F 784 .P9 P94 Copy 1 .c:^ 4

x 6, '^ umber Shrock, Frank H do Justice Slitt & Middlekamp db Millers Stewart, A T do Blacksmith Small, P"illmore & Co do Real Estate and Ins'nce South Pueblo Nat'l Bank do Bank Stimpson, Geo B do Postmaster Shepard, Bingham & Co Pueblo Boots and Shoes Shepherd, Wm do Produce Stone & Anderson do Attorneys Shultz, J H do Brewer Stanton, I W do Postmaster Sutherland, F A do Dentist Smith, McCord .& Co do Wholesale Grocers Steger, R J & Co do Groceries Steele, J B & Co do Groceries Stoker & Ebbert do Millinery Strait, L B & Co do Insurance Thatcher, J A & Co do Hardware Tripp, C A South Pueblo Agt D and R G R R Viergutz, O H Pueblo Hardware Walley, Stephen South Pueblo Contractor Western National Bank do Bank Williams & Snell do Employment Office Weber, F Pueblo Butcher Wells Bros do Musical Instruments Wicks, S T do Contractor Wilson & Barnard do Dry Goods Walker Bros do Clothing Weston & Trost do Architects White, J & Co South Pueblo Fish and Vegetables Young, L K & Co do Produce and Commis'n PUEBLO COUNTY. No section of the Centennial State is more replete in rich traditionary interest than Pueblo County and its immediate sur- roundings. Within its inviting borders, the antiquarian, the archaeologist, the historian and the scientist alike find vast stores of pre-historic lore wliich open wide a prolific field for specula- tive thought. The casual traveler, the pleasure-seeking tourist and the enterprising capitalist also find much here to rivet their attention. IN BY-GONE CENTURIES, It formed a portion of the vast area occupied bv the Aztecs, the Toltecs and other comparatively unknown races which have long since passed out of existence, whilst after them came the various tribes of Indians, who, at one time, thickly peopled this region with their roving bands. Among them were the Utes, Navajoes, Pueblos, Apaches, Arapahoes, Cheyennes and other savages who are fast fading out before the advance of a superior civilization. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. According to the most authentic data obtainable, this section first fell under the observation of the white man about the year 1539, when Francisco Vasquez de Coronado started out from one of the provinces of Old Mexico, of which he was governor, upon a tour of exploration and conquest. His expedition went forth under the patronage of the viceroy of his empire osten- sibly to glean all information obtainable regarding tlie northern possessions claimed by that sovereign. The ambition of this early explorer, however, led him to go forth in search of the seven cities of Cibolla — sites reputed to be occupied by a strange people who were lavishly luxuriating amid great natural wealth and grand rugged scenery which surrounded their peace- ful and pleasant abodes. That he never found these much coveted places is nearly as much a matter of history as is the fascinating story of the fruitless search of the senile Juan Ponce de Leon, who went out at the head of a force of stalwart re- tainers in quest of the mysterious fountain which had been represented to him as giving perpetual youth, even to the most aged who bathed in its recuperative waters. 6 Sketch of the Pueblos. NOTABLE DISCOVERIES. However, upon this extended journey, this adventurous Castillian commander did make discoveries of note, some of which bear a most important relation to our fair, young State of Colorado, and more especially to this southern portion of it, now occupied by a new, thrifty and enterprising people as com- pared with its predatory inhabitants of the past few centuries, or, we might with propriety add, of a few brief decades ago. The march of Coronado is said to have been fraught with numerous exciting adventures from the time he departed from the base of his operations in what is now our sister republic on the south until he reached the confluence of the Arkansas river with the Fontaine qui Bouille, the spot which forms the present site of the Pueblos. INTERESTING HISTORICAL FACTS. Other explorers and adventurers followed in the train of Coronado ; and, northward from the line of the Mexican Em- pire, numerous settlements sprang up, the early pioneers casting their lots in this section all being of Spanish extraction. These people seemed to affiliate quite well with the aborigines or native occupants of the soil, and it was not until the advent of the Anglo-Saxon within the past quarter of a century that the savages evinced their hostility. But it is not necessary for our purpose in giving a succinct sketch of Pueblo county to rehearse the details of the numerous conflicts between the early comers to this section and the roving redskins whilst the latter were bent upon their predatory incursions. Yet it may be well as to a fair understanding regarding the political formation of this particular section to revert to the historical fact, so intimately connected with our state and county organizations, that Pueblo county and its adjoining counties, tributary to the Arkansas river, were, until a comparatively recent period, under the do- minion of the Mexican government. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF TERRITORY. That portion of Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Arkansas river belonged to the Empire of France, and the remainder of it, forming a sort of a figure "L,," was under the control of Spain, and, latterly, that of Mexico. The first geograpical division alluded to was a part of the Territory of Louisiana, which extended from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to the British possessions on the north. This was an im- mense tract of land purciiased by the government of the United States from France, in 1803, for about fifteen million dollars. Really the price originally stipulated for it was not so great as this, but there was an agreement entered into between the two contracting nations in question, just prior to the transfer, that Pueblo Counfij. 9 certain private claims should be satisfied, and this, as part of the consideration, brought the [)rice just named. POSSKSSION ACQUIRED THROUGH TREA'IY. This was a big bargain for Uncle Sam, as the tract then known as Louisiana Territory comprised not only the north- eastern portion of our own State of Colorado, but the present flourishing commonwealths of Oregon, Washington Territory, Montana, Idaho, Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Minne- sota, Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory, Arkansas and the present state of Louisiana. Nearly a half century after the consummation of this important territorial acquisition, in the year 1845, Texas declared itself to be a republic, free and inde- pendent of Mexican domination. Coming under the protection of our free and enlightened nation virtually precipitated the war of the following year with our swarthy southern neighbors of Spanish extraction. The carnage ended, our Government, un- der the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, in 1848, found itself in possession of Texas, California and New Mexico, together with such other territory as comprised a portion of the same, and of which this portion of Colorado forms a most conspicuous and interesting part. THE TIDE OF IIMMK'.KATION. Five years later, in 1853, another strip of land lying between the republics was acquired under what was known as the Gadsden purchase. This brief history brings the reader up to another very important epoch in our progress, and the one from which Colorado as a territory, and then as a state, really dates. It was the great Pike's Peak excitement which reached fever-heat in 1859, a lapse of 320 years from the date of Coronado's ad- venturous exploits. Just two years prior to the inception of the rebellion, vast trains of prairie schooners, and, in fact, almost every variety of nondescript wheeled vehicles, might have been seen crowding at slow pace across the. Great American Desert, which stretched from the confines of the mighty Missouri to the battlements of the castellated Rocky Mountains.. All these pioneers seemed to be sanguine in their search for speedy for- tune; and the Indian and the Mexican speedily receded before this tide of emigration till ranches, mining camps, cities and towns sprung up to give solidity, strength and beauty to one of the most inviting sections of America — inviting by reason of its fine climate and great natural richness. QUALITIES OF THE COUNTY. Pueblo countv, when organized in 1S62, comprised the area now represented by the counties of Bent, Huerfano, Las Ani- mas and Pueblo. After three counties were carved out of the latter's original domain, 2,448 square miles were left to it, it lo Sketch of the Pueblos. now being about 54 miles from east to west and about the same distance from north to south. It is in latitude 38° 28' north, and longitude 27° 30' west from Washington. Mos'tly, its lands are undulating, gradually sloping from west to east. The east- ern portion is rather sandy and somewhat dry; but, with water secured from artesian wells or ditches, it can be rendered very productive. The western portion possesses a rich friable soil, yet all sections are greatly benefitted by irrigation, which is carried forward at a merely nominal cost as compared with the extent and certainty of crop raising resulting through its use. With irrigation, no uncertainty exists with crops as in sections which depend solely upon the rainfall for moistening the ground. Cereals of nearly all kinds thrive well, wheat, rye, barley and oats yielding large and profitable crops. Though corn does not flourish quite so well as in damper and warmer sections, it, nevertheless, makes a good showing. From thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre are considered as making a good showing for corn. Wheat runs frequently from forty to fifty bushels per acre, and is of a superior quality to that raised in most of the eastern states, the kernel being fuller and containing more nu- trition. Rust and blight, such as seriously affect the crops of the farmers in the east, never attack the growing cereals of the Colorado ranchmen. GARDENING AN IMPORTANT INDUSTRY. Adjacent to the Pueblos, gardening is fi.ist becoming an im- portant industry. Cabbage, beets, potatoes, parsnips, turnips, onions and the like, flourish exceedingly well and find ready markets at remunerative rates. The field for raising these vege- tables will undoubtedly increase with enlargement of the ])opu- lation. As many as three distinct vegetable crops have been grown upon the same ground during the same season, and with but a fair modicum of labor and a moderate outlay of means. Most of the small fruits are indigenous to the soil, and flourish finely under proper cultivation. Each successive year finds more and more cultivation, attention being directed to this in- dustry which proves to be as profitable as it is pl.easant. Straw- berries, blackberries, raspberries, gooseberries and other berries are all far more solid, succulent and nutritious than those reared in damper atmospheres, whilst their flavor is always equal, if not superior, to those of the states. Wild plums, cherries, currants and raspberries are found in profusion, especially the former, which are duly appreciated by the deft housewife in preserving season. The orchards already under cultivation in Pueblo county fully demonstrate that the several varieties of cherries and plums may be raised to advantage, as likewise apricots, peaches, pears and apples of the hardier varieties. The Arkan- sas valley, as it spreads invitingly out through this favored county, presents numerous flourishing orchards. True, most of Pueblo Counhj. II them are yet voung, but fruit has been gatliered from then- boughs which will compare favorably with that raised by our enterprising neighbors to the west of us in Utah and California. PASTURAGE OK THE PLAINS. The broad plains, with their short nutritious grasses, spread out fascinatingly before our vision furnishing ample pasturage for thousands^ upon thousands of cattle and sheep. fortune after fortune has been made out of the herds which course the plains of Pueblo and adjoining counties. Great and numerous as these have been, they are destined to sink into comparative insignificance before those which are to be secured in the future through wise investment in lands and animals. Through the rapid^)eopling of this section, coupled with its extended deve - .opment and largely improved methods of communication with the outer world, we are assured of a growing market and en- hanced values. Sheep raising forms a growing and profitable industry offering a sure return to men of small capital. Hay ranches are small fortunes in themselves. The ma.ntainance of these involves but a slight expenditure of money proportionate to the amount of capital invested. Horses, cattle and sheep can freely roam at large upon the fertile plains throughout the year without any deleterious results ensuing from the weather At all times, in all seasons, they can find a sufficiency of food on the ground to sustain life and keep them in good, marketable condition. DAIRYING AND POULTRY RAISING. Dairying is steadily growing in point of importance, and some 'of the choicest breeds of eastern and European stock are now found in our midst, being successfully crossed with our na- tive animals. A large demand exists for fresh pure milk and cream in the Pueblos. Creameries for the manufacture of butter and cheese are springing up, and give promise of cutting an im- portant figure in our industrial economy. Already, these home productions by reason of their superiority and freshness are be- linning to take the place of those of inferior quality brought from abroad. Another industry closely akm to the creameries, is found in the chicken ranches, as they are termed, where poultry is extensively raised by both the old method of setting-nens, and through the more modern and highly expeditious machine known as " the Incubator," from which the little chicks emerge having been hatched out of the eggs by artificial warmth. The demand for choice chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks is already large, and at remunerative rates. COMPARATIVE VALUE OK PROPERTIES. The annexed figures, forming the recapitulation of the re- ports of the Assessor of Pueblo County, Colorado, for the years 1 2 Sketch of the Pueblos. 1881 and 1882, give the reader a fair idea as to the extent of our resources and business: iSSi ■ 1882 Number of acres of farming land 21,731 39.9o8 Valuation thereof $214,678 $441,977 Number of acres of meadow land 1,841 1'939 Valuation thereof ;f!ii.405 $12,925 Number of acres of pasturage 207,860 184,258 Valuation thereof $255,610 $211,453 Numl:)er of acres of timber land 475 1,101 Valuation thereof $2,220 $2,875 Improvements of land — Railroad property . . 955.525 1,100,120 Improvements of land — City real estate . . . 1,173,080 1,818.301 Number of horses .... 2.581 2,919 Valuation thereof $93,074 $114,254 Number of mules 181 315 Valuation thereof $13,695 $20,625, Number of cattle 11.556 9.300 Valuation thereof $127,865 $119,368 Number of Sheep 10,580 1^,131 Valuation thereof $14,046 $27,496 VaJua'n improvem'ts on public and leased lands $61,110 $125,025 Number of swine 281 324 Valuation thereof $947 $1,586 Number of all other animals 100 95 Valuation thereof .$449 $54^ Number of clocks and watches 692 970 Valuation thereof $13,411 $21,094 Musical instruments 1 19 181 Valuation thereof $11,396 $18,040 Carriages and vehicles 651 866 Valuation thereof $340,272 $478,844 Amount of money and credits $139,880 $211,980 Amount of capital in manufactures $9,030 $62,980 Amount of capital in merchandise #359.