power predominant by an excess of bone, with a due admixture of muscle. Where the Brain and Nerve system prevails, the hands and feet will be small and wanting in mechanical shape and power. The artistic hand has more muscle and fatty tissue than the mechanical hand. Thus to a good observer the hands and feet are exponents of mental and mechanical abilities. The art of chiromancy, once so popular, is based on Com- parative Anatomy. Observers compared the hands of per- sons who were artistic, scientific, mechanical, or sensual, sufficiently to generalize and classify them. In looking over the writings of Desbarolles, Balzac, and others on this sub- ject, I find that in the main their ideas agree with scientific physiognomy in regard to the meanings of characteristics of 204 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the hand. This branch of physiognomy is a very pretty study, and one can, by a little observation and practice, read character from the hand well enough to make a fine game for an evening's entertainment. The hand, as I understand it, corresponds in its method of growth with the order observed in the evolution of the rest of the human organism. The thumb, which is peculiarly a human member (no animal pos- sessing a perfect thumb), reveals this order most admirably. The first or upper joint represents the Brain and Nerve sys- tem, the middle joint the Architectural or middle portion of the body, while the lowest joint, that connected with the hand, tells us of the Vegetative division; and these three parts of the thumb will in all cases correspond with the mental, artistic or mechanical, and sensual character of its possessor. As I have elsewhere treated of the hands and feet, further consideration of them here will be unnecessary. SUMMABY TO BATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS. CHEMICAL DIVISION. In the preceding resume of the facial signs and meanings of the functions of the several organ-systems of the human organism, we find that the Chemical or underlying division of the human system and the lowest division of the face pre- sent nearly every characteristic and sign that is observed in the primary stages of primeval organisms. The functions here exhibited are those of assimilation or digestion, of ex- cretion and secretion as exhibited in the kidney and intestinal systems, and of reproduction and respiration. The faculties evolved by the chemical action of these functions are the same that are common to animals possessing similar func- tions. Some naturalists class plants in this division, inas- much as plants have the properties of sustentation, repro- duction, and of excretion and inhalation in a certain sense. They take in through their numerous stomata one portion of the atmosphere, and exhale or throw off another. This is RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 205 considered analogous to respiration, although the organs of respiration are not present as in animals and man. Yet all these vegetative functions are performed, evidencing a unity of action which is more observable the more profoundly we investigate Nature. Other naturalists go so far as to offer proofs of will and sensibility in certain plants, notably the carnivorous class. Whether their claims are well founded or not, we'cannot deny to plants chemical action and enough of fixed formation by means of their fibres to give them a place in the Archi- tectural division of Nature; but I think when sensibility is demanded for them it may be disallowed. Notwithstanding my love and veneration for trees, plants, and flowers amount almost to a worship of them, I shall not let either my loves or beliefs conflict with scientific statements if I can prevent it.« I do not approve of such mixtures, as they tend to mis- lead and confuse the mind. The possession of all the attributes of mind cannot be de- nied the higher animals, for facts attest that many of them are superior in every sense, as regards reason, memory, intu- ition, invention, artistic and mechanical ability, calculation, honor, cleanliness, and morality, to the lowest grades of hu- man beings, and they are in some traits superior to the highest. The faculties derived from the Chemical division are purely Vegetative. They exhibit dullness of intellect, sensuality, selfishness (of a negative sort), sluggish circula- tion, with an excess of fluidity; a great desire for assimila- tion, particularly of fluids, added to a love of domestic enjoyments; slow motions and inclined to inertia. The feel- ings are, owing to the softness of the constituents of this system, not positive; even love of offspring, which is well marked in this division, shows its power more in feeding and playing with children than in any way which requires activity or motion. ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION. This division exhibits all those functions and faculties which are produced mainly by the action of the mechanical 206 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. or building powers inherent in the mechanism thus produc- ing them. Within this department of the body are found illustrations of nearly all the principles of natural forces, and in the middle portion of the face the signs for all these functions and faculties are placed. The laws of acoustics, optics, pneumatics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, gravity, fric- tion, capillary attraction, the lever powers, the pulley, the valve, different sorts of hinges and joints, together with gal- vanism and magnetism, find in this department their best illustration. The functions and faculties depending upon these principles for their power are the most varied in the entire organism. The functions which are exhibited by these powers are concerned in the form, size, motion, and action of the body; the faculties emanating from these functions contribute to the form and activity of everything which man does in the nature of architecture, and here I use this word in its most comprehensive sense. It includes the mechani- cal construction or building of all literary works, of sculpt- ure, drawing, painting, designing, of dramatic representa- tion, of the mechanical portions of music — of mechanical operations generally ; in short, of every effort of man which brings into action any mechanical principle whatever. The more a man has of these principles in his own organism, the better he. can express them in works. The functions in this division are performed by the muscles, bones, lungs, heart, liver, eyes, ears, hands, and feet. An examination of the principles which are involved in the action of these functions will show their capacity in the direction of architectural effort. An excess of action of the lungs and heart gives fine arterial circulation. This causes ambition, elevated senti- ments, moral inclinations (observe how much morality of conduct is dependent upon fresh air and plenty of it), love and capacity for leadership, keen sensations, active sympa- thies, and noble aspirations. Those in whom the Muscular system is regnant are highly