.>^ '-^ •^^v ■"^.. c^' .--^^ 39^ PRIMAEY HISTORY UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. By BENSON J. LOSSING, LlTTIlOa OF "the PICTOIUAI. FIKl.D BOOK OF TItF. nEVOLL'TION," " ILLUSTRATED FASirLt HISTORY OF THE CNITKl) STATES,"' ''PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE r.MTF.D 8TATE3 FOR SCHOOLS," " EMINENT AMERICANS," ETC. ETC. ILLUSTRATED WITH NU^IEROUS E.\GRAVI.\GS /.f NEW YORK: PUBLISHED LiY MASOX BROTHERS, 108 AND 110 DUANE STREET. U O A N U 1 1 V 1» L. -A •> !•< O 1 IV i-- *-• 1 • J 7.M ../U. J7 ,^ // /.P/^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S57, by MASON BROTHERS, In the Clerli's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. LOSSING'S HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. A COMPLETE SERIES FOR ALL CLASSES. LOSSIING'S PICTORIAL PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE Ui\ITED STATES; 222 pages 12mo. Price 60 cents. LOSSING'S PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE Ui\ITED STATES; 350 pages large 12mo. Price $1. 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As to the letter- press, the publishers refer to the books themselves, which will con- firm Mr. Lossing's established reputation as a writer for concisene??'. perspicuity, and attractiveness of style, accuracy of delineation of facts, and excellence of arrangement. \^^(^^ ILECTROTYPEDBY A^ PKINTED BT THOMAS B. SMITH, \_ O '^ '^ *^' ■*' ■* *- ^ "^ '^ ''• 82 A 84 Beekman-street. \ 15 Vandewater St., N. Y. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I 5L:otion i. % The Author to his Young Friend. Mv Young Friend : 1. I am now as old as your father. But I was once young, was fond of asking questions, and loved to have them answered. Since then I have learned many things by asking questions, reading books, and listening, but not so many as I ought, be- cause, like all boys, I was often playing when I should have been studying. 2. But I have learned a great deal about the country we live in, and it is so pleasant to know so much about it, that I want all of my young friends to learn what l.have learned, and much more. 3. Listen to me, then, and I will tell you a story about the Indians who first lived here, and then about the great sailors, and soldiers, and governors, and the hundreds of men who came here and cut down the trees, built houses and churches, and raised grain in fields and fruit in orchards. 4. Then I will tell you how, when many thousands were here, with their wives and children, thev made laws, built villages and cities, factories and ships, steamboats and railways, and made every thing appear just as you see it to-day. That story is calle«l HISTORY. When you hear a man tell a new story, you say that is his story — it is History. 1 N T R O D U C T 1 O N The beautiful country we live iu. 5. The story I am going to tell you, is tlic History of THE United States. That is the name of our country which we love so much. Look on the map of the world and you will see that it is now a large part of North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, which is between us and Europe, and the Pacific Ocean on the west, which is between us and Asia. 6. It has' almost every kind of climate. In the north the winters ar^ Jong and cold, with much snow. In the south they are short a^'^ warm, wi'h seldom any frost. There flowers bloom all the year round. In Our country every kind of grain, anr" fruit, and flower in the world may gl^O-W. In some parts are hig mountains and great woods; in others, are wide piuins, ana \\i< T. , lakes ; and in others, hills and valleys, beautiful rivers, pleasant brooks, and great meadows called prairies. V. In some parts there are wild and fierce Indians, buffaloes and bears, wolves and panthers, elks and deer, eagles and wild turkeys, and a great many kinds of smaller animals and birds, just as there were in the whole counry before the white people, like us, came here. 8. Altogether, ours is a very noble, bea\itiful, and fruitful country, where every body may be happy. Here we need not be afraid of bad rulers who have powder to hurt ns, for if we do right nobody can injure us ; and we are at liberty to do as we please, if we do not injure our neighbors. 9. And every one born in this free and beantiful country, should be proud of it, thankful to God for it, and willing to do every thing that is right to keep it free and good. 10. When I shall have told you the whole story — told you of all the dangers, and troubles, and hard work that the people who first came here had to endure, to make it such a fine country ; and how much others have since done to keep it so, I am sure you will feel glad to do ail in your power to help in the good work. 11. And to make you feel so, is one great reason why I wish you to listen to the whole story attentively, that you may re- member it and do well. T II K 1 N U 1 A N S, How the Indians were named. Their language. INDIAN 8 IIE^Vn. SECTION II. T 11 E 1 N 1) I A N S . 1. 1 >vill now tell you about the Indiaus who lived in our country betbre any white people were here. Where their fathers came from we can not tell, nor do you care to know at present. They were here when the white men came from Europe, and appeared very strange to tliem, for they were of a reddish-brown color. They were dressed in the skins of wild beasts in the cold North, and in the warm South thev were almost naked. 2. Columbus, the first great sailor who came to this country, thought the Island, or the land surrounded bv water, that lie first saw, was in that part of Asia called India. So he called these reddish-brown, or copper-colored people, Indians. I shall tell you about that great sailor presently. The Indians were found in all parts of North America, and were all very much alike in their appearance and way of liv- ing. 3. The Indians did not all talk alike. You know the Amer- ican and Frenchman call the same things by dift'erent names. The American says horsCj and the Frenchman says ckeval. Their word or language is different. So the Indians, in different parts of the country, spoke eight kinds of language, because there were eight nations. 4. These nations were named Alr/onquin^ Huron-Iroquois, Cherokee, Cataivba, Uchee, Natchez, Mohilian, and Dacntah or Sioux. Now these are bard words, but you must spell them out and remember them. QtTESTiONB. — 1. How did till' Indians appear? How were tliey dressed? 1. How came they to be called Indiaus? 3. What can you tell about their lauguage? 4. What were the uatious called ? T JI E INDIANA. Indian dwellings, money, and writing. #^- A WIGWAM. 5. The Indians were tall and straight. They had straight black hair, fine teeth, and black eyes. They were seldom sick, because they had plenty of exercise and ate simple food. They lived in a sort of huts or tents, made of poles covered with the bark of trees or the skins of wild beasts. These were called wigwams. 6. The men went to war, hunted and fished ; and the women planted corn and other things, and did all the hard work. They did not have good tools to work with, for these were made of stones, shells, and bones. Their food was the flesh of the deer, buffalo, and bear, roasted or boiled, with beans, peas, potatoes, and melons. 7. The Indians had money, but it was not like ours. It was made of shells in the shape of long beads, which they strung on threads or fastened upon belts. So many of these pieces were worth a penny, and so many more were worth a shilling or a dollar. This money they called ivampum, 8. The Indians could not write as we do, and never saw a pen or ink. They made rude pictures to describe what had been done. Here is one of wampum. ^ the kind. In the picture you L'r^X--^>0^/^'^^''^^"~-^ see human figures, a boat \ j\ X '^ -^ ^^^^^ ^^"^ paddles, and a r-~-*>^^' cT-^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ turtle, with a fire " ^^^^^^^ C^'^^^^-^^ between them. This tells iNuiAN wEiTixG. thc story of a fight betweei^ you see, has his head off. Then nine some Indians. One man, of them went in a boat which they call a canoe, and after that two families, one called the Bear tribe or family, and the other the Turtle tribe or family, had a council or talk, by a great fire. 9. The Indians had no schools, and the little children never had pleasant picture-books to read. Their mothers taught them Questions.— 5. What can you tell about thpir appearance and houses? 6. What did they do ? What was their food ? 7. What kind of money did they have? 8. Can you tell about their writing? THE I N D I A x\ S Indian weapons, nports, and burials. INDIAX WEAPONS. to make Nvanipinii, mats, skin and feathcr-clotliing, and shell and bone ornaments. But I dare say they did not work mnch, but played nearly all day in the woods and by the pleasant brooks. Thoy went to bed when the birds vas ;i jiart of India, so he called the copper-colored people, Indians. The island he named San Salvador, the Spanish words lor Holy Saviour. IG. Columbus found other islands in the neighborhood, and these, as you will sec by the map, Avere afterwards named AVest Indies. AVlien he went back to Spain, he took some Indians, and parrots, and other things with him. Then King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were so pleased witli the great sailor, that they made him rich and strong. 17. Soon after Columbus went back, another Italian, named Americus Vespucius, came over the Atlantic Ocean with one of Columbus's great sailors, named Ojeda. He visited the AVest India Islands, sailed southward, and discovered the American continent, near the mouth of the Oronoco river. It was an easy matter after Columbus had led the way. 18. Some people said to Columbus, " It was easy to find Amer- ica." He asked them to make an egg stand on its end. They tried in vain. Columbus cracked one end of his, so made it flat, and it stood. Then they did the same. " It is easy enough when I have told you how," said the great sailor. Then they all felt ashamed. 19. AVhen Americus returned, he wrote a letter, which was printed in a book. It told of what he had discovered, and he claimed the honor of first seeing this New World. Columbus, in another voy- age, had seen it at the same place amfjucus vuspucits. QuFSTioxs— 16. Wliat did Columbus then do? 17. ■\^'^1o else crime to America? IS. What can you tell about Columbus and the eggs? 19. Wliy was the New World called America ? DISCOVERIES. How America was named. Ponce de Leon. Spanish adventurers. in South America, a year sooner. But lie was not allowed to tell the world what he had discovered, so this wonderful country was named America, in honor of x\mericus Yespucius. 20. Many Spanish people now came to live in Cuba and other "\Vest India Islands. Among these was an old man named Ponco de Leon. He was very proud, and did not wish to die. He was told that on an island north-west from Cuba, there was a spring whose waters would make him young again, and keep him so. 21. In the spring of the year he sailed in a ship, in search of that island. He sought in vain, but finally he discovered a land that seemed full of flowers, and partly on that account he named it Florida. That was twenty years after Columbus made his first voyage. It was our pleasant Florida. 22. Other Spaniards went to the same country afterward, and going westward, dis- covered the Mississippi river. Others again went up the coast into the present Carolinas ; and some warriors sailed to Mexico, and took possession of that country. They all treated the kind Indians most shamefully. Of these warriors and their deeds you will learn more when you grow older. A BPAXISU WAKaiOS. SECTION II. THE GREAT SAILORS FROM ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 1. When it was known in Europe that a new world had been found beyond the Atlantic Ocean, the kings and merchants made a great ado about it. In Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, Italy, and England, the people talked about it a great deal. QiTESTioxs.— 20. What can you tell of Ponce de Leon? 21. What did he find? 22. What did other Spaniards do? 1. What did finding a new world produce? S A 1 L O li S F n O M E N GLAND A N 1) I' K A N C E . 2'.i (Jabot's voyages. Cabot's discoveries. 2. Henry, the Kino; of England, ^v]l<) rofnsed to listen to ( 'olum- Inis before his first voyage, was now glad to do all lie could to assist John Cabot and others, who were merchants in Bristol, in sending ships across the Atlantic in search of new countries. S. Four years and a half after Columbus made his first voyage, John Cabot prepared two ships, and with these, his son Sebastian sailed. He was a young man about twenty years of age. At first he sailed toward Greenland ; then he turned southward, and in the course of a few weeks he came in sight of the rugged shores of Lal)rador, and saw many icebergs float- ing in the sea. ' ,: : ' 4. Cabot did not land, but sailed seuastiax cabot. southward, and discovered a large island, which he properly named Xew-found-land. There he saw oTcat numbers of cod- es fish, which are yet abundant in the sea in that region. lie landed at several places, and then sailed to England to tell his countrymen of the new world he had found. 5. Sebastian Cabot crossed the Atlantic Ocean the next year, and sailed all along America from the icy coasts of Labrador to the sunny shores of our Carolinas. lie was the first discoverer of Xorth America, for this voyage along the shores of the United States was made about fourteen years before Ponce de Leon, of whom I have told you [verse 20, p. 22], landed in Florida. 6. Sebastian was a very great sailor, and was upon the ocean nearly all his life. He sailed all alonir the coast of Brazil, in South America, discovered the great river La Plata, and went on its bosom in a boat four hundred miles up into the broad wil- derness. He was an old man, with a large white beard, when he died. T. After Cabot had told of the many codfish near Xewfound- land, bold sailors wer.t from England, Brittany, and Xormandy, Questions.— 2. "WTiat did the Kinpof England do? 3. Who sailed to Amerinfrnm England, and how ? 4. "What did Cabot discover ? 5. Wliat elso did he do ? C. Wliat other discoveries did (Jabot make? 7. What did other K;iilors do? 24 DISCOVERIES. Yerrazzani and his discoveries. C artier" s voyages. to catcli them. The fish Avere so very numerous that the sail- ors soon filled their little vessels with them and went home. 8. Some of the fishermen had seen the neighhoring coasts of Nova Scotia, and the stories they told of the beautiful land there, got to the ears of Francis, the first French king of that name. 9. At that time there was a great sailor in France, who came from Florence. His name was John Verrazzani. The king fitted out four vessels, with plenty of men and provisions, and sent Verrazzani with them to explore thq coasts of America along which Cabot had sailed. 10. Thtee of Yerrazzani's ships were injured by a storm, and he crossed the Atlantic with only one. He first reached the coast of our North Carolina, and then he went into almost every bay from there to Newfoundland. He talked a great deal with the Indians who came out of the woods to sec him and his big ccawe, as they called his ship. He named the whole country New France. 11. Four years afterward, another great sailor, named James Cartier, came from France to this New World. He first landed at Newfoundland, afterward he sailed into a great gulf and the mouth of a very large river, and then returned to France. 12. Cartier came back in another ship the next year, and sailed up that great river to a town which the Indians called Hochelaga. He named the gulf and the river, St. Lawrence. The Indian town he called Mont Real, or Royal Mountain, be- cause there was a high mountain just behind it. 13. That river, you know, is between the United States and Canada, a part of the way, and Montreal is now a large city. From that place Cartier wickedly carried away the King of the Indians, whom he coaxed to go on board of his ship. He took Questions. — 8. What was discovered ? 9. What -was done in France ? 10. Tell about Verrazzani's voyage. 11. What other French sailor came to America, and what did he see? 12. What did Cartier afterward do? 13. What wicked thing did he do? cAaxiEEs snip. S A I ]. O K S 1 U O M ENGL A N D A X D V li A N C E . 25 War in France. The Huguenots. Settlement in America. liiiii 1*) Franco, wIutc the ])()()r man died of a broken heart, when thinkinjj; ho shonld novor sec his "wife and children again. 14. A few other French sailors caine to explore America soon afterward. I>ut the Frencli king had his hands so full of business at home, because liis people liad commenced lighting each other, that he paid no more attention to fitting out ships to sail to America. 15. And wiiat do you think the Frencli people quarreled and fought about ? It was religion ! — the religion of Jesus Christ, who said, '' Love your enemies." One believed something which tlie other did not, and so they Cjuarrcled and fought about it, and many were killed. IG. There was a great and good man in France, named Coligny. He loved the people called Huguenots, whom the Roman Catholics hated, and veiy frequently injured. Coligny seeing his friends in continual danger, thought it would be nice for all of them to go to America, where the Roman Catholics could not hurt them. IT. 8o Coligny helped a good many of them to fit out ships. They came over in the spring of 15G2, or about three hundred years ago. ruKNciiMAN IK 1560. rpj^^y ^^^^^^^^^ -^ Florida, near where Ponce \\c Leon did, when he gave it that name. It was near our St. Auirustine, the oldest town in the United States. 18. The Huguenots did not like the spot, and sailed northward to Carolina. But these nearly all perished. Two years al'tei- ward some more came, and lived in tents on the coast of Florida, while they were building a fort. 10. The Spaniards claimed Florida as theirs, because Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, first saw it. Melendez, a cruel warrior, went there with many soldiers, and murdered almost a thousand of the Frencli settlers, chiefly because he and his men, and his king, did not believe what the Frenchmen did in religion. Qttestioxs. — 14, IT). "What now happened in Franco? 10. "What can you tell about the TTui^nenots? 17. "What did the Huguenots do? 19. "What happened to them? 19. ^Vhat did the Spaniards do ? 20 D I S C O \' E ii 1 E S . Revenge of the French. Queen Elizabeth and the Huguenots. 20. When tliis cruel murder was known in / France, a brave soldier, named De Gourges, 1 sailed to America with many others, and killed nearly all of the Spaniards. So the white people were in Florida no more. The first white settlement in America Avas broken up, and the Indians had the whole country to them- selves again, for a long time. 21. Some of the great English sailors sup- posed they could get to India by going north- west, not dreaming that they would find the FEENCII SOLDIEU IN FLOKIDA. ocean in that direction continually covered with ice. So, many years after Cabot discovered North America, Martin Frobisher and others crossed the Atlantic to find a north- west passage, and to seek gold in the rough soil of Labrador. They found neither, were discouraged, and went no more. 22. When a veiy remarkable woman, named Elizabeth, was the Queen of England, she and her great men heard of the beautiful region of our North and South Carolina. Some of the Iluo-uenots, who escaped the massacre by the Spaniards, went to sea in a boat. They were picked up and carried to England, and they told the queen all about that fine country. 23. Queen Elizabeth was wonderfully delighted, and said her great sailors would do better to go there with people to plant corn than to go to cold Labrador to dig for gold they would not find. So God caused these poor Frenchmen to turn the minds of the Eno-lish toward the beautiful o middle regions of America. 24. At tliat time there was an intelligent and worthy young En- glishman, named Walter Raleigh, waltee eai^eigh. OiTESTioxs.— -0. What did a French soldier do? 21. What did other English sailors try to do? 2-2. What can yon tell of aQupen of England? 2?,. ^Y\^at did Queen Eliza- beth say ? 24. What can you tell about Walter Kaleigh and his step-brolher ? S A I L O II S F Jl O M K X G I, AND A N I) I' U A N V K , Kalcigh and Gilbert's expeditions. Gilbert's death. Avliom the queen thoiinlit ;i jrreat deal of. His step-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ^\a^ one of her great Kiiglish sailors, and liad often thought it would be a fine thing to go to the beautiful Carolina region with a number of jjeople, to build liouses, raise grain, and live there. 25. Gilbert spoke of the matter to Kaleigh, who seems to have had the most money. The young man was delighted with the idea, and asked the queen's permission. She readily granted it, and early in the year 1579 they both started for Amer- iea. Storms and Spanish enemies soon drove them back, and they gave up the Vj^ voyage. 20. Four years afterward Gilbert st;i rt- ed again, but did not reach Carolina. He was at Newfoundland awhile, and K.vi.rn.irs siiir. then started for home. A dreadful storm arose, beat upon the ship he was in, and at midnight it went to the bottom of the sea with Gilbert and all on board. 27. Raleigh was much grieved at the loss of liis stejvbi-other. But he was a man of courage. He had a good deal of money left, so he fitted out two more ships to carry people to America. They were commanded by two great sailors, named Aniidas and Barlow. 28. It was in the liot month of July when Raleigh's ships reached the Carolina coast. The people in them landed on an island which the Indians called Roanoke. Tliey traded with the Indians for several weeks, and then returned to England. Two Indian chiefs who wished to see the world went to England with them. _^ 29. Queen Elizabeth and Raleigh were de- liglited with the stories which Amidas and 1530. Barlow told them, about the beautiful Roanoke Questions— ^5. "What did Raloitrh and Gilbert do ? 2(1. "WTiat happened to Gilbert afterward/ 27. \Vliat did lialeigh then do? VS. What can you tell about the Euglish at Koauoke? 29. How came that region to bo called Virginia .' D I S C O \' E R I E S , Grenville's expedition. Tobr.ccD. Peril of tlie settlors. and the main land near by. The queen called the whole country Virginia. You remember Yerrazzani had named the whole country New France, sixty years before* [See verse 10, page 24.] 30. Queen Elizabeth gave the use of the whole country to AYalter Raleigh, and he expected to make a large fortune by sending settlers to that fine region, for he was to share in all the profits that might be made in raising grain and digging gold. So the very next year, as soon as the trees were in blossom, Ealeigh sent another great English sailor, named Sir Rich/ird Grenville, with seven ships, to carry people to settle in America. SI. Grenville and his party reached Roanoke in June. The Indians were right glad to see their two chiefs come back again. These Indians were a remarkable people. They lived in arched- roofed houses, and had fine gardens, and fields of corn and to- bacco. 32. The white people never before saw tobacco. The Indians taught them to smoke it, but the more filthy practice of chewing it they learned themselves. I hope the boy who reads this, will never use tobacco in any way. Smoking it is better than chew- ing it ; but he who smokes it finds that '• It robs his pocket, soils liis clothes, And makes a chimney of his nose." 33. The Indians treated the English well, but were Used so badly in turn that they determined to kill them all. At this time Grenville went back to England with the ships, and the angry Indians prepared to murder all the settlers, 34. Sir Francis Drake soon afterward arrived, in a large ship He was one of the greatest war-sailors England ever had, and was the first Englishman who sailed around the world. The settlers went on board his ship and returned to England. Others were landed there afterward, but they were all murdered by the angry Indians. 35. Finally quite a number of men and women were sent over Questions. — ")0. What cUd the queen and Raleigh do? ?>1. What can you tell about the iTidians? 32. What can you say about tobacco? 33. How did the In'uians behave? 34, Who came to Roanoke? and what happened to the settlers? SAILORS F 11 U M K N G L A N I) A N 1) 1 K A N l K , Little Virginia Dare. Efforts of otlier English Bailors. The French. by Raleicjh, to make n, settlement. A man named John White \vas their governor, lie went back to England for a good pur- pose, and was kept there many years. 30. Mr. White had a daughter married to a man named Dar(\ Before he left for England she had a beautiful little babe, ^vhi(•ll she named Virginia. She was the lirst English child born in America. When Mr. White went back to Roanoke, his daughter, and sweet little Virginia Dare, and all the rest were gone. 1 don't think they were murdered. I suspect they went iar away ill the country, and lived with the Indians. 37. Raleigh was now tired of trying to settle America. His money was nearly all gone, and he sent no more ships, lie lived a great many years afterward, and wrote a History of the AVorld while in a prison. He was put in prison by a very bad King of England named James. Raleigh was a good old man, and yet that wicked king, after keeping him a great many years in prison, caused liis head to be cut oft'. 38. In the year 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, another great English sailor, came across the Atlantic, and explored the coast from Boston to Newport. He saw a great many codfish near a low, sandy point south-east of Boston, and he named it Cape Cod. I wish you to remember this cape, for I shall speak of it again by-and-by. 39. Other great English sailors came to the same region soon afterward, and two of them explored the present coast of Maine. One of them wickedly carried oft' some Indians in his ship, and all their friends were made very angry against the white people. 40. It was now more than a hundred years since Columbus revealed the New World to Europe, a!id yet there was not a set- tlement of white people in all this broad lannt the robber would not let her go until her father sent plenty of food to the half-starving Adventurers. 26. And now another pleasant thing occurred. While Poca- hontas was on the ship, a young Englishman, named John Rolfe, MAIffllAGE OF POCAHONTAS. ic'U in love with her. She became a Christian, was baptized, and married Rolfe. This made her father a good friend of the En- glish as long as he lived. Questions.— ^ Whaf ran you tell about Argall and Pocahoutas ? 26. ^Vhat other pleasant thing now happened ? 38 SETTLEMENTS, Death of Pocahontas. Dutch traders in America, 27. Pocahontas went to England with her husband not long afterward, and died there, just as she was about to sail back to her native land. AVc should always remember that good Indian j^rincess with gratitude. 28. After that, things went on much better in Virginia. A f^reat many other Adventurers came over, and they were good and industrious people. They tilled the land, did not spend their time in foolishly looking for gold, and raised plenty of food. 29. The settlement soon became so strong that the people did not fear the Indians, and those who came to stay a little while, and then return to England, resolved to stay as long as they lived. In the year 1619, they met together to make laws. Then the Vir- ginia settlement became a colony. SECTION II. ADVENTURERS IN NEW YORK. 1. I have told you [verse4'7, page 31] that when Henry Hud- son let the Dutch people, who lived in Holland, know about the beautiful land he had found m the New World, they sent ships with people there to trade with the Indians, who caught bears, beavers, otters, and other fur-bearing animals. Among other ships, the Half-moon^ Hudson's exploring vessel, was sent for that purpose. That was in 1610, or about two hundred and fifty years ago. 2. One of the greatest of the Dutch sailors who came to Amer- ica at that time was Adrian Block. He brought several Adven- turers with him, and landed on the lower end of the island which the Indians called Manhattan. There the city of New York now stands. Questions.— 2T. "What more can yon tell about Pocahontas ? 28. What can you say about other Adventurers? 29. W'hat did the settlers now do? 1. What did the Dutch people do? 2. What can you tell about a great Dutch sailor? ADVENTURERS IN NEW YORK. 39 The first ship-building. Weat India Company. First settlerB. 