mm mm. nil ( ■Hill WilB wtSBSSSs I i ■ Ha H lull liflifi HUH 1811 ffiffl rani ■■■■II ■11 BslIloWSIil ■SB riBU mm it HHiH Hi in ■I H HI Bill ■HI Hill HHHSWUBUfl '% ^ V" FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, AN© BOTANIST'S POCKET MANUAL, A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, ANALYTICAL TABLES, AND THE NATURAL ORDERS, mU3TRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH EMBRACES DESCRIPTION* OF MORE THAN NINE-TENTHS OF TnE INDIGENOUS FLOWERING WANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATB3. By H. K NOLL, JJljilaMptjia : &IPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND COMPANY. LEWISBURG : 0. N. WORDEN, PRINT. 185L Vt%3nfirt&A& Entered according to Act of Congress by . HEXRY K. NOLL, in the Clerk's Office of the district Court of Western Pennsylvania. B. M. EVEEHART, West Chester, Pa. 1883. Not to be loaned on any condition. PREFACE. This volume has been prepared expressly as a convenient pocket manual for young Botanists as well as for those more advanced in the science. It contains a copious Glossary of Botanical Terms, Analytical Tables and the Natural Orders, illustrated by a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are described all, or nearly all, the indigenous and naturalized flowering and filicoid plants of our State, together with some of the more commonly cultivated exotics of the gardens; arranged according to the Natural System now so generally adopted in botanical works. But, in order to secure all the advanta- ges of the Linnamn System, and to render analysis as simple as possible to the beginner, I have given a synopsis cf the genera, arranged under the respective classes aad orders of that system, describing the more prominent characteristics of each, with a reference to the number of the page where the genus and species are fully described in their respective orders, in the body of the work. In preparing the glossary, analytical tables, and arranging the natural orders my principal authorities have been " Gray's Botanical Text Book" and a work by the same author enti- tled u Botany of the Northern United States" — both American works of the highest merit. With few exceptions I have adopted the nomenclature of the "North American Flora' 1 of Torrey and Gray, for our native and naturalized plants (so far as that flora now extends), and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of the " Prodromus" of De Can- dolle, regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. In describing the genera and species together with their locality, I have consulted Beck's "Botany of the United IV PREFACE. States north of Virginia" Doctor Darlington's (t Flora Cestrica" Wood's "Class Book of Botany," Gray's "Botany of the Northern United States" and Barton's Botany and Flora." Such as this flora is, I now snbmit it to the public. That it will he found free from errors, I hardly expect. I have, however, prepared it with much care and study, having devoted untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which my occupation as a mechanic permitted me to enjoy. In conclusion I have only to ask of those who may discover special imperfections in the work^ or who may be able to suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of genera and species indigenous to our State not described in the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me, and should another edition be called for, I shall endeavor to rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability. EL K NOLL. Lewisbueg, March, 185L 6nt**i»t-n/i{ BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 1. "^The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plint, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c, is called botanical analysis. 2. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex- amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the flower. 3. The analysis of plants is a constant object ofpursiit with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the flowering month, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos- som, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 4. Lst U3 now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order, to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organ- ic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &c, the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char- acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs." 5. But this is no^ to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the char- acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course I* Vi ^ * &F COLLECTING AND PRESJbk^U PLANTS. of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a full series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the Linnaean Artificial System. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 6. Students in botany should give an early and per- severing attention to the collection and preservation of ag many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu- ting a more thorough examination at one's leisure. 7. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed a Herbarium, or by the more significant title Hortus Siccus (dry garden). 8. A complete specimen consists of one or ni ore shoots, bearing the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in some cases, as in herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved. 9. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be gathered, if possible, in a dry day, and carried either in a close tin box, about 20 inches long and 3 or 4 in diameter, or in a strong portfolio, containing a quire or more of firm paper, with a few sheets of blotting paper to receive the delicate plants. They must be dried under a strong pres- sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com- posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un- til all the moisture is extracted from the plants — a period which varies from 3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transferred en- tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per- fectly dry. 10. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en- dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c, are very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have found the following method to answer a very good purpose : ABBREVIATIONS. YU treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking care to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around them becomes moist. 334. The dried specimens are next to be arranged in their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled with the names, locality, Sec, and laid either in separate or double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other- wise on a half sheet of good white paper. * These can be collected in folios sufficiently large to contain each natural order, or artificial class, and labelled accordingly on the out- side, received into the compartn nt of a cabinet, with close doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place. * I have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for fasten- ing plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce. Izingla-s 1 ounce, dissolve them in % pint of water by boiling orer a gentle heat, after which add 1 ounce Tincture of Camphor,, incorporating them well by shaking; then spread some of it on a plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to be fastened, lay it on the \ Qg it down so as to receive a coating all over the uuder sur- face, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with 1 or 2 thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF OF AUTHORS. THE NAMES Adans. Adanson. A._'b. Agardh. Ait. Aiton. Am. Arnott. Bart. BartoD. Benth. Bentham. Berl. Berlandier. Bernh. Bernhardi. Brongn. Brongniart. Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. Boehm. Boehmer. Bong. Bongard. Br. Brown. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Chav. Chaviennea. Darl. Darlington. DC. De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines. Desv. Desvaux. Dew. Dewey. Dill. Dillenius. Dub. Duhamel. Endl. Endlicher. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Ell. Elliot. Engel. Engelman. Forsk. Forskahl. Jrcel. Frcelich. Gaert. Gasrtner. Ging. Gi Gmel. Gmelin. Good. Goodenough. Grev. Grevilie. Grise. Grisebach. Gron. Gronovious. Iledw. Hedwig. Hoffm. Hoffman. Hook, laooker,. Huds. Hudson. Jacq. Jaequin, Joss. Jussieu. Lam. Lamarck. Lamb. Lambert. Lcc. Le Conte. Lindl. Lindley. L'Her. L'Heritier. Linn. Linnaeus. Lk. Link. Lehrn. Lehman. Mart. Martius. Mentz. Mentzel. Miehx. Miehaux. Mill. MiUer. Mirb. Mirbel. Mitch. Mitchell. Moench. Moenchausen. Mubi. Muhlenberg. Necs. Nees von E^enl-oofe. Nutt. NuttalL Pall. Palbs. Pav. Pavon. Pers. Persoon.. Poir.. Poiret. Ph. Pursh. Rani. Ra=n as the body to which it is attached. dous flowers. Hooded ; curved suddenly at the point. Labiate ; having lips. Hybrids ; crosses between allied species. Lacerated ; torn, cut into irregular seg- Hypocrateriform ; salver-shaped. ments. Hypogynous; stamens arising from be- Laciniate; slashed, deeply and irregu> low the ovary. larly cut. Lactescent; milky. Icosandrous ; having more than ten sta- Lamella; a thin plate. mens inseited on the calyx. Lamina ; a broad plate or expansion. Imbricated; lying over each other with Lanate, Lanaginous ; woolly. regularity, so as to break joints. Lanceolate; shaped like the head of a Imperfect ; wanting stamen or pistil. spear. Incised ; irregularly and sharply cut. Latex; the proper juices of plants. Incumbent : leaning upon, the radicle Lactiferous tissue ; the series of vessel* resting against the back of one cotyle- carrying the latex. don. Lateral; at the side. Incurved; bent inwards. Leaflet; oneof the small leaves of a coin- Indefinite; too numerous to be counted. pound leaf. Indehiscent ; not opening naturally. Leafstalk ; petiole. Indigenous; being a native. Legume; apod, a two-valved pericarp. Induplicat?; having the edges bent or Lenticular; resembling a double convex rolled inwards. lens. Indusium ; a thin membraneous cover- Liber ; the innermost layer of bark. ing, applied to the scale on the theea; Lignin; a vegetable principle found in in ferns. woody fibre. Inferior : towards the base or root. Ligule ; an appendage shaped like a Inflated ; enlarged, as if dilated by air. strap. Inflexed; incurved. Ligulate; strap-shaped, long and nafr- Inflorescence; the mode in which flowers row. are arranged on a branch. Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily. Infracted; bent at so acute an angle as Limb; the spreading part of a petal of a to appear broken. monopetalous corolla. Infundibuliform; funnel-shaped. Line; the twelfth part of an inch. Innate; when an anther is firmly at- Linear; narrow and long. tached to the apex of a filament. Lineate; marked with lines. Insertion; the point of attachment or Lips; the pieces of a 2-labiatc (2-lipped) un'on. corolla. Interfoliaceous"; between the insertion of Lobes, Lobed; rounded divisions. leaves. Loculicidal; the deLLccnce of the com- Internrde; the space between nodes or poneut carpels of a compound fruit, b.y joints. the dorsal suture. Interrupts ; when organs of a different Loment; a jointed legume. size are interposed in a series. Lunate ; crescent-shaped. Interval; the channel on a cremocarp Lurid; of a dull, deathly hue. betw-en the ridges. Lyrate; pinnaUfid, having the upper eejj- Introduced ; not originally a native. ments largest. Introrse ; turned outward, inverted; when a part is in an opposite Mammilar; conical, with a rounded apox* direction to other similar parts. Marescent; withering — persistent. Involucel ; a partial involucre. Margin; the circumference or edge. Involucre; a whorl of bracts to an umbel Mealy; covered with a white powe'er. or head. Medullary rays ; the silver-grain of word* Isomerous; equal in the number of Membranous, or Membranaceous; iiut parts. texture or thinness of membrane* GLOSSARY. 109 Mericarp; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules; little nuts, or nut-like fruits. an umbelliferous plant. Nut ; a one-celled, and one-seeded fruit, Micrcpyle; foramen or scar of an ovule. arising from a two or more- celled and Midrib; the main rib of a leaf, extending seeded ovule. from tbe base to the apex. Nutant; nodding, partially drooping. Mitriform: having two terminal divisions, like a mitre. Ob; a particle, which, when prefixed to Monadelphous ; stameng united in one any other term, denotes the inversion set. of the usual position. Monandrous; having one stamen. Obconic; conic, with the apex downward. Moniiilbrm; necklace-shaped. Obcordats ; reversed heart-shaped. Monoearpoas; bearing but one fruit, or Oblanceolate ; with the widest part above bearing but once. ' the middle* and tapering gradually to Honochlamydeous; when the calyx only tbe is present. Oblique ; not symmetrical, one side as Monoclinous ; having the stamens and it were cut off obliqnely. pistils in t.he same flower. Oblong; much longer than broad. Monocotyledonous; having but one coty- Obovate; ovate, with the narrowest por- icdon. tion at baee. Monoecious; having stamens and pistils Ohovoid; inversely oveid. in differemt flowers, but on the same Obsolete; when a part is obscure, and as plant. if worn away. Monogynous; having but one style. Obtuse; blunt, rounded. Monopetalous; where the corolla is of Obsolute; where cue margin of a leaf in one piece. the bad is exterior, the other interior- Monophyilous: one-leafed. Oehrea; a cylindrical stipule. Monosepalous ; calyx in one piece. Oehrolcueous; whitish-yellow, cream- Monospermous ; one-seeded. color. Mueronate: having a rounded end. Octandrous ; having eight stamens. Multifid; maxy-cleft. Octogynous; h;.\ tylea. Multipartite; many-parted. Offset; a lateral branch, terminated by Multiple; a number containing another a cluster of leaves, and capable 0- tak- numbsr several times nithout a re- ing root. m tinder: as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous; oily, affording oil. Murieate, ha via >. short rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed at one Muticous or Mutic ; pointless, awniess. slue. Mutilated; not produced in a perfect Operculum; th3 lid or covering of the form. theca in mosses. Opposite; standing directly against each Naked.; wanting a covering analogous other on < i of tbe stem. to that of other species;. Orbicular; having a circular outline. Napiform; turnip shaped. Grthotropous ; where an ovule is turned Natant ; swimming, floating. from its original directi Navicular; boat-shaped. Oval; longer than broad, the sides curv- Neck ; the crown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end. part of the tube of a corolla. Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil; .it'ereus; bearing honey. the young state of a perie&rp. Nectary; the part of a flower secreting Ovate; egg-shaped. [egg.. honey. Ovoid; having the outline of an entire Keedie-.>haped; linear, rigid, tape-ring to Ovule; the incipient form of a seed, cea- a point. tained iu an ovary. Nerved; having rib like fibres. Nerves; parallel veins or rib like fibres Palate; a large obtuse projection which ex-ten ling from above the base to the closes the throat of a personate flower. apex. Paless ; a chaffy-bract to a floret in eoma >!etted ; having reticulated fibres. compound flowers. Neuter or Neutral: having neither sta- Paleaceous; chaffy. mens nor pistils. Palmate; divided so as to ressmhle tbe Node; a knot or joint, the projection from band and fingers. which le aves arise. Pandtvriform ; fiddle-shaped. Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; an irregularly-branched racem*. drooping. * Panicled or Paniculate ; arranged in thd Nodi; no ies, knots joints. form of a panicle. Nodose ; having many nodi or joints. Papilionaceous; butterfly shaped; a form Normal; regular in structure. of an irregular polypetalbus corolla, Nucamentaccus; producing nuts. Papillose; pimpled, "having fleshy pro- Nucleus; kernsl, the subcanee of a seed tuberancos. [Sowers, cr cvuie. Pappu* ■ the seed down in compound J 110 GLOSSARY. Parasitic; drawing support from another Pinnatifid; cut-winged, where the lamina plant. on each side of a petiole is deeply cleft . Parenchyma; common cellular tissue in Pinnules: the leaflets or subdivisions of a soft state. a bi-tri or multi-pinnate leaf. Parietal; arising from the inner wall of Pisiform; formed like peas. an organ. Pistil; the central organ of flowers cora- Parted; divided almost to the base. posed of style, stigma and ovary. .Partial; particular, not general. Pistillate: having pistils only. Partition; a dissepiment. Pith; the central spongy substance in Pectinate; divided like the teeth of a the centre of plants, composed of eel- comb, lular tissue. Ptdate ; finely palmate, like the foot of Placentas ; the line or body to which A bird. the ovule* are attached. Pedicel; a partial or secondary flower- Plaited; folded in regular layers. stalk. Plane; flat. Pedicillate or pedicslled ; having or be- Plicate; folded like a fan. ins; supported on a pedicel. Plumose ; resembling a feather, fringed Peduncle : a flower-stalk. [duacle. with hairs. P^duncled or pedunculate; having ape- Plumule; the incipient ascending axis. Pellicle: a vary thin stratum or coat. Poculiform ; cup-shaped. Pellucid; transparent, pervious to light. Pod; a pericarp of two valves; it may Pellucid-punctate: having punctures ad- be a Legume or Siliqne. [ovary. mitting the passage of light. Podosperm; funiculus, footstalk of an Peltate; shield-like, having a stalk or Pollen; the granules or dust contained support in the water. in anthers. Pencilled or pencillate; ending like a Pollen tube; a minute tube projected painters pencil or brush, from a pollen grain. Pendulous; hanging down. Pollinia ; masses of pollen. Pentagonal; having five corners er angles. Folydelphous ; having stamens united Pentagynous; having five styles, inmnvethan two sets. Pentandrons; having five stamens. Polyandrous; having many stamens at- Pentam rous: a whorl sf. five parts. taehed to receptacle. Pspo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal- ralygamo-dioecious; having perfect and lv pulpy fruit, formed of three united imperfect flowers on distinct plants. carpels. Polygamous : having perfect or stami nate Perennial ; lastinc; from year to year, and pistillate flowers, or all those kinds. Perfoliate; where a stent perforates a leaf. Polygynous; having manv styles. Perforate; having holes and dots, at! if Polymorphous ; changeable, assuming a pricked. variety of forms. Perianth ; fioral envelopes. Polypetalpus : having many petals. Pericarp; the fruit seed case. P olyphy lions ; having many leaves, ap- Peridium ; a spore-case. plied to the ca'yx. porigonium; a perianth. Polysepalous; having many sepals. Parigyuiutn : a sac enclosing the ovary. Polyspermous ; having many seeds. Perigynous; inserted around the ovary. Pome; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed of Pt-risperm; the albumen. a juicy or fleshy calyx; enclosing the Peristomes the fringed border of the carpels. theca in mosses. Parrected; extended forward. Permanent, persistent ; remaining for a Proefoliation : vernation, the arrange- long time/ meut of a leaf in a hnd. Personate ; masked; a form for a labiate Prcefloration ; aestivation, the arrange- fiower. ment of the floral envelopes in a bud. Petal ; the colored leaf of a flower. Preemorsc : as if bitten off. Petaloid ; resenrbUns a petal. Prickle ; a sharp appendage of the bark, Petiole; the loot-stalk of a leaf. not connected with the wood. Petioled or petiolate; with a petiole, not Priniine; outer coat of ovule. sessile. Prismatic; having several parallel fat J.^tiolule; the foot-stalk of a leaflet. sides, phanoiramous or phanerogamous; hav- Process; a protuberance or projecting ing visible stamens and pistils. part. Phyllodinm ; a leaf formed of a dilated Procumbent: lying on the ground. petiole. Proliferous; where leaves or flowers atIm Pilose: hairy, having slender hairs. from others. Piunal; the leaflets or divisions of a Prostrate: lying on the ground. pinnate l.-ff. Protruded; projecting out, exserted. Pinnate;, adeaf is pinnate when the leaf Pruiaose; covercred with a frost !;!;• lots are arranged in two flows on the meal. SiOu ..f * c.<;nniou petiole; winged. Pscudopinnat* ; fitlaoly a imperfectly pb*> GLOSSARY. Ill bate, not resolving at any tim? into Repluni: a pe r-istent platenUB, or m^h seperate leaflets, as the the Pea. Yetcli. - gin in certain seeds. Puberulent; covered with a minute' pu- Resupinate ; inverted. bescenee. Reticulate; netted. Pubescence; a general term for the hairy R'trofie-x ; bending in various directions. covering of plants. Retrorse'or rc-tfarsely; turned backward*. Pubescent : hairy, having hairs of any Retuse; when an apex is slightly indent* kind-. ed or hollowed out. Pulp . the soft, juicy, cellular substance Reversed : bent back towards the ba#e. found in berries and similar fruits. Revo'.ute; relied backwards. PuiveriUent: powdery. Rholzonia; a horizontal subterranean Pulvinate: cushion-like. stem. Punctate ; doited. Rhombcldal ; oval, but tomewhat angu- Puncticulate; having minute dots. lar at the middle, Purigent; sharp-pointed, or prickly at Rhomboid; when the midrib of a leaf the ap^x. ac rid. sends off marked lateral ones. Putam n : a nut-shell. Ribs ; parallel ridges or nerves extend- Pyramidal ; tapering upwards, ing from near tbe base to the apex. Pyriform : pear-shaped. Rigid; stiff, inflexible. Pytidium: a capsule with a transverse Rimose ; full of chinks or clefts, dehiscence, " Ringent; grinning; applied to a form of labiate flowers. Quadrangular ; four-cornered. Rcot ; the descending axis of a plant. Quaorifarious; in four rows or directions, Rooting; sending, out lateral roots, pointing or facing four ways. Rootlet ; a secondary root or fibre. Quadrifid; four-cleft. Rosaceous; having a corolla like a rose. Quaternate ; four together. Rostrate; beaked. Quinate; arranged in fives. Rostellate; with a small beak. Rosulate; arranged in the form of a Eac;me; an inflorescence having the Rotate; wheel-shaped. [rosette. flowers supported on pedicels along a Rugged or Rough ; eovered with email Tat his. asperities. Racemose: flowering in racemes. Rudiment; a term applied to an organ Rachis: the axis of inflorescence; or the that is imperfectly developed. general petiole in pinnate- leaves. Rufescent ; becoming reddish-orange or Radiant or Radiate: diverging from a rusty. common centre, furnished with rays. Rufous; reddish-brown or rust-cclorc-d. Radical; proceeding directly from the Rugose; wrinkled; having small folds or root. elevations. Radicle: secondary roots, rootlets. Rugolose ; finely wrinkled. Radicating; sending out roots at the Ruminated; when the albumen has a nodes or joints of the stem. wrinkled or folded appearance. Xameal ; belonging to the branches. Runcinate ; pinnatifid, with the divv- Ramenta: the scales or persistent remains sions pointing backward*. of leaves or other parts of the plant. Runner; a shoot producing leares and R amentaceous: covered with ramenta. roots at the end. Ramose ; branched, branching. Raphe; the ridge or part eonnc-cting the Saccate; having or resembling a small hilum and chalaza. Sagittate; arrow-headed. [sac. Raphides; minute crystals in the cellu- Salver-shaped; a monopetalous coroik), lar tissue. with a flat spreading limb. Ray; the outer florets of a compound Samara ; an indehiscent, winged pericarp, dower. Sap; the watery fluid absorbed by the Receptacle : the base ou which the parts sp ongioles of a plant, and affording it of fructification are seated. nourishment. Reclined or reclinate; inclined down- Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer. Recurved; bent downwards. [wards. Sarcocarp; the fleiihy or pulpy coat of a Red uplrcate ,' with the edges folded or pericarp, between the epicarp and exo- turned outwards. carp. Reflexed ; bent backwards. Sarmentose ; a running shoot, rooting at Regular; having the parts equal and its joints, uniform; as the divisions of the calyx Scabrous; rough. or corolla. Scales; thin membraneous processes, at- Remote ; distant. tached to the cuticle, Ac. Reniform; kidney-shaped. Scandant; climbing usually by tendrils. Repand ; spread, having a curved or Scape ; a radical peduncle, or Aotsc sinuous margin. stem. Replicate ; bent back en itself. Scarious ; dry and membraneous*. 112 GLOSSARY. Scattered; irregularly and thinly ar- Sorus : a cluster of sporangia in fern?. ranged. Spadix ; an elongated spike, covered by 8cions ; lateral shoots or offsets from the a spathe or modified tract. root. Span (measure) ; 9 inches. Scorpoid: an unilateral raceme, which Sparse; scattered. is revolute before expansion. Spathe : a kind of sheathing bract, a Scrobieulate : pitted. spadix or single flower. Scuteilate : shaped like a target or shield. Spatalate : shaped like a spatula. Secund: turned to one side, one-sided. Species: the lowest division of plants. Secundine : the second coat of the ovule. Spermoderm ; testa., outer coat of sred. Seed : the matured result of fecundation, Spike : flowers arranged on an elongated and designed to reproduce the species. rachis, with very short, or no pedicels. Segments; the parts into which a corol- Spikelet: a division of a spike. la. calyx. £c., are divided. Spindle-shaped; fusiform. Semi: half. Spine; a thorn, connected with the wood. Semi-Li valved; half divided into two Spinose; bearing spines. valves. Spiral - ? Lbraneous tubes, liav- Sepaloid : like sepals, not petal-like. ihg internally a spiral fibre or fibres. Sepals; the leaves of a calyx. )les; the extremities of root fibres, idal; when a pericarp opens by Sporangium; the case containing -spores, the opening of the ventral sutures, Spores; sporules : the organs serving as and a division of the dissepiments, moue plants. reus; bearing a septum. Sporidia; membranccus cases containing Septifragal ; when the dissepiments re- spores in the Fungi. main attached to the axis, separated Sporogens ; parasitic plants, haling flow- from the valves, as in the loculicidal eis, but propagated' by spores. dehiscence. Spur ; a process from the calyx or corol- Septum: a partition, la resembling a cock's spur. Sericeous; silky, covered with soft short Squainose; scaly. [sealfa. hairs. vallate; bearing small narrow Serrate; having teeth like those of a saw. Squarrose; ragged, scales or leaves stand- Serru] - rrate teeth are again mg out from a common axis. serrated, it also means finely serrate. Stamens; the fecundating organs of Sessile : where any organ is destitute of pb annate; having stamens only. : a bristle. Standard; banner, the upper petal of a Setaceous; bristle-like. illionaceous flower. Setiform; formed like a bristle. Stellate: star-like, spreading out in a Setose; bristly, having bristles or stiff radiate manner. hairs. Stem : the ascending axis of a plant. Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf, Stemless ; unprovided with a stem. bract, Sec, down a stem, so as to en- Sterile; a staminate flower. clese-it. Stigma; the termirating organ on a d ; embraced by a sheath. pistil. Sheathing; surrounding by a convolute Stipe ; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of base. Stipellate ; having stipelles. [apod. Shield-shaped; shaped like an ancient Stipelles; a stipule of a leaflet. shield. Stipitate; having a stipe: Shining: glossy, snicoih and polished. Stipulate; furnisl ed with stipules. Shrub: a small plant with a woody stem. Stipule; i ndoge or leaflet, at Sickle-formed; much carved, with sharp or near the insertion of the petiole.- edges. Stolon: a rooting branch or shoot. Silicic: the pod of a plant of the order Stomato: pore? in the epidermis. siliculoea. Striate : streaked with longitudinal lin«s. Siliculosa; an order of Tetr adynamia Strigose : clothed with short, rigid, ap- having pods almost as broad as long. pressed hairs. Silique; the pod of a plant of the order Strobile; a core, a kind of ament with siliquosa. woody scales, each of which is an open Siliquosa; an order of Tetradynamia, carpel. having the pods much longer than Strophiole; an appendage at the hilum. broad. of some seeds. Silky; clothed with soft and shining ap- Struma; a cushion-like swelling, a pro- pressed hairs. tuberance at the base of the carpel of 8imple; undivided. [sions. some Mosses. Sinuate; having rounded sBallow inci- Style; that part of a pistil between the Sinn*; a rounded incision in the margin. ovary and stigma; it is often absent. Smooth ; having an even surface, Stylopodium ; the thickened base of soma Solitary; siDgk. styles. GLOSSARY. 