fiHMHiiiil itili Class. Book. PRESENTED BY APPLETONS' *■ COIPAldON HAID-BOOE OF TRAVEL: CONTAINING A FULL DESCRIPTION i OF THE PEINCIPAIi ( CITIES, TOWNS, AND PLACES OF INTEEEST, TOGETHEK ■«^TH HOTELS AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL THEOTJGH THE UNITED STATES AND THE CAMDAS. , , WITH COLORED MAPS. ( EDITED BY T>"ADDISON RICHARDS. NEW TOEK: ' ^ D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 443 & 455 BROADWAY. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. \ 1865. I NOTICE. I?t5 No expense or laljor ■will Ibe spared to make the Companion Hand-Book attractive, comprehcn- Bive, concise, thoTOUgh, and every way reliable. As we shall frequently print new editions, any information in regard to errors and omissions which those who use the work may detect, or any facts of interest and value— particularly in respect \ to new routes and accommoantions— will be gratefully received and considered. Such communica- tions should be addressed to the Publishers. The population of Cities and Towns mentioned in this "Work are those of the last Census (1S60), except when otherwise stated. ■WE ALSO PUBLISH APPLETONS' ILLUSTRATED RAILWAY GUIDE, Containing Seventy Maps, and the latest Time Tables, corrected to date. Published semi-monthly, under the supervision of the Eaihvay Companies. One Volume, 2S8 pages. 25 Cents. Sub- scription Price, $3 per annum. APPLETONS' ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK OF AMERICAN TRAVEL, a Full and Eeliable Guide, by Pvailway, Steamboat, and Stage, to the Cities, Towns, Waterfalls, Battle-fields, Mountains, Elvers, Lakes, Hunting and Pishing Grounds, "Watering Places, Summer Eesorts, and all Scenes and Objects of Importance and Interest in the United States and British Provinces. By T. Addison Eichakds. "With Careful Maps of all Parts of the Country, and 100 Pictures of Famous Places and Scenes, from Origin-al Drawings by the Author and other Artists. PART I., containing the NOETHEEN A"N"D EASTERN STATES, $1. PART IL, " SOUTHEEN AND "WESTEEN STATES, $1. OR THE T"WO PAETS BOUND IN ONE VOLUME, $1 50. Enteeed, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S60, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, la the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. <3lft Judge and Mrs. Isaac R. Hitt TO THE TRAVELLER: SOME PARTING "WORDS OF ESPLAFATIOK AND ADVICE. -»-©-«- In a journey over so vast a country as the United States, occupying nearly half a Continent, and measuring its length and breadth by thousands, and its routes of travel by tens of thousands of miles, one may very readily be pardoned if he sometimes stumbles by the way. May we not beg the benefit of this consideration, if, in our present laborious itineraire, we have occasionally chanced, despite all our watchful- ness, to only half look at points of interest or to overlook them altogether ; or if, amidst the intricate reticulation of the roads, we may have momently lost our way ? We hope, however, that we have not been thus unlucky in any considerable degree, for we have made very honest effort to guide our traveller truly and surely ; to show him — ^hastily, to be sure, as needs must be, yet intelligently — the past and the present, the physique and the morale, of the great country through which we have led him ; its differing peoples and places, from the mountains to the prairies — from the cities and palaces of the East to the wildernesses and wigwams of the West. Thou^ we have thus done our best for the present, we hope to do still better hereafter, as we revise and extend our volume year after year, with the benefit of en- larged personal observation and of the good counsels of others : for we trust that those who follow our guidance will do us the kindness to advise us of any and all er- rors and omissions they may discover in our pages. To assist them in rendering us this generous service, we have placed some blank leaves for memoranda, at the end of our book. THE PLAN OF THIS BOOK. We have thought it best to follow the familiar geographical order of the various divisions of the country, and thus to begin at Canada on the extreme north-east, and, continuing along the shores of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and upon the Pacific, westward. With rare exceptions, we have, instead of selecting a particular route and seeing all it offers of attraction, jumped at once to our,especial destiiiation, and then intimated the way by which it is reached. Thus, if the traveller happens to be in New York or Boston, and desires to go to New Orleans, he will, by turning to 6 INTRODTJCTIOISr. " New Orleans," find the routes thither. The chief cities are taken as starting points for all other and lesser places in their neighborhood. It has not, of course, been possi- ble to mention every village or town in the Union, in the nan'ow hmits of a pocket Tolume, like this. GENERAL REMARKS. The foreign tourist will soon observe, to his satisfaction, (and the citizen might remember it oftener, with thanks to his stars,) the great convenience of the total ab- sence in the United States, of all annoying demands for passports — of scowhng fortifi- cations and draw-bridges, of jealous gates, closed at a fixed hour of the evening and not to be re-opened before another fixed hour of the morning ; of custom-houses between the several States, and of all rummaging of baggage by gens d'armes for the octroi ; and yet, nevertheless, of as perfect a feeling of security, everywhere, as in the most vigilantly policed kingdoms of Europe. He may or may not like the table d'hote system of our hotels — the uniform fare and the unvarying price ; that, excepting in the few metropolitan cities, where the habits of all nations obtain, he must submit to. From the social equality everywhere and without exception, he will not suffer, how- ever high his rank at home ; and if it be not the highest, he will surely gain in con- sideration. To win attention and care, both the lofty and the lowly have, and have only, to dispense good will and kind manners as they pass along. MONET. " Greenbacks," in place of gold and silver, are current all through the Union, while bank-notes, and especially of distant States, very often are not. Change, too, will save trouble ; especially half-dollars, generally the fare of omnibuses and hacks, and invariably the price of meals. Twenty-five cent, notes, too, are useful, as fees for little services by the way. In traveUing through the settled districts by railway and steamboats, and at the best hotels, the daily expenses should be estimated at not less than five or six dollars per day for each person. BAGGAGE. As little baggage as possible is always a good rule, though a very liberal supply is permitted on the railways and almost any quantity on the steamboats. On the stages, the prescribed limit of sixty or eighty pounds cannot be exceeded without extra charge. The regular carriages of his hotel will convey the traveller securely and in season, to the railway station or the steamboat landing, where his first care must be to deposit his trunks in the keeping of the baggage-master, and receive a check for each one — corresponding marks will be attached to the baggage, and it will be delivered at the INTEODTJOTION. 7 end of the route only to the holder of the checks. It is best to get baggage checked for the entire journey, or for the longest possible stage thereof, and thus save one's self the trouble of looking out for it more frequently than is necessary. Before arriving at his destination, the traveller will, on the principal routes, receive a call from an express agent, to whom he may safely resign his check and address, con- fident that his baggage will be duly deUvered, and at a charge of about thirty -iive cents for each piece or trunk. On arriving at the end of his journey, he should put himself in one of the carriages marked as in the particular service of the hotel to which he is going. If he employs other vehicles, it will be well to learn the fare beforehand, particularly in the city of New York, where hackmen pay but little attention, when they can help it, to the law in the case. TICKETS. Tickets on the railways should be purchased at the office before starting, otherwise a small additional charge will be made. If a long journey over various roads is in- tended, it is cheaper and more convenient to buy a through ticket to the end of the route, or for as long a distance as possible. On the steamboats, the tickets for pas- sage and for meals will be purchased at leisure, after starting, at the captain's office. HOTELS. The hotels of the United States are famous all the world over, for their extent, con- venience, comfort, and elegance. They are often truly palatial in their sumptuousness, with means and appliances for the prompt gratification of every want and whim. The universal price of board, from one end of the country to the other, is $2 50 to $4 per day at the most fashionable, and indeed at all the principal houses. Private par- lors and extra rooms involve an additional charge, according to their position. Wines are always extra and always dear enough. ■WAITERS OR SERVANTS. It is not the general custom in America, as in Europe, to fee waiters at the hotels, though it may very properly be done for especial personal service. It is often done by those who like hot dinners better than cold, or who may have a fancy for some rare dish when it unluckily happens to be " all out." COSTUME. At the watering places, the same resources of toilette are needed as in the city salon ; but though you be thus provided, do not be unprovided with a traveUing suit equal to rude usage. If the color be a gray or a brown, so much the better in the dust of railway and stage routes. Don a felt hat, — it does not crush itself on your head iu g ■ INTEODUCTION. car or carriage, or blow overboard on steamboats. Leave thin boots (this especially to the ladies) at home, and be well, and comfortably, and safely shod, in stout calf- shin. It is a pity to be kept in doors by the fear of spoiling one's gaiters or wetting one's feet, when the meadows and hills and brooks are waiting to be explored. In mountain tramps, a generous sized flask, filled with most excellent brandy, may be swung over the shoulder with very picturesque effect. Now that we have told our traveller how to go, it only remains to us, before start- ing, to add a word of suggestion as to WHERE TO GO. If you are in New York, with one, or two, or three, or more summer days to spare, run up to one or other of the many delightful places on the Hudson River, — to West Point, or Newburgh, for example ; or to the Catskill Mountains ; or run down to Rock- away, or Long Branch, or any of the many healthful and inviting resorts along the coast of Long Island and New Jersey. If a week is at your command, go to Lake George, or to Trenton Falls, or Niagara ; explore the varied route of the Erie Railway, or seek some one of the innumerable Springs of the State. If a fortnight or a month can be spared, make a trip to Canada. See Montreal and the Ottawa River, then go to Quebec and the Saguenay, returning through Maine ; or from Montreal go up the St. Lawrence to Toronto, and thence to the great Lakes; or spend a part or all of your time among the wonderful White Hills of New Hamp- shire. If the whole summer is waiting to be disposed of, visit the beauties of the Upper Mississippi, or explore the marvels of the vast region lying west of the great Father of waters, where Territories and States are springing up as by magic, and the wilderness may be literally seen blossoming as the rose. In winter leisure, make a voyage to Havana, or elsewhere in tlie neighboring islands, and fhid the summer airs again which you have lost in more northern latitudes. There is no lack of inviting resorts for a day, or week, or month, or forever. Look in this respect at our Skeleton Tours, and at the detailed descriptions and routes in the pages which follow. Go somewhere, if you can, all of you ; and wherever and whenever you go, God speed you on your way and send you duly back wiser, and better, and healthier, and happier men and women. SKELETOE" TOURS From New York to Various Parts of the United States and the Canadas. ■WITH AN APPKOSIMATE STATEMENT OP THE TIME REQUIKED TO TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE, AND OF THE DURATION OF THE HALTS TO BE MADE AT THE MOST REMARKABLE SPOTS. See Description of Boutes, Hotels^ Places, and Scenes in the following pages.* A TOUR OF SIX DAYS, Visiting West Point, Nexohnrgh and the Cats- kills. Monday. New Tork to West Point (52 miles), by morning steamboat up the Hudson River, throiigli tlie Highlands, or by an early train on the Hudson River Railway, stopping at Garri- son's, and crossing by steam-ferry to the West Point Hotel or to Cozzen's, just below. Ar- rive in three hours, by or before noon. Visit the Military Academy, the ruins of Fort Put- nam, Kosciusko's Garden, Weir's Studio, etc, Tdesdat. Morning steamboat or early train to Newburgh (9 miles, crossing ferries included, one hour), stop at the Orange Hotel on the Main street, or at the Powelton, an elegant summer establishment in the suburbs ; visit Washington's Head Quarters in the village. After dinner, take a carriage for " Idlewild," the charming home of N. P. Willis, four miles down the river. Explore the grounds and the beautiful mountain brook and glen. Visit " Cedarlawn," the residence of the author Headley, on the way, a mile below New- burgh. Wednesday. Morning steamboat or by railway from Fishkill, opposite Newburgh, to Oakhill opposite Catskill ; 51 miles, 2 hours, besides ferries. From Catskill village, in good coaches, 12 miles, through a most picturesque hill and valley region, to the Mountain House. Thursday. Look* out for the grand spectacle from this point, of the sun-rise. After break fast walk to the North Mountain, overlooking the hotel and the two lakes ; next, join the usual morning party in the two-mile ride to the High Falls : back to dinner. Friday. Ride from the Mountain House through the great Kauterskill Clove, westward to the village of Palenville, returning by valley and mountain road eastward ; or explore the ra- vines and cascades of the Clove, better on foot — a good day's tramp. Saturday. Return to New Tork, via Catskill Village and the Hudson River. jf% If more time is at command, devote a day to a visit to High Peak, another to the Stony Clove, and another to the Plauterkill Clove and Creek. A TOUR OP SIX DAYS, Visiting Albany and Troy {via the Hudson Hiver), Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Fort Ticon- deroga, and Whitehall, on Lake Champlain. Monday. From New Yorli by morning boat or cars, via Hudson River, 146 miles,-*5 or 6 hours, to Albany (.see Albany and Troy.) Tuesday. Railway, time about two hours, from. Albany, through the city of Troy, to Saratoga Springs. Stop at the United States Hotel, at the Union Hall, at the Clarendon, or at the Congress Hall. Wednesday. To Lake George by railway 15 miles, to Moreau Station, and thence by plank road, an hour or two, via Glen's Falls to Cald- well. Stop over night at the Lake House, or at the Fort William Henry Hotel, close by. Thursday. Spend the day on the Lake boating and fishing, or sketching. Friday. Make the voyage of the lake in the fa- vorite little steamer, the " Minnehaha," a few hours' sail to the village of Ticonderoga, at the foot or north end of the lake ; thence 3 or 4 miles by coach to the ruins of Fort Ticon- deroga. For Railway Time-Tables consult Appletons' Monthly Railway and Steam Navigation Guide. 10 SKELETON TOUES. Saturjdat. Return home by the Lake Cham- plain steamers to Whitehall, and thence by Railway -via Troy and the Hudson. ^*^ Same tour (except on the Hudson), •within the same time from Boston, taking the "Western Railway, thence {Mondaij) 200 miles to Albany. A TOTTR OF SIX DAYS, Visiting Trenton and Niagara Falls, via the Central RaHtcay, and Returning by the New York and Erie Road. Monday. From New York to Trenton Falls, via Hudson River, 146 miles to Albany, Cen- tral Railway, 95 miles to Utioa, thence 15 miles to the Falls. Tuesday. Explore the Falls. Wednesday. Return to Utica and resume jour- ney on the Central Road, via Syracuse and Ro- chester (Falls of the Genesee) to Niagara. Thursday. At Niagara. Feiday. To Buffalo, and thence by the Erie Railway, passing the night at Binghamton. Saturday. Erie Road from Binghamton to New York. ^% If more time is at command, remain over Sunday at Niagara, and follow the pic- turesque route of the Erie Road more leis- Tirel)', seeing the cascades and ravines of the Genesee, and the groat Railway Bridge at Portage, 61 miles from Buffalo. Ehnira,273 miles from New York ; Owego, 236 miles ; Great Bend, 200 miles ; and Port Jervis, 88 miles, are pleasant stopping places on the way. TOim OF A WEEK, Visiting Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing- ton City. Monday. From New York by morning line to Philadelphia on the New Jersey Railway, 87 miles, or by the Camden and Amboy route. Arrive in the early afternoon. Tuesday. At Philadelphia. "Wednesday. Morning train to Baltimore, 97 miles ; arrive in the early afternoon. Thursday. Spend the day in Baltimore, and take the evening train, 40 miles, 2 hours, to "Washington. Friday. At Washington Saturday. Return to New York l>y Baltimore and Philadelphia, 224 miles. jf** If more time can be spared, remain in Washington Saturday and Sunday, visiting Mount Vernon, Georgetown, A'lexandria'', etc. Return on Monday to Philadelphia, and nest day leisurely to" New York. TOTJR OF A WEEK, Visiting the Valley of Wyoming and the Dela- ware Water Gap. Monday. From New York by the Erie Rail- way, 200 mil'es, to Gre.at Bend. Tuesday. By the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railway to Scranton, an interesting place ; thence to Wilkesbarre, on the Sus- quehanna, and in the "Valley of Wyoming. Wednesday. Explore the valley, visiting Pros- pect Rook, 3 miles from the village and Nanti- coke, in the beautiful passage of the Susque- hanna, at the Southern extremity of Wyoming. Thursday. Returning, take the cars via Mauoh Chunk, in the coal region, to Easton and the Water Gap. Friday. At the Water Gap. Saturday. Reach home by the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway, and other routes across New Jersey. *^f* With more time, it would be agreeable to spend a day at Scranton, two or three in and below the Valley of Wyoming ; to stop at Mauch Chunk, and see the coal mines and the bold landscape of the Lehigh River. TOUR OF TWO WEEKS, Visiting the White Jloimtains and the lake Scenery of New Hampshire, via Boston. FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York to Boston, joiu'ney occupying the night, by the Stonington and Providence, the Fall River or the Norwich routes (morning and evening), or by the Bos- ton Express ; or the Shore Line via New Lon- don. Tuesday. Boston. Wednesday. Boston to Centre Harbor, on Lake Winnipiseogee ; arrive at dinner time ; spend the afternoon on the lake or lake shores. Thursday. Visit Red Hill (on horseback), a few miles distant, and overlook the beautiful lake region. Friday. Proceed by the "White Mountain stages to North Conway, one of the most charming valleys in the world ; stopover night at Thompson's. Saturday. Continue journey by stage 24 miles to Crawford House, in the Gre.=it "Wliite Moun- tain Notch— traversing the valleys of Conway, Bartlett, etc. Sunday. Crawford House SECOND WEEK. Monday. Ascend Mount Washington. SKELETOIT TOIJES. 11 fTuESDAT. Visit the Silver Cascado and other scenes in the neighborhood of the ISTotoh. "Wednesday. Continue joiirney, by stage, 27 miles, to the Profile House, in the Franconia group of the White Hills, following the course of the Ammonoosuo. Thctrsdat. Profile House; visit Echo Lake and Profile Lake, and see the Old Man of the Mountain, Eagle Cliff, Cannon Mountain, and other sights of the vicinage. Fkidat. Kide 5 miles, from the Profile to the Flume House ; visit tke Flume and its neigh- boring marvels. Saturday. Returning, take stage to Littleton, 12 miles ; thence by Railway 20 miles to Wells' River ; thence through the valley of the Con- necticut to Bellows Falls, Brattleboro, or Northampton. Sunday. At Bellows Falls, Brattleboro, or N'orthampton. Third Monday. Home, from ISTortharapton, by Springfield, Hartford, and New Haven, or (from. Bellows Falls) by Albany and the Hud- eon. A TOUR OF TWO WEEKS, From New York to the White Mountains, via Boston and Portland, returning by the Con- necticut Valley Routes. FIRST WEEK. Monday. New York to Boston. Tuesday. At Boston. Wednesday. Boston to Portland, Maine. Thursday. At Portland. Friday. From Portland by the Grand Trunk Railway, 91 miles, to Gorham, N. H., White Mountain Station : continue journey in coaches 8 miles to the Glen House. Saturday. Journey by stage from the Glen House, 34 miles, to the Crawford House, White Mountain Notch. Sunday. At the Crawford House. SECOND WEEK. Explore the White Mountains and return home, as in preceding tour. A TOim OF TWO WEEKS, Visiting the New England Cities, Neio Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Boston^ Providence, and Newport. FIRST WEEK. KoNDAY. From New York to New Haven, Ct., 76 miles, by the New Haven Railway ; visit Yale College, the Trumbull Gallery, etc. Tuesday. Continue journey, 36 miles, to Hart- ford, Ct. Wednesday. To Springfield, Mass., 26 miles; visit the United States Armory. Thursday. To Boston, 98 miles. Friday. At Boston. Saturday. At Boston. Sunday. At Boston. SECOND WEEK. Monday. Morning train from Boston, 43 miles, to Providence ; see the Library of Brown Uni- versity and the Atheneum ; visit the Seekonk River and " What Cheer Rook," on the edge of the city, the village and Falls of Pawtucket, near by, etc. Tuesday. At Providence ; take a sail down the Narraganset Bay and back, in one of the nu- merous excursion steamers. Wednesday. Take the steamboat down the Narragansett Bay, from Providence to New- port ; a charming voyage of some two hours. Thursday. At Newport. Friday. At Newport. Saturday. At Newport. Sunday. At Newport. Monday. Home, by Fall River Steamers direct. TOim OF TWO WEEKS, From New York tip the Valley of the Housatonic to Great Barringtoyi, Stockbridge, etc., in Berkshire, Mass. ; Lebanon Spriyigs and Shaker Village, N. Y. Returning via the Hudson River and West Point. FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York, via New Haven Railway, to Bridgeport, Ct. ; thence without stopping, by the Housatonic Railway up the valley and river of the Housatonic to Great Barrington, in Berkshire, Mass. Tuesday. At Great Barrington. Wednesday. From Great Barrington, Railway 25 miles to Old Stockbridge. Thursday. At Old Stockbridge. Friday. Lebanon Springs. Saturday. Lebanon Springs. Sunday. Lebanon Springs. Visit Shaker vil- lage, near by. SECOND WEEK. Monday. Visit Pittsfleld, WiUiamstown, Lenos, Adams, etc. Tuesday. Visit Pittsfield, WiUiamstown, Lenox, Adams, etc. Wednesday. Visit Pittsfield, WiUiamstown, Lenox, Adams, etc. Thursday. Return via Western Railway to 12 SKEI.ETON TOTJES. Albany, or by the Hudson and Boston Koad to Hudson, and thence down the Hudson River to West Point. Feidat. At West Point. Saturday. Back in New York. TOUS OF TWO WEEKS, Visiting the Valley of the Connecticut. Mo SD AT. By Railway from New York via New Haven and Hnrtford, Ct., to SpriDgficld, Mass. 138 miles ; dine, visit the U. S. Armory, etc. Tuesday. To Northampton, 17 miles, by Rail- way, near the banks of the Connecticut. Wednesday. At N orthampton, visiting Mount Holyoke, and other scenes of great interest in the immediate neighborhood. Thuksdat. Continue on the Railways up the val- ley and river 19 miles to Greenfield, Mass. ; walk in the evening to the high ridge called Poet's Seat, finely overlooking all the country round. Friday. Resume the journey (by Railway al- ways), up the valley, 24 miles further, to Brat- tleboro, in Vermont. This is one of the most agreeable resting places on the route ; one of the most attractive in scenery, society, hotel comforts, etc. Saturday. Visit the grounds of the Insane Asylum, West River, the Cemetry, and other charming localities in the vicinage of Brattle- horo. Sunday. Still at Brattleboro ; a pleasant place for a Sunday halt, all travel being suspended on that day hereabouts losDAY. Resume journey 24 miles further up the river to Bellows Falls. At this point the traveller may turn back if he jjleases by rail- way via Rutland, Vt., Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, Saratoga Springs, Albany or Troy, and the Hudson River ; going on Tuesday to Saratoga, and on Wednesday to New York ; or he may continue on with us yet further up the valley of the Connecticut. Tuesday. From Bellows FaUs 26 miles to Windsor, Vt. , a very quiet, picturesq^ue, and pleasant place. ■Wednesday. Ascend Mount Ascutney, near Windsor Thursday. From Windsor (returning) by the Vermont Central Road, through the charming valley of the Winooski to Burlington, on Lake Champlain. Friday. Cross the Lake from Burlington to Port Kent, and visit the bold ravine called the Walled Banks of the Ausable. Saturday. Home by Whitehall, Troy, Albany, and the Hudson. %* At Windsor ("Second Tuesday of this tour), the traveller being on one of the most agrecablo routes thence, may continue his jom"ney east- ward to the White Mountain Region. TOUR OE THKEE WEEKS, Visiting the Hudson River, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Lake Champlain, Montreal, Quebec, and the Saguenay River, the St. Lawi'ence River, Niagara Falls, and the Scenery of the Erie Railway. FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York to Albany, by steamboat or railway (Hudson River), thence by railway to Saratoga. Tuesday. Saratoga Springs. Wednesday. To Caldwell on Lake George. Thursday. Down Lake George to Fort Ticon- dcroga on Lake Champlain. Friday. Steamer on Lake Champlain (a pleasant voyage) and onward by railway to Montreal. Saturday. Montreal. Sunday. Montreal. SECOND WEEK. Monday. Railway or St. Lawrence River to Quebec. Tuesday. Quebec. Wednesday. Down the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Saguenay Thursday. Voyage up the Saguenay. Friday. Back to Quebec. Saturday. Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal. Sunday. Montreal. THIRD WEEK. Monday. Up the St. Lawrence to Kingston. Tuesday. Grand Trunk Railway via Toronto to Hamilton ; thence, by the Great Western Road to Suspension Bridge, Niagara. Wednesday. Niagara Falls. Thursday. Niagara. Friday. Erie Railway (returning) to Owego or Binghamton, or to Utica on Central Route. Saturday. Home. *^* Omit the detour from Montreal to Quebec, and back, and make this tour within two weeks instead of three. HUNTING TOUR OE THREE WEEKS, To the Saranac Lakes, in the Wilderness of Northern New York. FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York to Port Kent, oppo- site Burlington, on Lake Champlain, via Hud- SKELETOIT TOUES. 13 son Rivor, Saratoga Springs, and 'Whitehall. Prom Port Kent, by omnibus or stage, five miles bacli, to Kecseville. Stop at the Ausable House. Tuesday. Visit the remarkable ravines and cascades near Kecseville, called the Walled Banks of the Ausable. "Wednesday. Take the tri-weekly mail wagon or private carriage, for the banks of the Lower Saranac, stopping at Baker's, a mile distant, or at Martin's on the shore. Thursday. Secure the services of a guide and hunter, with his boat, dogs, tent, and all neces- sary equipments and provisions for camp life, all the journey hence being by water. Fkiday. On the tower Saranac, crossing the "carrying place" in the afternoon to the Middle Saranac on the shore of which camp for the night, after a supper of trout readily taken, with venison, pierchance, to boot. Saturday and Sunday. Camp on the Upper Saranac, one of the most beautiful of these lakes, and a fine hunting and fishing ground. SECOND WEEK. Monday and Tuesday. Visit the St. Kegis Lake. "Wednesday. Return to the Middle Saranac (or Round Lake), make a short portage to the Stony Creek Pond ; and thence reach " the Racquette River," by a pull of three miles ou the Stony Creek. Camp for the night. Thursday. Voyage on the Racquette River of 20 miles to Tupper's Lake. The tourist is here at the last and most charming portion of the region colnprised in our present tour ; and here, be he artist or hunter, he will be very willing to pass the remainder of the time which his furlough grants to him. Lough K"eah is a continuation of the picturesque waters of Tupper's Lake. Friday. Tupper's Lake. Saturday. Tupper's Lake. Sunday. Tuppci's Lake. THIRD WEEK. Monday. Tupper's Lake. Tuesday, Returning ; retraverse the Racquette River. Wednesday. Arrive at the Middle Saranac Lake. Thursday. Back to the starting point on the Lower Saranac. Friday. Regain Lake Champlain at Port Kent, or at Westport. Saturday. Home. *jj.* If the traveller in this wonderful re- gion be addicted to the rSfle, the rod, or the pencil, he may extend his visit with pleas- ure from tliree wcelts to three months. The xVdirondack hills and lakes — another portion of this marvellons wilderness — are not far removed from the Saranac : and one, two, or more weeks might be spent there with great satisfaction. TOTJB OP FOUB WEEKS, To the Grand Lakes, via Quebec, Montreal, the St. Lawre7ice Niagara Falls, (J'c. . FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York, via Albany and Troy, to Saratoga. Tuesday. Saratoga Springs. Wednesday. To Montreal, by Railway or Steamer on Lake Champlain. Thursday. Montreal. Friday. To Quebec. Saturday. Quebec and visiting the Mont- morenci, the Chaudiere, &c. Sunday. Quebec. SECOND WEEK. Monday. Great Trunk Railway, by Montreal, to Toronto, on Lake Ontario. Tuesday. Take the Northern Railway of Ca- nada, 95 miles, to Collingwood, on the Geor- gian Baj', an arm of Huron. Wednesday. By Steamer, on Lake Huron, to the Straits of Mackinac. Thursday. Mackir.ac. Friday. Mackinac. Saturday. Steamer to the Sault St. Marie — the connecting link of the waters of Huron and Lake Superior. Sunday. At the Saiilt de St. Marie, or the " Soo," as it is familiarly called. THIRD WEEK. Voyage on Lake Superior. FOURTH WEEK. Monday. From the Sault de St. Marie (return- ing) (Steamer on Lake Huron) to Detroit, Michigan. Tuesday. Ccreat "Western Railway to Suspen- sion Bridge, Niagara Falls. "Wednesday. Niagara Falls. Thursday. Niagara Falls. Friday. To Utica Central Railway, or to Bing- hamton, Erie Route. Saturday. To New Tork. 14 SKELETON TOTTES. TOUR OF POUB WEEKS, To the Virginia Springs, TFeiV's Cave, the Natu- ral Bridge, the Peaks of Otter, Sfc. FIRST WEEK. Monday. Prom New York to Philadelphia. Tuesday. Philadelphia to Baltimore. Wednesday. Baltimore to Washington Cit}'. Thuksday. At Washington City— visit Mount Vernon. Priday. To Alexandria; and thence, by the Alexandria Railway, 8S miles ; and from Gor- donsville, on the Virginia Central Road, 64 miles to Staunton. Saturday. Stage or Carriage, 17 miles, to Weir's Cave. Sunday. At Weir's Cave. SECOND WEEK. Monday. At Weir's Cave, returning in the afternoon to Staunton. Tuesday. Continue journey on the Central Road, to Jackson's River, thence to the Sul- phur Springs by Stage. (For Natural Bridge, take Stage at Millboro'). Wednesday. En Route. Thursday. White Sulphur Springs. Priday. White Sulphur Springs. Saturday. White Sulphur Springs. Sunday. White Sulphur Springs. THIRD WEEK May he devoted to the other Springs of this Re- gion. FOURTH WEEK. Visit the Natural Bridge, 63 miles from the White Sulphur Springs ; 12 miles from Lex- ington ; 36 miles from Lynchburg, on the Vir- ginia and Tennessee Railwaj', from Richmond, west ; next, see the Peaks of Otter, in the same region. Return home by the Virginia and Ten- nessee Road, from Lynchburg to Richmond ; thence, by the Great Southern Mail Route to Washington ; or, more agreeably, by the James River and the Chesapeake Bay, to Baltimore ; from Baltimore to Philadelphia ; from Phila- delphia to New York. TOTJR OF FOTJE WEEKS, From New York, via Boston and Portland, to Quebec arid the Saguenay, Montreal, the Ot- taica, and the St. Lawrence, returning by Niagara and Trenton Falls, Saratoga Springs, and the Hudson River. Detour of ten days {extra') to the White Mountains. Moxday. FIRST WEEK. New York to Boston. Tuesday. At Boston. Wednesday. Boston to Portland, Maine. Thursday. At Portland. Friday. From Portland to Quebec, by the Grand Trunk Railjvay. Detour of Ten Days to White Mountains. [The White Mountains may be pleasantly visited from this part of our present Route (in ten ex- tra days), stopping at Gorham, N. H., 91 miles on the way from Portland, reaching Glen House, 8 miles from Gorham, same day ; Craw- ford House, White Mountain Notch, on Satur- day ; and so on, as per programme of Second Week, in previous Tours, returning to the Glen House by the Second Sunday, and resum- ing journey (from Gorham to Quebec) on Mon- day following.] Saturday. At Quebec. Sunday. At Quebec. SECOND WEEK. Monday. At Quebec, visiting Falls of Mont- morenci, of the Chaudiere, of St. Anne, &c. Tuesday. Excursion to Saguenay River and back to Quebec. Wednesday. Excursion to Saguenay River and back to Quebec. Thursday. Excursion to Saguenay River and back to Quebec. Friday. From Quebec, by grand Trunk Rail- way, or St. Lawrence River, to Montreal. Saturday. Montreal. Sunday. Montreal. Monday. Excursion up the Ottawa River from Montreal and back. Tuesday. Excursion up the Ottawa River from Montreal and back. Wednesday. Excursion np the Ottawa River from Montreal and back. Thursday. Up the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario (or by Grand Trunk Railway) to Niagara Falls. Friday. Up the St. Lawrence and Lake On- tario (or by Grand Trunk Railway) to Niagara Falls. Saturday. At Niagara Falls. Sunday. At Niagara Falls. FOURTH WEEK. Monday. Still at Niagara. Tuesday. By Central Railway to Utica. Wednesday. From Utica, 15 miles, to Trenton. Falls Thursday. At Trenton Falls, returning to Utica in the evening. Friday. Journey to and stay at Saratoga Springs. Saturday. Back to New York, via Troy, Al- bany, and the Hudson River. SKELETON TOUES. 15 TOUR OP POUB WEEKS, To the Upper Mississippi, via Niagara, Detroit, Chicago, Mihoaukee, St. Paul, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, etc. FIRST WEEK. Monday. From New York to Niagara by the Erie Railway, 444 miles, or by the Central route, 466 miles— a journey more comfortably made in two days than one, if time serves. By Cimandaigua, direct, 439 miles. TuESDAT. Niagara. "Wednesday. By the Great Western Railway, 229 miles, to Detroit. Thursday. By the Michigan Central road, 284 miles, to Chicago. Friday. Chicago, 111. Satdbday. To Milwaukee by steamer on Lake Michigan, or by railway along shore, 85 miles. Sunday. At Milwaukee, Wis. SECOND WEEK. Visit to St. Paul, Minnesota, leaving Milwaukee on Monday for Madison, Wis., and thence (cirouitously) by railway to Dubuque on the Mississippi, or returning, to Chicago, and thence to Dubuque direct, by the Galena and' Chicago route. From Dubuque by steamer up the Mississippi River to St. Paul and the Falls of St. Anthony. Returning by the end of the week (second of the tour) via the river, to St. Louis. THIRD WEEK. Monday. At St. Louis. Tuesday. By the Ohio and Mississippi Rail- way, and the New Albany and Salem road to Louisville. Wednesday. At Louisville, Ky. Thursday. At Louisville. (Another week would permit the traveller to visit the Mammoth Gave very agreeably from this the chief point of detour thitheri) Friday. By railway or steamer on the Ohio River to Cincinnati. Saturday. At Cincinnati, Ohio. Sunday. At Cincinnati FOURTH WEEK. Monday. By railway to Columbus, Ohio. Tuesday. Railway to Zanesville, Ohio. Wednesday. To Wheeling, Va. Thursday and Friday. By the Baltimore and Ohio road to Baltimore, or by the Pennsylva- nia Railway to Philadelphia. Both these noble routes are as magnificent in their pictorial attractions as in their grand extent— each traversing a wide extent of country, repleto with every variety of natural beauty. Saturday. To New York. A WINTER TOUR OF SIX WEEKS, Visiting the Invalid Resorts of Florida, Savan- nah and Augusta, Geo., Charleston and Co- lumbia, S. C, Richmond, Va.,and Washing- t07i City. FIRST WEEK. Saturday. Leave New York by the steamer of Saturday afternoon, and arrive in Savannah Tuesday morning. Spend the rest of the week in Savannah at the Pulaski House, the Scriven, or the City Hotel. SECOND WEEK. Saturday. Leave Savannah in the steamer for Jacksonville, Pilatka and other places on the St. John's river. Spend the week hereabouts. THIRD WEEK. At St. Augustine, on the coast, below the mouth of the St. John's. St. Augustine, or the " An- cient City," as it is sometimes called, from its venerable age, which exceeds that of any other place in the Union, will tempt the visitor to a long tarry with the social attractions which its fame as an invalid resort has secured. The peculiar natural features of the city and the neighborhood, will also win his particular interest. FOURTH WEEK. At St. Augustine. FIFTH WEEK. Return to Savannah and t.ake the Georgia Cen- tral railway to Augusta, thence by the South Carolina road to Charleston. SIXTH WEEK. Monday. By South Carolina Railway from Charleston to Columbia. Tuesday. At Columbia, resuming journey in the afternoon. Wednesday. En route. Thursday. At Richmond, Va. Friday. Arrive at Washington City. Saturday. To Baltimore in the evening. Sunday. At Baltimore. Monday. To New York. 16 THEOTJGH EOUTES. From ALBANY to Salttmore Boston Buffalo Chicago ': Cincinnati Montreal, C. £, New York Niagara Falls. PliiladcIpMa ■■ St. Louis From BAXTIMOKE to Albany Boston Bnffalo Charleston, 8. C. . . Chicago, ni. KOUTES from ALBANY to the following Alphahetleally arranged List of Towns. The numerical notation of Rentes does not indicate our preference of any one over the others. For Time of Departure see Appletons' Railway Guide. Via Hudson R. R., Harlem R. R., or North River Steamboats to New York, N. J. R. R., or Camden and Amboy to Pbiladelpbia, and Phila., 'Wirn and Bait. R. R. to Baltimore. Via ■^Vestera R. R. Via N. T. Central R. R. Via N. Y. Central to Suspension Bridge, Great TVestern to Detroit and Micliigan Central E. R. to Chicago ; or via N. Y. Central to Buffalo, Lake Shore Route to Cleveland, Clevel' d and Toledo R. R. to Toledo and Mich'n, Southern to Chicago. Via N. Y. Central to Buffalo, Lake Shore Route to Cleveland, Cleveland and Columbus to Col- umbus and Little Miami to Cincinnati. Via Rensselaer »od Sar. R. R. to Saratoga Springs, to TVhitehall bj Saratoga and 'Whilehall R. R., Steamers on Lake Champlain to Rouse's Point, and R. K. to MontreaL Via Hudson R. R., Harlem E. E., or the North River Boats. Via N. Y. CentraL See Route to Baltimore. Route No. 1. — Via N.Y. Central to Buffalo, Lake Shore Route to Cleveland, Bellefontalne Route to Indianapolis, Terre Haute and Richmond to Terre Haute, and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to St. Louis. Route No. 2.— Via same route to Cleveland, Cleve. and Tol. to Toledo, and Mich. Southern to Chicago ; St. Louis, Alton and Chi. R. E. to St. Louis. Eotn'E No. 3.— Via N. Y. Central, Great Western and Mich. Central to Chicago, and Chicago, Alton and St. Louis to St, Louis. Route No. 4.— Via the route to Cleveland; Cleveland and Col. E.R., Little Miami B. H. to Cincinnati, and Ohio and Miss., or Ind. and Cin. E. E., Terre Haute and Eich'nd, and Terra Haute, Alton and St. Louis E.E.'s to St. Louis. Route No. 5.— Via the Eoute to Cleveland and Toledo ; via Toledo and Wabash E. E. at To- ledo for St. Louis. ROUTES from BALTI.TIOKE to the following Alphabetically arranged List of Towns. For Time of Departure see Appletons' Railway Guide.' See .\lbauy to Baltimore. Via Phila., TTil. and Bait. R. R. to Phila. ; Camden and Amboy to New York, and, at the trav- eller's choice, by the Boston Express Line, Shore R. R. Line, or the Steamers via Norwicli and Worcester, Fall Elver, or the Stonington Route, to Boston. Via Northern Central to "Williamsport, 'Williamsport and Elmira to Elmira, and Erie E. E. to Buffalo. Route No. 1. — Via Bait, and Ohio to 'Washington; Rich'd, Fred, and Potomac to Richmond; Rich'd and Petersburg P. R. to Petersburg; Petersburg and 'Weldon R.E. to 'Weldon; ■Wil- mington and Weldon R. R. to "Wilmington ; "Wilmington and Manchester R. R. to Florence ; and North Eastern E. E. to Charleston. Route No. 2. — Via Steamboat to Norfolk and Seaboard and Roanoke E. E. to "Weldon ; thence to Charleston via E. R.'s in Route No. 1. Route No. 1. — Via B. and Ohio route to "Wheeling, CI. Ohio to Newark ; Newark, Mansfield and Sandusky R. R. to Munroeville ; Cleve. and Tol. and Mich. South'n E. R. to Toledo and Chicago. Eoute No. 2. — Same to "Wheeling ; Central Ohio to Columbus ; Little Miami to Xenia ; Dayton, Xenia and Belpre E. R. to Dayton ; Bellefontaine Route to Indianapolis ; Lafayette and In- dianapolis R. R. to Lafayette; Louisville, N. A. and Chicago to Michigan City; Mich. Central to Chicago. THEOtTGH EOUTES. 17 From BALTIMOKE to Cliicaffo, 111. Cincinnati Mobile . New Orleans . EOrTES from BALTIMORE to tlie follo^lns Alphabetically nrranced List of Towns— Continued. For Time of Departure see Appletons' Railicaij Guide. TTcwXcrk Kiajfara Falls Philadelphia . St. Louis From BOSTOX to Albany Baltimore Charleston Cincinnati Chicago Montreal a Memphis Jfew Orleans ... Tfew Tork Route No. 3. — Baltimore and Ohio E. E. and N. 'West. Va.E. E. toParkersburg; Mar. and Cin. R. R. to Cincinnati ; Indianapolis and Cin. R. R. to Indianapolis ; Lafayette and Ind. R. E. to Lafayette ; Louisville, N. A. R. E. and Chicago R. R. to Mich. City ; Mich. Central to Chicago. Via Baltimore and Ohio E. R. and N. Wesfn E. E. to Parkersburg ; Marietta and Cincinnati E. R. to Cincinnati ; or via Bait, and Ohio R. E, to "Wheeling ; Ohio Central to Columbus, and Little Miami to Cincinnati. Route No. 1. — Via Bait, and Ohio R. R. to 'Washington ; "Washington to Alexandria by Steam- boat ; bj' the Orange and Alex. R. R. to Lynchburg ; Va. and Tenn. R. R. to Bristol ; East Tenn. and Va. R. E. to Knoxville ; E. Tenn. and Ga. E. R. to Cleveland and Dalton R. R. to Dalton ; "Western and Atlantic to Atlanta, Ga. ; Atlanta and 'W"est Point R. E. to "West Point ; Montg. and "W. Point E.E. to Montgomery ; and Steamboat to Mobile. Route No. 2. — Via Charleston Route to Florence ; "Wil. and Manchester R. R. to Kingsville ; So. Ca. R. E. to Augusta ; Georgia E. R. to Atlanta ; and from Atlanta as in the preceding route. EOUTE No. 1. — "Washington Branch E. E. to "Washington ; thence via Steamboat to Alexandria ; Orange and Alexandria E. E. to Lynchburg; thence via Virginia and Tennessee R.R. to Bristol ; thence via East Tennessee and Virginia R. R. to Knoxville ; thence via East Ten- nessee and Georgia R. R. to Chattanooga ; thence via Nashville and Chattanooga R. R. to Stevenson ; thence via Memphis and Charleston R. R. to Grand Junction ; thence via Mis- sissippi Central R.R. to Canton ; thence via New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern R.R. to New Orleans. Route No. 2. — See Route to Mobile No. 2 ; by steamer from Mobile to New Orleans. Route No. 3. — Route No. I to Cincinnati ; thence by Ohio and Miss. R. R. to Odin, on the 111. Central ; Illinois Central to Cairo ; by Steamboat to Columbus ; Mobile and Ohio to Junc- tion ; Miss. Central to Jackson and N. 0. ; Jackson E. R. to New Orleans. See Route from New York to Baltimore. See Route Bait, to Buffalo ; thence by N. T. Central to Niagara Falls. Via Phila., "U^ilmington and Bait. R. R. Route No. 1. — Via Route 1 to Cincinnati, and Ohio and Miss. R. R. to St. Louis, or from Cin- cinnati via Ind. and Cincinnati R. R., Terre Haute and Rich., and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis R. R. to St. Louis. Route No. 2.— Via Bait, and Ohio E.E. to "Wheeling; Ohio Central R.R. to Columbus ; Co- lumbus and Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. R. to Indianapolis ; Terre Haute and Eich'd, and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis E. R. to St. Louis. ROUTES from BOSTON to the followins Alphabetically arranged List of Cities. For Time of Departure see Appletons'' Railway Guide. Via Boston and "Wor. R.R. and "Western R.R. See Routes from Boston to New Tork, and Baltimore to New York. See Eoutes from Boston to New York, and New York to Charleston. ^ See Eoutes from Boston to Albany, and Albany to Cincinnati. Also, Eoutes from Boston to New York, and routes thence to Cincinnati. See Eoutes from Boston to Albany, and Albany to Chicago. Or see Routes from Boston to New Tork, and Routes from New York to Chicago, Route No. 1. — Via Eastern E.E. or Boston and Maine to Portland, and Grand Trunk to Montreal. Route No. 2.— Via Boston and Lowell R.E., Cheshire E.E.,Ver. Central to Rouse's Point; thence by Montreal and Champlain E. R, See Eoutes to New Orleans. See Routes from Boston to New York, and Routes thence to New Orleans. Five Eoutes, viz., Boston Express ; the Shore Line via Providence ; or via either the Fall Eiver, Stonington or Norwich Lines. 