^35 $785,340 Shares of bank stock i-SOO 2.500 Valuation thereof $80,000 $15^.900 Valuation household goods $20,045 $32,445 Valuation jewelry and plate $3,586 $44,151 Amount of other properties $53-735 3134795 Amount of insurance premiums $12,845 $39,450 Total value of all property in the County . . . $4,439,400 $7,066,720 Pueblo 1,558,125 2,464,558 South Pueblo 956.885 1.918,209 County outside 1,824,390 2,683,953 Due allowance should be made for the customary undervalu- ation of property. The report, however, sliows a comparative average growth which is, at least, creditable. POSTSCRIPT. VALUATIONS FOR 1 88^. Since the foregoing abstract of the assessor's report was printed, lest injustice should be done the county, the following estimates have been made by the Directors of the Board of Trade of the Puel)los,as representing the actual value of several of the more important items of property in Pueblo County, for the year i883,to-wit : Improvements of land — railroad property • $ 5,500,000 Improvements of land — city real estate 5,000,000 Number of cattle 39.000 Valuation of cattle $ 500,000 Amount of money and credits, 650,000 Amount of capital in manufactures, 2,000,000 Amount of capital in merchandise - 2,000.000 Valuation of household goods ^00,000 Total value of all property in the county 20,000,000 Property in Pueblo 6,000,000 Property in South Pueblo 4.500,000 County outside 9,500,000 THE PUEBLOS. The Pueblos, or the Twin Cities of Pueblo, divided, as they are east and west, by the Arkansas river, form the great manu- facturing center of the Centennial State, second only in point of population to Denver, its capital. Within the inviting pre- cincts of the Pueblos are found twenty-five thousand prosperous and happy people. By reason of their fortunate geographical position, it is believed that the Pueblos are destined to become the leading manufacturing center between the Missouri river and the Pacific ocean. The word "Pueblo," which is derived from the Spanish, indicates " people," and it has long possessed a peculiar signifi- cation in Mexican countries where it really means a town or camp of vanquished Indians living in a condition of semi-civil- ization. The Pueblos lie nicely nestled in a beautiful cove or basin partially ♦surrounded by spurs of the Greenhorn range of the Rocky mountains, coursing northwestwardly and protecting the people here from the piercing winds which frequently blow with much violence, thus rendering the climate far more temperate and agreeable than that of other localities not so favorably sheltered. The comparatively low altitude of 4,500 feet is another most desirable feature in point of temperature in con- tradistinction to other localities in the state. THE HISTORY OF PUEBLO PROPER, Is one replete with incidents of rare interest. About two years previous to its foundation, Fountain City was laid out at the mouth of the Fontaine qui Bouille, near the site of the present Pueblos. This municipal bantling did not, however, flourish ; and soon resolved itself into a thing of the past. In June, i860, Pueblo was duly surveyed and platted. During the subsequent year, the rebellion began, and many of the residents joined either the Union or Confederate forces. This had a tendency to deplete our population, and it was not until after the close of the war that the title to the land-site of Pueblo, that on the north side, was duly perfected through appropriate congressional action. Small progress marked the next half decade of our history, but with the advent of the Denver & Rio Grande rail- way to this point, in the spring of 1872, and the assurance of 14 Sketch of the Puehlos. the early completion of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe road, a new era of substantial prosperity was ushered in, since which time, except during a few short intervals, the city has been growing in a most healthful and satisfactory manner. TRIPARTITE MUNICIPALITIES. Within the boundaries of the Pueblos are found three dis- tinct municipalities, all duly organized and well officered. The first is the original old town, or Pueblo, then Central Pueblo, a lively town lying contiguous to the banks of the Arkansas river, to the south of which is South Pueblo, a city full of life and enterprise. Farther on, out upon the broad and beautiful mesa, are found Bessemer and Steel Works town, thriving settlements of prosperous and progressive people. It is probable that, within a few years, the several cities and towns so closely con- tiguous, and all of which are aggregated in the mind of the beholder as Pueblo, will be consolidated into one grand munici- pality. Real estate is constantly enhancing in value as each successive year witnesses the erection of additional business and residence structures. As the rails reach forth into the devious defiles of our vast mountain country, business increases and numerous new-comers locate within our inviting borders, find- ing, as their reward, a pleasant and a profitable home. A GREAT RAILWAY CENTER. That Pueblo is going to become one of the greatest railway centers of the Rocky mountain region, there can be little or no doubt. Already the rails of the Rio Grande company, "the Baby road," virtually gridiron as well as environ the great mountain regions of our state, so rich in gold, silver, iron, cop- ])er, lead, coal and other minerals. The Pueblo & Arkansas Valley railway company, with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe road, completed its line to this point in 1875, thus giving to Southern Colorado a new outlet direct to the east. Early in 1882, the Denver & New Orleans road was finished, since which time its trains have been running into Pueblo. Within a very brief period, the rails of the Rio Grande road have been ex- tended to Salt Lake City and Ogden, Utah, giving not only another direct route to Mormondom, but a new through line to San Francisco and other prominent points on the Pacific coast. SOUTH PUEBLO. Almost simultaneous with the comi^letion of "the Baby road," South Fueblo sprang into existence. Its site was secured originally by the Colorado Coal and Iron company, it having previously obtained control of the Nolan Land Grant, an old Spanish claim containing about forty-seven thousand acres of land running westvvardly from the Arkansas river at this place. It includes some of the richest mineral and best agricultural The Pueblos. 15 lands in llie state. A vast and substantial stone structure is soon to be erected here as a union depot. When (:oin]:)leted, it will be one of the most commodious and handsome buildings of the kind in the western country. TRIBUTARY TO THE PUEBLOS, Is a large cordon of thriving towns and lively mining camps which are constantly growing, and which for a long series of years must draw steadily upon this quarter as the base of their supplies. All lines of merchandi.se are well represented, both in the wholesale and retail branches. Our merchants are enabled to compete successfully with tho.se of other commercial centers, and, that they are so doing, in a most eminent degree, the pages of their well-filled ledgers attest. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES. Despite the extensive and growing trade centering in our midst, splendid opportunities still present themselves to enter- prising men of money, experience and business tact. Aside from the several important industries already in successful opera- tion, room remains for many more, which will be properly patronized when under way. The field to this end is worthy of close inspection by those who are seeking a point for the profit- able investment of capital. The great steel works, the refinery, the smelters, and the other manufacturing establishments in oin- midst, are destined to be supplemented by other and like works, and this in the near future. Closely contiguous to the easily worked mineral fields of vast extent by reason of an unexcelled railway system, coupled with the cheapness of living, this local- ity can furnish the means of giving constant and remunerative employment to thousands upon thousands of industrious men. Great room exists for woolen factories, tanneries, stove works, machine shops and other industrial establishments of a like character. AN ENCOURAGING OUTLOOK. Already some such works as those just mentioned are in contemplation, whilst others are actually in the course of erec- tion. Capital thus invested and judiciously handled cannot go astray. It will yield ample returns to its owners for use in the proper development of our resources. That we can compete successfully in making and disposing of manufactured articles has been fully and satisfactorily demonstrated ; and this, too, in the face of the pertinent fact that labor is better compensated here than abroad. At the same time, we find, as a rule, that the raw material can be brought more advantageously to our doors to be formulated into articles of every day use. Other chapters in this pam])hlet, devoted more especially to the details of our great manufacturing establishments and leading industrial i6 Sketch of the Pueblos. pursuits, will furnish the reader with the details of our greatness, both present and prospective. Hardly an essential element is lacking with us to make Pueblo a desiral)le point either for the investment of capital, or a place of residence. THE SOCIAL STATUS. Refined society exists, with all the fitting concomitants need- ful for its welfare. Churches, schools, theatres and other insti- tutions of culture incident to a well-regulated community are found here. A thorough and efficient police svstem prevails affording, at all times, the best of order with ample security to THK GRAND HoTKL. person and property. An extended line of street railway gives e:isy and cheap conveyance to the remoter portions of the Pueblos at the low rate of a nickel, and still less where tickets are purchased. A telephone system, established in 1880 ex- tends over both cities and to the steel works, affording a satisfac- tory day and night service. A telegraph messenger sVstem is in process of introduction. Gas and water works contribute to make our residences more enjoyable than though these important The Pueblos. i^ auxiliaries were only contemplative and not actual. Our streets are well lighted by gas, and the bright, brilliant blaze of the electric plants in the large manufacturing establishments lend luster to the other lights of night. Eleemosynary and other philanthropic institutions, giving succor to the sick, wounded and distressed members of humanity, have not been forgotten by our people. The Ladies' Benevolent Union and the Sisters of Charity each have a well-arranged hospital, whilst another establishment of like character is well conducted under the steel works' management. HEALTHFUL CONDITION OF AFFAIRS. The banks and other financial institutions are in a most healthful condition, and their business constantly increasing. Through the instrumentality of building associations, many of our citizens have secured themselves comfortable homes, and this in a manner free from great burdens. Hotels, large, hand- some and convenient abound, with ample accommodation for an increased patronage from abroad. Their rates are reasonable, their rooms commodious and comfortable, whilst their tables are supplied with inviting and seasonable edibles. Among the largest and handsomest buildings in Pueblo is the Grand Hotel, fronting on Santa Fe avenue and siding on Eighth street. THE GRAND HOTEL. It was begun in 1882 and completed in 1883. Inclusive of the spacious grounds on which the structure stands, the cost of the work upon it has aggregated $175,000. Its exterior walls are composed of pressed brick ornamented with stone trimmings. Rising to the height of four stories, it is surmounted by cupolas rising from the center and ends of its front and rear walls,. Fronting 130 feet on the avenue, it has a depth of 120 feet. Within its well arranged interior are to be found a large office, handsome parlors, extensive dining halls and attractive reception rooms, besides one hundred capacious chambers. GENERAL ITEMS OF INTEREST. The newspaper press is represented by daily and weekly publications. A commodious court house as well as the State Insane asylum are points of interest frequently visited. Two large flouring mills are constantly running, and to these may be added a goodly list of other smaller but quite important industrial works. The professions are well represented by able, energetic and successful men ; yet as the population expands, room will be found for more who possess ability and enterprise. The number of business and professional firms in the cities varies somewhat as time passes, but the following list will give 1 8 Sketch of the Pueblos. an approximate idea ; agricultural implements, 2 ; architects, 7 ; assavers, i ; awning makers, i : bakers, 9 ; banks, 6 ; barber shops, 14; bath houses, 5; bottling works, 3; bill posters, i; blacksmith shops, 6 ; book-binderies, 2 ; book and stationery stores, 6 ; boot and shoe stores, 6 ; breweries, i ; candy makers, 2; Chinese stores, 2; clocks and jewelry, 6; clothing, 10; coal dealers, 3 ; commission, 4 ; dentists, 6 ; druggists, 1 1 ; dry goods stores, 6 ; furniture, 3 ; plumbers and gas fitters, 6 ; gro- cery dealers, about 35 ; wholesale grocers, 3 ; guns and sports- man's goods. 2; hardware, 6; printing offices, 6; law firms, about 35 ; wholesale liquor dealers, 7; lumber yards, 4; music stores, 3; newspapers — daily, i; weekly, 4; monthly, 2; pho- tographers, 6; physicians, about 26; real estate offices, 16; soap makers, i ; tailor shops, 5 ; vinegar factory, i ; under- takers, 3. Bright as is Pueblo's present, her future appears to be more brilliant ; and fortunate, indeed, are they who cast their lot here whilst the golden opportunity offers rare inducements for people of enterprise to secure speedy competency coupled with so much else that goes towards making life pleasurable. PUEBLO AS A HOME. WHO SHOULD SEEK A HOME IN PUEBLO? It is the misfortune of all western cities that they are over- stocked with the non-producing classes. There are too many doctors, lawyers, clerks, saloon keepers and men seeking light and, so called, genteel occupations. Pueblo is no exception to the rule ; indeed, the prominence into which she has been forced, by her recent unprecedented prosperity, has caused a large number of the above named classes to flock to her borders, so that of the professions it has been jocularly said, "there are more doctors than patients, more lawyers than clients and more preachers than souls willing to be saved." Clerks are so thick upon the ground that they are not able to earn as much here as in the eastern states. