SaiFraiiii^w &&mMS ^ & f*~ WHOSE HONEY AM I? " LESTER. PHOTO, BY BUSHNELL, 1410 MARKET ST.. S. P. ORIGINAL ftougftfc&, &AAayx& iP (g^tanzaA WRITTEN BY THE P15P1LS OF THE an iyirancisc EMBRACING ckools Together ^witr\ trie Cuts of tine Writers -wrjo are trie Wiriqers of tt\e Prizes offered by tf\e Mercr\aryts of Sari Frar\cisco, ar|d tr\e Engravings of tr\e Pupils "Wqose Essays ar\d Star\zas deserve Recog- nition because of tr\eir Corr\bir\ed Merit. Prize Compositions and Stanzas on San ppaneiseo's Industries. PUBLISHED BY L. R HARE & CO., San Francisco, Cal. I, } \ COPYRiaHT 1894. y^SO %* ** p; " All things I thought I knew, But now confess, the more I know, I know, I know the less." Isc i ANDREW J. MOULDER, Superintendent of Public Schools, San Francisco. Cal. u (U c u hi c w u a c # M%> fN the preparation of this work, it has been the Publishers' aim to present to the Public the Essays and Stanzas of the Pupils of San Francisco's Public Schools, with the strictest accuracy in regard to following the manuscript. To be fair and impartial in the selection of the Essays according to age, grade and school, and to be true and just in the conclusions necessarily drawn from them, it is necessary to bear in mind that they are yet children with unmatured intellect. While thus striving to be accurate in the selection of these Essay? and Stanzas, we do not present to the Public a work where childish error is not to be found, for we have followed as closely as possible the manu- script from the pupil's pen, and in consequence would request the public to overlook any error that may occur, either by the writer or publishers. When these Essays and Stanzas were submitted to the Merchants, who offered the Prizes for competition, they awarded the Prizes with the best judgment tnat they possessed, taking into consideration the writing, spelling, composition and general appearance of the Essay. We have avoided favor in all quarters, not offering fulsome adulation on one side nor undue denunciation on the other ; but while stipulating that the work contains some of the brightest thoughts of our Public School Pupils, full of sunshine and happiness, and childish extracts from the brains of ambitious scholars. We contemplate an advancement in the general development and character of the language found in these pages by the manner in which they have devoted intellectual ability and untiring energy in this work. If then there be found within these covers aught that may seem un- like the childish language that we expect, or aught that may seem harsh to those directly or indirectly interested, do not look upon these pages as from Cooper or Hugo, but bear in mind that from these writers there may develop a Cooper or Hugo for the future. In writing upon the Industries of San Francisco, it is necessary that the Pupils of our Schools should have constant training upon these dif- ferent subjects so that they may write more intelligently upon the sub- ject in the future when the occasion presents itself. In conclusion, we beg to present this work to the Public, asking no favors, but trusting that these Thoughts, Essays and Stanzas will meet with the approval of the reader. " Expect not the juvenile to write with that intelligence which has taken you a lifetime to learn." The Publishers. San Francisco, Nov., /8g4- MlDCX ^6 WINERS. Ahlers, George — Boots and Shoes 82 Ames, Margaret — The Wishing Stone 201 Byrnes, Julia — Groceries 50 Brown, Hazel A. — The Birthday Gift — Groceries 55, 58 Bury, Jennie A. — " Sadly Left " : 59 Baker, John E. — Custom Boots and Shoes 04 Baker, Estelle — A Small Sister s Opinion of " Our Johnny " 69 Boradori, Wm. — Rubber Goods . 72 Bradshaw, Lillian — Carriage Manufacture 75 Becht, Ethel— Coal 78 Bill, Philip— Carpets. 83 Barker, Helen G. — Bohemian Coffee 92 Barrett, Mamie — What are the South Winds Saying ? 109 Berry, Grace — Millinery no Beardsley, Bessie Baldwin — Nothing 117 Baum, Essie — Arabian Coffee 124 Boston, Florence — The River 137 Boyle, Helen — Ocean Depths 139 Burness, Tottie — Coal . 158 Breese, Alice — Foreign Winds 169 Bachman, Alice E. — Our School Troubles 181 Browning, Edith — Were I an Artist 189 Branch, Lulu — Art 215 Connelly, Alice B. — Carriages 21 Cook, Houston — Carpets 34 Colbert, John — Food and Medicinal Properties of Grapes — The Caligraph 38 Chalmers, Alice — Apostrophe to the Moon 42 Corrigan, Agues — Benefits of the Installment Plan 43 Coblentz, Eda — If I were an Artist, what I would Paint 53 Cunningham, Julia — Statuary 56 Clarkson, Lillian — Photography 68 Corrigan, Agnes — Grandma's Opinion of the Sewmg Machine 80 Colemore, Flora — Apostrophe to the Wind 93 Cotter, Ernest — Italian Paste, Vermicelli and Macaroni 90 Coey, Emily R. — The Moon 97 Cahen, Rosie — Pure Paints 108 Cole, Grace M. — The Wind 113 Colbert, John — School Furniture 115 Cousins, Arthur — Hardware 132 Cool, Fredda — Rubber Goods. 134 Cummings, Cleone — Coal 106 Crabbe, Bessie W. — The Wishing Ring 193 Dumontelle, Rene E. — Swimming 25 Dold, Emil — Bohemian Coffee 47 Dunne, Lucy L.— Italian Paste, Vermicelli and Macaroni 51 DuBois, Blanch — School Furniture ' 76 Daniel, Susie M.— Chocolate and Cocoa 84 Index to Writers. Dinniene, Effie — Grape Food — The Reason 86, 105 Davidson, Tessie M.— Our Cat 89 Dutreux, Theodora — Outdoor Sports 176 Duhem, Victor D. — Photography 203 Eppinger, Julia — Why Toads Have no Tails 81 Ellingsworth, Rebecca — Sporting Goods 140 Elliot, Blanch— The Storm 184 Featherstone, Gertrude D. — Chocolate and Cocoa 36 Flatow, Rae — Drugs 48 Francis, Josephine — The Domestic Sewing Machine 90 French, Helen — Millinery 102 Fritschi, Lillie— Hardware 130 Feusier, Estelle G. — To the Ocean ibi Fisher, Charles N. — Outdoor Sports 168 Gawthorne, Harr}' B. — Type 74 Gosliner, Sadie — The Advantages of a Business Education 77 Gaines, Kathryn — What the South Wind Tells 135 Greenbaum, Alice — A Pastel 149 Gutstadt, Bertha— Flour 188 Getz, Daisy — Our Johnny 196 Gallagher, Joseph F. — Type 205 Hammond, Maude E. — The Caligraph — Photography 29 Horr, Adah E. — Jewelry — Carpets 52, 94 Holling, Louise — That Boy ! 73 Hess, Rebecca — Millinery 100 Harris, Georgie A. — Jewelry 106 Hennessy, Marion — Wellington Coal . 118 Hofmann, Josephine Ljppincott — Statuary 146 Hermann, Stella — Swimming 150 Hensel, Nellie — Apostrophe to the Brook 153 Hobe, Adelaide M. — The Place Where the Dost Tnings Go. 175 Heald, Jennie M. — The Sewing Machine 214 Ijams, Mattie — Our Family Cat 65 Isaacs, Josie — Experiences in a Street Car 91 Itsell, Maud — The Prettiest Room I Ever Saw 133 Jenne, Minnie — Jewelry. 66 Johnson, Alice M. — The Advantages of a Business Education 98 Judson, Frances — The Song the Winds are Singing 147 Johnson, Bertha — If. 187 Jones, Hilma — School Furniture 194 Kennedy, Mamie — Chocolate and Cocoa 45 Kingsland, Fannie — Drugs 62 Kucich, Ostroilo — Italian Paste, Vermicelli and Macaroni 81 Koch, Emma — The Moon 131 Kelley, R. H. — Sporting Goods 138 Kennedy, Ethel I.— What a Daisy Told 143 Krafft, Elsie— The Last Cat 145 Kuehn, Charles G. — Carriage Materials 152 Kennedy, Maude R. — That Girl of Seventeen 213 Levy, Miriam B. — Advantages of a Business Education 46 Deary, Mabel — Our Brave Heroes 71 Iyillis, Helen Clare — Reminiscences of a Gold Coin .... 85 Index to Writers. Lebenbaum, Leo — Swimming . . ." 107 Lindsay, Jeanie — The Sewing Machine 114 Lewis, Blanche — Statuary 122 Levy, Hilda — The Daisy 125 Lippit, May — Only a Minute — Were I an Artist 141 Lillis, Helen Clare — Gold and Silver Refining 142 Lavery, L. — To Our Dead Heroes 159 Langrehr, Henrietta C. — Chocolate and Cocoa 164 Lapidaire, Gertie — The New Home Oil Heater 172 Malter, Clara — Grandma's Story of Jewels 87 Mettman, Frank — Outdoor Sports (Trout Fishing) 104 Maguire, Margaret — The Brook 123 Mitchkus, Nellie — Only a Minute 129 MacDonald, Irene — A Sewing Machine (Autobiography) 136 Melrose, Mae — The Ocean 147 M. M.— The Children of Our Block 157 Moraghan, Chas. G. — Swimming 160 Maynes, Florence — Why Frogs Have No Tails 107 Mulvin, Mamie — The Mosquito Bite — The Brook . .' 171 Marsh, Alice Louise — The Moon 189 Melrose, Mae — A Cocoa Seed, (Autobiography) . 207 McGill, Lillie E. — Carpets 60 McKeon, Mary — Wellington Coal 70 McDermott, Jas. — Pure Paints 148 McFeely, Lola — Only a Minute 198 Neuwahl, Ella — Apostrophe to the Daisy , 33 Nightingale, Florence — What a Hat ! 101 Nutting, May — A Poem 121 Newneld, Minnie — That Boy 151 Oppenheimer, Ray — Photography 54 O Connell, Agnes — Which ? 1 17 O'Brien, Lizzie — The Songs the Winds Are Singing 191 O'Connell, Lucille — A Fireside Dream 210 Prosek, Emma — A Thought 169 Pleasant, Alice — An Enchanted Garden 179 Precht, Ida — Outdoor Sports 180 Power, Alice — Flour '. 185 Richardson, Tina — Why the Stars Twinkle 43 Rauer, Annie— Pure Paints 53 Regan, Christina -The Stars 67 Roth, Nettie— The Daisy 99 Rosenstirn, Francys — The Brook 103 Rechel, J. Gilbert— Type — Wellington Coal .110, 192 Ryder, Florence — Groceries 170 Ryan, Anna — Glue 186 Rountree, Lettie — Apostrophe to the Ocean 198 Shaw, Grace — Sunset from Bolinas Ridge 27 Stubbs, Beulah— Coal 32 Sternheim, Blanche M. — Statuary 42 Schumacher, Agnes — Indian Rubber 44 Schwarzschild, Jennie — The Grape 49 Sollman, Florence — Apostrophe to the Moon 57 Silva, Elsie— The Little Brook 57 Index to Writers. Stoddard, Gettie— Children in Our Block 61 Simmons, Helen — The Land where the Lost Things Go 63 Shaw, Adria L. — Apostrophe to a Mosquito 95 Sellon, Grace — The Land where the Lost Things Go 109 Sullivan, Frankie — Man's Inhumanity to Man in Sullivan, Mollie — Drugs — Statuary 119, 182 Sanderson, Mabel — Gold and Silver Refining 144 Silvey, Mollie — Carriage Manufacture 154 Stevenson, Caroline L. — Art 162 Sobey, Christabel— That Boy ! 163 Simon, Harriette — The Spring 165 Stevenson, Maude — Soliloquy to the Moon 173 Stewartson, Maude — Pictures from Poems 199 Sonderup, Margret — Glue 208 Stark, Edmund — China Painting 209 Thall, Charlie — Photography 112 Triest, Martha — The Language of Flowers 127 Takeyama, Keige — Arabian Coffee 174 Tamura, Thos. R.— Out-door Sports 195 Vincent, Susie — Why Stars Twinkle 155 Vincent, Elizabeth — The Ocean 167 Wolf, Esther R.— Thoughts 35 Ward, Willie D. — Arabian Coffee (Autobiography) 41 Watson, Ida — Swimming 79 Wright, Millie— Groceries 88 Wegener, Lulu A. — Arabian Coffee 126 Wideman, Wallace W. — Benefits of the Installment Plan 128 Wilson, Sara — The Advantages of a Business Education 156 Wise, Mabel N.— Why the Stars Twinkle 177 Womble, L. A. — Swimming 178 Wood, Jessie R. — The Mosquito 184 Williams, Mary — Rubber Goods 190 Wahlberg, David — Type 197 Walsh, Lizzie — Glue 204 Wallace, Edith M.— A Trip to the Crater of Kilauea 212 AUCE B. CONNEXLY. 21 (Damages. MOW many of us ever pause to think, as we drive along a country road or well-kept city street, in a decidedly com- fortable conveyance, of the labor that is expended on or of the wonderful construction of the vehicles of the present day ? Not many. I fancy, for we happy-go-lucky Americans are apt to take too much for granted ; to have a thing is all that is necessary, where or how it came is of no moment to us, simply we have it and are satisfied. However, carriages are something that to the careful ob- server are extremely interesting. The processes through which the simplest carts have to go before reaching a finished state show how intricate must be their construction. The manufacture of conveyances gives labor^ to more men, I imagine, than any other industry — woodmen, miners, foundry-men, tanners, painters and cloth- makers as well as the men who by combining the work of the laborers I have mentioned construct the cart, wagon, carriage or whatever it happens to be. It is not one man but many men who built the vehicle, for each part is built by a man who is master of the art of construction of that especial part. To go over the ware-rooms of a fine carriage factory of to- day is like going to an Academy of Fine Arts ; for if you do not view beautiful paintings that are masterpieces from some gifted hand, you see many masterpieces, the different parts of which are masterpieces of the mental and mechanical skill of the philosopher who is always designing, scheming and contriving to add some new and important feature to his trade that will enable mankind to have higher and better grades of goods. Of course, " Fair Science " with her grand advances comes in with easier and better modes of working. The old time forge, used for welding iron, with its flames and smoke, has been done away with to a certain extent, by the wonderful appliance of electricity — that wonder from which the present age receives its name "The Electric Age." The work of welding is carried on with more facility with the aid of this power. The firm of " Studebaker Bros., " of Indiana, stands as fair an example of carriage manufacture as can be desired. The origin of the firm was extremely obscure. The father, John Studebaker, having employed himself as blacksmith in the town of Ashland, Ohio, here in the little, humble village 22 blacksmith shop the foundation was laid for one of the finest firms in the United States. The four brothers who constitute the firm have by the con- stant pursuance of their talents and duty added much to car- riage industry throughout America, and I may say the world. The elegant landaus, broughams, victorias, phaetons, sur- reys, carts, etc., that are yearly manufactured by Studebakers are in every way of such elegance and perfection as to make the observer wonder if there is anything more to be desired in this line of industry. But who can tell ? The next age, with the advantages of science, and the many new perfections that are constantly be- ing added, may produce finer results than those from which we are benefited ; but it is doubtful if carriage manufacture be much improved upon. ALICE B. CONNELLY, 1630 Pierce Street. Hamilto7i Grammar School, Graduate Class 'p^. The above writer won the prize awarded by Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing Co. BIOGRAPHY OF ALICE B, CONNELLY, ISS ALICE BEATRICE CONNELLY, daughter of Francis J. and Alice P. Connelly, a graduate of 1894, was born in San Francisco, California, July 3, 1876, Her paternal ancestors were of vigorous North of Ireland stock, and on the mother's side she is of English descent. Her great- great-grandfather, Lot Hawkins, settled in New Jersey in early Colonial days. Her great-grandfather, Job Hawkins, who while very young served as a drummer boy in Colonel Jonathan Johnson's Regiment of the Connecticut Line of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary struggle, was born at New Milford, Connecticut, and died at the same place, at the ad- vanced age of one hundred years. He was also a soldier of the War of 1? 12. Inheriting the loyal spirit of this ancestor, and 23 herself ' ' a staunch friend of her country and zealous of her cause," it is not strange that Miss Connelly is about to identify herself with the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, a society which aims to keep alive the memory of those who fought and died for their country. Her early education was directed by her mother, until she entered the public schools of her native town. Her first en- trance upon school life was in the Powell Street Primary School under the charge of Mrs. Cordelia Newhall and Mrs. N. R. Craven, Principal ; from thence, on account of change of residence, to the Emerson Primary, with Miss Ida Shaw as in- structor. Alice was a child of marked intelligence, of affectionate and winning manners, and in her home has always been a benedic- tion and a joy. A thorough student, she has fully profited by the advantages offered for her mental growth. Of the spec- ially notable traits of her character is her deep and personal attachment to those with whom she has been brought into special relations, and is one of the secrets of her success as a student and pupil. She is an enthusiast in music, developing in early childhood a marked talent in that direction ; and under the guidance of Professor Hugo Mansfeldt has devoted much time and earnest study to this subject, with a corresponding degree of success, and through these efforts has become a musician of no common grade. She is also a fine elocutionist. Although her school life has been frequently interrupted through sickness, thereby lengthening her term of study, yet we find her always diligent, impatient of the delay, and anx- ious to go forward in the work which she early marked out for herself, which neither sickness or any other adversity could for one moment cause her to swerve from. In 1889 she entered the Hamilton Grammar School, Wm. A. Robertson, Principal, and with increasing zeal turned her at- tention to the studies of this more advanced grade with the same spirit of active inquiry that had characterized her earlier efforts. After a three years' course of study, she was May 23, 1894, graduated from Miss Ella J. Morton's class, receiving one of the class medals awarded, her scholarship record rank- ing among the foremost of the school. Having completed the grammar school course and mastered the alphabet of her education, she has now entered upon the course of study prescribed by the State Normal School at San Jose, the examination for which she has recently success- fully passed, with the view of fitting herself for a teacher. With joyful anticipation she entered September 4th upon this field of labor, where for the present we will leave her. 24 Rene E. Dumontel,le. 25 SWIMMING. |j¥ WIMMING is an artificial exercise that expands the chest, Si| develops the muscles of the arms, strengthens and fills ^^^ out the lower limbs. It confers presence of mind and confidence in one's self. It is more of a tonic to swim in salt water than fresh, as the salt has a slightly irritating effect on the skin, which is beneficial. The late Alexander Mott, of the college of physicians and surgeons of New York, said : " That a good, vigorous swim in sea water, at the proper season, was of more good to dys- peptic persons than all the medicines of the da} r . ' ' When a person learns to swim, he swims first on his breast. He assumes nearly a horizontal position, with his breast prone to the water and the heels near the surface. To effect propul- sion, the arms are flexed at the same time and drawn closely to the body ; then they are simultaneously and rapidly ex- tended. The hands should be kept flat, the fingers closed, the thumb placed by the side of the first finger, and one must reach out as far as possible, for the farther he reaches the faster he will swim ; he then draws the legs well up, while each hand is brought around, one to the right and the other to the left. He strikes out strongly with his legs. The secret of good swimming is to kick with the legs far apart. Breathing should be unrestrained and without gasping, sputtering or sudden heaving. A safe rule is to take a full breath at every stroke. Breast swimming is the most common, and the only one possible for long distances ; with a strong, favorable tide in the Thames, one mile has been swam in eleven minutes forty- three seconds. Swimming on the back is more easily learned than breast swimming, the body being more horizontal. In diving, the hands are brought together in front to cleave the water and to protect the head ; the legs are kept straight, the heels touching each other. When a swimmer attempts to rescue a drowning man, the swimmer must approach him from behind and keep him from sinking by placing the hands under the armpits, taking care that the struggler does not seize him, or both might be drowned. It is easier to swim in salt water than in fresh, as the salt water is heavier than the swimmer and, therefore, can buoy 26 him up. The best time for swimming is between breakfast and luncheon. Harry Gurr is said to be the inventor of the overhand stroke in 1863, but H. Gardener won the championship in 1862, in Manchester, in using the overhand stroke. The side stroke was introduced by G. Peters in 1850. Dr. Behrens says : " That foremost among means for the full and harmonious development of all parts and functions of the human body stands swimming, an exercise safely used even by very delicate and debilitated constitutions." RfiNfi E. DUMONTEEEE, 423 Twenty-sixth Street. Columbia Grani7Jiar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the First Prize awarded by the Olympic Salt Water Co. BIOGRAPHY— RENE E DUMONTELLE, fiNfi E. DUMONTELEE, the successful competitor for the first prize on swimming, is a boy of exceptional tact and ability, studious to a degree and thorough in all detail. Being born in the city of San Francisco, California, on the 10th day of May, 1880, he is titled a native son. At a very early age he developed quite a strong desire for learning, for at the age of four years he was attending the Kindergarten School and showed a remarkable ability for a child of that age . Having graduated from the Columbia Prima^ to the Colum- bia Grammar School, Mrs. E. K. Burke, Principal, which he now attends, he has always showed a marked attention to the discipline. In 1889 he sailed on the good ship Bourgogone, a French vessel, with his mother and sister to visit his grandparents at Senons, France, and for the purpose, at the same time, of visiting the Paris Exposition. While there he gave special attention to every detail that came within his observation, vis iting the Exposition on every available opportunity. One can readily imagine the immense value of this experience. After visiting Senons, he made a trip to Bourgnndy, France, where he visited his grandparents on his father's side, making a stay of about two weeks. After a stay of nearly three months upon the Continent, he, 27 on the 20th day of July of the same year, embarked on the same vessel and sailed for his native land- Arriving in New York after a pleasant trip over ' ' old ocean, " Rene, preparatory to his departure for California, took in the places of interest in and about the metropolis of America, and stored up in his mind many features that time will never erase. The subject of this sketch is a violinist of no small import- ance for his age, having studied under the able Professor T. D. Herzog, 414 Ellis street, of this city. He now wields his bow over the ancient body of a two-hundred-year-old instrument. Rene is the son of the well-known marble importer and manufacturer, E. Dumontelle, whose works are at 523-525 Fifth Street, of this city. It is with pleasure and pride that his friends can say that for this student there must be a successful future in store for him, and that he has carried away the gold medal of the Lurline Baths is more than creditable both to himself and his present teacher, Miss Nellie O'Eaughlin. Sunset from Bolin&s Badge, The warm September afternoon was drawing to a close, when after a wearisome journey of several hours we at length reached Bolinas Ridge. We had heard many tales of the wonderful view to be obtained from there, and reaching the western brow of the mountain, we forgot our hunger and fatigue when its wondrous beauty burst upon us. Far beneath us, stretching as far as the eye could reach, lay the silver ocean, while above it in the azure sky hung the sun, a brilliant ruby. Afar off in the hazy distance the Farallones rose out of the crystal sea, the one dark spot on the brilliant scene. The sky was spotted with fleecy clouds, tinted a delicate pink by the setting sun. Faintly every now and then we heard the boom of the waves as they broke upon the rocky shore. One could gaze for hours at the scene, but time will tarry for no one. All too soon the sun sank into his couch of fiery clouds ; all too soon the sea doffed his garb of silver hue for one of somber green. And so we left the ocean to the night, with that sunset scene so impressed on our memory that I doubt if any one of us will ever forget it. GRACE SHAW. Girls 1 High School, written in Class. 28 Maude E. Hammond. 29 THE GALIGRAPfi, rO the busy man of to-day one of the most important parts of his office paraphernalia is his typewriter, whether he be lawyer or judge, preacher or merchant, governor or mayor. In fact hardly an occupation in life could conveniently do without the machine or its work. In an article of necessity of this kind, several points have to be taken into consideration by people about to purchase. One point, and that a most important one, is that of " speed"; an- other that of ' ' wear ' ' ; while still another, that of ease of man- ipulation. These points are of vital importance, for it is evident to the merest beginner that a machine that is slow — one that is quickly worn so as to interfere with its work, or one that is difficult or unhandy to manage — would be next to useless to a man in haste to attend to correspondents. Well, if these points are requisite in a typewriter, how are we to decide between the numerous patterns we see advertised which all claim everything possible in favor of their particular machines ? might be asked by a person in need of one. The answer is an easy one. They should profit by the experience of others and satisfy themselves as to which machine is the most used by people or firms competent to decide. If this common-sense method of selection is followed there is but one course to be pursued, and that is to buy a " Caligraph," be- cause : Firstly, it possesses the qualifications in an eminent degree. Secondly, when such offices as the Pacific Postal Tel- egraph Company, who alone use twenty Caligraphs ; the Western Union Telegraph Company, who use them exclu- sively, as well as nearly every "telegraph office" on this coast ; when hundreds such people as R. H. Marling, A.M., Stenographer Executive Department ; L- W. Storror, Super- intendent Postal Telegraph Company ; Samuel W. Backus, Postmaster San Francisco ; M. C. Hunt, Manager Postal Tel- egraph Company, and many more of the most prominent busi- ness and professional men endorse it as being the fastest, most simple and most durable machine in the market, and will use no other, it is seen that the ' ' Caligraph ' ' is certainly the ma- chine to buy. The " Caligraph" has been before the people twelve years, and is handsomely made. The styles are varied, and the prices, considering the quality, are very low. MAUDE E. HAMMOND, 2033 Howard Street. Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the First Prize awarded by Chas. E. Nay lor. 30 [HOLOGRAPHY is an art. Although it would be difficult to set a date when what is known as ' ' photographic ac- tion " was first recorded, it is commonly believed that Scheele, a Swedish chemist, was the first to experiment on the darkening effect of sun on chloride silver. To England be- longs the honor of first producing a photograph by the use of Scheele 's observations in i8c2. Daguerre was next to im- prove on Scheele's plan, but not until 1842. Since then photography and its improvements have rapidly increased. Although progress has been rapid, it is only a short time since dry plates took the place of the wet process. Miles A. Seed was the originator of the dry process. Dry plates are now extensively used with the many kinds of de- veloper. But even with all the improvements of the present age, the photographer's life is indeed an unquiet one. Eet us take the amateur for example. First, of course, comes some one wish- ing their likeness. After a discussion of prices, a primping of bangs, and a changing of garments, the person is finally ready. The photographer then seats them, and after giving them their position tells them to look at the camera ; in doing so some squint while others open their eyes as wide as possi- ble, and when proofs are made they resemble a stuffed image or a mummy more than an animated being. Besides, it is very probable that the person will come on such a day that it is impossible to get good light, in this case a little strategy is often exercised. In order to retain the job, the photographer assures the person that it is a fine day for taking pictures, and after putting in an empty plate-holder and carefully pulling the slide, says to come next day for the proof ; of course, next day he sa}^s that it was no good, and af- ter having left their deposit the person generally sits until good weather and good luck happen to come together. Then the average person with their conceit makes the life of the photographer miserable, 03^ declaring their " eyes, nose, mouth or bangs never looked like that. ' ' Then the one who, enjoying his vacation, takes his camera expecting to get fine views and who returning home finds a running brook and a dining-room scene on the same negative. Then in develop- ing how often the negatives cling passionately together. MAUDE E. HAMMOND, 2033 Howard Street. Mission Graimnar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Taber Photo- graphic Co. 3i N introducing the Essays and Stanzas of the Pupils of San Francisco's Public Schools, we take pleasure in presenting a biography of the prize winner on two subjects, namely, Pho- tography and " The Caligraph, " Miss Maude E. Hammond, who was born in the city of San Francisco, California, on May 23, 1879. The result of an early attendance at school and a persistent adherence to studious proclivities has brought her- prominently before her classmates as a subject of intellectual criticism. At the age of six years she first embarked into school life at the Lincoln Primary, and at once exhibited a decided inclination to study. At so tender an age few children show any other faculty than that of childish prattle ; but for this student a brilliant career was at once mapped out for her future, and all along the line of her school days her ability has been fully estab- lished. Having had a yearly promotion from the Primary Gram- mar Schools, Miss Hammond will graduate in the class of '95 from the Mission Grammar School, under the able superinten- dence of Mrs. Nettie R. Craven, Principal. At this school she has always been foremost in her classes, and has shown a remarkable adaptation for essay writing. We need not comment on the subject of our sketch other than mention, what her personal friends are familiar with, such as an admirable associate with a disposition of a congenial character, and that her popularity among her schoolmates and teachers has won for her an enviable position among them. The offer of prizes by the merchants of this city for compet- itive essays on the separate industries of San Francisco im- mediately occupied her attention, and without delay she sent into the offices of the Publishers four lengthy essays on differ- ent subjects, the merit of which succeeded in carrying off two valuable prizes. This merit, in itself, establishes the fact that she is a tireless worker and an ardent student, capable of gov- erning a successful future. Her father, Samuel C. Hammond, and Eaura E. Hammond, her mother, both of intellectural stock, arrived here in the six- ties from the Eastern States, and the natural adaptability of his family soon gained for him a reliable position in the com- mercial world. This streak of intelligence is plainly visible in his daughter. Our best wishes are offered to Miss Hammond for a successful graduation. 32 ffioaL * "**' ' „ I &f\ @PP L i Beulah Stubbs. IJOAL is a term now com- H) monly used to denote all kinds of mineral fuel, though formerly applied to the glowing embers of wood, and more re- cently to charcoal. English and German writers, until a very re- cent date, treated of mineral fuel as pit coal, Stemkohle (stone coal), etc., but at the present time, when wood and charcoal are fast giving place to the min- eral varieties of fuel, the term coal is limited to that class of this fuel in general use. Under the term we may there- fore embrace all classes of min- eral fuel that will ignite and burn with flame or incandescent heat. Hydrogenated coal is the strictly bituminous or caking kind, and the most available for production of coke. In this coal hydrogen is the predominating element in its gaseous or volatile constituents, though both oxygen and hydrogen are generally present in such coals in nearly equal part ; but when oxygen predominates to any great extent, the coal loses its adhering or coking quantities ; and when hydrogen is present in con- siderable quantities, coal is more or less fat or rich, according to the common expression. In connection with a large per- centage of fixed carbon, four to five per cent, of hydrogen, with the largest amount of coke, but even six per cent, of hydrogen, with eight to ten per cent, of oxygen, fails to pro- duce available coke. The term hydrogenated, therefore, de- notes more clearly than any other of the numerous varieties of bituminous coals variously demanded coking, caking, fat, rich or close burning coals. They do not burn freely, but meet and run into a mass or cake, from which the violate parts are slowly burned leaving the coke in an incandescent state of fixed carbon, which has the properties of anthracite and burns much the same, though it is porous and easily ignited. Oxygenated coal embraces the free-burning, non-caking varieties of bituminous coal, the block or furnace coals of our western bituminous fields, the so-called lignites of the Rocky 33 Mountains and the far West ; some of the cannel varieties, most of the splint coals, and the hard or dry bituminous coal of the English mines. In this class of coal oxygen predom- inates in the volatile caking or meeting and adhering in mass. Of this kind there are two prominent varieties : One is com- paratively hard and burns to ash without crumbling, and con- stitutes the blast furnace or block coal, and most of the can- nel and splint coals. The other is soft, frequently hygroscopic ; often heterogeneous in composition ; divides both horizontally and perpendicularly by earthly impurities, and sometimes is a mass of semi-crystallized and loosely combined cubes. This kind disintegrates in the atmosphere or under high tempera- tures, and cannot be used in the blast furnace under these existing conditions. The hard, impure anthracite of New England frequently contains from five to fifteen per cent, of water, while the soft tertiary coals of the West contain an equal amount of water ; and the purest coal contains a small amount of hygroscopic matter. As a class, however, the more recent coals of Jurassic and tertiary formations contain the largest amount of water ; and to these we apply the term hydrated to distinguish them from the oxygenated, though the former contains even more oxygen than the latter. BEULAH STUBBS, 2519 Pacific Avenue. Pacific Heights* Grammar School, 6th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Charles R. Allen. &p0$tx0pt)e to tJ)£ ©atejj* ITTLE pink-tipped modest flower Lying in your bed of green, Kissed by dewdrops from the heavens, Made to brighten many a scene. Thou who art so meek and humble, Cov'ring loved ones 'neath the sod, Giving nature much of beauty, Truly you belong to God. ELLA NEUWAHL. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 34 (&avpet$. ^HEN we enter al- most any house one of the first things which we see is the car- pet on the floor. Prob- ably most of us do not stop to think how these carpets are made or where the material of which they are made comes from. Let us do so now. First of all we ask ourselves, what are car- pets made of? and we say wool and cotton ; then the next question is, how are these ob- tained ? The wool is obtained from sheep. The cot- ton is obtained from the cotton plant which grows both in our country and many oth- ers, and which gives employment to the many men who pick it, and which also caused slavery, with the aid of the cotton- gin, in the early part of this century, to increase. Then we think of the labor and time it takes to prepare this cotton and wool for weaving, and the time and men it takes to weave it, and finally of the nice, soft, pretty carpets we see all over our home, and which give us so much comfort and warmth. There are many different kinds of carpets ; there are Persian carpets which are made by the native women of Persia, and are the most beautiful in the world. The process of making a Persian carpet is very slow and requires a great deal of pa- tience, and patience, as we all know, is a great virtue which many of us do not possess. Patience, Bishop Home says : ' ' Among all the graces that adorn a Christian soul, like so many jewels of various colors and lustre, against the day of her espousals to the lamb of God, there is not one more bril- liant than patience." Shakespeare says: " How poor are they who have no patience ! What wound did ever heal but by Houston Cook. 35 degrees ?" The women are the only ones who weave the car- pets, the men never touching them. The Turkish carpets, are made by young girls in fam- ilies, and made mostly of linen warp. Another kind is the Axminster carpet, which is an imitation of Turkish carpets, but is much handsomer, being made much more evenly ; they are made out of worsted. There are also Brussels, Wilton, Tapestry and Kidderminster carpets ; the Kidderminster carpets being best known in this country as ingrain or three-ply carpets. Carpets are one of the most useful articles in a home ; before they were known the people would weave grasses together and make rugs out of them. The green, velvety grass often seen in the country reminds one of a velvety carpet such as we delight to walk on. In fact, we might call grass the carpet of the earth, with which nature has provided it to make it look beautiful. Goethe says of na- ture that it is, " The living, visible garment of God. " HOUSTON COOK, 141 Haight Street. De?iman Grammar School, 8th Grade. ®h*nt0ht0+ JpKT not thy thoughts dwell on the past, For of good deeds of men, I ween, We have not read or heard the last, But many more will yet be seen. Make it the aim of all your life To strive for all that's good and right, And if you win or lose the strife Be ever noble in man's sight. ESTHER R< WOLF. Hamilton Grammar School. Written in Class. 36 Gertrude D. Featherstone. Chocolate and Cocoa, ANY long years ago in the far-away South Where the lovely cacao tree grows, At the very first note of the sweet-singing birds The busy inhabitants rose. An old Spanish house, built around a square court, Was the scene of much bustle and hum ; For the day had arrived — that day of all days — For the chocolate woman to come. Selecting one end of the court for herself, Protected from sun and the breeze, She begins by roasting the cacao beans That are brought to her fresh from the trees. When the beans are roasted a beautiful brown, She shells them with pains-taking care. Then, of all the work of that busy day, She begins the most tiresome share. Placing the beans on her grinding-stone, Which stands o'er a pan of hot coals, She grinds them as fine as she possibly can With the ' ' brazo " which heavily rolls. 37 Then an equal weight of sugar she adds And spices to suit the taste ; And when these ingredients are thoroughly mixed They make a delicious brown paste. She measures the paste with experienced hands, A pound in each little roll, And spreads it out on an Indian mat, Into ounces dividing the whole. Now, though she has labored from dawn until dusk Through the hours of that long, weary day, She has made but ten pounds. Could one expect more When made in that primitive way ? Now, if they wish a drink to prepare, One ounce for each cup they must take, With water or milk in a " batador, ' ' A pitcher of Indian make. With a " molinilla," a fancy carved stick, They stir the mixture awhile, And whirl it into a beautiful foam In the good old-fashioned style. In our own fair land at the present time Stands a factory airy and vast, Where a great many men are working each day With the aid of machinery fast. Great quantities of the cacao beans Are roasted at once thoroughly ; And then they are cracked and the shells blown away By the whirling machinery. To prepare cocoa the oil is pressed out, From which cocoa-butter is made. The remaining part is ground very fine, Thus forming the cocoa of trade For chocolate, however, the oil is retained And the whole is pressed into a cake, Which sweetened or not, as the case may be, Will many delicious things make. When we think of the work that can be done In the modern and quicker way, We are scarcely surprised to learn that they make Twenty-five hundred pounds in one day. GERTRUDE D. FEATHERSTONE, Girls' High School, Middle Class. 914 Twenty-fourth Street. The above writer won the prize awarded by D . Ghirardelli & Sons. 38 Food and Medicinal Properties of Grapes, |F all natural ' foods, grapes have probably the largest blood produc- ing properties ; and, since ' ' The life of the flesh is the blood," it follows that as an all-round food they are not surpassed. There is less waste matter in grapes than in al- most any other food. Indeed, if one swal- low only the juicy matter between the rind and the stones he can digest and absorb into his body the greater part of it. This is a well known John Colbert. f actj f or men have made chemical examinations of the blood and tissues of the body and also of the juice of the grape, and these are almost identical. Milk is the only other natural food that compares with grape juice in this respect. The California Grape Food Company took advantage of this quality in the grape and built extensive works at I^os Gatos, California, where they separate the rind and stones and water from the " food " part, and bottle this and sell it to peo- ple to make them well if they are sick and to keep them well if they are well. It is so easily digested that the weakest stomach can use it. There is really no " work " for the stom- ach to do on this juice, for it is composed of blood, salts and grape sugar just as the blood is. It passes readily from the stomach to the liver, where it becomes " reddened " into blood. Even milk requires more ' ' work " to make it into blood than does grape juice thus prepared. Since the people in the Holy Land had this fruit given them in such abundance, one cannot help thinking that God gave it to them because it was so healthy and nourishing. He was their friend and gave them their food. But when men fer- ment the juice into wine that makes drunkards, they spoil its 39 food properties ; this we can readily understand, since all dys- peptic or weak stomachs have too much fermentation already. It is the fresh grape juice that is the natural food. As an aid in the sick room this prepared food is fast grow- ing in popularity. I know a doctor who is now prescribing it for a sickly boy, who is improving every day since he began taking it. The little fellow's stomach was so weak that every- thing else but milk distressed him, and he even got tired of milk. Grape juice agrees with him and is building him up wonderfully. As a communion wine it is destined at no distant date to occupy the whole field. It is the real fruit of the wine as God made it, and may therefore with safety symbolize the Savior's blood. Surely it was not grape juice that had rotted, or more politely ' ' fermented, " that was used by Christ on that memor- able occasion when He said "This is my blood. " No, it was fresh juice such as He makes in the grapes when they are growing. JOHN COLBERT, 634 Elizabeth Street. Lincoln Grammar School, Jth Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by The California Grape Food Co. The C&liffmph. ijjF all the writing machines now before the public none is w more widely or favorably known than the Cali graph. In every tournament where machines compete for prizes or dis- tinction of any kind, this one is sure to enter and just as sure to win first place. Its speed far surpasses its competitors ; and somehow operators on it are also able to make a record for accuracy. In May, 1893, there was a tournament in New York, where many machines competed for a handsome gold medal offered by John W. Mackay. The Caligraph, of course, was there, and the result was that the other machines were " distanced," and the best of it was that the writers who won such laurels were gentlemen from this Coast, B. S. Dur- kee of Portland, and J. H. Jones of San Francisco. Mr. Durkee, who is now champion typewriter of the world, wrote the large number of ninety- seven telegraphic messages in sixty minutes. It took each of these 3^oung men only forty seconds to write every word on the message, including date, address, number, time and signature. How fast they must have 4o worked, and how fast the Caligraph must have responded to the touch on its keys ! If we examine the construction of the Caligraph we can sec good reasons for its supremacy in speed and accuracy. The level keyboard, with a key for every character, permits all writing to be done with the least waste of time and energy. The hand glides over it as over a piano. The type bars are so well balanced that the moment the finger strikes the key the type strikes the paper ; and they are so arranged that there is no danger of one type striking another when going fast. The two spacing keys at the sides, instead of one at the bot- tom as in other machines, make the waste of time in spacing and the work of moving the hands much less. Besides these special features there are many minor, but very important ones, in the Caligraph, which added together make it the champion in the field of writing machines. The attachments for receiving the paper, regulating the length of lines, regulating the spaces between the lines, and for correct- ing the errors, are all time-savers. The device of the Caligraph for keeping it in " alignment " after the wear and tear of time surpasses that on any other machine. The writer can tighten it up as it wears and thus keep it always like a new machine. Other machines are a total loss after they wear loose. A gentleman who has been all his life engaged in Business College work, where they had all kinds of typewriters, advised me if ever I bought one to buy a Caligraph ; he said it did the fastest and best work, and would outlast any two others. He was not interested in any machine when he spoke of this to me. JOHN COLBERT, 634 Elizabeth Street. Lincoln Grami?iar School, yth Grade. The above writer won the Second Prize awarded by Charles E. Naylor. The true purpose of education is to cherish and unfold the seed of immortality already sown within us ; to develop, to their fullest extent, the capacities of every kind with which the God who made us has endowed us.— Mrs. Jameson. 'Tis education forms the common mind, Just as the tree is bent, the twig's inclined. — Pope. 4i Qvabiatx (&offee— &xxtobxo$vaphvt+ begin with the early part of my history, I must take you to a coffee plantation some fifty miles east of Damar. The plantation was owned by a rich old Arab, who had numer- ous slaves and servants, and made yearly pilgrimages to Mecca. I was reposing serenely on the vine of my parent tree, one beautiful day in May, when I was rudely seized and jerked off the twig whereon I had staid for nearly three months. When I recovered from the shock caused by my separation from the paternal tree, I found myself spread out on mats with millions of other little beans, and the sun beating down most unmercifully on our uncovered heads. After being turned about in an endless and cruel manner, we were at last gathered up and transported to another building. Here we were passed between huge rollers, and when I emerged from the formidable looking monster, I noticed that my dry pulp which had inclosed m}^ body, was gone. This knowledge did not alarm me ; in fact, I was rather glad to get rid of my surplus clothing, as the thermometer marked ninet}^ degrees in the shade. For two days I lay sweltering in that drying house ; we were then placed on the back of a camel and conveyed to Mocha. From Mocha to London our journey was uneventful, and from London thence to New York. We were changed and tugged about in New York in an aimless manner, but at last were placed on the cars, bound for San Francisco, where we arrived in due season. My next experience was in a roasting oven in a wholesale establishment on Front street. There I was simply cremated, and when I emerged from the oven I was browner than the proverbial berry. From the wholesale house to a retail store was my next des- tination, and I had hardly been installed in my new quarters before I was purchased by a lady, who took me to her home in the " Western Addition." 1 now supposed that my troubles all were over, so imagine my dismay when she placed me in a little mill and began turning the handle. I commenced sinking down, and ere long seemed to be being torn to shreds. Soon I was so thoroughly dissected that my best friend would not recognize me. At present I am lying in a little can, preparatory to being boiled. What my next experience will be I am at a loss to know, nor do I care much, as m} T life has been so full of troubles. WILLIE D. WARD, Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. 242 12th Street. 42 $k THING of beauty is a joy forever, " and this applies par- ?M ticularly to statuary. ®f-* Statuary is by no means of modern origin, as many dif- ferent pieces have been unearthed from time to time, proving that they were many thousand years old. A notable example of this is the Egyptian Sphynx and other ancient pieces. Italy and France are noted for their fine statuary ; the former for marble and the latter for bronze. America is not as yet far advanced in this art, but it is to be hoped that, as the country grows, it will progress in this, as it has done in many other things. A great deal of statuary is imported to the United States, and many beautiful homes are embellished by it. The very finest examples of this art, coming from all parts of the world, were exhibited at the World's Columbian Expo- sition. They were too numerous to mention, and I had the rare treat of viewing them. The immense crowds which continually thronged the Build- ing of Fine Arts, where the statuary was exhibited, showed the great appreciation of the public, and it proved the best education to the people. Our own Midwinter Fair also had some fine subjects in statu- ary, among which was a group of the Vanderbilt family of New York, also some fine Japanese bronzes, several of which have been purchased, and will remain in the Art Building and form the nucleus of the museum into which the Art Building is to be converted. BLANCHE M. STERNHEIM, 1728 Bush Street. Denman Gramma?' School, 8th Grade. apostrophe to the T^ccn. j& MOON, great orb of the reflected fire I That lights the world, when sinks the setting sun, My bosom fills with envy more than ire, To think of thee, the great and only one Who, at thy wish, can get sublimely full. Though others of their cash may be bereft, Thou canst always take another great, long pull, And still, O Moon, thou has a quarter left. Girls' High School, Written in Class. ALICE CHALMERS. 43 ^Benefits of the installment Ifllcm. 