113 Suberose; cork-like. Tride-ntate; three-toothed. Sub-, a qualifying prefix, pignifying Ti-ifid: three cleft. poincwhat ; as Trifoliate ; three leaves together. 8ub-cov-\a.t>\ somewhat hearkehaped ; s«5- Trifoliolate; three leaflets to^eth.r. rotund, somewhat round. Trigonous; 3-augled, 3-sided. Submersed; under wat-r. Trigynous; having three styles. Sabterraneus; growing beneath theearth. Trimerous; a whorl of 3 parts. Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering to a sharp Triquitrous; sinrp'y 3-angk-d, the 3 Succulent ; juicy, pulpy. [point. sides concave. Sucker; a shoot. Tripinnate; 3 times pinnate. SufFrutieose ; slightly shrubby ; smaller Triternate; 3 time3 ternate. than a shrub. Trophosperm; a synonyms for the pla- Sulcate; grooved, marked with deep lines. centa. Superior; a calyx or corolla is superior, Trumpet-shaped; tubular, dilated at the when it is inserted on the upper part apex. of an ovary. Truncate ; as if cut off transversely. Supra-axillary.; appearing above an axil. Tube; the united part of a calyx or Burculose ; producing saen corolla. Suspended: an ovule hanging directly Tuber; a thick and fleshy subterranean downwards. stem of no regular form. Sutnral ; belonging to a carp 1. Tubercles; small knobs or tubers. Suture; a seam at the meeting of Wo Taberculate; warty, parts, the line of dehiscence of a carpel. Tunieated; coats 1. trjcal; when parts are in their Turbinate; top^shaped. normal proportions. Turgid ; swollen, thick. Byncarpoua; several carpels uniting in Twining; ascending spirally. one ovary. Two-ranked; rows- on opposite sldaSt Syngc d -Ions ; anthers united in a tub? . Synouymes; names of the same meaning. Umbel; an inflorescence, where the Bow- er-stalks diverge from the same point Tail ; a filiform process affixed to a seed. in a radiated manner. Tap-root; a conical root. U'mbellate ; bearing umbels. Tegnum ; the inner covering of a seed. Una or partial umbels. Tendril; an appendage by which a ciimb- Uin'cilicate; d^pre-'Sed in the centre. I \nt supports itself. Umbilicus , the hilum of a seed. Terete; cylindrical or tapering, but Umbonate; bossed. round. Unarmed; destitute of spines, prickle!*, Terminal; proceeding from the apex. U . i. \ke. Ternate; in -fold. * - bs; small plants with woody Testa ; the outer goat of* a set i !. sterna. Tetradynamous ; having 6 stamens, 4 of Undulate; wavy. wbi ib are longer than the others. Uaguiculate ; claw-like ; having a claw. Tetragynous; having 4 styles. Unguis; the claw of a petal. Tetram -rou--; in fours. ' Unilateral; one-sided. Tetrandria; having 4 stamens. Urceolate; urn-shaped. Thalamus ; a name for the receptacle of Urticle : a small bag or six;, a earyopaia the flowers, which does not adhere to the seed. Tballophytes; stemless, leafless. flowerb»es Thallus: the frond of Hepatica). [plants. Vagina; a sheath. Thecae; a spore-case. Vaginate; sheathed. Thorn: a spine or short process from the Valvate; having valves. woody part of a plant. ■ the pieces of a pericarp, whieh Throat; the orifice of a calyx-tube. separate naturally on ripening. Thyrsus; a condensed panicle. Variety ; a plant differing from the type Tomento3c; woolly with short der.ge of the spe-.-ies in minor particular*. hairs. Vascular plants; plants with spiral ves- Toothed ; having salient points not di- Vascular tissue. [sels. rected towards the apex of the leaf. Vaulted; arched, as the upper lip iu Top-shaped: inversely conical. seme labiate flowers. Tortuous ; irregularly bent or twistod. Veins : the o£bs of leaves. Torus ; a receptacle. Velutinous : velvety, clothed with a close-, Transverse; crosswise. soft, and dense pubescence. Tree; a large woody plant.. Velvety; as velutinous. Triadelphous; having stamens in three Venation; distribution of veins in a sets. Venose ; veiny. [leaf. Triandrous ; having three stamens. Ventral suture ; the suture opening to Tribracteate ; with three bracts. the axis of the flower. Trkhotomous ; three-forked. Ventrkose : inflated ; swelling out. J* 114: GLOSSARY. Vernation; the arrangement of leaves Yoluble; twining. in the bud. Yerucose ; warty. Wand ; a small twig, a long rod. Yersatile ; lying horizontally. Wedge-shaped; obovate with straitieh Vertical; at right angle* with the earth. sides. Yerticel ; a whorl. Wheel-shaped ; when a corolla ha* a Verticellasttr ; a whorled cyme. spreading limb and a very short tub*. Verticellate; in whorls, bearing whorls. Whorl; flowers or leaves surrounding Yescicular ; bladdery, haying bladder- the stem in numbers. like cavities. Wings ; lateral appendages to leares. Ac, Yexillum ; the standard of a papillina- also the two skie petals in a papilliona- ceous corolla. ceous flower. Villous or Yillose ; clothed with long and Wood ; the solid part of plants, composed soft shaggy hairs. of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral Virgate ; wand-likcv vessels, &e. Viscid ; clammy, glutinout. Woody tissue; cells with firm and thiek- Yitt«; oil-tubes, longitudinal canals in ish walls, drawn out into tapering or the substance of the fruit of Umbel- slender tubes. iiftrow plant*, containing aromatic ciL Woolly ; clothed with long matted hair*, ANALYTICAL TABLES. BEING A Synopsis of the Genera described in this work, according to the Linmean Artiiicial System. WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL . ORDERS AND PAGE, CLASS I. MONANDMA.— 1 Stamen-. Order I. Monogynta. — 1 Pistil.. * Flowers not glumaceous. PASS. HlPPURis. — Perianth adherent to the orary, the border entire. Stamen insert- ed on the edge of the calyx, — Aquatics with entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers. 1L8 Canxa. — Perianth unequal, scarcely Tip-shaded. Stamens petaloid, only one with half an anther on its edge. — Ilerbacf/ms tropical plants with trans- terse parallel veined leaves andshov:y flowers, 3§£ ■ ** Flowers glitmaceous (Sedges). Hsmicarpha. — Perianth none. Style 2-cleft. — Lota tufted annuals with bristle- like leaves at the base, and many-flowered spikes. „ 89?" Speei83 of Cyptrus, Eriophorus, and Fimbristylis. Cyperaceau SfrS Order II. Digtnia.— 2 Styles or sessile stigmas*. * Flowers not glumaceous. Caluteiche. — Filaments slender. Stylea 2, awl-shaped. Fruit 4-lobed, 4-celled, naked. — Leaves opposite, entire. 314 Butum. — Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit. — Leaves triangular or halbcrt-shaped, sinuate-toothed. 29ft * * Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). €inna — Spikelets 1-flowered, in a large compound terminal panicle. Stamen opposite the 1-nerved upper palese. 411 Ukiola. — Spikelets several-flowered, very fiat, coriaceous. — Tufted from creep- ing rootstocks. 421 AHDaopoaoN.— Spikelets 13^-flowered, la pairs. Panicles Biifcr. 481 116 CLASS II. CLASS II. DIANDRIA.— 2 Stamens.. Pi*C, Ordeb I. Monogynia. — 1 Style or Stigma. * Flowers with only a calyx,; not glumaceous. Jraxixus. — Calyx small, 4-cleft. Fruit a samara or key. — Leaves pinnate. 895- * * Flowers with a ca J yx and corolla.. * Corolla polypetalous (of seperate petals). ©HIOKANTHES.— Petals 4. long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very short, with a notched stigma. — Shrubs with while flowers in drooping recemes. 2£6. Cikc^a.— Pftr.lt 2. inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender. — Uerbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers whitish in racemes. lift. ** Corolla monopetalous (one-pe tailed), regular. fiKStrsTRiM. — Calyx 4-toolhed. Corolla i-loh >cl, funr mens on tha tube of the corolla. Style very short, with a I . — S/irubs with simple entire leaves and small white flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 264 Stsixoa. — Corolla salver form, with the limb cleft ieto 4 deep obtu?e spreading segments. Stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled. — ■ Oriental shrubs loiih simple entire leaves, aad while, lilac, or purplish fragrant flowers.. 296 Jlsxrsms. — Cnlyx tubular 5 to IC-eTeft. Corolla salver-form, m ith a long tu^e and a fiat 5 to 10-cleft limb. — Eu.. — Calyx small. 4-cIeft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. Style much exserted; stigma capitate. — STirubs with opposite leaves, and white flowers in a cLnse globose head. 152 BiP9AC"5. — Corolla tubular. 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens inserted on ths corolla. Fruit 1 seeded, crowned with the calyx. — Goarse Jierbs, ivith op- posite connate leaves, and bluish or ivhiiishjlowers in large oblong heads. 155 * * * Corolla 1 or 5 parted, or none. Calyx 4 or 5 -parted. Scabiosa. — Involucre many leave 1. Calyx 5 part -cl ; with long bristly divisions. Corolla tabular. Filaments much exerted. — Leaves oppjsiti. Flowers purple pink or whiii.-Ji in heads. 155 Ifsx&x. — Oal] Corolla narrow, bell-shaped, nearly equally olebed. Sracienj unequal. — A trailing evergreen with rose colored flowers in pairs. 118 gcUrauiaoBBA. — Calyx constricted at the throat. Irlobed, with 2 or 3 scale? or bractirat the base externally. Petals none. — Leaves unequal* y pinn Fl wers small, in close spiked heads. 101 Lr::'f- Corolla tubular, the throat clo " ' 1 " " the filaments miens often 5. Berry 2-celled.— .. men;/. at itmlug, with greenish-purple flowers. 254 ■oostmus — " ; spals !- or 5. unite! at the bass. Petals 4 or 5 roua led, spread- ing. Stamens vory short, inserted on the upper face ui'a flat 4 or 5-an- I disk. — Shrubs with 4 sided branches. 7S * * * * Floral envelope consisting < : f a siwjle pctaldlke peri- an ih . Lea ves para llel- ue in ed. Bmilactsa.. Sec. Maiaxthemch. — Perianth spreading. Stamens4. Berry 2- celled. — Flowers racemed, while. 375 ■■' — Flowers on a cyliadric spadiXi Perianth 4 to 6-s 'palled. Stamens 4 to 6. — Flowers yellow, at the summit of the scape. Sp ithe radical, 347 BxxPLOCAi&es. — Spathe hooded, shell-form, pointed. Spa lis roundi di. covered with flowers. Psriautft deeply 4-parted. Style 4 angled.^ Foetid herbs, with large veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spaihes. Zi$ Order ITL Digtnia.— 2 Pistils, * Corolla polypetalovA. Uamasielis. — Petals 4. strap-shaped. Stain ms S. the 4 alternate -srith the pe- tals, fertile. Capsuie nut-like, 2-celled. — Shrubs, or small trees, with yellow flowers. 131 * * Corolla rndnopetalous. Gaxium — Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted. rotate. Stam2ns short. Fruit 2-fobed, 2 seeded. — Slender herbs, with prominent scales. Stigma emarginate. — Exotics, herbs with cyanic flowers. 270 12. Pclmoxatua. — Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla funnel-form with a cyl- indric tube; orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens — &e- otic herbs, with i*.odly blue flowers. 271 •}• f HYDTXTII YLLACEiE.— Herbs, commonly hairy, v. ith mostly alternate and eut-lob. d or compound leaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus blue or white fiowers, in one-sided cymes or r&c.steg yrbicJa are coiled from the apex when young.— Style 2-cleft. 271 CLASS V. XXV PAGE. 1. Htdrophyllum.— Corolla bell-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal ap- pendages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy.— Herbs ivith petioled pinnately orpalmately veined leaves, and cymose clustered flowers. 271 2. Phacelia. — Cortlla open-bell-shaped. Capsule 4-seeded, the 2 placentoe linear. — Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pale-blue flowers in forked racemes, 272 I. Ccsmaxthus. — Corolla broadly-bell-shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-celled, hairy above. — Flowers white or pale-blue, in long bractless racemes, 273 '4. Eutoca. — Corolla broadly-bell-shaped. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many- seeded. — Floioers blue or white. 273 5. Nemophila.— Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat- bell-shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded. — ■Flowers blue or white. 273 ft | POLE3IONIACEiE. — Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5- parted flowers, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Stamens often un- equal or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 27& 1. Phlox. — Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect Corolla salver- form, with a curved slender tube ; the stamens unequally inserted in its tube.— Flowers pink, purple, or white. 274 £. PoLEJipxiUM. — Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla ball-shaped-rotate, with a short tube. — Leo.vesjiinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly bractless corymbs. 276 3. Gilia. — Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the inner side of the corolla tube. — Leaves alternate, pinnalifid. Flowers blue, several-flowered,, in capitate clusters or panicles. 276 4. IP05IOPSIS. — Calyx tubular and membranaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube much exserted. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Leaves finely pinnalifid. Flowers orange, scarlet or reddish, in clustered panicles* 277 t f ft CON YOVULACE.E.— Twining or -trailing herbs, with alternate entire or lobed leaves and regular 5-androus flowers.- Flowers usually large and showy, opening but for one day. Stamens inserted into the base of the corolla. 277 1. Calystegia. — Calyx 5-parted, enclosed in 2 large foliacecus bracts. Cor»l- la bell-shaped-funnel-form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed or en- tire. Stigmas 2. — Leaves heart-sha.ped or arrow-shaped. Flowers white or light-rose- color, on axillary, solitary peduncles. 277 2. Covfulvuixs.— Calyx naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, with a spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included.— Floioers wJiite, pink, blue and purple. 27$ 3. Qcamocht.— Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindrical. Stamens exserted.— Leaves often pinnatifld. Floioers white, yellow, orange and scarlet, delicate. 279 4. CrscuiA.— Plant yellow or reddish, with thread-like naked stems and small scales in place of leaves. 279 j ftf! SOLON ACEiE.— Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, regular Smarted flowers on bractless pedicels, and the fruit a 2- celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled) capsule or berry. Corolla plaited or infolded. ■Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla, Style and stigma eimple. 280 1. NiCotiana.— Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, l-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, mostly with a long tube. Capsule 2-celled.— Acrid herbs, with white flowers, tinged with green or purple. 280 2. Datuiu.— Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5-toothed plaited border.— Fank herbs, with large and showy flowers. 281 K ££n CLASS V. PAG3. >. -HroscTAMCs.— Calyx bell-shaped or dm-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla some- what irregular, with a 5-lobed plaited border. Capsule 2-celled opening by a lid — Earth herbs, with Lurid flowers. 281 i. Xicaxdba.— Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, at length bladdery and inclosing the 3 to 5-celled dry berry.— S.nooth herbs. 252 5. iPhysahs.— Calyx 5-cleft, at length enlarged and bladdery, and inclosing the 2-celled Berry. Corolla spreading beil.shaped. — Fijian green ish- yelloiv. 2S2 6. Solaxoi.— Calyx 5 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Cerolla mostly wheel- sh&ped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, couverging around the style.— Herbs or shrubs. 283 7. Airo pa.— Caiyx persistent, 5-clefc. Corolla bell-shaped. Berry globose, 2- celled, situated on the caiyx. — Exotics, with pale blue flowers. 2^1 8. Lxc-itM.- Calyx 2 to 5-cleft. short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly 5-lobed spreading limb, the orifice closed with the beard of the niaments. Sta- mens 4 or -3. exserted.— Shrubs, somewhat climbing. 25-4 9. Ca?siciS. — Cor jlla wheel-form, with a very short tube. Fruit a juiceless b«rry. 2 to i-ceiled, many-seeded.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants, peroaded by a he 2S4 10. It.tuxia — Calyx-tube short, with a 5-cleft leafy limb. Corolla tunnel- form, with a eylindric tube, the limb in 5 unequal plaited lob^s. — Ejl herbs, with showy flowers. 2S5 tttttfPr.IMULACE.?-.— la part herbs, usually low, with perfect regular .:--, the stamens inserted opposite the lobes of th« corolla on its tube, and a l-eeiie:l ovary, bearing several or maay seeds. 225 1. PRIMULA.— Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla fuunel-form or salver- ped. Stamens included.— Stemless herbs, wti/i ttis leaves in a cinder from the root. 22G 2. Dobooathbon.— Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions rcSexed. - Corolla 5- parted, reflexed. Stamens exserted, united. Style exserted.— Smooth h clustered radical haves, end delicate white or purplish flowers in a terminal v.... 227 3. LrmrACHiA.— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and o-parted iimb. Filaments often united into a ring at base. —Herbs, wiph a. ■:. or ro.ce.7ncd yellow flowers. " 227 4. Axagalis. — Caiyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely any tube, tried. Filaments hairy. Capsule globose, th Jte a lid. many seeded.— Small spreading procumbent iierji. Leaves opposite Xtr whorltd. 22S 5. Samolus.— Calyx o-cleft. the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Co- rolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with sterile filaments in the sinuses.— Smooth herbs, with small white flowers in racemes. 220 6. Hottcxia — Calyx 5-parted, with linear divisions. Corolla salver-shaped, b a short tube.— Aquatic herbs, with pectinate immersed leaves, and White flowers. 229 ttttfttCAMPANULACEJE.— Herbs, with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; the regular 5-lobed corolla be-ii-shaped. Stamens free from the corolla, distinct. Stigmas 2 or more. 20S 1. Cam? axcla.— Corolla bell-shaped, or rarely nearly rotate. Stigmas 3 to 5. Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral valves.— Flowers spleate or axil- lary, blue or white. 20S 2. Specvlaria.— Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic. 3- celled.— Low herbs, with Hue or white flowers. 209 CLASS V. XXV11 * * Corolla 1-pctaMed, regular or irregular. ttttttttCA PRIFOLI ACEM, in part. Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 to^ 5-cellcd ovary. Stigmas 1 to 4. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. 115 1. Lomcera.— Calyx 5-toothed. Coral la tubular or funnel form, often swelled at the base, irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lcbed. Stigma capitate.. Berry several-seeded.— Climbing or erect shvubs. Leaves of ten connate. 145 2. Difrvit.i.a.— Corolla funnel-form, 5 lobed, nearly regular. Capsule oblong, 2-cclled. 2-valved..— Low upright shrubs, with yellowi-h. fowers. 146 3. TmosTEtM.— Calyx-lobes 5, leaf-like, persistent. Cor jlla tubular, swelled at the base, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stigma capitate, lobed. — Coarse hairy herb?, with the leaves connate aroundthe stem. 117 4. SymphobjCaepus. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Berry 4-celled, 2-seedcd. — Shvubs, with small whitish flowers in short spiles or clusters. 147 Tinca! — Corolla salver-form, contorted; border 5-cleft, the tule oblique; orifice 5-ygled. — Upright or trailing shrubs.. 2?0 t&mwms. — Perianth funnel-forni» with a coutracted'tube, free from the ovary: limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stigma globose. — Showy exotics, with opposite leaves, and white, red, yellow, and vouriegated fletvers. 302 Mesyanthes: — Calyx 5-part< d. Corolla short-fnnnel-form, with a spreading equally 5-lobt-d limb, hairy within. Stigma I or 2-lobed. Capsule 1- celied.— Leaves 3 at Vie summit.. Flowers reddish, racemed. 288 Livythr.-ea. — Calyx 4 or 5-partcd. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube, and 4 or 5 parted limb. Anthers after 1 flowering sp'rally twisted. Cap- sule linear, 1 or 2 celled. — Low herbs, with rose, purple, or reddish cymose flowers. 286 Sabisatia. — Calyx 5 to 12 parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-parted. Stamens 5 to 12. Anthers at length involute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Carsule lcelled. — Herbs, with slender stems and handsome flowers. 285 G'i:n'hana.— Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 or 5-!pbed. regular, with folds on the s>nus< s or fringed on the throat or margins. Style short or none. Stig- mas 2. — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. 287 Spistxia. — Calyx 5-pa»ted, persistent, with f lander lebes. Corolla tubular- funnel- form, 5 cleft at the summit. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, twin. — llcibs. with showy flowers in spil.es or 1-sceded cymes. 154 Ylrbascim.— Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-)obed, open or concave, rotate, the lobes IK arly equal. Stamens often hairy, the anterior longer. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Flowers in spikes or racemes. 225 Azaija — Calyx 5-parted. often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly- irregular. Filaments long, exserted, and usually declined, as well as the loag style.-— Upright shrubs, with shou>y flowers, in umbelled clusters. 216 Lobelia.— Calyx 5 cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped : liiwoi; lip 3-cloft; upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Anthers cohering, and somewhat curved. Stigma 2-Jbbe<6 Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Flowers blue, white or red. 206 Cli stoma— Calyx, corolla. and stamens nearly as in Lobelia. Capsule silique- form. — Pi-ocumbent herbs, with minute leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. 207 * * * Flowers b-petalled,. regular* Slvvtoxia. — Calyx 2-leaved, or 2-parted. Petals emarginate or obtuse. Sta- mens inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. — Small fleshyi herbs, with a pair of opposite leches } ,anda.looso raceme of white or redslish flowers. 56 xxviiii class v. PAGE. Cdlastrcs.— Calyx minute. Petals sessile. Stamens on the margin of a cup- shaped disk. Pistil on the disk. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, en- closed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Climbing or twining shrubs, witJi alternate leaves. 72 Ero^mius. — Sepals 4: or 5, united at the hase. Petals 4 or 5, rovinded; spread* ing. Stamens very short. Style short or none. — Shi'ubs, tenth 4rsided branches, and green or dark purple flowers. 73 C^AXOTHrs. — Calyx 5-lofced. Petals hood-form, on slender claws. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lohed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Shrubby plants, with white flowers in little umbel-like clusters. 434 Itea. — Calyx hell-shaped, 5-cleft. free from the ovary. Petals lanceolate, much longer than the calyx and stamens. Styles 2, united. — A shrub, ivith white flowers in simple spicate racemes. 129 * * * * Flowers <£ or 5-petalledy regular. Fruit a dru-pe or oerry. THUS. — Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4- or 5, cohering ai? the apex, deciduous. Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils, with fragrant greenish flowers. 74 Ampelopsis. — Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stigmas capitate. — Shrubby creepers, with digittate or cordate leaves, and cymose clusters of fioioers. ~Z Hhamxus. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 or 5-clsft. Petals 4 or 5, shorter tba?. the sepals, sometimes very minute or wanting. Stamens 4 or 5. Style 2 to 4-c-left. — Small trees or shrubs, with minute fioxoers. 7S ; Rises. — Calyx hell-shaped or tubular, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5, smnll. in- serted into the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 2, distinct or united. — Shrubs, often with prickly branches. Fruit mostly ediUe. 119 IJedera. — Calyx 5- toothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 5-sceded. sur- rounded by the permanent calj r x. — Exotic shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers. 1433 * ** * * Flowers 2, 4 or 5-jpetatted, irregular. Seeds in- » capsule. Tiola. — Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals 5, unequal, the larger one spurred at the base, the 2 lateral equal. Stamens approximate, fila- ments distinct. Anthers connate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. — Low herbs, with pretty flowers on angular, solitary peduncles. 37' SOLEA. — Sepals not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowest one 2-lobed and some- what gibbous at the base. Capsule somewhat 3-seeded. — Flowers green- ish, in the axils of the leaves. 40 I.mpatiexs.— Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as to appear like one. Fatal 3 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed. Stamens short. Stig- mas 5, united. Capsule bursting elastically. — Li%rb$, with smooth succu- lent stems, xoith tumid joints. C4-- * * * * * * Floivers ivitha single corolladihe periantli. Gomandea.— Perianth bell-shaped or urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Anthers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.— Herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves,. and greenish-white flowers, in terminal or axillary cymes. 31C Gomphrexa. — Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones keeled. Sepals 5, villous. Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Utricle 1-seeded. — Flowers in globose bracts. 302 Celosia.— Sepals 3 to 5, colored. Stamens united; at base by a. plaited, disk. Style 2 or 3-cleft. — Ornamental erotics,. 302.. CLASS V. OrtDER II. Digynta. — 2 Pistils or sessile Stigmis. * Corolla 1-petaUeiL Gz.vtiasa. — Cilyt 4 or 5-claft. C>r>Ua 1 ir 6-eleft, usaaTly with, intermedial plaited folds, apoenlarjd at thj sini.ie*. Stylo short or noire: stigm.vs 2' ; persistent. — Sitter herbs, with solitary orcynor »us fliwers, with a singular connection of th 'anthers with the stiguii, and cohesion of the pollen-misses into wax-like masses. 230 1. AsC&spias. — Ca'yx and corolla refiexel, deeply 5 -parted. Crown of 5 hooded lobes, with or without an incurved horn rising from th? base of each. 230 2. G>n'olobu' 3 . — Corolla rotate, 5-partel. Crown a small wavy-lobed ring. Pol- len-misses 5 pairs. — Taining, shrubby or herb ace jus plants, with greenish, or purplish Jiowers. 233 **■ Corolla b-petalled. HsGCHBteA. — Calyx bell-shaped; coherent wilh the ovary below, 5 ; eleffc. Petals &, small, entire. Capsule with 2 b*aks, 1-celled. — IF-.rbs, with rjuud Iv.arl-Ji iped radical leaves, and greenish-white or purplish flowers. 127 Pakax, — Poly .ram ous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Styjes 2 or 3, short. Fruit a 2 or 3 cdled, aivl 2 or o-se d -d drape, often fleshy. — Leaves p dm itely co.<»- pound. Flowers white, in a strife simple umbel on a lonj pedunsle. 143 ff U.VIii^LLTFSU JE. — H rbiceons plan's, with hn'^v stem*, alternate, mostly cimp rind leav -s. with their p stio'es expanded yr sneathih ; at the basu. Flowers in uuibels. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent carpels. 131 * Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so. 1. IIydti^c otylh. — Flowers small white in simple xtmbe's or clusters. Fruit orbicular, flattened. — Leaves roundish, or kidney-form. lfl 2. Chavzia. — Flowers few, in simple involu'rate umbels, white. Fruit glo- bular, with red vittae. — Leaves linear, fleshy. 132 3. Sa.vxcula. — Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow- ish. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. — Leaves palmately lobed or parted. 1C3 4. Datjcus. — Flowers in concave umbels, "nhite. Fruit smooth, the carpels strongly wiuged on the back and on the edge* — Leaves finely 2 or 3-pin- nate or pinnatifid. 233 6. HsRACLr.CM. — Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large fiat umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined. — Leaves 1 or 2 ternately com- pounds 134 t. Pastinaca. — Flowers yellow, in targe fiat umbels. Fruit wing-margined. — Leaves pinnately compound. 