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule. On the other hand, we do not know of an industrious me- chanic, or skilled workman of any kind, who is without employ- ment, except from his own volition. Some branches of retail mercantile business are overdone, notably the drug, liquor and clothing business. Of other branches the supply is about equal to the demand. We do not, however, know of a single whole- sale house too many; on the contrary, firms with capital and push may be established in almost any line and with certain prospects of success. Persons having capital to invest in real estate, and who are willing to wait, cannot fail to get rich, if they are at all prudent. The great want of the Pueblos is capi- tal, and men to start and operate manufacturing enterprises. From the manufacture of a lucifer match to a panel door, from a sewing needle to a steam engine, from a knit glove to a piece of broadcloth, a blanket or a carpet; there are few things in common use by man that cannot be profitably manufactured in the Pueblos. Good servants are in demand and command fair wages. Farmers and market gardeners can do well, on the banks of the river, near the city. Miners of every class may come with certain prospects of finding employment in the lime and stone quarries, coal mines and silver and gold mines scat- tered in every direction within a few miles of the city. A large amount of railway and other construction work present an in- viting field for the common laborer. People who come here should bring their families with them, with a view to i)ermanent settlement, and may do so with certain prospect of success. 20 Sketch of the Puehlos. THE COST OF A HOUSE. Lots upon which homes can be built may be had all around the suburbs of the city at from $ioo to $i,ooo, according to location. The street railroads will enable a working man or small merchant to live sufficiently far out of town to enable him to purchase a lot at the lowest price and in the most healthy location. A house built of native lumber, or home-made brick, will cost no more in Pueblo than in any of the large eastern cities, but where fine Chicago or California lumber is used the cost will average one-fourth more. If some man skilled in the art of building grout houses would settle in Pueblo, he could make a fortune, since the material is abundant and cheap. The building societies are doing a good work in aiding the poor man to build a home. Small tenement houses are in great de- mand, and are good property, so that no man runs any great risk in building a neat little residence, even should he thereafter conclude not to use it for his own family. We know of nothing which offers a more certain and profitable return for the invest- ment of capital. BEAUTIFUL HOME SITES. Persons who have always lived amid green fields are apt to be disappointed at the barren aspect of the soil which prevails around all Colorado towns, except in the midsummer months, when the cactus and other native plants are in full bloom, but what we lack in verdure we make up in bold and grand scenery. The lofty peaks of the Rocky Mountains are ever in view, "mountains piled on mountains," so high that snow can be seen on their summits nearly every day in the year. Pueblo is peculiarly situated in this respect, having in full view nearly two hundred miles of mountain range, with Pike's Peak towering to the skies on the north and the Spanish Peaks on the south, be- tween which, and directly west of the city, is the Sangre de Christo, popularly known as the Greenhorn, range. Denver is regarded, by strangers, as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, but had these seen the Denver of twenty years ago, they would have regarded it as the most barren and unpromising spot they had ever beheld. Irrigation and good taste have there made " the desert to blossom as the rose." Still there is a flat- ness about Denver which greatly detracts from its beauty. Pueblo, on the contrary, with her mesa and bottom lands, her bluffs and plains, her winding river and groves of cotton trees, give variety to the landscape. The time will come when the beautiful bluff will be terraced and adorned with grass, flowers, fruit and ornamental trees. Already this work has commenced, and, as the city grows in wealth and importance, she will be far more beautiful than Denver can possibly be made. Nature has done well her part, and it remains only for Art to give the coup- Piieblo as a Home. 21 de-grace to complete the work of making this one of the most delightful and fertile cities on the face of the earth. The amount of vegetation that may be raised, wherever water for irrigation can be secured, is beyond ordinary credulity. The city is a place of almost perpetual sunshine, and the sky is so clear that a mountain peak can be distinctly seen a hundred miles away. The oxygen and ozone that form a part of the air we breathe are so abundant that breathing becomes a luxury, and the abundance of electricity that pervades the atmosphere stimulates the brain and nerves, and makes one feel that life is worth the living. THE COST OK LIVING IN PUEBLO. After mature consideration and conversation with our mer- chants, we have concluded to copy from the retail market reports' of one of our newspapers, as the most reliable and satis- factory method of answering the question, "what does it cost to live in Pueblo?" The following list has been corrected up to the day of going to press, and we have no doubt that our readers will be surprised alike at the variety and cheapness of articles of food sold in this extreme western city. FAMILY RETAIL MARKET. FUEL. Elk Mountain Anthracite, per ton Canon lump and egg coal, " Canon nut coal, per ton D & N. O. coal, " Coke, per loo lbs Coal oil, per gallon. Cedar wood, per cord Stove A'ood, per load DAIRY PRODUCTS, EIC. Butter, choice, per pound Butter, ordinary roll, per pound- Cheese, full cream, " "^ •■ Cheese, Edam, " " ■• Milk, per quart Eggs, per dozen ' Honey, comb, pei pound Extracted do, per 2-pound can... Extracted do, candied, bulk, lb... FLOUR, BREAD, ETC. Flour, best Colorado, loo lbs.. .$3 Graham do, per hundred Corn meal, per hundred Oat meal, per pound Baker's bread, per loaf. Crackers, soda, per pound Milk do, per pound MEATS. Breakfast bacon, per pound.... Beef, porter house steak, lb ... Roast do Ham, per pound Mutton, " Pork, fresh, per pound Salt pork, " " Sausage, per pound . Lard, Packing Co.'s, per lb... Butcher's do, per pound Chickens, live, per dozen fe 00 5 00 4 00 3 50 20 30 4 00 35(«)45 20ft?! 2 5 25 30 30 30 35 3 25 2 75 5/3 1V2 i2'4f«'5 18 I2j4wi5 15 15 15 17 , $6 00 Spring chickens, each Turkeys, dressed, per pound .. Geese, dressed, per pound Smoked venison hams, per lb. FISH. Lake fish, fresh, per potuid.... Fresh sea fish, " " — Fresh river fish, " GREEN FRUITS. Apples, per pound Cranberries, per gallon Lemons, per dozen Oranges, per dozen VEGETABLES. Beans, dry Lima, per pound... Navy beans, per pound Cabbage, per pound Onions, per pound Potatoes, in loo-lb sacks, lb... Turnips, new, per pound. Pickles, per gallon Chili Colorado, per pound GREEN VEGETABLES. Lettuce, per bunch Asparagus, per bunch Onions, per pound Cucumbers, each 5'" Radishes, per bunch Spinach, per pound Parsley, per biuich Rhubarb, per bunch New potatoes, per pound Cauliflower, per pound Peas, per gallon GROCERIES. Tea, best varieties, per lb 81 00(0)1 Sugar, white granulated, per lb i5@3>^ 15@20 1 00 40(0) 50 25@50 iofnii2^ 8 6 3 i'/iCa)z 5 40® 75 50 25 12j^ Sketch of the Pueblos. Coffee, Java, per pound 33 Rio coffee, per pound 15^20 Roasted coffee 20 Syrup and N^O. molasses, gal i oo(S 1 25 Rice, per pound 10 Vinegar, per gallon 35('' 40 Soap, Pueblo laundry, per bar 6]^ ing to locality 82 5o@5 00 Furnished rooms, per month...8 oo@is 00 Board and lodginj;, per week, first class 10 00 Average board and lodging.... 7 00 Board without lodging, week, 4 oo@7 00 Water, Holly system, month, 2 00 Well water with some tenements free. RENTS AND BOARD. Residences, per room, accord- MEANS OF EARNING A LIVING IN PUEBLO. ^Vhen asked to remove to a new country the prudent man's first question is, "What are the chances of earning a living?" To enable us to answer this question, so far as Pueblo is con- cerned, we have personally visited men who are engaged in the occupations named below and questioned them respecting the wages received. The amounts giveiv below are the result of these inquiries and are therefore reliable. WAGES PAID IN PUEBLO. Bakers, J50 to S75 per month, with board. Barbers, J3 per day. Bartenders, 175 to fioo per month. Blacksmiths, $3 per day. Brewers, 85 per day. Brickmakers, S4 per day. Bricklayers, ^4 to S5 per day. Boot and shoe makers, S2.50 to 1^,3 per day. Bottlers, $2.50 to S4.00 per day. Butchers, $1.50 to I3 per day. Cabinet makers S3 to $3.50 per day. Car drivers, S55 to jf!6o per month. Carpenters, $2 50 to $3 per day. Cigar makers, I2.50 to $3 50 per day. Clerks, S50 to $^125 per month. Clerks, female, 825 to 850 per month. Cooks, male, 830 to 8100 per month, with board. Cooks, female, 830 to 850 per month, with board. Dress makers, 824 to 830 per month. Hack drivers, 855 per month. Herders, 830 to 850 per month, with board. Laborers, common, .81.50 to 82.50 per day. Laborers, in smelters, Si-75 per day. Machinists, 83 to $4 per day. Masons, (stone) 83.50 to 84.50 per day. Miners, (stone) ?3.5o to 8450 per day. Miners, (coal) 84 per day. Miners, (gold and silver) ^3 to 84 per day. Moulders (foundry men) 83 to $3.50 per day. Millers, 82 to 84.25 per day. Painters, 84 per day. Plumbers, J3.50 to $4 per day. Plasterers, ;f4 per day. Paper hangers, 54 per day. Printers, evening papers, 35c per 1,000 ems. Printers, morning paper, 40c per 1,000 ems. Planing mill hands, 81 50 to 82.50 per day. Police officers, S75 per month. Servants, $20 to 835 per month, with board. Soap makers 85 per day. Steward, hotel, 875 to 8100 per month. Teamsters, $2 per day. Tailors, 84 to 85 per day. Tinsmiths, 83 per day. Waiters, 820 to 830 per month, with board. Watchmakers, 82 to 83 per day. Wagonmakers, ^3 per day. RAILROAD HANDS. Conductors, 8100 per month. Locomotive engineers, 8100 per month. Firemen, 875 per month. Brakemen, $60 per month. Trackmen, S1.50 to $2 50 per day. Common railroad laborers, 81 50 to $z. Repair shop hands 82 to 82.75. Railroad car cleaners, $2 per day. THE CLIMATE OF PUEBLO. The climate of the Centennial state has been long, and justly, regarded as equal to the best on the face of the earth. Tliose who, by a residence in both, have had an opportunity of making the comparison, are free to confess, that the climate of Italy is not equal to that of Colorado. There are thousands of people now living in this state who came here confirmed invalids, but who have been restored and are enjoying excellent health. Many who were impatient have left this state for Europe, Minnesota, California, Florida and other health resorts, but after a time have returned and ultimately confessed that our climate is superior to that of any other section on the face of the earth. To specify Pueblo as a Home. 23 any particular class of patients who would be especially benefit- ted, would be absurd. We know of no class, who would not be benefitted, when the disease with which they are inflicted is not absolutely incurable, and there can be no question that hundreds of incurable cases have been greatly benefited, and their lives pro- longed by residing here. It is, however, proper to remark that many have been seriously injured, and not a few lives have been sacrificed by diseased persons going to the higher altitudes im- mediately on tlieir arrival in this state. Had such been advised by their physcians or friends to remain in Pueblo, there can be no question that scores would now be living who have been sent to their home.; in coffins. Did si)ace permit, we could in proof, give numerous instances which have come under the i)ersonal observation of physcians during a long continued practice of medicine in this state. The superior advantages of Pueblo over all other points in Colorado, consist in this being the lowest place in this state where an invalid may receive the fiill benefit of our mountain breezes. ALTITUDES OF CHIEF COLORADO CITIES. Fairplay 9,964 Breckinridge 9,674 Central City , 8,300 Nevada 8,800 Lake City 8,550 Rosita 8,500 Georgetown 8,400 Silver Cliff 7,753 Durango 6,250 Alamosa 7,191 Manitou 6,-97 Black Hawk 7,975 Conejos 7,880 Del Norte 7, 75° Saguache 7,745 Hot Sul. Sp'gs.. 7.745 Idaho Springs 7 .500 Colorado Springs 6,023 Trinidad 5,005 Cucharas 5,956 Golden 5,729 Boulder 5,536 Canon City 5,260 Denver 5,224 Pueblo 4,400 Leadville : 10,200 Here the air is pure and invigorating. Ozone, oxygen and electricity, the three great restorative elements, abound in our atmosphere. Miasmatic diseases are unknown, except among those patients who come here with malarial poison in their blood. There are more sunshiny days in Pueblo, than in any place we know of. The winters are especially delightful, and although sometimes the summers are hot, the heat is less oppressive than that of humid districts. The air is so dry that moisture from perspiration is absorbed as fast as it appears on the surface, and the nights are always cool and refreshing. The ozone, the pur- ifying element in the atmosphere, is so abundant that impure, or decaying matter is instantly acted upon, and unpleasant smells are seldom noticed, even in back premises where cleanliness and sanitary regulations are neglected. The atmosphere, surcharged by this ozone, becomes a natural disinfectant, and .meats are fre- quently hung up for weeks in the open air without spoiling. For nine months in the year invalids can live in perfect com- fort in tents, and during the period of scarcity of houses in Pueblo, many families have done so the year round and that without serious discomfort. It is a common thing for persons 24 Sketch of the Pueblos. to live in tents in Pueblo, while building a permanent residence and many invalids have done so from choice and to great ad- vantage to health. A poor man with a family and only enough money to purchase a tent, can live comfortably and have no rent to pay except perhaps a very small ground rent on some vacant lot. Invalids can thus pitch their tents near to one of our artesian wells, and at a ver.y trifling cost get the full benefit of Pueblo's mineral water. It cannot be expected that all sick persons who come here can be restored to health. The misfortune is that people remain in the east until the fatal stage has approache'd, and only when death is staring them in the face do they flee for their lives. If physicians would deal more honestly with patients and advise them to come to Pueblo before their stock of vitality has been well nigh exhausted, tens of thousands of valuable lives would be saved. These remarks should apply with great force to cases of invalids suffering with pulmonary diseases. If the above statements be true, and the climate of Pueblo, admirably adapted to restore the sick, it follows as a logical sequence that it must be a healthy place for the well and a grand climate in which to rear a family. A physician who has prac- ticed medicine in South Pueblo for nearly six years and has had more than his share of obstetrical practice, says that, so far, not a single child born under his care has died, but they are among the most healthy and robust children to be found anywhere. No more severe test of the salubrity of any climate can possibly be found. PUEBLO ARTESIAN WELLS. The mountain towns of Colorado, almost without exception, are supplied with the best and purest of waters. The sources of these are fountains fed by the ever melting snow. The valley towns are not so fortunate, having, until recently, been depend- ant solely upon rivers which run through districts impregnated with alkali and other impurities. We know of none of the cities of the plains which have, in this respect, advantages one over the other. The waters of all are alike impure. Recently, however, Pueblo has been highly fortunate in the discovery of valuable artesian wells, of which there are three, one at the steel works, one in the grove in South Pueblo, and one in Worrall Park, on the beautiful mesa, or table land. The waters from