'HE room was dark, but there sat within A woman, pale, haggard and thin, In her arms she caressed a baby boy, And it seemed to be her only joy. The woman said, as she caressed her babe, That happiness o'er her home ne'er had strayed. I asked her to state the reason why, And she told me then with a sad, deep sigh, That for years she had toiled so hard and long To gain the comforts of a home, And she never thought she would see the day When she hadn't a place for her babe to lay. But now she was greatly in need of a cot, But how to get it, the way she knew not. She hadn't the money ready at hand, So I mentioned to her the Installment Plan. I never heard of that, she said, As she slowly raised her wearied head. Oh ! then I smiled and quickly said Have you of this great plan never read, How it aids many persons who now will take heed, By small payments get that which they need, Household goods and clothes beside, There is hardly an article that is denied. In another week I visited their home, And found that happiness was there alone With its welcome beams. But what was the reason? The Installment Plan had brought this joyful season. Oh ! dear friends, this is not the only home Where the Installment Plan's benefits are quickly shown, There are thousands of homes that this way seem Just as happy, all on account of this wonderful scheme. Mission Grammar School, yth Grade. AGNES CORRIGAN, 2307 Mariposa Street. 44 Indian Ijuboer j#|NE of the great commoaities of the world is rubber, be- lli cause of the many uses to which it can be applied. w The first notice of rubber on record by Europeans was given nearly five hundred years ago by Herrera, who in the second voyage of Columbus observed that the inhabitants of Hayti played a game with balls made of the gum of a tree, and that the balls were lighter, though larger, than the wind-balls of Castile. In 1 6 1 5 he published a paper w T ith an account of rubber. The caoutchouc-yielding trees are found in British India, the eastern shore of Africa, and South America, flourishing best on the rich alluvial banks of rivers in South America. South America yields nearly three-fourths of all the rubber used in the world. The sap is collected in the dry season between August and February. The trees are tapped in the evening and the juice collected on the following morning. To obtain the juice a deep horizontal incision is made near the base of the tree, and then from it a vertical one extending up the trunk with others at short distances in oblique directions. Small shallow cups made from a clayey soil are placed below the incisions to re- ceive the juice. The tree yields about six ounces of juice in three days. To obtain the rubber the juice is heated in the following manner : A piece of wood about three feet long with a flattened clay mould at one end is dipped in the milk. The milk is carefully dried by turning the mould round and round in a vapor obtained by heating certain oily palm nuts. Each layer of rubber is allowed to become firm before adding another. The rubber thus prepared is the finest that can be obtained. We are much indebted to Mr. Goodyear for the invention of vulcanizing rubber which widely extended its usefulness. He experimented six years, and at last found that by mixing the rubber with sulphur and heating it to a great degree made it flexible. It would be impossible to mention rubber's various uses. Belting, buffers, wheel-tires, washers, valves, pipes, fire-hose and other engineering appliances form a large branch of the rubber trade. Air-goods and water-proof cloth are made bj T placing layer after layer of india rubber paste on textile fabrics. There are between four hundred and six hundred rubber fac- tories in England. AGNES SCHUMACHER, 1223 Pierce Street. South Cosmopolita?i Grammar School, Jth Grade. 45 tihocclaie and Qccca. L f% COCOA plantation is set in quite the same manner as an ift apple orchard, except that the young stalks may be trans- ^t-* planted from the nursery after two months 'growth. Between rows and at like spaces are planted rows of Eucare, a tree of rapid growth that serves to shade the soil as well as to shield the young trees from the torrid sun. At the age of five years the plantation begins to bear fruit, and annually yields two crops that ripen in June and December. In gathering, care must be taken to cut down only fully ripened pods. The pods are left in a heap for about twenty- four hours. They are then cut open, and the seeds are taken out and carried in a basket to the place where they undergo the operation of sweating or curing. There the acid juice is first drained off, after which they are placed in a sweating-box and allowed to ferment, great care taken to keep the temperature from rising too high. The fermenting process is in some cases effected by throwing seed into holes or trenches in the ground and covering them with earth or clay. The seeds in this process, which is called clay- ing, are occasionally stirred to keep the fermentation from proceeding too violently. The sweating is a process which requires the very greatest attention and experience, as on it, to a great extent, depends the flavor of the seeds and their fitness for weather ; but a period of about two days yields the best results. Thereafter the seeds are exposed to the sun for drying and those of a fine quality should then assume a warm, reddish tint, which char- acterizes beans of a superior quality. The seeds of the chocolate plant are brought into market in their crude state as almond-shaped beans, which differ in color and somewhat in texture. The dried seeds have a papery, brittle shell, which is very smooth on the inside, but on the outside exhibits under the microscope a few short hairs and round excrescences. In preparing cocoa beans for use, they are first roasted like coffee beans, then they are bruised and cleaned of the husks. The husks which are thus parted are the cocoa shells of com- merce and the beans broken into pieces are called ' ' cocoa- nibs. " This is the purest form in which cocoa comes, The paste that is made by grinding the nibs alone is properly called cocoa, and that made by grinding them with other sub- stances and flavors, chocolate. MAMIE KENNEDY, 318 Hill Street. Franklin Grammar School, 6th Grade. 4 6 Advantages of a [Business Education. JN Alyl^ times and even at the present moment, in educa- tion, people do not consider what is the most practical branch and useful one in the end, but what branch of edu- cation is considered the best by society. There are many things worth spending time upon in order to know them, but, in practice, and not in theory, there is no education to equal a business one ; and, in order to be a thorough business man or woman, one must have as fine a course of instruction in that line as a lawyer requires in his profession or an architect in his. Science controls the day ; there is nothing we do that does not contain the elements of science in its nature, although we may not know it ; so it is in business ; there is a science to it, and, unless one is instructed in it, he or she cannot make a master business man or woman. We read of frauds and robberies committed by the very clerks, themselves, in an establishment that is considered first- class, and why ? Simply because the proprietors are poor managers and do not understand thoroughly how to conduct a business. Had they been educated, all evils would be avoided and a systematic business be carried on as a result of a good business education. Not alone is good management requisite in a business, but each separate branch must be conducted per- fectly by thoroughly trained business men ; the stenographer, the cashier, the bookkeeper, the clerks, all must have their own special work at their finger tips, and, therefore, should have a complete education in their own work. I advocate strongly a good business education for both men and women, whether or not they intend leading a mercantile life. Who can say what may come to them in the vicissitudes of life ? and, in time of emergency, of what avail are the classics or mathematics compared with a knowledge of business dealings ? Then, if a woman is educated along that line, may she not exert a pow- erful influence upon her husband who has not such a vast edu- cation on the subject ? I say a business education is highly necessary, and let the boys and girls have it, but do not allow them to go to poor schools, for a poor one is worse than none at all. MIRIAM B. LEVY, 150 1 Scott Street. Graduate Girls' High School, Class ' '94. 47 ^Bohemian Coffee. COFFEE is the seed contained in the berry of an evergreen shrub which grows in hot countries. The shrub nourishes best in moist air and well-drained soil ; accordingly the hill-slopes of the islands of the two Indies are found especially suited to its cultivation. The coffee plant prunes down to a height of five or six feet, so that it may bear better fruit and hold that fruit within easy reach. The ripening coffee berry has a bright red color, and looks something like a cherry, but day by day its hue changes till at last it becomes a lovely deep purple. The berry is very sweet as it is, and palatable. But it is not for its sweetness that the coffee plant is grown ; it is for the sake of the two hard oval seeds which lie close together at the berry's heart. These seeds are flat on one side and rounded at the other ; they lie with their flat faces towards each other, and are sur- rounded by a kind of tough husk which separates them from the juicy substances of the berry. When the berries are ripe they are spread out in the sun to dry, being turned from time to time, till the pulp is shriveled up into a kind of pod. This pod is removed by hand, and what remains of the dried-up pulp is washed away. There are now left only the coffee beans, as they are called, and the tough shell or case in which they are hidden from sight. These shells are broken by means of wooden rollers, all the chaff is winnowed away, and the coffee is ready at last to be packed in sacks, conveyed to the nearest seaport, and shipped to the markets of the world. Great care must be taken now to keep it separate from all articles having any strong odor, for coffee readily absorbs the odor of other substances. A few bags of pepper have been known to spoil a whole cargo of it. Before the coffee can be put upon the table it must be roasted chestnut brown, ground in a coffee mill, and steeped in boiling water. Most of us would wish to sweeten it, too, and add a little milk, though some coffee drinkers prefer their coffee straight. EMIE DOED, 262 Eighth Street. Franklin Grammar School^ 6th Grade. 4 8 rugs. rjllj'NDER drugs we understand, generally, substances used for I P the cure of ailments, though spices and coloring matter % are also included under that name. There are vegetable, mineral and animal drugs. The first are obtained from plants of which the bark, the leaves, the roots and the seeds are used. They areemploj^ed in the shape of teas, tinctures, extracts and oils. Quite a number of these are used in the arts for tanning, dyeing and other purposes. The mineral drugs are derived from the mineral kingdom in which, at present, sixty-four elementary bodies are recognized. Fifty of these belong to metals proper. Through chemical reaction, mixture and combination the great number of chem- icals are produced which are employed in medicine, as well as the arts. In the way to illustrate which drugs are obtained from the animal kingdom, I shall mention a few and their source. An- imal charcoal, for instance, is obtained by burning bones, and is, therefore, called animal charcoal. It is mainly used in sugar refineries for filteration. Pepsin, so greatly used in medicine, is obtained from the glandular layer of fresh stom- achs from healthy pigs. The Cochineal is an insect found wild in Mexico and Central America, inhabiting different kinds of cactus plants. It is used for red coloring. Having thus endeavored to describe to you what is meant by the term of drugs I close, hoping that I have succeeded to some extent. RAE FI^ATOW, 810 Hyde Street. South Cosmopolitan Grammar School, 8th Grade. Why the Stars (bwin^fe. if HY do the stars wink their eyes so bright When one looks into their faces at night ? They seem to nod their heads of gold And look at one with a countenance bold. Perhaps it's because Mr. Moon is expected, Or, maybe he's out, and must not be neglected ; So they counsel together and wink their bright eyes, While planning for him some pleasant surprise. TINA RICHARDSON. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 49 Ike ^rr: H ! LUSCIOUS berry of the noblest lands, Product of all the climes that perfumes breathe, Nature salutes thee, and with eager hands Would thee with crown of thine own glory wreathe. Xor 3'ields the gifted soil a richer tithe ; The golden fields bent 'neath their precious weight, The very essence, nay, the germ of life ; These only can their treasures equal rate. The subtle fragrance of thy clust'ring vines Brings grateful balm to parched and longing lips ; It cools the fevered brow, and c mooths the lines Of Pain, when that dread Monarch regal sits. To health and joy thou lend'st a brighter hue, Thy pleasant fruit, a source of sweet delight ; Thou temp' st the palate that thou seem'st to sue To taste of thy delicious fulsome wright. E 'en great Osiris, idol of the Nile, Hath prized the sweet aroma of thy fruit ; Nay, Israel's Patriarch of the floating Isle Oft quaffed the must of thy most generous root. And yet thou hast thy stern and austere foes, That reck not of thy good, thy cause abuse, Such erring minds see but the frenzied throes, Of those, who wantonly, God's gifts misuse. JENNIE SCHWARZSCHILD, 2015 Buchanan Street. Graduate of Denman School, 18Q4. 5o & rocenes. LARGE portion of food eaten by us consists of groceries. At every meal there are groceries on the table in some shape, either as salt, pepper, tea, coffee, sugar, or in some other form. Tea, one of the most common of groceries, is used by al- most every one. A great amount of the tea used in the United States is imported from China. There are different kinds of tea, such as comet, English Breakfast, uncolored Japan, green tea, etc. Coffee is commonly used for breakfast, and a great many Germans use it with every meal. Mocha and Java are the finest kinds of coffee. Java is raised on the island of Java in the West Indies. Sugar, which is exported from Honolulu and other places that have warm climates, is a great necessity. It is used to sweeten tea, coffee, preserves and a great many cooked arti- cles. Four kinds of sugar are, granulated, powdered, loaf and brown sugar. Although there is not so much difference in the taste of sugar, there is a great deal of difference in its ap- pearance. Spices, such as nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon, are always convenient to have in the house, as they are often used to im- prove the taste of food. Flavoring extracts are in much demand, especially to people who do much cooking in the line of pies and puddings. Vanilla, lemon and pineapple are three different flavoring extracts. Condiments — tomato catsup, Worcestershire sauce, pepper sauce, pickled onions, caper sauce, pickles, pickled mush- rooms and chow-chow, give a great deal of flavor to anything they are eaten with, especially cold meats. Canned fruits, jellies and jams are used a great deal in win- ter, as they are much cheaper than butter. There is also cocoa and chocolate. To make a delicious drink on a rainy day there is nothing tastes better than chocolate or cocoa. Then a few high-tea cakes, or cocoanut cakes, choco- late wafers, or any of those fancy cakes that can be bought in a grocery store, go very nicely with it. Dried fruits, such as dried pears, apples and peaches, can be obtained all the year round, and stewed they make a very good dessert. There are numerous other things in the line of groceries that when eating them we do not think of their importance, but if they could not be obtained they would be missed greatly. JULIA BYRNES, Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. 37^2 Russ Street. 5i Itafian ^aste, Vermicelli and ^fKacaroni. pvOUR is first brought downstairs by means of a chute. Then three one-hundred-pound, sacks are put into a mix- ing machine and a pail of boiling water and a pail of cold water is added. The flour and water are left in this mixing machine about twent}^-five minutes. When the flour and water have been thoroughly mixed, they are taken out through a door in the bottom of this machine and put in a large sort of tub, in which it is rolled by a marble millstone. This millstone turns around and crushes all the little lumps of flour that may be in it. Then it is put in a. machine with a mold at the bottom, and one machine makes Macaroni and the other Vermicelli. This Macaroni and Vermicelli is cut into lengths of about one yard long and put on trays and sent upstairs into a room that is filled with steam, in order to make it tough. Then it is put into another room with a little air and a good deal of steam in order to make it a little harder. After this still it is removed to another room to finish it. The Italian paste consists of little designs, letters and fig- ures cut out of the flour. It takes 1,200 lbs. of hydraulic pressure to make Vermicelli and 1,000 lbs. of hydraulic pressure to make Macaroni. In making the yellow Macaroni and Vermicelli the yolk of egg and saffron are used. Macaroni, Vermicelli and Italian paste are used for food, for soup, etc. The stamps that mold the Macaroni, Vermicelli and Italian paste are made of copper, with the design wanted stamped on them. After being used, these stamps are put in water and thoroughly cleaned for use the next time they are wanted. The whole stamping outfit is called the pastile. The boxes for the Macaroni, Vermicelli and Italian paste are made in the factory, but downstairs. First the wood is chopped by means of a machine with something like a wheel and an edge like a saw. This cuts the wood as it is pushed through ; then by means of another machine the board is evened off. The sides and ends are put together by means of another machine. One side and one end are taken and a piece for the foot is pressed upon and two nails are put in at once ; then the bottom is put on ; then the boxes are put in an intensely heated, air- tight room, so that the boxes may be thorough^ dried, be- cause the Macaroni, Vermicelli and Italian paste would get sour if they were not dry. LUCY L. DUNNE, 91 2 A I^arkin Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade. 52 ^jewefrr. T IS said that every class of people of which any mention is made, from the savage to the civilized, have had a fondness for jewelry. History tells us that no matter how rude or humble the race or tribe was, their vanity found pleasure in personal adornment. The first jewelry worn was made from natural objects, such as small shells or pebbles, dried berries, colored feathers and claws of wild beasts, strung together in some outlandish man- ner, and worn on the head, neck, arms and legs, the fingers and toes, ears and nose of the braves and dusky maidens. Iyongfellow, in " The Song of Hiawatha," writes of the la- ment of the ancient arrow maker, after Hiawatha had carried off his charming daughter, Minnehaha : "Comes a 3^-outh with flaunting feathers, Beckons to the fairest maiden, And she follows where he leads her, Leaving all things for the stranger !" The advocates of Delsartism went the savages one better, and introduced rings for the thumbs. In the Bible it speaks of the golden calf that Aaron made out of the golden earrings taken from the wives, sons and daughters of the children of Israel, and how they worshiped this calf until Moses came down from the mountains, and, in his indignation at witnessing such a spectacle, took the calf and burnt it in the fire, then ground it to powder, and put it up- on the water, and made them drink of it. Probably that is where the saying originated of ' ' tasting the gold in their drink." The manufacture of jewelry reached a high state of perfec- tion under the Egyptians, while the Greek and Roman jewelry is said to be unsurpassed by our modern workmen. Modern jewelry is divided into three classes, viz : I. Objects in which gems form the principal part. II. When the metal is the most important part, used with gems. III. When the metal is used alone. Pacific Heights School, Jth Grade. ADAH E. HORR, 2207 Webster Street. 53 (pure (painis. [URE paint was perfected only in very late times. The art of architecture is very old, and is derived from the ancient Greek, Roman and Gothic models. They have never been improved, and perhaps never will be. But one thing that has been greatly improved upon is the paint, which gives the houses of the present time a very artistic ap- pearance. In ancient times they had a very rude sort of paint, but in later years it has been wonderfully improved by combining several colors together, and this gives it a very beautiful effect. Pure paint consists of one-half zinc, one-half lead, mixed with pure linseed oil. This is passed through three powerful sets of mills and six powerful mixers. This mixing takes twelve hours. Lead gives hardness and a glossy appearance. Zinc enables the paint to spread well. The mixing gives spreading proper- ties, great bod}- and elasticity. Pure paints contain pure white lead, pure oxide of zinc, pure coloring pigments and pure linseed oil. Lead and oil alone would make a paint too soft, and it would chalk too easily. Zinc alone would be too hard. Pure paint contains no water, benzine, barytes, whiting or other adulterants. There are forty different shades for houses, which have been obtained by long experience. Pure paint is the most durable and most beautiful paint known. Two coats of it will last well for five years. It is used for outside and inside work, for painting plastered walls, for floors, for tin and shingled roofs, and many other things. It is differentlv mixed according to the surface to be painted. ANNIE RAUER, South Cosmopolitan Gram. School, 7 th Grade. 1 1 20 Ellis Street. If T °Were an Jprhst, ^whai £ ^woutd [paint. J!tERE I an artist, I would paint -jj-. Some pure madonna, or a saint, A scene of mount, of brook or hill, A noisy, babbling little rill. A glimpse of home, from cares all free, And baby asleep on papa's knee, With face of innocence, peace, repose, And such, that none but an artist knows. Girls' High School, Written in Class. EDA COBLENTZ. 54 ^holography. -HOTOGRAPHY, like other branches of chemistry, owes its origin to the alchemist, who in his fruitless researches after the Philosopher's Stone and Elixir Vitae, produced a substance to which he gave the name of Euna Cornea or Horn Silver, which was observed to blacken on exposure to light. This property of the substance constitutes the leading fact upon which the science of photography is based. The honor of having been the first to produce pictures by the ac- tion on a sensitive surface is now very generally conceded to Thomas Wedgwood. In 1814 a process called heliography was accomplished by Mr. Niepce. This process consisted in coating a piece of plated silver or glass with a varnish made by dissolving powdered asphaltum to saturation in oil of lav- ender, taking care that the drying and setting of this varnish be allowed to take place in the entire absence of light and moisture. The plate so prepared was then exposed in the camera obscura for a length of time varying from four to six hours, according to the amount of light given. A process called "Dry Collodion Process," was to wash off the free nitrate from the surface and allow the film to dry in the ab- sence of light. A number of sensitive plates can be prepared by this method in anticipation of a journey. A late improve- ment in the preparation of the glass for a negative consists in giving it a thin coat of albumen on the side which is to re- ceive the collodion. The practice of photography in the pres- ent day is confined almost exclusively to the Positive, the Negative and the Dry Collodion Processes. The Positive is to obtain in the camera a direct image, which is to be viewed by reflected light ; and as it is desired that the pictures so pro- duced should possess pure blacks and whites, an inorganic (nitric) acid is used in the bath and the developer ; proto- sulphate of iron is also of inorganic origin, these being the conditions best calculated to produce a deposit of pure white metallic silver. In the Negative process, however, an image possessing density to transmitted light is required ; accord- ingly an organic (acetic) acid is used, both in the bath and developer ; and in order still further to insure an efficient sup- ply of organic matter to combine with the silver at the moment of its reduction, pyrogallic acid is sometimes exclusively used. RAY OPPENHEIMER, 1534 O'Farrell Street. Hamilton Gramma?' School, Sth Grade. 55 ^)He ^Birifiday (gift J%END your head down close to mine | !