magnetic; hence, we must infer that the metallic substances which create magnetism are con- stituents of this tissue. I am not sufficiently familiar with RATIONALE OP FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 207 histology to demonstrate this experimentally, but must con- tent myself with the fact as illustrated in Nature, leaving the demonstration to those more capable who may chance to note this observation and statement of natural law. MATHEMATICAL DIVISION. The Mathematical division, or Brain or Nerve system, en- dows its possessor with great nervous and mental energy, activity, intuition, and capacity for receiving sensations, thus assisting by its intuitive perceptions and extreme sensitive- ness in protecting the entire organism. This is its office primarily. This system in excess manifests reason, judg- ment, opinion, and mathematical ability. It also exhibits great electric power, as the Muscular system does magnetism. Electricity abounds also in animal organisms, notably in the torpedo fish, the Surinam eel, the silurus electricus, and sev- eral other species of fish, which are capable of giving elec- tric shocks. This is their manner of defending themselves, and is probably a compensation for the lack of some other quality which would serve the same purpose. The Brain and Nerve system being the most delicate, sensitive, and the finest of all the organ-systems, is protected and sustained by a greater [proportion of electricity than the < other systems. This is the finest and most subtile force known to man. The Vegetative division is sustained by its superior pow- ers of assimilation and nutrition, and the Architectural by the strength of the mechanical powers, by the bones, mus- cles, heart, liver, and lungs. The Brain and Nerve system, being the highest and most perfected of all the systems in the body, is sustained by the superior quality of electricity evolved from its nervous and cerebral structures; hence its susceptibility to sensations, and activity, rapidity, and con- tinuity of intellectual processes. As in the body there are five superior organ-systems — five chief systems of functions and faculties — so in the brain there are five divisions, designated by naturalists as the fore- 208 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. brain, twixt-brain, mid-brain, hind-brain, and after-brain. The fore-brain, which is popularly regarded as the portion of the brain where the intellect is located, spreads in its de- velopment or successive growths (as witnessed in the lower animal organisms and in the human embryo) nearly over the entire brain. Its three coverings — the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid, seem diffused, as it were, through the other parts of the brain, which they also inclose. Mr. Haeckel observes of the fore-brain: ' ',The highest activities of the animal body, the wonderful manifestations of consciousness, the complex phenomena of the activities of thought, have their seat in the fore-brain. It is possible to remove the great hemispheres of a mammal piece by piece without killing the animal, thus proving that the higher mental activities, consciousness and thought, con- scious volition and sensation, may be destroyed one by one, and finally entirely annihilated. If the animal thus treated is artificially fed, it may be kept alive for a long time; for the nourishment of the entire body, digestion and respiration, the circulation of the blood, secretion — in short, the vegeta- tive functions — are in no way destroyed by this destruction of the most important mental organs. Conscious sensation and voluntary motion, the capacity for thought and the com- bination of the various higher mental activities, have alone been lost. " This fore-brain, this source of all these wonderful nervous activities, reaches that high degree of perfection only in the higher placental animals (Placentalid) , a fact which explains very clearly why the higher mammals so far excel the lower in intellectual capacity." Let me here digress a moment to call the attention of the reader to the last paragraph, as affording additional evidence of one of my positions; viz., that the perfection of the re- productive system and the perfection of creative art or talent in man are always found in combination. Indeed, all human character depends upon the fact of being well sexed for its perfection, for its energy, ambition, and general power in RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 209 any direction. Power, Talent, Intellect are all questions de- pendent entirely upon physiology and anatomy. The coincidence of five separate brain-bladders, as they are termed, evolving in the order of progressive evolution just as did the five organ-systems — viz., the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and Nerve systems, or the medulla or plexuses, as they evolved before any brain proper appeared — is remarkable and worthy of our investi- gation. In the absence of any positive proof on the part of anatomists and naturalists as to the separate and individual functional action or" these five well defined growths or divis- ions, only theories can be presented. As in the body we find every function localized (or, if diffused, as are the mus- cles, glands, or some other organs, they can be traced by similarity of structure), so we must infer that each of these functions has its representative in the brain, or in some cer- ebral structure, and this includes the medulla oblongata. My theory in regard to localizing the consciousness of the several faculties and functions in the brain is this (and I argue entirely from the order of evolution observed in ani- mal development and human embryology) : That as the outer skin-covering was the first portion of the nervous system to evolve, it comprised the first sense-organ, or mental power; from this outer skin, by differentiation the nervous system and brain proper were evolved. The first organ-systems and functions which appeared were, first, the intestinal, and, sec- ond, the kidney system. Afterward all the other organ and sense-systems appeared by differentiation in the order previ- ously stated, until the entire complex human system was reached. All these growths were the product of countless eons of geologic periods, each successive growth being ush- ered in by geologic conditions suited to its operations and necessitated by upward coeval development. Now, we know that there was a beginning to organs and organisms as such, and naturalists teach us that there were successive growths and superadditions of physical functions which accompanied or appeared simultaneously with so-called mental faculties; 210 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. that these functions and faculties appeared in the following order — that is, observing the order of the five superior or- gan-systems of the human body — 1st, the Vegetative, or Chemical; 2d, the Thoracic; 3d, the Muscular, or Animal; 4th, the Osseous, or Mechanical; 5th, the Brain and Nerve, or Cerebrum. Now, if these systems evolved in this order (and we