3. Block's ship took fire and was destroyed, just at the com- inencement of a cold winter, in 10 13. The Adventurers built themselves huts to sleep in, and worked hard every day all win- ter, in building a new ship. It was completed in the spring, and then they explored the coast from New York to Halifax. That was the first ship ever built in the United States, and was named the Unrest. 4. Many other Adventurers came soon afterward, and some went up Hudson's river as far as the spot where Albany now stands. In that neighborhood, and on the lower part of Manhat- tan island, a fort and trading-houses were built soon afterward. The whole country which the English called North Virginia, the Dutch now named New Netiierlaxd. o. A few years later, some Holland merchants formed the Dutch "West India Company, and the rulers of their land gave them the privilege of making settlements anywhere in x\merica, and iu some parts of southern Africa. 6. Although the Dutch were getting rich fast by trading with the Indians for furs, it was now thought best to have some fam- ilies come over, clear the land, raise grain, build houses, and thus commence a colony. T. It was in the spring of 1G23, when thirty families, mostly French people who had lived in Holland a long time, came to Manhattan. Quite a number of them went up Hudson's river, and settled at Albany. Others remained on Manhattan, and some went across the East river, where Brooklyn and Williams- burg now arc, and settled. 8. At about this time, several log houses were built at the lower end of Manhattan island, and a permanent settlement was formed in New Netherland. With these dwellings and j)eopIe, and those at Albany and at Brooklyu, a colony was formed, and became prosperous. I will tell you, by-and-b}', how this country came to be called New York. QtTESTiONS. — ^. VThat happened to tho Dutcli Adventurers? and what did they do? 4. Whiit (lid otlier Adventurers do ? 5. What can you tell of sonic Ilolliind merchants? 6. What was thoupht best y 7. Who came to Manhattan? and where did they setUe? 8. How was a colony formed ? 40 SETTLEMENTS. About New England. Captain Smith in New England. SECTION III. ADVENTURERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1. I have told you [verse V, page 33] how the Plymouth Company was formed. They sent a great sailor, named Pring, to prepare the way for settlements in North Virginia. The next spring, Sir George Popham (who was one of the company), and a hundred Adventurers, came over to settle. Many did not like the country, and more than half of them went back in the same ship. Those who remained suffered so much the next winter, that they also went back to England. 2. Eight years afterward, the famous Captain John Smith, Avho helped to settle Virginia, came over with two vessels, and ex- plored the American coast from Cape Cod to the Penobscot river. He made a good map of the country, showed it to the king's eldest son, Charles, and by his permission, he named the whole region east of Hudson's river, New England. 3. Captain Smith was a just man, but his comrades were not always so. The commander of one of his ships carried oflf twenty Indians, and sold them for slaves in Spain. This made the In- dians in New England very angry toward all white people. 4. It was not until the year 1620 that a permanent settlement was formed in New England. The king, that year, gave the Plymouth Company a new charter, and they prepared to make settlements in their own way. But this was not permitted by the good and wise God. 5. Instead of Adventurers whose chief desire was to make money, others, who sought for a place where they might worship God as they pleased, were allowed to become the permanent set- tlers of that portion of New England known as Massachusetts. I will tell you how it was, and who they were. Questions.— 1. What did the Plymouth Company do? What can you tell of settlers who came to America ? 2. What "did Captain Smith do ? 3. What did Smith's com- panions do ? 4. When was New England first settled? 5. By whom ? A D V K N T U It i: K S Hi M A S S A C II U S E T T S . 41 The Roman Catholics. The Pope. Origin of the Puritans. C. Very Earnest people, you know, believe lliiit their way of worshiping God is the best wiiy, and they try to make every bodv else believe and act as they do. There was a bad King of England, named Ilenry the Eighth, who was a lioman Catholic. He got angry with the Pope of Rome one day, because he would not allow him to do a wicked thing. After that. King Henry would have nothing more to do with the pope. 7. The Pope of Rome, you know, is the principal bishop or head minister of all the Roman Catholics in the world. Well, the people of England were glad when the king quarreled with the pope, for they thought they would now be allowed to wor- ship God as they pleased. But King Henry commanded them to do it as he did, and they were no better off than when he was a Roman Catholic. 8. Henry's son, Edward, was a better man, and when his father died, he told the people that they might worship and the ministers might preach and pray, just as they pleased. There were two kinds of people then in England, the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. The greater part of the Protestants be- longed to the Church of England which Henry had established. 9. Many people began to think that neither the Roman Catholics nor the Church of England folks were as good as they might be, and plainly said so. They would have very little to do with either of them, and tried to live so as to please God. Be- cause they were so pure in all their words and actions the others laughed at them and, to make fun of them, called them Puritans. 10. When Edward died, his sister Mary, who was a Roman Catholic, became Queen of En- gland. Now there are good Roman Catholics as well as good Protestants, but Mary was a bad one. ' She told the people that they must worship God A rUHITAX. QUESTION'S.— 6. What can you tell about the pope and a bad Kin? of Enirland ? T. What can you say about tho people in the niattor":' S. WTiat did Edward do? ^Vhat can you tell about two Icinds of people in EnfjlandV 0. Wliat ran vou tell about the Puntans? 10. What can you tell about Queen Mary and the Puritans? 42 SETTLEMENTS. Persecution of the Puritans. The Puritans in Holland. in the same way that she did, or she would punish them. Many good Puritans and Church of England people would not obey her, and they were whipped, or driven out of the country, or were imprisoned, or hanged, or burned to death. 11. All this was stopped for av.hile when her sister Elizabeth became Queen of England. She was the one who thought so much of Walter Raleigh. She was not a Roman Catholic, but, like her father, she determined to make all the people worship God according to the way of the Church of England. The Puritans, who knew it was better to obey God than the queen, would not do as she had commanded, so they were made to suf- fer severely. 12. When that mean man, James Stuart of Scotland, became King of England, the Puritans hoped to have better times, for he pretended to be one of them. You know the Bible says, " Put not your trust in princes." The Puritans did so, to their sorrow. As soon as James became King of England he called the Puri- tans hard names, and because they would not worship according to the way of the Church that Elizabeth had established, he pun- ished them very much. 13. The Puritans endured it as long as they could, and then many of them fled to Holland and other places in Europe. A large congregation, whose minister was a good man named John Robinson, hearing that the Dutch, in Holland, allowed every body to worship God as they pleased, went there, and lived hap- pily for some time. 14. But the Dutch people were so different from the English people that the Puritans concluded to go to America, about which they had heard a great deal in Holland. Here they hoped to be as free as the air they would breathe, or as the Indians in the woods. So they got permission of the Plymouth Company to settle somewhere in North Virginia, and the king promised to let them alone in their new home. 15. The Puritans, who felt that they were only Pilgrims in this world, had very little money. So they formed a partnership Questions.— tl. What can you tell about Queen Elizabeth? 12. What about King James's conduct ? 13. What did the Puritans do ? 14. What did they do in Holland V ADVENTURERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 43 The Pilsrims on the ocean. Their written constitution. ^^#1^^^ MAY-FLOWEE. ^vitll some London nicrcliants, who fitted out two sliips to convcv them to America. The Puritans and the niercliants were to share in all money tliat might be niade by a settlement. IG. The Pilgrims—" the youngest and best"— left Delft-IIaven, in Holland, in the summer of 1C20, and went to England. They soon sailed for America, but the courage of some of them failed, and both ships went back to Plymouth. 17. Only one hundred, men, women and children finally sailed for America in one of the vessels, which they called by the beautiful name of May-Flowei\ a pretty blossom that grows in England. They were on the ocean sixty- three days, and did not reach America until cold December, when every thing was covered with snow. *• Thej sought not gold nor guilty case Upon this rock -bound shore — They left such prizeless to3's as these To minds that loved them more. They sought to breathe a freer air, To worship God unchained ; They welcomed pain and danger hero When rights like these were gained."' 18. In the cabin of the May-Flowcr^ the Pihjrim Fathers, as A ^ those Puritan men are called, signed an agree- t -y^ ment that when they should get on shore, and have log houses built to live in, they would make good laws, and all would obey them. 19. Then they chose John Carver to be their governor. The plain chair in which he sat was as much a throne as the fine seat in which King James sat, all covered with silk and gold. Questions.— 15. "What armnpomcnts did the Puritiins make? Ifi. What did tlipy then doy 17. What can you tell ahont their coming to America? 18. What was done in the May-Flower t 10. What of Governor Carver? GOVEKNOE CABVEE'S CHAIK. 44 SETTLEMENTS. Landing of the Pilgrims. The English in New Hampshire. 20. The May-Flower was anchored in a fine bay, in sight of Cape Cod. Do you remember how that sandy point came to be named so? [See verse 38, page 29] Some of the boldest of the men went in a little boat to find a good landing-place. Among them was Captain Miles Standish, a small man, but a great soldier. They did not see any Indians, because a terrible pestilence had killed almost every one of them in that neighbor- hood. They soon found a good place. Then all the people on board the May-Flower landed, and they called the place New Plymouth. 21. The winter was cold, the snow was very deep, and the Pilgrim Adventurers suff"ered very much. Before the flowers bloomed, in the spring, the governor and his wife, and about one half of the Adventurers, died. The rest remained, cleared the ground, raised grain, and were joined by other Puritans from England. The settlement became a permanent one, and thus the colony of Massachusetts was founded. SECTION IV. ADVENTURERS IN NEAV HAMPSHIRE. 1. You see by the map that the State of New Hampshire lies north of Massachusetts. Two j^ears after the Pilgrims came to America, John Mason, who was the Secretary of the Plymouth Colony, and Sir Fernando Gorges, both wealthy gentlemen, ob- tained permission to make settlements in that more northerly region, which they named Laconia. 2. Soon afterward, parties of fishermen built log houses near the present Portsmouth and Dover. In 1629, a minister of the gospel, named Wheelwright, bought of the Indians the whole Questions.— "^O. WTiat can you tell about the landing of the Pilgrims? 21. What can you tell of the Pilgrims in America? 1. Who were permitted to settle in New Hamp- Bhire? 2. What can you tell of settlements ? A D V E N T IT R E R S IN MARYLAND. 45 Settlements in New Hampshire. Lord Baltimore. country between the Merriniac and Piscataqua rivers, and corn- nienced a settlement at Exeter. Fishenncn commenced settle- ments, also, along the coast of Maine, and at several places log huts were built. 3. The most of these settlements became permanent. Mr. Mason, who had been o-overnor of Portsmoutii, in Hampshire county, England, named the whole region New Hampshire. The people were too much scattered to get together to make laws, so, in 1G41, they agreed to become a part of the colony of Mas- sachusetts. 4. Forty years afterward, when the settlers became numerous, they met and made laws, chose a governor, and formed the colony of New Hampshire. SECTION V. ADVENTURERS IX MARYLAND. 1. Now look further south on the map, and you will see the name of Maryland, between Pennsylvania and Virginia. It was called so to please King Charles the First, whose wife's middle name w^as Maria, or Mary. 2. I have told you how the mean King James worried the Puritans. He hated the Roman Catholics just as much, and per- secuted them in manv ways. There was a smart Irishman, named George Calvert, who said he was a Roman Catholic, but did not act much like one before the king. He was so much liked by King James that he made him Secretary of State. lie also made him a nobleman, and called him Lord Baltimore. 3. This smart Irish lord got permission from the king to form a settlement for Roman Catholics in America. He went first to Newfoundland, but the soil was so sandy, and the French settlers Questions.—?'. What was done in 1641 ? 4. Wliat can you toll about forming a colony ? 1. Why was Maryland so called ? 2. What can you say of Lord Baltimore ? 46 SETTLEMENTS. Settlement of Maryland. were so near, that he left, and sailed for Virginia. The Church of England people there would not allow him to settle among them ; and he well knew that the Puritans would not allow him to live in New England. 4. Lord Baltimore was in a quandary. He had heard that when America was divided into North and South Virginia, a space of two hundred miles was left between them, so that the Plymouth and London Companies should have no cause for dis- putes about the line that separated their territories. Baltimore resolved to settle on this strip which nobody owned. 5. While Lord Baltimore was looking for a place to settle in, King James died, and his son Charles became monarch of En- gland. Charles gave Baltimore a charter, but about that time the Irish nobleman died. His brother, Cecil Calvert, then be- came Lord Baltimore. The first company of Roman Catholic settlers who came to the territory of the United States, arrived in 1634. Their governor was Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's brother. 6. These Adventurers sailed up the Potomac river as far as Mount Vernon, where Washington afterward lived, but they did not find a good place to commence a settlement. So they sailed dowm the river, and on the shores of Chesapeake Bay they landed, built log houses, and called the place St. Mary. They bought the land from the Indians, and this honesty was always remembered by those children of the forest. Y. Calvert called a meeting of the people to make laws. Within five years after these Adventurers sailed up the Potomac, the settlement had much increased, for many more Roman Cath- olics had crossed the Atlantic. The first Legislature — a number of men chosen by the people to make laws — met at St. Mary in 1C39, and then the colony of Maryland was formed. QrESTiONs— 3. Wliat did Baltimore do? Who opposed him? 4. Wliat can ycu tell of the roirioii named Maryland? fi. Wliat can you tell about its settlement? 6. What did the first Adventurers do ? 7. How did the settlement grow to a colony ? ADVENTURERS IN CONNECTICUT. 47 The Dutch and English in the Connecticut Valley. SECTION VI. A D V E N T r R E 11 S I .V CONNECTICUT. 1. The river that rises in Caiuida and empties into Long Ishuid Sound, was called by tlic Indians Quon-eh-ta-cut, vvliich means, in their hmguage, The Long River. It was discovered in the spring of 10 13, by Block, that great Dutch sailor who, you remember, [verse 3, page 39] built a ship where New York now stands. 2. Dutcli traders went up that river soon afterward, and, near where Hartford now stands, they built a fort and trading-house. The white people spelled the name of the river as it sounded to them — Connecticut. The Puritans of New Plymouth having heard of the beautiful country through which it flowed, were very anxious to make a settlement there, before the Dutch should do so. 3. The Plymouth Company claimed this region. So they gave permission to several English gentlemen to make settlements there. Quite a number of Adventurers went up the Connecticut river in the autumn of 1G33, in a sloop commanded by Captain Holmes. The Dutcli well knew what they came for, and de- clared that they should not pass their fort. Captain Holmes declared that he would, and so he did. The Dutch grumbled about it, and the next year sent seventy men to drive the l*uri- tans away, but they could not do it. 4. Two years after this, a company of men, women, and children traveled through the woods from Plymouth to the Connec- ticut river. The following winter was very cold. Many of their cattle died, and food became so scarce that the people were com- - ^ v > , - pelled to eat acorns that fell from the oak first mektixo-hocse. Qtir.STioxs. — 1. What ran you toll !il)oiit tho Connerticiit river? 2. What rliil tho Dutch and Puritans do'f 3. What can you tell of tlic tiouhles between tlie Dutch and English 'f 4. ^V^lat ran you tell of BettlrTS from PljTnouth * 48 SETTLEMENTS. Emigration to Connecticut. Pequod War. trees. Some left in the spring, but many staid, and where the city of Hartford now stands, they built a small meeting-house of logs — the first ever erected in Connecticut. 5. In the summer of 1636, a very excellent minister of the Gos- pel, named Thomas Hooker, who lived near Boston, went away through the wilderness to Hartford, with several families, con- sisting of about one hundred people. These Adventurers drove cows with them, and lived upon their milk and the berries which they found on their way. 6. It was on the fourth of July when they reached Hartford, and the next Sunday they all assembled in that little first meet- ing-house, where Mr. Hooker preached to them. Some of the families settled there, and others went up the valley and founded Springfield and other places. v. Just as these Adventurers were preparing to establish a permanent colony, they were called upon to endure great trouble. There was a tribe of the Algonquin nation [page 11], called Pequods, who lived east of the Connecticut river. They de- termined to kill all the white people, and tried to get the Narra- gansets, further eastward, to join them. This, Roger Williams (of whom I will tell you presently), prevented. 8. The Pequods, from time to time, murdered several white people. The Adventurers in the Connecticut valley, seeing no chance for peace with them, resolved to kill them all. The set- tlers in Massachusetts agreed to help them, and they got the Indians who lived on Xarraganset Bay, in Rhode Island, to join them. 9. In May, 163*7, full five hundred warriors, white people and Indians, were marching toward the country of the Pequods, whose great sachem and chief, Sassacus, felt no fear. He had a strong fort a few miles from the present New London, and could call around him almost two thousand warriors. But Sassacus felt stronger than he really was. 10. Captain Mason, a famous Indian fighter, commanded the Questions. — 5. "What can you tell of other settlers from near Boston? 6. What did the new settlers do? T. What trouble appeared? 8. What did the Indians do? 9. What preparations for war were made ? ADVENTURERS IN CONNECTICUT. 49 Destruction of the Pequods. Settlement at New Haven. Connecticut Colony. army that marclied against Sassacus. One morning, before day- light, he surrounded the Indian fort, set it on lire, and, wlien tlie sun arose, more than six hundred men, women, and cliildicn liad perished in the Hames, or by the sword and spear. Only seven escaped. 11. Sassacus was amazed; and when he heard that other soldiers were coming from Massachusetts, he fled westward with his remaining warriors, to a great swamp near Fairfield. There a severe battle was fought, and the Indians were nearly all slain. Sassacus again fled, and took refuge with the Mohawks, one of the Six Nations, where he was murdered. The whole territory of the Pequods ^Yas desolated, and the tribe was destroyed. 12. The white people who followed the Pequods in their flight, discovered the beautiful country along Long Island Sound. Ad- venturers soon came Irom Massachusetts to examine it. In the autumn they built a log hut on a little stream near a bay, and spent the winter there. 13. The next spring the Adventurers were joined by John Davenport and others. Davenport was a Gospel minister, and preached his first sermon to the people under a large oak tree. They purchased the land of the Indians, made a covenant by which they agreed to be governed, and called their settlement New Haven. 14. In the winter of 1G39, the settlers in the Connecticut valley met and formed a covenant, and chose a governor. They called their settlement the Connecticut Colony. x\lthough these and the New Haven settlements were not united under one government until twenty-six years afterw^ard, the foundations of the colony of Connecticut were laid in these covenants made by the Adventurers in each, in 1639. QtTESTiONg. — 10. What can you tell of an attack upon the Indians ? 11. What about Sassacus and his warriors';:' 12. What did the white peoplfe discover? And what did they do? 13. What carl you tell about New Haven? 14. How was the Connecticut colony formed ? 50 SETTLEMENTS. Roger Williams and the settlement of Rhode Island. SECTION XII. ADVENTURERS IN RHODE ISLAND. 1. "William Blackstone, the first white man who lived where Boston now stands, was also the first one who lived in the State of Rhode Island. Although he was the first settler there, he was not the founder of the colony. 2. There was a minister of the Gospel in Massachusetts, named Roger Williams. The Puritans there wanted er\-ery body to be- lieve and act as they did. Williams would not, and so they told him he must leave that settlement, or they would put him in prison. 3. Williams went off among the tribe of Indians, called Nar- ragansetts, and their great sachem, Canonicus, gave him some land at the head of Narraganset Ba}'. W^illiams, and a few men, formed a settlement there ; and because of the goodness of God in preserving their lives in the wilderness, he called the place Providence. It is now the chief city in Rhode Island. 4. Williams gave permission to every one to worship God as he pleased. Many in Massachusetts, when they heard of this freedom, went to Providence, and the settlement grew quite fast. The great Indian sachem loved Williams, and matters went on smoothly. 5. In 1639, some people who came from Boston, and joined Williams, were presented by Miantonomoh, another Narragansett sachem, with the beautiful island of Aquiday, now called Rhode Island. They settled at the north end of it, and founded Ports- mouth. Others, who came afterward, settled near the south end, and founded Newport. Each of these settlements formed a league, or covenant, for their government. 6. Roger Williams went to England to get a charter from the Qttestions.— 1. Who was the first white man in Rhode Island? 2. What can you lell of Roger Williams? 3. What can you tell about the settling of Providence? 4. What can you say of freedom there ? 5. What can you tell of the settling of Rhode Island? / B A D V E N T U K E li S IN DELAWARE. 51 The Swedes on the Delaware. kiiij;?, ill 104o. Hut the l*:irliaiiiciit, or Legislature, of Eiighuid, was then at war witli the kins;-, a^^'l 1^^*^ ^^'^ power in their hands. So tiie next spring, J'arlianicnt gave liini a eharter, and all of the settlements were united into one colony, with the name of Khode Island and rrovideiiec Plantations. SECTION VIII. ADVENirRERS IN DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1. The settlements in New Jersey, l*ennsylvania, and Dela- ware, wore so connected that I must tell you about them all, in u 11 e story. We will b egi n w i th D E L A W ARE. 2. Some Dutch Adventurers came over in two sliips, com- manded by Peter Ileyes, in 1G31, and landed where the village of Lewiston, in Delaware, nov/ is. The Indians murdered the whole of them. 3. At this time, the King of Sweden, in the north of Europe, liad formed a plan for some of his people to establish a colony in America. That king was killed in battle, and he left his little daughter, who vv'as only six years of age, to be queen. She was too little to do any thing, so some great men managed affairs until she became a woman. 4. Some people of Sweden joined, and formed the Swedish West India Company. The great men who managed affairs there gave them a charter, in the name of the dear little queen, and, in 1638, quite a number of Adventurers landed on the shores of the Delaware. They built a church and fort, bought a large tract of land of the Indians, and namcl the territory New Sweden. QtTESTiONS. — G. How was a chai*ter for Rhode Island obtained ? 2. Who first settled in Delaware? 3. What can you toll of the King of Sweden, and the little queen? 4. What about some Swedish Adv-nturcrs? 52 SETTLEMENTS. End of New Sweden. Settlers in New Jersey. 5. Now the Dutch claimed all this land as a part of New Netlierland, and told the Swedes they must leave it. The Swedes refused to go, and they and the Dutch quarreled about it for more than a dozen years. The Dutch governor on Manhat- tan finally sent soldiers there, to drive off the Swedes. The Swedes agreed to be governed by the Dutch, if they would let them stay, and so, in the year 1G55, New Sweden was no more. NEW JERSEY. 6. New Jersey was a part of New Netherland, and some Danish traders settled first at Bergen, and then on the Delaware river. The Dutch built a log fort just below Camden ; and near there some families from Manhattan went in 1623. v. Settlements were soon afterward made in other places in New Jersey. In 1630, a Dutchman purchased Staten Island, and all of the land around Jersey City, from the Indians. When, in 1064, the English took New Netherland away from the Dutch, the territory between the rivers Hudson and Delaware, was called New Jersey. 8. Soon after that, some families from Long Island settled at Elizabethtown. In 1665, Philip Carteret, brother of one of the owners of New Jersey, who had bought it from the Duke of York, came over with a charter, as governor of that territory. Then the people, for the first time, met together to make laws, and the colony of New Jersey was formed. PENNSYLVANIA. 9. I shall tell you pretty soon how the people of England caused the head of their king to be cut oft\ It was at about that time that a man, named George Fox, began to teach the people that to please God, they must dress plain, wear their hats on in churches, never go to theaters or other places of amuse- ment, and in a hundred ways to be plain and better than people Qttestio-nb.— 5. Wlmt can you tell about a quarrel between the Dutch and the Swedes ? 6. Who were the first settlers in New Jersey ? 7. What else can you tell about settlers there ? 8. How was the colony formed ? 9. What was the origin of the Quakers ? A IJ V E N T U 11 E H S N i' E N N S V L V A N I A , 5:} William Pena and the Quakers. "WILLIAM PENN. Settlement of Pennsylvania. were ill general. AVlieii he preached he shook or qiuikcd ull over; so the peo})le called him and his friends, Quakers. 10. The son of one of EnghuKrs best admirals, or great war- sailors, became a Quaker. His name was William Penn. The Quakers were despised in England, and he felt anxious to find a home for them in America. And he did so. Through him they were enabled to purchase the western half of New Jersey. Quite a large number of them came over in IGTo, and settled there, and they named their landing-place Salem. 11. Soon after that, Penn received from King Charles the Second, a charter for a large territory west of the Delaware river, which he named Pennsylvania. That means Peniis ivoochj country. It included the Swedish settlements. These people, as well as the Indians, became AYilliam Penn s warm friends, because he was a good and just man. 12. Many Quaker Adventurers, and others, came over and set- tled in Pennsylvania. In 1G82 Penn obtained possession of the present State of Delaware; and, at about the same time, he sailed for America. 