these wells may indeed be appropriately called "the waters of life." The average depth of borings is about eleven hundred feet, and the living fountains springing from this depth make very pools of Siloani, in which hundreds have bathed and been healed; fountains of life at which thousands have drunk and been cured. The medicinal properties of the Pueblo wells con- sist in iron, magnesia, potassium, sodium, bromides, chlorides, and other valuable ingredients. They are highly magnetic, Pueblo as a Home. 25 and for rheumatism, urinary diseases, and all diseases of the blood demanding the exhibition of alteratives, are unsurpassed. The tonic properties of the water are seldom equalled. It is not pretended that these medicinal waters can at all times be used indiscriminately without some risk, but under the advice of a skillful physician it is cpiestionable whether the world can ])ro- duce healing streams of greater intrinsic value. In the develoj)- ment of these wells and the erection of hotels and sanitariums the capitalist from abroad would find one of the most profitable of investments. The craze for purchase of land and erection of buildings has caused the present citizens of Pueblo to overlook the immense pecuniary advantages which might be derived from the utilization of these valuable artesian wells. That they should have remained so long neglected will, in the future, be regarded as one of the most extraordinary things connected with the history of the Pueblos. There is not a mannfiictory, smelter, or business of any kind that will bring more wealth to the cities than these wells. It is merely a question of time when the Pueblos will become the Saratoga of the west, since, in addition to the healing waters, which are equal or superior to those of New York's most popular sanitarium, we have the incomparable air, the invigorating climate and magnificent mountain scenery which combined must, in time, bring thousands and tens of thousands to the city in pursuit of health and pleasure. SSgE'lS", "'""' Mill' r ^u CtNTENNIAL SCHOOL. CHURCHES OF THE PUEBLOS. The great and excellent Washington, in his farewell address to the people of the United States, said: "Of all the disposi- tions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports." No community can, in the present age, live and succeed without religious institutions. Society, to find the living and permanent roots of prosperity, must resort to religion, and in it recognize the cause of the ripest and truest civilization of all the earth. The sanctuary is as indispensable to civilization as the court house or the school. Pueblo, in these things, keeps step with the age, and is not a whit behind the chiefest of the cities. The religious outlook for our city is most promising. Few communities are so abundantly supplied with religious privileges. No less than seventeen places of worship throw open their doors upon each returning Sabbath. Those who come among us, settling on our virgin soil, giving toil and thought to the development of our vast material wealth, may find churches of almost every faith ready to meet them, stretching out hands of welcome, sympathy and help. Mem- bers of churches will find earnest, devoted, cultured, scholarly ministers of the gospel ready to preach to them, make pastoral calls among them, hold counsel with them, doing their work with kindness, courtesy and piety. The oldest church organization is St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, which was organized in 1867, and whose house of worship was erected upon the corner of Santa Fe avenue and Seventh street, in 1868. The present pastor is Rev. E. H. Gaynor. The First Methodist Episcopal Church was organized April 22, 1870; completed their church building, situated on the corner of Main and Seventh streets, about the year 187 1. The membership of the church numbers 91 ; the Sunday school about 120. The society owns a neat parsonage next door to its church. The First Presbyterian Church, of Pueblo, is now (1883) twelve years old, has 132 members, is self-supporting, and owns property in the heart of the city. Has a church building and parsonage worth 59,000. Rev. H. B. Gage is the settled pastor, who has been with the church nearly four years. Out of this church two other churches have been formed, with every pros- 28 Sketch of the Piicblos. pect of satisfactory growth and usefulness, and its benevolent contributions have been marked by liberality and prudence. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has a nice brick edifice newly fitted up near the site of the contemplated new Union depot. Has a membership of something over 60, is self-supporting and out of debt. Has a church building and parsonage worth $6,000, and Rev. Geo. Needham for its pastor. The Roman Catholics have a fine church edifice completed upon the Mesa, are erecting another in the northern part of Pueblo, which will be a large, commodious edifice, and a credit to the community. They are pushing all departments of their church work with their accustomed vigor and sagacity. The Pueblo Baptist Church was organized in November, 1872. They are now erecting a fine stone church edifice, on the corner of Ninth and High streets, which will be constructed in the most thorough and durable manner of the best of mate- rials, and the largest in Southern Colorado. Their present pastor is Rev. S. L. Holman, who has been with them about fourteen months. The Mesa Presbyterian Chuch, of South Pueblo, was organized April 13, 1882, has a membership of 40, is in good financial condition and is looking forward to the erection, at an early day, of a house of worship. Rev. W. A. Mackey is the present efficient pastor. The Baptist Church on the Mesa, South Pueblo, was or- ganized June I, 1881. A neat brick chapel was built in a convenient location and paid for. Rev. J. B. Read, their first pastor, commenced labor with them April, 1883. -^ good congregation has been gathered, the church is out of debt, and the outlook is promising. The East Pueblo Congregational Church was organ- ized April 16, 1882, and a new house of worship dedicated on the same date. The building is a neat frame, capable of seating about 300 persons, and cost about $2,000. This church occupies a very important section of our city, and has for its present pastor Rev. R. W. Purdue. The Central Christian Church, worshiping in the Mont- gomery Opera House, was organized December 17, 1882, with a membership of 35. Their present pastor is Rev. A. H. Mulkey. They have a membership of 40, witli encouraging prospects. The South Pueblo Congregational Church, Rev. C. S. Harrison, pastor, has a good house of worship, worth $4,000 ; situated on the mesa. Its organization dates from August, 1878. Good congregations attend the services and they have a membership of 45. In addition to these we have the M. E. Church (Colored) of Pueblo; Rev. Alexander, pastor. _ South Pueblo M. E. Church. Rev. J. C. Green pastor. Churches of the Pueblos. 29 Church of the Holy Trinity, Protestant Episcopal, South Pueblo, Rev. S. C. Gaynor, rector. Bessemer Presbyterian Church, Rev. J. L. Reed, pastor. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, South Pueblo. Rev. C. E. Long, pastor. Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, F. Lagerman, pastor. A Baptist church (colored) just organized. By the side of the churches, and to complete their instruc- tion to all classes, there have been organized not less than 25 Sunday schools, whose ever increasing numbers are supplied by superior teachers, among whom may be found men and women of the highest culture and social standing. You will hardly find a church in the Pueblos that has not its benevolent society, and private benevolence, which is always best, is also carrying on its work independent of all societies. Religious life is here a reality. The clergymen are, as a body, superior, educated, toiling, God-fearing men. Among them there is very little of that mode of thought which seeks to make religionists and forgets to make men. The sectarian spirit with the narrowness, with its traditions, its exaggerations of trivial nonessentials, is certainly not predominant. COU.MV CliURT house. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. Education is the great bulwark of civil liberty. There is an opinion, prevalent and widespread, that the people of new states are not proverbial for the attention they devote to the great cause of education ; that we must look to the older states for examples in this direction ; that the people of newer communities haye neither the time nor the inclination to foster or encourage common schools, or other educational enterprises ; that the race for wealth absorbs the attention of the western pioneers, to the exclusion of mental culture. That this may be true, in a qualified sense, in some of the western states, I concede ; that it is not true of Colorado, I boldly affirm. That our people have all of that western push, energy and en- terprise, so necessary to financial success, no one familiar with them can deny; but with attributes so important for business success, they have a thorough appreciation of the benefits result- ing from a liberal education, and have laid deep and firm the foundations of an admirable system of public schools, unsur- passed by that of any other state in the union. The standard of education, here, is deservedly high, and an earnest effort is being made by the friends of free schools, to make the schools of the Centennial state, models of efficiency and grand results. Our people, as a rule, seem to comprehend what is necessary to meet the requirements of this grand work, in order to reach the highest attainable possibilities of the system ; and I am happy to feel warranted in saying that the people of Pueblo county are not behind those of their sister counties in the state, in giving force and effect to their admirable plan of popular ed- ucation. They fully realize the high importance of building and equipping comfortable, capacious and well ventilated school houses; of supplying them with all the modern, improved appli- ances for effective school work ; of employing none but able and distinguished educators as principals of schools, and none but trained, efficient teachers for department work, and] then to fur- nish them tlie proper tools to work with. The Pueblos, cities and county, have many and varied at- tractions : In their splendid climate, cultured people, diversified industries, grand railway system, which is fully matured ; men of eminence in all of the professions, women of no less emi- nence in all that goes to make up a grand womanhood, they have Educational Advantages. 31 much to point to with pride; but to our public schools, those nurseries of a higher civilization, we can all point with feelings of gratitude, for what they have done — are doing — for the elevation of the growing generation. The Boards of Education of the Pueblos are entitled to most honorable mention for the manly part they have borne in pushing forward this grand civilizing work. The Board of Pueblo, remodeled and refurnished the Centennial school building, and have made it second to no pub- lic school house in the state. It is three stories high, has eight study rooms, with a seating capacity for 400, is heated by Ruttan furnaces, is thoroughly ventilated, well supplied with all the modern improvements and appliances necessary to comfort, convenience and thorough school work. It is surrounded by a campus oi a full block. They have erected a good school edifice in East Pueblo, called the "Fountain School House." It is three stories high, has a seating capacity for 200, is heated by the Ruttan furnaces, has a good campus, and is, also, well sup- plied with all needed furniture, etc., to meet the demands of a good school. They have also erected an artistic school building on Seventh street, and have named it "The Hindsdale," as a compliment to the late Gov. Hinsdale, than whom Pueblo never had a man more upright, worthy and public spirited. This building is three stories high, has a seating capacity for 350, heated as the others, and will be finished and furnished with everything needed to meet the requirements of a progressive people of this advancing age. It will be provided with a large 600 pound bell, and the house will be ready for occupancy in the early days of September. Schools were taught during the past year in the old adobe school house, also in a rented building on Main street, the two having a seating capacity for 250 pupils. Other school houses are in contemplation to meet the demands of our rapidly increasing population. The Board of Education of the city of South Pueblo are no less enterv^rising. They have made the mesa brick school build- ing a very excellent school house. It is two stories, has a seating capacity for near 300, has four study rooms 22x33 feet, recitation room ; all heated by stoves, and is well equipped with the best of modern furniture and tools for teachers' work. They have erected a stone high school building — "The Central Hi<^h School," three stories high, in size 60x98 feet inside, seven study rooms, two class rooms, one assembly room 30x60 feet, Chemical laboratory 30x32 feet, with four janitor's rooms ; all heated with Ruttan furnaces. This house is artistically arranged and faultlessly supplied with everything necessary for the highest recpiirements, is one of the best school buildings in the state, is a grand, imposing tribute to the cause of education, and reflects the highest honor upon the enterprising board. They are ar- ranging to build a two room school house at Bessemer, which will be arranged and furnished on a scale to keep pace with the 32 Sketch of the Pueblos. grand march of tliat marvellous embryo city. The board have been compelled to lease a church and a two-room building to subserve the purposes of our "southern sister," which is rapidly assuming metropolitan proportions. Other school houses will be builded from time to time, until the supply shall equal the demand. In this connection, I take occasion to say that the public school houses of the Pueblos stand as graceful monuments to the wisdom, energy and devotion of the respective boards to the great educational interests of the "twin cities," and no less so to our citizens generally, who pay for them without a murmur. COUNTRY SCHOOLS. Of the Boards of Directors of the country schools, I can only speak in praise. As a rule, they apprehend the importance of a larger breadth in education, and of increasing the facilities for a more thorough, practical course of instruction. To these ends, they are building better school houses, seating and furn- ishing them more in accordance with modern plans, voting more taxes for the support of schools, employing better teachers, pay- ing them better salaries and have longer terms of schools. In some districts, the population of school age is so sparse that parents are compelled to contribute of their private means to keep up the schools, where the school fund is inadequate to that purpose. When I assumed the duties of my present position, there were some six districts that had no standing as districts, had dropped out of line, had no schools; now every district in Pueblo County, that has a child of school age, is back in line, running smoothly and well. The character of the country schools, considering they are ungraded, ranks deservedly high ; many of the teachers occupy a front rank in the army of edu- cators, and, altogether, there is much in the conduct and success of the country schools to inspire the friends of popular educa- tion with renewed courage and hope. Elsewhere I speak approvingly of the public spirit and enter- prise of the Boards of Education in the cities, in building and furnishing such elegant school houses; but they are entitled to a higher meed of praise for the discernment displayed in the selection of principals to take charge of the schools of both cities, as well as to fill the deiurtments with true, tried, trained assistants of exalted private and professional woith. Prof. J. S. McClung, City Superintendent of the Pueblo schools, is a ripe scholar, an indefatigable worker, an excellent disciplinarian, a good executive ; suave and kind to his assistants, firm and unbending in the enforcement of order and decorum, broad and practical in his methods of school work; in fine, a thorough educator, under whose superintendency the schools of Pueblo have become second to none in the state. Educational Advantages. 