have proof incontestable that they did, and in human embryology we have the strongest evidence), we must infer that the intelligence or consciousness needed to operate these organ -systems was evolved or developed in precisely the same order. I must believe that the way to localize the seat of con- sciousness or intelligence of these five systems in the brain (for I. admit that all these systems have representation there as well as in the ganglionic masses and their attachments sit- uated in the different parts of the body) is to trace the evolu- tion of the brain and nervous system in the order of its successive growths or development. We know that in the invertebrate animals, those which have no brain, the mental and mechanical operations are carried on by means of the nervous system and nervous plexuses located in their bodies. The wonderful organization of communities of bees, for ex- ample, that form monarchical governments, divided into sev- eral orders, such as the queen bee, the drones, the nobility, the workers, nurses, and soldiers. All of these different orders perform their several duties according to their rank as methodically as do similar orders in a human monarchy. The ants, also without brains, form, on the contrary, a per- fect republican system of government, managed as intelli- gently as the former, and, like our own republic in its early days, have the "divine institution " of slavery. They have slave-steal ers and slave-holders; one species of red ants steal the small black ants and rear them to work, while others are set to tending plant-lice, whose milk or juice they are trained to collect. Thus man has unconsciously imitated the sys- tems of government and industry, of cruelty and injustice, of these minute animals. This teaches us the lesson that RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 2 I 1 creatures without brain, reason, or conscience, perform the precise acts of government, of wrong, outrage, and injustice, that creatures do who are believed to possess these fine qual- ities. With much truth, the monkey observed that "man is an imitative animal." Now, these creatures without brains do exactly as man does with brains. This makes good my position that intelligence in the lower animals is located in the bodily organs, without the necessity of one central organ or brain, as we find in the vertebrate classes. In developing in a more complex manner, man has not parted with the power for mental action derived from the organs and nervous plexuses of the body, but has added thereto the superior intelligence exhibited by that portion of the brain where abstract reason is located, or brought into conscious- ness "in some mysterious manner," as Lewes remarks. Evo- lution has also enhanced the quality of the bodily functions and mental faculties — made them more complex, more dif- fused, and more intricately related. I would here suggest to the anatomist who wishes to im- mortalize his name that he undertake to trace, if possible, the course of connection between the organs and functions of the viscera and senses and the cerebral structure, taking the evolution of the five organ-systems for his basis of in- vestigation. He would do what no one has as yet been able to demonstrate scientifically and beyond all doubt. For many centuries the Aristotelian theory of the circle held possession of the mind of the scientific world. It was argued that as the circle was the most perfect of forms, it must hence represent the orbit or path of the celestial bodies through space. Kepler proved this to be an error, and from that moment astronomy advanced with rapid strides. This idea held captive the minds of men, and impeded for ages the advance of truth. The theory that the brain is the sole and exclusive seat of mind, intelligence, and mental sensa- tions has kept back for years the knowledge of the true nature of man — therefore of true religion. If we desire to progress in knowledge of the truth of God's laws, of scientific and 212 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. exact law, we must utterly repudiate and cast out such mon- strous error, and henceforth regard the entire organism of man as the seat of his mind. I will close this summary by stating my belief that no one will rise from the perusal of these pages without, in some degree, modifying preconceived ideas as to the rationale of mental operations and the origin and locality of the mind. The following exhibit shows the various organs and func- tions from which the several mental faculties derive their powers: Conscientiousness. . .Kidneys. Firmness Bony System, Alimentiveness Intestines. Benevolence Glandular system. Amativeness Reproductive system. Love of Young Glandular system. Mirthf ulness Glandular system. Self-esteem Bony system. Modesty Skin and Nerves. Approbativeness .... Glands. Friendship Intestines. Resistance Muscular system. . Force. . Muscular system. Secretiveness Muscular and Glandular. Cautiousness Muscular and Glandular. Hope Liver. Analysis Liver. Human Nature Healthy equilibrium of mind and body. Imitation Muscular and Nerves of Sense. Sublimity Equilibrated and powerful condition of the body. Ideality Brain and Nerves. Acquisitiveness Yisceral vigor and Muscular develop- ment. RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 215 LOCAL SIGNS FOE THE MENTAL FACULTIES. The above outline indicates by figures the positions of the local signs for the mental faculties. Many of them (particularly those about the tip of the nose) lie so closely together that keen discrimination will be required to locate them. The face being itself a microcosm, or miniature world, the difficulties of placing so many signs in so small a space, and have them clearly defined, must be apparent to the reader. For the sake of progress, it is essential that these localized signs should be comprehended thoroughly. I have not numbered such of the faculties as are general or that have more than one local sign ; as, for example, Secretiveness, Kesistance, Force, Form, Size, etc. These numbers are placed as correctly as can be, away from the living subject. 12 — Analysis. 13 — Imitation. 14 — Cautiousness . 15— Ideality. 16— Sublimity. 17 — Human Nature. 18 — Constructiveness. 1 9 — Acquisitiveness . 20 — Veneration. 21 — Executiveness. 22— Self-will. 23 — Credenciveness. 1 — Conscientiousness. 2 — Firmness. 3 — Alimentiveness . 4 — Benevolence. 5 — Amativeness. 6 — Love of Young. 7 — Mirthfulness. A — Friendship. 8 — Approbativeness. 9 — Modesty. 10— Self-esteem. 11— Hope. 24 — Observation. 25 — Memory of Events. 26— Weight. 27— Locality. 28— Color. 29— Order. 30 — Calculation. 31 — Language. 32— Music. 33 — Comparison. 34: — Causality. 