13. Penn arrived in November, and was warmly welcomed by the people. Already the inhabitants had been together and made some laws. He soon met them in a general assembly at Chester, and gave them a charter for a freer government than they had enjoyed before. Then the colony of Pennsylvania -vvas estab- lished. QursTiONS. — 10. "What can you tell of a celebrated Quaker? 11. What can you Bay about the bepinnin*^ of Pennsylvania? 12. What did Penn do in 1682? 13. How was Penn received in America, and what did he do ? 54 S E T T 1- E M E N T S . The English in the Carolinas. SECTION IX. ADVENTURERS IN THE CAROLINAS. 1. The beautiful country between Virginia and Georgia once belonged to the same persons, and it was not divided into North and South Carolina until the year 1729. I will first tell you about NORTH CAROLINA. 2. You remember what I told you on page 2*7, about the efforts of Walter Raleigh to make a settlement on Roanoke island. That island is near the coast of North Carolina, which Queen Elizabeth then named Virginia. 3. First a few people w^ent from Captain Smith's settlement at Jamestown, and lived, some near the Roanoke river, and some nearer the sea. Almost fifty years afterward, quite a large num- ber of Adventurers went from Virginia and settled at Edenton. Others soon followed, and, in 1(563, Willialn Drummond, a Presbyterian minister of the Gospel, was m.ade their governor. 4. It was in the same year that King Charles the Second gave a charter to several Englishmen, for the whole country from Vir- ginia to Florida. To please the king they called it Carolina. Two years afterward some people from the island of Barbadoes settled near Wilmington. This settlement also had a governor. These settlements, and others near, afterward formed the colony of North Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA. 5. After a while, the owners of Carolina sent three ships full of Adventurers, to make settlements further south. After trying one or two places without being suited, they commenced a city near the sea, where the Ashley and Cooper rivers come together, Questions. — 1, 2. "What have you to say about the Carolinas? S. Who first settled in North Carolina 'i 4. What can you tell about a charter, and North Carolina becom- ing a colony? 5. What can you tell me about settlers in South Carolina? ADVENTURERS IN GEORGIA, Oglethorpe's benevolent plan for settling Georgia. and, to ])K'asc King Cliarlcs, they calk'd it Cluirlestovvn. "We call it ( 'luiiieston. G. Adventnrers from luirope, and many Dntclimen from New York, soon joined tliem. They met in Charleston and made laws ; and the same year when William Penn came to America, the South Carolina colony was fairly commenced. That was in 1082. SECTION X. ADVENTURERS IN GEORGIA. 1. More than a hnndreTnEOP. joined to these, and from that time, that whole region where QuF-STioxs. — 3, What can you tell of the Pcttlers and their progress ? 4. What did the Planters do? 5. What can you tell about other setUers? 0. What about settlers at Salem, aud the action of the Plymouth people? 62 COLONIES. Founding of Boston. Commencement of commerce. Puritan intolerance. the Pilgrims and the Puritans lived, was called Massachusetts Bay. 7. The water at Charlcstown and other places was very un- wholesome, and from this, and other causes, full two hundred of the emigrants who came over in 1630, were laid in the grave before the next winter. A curious old man lived alone on a pe- ninsula, or land almost surrounded by water, near by. The In- dians called the place Sliawmut, which means " living fountains," because a spring of pure and sweet water bubbled out of the earth there. 8. The old man of Shawmut told Governor AVintlirop about that spring, and he and many leading men built cottages near it, and lived there. Such was the beginning of the large city of Boston, now the largest town in all New England. 9. Winthrop was a wise man, and governed well. lie made the Indians his friends, and invited the chiefs to his table. He had friendly letters from the Dutch on Manhattan ; and pretty soon a ship came to Boston from Virginia, laden with corn and some tobacco. Then it was that American commerce, or trading by ships, was commenced. 10. The Puritans had made themselves a good home, where those who differed from them in religion could not hurt them. In their great desire to be alone, as it were, and not let those who differed from them, live among them, they became persecutors themselves — that is, they treated others who did not believe as they did, very badly. They even drove a minister of the Gospel, named Roger Williams, away into the wilderness among the In- dians, because he would not do as they wished him to, and talked very plainly to them. I will tell you about Williams pres- ently. 11. And now it was fifteen or sixteen years since the Pilgrims landed, in the snow, at Plymouth. Ship after ship had come with people from England; and in the year 1636, there were no less than twenty settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Questions.— 7. How did the settlers suffer? Wliat then happened ? S. What led to tlie founding of Boston ? 9. What can you tell of Winthrop ? 10. How did the Puritans behave toward others? 11. What can you tell of the increase of settlers? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 63 Troubles in Massachusetts. John Eliot. Increase of New England. 1*2. There were wise men and rich men, good men and some ^vic•ked men, among them. They did not all think alike, especi- ally about religion; and the people, and ministers, and rulers, had warm disputes. A smart woman, named Anne Hutchinson, of- ii'iided the ministers greatly, and the rulers first put her and her i'amily into prison, and then drove them into the wilderness among the Indians. They wandered through the woods, almost to ^Janhattan island, and lived in a hut. There all but one of them were murdered by the Indians, who hated the white people. 18. Already a good man, named John Eliot, had preached to thousands of Indians around Massachusetts Bay, and many had become Christians. He visited them in their wigwams, and wrote the whole Bible for them in their own language, and taught them to read it. When he died, many years afterward, there were five thousand praijinrj Indians^ as the converts were called, in New England. 14. King Charles, who afterward lost his head, began to fear that the people of Massachusetts, who were increasing so rapidly, and were so independent because so far otf, might soon defy him, and perhaps have a king of their own. So he did all in his power to prevent English people from going there. But he could not stop them. They went by hundreds, because they were badly used at home. But when the king was dead, and persecution ceased, very few came over the ocean to America, because they were happy in England. 15. In giving an account, on page 48, of Adventurers in Con- necticut, I have told you about the war with the Pequod Indians. At the close of that war, the people of the settlements in New England thought it best to form a union, so as to act together for their safety in future. The best men, in the difierent settle- ments, met and agreed upon a union in 1643. 16. At this time there were twenty thousand people and fifty villages in New England. That union gave these white people great strength, and the bond lasted more than forty years, when Questions. — 12. What happened among the Puritans? WTiat to Mrs. Tlntchinson? l.S. What can you tell ahout Eliot's labors? 14. What can yon tell about King Charles? 15. What about an union. IG. What can you tell about the New England Colonies? 64 COLONIES. First money coined in the United States. The Quakers at Boston. cacli colony had become strong enough to act for itself. The union was similar to that of our United States. Their Cono:ress was a meeting of men, appointed by each colony, to attend to the sxeneral affairs of the whole. IV. Unlike the people of Virginia, nearly all of the inhabit- ants of Massachusetts Bay were against the king who lost his head, and favorable to Oliver Cromwell. While Cromwell ruled England, they had perfect freedom, and prospered wonderfully. They built ships and traded with the Spaniards in the West India islands, which were discovered by Columbus and othei great sailors. 18. They also made shillings and sixpences of silver which ^^.'^'»''''"t\v''''''^ they obtained from the Span- ..^^$*"°«'%^\ iards. On one side of these ut\ \foi|fi^S ^1^1 coins, was the figure of a pine- J^yl^l^EE/,^] tree, as you will see in the \P'^°T^Pl^ picture. This was always "«jfffln7.«"«'"''''^ called " pine-tree money." It FissT MONEY COINED IN THE UNITED STATES, ^as thc first moucy cvcr madc in the United States. It was not half as beautiful as our dimes and quarters, but just as good for use. 19. I have already told you that the Puritans did not like to have people who differed from them come among them. I have also told you a little about the Quakers [page 52], when speak- ing of William Penn. Well, in the year 1656, two women, called Quakers, came to Boston. The Puritans had heard of such people, and they put these women in jail as soon as they arrived. Eight others came during the year, and they vrcre all put on board of a ship and sent back to England. 20. Other Quakers came, and so annoyed the Puritans by their fault-finding with the ministers and the rulers, that they passed very harsh laws against them. Yet they continued to come, and the head men at Boston got very angry with them. They hanged some of them, whipped others naked through the streets, Qttestioxs. — 17. ^Vhat can you tell about the New Englanders and Oliver Crom'well? IS. "What about their money? 19. "What can you tell about the Quakers? 20. How Trerc. flm Quakers used in New England? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 65 Persecution of the Quakers. Defiance of the king. The Wampanoag chief. put several in prison, and drove others away, telliiij^ them that they should be hanged if they ever came back. 21. The Quakers did come back, and suffered much. Finally the Puritans ceased persecuting them, and the Quakei-s stopped preaching against the ministers and rulers. They went to teach- ing the Indians, and became good, quiet citizens. Persecution is always wrong. You may try to persuade people to believe and act as you do, but you should never attempt to force them to do so, because you may have the power. 22. When, in the year IGGO, Charles the Second, son of the beheaded king, became monarch of England, the people of New England suffered some. The king had heard how they had liked Cromw^ell better than his father, and it made him angry with them. He dared not persecute them here, as his father and grjjndfather had done in England, but he annoyed them very much by injuring their trade with the West Indies and elsewhere. I will tell you how. 23. The king ordered the people of New England to pay him so much money, for every thing they received in certain ships. He sent men to collect the money in Boston and other places, but the New England merchants would not pay it, and the people said they were right. The king finally got tired of trying to col- lect the money, and he told his tax-gatherers that they might as well come home. This was the first grand act of defiance by the American people, toward the monarch of England, but not the last one, I can assure you. 24. xVnd now, very serious trouble appeared. Old Massasoit, the Wampanoag sachem — the friend of the English — was dead. He had a brave son, named Metacomet. The white people called him King Philip. He saw the lands of his people where they hunted, and the streams wherein they fished, constantly passing into the possession of the English, and, in his cabin at Mount Hope, he sat and thought long about the future. He saw no hope for his nation, but in a war that should destroy all the Qtrr-STiONS.— 21. Vr\\:it was dono at last? 22. "What can you tell about the second King Charles? 2?,. How did the king use the New Englaudera? and how did they act? 24. What can you tell about a new trouble? 66 COLONIES. King Philip's war. strangers. These strangers had ^vronged him, and he soon kindled a war. This is called KING PHILIPS W A II KING PHILIP. 25. On a Sabbath day, just as the people of a little village, called Swanzev, were returnino^ from their churches, Philip and his warriors fell upon them. Several were killed, and some escaped to other settlements. The white people seized their arms, and surrounded a swamp, in Rhode Island, in wdiich Philip had a sort of fort, and where he was gathering his warriors for other bloody deeds. 26. The white people watched closely, but Philp and his men escap- ed. He hastened toward the Connecticut Valley, and aroused other Indians on the way. They spread death and destruction in every direction. In the course of a few weeks, several settlements were destroyed, the people were murdered, and their houses were burned. Philip was finally checked, and retreating to Rhode Island, he took refuge with the Narragansets. 27. Quite a large army of white people now fell upon the Narragansets, who, with Philip and his men, full three thousand in number, w^ere in a swamp. In a little while, a thousand war- riors were slain, many were made prisoners, and five hundred wigwams, with all the winter provision of the Indians, were burned. 28. Again Philip escaped, and he persuaded several tribes of the New England Indians to join him against the white people. These were soon upon the war-path ; and in the course of a few weeks, in the spring of 16Y6, they spread terror, desolation, and death over a space of three hundred miles. Many of the fright- Qtjebtions.— "25. How did King Philip's War commence? 26. What happened in the Connecticut Valley ? 27. What can you tell of an attack on the Indians ? 28. What was done in the spring of 1676 ? 1' L A N T K K S IN M A S S A C II U S K T T S . 07 The Indiana conquered. The feelings of King Charles of England, Governor Andros. ciicd people luul palisaded their 1 louses ^vith sharpened sticks driven in the ground, but these did not always keep the Indians away. 29. The white people chastiged the Indians severely, after this. During palisaded houses. that year, they killed almost three thousand of them. King l*hilip was chased from one hiding-place to another, and finally he was shot in a swamp by an Indian friendly to the En- glish. Then his head was cut off, and carried in triumph upon a })ole, into the village of New Plymouth. So perished the last of the princes of the Wampanoags, and with him the strength of the New England Indians. 30. King Charles the Second would have been glad, I have no doubt, if the Indians had killed all of the white people in Massa- chusetts, for he feared and hated them. They were increasing rapidly in numbers and wealth, and at the close of the war, the territories of the present New Hampshire and Maine were added to that of Massachusetts, and made the colony still stronger. 31. At length, the king determined to take all power in New England into his own hands, and not let the people govern them- selves. He had already taken steps to do so, when God took his life away, and his brother James became king. James was worse than Charles. He hated a people who despised kings, like himself, and he gladly sent a proud man, named Andros, to be- come governor of all the Planters in New England. 32. Andros was as bad as his master, and the people hated and despised him because he was cruel and wicked. The Plant- ers of Massachusetts were about to send him off to England in a ship, as they did the Quaker women, and then tell the king to liclp himself, if he could, when the people in that country drove James away to France, and ^Yilllanl and Mary became their monarchs. 33. The King of France took sides with James, and the French Qtif.btions.— ^9. What was finally done to Philip and the Indians? 30. What can you say of Kins Charles and tho people of New England? r.l. What can you tell of Kings Charles and James? 3'J. What can you tell about Governor ^Vndros ? C8 COLONIES. Destruction of Schenectada. Expedition against Quebec. Union of colonies. and Englisli went to war with each other. The French and En- glish people in America quarreled and fought, too. These trou- bles continued for several years, and the event is called KING William's w a r . 34. The white people of New England suftered dreadfully durincT Kin«r AViiiiaurs war, because the Frenchmen in Canada persuaded the Indians to join them in murdering the English. Several villages in New England were burnt, and many white people were killed. AVomen and little children were not spared. 35. On a cold night in February, 1690, the French and Indians came softly in the snow, and burned the village of Schenectada, near Albany, in New York. The people were fast asleep, and were awakened by the yells of the Indians and the burning of their houses. As they ran into the streets, they were killed by their enemies. The boldness of the French and Indians, in com- ing so near the thick settlements, caused the people of New York and New England to join together and make war upou Canada, where their enemies came from. 36. They made great preparations. They sent strong ships, with armed men, up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec, and hun- dreds of soldiers by land. But they did not succeed. The troops did not get to Canada, and the people in the ships, who landed at Quebec, found the city too strong for them, with its soldiers, and cannons, and heavy walls around it. 37. This war finally ended in 1697. In the mean while. King "William had united the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and the region beyond, called Nova Scotia, or New Scot- land, made them into a royal province, and called it Massachu- setts Bay Colony. Sir William Phippp, who commanded the ships sent to Quebec, was appointed governor. But the people did not like the new arrangement very well, and plainly told the king's officers so. Questions.— 33. Wliat followed the expulsion of King James from En,a:land ? 84. Wliat happened in New England ? 35. What can you tell about the destruction of Schenec- tada? and what was the effect? 36. What can you tell about an expedition to Canada? 37. What new arrangement was made by the king ? PL A N T E ; us 1 N M A S S A C II U S ETTS. 0«J Salem witchcraft. Conduct of the French and Indianu. Queen Anne's war. 38. A great many peop lo, ill 1 those days, were : fooli ish cnougli to believe in witches. One day, two young girls in Salem coni- inencelunder, and so they kept busy together in annoying the Xew P^nglanders. 41. England became offended at something France had done. They quarreled and went to war. Queen Mary was dead, and King AVilliam having been killed by a fall from his horse, Mary's ^-ister, Anne, became Queen of England. On that account, this war, which w%as commenced in 1*702, was called Q U E E N A X N E ' S W A K . 42. As before, the French and English in America went to war too, and again the white people in New England sufiered Questions. — 3*^. What can you toll about •vritches.'' 39. \Vliat about fho sufferings of the people? 40. What new troubles c.ime? 41. What ctianges took place iu Eu^and ? 42. What then happtiued in America t COLONIES. Troubles with the French and Indians. The captive maiden. Walker's expedition. dreadfully fi'oiii the cruelty of the French and Indians. Fortun- ately for the people of New York, the Five Nations, of "whom I have told 3'ou [verse 6, page 12], were honorable, and having agreed not to fight for or against eitjier party,' did as they had promised. 43. The New England Indians had made similar promises to the English, but the French wickedly persuaded them to break their word. Then there was great trouble all along the frontier, and every one was made afraid. Many people were murdered by the French and their dusky allies, villages were burned, and a large number of inhabitants were carried off by the Indians, as prisoners. 44. There was a little girl, named AVilliams, who was carried away from Deerfield by the Indians. She was the daughter of a minister, and was kept among them until she grew to be a young woman. She came to love them very much, for they were kind to her, and she married a Mohawk chief, a brave man among the Five Nations. 45. Some of the New England Colonies joined together in raising an army of soldiers and a fleet of ships, with which to chastise the French in Nova Scotia. In the course of three or four years they made the French people there very glad to be- have themselves properly, and then, to prevent more trouble, they took the country away from France and gave it to England. 46. In the year 1711, a great English war-sailor, named Walker, came to Boston with many ships and soldiers. These were joined by New England people, and they all sailed for the St. Lawrence river, to attack Quebec. Eight of Walker's ships were wrecked, and a thousand of his soldiers were drowned, and he went back to Boston very sorrowful. 47. The French, the English, and the Indians, had now be- come tired of war, and in 1713 they all agreed to be friends. The chiefs of the eastern Indians went to Boston, and promised Questions. — 4". What can yon tell about troubles in New England ? 44. What can you t'U about a liltl*! captive jrirl ? 45. What was done against the French in the East? 46. What can you tell about Walker's expedition? 47. What more can you teU of the English, French, and Indians? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 7l King George' 8 war. Capture of Louisbiirg. not to do the English any more harm. Tliey kept their word, and, for thirty years, there was no more war in America, between the French, the English, and the Indians. 48. In the year 1744, England and France quarreled again, and went to war, and, for the third time, the French and En- glish in America thought it proper to quarrel too, and com- menced fighting. At that time. Queen Anne's son, George, was monarch of England, and this contest was called KING George's war. 49. Eastward of Nova Scotia is quite a large island, called Cape Breton. Upon that island the French had a town named Louisburg, and there they built a very strong fort, having heavy walls and. many great guns. This gave the French very great power in that quarter, and the people of New England and New York joined together to take the fort away from them. 50. The English in America hated the French, because they had made the Indians act so cruelly. On a warm day in April, in the year 1745, a large number of soldiers sailed from Boston, for Cape Breton. On the way they were joined by several large English war-ships, from the West Indies ; and toward the middle of May they all landed not far from Louisburg. 51. The French j>cople, seeing four thousand Englishmen com. iiig with ships and cannon, were greatly frightened. After talking the matter over among themselves, they came to the conclusion that they could not drive their enemies away, and therefore there was no use in fighting. So they surrendered — that is, they sent word to the English commanders to come and take their fort, city, and ships, if they would spare their lives and treat them well. These things were done, and the English went back to Boston, well pleased. 52. The King of France was much mortiiied l>y the capture of Louisburg ; and the next year he sent many heavy ships to Questions. — 4S. What can yon tell of a new quarrel with Franre ? 40. "What can you tell about Louisburg? 50. What was done iu the spring of 1745? 51. What did "the French at Louisburp do ? 72 COLONIES. The Dutch on Manhattan. Their kindness to all. get the fort back again. Dreadful storms beat upon the ships; and many of thein went to the bottom of the ocean. The re- mainder returned to France. From that time until now, the English have owned the island of Cape Breton, and every thing upon it, except private property. 53. France and England remained quiet a few years, when another quarrel broke out, and caused one of the most distressing w^ars then ever known in America. It lasted seven years, and is called the French and Indian War. I shall tell you about that in another chapter. SECTION III. PLANTERS IN NEW YORK. 1. I have told you [page 39] how the Dutch made settle- ments on Manhattan island, and commenced building a city at the lower end of it. They called that city New Amsterdam. When Planters and their families came, a governor came also. His name was Minuit. He bought of the Indians all of the land on which the city of New York now stands, for twenty-four dollars. I will soon tell you how New Amsterdam came to be called New York. 2. The governor built a strong inclosure and called it Fort Amsterdam. But he did something better than this, to keep the Indians from troubling the Dutch — he made them his friends, and traded honestly with them. He was also friendly with the people of New England, and did every thing to make New^ Amsterdam a pleasant home for all who came there. So commenced the colony. 3. In order to settle the country rapidly, the Dutch West Qttestions — 5?. What canyon tell of an expedition from France? 53. "UTiat happened after 'vard ? 1. What can you tell about the Dutch on Manhattan ? 2. What did their governor do ? P L A \ T E R S IN N E W V . What other chances soon occurred? 17. What can you tell about the people and government in New York? 76 COLONIES. Leisler, the martyr. Political parties in New York. Newspapers. regularly cliosen by the people, and popular government was established. 18. When Duke James became King .James, on the death of Charles, he refused to let the people have an Assembly, and he began to oppress them in various ways. They had resolved to defy him, and were on the point of open rebellion, when the king was driven from England, and William and Mary be- came monarchs, as you remember. [See page 60.] 19. There was now no royal governor in New York, and the people chose Jacob Leisler, a talented merchant and leader of their military companies, to rule them. This gave offense to many leading men ; and, finally, when a governor was sent, Leisler was accused of treason, or doing injury to the govern- ment, because he had done as the people wished him to do. 20. The enemies of Leisler tried to persuade the governor to hang him and his son-in-law, Milborne, who was his aid. The governor refused. But one day, while he was drunk, after dining with one of their enemies, the governor gave his written consent to have them hanged, and they were both dead before he became sober. The people were very indignant, and Leisler and Mil- borne have ever been regarded as martyrs by those who think the people have a right to choose their own rulers. 21. From that time there were two political parties, violently opposed to each other, in New York. One took sides with the governor, whoever he might be at the time, and the other with the people. Those who favored the governor were called Aris- tocrats, and those who favored the people were called Dem- ocrats. 22. Each party had a newspaper, and through this, as well as in public meetings and the Colonial Assembly, they quarreled continually. The Democratic editor published something often- sive to the governor, in 1V34, and he was put in prison. The best lawyer in America was employed in his favor, and he was finally set at liberty, by the decision of those who tried him. QtnESTiONS. — 18. "What can you tell about the king and people ? 19. What did the people do? 20. What did the enemies of Leisler accomplish ? 21. What can you tell of parties in New York ? 22. What can you tell about a newspaper difficulty ? P L A N T E US IN M A 11 Y L A N H . The freedom of the Press. Civil war in Maryland. 23. Tliis decision made great rejoicing among the people, and tliey gave the lawyer, Mr. Hamilton of Philadelpiiia, a gold box. This was considered a great victory, because it established the 1 lib- erty of the Press in New York. 24. From that time until the commencement of the French and Lillian war, the history of New York is made u\) chiefly of the stories of party quarrels, which you care nothing about, and which I take no pleasure in relating. So here, for the present, 1 will end the history of the State of New York, and pass on to that of another. SECTION ly. PLANTERS IN MARYLAND. 