33 The course of study in the grades below the High School is very much the same as those used in the graded schools through- out the country. Tlie High School course requires four years to complete it. Instruction in vocal music is under the direction of a special teacher, Prof. R. L. Kent, and is continued throughout the en- tire course. , Prof. F. B. Gault, Principal of the South Pueblo Schools, comes among us highly indorsed for his scholarship, moral worth, and for his effective school work. Notwithstanding the brief time he has been over those schools, the disadvantages under which he has labored, intensified by a sad bereavement in his family, he has already fully demonstrated his eminent fitness for the arduous duties he has assumed. He, like his co-laborer on the other side of the river, is thoroughly practical in his methods of school work; he discards surface or technical education, labors to improve the morals, broaden the mind, and to develop the highest physical possibilities of those committed to his care ; having the great aim in view to make his pupils enter manhood and womanhood with high and clear conceptions of their moral obligations, and to fit them the better for the varied duties and responsibilities of active social and business life. It has been almost impossible to provide suitable accommo- dations and facilities commensurate with the rapid increase of the school population of South Pueblo. Very complete pro- visions for the schools in the way of buildin_gs have recently been made by the completion of two ward school houses, which, to- gether with a ward school building erected several years ago, and the Central High School building, recently finished and fur- nished, afford at present ample room and excellent facilities for the education of the youth of this rapidly growing section of the Pueblos. The Central High School building deserves special mention, not only on account of its imposing external appearance, but for the higher reason that for convenience, comfort and adaptation to the demands made upon it, doubtless it is unsurpassed by any similar structure in the United States. The basement story consists of fuel rooms and janitor's apart- ments. Besides there is a fine large hall or lecture room, and a room for Physical and Chemical Laboratory. The first floor consists of four large rooms, each provided with a wardrobe, and closets at rear of the teacher's rostrum. The second floor con- sists of the assembly room of the High School department, with recitation rooms, room for library, museum, and Superintendent's office. This building affords a home for the High School and Gram- mar departments, to which the Primary departments located in the three ward buildings are tributary. 34 Sketch of the Pueblos. The schools are liberally supplied with maps, charts, globes ' and other apparatus, and possesses the nucleus of a public school library. The school system comprises three departments, Primary, Grammar and High School, each department requiring for the completion of its course four years of school attendance. Thus the entire course comprises twelve grades, and requires for its completion twelve years of school attendance. A course of study has recently been prepared which is, on the one hand, the outgrowth of the carefully considered needs and conditions of the schools, and on the other hand, has in view a high standard of excellence, being the work of one who has given the study and investigation of school systems and methods of instruction and management years of close applica- tion. The general aim is to have the course of instruction accord with the true order of the growth of child mind, providing for rational, steady and thorough development of all the faculties of the child. Mindful of the fact that the school is for the child, to assist hini in attaining his highest good, and not the child for the school, the system of instruction is such as aims specifically to secure quick perception, careful reflection and correct judg- ment, and at the same time arouse and quicken the moral senti- ment, thus giving the best possible equipment for the duties and responsibilities of life. The course of study is supplemented by a syllabus of work and instruction prepared for each branch in every grade. By this method the Superintendent carefully plans and directs the work of each class, omitting what is useless and out of date, placing special stress upon the useful and essential. In many cases entirely new lines of work are substituted, thus adding to the interest and profit of the school, by adapting the quality of the instruction to particular cases and necessities. All new and progressive ideas touching methods of instruction in reading, arithmetic, language, composition and geography are carefully weighed, and whenever and wherever adapted to the work in I hand are applied. We predict for these schools a bright future, \ a record that will attract, but not disappoint, all who seek good Ve^ucational advantages for their children. It would be invidious to mention a portion of the department teachers, and not name all; but as there are too many to men- tion in detail, I can say, that as a rule, with scarcely an exception, they are pre-eminently fitted for their various stations, both by a broad culture and an earnest devotion to school work. It is not saying too much of those able educational adjuncts, to say that much of the pronounced success of the schools of our cities is due to them, for they have labored ably and faithfully to supple- ment the work of their chiefs. They deserve well of the patrons of the schools, of all right-thinking people, and I am happy in Educational Advantages. 35 CENTRAL HK;H SCHOCIL. being able to say that a discerning public fully appreciates them at their exalted worth. I do not say that the schools of the Pueblos are the very ^es^ in the state ; but I have no hesitancy in saying that they are in- ferior to none in our grand young commonwealth, or in the west, for that matter. Persons who meditate a removal to either of the Pueblos to make it their home, need not hesitate to make the venture on account of the character of our Public Schools, for they will find them to be equal to the most enlarged demands. From the Primary departments to the High Schools, the character of the work will commend itself to the most critical and exacting friends of popular education. All who come with a desire to find a pleasant home, may come in the full assurance that they will find school facilities here equal, if not superior, to those they have heretofore enjoyed. The paramount objects of our instructors are to promote the morals, expand and improve the mind, and to discipline and develop the body of the pupils. No Procrustean bed is used to accomplish these desirable ends; corporal punishment is but rarely resorted to, never except in extreme cases; but kindness and 36 Sketch of the Pueblos. firmness are the governing agencies in our schools, and experi- ence has demonstrated their vast superiority over austere means, which only produce fear. Whatever may be said of our people in regard to their moral and social relations, or of this locality as a grand sanitarium or great commercial center, and neither need shrink from the most searching ordeal, or dread the closest criticism in these respects, our educational system, its administration and its administrators, will not fail to challenge the highest admiration of all who are, or may become, familiar with them, and who are the true friends of the poor man's college, the public schools. Such is a brief, unvarnished presentation of our educational advantages, which is neither overdrawn nor embellished, and I feel confident that all who come and test the truth of the fore- going will agree with the writer that our educational claims are herein but partially and imperfectly stated. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. In addition to the public schools, Pueblo has private schools, the most prominent of which is Loretto Academy, for the edu- cation of girls and small boys, under the charge of the Sisters of Loretto, a band of noble Christian ladies. This parochial school is well patronized, and stands high in the estimation of its patrons and friends. In addition to the usual course of studies, such as may be found in similar institutions, music, painting and drawing lessons are given to those who desire them. Especial attention is paid to the moral and physical well-being of the pupils. The Pueblo Seminary, under the care of Miss L. J. White, with Miss Arrington as musical directress, has just closed a suc- cessful academic year. There was a private school taught in South Pueblo, by Miss Julia A. White, that was well sustained, and will be resumed in the early fall. Between the 15th of September and the ist of October, there will be in successful operation in this city " The Colorado Institute of Technology," in which will be thoroughly given full courses in mathematics, civil and mining engineering, physics, chemistry, natural philosophy applied to arts and manufactures, which will be taught in the schoolroom and in the workshops attached to the Institute. Literature, history, geography, a full commercial course in book-keeping,telegraphy, etc., will con- stitute an important department in this school. The fact that Prof. Joseph Luce will be at the head of this important educa- tional enterprise will be a sufficient guaranty of its high char- acter and ultimate success. Thus it will be seen that all may make choice between public and private schools, and can give their children the advantages of a scientific course in the Institute of Technology. MINES AND METALS. "Time is money," say the wise, and ior this reason we will not introduce our subject by one of those well prepared prefaces whose main object is to throw Iridescent dust in the eyes of the reader, and under the cover of brilliant rhetorical periods con- ceal the imperfections of the work. The position of the Pueblos at the present time is one of a well defined character. Like a child who does not know nor appreciate the latent physical power stored in his muscles until one of his comrades contests the ownership of his books or marbles, and then throws down his coat to fight with all his heart and might for the conquest of the coveted and contested prize, so are the Pueblos. They have at last resented the un- called for provocations of their defiant neighbors, and throwing down their pristine coat are going heart and hand into the battle, to affirm their rights and take rank as the great ore mar- ket and metallurgical center of Colorado. LOCATION AND SURROUNDINGS. Before entering upon the subject of mineral deposits carrying the precious metals, and located in counties reached by our enterprising lines of railroads, it is well and proper to look around our fast growing cities and investigate the formations, so characteristic, in which the Arkansas river has furrowed its bed. These formations belong to what is termed by geologists the cretaceous epoch, and are divided into several strata of sedi- mentary deposits, such as limestones, sandstones, clays, slates, coal, iron, etc. They form the principal body of the adjoining plains, and are shown to their fullest extent in the gorges and channels hollowed out by the Arkansas and its tributaries. The limestones and sandstones deserve a special mention, as their reputation has even reached Chicago, where our fine grained sandstones are in great demand. The I.eadville smelters also get their supplies of limestone and fluxes from Pueblo county. One mile below our cities gypsum exists, intermixed with clay, and is eminently fitted for use as a fertilizer. Along the foot-hills a purer article is found, suitable for building purposes. Numerous mineral springs, some saline, some chalybeate, some sulphurotts, invite also the attention of the physicians and 38 Sketch of the Pueblos. investors. Along the valley at Carlisle, and further up at Rock- vale and Coal Creek, thick beds of coal have been worked up for several years, and lately mineral oil has been struck. Leav- ing the valley of the Arkansas and penetrating in the moun- tains by which it is confined to the south and southwest, we find a range of rugged mountains known as the SIERRA MOJADA OR CUERDO VERDE, more recently called "Wet Mountains." The southern portion of that chain is designated under the name of "Greenhorn Moun- tains." The main body of this range is formed by azoic rocks, granite, gneiss, full of porphyritic dykes, accompanied by min- eral veins rich in copper ores. Near to the head of the St. Charles, and between the Greenhorn and Red creek, a conglom- erate is found which consists of pebbles of quartz and obliterated crystals of feldspar, cemented together by red clay ; this forma- tion has a great thickness, and dips at an angle of 22°. Inter- mixed with it are found dykes of trap, accompanied by small mineral veins carrying galena, with a few disseminated crystals of copper and nickel sulphurets. Ten miles west of Red creek we encounter an entirely different formation, of which the origin IS due to glacial action, and there we find huge masses of rocks, polished, rounded, striated, some formed of mineral vein matter, some of porphyry, gneiss, granite, etc., showing the different formations that have been disintegrated and carried away by the powerful action of ice. HARDSCRABBLE CREEK springs out of this formation, and farther down flows through a canon showing on both sides sandstone strata dipping at an angle of 60° to 70°. The sand deposits along the creek contain some gold colors. Passing over the crest of the range, and descend- ing the western slope, we reach the towns of Rosita and Silver Cliff, These two localities present the most extraordinary min- eral formations. In Rosita^ true fissure-veins of galeniferous quartzite, enclosed in trachytic porphyry, while on the north- west they are located in sedimentary rocks. Strata and beds of clay impregnated with chloride of silver are another striking feature, and belong to a sedimentary deposit, of which the dip varies from 30° to 45°. One mile from Rosita, and on the southern slope of a hill covered with quartzite debris, are masses of round silicious con- cretions, from the size of a nut to that of a human head, scattered about with profusion. It is easy to recognize the results of the action of silicious waters, formerly existing here, results analo- gous to the deposits and incrustations observed in the silicious geysers of Montana and Idaho. A little farther south is found the head of the Muddy, spring- ing out of broken and disjointed sandstones, showing in some Mines and Metals. 