214 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Constructiveness . . . .Muscular system. Veneration Bony system. Executiveness. ...... .Bony and Muscular systems. Self-will Muscular system. Observation Muscles and Nerves. Form Bony structure. Size Bony structure. Weight Muscular system. Locality Muscular system. Color Glands and arterial circulation. Order Bony system. Calculation Bony and Muscular systems. Memory of Events . . Muscular and Brain systems. Language Muscular system. Time. Bony, Muscular, and Brain systems. Causality Brain. Comparison Brain. Intuition Brain and Nerves. CHAPTER VIII. BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF THE GROUPING OF FACIAL SIGNS. There are many faculties that do not develop to any, or scarcely any, appreciable extent until the age of puberty is passed. Some of the features will be found correspondingly wanting in character until the fifteenth year at least. The nose does not assume its just and true proportions until about that age. The forehead, also, does not until then assume a fixed form, and this, too, will change considerably in the succeeding twenty years if the brain be much occupied. Faculties which require long use for their effect to be seen do not make their facial impress until late in life. Venera- BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 215 tion, Causality, and Comparison do not show in childhood greatly, as these faculties not having been used long their permanent effect upon the muscles and bones has not been made noticeable, and the bones of the nose do not harden and become developed early. Still, the forms of the several systems of the body will point to what is latent, but espe- cially will all the faculties in the organism be known to exist by the peculiarity of grouping, which is yet another method that Nature takes to stamp her meanings upon the face, and thus inform all beholders of the powers and peculiarities of the individuals so impressed. Several of the functions of the body are not in operation in childhood, and their meanings not registered fully in the countenance at so youthful a period. Veneration is one of these; Executiveness still another; Self-will has not assumed its greatest expression; and thus it is that the ridge of the nose, where these signs are distinctly recognizable in adults, has not its full significance in youth. Still, the germ of all these faculties (where they form part of the organism) is there, and can be understood by the other signs in near prox- imity to them, so harmonious is Nature in all her works. The signs of the faculties in the first division show out in early life more markedly than any others, for as these relate to the nourishment and sustentation of the body more par- ticularly, they are dominant in childhood. Those relating to mechanism, art, religion, literature, and pure reason advance with the unfolding powers of the body. Still, the combina- tions of the several systems of the body will show by their conformation what will be the ultimate powers of the indi- vidual. Let us commence our examination of the grouping with the first, or Chemical division. This includes those faculties which Phrenology has designated as animal propensities. The term animal, as applied by Phrenology to the part of the human organism which comprises the functions of nutri- tion, secretion, respiration, and reproduction, is a misnomer. The term animal applies properly only to such parts of the 216 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. system as are endowed with motion, volition, and sensation. These functions cannot exist without some sort of muscles and nerves. These may be in the simplest form, or highly perfected, as in the higher species of organisms; but until such mechanism is supplied to an organism it cannot be des- ignated "animal." These four functions are common alike to vegetable and animal growths, and therefore are recognized in this system of Physiognomy, as well as by scientists gen- erally, as Yegetative. I think the term "animal" is misleading, and tends to de- grade these faculties in the estimation of the reader, inasmuch as they form the basis of the mind and moral character, and as it is owing entirely to the use we make of these faculties whether we become either healthful or moral. I believe it should be taught that they hold the most important place in the organism. The term Chemical is far more appropriate and expressive. As the operations of the faculties in this division are purely chemical, I can see no reason for naming them differently. In the bony width and length of the chin will be found the most prominent signs of Conscientiousness and Firmness. Other signs there are for these faculties, which have already been explained. These faculties form the basis of character and commence in the physical powers, where justice and de- cision should predominate. In the lower cheek will be found the sign of digestion. About the mouth and cheeks are other signs of digestion, Resistance, as well as the domestic endowments, Love of the Opposite Sex, Love of Young, Mirthfulness, Approbative- ness, Friendship, Benevolence, Self-esteem, and Modesty. The beauty and harmony of this group must impress them- selves upon all minds. These faculties, which are naturally and necessarily related to each other, here together find their most decided register. I have explained elsewhere, as the reader will observe, how the general signs may be located. The next group, as we come higher up in the scale of de- veloped character, shows us, first, the building powers; for, BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 217 after the sustentation and procreation of the race, the need for shelter becomes of the greatest importance. Hence it is, that in this division we find all that relates to the ability for architecture, in its primary and broadest sense, and also all that goes to show the qualities which make man himself more perfectly built, and which exhibit his capacity in the material world, for constructing, inventing, fashioning, shap- ing, and coloring ideas, images, buildings, works of art, science, and mechanism. Examine the group at the end of the nose. At the extreme point, drooping downward, Imitation, the first essential in building, in following and imitating the natural laws ob- served in Nature's processes, the principles of which are found in man's own organization. Next above is Human Nature; on either side, Ideality, or love of the beautiful; the nearest sign to this, Sublimity; the next sign to Sublim- ity, Constructiveness; still farther back of the last, Acquis- itiveness. The adaptability and harmony of this group are quite apparent. As before mentioned, all the faculties were primarily intended for the preservation, perpetuation, and perfecting of the race. The placing of these signs is espe- cially noteworthy as indicating the furthering of the perfec- tion of man. These local signs have more than one significance. They not only indicate man's abilities in building from the mate- rials of the physical world, but show by their location and degree of power of each of these faculties within the organ- ism of the possessor his ability to transmit and reproduce them again in the human species. They show to us yet more. They prove man's innate and instinctive perception and ap- preciation of these traits in others; for it is a well estab- lished law that one cannot fully comprehend in another that