18 THEOTJGH EOTJTES. From BOSTON to Philadelphia Savannah . . ■ . St. liouis From CtNCIXNATI to Alhnny Saltimorc Boston Chicngo Cleveland Charleston ■ Detroit Montreal New Orleans New Orleans, via Nashville & Mam- moth Cave New Tork Philadelphia St. Louis ■Woshinston, ». C. From CHICAGO to Albany Baltimore Boston EOtlTES from BOSTON to the following Alphahctieally arranged List of Cities— Continued. For Time of Dejiarlure see Appletons^ Railway Gidde. Sec Routes from Boston to New York, and New York to Philadelphia. See Routes from Boston to New York, New York to Bait., and Routes from Bait, to Cbarleston, and Steamer to Savannah. A steamer leaves New York twice a week for Savannah direct. Sec Routes from Boston to Albany, and Routes thence to St. Louis. Or Routes from Boston to New York, and Routes thence to St. Louis, EOtlTES from CINCINNATI to the foUowuig Cities AlphahetieoUy arranged. For full Time Tables see Appletons' Railway Guide. See Routes from Albany to Cincinnati, See Routes from Baltimore to Cincinnati, See Routes from Boston to Cincinnati. Via Indianapolis and Cin. R. R. to Indianapolis ; Lafayette and Indianapolis to Lafayette ; Louisville, N. Albany and Chicago R. R. to Mich. City ; Mich. Central to Chicago. Route No. 1. — Tia Little Miami R. R. to Columbus, and Cleve. and Col. R. R. to Cleveland. Route No. 2. — Via Cin., Ham. and Dayton, Springfield, Mt. Vernon and Pitts'g R. R., and Cleveland, Columbus and Cin. R. R. See Routes from Baltimore to Cincinnati, and Baltimore to Charleston. Via Cin., Ham. and Dayton, and Dayton and Michigan R. R. Route No. 1. — Via Cin., Ham. and Dayton R. R., and Dayton and Michigan R. E. to Detroit; Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal. Route No. 2. — Via Niagara Falls ; via Cin., Ham. and Dayton, and Dayton and Michigan R.R. to Detroit; Great West'n R.R. to Niagara Falls, or via Hamilton to Toronto ; thence via "Grand Trunk R. R. ; or from Niagara Falls via Steamer down the St. Lawrence. Route No. 3. — To Cleveland by either Cleveland Routes ; Lake Shore to Buffalo, and N. Y. Central to Niagara Falls ; thence by Gt. West. R. E. and Grand Trunk R. R., or by Steamer on the Lakes and St. Lawrence to Montreal. Route No. L — Via Ohio and Miss, and Illinois Central to Cairo ; Steamboat to Columbus ; Mo- bile and Ohio to Junction ; Miss. Central to Canton ; and N. O., Jackson and Gt. Northern to New Orleans. Route No- 2. — Via Ohio and Miss. K. E. to Seymour ; Jeffersonville R. R. to Louisville ; Louis- ville and Lexington R. R. via Mammoth Cave, to Nashville ; Nashville and Chattanooga R.R. to Stevenson ; Memphis and Charleston R. R. to Junction. Here the traveller may continue on to Memphis, or journey direct to New Orleans, via Miss. Central and N. 0., Jackson and Gt. Northern E. E. See Routes from New York to Cincinnati. See Routes from Phila. to Cincinnati. Route No. 1.— Via Ohio and Miss. R. E. Routs No. 2. — Via Indianapolis and Cincinnati E. E. to Indianapolis ; and Terre Hants »nd Rich'd and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis R. E. to St. Louis. See Route from Baltimore to Cincinnati, and Baltimore to 'Washington. KOUTES from CHICAGO to the following Cities Alphahetlcally or- ranged. For full Time Tables see Appletons' Railway Guide. See Albany to Chicago. See Baltimore to Chicago. Route No. 1.— Via Mich. Central, Gt, 'Western E, E., N, T, Central to Albany ; and 'WesterB E. E. to Boston. THEOUGH ROUTES., 19 From CHICAGO to Boston Charleston... Cincinnati ... Cleveland — Kansas Montreal Kew Orleans. « K"ew Xork.... PMladelphia St. Louis From MONTREAL to Albany Baltimore Boston Charleston Cincinnati Chicago New Orleans NewTork Philadelphia Quebec St. Louis «6 Sasuenay Elver — St. Paul and St. An thony's Falls Washington, D. C. . EOUTES from CHICAGO tt the folloTving Cities Alphabetically sr. ranged— Continued. For full Thne Tables see Appletons' Railway Guide. Route No. 2. — Via Mich. Soutliern, Clevelancl and Toledo, Lake Shore and N. .Y. Central to Albany ; and "Western R. R. to Boston. See Routes from Bait, to Cliicago, and Bait, to Charleston. See Routes from Cincinnati to Chicago. Via Mich. Southern, and Cleveland and Toledo E. R. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. to Quincy and Hannihal ; Hannibal and St. Jo. E. R. to St. Josephs ; and Steamer to Kansas City and Leavenworth. Via Mich. Central to Detroit ; and Grand Trunk R. R. to Montreal. Route No. l. — Via Illinois Central to Cairo ; to Columbus by Steamboat ; Mobile and Ohio E. R. to Junction ; Miss. Central to Canton ; N. O. Jackson R. R. to New Orleans. Route No. 2.— Via_ St. Louis, Alton and Chicago E. E. to St, Louis ; and Steamboat to New Orleans. See Routes from New York to Chicago. See Routes from Philadelphia to Chicago, Via St. Louis, Alton and Chicago E. E. ROUTES from MONTREAL to the following Alphabetically arranged Cities. For full Time Tables see Appletons' Railway/ Guide. Route No. 1. — Via Montreal and Champlain E. E. to Eouse's Point; Cbamplain Steamer to Whitehall ; Saratoga and "Whitehall and Eensselaer and Saratoga E. E.'s to Albany. EOUTE No. 2. — Via Mont, and Champlain E.R. to Eouse's Point ; Ter't Central to Burlington ; Rutland and Burlington to Rutland; Troy and Boston to Troy; and Hudson Elver to Albany. See Routes to Albany, Albany to New York, and New York to Baltimore. See Routes from Boston to Montreal. Via Routes to Boston and New York, or Routes to New York ; thence by Eoutes from New York to Charleston ; or by Steamer from New York direct to Charleston. See Eoutes from Cincinnati to Montreal. See Eoutes from Chicago to Montfcal. EOUTE No. 1.— Via Grand Trunk R. E. to Oetroit ; Mich. Central to Chicago ; 111. Central R. R. to Cairo ; Steamboat to Columbus ; Mobile and Ohio E.E. to Junction ; Miss. Central to Canton, and No. Jackson to Gt. N. EouTE No. 2.— Via Grand Trunk to Detroit; Dayton and Michigan to Toledo; Toledo and "Wabash to Tolono ; and via 111. Central, and as in Eoute No. 1. EouTE No. 3.— Via Grand Trunk to Detroit; Dayton and Michigan to Sydney; Bellefontaine Eoute to Indianapolis , Terre Haute and Eich'd, and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to Matoon ; and Illinois Central, and as in Route No. 1 to New Orleans. Eoute No. 1.— Either of the Eoutes to Albany, and Eoute from Albany to New York. EouTE No. 2. — ViaMontreal and Champlain E.E. to Eouse'sPoint; via Ver. Central to "Wind- sor ; Cheshire E. R. and Conn. R.R. to Springfield; N. H., Hartford and Springfield Eoute to New Haven ; and New Haven R. R. to New York. See Eoutes to New York, and Eoute from New York to Philadelphia, Via Grand Trunk E. E., or by Steamer down the St. Lawrence. Eoute No. 1. — Via Eoute to Chicago ; and St. Louis, Alton and Chicago to St. Louis. Eoute No. 2.— Via same Eoute to Detroit ; and Detroit and Michigan to Toledoi; Toledo, "Wa- bash and Gt. "West'n to St. Louis. Via Steamer twice a week in Summer. Via Grand Trunk E. E. to Detroit ; Detroit and Milwaukee E. E. and Steamer to Milwaukee ; La Crosse and Milwaukee E. E. to La Crosse ; Steamer to St. Paul. Via Eoutes to New York ; Eoutes from New York to Bait., and Baltimore to "Washington, to Charleston, 20 THEOTTGH EOTJTES. From NEW YORK to it Cliarledton. Cincinnati . << KOUTES from NEW TOKK to the folloiving Alphabetically arranged Xiist of Towns. For full Time Tables see Appletons' Railway Guide. Albany • ■ • Buffalo ... <( lioston — a ti lialtlmorc Clileago .. DubuQue ••■ Kansas n Milwaukee El,PHIA to Kew Orleans ■ New Tork Savannah St. Louis.. KOCTES from PHILAWEIiPHIA to the followine Alphahetlcally ar. ranged Cities— Continued. For full Time Tables see Appletons' Railway Guide. Route No. 1.— Via Penn. E. E. to Pittsburg; thence ty Pittsburg, Fort 'Wayne and Chi. E. E. to Crestline; thence yia Bellefontaine E. E. to Indianapolis; Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E. to Indianapolis ; Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to Matoon ; Illinois Central to Cairo ; Steamboat to Columbus ; Mobile and Ohio R. E. to Junction ; Miss. Central to Jack- son ; and N. O., Jackson and Gt Northern to New Orleans. EouTE No. 2.— The same Eoute to Crestline ; Cleve. and Col. E. E., and Little Miami to Cin- cinnati; thence by Ohio and Miss. E.E. to Odin; 111. Central to Cairo; and the remainder of the route as in Eoute No. 1. Eoute No. 3.— Yia Phil., Wil. and Bait, to Baltimore ; and either of the Routes from thence to New Orleans. Via Camden and Amboy E.E. Via Phil., 'Wil. and Bait. R.R., and Routes to Charleston ; thence by Steamer to Savannah. EotJTE No. 1.— Via Penn. R. R. to Pittsburg; thence Tia Pittsburg, Forfn''ayne and Chi. to Crestline ; thence by Bellefontaine to Indianapolis ; Terre Haute and Eichmond to Indian- apolis; Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to St. Louis. Eoute No. 2.— Via Penn. E. R. to Pittsburg ; via Pittsburg, Col. and Cin. to Newark ; thencB Tia Central Ohio to Columbus ; thence via Dayton and 'Western and Ind. Central to Indian- apolis; Terre Haute and Kich'd to Terre Haute; and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to St. Louis. Route No. 3.— Same Eoute to Columbus ; Little Miami to Cincinnati ; thence via Ohio and Miss., or Indianapolis and Cin. E. E. to Ind. ; and Terre Haute and Eich'd, and Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis to St. Louis. SOUTE No. 4.— Via PJiil., 'Wil. and B»U., and any of tie Koutes from B*lt. to St. Lows. THE TEAVELLEe's MEMOEATsTDTJM. THE TEAVELLEES SrEMOEAXDTJir. BRITISH AMERICA. The possessions of the British Crown in ITorth America, occupy nearly all the upper half of the Continent ; a vast territory, reaching from the Arctic seas to the domains of the United States, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Of this great region, our present explora- tions will refer only to the lower and settled portions, known as the British Provinces— the Cana- das, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The rest is for the most isart yet a wilderness. CANADA. Geography and Area. Canada, the largest and most important of the settled portions of the British territory in North America, lies upon all the northern border of the United States, from the Atlantic coast to the waters of Lake Superior and the Mississippi. The two provinces into which it is divided, were formerly known as Upper and Lower Canada, or Canada East and Canada West ; and thus, indeed, their difi'ering manners, habits and laws, still virtually divide and distinguish them, though they are now nominally and politically united. The entire length of the Canadian domain, from east to west, is between twelve hundred and thirteen hundred miles, with a breadth varying from two to three hundred miles. Discovery, Settlement, and Rulers. The earliest discovery of the Canadas is ascribed to Sebastian Cabot, 1497 ; Jacques Cartier, a French adventurer, spent the winter of 1541 at St. Croix, now the River St. Charles, upon which Quebec is partly built. The first permanent settle- ment, however, was at Tadousac, at the confluence of the Saguenay and the St. Lawrence. From that time (about 160S) until 1759, the country continued under the rule of France ; and then came the capture of Quebec by the English, under General Wolfe, and the transfer, within a year thereafter, of all the territory of New France, as the country was at that time called, to the British power, under which it has ever since remained. The mutual disagreement which naturally arose from the conflicting interests and prejudices of the two opposing nationalities, threatened internal trouble from time to time, and finally displayed itself in the overt acts re- corded in history as the rebellion of 1837. It was after these incidents, and aa a consequence thereof, that the two sections of the territory were formed into one. This happened in 1840. GovEKNiMENT. Canada is ruled by an executive, holding the title of Governor-General, re- ceived from the crown of Great Britain, and by a legislature called the Provincial Parliament. Tills body consists of an Upper and a Lower House ; the members of the one were formerly ap- pointed by the Queen, but now (as fast as those thus placed die) this body is, Uke the other branch, chosen by the people ; each for a term of eight years. Religion. The dominant religious faith in Lower Canada or Canada East, is that of the Rom- ish Church ; while in the upper province the creed of the English Establishment prevails. Landscape. The genera! topography of Upper or Western Canada, is that of a level country, with but few variations excepting the passag* of some table heights, extending south-westerly. It is the most fertile division of the territory, and thus, to the tourist in search of the picturesque, the least attractive. 2 26 CANADA. The Lower Province, or Canada East, is extremely varied and beautiful in its physical aspect ; presenting to the delighted eye a magnificent gallery of charming pictures of forest wilds, vast prairies, hillfend rock-bound rivers, rushing waters, hold mountain heights, and all, every where intermingled, and their attractions embellished by intervening stretches of cultivated fields, and rural villages, and villa homes. MoTNTAiNS. The hill ranges of Canada are confined entirely to the lower or eastern province. The chief hues called the Green Mountains, follow a parallel course south-westerly. They lie along the St. Lawrence River, on its southern side, extending from the latitude of Quehec to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is another and corresponding range on the north side of the river, with a varying elevation of about 1,000 feet. The Mealy Mountains, which extend to Sandwich Bay, rise in snow-capped peaks to the height of 1,500 feet. The "Wotchish Mountains, a short, crescent-shaped group, lie between the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. Rivers. Canada has many nohle and beautiful rivers, as the St. Lawrence, one of the great waters of the world ; the wild, mountain-shored floods of the Ottawa, and the Sagucnay ; and the lesser waters of the Sorel or Richelieu, the St. Francis, the Chaudi^re and other streams. The St. Lawrence. This grand river, which drains the vast inland seas of America, extends from Lake Ontario, 750 miles to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence to the sea. Its en- tire length, including the great chain of lakes by which it is fed, is not less than 2,200 miles. Ships of the largest size ascend the river as far as Montreal. Its chief aflluents are the Saguenay, eastward, and the Ottawa on the west. The width of the St. Lawrence varies from about a mile to four miles ; at its mouth it is 100 miles across. It abounds in beautiful islands, of which there is a vast group, near its egress from Lake Ontario, known and admired by all the world as the " Thousand Isles." The Thousand Islands. It is a curious speculation to the voyager always, how his steamer is to find its way through the labyrinth of the thousand islands, which stud the broad waters like the countless tents of an encamped army, and ever and anon his interest is aroused up to the highest pitch at the prospective danger of the passage of some angry r.apid. All the journey east, from lake to lake of the great wa- ters, past islands now miles in circuit, and now large enough only for the cottage of Lilliputian lovers, is replete with ever-changing pleasure. Montreal and Quebec, the chief cities of Can- ada, are upon the St. Lawrence, while Toronto lies on the shores of Lake Ontario, the continu- ing waters westward. The Ottawa Eiver flows 800 miles and enters the St. Lawrence on both sides of the Island of Montreal, traversing in its way Lake Temiscaming, Grand Lake, and others. Rapids and falls greatly impede the navigation of its waters, but lend to them wonderful beauty. It is a wild forest region ; that of the Ottawa, but little occupied heretofore by others than the rude lumbermen, though numerous settlements are now springing up, and its agricultural capacities are being developed. The Committee on Railways of the House of Assembly of the Province, in its report, thus speaks of this river : — " At the head of the lake the Blanche River falls in, coming about 90 miles from the north. Thirty-four miles farther down the lake it re- ceives the Montreal River, coming 120 from the north-west. Six miles lower down, on the east or Lower Canada bank, it receives the Keepawa- sippi, a large river which has its origin in a lake of great size, hitherto but partially explored, and known as Lake Keepawa. This lake is connect- ed with another chain of irregularly shaped lakes, from one of which proceeds the river Du Moine, which enters the Ottawa about 100 miles below the mouth of the Keepawa-sippi •, the double discharge from the same chain of lakes in opposite directions presents a phenome- non similar to the connection between the Ori- noco and Rio ISTegro in South America. Tho Keepawa-sippi has never been surveyed, but on a partial survey of the lake from which it pro- ceeds, it was found flowing out with a slow and noiseless current, verj' deep, and about 300 feet in width ; its middle course is unknown, but some rafts of timber have been taken out a few miles above the mouth. It is stated in the report from which we quote, that there is a cas- cade at its mouth 120 feet in height ; this is a fable ; the total descent from the lake to the Ot- tawa may be 120 feet, but there is no fall at the mouth of the river. " From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, 233 miles above Bytown, and 360 miles from the mouth of the Ottawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, at the head of the Deep River, that is for 89 miles, the Ottawa, vzith the exception of 17 miles below the Long Sanlt, and CANADA. 27 Bome other intervals, is not at present navigable except for canoes. Besides other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Bytown, now called Ottawa, it receives on the west side the Mattawan, which is the highway for canoes go- ing to Lake Huron by Lake JSTipissing. From the Mattawan the Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep River reach, nine miles above which it receives the river Du Moino from the north. " From the head of Deep River, as this part of tlie Ottawa is called, to the foot of Upper AUu- mcttea Lake, two miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted reach of navi- gable water, 43 miles in length. The general direction of the river in this part is south-east. The mountains along the north side of Deep River are upwards of 1,000 feet in height, and the many wooded islands of Allumettes lake render the scenery of this part of the Ottawa magnificent and exceedingly picturesque — far surpassing the celebrated lake of the Thousand Islands on the St. Lawrence. "Passing the short rapid of Allumettes, and turning northward, round the lower end of Al- lumettes Island, which is 14 miles long and 8 at its greatest width, and turning down south-east through Coulonge Lake, and passing behind the neai'ly similar islands of Calumet, to the head of the Calumet Falls, the Ottawa presents, with the exception of one slight rapid, a reach of 50 miles of navigp-ble water. The mountains on the north side of Coulonge lake, which rise apparently to the height of 1,500 feet, add a degree of grandeur to the scenery, which is in other respects beauti- ful and varied. In the Upper Allumettes Lake, 115 miles from Ottawa, the river receives from the west the Petawawee, one of its largest tribu- taries. This river is 140 miles in length, and drains an area of 2,200 square miles. At Pem- broke, 9 miles lower down on the same side, an inferior stream, the Indian River, also empties itself into the Ottawa. " At the head of Lake Coulonge, the Ottawa receives from the north the Black River, 130 miles in length, draining an area of 1,120 miles ; and 9 miles lower, on the same side, the river Coulonge, which is jirobably 160 miles in length, with a valley of 1,800 square miles. "From the head of the Calumet Falls to Port- age du Fort, the head of steamboat navigation, a distance of 8 miles, are impassable rapids. Fifty miles above the city, the Ottawa receives on the west the Bonnechere, 110 miles in length, drain- ing an area of 9S0 miles. Eleven miles lower, it receives the Madawaska, one of its greatest feed- ers, a river 210 miles in length, and draining 4,100 square miles. " Thirty-seven miles above Ottawa there is an interruption to the navigation, caused by three miles of rapids and falls, to pass which a railroad has been made. At the foot of tne rapids, the Ottawa divides among islands into numerous channels, presenting a most imposing array of separate faUs. " Six miles above Ottawa begin the rapids ter- minating in the Ottawa Chaudiere Falls, which, inferior in impressive grandeur to the Falls of Niagara, are perhaps more permanently inter- esting, as presenting greater variety. " The greatest height of the Chaudiere Falls is about 40 feet. Arrayed in every imaginable variety of form in vast dark masses, in graceful cascades, or in tumbling spray, they have been well described as a hundred rivers struggling for a passage. Not the least interesting feature which they present is the lost Chaudicire, where a body of water greater in volume than the Thames at London, is quietly sucked down, and disappears imder ground. " At the city of Ottawa the river receives the Rideau from the west, running a course of 116 miles, and draining an area of 1,350 square miles." The city of Ottawa, on the banks of the river, is thought to be excelled in the beauty of its po- sition, only by Qiiebec, on the St. Lawrence. From Barrack Hill here, the wide panorama in- cludes the Falls of the Chaudiere, the Suspen- sion Bridge, which connects the upper and lower provinces, the islanded stretch of the river above, and of the far-away mountain ranges. The Rideau Falls, near the mouth of the Rideau, just below the city of Ottawa, is a charm- ing scene. " A mile lower it receives, from the north, its greatest tributary, the Gatineau, which, with a course probably of four hundred and twenty miles, drains an area of twelve thousand square miles. For about two hundred miles the upper course of this river is in the unknown northern country. At the farthest point surveyed, two hundred and seventeen miles from its mouth, the Gatineau is still a noble stream, a thou- sand feet wide, diminished in depth but not in width. " Eighteen miles lower down, the Rivifire an Lievre enters from the north, after running a course of two hundred and sixty miles in length, and draining an area of four thousand one hundred miles. Fifteen miles belov/ it, the Ottawa receives theNorth and South Nation Rivers on either side, the former ninety-five and the latter a hundred miles in length. Twenty-two miles further, the River Rouge, ninety miles long, enters from the north. Twenty-one miles lower, the Riviere du Nord, a hundred and sixty miles in length, comes in on the same side ; and lastly, just above its 28 CANADA. mouth, it receives the River Assumption, which has a course of a hundred and thirty miles. " From Ottawa the river is navigable to Gren- ville, a distance of fifty-eight miles, where the rapids that occur for twelve miles are avoided by a succession of canals. Twenty-three miles lower, at one of the mouths of the Ottawa, a single lock, to avoid a slight rapid, gives a pas- sage into Lake St. Louis, an expansion of the St. Lawrence above Montreal. " The remaining half of the Ottawa's waters find their way to the St. Lawrence, by passing in two channels, behind the Island of Montreal and the Isle Jesus, in a course of 31 miles. They are interrupted with rapids ; still it is by one of them that all the Ottawa lumber passes to mar- ket. At Bout de r Isle, therefore, the Ottawa is finally merged in the St. Lawrence, a hun- dred and thirty miles below, from the city of Ot- tawa. Routes from Montreal up the Ottawa. — Steam- ers run daily, during the summer months, be- tween Montreal and Ottawa, and Kingston and Ottawa, via the Rideau Canal. Above Ottawa the traveller m.ay proceed by carriage or by stage, nine miles, to the vilLage of Aylmer, and thence by steamer to the Chats ; thence by rail- way, two miles ; then again by steamer to the Portage du Fort : now, wagons for awhile, and then again a steamer to Pembroke, and yet an- other from thence to Deux Joachims ; afterwards he must canoe it. The Ottawa may also be reached bj' railway- direct, from Prescott on the St. Lawrence, to Ottawa City. Tile Saguenay. The journey up this beau- tiful river may be made semi-wceklj*, by steamer from Quebec, or by the Grand Trunk railway, 101 miles to St. Paschal Riviere du Loup, oppo- site the mouth of the Saguenay, and thence by steamer. The course of the Saguenay — between lofty and precipitous heights ; and in its upper part, amid rushing cataracts, is 12^ miles from Lake St. John to the St. Lawrence, which it enters 140 miles below Quebec. Large ships as- cend 60 miles. In the trip from Quebec to the Saguenay beau- ties, there are many interesting points to be noted in the preceding journey of 120 miles down the St. L.awrence ; the ancient-looking settle- ments on its banks, and the not less picturesque habitans of the cnuntrj'. A day's sail lands the voyager at Riviere du Loup, where he passes the night on board his steamer, waiting for the fol- lowing morning to resume his journej-. The Saguenay is a perfect!