39 places well-defined dykes of volcanic trachytic matter, and also some porphyry veins. At the head of the Muddy, and going towards the Cuerdo Verde peak, we meet a syenitic granite that rovers all the foot hills. This formation encloses several dykes of porphyry and iron ore. The Cuerdo Verde peak itself presents a series of curious geological formations, beginning at the base with sandstone, fol- lowed by metamorphic granite, the upper part of the peak being capped by volcanic masses. The whole mountain is a net-work of veins of quartz carrying mineral, shown by well-defined out- croppings. Fifteen miles south, and after crossing the Huerfano river the sandstones and conglomerates are again met with, and the hills are covered with boulders of granite, trachyte and basalt, until Gardner is reached. There, taking a western course, at a distance of four miles we find several steep and denuded peaks, known as SHEEP MOUNTAINS, formed by a ryolite rich in quartz. Half a mile south of Gard- ner stands a butte of trachyte, finely grained, imbedding crystals of hornblende. In all the creeks running from these gulches and feeding the Huerfano river, gold has been found, and it is a surprise to all, to-day, to see our miners and prospectors going far away seeking for new fields of exploration, when they have so near immense treasures lying dormant. Some fifty years ago considerable work was done by Mexicans in a locality situated a few miles southwest of Huerfano Park, in the vicinity of Placer creek, east of Mount Blanco. These placers, called "Grayback," were worked at one time by Kit Carson. The gold is found in a reddish-clayey, silicious deposit forming a rusty conglomerate. The work has been but super- ficial, and prospecting by shaft has demonstrated the existence of several streaks of black sand constellated with gold nuggets of larger size than those found near the surface of the "diggin's." The hills on both sides of the creek are formed of primitive rocks, gneiss, a granite cut by a number of quartzite veins, also some fine blossoms and garnets disseminated through the rocks, as well as in the sand of the creek. Along Indian Creek valley, between the Grayback and LaVeta, the sandstone beds are so thoroughly impregnated by copper that several mines have been opened in this locality. THE SPANISH PEAKS, seen in the southern horizon, are located nine miles southeast of the thriving town of LaVeta, and promise to become one of the most important mining .camps south of the Divide. The main body of these peaks is a porphyritic trachyte emerging from the upper carboniferous formation, and cut by dykes radiating from the center of eruption towards the plains. ..n'^-vr^s'iiffliii'ncr"''"!''!''''! Mines and Metals. 41 and accompanied by a contact matter carrying galena, sulpluir- ets and the precious metals. As it can be seen by this too short description of the natural basin in the middle of which the Pueblos are located, we have at our doors mines of Gold, Silver, Lead, Iron and Copper ; beds of Coal, limestones, sandstones, clays, gypsum, springs of Min- eral waters. Artesian wells. Petroleum, without saying anything of the surfac:e formation of our plain, which is but a vast placer. Blind are those who do not see that with all these advantages Pueblo is, what it claims to be, a mining center. THE PUEBLOS THE GREAT COLORADO MARKET FOR ORES. Obeying the laws of gravitation and attraction, the drops of rain gather together to form rivulets and brooks, and running into natural channels down the steep inclines of our mountains, unite, forming creeks and rivers that empty into the sea and ocean. So are the products of our mines, brought down from the mountains to these grand channels prepared by human in- genuity and enterprise known as railroads, then unloaded by them on the platforms of the great ore market of the west, the Pueblos, to be distributed to our large metallurgical works. The Little Giant railroad, among others, is the principal agency that carries to Pueblo the mineral resources of the Great Southwest. It is along its iron net that the miners and prospectors are dig- ging out the ores that supply our market and smelters. Summit and Lake, Pitkin and Gunnison, Chaffee and Saguache counties, send their carbonated and sulphurretted ores, carrying both gold and silver, through the Grand Canon of the Arkansas to Pueblo, and in return we send them the fuel and the fluxes to work their low grade mineral, without speaking of the capital invested by the enterprise of Pueblo citizens in mines located in these coun- ties. Furthermore, the Arkansas Valley and Gunnison branch has lately been extended to Utah, and the ores of Little Cotton- wood and other districts of eastern Utah are to-day brought to Pueblo for treatment or sale. In the counties above named the mineral formations show a decided permanency, the best guar- antee for the future of Colorado, and eastern as well as home capital have developed this rugged portion of our state and transformed it, as if by magic, into a vast cosmopolitan caravan- serai, where all the Caucasian nationalities are met with, and where the African as well as the Mongolian dig into the bowels of the earth to find the precious talisman of Astharoth, "Gold." Starting again from Pueblo by the southwestern division of the Denver and Rio Grande, in a few hours we have re;3^ched the GREAT SAN JUAN, and are struck with amazement and wonder at the treasures met along the road. First, Rio Grande county, with its gold mines producing millions of the finest metal in the market. This 42 Sketch of the Pueblos. celebrated camp has now a milling capacity of 175 stamps, crushing, pounding, amalgamating, concentrating the largest gold formation that exists on the continent. The new line of railroad from Del Norte to Summit shows the enterprise of the leaders of the camp. The placers, the mines of gold, silver, mercury and copper of La Plata county, deserve a special notice, as also the coal formation near Durango, Dolores county, with the San Miguel mountains, is the re- pository of immense veins of native gold and silver, running parallel with other veins of ruby, silver and gray copper. We hope before long to hear the screech of the locomotive whistle repeated by the echo of this new Aladdin's kingdom. In San Juan county, galena and copper ores were first mined, but to-day bismuth ores are attracting the attentions of the in- vestor, and are a source of profit to our miners. Ouray county must not be forgotten nor ignored. Its valiant citizens have more than other inhabitants of the Far West adver- tised abroad the Great San Juan. There is no town that can show as well as Ouray what results can be obtained by pluck, in- dustry and faith. "God-speed to Ouray." The last extension of the Little Pioneer brings us into the county of Hinsdale, the largest producer of the whole southwest^ the only rival of the great carbonate camp of Lake county. RED MOUNTAIN has been a revelation ; a few strokes of the pick have unearthed untold treasures and baffled the theories of our experienced miners and scientific men. Of a nearly deserted and wild country has sprung in one day a camp of many thousands, and to the glory of the citizens of the Centennial state, Colorado capital has, we must say, built up alone this magnificent and wonderful camp. The Pueblos, as usual, were the first on the spot, and it is with pride that we have followed the progresses of our fellow-citizens united with those of our fair sister of San. Juan county, the enterprising Silverton, to foster up the devel- opments that shall, in a near future, add millions to our credit as the largest producer of bullion of the whole world. All the counties of Southwestern Colorado are linked to the Pueblos by bonds of friendsliip and common interest, and they are building up the twin cities by shipping their ores to our market, and in exchange receiving from our merchants supplies of all sorts, as groceries, dry goods, hardware, notions, drugs, etc. We could add many pages to this article; travel south into Huerfano, Costilla, Las Animas counties, and into New Mexico, but space is limited. We close by affirming once more our rights, and we will unfurl our flag to the breeze, showing the world that our success lays in the practical application of our motto, "Labor Omnia Vincit." METALLURGY. At the present day metallurgical science has emerged from the period of empiricism into which alchemy confined it, and taken a foothold in the world, based upon mathematical calcula- tions and well known chemical reactions. Metallurgical opera- tions are simple in their nature, and only made complicated by the ignorance and inexperience of our conceited and haughty kid glove superintendents and processmen. We desire to see metallurgy following the other sciences in their progress, but we claim that nine-tenths of the processes seeking for the favor of the public will fail to succeed, because in most of them the natural laws of motion and combination have been ignored or overlooked, and hazard has too large a part in the results. We claim, also, that new processes are the result in most cases of the complete ignorance of the actual methods of treating the ores carrying both the base and the precious metals. The metallurgical works of the Pueblos are a striking ex- ample of the results that can be obtained when true scientific attainments are allied with business ability in the management of a metallurgical institution. What can we say that is not known at large concerning the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Company, the Eilers Smelter, the Rose & Reed Sampling Works, the steel works, the nail works and the other depart- ments of the ever growing company, the Colorado Coal and Iron Company. Everywhere, and it is a pleasure to the writer of this article to pay to our worthy and enterprising fellow- citizens this deserved tribute, these institutions, second to none in the country, are models in themselves throughout, and to the initiated eye, more perhaps than to the eye of the daily visitors, show most striking features; principally order, method, cleanli- ness, and, also, the most improved working facilities exhibited in all the departments of the works. The silver ores, properly speaking, are comparatively rare, but this metal in combination with sulphur, arsenic, chlorine, etc., is widely disseminated among the ores of the base metals, and'especially found in connection with lead and copper ores. The methods of extraction are founded on the metallurgical tieatment of lead and copper, and are carried on by smelting 44 Sketch of the Pueblos. the ores with suitable fluxes, and separating the argentiferous lead bullion or copper matte from the product, known as slag. The bullion and the matte are two marketable products of easy shipment and sale, even if we had no refining works to send them into circulation as manufactured metals. The copper strikes in southern Colorado, along the foot hills and in the Sangre de Cristo, will soon compel us to add to our list of metallurgical establishments large copper works. In fact, here in Pueblo we receive more copper ores than lead ores, and in a few months our supply will be such that we will leave Lake Superior far behind, as we have already beaten Nevada, Califor nia, and are forging ahead of Old Mexico, in the race for the silver leadership. It would be unfair to close these few lines without saying a special word about the Steel Works, which, located on the Mesa, are like the lighthouse, showing to the emigrant the entrance of our welcoming cities. Iron, say the people, is not a precious metal; it is a base metal. It is true; but we must not forget that iron and its com- pound, steel, are, on account of their usefulness, more precious than gold and silver. Why? Because we must have iron and steel to extract the ores from the bowels of the earth ; we must have iron and steel to separate these precious metals from its ores. The metallurgy of Iron, like the metallurgy of gold and sil- ver, lead and copper, reposes upon well known and well under- stood principles, and if the space was given to us, if we had the ability, we would undertake to tell something of the processes which to-day bear the names of their inventors. Bessemer with his converters, Martin with his furnace, Siemens with his regen- erator, have revolutionized the metallurgy of iron, and we are proud to see the Pueblos chosen as the most available location in the whole west for the establishment of such colossal works. If asked why the managers of these metallurgical institutions have done so, we will answer by showing our immense iron deposits, covering several hundred square miles; our limestones, used as flux; our coal beds, supplying the fuel; our mineral oil, trans- formed, purified, furnishing the light, the fuel, the lubricator. We will show our railroads, our little narrow-gauge, which, like the fisherman, has covered the southern portion of our young state with a net-work of iron and steel rails, and joins the chorus, with the whistle of its engines and the thunder-like rumbling of its loaded cars, to sing the sublime hosanna to civilization and progress. THE COLORADO COAL AND IRON COMPANY. This company has its extensive iron and steel works located at Bessemer, just outside the corporate limits of the city of South Pueblo. The works comprise a BLAST FURNACE capable of producing eighty tons per day of pig iron, and as the company owns its own ore mines and has a variety of ores, all grades of foundry and mill iron are made. A second blast furnace is now in course of erection. There is also a complete BESSEMER STEEL WORKS, where steel rails, steel castings, forgings, etc., of all weights and patterns are made. These works have a capacity of three hundred tons per day, and the steel rails made here have already acquired a reputation for superior quality. THE NAIL WORKS AND SPIKE MILL are also located here, and are now producing nearly 300 kegs per day of nails and about fifty kegs of railroad track spikes, though the works have a capacity of double that amount. South Pueblo nails have already earned a reputation, wherever they have been used, of being the strongest and cleanest nail made. This company also makes all sizes of merchant bar iron, mine rails, splice bars, etc., at their MERCHANT BAR MILL, now located m Denver, Colorado. As new puddled iron is to be used in this manufacture hereafter, the good quality ot the product is assuied. At Bessemer is a thriving village populated by the employes of the steel and iron works. These works are regarded as but the nucleus of a large iron and steel industry. Cast and wrought iron pipe works, car wheel works and stove manufactories, together with the various forms of steel manufacture, such as springs, shovels, picks, bars. 46 Sketch of the Pueblos. etc., must ultimately grow up to meet the demands of the sur- rounding territory. The proximity of the best and cheapest fuels in the state, the presence of works producing all the raw materials necessary for any iron or steel industry, together with cheap labor and excellent railroad facilities for distributing manufactured pro- ducts, makes South Pueblo the natural point at which all the iron and steel industries of the state must be congregated. The Colorado Coal and Iron Company owns large tracts of land adjoining South Pueblo, and also owns a large part of the town site, and is always disposed