which is greatly lacking in himself. Hence, he who possesses these faculties is able to select in a companion those qualities which in combination with his own will go still farther toward the upbuilding and perfecting of the species. Love of the beautiful is located on each side of Human 15 218 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Nature, thus enabling him who possesses these to judge of the same in others. These two, with Constructiveness, which lies close by Ideality, give the power to construct as well as to perpetuate like faculties in offspring and in artistic crea- tions. Acquisitiveness, lying close upon Constructiveness, shows the desire and ability to acquire 'materials, powers, and re- sources for carrying forward the work of construction. Analysis gives the ability to classify and suggest ways and means for the disposition of these materials, to advise in the construction, and lead by suggestion to the invention of necessary improvements. These faculties, in conjunction with Hope, give all that power which is needed for selecting and constructing the human organism on a more perfected plan. Finally, and in their ultimate use, they enable us to create works of art, such as statuary, pictures, and poems, teeming with beauty and grandeur, breathing of hope and sublimity, elevating the individual to grander heights of imagination and more mar- velous achievements in art. This grouping is not separated by any arbitrary sign of division, but each arrangement of faculties seems to be placed so as to give assistance to others related naturally to it. Leading up from this last group, higher still upon the ridge of the nose, we find placed next above Human Nature the sign for Veneration. This faculty leads to respect for all things that deserve respect — God, law, righteousness, and old age. It yields ready obedience to what it considers right, and through the same feeling has power to assist in carrying out laws, regulations, and customs in consonance with the spirit of respect and veneration. Next above this you will see the sign for Executiveness. This faculty is akin to Veneration in its nature; but, going still farther in the work of Veneration, commands by force, if needs be, the respect and right due. This faculty causes the highest outline on the nose. The next sign, Self-will, is located in a position to give BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 219 aid and support to the faculties which cluster about it. Placed at the junction, as it were, of the artistic, mechan- ical, and religious groups, Form and Size are on either side of it; Observation, Memory of Events, Locality, Weight, Color, Order, and Calculation, in its immediate neighbor- hood. A decided Self-will, in conjunction with a good com- bination of faculties, either moral, religious, artistic, or mechanical, is a grand possession, as it affords the stimulus necessary for success. But, without a strong sense of jus- tice, it leads to inordinate selfishness, ignoring the rights and wishes of others, and seeking only its own gratification at all hazards. King Henry VIII. of England was one of the latter class; the sign is large in his physiognomy. The next group clusters about the eyes, and depends chiefly upon those organs for the power to do the practical work which Size, Form, Locality, Observation, Color, Order, and Calculation are called upon to perform. The more prominent are these signs in the face, the more practical the individual will be. These signs are all related either to the Muscular or Osseous system; they depend upon the predom- inance of those tw r o systems for the power to carry forward the operations of the faculties of which these signs are rep- resentative. Some of these faculties are very nearly related; as, for example, Order and Calculation; and these two assist Music and Time. The most of these faculties which are found in connection with a large protuberance of bone, form- ing the bony ridge covered by the eyebrows, are related to the hands and feet; that is to say, that where these signs are very decided, the Bony and Muscular systems are in the ascendancy. Hence, the hands and feet are the channels through which these systems operate. Where the Muscular system dominates, the bony ridge is not so prominent, and the eyebrows are raised higher up than we find them in mechanical and practical individuals. The beauty and harmony of the next group of signs must be apparent to the reader at first glance. Here'pure abstract reason holds its sway, dominating the entire man; computing, 220 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. by its mathematical powers, the combined resources of the organism over which it presides. Here intuition, time, rhythm, harmony, space, and dynamics are judged; the cause of all things is traced to its origin, and Comparison takes mental note of the differentiation produced by the complex action of the laws of Nature. It is in this department that man's superiority over the brute creation is more distinctly manifested than in any other. In the animal kingdom, the beaver and spider may teach man construction; the ant, me- chanics and government; the elephant, sagacity; the fox, craft; the ape, imitation; the dog and horse, fidelity and patience; all mammals, love of offspring; but man alone is capable of abstract reasoning in its highest power. The form and position of the local signs of these faculties in the face is an added proof of the truths of Physiognomy. Yerymuch can be learned of this science by the study of the forms of animals and the characteristics which accompany them. It is in this department of natural history that the best tests of Physiognomy are found. Here all is openness and candor; no dissimulation, no "keeping up of appear- ances" from any motive whatever, but frankness, truth, and natural qualities are found; and Nature, not hampered or distorted by injurious habits, is seen in its true light. The forms of the animal world are left unfettered by appliances which would tend to deform or dwarf them, and the faculties, consequently, are in normal action. Here, then, is the best place for a commencement of the study of Physiognomy, as well as for its verification; for the forms and signs of facul- ties in the animal indicate the like faculties in man, and are accompanied by the same forms and sigDS. In form, color, quality of hair and skin, all have a similar meaning, and man needs only the degree of observation given to other studies to become the interpreter of Nature's most palpable and unfailing indicator of faculties. Hence it is, that in their traits and forms, animals foreshadow and typify like condi- tions in man; depending for their explanation on tbe same colors, forms, and textures, they will be found identical in FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 221 both; therefore, a close observation and keen analysis of animal life, together with the study of recent discoveries as to their habits, will advance the student incalculably in the knowledge of human Physiognomy. A work entitled "Mind in