}' straight river, with grand pi-ecipices on either side. It has neither windings nor projecting blufis, nor sloping banks nor sandy shores like other rivers, nor is its stern, strange aspect varied by either village or villa. " It is," says a voyager thither, " as if the mouii' tain range had been cleft asunder, leaving a hor- rid gulf of 60 miles in length and 4,000 feet in depth, through the gray mica schist, and still looking fresh and new. One thousand five hun- dred feet of this is perpendicular cliff, often too steep and solid for the hemlock or dwarf-oak to find root ; in which case, being covered with col- ored lichens and moss, their fresh-looking frac- tures often appear, in shape and color, like painted fans, and are called the pictured rooks. But those parts more slanting are thickly cov- ered with stunted trees, spruce and map)le, and birch growing wherever they can find crevices to extract nourishment ; and the bare roots of the oak, grasping the rock, have a resemblance to gigantic claws. The bases of these clifi's lie far under water, to an tmknown depth. For many miles from its mouth no soundings have been obtained with two thousand feet of line ; and, for the entire distance of 60 miles, until you reach Ha Ha Baj', the largest ships can sail, without obstruction from banks or shoals, and, on reaching the extremity of the bay, can drop their anchor in 30 fathoms. The view up this river is singular in many respects ; hour after hour, as you sail along, precipice after precipice unfolds itself to view, as in a moving panorama ; and you sometimes forget the size and height of the objects you are contemplating, until reminded by seeing a ship of one thousand tons lying like a small pinnace under tlie towering cliff to which she is moored ; for, even in these remote and desolate regions, industry is at worli, and, al- though you cannot much discern it, saw-mills have been built on some of the tributary streams which fall into the Saguenay. But what strikes one most, is the absence of beach or strand, for except in a few places where mountain torrents, rushing through gloomy ravines, have washed down the detritus of the hills, and formed some alluvial land at the mouth, no coves, nor creeks, nor projecting rocks are seen in which a boat could find shelter, or any footing be obtained. The ch.aracteristio is a steep wall of roclt rising abruptlj' from the water ; a dark and desolate region, where all is cold and gloomy ; the moun- tains hidden with driving mist, the water black as ink, and cold as ice. No ducks nor sea-gulls sitting on the water, or screaming for their prey. No hawks nor eagles soaring overhead, although there is an abundance of what might be called ' Eagle Cliffs.' No deer coming down to drii.k at the streams, no squirrels nor birds to be seen among the trees. No fly on the water, nor swal- lows skimming over the surface. It reminds you of 'Tliat lake wliose gloomy shore Skj-lark never -warbled o'er.' CANADA. 29 Two living things you may see, Tsnt these are cold-blooded animals ; you may see the cold seal, spreading himself upon his clammy rook, watch- ini; for liis prey. You may see him malie his sullen plunge into the water, like to the Styx for blackness. You may see him emerge again, shaking his smooth oily sides, and holding a huge living salmon writhing in his teeth ; and you may envy the fellow faring so sumptuously, until you recollect that you have just had a hearty breakfast of fresh grilled salmon yourself, and that you enjoyed it as much as your fellow creature is now enjoying his raw morsel. And this is all you see for the first twenty miles, save the ancient settlement of Tadousac at the en- trance, and the pretty cove of L'Ance a I'Eau, ■which is a fishing station. "Now you reach Cape Eternity, Cape Trinity, and many other overhanging cliffs, remarkable for having such clean fi'actures, seldom equalled for boldness and efl'ect, -which create constant ap- prehensions of danger, even in a calm ; but If you happen to be caught in a thunder-storm, the roar, and darkness, and flashes of lightning are perfectly frightful. At last you terminate your voyage at Ha Ha Bay ; that is, smiling or laugh- ing bay, in the Indian tongue, for you are per- fectly charmed and relieved to arrive at a beau- tiful spot, where you have sloping banks, a pebbly shore, boats, and wherries, and vessels riding at anchor ; birds and animals, a village, a church, French Canadians, and Scottish High- landers." After duly enjoying the pleasant " let down" from the high tragic tone of the landscape you have been so long gazing upon and wondering at, formed in the comparatively pastoral character of this upper region of the Ottawa, you return to your steamer, and descending the stern and sol- emn river, come again, at nightfall, to the Riviere du Loup, from whence you started in the morn- ing. This is the second day of your journey, and on the third you are back once more in Quebec. SPRINGS. The Caledonia Springs.— Hotels :— The Caledonia Springs, a place of much resort, are at the village of Caledonia, 72 miles from Montreal. Leave Montreal by the Lachine rail- way, and take the steamer to Carillon. At Point Fortune, opposite Carillon, on the other side of the Ottawa, take stage to the Springs, arriving the same evening. Plantag'enet Springs. Prom Montreal to Point Fortune, as in the route to the Cale- donia Springs ; and thence by stage, arriving same evening. Distance 88 miles. The con- sumption of the " Plantagenet water" is said to be very great. The St. Leon Springs are at the village of St. Leon, on the Riviere du loup, "en haut," between Montreal and Quebec ; 26 miles by stage from Three Rivers, a landing of ihe St. Lawrence steamers. St. Catharine's.— Hotels :— St. Catharine's, Canada West, on the Great "Western Railway, 11 miles from Niagara Falls, and 32 miles from Hamilton. See St. Catha- rine's in route from Montreal to Niagara via the St. Lawrence. WATERFALLS IN CANADA. Niagara. See chapter on the state of New York. Falls of Montraorenci. See Quebec. The Chaudiere Falls on the Ottawa. See Ottawa River. The Chaudiere Palls, Quebec. See City of Quebec. The Rideau Tails. See Ottawa river. The Falls of Shawanegan are on tho River St. Maurice, 25 miles from Three Rivers, on the St. Lawrence river, between Montreal and Quebec. The St. Maurice, 186 feet in breadth at this point, makes a perpendicular de- scent of about 200 feet. The imposing character of this scene is, as j-et, but little known. Be- tween the Falls and the town of Three Rivers, the St. Maurice affords excellent fishing. St. Anne's Falls are 24 miles below Que- bec. See Quebec. RAILWAYS. The Grand Trunk connects Montreal -with. Quebec, and each with Portland in Maine. From Montreal it follows the upper shore of the St. Lawrence and of Lake Ontario to Toronto, and thence continues westward, across the pen- insula of Canada West, via Port Sarnia, on the southern extremity of Lake Huron to the city of Detroit in Michigan. The whole length of the road, with its present branches, is 1050 miles. It connects with routes to Niagara Falls, with the line of the Great Western Railway, and with the routes Mississiijpiwards. • The Great Western Railway extends from Ni- agara Falls, 229 miles west to Detroit, Michigan, connecting with the Michigan Central route for Chicago, &o. The Montreal and New York road extends from Montreal 67 miles to Plattsljurg, and is a part of a route from Montreal to New York. The Champlain and St. Lawrence extends 30 CANADA. from Montreal, 44 miles, to Rouse's Point on Lake Champlain, thence to New York, Boston, &c. The Northern Railway of Canada extends 94 miles from Toronto on Lake Ontario to CoUing- wood on the Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. A part of a pleasant route from New York to Lake Superior. The Ottawa and Prescott Railway extends from Prescott (opposite Ogdensburg) on tlie St. Lawrence, 54 miles to Ottawa, on the Ottawa river. The Hamilton and Toronto road extends SS miles from Toronto to Hamilton, connecting the Grand Trunk and the Great "Western routes. The Coburg and Peterboro' Railway, 28 miles from Peterboro' to Coburg, on the line of the Grand Trunk, between Montreal and Toronto. Many other routes are either in progress or in contemplation — Canada vyingwith the " States" in this field of enterprise. MONTREAL. Hotels. The Donegana, Notre-Dame street ; the St. Lawrence, Great St. James street, a fine house, centrally located ; the Ottawa, Great St. James street ; and the Montreal House, Custom House square, and opposite the Custom House. Besides these leading establishments, there are many other comfortable houses and cafes, where travellers of all ranks and classes may be lodged and regaled according to the varied humors of their palates and their purses. We forbear to name too many, lest the bewildered stranger shuuld, in the verj' abundance of the good things placed before him, starve while choosing. Montreal may be reached daily from New York in from is to 18 hours, by the Hudson River or Harlem railway to Troy ; rail to White- hall, and steamer on Lake Champlain, or by rail through Vermont via Rutland, Burlington and St. Alban's to Rouse's Point, or via Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. From I3oston via Albany, or other routes to Lake Champlain, &c. ; or, via Portland and the Grand Trunk railway. Montreal, the most populous city in British North America, is picturesquely situated at the foot of the Royal Mountain, from which it takes its name, upon a large island at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, which, both in fertility and cultivation, is considered the garden of Canada East. The main branch of the Otta- wa, which is the timber highway to Quebec, passes north of Montreal Island, and enters the Bt. Lawrence aliout 18 miles below the city ; about one-third of its waters is, however, dis- charged into Lake St. Louis, and joining but not mingling at Caughnawaga, the two distinct bo- dies pass over the Sault St.Louis and tho Lachine Rapids— the dark waters of the Ottawa washing the quays of Montreal, while the blue St. Law- rence occupies the other shore. Nor do they merge their distinctive character until they are several miles below Montreal. The quays of Montreal are unsurpassed by those of any city in America ; built of solid limestone, and uniting with tho locks and cut stone wharves of the Lar chine Canal, they present for several miles a dis- play of continuous masonry, which has few par- allels. Unlike the levees of the Ohio and the Mississippi, no unsightly warehouses disfigure the river side. A broad terrace, faced with gray limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted with a substantial iron railing, divides the city from the river throughout its whole extent. The people in Montreal number over 75,000, and the population is steadily increasing. The houses in the suburbs are handsomely built in the modern style, and mostly inhabited by the principal merchants. Including its siiburbs, of which it has several, the city stretches along the river for two miles from s. w. to n. e., and, for some distance, extends between one and two miles inland. It was formerly surrounded by a battlemented wall ; but this having fallen into decay, it is now entirely open. St. Paul St., the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends along the river the whole length of tho city. Great St. James and Notre-Dame streets are the fashiona- ble promenades. The Victoria Bridge which spans the great St. Lawrence at Montreal, is one of the noblest structures which we shall see in the whole long course of our American journcyings. Its length is 10,284 feet, or nearly two miles. It rests, in this splendid transit, upon 24 piers . and two abutments of solid masonrj', the central span being 330 feet in length. The heavy iron tubes through which the railway track is laid is, in its largest dimensions 22 feet high and 16 feet wide. The total cost of this bridge was over six millions of dollars. It has been recently completed, and was formally opened, with high pomp and cere- mony, amidst great popular rejoicings, by tho young heir to the British Crown, the Prince of Wales, during his visit, in the summer of 1860, to America. The French Cathedral. Of the public build- ings, the most remarkable is the Roman Catholic Cathedral, Place d'Armes, constructed in the Gothic style, with a length of 255J feet, and a breadth of 134^ feet. It has two towers, each of which has a noble elevation of two hundred and twenty-five feet. The view from these towers — embracing the city and its suburbs, the river, and the surrounding country — is exceedingly beautiful. The principal window of the Cathe- dral is 64 feet high and 32 broad. Of the vast- CANADA. 31 ness of the interior of this edifice an idea may- be formed from the fact that it is capable of ac- commodating eight or nine thousand persons. This immense assembly ma}^, by numerous out- lets, disperse in five or six minutes. llie Seminary of St. Sulpice, adjoining the Cathedral, is 132 feet long, and 29 deep, and is surrounded by spacious gardens and court yard. The Bank of Montreal a7id the City Bank, the first a fine example of Corinthian architecture, stand side by side on the square called the Place d'Armes. St. Patrick^s Church (Catholic) occupies a commanding position at the west end of Lagau- chctiere street. The Bishop^s Church (Catholic) is a very ele- gant structure in St. Denis street. The remaining Catholic churches are the EecoUet, in Notre Dame street, the Bonsecours, near the large market, and the St. Mary's in Grifflntown. There are also chapels attached to all the ZSTunneries, in some of which excellent pictures may be seen. Nimneries. The Grey Nuns, in Poundling street, was founded in 1692, for the care of luna- tics and children. The Hotel Dieu was estab- lished in 1644, for the sict generally. The Black, or congregational nunnery, in Notre Dame street, dates from 1659. The Sisterhood, at this third and last of the conventual establishments of Montreal, devote themselves to the education of young persons of their own sex. The stranger desirous of visiting either of the nunneries should apply to the Lady Superior for admission, which is seldom refused. The Protestant churches worthy of notice are St. Andrew's Church, a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture, being a close imitation of Salisbury Cathedral, in England, though of course on a greatly reduced scale. This, with St. Paul's Church, in St. Helen street, are in connection with the Established Church of Scot- land. The Episcopalian churches are, the beau- tiful new edifice Christ Church Cathedral, St. George's Church, in St. Joseph street, St. Ste- phen's, in GrifBntown, Trinity in St. Paul street, and St. Thomas's, in St. Mary street. Various other denominations of Christians have churches — the Weslcyans, a large and very handsome building, in St. James street, and also others in Griffintown and Montcalm street ; the Indepen- dents formerly had two houses, but now only the one in Radegonde street. This last was the scene of the sad riot and loss of life on the occasion of Gavazzi's lecture in 1S52. The Free Church has also two places of worship, one in Cote street ; and one in St. Gabriel street ; besides these, there are the American and the United Presbyterian, the Baptist, and the Unitarian Churches ; a small Jewish Synagogue, the last named being classical in design. Directly opposite the city is the wharf of the New York and St. Lawrence Railway Company. Below Nun's Island are seen the gigantic piers of the Tubular Bridge, a wonderful structure, which spans the great St. Lawrence. The JBonsecours Market is an imposing Doric edifice, erected at a cost of §280,000. In one of the upper stories are the Oflices of the Corporation and Council Chamber, and a concert or ball-room capable of seating 4,000 people. The view from the dome of this structure, overlooking the river and St. Helen's isle, are well worth the seeing. At the head of Place Jacques Cartier there is a column erected to the memory of the naval hero. Lord Nelson. The Court House is one of the most striking of the architectural specialties of the city. The Post Office is in Great James street. The Custom House is a neat building on the site of an old market-place, between St. Paul street and the river. The Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room are in St. Sacrament street. The latter is a large and comfortable room, well supplied with news- papers and periodicals, English and American, all at the service of the stranger when properly introduced. The General Hospital and St. Patrick''s are in Dorchester street ; the latter, however, at the west end of the town. M^GiWs College is beautifully situated at the base of the mountain. The High School depart- ment of the college is in Belmont street. The city also possesses, besides the University of McGill's College, many excellent institutions for the promotion of learning— French and En- glish seminaries, a royal grammar-school, with parochial, union, national, Sunday and other pubUc schools. It has numerous societies for the advancement of religion, science, and in- dustry ; and several public libraries. The Water- Works, a mile or so from the city, are extremely interesting for their own sake, and for the fine view of the neighborhood to be seen thence. The Mount Royal Cemetery is two miles from the city, on the northern slope of the mountain. From the high road round its base, a broad ave- nue through the shaded hill-side gradually as- cends to this pleasant spot. There are other romantic burying-grounds, both of the Catholic and the Protestant popula- tion, in the vicinity of Montreal, and other scenes which the visitor should enjoy — pleasant rides all about, around the mountain and by the river, before he bids good-bye to the Queen City of Canada. 32 CANADA. QUEBEC. Hotels. The leading hotels are Russell's, and the Clarendon. Russell's is iu Palace street, Upper Town, and is the favorite head-quarters of Amer- ican tourists, ■while the English establish them- selves generally at the Clarendon, on St. Louis street. Qnehcc m.ay be pleasantly reached from Now York, via Boston to Portland, Maine, and thence 317 miles hy the Grand Trunk Railway, total distance, by this route, from New York to Que- bec, 650 miles ; or, from New York by the Hud- son River Railway or steamboats ; or by the Ilarlem Railway to Albany, thence to "Whitehall, thence on Lake Champlain to Plattsburg, thence by the Montreal and New York Railway to Montreal, and from Montreal by steamer down the St. Lawrence, or by the Grand Trunk Rail- way. Distance by railway, from Montreal to Quebec, 16S miles. There are other railway routes from Boston to Quebec, via Albany, or by the Vermont Central and Vermont and Can- ada lines through St. Albans to Montreal Quebec is the capital of United Canada, and, after Montreal, the most populous city in British North America. It is upon the left bank of the St. La^vrence river, and some 340 miles from the Ocean. The city was founded in 1608, by the geogra- "■pher, Champlain. It fell into the possession of the British in 1019, but was restored three years later. The English made an unsuccessful at- tempt to regain possession in 1690, but it did not finally come into their hands until taken by General Wolfe in 1759. The city is divided Into two sections, caUed the Upper and the Lower Towns ; the Upper Town occupying the highest part of the promon- tory, which is surrounded by strong walls and other fortifications ; and the Lower Town, being built around the base of Cape Diamond. The latter is the business quarter. The Citadel, a massive defence, crowning the summit of Cape Diamond, covers about 40 acres with its numerous buildings. Its impregnable position makes it perhaps the strongest fortress on this continent ; and the name of the " Gibral- tar of America" has been often given to it not in- aptly. The access to the Citadel is from the Upper Town, the walls of which are entered by five gates. Near the Palace gate is the Hos- pital and a large Guard House. By St. Louis gate, on the south-west, the tourist will reach the memorable Plains of Abraham, the scene of Wolfe's victory and death, in the year 1759. The Prescott Gate is the only entrance on the St. Lawrence side of the fortress. The view from the Citadel is remarkably fine, taking in, as it does, the oppiosite banks of tljo great river through many picturesque miles up and down. The promenade here, on the ram- parts above the esplanade, is charming. In the public garden, on Des Carrierres street, there is an obelisk to the memory of Wolfe and Mont- calm. T/ie Parliament House. Among the chief public edifices of Quebec is the New Parliament House, which supplies the place of the building destroyed by fire in 1854. The Roman Catholic Cathedral was erected under the auspices of the first Bishop of Quebec, and was consecrated in 1666. It is 216 feet long, and ISO feet in breadth. The Ursuline Convent and the Church of St. Ursula are agi-eeable buildings, encompassed by pleasant gardens. This establishment was founded in 1639, and holds a high position in the public esteem. It contains a Superior, fifty nuns, and six novices, who give instruction in reading, writing, and needle work. The convent was destroyed by fire in 1650, and again in 1686. The remains of the Marquis de Montcalm are buried here. The Artillery Barracks form a. range of stone buildings 5,000 feet iu length. Durham Terrace is the site of the old castle of St. Louis, which was entirely consumed by fire in 1834. The English Protestant Cathedral, consecrated in 1804, is one of the finest modern edifices of the city. St. Andreip's Church, in St. Anne street, is in connection with the Scotch Establishment. The Methodists have a chapel in St. Stanislaus' street, and anotb.er in St. Louis suburb, called the Centenary Chapel. / The Lower Town. The passage from the Upper to the Lower TowTi is by the Prescott gate. It ia in this portion of the eitj^ that the traveller will find the Exchange, the Post Ofiice, the Banks, and other commercial establish- ments. The Plains of Abraham may he reached via the St. Louis Gate, and the counterscrap on the left, leading to the glacis of the citadel ; hence towards the right ; approaching one of the Mertello Towers, where a fine view of the St. Lawrence opens. A little beyond, up the right bank, is the spot where General Wolfe fell on the famous historic ground of the Plains of Abraham. It is the highest ground, and is sur- rounded by wooden fences. Within an enclo- sufre lower down is a stone well, from which water was brought to the dying hero. CANADA. 