1. Tlie people at St. Mary's, where, you remember [verse 6, page 46], the first settlement in Maryland was made, formed a more convenient government, after they had been there six years, by choosing a few men to make laws for the whole of them. This is called a Representative Government, because a few represent the many. Our Government is such a one. 2. The people of that colony, as well as those of others, had some troubles with the Indians, but they did not last long. Then they quarreled and fought among themselves. A man named Clayborne had traded with the Indians, and made settlements in Maryland, before Calvert and his people came, so he claimed to have a better right to the country than Lord Baltimore. Many of the people thought so, too, and they and those who thought otherwise, fought about it. Clayborne's party got the worst of it. 3. The Maryland Legislature did a good thing in 1649. They made a law which allowed the people to worship God as they pleased. The Quakers and Churchmen, who were persecuted in Qdestioxs.— 2.^. What was tho effect of tho decision ? 24. "SVhat can yon say of the history of New York from that time? 1. Wliat can you t.-ll of the coronnient of Maryland? '2. What can you tell of troubls then; ? 3.' What did the Legislature do ? 78 COLONIES. Troubles in Maryland. Religious difficulties. New England, and the Puritans who were badly used in Virginia, went to Maryland to live, and the colony grew very fast. 4. The troubles in Eno-land at the time when Kinp- Charles was beheaded, made trouble in Maryland, also ; for many of the peo- ple took sides with the king, and many others with Cromwell, as they did in Virginia [page 58], you remember. These parties quarreled a great deal, and they were all unhappy for many ypars. 5. Finally the people of Maryland quarreled about religion. The first settlers were Roman Catholics. When the law that allowed every body to worship God as he pleased, became known, as I have told you, a great many Protestants, as those who were not Roman Catholics were called, came there to live. 6. In 1654 there were more Protestants than Roman Catholics in Maryland, and they ungenerously changed the laws, and de- prived Roman Catholics of their rights. This led to hot quar- rels, and finally to a war that lasted two years. Such a war of a people among themselves, is called Civil War. 7. Lord Baltimore, who owned Maryland by a charter from the king, was a Roman Catholic, and the Protestant Legislature went so far as to take all power and right away from him, and give them to the people. These things made great unhappiness in Maryland ; but finally, in 1660, when the dead king's son, Charles, became monarch, he gave every thing back to Lord Bal- timore ; and for almost thirty years afterward, the colony was quite peaceable, and prospered. 8. All worshiped God as they pleased, in Maryland, and every thing was going well, when King James of England was driven av/ay to France [page 60], as I have told you. That king was a Roman Catholic. The governor of Maryland was also a Roman Catholic, and he did not like, at first, to own the Protest- ant William and Mary as his sovereigns. 9. This hesitation made a busy-body, named Coode, tell the Protestants that the governor was going to call in the surround- ing Lidians to murder them all. They armed themselves, and, QxiESTiONS. — 4. What WHS the effect of tronhles in England ? 5. What can vou tell of a reliciouR quarrel ? 6. What did the Protfstants do ? 7. What can yon tell about Lord Baltimore ? 8. What can you say of the king and the Maryland governor ? PLANTERS IN CONNECTICUT. 79 Rights of Lord Baltimore restored. The Connecticut people. led by Coode, tliey took possession of all the public writiiii^s, and the government, iind dechired they would have nothing more to do with the owner ot" Maryland. 10. The Protestants ruled the colony, by representatives, until 1G91, when King AVilliani took matters into his own hands, de- clared Maryland to be a royal province, and appointed a governor himself. Then the Church of England was made the religion ibr all in Maryland, and the Roman Catholics, who settled the coun- try, were cruelly deprived of their rights. n. In 1716, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored. lie was then dead, and his oldest son was a little baby. The guard- ians of the little boy took good care of matters for him till he grew to be a man. He and his family owned Maryland, and ap- pointed the governors, until 1776, from which time the people have chosen their own rulers, for Maryland then became one of our States. SECTION V. PLANTERS IN CONNECTICUT. 1. I have told you about the settlers or adventurers in the Connecticut Valley, and at New Haven, and how they became planters. Those of New Haven were disposed to be merchants, too, and to send ships to different parts of the world to trade. But after losing several of their ships, they concluded it would be better to be nothing else but planters. They were a good })eo- ple, and made the Bible their only Law-Book. 2. Stuyvcsant, the soldier-governor of New Netherland, went to Hartford, on the Connecticut river, in the year 1650, and in friendly talk, settled all of the disputes about lands with the planters there. Two years afterward, when England and Holland Questions.— 0. What did a bnsy-hody do? 10. "Wliat chantre took plarc in Mary- land? 11. Wliat can you tell of Lo'rrl Baltimnro's fnmily? 1. Whatdid the Nuw Haven people do? 2. What cau you tell of the Dutch and English? 80 COLONIES. The Connecticut charter. Quarrel with Rhode Island. Governor Andros, went to war, the New England people foolishly believed that the Dutch in New Netherland wished to fight them, and that they had employed the Indians to kill all the white people eastward of the Connecticut river. So they prepared to fight the Dutch, but they soon found that there was no truth in the foolish story. 3. When Charles the Second became monarch, the Connecticut Valley people asked him for a charter. He refused. Then the Con- necticut governor, whose father had been a great friend of the dead king, went to England to see Charles about it. The king's Mher had given the governor's father a ring. This the governor gave to Charles, and he felt so happy that he granted a charter to the Connecticut river people, which included Rhode Island and the New Haven colony, and extended west to the Pacific Ocean. 4. Rhode Island refused to be thus joined to Connecticut, but the New Haven colony agreed to the union, and so, in 1665, the real colony of Connecticut was formed, and remained so until it became an independent State, more than a hundred years after- ward. Rhode Island and Connecticut quarreled about the bound- ary line between them, for sixty years. It was a very long quarrel. 5. In the year 1695, Andros, the tyrant, then Governor of New York, claimed the right to rule the people of Connecticut, and went there to assert it. They soon sent him away ; and for a dozen years every thing went on pleasantly and prosperously. 6. Andros, as I have told you [verse 31, page 67], came over in 1686, as Governor of all New England, and tried to take away the charter from the colonies. Late in autumn he went to Hartford, to get the Connecticut charter which King Charles had given them. The people treated him politely. They knew his errand, and were prepared. V. Andros went into the Assembly or Legislature, and told them to bring the charter to him. The law-makers talked about it a long time, until it became dark and candles were lighted. Questions. — ?.. What can you tell about a charter for Connecticut? 4. What can you tell about Hhode Island and Connecticut? 5. What can you tell of Andros? 6. What did he afterward try to do ? P L A N T E U S IN CO N N K L' T 1 C U T 81 Andros and the Connecticut charter. The charter preserved. Tlieii the charter, uieely packed in a long- lualio.ii^any box, \v:!> brouulit and laid upon the table. Just as Andros stepped lui- ward to take it, the lights were all put out. ANUBOB AND THE CUABTEB OF CONNKCTICUT. 8. AVhen the candles were again lighted, the charter could not be found. A plan had been laid to keep it from Andros. In the darkness, Captain AVadsworth snatched it up, ran some distance into a field, and hid it in the hollow trunk of an old oak-tree. There it remained until Andros was driven away from New En- o-land, when it was broun;ht out. QcKSTiONS.— " What can you tell about Andros and the Connecticut charter ? S. IIow was Andros outwitted ? 6 82 COLONIES. The charter oak. Governor Fletcher and Captain Wadsworth. 9. That venerable and venerated tree stood in the city of Hartford, one hun- dred and sixty-nine years afterward. On a very stormy night in August, 1856, it was blown down, and now it has passed away forever. It was known by the name of The Charter Oak, ^ 10. Again the people of Connecti- THE cHAETEE OAK. cut showed thclr bravery and love of freedom. Governor Fletcher, of New York, claimed the right to rule in Connecticut. The people there refused to obey him. He went to Hartford, called out the militia, and commenced reading a paper w^hich gave him the right. That same Captain Wads- worth who hid the charter, now commanded the militia, and he ordered the drums to be beaten. " Silence," said the governor, angrily. The drummers stopped, and he began to read. "Play," said Wadsworth to the drummers. " Silence !" shouted the gov- ernor. Wadsworth then stepped in front of him and said, " Sir, if they are again interrupted, I '11 make the sun shine through you in a moment !" The frightened governor put the paper in his pocket, and went back to New York, very much out of patience i can assure you. 11. From that time until the French and Indian war, when there were one hundred thousand people in Connecticut, the Planters there shared in all the labors and expenses of the con- flicts that occurred. They were also very prosperous. SECTION VI. PLANTERS IN RHODE ISLAND. 1. I have told you how Roger Williams was driven from Mas- sachusetts, and became the founder of Rhode Island. Those who Qttestions. — 9. What can you tell about the Charter Oak? 10. Tell the story of Governor Fletcher and the Connecticut people. PLANTERS IN N K W J E K S E Y . 83 The Rhode Island charter. Newport. Sale of New Jersey. drove liim away soon became jealous of liiiu, and afraid of his free opinions; and it was claimed that "Williams's Narraganset IMant- ations," as they called Rhode Island, belonged to Massacliusetts. 2. The charter that Williams obtained in 1643, was pro- nounced, in 1652, to be good by the Legislature of England, called the Long Parliament, and jNIassacliusetts then gave up its claim. But there was a dispute about the boundary line between Rhode Island and Massachusetts, for almost a hundred years. It was settled in 1741. 3. Roger Williams was chosen the first governor of the Prov- idence and Rhode Island Plantations, in 1653, and the colony prospered greatly, for every one was free. Ten years afterward Charles the Second gave them another charter, which Andros took away. It w^as afterward restored, and under it the people lived one hundred and fifty-seven years. 4. Newport soon became a thriving town; and when, in 1732, Dr. Pranklin's brother commenced pi-inting there, it contained five thousand inhabitants. There John Smibert, the first man who painted good portraits in America, lived for some time. The colony always bore its share in wars until the French and Indian contest, of which I shall soon tell yon. SECTION VII. PLANTERS IN NEW JERSEY. 1. New Jersey was a part of New Netherland, and was in- cluded in the gift [page 75] which Charles the Second made to his brother James, the Duke of York. The same year when the English took possession of New Netherland, the Dutch sold New Jersey to two noblemen, named Berkeley and Carteret. Questions.— 1. "UTiat can you tell of Jio'^or "Williams and others? 2. ^^^lat ean you tell of Xlie claim of Massachusetts to Rhode Island? .'?. What can yon tell of the pro- jjress of Rhode Island? 4. What can you tell about Newport? 1. What can you tell about New Jersey? 8-4 COLONIES. Liberality of the owners of New Jersey. Trouble with the settlers. The Quakers. 2. These noblemen, anxious to have the country settled, offered the land without rent or taxes, for five years. This liberality, and the fine climate, caused many planters to go there, and farms were seen in all directions. The people first met to make laws, in 1668. 3. Every thing went on smoothly during the five years ; but then, when the owners asked for a rent of only a half-penny an acre, the people grumbled, and declared they would not pay it. They quarreled with the owners for two years, and then drove away the governor they had appointed, and chose one themselves. 4. The owners were about to compel the people to pay the rents, when the Dutch, as I have told you [verse 16, page 75] took possession of the whole country again. When it went back to the English, new regulations w^ere made, and the western half of New Jersey was bought by a Quaker, as a place for his friends in England and elsewhere, to settle and have peace. It afterward went into the hands of AViliiain Penn and others, and the prov- ince was divided into East and West Jersey. 5. More than four hundred Quakers came from England and settled in West Jersey, in 1677. They lived peaceably together, as Quakers always do, and prospered. Andros, the tyrant, tried to rule them, but they would have nothing to do with him ; and, in 1681, the first Legislature of West Jersey met at Salem, and made some excellent laws. 6. After awhile the Quakers bought East Jersey also; and Thomas Barclay, who wrote a large book about his people, was made governor. Every thing was going on well, when the Duke of York became King James, and the charters were taken away from both the Jerseys. 7. Now all was confusion, and remained so for several years after King James was driven away to France. Finally, in 1702, the Jerseys were united and made into a royal province, under Lord Cornbury, a bad man who was the governor of New York. Thirty-six years afterward. New Jersey was made independent of Questions. — 2. What can you tell of a liberal offer ? 3. How did the people behave ? 4 "What changes took place? 5. What can you tell of Quaker settlers in West Jersey ? 6. What of them in East Jersey ? 7. What changes again took place ? I' L A N T E U S IN P E N N S V L V A N 1 A . 85 The character of William Penn. Founding of Philadelphia. New York, and roinaiiuMl so. Lewis Morris was its first gov- ernor. It became an independent State in 1*770. SECTION VIII PLANTERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 1. I liavc told you that William I'enii joined the territory of Delaware to ]*ennsylvania in 1082. Then the colony of Tenn- sylvania lairly commenced, and a great many Planters came. 2. I'emi was a just man, and treated the Indians so well that they loved him, and called 'him "Good Father l*enn." lie bought their lands instead of taking tliem without leave ; and lie told them that he and his people wished to live with them as brothers. " Thou'lt find,"' said the Quaker, '"in mo and mine, * But friends and brutliers to tlice and to thine ; Who abuse no power, and admit no line 'Twixt the red man and tlie wliite. "And bright was the spot where the Quaker came To leave his hat, his drub and his name, That will sweetly sound from the trump of Fame, Till its final blast shall die." 3. In the autumn of 1G82, Penn laid out the city of Phila- delphia. That word means " City of Brotherly Love," A\ithin a year, almost one hundred houses were built, and every day the Indians came with wild fowls and the flesh of deer, to present to Good Father Penn. Never was a State blest witli a better be- ginning; and, as long as the Quakers ruled Pennsylvania, peace and prosperity prevailed there. Questions. —1. "What wns dnno in ir.S-2? ?. \MiHt can you tell about William Penn ? 3. What can you tell of IViui nud Philadelphia ? 86 C O L O N 1 E 1 Penn's kindness to the Planters. His visit to America. His death. 4. lu 1683, Penn called the representatives of the people to- gether, and gave them a " Charter of Liberties." It was so very just, that all were made happy. It was agreed that all might worship God as they pleased ; and to the people he gave the privilege of choosing their own rulers. So they were a perfectly free people, as we now are. 5. Penn returned to England, and soon afterward King James was driven away to France. He and Penn had always been good friends, and because the Quaker Avould not speak harshly about the king, he was suspected of behig an enemy to the new monarch. He was put in jail, and Pennsylvania was taken from him, and made a royal province under the control of the Governor of New York. 6. Not long afterward Penn was let out of prison, for it was found that he was a friend of William and Mary. Pennsylvania was given back to him, and he came over to America in 1699, to look after his affairs. 7. The people asked Penn for a more liberal charter, and he granted it in 1701. The people of Delaware now asked him to let them have a Legislature of their own, and he granted that too. From that time, until the War for Independence in 1776, Pennsylvania and Delaware were under one governor, but had distinct Legislatures. 8. Soon after making these arrangements, William Penn re- turned to England. He never came to America again, for his health failed, and he died in 1718, leaving Pennsylvania to his three sons. These and their heirs owned the province until 1776, when it was purchased by the people for more than .half a million of dollars. Questions.— 4. "Wliat did Penn do for the people? 5. What happened to Penn in • England? 6. What was the result? 7. What more can you say of Penn and his family? 8. What can you tell of Pennsylvania and Delaware? PLANTERS IN THE C A U O L 1 N A 8 . 87 The proposed government for North Carolina. Troublea with the Planters. SECTION IX. PLANTERS IN THE CAROLINAS. 1. The owners of the Carolinas, knowing tliat they possessed a very beautiful country, and that a great many Planters were going there, thought it would be fine to make a government for it, like that of England, with all sorts of grand people, except a king. So they employed two or three learned men to write a Constitution for the purpose. 2. At first, the Planters in the Carolinas laughed at the idea of having tine gentlemen who would do nothing, with their fine houses, and horses, and carriages, and servants, in the woods of America ! And when they found that the owners were in earn- est, the strong and industrious Planters told them plainly that they would have no such government. 3. There was a long quarrel about it, and finally the owners were compelled to give up their grand scheme. Then they tried to get money from the Planters, by making them pay so much for every thing that came in ships, and in other ways. The peo- ple got very angry at last, drove the governor and other ofticers away, and for two years they managed their own afi"airs. 4. When these quarrels were settled, a very mean man, named Seth Sothel, who loved money more than any thing else, came to govern the Carolinas. He cheated every body. After being there six years, he left, just as the people were going to put him on a ship, and send him to England. Then some better govern- ors came, but none made the people so happy and prosperous as the good Quaker governor, John Archdale. o. These troubles happened in the northern part of the Caro- linas. At the same time, the Planters in the southern part were prospering, and were rapidly increasing. They formed a Lcgis- Qtjkstions.— 1. What did the owners of the Carolinas wish to do? 2. What did the Planters think of thoir schenin? .S. What can yon tell ahoiit the owners and the Plant- ers ? 4. What can you tell of Sothel and others ? 5. What was done in South Carolina ? 88 COLONIES The people of South Carolina. Trouhles with the governor. John Archdale. latiire in 16V4, but there was such a mixture of people, that they did not agree very well. There were English, Scotch, Irish, and Dutch, Protestants and Roman Catholics, and they disputed continually. G. But when, in 1680, the Indians attacked the settlements, they all miited for defense, and forgot their quarrels, while they conquered the Indians. That same year, the city of Charleston was laid out, and it soon became a flourishing village. The Planters continually increased, and many Avent up the Santee and Edisto rivers, where they cultivated fine farms. V. Many Huguenots came from France to settle there, and have peace. The English disliked the French, and would not allow them to take any part in making laws, or in other manage- ment of aftairs. The French people were treated so for about ten years, when the English, finding them better than they ex- pected, began to love and respect them, and then gave them all the privileges of citizens. 8. Like their more northern friends, the Planters in the south refused to have any thing to do with the grand movement pre- pared by the owners. They quarreled with the governor, drove him away, and took public matters into their own hands. This happened in the year 1690. 9. In the midst of this trouble, Seth Sothcl came there, and the people foolishly allowed him to be their governor. He rob- bed and cheated them, as he did the people of the northern colony, and at length they drove him away. After that they Avould have no other governor from the owners, till the good Quaker, Archdale, came to rule both Carolinas, in 1695. 10. The Planters had peace and prosperity w^hile Archdale remained, which w^as not a great while. From the close of his time, the histories of the two Carolinas are quite distinct, although the provinces were not separated until 1V29. QuiSTioxs.— ('. "Wlia^ can von toll nbout thf In.lians and the Planters? 7. How were Fronoli p'Oj'le treatfd tliereV 8. 0. What can you tell about the gOTernment of South Carolina ? 10. What can you Bay of Archdale ? PLANTERS IN THE C A R O L I N A S . 89 Tho white people and the Indians. The Spaniards at St Augustine. NORTH CAROLINA. 11. At the beginning of the year 1700, Planters were culti- vating lands in North Carolina from the sea-shore to the Yadkin river. The Indians were dying rapidly. Many had gone further into the forests, and the people of different countries were coming to occupy their lands. 12. For several years all was peaceful, and the Planters no longer dreaded the Indians, when a terrible calamity befell them. The Tuscarora Indians were yet quite strong, and they persuaded the broken Indian families in that region to join them in killing all the white people, in 1711. In one night they murdered one hundred and thirty (^ermans; and for three days they destroyed the people, and plundered and burned their buildings, in all direc- tions. 13. The people of South Carolina came to liel]) their neigh- bors. The Indians were driven back, but the war contiiuied more than a year. Finally, in the spring of 1713, eight hundred Tuscaroras were made prisoners, and the rest fled north and joined their brethren, ttie Five Nations, in New York. Then was I'ormed the union of the Six Nations, of which I have told 3"0U on page 12. south CAROLINA. 14. The Spaniards at St. iVugustine, in Florida, became trou- blesome, and in 1702 the governor of South Carolina prepared twelve hundred soldiers to go there and attack them. Half of these were white people, and half of them were friendly Indians. 15. Some of these soldiers went by land, and some by water. They did not succeed in driving the Spaniards away from St. Augustine, as they expected to, and they went home disappointed. This afftiir cost the Planters of South Carolina many thousand dollars. They had very little gold and silver, so they made paper QuESTioxs.— 11. Wii.it was tho condition of North ('arnlina in ITOft? 12. VTl^ni ran you toll of !in Indian mar.Kicro? 1.".. What about an Indian war/ and hnvr did it end? i t. What can yon tell about the Spaniards in Florida .•' 15. What did the CaroliaLins do ? 90 COLONIES. Troubles in South Carolina. An Indian war. money for tlie first time — sucli as we use — to pay the expenses with. 16. The next year, the governor and some soldiers marched against the Indians in Georgia and Florida, who were friends of the Spaniards. They took several hundred of them prisoners, and desolated their country. 17. Soon after this, another governor of South Carolina tried to make all the people w^orship God according to the forms of the English Church. Those who would not, were persecuted. This made a great many people uneasy, and disputes continued a long while. The Churchmen had to give up, at last, and the people were allowed to think and act about religion as they pleased. 18. A greater trouble appeared in 1706. The angry Span- iards sent many soldiers, in several French and Spanish ships, to attack Charleston and take possession of the country. The ships came into Charleston harbor, and eight hundred soldiers landed. The South Carolinians were ready to meet them. They soon drove them all to their ships, and took one of the French vessels. 19. A still darker trouble appeared a few years later. Several Indian tribes joined for the purpose of killing all of the white people in South Carolina, in the spring of 1715. In this great band there were full six thousand warriors. They commenced so secretly that one hundred people had been murdered in the back settlements before the news reached Charleston. 20. The governor of South Carolina acted promptly. With twelve hundred men, he marched against the Indians. After several hard fights, he drove them far back into the w^ilderness, and killed a great many. The Indians were dreadfully fright- ened ; and believing the white people to be such mighty war- riors that they could not be conquered, they let them alone after that. 21. The people of South Carolina were now heartily tired of proud and money-loving governors. The owners, or Proprietaries^ had never spent a dollar in helping them build up a State, or for QTJESTION8.— IG. What was done to the Indians? 17. Wliat other trouble occurred in South Carolina ? IS. What trouble did the Carolinians have in 170G ? 19. Wliat further trouble a few years afterward ? '20. What can you tell about an Indian war ? PLANTERS IN GEORGIA. 01 Division of the Carolinas. Georgia. Oglethorpe and the Spaniards. pjiyinc; the expenses of Indian wars. They had made the I'Linters pay their rents pnnctually, and in every way aeted ungenerously toward tlicni. At hist the Phanters asked the kino; to take the country into liis own liands. lie did so, and South Carolina be- came a royal province in 1720. 22. The people of North Carolina v>-ere just as tired of their governors, too, and talked of taking matters into their own liands, wlien the king bought the territory in 1*729, and it be- came a royal province. The two Carolinas were thus separated. But the people were not much better off under the royal gov- ernors, and with these they were continually disputing, until they became independent in 1776. SECTION X. THE PLANTERS IN GEORGIA. 1. The town of Savannah, laid out by Oglethorpe, was upon a high bluff, beautifully shaded with palmeto and other evergreen trees. It grew rapidly ; and within eight years, full twenty-five hundred people had come to Georgia, from Europe. Quite a larore number of these were German and Swiss families. There were also many lazy people among the immigrants ; and, as the climate was very hot in summer, very little work was done in the fields. So the colony did not, prosper. 2. Oglethorpe was wide awake. He knew the Spaniards at St. Augustine would soon become jealous of his colony. Being in England in 1736, he persuaded three hundred tall and stout Scotch Highland soldiers to come over with him. With these he thought he might defy the Spaniards. 3. A great soldier of the cross, as gospel ministers are some- QtTF.STroNS. — 21. What brought about a change in South Carolina? and how? 22. What was done in both Carolinas ? 1. What can you tell about the Georgia colony? 2. What can you tell about Oglethorpe ? 92 COLONIES. Preparations to fight the Spaniards. Story about a French deserter, times called, came with him at the same time, to preach to the Indians and persuade the planters to be better people. It was John Wesley, the first great Methodist. But the people cared very little for what he said. Then the great preacher, George Whitefield, came, and tried to do them good in many ways, but he labored almost in vain. Oglethorpe felt dis- couraged, for he well knew that without industry and goodness, his colony would not thrive. 