the Lower Animals," by Lindsay, will be found most in- teresting and instructive to the reader. CHAPTER IX. FORM AS A UNIVERSAL AND DETERMINATING PRINCIPLE. " Unity of form resides in every department of the universe, and binds the whole in one." — Babbitt. Among the principles which influence and determine character throughout Nature, the Architectural must be ranked as foremost. The form or shape of everything throughout organic, or even inorganic, life testifies to its character and rank among creations. Every mineral has its own form of shaping. The law which causes minerals to crystallize always in certain shapes is not understood. The fact that they always do assume certain fixed architectural or geometrical proportions is patent to all who have made the slightest investigations of mineralogy, and one accustomed to see the various forms in which the mineral constituents of the earth compose themselves to rest can tell, by the sense of feeling, even, without seeing them, the different crystalli- zations of minerals, by the number of sides, or facets, which each mineral assumes. Sulphur always affects two distinct formations; quartz fashions itself, or is fashioned by the law which governs it, into prisms; and, however it may vary in shape or size, it always presents the same number of facets — six. Feldspar shows ten facets; silica forms thin, flat leaves; snow always exhibits six facets, although it produces many 222 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. beautiful divers© crystals. Salt, too, has its own form of crystallizing. After their forms and accompanying properties are understood, their forms thereafter indicate their character. It is just the same in organic life. Every blade of grass, herb, weed, flower, shrub, and tree comes to be known by its form. The character of animals is determined in the same manner. The crouching tiger, eager for his prey; the timid hare, with its frightened look and long, thin, erect ears, announces each his character by his form. When looking at the great beasts of prey, we know what their forms indicate. If the mouth of an animal is wide and furnished with great fangs, we know that he is a grea*t eater and car- nivorous. In comparing the domestic animals — the camel, horse, and ox — with the former, we know, by their form and general appearance, that they are docile, as well as strong. When one observes the eagle, vulture, or falcon, with their clear, piercing eyes and arched beaks, he instinctively feels that these creatures are representatives of strength; and wherever we observe the arched form in Nature, we shall find superior power. Man, in his imitations of Natures archi- tectural designs, uses the arch wherever great strength is required. This imitation is one of the manifestations of the same law and power which fashioned the humps on the strong camel's back, and the beak of the bird of prey. In the human as well as animal world, like principles illus- trate similar characteristics. Straight form and lines denote straightness of action; curved or crooked lines indicate abil- ity and desire to move in curved rather than straight lines; squareness of formation shows the ability to act "on the square;" and uprightness and downrightness of conforma- tion reveals upright and downright characters. Circular persons love motion better than square-built ones, and are more capable of continued motion, especially in dancing, etc. Then, too, round persons and animals pursue more wandering lives than those who are square-built, each being true to the law of his conformation. The muscular races of people and animals travel faster, more, and enjoy it better, FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 223 than those of the bony formation. Among animals who are given to excess of motion, besides the carnivora, I may men- tion the various deer tribes, such as the reindeer, gazelle, springbok; also, the greyhound, the hare, antelope, etc.; while the ox, elephant, camel, dromedary, dog, and horse are more inclined to slower motions, and enjoy a settled domes- tic existence. They are also more docile and teachable, and susceptible of more improvement, than the nomadic tribes. In man's organization, the same appearances indicate sim- ilar powers. The high, square shoulders speak of strength; the drooping shoulders, of weakness; the arched chest, of great lung-power; the flat chest, of an enfeebled, weak con- dition of those organs. The prominent joints of the bones tell us of a powerful framework; the small joints, hidden by fat, announce a less useful organism. Prominent features disclose to us a strong, ambitious character and correspond- ing physique. The broad, dome-shaped head reveals a ca- pacious brain, as well as .a body stored with vital material. The dome shape in architecture always exhibits more strength than the flat or square form; it shows more power of resist- ance from every quarter. Hence, we find that round features of the face denote power of resistance; arched features, ability for overcoming. The high, arched NOSES, arched from the root to the point, and rounding at the sides, indicate commercial capacity, the same faculty which is pos- sessed by the birds of prey — the faculty which profits by others' industries, without itself producing anything. This form is noticeable in those who have excelled in the world of commerce. Sir Moses Montefiore, the Kothschilds, Ste- phen Girard, John Jacob Astor, and others of like character possess this formation. Yanderbilt's nose is somewhat dif- ferent from these; his nose is the executive combined with the commercial. Wellington possessed the executive nose in its most decided form; indeed, it is not unlike a battle- 224 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. axe in shape; very superior in this respect to Napoleon's nose, who met in him his conqueror. Portraits of Julius Caesar, Hannibal, Frederick the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, General Scott, the Napiers, and many of our generals in the war of the Rebellion, were characterized by arched or com- manding noses. Those possessing this form are in danger of becoming overbearing and tyrannical. It requires a good degree of benevolence to balance this formation. This nose, rising high at the " bridge," always indicates superior physi- ological construction, as compared with the low or " scooped" nose. The arched nose tells us of a strong stomach and lungs, and these argue other powers which I have referred to elsewhere. The nose reveals the mental, literary, artistic, commercial, executive, and mechanical powers; hence the importance of having a good nose and "plenty of it." Small or flat noses indicate weak characters, with no power of command — not even of themselves. If the nostrils are so placed that one can see the interior from a front view, such character is self- ish and passionate; such will manifest little power of self- control, but will live in their will, feelings, and emotions. Where the nose is long in proportion to the other features of the face, a cautious and thoughtful