33 Wolfe's Cove, tlio Rpot where Montgomery was killed, aud other scenes, telling tales of the memorable past, will be pointed out to the trav- eller in this neighborhood. Tlie Mount Hermon Cemetery is about three miles I'rom the city, on the south side of the St. Louis Road. The grounds are 32 acres in extent, sloping irregularly but beautifully down the precipices which overhang the St. Lawrence. They were laid out by the late Major Douglass, of the U. S. Engineers, who had pre- viously displayed his skill and taste in the ar- rangements of the Greenwood Cemetery, near JSTcw York. XiOrette. To see Lorette may be made the motive of an agreeable excursion from Quebec, following the banks of the St. Charles. Lake St. Charles is four miles long, and one broad. It is divided by projecting ledges into two parts. It is a delightful spot. In iis natural attractions, and in the fine sport it affords to the angler. Th.e Falls of Montmorenci, eight miles distant, are among the chief delights of the vic- inage of Quebec. The river here is 60 feet wide, and the descent of the torrent 250 feet. " The etiect of the view of these falls upon the beholder is most delightful. The river at some distance, seems suspended in the air, in a sheet of billowy foam, and contrasted, as it is, with the black frowning abyss into which it falls, it is an object of the highest interest. The sheet of foam which first breaks over the ridge, is more and more divided as it plunges and is dashed against the successive layers of rook, which it almost completely veils from view ; the spray becomes very delicate and abundant, from top to bottom, hanging over, and revolving around the torrent, till it becomes lighter and more evanescent than the whitest fleecy clouds of summer, than the finest attenuated web, than the lightest gossamer, constituting the most airy and sumptuous dra- pery that can be imagined. Yet, like the dra- pery of some of the Grecian statues, which, while it veils, exhibits more forcibly the form be- neath, this does not hide hut exalts the effect produced by this noble cataract. " Those who visit the falls in the winter, see one fine feature added to the scene, although they may lose some others. The spray freezes, and forms a regular cone, of 100 feet and upwards in height, standing immediately at the bottom of the cataract, like some huge giant of fabulous notoriety." The extraordinary formation called the Natu- ral Steps, will not fail to interest the visitor at Montmorenci. The Falls of St. Anne, in the river St. Anne, 24 miles below Quebec, are in a neighbor- hood of great picturesque beauty. Starting from the city in the morning betimes, one may visit Montmorenci nicely, and proceed thence the same evening to St. Anne. Next morning after a leisurely survej' of these cascades, there will be most of the day left to get back, with any detours that I'iiay seem desir.able, to Quebec. The Falls of the Chandiere are reached via Point Levi. The rapid river plunges over a precipice of 130 feet, presenting very mucli the look of boiling water, from whence its name of chaudiere or caldron. The cataract is broken into three separate parts by the intervention of huge projecting rocks, but it is reunited before it reaches the basin beneath. We take our leave of this venerable city, its unique natural beauties, and its winning stories, with the remembrance of some of the impres- sions it made upon Professor Silliman, when he visited it years ago : — " Quebec," he writes, " at least for an American city, is certainly a very peculiar place. A military town — containing about 20,000 inhabitants— most compactly and permanently built^environed, as to its most im- portant parts, by walls and gates— and defended by numerous heavy cannon — garrisoned by troops ha^dng the arms, the costume, the music, the discipline of Europe — foreign in language, features, and origin, from most of those whom they are sent to defend — founded upon a rook, and in its highest parts overlooking a great ex- tent of country — between 300 and 400 miles from the ocean — in the midst of a great continent, aud yet, displaying fleets of foreign merchantmen in its fine capacious bay — and showing all the bustle of a o**owded seaport — its streets narrow, popu- lous, and winding up and down almost moun- tainous declivities — situated in the latitude of the finest parts of Europe— exhibiting in its en- virons the beauty of an European capital — and yet in winter smarting with the cold of Siberia — governed by a people of different language and habits from the mass of the population — opposed in religion, and yet leaving that population with- out taxes, and in the full enjoyment of every privilege, civil and religious." Toronto, on Lake Ontario, and the line of the Grand Trunk Railwaj' ; from Quebec, 501 miles ; from Montreal, 333 miles ; from Hamilton, 38 miles ; from Niagara Falls, 81 miles. For de- scription, see Toronto, in route from Montreal to Niagara, via the St. Lawrence. Kingston, at the foot of Late Ontario, on the St. Lawrence, and on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway ; from Quebec, 341 miles ; from Montreal, 173 miles ; from Toronto, 160 miles. See Kingston in route from Montreal to Niagara. Hamilton, near the eastern terminus of the Great Western Railway, at the head of Lake 34 OAKADA. Ontario ; from Quebec, 539 miles ; from Mon- treal, 371 miles ; from Toronto, 38 ; from Nia- gara, 43. See route from Montreal to Niagara. liOndon is a prosperous town, midway on the line of the Great Western Railway, in its tra- verse of the peninsula of Canada West from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron. Distant from Niagara FaUs, 119 miles, west ; from Hamilton, 76 miles ; from Toronto, 114 miles ; from Mon- treal, 447 miles ; from Quebec, 615 miles. In 1820, the present site of London was a wilder- ness, occupied by the savages and the wild deer ; now its population exceeds 12,000. Like Hamil- ton, Toronto, and all the growing towns of Can- ada, it is well built, upon wide streets, and with elegant and substantial architecture. MONTREAL TO NIAGARA FALLS ; TIP THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND LAKE ONTARIO. The traveller may go from Montreal to Niagara, either by steamer on the St. Lawrence, or by the Grand Trunk Railway, 333 miles to Toronto on Lake Ontario. At Toronto he may cross the western end of the lake to the town of Niagara, and thence reach the Falls by the Erie and Ontario Railway 14 miles long; or he may go less direct- ly, bj' water or by rail to Hamilton, and thence by rail again to the Falls. Up the St. Lawrence from, Montreal. See rivers of Canada for general mention of the St. Lawrence. Lachine. From Montreal the traveller will proceed nine miles to Lachineby railway, avoid- ing tlie rapids which the steamers sometimes descend. At Lachine is the residence of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company and of the officers of this, the chief post of that corporation. It is from this point that the orders from head-quarters in London are sent to all the many posts throughout the vast territory of the Company ; and near the end of April each year a body of trained voyageurs Bet out hence in large canoes, called Tnaitres ca7iots, with packages and goods for the various posts in the wilderness. Two centuries ago, the companions of the explorer Cartier on arriving here, thought they had discovered a route to China, and expressed their joy in the exclama- tion of La Chine 1 Hence, the present name, or BO at least says tradition. A costlj^ canal over- comes the obstruction of the rapids at Lachine. The "Village of tlieKapids; or, Caug-li- nawaga. An Iroquois settlement lies opposite Lachine, at the outlet of the expansion of the river called Lake St. Louis. The Indians at Caughnawaga, subsist chiefly by navigating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and in win- ter, by a trade in moccasins ; snow-shoes. &c. They are mostly Roman Catholics, and possess an elegant church. Lake St. Louis. The brown floods of the Ottawa assist in forming this great expanse of the St. Lawrence. They roll unmixed through the clearer water of the great river. On the northern shore of Lake St. Louis is the island of Montreal, 30 miles long. At the western ex- tremity is Isle Parrot. The Cascade Rapids sepa- rate the expanse just passed from Lake St. Fran- cis. The Beauharnois Canal here is llj miles in length, and has nine locks. Lake St. Prancis, into which the voyager now enters, extends 40 miles. Midway on the right, is the village of Lancaster, where a pile of stones or cairn has been thrown up in honor of Sir John Colborne, formerly Governor-Gene- ral of Canada, now Lord Seaton. Leaving Lake St. Francis, we pass the passage of the celebrated Long SauU rapidC Here, too, is the Cornwall Canal, ll-J miles in length, with 7 locks of noble size. Cornwall is a pleasant town, formerly called " Pointe Maline," in memento of the labor of ascending the river at this point. The Villag-e of St. Regis lies across from Cornwall. It forms the boundary between Can- ada and the State of New York, and also inter- sects the tract of land occupied by the 1,00'0 Iroquois, American and British, who dwell here. Dickenson Landing is at the head of the Cornwall Canal, within the space of the 38 miles which follow to Prescott ; the villages of Mouli- NETTE, Maria Town, and Matilda, are succes- sively passed. The Battle Field of Chryseler's Parm, where the Americans met a defeat in the last war, lies a little above Maria Town. Prescott is rapidly recovering its prestige lost when the construction of the Bideau Canal won its trade away to Kingston ; for now a rail- way from New Tork approaches it at Ogdens- burg, and another connects it with Ottawa city, on the Ottawa river. Besides which advantages, it is on the line of the Grand Trunk route. From Prescott maybe seen the windmill and the ruined houses, mementoes of the attempt atinvasion by Schultz and his band in 1838. OgdenslDTirg, New Tork, the western termi- nus of the Northern Railway from Lake Cham- plain, is opposite Prescott. Maitland, built upon the site of an old French fort, is seven miles above Prescott. Brockville is yet five miles more, onward. It is one of the best built towns in Canada West. Grananocine is 32 miles above Brockville. At Kingston, 20 miles yet beyond Gananoque, we leave the St. La%vrenoe, and approach the CANADA. 35 waters of Lake Ontario. In descending the river, the wonderful labj'rinth of the Thousand Isles is passed just east of Kingston. "Wolfe's Island, a well-cultivated spot, is opposite Kingston. Kingston.— Hotels -.—KenVs British Amer- ican; Jruii's Hotel. The city of Kingston, modern as it appears, looks far hack for its history, as its advantageous locale did not fail to attract the notice of the early French discoverers. It was once occupied as a small fort called Cataraqui, otherwise known as Frontenac, and was the scene of various sieges and exploits before it passed with all the terri- tory of the Canadas from French to British rule. It was from this point that murderous espedi- tiops were made hy the Indians in the olden times against Albany and other Enghsh settle- ments of New York ; which in turn sent back here its retributive blows. The present city was founded in 1783. It has now a population of about 16,000. Among its objects of interest are the fortifications of Fort Henrj^, on a hill upon the eastern side of the harbor ; four ' fine Mar- tello Towers off the town ; and other defensive works ; the University of Queen's College ; the Roman CathoUc College of Regiopolis ; and the Provincial Penitentiary a little to the west of the city. As the navigation of the St. Lawrence ends at Kingston, the river boats are exchanged here for others more suited to the lake voyages. Lake Ontario — American ehore.^Let us, before we enter the great waters of Ontario, say a word to the traveller who may prefer to make the voyage along the American or lower shore of the lake. From the boundary line 45° the entire littoral is in the State of New York. Frencli Creek comes into the St. Lawrence as we leave it. It was here that General "Wil- kinson embarked (November 1813) with 7,000 men, with the purpose of descending the river and attacking Montreal. A week subsequently, an engagement took place near "Williamsburg, on the Canadian side, when the Americans came off but poorly. General Wilkinson being disap- pointed in his espectation of reinforcements from Plattsburg, retired to French Mills, and there went into winter-quarters. This place was afterwards naTned Fort Covington, in memory of General Covington, who fell at the battle of Williamsburg. Sackett's HarToor, (N. Y.,) lies 20 miles below the mouth of French Creek. It is on the eastern extremity of the lake, on the south side of Black River Bay. This was the naval station of the United States during the English and American "War of 1812. In May, 1813, Sir George Prevost made a landing with 1,000 troops, but re-embarked without accomplishing any thing. The Navy Yard here is a prominent object as we land. Oswego. — Hotels — The American. Oswego, (N. Y.,) is the chief commercial port on the American shore of Ontario. It is very agreeably situated at the mouth of the Oswego river. The Oswego Canal comes in here (38 miles) from Syracuse, and the railway, also, from the same place. Charlotte, the port of the city of Rochester, (N. Y.,) is at the approach to Lake Ontario, of the beautiful Genesee river. (See " Rochester.") From the mouth of the Genesee to Fort Niag- ara, a distance of 85 miles, the coast now presents a monotonous and forest-covered level, with a clearing only here and there. Having now peeped at the American, or south- ern shore, we will go back to Kingston, and start again on the upper side of the lake, making first for Toronto, 165 miles distant ; from Mont- real, 333 miles. Coburg, with a population of about 5,000, is 70 miles from Toronto, and 90 miles from King- ston. It has many and varied manufactories. A railway from Peterboro' (30 miles distant) comea in here. In the vicinage is the Victoria College, founded by Act of the Provincial Legislature in 1842. Port Hope is seven miles above Coburg. From this point, or from Coburg, the journey to Kingston is often charmingly made overland, through a beautiful country at the head of the Bay of Quinte, a singular arm of the St. Law- rence. Toronto.— Hotels. Toronto is the largest and most populous city in Canada "West. Sixty years ago the site of the present busy mart was occupied by two Indian families only. In 1793, Governor Simcoe began the settlement under the name of York, changed, when it was Incorporated in 1834, to Toronto — meaning, in the Indian tongue, "The place of meeting." The population, in 1817, numbered only 1,200 ;. in 1850, it had reached 25,000 ; and now, it is, perhaps, 50,000, or upwards. The Provincial Legislature meets at Toronto and Quebec, alternately, every four years — an arrangement made since the disturbances of 1849, which resulted in the burning of the Parliament Houses at Montreal. Among the public buildings of Toronto, the traveller will perhaps please himself with a peep at the Catholic Church of St. Michael, the St. James' Cathedral (English), the University of CANADA. ^MICHIGAN. Toronto, the St. La-wrence Hall and Market, the Parliament House, Osgoode Hall, the Post Office, the Court-House, the Exchange, the Mechanics' Institute, Knox's Church, Trinity College, Up- per Canada College, the Lunatic Asylum, the Jail, and the K"ormal and Model Schools. At Toronto, the traveller may if he pleases, reach Niagara direct, without touching at Hamilton, as we propose to do in our present journey. Hamilton. — Hotels. — Anglo-American. Hamilton is among the m.ost heautiful and most prosperons cities of Canada. It aspires, even la run a race with Toronto, one of the " 2:40" nags of the province. Many advantages promise it a bravo future. It is at the head of the western extremity of Lake Ontario, connect- ed with the eastern capitals of the United States, and with Quehec, Montreal, and Toronto, hy the Grand Trunk, and the Hamilton and Toronto Railways ; and with Lake Huron and the Mis- Bissippi States, by the Great Western Railway, which traverses the garden lands of Canada ; and, via the Suspension Bridge at Niagara, with the whole railway system of New York. The distance from Toronto to Hamilton, by the Bteamer, is 45 miles — time, two aiid a half hours ; by railway, 3S miles — time (express), 1 hour 24 minutes. The population of Hamilton, in 1845, was 6,500 ; at this time it much exceeds 20,000. From Ham.iltorL to the FaHs. Dis- tance, by the Great Western Eail-s^ay, from Hamilton to the Suspension Bridge, 43 miles — time, 1 hour, 35 minutes. Stations, Ontario, Grimsby, BcamsvUle, Jordan, St. Catharine's, Thorold, Niagara Falls. St. Cathariiie's is the chief point of inter- est on this part of our route. Its pleasant tOr pographj', and, more particularly, its mineral waters, is making it a place of great summer re- Bort. Hero we leave the reader to establish him- self at Niagara, and to see all its marvels, having elsewhere pointed out where he should go, and what should be his ilineraire while there. See Niagara Falls (New York.) THE GREAT LAKES. A delightful tour of a few weeks, may be made, in the heat of the summer, among the natur.'il wonders of the region of the GxeaX Lakes, to Mackinac, the Sault de St. Marie, and the shores of Lake Superior, returidiig, perhaps, by some one of the lower routes to the Atlantic, from the head waters of the Mississippi. At Toronto, on Lake Ontario, which may bo easily and speedily reached by routes which we shall hereafter travel — from New York, by the Hudson River and Lake Champlaia to Montreal, and thence by the Grand Trunk Railway ; or by the Central road from Albany to Euflalo, and by Niagara ; or, by Niagara, via the New York and Erie railway ; or, from Portland or Boston, by railroad to Montreal, &c. By steamboat daily, from Butialo or from Chicago, &c., to Mackinao or Mackinaic, as the word is pronounced. At Toronto, the traveller will take the Col- lingwoud route, by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway, 94 miles to CoUingwood at the head of Georgian Bay or Manitoulin Lake, tho north-east part of Lake Huron. Huron is the third in size of the five great inland seas, which pour their floods into the St. Lawrence. It lies between 43° and 46° lb' north latitude, having the State of Michigan on the south-south-west, and Canada West upon all other points, except- ing where the Straits of Mackinac and the Falls, or Sault de Ste. Marie enter it from Lakes Mich- igan and Superior, and at its outlet in tho St. Clair river. It is divided by the peninsula of Cabot's head, and the Mauitouline Islands, tho upper portion» being the north channel and tho Georgian Baj^, which we reach at CoUingwood. The length of Lake Huron, following its cres- cent shape, is about 280 miles, and its greatest breadth, not including the Georgian Bay, is 105 miles ; its average width is TO miles. Lake Huron is 352 feet above Lake Ontario, and 600 feet above the level of tho sea. The dei)th is 1,000 feet— greater than that of any other in the grand chain of which it is a link. Off Saginaw, leads, it is said, have been dropped to a depth of 18,000 feet, which is 12,000 feet below the level of the Atlantic, and yet without finding bottom. The waters here are so pure and clear that ob- jects may be distinctly seen from 50 to 100 feet below the surface In these noble waters there are said to be more than 3,000 islands. From CoUingwood, the route is by suitable steamers to Mackinac, or the Straits of Mack- inac, which arc the connecting links between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. The Island of Mackinac has a circumference of about nine miles, and its shores and vicinage are picturesque and romantic in the highest degree. The Arched Rock, facing the water, and rising to the elevation of some 200 feet, makes a bold and striking picture from all points on the lake, and especiahy as you look through its rude arches from the summit. Robinson's Folly is an attrac- tive bluff on the north shore— years ago a Mr. Robinson, after whom the bluff is named, erect- ed a summer-house upon its crest. Here he passed his daj^s, and oftentimes his nights-, despite the cautions of the people about him, until, in an unlucky tempest, he and his eyrie nest were swept away together. Tlie Cave of Skulls is upon the western CANADA. — MICHIGAN. 