$ While I tell to you a secret fine. / ^ You must solemnly promise it to keep, Else, I won't tell it to you, my sweet. Mamma's birthday is coming very soon And I only ask of you this boon, That to us your presence you will lend, If I to you an invitation send. Now I hope you will not give away The present we are to give that day. We saved and planned it so well, And then we left it to Sister Belle. She went to work without delay And searched and hunted for many a day To find a gift that health and rest could give , And last as long as one would live. We love her so, there's nothing too fine To give to this darling mother of mine. So this present, fit for any queen, She is to have a Sewing Machine. How glad she'll be, what sewing she'll do For us children all — may be something for you, For the machine sews, ruffles, embroiders so fine, There is not a machine so good in the line. No machine with it can even compare, And none have I heard ever did dare ; So Belle has, I am sure, made the very best choice ; That we all say with one glad voice. Don't forget ; be sure to remember The birthday comes on the first of September. Send the machine to our number and street; And we will give it a welcome sweet. HAZEL A. BROWN, 291 1 Deakin Street, Berkeley. Le Co7ite School, 6th Grade. 56 Statuary. Jjjjf HAT a mine of interest trie very name brings to mind ! IjjH If these figures of marble and china, the forms of clay ^^ and shapes of brass, could have the gift of speech for one &zy, what stories we should hear ! Who has not seen statues of Venus, Mars, Cupid, and all the other Greek gods and goddesses ? From the earliest period of paganism the people fashioned statues of their favorite deities. In the ruins of the buried cities of Pompeii and Her- culaneum statues and statuettes are being constantly un- earthed. Nearly everyone has seen copies of the celebrated Greek statue of Venus, Venus was the goddess of beauty. The statue is considered perfect in proportion. It is also thought to be the natural outline of the female form. England also has many beautiful statues, both ancient and modern. If the statues in Westminster Abbey could be im- bued with life, they would be much surprised to find them- selves in such a place and among such queer associates. leaving England and coming to the United States, the first statue we think of is that of George Washington. What American does not feel patriotic when he sees on a public square the statue of our greatest hero ! It seems strange to us to think that while Italy and France, indeed all Europe, were making statues and painting pictures, our own country remained undiscovered. Talking about our country reminds me of the person who found our land. What would Columbus think if his statue had come to life while the World's Fair was going on ? He would have been much astonished, to say the least, at the place in which he would have found himself. All the great buildings and their contents would sadly confuse him. Nearly all the sculptors who desire to become masters of their art go to Italy for a course of study. France also has many beautiful works of art. Her public gardens and boule- vards usually contain many statues. Spain's statuary is mostly religious in character. The most noted Italian sculptor was Michael Angelo, who did much to improve the art. The noted French sculptors now living are David D'Angers, Pradier and Clesinger. Olin Warner is one of the noted American sculptors. He was born in Connecticut about forty years ago. He modeled many beautiful things for the Centennial Exposition (1876). JULIA CUNNINGHAM, Mission Grammar School, Sth Grade. 322 Eighteenth Street. 57 ^Fie JsitUe ^broo^. MID the woodland's shady dells A little brook its story tells ; And bending silently so near Tall elder trees stoop low to hear. By banks of gay free flowers This little brook runs on by hours ; And as it flows on to the sea It sings a song to you and me. Little birds from their shady nook Hover o'er this running brook ; And as it passes over ferns The miller's wheel it quietly turns. Through many a quaint old town it passes Where live people of all classes. It takes in every thing in motion Until it reaches the dark blue ocean. ELSIE SILVA. Written in Class. Girls' High School. j£postropfie to the DtfZoon. ArH ! Beautiful muon ! fill May thy silvery light ^ Guide spotted mortals' steps aright. Send, always send, thy silvery aid, That we may ne'er be lost in shade, For thou, that rulest waves and tide, Shall not forsake this land, our pride ; And if thou should 'st but one may know Where on this flying path we go. FLORENCE SOLLMAN. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 4 58 Hazel A. Brown. Groceries, fN every, country, State and clime, Groceries are needed all the time. Where, the freshest and best of them to find, Is ever the wish and study of mankind. Blest is the firm who, with the greatest of ease, Has found the way the people to please. The grocers, Goldberg, Bowen and L,ebenbaum, Have joined together and found the charm. The very moment they open their doors, Into them trade from everywhere pours. Men and women are ashamed to own That they never heard of I^ebenbaum & Bowen. All know, of grocers, they take the lead, For half of the city they surely feed. There's not a city, village or town, But offer to them the enviable renown. A short time ago they were separate firms, But such a good name they both did earn, That it was then decreed by fate By all means they should consolidate ; 59 And thus build up a gigantic trade, Where millions of dollars could be made. And that this is just exactly right Is proved by visiting the store some night. The minute you enter the very door You see many things you ne'er saw before ; And whenever a trip through the store is paid, You may well think a trip round the world you have made. It is just like a tale from the Arabian Nights, Everything is so beautiful — everything so bright. You need but to express a wish or command, And instantly a Genii will before you stand, Ready to bring, at your will or pleasure, From any land the rarest treasure ; Exactly as if Aladdin's lamp you possessed, And thus gained every wish you had expressed. The groceries kept are always fresh and good, And embrace every known article of food. Barrels, boxes, casks, cases and crate, Are coming and going from early till late. The owners are men whom all do trust, For they have been found honest and just. So may Heaven bless and keep from harm, Our grocers, Goldberg, Bo wen & Eebenbaum. HAZEE A. BROWN, 291 1 Deakin Street, Berkeley. Le Conte School, 6th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Goldberg, Bowen & Lebenbaum. Sadly Left; W HREE little kittens in a kitchen were playing, M And in their kitten talk they were all saying : " I wonder if we can't find something real nice, Such as a great big bowl of milk with lots of rice ! " Suddenly on the table they discovered a dish, And thinking that in it were probably some fish, They jumped up in a rush, all scrambling to see, And found to their disgust nothing but " cold, cold tea." JENNIE A. BURY. Hamilton Grammar School, 8th Grade. 6c Carpets, fARPET is a kind of woolen cloth used princi- pally for the floors of apartments. It is made generally of wool, but is also made of cotton, hemp and straw. It is made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, and is thus distin- guished from a rug or mat. In Egypt they were used first by the priests in the temples of religion, and in the palaces of the Pharoahs. The pre-emi- nence of the ancient Babylonian carpet weavers does not appear ever to have been lost sight of by their successors, and at the present time the carpets of Persia are as much prized and eagerly sought by European nations as they were when ancient Babylon was in the zenith of its glory. Oriental carpets were first introduced into Spain by the Moors ; into France, during the reign of Henry IV, and later by the Venetians into Italy. Persia is now, as it has been from the most remote period, the recognized source of what is truly artistic, durable and valuable in their manufacture. In Persia there are entire tribes and families whose sole oc- cupation is that of carpet weaving. The greater portion of the real Turkish carpets imported in- to England are made by hand. The manufacture of carpets is widely distributed throughout the East Indies. The weaving is carried on entirely by natives. There is considerable variety in the designs of Indian carpets, but it is allowed that they exhibit perfection of har- monious coloring. LlLLIE E. McGlLL. 6i The characteristic carpet weaving of Europe is entirely the product of machine or loom work, and of such there are sev- eral distinct varieties, namely : Kiderminster or Scotch, Brus- sels, Moquette, Wilton, Tapestry and Axminster. In the United States the manufacture of carpet is very ex- tensive and carried on to great perfection. Carpets add greatly to the beauty of an apartment if taste is displayed in their selection. They should be darker in tone and more broken in hue than any other portion of a room that is fully furnished, because they present the largest mass of color and serve as a background to the furniture. Lighter carpets in more sparsely furnished apartments. A better idea of the wonderful degree of perfection to which this branch of industry has reached could not be obtained than by a visit to any of the great carpet emporiums in our own city, where are to be found the choicest makes that the world produces, of every grade and texture, of every degree of price, from the highest to the lowest, all tastefully selected and artistically arranged, producing a harmony of shades that would fain entitle the admiration of the most fastidious. LILLIE E. McGIUU 2 200 Steiner Street. Pacific Heights Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by W. & J. Sloane & Co. The Children in Our Block, [H see them in the morning We see them late at night, We see them all day Sunday — They are never out of sight. They're laughing and they're shouting They're as noisy as can be ; They're always happy, never pouting — A frown you never see. They are kind to those around them, They are kind to those they meet; They are never mean or selfish — The children in our street. GETTIE STODDARD. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 62 S)rit0$* 9 RUG is a name or- dinarily applied to simple medicines, but by extension to every substance em- ployed in the cure of disease. It is from the Teutonic trocken, " to dry." A drug may be an animal, vegetable or mineral substance. In the earlier part of the world's history these substances in crude forms were applied to all al- tered conditions of the body constitut- ing disease. To the alchemist of old, however, is due the credit of making the first scientific investigations and discoveries, which have led up to the perfect knowledge of modern chemistry. Chemistry was virtually the art of extracting juices from plants for medicinal purposes. It is to the perfect science of chemistry of to-day that we are indebted for the elegant and exact preparations of drugs, in- stead of the nauseating decoctions of early times. The nicety and precision with which all drugs are now pre- pared and dispensed renders them palatable and pleasing in ap- pearance, and robs them of their terrors when taken as a medicine. Drugs when not properly used often do more harm than good. When necessary, which often happens, none but the best should be used, regardless of cost. Nothing should ever be too good or too costly for the sick. In order to procure the best only the largest and most complete establishments should be patronized, where every facility for the proper compound- ing of drugs is offered . Drugs to exercise their full medicinal effects must be made fresh, from selected stock, in small quantities, and of standard Fannie Kingsland. 63 strength. If long kept they become changed from the light, heat and evaporation, which would make some dangerous to use, while others would become practically inert. The effect of drugs on the body, according to the kind used, ranges from a mild carminative to a most deadly narcotic. It would be well to remember also that no two drugs have exact- ly the same effect, and oftentimes the same drug has contrary effects in different persons. FANNIE KINGSIvAND, 1778 Green Street. Pacific Heights Graiiimar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Wakelee & Company. ®Jj£ ganb pJJjere the go$t ®hm0$ ©ix >HERE is the land where the lost things go ? Is it a country of rain and snow ? Or do tropic flowers bloom all the year ? And what is done with the lost things there ? Could they know the grief of the little girl, When Tommy or Jennie, Rosie or Pearl Are lost, the heart of the child would be filled with joy, By the quick return of her cherished toys. Oh, cruel people in that unknown land, Could you not keep your wicked hands From mamma's thimble or baby's toy And the precious tops of our darling boy ? HELEN SIMMONS. GirW High School, written in Class. 6 4 Custom Boots and Shoes, rHE aches and pains which af- flict humanity are very numerous, but there are none that cause more annoy- ance than those of the feet. Corns, bunions and swelled joints are some of the com- plaints of the feet, and are in most cases the result of wearing for their covering something which has a tendency to gall, chafe or compress the toes, joints or heels in such a man- ner that every step causes unnatural friction, or a strain- ing of the joints and cords. Prevention is always better than cure for physical com- plaints, and to prevent these ailments of the feet, the parents of children should see that they have proper feet wear, made to conform to the natural construction of the foot. If a person is unfortunate enough to have any of the various foot complaints, their only remedy is to have their shoes or boots made expressly to accommodate the afflicted parts. It is therefore necessary, if we desire shoes that will be be- coming in appearance and comfortable to wear, that we have them made by some one who can take the proper dimensions of the feet, show good judgment in the selection of material used, and be skilled in their construction, that they may be durable and give a satisfactory fit. In measuring, a pencil mark is made around each foot on a piece of paper to learn the amount of space the bottom of the foot occupies ; then the dimensions in length are taken from heel to toe upon a measuring stick, and after that a tape meas- ure is drawn over the foot at the ball, waist and instep. John E. Raker. 65 With these measurements a pair of lasts can be fitted up that will conform to the right and left foot upon which the shoes are made. From the last the pattern is draughted, and care must be taken to have the seams and ridges so located as to not inter- fere with tender or bending places of the foot. The bottom of the shoe is made of sole leather and must be pliable and tough. The outside of the uppers is made from calf, kangaroo, goat and various other skins, which have been tanned into leather suitable for the part for which they are intended. If the shoe is for easy indoor wear, the material is light and pliable ; but if the shoe is to be worn in rough places and sub- jected to a good deal of strain, they are made heavier. The advantage of having custom-made shoes is that we can have them fit the feet, while if we buy them read} 7 -made we must fit our feet to the shoes. JOHN E. BAKER, 717 Eddy Street. Clement Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by John Utschig. Our F&milu Gat, f LOVABLE thing is our family cat, As she sleeps in the bright sunlight ; But a hateful thing is the same old cat When she causes a concert at night. A mild, gentle thing seems this quiet cat, When she basks in the firelight ; But not quite so mild and gentle is she, When she starts in to scratch and bite. Although she's only a little black cat, With white on her paws and breast, We love her, and would not exchange her for The finest cat in the W T est. MATTIE IJAMvS. Girls 1 High School, Written in Class. 66 k ewelry t [BRSONAIy ornaments seem to have been among the very first objects on which the invention and ingenuity of man were exercised. The granulations of surfaces practised by the Curuscans was long a puzzle and a problem to the modern jeweler, until Signor Castellani, of Rome, discovered gold workers in the Abrizzi, to whom the method had descended through many generations, and by inducing some of these men to go to Naples revived the art, of which he contributed examples to the Iyondon Exhibition of 1872, successfully applied to modern designs. Modern jewelry may be classified under three heads : 1st, objects in which gems and stones form the principal portions, and in which the gold work is really only a means for carrying out the design, by fixing the gems or stones in a position ar- ranged by the designs ; the gold being visible only as a setting ; 2nd, when gold work plays an important part in the develop- ment of the design, being itself ornamented by engraving or enameling or both, the stones and gems being arranged in sub- ordination to the gold work in such positions as to give a de- corative effect to the whole ; 3rd, when gold or other metal is alone used, the design being wrought by hammering in re- pousse, casting, engraving or chasing, or the surface left abso- lutely plain but polished and highly finished. A design is first made on paper, drawn, or colored, and when needed with separate enlargements of details, everything in short to make the drawing thoroughly intelligible to the jeweler. According to the nature and purpose of the design, he cuts out, hammers, files and brings into shape the construc- tive portions of the work as a basis. Upon this, as each detail is wrought out, he solders or fixes by rivets the ornamentation necessary to the effect. The human figure, representations of animal life, leaves, and fruit, are modeled in wax, moulded and cast in gold to be chased up and finished. As the hammering goes on the metal becomes brittle and hard, and then it is passed through the fire to anneal or soften it. When stones are to be set, or when they form the principal portions of the design, the gold has to be wrought by hand so as to receive them in little cup-like orifices, the walls of gold enclosing the stone, and allowing the edge to be bent over to secure it. 67 Stones set in a slovenly manner, however brilliant in them- selves, will look commonplace by the side of skillfully set gems of much less fine quality. Enameling has of late years taken the place of " paste " or false stones. Engraving is a simple process in itself, and diversity of effect can be produced by skillful manipulation. MINNIE JENNE, 247 Eangton Street. Fra?iklin Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by W. K. Vander- slice & Company. ! HY is it the stars so twinkle ? ' ' Asked a child of three or four, While pride with joy was mingled As she stood at the open door, And gazed at the sky above her, Ablaze with heavenly light, That never seemed to slumber But kept its watch ail night. "Because when baby's naughtj^, The Angels shut their eyes, But ope them just as quickly At your fault, to hide surprise ; For when you slap poor brother, His eyes soon fill with tears And his weak voice cries for pit}', And comes to the Angels' ears." CHRISTINA REGAN. Girls' High School, Written in Class. €8 m to^raphij, "M T is somewhat dif- 1J ficult to deter- mine a date when photographic action originated. It may be supposed that Scheele, a Swedish chemist, was the first to discover that sil- ver chloride could be darkened by the ac- tion of the sun. England immedi- ately took advantage of this discovery and claims the honor of producing the first photograph by the utilization of his ob- servations. The first one to design a process of photography, which gave pictures that were subsequently unchanged by light, was Nicephore de Niepce. His process consisted of coating the surface of a me- tallic plate with a solution, and exposing it to a camera image. It is thought that a method will be discovered by means of which the colored rays that make up the white light may leave their respective colors on the sensitive surface ; but at the pres- ent time this cannot be done, because these colors remain only a short time on the surface, being soon destroyed by the action of light. The camera is the eye through which we see hundreds of places otherwise invisible to us. Its pictures are one of the greatest boons to the civilized world. By its aid the poor and the rich are alike amused. It enables us to partially enjoy the pleasure of traveling while we are in our own homes. An Italian invented the first camera in 1540, which was use- less, but it was the mother of the apparatus now in use. The camera of to-day is worked in this manner : A dark cloth is draped about it to lighten or darken the effect, and a lens is also moved back and forth. The image is taken on glass al- LlLLIAN CLAEKSON. 69 most instantaneously, the exposure in some cameras being from five seconds to one one-hundredth of a second. The negative or piece of glass on which the picture is taken is then developed, or goes through a chemical process by which the picture upon its surface becomes visible. Then the nega- tive is placed over a piece of silvered paper, and both are fast- ened in a wooden frame so that the sun 's rays may act upon them and cause the picture to appear on the paper. This paper is produced by moistening it with metallic silver. This does not change color in a dark place, but in the sunlight it becomes nearly black. The violet rays of the sun have the most influence on the image. After being in the sunlight a short time the picture on the paper side is light gray, but the longer the sunlight acts upon it the darker it becomes, varying from a light brown to almost black. After the image is impressed upon the sensitized paper, it is removed from the frame and retouched. Photography has been so improved that pictures are now taken while the object is in motion. The camera was modeled after the eye and has advanced with civilization, from the crude apparatus of early times to its present scientific state. UUJAN CLARKSON, 522 Eddy Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade, The above writer won the prize awarded by F. H. Bushnell. j£ Small Sister's Opinion of " Qur (fo finny. } ' jUR Johnny is the happiest boy In all this great wide town, For Uncle Dave to-day gave him An ugly painted clown. /couldn't love a piece of wood Just 'cause it talks like Poll, And jumps and squeaks when it's touched- TV rather love my doll. ESTELLE BAKER. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 7o (VeHington Coat. §NCE] upon a time way down in the deep dark earth, where "Old Sol, " the Day King, never showed his bright face, a noble family of the ancient name , Wellington , ruled over all the coal-bearing regions. For many years this King Wellington's ancestors had ruled wisely and justly. One day the king and his subj ects were startled to hear a great, loud, rum- bling noise in the distance. It came nearer and nearer, louder and louder, until — who can describe that moment ? the earth trembled and with a terrible noise it parted, and the light of day streamed into the dark palace of King Wellington. The whole city was in a tumult to know the cause of the light, and crowds had gathered in the grand court of the pal- ace. Looking upward they perceived a great golden ball far off, and the light, which had caused so much confusion, seemed to come directly from it. The hard, black walls of the palace shone like gold in its rays. When the tumult had somewhat subsided, the people wisely went about their work, to await events. This state of affairs, however, did not last long, for very soon many queer little things dressed in black were walking over their heads and peering into the hole. Before long they had built long pieces of wood into the ground and were soon at work. One morning the king and his people were surprised to see these black things coming down the pieces of wood. When they alighted they were all talking, and one man was heard to say, " That earthquake of 3^esterday has made us rich. This is a valuable mine of genuine Wellington coal, and we all Mary McKeon. 7i know what Wellington means." Very soon the news of the discovery of the mine of Wellington coal — the joy of the house- hold — spread like wild-fire over the country. In a short time many men were working with queer tools in the king's coun- try. They tore down his palace, and his loyal citizens cried out, but their cries were buried in the crash with which the stately palace fell. Piece by piece it was put into a huge box, and the heart-broken citizens saw it hoisted high above their heads. After awhile it disappeared altogether, never to be seen again in that underground world. Nor did these greedy men stop here, but day after day the homes and families were broken up and carried away. It was my good luck to meet one day the father of one of these families of coal, who told me the sad way in which his family was broken up. He told me how he was put in a box with two of his children and a number of families which they knew, and carried away. They were put in a dark place in a large ship, which shook very much. We were glad to get on shore again, where we were put in a wagon and carried to a large house. Here our eyes were greeted by the welcome sight of piles of coal, but we were well able to hold ourselves above them all, for none of them bore the envied name — Wellington. Before long we were purchased by some man and brought to his house. The family were de- lighted by our warm, genial glow, and the husband declared he would never use any other coal. MARY McKEON, 21 1 6 Steiner Street. Pacific Heights Grammar School, Graduate Class 'p^. The above writer won the prize awarded by Thomas Morton. Our [Brave jferoes. k H, ye brave, courageous heroes, From whom the tide of life hath fled, But who in your time hath fought the foes, And among the thousands bled. Forgotten ! your deeds shall be never, Nor your names e'er be effaced ; But will keep their place forever In the hearts of our American race. MABEL LEARY. Girl 1 s High School, Written in Class. 