124 7. AitCHANGEUCA. — Flowers greenish or white, in perfect umbels, with a man?- leaved involucel. Capsule 3- ridged on the back. — Leaves 1 or 2 pinnately compound. 15-1 8. Thaspixtm. — Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit elliptical or cvoid : cap- sule 5-winged. — Leaves 1 to k-ternately compound. 135 9. Zizia. — Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels. Fruit oval or somewhat twin, 5-ribbed. — Leaves dissected. 138 K2* XXX CLASS V. PAGE. 10. Cicuta.— Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit sub-globose, twin.— Leaves pi nnately or temately compound. 136 11. Sum— Flowers whita, in perfect umbels. Fruit ovate-globose.— Leaves simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets. 137 12. Cryptotj-nia.— Flowers white in compound umbels, with very unequal rays. Fruit oblong.— Leaves o-par ted. 137 13. Aechemoka.— FJoWrs white. Fruit broadly winged.—- Leaves of '3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets*. 138 11. Eepu: upxm.— Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. — Leaves simple, entire. 138 CULTIVATED EROTICS. 15. Carpm — Flowers white, in perfect umbels, with various involucres. Fruit oval, laterally compressed. — Leaves dissceird. 138 16. Apium. — Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit roundish, laterally com- pressed. — Leaves pinnaiely dissected. 139 17. PriHPiJfELiA. — Flowers white, in compound umbels, without involucres. Fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals.— Leaves pinnately many- parted. 135 . 18. Fcr^icrLr?'. — Flowers yellow, in rerfcet umbels, no involucre. Fruit ■ elliptic-oblong.— Leaves biternattly dissected. 133 ** -Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute. 19. Cirjrr.rrrYiLOT.— Flowers mostly white, in diffuse fe^-flowcred umbels. Fruit linear-oblong. — Leaves hi or tri-Urnate, with incisely cleft or toothed segments. 14C 20. CsjTOEmzA— Flowers white. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Fruit linear oblong, angled. — Leaves large, 2 or 3-ternatsly compi 140 ■ 21. Comt-m.— Flowers white. Involucre 3 to 5-leaved. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides. — Leaves large, oocompeund. . 141 *"* * Feeds in-curved at base and aper. 22. Ebigekia. — Flowers while- in a leafy brr.rtcd compound umbel. Fruit twin: carpels nearly kidntyforrn — Leaves 2 or Z-ternotely divided. 1*1 23. CSoEiAEEjatJi. 1 — Flowers white, unilateral. Fruit globose. — Leaves lipin- naie. 142 * * :'* Flowers with a swgle corolla-like perianth. CnEKCPCPirw.— Perianth 5 parted. rartially envelopingthe fruit. Utricle thin, membranaceous. — Lanes petiohd-, triangular or rhomboid. Flo-u-ers sessile, in small clusters. 298- % CLMCS. — Perianth hell-shaped. Fruit flat, winged, 1-seeded. — Trees, with rough leaves, and purplish or yeSowiStrflouers in lateral clusters preceding the leave*. 311" Celtis. — Polygamous. Perianth 5 to C-yartcd. persistent. Fruit a globular drupe, with thin flesh. — Trees or larye shrubs, with pointed leaves, and greenish axillary flowers. 312 Sctekastets. — Utricle in the calyx tube: stamens on its throat. — Homely little needs, with obscure- greenish cluttered flowers,. 5S3 rexTGCNi-v.— Stamens 4 to P. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Achenium lenticular. Herbs, with jointed sic:m. 303 Beta.— Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute stigmas. Seed ; reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth.— Stems furrowed. Flcwen green in spikes or paniculate racemes. 300 CLASS VI. XXX 1 Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Styles or sessile Stigmas. * Corolla 5 petalled. JtHtra.— Calyx small, 5-parted. Totals 5, ovate, spreading. D^r.pe, dry. hairy. 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils.- ' 6T* Stapiiylea. — Sepals 5, oblou?. Petals 5, with short claws. Capsule inflated. 3-cellei; few -seeded. — S'irubs, wiihapposite pinnate leaves. ' 72 Spf.rgui.aki v. — Capsule 1 celled, many-seed nC—Low herbs, ivilh fleshy opposite haves and small reddish flowers. 05 Hypericum. — Capsule 1-celled, membranaceous. — Ilirls, with, entire dotted leaves ■ and yellow flowers. , 44' * Corolla 1-petalled, 5-parted. v"ii;rKxv:r.— Calyx 5-tcothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drape. — Shrubs, or small trees, with ample leaves and white flowers in flat cymes. 1 45 * 3.AMBCCU3. — Corolla iirn-shaped. Fruit a berry-like juicy drape, containing 3 seeds. — Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and numerous white fiawsisin cymes. 14S Order IV. Tetragyxia.. — i Styles or sessile Stiymas. ?a?.na?sia. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Sterile stamens dipteral at tho base of the fertile. Stigmasl, sessile. — Flow-rs solitary, terminating the long naked scapes. 4C ■ .. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petal? 5. Styles 3 to 5, each 2- parted. — Low aquatic herbs, with thaleaves clothed with reddish 'jland-oearinij bristles. 4:1-. Order Y. Pentagynia.— 5 Phtils. Akalia. — Calyx with the margin very short, 5-tootherL Petals 5. spreading. Berry 5-cAled. — Low trees, shrubs or lierbs, with 2 or Z-ternately or pih.- \y compound leaves.- . 142' IftsoM. — Capsule sab-globose,- 10-valved, 10-celled. — Utrbs, ivilh simple and sessile leaves, and blue or yellowish flowers. CI - Svatics. — Calyx funuc-1-forra. 5 toothed. Petal; 5, united at base; — Salt-marsh plants, w it! tih id c radical leaves, and small flowers, in a compound corymb. 225 Aemeeia. — Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-tingled. Petals 5, nearly distinct. — Leaves mostly linear, radical. Flowers rose-colored, or, a simple scape. 225 ; . Zanthoriz a. — Sepals and petals hypogyuous, distinct. Follicles membranaceous, compressed, 1-seeded. — Leaves pinnately divided. Flo wers dull purple . 11 1 GLASS VI. HEX ANDRI A .—6 equal Stamens. Order I. Monogynia. — 1 Pistil. * Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Leaves reticulate- - veined.' Bbrberis. — Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, with 2 glands upon their claws. . Berry 2 or 3-seeded. — Shrubs, with yellow wood. 16 ■. Leontice. — Sepals 6, naked without. Petals- 6, with a scale at base within. Style short. Seeds naked on their thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes. Strbs. 17 V xxxu class vr. PAG 3. Flomkiv. — Sepal* 3, loader than th? 3 peta^. Style 2-c'eft. Ovarie3 3. tuber- culate. — A smxll ajxiti;, with pinnaiely divided leaves. 66 Prito?. — Flowers mostly dire nous or p ilyjcamoin. C ilyt minute 4 to 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, mostly 6 parted. Fruit a drupe, with 4 to 6 seeds.— Shrubs. 222 Qt5asdtiop3I3. — Sepals 4. sprealinr. Petals 4, unequal. PjI Iimar oblong, raised on a long stipe. — L;ives digittxte. Flowers racemei. 33 €i30ME. — Petals 4, minute or rvm.l'.sh. Stamens 4 to 6. Vol sessile or stipi - tate. — Leaves simple or digittxte. F 'Lowers purplish. 30 ** Perianth in two rows. Leaues parallel-veined. Tsadksc anti \, — Oalyx 3 leaved. Petals 3. Filaments beard vl. Capsule 2 o? 3-celled. — Leaves keeled. Flourzrs purple rose-cottr or to 'lite. 333 Coars^LrsA. — Flcvers irregular. Stamens unequal, 3 of th^m fertile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller: filaments naked. — litems branching. 3X1 * * * Flowers icith a sifhjie corolla-like perianth. Leaves parallel-veined. f IJLIACEiE — TI r bs. with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing lenvop, regular perfect Bowers, with a patal-HKe 0-m sroua perianth five from tile 2 or ^-celled ovary. Anthers attach jd by a point. Style single: stigma simple or 3 lobed. 374 * Fruit a few seeded berry, 2 or 3-celled. — Not bulbous. 1. ASPARAGUS. — Perianth G-parted'. — Sterns much branching. Leaves thread-like- or IrisUe-form. 374 2. PoLYGOXAJrUM. — Perianth tubular. 6-eleft, bearing the stamens above the middle. — Flowers axillary, greenish. 375 3. Skilacina, — Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne on the- base. — Flowers white, in a terminal naceme. 37-5 4. Clkntonia — Perianth 6-parted. bell-shaped the stamens at the base of the segments. — Flowers greenish, umbelled. 378 5. Coxyallaeia. — Perianth G-partod, round hell-shaped. Stamens divergent. Flowers tokile, fragrant, in a. single raric. 377 * * Fruit a few to many-seeded capsule, 3 celled.— IVot bulbous. 6. HsMOBOGAELH. — Perianth funnel-form, lily-like. S'.am?ns declined. Seeds globular, black. — Leaves linear, keeled. Flowers yellow or 7 eddish. 371 7. Foxkia. — Perianth- funnel betl-shapel, 6-parted. Stamens decline 1. Seeds very numerous, flat. — Leaves more or less he&r t shaped. Flower s white or bluish on, br acted scapes. 378 8. Asphodelus.— Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the ov- ary. Capsule globular, many-seeded. — Exotics. 378 f Boot bidbous. Jk Ornithogalum. — Style 3-aided. — Leaves linear, radical. Flowers corymbed white. 378 10. Allium — Flowers umbelled from a spathe. — Strong-scented herbs, with most- ly radical leaves. 379 XI. Hyacynthos — Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped. — Exotics. Flowers mostly very fragrant. 480 $2. Polyanthus. — Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into the throat. Stigma 3- cleft.— Exotics. Flowers fragrant, white. 381 CLASS VI. * * : Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. — £ulbozts> 13. Lilu'M. — Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored. — Stem leafy. Flow- ers large and showy. 381 14. ERTTHROis'irM.— Capsule obovate-triangular. — Leaves 2, smooth, sheathing the base of the 1 -flowered scape. 382 15'. Frittillaria. — Perianth bell-sbapad, with a broad base and nccteriferous cavity above the claw, of- each segment.— Flciucrs slicnvy, but ill-scented. 3S3 16. Tuijpa.— Perianth bell-shaped. Stigma thick.— Leaves radical. Flower 3 shoioy, solitary, on a scape. 383 f f JSot bulbous. 17. Yucca.— Perianth globular or bell-shaped. Style none. Seeds flat. — Ever- green herbs, with thread-margined leaves and numerous white flctvers, in a terminal panicle. 384 ff AM A RYLLIDACEiF.— Chiefly bulbous a nd scape-tearing herbs, with linear flat radical leaves, and regular 6-androus flowers, mostly issuing from a spathe. 365 T. Amap.ylt.is. — Perianth 6-parted. petaloid. St amens inserted in the throat of the perianth. — Flowers solitary, issuing from a 1 or 2-leaved spathe. 365. 2. Agave.— Perianth tubular-funnel- fbrm, 6-par,tcd.— Leaves mostly thick and flashy, ichm-led around the base of the icgpe. 365". 3. Hypoxis. — Spath 2-lecved. — Leaves grassy, linear. Flctcers yellow on, slen- der scopes. 366 . * Cultivated exotics. 4. Galanthus. — Sepals 3. concave. Crown of 3 fmal! cmarginate petal-like segments .— 1 huer white, appearing in early spring. 3CCK 5. KAP-Ciesus. — Perianth -with 6 regular spreading segments. Crown mon- iophylluSj bell-form, saher-foim or with the tube funnel-form. Stipm a, 3 parted. — JTZeicers yellow', straw&olGr. or white, issuing fro:n a witherin g . sjathe, ' 363 6. Liitojum. — Perianth regular, 6-parted, with equal spreading segments. — Fltwtrs numerous, white, issuing from a terminal spathe. 3C7 L T vi T LAia.\. — Ferianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect; segments with a nccter- iferous cavity at base. Moments very short, growing to the linear an- thers. Capsule, 3-angIed or 3 lobed. — Flowers paleyelloio, mostly solitary. 384 PKOSAr.TF.?.— Perianth 6-leaved, ball-shnped-spreaiincr. Stigmas short, recurved . Berry ovoid, tainted, 3 to 6-seeded, red. — Flci&ers grcenisli-ycilozv, termi- nal '.drot ping. 385-, gTRErTopu.-.— Perianth 6-leavcd, bell-shaped at the base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer than the filament. Flotuers small, axillary, on threadlike peduncles. 386 Aletris. — Perianth cylindrical, tubular-bell-shapcd, rough-wiinkledon the outside, 6-clt-ft at the summit. Style awl-shaped, deleft at the apex . — Leaves spreading clustered. Floivers whitish in a slender spiked ra- e«me>. 36^ ©EONilpM.— Spach'x cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6-trun- ca^e. concave sepals. Utricle 1 seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with a yellow spadix. 347. Poxteberia. — Perianth inferior. 6-cleft, 2-lipped, the fleshy persisteutibase inclo- sing thel-seeded fruit. Anthers, ayaj. blue. — Aquatic herbs, with violet- bluefloicers. 391; ACORUS. — Spathe leaf-like. Spadix cylindrie, covered with flowers. Sepals 6, distinct, concave. Utricle 1 to few-seeded. — Pungent aromatic herb s. 347 1 XXXIV CLASS VI. * * * * Perianth single, glumaceous. Grass-like Herts. Juncus.— Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6. sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. — Stems pithy. I lowers greenish or brownish. 3S9 LuzriA.— Perianth 6-leaved". Magmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.— Leaves linear, eauitant. Flowers In a simple raceme. 3.89 Order II. Digynia. — 2 Styles or sessile stomas. Polycoxoi.— Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303 Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Styles or sessile stigmas. * Perianth 5 or Q-parted, petal-like. Leaves netted- v eined . Polygonum. — Sepals 5. Achenium triangular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 3C3 Kcmex— Perianth 6-leared, the 3 inner somewhat colored. Achenium trian- gular. — Coarse herbs, with greenish jlowffas. 306 Smilas.— Perianth deciduous.— Shrubs or rarely herbs, often pric\ly. 372 * * Perianth 6-parted. —Leaves paralhl-veined. \ MELA^XTHIEiE. — -Herbs with acrid poisonous properties. Stems simple or rarely pauicled. Perianth mostly persistent or withering avay, the di- visions mostly distinct. 3S6 * Flowers polygamous. Anthers heart-shaped or kidnej'-shaped. 4. Mei.anthjoi.— Perianth segments somewhat he- art-shaped: with 2 glands • at the base, and the stamens on the long claws.— Flowers cream-color, racemose. 386 5. Yr.r.ATRor.— Perianth fn e from the ovary, the division* ohovate or oblong, longer than the stamens. — Leaves plaited, o-ranlcd. Flowers receme- panicUd. 387 *"* Flowers perfect, raccmcd.or spiked. 6. Amianthemtm.— Perianth free fiom the ovary, the divisions separate and. contracted at tile base. Anthers Heart-shaped. Styles filiform — Flow- era handsome. 387 7. Hf.i.0R7A£. — Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute. — Leaves lanceolate. Flowers pule purple, in ev short dinse raceme, en a naleel scape. 388 t f TRILLIACEJE.— Herbs, with simple stems, whorled net-Tcined leaves and rather lar^e terminal mostly solitary trimeious floweis. 373 1. Trillium. — Serais ?, lanceolate, spreading. Petals 3. larger.. Berry 3 sided, 2-celhd. — Low herhs, with a simple sti-m bearing at the top a whorl of 3 broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large jlowtr. 373 2. 3Ti i)i cla — Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 p< tals.— Stem simple, with a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones near Vie top. 374 f f f OrKCAGTKEiF.— Marsh-herl s. with petiola-like leaves, without a blade, and the gre< nhh j erianth consisting ol 3 petals and 3 se?pals. 25*2 1 . Trioi.ecniN.— Sepals and petals nearty alike, ovate, concave. Anthers oval; en thort filaments.— Flowers imall, greenish, in a spiled raceme. 352 2. S CHEtCHZEKiA.— Serais and petals oblong, spreadirg. Anthers linear.— - Leave? grass-lile, sheathing (he s~itnple stem. Flowers few, in a loose ra- ct-me-j with- sheathing br teeth at the top. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. 47 Stellasia. — Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1 celled, 3 or 4- valved. — Small grass-like herbs, with white floioers in forked cymes. 11 Asesaeia. — Calyx 5 sepalled. Petal3 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. — Flowers white. 62 Order V. Pentagynia. — 5. Pistils. Lychnis. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with claws, limb slightly cleft. — Corolla sometimes crotoned. 60 Ceeastium. — Calyx 5-sspallcd. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. — Flowers white, in terminal cymes. §1 Speegula. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.:— Zeaves in whorls. Flowers white, cymose. 64 Hollcoo. — Sepals 5, united at base. Styles short. — Homely herbs, with vcrticel- late leaves and small white solitary '.flowers. S3 Qsalis. — Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens unequal, more or less monodelphous. — Herbs, with leaves of 3 invei sely heart-shaped leaflets. 63- Sedpm. — Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base of each. — Thiclc-le&ved lierbs, with cymose flowers. 125 Pexthoeum. — Sepals 5, united at bass. Petals 5, or none. Carpels 5, united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule. — Upright herbs, with yellowish- green flowers. 1^8 Poetulacca — Sepals 2, adherent to- the haaa of the cansule, which opens by a li 2S. ? OrDER -IT. SlLIOrUOS^.— Pod mostly long and narrow. II. Dentaria.— Silique harrow-lanceolate, with the long style.— Stem with a few dh ided leaves, and white-purple flowers. 2S 12. Baebarea. — rod 4- n g]ed, and somewhat 2-edged. — Leaves lyrately pin- natifid. Flowers yellow. 29 12. Nasttrtium. — Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong and curved upwards like a siliele. Seeds small, irregularly 2-rowcd in ca«-h eel), margin less. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flow t s, awl pinnate or pinnutifld haves. (The generic description on page 29 is wrong.) 29 5.4. Arabis. — Ped linear, pltene;" seeds in a single row in each ceM.^Flowers white. 30 15. Iodaxthus. — Pod linear, elongated, terete. Style thick. — Flowers violet- purple, in panicled racemes. 30 16 Cabd amine.— Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically.— Flowers vjhite or purple. 31 17. Sysimbrium. — Pod terete or rather -1 to 6-sided. — Floiccrs small, white &?■ yellow. £1 18. Erysimum.— Pods columner, 4-sided. — Flowers yellow. 32 19. Sinapsis. — Pods nearly terete, with a short beak. — Leaves lyra.te, pinnatiftd or incised. Flowers yellow. 32 ■20, -IIapkancs. — Pod elongated, transversely many-celled. — Flowers yellow or ■puiplish. 83 21. Cbeiranthus.— Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. — Flowers fragrant showy, pale-purple or orange- y el tow. 33 CULTIVATED EATOTICS. 22. Hesperis— Pod 4-eided, hedged or suhterete. Stigmas forked.— Flowers purple. 34 23. Matthiola.— Pod' terete. — Herbaceous or stirubby pldnts, dothtd with a heavy pubescence. 34 24. Bpassica.— Pod sub-compressed.— Flowers yellow. 34 CLASS XVI. AND XVII. xlvil CLASS XVL M0X0DELPHIA.— Filaments combined in one set. Order I'll — V. Tri-Pentandria. — 3 to 5~ Stamens in one set: PACffi. Tiorima..— Spathe 2 leaved, keeled, 1-flowered. Perianth o-parted with oblong ??„'m»nts. Stamms 3: filaments united into a long tuba.— Flowers larg*., very evanescent, yellow and red. 370 rASSiFLim.— C\]yx 5-parted, colored, the theoat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 5. their filaments situated on the stipe of the ovary. .Stigmas 3:— Climbing herbs or shrubs, vjith pilmaiely lobed leaves. 121 Spirit— -Sepals, patiala and styles 5. Capsule 5 to 10-celled. 61 Order X. Decandrta. — '10 Stamens in one set. Gsrantom. — Sepals and petals 5. regular. Stamens all fertile, the alternate ones longer, and with scales at the base. — P^ancles lj 2, .or Z-f+bwered. 62; Ox\i.i».— Sepals andpetals 5, Styles 5.— Leaves mostly Z-fo'iate. S3- 3tt:.os-v.xthl3, page 83. Tsphrosia and Amorpea, page 90. Lupixcs, page 93. Order XEII. PoLYANDRIA. — Many Stamens in one set. 1 MALVACE.fi.— Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, wi th numerous stamens, monodel phous in a column. Pistils several . 57;- 1. Malta, page 57. 2. Althza. 3. Hibiscus, page 58. 4: abctilo:?, pags bd. a. Sida. page 60, CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.— Filaments in 2 sets. Order VI. Hexandria.— 6 Stamens. + PlTtf V1T VCE E. — delicate smooth h^rb*, -with compound dissected leaves, a:i I irregular flowers, wich I somewhat united petals. M 1. D c-'.vtrv. — Sepals 2, sm-ali. Gorilla heart-shaped or 2-spurred. — Low siemiess perennials, with simple scapes. 23 t. CaRTDius.— Corolla 1-spurred at the base, daeiduous. Style persistent. fruit a many -seeded pod.— F lowers in racemes. 25 3. A.M.UMf*. — Corolla heart shaped, persistent, 4-lobad-at, the apex. — A climb-, ing gpgK. 24 ■i. F;;>:-i.-r.u-. — Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit small, globular* 24 Order VIII. Octandria. — 8 Stamens iix.1 sets. PoLtaAiA.— Sepals. 5, persistent, 2 of them urn-shaped and colored. Petald 3 to o, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. 76 Order X. Becandria. — ID' Stamens in 2 sets (mostly 9 and 1). 7 LEol'MIN'OS/P. —Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves, and papillionaceous flowers. Pistil single. Fruit a lo-gume. 77 0> xjviii class xvir. * Herbs with abrup t]f- pinnate leaves, the common leaf-stalk produced into s tendril or bristle. PtduncUs axillary. PAQE. 1. Vicia. — Style bearded round the apex, or down the anterior side. 77 2. Lathtrus. — Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened. 78 3. Pisra. — Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. 80 4. Cicer — Legume turgid, 2-eeeded .—Flowers while. *> 5. Fara-.— -Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid.— iJer&s, without' tendrils. 80 ** Twining or traili ng plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of 2 to seTeral leaflet?, destitute of tendrils.. % 6. Phaskohj& — Keel spiral. — Leaves 3-foliate, stipellate. 81 7. Apios. — Keel incurved, at length twisted.— Leaves 5 to T-foliate. 82 8* Galactia. — Calyx 4-cleft. — Leaves pinnately tri-foliats. 92 9. Czntrosema. — Calyx short, 5-cleft. with 2 bracteoles. Peduncles few-flow- ered. — Leav es pinnately trifoliate. 83 10. Amphicarpa — Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.— Leaves pinnately iri-foliate. 83 11. Wistaria.— Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped.— Twining shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and blue flowers in racemes. 83 **■-* Legume separating into 2 to several Leeeded joints. Leaves 3 to many- pinnale. 12: iEscHYNOMEXT.— Stamens equally diadelphous (£;and;5). Legume several- jointed. — Leaflets numerous. 84 13. HsDTSARuar.— Legume with many joints.— Leaves odd pinnate. 84 14. Dbsmodium. —Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume several- jointed.— Leaflets 2. Flowers purple or purplish. 85 15. Lsspxdeza. — Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-scedcd joint, oval or roundish. — Leaflets 3. S7 If. Sttxosa. nthus. — Stamens monodelphcus ; anthers cf 2 fcrm3. Logunio L or 2 jointed. — Leaflets 3. 83 * * * * Herbs, shrubs, or trees, not twining, climbing or tendril-bearing. IT. AsTRAGAtus.— Legume partly or quite 2-celled. — Herbaceous or shrubby. I/eaves odd-pitinate. S3 18. Robinia.— Style bearded. — Trees or shrubs, withprickly spines pinnate leaves, and showy racemose flowers. 89 13. Tkphrosi A.— Stamens monodelphous or scarcely diadelphous— Silky hoary h&hSf with odd-pinnate leaves, and white and purplish flowers. 90 20. Amorpha. — Stamens mrmcdelphous merely at the base. Petal ore. — SJirubs, with odd-pinnate leaves. 90 21. Trifolicm.— Flowers in dense heads.— Leaves trifoliate. CO 22. Mkui-otbs.— Flowers in spiked racemes. — Leaves pinnately trifoliate. S2 2j. M s&icaoo.— Flowers racemed or spiked. Legume more or less spiral. — Leaves trifoliate. 92 24. Crotalaria.— Legume inflated, oblong.— Leaves .simple. Flowers yellow. 93 25. Lcpint/s.— Stamens monodelphous. — Leaves palmately 5 to lb-foliate. S3 ***** Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillioaaceou* 26. BAPTI3IA— Legume stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated.— Leaves 3- foliate. £3 27. Crrois— Trees with simple rcundid heart-shaped le&vz&.—Flcuers rcse- Qoiorsd., 94-. CLASS XVIII. xlix CLASS XVIIL SYNGEXE3IA.— 5 Anthers united in a tide. , PU38,. Qos. The plant? of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers united into a single tube. The flowers are in; heads inserted upon a common re- ceptacle, which is surrounded by an involucre; being usually kuown as Compound Flowers. They form the Natural order Composite. 155 f TUnur/iFLORdE.— Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers, tubular, regular, the limb 5-clefr or lobed ; the lirulate or ray-flowers when present either pi^tiil.tt-^ only or neutral (with neither stamens or pistils), and occupy- ing the border. 15-tip:;s, page 156. ** Heads discoid or radiate r branches of the style mucR elongated, obtuse or club-shaped. — Leaves mostly opposite. * IT', ids without ray-flowers. Flowers all alike, tubular, blue, purple or whiti. V hot yellow. Ihaxrih- paa«e 157. Ivr-v-v-. P . 153. MiK-vXiv, p. 158". Cosxltmgm, p. 158. ECPATORIUM. p. J59. **JI 'ils raliatc (w'.th ray-flo-rers); flowsrs dissimilar, ar dioecious purplish yellow. N0^T)1?MV, p. tBl. TtJSSIT.AOO. p. lift. *** Heads radfafo, rarely discoid ; branc-hes of the style more or less flattened and linear: — Cenves motfly alternate. * II a I: radiate; rays white,- re Hi h. blue or purple, very nrely yellow. A.?T3i. — Heals many-flovrer.'d. Disk yellow, often changing to purple. 1C3" G'AIATK .'.>.. P. toS. E^IfJi^OV. p. V7. 0'PI.-1PV.P?US. V). 168. BOT/KESIAj p. 169;. BEKKricvRp-Js. p. 169. Calustephus. p. 170. Dvauv, p. 170. * * Fl^id: radiate ; rays yellow, rarely whitish. S~)LiDACn. — II>ads few. or many-flowered, small. — Flowers expanding in the autumnal mmthz. 171 CaRT3"!P?is. — II a Is many-flowored.— F lowers large, golden yellow, terminating the brayiches. 17 t Intia.— Iliads mady-flowered; large. — Lt-aves large. 175 ECLIPTA. — Heads mauy-Rowerel. small, with minute flowers. 175 **'* Heads discoid; flowers purplish. Pucohev. — Heads many-llowcred; in corymbs. 175 #*** Heads radiate or discoid; branches of the styh* linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated or produced in a conical or elongated appendage. * II ar tail-like prolongation. + Plant* gre*n and with leave.*. Sepals sprroch'ni) ; h'p-Jt&t-. 1: MtCBOSTYTL'S. — Lip arrow or heart-shape a.~ Column minute, round: 356 _'. LTPARJ3. — Lip entire, dilated. Co'umn elongated, margined at the apex. 336 ft Plants tawny er purplish, nearly (eaffiss. 3. Cosai.t.orriza.— l':lp with" n spur or pt ejection at the base adherent to the ovary. Anther terminal. 3e7' i; Aplf.ciriIiI. — Lip spuviess, free, raised on a claw. Anther rather lateral. ** Pollen coh'Tijt',' in'def;aite-(2 t>l) -sra-xy masses, furnished with an clastic prolongation, iturtt-; green. 5. Tipularia. — Lip long-spurred underneath. — Flowers racernedl' 358* * * * Pollen cohering in very numerous grains which are collected on a cobVveb- iike tissue into 2 large masses and a-fixeA-to fcft'e glands of the stigma. 6. Or.cnrs. — -Anther-cells contiguous ami parallel. Olands of the stigma con- tinued in a littie pouch famed of a fold ormood of the ?tigma. 35&' T. GvMX.\Dr.N:A.— Anther-cells con tig raoos and parallel ; glands naked. 8o9 ■ 8. Pi.ataxth£t;a.— A"ijther-oeUs widely seperat'd at the base: glands naked. 359^ ***FbWen powdery, in numerous minute and angled -'loosely cohering graiLa ■ (fbriaing 2 or 4 masses). Anther cerjiin-al, forming a lid overahe ttigmtt, f Pollen-masses 4, angled. 3. Arktkusa. — L:p bearded, united at the base to the linear column. 3'V f f Pollen-masses 2. 10. Pcgonia. — Lip more or less crested, free. Column club-shaped. 361 11. Calopogox.— Lip bearded, stalked, posterior. Column incurved. 301 Iff Anthers more or less parallel, with the stigma or column erect. 12; Spirantebs. — Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, aaeending.. 362 13. Gjodybra. — Lip entire, inflated sac-like below, strap-poiufeed, 3oi 24. Listeria. — Lip flat, spreadiugor pendulous, 2 lobed, 3G& It Anthers 2. 15. Cvpripei>iuii.— Lip inflated, slipper-form, 363: Order Y. Pentandria. — 5 Stamens situated' upon the Styles. J;scL£riADAcr-£.~ Calyx and corolla regular, hypogyaous; 2803 Si CLASS XX. ORDER V£ — XII. HCX-POEYAXDRIA. Amjto^ociiivcz^.— 0^1yxepi,'y'.ious: corolla none. Fruit 7-cellel. 237 CLASS XX. MOXiE^IA.— Vim-manl PUtiU inseperiztc jiowers on the same PtanL Order I. aFonandrta, — 1 Stamrm. Esms L— Flowers bursting from the side of a floating fr'cm 1. 