4. As Oglethorpe expected, the Spaniards soon began to show their jealousy. So he built some forts in the lower part of Georgia. This made the Spaniards very angry, and they told Oglethorpe that he and all the English must leave the country below the Savannah river, or they would drive them out. 5. Oglethorpe was not alarmed, but he went to England and got six hundred more good soldiers. Just then war broke out between England and Spain, and Oglethorpe concluded not to wait for the Spaniards to come against him, but he marched against them, with his own troops, and some South Carolinians and Indians. He had almost reached St. Augustine, when sick- ness and want of food compelled him to go back to Savannah. 6. Two or three years afterward, the Spaniards, Avith many vessels and soldiers, came to invade Georgia, and drive the Planters away. Oglethorpe was prepared for them, and in the lower part of Georgia, and upon an island near there, the En- glish and Spanish soldiers came very near having hard battles. 7. One day, when Oglethorpe was preparing to go secretly around and attack the Spaniards, a Frenchman in his army ran away and told the enemy all about it. Oglethorpe laid a plan to punish the runaway and trick the Spaniards. 8. He wrote a letter to the Frenchman, telling him that a British fleet was near St. Augustine, and also spoke about his doing all he could for the English, in the Spanish camp. Then he gave a young Spaniard, who was his prisoner, some money and told him to carry the letter to the Frenchman. Instead of QxjESTioxs. — 3. A\niat ahout p;oofl men in Georgia? 4. What offended the Spaniards? and what was done? 5. What did Oglethorpe do? 6. What did the Spaniards do? 7. What dia a Frenchman do ? 8. What storv can vou tell about the Frenchman ■; T H E F K E X C H A N I) INDIAN W A U. 93 The Spaniards deceived. Prosperity of Georgia. The strife for power. that 1k' carried it to tlie Spanish commander. That was just ^vhat Oglethoi-pc wanted. The Frenchman was arrested as a spy, and the Spaniards were dreadfully alarmed at the idea of a British fleet being near St Augustine. 9. Just then some Carolina vessels appeared. The Spaniards thought they were the English fleet. They resolved to attack one of Oglethorpe's forts, and then go to St. Augustine as quick as possible. On the march Oglethorpe attacked them, and so many Spaniards were killed that the spot is yet known as Bloody Marsh. So Georgia was saved. 10. Oglethorpe went to England in 1*743, and never returned to America. That year a sort of government was formed in Georgia, but the colony did not prosper. African slaves were not allowed there as in the Carolinas and Virginia. The Planters did not own the land they cultivated, and they were not allowed to traffic with the Indians nor trade, in ships, with the people of the West India islands. On these accounts, there was very little cause for the people to be industrious and improve the lands. 11. Finally a happy change came. The king took possession of Georgia in 1752, and from that time until our War for Inde- pendence, it remained a royal province. The people might now own their lands, traffic with the Indians, trade in ships, and manage to employ negroes to till the ground. From that time Georgia began to thrive wonderfully, and it has always been one of the most enterprising of the southern States. SECTION XI. THE STRIFE FOR POWDER ; OR, THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. I have already told you of the wars in which the French and Indians fought the English in America. These were called, you remember, King William's war. Queen Anne's war, and Questions — 0. Wliat can you toll obont a batUe botwoen the F.nplish and Spaniards? 10. What chanfjfi took place '? Why did the colony not prosper ? 1 1. What happy chanpo occurred? 1. What were the wars between the French and English in America called ? 94 COLONIES. The French and English in the Ohio country. King George's war. The quarrels that brought on these wars were about matters in Europe. 2. The war I am now going to tell you about, began in a quar- rel about the boundary line between the English and French in ,he Ohio country. At that time there were about one hundred thousand French people in America, and ten times as many peo- ple in the English colonies. • 3. The French were great traffickers with the Indians, all over the country west of the Alleghany mountains, from Lake Erie to New Orleans, and they built a great many forts in the wilderness. This made the English jealous. 4. After awhile, some English people, by permission of King George of England, went into the Ohio country, and commenced marking out land upon which to settle. The French told them that they had no business there, for the country belonged to the King of France. So they quarreled about it, when, in fact, the country belonged to the Indians. One smart old Indian, who heard the quarrel, said, " You English claim all one side of the river, and you French all the other side ; where does the Indians' land lay ?" They could not answer. 5. The French had soldiers there, and, with these, they caught some of the English and put them in prison, and drove the re- mainder away. Dinwiddie, the Governor of Virginia, whose rule extended over a part of that country, now thought it high time for him to take up the quarrel. So he sent a young man, named George Washing-ton, to ask the French commander what he meant by such conduct. 6. Young Washington, who afterward became the greatest man in America, was prudent and brave, and could be relied on. In cold weather, he traveled through the woods and over rivers, with ice and snow everywhere, full four hundred miles, before he found the French commander. He had a long and polite talk with him, and carried a letter back to Governor Dinwiddie, which was not very satisfactory. Qttestions. — 1. How Aid the French and Indian war commence ? 3. What can you tell of the French ? 4. What can you tell of events in the Ohio country ? 5. WTiat did the French and the Virginia governor do ? 6. What can you tell about Washington ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 Expedition against the French. Battle at Fort Necessity. Congress at Albany. I. The Frcncli captain jravc Dinwiddie to imdcrstaiid, that lie had a right to be in the Ohio country witli his soldiers, and that he should stay as long as he pleased. Dinwiddie then mustered the Virginia soldiers, and sent them to drive the French away. lie made young Washington a major, and gave him the com- mand of the first body of troops that went against the Frencli. 8. While these things were taking place, the English com- menced building a fort where the city of Pittsburg now is. The French drove them away, finished the fort, and called it Du Quesnc, which was the name of the Governor of Canada. This is pronounced Du Kane. 9. Washington marched rapidly forward ; but hearing that a large number of French soldiers were coming to meet him, he went back a little way, and built a fort, which he named Neces- sity. At that time. Colonel Fry, who commanded all the troops, died, and Washington became the chief leader. 10. The French attacked Fort Necessity; and after fighting ten hours, Washington and his soldiers were compelled to give up, and became prisoners. The next day the French commander let them all go, and they returned to Virginia. II. In the summer of 1754, a number of men, appointed by several colonics for the purpose, met at Albany, in New York, to consider how they should proceed to keep the French back. They first made a covenant of peace with the strong Six Nations, und then they agreed upon a plan made by Dr. Franklin, by which the colonies should all be united as one, as our States now are. Many of the people, as well as the English Government, did not like it, and the colonies were not united until twenty years afterward. 12. Excited by the French, the Indians now commenced mur- derinor white families on the frontiers of New England and other places, and the English saw no better way than to make a reg- ular war upon the French. QrESTiONB. — 7. What did Governor Dinwiddie do? and why? S. What happened where Pittsburg is? 0. What can you tell of Washington's expedition? 10. What about a battle? 11. What was done at Albany in 1754? 12. What happened in New England ? 06 COLONIES. Troops from Great Britain. War in Acadie. Braddock's defeat and death. 13. The English Government agreed to help the colonists; and in February, 1755, Edward Braddock, a great Irish soldier, came to America, with troops, and took the chief command. He met the governors of several colonies at Alexandria, in Virginia, and they arranged a plan of operations, or THE CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 14. Three separate armies were to be mustered. One was to march against the French at Fort Du Quesne ; another against French forts near each end of Lake Ontario ; and a third against strong forts on Lake Champlain. 15. Already a fourth expedition had been arranged to drive the French out of Acadie, or Nova Scotia. Three thousand men sailed from Boston for the purpose. They took the French forts, and then cruelly drove the poor and innocent inhabitants to the woods, destroyed all their crops, and carried many away in ships. In one month a happy people were made the most wretched of any on the earth. How dreadful is war ! 16. With two thousand men, Braddock marched from the Potomac river, toward Fort Du Quesne, having Washington for his aid. Braddock was a proud man, and would not listen to the advice of young Washington, concerning the best way to be pre- pared for the Indians. He marched proudly on, when, just at noon, on a hot day in July, a shower of -bullets and arrows came from the woods around him. 17. A dreadful battle now commenced. There were a thou- sand dusky warriors concealed in the woods. For three long hours the fight continued ; and every officer who rode a horse, except Washington, was killed or wounded. The dead bodies of the white people covered the ground ; and finally Braddock was shot, after having several horses killed under him. 18. Washington now took command. God had preserved him for greater deeds in after years. An Indian warrior declared that Questions. —IB. "S\Tiat was done in 1755 ? 14. What was the plan of the campaign for 1755 ? 15. WTiat occurred in the East ? 16. What can you tell about Braddock '{ 17. What can you tell of a battle? THE F K E N C 11 AND INDIAN W A U , 07 The presci-vation of Washington. Burial of Braddock. lie had fifteen good shots at him, but could not hit him. lie tried no more, for he knew the Good Spirit protected him. Un~ der Washington's directions, the troops retreated, and the Indians did not follow. BUKIAL OF BEADDOCK. 19. Braddock was carried from the field and soon died. He was buried in the woods by torch-light ; and on the margin of the frave, with sorrowinor officers around him, AVashino;ton read the solemn funeral service of the Church of England. Then all the troops went back to their homes. QuF.STiONS. — 18. Wliat can you tell of "Washington Braddock ? 7 19. "What about the burial of 98 COLONIES. Operations in Northern New York. Battle at Lake George. Fort William Henry. 20. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, commanded the troops that were to march against the French forts on Lake Ontario. He did not succeed in reaching them. He went to Oswego, but storms on the lake, and sickness in his camp, prevented his going further. So he commenced building a fort there, and, leaving a few troops to take care of it, he marched back to Albany with the remainder. 21. The troops intended for Lake Cham plain were commanded by an Indian agent among the Mohawks, named William John- son. About six thousand of them were collected at Fort Ed- ward, under General Lyman ; and when General Johnson arrived there, he led nearly all of them to the head of Lake George, and formed a camp, in September. 22. Indian scouts now informed Johnson that Dieskau, the French commander, was coming with many Canadians and Indi- ans to attack him. He sent Colonel Williams, with a party of white soldiers and Mohawk Indians, to meet him. They were assailed and beaten by Dieskau, who then marched rapidly for- ward to attack Johnson's camp. 23. Johnson had two cannons, upon a pile of logs and brush, which the French and Indians knew nothing about. When they came rushing forward, these were fired. Many of the enemy were killed, and the remainder, dreadfully frightened, fled to the woods, and Johnson won the battle. Dieskau was badly wounded, and died some time afterward. 24. General Johnson w^as told that the French w^ere very strong at Crown Point and Ticondoroga, on Lake Champlain, and con- cluded not to go there. He built a fort where his camp was, and called it WiUiam Henry. He then left some troops there and at Fort Edward, and with the rest of his army marched back to Albany in October. Thus ended the campaign of 1755. 25. There was now a regular war between the English and French in America. As there appeared no prospect of the quar- QiTESTioxs.— 20. WTiat can you tell about ShirlRy? 21. What can you tell about William Johnson? 22. What can you tell of a battle near Lake George? 23. What can you tell of another battle ? 24. What did General Johnson then do ? 25. What now occurred ? THE F K K N C li AND INDIAN WAR. CM) Campaign of 1776. Lord Loudon. Capture of Oswego. rel being settled soon, preparations were made on both sides of the Atlantic, tor THE C A M V A 1 G N OF 6. .,-ilundered their baggage, and ehas^ them almost to Fort Ed- ward. Then Fort William Henry and all belonging to it were destroyed, and Montcalm marched back to Ticonderoga. 37. This disastrous event ended the campaign of 1757, and with it the command of Lord Loudoun in America. Thus far the English had lost by the war, chiefly for the want of a good chief commander. The Colonists knew this all the ^hile, and felt ir- ritated. If they could have chosen their own generals, and car- ried on the war themselves, no doubt they would have ended it the first year, by driving the French back to Canada. 38. Yet, whenever money or men were called for, the Colonists furnished them cheerfully, even while feeling the injustice of their own rulers, and of the English government. By these misfor- tunes the pride of the English people was touched, and at last, to their great joy, their wishes were gratified by having William Pitt, the smartest man in England, made the prime minister, or chief manager of public aftairs. He commenced, with great energy, preparations for THE CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 30. Pitt appointed General Abercrombie in the place of Lord Loudoun. A large number of armed ships were pre})ared, and placed under the command of a great war-sailor. Admiral Bos- caweii ; and in America every body was determined to do somcr thing great this year. Qfkstions. — ^5. What can yon tell of Colonel Monro? ^C. Wliat dreadful event oc- curred ? 37. What cni you say about the war, so far? 38. How did the Colonists feel? and what gratified them ? 39. What preparations were made for the campaign of 175S ? 102 (,' O L U N 1 E S. Campaign of 1758. Operations on Lake George and Champlain. 40. It was agreed to attack Louisburg, Ticoiideroga, and Fort Du Quesiie. Late in May, Boscawen, with forty ships, left Halifax. Two great soldiers, Generals Amherst and Wolfe, Avith twelve thousand men, w^ent with him, an^ early in June they landed near Louisburg. For almost fifty days there was fighting- there. Then the French gave way, and five thousand of them became prisoners to the English. 41. "Wliile these things wxre going on in the east. General Abercrombie and young Lord Howe were leading almost twenty thousand men toward northi^pn New York, to attack Ticonderoga. They went down Lake George, in flat-boats, on a beautiful Sab- bath in July, and the next morning commenced marching through the woods and swamps toward Ticonderoga. Pretty soon they were attacked by the French, and Lord Howe was killed. 42. Every body mourned when they heard of the death of young Howe. He was so good that they all loved him. Cap- tain Schuyler took his body to Albany and put it in a vault. Many years afterward his coffin was opened, when behold ! his beautiful brown hair had grown very long. 43. Abercrombie heard that more troops were coming to help the French, so he pushed on through the woods, without his can- nons, to attack Ticonderoga. But he found it too strong for him, and after a hard fight for four hours, and losing almost two thousand men, he marched back to Lake George, and finally to Albany, leaving the French still in possession of Ticonderoga. 44. From Lake George, Abercrombie sent Colonel Bradstreet and three thousand soldiers to attack the French at Frontenac, where Kingston, in Canada, now is. They captured the fort in August, and then marching through the woods to the Mohawk river, where the village of Rome now stands, they assisted in build- ing fort Stanwix. 45. The army that marched against Fort Du Quesne was com- manded by General Forbes. Colonel AVashington was with him. QtrESTiONS— 40. What can you tell of the expedition against Louisburg? 41. What occurred in northern New York? 42. What can you tell of Lord Howe? 43. What did Abercrombie do ? 44. What can you tell about Bradstreet ? T II K F R E N C H AND 1 N D I A N W A K . IU3 Capture of Fort Du Quesnc. Preparations to invade Canada. Forbes, like Loudoun, was a very slow man, and it was late in the Autumn before he got over the Alleghany mountains. 4G. Washington then marched rapidly forward. The French at I )u Quesne hoard of his approach, and being gi-eatly alarmed, they set tiro to the fort and escaped down the Ohio river in boats. The name of Fort Du (^uesne was then changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of Engkuurs prime minister. There the city of I^ittsburg now stands. 47. From what I have told you, you perceive that the English did do great things this year. They took from the French three of their strongest forts, Louisburg, Frontenac, and Du Quesne, and fi'jghtonod the Indians so, that they agreed not to fight the En- glish any more. The American Planters now began to feel safer, though the war was not ended. 48. The final struggle was now at hand. Pleased with what had been done in 1758, Pitt determined to do more in THE C A M r A I G X 01' 17 o , 49. He resolved to send good officers and tr(X)ps on(»ugh to conquer all Canada, and thus put au end to French power in America. For this purpose he appointed General Amherst to the command of all the troops in America and those to be sent from England. 50. In the spring of 1759, Amherst found twcTity-four thousand troops in America, ready to invade Canada. Shi])s and soldiers were also sent from England. lokd amueest. It was arranged to send one division by the wav of the St. Law- rence river, to attack Quebec; another was to drive the French from Lake Champlain ; and a third was to attack thom at Fort Niagara. 51. AVhon, on a hot day in July, Amherst appeared before Questions. — 45. What can you say ahoiit Forbos? 4r>. J\'hat can you trll of the march against Fort Du Quesne ? 47. What had the Enplish done ? 48, 40. What did Pirt resolve to do? 50. What can you tell about the plau of the campai^i for 1759? 104 COLONIES . The French driven from Lake Champlain. Taking of Fort Niagara. Wolfe. S OF TICONDEEOGA. Ticonderoga, with eleven thousand men, the French, who had just heard that an English army, under "Wolfe, was at Quebec, fled in haste to their fort at Crown Point. Amherst pur- suedthem. They were dreadfully frightened, took to their boats, and liedoverthe Lake toward J Canada. So the French were driven from Lake Champlain, and never returned. Fort Ticon-- deroga was partly destroyed. 52. Generals Prideaux (pronounced Pre-do) and Johnson sailed from Oswego in July, to attack Fort Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river. Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a gun at the first assault, and Johnson took command. For three weeks the French held out, when some of their countrymen and many southern Indians came to help them. But the English conquered them all, and took possession of the fort. 53. Wolfe, the greatest soldier of them all, was now near Quebec, with eight thousand troops, and a large number of battle- ships under the command of Admirals Holmes and Saunders. Quebec was a strong, walled town, a part of it three hundred feet above the river St. Law- rence. It was a hard city to fight against. 54. That great French soldier of whom I have told you [page 100], General Mont- calm, was the commander, and his army was in a strong camp along the St. Law- GENEEAL WOLFE. Questions. — 51 . "What can you tell of Amherst on Lake Champlain ? 62. What oc- curred at Niagara? 53. What can you tell of events at Quebec? 54. What can you tell of the movements of Wolfe and Montcalm ? T HE FRENCH A N I> INDIAN W A R . 105 Battle on the shore of the St Lawrence. Attack on Quebec. Wolfe wounded. rciR'c, from Quebec to tlie Moiitiiioreiici river. Wolfe first landed on the island of Orleans, below the eity, to attaek this French eainp. lie also took possession of Point Levi, opposite, where (General Monckton was stationed. 55. Early in Jnly, AVolfe formed a camp below the Mont- morenci, and a number of Eiin-lish troops crossed from I'oint Levi, and attacked the French just above that stream. On the beach, in the midst of a terrible thunder-storm and the roar of the waters, a hard battle was fought, and full five liundred of the English perished. 50. Week after week now passed away. Wolfe was waiting, in vain, for Amherst to come and helj) him. At length, a fever laid the great soldier prostrate in his tent. At the beginning of September lie called his wisest officers to his bed- side, and consulted upon wluit it was best to do. They soon decided. 57. Back of Quebec, and as high above the river, is a level spot, called the Plains of Abraham. It was resolved to scale these heights, and attack the city on its weakest side. Feeble as he was, the brave Wolfe determined to lead the troops. On the evening of the 12th of September, they went secretly in their boats, and at midnight they were on shore at a ravine that led up to the Plains of Abraham. 58. Montcalm had no suspicion of what the English were doing, and you may imagine his surprise when, early in the morn- ing, lie saw their scarlet dresses and bright bayonets flashing in the sun, upon the Plains of Abraham. He immediately marched his whole army across the St. Charles river, and at- tacked the English. 59. A hard battle commenced at ten o'clock. Wolfe led the English, as the two armies came together, notwithstanding he was ahY'a. What was doiio in Entrland? 7. "W'mt can you tell about British troops and Aincriciins;' S. What did Gage do? 0. What can you tell of a fight at Lexington? 10. What of a fi^ht at Concord and flight to Boston? 11. What hap- pened when these fij,'hts -were known? 120 T H r: R E V O L U T I O N . Capture of Tieonderoga and Crown Point. Breed's Hill fortified. 12. In other parts of tlie country the Sons of Liberty took bold steps. They seized powder, cannons, muskets, and other things ; told the royal governors to leave the country as soon as possible, and plainly said to the king and Parliament, "Now wo are ready to fight for our fi'cedom. Send on your soldiers as soon as you please." 13. At Fort Tieonderoga, the British had a great many can- nons and much powder. Early in May, some Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont people, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, Avent across Lake Champlain one night, and just at daylight rushed into that fort, in spite of the sentinels. 14. Ethan Allen was a rough, but very brave man. lie called to the British commander, Avho was in bed, to give up the fort. The commander came to the door, and said, " By what authority do yoii demand it?" "By that of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress !" shouted Allen. The commander thought tlie authority sufficient, and gave up the fort. Crown Point was taken two or three days afterward, and the cannons from Tieonderoga were conveyed to Boston, and used against the British. 15. Tow^ard the close of May, several war-vessels came from England with troops and those famous soldiers, Generals How^e, Clinton and Burgoyne, of whom you will hear a great deal. There were then twelve thousand British troops in Boston, and many large w^ar-ships were in the harbor. 16. Feeling very strong, Gage now determined to march out and attack the Americans. The patriots determined that he should not ; and on a warm and starry night in June, a thousand of them, under the great patriot. Colonel Prescott, inarched silently over Charlestown Neck, to build a redoubt, or sort of fort, on Bunker's Hill, so as to fire cannon-balls directly into Boston. By mistake, in the dark, they fortified Breed's Hill. 1 Y. The British, in Boston, were very much alarmed when they saw this redoubt, almost finished, at dawn of the l7th of June. Qttestionr.— 12. Vri'.at did the people do? 13. What canyon teU ahout Ticonderopa and Crown Point ? 15. Who and what now came from England? 16. What can you tell about Americans on Breed's Hill ? FIRST YEAR OF T II K WAR. 121 Battle of Bunker's HiU. Death of Warren. They had cannons upon Copp's Hill in Boston, and these, with others in the ships, coinmenced firing upon the Americans. But the Americans were not harmed. 18. At noon, General Ilowe, with three thousand British soldiers, crossed over in boats and attacked the redoubt. The Americans had no cannons, but witli their muskets they killed a great many of the Britisli, and compelled them to fall back twice. In the mean while, Charlestown, at the foot of the hill, had been set on fire, and the whole scene was terrible. 10. At last the Americans had used up all their powder. The British had plenty, and rushing up, they drove the p^itriots from the redoubt. Gen- eral Putnam was on Bunker's Hill with troops, but could not get them formed in time ; so the Americans were completely driven away. One of their best men, and greatest patriots. Gen. Warren, was killed. 20. In this battle the Americans lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. The British lost about eleven hundred. Tliis conflict, though on Breed's Ilill, is called the battle of Bunker's Hill ; and the tall obelisk of granite, 220 feet in height, that stands where the redoubt was, is called the Bunker's Hill Monument. 21. While these things were taking place in New England, the patriots in the other colon- ies were just as bold and busy. In Virginia, Patrick Henry, who spoke out so plainly about the Stamp Act, you remember [page 110], josi;ru WAUUEX. IIONK.£K*B HILL UOIfDHENT. QTIE8TION8. — 17. "Wlmt did the British do? 18. What can you toll of a fieht and a hnrmngtown? 10, '20. "Wliat more can you tell of the battle of Bunker's Hill? 21. What was done in other colonies? 122 THE REVOLUTION. Boldness of Patrick Henry. The Second Continental Congress. Washington. talked still more plainly now ; and he finished a speech in Kichmond with these noble words, Give me Liberty or give ME Death ! 22. Soon after this, Henry marched at the head of a band of Minute-men, and compelled Governor Dunmore, at Williamsburg, to give up some powder he had seized, which belonged to the people. And before the battle of Bunker's Hill, the patriots had driven the royal governor on board of a British war-ship, and he dared not come back. 23. In the back country of North Carolina, the patriots had also been bold and busy. They came together in May, and de- clared themselves free and independent of British rule. In New York, South Carolina, and Georgia, they seized powder and guns, drove away the royal governors, and declared themselves ready to fight for freedom. 24. While the people were thus excited, the Second Conti- nental Congress met at Philadelphia. The wise men and great Patriots collected there, said to the king — " Be just, and we will lay down our arms, and be your best friends. But know, O king, tliat we have counted the cost of war, and find nothing so dreadful as slavery. Be just, or we will fight your fleets and armies until we become a free people." 25. The Congress did not wait for the king's answer, but wisely prepared for war. They appointed George Washington, the brave soldier who was with Braddock, twenty years before [page 96], to be the commander-in-chief of the continental armies, with several great Patriots as his chief assistants. 