72 Rubier Goods, Wm. Boradori. fHE method by which to utilize the catechu that was so abundant in the Bast Indies and in South America, had long been sought. Ships had brought it over as ballast from time im- memorial, and one and another had at- tempted to render it useful in the manu- facture of those arti- cles for which it seemed so perfectly- adapted, and which the world stood in need of. France was the first to put it to any real use, not far from the year 1820, by weaving strands of the rubber with the goods for garters and suspenders ; and also to some extent for blacking and polish. The first pair of India-rubber shoes were exhibited in Boston in 1820, but they were what one would call monstrosities, and were looked upon merely as curiosities more than anything else. In the summer these melted, and the only thing to be done was to discover a process of preparation. A process was discovered by Mr. Chaffee which was believed to be the best thing yet hit upon. Just as soon as the sum- mer heat came his goods melted also, but this was not all, for they gave such an offensive odor that they were obliged to bury them. A gentleman stepped into the warerooms of a company in Philadelphia only for curiosity, to inspect the rubber goods, and purchased a life preserver, which he examined carefully, and finding the valve clumsy and defective, he invented a bet- ter one, with which he hurried back to New York, hoping to sell it to some company. This man, born with genius stamped upon his brow and upon his soul, was Charles Goodyear. Mr. Goodyear listened to the agent of the company in sil- ence. He went home to devote the best of his years to study and experiment. Again and again his efforts were fruitless ; but he steadily answered : ' ' There is a way — there must be one 73 — and I will find it!' ' Every preparation on the known earth was used in vain. In 1835 he produced sheets of gum cloth so smooth and firm as to win him a medal at the fair of the American Institute ; but he discovered, however, that a drop of acid would ruin it. The next operation , and one which , unconsciously to himself, carried him to the very edge of success, was also the result of accident. He was one day bronzing a piece of rubber cloth, when, wishing to remove the bronze from part of it, he used aqua- fortis. This removed the bronze and in a few days the cloth had grown as hard as slate under the effects. He produced several hundred mail bags for the government, but again the goods proved worthless. He was, however, able in 1P41 to produce perfect vulcanized India-rubber with economy and certainty. No inventor, probably, was ever so harassed, so trampled upon, so plundered by that sordid and licentious class of in- fringers, known in the parlance of the world as pirates, as was this man. WILLIAM BORADORI, 1509 Kansas Street. Polytechnic High School, Middle Class. The above writer won the prize awarded by the Goodyear Rubber Company. That Boy! LITTLE boy but ten years old Knew more tricks than ever were told ; He tied tin cans to his dog's tail And left him home to bark and wail. His mother sighed, ' ' That boy, that boy ! When he'll reform, I'll dance for joy ; But well I know that day won't come, No, not until he's twenty-one. LOUISE HOLLING, Girls' High School, Written in Class. 5 74 c (bi]pe- Ip'ROM the earliest known history people have had some W method of printing ; at first by means of blocks cut in various designs, gradually improving until some four hundred years ago, the art of printing from movable type was discovered. The credit of discovering this marvelous art is claimed by I^awrence Coster, between the years 1420-26, and by the Ger- mans on behalf of Johann Gutenberg, who printed the first Bible during the years 1450-55. TJie types used in printing at the present day are sorted in cases' or shallow boxes, with divisions. These are of two kinds — the upper and lower case, the latter lying nearest to the compositor. All the capitals, large and small, accented letters, a few of the points and characters used as references, are in the upper case. All the small letters, figures, the remainder of the points and spaces to place between the words, occupy the lower case. The compositor places his copy before him on the upper case, and, standing in front of the lower case, he holds in his left hand a little iron tray, called a composing stick. This tray is usually from six to twelve inches in length, two inches wide, and five-eighths of an inch in depth, and will hold about twenty lines of matter. One by one the compositor lifts the letters, points or spaces into his stick, holding each one with his left hand, and placing them from left to right along the line. On reaching the end of the line, he re-arranges the spaces. When his stick is full of lines he lifts them out, and places them on a tray called a galley. When the galley is full an impression is taken of it and sent to the proof-reader, who marks upon the margin an\- errors he may find. After being corrected, the matter is divided into pages of any desired size, headlines and numerals are added, the pages are secured in an iron frame or chase, the matter is again cor rected, and the form is given to the pressman. The invention of type has had a wonderful effect on civiliza- tion and commerce throughout the world. It has led to the printing of newspapers by which we are kept informed about events that happen in all parts of the world. Books have be- come numerous and cheap, so that education is extended to all persons. HARRY B. GAWTHORNE, 137 Chestnut Street. Washington Grammar School, yth Grade. The above writer won the prize offered by Palmer & Rey Type P'oundry Compan}-. 75 Carriage Dfftanufadure. T was a summer evening, The moon was up in sight ; We thought to take a carriage And see the Fair that nieht. "o J My coz just from the country, Her name I'll tell, 'twas Kate ; She said, " Let's see the M'chan'cal Arts. Although 'tis awful late." We elbowed through the lower floor ; 'Twas interesting there, But Kate she said, " Just come along," And dragged me up the stair. 1 ' Now here, " she said, ' ' is what I like ; It just beats all the rest. " She meant the exhibition But said it in a jest. For carriages and carriages We saw in this grand place ; Coupes, sulkies and phaetons And surreys full of grace. Cried Kate, ' ' My eyes ! Just look at that! I saw upon the floor A cart made up in fancy style. I'd ne'er seen one before. That night I dreamed that Kate and I In a road cart fresh and new Went spinning 'round about the town. Oh ! If it would come true. LILLIAN BRADSHAW, 2107 California Street. Denvian Grammar School^ 8th Grade. 7 6 Scltoof ^Furniture. JN the schools of the early period up to 1820 there was little in the way of school furniture. The blackboard was not even introduced into the city schools until about five years later, and the country schoolrooms did not have them until many years alter. Globes, brought from England, were found in a few of our colleges perhaps as early as 1800, but public schools did not have them until fifty years later. Out- line maps were introduced at about the same time, but were rude compared with those which we now enjoy. There was a long struggle before they were generally introduced, although now we have many sets of maps adorning our schoolroom walls. The first school apparatus for illustrating geography, arith- metic, astronomy and geometry, by which public schools were benefited, consisted of a five or six-inch globe, a three- inch globe in halves, a few geometrical forms in wood, and a numer- al frame. These were all at first imperfectly manufactured, but were afterwards greatly improved and other articles added. Competition soon brought several globes into the market at reasonable prices, and spelling-frames, large slates, chalk-rub- bers, etc., followed in rapid succession, until now the furnish- ing of a schoolhouse costs twice or three times what the old one, furniture and all, would have required fifty years ago. Now, of course, our schoolhouses are better built and more roomy, and also have better and more comfortable desks and seats than they used to have. In the early days of our coun- try the school furniture was very limited. They had writing- desks next to the wall, or, rather, long boards for writing on. The benches were all loose ; some of them board, with slabs from the saw-mill, standing on four legs, two at each end. Some were a little lower than the rest, but many of the smaller children had to sit all day with their legs dangling between the bench and the floor. In this respect, certainly, the chil- dren of our time are far ahead, with their individual desks of varying heights for small and large pupils, a chair, with a seat hollowed like an ordinary one, and allowing each pupil to rest his feet on the floor. Now, too, we have the benefit of good reference books that people of those days did not have, and su- perior globes and maps. branch Dubois, 313 Capp Street. Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by C. F. Weber & Co. 77 ^He ^Advantages of a ^business Education. JN this world of infinite and varied resources and of diversi- fied individual interests, all have something to ask, some- thing to give and something to do. To possess the means of living, the comforts and pleasures of life, is a necessity of our existence, and this necessity or want is the basis of busi- ness. Business or commercial transactions, as they are now ex- tensively and intricately conducted, have developed into a science. In any other science this would be deemed the height of folly and presumption ; yet in the science of business, which, perforce, must be every man's concern, it is tolerated and en- couraged with fatal indifference to the detriment of the busi- ness world. A beneficent government educates its children, recognizing that in their intelligence and knowledge lies its safety, progress and welfare. But at the threshold of an active participation in the serious business of a life-long struggle, the government leaves its charge with an education that has taught him naught if not the value of knowledge. It is here that a busi- ness world, supposedly alert to its every concern, shows a remarkable indifference to its own immediate and future in- terests by enlisting the youth into actual service without his having received any special training or education in business affairs and methods, leaving it to time and experience, the costliest of all instructors, to educate him. The advantages of a business education are now manifestly self-evident. Educate the young man in the science of busi- ness before he enters the field of action, and, the word said, and he will advance into the fray intelligently, firmly and con- fidently. In competition with his untrained co-workers, the results of a business education give him the advantage. Where they waver, he is unfaltering. What they are learning at the ex- pense of their emplo3^ers and themselves, he already knows, and his employer, daily receiving the benefits of his knowledge, speeds him on his career of progress and success. The advantages of a business education are obviously as great as is the field in which to exercise it. It inspires us with confidence, and confidence combined with interest begets success. SADIE GOSLINER, 236^ Eleventh Street. Franklin Grammar School, 8th Grade. 78 CoaL «OAE is one of the greatest products mined from the earth. Many thousands of people work daily in the coal mines. In early morning, in the coal districts, every road swarms with men going to the shafts of coal mines, where they are lowered into the depths of the mines, and where they work from ten to twelve hours each day. This short glimpse of daylight is all they see until they return home in the evening. These great mines which give labor to so many people, and warmth to more than half the people of the world, are the re- sult of some peculiar action of the earth many thousand years ago, and, although these mines are large, it is only a question of time when we shall have to fall back on our old friend, wood. There are five fossile fuels, Anthracite, Coal, Lignite, Bi- tuminous Shale and Bitumen. Some of these coals are much harder than others. Anthracite is very hard and takes a long time to burn, while Bituminous burns more quickly. This is due to the large amount of gas and tar oil which it contains. All coals are composed of carbon, woody matter, hydrogen and oxygen gases ; the different kind being formed by the dif- ferent chemical changes occurring many thousands of years ago. In the carboniferous ages the vegetation of the earth, which was slightly raised above the sea, was submerged and gradually became covered with sand and mud and other sediments. By upheavals of the bottom of the sea these sediments were cov- ered with a land surface, and great masses of vegetation were formed again on top. This sunk, and in course of time was covered as before. These changes went on for ages, and in this way the stratas, in which coal is found, were formed. It was the great weight and pressure of these layers and the chemical changes which gradually mineralized this vegetation into coal. The greatest known coal mines in the world are in England and Pennsylvania. There are large coal mines in Australia, from where they ship coal to California and other places. The most recent discovery of coal is in Nova Scotia, and is consid- ered by many to be the largest deposit in the world. ETHEL BECHT, 2820 Clay Street. Denman Grammar School. Swi 79 \ imming. ff WIMMING, says Kingsley, should form a part of every |) youth's education. Of all things acquired by the intelligence of man there is not a more beautiful or useful art than that of swimming, and among all athletic sports there is none that can in an}^ way be compared with this in the healthful feeling and exhilaration which it produces as an after effect. In the cultivation of swimming as an art, ten or twenty years ago, society did not take the interest, which the benefits secured through indulgence in this art merit; for bathing, of which swimming is one of the most beneficial forms, is in tropical climates absolutely necessary to the preservation of health. Swimming is one of the most useful of all accomplishments that help to form the complete education of every gentleman. As a matter of course all other sports have their enthusiastic advocates and votaries, but of all which tend to muscular devel- opment, strengthening of the nervous system in particular, and the renovation of every function pertaining to a healthful life, swimming, it must be admitted, bears away the palm. There is not alone this inducement to become proficient in this art, for how admirably does the noble and invigorating acquisition serve humanity in many cases of extreme peril ; how many a precious life, and ships with their valuable car- goes and priceless freight of human lives, might have settled down in sight of home, and before the agonized eyes of heart- broken parents, relations or friends, but for aid of strong swimmers. An essential part of every athletic institution of any preten- sion in the world, and in all places where it is possible to se- cure it, salt water is used, as it is considered healthier than fresh water, as the salt which constitutes part of the salt sea water has a stimulating and invigorating effect on the system; also, salt water being of greater buoyancy than fresh, is less fatiguing to swim in. San Francisco can boast of as fine bathing establishments as can be found in the world, all of which are salt water, and no city is more fully supplied with accommodations to practice with perfect safety than our beautiful city on the Golden Gate. IDA WATSON, Douglass and Twenty-first Streets. J antes Lick School, 8th Grade. Written on Harbor View Baths. 8o (grandma's Opinion of the Sewing DKachine. Jf OU'VK told me, grandma, long ago, How you women used to sew ; And such a long time you would take A little frock of gingham to make. It seems to me you must have been slow, For see how fast mamma can sew. Oh ! tell me, then, why you were so slow ; Could you not make the sewing machine go ? Be quiet, child, for I must say The sewing machine was not known in our day. What did you do without this treasure ? You could not of had a moment's leisure. Oh ! tell me, then, my dear grandma, What could be done without this guiding star ? Then take my advice, child, when you are grown, And have a light running machine in your home. Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. AGNES CORRIGAN, 2307 Mariposa Street. Italian Paste, Vermicelli and Macaroni, ACARONI, vermicelli and all kinds of Italian paste are all forms of the same familiar substance much used for culinary purposes. They are made from very white and glutinous varieties of wheat, such as are grown in Russia, Italy and California. The wheat is ground by a peculiar process, being first wet and then heated. The flour resulting is very coarse. It is mixed with warm water and carefully worked into a uniform paste. This paste is forced by a press through holes in an iron plate. If the holes are very small, vermicelli is thus formed. A still finer and smaller sort is called fedelini. Large pipe-shaped cylinders of this paste constitute maca- roni. When the paste is rolled thin and cut into various shapes, Italian paste is the result. After moulding, the macaroni is partially baked. Italy is the principal seat of this manufacture. France and England produce a considerable quantity, and of late a few firms in the United States produce an article not inferior to any of imported kinds. OSTROILO KUCICH, 19 1 9 Dupont Street. Lincoln Grammar School, 8th Grade. Why Toads Haue No Tails, IfHAT a question for you to ask, A girl in the High School middle class ! Well, nevertheless, I'll tell you how The toad's lost the ornament of a bow-wow. It happened that when the toad was created, It couldn't hold still long enough to be mated ; That is, with a tail, So now it must wail. JULIA EPPINGER. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 82 \O0t$ cmfcr gthtf££* «USTOM made boots and shoes are those made to order. When the shoes are custom made they should afford the person wearing them more comfort and satisfaction than if they were already made. A vast amount of labor is necessary before the skins of the animals are properly prepared for the making of boots and shoes. In the tanning or tawing many men are employed filling the tannery pits, scraping, fleshing and handling the hides or skins of the cow, sheep, horse, pig, goat and even the elephant, crocodile and rhinocerous. The art of boot and shoe manufacturing has made rapid strides during the last thirty or forty years. The old-time shoemaker had metal patents for every size of shoes and cut uppers and soles. By these patents the uppers were "closed" together or sewed by strong waxed threads. The sewing was often done by the wife or daughter of the shoemaker. The women also bound the tops. The shoemaker next tacked a thin inner sole to a wooden last, put the upper on a block and tacked it firmly down ; then he fastened the outer sole on with a few wooden pegs, and made a mark around the edge of the sole. It was very amus- ing to see him fill his mouth with pegs, which were usually of wood, take an awl in his left hand, a hammer in his right, and go to work. He make a hole in the leather with his awl, snatched a peg from his mouth, hit it a little whack with his hammer, and drove it out of sight, so that no one could see where it went. When the pegs were all around in a neat way, he nailed some pieces of leather on for a heel. Then he filed, scraped and polished the heel and sole, and blacked and rubbed the sole and heel till they shone. Now-a-days all the cutting, fitting, heeling and finishing are done by hand. Every operation in shoemaking is done by machinery, even the fastening of the shoebuttons. GEORGE A HIRERS, 32 Dore Street. Franklin Grammar School^ 8th Grade. 33 |gN the manufacturing of carpet the weaver sits facing the p| loom, and fastens to each thread of the warp a bunch of colored yarn, varying in the color according to the pat- tern. The row being completed, he passes a linen weft through the web and drives it well up, so that all the bunches may be securely fastened. In this way narrow breadths of carpet are made, which are afterwards laid side by side and united, so as to form a large piece. The Kidmiuster, or ingrain carpet, the Venetian (which was never manufactured at Venice), the Brussels and the Wilton, are some varieties of carpets in use now. In 1839 E. Bigelow, of Boston, Mass., greatly improved the loom then in use, and afterwards by still further improvements so perfected the machinery that his loom is now wholly used. With this loom an average of twenty-five to twenty-seven yards of ingrain carpet can be made, and from seventeen to eighteen of Brussels carpet. He also invented a method for producing figures that would match. Mr. Richard Whytock, of Edinburgh, introduced an ingenious plan of using threads dyed of the colors in the suc- cession they would be required. By this means a considerable proportion of the threads was dispensed with . Brussels carpet is so named from Brussels in Belgium, whence the style was introduced into England in the last cen- tury. It is made upon a ground of linen weft, which is con- cealed by worsted threads which are interlaced with and cover it. The threads are commonly of five different colors. In the weaving these run the length of the web, and are so managed that all those required by the pattern are brought up together across the line of the carpet ; before they are let down a wood- en instrument called a sword is passed through to hold up the threads ; this is replaced by a round wire, which, being at last removed, leaves a row of loops across the carpet. In a yard length the number of successive lifts of the sets of colors re- quired is sometimes as many as three hundred and twenty, each of which forms a row of loops. P"our colors must always lie beneath the fifth, which appears on the surface, and thus the carpet, with its linen weft, too, is thick and heavy. Some of the most extensive carpet factories of the United States are at Lowell and Clinton, Mass., Thompson ville and Tariffville, Conn., and other cities in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. PHIEIP BIIX, 7 Card Alley. North Cosmopolitan Grammar School, 8th Grade. 8 4 chocolate and (oocoa. jj^HOCOLATE and cocoa are both made from the fruit of fjh the cacao tree, which is found chiefly on the banks of the Amazon river, South America. The generic name is derived from two Greek words, which mean God and food, and was bestowed by Linnaeus as an indication of the high appreciation in which they held the beverage prepared from the seeds. The common tree is seldom over sixteen or eighteen feet in height. The leaves are large, smooth, glossy and elliptic, growing principally at the ends of the branches. The flowers are small and grow in clusters on the trunk and on the main branches. Generally from a cluster only a single fruit is matured. When ripe, this fruit or pod is from seven to ten inches in length, and from two to four in diameter. It has a large, thick, leathery rind of a rich purplish, yellow color, and the outside marked with eleven distinct ribs. The interior of the pod has five shells, in each of which is a row of five to ten seeds. Each fruit thus contains from twenty to forty or more seeds, which constitute the cocoa beans of commerce. In June and December, the workmen cut down the fully ripened pods and leave them in a heap on the ground for about twenty-four hours. They are then cut open, the seeds taken out and carried to a place where they undergo a process of sweating for about two days. They are then roasted and crushed so as to separate the nibs from the shells. These nibs constitute the simplest and purest preparation in which cocoa is sold. Most preparations, whether sold as cocoa or chocolate, are mixtures of sugar, cinnamon and vanilla, with ground nibs ; the object of the mixture being to render it easy to be dissolved in hot water. The main distinction, between cocoa and choc- olate is that the former is usually sold in the form of powder and the latter is made up into cakes. While only a small proportion of the total weight of the tea and coffee are consumed, the entire substance of the cocoa is utilized in the system. Thus while a cup of tea or coffee can be regarded as a stimulant, cocoa can, in addition, be regarded as a (stimulant) nourishing article of diet. SUSIE M. DANIEL, 2013 Polk Street. Spring Valley Grammar School, 6th Grade. 85 Reminiscences cf a Grold Qein. 