to offer favorable terms for land and the best facilities for water, etc., to any manufacturing concern desiring to locate. This company also owns and operates coal mines at Canon, Walsen's, El Moro and Crested Butte, from which mines are produced the best domestic, steam and black- smith coals found west of Pennsylvania. It also owns coke works at El Moro and Crested Butte, where coke is made of the best quality, which is exclusively used by the smelters, etc., of Colorado and Utah. FOUNTAIN SCHOOL. RAILROADS. THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA FE RAILROAD. Pueblo, as the railroad center of Colorado, has always looked upon The Santa Fe as one of the chief contributors toward her growth. Perhaps the easiest way to understand rightly the im- portance to this city of the facilities afforded by the A., T. & S. F. is to try to imagine the situation if The Santa Fe were to take up its rails back to La Junta. Pueblo would no longer en- joy equally as good facilities for communication with the east as Denver. The outlet for her manufactured products, and the avenue through which must come all supplies from eastern mar- kets, would be Denver. Our manufacturing industries would be placed at a great disadvantage as compared with those at Denver, while our promising and growing wholesale trade could not live. A correspondent of the Chicago Tribune states the case very clearly, as follows: ''The terminus of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad in Colorado is that "new Pittsurg of the west," Pueblo, commonly called the pivotal city of Colorado- pivotal because it is the center of the Denver and Rio Grande system of narrow-gauge railroads, which stretch themselves out from that point over the mountains and through the passes like the fingers of a man's hand, drawing into the palm at Pueblo the mineral wealth of this greatest of all the silver-producing states or territories in the union, while the Santa Fe road stands there, with its standard-gauge, steel-railed track, magnificent equipment, and unrivalled management, ready to take up the products of the mine and ranch and carry them to the markets of the east. So truthfully does this describe the relation of The Santa Fe to the commerce of Colorado that one, though never having studied the situation before, can understand why the A., T. S. F. is the great inlet and outlet to Pueblo, and through that city to central and southern Colorado." It is such extra railroad facilities as these that have attracted the attention of capital to Pueblo as the most eligible point in the state for manufacturing purposes, and have induced the in- vestment here of millions of productive capital. The facilities provided by this company have increased, too, in direct ratio with the increase of the business to be done. There are now two regular passenger trains running daily between this city and Kansas City and Atchison, on the Missouri river, one of which, KOYAL GORGE — ON THE LINE OF THE DENVER & RIO GRANDE RAILWAY, Railroads. 49 the popular "Thunderbolt," makes the trip between the river and the Union depot in this city — 619 miles — in 21 hours and 15 minutes, and returning in 20 hours and 45 minutes. There are only one or two trains in the United States that make any better time than this. This train also connects in this city with the Salt Lake and Ogden train on the Denver and Rio Grande, placing Pueblo on one of the new routes to San Francisco, and on the shortest route from Kansas City to Salt Lake City and all points in Utah. Pueblo has also felt the effect of the extension of the Atchi- son, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad into New Mexico. During the past year large shipments of ore have been received at our smelting works from the mines of that territory, and as the promising mining interests of that section develop, Pueblo trade with the southern country may be expected to increase. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, by its connection with the Mexican Central at El Paso, and by the construction of the Sonora railway, affords direct rail transportation between Pueblo and the principal cities of the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, and has opened a new and rich field to the commercial centers of the United States, which Pueblo should see to it that she cultivates with industry. Arizona now has two railroads running from east to west across her entire territory, both of which connect with the Atchi- son, Topeka and Santa Fe in New Mexico. Arizona has already sent large shipments of her ores to Pueblo, and with the greatly increased transportation facilities now enjoyed, an increased out- put is assured. Pueblo as the manufacturing and smelting center of the southwest, is in the field for that trade. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe also affords to travelers from Pueblo a choice of two southern routes to California, and the shortest line to Los Angeles. These two routes are via the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe to Deming, and thence via the Southern Pacific to San Francisco; or, via the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe to Albuquerque, thence via the Atlantic and Pacific across Arizona to connection with the Southern Pacific on the Colorado river. Pueblo has gained much by the friendly aid received from The Santa Fe, and has much more to hope for in the future. DENVER AND RIO GRANDE RAILWAY. The history of the Denver and Rio Grande railroad is a record of brilliant achievement by the greatest narrow-gauge road in the world. It is a complete net-work of lines, extensions and projected routes through the richest and most promising sections of the state, having in view the speedy connection of every important mining town by rail, and tlie establishment of lines of communication between Colorado and all the rest of the world. 50 Sketch of the Pueblos. To say that the construction of the net-work of road laid and contemplated by this company to every important mining camp and agricultural district in the state, besides reaching out for the rich and fertile territory of Utah, is the greatest enter- prise in the west, does but partial justice to the men who have had the great scheme in charge. During the closing year more than 200 miles were built, much of which runs over mountains that to ordinary individuals would seem almost insurmountable. At the present time it has 1,643 i^iiles in operation, and before another twelve months roll around this number will no doubt be largely increased. The new districts opened up and developed have gone far toward strengthening Colorado's great future in the. minds of eastern men, and the Denver and Rio Grande people should be given full credit for this condition of affairs. From Pueblo this road radiates to all the cardinal points of the compass, save the east, reaching down to the coal mines of El Moro, the silver mines of the San Juan, the iron mines of Saguache, the coal and silver of the Gunnison, and the rich min- eral fields of Leadville and beyond. Pueblo is the natural center of the vast traffic emanating from all these various sources, and secures her share of the great business which results from her favorable situation. Her smelters receive ore from all the min- eral regions tapped by the Denver and Rio Grande, and her merchants extend their trade to the many towns and cities to the north and south and west lying along the line. Waiving further mention in a business point of view (which could be lengthened out to a far greater extent if space would permit), we will casually invite the reader's attention to the fact that no road in the world furnishes more or greater variety of scenery than the Denver and Rio Grande. Traversing as it does the loveliest valleys and climbing the highest mountains, it is no wonder that all pronounce it the ''Scenic Route of America." and to all those visiting Colorado for business or pleasure, we are frank to say that they should not miss this one opportunity to view the grandest scenery on earth. Pueblo is fortunate in being situated near some of the most grand and magnificent scenery in the world, and very pleasant trips can be taken from this city to objects of surpassing interest. Manitou and Colo- rado Springs are only 45 miles distant to the north, and both will amply repay a visit. To the westward, and on the road to I^eadville, is the Grand Canon of the Arkansas and the Royal Gorge, both too well known to require description here. At Salida the through line to Salt Lake City and San Francisco swerves to the left and crosses the Continental Divide by way of Marshall Pass, attaining at the summit the immense elevation of almost 11,000 feet. One who has made the journey writes as follows : It was toward evening, and we followed the light upward from one level to another, until just at sunset we emerged on a scene of such unearthly beauty Railroads. 5 1 as those who had the blessed fortune of seeing will never forget. Turning a sharp spur of the mountain, we spun over a trestle bridge, which took a curve, a climb and a bound across a deep gorge all at once; and on the in- stant the sun shone on a line of exquisite peaks melting away in the dim horizon, their snowy summits transfigured with the last rosy flush of dying day. Far below night-shadows were gathering already in deep ravines and narrow passes; while above, the sky was still opalescent with the faint, clear tints which make twilight linger so long in this rare atmosphere. Oh, heavenly heights, fair mountains of the snow ! will we ever again look upon anything so wonderful until we cross the border land to the Blessed Country, and through the gates ajar see rising in the radiant air the shining hills of Paradise! From the summit of Marshall Pass one looks down upon four lines of road, terrace below terrace, the last so far down the mountain as to be quite indistinct to the view. These are loops in the almost spiral pathway of the road's descent. The line continues down the Gunnison river to the gorge which is known from its sombre coloring as the Black Canon. This rock-bound chasm is wilder, more picturesque and grander even than the Canon we have already encountered. The cliffs are quite three thousand feet high, and their sides are broken into narrow shelves where shrubs, trees and clinging vines have found a foothold. In places miniature cataracts leap from dizzy heights into the sea-green waters of the river, or, broken by projecting ledges, reach the bottom of the canon in silvery spray. There is constant variety ; now the cliffs are red-colored, now of a grayish white. Here a solitary pinnacle soars upward like a delicately-formed cathedral tower; and again the enclosing walls hug the road for miles in unbroken masses. The contour of the pali- sades is closely followed, the river is constantly beside us, and its rumble is ever strange and solemn. Escaping from the canon, the road pursues its westward course over Cedar divide, attained by high grades, and from whose summit an extended view is had of the Uncompaghre valley, and the serrated San Juan moun- tains in the distance. Between Delta and Grand Junction the lower Gunni- son Canon is traversed, the variegated coloring and, curious rock formations maintaining the interest unabated. West of the latter town a veritable desert is crossed, which is, however, far from monotonous, by reason of the Book Cliffs and the fine mountain groups surrounding it. At Thompson Spring the road is nearly abreast the Sierra La Sal, and within fifty miles of the northern end of the Grand Canons of the Colorado. Crossing in due season Green and Price rivers, we reach Castle Gate, leading into the heart of the Wasatch mountains, and formed by two immense towers of red sandstone, which have a sheer descent of nearly five hundred feet, and are severed off- shoots from the cliffs behind them. Once through the narrow way, and climbing the steep grades of Price River Canon, the road follows the stream, and all the while there are continuous forests, vari-colored rocks, clear waters, green meadows, tangled brush, and vistas of distant, snowy peaks. At Soldier Summit, on the very top of the range, the train starts down the western slope, and emerging from Spanish Fork Canon, with its scenic sur- j5rises, enters Utah Valley. The view from this side of the range is one of incomparable loveliness. Eastward are the lofty peaks which the traveler has but just crossed, and whose grandeur is now more than ever before ap- parent. At one's feet lies Utah basin, and beyond it to the north Salt Lake valley, girded by high mountains. As far as the eye can see there are rich meadows. And thus onward through ever-varying and beautiful scenery the traveler passes on to Salt Lake City and Ogden, where connection is made with the Central Pacific road for San Francisco. This through line is an im- portant integer in the sum of Pueblo's success, for travelers from the east arriving over the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad take the Rio Grande for the Pacific coast here. 52 Sketch of the Piieblos. Southward from Pueblo the road reaches El Moro, and branching at Cuchara crosses the far-famed Veta Pass, rounds Mule Shoe Curve, and extends as far south as Espanola, in New Mexico. A branch extends from Alamosa to Del Norte and Wagon Wheel Gap, and another branch at Antonito penetrates the San Juan country, passing along the verge of Toltec Gorge and through the Toltec Tunnel, one of the most marvelous works of man, to Durango, and terminating at Silverton. The policy of the road has always been to develope the resources of Colorado, and to its generous and wise manage- ment the Centennial State owes, in a large measure, its present proud position. Further information concerning the Denver & Rio Grande will be cheerfully given upon application to Mr. F. C. Nims, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Denver, or C. A. Tripp, Ticket Agent, Pueblo. THE DENVER & NEW ORLEANS RAILWAY. This is an enterprise started principally by Denver capital- ists, who are determined to make it one of the best paying and most popular roads in the West. At present it is operated be- tween Denver and Pueblo, taking in that lovely summer resort, Colorado Springs. The object, as we understand it, is to extend this road some 200 miles further south into the rich mineral, agricultural and stock districts of New Mexico, and connecting with the Southern Pacific. This move will give the D. & N. O. outlets to the southwest and east not at present possessed, and will undoubtedly be of great benefit to this section of country. Governor Evans, one of the principal stockholders, is now in New York making arrangements for active operations to be begun at once, and by this time next year the D. & N. O. will be far on its way. This road is responsible for the cheap passenger rates between Pueblo and Denver, which are $1.50 the round trip — the distance being 125 miles each way. Colonel Fisher is the able and progressive manager. VIEWS OF HON. WM. D. KELLY. Extracts from an Address delivered at Turner Hall, Pueblo, August i6th, 1882. NEW SETTLERS. The opportunity to study the resources of your young but marvelously endowed state, and to address its people in assem- blages like the present, are privileges for which I am grateful. That you are all new settlers here I know, for I visited the Pueblos just ten years ago, when the town could not have fur- nished home accommodations for a tithe of the men now before me. You are nearly all in the vigor of young manhood. There are no old men before or around me; and you have come to this country to stay. As life advances you will find that your lines have truly fallen in pleasant places. Your climate is dry and healthful, the air you breathe at this elevation expands your lungs, and you will find THE CHILDREN that gather about your knees in this mountainous state sturdy boys and blooming lasses, with a breadth of chest and measure of physical vigor that is exceptional in lower countries. And with vigorous bodies will come sound and vigorous minds. When Humboldt visited New Spain, as Mexico was then called, he said that the heads of the universities and other insti- tutions of learning agreed in assuring him that the pupils who took most readily to arithmetic and the higher sciences were those who came from the higher altitudes, as from the mountains of Durango. Colorado may be substituted for Durango, and the boys and girls of the Pueblos will vindicate the truth of Hum- boldt's observation. Your state, the infant sister of the union, which is now nearly six years old, has made constitutional pro- vision for the ample education of a race who will demand fair and free education for the children, and the most advanced and industrial education for men and women. They ordained a system which, by the thorough education it will give to the people, will promote their individual wealth by expediting and perfecting the development of the vast and vastly diversified re- sources of the state. 