26. AYashington went immediately to Cambridge, near Boston, and there, under the shadow of a fine elm-tree, yet standing, he took the command of the army on the 3d of July. That army was made up of all sorts of people, with all sorts of dresses, and all sorts of weapons. Washington began at once to put them in good condition ; and all that summer and autumn, and the next Questions.— 02. Wh;\t can yon tell about Patrick Henry? 23. What did the Patriots do elsewhere? 24. What can yon say about the Second Continental Congress ? 25. "\V1iat important thiiig did Congress do ? 26. What can you tell about Washington and the army? l- I U S T V E A K O 1' T 11 K \V A li . Washington taking command of the army. 1 j; Designs against Canadn. .'-5*? VASHINCTON TAKING t'OMMAXD OF THE ARMY. ^v inter, he was employed in efforts to drive the British from Boston. He finally succeeded, as I shall tell you presently. 2V. Ticonderofra and Crown Point beinn: in their hands, the Americans resolved to take possession of Canada. An army was collected and placed under the command of two great Patriots and soldiers, Generals Schuyler and Montgomery. 28. This army went down Lake Champlain to its foot, in August, and attempted to take the fort at St. John's, on the Sorel, away from the British. They failed, went back to an QursTioNs.— 27. Wliut did tho Americans now do ? 28, What can you tell about the Americans on Lake Cliauiplaiu ? 124 THE 11 EVOLUTION. Expedition to Canada. Capture of British forts. Arnold's expedition. GENEE.VL scrinri-rrs. island, and there encamped. Gen- eral Schuyler was soon afterward taken sick, and went to his home in Albany, and Montgomery be- came the sole commander. 29. Toward the close of - Sep- tember, Montgomery attacked St. John's, but it was more than a month before he got possession of it. In the mean while, Colonel Ethan Allen, with a small party, attempted to take Montreal, but were taken themselves. Allen was sent to England a prisoner, in irons, and did not gain his liberty for a long time. 30. Colonel Bedell, of New Hampshire, and a few troops, took the fort at Chamblee, at about the same time ; and soon after that, Montgomery was marching as a victor, toward Montreal. That city was given up to him on the 13th of November. 31. Winter was now coming on. Montgomery heard that Arnold was approaching Quebec through the wilderness, and, with a little more than three hundred poorly clad troops, he hastened toward that city to join him, for winter frosts were bind- ing the rivers, and blinding snow was covering the country. 32. That march of Arnold with a thousand men, through forests and swamps filled with snow and ice, jvas wonderful. He went through the wilderness from the Kennebec river to the St. Lavv'rence, and was at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on the 9th of November. He crossed the river, and, with his shivering little army, stood upon the Plains of Abraham [see page 105], and de- mjlnded the surrender of the city. He was unsuccessful ; and then he marched up the St. Lawrence twenty miles, where he met Montgomery on the first day of December. 33. The united troops now marched directly for Quebec ; and for three weeks, in the midst of terrible snow-storms, they tried to get possession of the city. Montgomery finally determined to QuDSTTONS.— 29. What was done, in Canada ? 30. What else was done there ? 31. What did Montgomery do? 32, What can you tell about Arnold and his men? F 1 K S T Y E A li O F Til E W .\ 11 . 125 GEN'BKAL MONTGOMERY. Attack on Quebec Death of Montgoiuery. The Minute-men of Virginia in battle. force his way into that strong-walled city, through the gates, and for this purpose he separated his little army into four divisions. 34. In this attempt, while leading one of the divisions, the brave Montgomery w'as killed. After a combat for several hours, many of the Americans were made prisoners, and Arnold led the remainder away, for there appeared no hope of tak- ing Quebec. Before the middle of June following, the Patriots were driven en- tirely out of Canada. 35. The Patriots of Virginia were more successful. After Governor Dunmore was driven away from Williamsburg, he collected a large number of Tories and negroes,- and commenced destroying the property of Whigs in lower Virginia. The Minute-men soon gathered to oppose him ; and after a severe battle at the Great Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp, they drove him to the British ships at Norfolk. In re- venge, he burned Norfolk on the 1st of January, 1776; but he was soon afterward compelled to leave'the country and go to En- gland. 36. Amonir the Minute-men of Viro-inia were brave ones from Culpepper county, whose flag bore the picture of a rattlesnake, with the words, Don't tread on me. It said, " Don't tread on me, I have dangerous fangs." The Americans said to the king, "Don't tread on us; we will fight." It also had the words of Patrick Henry, " Liberty or Death I" 37. No doubt you wish to know the mean- ing of Whig and Tory. Their names came from England, where Tory meant one who was a friend of the king, and Whlf/ one who was opposed to him. All thi'ough the licvolution, there were many here who were the friends of the king. These were called Tories, and the Patriots were all called Whigs. QursTroNS— 33. What can yon toll of the Amcrirans at Q'lobec? 34. What can you t-U of Monti^omcry, .-xnd of the Amoricins in Canada? 35. What can you toll of events in lower Vireinia? .86. What can yon tell of the Culpepper fl.ag? 37. How do you ex|>lain the meanins of Whirj and T»rif CULPEPPEB FLAG. 126 THE REVOLUTION. Continental money. American vessels-of-ir-n-. SECTION III. SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [iVTO.] 1. Duriiio- tlie summer of 1775, tlie Continental ConoTess made every preparation to continue the war. Money was wanted, and enough of gold and silver could not be had. So they issued Bills of Credit, as they were called ; that is, a kind of paper money similar to our bank bills, but printed on coarse paper, and very rough in appearance. 2. These bills the people used freely, expecting to get gold and silver for them after the war. But they did not. Congress issued cart-loads of them. They answered the purpose for the time, but the people lost a great deal by them, for before the war was ended they became worthless. 3. The Congress also ordered some war-vessels to be built ; and they gave private persons permission to arm vessels and take Qtjestions.— 1,2. What can you tell about Continental money? 3. What did Con- gress do ? and what can you tell about priyateers ? S E C C) N 1) Y E A R OF THE \V A R . British preparations for war. Expulsion of the British from Boston. nny r)ritisli ships they mi i;"] it find. These were cjillcd i*rivutccrs, ;uid soon there were a great many of them on the ocean. 4. Great Britain also made hirge preparations for war against the Patriots. Besides mustering thousands of soldiers and })re- paring a great many war-vessels, for the purpose, seventeen thou- sand German soldiers, called Hessians, Avere hired and sent over to help make the Americans slaves. How wicked and cruel this was ! 5. When Washington hoard of those preparations, he resolved to do his best to drive the l>ritish from Boston immediately. He then liad fourteen thousand soldiers. He fired many cannon- balls upon the city from time to time ; and finally, on the even- ing of the 4th of March, ITVC, he sent a strong party to build embankments for cannons on Dorchester Heights, now in South Boston. 6. When the British saw this at daylight, they were ahirmed, and Howe ordered troops to go and drive the Americans away. A storm prevented their going. So the Americans completed their works, and the British now saw plainly that the sooner they left Boston the better it would be for them. 7. Howe sent word to Washington, that if he would let him and liis troops leave Boston quietly, in his ships, he would do so. Washington consented; and on Sunday, the 17th of March, 17 TO, the British and a great many Tories, loft Boston forever. The American army then took possession of it, to the great joy of the people, and its harbor was opened for business. 8. Before this, a great British soldier, Sir Henry Clinton, loft Boston with troops, in ships. Washington thought he might be going to attack New York, so he sent a brave officer, General Charles Lee, to raise troops in Connecticut and go to that city. 9. Clinton hoard of this some way, and thought it best not to go into New York ]iar])or. He sailed southward to attack Charleston, and Lee went on by land to watch his movements. QUESTIONB. — l.Whaf preparations did Groat Britnin makn? 5. What can yon tell about Wasliinpton iit Boston? G. What did the Britisli perceive and do? 7. What can you tell about the British leaving Boston ? 8, 9. What can you tell about Clinton and Let ? 128 THE REVOLUTION. Events in Charleston harbor. Bravery of Jasper. The battle and its results. 10. When Howe sailed from Boston, AVasliington thought that he, too, might be going to attack New York. He left troops enough to keep Howe from coming back, and then went to New York himself v/ith quite a large army, and built forts there and on the Hudson river. 11. Clinton was joined on the coast of North Carolina by sev- eral battle-ships, commanded by a great sea-warrior named Park- er, and early in June they all reached Charleston harbor. The Patriots there were prepared for them, and General Lee arrived soon afterward 12. Y/ithin that harbor is an island, on which the Patriots had a fort nearly completed. Five hun- dred soldiers, under Colonel Moultrie, and many cannons, were placed in it, when they saw the British fleet com- ing. While Clinton and his men were trying in vain to reach the fort by land, several of the battle-ships came in and fairly rained heavy iron cannon-balls upon it. the fort was made of soft palmeto logs. One of the balls cut dov/n the staff" on which the patriot flag was fastened. The flag fell outside of the fort. A brave young man, named Jasper, climbed down in the midst of the flying cannon-balls, picked up the flag, fastened it upon the ramrod of a cannon, and then placed it on the ibrt in such a way that it kept flying during the whole battle ! 14. This figlit lasted almost ten hours. The patriots fired can- non-balls from the fort upon the British ships, so fast and continual, that they were half cut in pieces, and more than two hundred of the people in them were killed or wounded. The ships were dreadfully shattered and their sails torn. They got away from the fort as quickly as possible. The troops w-ent on board the Questions.— 10. What did "Washiicton do? 11. "What was done on the Carolina coasts? 12. What can you tell of a fort near .Charleston ? l-^. What can you tell of a brave voung soldier tliere? 14. What canyon tell about the battle? SECOND YEAR OK THE WAR. 1-9 Desires for Independence. Action of Congress. Declaration of Independence. best vessels, ami all sailed away, sorry enough that they ever went there. 15. The Amerieaiis now felt eertain that the British would never be just toward them, and that there was no use in trying to be friends with the king and Parliament. So they thought niueli of being a free and independent people, without a king, and at liberty to choose their ow^n rulers. First the Patriots in one colony, and then those in another, met together, and talked it over ; and finally the Continental Congress took the matter into consideration. 10. In June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, a great Patriot of Vir- ginia, arose in Congress and declared that the United Colonies were, and ought to be, free and independent states, and then asked other members to think about it, and talk it over. They did so for almost a month, and on the 2d of July Congress agreed to it. Con- gress then held its meetings in the State House, Philadelphia, and John Hancock was president. 17. Five great Patriots, named Thomas Jefterson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, had written a long paper, giving reasons why the Americans ought to be free ; and this, with the words of Richard Hemy Lee, is called The Declaration of Independence. 18. This Declaration was agreed to on the Foiirth of Juhj^ 1776. So, every year, on that day, at sunrise and sunset, we ring the bells and fire the guns ; and at noon the soldiers are out with their flags flying, and drums beating. The boys, full of glee, let off" crackers from morning till night, and in the evening splendid fire-works are shown, to the delight of every body. This is as it should be, for that was the birth-day of the L'nited States of America. Qur.STioNB- — 1^>. What did the Americans now feel and do? IC. What was done in ConcrroFS? 17. Whnt can you tell of a Committee of Congress? 18. What more can you say about the Declaration of Independence? KTATt II or. SI 130 THE REVOLUTION. Destruction of the King's statue. Battle near Brooklyn. Escape of the Americans. 19. I Avould like to tell you more about the Declaration of Independence, but I have not time. Yet one thing more I Avill tell you. In the city of New York was a fine statue, or figure, of the king on horseback. It v/as made of lead, and covered with gilding. AYhen the people and soldiers there heard of the Dechiration of Independence, they pulled down that leaden statue, and made bullets of it, with which they fought the British. 20. At about the time of the Declaration of Independence, General Howe came in ships with many troops, and landed on Staten Island, near New York. A month afterward. Sir Henry • Clinton came there from the South, with many more troops ; and two or three weeks later, a large number of the hired Hessians came and landed there. 21. Washington was in New York with the American army. He sent a large number of them over to Brooklyn, to build a fort and oppose the British, for he believed that they would come to the attack of New York by that way. And so they did. They crossed the Narrows between Long and Staten Islands, marched up, and near Brooklyn they had a severe battle with the Amer- icans. Many of the Patriots were killed and made prisoners, and the British were the victors. 22. The Americans called their strong work at Brooklyn, Fort Putnam. In and near that the remainder of their army were col- lected, while the British prepared to attack them again. Early on the third morning after the battle (the 30th of August), they all escaped across the East river in boats, under cover of a heavy fog, much to the astonishment and mortification of the British. "When the fog rolled aAvay, and the sunlight burst upon Brook- lyn and New York, the last boat-load of Patriots had reached the city shore. 23. The Americans were not allowed to remain much longer in New York. AVashington saw that the British army was a great deal stronger than his, and that Howe was preparing to QtTESTiONS. — 10. "What can you tell about a statue of King George? 20. What oc- curred on Staten Island ? ?1. What did the Americans and the British do? 22. What can you tell about the escape of the Americans? SECOND Y i: A R OF i' 11 E \V A 11 . 1 H 1 Battle at "White Plains. Capture of Fort Washington. Prisons and prison-ships. cross over and attack his troops. So he prudently left the city, marched to the lofty i;'rouiid on the Hudson, wlicre Fort AVasli- inirton had been built, and there formed a strong camp on what Avas called Harlem Heii'-hts. 24. Howe tried to drive the Americans from this position, but conld not. Then lie resolved to get in their rear, and went up the East river to Westchester county, with a large number of troops, where he was joined by some fresh Hessians. AVashing- ton was wide awake, and went into "Westchester, too, when both armies marched up the river Bronx to AVhite IMains, watching each other. 25. The two armies had a pretty severe battle at White Plains on the 28th of October. The Americans were defeated, and lied to the hills of North Castle. A few days afterward, Washington crossed the Hudson river with most of his army, and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, nearly opposite Fort AVashington. 2G. Less than a fortnight afterward, many Hessians, and some English soldiers, attacked Fort AA^ashington. They took posses- sion of it, after losing a thousand men, and then made more than two thousand Americans prisoners. These, with others, were coniined in the loathsome prisons and pi-i'^on-ships at New York. The most famous of these prison-ships was the Jersey^ in which thou- sands of Americans died. 27. Two days after the capture of Fort AA^ashing- ton. Lord Cornwallis (a the jeesey PEisoN-smr. great English soldier), with six thousand troops, crossed the Hud- son, drove Washington and liis army from Fort Lee, and for three weeks chased them across New Jersey to the Delaware river at Trenton. QuKSTiONB.— -i?. Whnt can yon toll ahnnt the Amrricans Ipavinp New York? 24. Wliat can voii tell about events in Wcstrhistcr county? ?r>. What rni vmi tell of a batUe at White Plains? 20. Whnt c^n you tvll of a battle at Fort Washin-lon, and of prisonors? '27. What ocriirrcl in Ni-w JortJ'V ? A 132 THE REVOLUTION. The AmericanB on the Delaware. Victory at Trenton. 28. The American soldiers were then not more than three thousand in nmnber, and these were wretchedly clad, and half- starved. They crossed the icy Delaware on the 8th of Decem- ber, and sat down, almost in despair, upon the Pennsylvania shore. 29. But the mind of Washington was full of hope, because he knew that he was engaged in a right cause, and fully believed that God would help the Americans. The Congress, sitting at Philadelphia, knew that the British might easily cross the Delaware, and come and take that city. They were much alarmed, and fled to Baltimore, leaving Washington to do just as he pleased. 30. The British did not cross the Delaware, but formed small camps near it. The Hessians Avere encamped at Trenton, and Washington resolved to attack them. Christmas was approach- ing. The Germans always make that a holiday, and Washington very wisely concluded that, after drinking and sporting all day, they would sleep very soundly that night. 31. So, on Christmas night, in the midst of a storm of hail and rain, Washington, with more than two thousand men, and several cannons, crossed the river among the floating ice, eight miles above Trenton, but not in time to reach that town before daylight. The Americans marched in two divisions. One was led by Washington, and the other by General Sullivan. The Hessians were greatly surprised. Their commander was killed, several of his soldiers were slain and wounded, and more than a thousand were made prisoners, and taken to the Pennsylvania shore the same day. 32. This was indeed a brilliant affair. There was great re- joicing among the Patriots all over the country ; and the Con- gress told Washington that he might do just what he liked, for six months. The British were very much astonished and fright- ened at the boldness of the Americans ; and many true Patriots, Questions.— 2S. V^Hiat can you say about the American soldiers? 20. WTiat can you say about Washint^ton and Congress? .30. "What can you tell about the Hessians at Trenton? .SI. What cm you tell about crossing the Delaware, and battle at Trenton? 32. Wliat was the effect of the battle at Trenton? T II 1 i: 1) V K A K (J F Til E W A II. 1 33 Proceedings of Parliament and Congress. Mission to France. who felt afraid when Washington was cliased across Xew Jersey, now came forward and joined his army. 33. Wasliington now determined to drive the; Britisli out of New Jersey. lie crossed the Delaware again, with the whole of his little army, and formed a camp at Trenton. The British and Jlossians joined, and formed a camp at rrinceton, only ten miles off. Such was the situation of the two armies at the close of 1776. SECTION IV. THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l777.] 1. The British Parliament acted very strangely. They seemed to think that the Americans were nobodies, and that they might kick and cuff them as they pleased. They appeared not to know how bravely the Patriots had acted against almost thirty thou- sand choice British troops and fierce Hessians; and no doubt they thought that the whole flurry, as they called it, would soon be over. They refused to do justice to the Americans, and pre- pared to send more soldiers over to fight them. 2. The Continental Congress, on the contrary, acted wisely and promptly. They knew how the French hated the English, so they sent Silas Deane to France, to ask the French king to help the Americans against his old enemy. King Louis was glad of the opportunity, and promised great things. Then, after the Declaration of Independence was over, Congress appointed Silas Deane, Dr. Franklin, and Arthur Lee, to be ministers or agents for the Americans, in France. 3. The Congress had, long before, perceived the necessity for laws to bind all of the colonists together. In l77o, Dr. Franklin wrote such laws, and others did so afterward. Pretty early in Qtjkstionb— 33. What did the two armies do? 1. How did the British Parliament think and act ? 2. What did Congress do ? 3. What can you tell about Articles of Con- federation ? 134 THE REVOLUTION. Articles of Confederation, The armies at Trenton. Battle at Princeton. 1777 tlicsc were agreed to. They were called Articles of Confederation, or solemn agreements between the different colonies to act as one State, in many things. These lasted ten years. I will tell you by-and-by wdiat was then done. 4. We will now see what the Amer- ican and British armies near the Dcl- DE. FBANKLiN. awaTC wcrc doing. Washington had five thousand soldiers at Trenton on New Year's day. On the 2d of January, Cornwallis came from Princeton with a great many troops to attack them. He arrived at evening, and con- cluded to wait until the next morning, when he thought it would be very easy for him to conquer the Patriots. 5. The Americans were in great peril, and hardly knew what to do. Cornwallis was very strong, the ground was so soft that the cannons could not be dragged away, and they could not get across the Delaware. Toward midnight the wind blew cold, and the ground was frozen. Washington then left some men to keep his camp-fires burning, and, with his wdiole army and can- nons, he marched off to Princeton before daylight. 6. Cornwallis was astonished and mortified, Avlien he found Washington had escaped. Just then he thought he heard the rumbling of thunder in the direction of Princeton. He listened, when one of his ofiicers said, " Thunder, on a clear morning in mid-winter! No, no; to arms, general ! Washington has out- generaled us, and is attacking our troops at Princeton. You hear his cannon. Let us fly to the rescue !" 7. He was right. Just at sunrise, on that keen frosty morn- ing, the Americans attacked a large party of British soldiers at Princeton, and, after a severe battle, became victors. But they lost General Mercer, one of the bravest and best Patriots in the army. He was w^ounded, taken to a house near by, and there died a few days afterward. QursTioxs. — 4. "V\1iat occurrefl at Trenton ? 5. What did the American's do ? G. What can you tell about Cornwallis ? 7. What can you tell of a battle at Princeton ? T II I K D YE A It O F T II K W A R. 1 35 British driven from New Jersey. Marauding expeditions. 8. Cornwallis had hastened to Princeton, but when he arrive*! not a patriot soldier was there. Washington had led them on to a resting-place many miles distant, and then they all en- camped among the hills of East Jersey, at Morristowii, until s])ring. 9. From Morristown, Wasliington sent out parties to attack the British- and armed Tories, and finally drove them out of New Jersey, except at two places. Then Congress returned to Phila- delphia ; and every body now began to tliink that the Americans \voulritish war-sailors. 26. The first vessels that were built wcie only gun-boats, used by Washington in the harbor of Bos- ton, against the British ships there. These were made of heavy planks, covered over, and having a big canno?i at each end, and small ones on the top. 27. The Congress had some small vessels built early in the war, and two or three large ones before its close. The first reg- ular naval officers were appointed late in 1775. Then Esek Hop- kins was made commodore, or chief commander, the same as a British admiral. 28. Hopkins first went against Lord Dunmore (of whom I have told you), on the coast of Virginia. Afterward he went to the Bahama Islands, took a town away from the British, and made the governor of one of the islands a prisoner. Then he took some British vessels on the ocean, aiid sailed into Narragan- set Bay, where his ships were kept a long time by the British, who took possession of Rhode Island. 29. I should like to tell you, if I had time, of a great many brave acts performed by such American war-sailors as Manly, Barry, Biddle, McNeil, Ilinman and others; how they made the British very much afraid, and how they took a great many ves- sels away from tliem. I might tell you, too, that the British took a great many vessels away from the Americans. So the Qu:t6tion8.— ^5. What can you tell about American vessols? '2C,. What about gun- boats? 27. What can you tfll of naval arrangements ? '28. 'What did Hopkins do* 29. What can vou sav about other war-sailors ? 152 THE REVOLUTION Paul Jones. His great sea-fight with a British ship. JOHN PAUL JONES. fights went on upon the ocean, as well as upon the land, until the close of the war. 30. I must, however, tell you of one of the greatest sea-figlits that took place during the war. There was a very- brave Scotchman, named John Paul Jones, who fought for the Americans. Dr. Franklin got the French King to help him fit out some new war-ships on the coast of France. These were placed under the command of Jones, and he went boldly upon the English and Scotch coasts, and attacked the towns and ships there. 31. The vessel in which Jones sailed was named Bonhomme Richard^ the French words for Good Man Richard. Just at evening, on a bright September day in 1779, this ship fell iii with a large British war-ship, named Serapis ; and during that even- ing, by the light of the moon, they had a terrible battle. They became lashed together, and then fired cannon balls through and through each other. • 32. Sometimes the ships were on fire, but the flames were soon put out. The men fought with swords and pistols, first on one ship, then on the other, until many were killed. So they struggled on, in fire and smoke, for three hours, when the British gave up, and Jones became the victor. He took possession of the Serapis^ and his own shattered vessel began to sink. Not long afterward it sunk to the bottom of the ocean, and Jones went to France with his prize. 33. When you are older, you will learn more about the sea- fights of the Revolution. Questions. — 30. What can yon tell about John Paul Jones ? 31. What can you tell about a terrible sea-fight ? 32. What more can you tell of the battle, and the end of it ? S I X T II V K A K O F T H K \V A Ji . 153 Departure of Clinton for the South. The Americans in Charleston. SECTION YII. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [lV80.] 1. When Clinton sailed for Charleston, as I have told yon, he left the few British soldiers in New York in charge of Kiiy- phausen, the Hessian General. Washington knew how much the patriots at the South would need help, so, early in the spring, he sent the Baron de Kalb, a brave foreign soldier, witli many troops, to assist Lincoln who was then in Charleston. 2. There being but few soldiers on either side at the North, during the spring and summer of 1780, there was not much fighting there. The conflicts were chiefly in the Carolinas, and about these I will now tell you. 3. A strong fleet, with two thousand war-sailors, under Ad- miral Arbuthnot, bore Clinton and his troops to the South. There was a terrible storm on the way, and a great many horses perished. The British finally landed on the islands and shores thirty miles below Charleston, toward the middle of February. There they remained some time preparing to attack Charleston. 