'S long ago as I can remember I lived away down in the earth. I had many brothers and sisters, but always chose to be with a cousin of mine whose name was Silver. She was very quiet and dressed in silver}^ colors, while I w T ore golden ones. One day the gnomes came to our home and told us that very queer things were happening on the outside of the mountain in which we lived. They said that the creatures called men were digging holes in the ground into which they w T ere put- ting a black powder. The gnomes were very much frightened and said they were going to live somewhere else where they would not be disturbed. So were we frightened, but we could not go to another place as they could. We asked mother Earth what we should do, and she said to let matters take their course. Silver and I tried to imagine where the men could be going, and what they looked like. In a short time we heard a loud blast and the side of the mountain was blown away. This scared us so that we jumped in all directions. Silver and I clung together. We were all shoveled into a sort of car and taken to a machine that was moving up and down. The men near by it were just saying that they had never found gold and silver in such quantities so near the surface of the ground. Silver and I looked at each other in surprise and wondered if the men were talking about us. We were taken out of the car and put into this machine which we heard called a stamp mill. Suddenly a man called out " ready," and we were pounded unmercifully. We felt very small as we left this terrible place. Water was carrying us away, when we saw a friend of ours called Quicksilver. We stopped a moment to talk with him. He said if we wished he would hide us so the men could not find us for a time. We answered that we would be glad to rest, so he threw his mantle over us and we became invisible. We staid with him about a day, when a man put us all into a buckskin bag with a great many of our relations. The man began to squeeze us and Quicksilver vanished, leaving only a part of his mantle with us. It was not long after when our bag was slung over the back of a mule who carried us down the mountain to a place where we were heated so hot that we were compelled to part with the remainder of the mantle. HELEN CLARE EILUS, 3036 California Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade. 86 IS as pure as the sparkling water, And is raised in the Golden State, Nature's own hand has procured it, 'Tis the pure juice of the grape. For nourishment naught can surpass it, 'Tis used as a medicine, too, And will give the pale cheeks of the baby A ruddy and healthful hue. For the tired and weary lawyer, Who over books does reign, A glass of delicious Grape Juice Will ease his tired brain. And for the poor consumptive, Whose feet totter on the grave's brink, Some pure and sparkling Grape Food Will prove a nutritious drink. And even for the physician, Who tries for all ills a cure to find, A glass of Sanitas Grape Juice Will quiet his troubled mind. And the clergyman, too, whose spirits are low, When he returns from a dire sick call, Can refresh himself with the sweet Grape Juice, For it contains no alcohol. And alas ! for the wretched drunkard, Whose troubles never cease, The delicious, wholesome Grape Juice Brings to his home jo}^ and peace. The Grape Juice, then, must be wholly pure, For on well-cultured soil it has grown, 'Tis the most nutritious beverage The world has ever known. EFFIE DINNIENK, 49 Hoff Avenue. Mission Grammar School, yth Grade. 87 §RANDMA, grandma, a story," cried three voices, and the little owners clambered around the old lady's knee. Grandma nodded and smiled at the bright, upturned faces and took Baby John on her lap. The other two children brought footstools and sat close by her side so as not to lose a word. " Hundreds and hundreds of years ago," began Grandma, " long before this big, round world of ours was thought of, there lived a band of fairies, who bore the saddest of misfor- tunes — for the poor little things had no home. They wan- dered in space where nothing but darkness and confusion brooded, and even from there were they driven onwards, for the savage old King complained of their sparkle and bright- ness as hurting his eyes and disturbing the blackness of his realm. " But that need not have troubled him long, for the fairies were slowly losing all the beauty which had made them seem as bright stars in a dark firmament. Just as sorrow and dis- appointment seemed to take the last bit of joy out of their lives and left nothing but gloom behind, a strange messenger appeared amongst them and raising its finger, spoke thus : * ' ' Little fairies, cease weeping and rejoice, for I bring you good news. Great changes are taking place in the universe, and strange tales could I tell you, but I must hasten on. This message I leave with you : Walk directly onward until you reach an immense ball of fire — our sun — and by dancing in the rays of light, reflected on every side, you will recover your lost beauty. Here 3 t ou will find a guide waiting to conduct you to the home, where your office will be to bring jo3 T and gladness to human hearts.' So speaking, the strange figure vanished as abruptly as it had come. ' ' When the happy fairies reached the spot the}- were to call home, they danced for joy, and I do not wonder at it for it was in the beautiful land of jewels. In every precious stone crept the tiny fairies, and, indeed, much happiness have they made.' ' Grandma looked down at the ring on her own finger and a soft moisture gathered in her e}^es, for sweet visions of Grandpa and long ago came rushing back. " You see, chil- dren," she said, " as I hold my ring in the sunlight all the different colors ? Well, that is nothing but the little things dancing, so happy and contented are they. " CLARA MALTER, 318 Golden Gate Avenue. Groceries. §F subjects great, or subjects small, There's one to me exceeds them all ; It is with us so widely known That most choose leaving it alone. Ah ! many forget that groceries Are to us what honey is to bees. As unpoetical as sugar may be, It sweetens both our coffee and our tea. Then there's butter, ham and eggs, Ginger, allspice and nutmegs, Then comes cheese, fish and flour, All which give us strength and power. We all like eating French Sardines, And some are very fond of beans, Then, if we wish pie, we must have lard, So the crust will be neither tough nor hard. Then come meals, both corn and oat, And what could we do without our soap ? Then Yankee Doodle likes macaroni, And who refuses an anchovy ? Many of us think puddings are nice, But what would they be without sago or rice ? Then jelly and jam and dried fruit is fine When for fresh fruit it is not the time. When days are cold, soup fresh from the pot, Made with barley or peas and with peppers hot, Makes us forget that bad is the weather And indoors we must stay most altogether. Some days are short and soon comes the night, Oil, then, must give us a light. And oh ! how we like crackers, nicknacks and cake, Raisins and nuts also come in first rate. So you see, that with groceries we could not dispense, And that this common-place subject is really immense, That it stretches its arms the world all around, And man cannot live beyond its bound. 8 9 So that when one writes literature, science or law, He should not forget that groceries come before, Giving him power his duties to do, And to state his facts both clearly and true. MIUJE WRIGHT, 3108 Buchanan Street. Graduate Girls' High School. ©ur Sat 'HE shades of night were falling fast r As o'er our back fence softly passed Our cat, who bore both day and night A very sharp, keen appetite. Me ow ! His voice was loud, not very sweet, Disturbing the neighbors from their sleep, As wildly on the night air rung The accents of that well known tongue. Me ow ! From his station on the wall And loudly sang " After the ball ;" And he received for his sweet tones A shower of boots and canes and stones. Me ow ! TESSIE M. DAVIDSON. Written in Class. Hamilton Grammar School. 9 o Josephine Francis. The domestic jewing T^ackine. IGHER, higher does it climb in fame, Far up the mountain side of glory steep, That from age to age may live its name A household word, a joy, of import deep. Up from the countless homes far and near, There arises a burst of joyful praise, From the lips of woman's happy sphere, For the machine that holds the first place. Behold, a race for the goal it hath made, And won it with honors resplendent, Lasting honors that never will fade While on precedence eagerly bent. For felling, and hemming, and tucking, There is not a machine in the land — Nor shirring, and braiding, and ruffling, That has accomplished a work so grand. 9i Of its lock or chain-stitch what need we speak ! There "T/ie Domestic" doth surely excel. Superlative merits it honestly reaps, As every one in the land can tell. JOSEPHINE FRANCIS, 5 Guerrero Street. Girls' High School, Graduate Class ' Q4. The above writer won the prize awarded by The Domestic Sewing Machine Company. (ffrxpeviencez in a gttr££t ©ar* fHEN one rides in the street cars he is sure to meet all kinds of people, hear all styles of conversation and meet with all sorts of accidents. You meet the person who is always fid- geting and worrying the soul out of the poor conductor lest he should forget to leave her off at number so and so on street. Then you meet the person who is afraid he is not get- ting his money's worth because the car stops in the middle of the block instead of at the corner. There is also the woman who comes in the car with a half a dozen youngsters and has a long argument with the conductor because he insists on her paying one fare for every two children, while the indignant woman strongly declares she is being robbed. Worst of all, there is the woman who comes into the car loaded down with bundles. She drops into the seat exhausted, and takes up the whole bench with herself and her belongings. How a mortal does suffer when he enters a crowded street car, and when at last he secures a small fraction of the bench on which he can rest his weary body, there is on one side of him the big, fat woman who is sitting more on him than on the seat till the poor man thinks he is going to be crushed to jelly. On the other side of the sufferer is the man who sel- fishly monopolizes almost half the bench and is continually poking his neighbor as if he wants more room. Oh, I pity the person who has to undergo these tortures. He must surely think when he has at last reached his destina- tion that he has repented for his sins of that day and for seven days to come. JOSIE ISAACS. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 9 2 5o£ emian Coffee. '.■•."■■:'■ ." ■ ■:■ .' ■■ OFFEE belongs 1 to the medicinal class of food sub- stances, being solely valuable for its stim- ulant effect on the nervous and vascular system. It increases the frequency of the pulse , lightens the sensation of fatigue, and sustains the strength under pro- longed and severe muscular exertion. The common cof- fee shrub or tree is an evergreen plant which, under natu- ral conditions, grows to a height of from eight to twenty feet. It is a native of Abyssinia and not of Arabia, for it was not known at Mecca until 1454, only thirty-eight years before the discovery of America. From Arabia it spread to Egypt and Turkey, and from Turkey was taken to England in 1650. In sixty years' time it was familiarly known, at least in fashionable society, as we find from Pope's well-known lines in the ''Rape of the Sock"— " Coffee, which makes the politician wise And see through all things with his half-shut eyes." It is chiefly cultivated in Arabia, the Southern States of North America, Java, Ceylon, Costa Rica, Brazil and East and West Indies ; but the climate of Arabia seems more adapted to its growth. Coffee is a powerful deodorizer ; it has instantly destroyed the smell of putrifying meat ; and in half a minute it has been known to permanently clear a house of the effluvium of a cess- pool. To use coffee for these disinfecting purposes, dry the raw bean, pound it to a powder and roast it on a moderately heated iron plate until it is of a dark brown tint ; then sprinkle it in sinks, or lay it on a plate in the roam which you wish to have purified. Helen G. Babker. 93 Coffee, as very commonly prepared by persons unacquainted with its nature, is a decoction, and is boiled for some time under the mistaken notion that the strength is not extracted unless it be boiled. But the fact is just the reverse. The fine aromatic oil which produces the flavor and strength of the coffee is dispelled and lost by boiling, and a mucilage is ex- tracted at the same time, which also tends to make it flat and weak. The best mode to prepare coffee is to pour boiling water upon it, and set it on the fire not to exceed ten minutes. The Turks and Arabs boil their coffee, it is true, but they boil each cup by itself and only for a moment, so that the effect is much the same as that of infusion and not like that of decoc- tion. Then again they do not separate the coffee itself from the infusion, but leave the whole in the cup. M. Payen, by experiment, has shown that coffee is very nutritious, as it contains a large quantity of azote ; three times as much nutriment as tea and more than twice the nourish- ment of bouillon . HELEN G. BARKER, 1430 Webster Street. Girls' High School, Senior Class. The above writer won the prize awarded by W. H. Miner. j^posiropHe to ihe ^ind. f^HOU wild and moaning Wind, That whistleth past my door, What hast thou now in mind Of things occurred before ? Hath Death his office filled In yonder lonel} T dell, Where none the soil hath tilled Since thou a tale cans't tell ? FLORA COLEMORE. GirW High School, Written i?i Class, S4 Carpets. • IwC N early times our floors were strewn with sand, a custom still lingering in country districts ; then came the habit of spread- ing reeds over the floor. This use of reeds was succeeded by the employment of grass mats of sim- ple appearance, and these by wool mats, at first chiefly im- ported. The wool mats were in their turn replaced by small carpets, which gradually increased in size. Oriental carpets were first introduced into Spain by the Moors, although they had been previously used by the inhab- itants of eastern countries, who threw them on the ground or floor or over the low couch on which they were in the habit of sitting or sleeping. They also added to the comfort of those who dwelt in tents, by affording warmth and protection from any dampness arising from the ground. The use of carpets in England dates from the middle of the twelfth centum, but their manufacture was not extensively carried on until the middle of the eighteenth, nearly two hun- dred years after it had been introduced into F ranee and Persia by the Venetians. Some of the best carpets take their names from the places where they were first made : Turke} 7 carpets were first brought from Constantinople and Smyrna ; Brussels carpets from Brus- sels in Belgium ; and the Axminster, Kidderminster and Wilton carpets from those towns in England, although the Kidderminster carpet is not to-day manufactured in its native place, nor in- deed are any of the other carpets extensively made in the towns of their origin . Adah E. Horr. 95 In addition to the above the tapestry, velvet pile, Dutch, Venetian and printed felt are made in this country. India and Turkey carpets are imported, and imitations of them are made in the United States, principally in Philadelphia. ; The reproduction of the old patterns have been taken from the paintings of the old masters. In some paintings by these artists may be found carpets copied with such wonderful minuteness of detail, that the very stitches of the pattern may be counted. But the Venetian painters, whose opportunities were the greatest, were so neg- ligent in their attention to detail that it is impossible to obtain a single perfect pattern from the whole of their productions. The selection of carpets for a house is of the utmost import- ance, and should dominate the rest of the furniture and hang- ings. ADAH B. HORR, 2207 Webster Street. Pacific Heights Grammar School, 7th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Joseph Freder- icks & Company. J[postropfte to a DKosquifo. H ! thou instrument of torture, With all thy implements of pain, Which affect us like a scorcher And nearly drive us all insane. Why did' st thou leave thy early home Far down in stagnant water deep ? Why on our land beloved roam And baffle all attempts to sleep ? ADRIA L. SHAW. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 9 6 Tfafian Paste, Vermiceffi and Dfilacaroni. J| TAXI AN Paste is JJ made from wheat flour. The wheat af- ter being well washed is ground to a flour. It is then sifted about five times, the last be- ing sifted very fine, and the flour that is produced is used. Hot water is then added until the flour be- comes a paste. This paste is called Italian Paste, and is used to manufacture Macaroni and Vermi- celli. Macaroni is manu- factured from a dough called Italian Paste, made from wheat flour. After this dough is made it is kneaded by placing it into a wide cylinder, opening and rolling over it a heavy stone wheel, and thus press- ing into wide sheets of dough. It is then cut into pieces by the workmen and placed into a large cylinder perforated. The dough is then forced out of the cyb'nder by a heavy pressing of a press coming through the cylinder. During this process the Macaroni is partly baked by a fire near the cylinder. As the Macaroni comes out it is cut off into desired lengths by the workmen. The Macaroni is then placed away or hung up for a few days, and is then ready for use. Macaroni is generally colored yel- low. This is made by the use of saffron and eggs. Macaroni was invented in Italy, and is made there more than in any other country. Imported Italian Macaroni was considered the best in the United States, but the Macaroni manufacturers in this country now produce as good Macaroni as the imported. Macaroni when it is to be shipped or exported is put into boxes in about twent}r-five pounds to the box. The box is made air-tight by covering the edges of the box with colored Ernest Cotter. 97 paper. Put up this way it may be kept a long time in any kind of climate. The ordinary way Macaroni is cooked is this : The Macaroni is put into boiling hot water and cooked until it becomes swol- len and elastic. The water is then poured off and a gravy which is prepared from some beef is then poured over it. This is the quickest and the cheapest way to cook it. Vermicelli is made nearly the same way as Macaroni. Instead of being pressed through large holes it is put through very small ones, making them fine and hair-like. This is the only variation it has from the Macaroni process. ERNEST COTTER, 522 Sixth Street. Franklin Graminar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by C. R. Splivalo & Company. *(5he DKoon. , thou fair ruler of the night, May my prayer ascend to thee, Send down thy silvery light — A blessing on my boy at sea. His ship is on the ocean wild, He thinks perchance of home and me, In God's own image bless my child, And guide my boy at sea. It may be many years before That ship returns again , and we Know that in that distant shore Thou wilt love my boy at sea. EMILY R. COEY. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 9 8 THE ADVANTAGES OF A BUSINESS EDUCATION.. Alice M. Johnson. v - BUSINESS educa- tion is of advantage to the rich, the poor, the young, the old, and the woman as well as the man. One is taught by a thorough business train- ing to be accurate, con- cise, punctual and thoughtful. We all know that to a poor boy an education in drawing or music would probably be useless, while a thorough train- ing in arithmetic, pen- manship, correspond- ence, etc., would enable that same boy to enter an office and soon work his wa}^ up in the world. For a boy whose parents possess means it is especially es- sential that he be carefully instructed to take care of the prop- erty his father has accumulated, and how proud that father is who, in his declining years, can shift the great burden upon his young son and feel sure his hard spent energy has not been in vain. On the other hand, we will picture the boy whose business education has been neglected. He is careless, lazy, unable to add or write. Such a young man, if thrown upon the world, must take a very inferior position and there remain. Enough of the boys, for I desire to relate the glorious advan- tage of a practical education for girls. Many people think girls should never know anything but sewing, housekeeping and such employment, but my opinion is that young ladies should have an opportunity to do as well as the boys. I knew a family in well-to-do circumstances with two daugh- ters who had been given lessons in all fine accomplishments, but neither one could add correctly. They thought it very tiresome to learn such bothersome things as sewing and cook- ing, for they would always be rich and never need to work. The time soon came, however, that they regretted having spent their time so idly, for their poor father died suddenly 99 and left his estate so entangled that they could hardly get bread enough. The unfortunate girls felt terribly to see their poor mother live in such want, so they determined to swallow their pride and go to work, but then the question, "What shall we do?' ' arose before them like a cloud. After trying in vain to get work, without knowledge, they set about to procure the needed business education, and after very diligent stud)^ the eldest young lady secured a position as stenographer in a large firm, while her sister keeps books for another corporation. They now are able to live comfortably, and their pnly re- gret is that they had not learned earlier in life to care for themselves in any emergency that might arise. I have endeavored to show how very necessary a business education is to all, and I advise every girl or boy never to con- sider themselves fully educated until they hold a certificate showing a complete knowledge of the rudiments of business life. ALICE M. JOHNSON, 2517 Fillmore Street. Pacific Heights School, 6th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Heald's Busi- ness College. "THE DAISY," |>ITTLE daisy in the field, Peeping upward toward the sky, Trying thy gentle head to shield From cruel feet that pass thee by. We will not pluck thee, gentle flower, W T e will not mar thy beauty rare, Rest through many a sunny hour, Blest by God as his flower fair. NETTIE ROTH, Girls' High School, Written in Class. 100 'llinery. N taking up the subj ect of Millin- ery, the first thing to consider is the or- igin of the word. We find that Milan, at one time, was re- nowned for the ele- gance and tasteful- ness of its finery, and became so noted as a leader of fashions in Europe, that the English word mil- liner originated from Milaner, an im- porter of fashionable articles from Milan. As the season is summer, and it is the time for straw hats, I shall begin by telling about them. Some seeds were dropped down into the earth and soon some grasses sprouted up. The stems of these grasses were dried, and made into straw, and the straw was braided. Then these braids were sewed together by the Bosworth straw- sewing machine, which is used almost entirely in the United States. The hat is next pressed by another machine which is of American invention, which smooths it ready for trimming. Four hats can be pressed by this machine in a minute. Although we now have the straw hats, and if it were neces- sary would be able to wear them as they are, still they are not complete. Trimming is needed. Ribbon is most common- ly used for trimming. The silk fibres are obtained from the cocoons. A number of these fibres are taken and slightly twisted, and put together so as to form a thread called a single. These threads are then spun or woven into a ribbon, which for hats is generally from three to five inches. Flowers are also important in trimming hats, which are, of course, artificial. Some are made of silk and others of velvet. The stems are made of green cloth or wax. Now that we have the shape, the ribbon and the flowers, the question is what should be done with them. Rebecca II ess. IOI The very first thing to do after we have the straw is to line the hat. The lining is usually of a fine, thin silk and is pro- cured in much the same way as ribbon. Now the difficult part comes. The difference between a hat trimmed by a French milliner and that trimmed by a novice is much the same as the difference between a butterfly, which is airy and graceful and beautiful, and a crab, which is very awkward but still useful. We will suppose this hat to be turned up at the back. Then the ribbon is taken and put around the sides of the hat, and at the front a bow is made in such a way that there will be two loops on each side, and in the center will probably be a buckle made of brass. Then a bunch of the flowers are taken and arranged in some graceful manner, perhaps coming up from the back part of the hat. A few flowers coming down from the hat and falling on the hair would add to its beauty. REBECCA HESS, 1800 Sutter Street.. Denman Grammar School^ 8th Grade. The above writer won the first Prize awarded by The. 1 ' Wonder ' ' Millinery Company. °\XFhat a fiat I JHAT a hat that woman in the car did wear ! Why, it was the very color of her hair ; Just as red as the reddest brick, With a feather in the side as stiff as a stick. But I suppose the owner thought it very fine, While to me it looked as if but a dime Had been spent upon this tasty ( ?) purchase And as if the trimming might have once been a kerchief. Perhaps she had saved that very stiff feather (Probably it and the other trimming together) From her Great Grandmother's old collection, But think her taste n'er ran in that direction. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 102 T^tiiiqery. COLORS should be chosen, not be- cause they are fash- ionable, but for the reason that they are becoming, otherwise ill effects will be the result. To face a hat or bonnet you should sew the wire all around, about one-fourth of an inch from the edge of the brim ; then fit the velvet or satin on the brim, by pinning it on the wire, turn in the edge of the ma- terial and slip-stitch it on ; if you want to put on a binding in- stead of a facing you must sew the wire ■on the edge of the hat or bonnet. For shirring take one-half yard of satin or silk, cut on the bias, divide it in two equal parts, join the parts together, turn in one of the edges and put in a row of shirring, allowing just enough space to put in the wire ; then add as many rows of shirring as you need. To make a frame smaller remove your wire, cut off what you please and replace the wire as before. A hat may be trimmed with lace, ribbon, beads, feathers, flowers, satin, velvet or veiling. Beads look well either with flowers or feathers, but generally feathers are used on a hat with beads. Gros-graiu and ottoman ribbons are more fash- ionable than satin, nevertheless the latter are still worn, and look pretty, and are cheaper than silk. Beads are not worn •on hats as in former years. For deep mourning crape only is used, and the bonnet must be made perfectly plain. If a bonnet is too small in the head, sew a piece of buckram on the edge, and then sew the wire over the buckram. To make a stylish bow of ribbon, take one and one-half yards of ribbon, •draw it in tight folds, then twist the thread around tight, Helen French. 103 make as many loops as you have ribbon without cutting it, put a knot in the middle,, and arrange your loops so as to lay flat on the hat. When a hat is large after facing it, you can use one or two large plumes. For shirring use either silk, satin, velvet or lace. A great many people object to wearing crape, but a plain silk bonnet may be worn. A stylish bonnet for a middle-aged lady is made by trim- ming it on one side with a long plume, and on the other side by a handsome bow of ribbon or a knot of velvet or satin. Another way is to take velvet cut on the bias, catch it in the middle in a tight knot, sew it on the brim of the bonnet previ- ously bound, then draw T the velvet on each side of the bonnet in soft folds, so as to make it puffy ; it forms a large bow and is very neat. Many people have an idea that they are capable of imitating a hat or a bonnet by merely asking the price, and observing the manner in which the artist has designed it ; but when the imitation appears on Kearny street the difference is remarka- ble. Ladies cannot expect to make, without experience, what it has taken } 7 ears to learn in business life. And for this reason I would suggest that what } t ou spend for " ice cream " 3^-ou give to the milliner, so that you do not look like a home- made girl. HELEN FRENCH, 330 Duncan Street. James Lick Gra??imar School, jth Gmde* The above writer won the Second Prize awarded by The "Wonder " Millinery Co. Tqe firco^ «H, Brook ! Thou flowest on and on, Through meadow , wood and lane ; Thou babblest still from morn till dawn, Thou know'st not mortal pain. Over the rocks and shrubs you go, Though having ne'er a thought ; And murmuring in tones so low Of pleasures you have brought. FRANCYS ROSENSTIRN. Girls' High School, Written in Glass. ic4 Outdoor Sports. ■ "**. "**• V TROUT-FISHING. | SPENT my last j jf three summer va- cations in Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, California, where I had a good chance for trout-fishing, which is my favorite out-door sport. While there I went fishing most every day, and the creeks I fished in were the Eos Gatos, the Guada- loupe and a creek that flows through Con- gress Springs and Saratoga, all of which are good trout streams. The time I found best for fishing was from five to nine o'clock in the morning, and in the evening from five o'clock until dark. A split bamboo pole is best for trout-fishing, but possessing none, I used a common limber bamboo pole, a sea-grass line, a cat-gut leader, and fly-hooks numbering from nine to twelve. I also used ordinary trout hooks, and baited them with gar- den worms or periwinkles. Some people do not know anything about periwinkles, but the trout like them very much and will eagerly go for them. The periwinkle is a kind of a worm found in the bed of the creek. It lives in a cylinder-shaped case which it makes of wood, gravel and other hard substances ; this case is about an inch long, a quarter of an inch thick, and looks like a small piece of wood. Trout always swim up stream towards the head- waters ; they are great jumpers, and I have seen them jump up a water- fall four to five feet high. FRANK METTMAN, 915 Twentieth Street. Horace Mann Grammar School, 6th Grade. The above writer won the prize awarded by Clabrough, Golcher & Company. Fra.sk Mettman. 105 THE REASON, jjrH dear, the pies are not browned, [I And I've spoilt the apple sauce ; -^ I havn't put the roast in yet, And everyone is cross. The kitchen is just filled with smoke And the fire won't burn at all. The oven isn't the least bit hot, And I'm sure the cake will fall. 'Tis all on account of this terrible coal, For it burns like a piece of stone ; And I promised Sue I'd go out with her, But now I guess she'll go alone. And here comes Mrs. Rogers ; Such a neat person as she When she sees this untidy kitchen Will have her opinion of me. But when Mrs. Rogers entered And saw the sorry plight, She introduced the Wellington Coal And set the matter right. The girl in long years after Thought of the dear old soul And the days of peace and comfort Since she used the Wellington Coal. EFFIE DINNIENH, 49 Hoff Avenue. Mission Grammar School, yth Grade. - 7 io6 O improve our personal charms jewelry has been resorted to as far back as memory reaches, and, no doubt, it began with the very first of the human race. In ancient times people had to be contented with leaves, flowers and branches of trees. Those living on the seashore were fortunate to add shells of many colors and hues, arranging them in the shape of neck- laces, bracelets and so forth. Even birds had to be robbed and killed, so that people could ornament themselves with their plumage. Gold and silver are the most precious of metals that are used in jewels . Gold can be beaten twelve hundred times thinner than printing paper. Both gold and silver are too soft to be used alone in jewelry, so they are alloyed with other metals. Silver is the second precious metal. It is of a whitish color; it is soft, but not as soft as gold. Silver is seldom found in its pure state ; it is generally mixed with gold. It is ductile and also malleable like gold. Silver is found in Ari- zona, California and German}^. Silver is obtained like gold, by grinding and sieving it ; then quicksilver is put with it, and then heat is applied ; after the quicksilver goes off as vapor, the silver is left pure. Silver is used a great deal by chemists and dentists. Gold is used in jewelry in many different ways ; for in- stance, in rings, bracelets, pins, penholders, pens, earrings, medals and man3 r others. The following stones are only a small number of what is used by the jeweler : The diamond, the rub}^ the emerald, the opal, ametr^st, topaz, agate, bloodstone, moonstone and the pearl. The diamond is the hardest of all stones, and used to cut all the others. In very few places they are found near the sur- face of the earth. Diamonds, on account of their scarcity and brightness, are the most valuable of all stones used in jewelry. Their value is estimated by carats. Diamond fields are found in Brazil, Australia, Siberia and India. South Africa is also celebrated on account of its valuable diamond fields. GEORGIE A. HARRIS, 615 Bush Street. Denman Gramma?' School, Sth Grade. 107 *&tvimmxtx$+ jff WIMMING is an art ; as it comes natural to beasts, should p|| be practiced b} r man. No race of mankind can be men- *^ tioned to which swimming is unknown, and in many bar- barous countries it is more common than among the civilized nations. Salt water is best to learn swimming in, as it is more buoy- ant than fresh. Confidence in one's self is one of the essential points in swimming. All artificial aids such as corks, air-belts, etc., should not be used, for they lift the bod} T too high out of the water. The simplest and plainest stroke in swimming is the breast stroke. The stroke is executed by lying with the back upwards, and placing the hands on the breast with the palms downward, then pushing the arms forward to their full extent, after which the palms of both hands are turned outward, and making a stroke with both hands to the right and left through an angle of 90 , and carrying the hands back to the starting position. During the motion of the arms the legs make a sim- ilar motion. The movement of the arms keeps you floating, and the movement of the legs pushes you forward. Another mode of swimming is by the over-hand and side stroke. The quickest and easiest stroke is the over-hand stroke ; one good stroke carries the swimmer six feet in two seconds. A good swimmer is known by the way he enters the water. A dive when property performed is a very graceful feat to the eye. A dive is executed by keeping the feet and legs together, bending slightly toward the water, and then swinging the hands above the head. All the power possible must be used by the legs in jumping off the board. When in mid-air the body is straightened out. The descent is made by bending the arms downwards and entering the water fingers first. LEO EEBENBAUM, 1522 O'Farrell Street. South Cosmopolitan Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the second Prize awarded b}^ the Olym- pic Salt Water Co. io8 Pure Paints. [AINTS are formed by mixing colored powders, called pig- ments, with oil, water or other fluids. Knowing what paints are, we now have the task before us to find from what sources they are obtained. Perhaps this is one of the most interesting of experiments, and annually there is found some new material from which colored material or pigment is made. If we look into this subject we will find that native- colored earths is one of the essential compositions from which paint or colored material is manufactured. Sec- ondly in importance we see metallic compounds, and last, but not least, other mineral resources. These are the three prin- cipal things from which the first process of making paint is obtained. The one peculiarity of paint, and one of its principal char- acteristics, is its power of fully covering any surface on which it is spread. Of course this is dependent upon the qualities, and in view of this fact it should be applied and spread uni- formly, and, if it then dries quickly by natural heat, it is then said to be oi a quality commendable to use. When dry it should resist change of weather to which it is exposed, and to be a high grade, first-class article, it must pos- sess a certain degree of brightness and tinting power, and when mixed with other colors should not be injurious either to its own color or to the color that it is mixed with. Paint is so varied that it is necessarily a fact that its uses are also varied. It can be a chemical, a crome material or ultra- marine. Paint for houses is made by a process of grinding and mixing, that is, simply the raw material ground to a powder and then soaked in oil or some other fluid. Artists' material is much different, it being a great deal finer and possessing mere tint. These pigments or powders are mixed with very fine liquids, and we have the beautiful tint from which our great artists have painted the pictures by which they became famous. In this connection it may be said that some paints are made from substances known only to their makers. The principal pigments may be classified and described as follows : White lead, zinc and antimony ; blue (not extensive), ultramarine, Persian blue, indigo, yellow-ochres, gombage and tints. Red has an inorganic origin, and contains oxide of copper. Green contains hydrate oxide of copper, magnate of baryte and oxalt of cobalt. 109 We have now given an account of paints, their use, composi- tion and origin, let us now in conclusion say that they are the promotei s of that grand and iivine oil called ' ' painting. " Where would ancient Rome and Greece be were it not for these bits of colored material ? Paints are the preservers and origir ators of great art, and by their use we are enabled to gaze upon grand paintings, land- scapes and pictures which otherwise would have been hidden from " Modern Civilization." ROSIE CAHEN, 1044 Golden Gate Avenue. South Cosmopolita?i Grammar School, 7th Grade. What Are the South Winds Saying' / |^HAT are the south winds saying As they wander lazily by, And what do they tell to the treetops Which makes them bow to the sky ? Why are they not in a hurry Like the bustling winds from the North, And why do they play round the garden And call all the little weeds forth ? MAMIE BARRETT, Girls' High School, Written in Class. The Land Where the Lost Thinas Go, ^AR away in fairy-land seas, With shining wings spread to the breeze, Fairies bring queer things to and fro To a little isle where the lost things go. Whenever a plaything, large or small, Is left in the yard or left in the hall, These little nymphs with laughter gay Come with wings swift and convey it away. GRACE SEIXON. Girls 'High School, Written in Class. no Type. FYPE consists of raised letters or characters, cast in metal or raised in wood, and are used in printing. Although the knowledge of how it is made can be easily obtained, there are many that know little about its manufacture. Some printers or com- positors who have used type nearly all their lives know little about its manufacture, or even what it is made of. In the fol- lowing I shall endeavor to tell you what I have learned of its manufacture : Type is made of a composition of metals which generally consists of lead, tin, antimony and copper. The first step in the manufacture of type is the cutting of the letter desired on the end of a piece of hardened steel. This piece of steel is carefully shaped to the proper size, as it must be per- fect c By means of this punch, as it is called, an indenture is made in a piece of copper, which is afterwards shaped and polished, and is called the ' ' matrix. ' ' In this indenture in the matrix the face of the type or letter is formed. The rest of the type or body is formed in what is called the "mold," which is made of hardened steel. The "matrix" and "mold " are combined and constitute the moulding part of the type-casting machine which manufactures type at the rate of from one hundred to one hundred and seventy-five per minute. The modern type- casting machines finish the type and are generally used. When the old style machines are used the type is finished by hand in the following manner : First, there is attached to each a wedge-shaped piece of metal, which has to be broken off. This piece of metal, however, has to be on the type when they are cast in order to have them the required length. In breaking off this piece of metal there is a roughness caused, which, after the sides are finished, is removed by planing a groove in the body of the type. The type is now finished, and, after the de- fective types are picked out, it is packed and sent to the pur- chaser, or laid away to await orders. The importance and necessity of good type is very great, as good printing cannot be done with imperfect type. Although some type is used in the manufacture of rubber stamps, the largest portion is used in printing. A great deal of type is used in making what is called a stereotype, which facilitates the printing of large news- papers, etc. Type is not sold by the piece, as many would suppose, but by the pound. Movable metal type were first used in printing in the latter half of the fifteenth centum . J. GILBERT RECHEL, 1003 Valencia Street. Mission Grammar School, 8th Grade. Ill ^ans inhumanity to T^an. SINCE the world was created, and since Adam tried to throw the blame of his disobedience on Eve 's shoulders, the wheel of " Time " has been going steadily round, watch- ing the decay of nations and the destruction of noble cities and towns. It has never paused in its course, and has beheld the ad- vancement of man, as his narrow ideas have changed or broadened, and his knowledge of the unseen wonders of Nature become expanded. But one thing has not changed (the feelings that predomin- ated in man in those early days, still hold sway over him. Cain slew Abel, and to-day numberless men are branded as Cain was. Above all the mean petty feelings of pride, jealousy and spite, the one great sin of cruelt3 T and inhumanity reigns. It is impossible to conceive how one man gifted with talent, wealth and strength, can look mercilessly down on his less fortunate brother, and bid him work for his daily bread. The rich man turns the beggar from his door, hungry and unsatisfied, and yet he goes to church and kneeling reverent- ly, says : " Give us this da}^ our daily bread." Man, the all gifted, with his strength of mind and body and his right to rule over the earth, is often little better than the brute. We all know the story of the " Fox Without a Tail. " All through life we meet with many tailless foxes, who not con- tent with their own degradation, desire to drag others down with them. These undesirable animals constantly appear before us, with their friendly advice. We must beware of them or we will find that they are leading us down their own dark pathway, away from the light of honesty and truth. Thus the inhumanity of one man to his brother fills the world with sorrow and misery, for we are all brothers and sis- ters, and the earth is our universal mother. Our earthly fathers as well as our Heavenly One, look with sorrow on the work of their sons, for : ' ' Man's inhumanity to man, Makes countless thousands mourn." FRANKIE SULLIVAN. Girl' s High School, Written in Class. 112 Photography. APPARATUS. IN photography certain apparatus or tools are needed to pro- M duce a picture ; some must be bought, others with but little ingenuity and labor can be made. The first essentials are the camera, the lens, the plate- holder, the tripod, the cloth and the focusing-glass. The tripod is the stand on which the camera is placed ; it can be taken apart and when not used can be folded and car- ried in the hand. The extension tripod has particular advan- tages, as it can be made to stand on uneven ground, so that the camera may be brought to a proper level by simply adjust- ing the legs. The cloth must be about one yard square, of a dark quality and impenetrable to light. Kxposurk. Exposures in the exterior should be shortest, n A. m. to 2 p. m. No attempts should be made to work on objects when a fog obscures the distance to the eye. The camera and lens must be free from dust ; holders must be tightly closed before leaving dark room. The tripod must be set firmly ; the focus, with a large stop in lens, on an object say one hundred feet away ; fix the slid- ing front, and turn the camera each way till the subject is on the ground glass. Remove ground glass, take plate-holder from box and put it in front of ground glass ; draw the slide with steady motion entirely out with a quick motion. You are now ready to expose. Uncap, give time and recap. Return slide you have removed. DEVELOPING. Chemicals needed to compound developer : Sulphite of soda, crystal 1 pound Carbonate of potash, granulated 1 pound Carbonate of soda, granulated 1 pound Pyrogallic acid 4 ounces Sulphuric acid. ... 1 ounce Bromide of potash 1 ounce This quantity of chemical furnishes enough developer for H3 almost three hundred plates 6^x8^2, and, if carefully used, not cost more than one cent for each. To compound the developer, do as follows : Procure two twelve-ounce bottles of clear, white glass, with well-fitting corks. Mark one " No. 1, Pyro. ; " the next " No. 2, Potash." Take eight ounce graduate, put five ounces water ; add two ounces sulphite of soda crystals and stir with glass rod till it dissolves ; then slowly add half a dram, fluid measure, of sulphuric acid ; add two hundred and forty grains pyrogallic acid ; when dissolved, fill up to eight ounces. The details of the making of the developer cannot be entered into too closely. We will say the developer is done. Lay the plate in tray, face up, and pour the developer over it. A darkening appearance gradually grows distinct in a few minutes. These are the sky, high-lights, or light objects on which has fallen most powerful light. To examine its intens^, hold it to the light, and if not in- tense enough continue these operations till it is. The nega- tives are washed in chemicals and water, and dried on a negative drying-rack. It is next varnished by a very simple process. The paper for it is prepared, and after going through several other pro- cesses the photograph is finished. CHARLIE THALL, ii2/\.}4 Folsom Street. Franklin Grammar School, 6th Grade. The Wind. #H wind ! Oh wind ! thy mighty blast Hath o'er the sea such doom o'ercast ; And Oh ! how many a mighty sail Hath floundered in tempestuous gale. And oft hath left fair silven strand From some far distant smiling land ; And msaiy a maid and mother weep For a loved one, lost in surging deep. GRACE M. COLE. Girls' High School, Written in Class. H4 The Sewing Machine, fHB superior merits and the attractive beauty of the sewing machine demonstrate the fact that it is one of the greatest marvels of the present century. If we would learn of the intrinsic value of the machine, or become acquainted with the grand record of the sewing ma- chine in general, we must take a retrospect of a period in which there has been toils and triumphs. If, in order to do this, we traverse the bridge of history, which spans the gulf of time, we find revealed to us an array of facts which prove conclus- ively that our own epoch, when compared with those which have preceded it, is pre-eminently an age in which difficulties have been met and overcome by noble efforts and marvelous skill. In the domain of mechanical art the steam engine occupies a very high place, and, if it is appropriate to regard it as king of machines, then the proud position of queen of mechanical con- trivances is possessed by the sewing machine. Her throne is within the domestic circle ; her reign has been prosperous and happy. By a wave of her sceptre she has driven tedious labor from the mansions of the wealthy, and banished from the homes of the poor that drudgery, weariness and sorrow which is so graphically described by Thomas Hood in his pathetic poem. Since he wrote the ' ' Song of the Shirt " the merry voice of the sewing machine has been heard amidst scenes of gladness, comfort and ease. Many names have been identified with the sewing machine, but it remained for American genius and inventiveness to pro- duce a machine fit for practical use. This was affected step by step. It has always been the aim of the sewing machine manu- facturer to produce a superior article. The machines are made of the very best materials. All the wearing parts are accur- ately gauged ; skilled inspectors scrutinize every part before being put together. It is made up in mahogany, maple, walnut, oak and olive. In design it is very beautiful ; its relative proportions are pleas- ing to the eye, and, to all who possess it, it will be a " thing of beauty and a joy forever." JEANIE LINDSAY, 406 California Avenue. Columbia Grammar School, 8th Grade. "5 SCEOOL FURNITURE, IjCHOOIy furniture is an index of civilization. The absence 9 of fine furnishing in a modern schoolroom is a sure ' ' tell- tale ' ' that the Trustees of that district are lacking in refine- ment. They unconsciously advertise themselves as having been taught in some country school, where long benches with- out backs served as seats, and a painted board on "legs" served for a blackboard ; and an apple and knitting-needle, borrowed from one of the girls, served to illustrate ' ' the earth on its axis. " And even that unpleasant aspect of the case is not its worst. As the lack of refining influences at home make rough boys and rude girls, so desks and seats that do not inspire the scholars with neatness and tidiness are a posi- tive injury. Environment is considered by many to be a great factor in making or marring character, and what environ- ment can work more mightier than school life ? Seats made in artistic finish and with an understanding of the form of the human body ought to be compulsory in every schoolroom ; otherwise, physical injury results to the children. Seats also ought to be selected from the best made, as the pupils' eyesight and form depends largely on them. A poorly made desk is often accountable for the drooping shoulders and hollow chests we see among school children. Mr. Ruskin tells us that he was made an artist and an art critic by his father never permitting him to see anything rude, rough or inartistic. What an inducement this, for our fathers to make our schools as near a refined parlor as possible ! It will pay them, and it will cause us in after years to rise and call them blessed. The maps and globes ought to be of the best and truest that genius has produced. Just here some one may complain of the cost of all this. Well, even the cost is not so much as one would think, for the difference in price between a good article and a cheap poor one is nothing when divided up among a lot of people ; and when we