54 Sketch of the Pueblos. AGRICULTURE IN COLORADO. It was the discovery of the precious metals which first at- tracted settlers across the desert places to Cherry creek ; but it was the useful metals that summoned to Pueblo the brawny men who did me the honor to escort me to this hall, and who con- structed yonder admirably equipped steel works, which will in a little while be pointed to as the initial institution in Colorado's great industrial center. The plains, now intersected by a num- ber of railroads, are no longer sterile, and Colorado's agricultu- ral resources will bring the plough, the loom and the anvil into operation in closest proximity. I have seen enough of the wheat fields and fruit gardens of the state to convince me that however rapidly its population may increase, it will be many years before it need again import food; yet ten years ago I saw no indication of the possibility that Colorado could ever produce food for the population that its mines would attract to its borders. Ten years ago I visited what proved to be the germ of the colony of Greeley. A com- mittee had been sent out from New York to select a site for the colony, and to determine whether such parts of the dry plains as might be irrigated could be made to support an industrious colony. The question was then a doubtful one. Last week I revisited the spot. The population of the beautiful little town cannot be less than twenty-five hundred. In its gardens and in large adjacent fields I saw corn which, though it would not compare with that grown in the corn growing sections of Mis- souri, Kansas, and parts of Nebraska, or equal that which may be grown around Pueblo and throughout the fertile valley of the Arkansas, would be counted a capital crop in many of the agricultural regions of the eastern states. [Applause.] My visit was to a gentleman who is working a farm, three thousand acres of which are in wheat and four hundred and fifty acres in potatoes; a very respectable sized farm for a state incapable of agriculture. [Laughter.] It is divided into thirty fields of wheat, each of one hundred acres, and one of them, which I examined very closely, the soil of which was broken last year, and pre- pared by cropping in part with potatoes and in part with corn, has a crop upon it which will, I believe, yield a minimum of fifty bushels of Colorado wheat to the acre. I speak of Colorado wheat because at two of the hotels at which I have stopped in the state I have heard complaints of the cook for putting sugar in the bread, [laughter] and a gentleman asked me if there was not a little corn in the bread that gave it that golden color. In each case I caused surprise by assuring the party that the sweet- ness and color pertained to the wheat of the state, and were probably elements of its wonderful nutritive power. [Applause.] All this and more may be done in the southern valleys, and from the orchards and vineyards of each, at no distant day, will Address of Hon. Wm. D. Kelly. 55 be shipped rich and luscious fruit. There, too, the products of the South may all be grown as perfectly as in Kansas or Mis- souri. You know that agriculture is not a leading characteristic of the state; its development is a surprise, not only to the country at large, but to the early settlers of Colorado, who have not grown gray unless they were pretty well advanced when they came here. The settlement of Colorado began but about a quarter of a century ago, and everything here is young but the grand old mountains and their boundless deposits of mineral wealth. [Applause.] MINING NOT A TEMPORARY BUSINESS. There is'an impression in the East that the state is made up of mining communities who are in search only of the precious metals, that the gold and silver will soon be worked out, and that then the state will be depopulated and the people returned to their original homes. We know that this theory is very absurd. No state in the Union has more evidence of enduring progress and prosperity than Colorado. [Applause.] CAUSES WHICH PRODUCE GREAT STATES. When addressing the immense audience assembled on the occasion of the opening of the Denver Exposition, I pointed to the fact that there were three causes which create great and en- during states. First, the possession of immense masses of the precious metals. This it was that called together, as if by magic, the people of California and Australia; and of Colorado, when it was announced that there was gold at the foot of Pike's Peak. Another, that part of the state and some of the cities shall lie on a great line of inter-state travel, and furnish points for the exchange of commodities; or, in plain language, have facilities for the establishment of commercial centers. Your state has the precious metals, and is already traversed by great through lines of travel, which seem to me to so concentrate at Pueblo and Denver, or Denver and Pueblo, as gentlemen may choose to put one or the other first, as to secure to these places great com- mercial advantages. My third proposition was that the possession of the materials for iron and steel, and adequate fuel and fluxes for working them, would give prominence and prosperity to a state. These elements of greatness and wealth I declare unhesitatingly to ex- ist in a greater degree and in closer proximity in Colorado than I have found them at any point I have visited in this country or Great Britain. [Cheers and applause.] I say this not to flatter you, nor to exaggerate the brightness of the future of the state, but deliberately, because ray judgment approves it as solemn truth. [Applause.] IRON AND STEEL. When England sent Mr. J. Lowthian Bell as commissioner to the Centennial Exhibition, to report on iron and steel, she TULTEC TUNNEL — ON THE LINE OF THE DENVER A RIO GRANDE RAILWAY. Address of Hon. Wm. D. Kelly. 57 confided that duty to a man of rare learning, scientific attain- ments, and of large observation and experience in everything that relates to the production of iron and steel. In the official report of this capable man, it is set forth that the instance in which any of the materials for the manufacture of iron or steel in Great Britain require transportation for one hundred miles was very rare, while, said he, it is no unusual thing for iron makers in the United States to transport some of the elements anywhere from six hundred to one thousand miles. In this respect the location of the works of the Colorado Coal and Iron Company might be regarded as fortunate even in England. The location was selected and the works planted by Pennsylva- nians and are where they have ample supplies of every variety of ore, flux and fuel that can be needed in the production of the different grades of steel; and these all within a radius of fifty miles, and they are already obtainable by rail. One of the in- telligent workingmen, now before me, whom I knew in our native state, assured me that all the materials they were now working were found within a few miles of the mill. Here at least we have a slight advantage over little mother England, close as is the juxtaposition of her fields of raw material. [Ap- plause and laughter.] And I venture the prediction that when the next census shall be taken, there will be found gathered about these steel works, and dependent more or less directly upon them, a population of at least twenty thousand people. [Great applause.] I have just learned the number of your RAILROAD COMMUNICATIONS. I had supposed that the main line of the Denver & Rio Grande, running north and south, with its branches diving, as it were, into the passes that lead to great mining centres, and the con- nection which the Denver & New Orleans railroad will ultimately give you with ocean trade at Galveston and New Orleans, were your only present or immediately prospective connections. But the same energetic men who conceived the Denver & Rio Grande road and, though it required marvellously bold en- gineering, successfully completed it, are now constructing a western road to open to you the trade of Utah and the country west thereof. Not only will the New Orleans road connect you with the foreign and coastwise commerce of the country, but in its way to the seaboard it will traverse the cotton fields of Texas. Thus, you see, Pueblo and Denver are inevitably destined to be commercial and manufacturing centres, in the midst of mineral wealth and on great routes of travel. DIVERSITY OF MANUFACTURES. Abiding wealth and prosperity must reward the energy and enterprise of communities so admirably located and surrounded 58 Sketch of the Pueblos. by such vast and diversified resources as characterize the portions of this state with which you are already connected by rail. But you will fail to gather a large percentage of the gain that should be yours if you shall fail to apply the laws of social economy to your daily life. If you would reap the just rewards of your en terprise and labor you must diversify your industries to the last degree. Where this is done there is no such thing as waste; where it is not done, as among people who content themselves with the production of raw material, or with mining the precious metals, or any other single pursuit, there is much waste, which waste means the loss of human effort and the material which could be made to reward labor and increase the wealth of the community ; consequently the more you can diversify your in- dustries the less idleness and the more wealth will there be among you. Let me illustrate this general proposition. In view of the immense and easily accessible deposits of mineral fuel your pine woods were of little value, and the scrub oak that so abound on the hill sides were mere cumberers of the ground. But you have added A NAIL MILL to your furnaces and rolling mill, and you must have kegs for the nails. How to procure these kegs within the limits of rea- sonable cost was a problem; but experiments have developed the fact that the staves for acceptable kegs can be cut from the pine wood growing on the company's lands, and that these scrub oak furnish material for hoops that may be safely trusted. Every community should study its own resources and utilize them all. ********* NEED OF A PAPER MILL. Why, let me ask, should not the rags be utilized? A small paper mill would create a market for them. Draw a circle which shall just embrace the last paper mill in Missouri, or, if a more western one has been established let it mark your radius. At such a mill rags have a definite price, and paper is, in com- parison with places remote from a paper mill, relatively cheap. In other words, a paper mill creates a market for rags and reduces the price of paper, but as the distance between the point at which the rags may be collected and the paper mill increases the price of rags diminishes and the price of paper increases until at a certain distance rags cease to have commercial value. In further illustration let me say that a friend of mine in Philadelphia, a chemist, whose business is confined to the pro- duction of three articles in several grades, last year did a business amounting to 5500,000, and yet he used not a single material which was not waste in Philadelphia but fifteen years ago, in- cluding the refuse from gas works, soap making establishments, and old cuttings of leather from shoe factories. The proprietor Address of Hon. Wm. D. Kelly. 59 of yonder smelter comprehends this law, and, unwilling to send the lead he extracts from the ore to the east to be wrought into sheet and shot, and brought back with loss of interest and freight, he has added the means of producing these articles in Pueblo, and has brought skilled workmen here to thus add to the diversification of your employments and the value of your town lots; and while passing through the establishment I learned that the sheet lead of Pueblo has found its way into market at Chicago. It was also suggested to me that at no distant day the manufacture of white lead, red lead and litharge would be started. Thus is assurance given, in the growing diversification of her pursuits, that Pueblo is destined to be not only a centre LORETTO ACADEMY. and a model of economy in the production of steel, but a city of manifold manufactures which shall enable you to practice economy in both time and labor. The day is not far distant when you should establish COTTON AND WOOLEN MILLS. Widowhood, orphanage and unmarried women are found in every country, and for these gentle and profitable employment should be provided. While you hardy men are engaged in the steel works, the smelter and other departments of muscular labor, the cotton and woolen mill furnish fitting feminine em- ployment. You grow your own wool for all grades of cloth except the finest broadcloth, not much of which is worn in mining camps; and, growing your wool, why should you not spin and weave it, and thus protect yourselves against such im- 6o Sketch of the Pueblos. positions as I have alluded to in connection with shoddy? Why send your wool to the east, to be sent back to you at the cost of double freight and interest ? And lying so much nearer to the cotton fields of Texas than Massachusetts or even Pennsylvania are to the nearest plantations from which they draw supplies, why shall not a cotton mill rise in your midst before a railroad shall connect Pueblo and Denver with the Gulf? You will require both cotton and woolen mills to prevent waste of time of your women and to introduce in your midst economies which must be unknown in the absence of such establishments. In thanking the more than three hundred hardy men, who find employment in the steel works of the Colorado Coal and Iron Company, who did me the honor to escort me hither, I have felt called upon to say thus much in the assurance that my words will reach beyond my present audience, and assure any of the doubting people of the east that our infant sister, Colorado, is among us not temporarily, but has come to stay, and come to vie with and rival any of the best of the whole sisterhood of states. [Loud and long continued applause.] *****