3 18 ZA^yicnELi.v— Floors axillary, sessile: the fertile of 2 to 5-pi-tils. — ■ Sub- merged aquatics. 350 Ec*r*nar>i\.. — Flowers in a enpshnpel involucre. Fertr'e flower politarf, cen- tral, oi» a long peduncle. Styles 3, usually. 2-cloit. Ovary 3 cell -d. 31'5 Order II— til. B'i-Triandria,— 2 to 3 Stamen*. PonovTEMi-M. — Stamsns affixed to a cam man pedicel. Stigmas set Bile, recuned. 3l'4 * Stamen* aggregated in a common spike or head: TV:>riA.— Flowers all in a spUce, Intermixed with down. 313 Si> ISO ISICM,— Ffowers in heads, naked, the fertile braeteJ. C13 * * Stamen* in the axils ct braotfti Cvri ; x. — Aehenium lenticular or triangular', inclosedin a °ic. 403 Sclsria. — Afchenium globular, crustareous or bony, naked: 402 Tai 'Saccti.— Grain inclosed in cartilaginous glumes, sunk in the joints of the spike. 4,3 * * * Stuminaie Jloufcn in amenta. Coa?T >m\. — Nutlets 1 under ea.h bract of the burr-liko catRin. — Low i,hrubs. Leaves pinnatijid. 327. * * t* Stuminaie Ji twers in' remote spikes or panicles. Leaves parallel-veined. 7/..V. — Styles very long, filiform, pendulous. 432 Gcix.— Staminate flowars in remote spikes.. StyJo 2 parted; 431 Order IV. Tetraxdrta. — 4 or sometimes 8 JStomcns; * Trees or shrubs. Fertile Jiowers in aments or spikes* BsTULA. — Stigmas 2. thread-like, be .'oming a broadly winged and scale-Eke nutlet or small samara; 32f' &LNUS. — Sterils-aments- long and droopift?. ScalKw of the am.-nt thick and woody in fruit, coherent below and persistent. 2*23 JJdrvs. — Style 2: Aehenium ovate, compressed,' covered by the succulent berry-like calyx. 335- Br.oc.-tsoxf.rn \. — Pistillate araesta globes?. Ovaries- becoming fleshy, club- shaped. Style lateral. 335 MACLURI. — Ovaries numerous, forming a corn-pound globose fruit, composed of l-seed.'d, compressed, weJge-form carpels. Style 1, filiform. 330 Buxcs. — Sterile flowers : calyx 3-leavel. Petals 2. Fertile [lowers: calyx 4- sepalled. Petals 3. Styles 3. — Evergreen shruhs. 31S- • Herbs. UancsJ5.— Herbs (often stinging) with watery juice, and flowers in spike", hoods or panicles. Stylo, single or none.. 337 > class xx. liii PAGE. Amaranthus.— Calyx dry and scarious. Styhs 2 or 3, filiform. Utricle open- iug all rouDd, 1 -seeded.— 1> lowers spike-clustered. 3C0 ** Aquatic herbs. Myriophytaum — Flowers spiked. Stnmens 4 or 8. Sepals and petals adherent to the 4-celled nutlet.— Aquatic herbs. 117 E&i0CAiru>rbtd. 333 riATANUs.— Stylo 1. Nutlets club-s ht-ped, l-celkd, 1-eecdccL— IS ets. Lccvcs palmatrhj-lobed. 3St * * Stamiriate flowers mostly in aments. Trees or shrubs. f^CU PULIFER.fi!.— Trees or shrubVwitri alternate straight-veiled lexven, do- cidur us stipules, the sterile flowers in amenta or clusters, and the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. S2CK * Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 1. Q-jercos. — Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbriaatcd small scales, forming a cup around the base of the acorn. ^20" 2. Castanea. — Involucre 2 or 3 -flowered, forming a prickly hurr, inclosing 1 td3 leathery nuts, opening by 4 valves. ^23 3. F.vors. — Invqlucre 2 flowered, somewhat prickly, 4-valved, inclosing 2 sharp'y 3-ang!ed nuts. 32i 4L Corylds.— Involucre 1 or 2-flowered. formed of 2 or 3 confluent scales, which bi-co'ne leafy, much enlarged and eut-tcm at the apex, inclosing , a bony nut. *-* ** Fertils. jlowers ciustered in a kind of anient. 5*. Carpixus. — Involucre a sop-rate open leaf. 325 6. Ostrt.v. — Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered. 325* tfJUGLA^DACE/E.— Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leave". Fruit a kind of dry drupe with/ a bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4-!obed seed. SI 3 ftf Stamens 12 to many. — Herbs. Ceratophy:.lum.— Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned.— Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dUs'-cted leaves. 313- Sagittaria.— Sepals and petals 3; free.— Leaves mostly sagittate. Flowers wh:tish. .- 354 f ff f AR ACE jE.— Plants with acrid or pungent juics», simple or compound leaves, and with .he Mowers crowded on a spadix, usually surioundjd by a spathe. Ben-y 1-celled; 34-S* * Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 2} Aj«m.— Flowew.nakvd, covering the base enVj-,o£ the spadix. 2i£-, HT GLASS XXL PA5S. 2. Peltaxdra.— Flowers naked covering,the whole spalix ; apatho long and convolute. 348 a. Cu.LA..— Flowers mostly perfect, naked, coverinur the sp&dix; 6pathe open and spreadiug. — Leaves heart-shap&d long petioled: 3*3 Order VIII. M'ONODELPITIA. — Stamens united by their filaments. Phtixaxtftos.— Stamrms 3, much united. Stigmas 6. Capsule 3 lobed. 3- _ celled; 3-seeaed. 317 A-: IT.TPHA — -Stamens 8 to tS, united at the base. Styles 3, cut-fringed; 317 3&D03TE mum. —Stamens 2, rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2.— Aquatics, growing on stems. 314 _-.:c:"t-j.— Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2 parted.— Herbs, with peltate-palmate lea vesi 3 -' $•- Ftowers naked in the axils of sales, forming am&nts. f-eONIFBRJE.— Trees or shrubs, with resinous juicy, cud mostly with, ever- green subulate or needle-shaped leaves v 339 = 1. Pixus.— Leaves in clusters of 2'to5in. a sheath, persistent. o'A'j- 2. Abiss. — Leaves all scattered, persistent. 340' T. L vtux. — Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. £41 * Fruit consisting of a colored strobile or sort of drupe. t, Tn"M. — Jtfuit of few imbricated ohlong scales.: — Leaves scale-like, closely uninicaitd on the fattened branches. 342 3. CCF&3SS03. — Fruit of several shield-form tlvckened scales united in a woody one. — Leaves scale-line or aw'-shaped, appressed. 342 0. Taxodium. — Fruit as in Cupressus. — Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 343 ". Taxih. — Ovule erect* encircled at the base by an annular disk, which forms a berry-like cup around the z^d:— Leaves -l-ranLed persistent. 344 Order IX". Syngenesla. — Stamens competed by their anthers. * Fruit an acheniuni. Xyntuium.— Stnminate and fertile fiov/ers in seperate involucres, the latter a 2-celled .buvr. -T3 Ambbisia. — Statnihate and fertile flowers in seperate involucres, the latter nut- like, 1 called. 177 * * Fruit a flesh/ carpel (Pepo). Cucurbitxcs.'P. — JIerbin.CP.ons; mostly succulent- vines with tendrils, and al- ternately palniately veined leaves. Fruit a pepo, more or less succulent. 121 jl. Sicvis. 2. Eghim isttlus. 3. Melotiirh, page 122. 4. M/amordica, 5. Ct- cu.Mlja, page 123. 6. La^exaria. 7. Cocukbita, page 124. GLASS- XXI. DI(E"CJIA. — Stomens and Pistils in seperate flowers and on different plants. Order I — V. Mono.Pentandria. — Stamens I to 5. * Stamens 1. N\'.;a3.— Flowers axillary, sessile, without a perianth.— Submersed aquatics 3&Q. CLASS XXL Iv PA.G3. ** Stamens 2, sometimes 1 to 6. , Salix.— Sterile and fertile flowers bcth in aments, naked. Stamens 1 to 6.— Trees or shrubs. 323 Fiuximus.— Calyx small. 4-cleft. Style single. StuitjR 1 tc 2 seeded samara — Trees, with, pinnate Leaves. 295 ***Stcmsns 3 or 4. TALd&HEaiA. — Capsule cylindrical, l-'eslleU, m-my-peeded. Stamens mostly 3. Submersed aqu dies, with loivg grass'-lilce Leaves. 3cS Carex. AciiE.vifM in a sac. 403 Vdicvx.— Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. B.-rry 1-celled, 1-seeded. — J yel- lowish green parasitic plant. 311 * * * * Stamens mostly 5 ('sometimes 4.) N.:Gr>oo.— Fruit a double samara. — Shrubs. Leaves compound. 70 MYRICA. — Fruit a dry -drupe. -Flowers in short a-ments. Filaments -2 to 3, somewhat united.— Shrubs. 323 TJ..t:ca.— Fruit an achenium. Flowers spiked or panicled. — Herbs. 337 pY.rci.vr.iA.— Style 1. Fruit pear-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.— A low straggling shrub. 310 Nt.sa.^ — Fruit an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, 'with a grooved endoearp. — Trees, with smooth and thinmg leave.-:. 309 OAHtfABfttsar.— Calyx of4 sepal.- folding round the achenium.— Ercci or tivurii j herbs, with a watery juice. 336 Acnida.— Calyx 3 to 5-sepalled. Achenium 3 to 5-ang!cd, crustaceous. — Serbs. Leaves lanceolate, aewtnim .'■; . 239 Xanthoxylum. — Sepals 5 ; petal-like. Pistils 3 to 5. Carpels-thiekish,2 valved. Seeds black an I sh\oia^.—Fragra)it shrubs. 66 Fte.li.7-. Tetv.ls 3 to 5. Stamens 3 to 5. Stigm is 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, winged all around. — Shrubs frith 3 to o-foliate leaves. C Order VI. Hexanbrta. — -6 $tdmcn&. ■Bumex.— Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inuer sepals. — Sour herbs. '307 * Climbing or twining. •fsMiLAX.— Perianth of 6 equal spreading segmmts. Stigmas 3, thii-k. Berry 1 tj 3- seed j 1. — Shrubs or rarely -herbs, climbing by tendrils on the petioles. 3~-2 Dioscorea. — Pap°ule 3-celled, 3-w inged, 3-seeded. — Climbing herbs.icith more or less he ir t-sh iped leaves. 37 1 * * Herbs, with parallel-veined radical-leaves. ■Cham.e r.naiM. — Perianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, linear-club-shaped. vAjatharg. yellow; P^-Miow&rs yellowish.-whxte, in a ling slender raceme. 3§8 6rder ViTL ! 0ct-Polyandria.— 8 to many stamens. * F lowers with calyx and corolla,. Meniepermvm. — Sepals and petals 4 to 5, distinct. Drupes 1 to 4. — Twining or climbing shrubs. Leaves pa&nate ur.pelLate. 15 ** * Calyx regular \: petals none. •j- LATTRACEJE. — Aromatic trees- or-shrubs, with alternate leaves. Calyx petal- like, G-parted. Stamens 9. Drupe free. :3W 1. Sassafras. — Drup3 ovoid, supported on a fleshy club-shaped pedicel.— Trees. 308 1, Benzoin. — Drupe ebovoid, the stalk not thickened. — Shrubs. 308 * * * Calyx and corolla none. r-OFL'Lus.— Flowers inaments. Stamens 8 to 40. Capsule 1-celled — Trees, -with more or less heart-shaped leaves. 332 hi CLASS XXII. * * * * F lowers with a b-parted perianth. Udoka.— Spathe bifid, 1-fiowered. Stamsns 9, 4 of them inferiaT.-^Submerged Aquatics. 354 Ohdeii X. Moxodelphia. — Stamens united by their fila- ments. '* Flowers in a 7cind of slxort ament : -ovules naked on the scales. Evergreen trees or shrubs. Tascs. — Soale6 empty at the tape of the naked cup-shaped berry. 3 44 Jukipehus.— Scales of the fertile aments 3 to 6, forming asort of drupe. 313 CLASS XXII. POLTGAMIA. * Stamens 1 to 3. Flowers ghanaoebus. Gbamine*.— Nos. 45 ANDRCPCGtfN. 42 Panioum. 46-SjaaKuif. * * Stamens 2. Flowers with a calyx c/r naked. Fraxinus.— Fruit a 1 to 2-secded samara. — Trees. Leaves pinnate. 295 Calutuciie— -Fruit nut-like, 4 lobed, 4-celiod, 4 seeded. £14 ***SUm?nsZ to S. CHKKOPOmACEfi. — Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the achenium. 298 Ulktjs.— Samara rounded, broadly -winged. Calyx 4 to 9-cleft— Trees. 311 CEM13.— Drupe free from the 5 to 6-parted calyx. Styles 2.— Irees or large si-rubs. 312 Nyssa.— Drupe coherent with the calyx-tube. "Style 1?— Trees, with smooth and shhiing leaves. 3C9 Brotcsdhetia— Style lateral. Crrries becoming £ efhy, club-shaped^ promi- nent. — An ornamental exotic trie, with dewny entire cr loled leaves. 335 Glbmtschia. — Sepals, petals and stamens 3 to 5. — Trees, with twice pinnate leaves. 95 Tanax. — Petals ar.d ftamens 5. Styles 2 or 3. Fruit a 2 to 3-seeded drupe. — Jltrbs, with paimatrly compound leaves. 143 WrtSB. — Berry 2-celled, 4 seeded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals: — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. 74 Fejnos. — Stamens mostly 6, Corolla rotate, usually C-parted. Fruit a drupe with 6 smooth nutiels. — Shrubs. 222 Ni.KOPANTnr.8 — Calyx a minute ring. Petals 5, oblong linear. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. Fruit a globose red berry. — Shrubs. -223 Ptelea. — Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2-celled. — Shrubs. €7 Mslanthium. — Stamens 6, on the claws of the 6-parted perianth. Styles 3. — Leaves parallel-veined. 3&6 Veratf.cm. — Stamens 6. Styles 3. — F lowers dull colored. £87 * * * * Stamens 8 to many. Diospiros.— Berry 4 to 8 celled, 4 to 8-sccded. Stamens 8 and 16. — Shrubs or trees- 223 Usora.— Ovary l-eelled. -Stamens 9. Spathe 2-cleft, axillary, -1 flowered.— Submersed aquatics. 364 FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA. SERIES I. PH.ENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts, and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle and cotyledons. Class 1.— EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. Stems composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter- vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter by the annual deposition of new layers between the old wood and the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and traversed by medullary rays. Leaves mostly with reticula- ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Sepals and petals in fives and fours, and very rarely in threes. Embryo with two or more cotyledons. Sub-class 1. — Angiospermous Exogens. Ovules produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the action of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with two cotyledons. Division 1. — Polypetalous Exogens. Floral envelopes consisting of distinct petals and sepals. Order 1. RANUNCULACEJE.— Crowfoot Family. Herbaceous plants, occasionally climbing^-rarely shrubs, luith an acrid colorless juice, and usually palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, without stipules, alter- nate, with half -clasping petioles. L RANUNCULACE^:. Calyx of 3 to 15, (usually 5) distinct, mostly deciduous, sepals. Corolla, Petals 3 to 15 (sometimes irregular or absent,) hypogynous. Stamens indefinite in num- ber, distinct, rarely few, hypogynous. Pistlts numerous. Fruit, either dry pods, or seed like achenia, or berries, 1 to several soeded. Seeds solitary or several, ana- tropou-s, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. 1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Virgin's Bower. Gr. klama, a tendril ; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles. Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Pe- tals none, or shorter than the sepals. Filaments numer- ous. Anthers linear. Achenia numerous, in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose tails. — Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some- what woody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite. 1. C. Virginiana, L. Common Virgin's Bower. Stem c i nbing; leaves ternatc; leaflets cordate, ovate, acuto, coarsely toothed or lobed ; flowers often dioecious, paniculate. A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flow?ring in July and August. Fl voters white, numerous borne in panicles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval, oblong, obtuse. Fruit furnished with long plumose feathery tails. 2. C. VlORNA, L. Leather Flower. Stem climbing; leaves p'naately divided; segments entire, or3-lobed, ovate, acute; floral ones entire. Calyx companulate ; sepals very thick and leathery, acuminate, conn; rent, reflexed at the apex:. Woods ; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 feet in length, cylindrical, pubescent, purple, finally shrubby. Leaves opposite, pinnat-dy decompound, consisting of S — 12 leaf- let?. Flowers axillary, purple, nodding, on peduncles £ — 6 inches long, with a pair of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with very plumose tails, from 1 — 2 inches long. Atragene, DC, Involucre none : Sepals 4 : petals several, minute. 3. C. VERTICILLARIS, DC. Whorl-Jcaved Virgin s Bower. Stem climbing by the leafstalks; Leaves in fours,, ternatc ; Leaflet; stalked^ ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles 1-flowerod ; Sepals very large, acute. A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva- ted. May, June. Stem ascending trees 10 — 15 feet by means of its twisting petioles. From each of the opposite buds in spring there arise two ternatc leaves with long, stalked Leaflets, and a peduncle winch bears a blui-h-purple flower. Sepals thick 1 inch or more long and nearly % wide. Flammts about 24, outer ones (petals) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. 2. ANEMONE. Linn. Wind flower. Gr. anemos, wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows. Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Petals none. Sta- mens numerous, much shorter than the sepals. Ovaries many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. Invo- lucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Ache- RANUNCULACEiE. NIA mucronate. — Herbaceous perennials with radical leaves, a 2 — 3 leaved involucre at the base of the flower-stalks, and whitish flowers, 1. A. NEMOROSA, L. Wood Anemone, Stem low, simple, smooth, 1-flowercd. Leaves ternats ; leaflets undivided, or with the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 3-parted, incisely dentate, those of the invo- lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical. Var. quinquifoUa D C, Lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base. Margin of woods. April and May. A delicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4 — 8 inches high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Stpo.ls 4. — 7, white or purplish. Carpels 15 — 20, oUong, with a hcoked beak. 2. A. Pennsylvania, L. Stem dichotomous ; leaves 3 to 5 parted; segments 3-cleft. lobes oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate ; involucre 3-leaved ; involncels 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obvate ; carpels hairy, in a globose head. Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Flowers 1 to 1% inch m diameter, borne on naked peduncles. Sepals white and membrana- ceous. 3. A. Virginian A, L. Thimble Weed, Leaves tcrnate; segments oval-lanceolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral 2-parted, those of the involucre similar ; sepals 5, acute ; peduncles elongated ; compels densely wooly, in an ovoid oblong head. Wocds and meadows ; common. June, August. Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the Upright peduncles 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers % of an inch in diameter. Sepals greenish-white, silky beneath, 2 narrower than the oiheis.Fruit woolly, in heads one inch long. 3, HEPATICA. Willd. Liverleaf. Gr. Jiepar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance of its leaves. Involucre 3 leaved, simple, resembling a calyx, 1 -flow- ered. Sepals petaloid 5 — 9, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Ova- eies many. Carpels without awns. — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and % -lobed, thickish and persistent through the year ; the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. 1. H. triloba, Willd. Liverwort, Liverleaf. Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes entire. Var. 1. Ootusa, Pursh. Leaves 3-lobed ; roundish, obtuse. Var. 2. Acuta, Pursh. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes spreading, acute. Wcods and rocky places ; common. This neat little plant is cne of the earliest harbingers of Spring. April and May. Perennial. The root consists of numerous fibres. Flowers generally blue, but frequently purplish and white: becoming double by cultivation. 4. THALICTRUM. L. Meadow Rue. Sepals 4 or more, petaloid, greenish, caducous. Petals none, Achenia 4 — 15 dry tipped by the stigma or short RANUNCULACEiE. style, grooved or ribbed, or inflated. Seeds suspended. Perennials wiih2 — Z-ternately compound leaves; the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles ; often polygamous. *Stem4eaves forming an involucre at the summit like Anemone; root tuberous; stamens shorter than thepetaloid calyx. 1. T. anemonoides, Miclix. Rue Anemone. Boot tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed : floral leaves petioled, resembling an involucre ; floivers few, in a simple umbel ; petaloid calyx 8 to 10 leaved. Anemone thalictroides, L. Woods. April and May ; common. A pretty plant ; the flowers resembling those of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalictrum. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inches high ; often several frani one root. Flovjers white or purplish, 1 inch in diameter. Sepals twice as long as the stamens. * * Stem-leaves scattered, 3 to 4 times compound ; root fibrous; stamens longer than the sepals. 2. T. Cornuti, L. Meadow Rue. Stem-leo.ves without general petioles, decompound; leaflets roundish-obovaie or oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely prominent; peduncle longer than the leaves. Floivers in very compound large panicles ; dioecious or polygamous; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves very variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent beneath. Filaments slightly club-shaped; anthers oblong. 3. T. dioicum, L. Early Meadow Rue. Leaves all with general petioles; decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded, and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; flowers in compound panicles, dioceious or polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels, oblong,, sessile, strongly ribbed. Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white or purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish. 4. T. rugosum, Ait. Rugose-leaved Meadow Rue. Leaves superdecompound ; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-obovate and ovate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire ; flowers mostly dioecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform. Along shaded swampy riTulets ; common. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching, striate smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. Flovjers in rather crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels obovoid-oblong, acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style. Obs. This may prove to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much general resemblance. Pre f. Hooker considers them not specifically distinct. 5. RANUNCULUS. Linn, Crowfoot. Buttercup. Lat. rana &frog; the aquatic specie3 growing where frogs abound. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5 (rarely 10), with a little scale or nectary at the base inside. Stamens and ovaries numerous. Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed^ BANUNCULACE^I. arranged in a globose or cylindrieal head. — Herbaceous an- nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or sometvhat corymbed } yellow, rarely white. * Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-striate. 1. R. aqtjatims, L. White Water Crowfoot. Stem floating, filiform ; leaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging seg- ments : petals obovate, longer than the calyx. Ponds and flowing water. June— August. Rather rare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves dichotomously divided into numer- ous hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and }4 to 1 inch in diameter. Flowers small, white or yellowish. **Flawas yellow: leaves undivided : compels smooth, ovate, collected into a round- ish Mad : perennial. 2. R. Flammula, L. Spearivort. Stem declinate; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subentire, lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves. Ditches and swamps. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, more or less decumbent, rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, % to 1 inch wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yellow color, on peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Whole plant yellowish green. 3. R. reptans, L. Creeping Crowfoot. Stem creeping, slender, jointed ; joints 1-flowered. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, lower ones tapering into petioles. Gravelly or muddy banks of rivers and ponds: common. June — August. A slender, delicate species. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy y 2 to 1 inch long, mostly narrow and acute at one end. Flowers yel- low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. Fruit very smooth. 4. R. pusillus, Poir. Puny Crowfoot. Stem slender, erect, or decumbent ; leaves petioled ; lower ones ovate, roundish, or subcordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obscure- ly toothed, scarcely petioled ; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-flowered ; carpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point. Wet grounds. June — August. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, branched. Flowers small, pale-yellow, on long peduncles. Petals 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10. *** Leaves divided. 5. R. ABORTIOUS, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Smooth ; stem simple or branching ; radical leaves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculate, crenate, sometimes 3-parted; stem-leaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with linear-oblong nearly entire segments ; upper ones sessile; sepals longer tb an the petals, reflexed; carpels in a globular head, tipped with a very short recurved beak. Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot high, simple or branching, smooth. Leaves variously dissected, mostly smooth, ]/ z to 1% in. in diameter, on petioles 3 to 5 inches long ; lower ones pedate. Flowers small, yellow. 6. R. sceleratus, L. Celery-leaved Croufoot. Smooth; stem, branched; lower leaves 3-parted, segments lobed, petioled; stem' L* RANUNCULACE^E. leaves 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire or crenately incised ; sepals reflexed ; carpels small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. Wet ditches. May— August. Per. Stem a foot high, thick and hollow. Flowers small, numerous, pale yellow. Mead sometimes an inch in length. Juice very acrid. w 7. R. REPENS, L. Creeping Crowfoot. Stem branching from the base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely dentate; central one petiolate; peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; petals oboyate, larger than the spreading calyx; carpels with a straight point strongly margined. Moist or shady places. May— August. Per. Very variable in size, commencing to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. Petioles long, hairy. 8. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Pennsylvaman Crowfoots Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff sr re ading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate; calyx reflexed, rather longer thau the small petals; carpels pointed, with a short straight beak, collected into an oblong head. Wet places : common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the next species, but distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and much smaller flowers. 9. R. hispidus, Mich. Hairy Crowfoot. Stem erect, branched, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading haire - leaves ternate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments acutely loled; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, mar- gined, compressed, smooth; style short and straight. Wet grounds. June — August. Per. Stem IS inches high, very hairy. Lower leaves on long petioles; upper cues nearly sessile ; leaflets nearly all tetioled, 3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate at base. Floivers numerous, Jarge, bright, yellow. 10. R. recurvatus, Poir. Wood CroufooL Stem erect and with the petioles clothed with shading hairs; leaves S-parted, hairy; segments oval, subinciscd, the latcial ones 2-lobcd; calyx reflexed ; petals. lanceolate; carpels crowned with a .'harp, hocked style. Shady woods and damp places. May — July. Per. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, sparingly branched, often dichotcmcus at the fummit. Lower leaves somewhat ovate at base, en petioles 2 to 6 inches long which Lies hcathingattase; tppercnes subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, pale yc-ilow, on short peduncles. Whole plant pale green. 11. R. FASCICULARIS, Muhl. Early Croufoot. Stem erect, I ranched, clcthcd with appressed hairs; leaves en lcrg petioles, pu- bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes oblong, obovate, lrinnatifled; calyx villous, sprerding, shorter than the petals ; carpels oibicular, ciowned with a slender subu- late style, collected into a subgloboee head. Woods and hills. April and May. Per. Led a fa:-icle of fleshy fibres. Stcm6U> 12 inches high. Badical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inc hes long, so divided as to appear almost pinnate; vppcr ones 3-paiied, nearly sessile. Flcuers large: petals yellow^ cuneate-cbovate, with a scale at the base as broad as the transparent claw. 12. R. bulbosus. L. Bulbous Croufoot. Stem erect, ha'ry, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinate-pinnate; leaflets 3 to 5 parted; segments trifld or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy; compels tipped with a very short beak ; collected into a very globose head. RANUNCULACEJE. Meadows and pastures. Introduced from Europe. May — August. Per. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb. Leaves ap- pearing as if pinnate. Petals deep yellow and shining, 5 to 7 cuneate-obovate, some- times obcordate. Flowers more than an inch broad< 13. R. acris, L. Buttercups Crowfoot. Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted ; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes ; peduncles terete, not furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy ; petals obovate, not longer than the spread- ing calyx ; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurved beak. Meadows and pastures ; common. Introduced frcm Europe. June — Aug. Per^ Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diame- ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Gar- den Buttercups. 6. HYDRASTIS. Linn. Yellow Root. Gr. htidor, water ; from its growing in moist places. Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. Petals none Stamens and ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, nu- merous, aggregated in a globose bead, terminated by the style, 1 — 2 seeded. — A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stalk, a single radical leaf and a simple hairy stem which is 2-kaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white flower. 1. H. Canadensis, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seal. Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches wide, palmately 3 to 5 lobed ; loles acute, doubly- serrate. Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. Chester Co., Darl. Lancaster C J. Abundant along the'Alleghenies. Flcwer solitary, on a peduncle about 1 inch long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose color. Fruit fleshy purplish, about the size of a large- raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by the Indians for staining skins and clothing. 7. CALTHA. Linn. Marsh Marigold, Gr. l-alathos, a basket; in allusion to the form of the flower. Calyx colored, with 5 — 10 roundish sepals, resembling petals. Petals none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the sepals. Pistils 5 — 10 with no style. Follicles com- pressed, spreading, many seeded.- — Smooth perennials with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1 C. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold, Golden Cowslip. Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-ehaped, crenate ; fiowers large, pedunculate; sepals broad oval. Swamps and wet meadows ; common, April and May. A beautiful plant with 8 RANUNCULACEiE. large flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, ereet, somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and shining. Used as a potherb in Spring. 2. G. ELABELLlFOLlA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold. Stem procumbent, many-flowered ; Uaves dilatcd-reniform ; lobes widely spread- ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, axillary, solitary-flowered; sepals obovate; capsules uncinate. Sand spring on Pokono mountain. Pursh. July and August. Stem a foot high. Flovjers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia. 8. TROLLIUS. Linn. Globe Flower. €term. trol ovtrollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower. Sepals colored 5 — 10 — 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5 — 25, small, linear, tubular at base. Stamens numerous, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many. Follicles numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth pe?'- ennials with palmately parted leaves, and large solitary terminal flowers. 1. T. laxus, Salisb. American Globe-flower. Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate ; sepals 5, oblong, spreading ; petals 15 to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous. Deep swamps and wet grounds ; rare. May — July. Stem a foot or more high. Flcnvers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent style. This is the only American species. Probably often mistaken for a species of Mammcidiis. 9. COPTIS. Salisb. Gold Thread. Gt. Icopto, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepals 5 — 7, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7 small, cucculate. Stamens numerous 20 — 25. Pistils 3 — 7, on slender stalks. Follicles 3 — 7, membranous, 4 — 8 seeded. — Low smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and a long, slender, creeping rhizoma. 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Gold thread. Leaves 3-foliate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3- lobed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepals. Swamps and boggy places: common. May — July. Stem subterranean, extensive- ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. Leaves evergreen; scape 4 to 6 inches high, slender, bearing a single white, starlike flower. 10. AQUILEGIA. Linn. Columbine. Lat. aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, with a short spreading lip ; produced backwards into long, RANUNCULACE.E. tubular spurs, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 30 — 40. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Follicles 5, erect, many seeded. — Perennials, with 2-S-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the, branches, nodding. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. Smooth ; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ; sepal3 somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; spurs straight ; longer than the limb. Styles and stamens exserted. A beautiful plant growing in rocky places; common. April — June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched above. Flowers terminal, nodding, scarlet without and yellow within, 1 to 2 inches long. Fruit upright. More delicate and graceful than- the cultivated. A. vulgaris of Europe. 2. A. vulgaris. Common Garden Columbine. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, many flowered ; leaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biter- nate; spurs incurved. Flowers purple ; becoming double by cultivation, and vary- ing in color, through all shades from purple to white. June. 11. BELPHINUM. Linn. Larkspur. Gr. delphin, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal. Sepals 5, irregular, colored; the upper one produced into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair ter- minating behind in a tubular, necteriferous spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Sta- 3Iens numerous. Pistils 1 — 5, mostly 3, forming many seeded follicles in fruit. — Showy herbs with palmately cut or divided leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes, blue, red, or purple : never yellow. 1. D. azureum, Mich. Azure Larkspur. Pubescent or nearly smooth. Stem erect; leaves Z to 5 parted, many cleft, lobea linear; racemes erect; petals shorter than the sepals, densely bearded at the apex; flowers on short pedicels ; spur ascending. Woods and uplands ; rare. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, sometimes softly pubescent. Flowers large, blue and whitish. 2. D. exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur, ' Stem erect ; leaves flat, 3 to 5 cleft beyond tbe middle ^ lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex acuminate; lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, as long as the calyx; capsules 3. Rich soil : Western parts of the State. June and July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Lower leaves 4 to 5 inches broad. Flowers of a brilliant purplish blue, borne on panicled wand-like racemes ; many-flowered. 3. D. tricorne, Mich. Three-horned Larkspur. Leaves deeply 5-parted, divisions 3 to 5 cleft; segments linear, acutish: petals shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2 cleft, densely bearded inside ; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in fruit. 10 RANUycULACRX. Uplands. W. Penn. April and May. Per. Stem 6 to 18 inches hieh. Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Racemes loose, 6 to 12 flowered. Flowers ■i. I>. coxsolida, L. Common Larkspur. Stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branched: fencers few, in loose raceme*; pedicels longer than the tracts : carpels smooth. Annual Native of Europe. JuIt. Flowers blue. XDiFLORrM. Large-flowered Larksjn es palmate, many parted; lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than the ; : petals shorter than the calyx. A superb perennial species from Siberia. Flowers double, or single, in racemes : dark brilliant blue, tinged with purple, 6. D. ELATUM. Ba Leoxes downy, 5-lobed; lobes euneate at base, trifid, cut dentate; spur inflexed. re of Siberia. Stem -5 to 6 feet high. Flowers blue, and at a distance re- sembling a bee in form. 12. ACOXITUM. Linn. V XE . Gr. alone, a cliff or rock; in allusion to its place of growth. 7 irregular, colored, upper our larger than the others, Pet converted into a sac or short spur at the summit. Styles 3 — 5: Follicles 3 — o. maj — :- mate or digitate haves, and showy fl: terminal sj 1. A. UNCEN -All. At Stem, slender, weak, climbing, -with diverging branches. Leaxes palmate cr lobed. with oval-lanceolate, cut dentate divisions : helmet obtusely conical, rostrate ; tpw inclined, somewhat spiral. Mountains and rich shady soils along streams : rare. August. Stein 5 to 6 feet long, supporting itself upon adjacent bushes, Leares leathery, dark green. - inches wide. Flowers huge, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. 2. A. RECLiyAiuM. Gray. A white flowered species ; is doubtless to be found in our ; 13. ACTAEA. Linn. Bane-bei Gr. alte, the elder: on account of its resemblance to that plant. Sepal? 4 — 5. deciduous. Petal- 4 — ; . ?patulate, irogui- :Taxe>'s numerous, dilated at >ve : a>t a its i-l?bed. Pistils singer: ; - sessile, depressed 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry Sbeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — _ nately di minal racemes of white floxc 1. A. RUBRA. Willd. Red Baneberry. Leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemispherical: petals acute, shorter than the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit shorter than the peduncle. Berries ovoid- oblong, shining red, many-seeded. RANUNCULACE^E, \\ Rocky woods. May. Stem about,2feot high. Leaves very largo when full grown. Flowers white. Berries red in racemes 3 to 4 inches long ; pedicels slender, 1 inch long. 2. A. ALBA. Big. White Baneberry. Cohosh. Leaves twice and thrice tcrnafce; raceme oblong; petals equal to the stamens, truncate at the apex; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncles. Berries few- seeded. Woods. May. Plants 1 to 2 feet high, bearing 2 compound leaves, and a cluster of white flowers. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, half as wide. Jtaccme 1 to 3 inches long, I 1 /, thick, at length purple. Berries milk white tipped with red, smaller than in A. rubra. 14. CIMICIFUGA. Linn. Bugbanb. Lat . cimex, a bug, and fujo, to drive away. Sepals 4 — 5, falling off soon after the flowers expand. Petals 3 — 8, spatulatc, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex* Stamens numerous. Pistils 1 — 8, forming dry follicular carpels in fruit ; carpels 1 — -8, many seeded. Style, short. — Perennials with ternately divided leaves, and white fetid flowers in long slender racemes. 1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. Black Snaheroot. Leaves tsrnately decompound; leaflets ovate-oblcng, inciscly toothed; racemes very loir:;; patals '2, fork-d. slender; styh 1; capsufo follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate, Rich v, clant. July and August. Stems 3 to 8 feet huh, terminated with long, ganicled racemes of white inonogynous flowers. Petals 4 to f , small. Stamens about 100. Eaceme plume-like, G to 12 inches long. Ecct knotted, medi- cinal. 2. C. Americana. Michx. American Buglanc. Smooth. Leaves trlternate, segments ovate, terminal one wedge-form at the base; 3-parted, or 3-cleft and incised; petals concave, sessile, 2-Iobcd, ncctcriferous at base; pistils 3 to 8 ; seeds flat, scaly. High mountains. August. Sew 3 to 6 feet high. Flowers smaller than in C. rae&mtsa ; in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles mostly 5, abruptly beaked, G to 8 seeded. 15. ZANTHOBIZA." Linn. Yellow Boot. Gr. zantlios, yellow, and riza, a root. Calyx deciduous, 5-sepaled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovaries 5 — ■ 15, beaked with the styles, 2-3 ovuled. Follicles membra- naceous, compressed, 1 seeded. — A low plant with shrubby shoots : stem and bark yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnately divided. Flowers polygamous } dull purple, in compound drooping-raxillary racemes. 1. Z. apiifolia. L'Her. Leaves pseudo-pinnate or ternate; leaflets 5> sessile, inciscly lobed and dentate, 12 RANUNCULACE-E. Banks of shady streams in mountainous districts. April and May. Per. Stems clustered 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes many flowered. Flowers purple. FotticUs spreading % in c fl Jong. 16. HELLEBORUS. Adans. Hellebore. Gr. helien, to cause death ; and bora, food ; on account of its poisonous properties. Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 3 to 10, orbicular. Follicles 3 to 10, slightly cohering at the base, many seeded. Seeds elliptical.— Perennials, with coriacious, divided leaves, and large, nodding flowers. 1. H. VIRIMS. L. Green Hellebore. Smooth; radical leaves pedately divided. Stem leaves few, palmately parted nearly sessile ; peduncles often in pairs ; sepals roundish, ovate, acute. A European plant, naturalized. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowers large, pale green, appearing in early spring. March and April. CULTIVATED FJTOTICS. 17. PJEONIA. Peony, Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, mostly changed to petals by -cultivation. Ovaries 2 to 5. Style none. Stigmas double, 'persistent. Follicles many seeded. — Perennials with fasciculate roots; biternate haves ; and large, showy, terminal, solitary flowers. 1. P. officiaxams. Comrnon Peony Stem erect, herbaceous ; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, variously incised. Fruit downy, nearly straight. Native of Switzerland, May and -June. This splendid flower has long been cultivated in every part of Europe, and in this country. The double red variety is the most common. The white, is truly beautiful. 2. P. 4.XBIFL0HA. White-flowered Peony. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth. Follicles recurved, smooth. Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark-shining-green, and smooth. Flowers white, fragrant, smaller than the last. Calyx brown, with 3 green sessile bracts at base. Varieties numerous, with single and double white and rose-colored flowers. 3. P. Moctas. Chinese Tree Peony. Stem shrubby ; leaflets oblong-ovate, glaucous, and somewhat hairy beneath ; terminal-one 3-lobed ; ovaries 5, distinct, surrounded by a very large disk. Native of China. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large, fragrant, and always doubled in cultivation. Disk very large. 18. ADONIS. Linn. Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5 — 15, with naked «laws. MAGNOLIACE^. 13 Achenia in a spike, ovate, and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. A. atjtum^alis. Pheasant's Eye. Stem, branching; haves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Floxe- ■*rs crimson, 5 to 8 petaled. Carpels crowned with a very Bhort style, and collected into an ovate or sub-cylindrical head. Annual. 19. NIGELLA. Linn. Calvx of 5 sepals, colored. Petals 5, 3-^left. Styles ■5. Capsules 5, follicular, convex. — Annual European herbs, with leaves in many linear and subulate segments. 1. N. Damascesa. Fennel Flower. Leaves twice and thrice pimiatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Ficiven 5n a leafy involucre, terminal; solitary encompassed and overtopped by a circle of leaves divided like the rest, white or pale blue, sometimes double ; anthers obtuse ; Carpels 5, smooth, 2*celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose capsule. A hardy annual of the gardens. June — August. 2. N. sativa. Nui meg Flower. Stem slightly furrowed, erect, branched. Leaves divided as in the last, with the divisions much more linear. Flowers naked, terminal on the summits of the branches. Anthers obtuse. Capsule with hard short points. From Egypt. June — September. Order 2. MAGNOLIAGEJE. Trees or shrubs with the leafluds sheathed by membraneous stipules'; alternate coriaceous, entire leave', marked with minute transparent dots, and solitary, far?, .perfect, showy, often fragrant flowers. Sepals 3 to 6, deciduous, colored. Petals 3 to 27 in several rows. bypogynou"-, imbricate in aestivation. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous, in several rows at the base of the receptacle. Ovaries numerous ; style short ; stigm a simple. Fruit either dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, arranged upon an elonga- ted axis. Seeds solitary or several, attached to the inner suture of the carpels. •Bark aromatic and bitter. 1. MAGNOLIA. Linn. In honor of Prof . Afagnol, a French botanist. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals G- — 12, in concentric series. Stamens indefinite, distinct, with short filaments and long anthers, opening inwards. Pistils aggregated and cohering in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone- like fruit ; each carpel opening on the hack at; maturity, from which the seeds are suspended, when mature, by a long slen- der funiculus. — A magnificent genus, consisting mostly of •large trees, with luxuriant foliage, and large fragrant flowers. M 14 ANONACE^E. 1. M. GLAUCA, L. Swamp Laurel. Sicect Bay. Leaves oval, glaucous beneath, petiolate ; flowers 9 to 12-petaled ; petals obov&te, tapering to the base ; cone of fruit small, oblong. Swampy places : southern parts of the State. July and A ugust. A shrub or tree 10 to 20 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, on thick pedun- cles, white, 2 to 3 inches broad, very fragrant. Leaves ycry pale beneath. 2. M. ACUMINATA, L. Cucumber Tree. Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath; 2>ctals Q to 9, oblong, somewhat obtuse ; cone of 'fruit small, cylindrical. Rich damp words. June and July. A noble forest tree 60 to 90 feet high, per- fectly straight. Leaves thin, 5 to 10 inches long. Flowers 5 to 6 inches in diameter, bluish, or yellowish-white, glaucous externally. Cones of fruit 2 to 3 inches long, ■when green resembling a young cucumber. 3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Umbrella Tree. Leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky when young; sepals 3, reflexed; petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected; cone of fruit large, conical, oblong. Mountain woods; rare. May and June. A small tree with irregular branches. Leaves 16 to 20 by 6 to S inches; often appearing whorled at the apex of the flower- ing branches, in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 to S inches ifi diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 inches long, of a fine rose color when ripe. 4. M. Frazerii, Walt. Frazers Magnolia, Leaves deciduous, spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base ; sepals B spreading ; petals 9, oblong attenuate at the base. Allegheny mountains, head waters of the Susquehanna, (Pursh) ; rare. April and May. A fine tree 30 to 40 feet high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, mostly green and smooth on both sides, or slightly glaucous beneath, somewhat rhomboid; auri- cle narrow, rounded. Flowers about 4 inches in diameter, pale greenish-whit*. Fruit oral-oblong, rose-colored. Torr. & Gray. 2. LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Tulip Tree. Gr. leirion, a lily; dendron a tree. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, making a "bell-shaped corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 to 2 seeded; seeds attenuated at apex in a scale. — Lar radiating, convex, free. Capsules obovate, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves at the apex. — Perennial herbs with a yellow juice and pinnatijied or pinnately divided leaves. M. diphyllum, DC. Celend,ine Poppy. Leaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, ovate-oblong, Binuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petio late; pedicels aggregated, terminal; capsuk 4-valved, ecbinate. Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stem a foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6 inches, on petioles about the same length. Peduncles about 3 inches long, 1-flowered. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad. 3. ARGEMONE. Linn. Gr. argema, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3 to 6, radiate; Cap- sule ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves. — Herbs with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial. A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy. Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; flowers solitary, erect, axillary ; calyx prickly ; capsules prickly, G-valved. Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, about 2 inches in diameter. Probably introduced. 4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. Celendine. Gr. chelidon a swallow : flowering about the time when swallows appear. Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at the base : stamens numerous 24 to 32, shorter than the petals. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule silique-form, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom : Seeds several, crested. — Perennial herbs, icith brittle stems } and acrid yellow juice . C. majus, L. Common Celendine. Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed ; pedicels soma- ■what umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels. A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe Naturalized. May — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, verj fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels. 5. PAP AVER. Linn. Poppy. Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce sleep* Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens many. 22 FUMARIACE^l. Stigmas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown, resting on the summit of 1 the ovary and capsule. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin of the stigma. — Exotic herbs, mostly biennial, with a white juice abounding with opium. 1. P. dubium, L. Field or Corn Poppy. Leaves pseudo-pinnate ; segments lance-obleng, pinnatifidly incised, sessile, deeur- rent ; Stem hispid with spreading hairs ; peduncles "with appressed bristly hairs ; opals hairy ; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2 feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe. 2. P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. Smooth and glaucous: leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepals smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely naturalized. Stem 1 to 3 feet high ; Leaves 4 to 8 by 2 to 3 inches, with rather obtuse dentures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple : sometimes very double. 3. P. Rheas. Common Red Poppy. Stem many-flowered, hairy ; leaves incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly globose. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and globular capsules. Floivers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red, sometimes variable. Cultivated. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. In honor of Eschsclioliz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig- mas 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. Capsules pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded. — Animal, glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 3 pinnatifid leaves with linear segments, and showy yellow flowers on solitary peduncles. E. Douglasii, Hook. California Poppy. Stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt acumination. Petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation. 2. E. Californica, Hook. Stem branching, leafy; torus funnel-form with a much dilated limb; calyx obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. From California. Culti- vated. Order 11. FUBXARIACEJE. Delicate smooth, herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and irregular ficrwers. Flowers irregular, purple, white, or yellow. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. Stamens 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous> their filaments more or less united ; the FUMARIACE/E. 23 middle anther of each l-celled ; the lateral ones 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled • style filiform ; stigma with 2 or more points. DICENTRA. Bork. Wrongly Diclytra or Bielytra, Gr. dis, twice ; and Icentron, a spur : in allusion to the two spurs. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4 j the two outer equally spurred, or gibbous at the base. Stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each. Stigma 2-crested or 2 horned. Filaments slightly united. Pod 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded. — Loin stem- less perennials ; with ternately compound leaves, and simple scapes, bearing racemose nodding flowers. 1. D. Clccularia, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. F.ooi bulbiferous; scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided, 4 to 10 flowered; wing of the inner petals short; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight ; poiiceU 2-bracted. Rich woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath. ■Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong linear segments. S:ape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. Flowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged with yellow and purple. 2. D. CanaDENsE, DC. Squirrel Corn. Scjpe naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spurs short, rounded; wing of tha inner petals projecting beyond the summit. Rich woods. May. Rhitoma bearing a number of roundish tubers, about the size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Leaves having the segments longer and narrower than in the preceding species. Flowers white, tinged with purple, very fragrant, 3 to 1 on a scape 6 to S inches high. 3. D. EXIMIA, DO. Choice Dicentra. Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; scape naked ; raceme compound* clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals project- in?; beyond the summit. Rocks, along the Alleghanics. April — July. A larger plant than the others, blossoming all summer. Leaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to S cymes, ea&h with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding flowers. Often cultivated. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. From lorudalis ; the Greek name of Fumitory. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4 ; one of which is spurred at the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, diadelphous : filaments in 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary, Pod 2-yalved, many-seeded. Seeds crested. — Flowers w racemes. Biennials. 1. C. attrea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. Stem branched, diffuse; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-linesr» acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leaves, ac4 terminal; spur incurved, pods terete, pendant: seeds with a scolloped eresti 24 crucifer^:. Shady rocks. April— August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with finely divided leaves. Flowers bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long. 2. C. GLauca, Pursli. Pale Corydalis. Stem erect, branched : leaves glaucous, decompound; segments cuneate, trifld; bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the pedicals; spur short and rounded ; pods «rect, slender, elongated; seeds with a small entire crest. Rocky woods: common, May — July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; the lower ones on long petioles. Flowers whitish, tinged with yellow, and flesh color. 