consider how much longer a good article wears, I think it pays to buy a good one. There is really no excuse, and none ought to be taken, for bad furnishings in a schoolroom at the close of the Nineteenth Century. JOHN COLBERT, 634 Elizabeth Street. Lincoln Grammar School^ Jth Grade. n6 MILLINERY, FHE art of trimming headgear is called millinery. The mak- ing of hats or the foundation upon which milliners work belongs to a different branch of business. Millinery gives an agreeable and pleasant occupation to thousands of ladies of our land. However, all who undertake the trade do not make a success of it, because they have not the knack of planning so that the colors will blend, and arranging their work to suit the complexion and style of the wearer. Thus, we see the art must not only be acquired, but one must have a natural taste for it if she expects to make a success of it. After the work has been arranged by pinning the material in place, no particular skill is required to do the necessary stitching, but it is in arranging the material that the natural talent is required. Then, too, in millinery the style is the principal thing to be considered. Therefore, those who make a business of the trade must keep themselves well informed on the latest colors, styles, etc. Not long ago a party was given by one of the young ladies of a small town, and each lady invited was to bring with her an old straw hat (that was past using for anything else), a lot of ribbons or decorative materials, a needle and thread. These furnishings were to be given to the young men present, and they had the task of trimming the different hats, without any assistance, as best they could. A prize was to be given to the gentleman who trimmed the hat or bonnet best, and a booby prize was to be given to the one who was least successful. You can imagine how artistically and gracefully they started to work, some displaying their beautiful diamonds which were seldom noticed by the ladies, while others struggled with a piece of thread that had in some way become entangled in the artificial flower they were attempting to put on . At last, after struggling with the flowers, hat and ribbon for a whole hour, the young ladies took pity on their various efforts, and they were allowed to discontinue their work. It was quite laugh- able to observe the colors and the arrangement on some of the hats ; and I am quite sure the young lady who had to wear any of this beautiful millinery would say many disagreeable things about the trimmer. This illustration is made for the purpose of showing the ne- cessity of undertaking only such things as we are most ca- pable of performing. GRACE BERRY, 515 Jones Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade. H7 NOTHING HEN asked to choose a subject For an essay yesterday, Among a thousand topics I roamed for hours away. I could not write upon the moon, Nor on a daisy fair, Nor on the dear mosquito Whose music fills the air. And so I asked my teacher If she could help me out She said, "Why write on nothing, thats What yon know most about." And so I write on nothing. What is it anyway ? It's what I have inside my head And what I learn all day. BESSIE BALDWIN BEARDSEEY, Written in Class. Which ? «j F in the course of our short life M Some task unpleasant be our lot, Shall we rebel — bemoan our fate — Then turn our back and do it not ? Or shall we check our great dislike, At once perform it with a will That robs the labor of its sting, And turns to good the fancied ill ? AGNES O'CONNEEE. Girls' High School, Written in Class. nS WELLINGTON GOAL, fELIvINGTON coal is mined on Vancouver Island in Brit- tish Columbia, from where most of it is exported to San Francisco. The many excellent properties of this coal are well known by nearly every one. There are few who believe in burning cheaper-priced coal, which burns fast and gives little or no heat; makes a great quantity of ashes, and clogs the flues with soot ; and if a lid of the stove is lifted, a great quantity of smoke issues forth and fills the room and very often the whole house. Wellington coal has none of these faults. It is a clear and steady burner, making very little smoke and hardly an}* soot, and never fills up the ash pit near as fast as any of the cheaper and inferior brands do. It is also a coal that may be termed a long burner, as it does not need replenishing as often as the others do, but keeps a long steady fire, giving plenty of heat and requiring none of the attention the others do. It is not only a good cooking coal, but its good burning qualities are innumerable. It makes an excellent grate fire, and it can be utilized for almost any purpose where a good burning coal is required. Wellington is a coal that has few equals, if am-, among bituminous coal, and is always uniform in quality. The price is nearly always the same reasonable figure, making it within the reach of every one. The many good qualities of this coal point to it as a coal superior to all ; it is in almost ever}- usage to which coal can be put, and maintaining that it is always best and the cheapest money can buy. MARION HENNKSSY, 1505 Clay Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade. Inflamed with the study of learning and the admiration of virtue ; stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave men and worthy patriots, dear to God and famous to all ages. — Milton . Education is the only interest worthy the deep, controlling anxiety of the thoughtful man. — Wendell Phillips. 119 BEUGS, |OW, uncle, please do listen, I must write a composition on drugs. 'Oh, dear ! It's a difficult subject. I would much prefer writing on bugs. " But still, it must be written, And er — Oh, uncle ! Can you not see I compose so very poorly, You must write this composition for me." Ruth's uncle was a great tease, So he said, " Very well, I will write So simply that all will think, dear, 'Twas done by yourself, pretty sprite." He sat at the table and scribbled For a half a minute or more, Then Ruth slyly looked o'er his shoulder And this is what the child saw : Extractum Coloc}-ntlidis Alcholicum, Extractum Camabis Purification, Extractum Colclici Aceticum, Extractum Serpentariae Fluidum. She was thoroughly disappointed When these Latin words met her eye, Tears in her brown eyes glittered And she looked quite ready to cry. But her uncle turned and said, 1 ' More highly I value truth Than all the learned essaj^s That were ever written, Ruth. 120 ' ' A falsehood you would be acting If yon handed my essay in ; Though you wouldn't mean to be untruthful, Falsehood is a deadly sin." So Ruth sat down and thought, Into the evening far, Till the night drew down her curtains blue And pinned them with a star. When the silver huntress, Diana, Through the window ventured to peep, The essay now was all written, The composer fast asleep. On a chair by the open window A small, white paper lay ; On it was carefully written That memorable essay. The virgin moon dropped lower And bent her dainty head, And glancing o'er the paper, This is what she read : In the golden days of long ago, When through the heavens wide, Apollo and the huntress queen Wandered side by side, No drugs were known to ancient men And so the people died, And never knew that drugs would save Them from the rushing tide. 'Twas left for modern men to know The science God has given To relieve pain and sickness cure — 'Tis a gift direct from heaven. 121 Opium, morphine and cocaine, And drugs well known to-day, We've heard of chloroform effects on men, And physicians often say, Perhaps 'twere well for many men That these drugs ne 'er had been known , For though they are truly remarkable, They have ruined many a home. When Ruth awoke in the morning, Great was her surprise, For the paper was wet as though with tears, Shed by sorrowful eyes. MOLLIE SUIvUVAN, 625 Natoma Street. Clement Graimnar School, 8th Grade. 4-* oem. k H, would that I could write a poem To make the world wonder and stare, To make souls soar to heavenly things, Away from this strife and care. It would make the sorrowful happy, The children laugh in their play, The old and the feeble feel young, And the sick and oppressed gay. But what is the use of telling What I could never do ; Perhaps 'tis best to do God's work And be upright, honest and true. To be happy each day as I can be, And make others happy, too ; Not simply to talk of helping, But be willing to work and do. God j udges the gift by the giver In the Book of Truth, we are told ; And He prized the widow's mite far more Than the nobleman's broad piece of gold. MAY NUTTING, Girls' High School, Written in Class. 8 122 Statuary. N the fourth cen- tury A. D., un- ^ der the rule of Constantine's suc- cessors, sculpturing was in vogue, though the produc- tions were not of a high order. The old Pagan faith of the Romans was dead, and they had not been as yet suffi- ciently influenced by Christianity as to embody their belief in their work. Is it not natural if a sculptor has any noble ideas of wor- ship that he will bring them out in his statues ? There- fore, when these are lacking, the result is dull and lifeless. Gradually great improvements were made by Christian work- men, proving that the higher the ideal, the greater the work. Among the Grecian sculptors Phidias stands out pre-emi- nent. He was born about 500 B.C. His first two important works were executed in bronze. The first was a large group dedicated to Delphi ; the second a colossal statue of Pallas Athena. Lut the two works with which his fame is chiefiy associated were in gold and ivory — the colossal statue of Athena, which is at the temple dedicated to her, and the other of Jupiter, for the temple at Olympia. The god was repre- sented as seated on a throne, his right hand holding a figure of Victory, and his left resting on a sceptre, on which the eagle was perched. On his head was a wreath of olives. The drapery w r as of gold, richly w r orked with flowers. The throne was mostly of ebony and ivory. Of this, the greatest work of the greatest Grecian sculptor, nothing but the description remains. A great number of Phidias' pupils also arrived at great distinction. Among the later Italian sculptors we find Michael Angelo, Blanche Lewis. 123 the greatest and most famous of the celebrated artists of Flor- ence, born in 1475. His first essay in sculpture was an aged fawn with a front tooth knocked out. One of his statues, which he produced in 1495, called " St. John in the Wilderness, " is at present in the Berlin Museum. The stripling saint stands naked but for a skin about his loins, holding a honeycomb in his left hand, and lifting to his mouth with his right a goat's horn full of honey. One of the most prominent at the World 's Fair was the one of Columbus represented on the deck of the Santa Maria. On the top of the pedestal at his feet is the vessel's anchor, and in his hand is a pair of dividers, as though he had just picked out his course on a map. The face of the great ''Admiral" is more satisfactory than in most of his portraits. Another statue that attracted my attention was that of Cle- opatra. It was one of the most graceful and symmetrical pieces of art seen at the Great Fair. She has often been used by poets as well as by sculptors to represent their ideals of loveliness. BLANCHE LEWIS, 1420 Sutter Street. Denman Grammar School, 8th Grade. ^fche 5W£ J INDING down from the mountain top Comes the crystal stream, Bubbling, gurgling, refusing to stop, As in a happy dream. Finally it reaches the dark blue bay Where it must ever be, Until on some eventful day It finally reaches the sea. MARGARET MAGUIRE. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 124 ^Arabian Cojjee. COFFEE is the seed of an ever- green shrub, the Coffea Arabica, which is said to have been discovered in Abys- sinia by the Arabs. It is chiefly cultivated in Arabia, the South- ern States of North America, the East and West Indies, Java and Ceylon ; but the cli- mate of Arabia, where it was first cultivated, appears to be most suited to its growth. Frequent rains and the brilliant unshaded light of the almost cloudless sky stimu- late vegetation and cause the secretion of those principles on which depend the delicate aroma. Ele- vated situations are most suitable for the growth of coffee, and the plantations have much the appearance of pleasure grounds. The trees are raised from slips which are allowed four or five years to grow before they are cropped. They attain the height of eight or ten feet, and continue in bearing from thirty to fifty years. The shrub or tree resembles a handsome laurel, and bears a profusion of clusters of fragrant white flowers, which are succeeded by brilliant red berries, sweet and pulpy, which ripen to a purple color — each containing two coffee seeds or stones. The process of preparing coffee for market is as follows : The ripe berries when picked are at first put through a machine called the despulpador, which removes the pulp ; the coffee grains are still covered with a sort of glutinous substance which adheres to the bean ; they are now spread out on large "patios," made specially for this purpose, and left there, being occasionally tossed about and turned over with wooden shovels until they are perfectly dry. They are Essie Batjm. 125 then gathered up and put into the ' ' retrilla, " a circular trough in which a heavy wooden wheel, shod with steel, is made to revolve so as to thoroughly break the husk without crushing the bean. The chaff is separated from the grain by means of a fanning mill and the coffee is now thoroughly dry and clean. After this, it is the custom of some planters to have it spread out on long tables and carefully picked over by the women or children, all the bad beans being thrown out. It only remains then to have it put into bags, weighed and marked before it is read}' for shipment to the port. On some of the larger plantations this process is greatly simplified with considerable saving in time and labor by the use of improved machinery for dr}dng and cleaning coffee. ESSIE BAUM, 2918 Jackson Street. Pacific Heights Grammar School, Jth Grade. The above writer won the First Prize awarded by Hills Brothers. *(Dhe ^)aistj. §H ! you pretty daisy, What a lovely flower ; Wafting perfume o'er the earth, And gladdening every hou^. Peeping through the moistened soil, When trees and fields are bare ; And, though tread on by many feet, The daisy is still there." HILDA LEVY. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 126 J^trabian (oof fee. r~" FHE Coffee tree is a native of East- ern Africa, but it was in Arabia that it first became known to the people of Europe, and until about the year 1700 A. D. that country afforded the entire supply. The coffee seeds then found their way to Java by some traders, and one of the first plants grown on that island was sent to the Gov- ernor of the Dutch East India Company, who lived in Hol- land, as a present. It was planted in the Botanical Gardens at Amsterdam, and in a few years seeds were taken from it and sent to South America, where the cul- tivation of coffee has steadily increased, extending to the West Indies, until now the offspring of this one plant produce more coffee than is obtained from all the other plants in the world. The plant is an evergreen, and is from six to twelve feet high, and the stem is from ten to fifteen inches in diameter. When the blossom falls off, there grows in its place a small green fruit, which becomes dark red as it ripens. This fruit is not unlike the cherry, and is very good to eat. Under the pulp of the cherry is found the bean or berry that we call coffee, wrapped in a fine thin skin. The berry is at first very soft, and has a bad taste ; but as the cherry ripens the berry grows harder, and the dried-up fruit becomes a shell or pod of a deep brown color. When the berry is ripe it is of a translucent green color. The coffee tree begins to bear fruit the third year, and by the sixth or seventh year they are at full bearing, and .continue to bear for twenty years or more. Lulu A. Wegener. 127 Before the berry can be used it undergoes a process of roast- ing. The amount of aromatic oil brought out in roasting has much to do with the value of coffee when it is sold, and the longer the raw coffee is kept the richer it becomes in this pecu- liar oil, and so the more valuable. Arabia produces the celebrated Mocha coffee, which is the finest in the world. Java coffee is next prized. LULU A. WEGENER, 142 1 McAllister Street. Hamilton Grammar School, yth Grade. The above writer won the Second Prize awarded by Hills Brothers. Tfye ^xan6ua6e of ^Flowers. STOOD in a beautiful garden, Where the flowers reared their heads, To tell me their significance, And this is what they said : The white rose, ' ' I am worthy of you, ' ' The red one, ' ' Love me ever, " Next the yellow oped her lips and said, " Do not let us sever." The violet blue, ' ' I am ever faithful, ' ' The snow-drop, " I have hope," The little daisy next did say, " No one can with you cope. " And each to me did breathe some tale Of what they do express ; Some told of love, of joy, of faith, And others of distress. MARTHA TRIEST. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 128 benefits of the installment Ifflaq. I HE installment plan means to pay down a giv- en or named sum, and thereafter pay small payments un- til the debt is cov- ered. A young man is just started out in life (for instance) and he works hard for his salary, which is not very large. With this money he has to pay his room, his board and buy wearing apparel. After his working hours are over he does not wish to ap- pear in his working clothes, but wants a good, stylish wearing suit, and, as he has not enough money to pay for a suit at once, he is in a fix how to obtain one without paying all down. At this moment he falls to the Installment Plan and sees the clear future before him of owning a fine suit by pay- ing a certain sum down and paying a payment every week. He makes arrangements for the suit which he receives, and before long the money is all paid up. Another person, a lady, has a drunkard for a husband who brings home very little money for her to support her children and herself with. As she is a neat and honest woman, she wishes to put herself and children in better attire. Maybe she came from a better family and has quite a number of friends who often come to see her. Of course she does not want to be embarrassed by her friends because her parlor is not carpeted or she has not nice chairs in it. She saves as much money as possible and goes to an installment company and paying this money down receives the carpet and chairs and pays the balance in weekly payments. When her friends come to see her again they are greatly surprised, and she feels Wallace W. Wideman. 129 in her heart a feeling which only a discoverer or conqueror feels when he conquers or discovers a new piece of land. Another benefit : A married man has a wife and children, and, as he sometimes stays out later at night than he should without his really meaning to, he catches it from his wife when he comes home that night. So he says to himself, ' ' I must buy a watch some way as my staying out at night arouses ill feeling in the family, and I want a good watch, but that costs too much money for me to pay down at once. Well, yesterday I heard that the installment company has some fine gold watches and very cheap," and so saying goes to the installment house, examines the watches and finds them to be of the finest workmanship and fine time-keepers. He picks out a watch, pays the first payment down, which exceeds the rest, and finishes up by weekly or monthly installments, as the case might be agreed upon. WALLACE W. WIDEMAN, 25153/2 Bryant Avenue. Boys' High School. The above writer won the prize awarded by The United States Watch and Suit Co. ©nlu u a luiinute. |J0W many when at work or play And called by parents dear away, Turn back and say with nothing in it, "All right ; I'll be there in a minute." How much can happen in that time ! Something great in history's line, Something by which to be made known, Something on which we stand alone. Then list to parents, children all, Be sure you heed, then, every call ; And do not say with nothing in it, "All right; I'll be there in a minute." NELLIE MITCHKUS. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 130 ^avbtvave. subject o f hardware is such a vast one if you choose to en- ter upon it as it de- serves. There would first have to be considered the production of raw material, then the manufacturing o f the same into mer- chantable goods. When we look into the tastefully arranged windows in which the goods of the different hardware stores are on exhibition we realize the fact that these same articles must have been subjected to the skill and ingenuity of many different kinds of workmen. We all know that iron is the main factor in the manufactur- ing of hardware. It is obtained through mining. Iron mines are to be found in this country, on the Atlantic Coast and also to some extent in the upper Mississippi Valley. Iron mines are worked by shafts, which are sunk into the ground, and from which tunnels are dug, called levels. As fast as the ore is hauled to the shaft it is hoisted by means of machinery to the surface, where it is loaded into cars and hauled to the crushers. These crushers are very large, ponderous machines, which break the ore into suitable size, being then separated from its drosser elements, and delivered at the furnace where it is moulded into bars. It is from these bars that hardware is manufactured. They are taken to the factories and by means of machinery are made into such articles as hammers, files, planes, locks, keys, wrenches and innumerable other things. Hardware enters into the use of everyday life to such an ex- tent now that we cannot imagine how people could have gotten LlLLtE FRITSCHI. i3i along without it. What was a luxury a hundred years ago is now a necessity. For instance, how could the primitive way of erecting houses, without the use of hammer and nails, sat- isfy the enterprising builder of to-day ? As we superintend the construction of a modern house hard- ware is required in many ways. We must have locks and hinges for doors, springs for windows, casters for beds, bureaus, tables and other articles of furniture, which without those useful contrivances would be too heavy to move. Could we manufacture furniture without the use of tools? Must we not have planes to smooth the boards of our tables from which we eat our food ? Could a tree be felled without the use of saw and axe? In fact, there is not a single article of furniture used which could be made without one instru- ment or the other. As we enter the kitchen one of the most important articles used in house-keeping is the stove. Must we not have pots, kettles, frying pans and other kitchen utensils to prepare our food ? The thrifty housewife would be perplexed indeed should she have to get along without the flat-iron. As already stated, hardware enters not alone into the manu- facturing of articles absolutely necessary, but also into those of games and all kinds of athletic sports. LILLIE FRITSCHI, 613 Bush Street. South Cosmopolitan Grammar School, 8th Grade. The above writer won the First Prize awarded by the Osborn Hardware and Tool Company. ®he gftoon* tH moon ! that art so high and bright, What meanest thou by thy good light, And why appearest thou so sad When all the people seem so glad ? Why smilest thou not like thy friends Who try kind looks to thee to send? And if thou doest as I say Thy face will beam like light of day. EMMA KOCH. Girls' High School, Written in Class. 132 'ardty are. F we look into a hardware store ** we shall see flat- irons, knives, razors, nails, screws, scis- sors, carpenters' tools, hatchets and other things too nu- merous to mention, all made of iron and steel. Even the steel is made of iron, so that about every- thing in a hardware store is turned out of the iron mines. Thus you see the value of iron. It is much more useful than gold or silver, and, in fact, almost every other kind of metal. Hardware is one of the most valuable productions of iron. What would we do without knives, razors and, most of all, our nails, screws and tools? for by those things we build our houses and stores. How would the carpenter get along with- out his hammer to drive the nails with ? The head of the ham- mer must be made of iron, for lead or wood would not do, for they would easily break, and the lead would easily bend and get full of nicks. Iron is hard and will stand a great deal. What would we do without any axe to split our kindling with? We could make an axe out of nothing but iron. If we examine the edge of an axe we will see that it is highly tempered to make it hard and durable. The blade of our pocket knife is made of iron and goes through a process until it becomes hardened ; then through another process which gives it a high polish ; it is then called steel. The cheaper a knife is, the more like iron the blade is. A razor is much better tempered than a knife. The ladies' and tailors' tool is the scissors. It is verj' useful to them. We Arthur Cousins. 133 couldn't very well do without them, for all our clothing and a great many other things are cut out with them. All these things come under hardware, so one can see its value. Hardware is a general name for all wares made of iron or other metals, as pots, kettles, saws, knives, etc. A hard- ware-man is a man w