37 shore of the island. Once upon a time, it is said, a party of Sioux Indians were pursued hither by the Ottawas, wlio imprisoned and destroyed their foes in this cavern, by building fires at its mouth. The traveller, Henry, was one night secreted here, by a friendly Indian, when,. to his surprise and horror, the morning light showed that ho had been sleeping soundly upon a bed of human bones. Tile Needles, another natural wonder of Mackinac, is a bold rook, in form not unlike a light-honse. This elevation commands a pano- rama of the entire island, and a fine view of the crumbling and weed-covered ruins of Fort Holmes. Days of delight may be passed amidst the natural beauties of land and water at Mack- inac, made doubly picturesque by the wild fron- tier life yet found here, and mingled, too, with the still existing homes and presence of the Eed men. Fort Mackinac stands upon a rocky height, 150 feet above the village, which it overlooks. An agency for Indian afi'airs is established here, which is, from time to time, the resort of depu- tations and bands of the wild dwellers of the surrounding wilderness. Immense quantities of fish are sent from Mackinac. Steamboats from Detroit, Chicago, and other places, stop here continually. Sault Ste. Marie. Passing on towards Lake Superior, a voyage of eight pleasant hours, in a steamer, will bring us to the famous Falls of St. Mary, in the Strait of St. Mary, which con- nects the waters of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and separates Canada West from the upper part of Michigan. The strait extends 63 miles from the south-east extremity of Lake Superior until it reaches Lake Huron. Its course is sometimes narrow, and broken into angry rapids ; again, it widens into beautiful lakelets, and winds amid enchanting islands. It is navigable for vessels drawing eight feet of water, up to within a mile of Lake Superior, where the passage is interrupted by the great " Sault " or Falls. The Sault is a series of tur- bulent rapids, with a total descent of 22 feet in the course of three quarters of a mile. The passage of these falls, or the "running the ra- pids," as it is called, is most exhilarating sport. The rapids are broken up into several different channels, and among them are scattered little islands, such as you see at Niagara, and, like them, bristling with cedars in all possible atti- tudes. At this point, on the American side, is the little village of the Sault— an old settlement in the State of Michigan, founded by the Jesuits about two centuries ago. It has evidently seen and felt nothing of the great progress which has been building up cities and states. Here is to be seen the native owner of the soil and the half- breed (a cross of the French and Indian blood) ; and many other objects of interest. These rapids are not unlike those of Niagara, excepting that, instead of ending upon the brink of a terrible precipice, they decline with the steady flow of a wide river ; and steamers and canoes may fearlessly enter them. They run in different channels, everywhere dodging the numerous little cedar-covered islands in their way. The Sault yields abundant supplies of finny inhabitants ; for the excellence of its white fish it is particularly renowned. The village of the Sault on the Michigan shore, was founded by the Jesuits 200 years ago, but so little progress has it made, that the Aboriginal owner of the soil is still found in possession. Upon the British side of the river, there is an ancient-looking establishment, occupied as an agency of the Hudson's Bay Company. The St. Mary's Ship Canal, a noble work, now overcomes the obstruction made by these rapids in the passage from Lake Huron to Lake Su- perior. Heretofore, merchandise from Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and other places, had to be discharged and conveyed over a railroad to the upper end of the Sault, and then hauled down to the waters at the opposite extremitj' ; and the looks in this massive canal are, perhaps, the largest in the world. The Chippewa Hotel is a good house on the American side of the rapids ; and Pine's Hotel is a well-kept establishment on the British shore. Steamers leave the Sault, daily, for all places on Lake Superior, and the neighboring waters. Lake Superior. We enter Lake Superior after the passage of the Sault Ste. Marie, be- tween two bold promontories, rising to the height of 200 to 300 feet, called Cape Gro and Cape Iroquois. This grand inland sea is the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Its greatest length is 420 miles, its extreme breadth is 160 miles, and its circuit, 1,750 miles. On its west and north-west shore is Minnesota, on the southern border are Wisconsin and Michigan, while Brit- ish America lies on all other sides. The waters, which are wonderfully transparent, come by more than two hundred streams, from a basin covering an area of 100,000 square miles. The north, and south, and western parts are full of islands, while in the central portions of the lake there are few or none. In the north, these islands arc many of them large enough to afford ample shelter for vessels. The picturesque re- gions of the lake are along the northern shore. In this direction the scenery is of a very bold and Btriking character. For many miles her© 38 MICHIGAN. — NEW BKHNSWICK, there are continuous ranges of cliffs, which reach Bometimcs an elevation of 1,500 feet ; on the south the banks are low and sandj', except ■where they are broken by occasional limestone ridges. These ridges rise near the eastern ex- tremity, upon this side, 300 feet, in unique and surprising perpendicular walls and cUfls, broken into the oddest forms, indented with gi-otesque caverns, and jutting out into ghostly headlands. It is these strange formations which are famous Tinder the name of the " Pictured Rocks." This range is on the east of Point Keweenaw. The rocks have been colored by continual mineral drippings. A similar rocky group lies to the west of the Apostle Islands. It is some hundred feet high, and is broken by numberless arches and caves of the most picturesque character. On the summit of these bluffs, there is every- where a stunted growth of Alpine trees. The Porcupine Mountains upon the southern shore of the lake, appear, says a voyager, to be about as extensive (though not so lofty) as the Catskils. Of the islands of Lake Superior, the largest, which ia some 40 miles in lengtb, and from seven to ten broad, is called Eoyal Isle. Its hills rise to the altitude of 400 feet, with fine hold shores, on the north, and many fine bays on the south. It is, like all this region, a famous fishing- ground. Near the western extremity of the lake, there is a group known as the Apostle Islands. They form a trio of forest-covered heights, add- ing greatly to the beauty of the landscape around ; on the extreme end of the largest, is the trading post called La Pointe, inhabited by Indians and white adventurers. It is a great place of annual rendezvous for the red man and the trader, and a starting point for tramps to the regions of the Mississippi. The shores of Lake Superior have long been extensively explored for their abundant cop- per wealth ; and mines have been opened at all points. Fond du Lac is in Minnesota, on the Saint Louis river, 22 miles from its entrance into Lake Superior. It is accessible by steamboat ; and its wonderfully wild and romantic hills, and rocks, and glens, are well worth a visit from the tourist of the Great Lakes. "We shall come back to this region, when we visit the head waters of the Mississippi, hy- and-by. NEW BEimSWIOK. New Brunswick, a Province of Great Britain, lies upon the eastern boundary of the State of Maine. The Landscape is of great variety and of most picturesque beauty ; the whole Province (excepting the dozen miles lying directly on the sea) being broken into attractive valleys and hills, which northward assume a very marked, and sometimes a very rugged aspect. Much of its area of 230 miles in length, and 130 in breadth, is covered with magnificent forests, which, as in the neighboring State of Maine, constitute its chief source of industry and wealth. The hills are nowhere of a very wonderful height, but they often rise in precipitous and sharp acclivities, which give them almost an Alpine aspect ; all the more striking in contrast with tho peaceful plains and vales which they protect from the tempests of the sea. Like the neighboring Province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick so aboimds in lakes and rivers, that ready water access may be had with the help of a short portage, now and then, over its entire area. Thus a canoe may easily be floated from the interior to the Bay de Chaleaur, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the ocean on the north, or to the St. John. River, and thence to the Bay of Fundy on the south. The St. John River is the largest in New Brunswick, and one of the most remarkable and beautiful in America. It rises in the Highlands which separate Maine from Cana- da, not very far from the sources of the Con- necticut. For 150 miles it flows in a north-east direction, to the junction of the St. Francis. From the mouth of the St. Francis, the course of the St. John is irregularly E. S. E. to the Grand Falls ; at which point it makes a descent of from 70 to 80 feet, presenting a splendid pic- ture for the gratification of the tourist. The leap of the Grand Falls passed, the river makes its way almost southward for some distance, after which it turns abruptly to the eastward, and so continues its way for 100 mUes, passing Frederic- ton, to the outlet of the Grand Lake, in tho southern central part of the Province. From Grand Lake its passage is in a wide channel, due south to Kingston, and thence south-west to rreW BEUNSWICK. 39 Bt. John, at its mouth in St. John Harhor, on the Bay of Fundy. The entire length of this heautiful river is about 600 milPS, and from the Grand Falls to the eea, 225 mVieL', its course is within the British territorjr. The river and its affluents are thought to aftbrd 1,300 n-iles of navigable waters. Very much of the shoroa of the St. John is wild forest land. In some parts, the banks rise in grand rooky hills, forming in their lines and interlac- ings, pictures of wonderful delight. The chief tributaries of the St. John, besides the St. Francis and other waters already men- tioned, are Aroostook, the Oromooto, and the Eel, on the west ; and the Salmon, the Nashwaak, the Tobique, the Kennebecasis, and the Washe- demoak, on the east. The coast, and bays, and lakes, and rivers, of New Brunswick, abound with fish of almost every variety, and in immense supplies. The fish- eries of the Bay of Fundy are of great value, and employ vast numbers of the popul.ation. In the harbor of St. John alone, there have been, at one time, two hundred boats, with five hundred men taking salmon, shad, and other fish. Nearly six hundred fishermen have been seen at one period at the Island of Grand Manan ; while at the West Isles, about seven hundred men have been thus employed at one moment ; and so on, at many other of the countless fishing grounds and stations of the New Brunswick and the Nova Scotia coasts. The climate here is healthful, but subject to great extremes of heat and cold ; the mercury rising sometimes to 100° in the day time, and falling to 50° at night. Internal Communicatioit. Besides the steam- ers and stages which connect the various towns and cities of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, lines of railway are in active progress, which will unite the two Provinces, and both to the Canadas and the States.' A portion of the Eu- ropean and North American Railway is now open (Aug. 1, 1860) from St. John to Shediac, 108 miles ; from whence steamers connect with Char- lottetown, P. E. Island, Pictou,N. S., the north-" ern ports of New Brunswick and Quebec, in Canada. This line will open up new and pleasant ground to the tourist. Another road is to extend from St. Andrews to Woodstock, and thence to Quebec. The magnetic telegr.aph already con- nects New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and ]?rinoe Edward's Island with the States. The connec- tion between Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island is by a submarine cable, nine miles from Cape Tormentine to Cape Traverse. St. Jolin, — Hotels : — Waverley House. Routes. — From Boston, Mass., every Monday and Thursday, at 9 A. M., by steamer. From Halifax via Windsor, N. S.,45 miles by rail, and thence by steamer, 110 miles, to St. John. St. John, at the mouth of the St. John River,' is the principal city of New Brunswick, with a population of over 30,000. It is superbly situated upon a bold, rocky peninsula, and is seen very imposingly from the sea. The scenery of the St. John River is very striking ih the passage imme- diately preceding its entrance into the harbor, and a mile and a half above the oitj^. It makes its impetuous way here in a chain of grand rapids, through rugged gaps, 240 feet wide, and 1,200 feet long. This passage is navigable only during the very brief time of high and equal tides in the harbor and the river ; for at low wa- ter the river is about 12 feet higher than the harbor, while at high water, the harbor is five feet above the river. It is thus, only, when the waters of the harbor and of the river are on a level, that vessels can pass ; and this occurs only during a space of from fifteen to twenty minutes, at each ebb and flow of the tide. Immense quantities of timber are rafted down from the forests of the river above, to St. John. It is the entrepot also of the agricultural and mineral products of a wide region of country. Fredericton. — Hotels : — Barker House. Routes. — From Boston via St. John. Fredericton, the capital of New Brunswick, stands upon a flat tongue of land, in a bend of the St. John River, 80 miles from its mouth. This sandy plain is about three miles long, some- times reaching a breadth of half a mile. The river, which is navigable up to this point, is here three-quarters of a mile wide. Small steamers ascend 60 miles yet above to Woodstock, and sometimes to the foot of the Great Falls. The view both up and down the vaUey is most interesting — to the north and uncleared range of highlands, with detached cones and broken hills thrown out in bold relief upon the landscape. Villas enclosed in the woods, and farms upon the clearings, are the chief objects it presents ; while to the South the river is seen widening, like a silver cord, through the d-ark woodlands, until it disappears among the islands in the distance. St. Andrews, with a population of about 8,000, is at the north-east extremity of Passama- quoddy Bay, three miles from the shores of tho United States, near Eastport, in Maine, and 60 miles from St. John. A railway will connect St. Andre%fs with Woodstock, 80 miles distant, and will be continued to Canada. 40 NOVA eOOTIA. ITOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia, the ancient Acadia, including tlie Island of Cape Breton and SaWe Island, lies soutli-east of New Brunswick, from wbicli it is separated by the Bay of Fundy, except only at the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto. It may be reached at Halifax, its capital, by the British steamers from New Tork and Boston. The railways now in progress within its limits will soon more con- veniently unite it to the cities of the Canadaa and the United States. The area of the Province is 18,746 square miles, including the 3,000 of Cape Breton, and the 69 of Sable Island. The southern shores are often very rugged. The interior is diversified with hills and valleys, though not of very bold character, as the highest land is but 1,200 feet above the sea. The numerous lakes cover much of the southern part of the Province. The agricultural capabilities vary much for the area of the country. On the Atlantic Coast much of the soil is rocky and barren. The richest soils are in that section of the country bordering upon the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the streams emptying into them ; and, generally speaking, this is the most thickly settled re- gion. Nova Scotia has become so much denuded of its valuable timber, that its lumber trade is now neither very large nor productive, compared with that of New Brunswick or Canada. Farm- ing, however, especially in the finer agricultural districts just named, is extensively carried on, and is very remunerative. The extensive mineral deposits of Coal, Iron, and Copper, have become, of late years, an object of great and constantly increasing attention to the inhabitants; and Gj"psum. Grindstones, and Building Stone of various kinds, have long been important articles of export. Upon the Atlantic coast, too, many people are occupied in the extensive fishing trade, which has been prosecuted here more actively than upon any of the British American shores, excepting only that of New- foundland. The Coast of Nova Scotia.— The greatest length of Nova Scotia is 356 miles, and the great- est breadth 120 miles. The south-east coast, in a distance of 110 miles only from Cape Canso to Halifax, has no less than 12 ports capacious enough to receive ships of the line, and 14 deep enough for merchantmen. A belt of rugged broken land, of which the greatest height is 500 feet, formed of granite and primary rock, extends along all the Atlantic shore, from Cape Canso to Cape Sable. This belt varies in breadth from 10 to 50 miles, and covers about one-third of the whole Province. Fi'om Briar's Island, off Digby Neck, 130 miles to Capes Split andBlomidon, along the northern coast on the Bay of Fundy, there is a ridge of wooded frowning precipices of trap rock, which over- hang the waves at an elevation of from 100 to 600 feet. These magnificent clifls are picturesque and grand in the extreme. They are, too, (which is something in this utilitarian age,) not only ornamental, but useful, for they serve to protect the interior from the terrible fogs of the bay. The Rivers and Lakes and Bats of Nova Scotia. — The lakes here, though generally Email, are almost countless in number, covering the southern portions of the peninsula as with a net-work of smiling waters. In some instances, no less than a hundred are grouped within a space of twenty square miles. Lake Rosignol, the largest of the region, is 30 miles long. It is near the western end of the peninsula. Grand Lake comes next, then College Lake eastward. Minas Bay on the north coast, the eastern arm of the Bay of Fundy, penetrating 60 miles inland, is very re- markable for the tremendous tides which rush in here, sometimes to the height of 60 to 70 feet, while the}' do not reach more than from 6 to 9 feet in the harbor of Halifax, directly opposite ; these are the spring-tides. They form what is called the bore. The bays of St. Marys, the Gut of Canso, Townsend Bay, George Bay, and Chedabucto Bay, in the eastern part of the Province, and St. Margarets and Mahone Bays on the south, are all large and most interesting waters. Tile Annapolis Elver flows into the Bay I Besides this principal river there are many others of Fundy, 100 miles from the Garden of Acadia. | navigable for a greater or less distance from their NOVA SOOTIA. 41 mouths, as the Shuhenaoadie, ■which, by the help of a canal, connects Cobequid Bay, from the Bay of Fundy on the north side of the peninsula, with Halifax Harbor on the south ; the Tusket and the Clyde in the south-west extremity of the Province, the Mersey, the Musquodoboit, and the St. Marys. Indeed, rivers pour their waters into all the many bays and harbors which so thickly stud the ^yhole line of these remarkable coasts. Halifax.— Hotels :— RoTTTES. From New Tork direct, by the British Mail Steamers. Prom St. John, N. B., by steamer, 110 miles to Windsor, thence by rail, 45 miles to Halifax. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is upon the south coast of the peninsula, on the declivity of a hill, about 250 feet high, rising from one of the finest harbors on the continent. The streets are generally broad, and for the most part mac- adamized. Viewed from the water, or from the opposite shore, the city is prepossessing and ani- mated. In front, the town is lined with wharves, which, from the number of vessels constantly loading and discharging, always exhibit a specta- cle of great commercial activity. Warehouses rise over the wharves, or tower aloft in diflferen-t parts of the town, and dwelling-houses and pub- lic buildings rear their heads over each other, as they stretch along and up the sides of the hill. The spires of the different churches, the build- ing above the town in which the town-clock is fixed, a rotunda-built church, the signal-posts on Citadel Hill, the diii'erent batteries, the variety of style in which the houses are built (some of which are painted white, some blue, and some red) ; rows of trees showing themselves in differ- ent parts of the town ; the ships moored oppo- site the dockyard, with the establishments and tall shears of the latter ; the merchant vessels Tinder sail, at anchor, or along the wharves ; the wooded and rocky scenery of the background, with the islands and the small town of Dart- mouth on the east shore,— are all objects most agreeable to see. Of the public buildings, the chief is a hand- some edifice of stone, called the Province Build- ing, 140 feet long by 70 broad, and ornamented with a collonade of the Ionic order. It comprises suitable chambers for the accosimodation of the Council and Legislative Assembly, and also for various Government offices. The Government House, in the southern part of the town, is a Bof(d, but gloomy-looking structure, near which is the residence of the military commandant. The Admiral's residence, on the north side of the town, is a jjlain building of stone. The north and south barracks are capable of accommo- dating three regiments. The Wellington Bar- racks (in the northern part of the town), which comprises two long ranges of substantial stone and brick buildings, is the most extensive and costly establishment of the kind in North America. There is also, a Military Hospital, erected by the late Duke of Kent. Dalhousie Col- lege is a handsome edifice of freestone. Among the churches of various denominations are sev- eral of the English establishment, and of the Presbyterian order, and two of the Roman Catho- lic faith. The Court House is a spacious free- stone structure, in the southern part of the town. In the suburbs is a new Hospital. The banking establishments are four in number. The hotels and boarding-houses are not of the highest order. The inhabitants of Halifax are intelligent and social, and travellers will remark a tone of soci- ety here more decidedly English than in most of the other colonial cities. The harbor opposite the town is more than a mile wide, and has, at medium tides, a depth of 12 fathoms. About a mile above the upper end of the town it narrows to one-fourth of a mile, and then expands into Bedford Basin, which has a surface of ten square miles, and is completely land-locked. On an island opposite the town are some strong mounted batteries. The harbor is also defended by some other minor fortifications. The Citadel occupies the summit of the heights commanding the town, and is a mile in circum- ference. It is a costly work, and, after that of Quebec, is the strongest fortress in the Bi-itish North American Colonies. Halifax, ever since its settlement in 1749, has been the seat of a profitable fishery. Its trade, which is in a very prosperous condition, is prin- cipally with the West Indies and other British colonies, with the United States, and the mother country. It is also the chief rendezvous and naval depot for the British navy on the North American station. The British Government having made Halifax one of the stopping-places of the Cunard line of steamers, in their trips either way across the Atlantic, has added greatly to its importance as a maritime city, as well as advanced its commercial prosperity. THE UNITED STATES. The grand territory of the United States, through which wo propose to travel in our present vol- ume, occupies no meaner area than that of 2,936,166 square miles, scarcely less than that of tho continent of Europe. In form, it is nearly a parallelogram, with an average length of 2,400 miles, from east to west, and a mean breadtli, from north to south, of 1,300 miles. Its extreme length and breadth are, respectively, 2,700 and 1,600 miles ; reaching from the Atlantic on the east, to tho Pacific on the west ; from British America on the north, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Eepuhlic on the south. Its present division is into thirty-four States and nine Territories, besides tho District of Columbia. The States have been popularly grouped into 4 classes, according to their geographical position; as the Eastern Group, or "New England," embracing Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut ; the " Middle " group, of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland ; the " Southern States," Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ; and the " Western States," of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsiii, Missouri, Arkansas, Califor- nia, Oregon, Minnesota, and Kansas. All the Territories — ^Washington^ New Mexico, Utah, Nebraska, Colorado, Dakotah, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona, are included in this division of the country. POPULATION OP THE UNITED STATES. Tho District of Columbia, (D. C.,t) 1860 75,076 THE EASTEEN OE NEW ENGLAUD STATES. Connecticut, (Conn.,) 1S60 460,151 New Hampshire, (N. H.,) 1860 826,072 Ehode Island, (K. I.,) 1S60 174,621 Vermont, (Vt.,) 815,116 Massachusetts, (Mass.,) 1860 1,231,065 Mame, (Me.,) 1860 628,276 THE MIDDLE STATES. New York, (N. Y.,) 1860 3,887,542 Pennsylvania, (Pa.,) 1860 2,906,370 New Jersey, (N. J.,) 1860 672,031 *Delaware, (Del.,) iS6l. . . . ■ 112,218 THE SOTTTHEEN STATES. ♦Maryland, (Md.,) 1860 687,034 *Plorida, (Pla.,) 1860 140,489 ♦Virginia, (Va.,) 1860 1,596,083 *Alabama, (Ala.,) 1860 964,296 ♦North Carolina, (N. C.,) 1860 992,067 *Louisiana, (La.,) 1860 709,433 ♦South Carolma, (S. C.,) 1860 703,812 *Texas, (Tex.,) 1860 601,W9 ♦Georgia, (Ga.,) 1860 1,057,327 *mssissippi, (Miss.,) 1860 791,395 * Slave States. t Abbreviations used in the address of letters, etc. MAIBTE. 