3. ADLUMIA. Raf. Climbing Fumitory, In honor of Mr, John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine. Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, united in a spongy mono petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the base; 4-lobed at the apex. Pod 2-valved, few seeded.^- A climbing biennial vine, with 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers. A. cirrhosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe. Woods and rocky hills. July — Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long. ^Leaves pinnately divided ; the midrib twining like a tendril. Floivers in compound •axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white. FUMARIA, Linn. Fumitory. Lat. fumus, smoke: from its disagreeable smell. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the base. Filaments in 2 sets, each with 3 anthers. Fruit small, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. — - Branclied annuals, with finely dissected compound haves, and close racemes or spikes. F. officianaLIS, L. Common Fumitory. Leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loose; 'sepals ovate:lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla. Near cultivated grounds. May — July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Tlotctri rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Order 12. GRUCIFERJE, LTerbs with a pungent watery juice, often accompanied by an etlurial oil ; and cruciform tetradynomous flowers': leaves alternate: fruit a silique or silicle. Flowers yellow or white, rarely purple or red : without bracts, generally in racemes. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, their claws inserted into the receptacle, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, of which 2 on opposite sides are shorter, solitary, and opposite the lateral sepals. Ovary, superior, 1-celled: stigmas 2. Pod usually 2-celled, 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by the valves. Seeds attached in a single row, by a cord to each of the placenta?, generally pendulous, withcu* .albumen. Embryo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. CRUCIFER.E. 25 Section I. SILICULOS.ZE. Pod short and broad. 1. THLASPI. Linn, Penny Cress. Gr. thlao; to compress or flatten: on account of the flattened siliclea. Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Silicle short, flat, eniarginate at the apex, many-seeded ; valves, bract-form, winged on the back; cells 2, many seeded. Cotyledons accumbent. — Annual herbs with undivided leaves and white or purplish floiuers. 1. T. arvense, L. Penny Cress. Leaves oblong-sagitate, coarsely toothed, smooth; silicle (pouch) roundish-ob- ovate, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally: stigma suhsessile. Cultivated stony fields. June. Stem a foot high, erect, and somewhat branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers small, white in terminal racemes. The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. 2. T. tuberosum, Nutt. Tuberous Penny Cress. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile; radical ones petiolate ; silicle suborbicular. April and May. Stem 4 to 5 inches high. Flcnvers rather large, rose-colored. 2. CAPSELLA. DC. Shepherd's Purse. Iiminutive of capsa, a chest or box: in allusion to the fruit. Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-form, obcordate, compressed laterally • valves carinate, not winged on the back. Style short. Seeds many. Annual. Flowers white. < C. Bursa-Pastoris, DC. Shepherd's Purse. Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy; cauline ones oblong, more or le&s toothed, t agitate at base. Cultivated grounds. April — Oct. A troublesome weed. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 3 to 12 inches long. Intro- duced from Europe. 3. ERfOPHILA. DC. Gr. er, eros, spring; and phileo, to love : in allusion to its early flowering. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or oblong; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar- gined. — Annual. Floivers small. E. vulgaris, DC. Whitlow Grass. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, aeute subserrate, hairy : scape naked : petaU bifid : ttigma sessile : silicle flat, oval, shorter than the pedicel. Fields. March — May. Scape, 2 to 6 inches high. Flowers minute, white. Pouck on long pedicels. 26 CRUCIFEK^. 4. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pepper-grass. Gr. lepis, a scale; in allusion to the form of the pouch. Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire, ovate. Fila- ments without teeth. Silicles laterally compressed, orbicu- lar-ovate, or oval; septum very narrow, crossing the greater diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent: cells 1-seeded. Seeds somewhat 3-angled. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accum- bent. — Annual or biennial herbs, with white flowers. 1. L. Virginicum, L. Wild Pepper-grass. Stem, branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear lanceolate, serrate, smooth; stamens 2 to 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the pediceL Dry fields and roadfides. May — Sept. Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers small, white. Pouch about 2 lines long. 2. L. sativum, L. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. Leaves variously divided and cut ; branches without spines : silicles orbicular ■winged. A pleasant anti-scorbutic cress : often cultivated for the table. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, very branching. Silkies 2 to 3 lines broad, very numerous. Native of the East. 5. CAMELINA. Crants. False Flax. Gr. l-aviai, dwarf, and linon, flax: on account of its resemblance to flax. Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle ob-ovoid or sub-globose, obtuse, entire, mucronate with the persistent style. Seeds numerous, oblong, not margined. — Annual. Flowers yellow. C. SATIVA, DC Leaves lanceolate, saggitate, sessile, roughish; silicle inflated, margined; cotyledons incumbent. Cultivated grounds : common in flax fields. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, panicled above. Flowers numerous, in corymbose panicles, small, yellow. Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. It has been fancied by some to be a sort of degenerate flax. 6, COCHLEAEIA. Linn. Lat. cochlear, a spoon : in reference to its concave leaves. Calyx equal at the base, spreading. Petals entire. Stamens without teeth. Silicle oblong or ovoid-globose, with ventricose valves. Seeds numerous, not margined. — ■ Flowers white. Perennial. C. Armoracea, L. Horse-radish. Radical leaves on long petioles, oblong, crenate : caulhie long-lanceolate, serrate or entire, se?sile; silicle elliptic. Waeti grounds. Naturalized. June. Foot large, fleshy, very pungent to the taste. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers white in elongated racemes. Native of Europe. Extensively cultivated. CRUCIFER^. 27 CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 7. ALYSSUM. Linn. Gr. a, privative : lussa, rage : supposed by the ancients to allay rage. Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire; some of the stamens with teeth. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves, flat or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. Perennial. A. saxatile. Rock Alyssum. Madwort. ■ at the base, subcorymbose : leaves lanceolate, entire, downy ; ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded ; seeds margined. An early flowering garden annual . Mative of Candia. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers numerous; yellow, in closo corym- bose clusters. A. mahittmum, Lam. Sweet Alyssum. Stem somewhat shrubby and procumbent at the base : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat hoary: pods oval, smooth. A bw et-scented garden plant, with fine leaver and small white flowers. June — Oct. ttivi 1 foot high. 8. LXJNAHIA. Linn. Honesty. Lat. tuna, the moon: from the broad round siliclcs. Sepals somewhat bi-saccate at the base. Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed. Silicle pedicellate, ellip- tical or lanceolate, with flat valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiments. 1. L. biejotis, DC. Honesty, Stem erect: leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; sUicles oval, obtuse at both ends. A biennial plant. Native of Germany. Stems 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers lilac- eolored. Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt. 2. L. rediyiya. Satin Flovjer. Stem erect, branching: leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate: eilicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. A pretty perennial from Germany. Steal 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers light purple. 9. IBERIS. Linn. Candy-tuft. Petals, the two outside larger than the two inner. Siu- CLES compressed, truncate, emarginate ; the cells 1 -seeded. — Ornamental garden annuals. 1. I. i'mbeiiata. Purple Candy-tuft, Herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate; Sip per ones entire. Siliclcs umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. A pretty border flower, Native of South Europe. June, July. Stem 1 foot high. Flewers in simple terminal umbels. This species as well as the rest is remarkable for having the % #ut«r petals larger than the 2 inner ones. 28 crucifer^e. 1. saxatilis. Rock Candy-tuft. Shrubby : leaves linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliata. Flowers white, in corymbs. Stems nearly 1 foot high. April— June. Native of South Europe. 10. ISATIS. Linn. Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with boat-shaped valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. 1. I. tinctoria, L. Woad. Silicles wedge-form, acuminate at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. Native of England ; cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that is substituted for indigo. May — July. Stem 4 feet high. Leaves large, broad, clasping the stem. Flowers yellow, large f in terminal racemes. Section 2. SILIQUOSiE. Pod mostly long and narrow. 11. DENTAKIA. Linn. Tooth-wort. Lat. dens, a tooth; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root. Sepals converging. Silique (pod) narrow-lanceolate^ with a long tapering style : valves flat, nerveless, revolute, opening elastically : placentae not winged. Seeds in a single row, not margined : funiculus slender. — Herbaceous plants with perennial roots, divided leaves, and white or purplish flowers. 1. D. lactniata, Muhl. Common Toothioort. Stem leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles, ternate ; leaflets 3-parted segments linear, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; lateral ones lobed; root moniliform, Woods and rocky places near streams. April and May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up. Flowers in loos© terminal racemes, pale, rose-colored, or white. Petals cuneate-obovate, attenuated below. Pod about 1 inch long. Root consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly tooth- less-oblong tubers, of a pungent taste. 2. D. diphylla, Mich. Pepper Root. Stem leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate : leaflets ovate oblong, unequally and coarsely toothed or laciniate. Woods and wet meadows. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves large, opposite or nearly so, above the middle of the stem. Flowers racemed, large white, the petals much larger than the calyx. Root-stock large, beset with teeth, with a pungent, aromatic taste. Pod about an inch long. 3. D. MAXIMA, Nutt. Great Toothioort. Leaves 2 to 7, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ; leaflets ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often 2 to 3 cleft; lateral ones lobed; axils naked; racemes lateral and terminal. Woods; rare. June. Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Flowers in racemes, pftW purple. Root-stock a string of strongly toothed tubers. CRUCTFERJE. 29 4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Dwarf Toothwort. Radical leaves on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenately den- tate, with abruptly mucronate teetb ; stem leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, ternately divided; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough- edged. Woods. June. Root-stoclc moniliform, obscurely toothed. Stem 8 to 12 inehee high. Corymbs with about 9 pale purple flowers. 12. BABBABEA. E. Brown. Winter Cress. Anciently called the Herb of Saint Barbarea. Sepals erect, sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately -pinnatifid leave*. B. vulgaris. E. Br. Winter Cress. Smooth ; lower leave* lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves obovate ; cut toothed, or pinnatifid at the base ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender style. Moist places and roadsides. Common. May — Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense raeemes, small yellow. Probably introduced. 13. NASTURTIUM. E. Brown. Cress. Lai. rtasus tortus, from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose. Sepals erect, sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately-pinnoXifid leaves. 1. N. PALUSTRE, DC. Marsh Water Cress. Low tr leaves lyrately pinnatifid; upper ones pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes confluent, dentate, smooth; petals as long as the calyx; pods ovoid-oblong varying to ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped with a very short style. Wet places , along streams. July. Steyn 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched, obtusely 2-angled, and striate above. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, more or less pin- natifid, sm loth, except a few cilias at the baie. Flawzrs racemose, minute, yellow. 2\*I short; turgid. 2. N. HISPIDUM, DC. Hisped Water Cress. Stem upright, rough-hairy ; leaves pinnatifidly lobed, or runeinate-pinnatifid ; lobes rather obtusely toothed ; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct stj'le, scarcely more than half as long as the calyx ; petals scarcely as long as the calyx. Banks of streams. July, August. Stem angular, 2 to 4 feet high, much branched, with many paniculate racemes above, Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles 1 line long on pedicels twice their length. 3. N. sylvestre, Br. Creeping Water Cress. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments lanceolate, incisely serrate, the upper ones entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods oblong, slightly uneven ; style, very short. Banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. July. Root creeping. Stem a foot N* 30 crucipek^:. high, angular, branched. Flowers larger than in the preceding. Introduced from Europe. 14. ARABIS. Linn. Wall Cress. Said to have derived its name from Arabia, its native country. Sepals erect. Petals unguiculate, entire. Pod linear, plane j valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or winged. — Annual and biennial plants with ichite flowers. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Sickle Pod, Stem haves sessile,. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower, toothed; pedicels S-times as long as the calyx, pubescent, reflexed in fruit ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods pendulous, subfalcate, veined : seeds winged. Rocky situations. May — Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, round, smooth* Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. J^ as •wide, sessile and clasping. Flowers in long terminal racemes, small, white. Pods long, drooping, resembling a sickle blade, 2. A. lyrata, L. American Rock CreFs. Stem diffusely branched, low: stem leaves linear or spatulate, entire, smooth and glaucous ; radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid, often pilose : pedicels somewhat spread- ing ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pods erect, spreading, with a short, straight style; seeds marginless. Rocky hills. April — June. Stem 8 to 12 inches higli, often many united at the base. Foot-leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, petiolate. Flowers middle size, wbite or rarely pale purple. 3. A. l^vigata, DC. Smooth Wall Cress. Erect, smooth and glaucous ; radical leaves obovate and oblong, tapering to a petiole, sinuate-dentate ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sparingly cut- toothed or entire : petals scarcely larger tban the calyx; pods long and narrow, re-curved, spreading and pendulous. Rocky places. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, smooth, simple, or branched above. Root-leaves often purplish, % to 1]4 inch long, half as wide, with acute teeth. Floivers white, few, small, in corymbed racemes. Fed 2 inebes long, very narrow. 4. A. hirsuta, DC. Hair?/ Wall Cress, Erect, branching; leaves dentate, pubescent, or scabrous; radical ones ovate- oblong, tapering to a petiole ; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, sagittate ; pedicels as long as the calyx: pod straight, erect. Low, rocky grounds. Not common. May, June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high ; 2 or more from the same root; round, hairy at the hase, dividing into slender parallel branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, ses?iJe, with heart-shaped or sagittate bases. Flowers small, greenish white. Fod 1 to 2 inches long. 15. IODANTHES. Torr. & Gray. False Rocket. Gr. iodes, violet colored; and a?tthos s flower. Pod linear, elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell, margined. Style thick. Stigma capitate. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial } with shov-y flowers in panided racemes. CRTJCIFER^. 31 I. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & Gr, Leaves ovate oblong, toothed, pointed ; the lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid- Banks of rivers. Western Pa. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petals % hich long, spatnlate. Pods 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved upwards, longer than the spreading pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy. 16. CAKDAMINE. Linn, Kardamon, an ancient Greek name of Cress: Calyx a little spreading. Pod linear, flattened usually opening elastic-ally; valves nerveless. Seeds in single rows in each cell, ovate, not margined. — Mostly perennial plants with white or purple flowers. 1. C. niRSETA, L. Hairy Cardamine. Mostly smooth. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 13 leaflets, or lyrately pinnatifld; leaflets of the radical ones petioled, mostly rounded ; those of the stem ovate or linear, toothed or entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx, oblong-cuneate ; stigiaa minute, subsessilc. A variable biennial, common in wet places. May — July. Stem 6 to 16 inches high. Leaves hairy or smooth, \S 2 to 1 inch long. Flowers snialL white. Fed •bout 1 inch long, 12 to 18-seeded. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Sjjring Cress. Foot tuberous : stem-leaves ovate-rhomboid, somewhat petioled ; ror,t-!cavej round or cordate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate* pointed with a slender style, tipped with a conspicuous stigma; seeds round* oval. Wet meadows and springs. Per. April — June. Stem 9 to 12 inches high, erec^ smooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large, white or reddish. Pods % to 1 inch long. 3. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. Round-leaved Spring Cresx, Root fibrous; stem weak, pro-um^ent : leaves sub-orbicular, sub-dentate, eincoth, petioled; pod spreading, slender, with a long style. Wet grounds near springs. Per. July. Stem, 6 to 15 inches high, decumbent Flowers in terminal racemes, white or yellowish, half the size of the preceding., Fody 2 to% inch long. 17. SISYMBRIUM. Linn. Hedge Mustard. An ancient Greek name of some plant of this family. Calyx mostly spreading,, equal at the base. Petals un~ guiculate, entire. Pod terrete, or rather 4 to 6 sided, ses- sile upon the disk, the valves 1 to 3 nerved. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. — Annual herbs with small white or yellow flowers. 1. S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy. Flowers in along raceme; pod subtt- late, closely pressed to the stem. Waste places. Introduced. May — Sept An unsightly branched wesd. 1 W J 32 CRUCIFER^. feet high. Flowers yellow, very small, terminating the raceme which becomes 1 to 3 feet long, environed by the appressed sessile pods. 2. S. Thalianum, Hook. Mouse-ear Hedge Mustard. Radical leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile ; pods ascending, rather longer than the pedicels. Rocks and sandy fields. April and May. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, slender, terete, with slender erect branches. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, 1 to 2 inches long ; those of the stem y 2 to 1 inch long, denticulate, ciliate. Flowers small, white. Probably introduced. 3. S. CANESCENS, Nutt. Hoary Hedge Mustard. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather clavate, not longer than the spreading pedicels. Banks of streams. Rather rare. May. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers very small, pale yellow. Pedicels spreading with the pod, often erect. A very variable species, often hoary pubescent. 18. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Treacle Mustard. Gr. eruo. to draw blisters. Calyx erect, closed. Pols columnar, 4-gided; stigma capitate. Seels in a single row in each cell, oblong, niar- ginless; cotyledons often obliquely incumbent. — Chiefly biennials with yellow flowers. 1. E. cherianthoiles, L. Wormseed Mustard. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, minutely roughish ; pods erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicels; stigma small, nearly sessile. Along streams : rare. Introduced. .July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erec^ branched, roughish. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. F*d about 1 inch long, pointed with a short style. 2. E. Arkansanum, Nutt. Western Wall-flower. Minutely roughish hairy ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; lower ones runcinate-toothed ; flowers racemose corymbed at summit. A fine plant with showy flowers resembling the Wall-flower. Native of the Western States, cultiyated in gardens. June and July. Biennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to }4 inch wide. Sepal* straw-color. Petals large bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3 inches long, 4-angled, sub-erect. 19. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustarl. Gr. sinapi, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip. Sepals equal at the base, spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Pols nearly terete, with a short beak ; valves bearing nerves. Seels globose, 1-rowed. — Annual or biennial European plants, with yellow flowers, and lyrate, pinnatifidj or incised leaves. 1. S. nigra, L. Black Mustard. Lower leaves lyrate or lobed ; upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth ; pods smootk aaid even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the stem, tipped with a Blender style. CRUCIFERiE. 33 Fields and waste places : partly naturalized. June and July. Stem 2 to 6 fet * high. Flowers yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1 inch long. Seeds numeroua, nearly black, used as a condiment. 2. S. ALBA, L. White Mustard. Leaves pinnatifid, or lyrate, the terminal lobes large, nearly smooth ; pods mostly hispid, spreading, scarcely as long as the sword-form beak. Cultivated ; sometimes spontaneous in old fields. June and July. Stem 2 to S feet high. Flowers corymbose, yellow, rather large. Seeds large, pale yellow* Used as a condiment, and much esteemed in medicine. 20. RAPHANUS. Linn. Radish. Gr. ra, quickly; andphaino, to appear; from its rapid growth. Calyx erect. Petals obovate, unguiculate. Pods trans- versely many-celled or dividing into several j oints, the lower often seedless and stalk-like j the upper necklace-forni, with no proper partition. — Annuals or Biennials. 1. R. Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. Charlock. Leaves simply lyrate ; pod terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in matury l-celled, longer than the style ; seeds 3 to 8. Fields and waste places. Introduced. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hispid. Flowers yellow, about as large as the common radish. 2. R. sativa, L. Garden Radish. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; pod torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. A well known cultivated salad root from China. Stem 2 to 4 fee* high, very branching. Fltwers white, tinged with purple. 21. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall-Flower. Arabic Jcheyry ; and anthos, a flower. Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe- tals dilated. Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds in a single series, ovate compressed. — Showy perennials, with lanceolate or ovate slightly toothed leaves, and handsome fragrant flowers in jpanicied clusters or racemes. 1. C. hesperidoides, T. &. Gr. Rochet Wall-Flower. Smooth; lower lea ves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and sharply serrate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire. Banks of streams. Western Pa. May — July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or branched. Leaves thin, 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, those of the stem scarcely petiolate. Floioers in terminal axillary racemes, pale purple, small. Pods 1}4 inches long. Per. 2. C. cheiri. Wall Flower. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base ; leaves entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth ; branches angular ; petals obovate ; pod$ erect, acuminate. A popu- lar garden flower from South Europe, admired for its agreeable odor, and its han& *om© corymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowors. Per. 34 cruciferte. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 22. EESPERIS. Linn. Rocket, Qr.hesperis. evening; when the flower is most fragrant. Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the claws of the petals. Petals bent obliquely, linear or obo- vate. Pol- 4-sided, 2-edged or sub-terete. Seeds not mar- gined. Stigmas forked, with the points converging. — Per- ennials. 1. H. :\iATRo>-A:Lis. Rocket. Sky Rocket. Stem simple, erect; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; petals emarginate nuv eronate ; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial. Steyn 3 to 4 feet high. Flowirs purple, sometimes douhle and white. Said to be found native about Lake Huron. 2. H. aprica. Siberian Rocket. Stem a foot high, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves oblong obtuse, entire, cilliate- hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. Flowers purple. May and June. From Siberia. 23. MATTHIOLA. R. Brown. In honor of P. A. Matthiola. physician to Ferdinand of Austria. Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe- tals dilated. Pods terete. Stigmas connivent, thickened or connate at the back. — Herbaceous or shrubby oriental plants, clothed with a hoary stellate pubescence. 1. AT. a.-ssvvs. Ten Wsek Stock. Stem herbaceous, erect, branched, 2 feet high; leaves hoary canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate ; pod sub-cylindrical, without glands. A fine garden flower from South Europe. Flowers variegated. 2. M. i^cAirus. Purple July Flower. Stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, hoary-canescent. Fods sub-cylindrical, truncate and compressed at the apex, without glands. Flowers purple and crimson. A popular garden flower, na- tive of England. 24. BEASSICA. Linn. Celtic oresic; the cabbage. Sepals equal at the base, (mostly) erect. Petals obo- vate. Filaments without teeth. Pod sub-compressed; valves concave, with a central vein. Style short, subterate, obtuse. Seeds globose in a single (sometimes double) row, —Flowers yellow. CAPPARIDACEiE. 