4. General Lincoln was in Charleston with few troops, when the British first landed. That great patriot. Governor Rutledge, immediately commenced arousing the people, and soon large numbers joined Lincoln's army. At the end of March, when the British moved toward Charleston, the Patriots there felt strong enough to oppose them and defend the city. 5. The Americans had built strong works across Charleston Neck, and placed many soldiers in Fort Moultrie in the harbor. Near the town was Commodore Whipple (of whom I have already told you something), [verse 32, page 114], with a small fleet, and along the wharves quite strong defenses had been built. QxTESTiOKs— 1. What did Clinton and Washin^rton do ? 2. Wliy was there not much fiprliting at the North ? 3. What can you toll of Clinton's voyaf,'e southward? 4. What can you tell of the Patriots in Charleston V 5. What preparations had they made ? 151 THE REVOLUTION. Attack on Charlestoa. Fall of Charleston. The Americans discouraged. 6. On a lovely April morning, Arbuthnot sailed into Charles- ton harbor, with his great ships, and at the same time the Brit- ish, under Clinton, came nearer the American works on the Neck. Then the British commanders told Lincoln that he must give up his army and the city at once, or they would destroy or capture both. Lincoln refused to surrender, and told them that he was ready to fight. 1. Not long after this, Lord Cornwallis came with three thou- sand troops, to help Clinton. The Patriots now saw that there was very little chance for them to keep the city, yet they fought on, and suffered on. At length, late on a pleasant evening in May, the entire British army and navy attacked Charleston. The thunders of two hundred cannons shook the city, and at one time it was on fire in five diff'erent places. These terrible scenes continued for three days and nights, when the Americans were compelled to give up. Lincoln, his army, and the citizens, five thousand in number, became prisoners of war. The British also took four hundred cannons. 8. The loss of this Southern army was a dreadful blow to the Patriots, and for a while all hope of being free seemed to be lost forever. The British commander sent large bodies of troops into the country, in various directions, and these built some forts. The Patriots, everywhere, were made to tremble, and for a while all was still. Not a Whig was known to be in arms, in South Carolina. Then Clinton and xVrbuthnot, feeling that all was safe, sailed for New York with a large number of troops. 9. The silence did not continue long. DeKalb was compelled to move slowly, and did not reach the borders of South Carolina until mid-summer, when Gen- eral Gates took command of the army. The Southern Patriots felt very hopeful GENERAL GATES. whcii thcy kncw that the conqueror of QtrE8TiON'3.— C. Wliat did Clinton and Arbuthnot do? 7. What happened soon after- ward ? 8. What was the effect of the loss of Charleston? 9. What can you tell of other movements '! S 1 X T II Y EAR OF THE W A R. 155 Brave leaders. Approach of Gates. Defeat of the Americans at Camden. GKNERAL SCMTKU. Burg-oyne was coming, and tlicy began to collect in armed bands. 10. Those brave soldiers, Clarion, Sumttr, Pickens and Clarke, were soon in motion at the head of troops, and they struck the British and Tories many heavy blows in South Carolina and Georgia. When, in August, (tates and his army marched down from the hill country toward Cam- don, the Patriots of that region joined him, and he felt strong. 11. Cornwallis had been left in chief command at Charleston. When he heard of Gates' approach, he hastened to Camden, took the lead of the British there (who were under Lord Rawdon), and marched to meet Gates. Their meeting was unexpected to both. It was at midnight, on a sandy road where it crossed a swamp, seven miles from Camden. Their footsteps in the soft sand were unheard. 12. A skirmish occui-red there in the dark, and at daybreak a severe battle commenced. The Americans were dreadfully beaten and scattered, and lost a thousand men. The brave DeKalb and other noble soldiers were killed, while General Gates and a few of his troops escaped into North Carolina. 13. This was another severe blow for the Patriots. "Within three months, two of their armies in the South liad been de- stroyed, and now the armed bands I have mentioned, were scat- tered to the winds. All seemed hopeless; and yet the Patriots were not without hope. 14. Cornwallis foolisldy thought that harsh treatment would make the Patriots silent, so he commenced oppressing them in every way. But it made them despise him and hate British rule more than before. The Patriots became verv indiF, EOCHAMliEAtr. i!4. < 'oniwallis jinally went to Portsmoiitli, near Xoiiulk. Jiut Sir lleiirv (.'liiiton, toariiiij^ Washington inio-)it attack JS'cw York, wished Cornwallis nearer the sea, so tliat he iniu;lit come and ]ielp him, if necessary. All the Dritish in \'iruinia tlien went to Yorktown, on the York river, and tliere they built strong embankments for cannons, around their camp. '20. Early in July, the French army under Roeliambeau, came from New En- gland, where they had been almost a year T T M OK T I! i: \V A R . 107 The Amerioiin :iriiiy ii flic South. End of the wiir. Treaty for pcaco. SECTION, IX. CLOSIXO EVENTS OF THE AVAIl FOIl IXDEPEXDEXCE, [l *782-l 789,] 1. General Greene heard of the capture of Cornwallis, at iho close of October, and there ^vas great joy in his army. The Pa- triots of the South now felt certain of independence and peace ; and Governor liut ledge called a Legislature together. Yet it was necessary to be on the look-out, for there was quite a large British army yet in Charleston, and Tories were plentiful every- where. 2. Marion kept watch near Charleston ; Greene and liis army lay upon the banks of the Edisto river ; Wayne, always wide awake, kept the British in Georgia close within Savannah ; St. Clair, marching down from Yorktown, frightened the British at AVilmington, and made them flee to Charleston ; and Washington kept Sir Henry Clinton and his army close prisoners in the city of New York. 3. The king and Parliament now gave up the American col- onies as lost to them forever, and sent word to all the British commanders to stop fighting, and prepare to leave the country. This was in the spring of 1*782. On the 1 1th of July the British left Savannah, and on the 14th of December following they de- parted from Charleston also. But they remained in New York almost a vear longer, until every thinij was settled. They finally left on the 25tli of November, 1783. This is called " Evacuation Day," in New York. 4. Men, called (Commissioners, were appointed by the Amer- icans and the Britisli, to make a bargain, or treaty for peace, be- tween the two. This was completed at Paris, on the 3d of Sep- tember, 1783, when the king of Great Britain had acknowledged Questions. — 1. 'Whnt can yon fir\y ahnnt- tlio armv nnrl people nt tho Sonth ? 2. What won- tho .Vmcrifun ofnccrs i-i the South fluinc? ' 3. \yii:it did the kin^.' .-ind Par- liimpntdo? What did the British in America do? 4. What can you tell about a treaty ? 1 OS THE REVOLUTION. Americans in New York. Washington's farewell. Resigns his comniission. tlie independence of the United States. Then these States became a new nation upon the earth. 5. The remnants of the American army were then at AYcst Point and neighborhood. These -wci-o marched down tlie Hudson river ; and on the morning when the British wore to leave New York, they entered the city, under the command of General Knox, accompanied by George Clinton, the Governor of the State of New York. Then they had the pleasure of seeing their enemies leave our shores GENKUAL K.N OX. p forever. 6. A few days after this, Washington bade his officers an affec- tionate farewell, and then went to Annapolis, in Maryland, where Congress was sitting, and gave up his commission as commander- in-chief of the armies, to the President of that body. From An- napolis he hastened to his home at Mount Yernon (where he had been but once during the whole war), hoping to live there in repose the remainder of his life. V. Although the war was ended, and peace and independence were secured, there was much to be done to make things pros- perous. The Americans had become deeply in debt on account of the war ; and they soon found that the Articles of Confedera- tion, of which I have told you [page 134], would not answer as the great and enduring laws of the Government. 8. Many of the best men in the country talked these things over a great deal. Washington was very anxious about it, for he saw that unless something was done very soon, much trouble would come. Finally, several of the leading men in different States, met in Philadelphia, in May, iTSl. After thinking and talking for many weeks, they wrote out, and agreed to that great bargain of the whole people of the United States, called The Federal Constitution. Qtjtstions. — 5. Wliat can yon tell abont the Americans taking possession of New York? G. Wliat did Washington do'/ 7. What was to be done after the war? 8. What can you tell about a meeting of leading men ? What did they make ? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE W A R . 169 The constitutional convention. Franklin in the convention. 9. That Convention, or Congress, did a great work, and some of the wisest and best men in the world were tliere. Washing- ton was the President; and the venei'ahle Dr. Franklin, tlion past eighty-one years of age, was also there. For several days at FBANKLIN IN THE FEDERAL CONVENTION. the beginning, tli;.'y eonld not agree, and things went on badly. Then Franklin arose, and proposed that the Convention should be opened every morning with prayer to Almighty God for guid- ance. It was done, and from that time all went on well. 10. The Constitution was finally agreed to by the people of all QiTF.sTiONS.— 0. What can you tell about the Federal Convention? What did Dr. Franklin do ? 1 70 THE REVOLUTION, Close of the history of the strife for freedom. the States. On tlie 4tli of March, 1789, the old Continental Congress ended, and the Federal Constitution became the Great Law of the Republic. That was the final act of the Revolution. That was the closing work of the Great Patriots. Then the United States of America commenced their glorious career. 11. And now the story of the Strife for Freedom, or The Revolutiox, is ended. I am sure, my Young Friend, you have been interested ; and I am also persuaded that you will always love those great and good men who did and suffered so much during the War for Independence, and will do all you can to pre- serve the blessed Union which is bound together by that old and sacred bargain — The Federal Constitution. Question. — 10. W'hat can you say about the Federal Constitution? Whut is the conclusion of the matter? CHAPTER VI SKCTION I. THE C O N F E D P: 11 A T I O N , O R UNION OF STATES. Washington elected president of the United States. 1. When most of the people of the United States had agreed to the Federal Constitution Avhich ^^t, bound thcni all together, they pre- pared to choose a great governor or president, who should be the chief man of the nation. They all turned toward Washington, who had so ^^^ nobly led their armies through the War for Independence. He was honored and beloved by everybody. So the people, as if with one voice, chose him to be their chief ruler, or the President of the United States. John Adams, another great Patriot, was chosen Vice-President, or the second man in the nation. 2. The new government was to j^ be arranged at Xcw York. \\'ash- ington left his quiet home at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, and trav- eled to that pity. Everywhere the people met him and expressed their love ; and at New York he was received by a great crowd of Question. — 1. What can you tell about Uic choice of a rrcsi. Wliat can yon tell of the labors of Washington and others? and of the Ri'vcniio System ? 7. What can yon toll about the National Judiciarv ? 8. What else was done? 9. Wliat can you tdl about the Ohio country? 10. What did the Biilish do? 174 THE CONFEDERATION. Federalists and Republicans. Troubles -witli the French. Whisky insurrection. war upon tlie white people in the Ohio country, which contiinicd three or four years. 11. At last General Wayne, who you remember, [page 148^, took Stony Point away from the British, was sent there with an army. He beat the Indians here and there, until they were glad to make peace, and agree to behaye themselves. They continued quiet for more than a dozen years alter that. 12. The leaders in public aftairs did not always agree, and at last two parties were formed. Those Avho Avere favorable to giv- ing great power to the government, were called Federalists^ and those who wished to give more power to the people, were called Repuhlicans. The chief leader of the Republicans was Thomas Jefferson, avIio wrote the Declaration of Independence. 13. At this time the people of France, having become tired of a monarch, had cut off the heads of their king and queen and many other great people. They were resolved to be free, and have a president, as the United States had. But they did not know how to manage such affairs, and a bloody time they had. They sent an agent here, named Genet, to persuade our govern- ment to help them, as the French had helped the Americans in the late war. 14. The Republicans wished to aid the French, but the Feder- alists, with Washington and Hamilton at their head, were unwill- ing to have any thing to do with European affairs. This matter gave the President much trouble. Genet became very imperti- nent, and, finally, Washington asked the French government to call him home. It was done, and another was sent, who behaved much better. 15. This trouble was just passing away, when another appeared. Congress had put a tax upon whisky made in this country. The numerous whisky-makers in western Pennsylvania, declared they would not pay the tax ; and arming themselves, they treated the collectors of the money very badly. The President was compelled to send soldiers there in 1795, to make them behave, Questions. — 11. AVbat can you tell of an Indian war? 12. What can ycu tell about two parties? 1!?. "What can you ti41 about France and a French agent sent here? 14. What trouble occurred, and how did it happen? "VV A S II I N G T O N S A D M I N I K T K A T I O N . Jay's treaty. Algeria pirates. Navy. aiitl iiuitters sdou became quiet. This is known as Tlf Whi^ki/ Insurrcct'con. 16. Bad feeling was now growing up again between the Amer- ieans and the British. The Britisli refused to act fairly accord- ing to the great bargain or treaty, made at tlic close of the war, of which I have told you on page 167. Not wishing to have another quarrel, the President sent John Jay, an excellent Pa- triot, to talk the matter over. He did so, and made a new arrangement, which many Americans did not like. They quarreled a great deal about Jaifs Trcafij, but linally they let the matter drop. 17. And now another trouble ap- peared. It seemed as if the United States would never be without some difficulty. Their merchants were send- ing ships to trade in the Mediterranean sea, where there were a great many sea-robbers, who came from Algiers, in northern Africa. They seized and plundered many American ships, and the merchants began to be afraid to send their vessels there. 18. Congress concluded to put a stop to this, and ordered some war-ships to be built and sent there to protect the merchant ves- sels. This was the beginning of the American navy ; and another cabinet officer, to assist the President, was appointed, called the Secretary of the Navy. But the United States could not stop these sea-robbers, called pirates, from plundering, until it was agreed to pay them so much money every year. 19. Washington was twice elected President, which made liis term, or administration, ciglit years. lie and his associates had done a world of ^ work within tliat time, and everything was going on smoothly. In the autumn of 1796, the people came JOHN- JAY. OirrsTiONP. — 10. "Wlnt ransorl bar! foolinc; hf>twor>n the AmrnVons nnd tho Tiri'isb ? Wliiit was ('.ono-' IT. "Wlial can yon toll nbont troiiMp in tlic Me !iffn-ar,can no-.xr 1'^. ^Vll-^ oan voii toll about llio br'jnnniri'.; of tbenavv. and monrv paiil to the Bca-robbers ? V.». What can von toll about '^Va>^hin;,'ton, and a new olection?' T76 THE CONFEDERATION. Death of Washington. Adams's administration. together in different places, all over the country, to choose a new President. The Federalists and the Republicans had a hard con- test. The Federalists beat, and chose John Adams for President. Thomas Jeiferson, the Republican, was chosen Vice-President. 20. In September, 1796, Washington sent forth to the people a noble Farewell Address; and, on the 4th of March following, he retired to Mount Vernon, where he lived in repose until the 14th of December, 1799, when he died. Then there was mourning in America and in Europe, for a great and good man — a cham- pion of liberty, and a friend of mankind, had left the earth forever. ADAMS, AXn HTR BESIDENCE. SECTIOiN H. A D A M S ' S ADMINISTRATION. [1797-1801.] 1. John Adams, the second President of the United States, was very active in Congress and in Europe, during the whole War for Independence. He found trouble to begin with when he became President. France and England were at war ; and because of Jay's I Treaty with Great Britain, and be- ' cause the American government would not help the French in their Revolution, the rulers of France were very angry with us. 2. Adams soon called the Con- gress together to talk over the matter. They sent three smart men as ministers to the French Qtii-8Tio>-s.— "^O. What moro can you say abont Washington? 1. What can you tell about Adams and the beirinning of his administration? Jefferson's administration. 1 V 7 Bonaparte. District of Columbia. President JeflferBon. government, to settle all difficulties, but these were insultele elected another Pres- ident. Then, again, the Federalists and Republicans had great strife. This time the Republicans were the victors. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and Aaron Burr Vice-President, not by the people, but by the House of Representatives. When you are older you may better understand how this happened. SECTION 111. Jefferson's administration. [1^01-1 800.] 1, Thomas Jefterson, the third President of the United States, was also active during the whole War for Independence, in Con- gress, and as Governor of ^'irginia. He, too, was an agent for his country in Europe, but not until after the war. 2. Like Washington, Mr. Jefferson held the office of President eight years. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1801. QuFPTroNR. — '\ "What ran you tell nbout tronblp with France? 3. What can you tell nhont Rompirt. What can vou tell nhont Ohfo and Louis- iana? 4. What can you tell about a war wiritish on Queenstown Heights. The battle was very severe. The British were driven oft*, and their general, P>rock, was killed. Others at- tacked and beat the Americans in the afternoon of the same day, so that both parties suffered dreadfully. 15. Very little more was done on land, during the remainder of the year. But the little American navy did wonders on tlie ocean. In August, the frigate Constitution completely destroyed the British frigate Gucrriere. Two months later, the sloop of war Wasp, fought and beat the British brig Frolic^ off" the united stateb iuigate. coast of North Carolina. But the Wasp was taken by another British vessel that very afternoon, so the victory did not amount to much. IG. A week after this, the frigate United States fought the British frigate Macedonian for two hours, and beat her. The United States was commanded by the brave Decatur, of whom I have told you on page 78. At the close of December, the Constitution and Java had a terrible fight. Many of the British were killed, and the Java was surrendered and burnt. The Constitution was then commanded by Bainbridije, of whom, also, I have told you on page 78. 17. These victories made the Americans proud and jovful. I have told you [verse 3, page 126], what privateers are. Well, tliere were swarms of these on the ocean, at this time ; and dur- ing the year, they took away from the British about three hun- dred vessels. Feeling stronger on account of these things, the Americans prepared for a lively campaign in 1813. 18. During the excitement of the war, Mr. Madison was ao:ain QUFSTIONS. — 14. ^^'^^^t rr.n you toll of an invapion of Canada? 15. "V^'hat ccnirred on Uie ocean? IG. What other oonflicts occurred on the ocean? 17. How did the Americana feel? AVhat can you tell about privatsers? THE CONFEDERATION. Campaign of 1813. The war in the west. chosen President of the United States. George Clinton, of whom I have told you [verse 5, page 168], had been Vice-President. He died, and Elbridge GeriT, one of the great Patriots of the Kevolution, was chosen in his place. SECTION V. THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1813.] 1. The campaign of 1813 opened with the year. The army was divided. The army of the West was under General Harri- son, at the head of Lake Erie. The army of the Center was under General Dearborn on the Niagara river ; and the army of the North was under General Hampton on the borders of Lake Champlain. Sir George Prevost took Brock's place as com- mander of the British array in Canada. 2. War began in the West. Thousands of young men came from Kentucky and other western States, to drive the British from Michigan. These were led by the brave old Governor Shelby, who fought valiantly at the battle of King's Mountain, of which I have told you on page 156. 3. Early in January, General Winches- Gs^n-EAL siiELTiY. fcr, wlth an army of fine young men, marched toward Detroit. Some of them were sent ahead and had some skirmishing. The British general, Proctor, then on the Canada border, crossed over, and attacked Winchester near the river Raisin. After a hard battle, the Americans were compelled to surrender, on promise of being well treated. 4. Do you remember what Montcalm promised Monro at Fort William Henry ? and what sad thing happened ? Look at verse QursTioNS — 1 S. What can yon tell about a now election ? 1. What can you tell about t^e division of the army ? ". "What was done in the West? 3. What can you tell of V/lnchester and a battle V SECOND WAR F O K INDEPENDENCE. ladian Massacre. Attack on Fort Meigs. Major Croghan. 35 and 30, page 101. Well, a similar thing occurrt'd now. Proc- tor, who was not half as honorable as Montcalm, went oil", without leaving a guard to protect the American prisoners. The Indians soon turned back, nuirdered a great many of them, set fire to houses, and kept some of the prisoners, to torture them in the woods. O, how angry the Kentuckians were. After that, when they attacked the British and Indians, they would cry out " He- member the river Raisin !" 5. When General Harrison heard of this massacre, he was at the Maumee rapids. There he built a strong work, and called it Fort Meigs. He remained there with his troops till the 1st of May, when he was attacked by General Proctor with more than two thousand British troops and Indians. The savages were led by Tecumseh, of whom I have told you on page 183. G. Proctor and his men were driven away, after five days' struggle. Some Americans pursued them, and were themselves taken prisoners. Then Proctor returned ; but on the 8th of May he was compelled to fly to the Canada shore. 7. xV large number of Americans, under General Clay, re- mained at Fort Meigs. Toward the close of July, Proctor and Tecumseh, with four thousand men, attacked them. Leaving Tecumseh there. Proctor soon marched swii'tly to attack Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, which was defended by Major Croghan — a brave young man, only twenty-one years of age, having with him only one hundred and fifty men. 8. " Surrender immediately," said Proc- tor, on his arrival. " Never, while I have a man left," replied Croghan. Then a terrible fight followed. At last the British and Indians, beaten and greatly alarmed, fled in confusion. The shots from a single cannon in the fort, had Qur.STioNS. — t. WHiat wicked Uiinp was done near the river R lisin ? 5. "Whnt did Ilarriion do';:' What liapiifiiicd at l-'ort Meifjs? fi. "What cjin yon tell ahmit I'roffor* 7. What more can you tell about Proctor aud the Indians';' S. What cau you tell of the bravery of Croghan ? MAJOR CBOr.HAN. 188 THE CONFEDERATION, Scenes on the Lakes. Perry's Victory. Battle near the Thames. killed or wounded one hundred and fifty of tliem, while Croghan lost only one man killed and seven wounded. Tecumseh and the remainder, fled in terror from Fort Meigs. 9. The two great lakes, Erie and Ontario, now became places of much interest. In the autumn of 1812, the Americans com- pleted a small fleet on Lake Ontario ; and in the summer of 1813, another had been prepared on Lake Erie, and placed under the command of the brave young war-sailor, Commodore Perry. 10. The British also had a small fleet on Lake Erie. This and the American fleet met toward the west end of the lake, on the 10th of September, 1813, and had a very hard battle, which lasted a greater part of the day. Toward \ evening every British vessel had sur- } rendered to Perry, and then he wrote to General Harrison — "We have met ooMMODOEE PEEEY. fhc cucmy, and they are ours !" 11. Harrison was near the western shore of Lake Erie at this time. On the l7th of September, he was joined by four thou- sand Kentuckians, under the brave old Shelby, and they pro- ceeded to attack the British at Maiden, on the Canada shore, and to take Detroit away from them. 12. The British and Indians fled into the country in western Canada. A part of the American army took possession of Detroit, and the remainder, more than three thousand strong, led by Harrison, Shelby, and others, started in pursuit of the flying- enemy. 13. They overtook Proctor and his army on the river Thames, on the 5th of October. There a desperate battle was fought. Tecumseh w^as killed, and his followers fled in dismay. Almost the whole of Proctor's army were killed or made prisoners, and Proctor himself barely escaped on horseback. 14. Now all that Hull had lost was recovered, and there was QuFSTioxs. — '}. What was done on the lakes? l'^. "What can you tell of Perry and his hattle? 11. What can you tell of Harrison and Shelhy y 12. What can you tell of a pursuit ? 13. What can you tell of a batUe near the Thames ? SECOND W A K FOR 1 N DEPENDENCE. 189 Capture of York. Death of Pike. Events at Sackett's Harbor. 110 more war in that region. The people, all vwv the couiitrv, rejoiced. Harrison left Cass with some soldiers, to keep Detroit, and dismissing many of the volunteers, (the }ouni»' men from Kentucky), he marched with the remainder of his army to Niagara, w here they joined the army of the center. 15. In February some British troops had crossed the St. Law- rence on the ice, and destroyed much property at Ogdensburg. General Dearborn now determined to attack the British at To- ronto (then called York), in Upper Canada. Toward the close of April, quite a large number of troops, in ships commanded by Commodore Chauncey, went to that place, and made a strong attack upon it. The Americans were commanded by General Pike; the British and Indians by General Shcalie. IG. The British found the Americans too strong for them, so they fled, after setting fire to the powder in the fort, which blew it all in pieces. General Pike was so badly hurt by some of the Hying stones and timbers, that he died on Chauncey's ship soon afterward, with the captured British flag under his head. The American flag soon floated over the ruined fort at York. 17. A month afterward, the same troops, borne by the same ships, attacked the British Fort George, on the NiM:;nra river. The British were compelled to give up the fort. They fled to Burlington Heights, at the western end of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the Americans. 18. Sir George Prevost, whom I have already mentioned [verse 1, page 186], came to Sackett's Harbor with ships and troops, while Chauncey, with his fleet, was at the other end of Lake On- tario. On the 2Tth of May, 1818, Prevost landed more than a thousand men. General Brown, a brave soldier, was there, with a few troops, and he called the surrounding inhabitants together as quickly as possible. Prevost soon became alarmed, and fled to his ships in great haste. 19. Now the Americans planned an attack upon Montreal, in Questions. — 14. What was now pained ? What did Harrison do? ir>. WJiat can vou tell about an attack on York, or Toronto? Ifi. Wliat cui y-ii tdl of thr fipht and ot'bor cvonts? 