character will be its companion. A long, high, thin, bloodless nose is often in- dicative of consumptive tendencies; thin, narrow nostrils would, of course, denote narrow, weak lungs. A nose which shows a separation into two parts, or a cleft at the tip, exhibits the character of a natural critic. People with such noses will naturally criticise everything which attracts their attention. The hind of criticism is indicated by the combi- nation of their faculties. If they possess the color sense largely, they will be able to analyze well all combinations of color; with the literary sense developed, they will criticize intelligently literary efforts; but they will be able to analyze and criticise naturally whatever falls under their observation. Short noses, rather inclined to turn upward, belong to willful, reckless, and destructive persons — often impudent FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 225 and saucy. This form of nose is seen sometimes in the physiognomies of prize-fighters. Portraits of Heenan, Tom Savers, and Yankee Sullivan show them to have been pos- sessed of such. Bony noses show firm, argumentative, and executive qualities. Muscular, cartilaginous, or fat noses disclose yielding and flexible qualities, such as are needed in the imitative, artistic, and decorative efforts of the mind; hence, when a nose possesses more of the bony than muscu- lar development, the character is more remarkable for strong sense, firmness, and integrity than the nose which has more of muscle or fatty tissue. Here, as elsewhere, the muscles indicate power for feeling and expression, emotion and pas- sion; for muscle is relied upon by art to express its opera- tions. Short, round, full noses belorig to artistic and mu- sical people. Willi elroj, the celebrated violinist, possesses this form; also, Madame Parepa Kosa, vocalist, and Arthur Sullivan, composer. Many painters have short noses, low in the centre, but broad and blunt at the tip. The signs of Ideality, Consfcructiveness, and Sublimity are manifested, but the executive are entirely wanting. Yet great and orig- inal artists have large Executiveness, Veneration, and Self- will added. All these signs are decidedly prominent in portraits of Salvator Rosa, Michael Angelo, Peter Paul Rubens, Vandyck, Da Yinci, Titian, and all others who have shown superior original works. Originality implies force and courage, and a small nose never exhibits these qualities in artistic works. Such, not having the power to originate, always follow in the beaten path, and are mere copyists. Among dramatic artists, the same differences are observ- able. All of the most original and powerful actors and ac- tresses possess noses large in Self-will. This is one of the most essential faculties to those actors who sustain leading roles. They must be able, by force of will alone, to hold the character which they are depicting through several long acts; and this requires something more than mere imitation, especially in grand characters, like Kichelieu, Queen Eliza- beth, Marie Stuart, Adrienne Lecouvreur, etc. Accordingly, 226 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. we see in the portraits of those who have excelled in the highest walks of dramatic representation, noses with Self- will, Executiveness, Veneration, Sublimity, Ideality or Im- agination, Constructiveness, Human Nature, and Mental Imitation very large, together with Self-esteem, Amative- ness, and Language. Madame Bistori, Sara Bernhardt, Talma, Edwin Booth, David Garrick, Sarah Siddons, Mad- amoiselle Mars, John P. Kemble, Junius Brutus Booth, and other first-class dramatic artists, have all of these signs in their physiognomies. These first-class actors I designate " creative actors." There is another and far larger class of actors, who resemble each other in features very closely, or have essentially similar features, faculties, and signs in the face. These are most noticeable in the shortness of the upper lip, fullness and size of the eyes, size of the end of the nose, and thickness and redness of the centre of the upper lip (sign for Amativeness), and the sign for Love of Children and pets. This large class can only be considered as " imi- tative artists." They are known by the hundred, all exhibit- ing the same characteristics. The upper part of the nose, where Self-will, Veneration, and Executiveness are located, is deficient, more or less, in most of this class; while Lan- guage, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Love of Young, Imitation, Approbation, Imagination, and Hope predominate. These signs are disclosed by a short upper lip invariably, upper part of the nose not prominent, sometimes depressed, very broad at the point; sides of the nose full at mechanical abil- ity (this faculty is needed to produce the mechanism of the characters represented), with a decided droop below the tip of the nose (Imitation), and a very perceptible projection downward of the septum at Hope and Analysis; the mouth at the corners turned upward (Mirthfulness); Love of Young, Human Nature, Secretiveness, and Amativeness well devel- oped, forming the " Cupid's bow" shape, which is observed in nearly all artistic and literary persons; Amativeness al- ways ivell developed — sometimes too much for either beauty or morality; yet this faculty is essential to the creation of the characters which they portray. FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 227 This description applies to hundreds of male and female representatives of dramatic art of the imitative class — to those who excel in burlesque, in character songs, in negro minstrelsy, and in what is called variety show business, and in all the minor parts of the mimic art. This single descrip- tion will answer for all, although even in this class there are many grades of ability. Lydia Thompson, the Worrell sis- ters, Pauline Markham, and others of this type answer to this portraiture. Very long, keen, sharp-pointed noses are illustrative of sharp, keen, ferret-like characters, without much imagination, very matter-of-fact, "high-pitched," and excitable. The noses of these persons are gimlet-like at the point, and seem the right size for penetrating a key-hole. Being unimagina- tive, they naturally look for matters of fact which may be transpiring on the other side of the door. Persons possessed of elegant tastes, refinement, love of poetry, and capacity for belles-lettres, will in most cases in- dicate this taste by a rather prominent and straight nose; that is, straight in the outline from the root to the tip; the end may be broad, showing Ideality large, and the sign for Mental Imitation is often found with the straight nose. This nose to be effective must be of good size. The straight nose is seen in the portraits of Shakspeare, Byron, Moore, Milton, Beranger, Corneille, Swift, Addison, Buros, Lamb, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Shelley, Mrs. Hemans, and many others who have excelled in the higher walks of elegant literature. The large high and straight nose is seen on the faces of many eminent