43 THE WESTERN' STATES. ♦Arkansas, (Ark.,) 1860 435,42T MicMgan, (Mich.,) 1860 749,112 ♦Tennessee, (Tenn.,) 1860 1,109,847 "Wisconsin, (Wis.,) 1860 775,873 ♦Kentucky, (Ky.,) 1860 1,155,718 Iowa, (lo.,) 1860 674,948 OMo, (O.,) 1860 2,339,599 ^Missouri, (Mo.,) 1860 1,173,317 Indiana, (la.,) 1860 ' 1,350,479 Oregon, (Or.,) 1860 52,464 Minnesota, (Min.,) 1860 162,022 California, (Cal.,) 1860 380,015 Illinois, (111.,) 1860 1,711,753 Kansas, (Ka.,) 1860 107,110 TEBEITOErES. New Mexico, (N. M. Ty.,) 93,541 Dakotah, 1860 4,839 •Washington, (Was. Ty.,) 1860 11,578 Nevada, 1860 6,857 Utah, (UtTy.,) 40,295 Idaho Nebraska, (Na. Ty.,) 1860 28,842 Arizona Colorado 1860 84,197 Total 31,429,891 MAINE. Maine is the extreme eastern portion of New England, and the horder State of the Union in that direction, with the British provinces of New Brunswick on the north and north-east, and Can- ada on the north-west. It has three distinct topographical aspects — in the comparatively level, and somewhat sandy and marshy character of the southern portion, lying back 20 miles from the At- lantic coasts — in the pleasant hill and valley features of the interior, and in the rugged, momitain- ous, and wilderness regions of the north. A great portion of the State is yet covered by dense forests, the utilization of which is the chief occupation and support of its inhabitants. The most fertile lands lie in the central southern re- gions, between the Penobscot river on the east, and the Kennebec on the west, and in the valley horders of other waters. The mountain ranges are often very bold and imposing— one smnmit, that of Katahdin, having an elevation of 5,385 feet above the level of the sea. The lakes are very numerous, sometimes of great extent, and often very beautiful, all over the State; and more espe- cially among the mountains in the north. Indeed, it is estimated, that one-tenth part of the whole area of Maine is covered by water. The rivers are numerous and large, and present everywhere scenes of great and varied beauty. The Atlantic coast, which occupies the whole southern line of the State, is the finest in the Union, in its remarkably bold, rocky character, and in its beautiful harbors, bays, islands, and beaches. The sea-islands of Maine are over 400 In number ; and many of them are very large, and covered by fertile and inhabited lands. The climate, though marked by extremes, both of heat and cold, is yet everywhere most healthful ; and its rigor is much mod- ified by the proximity of the ocean. The Mountains and Xiakes. The most interesting route for the toiirist here, is perhaps a journey through the hills, lakes, and forests of the north ; but we warn him, beforehand, that it will not be one of ease. Rugged roads and scant physical comforts will not be his most severe trial : for, in many places, he will not find road or inn at all, but must trudge along painfuUy on foot, or by rude skitF over the lakes, and trust to his rifio and his rod to supply his larder. In these wildest regions the exploration may be made with great satisfaction by a party well pro- vided ^\^.th all needed tent equipage, and with all the paraphernalia of the chase ; for deer, and the moose, and the wild fowl are abundant in the woods ; and the finesf fish may be freely taken in the water. Still he may traverse most of the mountain lands and lakes by the roads and paths of the lumbermen, who have invaded all the region ; and he may bivouac as comfortably as should content an orthodox forester, in these humble shanties. 44 MAINE. The mountains of Maine are 'broken and distinct peaks. A range, which seems to be an irreg- vdar continuation of the White Hills of New Hampshire, extends along the western side of the State for many miles ; and, verging towards the north-east, terminates in Mars Hill. This chain divides the waters which flow north into the Bt. John's River from those which pass southward to the Atlantic. Many beautiful lakes lie within this territoiy. Mount Katalidin, with its peaks 5,SS5 feet above the sea, is the loftiest summit in the State, and is the ultima thule, at present, of gen- eral travel in this direction. The ordinary ac- cess is in stages from Bangor over the Aroostook Road, st.arting in tolerable coaches on a tolerable road, and changing always, in both, from bad to worse. ■ A pleasant route ^or the adventurer is down the West Branch of the Penobscot, in a canoe, from Moosehcad Lake. Guides and birches, as the boats are called, may be procured at the foot of Moosehead, or at the Kineo House, near the centi-e of the lake. By this approach Katahdin is seen in much finer outlines than from the eastward. Sugar Loaf Mountain, upon the Seboois River, north-east of Mount Katahdin, is nearly 2,000 feet higli, and from its summit a magnifi- cent view is commanded, which embraces some fifty mountain peaks, and nearly a score of won- derful lakes. Then there are Bigelow, Saddle- back, Squaw, Bald, Gilead, the Speckled Moun- t;iin, the Blue Mountain, and other heights more or less noble, amidst which are brooks, and lake- lets, and waterfalls of most romantic character. Mooseliead Lake, the largest in Maine, is among the northern hills. It is 35 miles long, and, at one point, is 10 miles in breadth, though near the centre there is a pass not over a mile across. Its waters are deep, and furnish ample occupation to the angler, in their stores of trout and other fish. This lake may be traversed in the steambo.ats employed in towing lumber to the Kennebec. A summer hotel occupies a very picturesque site upon the shore. The Kineo House, midw.ay, is the usual stopping-place. There are numerous islands on the Moosehead L.ake, some of which are of great interest. On the west side, Mount Kineo overhangs the water, at an elevation of 600 feet. Its summit reveals a picture of foi-est beauty well worth the climbing to see. Moosehead is 15 miles north of the vil- lage of Monson, and 60 north-west of Bangor. The roads thither, Ij'ing through forest land, are necessarily somewhat rough and lonelj'. This lake is the source of tiie great Kennebec river, by whose channels its waters reach the sea. Lake TJrabag'Og' lies nartly in Maine and yet more in New Hampshire. Its length is about 12 miles, and its breadth varies from 1 to 5 miles. The outlet of Umbagog and the Mar- gallaway river form the Androscoggin. | Androscog-gin and Moosetocknogun- tic Lakes are in the vicinity of Umbagog. Setoago Pond, a beautiful lake 12 miles long and from 7 to 8 miles broad, is about 20 miles from Portland, on a route thence to Con- way and the White Mountains. It is connected with Portland bj- a canal. Tile Penobscot, the largest and most beau- tiful of the rivers of Maine, may be reached daily from Boston and Portland, by steamer, as far up as Bangor, and also by railway from Poi't- land to Bangor. It is formed by two branches, the east and the west, which unite near the centre of the State, and flow in a general south-west course to Bangor, 60 miles from the sea, and at the head of navigation. Large vessels can as- cend to Bangor, and small steamboats navigate the river yet above. At Bangor the tide rises to the great height of 17 feet, an elevation which is supposed to be produced by the wedge-shaped form of the bay, and by the current from the Gulf Stream. The length of the Penobscot, from the junction of the east and west branch, is 135 miles, or measuring from the source of the west branch, it is 300 miles; though, as far as the tourist is concerned, it is only 60 miles — be- ing that i^ortion between Bangor and the ocean. This part, then, the Penobscot proper, ranks, in its pictorial attractions, among the finest river scenery of the United Stales. In all its course there are continual points of great beautj', and very often the shores rise in striking and even grand lines and proportions. AVe have met tour- ists who have been hardly less impressed with the landscape of this fine river than with that of the Hudson even, though we do not admit such a comparison. Bangor. — Hotels : — The Bangor House; the Hatch House. Bangor, at the head of tide water and of navi- gation on the Penobscot River, 60 miles from its mouth, is one of the largest cities of Maine, hav- ing a population of more than 17,000. Steam- boats connect it daily with Portland and Boston ; and it is reached also by the Androscoggin and Kennebec, and Penobscot and Kennebec rail- ways, via Waterville, on the Kennebec. The distance from B.angorto PortLand, by railwa3', is 138 miles. Bangor is connected with Old Town (12 miles) by railway, and another road is con- templated to Lincoln, 50 miles up the Penobscot MAINE 45 valley. The Bangor Theological Seminary, founded 181C, occupies a fine site in the higher portion of tlie city. The "specialty" of Ban- gor is lumber, of which it is the greatest depot in the world. All the vast country above, drained by the Penobscot and its affluents, is covered with dense forests of pine, and hemlock, and spruce, and cedar, from which immense quantitie« of lumber are continually cut and sent from the marvellous saw-mills, down the river to market at Bangor. During the eight or nine mouths of the year through which the naviga- tion of the river is open, some 2,000 vessels are employed in the transportation of this freight. The whole industry of Bangor is not, however, in the lumber line, as she is also engaged in ship- building, and has a large coasting trade, and a considerable foreign commerce. Belfast and. Castine are some 30 miles below Bangor, where the Penobscot enters its name-sake bay. Belfast on the west, and Castine on the cast shore, are nine miles apart. They are both small ship-building and fishing towns. The Kennebec Eiver is in the western part of the State, extending from Moosehead Lake, 150 miles to the sea. It makes a descent in its passage of a thousand feet, thus aftbrding a great and valuable water-power. The scene- ry of the Kennebec, though pleasant, is far less striking than that of the Penobscot. Its shores are thickly lined with towns and villages, among which is Augusta, the capital of the State. Aug"usta. — Hotels : — The Stanley House. Augusta is at the head of sloop navigation on the Kennebec, 43 iniles from its mouth. It is 60 miles N.IST.E. of Portland by r.ailway, and 69 B. W. of Bangor. Steamboats run hence to Port- land and Boston, calling at the river landings. The city is chiefly upon the right bank of the river, which is crossed here by a bridge 520 feet long; and a quarter of a mile above, by a rail- road bridge, 900 feet in length. The private residences, and some of the hotels, are upon a terrace, a short distance west of the river, while the business parts of the town lie along shore. The State House is an elegant structure of white granite. Its site, in the southern part of the city, is lofty and very picturesque ; in front is a large and well-cared-for park. The United States Arsenal, surrounded with extensive and elegant grounds, is upon the east side of the river. Here, too, is the Hospital for the Insane, built up- on a commanding and most beautiful eminence. The principal hotels here are the Stanley House, the Augusta Ilouee, and the Mansion House. Augusta is upon the railway route from Portland to Bangor. Population, 8,000. Hallowell is a pretty village, two miles be- low Augusta, on the river, and on the line of the Kennebec and Portland Railway. Gardiner on the Kennebec, at the mouth of the Cobesseoontee River. This point is the head of ship navigation on the Kennebec. The city is seven miles below Augusta, and 53 miles from Portland by the Kennebec and Portland R. R. Waterville is on the Kennebec, at the Ti- conic Falls, and at the northern terminus of the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railw.ay, connect- ing with the Kennebec and Penobscot line. It is the seat of Waterville College, a prosperous establishment, controlled by the Baptists. Bath.— Hotels :— The Sagadahock House. Bath, a flourishing city of over 8,000 people, is on the Kennebec, 12 miles from the sea ; 30 miles south of Augusta ; and 36 north-cast of Portland. It is the terminus of a branch road from Brunswick, on the Kennebec and Portland R.ailway ; it is to be united at Lewitton with the Androscoggin and Kennebec route from Port- land to Bangor. The Androscog'g'in Hiver is a fine stream, flowing from Lake Umbagog, partly in New Hampshire, but chiefly through the south-west- ern corner of Maine, into the Kennebec, 20 miles from the ocean. Brunswick, on the Androscoggin, is 27 miles from Portland by railwa}'. It is the seat- of Bowdoin College, which is beautifully located on a high terrace, near the edge of the village. This popular institution was fonnded in 1802. The Medical School of Maine, which is connect- ed with Bowdoin College, has a very valuable librarjf, and anatomical cabinet. The Andros- coggin here falls 50 feet within the reach of half a mile. Mount Desert Island. A summer trip to Mount Desert Island has of late years been a pleasant treat to American landscape painters, and a visit thither might be equally gr.ateful to the general tourist. The vigorous and varied rock-bound coast of New England can be no- where seen to greater advantage. Mount Desert Island is an out-of-the-way nook of beauty in Frenchman's Bay, east of the mouth of the Penobscot River. It is 40 miles from Bangor, and may be reached from Boston by boat, via Rock-ville, and thence by another steamer, on to Bucksport (on the Penobscot), and thence by stage via Ellsworth, or from Castine on the Penobscot Bay, hard by. If the visitor here cannot sketch the boldj rocky clifTs, he can be- guile the flsh to his heart's content. Eastport, upon the waters of Passamaquod- dy Baj', at the extreme eastern point of the ter- ritory of the United States is well-deserving of a visit from the tourist in quest of the beautiful in 46 MAINS. nature ; for more eliarming scenes on land and on sea, than are here, may rarely be found. The traveller may see Eastport and its vicin- age and then go home, if he pleases ; for it is the jumping-off place— the voritablo Lands-End — the latitude and longitude beyond which the stars and stripes give place to the red cross of Eng- land. Eastport is 234 miles IS'.E. of Portland, and is reached thence and from Boston by regular steamboat communication. Steamboats run also to Calais and places en route, 30 miles above, at the head of navigation on the St. Croix River. The town is charmingly built on Moose Island, and is connected to the mainland of Perry by a bridge ; and by ferries^ with Pembroke, Lubec, and the adjoining British Islands. It is not a very ponderous place, the population of the town- ship scarcely exceeding 5,000. Fort Sullivan is its shield and buckler against any possible foes from without. The Passamaquoddy Bay extends inland some 15 miles, and is, perhaps, 10 miles in breadth. Its shores are wonderfully iiTcgular and pictur- esque, and the manj' islands which stud its deep waters, help much in the composition of pictures to be enjoyed and remembered. TO PORTLAND, MAINE. Erom Boston, 107 miles by the Eastern Rail- way, via Lynn, Salem, Newburyport, Ports- month, N. H., &c. ; or by the Boston and Maine route, 111 miles through Reading, Lawrence, Andover, Haverhill, Exeter, Dover, &c. ; or by steamer daily. From Montreal, by the Grand Trunk Railway. Portland. — Hotels : — The Preble Rouse; the United States ; the American ; the Elms. Portland, the commercial metropolis of Maine, is handsomely situated on a peninsula, occupy- ing the ridge and side of a high point of laud, in the S. \r. extremity of Casco Bay, and on ap- proaching it from the ocean, is seen to great ad- vantage. The harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coast, the anchorage being protected on every side by land, whilst the water is deep, and communication with the ocean direct and con- venient. It is defended by Forts Preble, Scam- mel, and Gorges. On the highest point of the peninsula is an observatory 70 feet in height, commanding a fine view of the citj', harbor, and islands in the bay. The misty forms of the White Mountains, 60 miles distant, are discern- ible in clear weather. This city is elegantly built, and the streets are beautifully shaded and embellished with trees ; and so profusely, that there are said to be here no less than 3,000 of these rural delights. Con- gress street, the main highway, follows the ridge of the peninsula through its entire extent. Among the public buildings of Portland, the City Hall, the Court House, and some of the churches, are worthy of particular attention. The Society of Natural History possesses a fine cabinet, containing specimens of the ornithology of the State, more than 4,000 species of shells, and a rich collection of mineralogical and geolog- ical examples, and of fishes and reptiles. The AthenKum has a library of 10,000 volumes, and the Mercantile library possesses, also, many val- uable books. The Portland Sacred Music Socie- ty is an interesting Association here. The long line of the Grand Trunk Railway connects the city with Montreal and Quebec, and thence with all the region of the St. Lawrence and the Saguenay Rivers. Two lines of railway unite it with Boston and the western cities, and with the interior of Maine, at Augusta on the Kennebec, and at Bangor, on the Penobscot. The Grand Trunk Railway, Route from Portland, North. This great thoroughfare connects the navigable waters of Portland harbor with the great commercial capital of Canada. Its route passes thi-ough a fertile and productive country, generally under fine cultivation, the streams in its vicinity abounding in water priv- ileges of the first importance. From Portland it passes onward to the valley of Royal's River, and follows up the valley of the Little Andros- coggin. It strikes and crosses that river at Mechanic Falls, 43 miles from Portland, at which place the Buckfield Branch Railroad connects with it. Pursuing its course upward, it passes in the vicinity of the " Mills" on its way to Paris Cape, in the neighborhood of Nor-n:ay and Paris, drawing in upon it the travel and business of that rich and populous region. Still following up the valley of the Little Androscoggin, passing on the way two important falls, it reaches Bryant's Pond, the source of that river. This point is 15 miles from Rumford Falls, on the Great Androscoggin, one of the greatest and most available water-powers in the State. Pass- ing hence into the valley of Alder stream, the route strikes the Great Androscoggin, near Bethel, a distance of 70 miles from Portland. Crossing that stream, it follows up its picturesque and romantic valley, bordered by the highest mountains in New England, till, in its course of about 20 miles from Bethel, it reaches Gorham in New Hampshire, distant from the base of Mount Washington a few miles only. From this point that celebrated shrine may be approached and ascended with more ease, in a shorter dis- tance, and less time, than from any other acces- sible quarter in the vicinity of the White Hills. MAINE. — MASSACHUSETTS. 