17. What did tbo Anipricans do on the western sborcs of Lake Ontario? 18. "What occurred at Sackett's Harbor ? 190 THE CONFEDERATION. Events on the St. Lawrence. Villnges burnt. Troubles in the South. Canada. Dearborn \Yas taken sick, and General Wilkinson took liis place as chief commander. He collected seven thousand troops on the banks of the St. Lawrence, early in November, and went down that river, expecting to be joined for the attack on Montreal, by three thousand troops, under Hampton, from Lake Champlain. 20. The British were wide awake on both sides of the river, and the Americans found it very difficult to pass many places, with their boats. Some of them, under General Brown, landed at Williamsburg, and there, on the 11th of November, the Americans and British had a severe fight. The Americans lost more than three hundred men, and the British about two hundred. 21. A-VTien he arrived at St. Regis, Wilkinson found that Hampton would not join him, so he marched his army to French Mills, nine miles in the country, and prepared to spend the win- ter there. They called the place Fort Covington. 22. While these things were going on, there were some ex- citing scenes on the Niagara. The Americans burned the Ca- nadian village of Newark. The British were soon revenged. They took Forts George and Niagara away from the Americans, and burned Youngstown, Lewiston, Manchester (now Niagara Falls village), the Tuscarora Indian village. Black Rock, and Buf- falo. These places were all burned in December, and thus ended the campaign of 1813 in the North. 23. I have told you that the brave Indian warrior, Tecumseh, was killed in battle, in October, 1813, In the spring of that year, he was among the fierce Southern tribes, to arouse them against the w^hite people. The Creeks [see verse 21, page 15] listened to him ; and late in August they attacked Fort Mimms, on the Alabama river, and murdered almost three hundred men, women, and children. 24. This terrible massacre made all the white people of the South very angry ; and full twenty-five hundred Tennesseeans, under General Jackson (one of the greatest of the American war- QiresTiONS. — 10. What was planned? and what rlid the Americans do? 20. What can you tell of a battle in Canada ? 21. AVhat did Wilkinson do ? 22. What can you tell of events on the Niagara frontier ? 23. What can you tell of Tecumfieh? CAPTAIN LAWEENCE. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 191 The Indians subdued. Battles on the Ocean. Death of Lavrence. riors), m:irched into the country of tl»e Creeks. They had battle after battle with the Indians, and always beat them. Finally, toward the close of March, 1814, the last battle was fought at the Great Horse Shoe liend, on the Tallapoosa river. There more than six hundred Indian warriors were slain, and the power of the Creek nation was crushed forever. 25. Now I will tell you what happened on the ocean during 1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, commanded by the brave Captain Law- rence, fought and captured the British brig Peacock, off the east coast of South America. A few minutes after the Pea- cock gave up, it went to the bottom of the sea. 26. Captain Lawrence was much praised, and when he came home he was made commander of the frigate Chesa2)eakc, a larger vessel. In this ship he sailed out of Boston harbor on the 1st of June, 1813, and that afternoon had a hard battle with the British frigate Shannon. The brave Captain Lawrence was shot, and as they carried him below to die, he said, " Don't give up the ship !" But they w'ere com- pelled to give it up, for the Shannon was the victor. 2*7. In August, the British sloop Pelican took the American brig Argus. A month afterward, Perry gained his great victory on Lake Erie, about which I have told you. A few days before this, the British brig Boxer had surrendered to the American brig Enterprise, after a fight off the coast of Maine. The com- mander of each vessel was killed, and they were buried in one grave at Portland. 28. During the summer of 1813, the British admiral, Cock- burn, attacked, plundereit can yon toll about Captain T/'wivnco? 27. "What else occurred on the ocean? 28. What can you tell about Admiral Cockbum? 192 THE CONFEDERATION Cockbum the marauder. LAWEKNCE CAEEIED BKl.OW. and burned Havre de Grasse, Georgetown, and Frederictown, on the Chesapeake. Then he went into Hampton Roads, at Old Point Comfort, and proceeded toward Norfolk. 29. The Americans on Craney Island, a little below Norfolk, bravely disputed Cockburn's passage, and drove him back. The British then attacked and plundered Hampton until they were tired, for the American soldiers there w^ere too few to drive them away. Then they went South, plundering the Carolina coast all the way to the Savannah river. Qttkstions. — 29. What occurred at Craney Island ? What more can you tell about Cockbum ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 193 Porter in the Pacific. Movements of the American troops. 30. During 1813, the American frigate Essex, commanded by Captain Porter, made a long cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and captured many British whaling vessels. At length, in March, 1814, the Essex fought two British vessels at Valpa- raiso. It was one of the hardest sea-fights during the war. The British were victors ; and Porter wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, " AVc have been unfortunate, but not disEcraced." SECTION \{. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPEXDEXCE CONTINUED. [lS14, 1815.] 1. It was well for the Americans that Great Britain was at war with Bonaparte all this time, and was prevented sending sliips and soldiers across the Atlantic. In March, 1814, Bonaparte was driven out of France, and it was supposed that war would cease. So the British sent fourteen thousand of the great Wel- lington's troops over to Canada. 2. The American army in northern New York was put in mo- tion at the close of February. It was useless to invade Canada in the St. Lawrence region, so "Wilkinson led some of the troops to Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, and Brown marched with others to Sackett's Harbor. 3. In May, a British fleet and three thousand troops attacked Oswego. After fighting a good deal of the time for two days, they were driven away by the Americans, with a loss of over two hundred men. They did not venture back again. 4. At about this time, General Brown led his troops to the Niagara river. On the morning of the 3d of July, some Amer- icans, under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed the river and captured Fort Erie. The next day, the American and British armies ha. T\1int was asreed to? 10. \S1iat can you tell about a new election? 11. Whnt cnn von tell .ibout tho old soldiers a"d the fisberips? 1?. What can you tell about West India pirates ? 13. What can you tell about La Fayette? A D A M S S A I) M 1 N 1 S T R A T 1 O N . !01 John Quincy Adams. Prosperity of the United StatcB. 1-L In the autumn of 1824, the people of tlie L'niteut this was breakintr the great bargain made in the federal Coustituti(»n, and l*resident Jackson plainly told the peo- ple of South Carolina that they must pay the duty, or he would send United States troops there to compel them to, as Washing- ton did, you remember [page 174], among tlic wdiisky-makers of Pennsylvania. 9. Matters appeared darker and darker every day, and most people thought there would be war. Then, early in 1833, Henry Clay, one of the wisest men we ever had in Con- gress, proposed a plan, called the Com- promise Measure, which satisfied all parties pretty well. It was adopted, and so the trouble ceased. 10. Again in April, 1833, Jackson made war upon the United States Bank. Almost ten millions of dollars, belonging to the United States, were in that bank, and nE^rav clay. the use of this money was profitable. Jackson declared that the money was not safe there, and he ordered it all to be taken from the baidv, and put into various State banks. This injured the old bank very much, and as it could not get a new charter, it stopped business forever, in 183G. This removal of the deposits, as it was called, made the merchants and others very angry, and business got into great confusion. 11. Jackson was again chosen President of the United States, in the autumn of 1832, and most of the people believed him to be the best man in the world to manage matters. Among other things, he attempted the removal of all the Indians in the United States to a fine country west of the Mississippi, where they would not be disturbed by the white people. Questions. — 7. What trouble now occurred? 8. What did tho President do? 9. How was the trouble ended? lit. What can you tell about the United States Bank and the public money? 11. What can you tell of a new election? What did Jackson try to do ? 206 THE CONFEDERATION. The Seminoles and Creeks. Jackson's administration. 12. The Seminoles in Florida refused to go. Led by Osceola, a brave and cunning chief, they made war upon the white people, which continued for several years. Many United States soldiers were sent there, from time to time, but the Indians, in their dark swamps, defied them. 13. Finally, in 1836, the Creeks joined the Seminoles, and mail- coaches, steamboats, and villages in Georgia and Alabama, were attacked by them. General Scott, of whom I shall soon tell you much more, went there, and beat the Creeks. During the sum- mer of 1836, several thousands of them went to their new homes beyond the Mississippi. 14. President Jackson's second term now drew to a close. He had ruled with wisdom and energy, and the United States were more thought of by the world than they ever were before. France, and other governments of Europe, were compelled to be honest in paying what had long been owing to the people of this country, for injuries done to their ships before the war of 1812. Jackson always acted upon the principle — ask nothing hut what is right, and submit to nothing that is wrong. 15. Two more new States had now been added to the Union, by the admission of Arkansas and Michigan. In the autumn of 1836, Martin Van Buren, of New York, who had been Vice- President for four years, was chosen President of the United States ; and in the following winter the Senate chose Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, to be Vice-President. Questions.— 12. What can you tell ahont Indians? 13. What can you tell of an Indian War? 14. What can you say about Jackson's administration? 15. What can you tell about new States ? What about another election? VAN B U R E N S ADMINISTRATION. 207 Martin Van Buren. Extravaganco of the people. SECTION X. buren's administration. [183*7-1841.] &<^ 1. Martin Van Buren became the eighth President of the United States, on the 4tli of March, 1837. lie was born just at the close of the Revolution. He was a poor boy, but by doing right, and study- ing and working very hard, he became the greatest man in the United States, wlien he was fifty- live years old. 2. At this time, business all over '][ the country was in great confusion. The State banks had lent the pub- lic money to almost every body, and almost every body who bor- rowed it became proud and ex- travagant, built fine houses, and even commenced building whole villages. They acted as if they never expected to pay the money back, and a great many did not. 1 Finally, when the banks would not lend any more, these people could not pay the money back to the banks, nor to others, so almost every one suffered. 3. The troubles in business became so great, that Van Buren called Congress together in September, 1837, to talk the matter over. But they did very little to help the people out of their VAN UtJBEN, AND HIS Br.SlDENCE. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Martin Van Buron? 2. What can you say about business and the actions of the people? 3. What can you tell about Congress? 208 • THE CONFEDERATION. Sub-Treasury. Seminole war. North Eastern boundary. troubles. Finally it was concluded not to let the banks have any- more of the public money. So men called Sub-Treasurers were appointed to receive it at different sea-ports, and keep it until called for. This plan, which has been in use ever since, w^as called The Independent Trcasurij System. 4. The Seminole war was continued. Finally Osceola was in- vited to the camp of General Jessup, who commanded the United States troops in Florida, to have a talk about peace. There Os- ceola was made a prisoner, and taken to Charleston, where he died not long afterward. This was unfair ; and yet it seemed the only way to stop the war. 5. Colonel Taylor, who afterward became President of the United States, was in Florida a long time with troops, and had several battles with the Indians ; but they were not finally sub- dued until 1842, when the war ended. It had continued seven years. 6. In 1837, some of the people of Canada resolved to become independent of Great Britain, and commenced a revolution. Many Americans went there to help them, and this caused very unpleasant feelings between the governments of the United States and Great Britain. 7. President Van Buren did all he could to keep the Amer- icans from going to Canada, but it was not until 1841, when John Tyler was President, that a stop was put to it. Then the revolu- tion had been put down ; and, since then, all has been pretty quiet in Canada. 8. At this time the Americans had a serious dispute with the British, about the boundary line between the State of Maine and the province of New Brunswick. This, too, made a great deal of bad feeling, and at one time the people in that region armed themselves for war. General Scott went there and made peace, and in 1842 the whole matter was settled. 9. In the autumn of 1841, General Harrison, of Ohio, of whom I have told you, was chosen President of the United Questions. —4, 5. What more can yon tell about the Seminole \rar? 6. What can you tell of troubles in Canada? 7. What did the Presidents do 1' 8. What can you tell about a boundary line ? HARRISONS AND TVLERS ADMINISTRATION. 209 ■\Villiam Henry Harrison. His inaugnration and death. States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. Now tliore were two parties, called Whigs and Democrats. Those who wore the friends of Jackson and Van Buren, were the Democrats, and those who elected Harrison were "Whigs. SECTION XI. Harrison's and tyler's administration. [1841-1845.] 1. William Hemy Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, was born more than two years before the Battle of Bunker's Hill, of which I have told you. He was a little boy all through that old war. 2. General Harrison became Pres- ident on the 4tli of March, 1841, and precisely one month afterward, he died. There was great grief among his friends all over the couur try, but the people felt that the event was right, for God had ordered it so. Harrison was an old man, almost seventy years of age. According to the decree of the Federal Consti- tution, the Vice-President became the Chief Magistrate, and on the 0th of x\pril, 1841, the ADMINISTRATION OF TYLER commenced. John Tyler was a mucli younger man, and was the tenth President of the United States. nARBISON, AND niS EEBIDENCE. Questions.— 0. What can yon say about a new eloction about General Harrison? 2. What can you tell about his 14 1. Wliat can you tell and the consequences * 210 THE CONFEDERATION Congress. Tyler's veto. Changes in the country. 3. President Harrison had ap- pointed the last day of May for Congress to meet, to talk over the affairs of tlie country. They did so, and remained together until the middle of September. Their chief business was to make a law for chartering a United States Bank. 4. President Tyler, like Jackson, i,^_^ refused to sign the law. His politi- cal friends were very much oftended, and all of his Cabinet advisers left ^ him, and vrould have nothing more ^^ to do with him, except the great Daniel Webster, who was the Sec- retary of State. Mr. Webster knew that it was best for his country to remain, and he did so. Men should love their country more than party. 5. During Mr. Tyler's adminis- tration, changes were made in the TYLFE, \ND HIS EEBiDE^cn tariff laws ; the State of Rhode Island was favored with a new constitution, and measures were taken for the admission of Texas into the Union. There was much trouble in Pthode Island about the constitution. Some liked the old charter given them by King Charles the Second [verse 3, page 83] well enough, and others wished a ncAV f)ne. The two parties came very near having a war about it. 6. The admission of Texas was an important matter. That State QcTSTiON's. — 3. "WTiat can von tell about Coni^ress? 4. Wliat can you tell about Tyler's troubles? What did Webster do ? 5. What occurred during Tyler's adminis- tration ? DANIEL AVEKSTER. P0LK3 ADMINISTRATION. 211 Texas. Its Annexation. The Magnetic Telegraph. Avas once a part of Mexico. A great many Americans had settled tlier^', and they finally concluded to be free. But they had to tlj,-lit for their freedom, and in 183G the people of Texas became indL'p.Mident of Mexico. 7. After awhile the Texas people wished tlieir State to become ono of the United States, and arrangements were made for that p irpose in 1844. Just at the close of Mr. Tyler's administration i I 1845, Congress agreed to it, and Texas became one of the States of our Union, on the 4th of July following. 8. The annexation of Texas had much effect on the election of President in the autumn of 1844. A majority of the people were in favor of that annexation, and James K. Polk, of Ten- nessee, who was also in favor of it, was chosen Chief Magistrate, ^Yith George M. Dallas as Vice-President. 9. One of the most wonderful things ever before known, oc- curred in 1844 in connection with Mr. Polk. A meeting of Democrats at Baltimore, having selected Mr. Polk as the best man for President, the news of this choice was sent from there to Washington, forty miles, by the Magnetic Telegraph. This woiblerful invention by Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, an Amer- ican, by which one man's thoughts may be conveyed to another man, a thousand miles in a second, was then just completed, and that was the first public use ever made of it. Now, you know, sending thoughts by Telegraph is a very common thing. SECTION xn. POLK S ADMINISTRATION. [1845-1849.] 1. James Knox Polk was fifty years old when he became the eleventh President of the United States on the 4th of March, Questions.— fi. "VVTiat can you say about T.^xas? S. Whnt did Texas and tho United States do ? 8. What happened in 1S44 r 0. What cau you IcU about a wonderful inven- tion? 1. What can you say about James K. Polk? 212 THE CONFEDERATION. Trouble with Mexico. Armies on the frontier. *^5rv^ 1845. He was a Democrat in politics, and his party was strong throughout the country. 2. The coming in of Texas was ) the most important event at the beginning of Mr. Polk's administra- tion. The government of Mexico had never acknowledged the inde- pendence of that State, but con- tinued to claim it as a part of that republic. Of course the act of ^^ 2 Congress in admitting it was very offensive. 3. This offense and an old quarrel about debts due from Mexico to people of the United States, soon caused a War. Expecting this, the President ordered General Taylor and fifteen hundred soldiers to go to Texas in July. They encamped ^ X. - ^ >^ at Corpus Christi, not far from the POLK, AND HIS EEsiDENCE. Rio Graudc, or Grand River. At the same time some American war-vessels went into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. A large number of Mexican troops collected at Matamoras, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, at the close of 1845. Early in January following, General Taylor with most of his troops, formed a camp and commenced building a fort on the opposite side of the river. General Ampudia (pronounced Am-poo-dhee~ ah) who commanded the Mexicans, ordered him to leave in twen- ty-four hours, but he refused to do so. 5. General Arista (pronounced Ah-rees-tah) now became the Mexican commander. He was a better soldier than Ampudia, and Taylor's situation became a dangerous one. Soon, armed Qtjestions. — 2. What can you say about the admission of Texas? 3. What can you tell about preparations for war ? 4. What occurred on the Rio Grande ? 6. "What can yon tell about the two armies ? WAR WITH MEXICO. 213 War with Mexico. Taylor's two great battles. Plan of the war. Mexicans crossed the river, and late in April some Americans were killed by them. This was the first blood shc.nl in THE W A n W I T II M E X I C O . 6. Taylor had left some soldiers, willi provisions and other things, at Point Isabel, lie heard that a large number of Mex- icans were marching in that direction, so he hastened thither with a greater part of his army. When he had gone, the Mexicans attacked his fort, opposite Matamoras, which compelled him to march back to defend that. 1. On his way back. General Taylor fell in with six thousand Mexicans, under Arista. It was on the 8th of May, 1846. The place where they met was called Palo Alto, and there they had a very hard fight for five hours. The Mexicans were badly beaten, and lost six hundred men. 8. Just at evening tlje next day, the Americans again fell in with the Mexicans at a place called Resaca de la Palma, three miles from Matamoras. There they had another severe battle, and the Mexicans were beaten, with a loss of more than a thou- sand men. These misfortunes greatly alarmed them. 9. Before these two battles were heard of in the United States, Congress had declared war against Mexico, and the Sec- retary of War, with the help of General Scott, had planned an extensive campaign. Mexico, you will see by the map, extends across to the Pacific Ocean, so it was planned to send war-ships around to attack the enemy on that coast. The President was allowed to raise an army of fifty thousand men, and it was deter- mined to take possession of Mexico. 10. After his successful battles, Taylor drove the Mexicans from Matamoras, and marched toward Monterey, a strong city in Mexico. He took that city on the 24th of September, and then encamped near, where he waited for further orders what to do, from the President of the United States. QcrE8TTO>-6.— 6. Wliat can you toll about the commencoment of the war? 7, 8, \Vhat can you tell about two battle's with the Mexicans ? 9. \Vhat did Congress do * "What plans were arranged* 10. What can you tell about General Taylor in Mexico? 214 THE CONFEDERATION. Military movements. General Scott, Nortliern Mexico conquered. 11. While Taylor was waiting, other officers were busy else- where. General AVool was preparing the recruits, or the new men who joined the army, for military service ; and in October he marched into Mexico, Jind took possession of some of the coun- try. In November General AVorth took one or two places away from the Mexicans. At that time General Taylor was in motion, with his main army. After taking possession of a large tract of country, Taylor encamped at Victoria. 12. General Scott, as commander-in- chief of the armies of the United States, went to Mexico early in 1847, and pre- pared to attack the strong town of Vera Cruz, and the fort there. For that purpose, he strengthened his own arm}-, by taking many troops from General Taylor. Yet that brave soldier, with only about five .thousand men, marched boldly against the Mexican general, GENERAL SCOTT. Sauta Auiia, who had twenty thousand. 13. At Buena Vista (pronounced Bwe-nah Ves-tah), which means " pleasant view," the two armies had a terrible battle on the 23d of February, 1847. It lasted all day. The Mexicans were dreadfully beaten, and left full two thousand men on the field, killed and wounded. The Americans lost about seven hun- dred. 14. All northern Mexico was now in possession of the Amer- icans ; and in the course of a/ew months, the conquering Taylor returned to the United States, and was everyv.diere received with the greatest honors. Then the people first began to talk about making him President of our Republic. 15. While these things were occurring, the Americans, under different leaders, were taking possession of other parts of northern Mexico. General Kearney was in chief command of what was called the iVrniy of the West; and in August, 184G, he drove QuESTroNs.— 11. What can you toll about other movements in Mexico? 1?. What can you tell ab-rnt Generals Scott and Taylor? 13. What can you tell about a battle ? 15. What els« did the Americans do 1 S C () T T S INVASION O F M E X I C O , 215 Fremont and California. Doniphan. Scott' H invasion. the Mexicans from Santa Fe, the cliicf city of New Mexico, and took possession of that broad territory. IG. During tlie same summer, Colonel Fremont (the brave explorer of the Rocky Mountains) and others, took possession of California. After some more battling until early in January, 1847, all became quiet. Then a vast territory, stretchiiio- along the Pacific Ocean, and several hundred miles into the country, came into possession of the Americans. 17. In the mean while, Colonel Doniphan, with a thousand brave Missourians, made a triumphant march into northern Mexico. After capturing Chihuahua (pro- nounced Chee-wah-wah), one of the finest provinces of northern Mexico, he returned to Xew Orleans, having marched over five thousand miles. General Scott was now on his victorious way toward the great city of Mexico. Listen attentively, and I will tell you somcthinof about SCOTT S INVASION OF MEXICO. IS. Scott landed near Vera Cruz with about thirteen thousand men, early in March, 1847. His troops were borne there by a fieet commanded by Commodore Conner, which remained to assist in the attack on Vera Cruz. That attack occurred on the 18th of March, and continued nine days. Then the city, the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa (pronounced San Whan ,^ and thousands of people went CBYBTAL PALACE IN NEW YOBK. there to see them. 4. In the year 1855, the Americans became much excited about negro slavery in a Territory west of the Mississippi, called Kansas. People from all parts of the Union went there to settle, and they quarreled, and sometimes fought, because a part of them were in favor of having slaves there, and a part of them were opposed to it. There was real war there, in 185G, and there has been a great deal of ill feeling ever since, but I think they will all become quiet and live as friends. 5. In 1855, Great Britain was at war with the Russians, on the shores of the Black sea, and British officers residing in the United States employed men here to JQJn the British army there. This was contrary to our laws, and the President sent those trv? "What can you tell about exploring pxpeditions? 3. What can yon tell about a great show? 4. What can you say about Kansas? 5,6. What can you tell about trouble with British officials, and a new election ? 222 THE CONFEDERATION. Dismissal of British officials. Conclusion. officers out of the country. Among them^ Xv'as the British Min- ister at Washington City. His government was offended, and talked about war, but knowing that the x\mericans were right, the English concluded to say no more about it. 6. President Pierce's administration now drew toward a close, and in the autumn of 1856, the Democratic party elected James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, the fifteenth President of the United States. He was inaugurated . on the 4tli of March, 1857, and will be our President, if he lives, until the 4th of March, 18G1. Here, my Young Friend, our story ends. It has been quite a long one, but I hope it has not been wearisome to you. Very soon you will be grown up, and then if you live many years, and are active and useful, what you do will be a part of the his- tory of our dear Country, that some one will tell to other Young People when you have passed away. Remember this, and try to make that history so good and beautiful, that all will love to listen to it, and will thank their Heavenly Father for His kind- ness in allowing them to live in a country so Virtuous and Free. may you always feel like singing — " Great God! we thank thee for this home — This bounteous birtli-land of the free ; Where wanderers from afar may come And breathe the air of Liberty ! Still may her flowers uutrampled spring, Her harvests wave, her cities rise : And yet, till Time shall fold his wing. Eemain earth's loveliest paradise 1" THE END 635 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011 447 257 8