scientists, but the descent from the forehead at the root of the nose, where it joins the forehead, differs from the above mentioned class. The brows of scientists are more projecting, showing Weight, Observation, and Lo- cality to be more defined. This is the case with Proctor, Tyndall, Helmholz, Huxley, Spencer, John and Joseph Le Conte, and Draper. Professor Edison's nose exhibits more of the mechanical and scientific, as well as inventive facul- ties. Professor Proctor has the sign for Weight very large; 228 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. he is also a round, large, heavy man, thus showing his capac- ity (through similarity of structure) to comprehend the nature of ponderous round bodies, like the planets, while Professor Edison has a slight, thiu, nervous form, thus by his physique evidencing his ability to cope with and comprehend the prin- ciples underlying the finer forces of Nature. The electrical is more particularly the distinctive quality of the nervous and mental system predominant, while the muscular system of Proctor gives a better comprehension of motion; all of which accords with Dr. Simms's theories on this subject, which I indorse. Thus each of these men succeeds best in those branches of science whose principles are exemplified in a large degree in his own form and organism. I have before me a chart on which are engraved the physi- ognomies of twenty-two prominent Jewish Rabbis. The similarity of their features is most striking. The noses, eyes, and mouths have all something in common. The noses of all are high and straight, and join the forehead without any indentation, showing that dogmatic Self-will which char- acterizes the advocates of all ancient faiths. They are not argumentative noses. This is not their role; they are not here to argue, but to assert. This same peculiarity is ob- servable in the expounders of the Hindoo religions, as well as in most of the Catholic divines. The noses of all these Eabbis are very long, quite high, and wide at the nostrils, and showing by the width of the tip the signs of Sublimity and Ideality, and by the breadth of their nostrils the vigor of their visceral systems. The eyes of all are large, round, and prominent, denoting power of expression in language and emotion. The mouths of all disclose Amativeness, Love of Young, and oratoricel power, being straight and wide, thus revealing not only volume of sound, but good digestive capacity. Some of these traits are social; others are com- mon alike to all who expound ancient dogmas as a profession. Love of young, strong appreciation of the opposite sex, mirthfulness, and good digestion are race peculiarities of the Jews, as they are of all the ancient civilized races. These FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 229 all tend to make the character home-loving, domestic, and substantial. Their noses exhibit great Veneration, and this, with arching eyebrows (Credenciveness), gives a highly de- votional cast of mind. All these Kabbis' noses are broad on the top their entire length. I should like to present my readers with charts devoted to the faces of distinct classes of people, but the shortness of my purse forbids. This class of faces is just the reverse of the scientific or mechanical; the former resting its ideas upon faith and belief does not require that power of exact observation and com- prehension that the latter does. The arched, rounding, or full shape of other features beside the nose reveals strength. Full cheeks show assimilative and digestive powers; flat or hollow cheeks the deficiency of this function, and often dys- peptic and consumptive tendencies. A thick full upper lip proves Amativeness and the power of the reproductive sys- tem; the flat thin white upper lip denotes a lack of both these important qualities. A full rolling lower lip, a sympa- thetic, benevolent trait; a thin flat white under lip, a miserly, unsympathetic person. High cheek-bones indicate seli-pro- tective capacity; flat cheek-bones or those not so prominent, less of this power. The rounding form of the arms, legs, and hips, as well as jaws, cheeks, and lips, indicate more strength than those which are opposite in form. EYES. The convex or rounded eye evinces strength. The eye of 'magnitude is capable of receiving more powerful impressions than the small eye; hence it is that the eyes of painters are large and wide, capable of taking in at a glance immense scenes of Nature. The eyes of all the great artists of the world are the proofs of these statements. Small eyes, on the contrary, belong to the mechanical, scientific, and exact people. The mechanic and scientist have need of the great- est accuracy in detail; their knowledge sometimes depends upon the hundredth part of an inch, and the scientist deals 230 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. in atomic proportions. The eye which can be most readily brought down to a focus serves this class of minds the best. The eyebrows of mechanics and all keen observers are drawn forward and downward, to assist the eye in its scrutiny of minute objects, as well as to shade it. The form of the Bony structure assists this intention, for in natural mechan- ics and scientists the lower part of the forehead projects, thus affording a natural screen to the eyes, obviating the use of the glass which one sees the watchmaker and naturalist sometimes employ to focus their vision, and scan infinitesi- mal objects. One proof of the eye being the exponent of the Muscular system, as laid down in the chapter on "The Rationale of the Physical Functions and their Signs in the Face," is found by observing all those animals which depend mainly upon their muscles for their activity. The eyes of the various kinds of deer, the springbok, gazelle, goat, ibex, elk, chamois, hare, and rabbit, all indicate by their size and conformation that the Muscular is their predominating system. It also exhibits their capacity for continuous and rapid motion. The size of the eyes, as well as the habits and habitats of these animals, prove that they are intended to scan distances and wide ex- panses, and that they are not suited to the perception of the minute in Nature. Small-eyed animals exhibit faculties just the reverse of large-eyed ones, and depend more upon the knowledge of things near them and those that require more exact vision. These animals are slower in their motions, possessing more bone and adipose tissue than muscle accord- ing to their size. The elephant, tapir, rhinoceros, grizzly bear, walrus, and elephant-seal are examples of this combi- nation. The small eye of the elephant is so easily brought to a focus that he can pick up a needle with his proboscis. The nature and habits of all these creatures demand that they shall take cognizance of small objects, as well for the purpose of gaining a supply of food as for protection, their motions being so slow that accurate and instant vision is es- sential to their safety. FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 231 The mental characteristics of animals possessing large, full