4T (See routes to White Mountains.) This point also is only five miles distant from Berlin Falls, tlie greatest -waterfall in New England, where the •waters of the Great Androscoggin, larger in volume than the waters of the Connecticut, de- scend nearly 200 feet in a distance of about two miles. From the valley of the Androscoggin the road passes into the valley of the Connecticut, reaching the banks of that river at North Strat- ford in New Hampshire. Following up this rich and highlj' productive valley about 35 miles, the road reaches the parallel of 45° N. Lat. ; at the boundary between the United States and Canada ; continuing thence to Quebec, and up the St. Lawrence via Montreal, to Toronto on Lake Ontario, where it connects- with other routes for Lake Superior and all parts of the groat West, Le-wiston is a flourishing manufacturing village, containing about 7,000 inhabitants situ- ated upon the Androscoggin River between Port- land and Waterville on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railway, 33 miles north of Portland. The Avaterfall here is one of exceeding beautj\ The entire volume of the Androscoggin is pre- cipitated some 50 feet over a broken ledge, form- ing in its fall a splendid specimen of natural scenery. The river immediately below the fall, subsides into alniost a uniform tranquillity, and moves slowly and gracefully along its course, in strange though pleasing contrast -with its wild and turbid appearance at and above the cataract. The Androscoggin and Kennebec road commu- nicates with the Grand Trunk Railway at Dan- ville, six miles below Lewiston, and -with the Androscoggin road at Leeds, 11 miles above. MASSACHUSETTS. The landscape here is of changeful character, and often strikingly beautiful, embracing not a fe-w of the most famous scenes in the Union. In the south-eastern part of the State the surface is flat and sandy, though the sea coast is, in many places, very bold, and charmingly varied with fine pictures of rocky bluff and clift'. It abounds in admirable summer-houses, where the lovers of sea- breezos and bathing may find every means and appliance for comfort and pleasure. In the eastern and central regions, the physical aspect of the country, though agreeably diversi- fied, is eclipsed in attraction by the lavish art-adornments of crowding city and village, and happy homesteads, nowhere so abundant and so interesting as here. The Green Mountains traverse the -western portion of Massachusetts in two ridges, lying some 25 miles apart, with picturesque valley lands between. Here are the favorite summer resorts of Berkshire, and other parts of the Housatonic region. Saddle Mountain, 3,505 feet, is a spur of the most western of the two ridges -we have mentioned, known as the Taconic or the Taugkannic hills. Mount Washington, another fine peak of this line, has an altitude of 2,624 feet. It rises in the ex- treme southern corner of the State, while Saddle Moimtain stands as an outpost in the north-west angle. The more eastern of the two hill-ranges here is called the Hoosic Ridge. Noble isolated mountain peaks overlook the winding waters and valleys of the Connecticut — some of them though not of remarkable altitude, commanding scenes of wondrous interest, as Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom, near Northampton. North of the middle of the State is the Wachusett Mountain, ■with an elevation of 2,018 feet. On Hudson's Brook, in Adams, there is found a remarkable natural bridge, 50 feet high, span- ning a limestone ravine 500 feet in'length. In New Marlborough, the tourist will see a singular rock poised with such marvellous art that a finger can move it ; and on Farmington River, in Sandisfield, he will delight himself with the precipices, 300 feet high, kno-wn as the Hanging Mountain. Massachusetts has some valuable mineral springs, though none of them are places of general resort. In Hopkinton, mineral waters impregnated with carbonic acid and carbonates of iron and lime ; in Winchendon, a chalybeate spring, and one in Shutesbury, containing muriate of lime. But we need not make further mention of those points of interest here, as we shall have occasion to visit them all, under the head of one or other of the group of Ne-w England States, as wo follow the net-work of routes by which they may be reached. 48 MASSACHUSETTS. While the most thoughtless traveller -will thus find, in the physical aspect of Massachusetts, ample sources of pleasure, the more earnest -will not fail to draw yet higher delight from the strongly-marked viorale of the country. Though small in area, compared with some other States of the confederacy, it is yet, in all the qualities which make national fame, one of the greatest of them all. Nowhere are there records of historical incident of higher sequence ; nowhere a more advanced social position, or a greater intellectual attainment ; nowhere a nohler spirit of commer- cial enterprise ; nowhere a more inventive genius, a more indomitable industry. In Massachusetts, more than in any other section of the Union, the dullest perception will ho impressed with the evidences of aU the highest and best characteristics of the American mind and heart, those wise and persistent qualities, which the Pilgrim Fathers first planted upon the shore at Plymouth, where the history of the State began, with the landing of the May Flower, on the memorable 22d of December, 1620 : the same righteous and unyielding nature which com- menced the struggle for the national independence, in 1775, at Lexington and Bunker Hill. Railways. — In a State so crowded with .active and prosperous cities and homes as Mass.achu- setts, and among a people of such wonderful will and energy and ambition, there is, of course, no lack of railway communication — that great modern test of national enterprise ; and so Massachu- setts, while excelling all her sister States in every phase of industrialand mechanical achievement, has built (her area and population considered) more miles of railway than either of them. The iron tracks cover all the land, uniting all parts of the State to all others, and to every section of the Republic. T\'e forbear to catalogue these routes at this point, as we shall follow them all, closely, in our visits to the several sections of the State. ROUTES TO BOSTON FROM NEW YORK. Route 1. liaihcatj— From the depot in Fourth av. cor. 27th st., via New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, and Worcester, 236 miles, twice a day ; or by the new Shore Line, via New Haven, New London, Stonington, and Providence. A pleasant and very speedy route to the latter city. Route 2. Stoninglo?i— By steamer, daily, from pier No. 18 North River, to Groton, Ct. ; thence by railwaj', via Providence, R. I. Route 3. Fall Iiiver—8tea.mer, d.aily, at 5 p. M., from pier No. 3. North River, via Newport, R. L; thence by railwny. Route 4. Noricicli Line — Steamer, daily, from pier No. 39, North River, to New London, Conn. ; thence by railway, t^ia Norwich, Ct., and "Worces- ter, Mass. The most expeditious way between New York and Boston is that which we have marked No. 1, Railroad Routes— generally called the New Haven Line and the Shore Line. The time on these lines is between 8 and 9 hours, leaving one city in the morning and reaching the other in the afternoon, or loa^-ing in the afternoon and arriving before midnight. All the other routes, by steamboat and railway, occupy the night, starting about 5 P. ii., and arriving by dawn next daj'. The New Haven route (No. 1), is upon the N. Y. and N. H. road for 76 miles, to New Haven aU the distance along the south line of the State of Connecticut, near the shore of the Long Island Sound. To Williams Bridge, 13 miles from New York, the track is the same as that of the Harlem R. R. to Albany. Leaving Wil- Uam's Bridge, we pass the pretty suburban vil- lages of New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Eye, and Port Chester, and reach Stamford, 36 miles from New York. (The Shore Line loaves tlie other route at New Haven and extends through New London, Stonington, and Providence.) Norwalk. — Hotels : — Allis House. Norwalk (New Haven Line— 44 m.) is a pleas- ant village upon Norwalk river. The Norwalk and Danbury railroad, 24 miles, comes in at this point. The quiet, rural beauties of Norwalk make it one of the most availableof the summer homes of Connecticut ; particularly as it is scarcely beyond suburban reach of New York. Bridgeport, Conn. ley House. -Hotels -.— The Sian- Bridgeport, 58 miles from New York, is the southern tei-minus of the Honsatonic R. R., which traverses the valley of the Housatonic 110 miles to Pittsfleld, Mass. This route is through the most picturesque portions of Con- necticut and Massachusetts — the western or mountain regions. (See VaUe;/ of the Housa- tonic.) The Naugatuck R. R. extends hence via Waterbury to Winsted. Steamers ply between New York and Bridgeport. Bridgeport is upon an arm of the Long Island Sound, at the mouth of the Pequannock River. A terrace height of 50 MASSAOHtrSETTS. 49 feet, occupied by 'bcautiful private mansions and cottages, commands a charming view of tlie town and the Sound. New Haven. excellent house. -H0TKL3 •.—Tlie Tontine. An New Haven, 76 miles from New York, is one of the most beautiful and naost interesting places in New England. It is known as the city of Elms in a land of Elms, from the extraordinary num- ber of beautiful trees of this species by which the streets are so gratefully shaded and so charmingly embellished. New Haven is a semi- capital of Connecticut. It is famous as the seat of Yale College, which has sent out more gradu- ates than any other Institution in America. The buildings of the college, which occupy noar!jr a square, are among the chief attractions of the city ; especially the apai-tments devoted to the Pine Arts, and occupied by the large collection of the works of the eminent painter Trumbull. The American Journal of Science and Art, edit- ed by Professors Sillimaii and Dana, and other literary periodicals, are published here. Steam- boats -connect the city with New York. The New Haven and Northampton or Canal R. R. extends 76 miles to Northampton, and the New Haven and New London R. R. 50 miles to New London. Hartford.— Hotels:— 77ie United States, etc. Hartford. Leaving New Haven our route turns northward froin the Sound, over the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield R. R. Hart- ford, a semi-capital of Connecticut, is 36 miles from New Haven and 112 from New York, and 124 from Boston. It is upon the right bank of the Connecticut River, navigable to*this point by sloops and smaU steamboats, 50 miles up from Long Island Sound. Among the literary and educational institutions of Hartford are Trinity College, the Wadsworth Athenseum, the Con- necticut Historical Society. Among its chief benevolent establishments, for whicli it is fa- mous, are the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Retreat for the Insane. That old historic relic, the Charter Oak, held in so much reverence, stood in Hartford until 1856, when it was prostrated by a violent storm. Mrs. L. H. Sigourney, the poetess, resides here. The population of Hartford la 29,000. Springfield, Mass.— Hotels -.—Ifassasoit House. A popular establishment. Springfield is upon the Connecticut River, 26 miles north of Hartford, 98 miles from Boston, 3 and 138 from New York. The U. S. Arsenal, located here, is the largest in the Union. It is charmingly perched upon Arsenal Hill, looking down upon the beautiful town, the river, and the fruitful valleys. This noble panor.ama is seen with still better effect from the cupola which crowns one of the arsenal buildings. This estab- lishment employs nearly 300 hands, and 175,000 stands of arms are kept constantly on hand. This is a famous gathering point of railroads. The Connecticut valley routes start hence, and furnish one of the pleasantest ways from New York to the "White Mountains, through North- ampton, Brattleboro', Bellows Falls, to Wells River and Littleton, N. H. (See " Valley of the Connecticut" and White Mountain routes. No. 10.) The Western railway from Albany to Bos- ton passes through Springfield also, and contin- ues our present route to Worcester. Population about 20,000. "Worcester. — Hotels: — The Lincoln House ; the Bay State House. Worcester is a flourishing city of 25,000 people, 45 miles from Boston, in the centre of one of the most productive agricultural regions of Massa- chusetts. It is noted for its schools and manu- factures. Quite a net-work of railways connects the city with all parts of the country. The Western road, direct from Boston to Albany; the Worcester and Nashua, communicating through other routes with the St. Lawrence River ; the Worcester and Providence ; the Nor- wich and Worcester, and the Boston and Wor- cester, which we now follow to the end of our present journey. The Stonington Route, (No. 2) — This route, as well as Nos. 3 and 4, by Fall River and by Nor- wich, takes us from New York by steamboat around the Battery and Castle Garden, along the whole eastern line of the city, and by the citie« of Brooklyn and Williamsburg, up the beautiful East River by the suburban villages on the Long Island shore, by Blackwell's, Ward's, and Ran- dall's Islands (covered by the public asylums and prisons), through the famous passage of Hell Gate, and up Long Island Sound— a gallery of admirable pictures, seen as they are from the Boston boats, in the declining evening light. Stoning'ton. — Hotels : — The Wadawan- nuck House. Stonington, Conn., is on the Stonington and Providence route from New York to Boston, and was the terminus of its water travel on the Sound from New York, until the late transfer of the steamers to the more convenient port of Groton, opposite New London, on the Thames. The Fall River Route. (No. 3.)— By steamer 50 MASSACmJSETTS. on Long Island Sound, round Point Judith, and up Narragansett Bay to Newport, U. I. (see Newport), and tlience by rail to Fall Kiver. From Fall Kiver 51 miles to Boston, by Old Colony and Fall River K. R. Fall Eiver. — Hotels : — Richardson House. Fall River is a thriving town of nearly 12,000 inhabitants and very extensive manufactures. It is at the entrance of Taunton River into Mount Hope Bay, an arm of the Karragansett. The historic eminence of Mount Hope, the home of King Philip, is admirably seen across the bay. Steamboats connect Newport with Providence indirectly by this route via Narragansett Bay. The Norwich Route, (No. 4.)— This line is also by steamboat from New York, via Loug Island Sound to the mouth of the Thames River, which it ascends to New London, and passengers there take cars and follow the course of the Thames through Connecticut, directly north to Worces- ter ; thence with other lines to Boston. BOSTON AND VICINITT. Hotels. The most fashionable are the Tre- moat House, on Tremout street ; the Revere House, oa Bowdoin square ; the Winthrop House, Tremont street ; the American House, Hanover street ; the Adams ; the United States, &;c. Boston is one of the most interesting of the gi-eat American cities, not only from its position as second in commercial rank to New York alone, but from its thrilling traditionary and historical associations, from the earliest days of discoveiy and colonization on the western continent ; and through all the trials and triumphs of the ohild- hooJ, youth, and manhood of the Republic — from its dauntless public enterprise, and from its high social culture and morals ; from its great educational and literary facilities; from its nu- merous and admirable benevolent establish- ments ; from its elegant public and private architecture, and from the surpassing natural beauty of all its suburban landscape. Boston is divided into three sections, Boston Proper, East, and South Boston. The old city is built upon a peninsula of some 700 acres, very uneven in surface, and rising at three different points into eminences, one of which is 13S feet above the sea The Indian name of this penin- sula was Shawmut, meaning " Living Foun- tains." It was called by the earlier inhabitants Tremont or Trimountain, its sobriquet at the present day. The name of Boston was bestowed on it in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, who came hither from Boston in England. The first ■white inhabitant of this peninsula, now cover- ed by Boston Proper, was the Rev. John Black-' stone. Here he lived all alone nntil John Winthrop— afterwards the first Governor of Massachusetts — came across the river from Charlestown, where he had dwelt with some fellow-emigrants for a short time. About 1C35 Mr. Blackstone sold his claim to the now xjopu- lous peninsula for X30, and removed to Rhodo Island. The first church was built in 1G32 ; the first wharf in 1673. Four years later a post- master was appointed, and in 1704 (April 17), the first newspaper, called the "Boston News- Letter," was published. A narrow isthmus, which is now called the Neck, joins the peninsula of Old Boston to the main land on the south, where is now the suburb of Roxbury. Many bridges, most of them free, link Cam- bridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, and South Boston with the Peninsula. These structures are among the peculiarities of the place, in their fashion, their number, and their length. The first one which was built was that over Charles River to Charlestown, 1,503 feet long. The Old Cam- bridge Bridge, across the Charles River to Cam- bridge, is 2,758 feet in length, with a causeway of 3,432 feet. The South Boston Bridge, which leads from the Neck t-o South Boston, is 1,550 feet long. The Canal Bridge between Boston and East Cambridge, is 2,796 feet, and from E. Cambridge another bi-idge extends 1,820 feet, to Prison Point, Charlestown. Boston Free Bridge to South Boston is 500 feet ; and "Warren Bridge to Charlestown is 1,390 feet. Besides these bridges, a causeway of a mile and a half extends from the foot of Beacon street to Sewell's Point, in Brookline. This caiiseway is built across the bay upon a substantial dam. Other roads lead into Boston over especial bridges, connecting the city with the main as closely as if it were a part thereof. Thus the topography of Boston is quito anomalous as a mountain city in the sea I South Boston extends some two miles along the south side of the harbor, from Old Boston to Fort Independence. Near the centre, and two miles from the State House, are Dorchester Heights, the memorable battle-ground where, in the Revolution, the enemy were driven from Boston. A fine view of the city, of the vicinity, and the sea, may bo obtained from these Heights. Here, too, is a large reservoir of the Boston wa- ter works. East Boston (the "Island Ward") is in the western part of Noddle's Island. It was the homestead of Samuel Maverick, while John Blackstone was sole monarch of the peninsula, 1630. Here is the wharf, 1,000 feet long, of the Cunard steamers. E. Boston is connected by two ferries with the city proper. It is the terminus '^^ MASSAOHTTSETTS. 51 of the Grand Junction R. K. Chelsea is near by. The streets of Boston, which grew up accord- ing to circumstances, are many of them very in- tricate, and troublesome to unravel, a difficulty which is being gradually obviated in a degree. The fashionable promenades and shopping ave- nues are Washington, Tremont, Summer, and Winter streets. Boston Common is a large and charming public park in the old city, and is, very justly, the pride of the people and the admiration of strangers. It contains nearly 50 acres, of every variety of surface, up-hill and down, and around, all covered with inviting walks, grassy lawns, and grand old trees. A delicious pond and fountain occupy a central point in the grounds, and around them are many of the old mansions of the place — led, on the upper hill, by the massive, dome-surmounted walls of the State Capitol. The Common drops from Beacon street, the southern declivity of Beacon Hill, by a gentle descent to Charles River. Faneuil Hall. This famous edifice, called the " Cradle of Liberty," is in Dock square. It is about 109 years old, and is an object of deep in- terest to Americans. Here the fathers of the Revolution met to harangue the people on the events of that stirring period ; and often since that time the great men of the State and nation have made its walls resound with their elo- quence. It was presented to the city by Peter Paneuil, a distinguished merchant, who, on the 4th of July, 1740, made an offer, in a town-meet- ing, to build a market-house. There being, at that time, none in the town, it was, as a matter of course, accepted. The building was begun the following year, and finished in 1742. The donor so far exceeded his promise, as to erect a spacious and beautiful Town Hall over it, and several other convenient rooms. In commem- oration of his generosity, the town, by a spe- cial vote, conferred his name upon the Hall ; and, as a further testimony of respect, it was voted that Mr. FaneuiPs full-length portrait be drawn at the expense of the town, and placed in the Hall. This, with other pictures, can be seen by visitors. Tlie State House is on the summit of Beacon Hill, and fronting the " Common." Its founda- tion is 110 feet above the level of the sea. Length 173 feet, breadth 61. The edifice was completed in J79S, at a cost of $133,330, about three years having been occupied in its construction. On the entrance floor is to be seen Chantrey's statue of Washington. Near by is the staircase leading to the dome, where visitors are required to regis- ter their names, and from the top of which is obtained a fine view of the city, the bay, with its islands, and the country around. Tlie Exchange, on State street, was completed in the fall of 1842. It is 70 feet high and 250 feet deep, covering about 13,000 feet of ground. The front is built of Quincy granite, with four pilas- ters, each 45 feet high, and weighing 55 tons each. The roof is of wrought iron, and covered with galvanized sheet iron ; and all the principal staircases are fire-proof, being constructed of stone and iron. The centre of the basement story is occupied by the Post Office. The great central hall, a magnificent room, is 58 by 80 feet, having IS very beautiful columns in imitation of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals, and a sky-light of colored glass, finished in the most ornamental manner. This room is used for the merchants' exchange and subscribers' reading- room. The Custom House is located at the foot of State street, between the heads of Long and Central wharves. It is in the form of a cross ; the extreme length being 140 feet, breadth 95 feet. The longest arms of the cross are 75 feet wide, and the shortest 67 feet, the opposite fronts and ends being alike. The entire height to the to]5 of the dome is 90 feet. The Court House, a fine building in Court square, fronting on Court street, is built of Quincy granite. The City Hall is near the Court House, and fronting on School street, with an open yard in front. Here, in September, 1S5G, a colossal bronze statue of Benjamin Franklin, who was a native of Boston, was erected, with great public parade and rejoicing. This fine work was modelled by R. B. Greenough, Esq., a brother of the distin- guished sculptor, Horatio Greenough. The Massachusetts Hospital covers an area of four acres on Charles River, between Allen and Bridge streets. Near by, at the foot of Bridge street, is the Mass. Medical College. The Boston Music Hall fronts on Winter street and Bum- stead place. The Boston Athenmum occupies an imposing edifice on Beacon near Tremont street. It was incorporated in 1807, and is one of the best en- dowed literary establishments in the world. There are in the library 50,000 volumes, and an extensive collection of manuscripts. The Athe- nreum possesses a fine gallery of paintings, in connection with which the annual display's of the Boston artists are made. The Massachusetts Historical Society, organ- ized in 1794, possesses 12,000 volumes, and many valuable manuscripts, coins, charts, maps, &c. The Boston Public Library is on Boylston street. It possesses, at this time, about 80,000 volumes. 52 MASSACHTTSETTS. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, one of the oldest societies of the kind in the countrj', has 15,000 volumes. It occupies an apartment in the AthcncBum. Besides these libraries, Boston has many others, as, the State Library, the Bowditch, the Social Law Library,