3£ 1. B. campesthis. Cale. Leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucous: the upper one cordate-amplexicaul, acw- minate. Stem 1}4 to 3 feet high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered reversed hairs below. Racemes 1 to 2 feet long. Corolla yellow, nearly % inch in diameter* b. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip. Root tumid, napiform, sub-globose, yellowish; growing to an enormous Biofc Cultivated for cattle. Native of Sweden. Order. 13. CAPPARIDACEiSI, Herbaceous plants or shrubs, without a true stipule, but sometimes with spines A» their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or palmate. Flowers cruciform, solitary or racemose. Sepals i. Petals i. or even S, imbricated or none, cruciate, usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamen's 6 to 12. or some multiple of 4. Disk hemispherical or elongated. Ovaev stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Styles united into one. Stigma discoid. Frcit either ped-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds many, kidney-shaped, without albumen. 1. GYXANDROPSIS. do. Gr. Gynandria, a Linnean class : opsis, appearance. Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4, unequal. Stamens 6 ; filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated torus, its whole length. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe which rises from the top of the torus. — Leaves digitate. Flo:.- . ned. Cr. PENTAPHYliLAj DC Five-leaved Gynaridrppsis. Mid He leaves petiolate, 5-foliate; floral and lower ones S-foliate; leaflets obovaie, entire or denticulate. Cultivated ground?. July. Annual. Stern 2 feet high, viscid, simple. Flowm of a very irregular structure, white in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate wtUi very long capillary claws. Pod 2 inches long, linear, on a long fcct-stalk. 2, POLANISIA. Raf. Gr.polus, many or much, and anisos, unequal-. Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with claws. Stamens 8 to 32, unequal. Receptacle not elon- gated. Pod stalkless or nearly so, above the stamens, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Strong scented an- nuals with glandular or clammy hairs, and digitate leaves. P. grateolens, Raf. Strong scented Polanisia. Viscid, pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets elliptic-oblong; flowers axillary, solitary; stamens 8 to 12; capsule oblong lanceolate, alternate at the base. Gravelly banks of streams. June — Aug. Stem 1 foot high, branching, striate. Flowers in a corymbose raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more o» lees viscid and fetid. 3 6 RESEDACE.2E AND VIOLACE^. 3. CLEOME. Linn. Sepals sometimes united at the base. Petals 4 7 minute or roundish. Stamens 4 to 6. Pod subsessile or stipi- tate. — Herbs or shrubs with simple on digitate leaves, and racemed or solitary flowers. C. PUNGENS. Spiderwort. Glandular pubescent. Stem simple, and with the petioles covered with prickles ; leaves 5 to 9 foliate, on long petioles : leaflets elliptic, lanceolate acute at each end, obscurely denticulate ; bracts simple ; floivers racemed ; sepals distinct ; petals on filiform claws ; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden plant with curious purple flowers. July and August. Order 14. RESEDACEIE.— Mignionettes. Herbs with unsymraetrieal spilced, racemose, small flowers, and alternate leaves. Calyx not closed in the bud; sepals somewhat united at the base, unequal, green. Petals lacerated, unequal. Stamexs 8 to 20 on the disk. Torus hypogy nous. Pod 3 to 6 lobed, 3 to 6 horned, 1-celled with 3 to 6 pointed placentae, opening at th* top long before the seeds are full grown. BESEDA. Linn. Lab resedo, to calm ; the plants are said to relieve pain. Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 10 to 40, turned to one side. — Annual herbs with very small flowers. 1. R. Ltjteola. Dyei-'s Weed. Leaves lanceolate, entire with a tooth on each side at the base ; calyx 4-cleft ; petals 4 ; the upper one 3 to 5 cleft ; the two lateral 3-cleft ; the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. Scarcely naturalized ; flowering through the season. Stem 2 feet high. Floivers greenish yellow, arranged in a long spike. Used for dying yellow. 2. R. odorata. Mignionette. Leaves entire, 3-lobed ; sepals shorter than the petals. A well known and uni- versal favorite of the garden; native of Egypt. Stem procumbent. Flcwers very fragrant. Order 15. VI0LAGE2E. Herbs with simple leaves usually alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, and aecH- lory nodding flowers with a somewliat irregular, 1-spurred corolla of b-petals, 5 hypo- gynous stamens pointed by their anthers, and a 1-celled 3-valvedpod with 3 parietal platenta>. Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at the base, the two la- teral interior. Petals twisted, imbricate in the bud. Stamens with short and broad filaments, prolonged beyond the anther cells, and more or less coherent over the stigma; two of the stamens with spurs or appendages which are received into tiw VIOLACEiE. 37 spur of the corolla. Style club-shaped ; stigma 1-sided, cucculate. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous ; albumen fleshy. 1. VIOLA. Linn. Violets. The ancient Latin name of the genus. Sepals 5, a/uriculed at their base. Petals 5, unequal, the larger one spurred at the base ; the 2 lateral equal, oppo- site. Stamens 5, approximate ; filaments distinct ; anthers connate, the lobes diverging at the base. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved ; seeds attached to the valves. — Low herbaceous per- ennial plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular, solitary , \-flov:ered recurved at the summit in an inverted position. (Often producing concealed apetalous flowers during the whole summer.) * Stemless : leaves and scapes from subterranean root-stocks : perennials. 1. Flowers blue : leaves undivided. . 1. V. CUCCULLATA, Ait. Hood-leaved Violet. r Smoothish; I '.aces cordate, cuccullate at the base, toothed, veined; 'stipules small, linear, fringed ; lateral pctils bearded : spur short, obtuse. Lew grounds, meadows, &e, ; common. April — June. Leaves on long petioles, strongly hearth-shaped or triangularly kidney-shaped, rolled at the base, into a hooded form. Flowers light blue or purple, with somewhat 4-sided scapes. Petals twisted. Whole plant variable. 2. V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Smoothish or ha.'ry ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, sub-acute, often hastate at the base, serrate or crenate-dentate : petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one, bearded ; spur short, very thick and sac-like. Gravelly fields : common. April and May. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate on margined petioles, acute or not. Flowers middle sized, purple, on scapes 3 to 5 inches long. Var. emarginata Nutt. Leaves almost trian- gular, lacerately toothed at the base ; petals emarginate or bidentate. 3. V. oyata, Nuft. Ovate-leaved Violet. Leaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, mostly roughish, pubescent; lateral petals bearded ; stigma a little beaked. Dry hills. April and May. Leaves numerous, mostly hairy on both sides, some- times nearly smooth, % as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones lacinate-dentate. Segals ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, obo- vate, the lateral ones with dense white beards. Spur broad. 4. V. SORORIA, Willcl. Bearded or Kindred Violet. Leaves orbicular, or roundish-cordate with the sinus often closed, crenate-serrate, mostly pilose, th'ckish, purple beneath, flat lying on the ground ; lateral petals densely bearded, lower one somewhat beajded, upper one naked : stigma depressed, with a deflexed beak. Dry hills, open woodlands. April and May. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, mostly orbicular or sub-ren:form. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with small subulate opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rather obtuse. Corolla reddish blue ; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth. (Darling- ton's F. C.) ' 38 VIOLACEiE. 5. Y. elliptica. Elliptic-leaved Violet. Leaves elliptical-oblong, crenately toothed or entire, somewhat pilose ; flowers on elender scapes. Gravelly hillsides; rare. May and June. Leaves % to \y 2 inches long, % as ■wide, on slender petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Scapes few^" slender, 4 to 6 inches long with 2 small opposite subulate bracts above the middle. Flowers smaller than in tho preceding species, pale blue. Lateral and lower petals densely bearded, and profusely marked with white lines. 2. Leaves divided. 6. Y. pedata, L. Bird's-foot Violet. Leaves pedate, nearly smooth, from 5 to 7 parted; segments linear-lanceolate, ob» tuse or acute, 1 or 2-toothed, or somewhat 3-lobed at the apex, tapering downwards ; siipid&s radical, pectinately lacerated ; petals beardless; spur very short; stigma large, obliquely truncate ; beak obscure. Dry hills or sandy woods. May and June. Root premorse. Scapes 2 to 5 inches high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, scmetimes almost white; petals rounded at the extremities. This handsome species presents several varieties — one with variegated flowers, tho 2 upper petals intensely velvety purple, and fully as handsome as the finest Pansy. 7. Y. palmata, L. Palmate Violet. Pubescent ; Uaves reniform-cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed, variable ; the inter- mediate one always larger ; stipules lanceolate, eubciliate ; lateral petals densely bearded; spur short; stigma capitate, recurved. Moist woodlands and low grounds ; common. May. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches high, often pilose with 2 small lanceolate bracts below the middle. Eootdock scaly. The early leaves are ovate, entire ; the later and perfect are often purple beneath, variously lobed and cleft. Petals purple or bright blue, entire, veiny, white at the base ; upper ones smaller ; lateral ones densely bearded and marked with blue #tri«. 3. Leaves undivided. Flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple. 8. Y. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet. Leaves very smooth, narrow, lanceolate, attenuated at each end, sub-serrate ; $epals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals beardless, nearly equal. Swamps and wet meadows. April and May. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves narrow, Mid with the stalk 3 to 5 inches long. Petioles half round. Flowers small, white* inodorous. Upper and lateral petals marked with violet lines. 9. Y. primul^efolia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet. Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub-cordate and somewhat unequal at the base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate-serrate, smooth above; sepals lanceolate; petals obtuse, lateral ones sometimes sparingly bearded and striate ; stigma capitate and rostrate. Wet grounds; rare. May. Intermediate between V. lanceolata and V. blanda* Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. Flowers white, odorous, on sub-4-sided stalks. 10. Y. blanda, Willd. White Sweet Violet. Leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, minutely pubescent, sinnfi jounded ; petals ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely mar- gined. Wet meadows; common. April and May. Leaves close to the earth, nearly round, % to 1% inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white streaked trith purple, very fragrant. 4- Flowers yellow. VI0LACE2E. 39 11. V. rotundifolia, Mich. Round-leaved Violet. Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to the ground; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines, lower ones smaller; spur very ehort. Eocky woods. May. Scape 1 to 3 inches high. Leaves 1 inch broad at flowering, increasing to 3 or 4 inches in summer. Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. ** Perennials with stems. 5. Leaves undivided : flowers yellow or yellowish white. 12. V. pubescans, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Softly pubescent ; stem elongated, erect ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, den- tate, more or less acuminate; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; spur ex- tremely short; lower petals veined with purple. Yar. 1., eriocarpa, is large, villous pubescent ; capsule densely villous. Var. 2., scabriusada. is smaller, slightly pubescent, and brighter green; stems decumbent; pods smooth or woolly. Rich woods; common. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, some- what angular. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary, with 2 eubulate bracts. Flowers middle sized, yellow; lateral petals slightly bearded; and with the lower ones striped with dark purple. 13. Y. hastata ; Mich. Halbert-leaved Yellow Violet. Nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on long petioles, cordate- lanceolate or hastate, acuminate; lobes obtuse, dentate; stipules minute, ovate; spur very short; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded. Mountains and pine woods. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Floivers yellow. 14. Y. striata, Ait. Striped Violet. Stem assurgent, angular, smooth; leaves alternate, heart-shaped, finely serrate, Often acuminate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, strongly fringe-toothed; spur thickish, much shorter than the petals ; stigma recurved, sub-pubescent. Wet grounds. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, half round. Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inches wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, yellowish- white : lateral petals densely bearded; lower one striped with dark purple. 6. Flowers pale blue, or purplish. 15. Y. rostrata, Muhl. Long Spurred Violet. Stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, roundish-heart-shaped, serrate; the upper &cute; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-cilliate ; petals obovate, beardless; spur longer than the corolla. Shaded hillsides. June. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, smooth. Floivers large, pala blue, with a very long spur similar to that of the larkspur, by which this species is readily recognized. 16. V. Muhlenbergh, Torr. Spreading Violet. Stems ascending, at length with creeping branches, smooth ; leaves round, heart- ehaped, or the lowest kidney-shaped, crenate ; the uppermost slightly acuminate ; stipules large, lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur tapering, about half the length of the petals ; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded ; stigma rostrate. Shaded wet places. May and June. Stem 6 to 8 inches high. Flowers middl©- eized, pale purplish. 17. Y. Canadensis, L. Canadian Violet. Upright; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, lower ones on long petioles j stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; spur very short; stiamti ghort, pubescent. 40 CISTACE./E. Shady woods. May — Aug. Stem 9 to IS inches high, usually simple. Flowers large, blue without, paler within; upper petals marked with blue lines; lateral ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 18. V. tricolor, L. Pansy-Heartsease. Stem angular, diffuse; leaves oblong-ovate; lower ones oblong cordate, deeply cronate; stipules runcinately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segments as large aft the leaves ; spwr short and thick. Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn. Flowers variable in size ; the 2 upper petals purple ; the 2 lateral white ; and witb the lower striate at base ; all yellow at base. V. ODORATA. Sweet Violet. Native of Europe. Flowers dark purple, very fragrant: double by cultivation* 2. SOLE A. Gingens, DC. Green Violet. In honor of Win. Sole, author of an Essay on Mentha. Sepals scarcely equal, carinate, not auricled at the base ? decurrent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base. Stamens cohering, the lower 2 bearing a gland above the middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Seeds 6 to 8, very large. — A homely perennial with greenish-white flowers in the axils of the leaves on short pedicels. 1. S. CONCOLER, DC. Green Violet. Stem simple, erect ; leaves crenate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly toothed above J peduncles short, 2 to 3 flowered : flowers small, greenish ; calyx nearly as long as the petals : spur none. Shady woods ; rare. April and May. Delaware and Franklin counties, and western parts of the State. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Order 16. CISTACEJE. Herbs or low shrubs, with regular flowers, distinct hypogynous stamens, and a 1-cdled 3 to 5 valved pod. Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather- reined. Flowers white, yellow, or red ; very f ugaceous, in 1-sided racemes. Sepals b, persistent, unequal; the 2 external small-like bracts, sometimes wanting. Pe- tals 3 to 5, usually fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, distinct ; anther innate. Style single or none, in the bud. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Fruit capsular 1-celled, 3 to 5 valved, with as many parietal placentas borne on t&o middle of the valves. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn, Kock-rose. Gr. helios, the sun; dnthos, a flower. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, twisted in aestivation,, Petals 5 ; or rarely 3, sometimes abortive ; crumpled in the CISTACEJE. 41 bud, fugacious. Stamens many. Style short or none; stigma 3-lobed, scarcely distinct. Capsule strictly 1-celled, triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top ; seeds angular. Flowers frequently of 2 sorts ; the primary or earliest ones, with large petals, numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods ; secondary or later ones much smaller, and few-seeded pods. — Serbs with perennial roots, and yellow flowers, which open in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. . 1. H. Canadense, Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed. Stem, at first simple, erect., cr ascending; leaves oblong cr somewhat lanceolate, acute. hairy, alternate, without sti] Sandy or gravelly dry soil. June — Aug. Stem about 1 feot high. leaves % to 1 inch long. V4 as wide, entire, sub-sessile. Primary or terminal flowers large, few or solitary, cin peduncles as long as the flowers; petals large bright yellow ; second- ary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, on ghort leafy branches ; the petals very smali or none; the outer sepals usually want- ing. Late in autumn, chrystals of ice shcot from the cracked Lark ; hence the common name. 2. LECHEA. Linn. Pikweed. In honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals, persist- ent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3 to 12. Style scarcely any. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; placentae nearly as the valves, roundish, each 1 to 2-seeded. — Inconspicuous perennial branching plants, with very small greenish orpvjplishflovjers. 1. L. major, Michx. Large Pin weed. Hairy; stem erect, simple, producing slender prostrate tranches frcm the tase ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, alternate and opposite, or sometimes whorlcd ; panicle short, leafy ; f.oiccrs densely crowded in panicled clusters ; ped'eds ghorter than the globose depressed (very small) pods. Dry woods and fields. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers small, trown, in racemose clusters. 2. L. MINOR, Lam. Smaller Pin weed. Stem slender, upright or diffusely branched, nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; panicle leafy, its L ranches elongated ; flowers loosely racemed; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. Dry hills.' July — Sept. Stem S to 12 inches high, often decumbent at the base. Stem-leaves )A D y /+ i ncn alternate, sparingly ciliate and resolute at tbe marg:n ; those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers larger than in L. major. Pt~ tals brownish-purple, cohering at the apes. Capsules also larger than in the preceding. 3. flUDSONIA. Linn. In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of "Flora Anglica." Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal ; the two outer ones 0* 42 DROSERACE^. minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 30. Style straight, filiform. Stigma simple. Capsule oblong enclosed in the calyx, 1 -celled, 3-valved, 1 to 6-seeded. — Bushy heath-like little shrubs with verg numerous branches, and minute awl- shaped or scale-like persistent leaves, and numerous, small f shoicy, bright-yellow flowers. 1. H. eriocoides, L. Heath-like Hudsonia. Downy but greenish; stem sub-erect; branches elongated; leaves filiform, awl- shaped, loose; ftoivers on slender naked stalks; sepals acutish. Dry sandy woods ; rare, May and June. Stem 4 to G inches high, much branched. Leaves small persistent. Flotvers small, yellow, with about 15 stamens. 2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. Hoary and downy; leaves oval or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; Jlowert aggregated, sessile ; calyx sub-cylindrical, with obtuse segments. Sandy soil; rare. June. Stem ascending, much branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than the preceding. Stamens 9 to 18. "Whole plant eilvery-gray and tomentose. Order 17. BR08ERAGEIE, Bog herbs mostly stcmless, often covered with glandular hairs ; alternate leaves, of- clustered at the base of a scape, tapering into apetiole, rolled up from the apex to the base in vernation. Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. Stamens 5 to 15 ; anthers turned outwards. Styles 3 to 5, either wholly distinct, or slightly connected at the base, bifid or branched. Fruit a capsule 1 to 3 celled, 3 to 5 valved, usually many-seeded, sometimes ariled. 1. DROSERA. Linn. Sundew. Gr. droscs, dew ; the glands exuding a dew-like secretion. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3 to 5, each 2-parted. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 1 to 3 celled, 3 to 5 yalved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on the middle, for their whole length. — Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed icith reddish gland- bearing bristles. 1. D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. leaves all radical, orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles, fringed with purple cilia, pilose above ; scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly simple 1-sided raceme, nodding at the apex, so that the fresh blown flower is always the highest. Sphagnous Swamps. July and August. A singular plant at once distinguished by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset. Scape 4 to 8 inches high. Flowers small whitish. 2. D. longifolia, L. Long-leaved Sundev). Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect, spreading, tapering into the long rather ere©* naked petioles ; scape declined at the base ; seeds oblong, not arillate. HYPERICACE.3E. 43 Swamps; rare. July and August. Scape 3 to 6 inches long, usually curved to one side at the base. Flowers yellowish white 5 to 9 in a raceme, twice as large a» tn the preceding. 3. D. filiformis, Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. Lexves very long and filiform, nearly erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk, glandular the whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, many- flowered, simple or bifid. Sandy Swamps. Aug. and Sept. Scape S to 12 inches high. Leaves 6 to 16 lache3 long. Flowzrs purple, few, in a 1-sided raceme. Sub-order. PARNASSIE^. Smooth herbs with slightly perigynous stamens, an outer series of them sterile and in clusters, imbricated petals and 4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placentae. Leaves alternate, not coiled in the bud. — Consists of the following genus of doubtful affinity. 2. PARNASSIA. Linn. From Mount Parnassus ; on account of the beauty of this plant. Calyx deeply 5 cleft, Petals 5, veiny, spreading, rather persistent, with a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds very numerous, arillate. — Perennial herbs with chiefly entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers terminating the long naked scapes. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass of Parnassus. Badical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate on long petioles; stem leaf sessile, clasp- ing; sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted with little yellow spherical tips ; petals more than twice as long as the calyx, marked with many greenish transparent veins. Wet banks : Limestone, Montour Co. Xot common. Aug. and Sept. Scape 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves about 7-veined, usually but one on the stalk low down and clasping. Flowers solitary, large, yellowish-white. An elegant and interest- ing plant. Order 18. HYFERXGAGEJE. Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogp- nous flowzrs, ivith many or few stamens collected in three or more clusters, or bundle*. Flowers perfect, mostly yellow, with cyniose inflorescence. Sepals 4 to 5 persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 4 to 5 mostly deciduous with a twisted aestivation and oblique veins. Stamens usually numerous and cohering at base in three ot more parcels. Capsule 2 to 5 (rarely G to 7,) lobed, with as many persistent styles ■which are at first sometimes united, 1-celled with 2 to 5 parietal placnetse. giBM very numerous, small, without albumen ; embeto straight. 44 HYPERICACEJE. I. HYPERICUM. Linn. St. John's Wort. Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique and often without equal sides. Stamens numerous or few united or clustered in 3 to 5 par- cels without interposed glands. Styles 3 to 5, distinct, or united at base, persistent. Capsule membranaceous, 1 or 3 to 5-cellecl. — Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves, punctate with pellucid dots, and yellow flowers ; solitary, or in, cymose panicles. * Stamens 20 to 100. Styles 3 to 5. Flowers mostly terminal, laryc, yellow: herla- ceous perennials. 1. H. pyramldatum, Ait. Giant St. John's Wort. Stem square, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat clasp- ing, acute, smooth, pellucid-punctate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate; ttylcs free, as long as the stamens ; seeds numerous. Eiver banks and hills. July, Aug. A large Cowering perennial species, 3 to 5 feet high, scarcely angular, eincoth. rigid and herbaceous. Flowers \ x / 2 inches in diameter, showy, few or solitary at the ends of the branches. Stamens capillary 100 or more. Capsules 1 inch long, tipped with the 5 styles ovoid-ccnical. 2. H. CORYMBOSUM, Muhl. Spotted St. John's Wort. S tern erect, punctate ; leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black dots ; sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong. Shady woods and wet meadows. June, July. Stem 1}/ Z to 2 feet high, black punctate. Leeivcs 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers small, numercv.s, rale yellow, in a compact panicle or corymb. Petals nearly 3 times as long as the serais, with oblong black dots. Styles 3, longer than the stamens. Stigmas orange red. 3. H. ellipticum, Hook. Elliptic St. John's Wort. Stems square, simple, cymose at summit; leaves elliptical, obtuse, closely sessile, (scarcely punctate; cymes nearly leafless, few-flowered, depressed; sepals very unequal, spreading; styles 3, united nearly to the top; capsules ovoid-globose. Moist grounds. July. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, colored at tase. leases 1 inch long, somewhat erect. Floioers orange-yellow. Petals acutish. Stir, mas minute. Pods purplish. 4. H. perforatum, L. Common St. John's Wort. Stem 2-edgec 1 , branched, and corymbed; leaves elliptical-oval, obtuse, and with the sepals pellucid-punctate; flowers panicled; sepals lanceolate % as long as the petals; styles '3, diverging. June — August. A pernicious plant introduced from Europe, but thoroughly naturalized, growing in pasture fields, much to the annoyance of farmers. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with opposite spreading branches, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated Hues extending between the nodes. Flowers numerous, deep-yellow, and id terminal panicles. ** Stamens 20 to 100. Styles more or less united. Shrully perennials. 5. H. adpressum, Barton. Viinged St. John's Wort. Stem 2-winged above, shrubby at base; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, fessile with pellucid punctures; cyme 10 to 20-flowercd, naked; sepals very une- qual, 14. as l° n o as t ne oblong-obovate petals; styles united; capsules 3-celled. Swamps. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers in compound cymes about % lo«h in diameter, with very numerous stamens. HYPERICACE.&. 45 6. H. NUDIFLORUM, Michx. Raked St. John's Wort. Slem shrubby at base, 4-angIed, -winged above; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oval obtuse, sessile; cymes compound leafless; sepals linear-oblong, shorter than the ovate petals : styles united. Wet grounds, rare. Aug. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 4-sided branches, leaves thin, about 2 inches long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small, and rather loose in the cyme. 7. H. prolificum, L. Shrubhy St. John's Wort. Stem shrubby, smooth, branching; branches 2-angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at base,, revolute on the margin pellucid-punctate J flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters. Banks of streams. July. A highly ornamented shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with much compre.sxl branches. Leaves 2 inches long, % inch wide. Floicer s large, orange-yellow ; peduncles generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile. * * * Stamens 5 to 20 rarely 30. Styles short, distinct. Low anal slender annuals* 8. H. MTJTILUM, L. Small St. John's Wort. Stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, heart- ehaped, clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy ; petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals; capsules ovate, conical. Damp sandy soils. June— Aug. Stem 6 to 12 Inches high, leafy to the top. Flowers very small pale-yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stem. 9. H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John's Wort. Stem square, erect, branched ; leaves linear, or narrowly-lanceolate, attenuate to the base, rather obtuse; panicle elongated, forked; sepals lanceolate, very acute, longer than the petals. Low grounds, common. June — Aug. Stems 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves pellu- cid, and dotted with black. Flowers small, yellow. Capstile longer than the calyx and of a reddish color. 10. H. Sarothra, Michx. Orange-grass. Stem and branches filiform, square; .'eaves minute, awl-shaped, scales appressed; flowers mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; pods slender, very acute, 1-celled. Sandy fields and hills. June — Aug. Stem 4 to S inches high, much branched. leaves vpry small. Flowers very small, yellow. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule brown. 2. ASCYRUM. Linn. St. Peter's Wort. Gr. a. privative, and sluros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch. Calyx 4-sepalled, 2 outer ones smaller. Petals 4 cadu- cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2 to 4, mostly distinct. Capsule strictly 1-celled, 2 to 3 (rarely 4) Yalved. — Low, rather shrubby plants with pale black-dotted leaves and nearly pale-yellow Jlowers. I. Crux Andrews, L. St. Andrew's Cross. ^Sc us much branched at base and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base ; flowers solitary or cymulose, on short pedicels ; outer sepal* ovate, inner ones very minute ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct. Randy fields. July. Stems 8 to 24 inches high, 2-edged above, thickly clothed 46 ELATINACE^. ■with leaves, which are variable in width. Flowers pale yellow on very short pedi- oels. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of St. Andrew's cross. 3. ELODEA. Adans. Gr. Elodes, growing in marshy places. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base. Petals 5 deciduous, equal-sided, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 15), in 3 parcels which alternate with 3 orange colored hypogynous glands. Styles 3 distinct. Capsule 3-celled oblong. — Perennial herbs, growing g in marshy places, with pellucid punctate leaves, and small close clusters of purplish flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit. E. VntGiNiCA, Nutt. Virginian Elodea. Leaves oblong, closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, very obtuse ; filaments united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Marshy places, common. July — Sept. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branch- ing, of a purplish hue. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, upper ones lanceo- late, lower oblong ovate, all very obtuse, pale beneath. Floioers few, reddish- yellow. Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored. Qapsule ovoid-oblong, acutish. Order 19. ELATINACEJE. Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membraneous stipules, and axillary flowers. Sepals 2 to 5 distinct, or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Styles 2 to 5, very short or none ; stigmas capitate. Capsules 2 to 5-celled. Seeds numerous, without albumen. ELATINE. L. Water Wort. Gr. elate, fir ; its minute leaves resembling those of the fir tree. Sepals 2 to 4, persistent. Petals 2 to 4, hypogynous. Stamens 2 to 8. Style or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 to 4. Pod 2 to 4-celled, several-many-seeded, margins of the valves not introflexed. — Small marshy plants with minute axil- lary flowers like Chiclcweed, but the seeds as in St. John's wort. E. Americana, Arnott. American Wdterwort. Dwarf tufted ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, sepals, petals, sta- mens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. Seeds 6 to 8. Edges of ponds and streams. July — Sept. Stems rooting and creeping in the mud, forming patches. Leaves % inch long, entire. Flowers solitary, very mia- Hte, white, CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 47 Order 20. C ARYOFHYLLAGEJE.— The Pink Family, Herbaceous plants with opposite entire leaves, stems with swelled joints, and symme- trical 4 to b-mzrous flowers. Sepals 4 to 5 either distinct or cohering in a tube, persistent. Petals 4 to 5 unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or without claws inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk, sometimes none. Styles 2 to 5. Seeds attached to the base or central column of the 1-celled, or 2 to 5-celle£S capsule, numerous, rarely five, the embryo coiled round mealy albumen. Sub-order I. SILENEiE. The proper Pink Family. Sepals united in a tubular calyx. Petals with long claws. Stamens 10, and with the petals borne on the stalk of the many-seeded capsule. Stipules none. — Flower* mostly shoicy. 1. SILENE. Linn. Gr. sialon, saliva; in allusion to tbe viscid secretion on the stems and calyx Of many species. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5 unguiculate, mostly crowned at the orifice • limb bifid. Sta- mens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 6 teeth at the top. Embry'O coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. * Calyx inflated ; flowers panicked, while. Pereinial. 1. S. STELLATA, Ait. Starry Campion. Stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate tape*- pointed, smooth; flowers in panicles; calyx bladder-like, pubescent, bell-shaped. Shaded banks and woods. July, August. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender seme* what 4-sided. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, J/j as wide, tapering to a long point sessile. Calyx pale-green with mere deeply colored veins. Flowers white, borne on a largo open pyrimidal panicle. Petals cut into a fringe at the apex, crownless. 2. S. NIVEA, Muhl. White Catchfly. Snowy Campion. Stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, minutely puberulent ; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, reticulated, Bubpilose; pzteds 2-cIeft with a small bifid crown, reflexed; claws exserted beyond the calyx, nearly naked; apsides stiped. "Islands in the Susquehanna, near Columbia; Muhl." June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth and slendor. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, and % an inch wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal. •* Calyx not inflated, elongatidor club-shaped. Petals crowned, red or rose-colored : perennials. 3. S. Pennsylvania, Michx. Pennsylvania Catchfly. Fwcw&y-pubeseenfc; siems numerous; radioed leaves somewhat cuneate; those of the stem long linear; petioles hairy; flowers in somewhat 3-forked panicles ; calyx long, tubular; pitils slightly emarginate, sabcrenate. Gravelly hillsides. May, June. Per. Stems numerous, tufted, 6 to 10 inch*» high. Calyx club-shaped. Petals wedge-form, bright purple or nearly white. 48 CARYOPHYLLACE^. 4. S. VlRGlNICA, Linn. Virginia Catch fly. Ttsai-pubescent ; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves lanceolate; loiter ones on long petioles, with long cilia? at base ; flowers in panicles, petals with long claws, broad bifid crowned. Open Woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, single. Flowers few and loosely cymose, large and showy. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon cbconical. Petals large, red, oblong, 2-cleft. Stamens and pistils exsertcd. 5. S. Catesbaii, Walt. Catcsby's Catchfly. Branching: leaves broad lanceolate ; flowers in panicles; calyx clavate, colored; petals wi'.h long claws; limb bifid with two lateral teeth; lobes acute. Southern part of the State, not common. June. Stem a fcot high. Flowers crimson. 5howy, Considered by soma botanists as a variety of rous stipules, flowers with inconspicuous petals, the upper- most leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods sometimes 1-seeded. 10. ANYCHIA. Michx. Gr. onux, the finger nails ; a supposed remedy for the whitlow. Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2 to 3, rarely 5. Styles 2, very short. Utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the sepals. — Small annual herbs, with many times forked branches f stipulate leaves, and minute white floicers. A. dichotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. Stem erect or spreading, dichotomously brauched ; leaves varying from lanceo- late to elliptical, somewhat petioled ; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. Dry soils. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, round, slender, pubescent above with forked filiform branches. Leaves small, those of the stem opposite, the branches alternate. Flowers very minute, in the forks of the stem greenish. A variable plant. 11. SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey, Lat. sperrjo, to scatter ; from the dispersion of the seeds. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Petals 5, large, entire. Sta- mens 5 to 10. Styles 5. Capsules ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. — Annual herbs, with narrow stipulate leaves in whorls, and cymose white flowers. 1. S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. Leaves awl-shaped-linear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed sti- pules, often clustered in the axils; flavers in a compound cyme, slender, stalked. Grain-fields, and sandy places. June — Aug. Introduced. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) P0RTULACACE.&. 55 peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx. Capsule twice as long. Seeds numerous with a narrow margin, 12. SPERGULAKIA. Persoon. Sepals 5. Petals b, entire. Stamens 2 to 10. Styles and valves of the many-seeded capsule 3, or if 5 the valves alternate with the sepals. — >Low herbs, with fleshy opposite leaves, scaly membranous stipules, and small red or rose colored flowers. S, RUBRA, Pers. Common Sandwort. Stem prostrate, pilose much branched ; leaves narrow, linear, or filiform, some- what fleshy, shorter than the interncd?s; sepals lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, Bcarious on the margin; seeds compressed, roughish, not margined. Sandy fields, near brackish water. June — Sept. Annual. Stems 3 to 10 inches long, at first erect at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves variable in length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, in terminal leafy cymes or racemes. A very variable plant. Arenaria rubra of Linn, Sub-order IV. SCLEHANTHE^]. Small diffusely branched plants, with opposite leaves, without stipules and small flowers. Sepals united into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted at the throat, 13. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Knawel. Gr. slderos, hard, and anthos, flower, from the hardened calyx tube. Sepals 5 united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 2 distinct. — Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with ob~ scure greenish clustered flowers. S. ANNUUS, L. Annual Knawel. Depressed tufted. Stems spreading, slightly pubescent; leaves awl-shaped, some- what united at the baste : flowers nearly sessile; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute. Waste places and sandy fields, introduced. July. Annual. Stems numerous, much branched in a dichotomous manner, forming tufts, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, Flowers very small, green in axillary leafy clusters. Order 21. P0RTULACACEE2. Succulent or fleshy herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, destitute of proper ttipules, and usually ephemeral flowers. Calyx mostly of 2 sepals. Corolla of 5 petals. Stamens 8 to 20. Styles 3 to 6 united below, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds attached to a central placenta; albumen mealy, §6 P0RTULACEJ3. 1. PORTULACA. Tourn. Purslane. Sepals united to the ovary below, 2 -parted. Stamens 8 to 20. Style mostly 5-cleft, Capsule globular, many- eeeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Low herbaceous fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves, and some species with showy brilliant flowers expanding only in sunshine. 1. P. oleracea, L. Common Purslane. Leaves wedge-form, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ; axils geniculated, naked ; flowers aesaile; stamens 10 to 12. Gardens, and cultivated grounds; common. May— Aug. Stem fleshy, much branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves and stems of a reddish-green color. Flowers in clusters, axillary and terminal, small, pale-yellow. Introduced. 2. P. PILOSA, Scarlet-flowered Purslane. Stems ascending, much branched; tranches sub-erect, enlarged upwards; leaves linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long woolly hairs ; flowers terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of wool; pefaZs obovate ; stamens about 15. A very delicate popular garden plant with 6howy crimson and scarlet flowers, 1% inches in diameter. Native of S= Africa. 2, CLAYTONIA. L. Spring-beauty. In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. Sepals 2, ovate or roundish, persistent. Petals 5 emar- ginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-eelled, 3-valve'd, 2 to 5-seeded. — Our species are small, fleshy, delicate perennials, tending up simple stems, in early spring, with a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. 1. C. VlRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Spring-beauty. Leaves mostly 2, linear, or lance-linear, elongated and attenuated into a petiole below; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated; peduncle slender, nodding; petals obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse. Low moist grounds. March — May. Tubercle as large as a hazle-nut, deep in the ground. Scape 6 to 8 inches long, weak with a pair of opposite narrow leaves, 3 to » inches long. Flowers 6 to 10 rose-colored, with deeper colored veins. 2. C. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Spring-beauty. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into • petiole; peduncles slender, nodding; sepals and petals very obtuse. Woods and rocky hills ; common. April, May. Hoot a compressed brown tuber- ale, buried at a depth into the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Eoot- Itames very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 4 to 8 inches high, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white with ft slight Ifego of rod and beautifully pencilled with purple lines. MALVACEAE. 5f 3. TALINUM. Adans. Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Petals 5, sessile. Stamens 10 to 30, inserted with the petals into the torus. Style filiform, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule sub-globose, 3-celled at the base, when young, 3-valved, many-seeded.— Fleshy perennials. R. teretifolium, Pursh. Cylindrical-leaved Talmum. Stem simple or branched, short and thick ; leaves subulate, crowded at the summit of the stem, on short branches : peduncles long and naked ; flowers in a dichoto- mous cyme. Rocks, Chester county. Dr. Darlington ! June — Aug. Boots a few coarse fibre* from the base of a short thick firm but somewhat fleshy perennial stem. Branches 1 to 3 inches long. Leaves lto 2 inches long, incurved, cylindrical, fleshy. Bractg orate-lanceolate, small. Peduncles 5 to 8 inches high. Flowers small, bright* purple, expanding only for a day. Order 22. MALV ACEffi.— Mallow Family. Herbs or s1irubs,with alternate stipidate leaves, and regular flowers, with numerous ttamens, monodelphous in a column. Flowers axillary, showy, often with an involu- eel at the base. Sepais generally 5, more or less united at the base, persistent Petals 5, cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments. Staheks indefinite, monodelphous : anthers 1-celled bursting transversely. Pistils several, with the ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. S&3DS with little albumen. Embryo curved. 1. MALYA. Linn. Mallow. Gr. malaise, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Carpels many, 1-celled, 1-seeded arranged circularly. — Flowers perfect. 1. M. Americana^ Muhl. American Mallow. Leaves ovate, crenate; stipules oblong-linear; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Southern part of the State. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, nearly smooth above. Petioles 1 inch long. Bracteole bristly. Carpels hispid, in a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. T. & Q. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Low Mallow. Stem prostrate; leaves reundish-cordate, obtusely 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, long: petioled; flowers axillary; corrola twice the length of the calyx, notched at the end. Cultivated grounds: common. June— Oct. Per. Boot fusiform. Stems numer- ous, a foot or more long. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink wrfch darker veins, deeply notched at the end. Fruit depressed, composed of the numer- ous carpels arranged circularly. Extensively naturalized. 3. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. Stem erect, branched, hairy ; leaves large roundish, with 5 to 7 somewhat acute lobes; flowers axillary, 3. to 4 together ; peduncle* and pitiokt hairy ; petals ob-W9- $ate, 3 times 9$ long ae the calyx. 58 MALVACE2E. Waste places, escaped from gardens, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. Whole plant emollient and mucilaginous. Native of Europe. 4. M. CRISPA, L. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow. Stem erect; leaves angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; flowers axillary, bos- eile. A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria, Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5 to G feet high. Leaves large, roundish, margin abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers small, inconspicuous, white. June, August, 5. M. moschata, L. Mush Mallow. Stem erect ; radical leaves reniform, incised ; stem leaves many-parted, the seg- ments linear ; peduncles and calyx hairy. Native of Britain. Stems 2 feet high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored and white. The whole plant emits a musk-like odor in favorable weather. July. Perennial. 2. ALTHEA. Linn. Hollyhock. Gr. allJiea, to cure. Calyx 5 -cleft surrounded at base by a 6 to 9 cleft invo- lucre. Carpels inany, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circu- larly around the axis. 1. A. officinalis, L. Marsh Hollyhock. Stem erect: learns ovate, or slightly beart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, clothed with velvety down ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. A European plant, cultivated in gardens and in some places naturalized. Aug. — Sept. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, firm, very downy. Leaves alternate. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. Medicinal. 2. A. rosea, Cra. Hollyhock. Stem erect, hairy ; leaves cordate, 5 to 7 angled, rugose ; flowers axillary, sessile. Native of China. Annual and biennial. Flotvers large, with numerous varieties of single, double and semi-double flowers of various shades of coloring, as white, crimson, dark red, purple, brownish-black, yellow, straw-color, &c Cultivated in gardens. 3. A. FICIFOLIA, Cav. Fig -leaved Hollyhock. Stems erect, hairy; leaves palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, angularly toothed. Native of the Levant. Cultivated for ornament. Flowers large, orange-colored. 3. HIBISCUS. Linn. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. ANTHER-bearing column prolonged, the apex generally divided into 5 slender styles bearing the 5 globular stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, 5 or many-seeded, opening into 5 valves which bear the partition on their middle.- — Herbs or $hrubs } usually with large and showy flowers. MALVACEAE. 59 1. H. Moscheutos, L. Marsh Hibiscus. Herbaceous, simple, erect; leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles and petioles often united ; calyx tomentose. Borders of marshes, near Harrlsburg. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stouk Leaves 4 to 6 by 3 to 4 inches, often with 2 lateral lobes. Flowers large, 5 inches in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crimson centre. Showy. 2. H. MiLiTARis, Willd. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus, Smooth; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; upper leaves halbert* form, the short lateral lobes approaching at the base, the middle one prolonged and acuminate; peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. River banks. Aug. Per* Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale rose-colored, with a purplish centre 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Cultivated for ornament. 3. H. Syriacus. Syrian Hibiscus. Leaves cuneaform, ovate, C-Iobed, dentate ; pedicels scarcely longer than the peti_ oles; involucel about 3-lcaved. A beautiful, hardy, frce-flowei'ing shrub from Syria, 6 to 10 feet high. Flowers in the different varieties purple, red, white and striped, both single and double. July. Sometimes erroneously called " Rose of Sharon." 4. H. trionum. Flower of an hour. Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the mid* die one much the longest ; lower leaves undivided, dentate ; calyx inflated, rueinbra. naceous, with bristly ribs, o-winged at the summit ; seeds rough. Annual. Native of Italy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Floivcrs numerous but soon withering. Petals of a rich chlorine yellow, the base deep brown, one variety has flowers 2 inches in diameter, continuing expanded nearly all day. 5. H. COCCINEUS, Walt. Scarlet Hibiscus. Very smooth; leaves palmate, 5-partsd; looes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrate alone ; corolla expanding; capsule ovoid, smooth. A splendid fiower, native of Georgia, sometimes cultivated in our gardens. Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, 5 to 9 feet high. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4 to 5 inches long. Column still longer, slender and terete. July — Oct. 6. H. Manihot, L. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. Leaves palmatcly divided into 5 to 7 broad-linear, acuminate, scarcely dentate lobes; peduncles and involucel hispid; involucel bracts 5 to 7, ovate or lanceolate, acutish. persistent, entire ; calyx split on one side ; capsule densely hirsute, acumi- nate. Native of the Western States. A beautiful perennial plant, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves cordate, the looes 5 to 10 inches long, y 2 to 1% wide, separated to near the base, about as long as the petioles ; Pieth largest near the summit. Flowers sulpher- yellow, purple in the centre. Petals 2 to 4 inches long. July, Aug. Per. 4. ABUTXLON. Tourn. Indian Mallow. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular. Styles 5 to 15. Carpels 5 to 15 arranged circularly, co- herent, spreading at the summit, where each splits open along the inner edge. Seeds about 3 in each carpel. — Flowers in the axils of the heart-shaped leaves, '60 TILIACE^!. 1. A. Avicenn^e, Graertn. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leaf. leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomehtose ; pedum' (£i shorter than the leaf-stalks, solitary ; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, beaked, the beaks splitting in two. Waste grounds. Introduced from India; naturalized. Annual. July, August. JSem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in the axils of the leaves^ orange-yellow, near 1 inch in diameter. 5. SIDA. Linn. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Styles 5 or more, 'the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, each splitting open at the top, arranged circularly. 1. Flowers perfect. Stigmas terminal, minutely capitate. 1. S. SPINOSA, L. Prickly Sida. Stem rigid, branched from the base, minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tubercles at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the stipules and petioles; fruit separating into five 2-beaked carpels, opening between the beaks. Waste places, roadsides ; common. July and August. Annual. Plant bushy, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 inch long and % as wide, mostly obtuse at each end. Pttils obovate, yellow, of short duration. 2. S. NAPiEA, Willd. Smooth Sida. Stem slender, smooth ; leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong-linear, acu- minate, coarsely toothed ; carpels 10, acuminate, awnless. Shaded rocky places; rare. July. Per. Stems angular, 3 to 5 feet high. Leavts on short petioles, cordate ; lobes 2 to 4 inches long, % to % wide. Floral leaves much smaller. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat leafy, the divisions somewhat 4-flowered. Flowers nearly % inch in diameter. Fttals white, twice as long as the calyx. 2. Nap.sa. Clayton. Flowers dioecious : styles stigmatic along the inside. 3. S. dioica, Willd. Dioecious Sida, Leaves palmately 7 to 9 lobed ; lobes lanceolate, incisely toothed ; peduncles many- flowered, bracteate, sub-corymbed ; staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils ; the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers ; carpels 8 to 10, point- lees in a roundish depressed head. 8tony grounds ; not common. July — Sept. Per. A tall and roughish herb. 4 to 5 feet high, with very large 7 to 9-parted lower leaves, with the pointed lobes pinnatifid cut and toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered co- rymbs. Order 23. TILXACEIE.— Linden Family. Trett or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate leaves and axillary flowers, usuaUg perfect. Sepals 4 to 5, deciduous, valvate. Petals 4 to 5, entire, hypogynoua, rarely wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, usually polydelphous ; aitthbrs 2 celled. Disk often with 4 to 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovabt of 2 to 10 united carpels ; styles 1 ; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit capn*- kur, S to 5 celled ; sebds solitary or numerous, with fleshy albumen. LINACEJE. 61 1. TILIA. Linn. Linden. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens nu- merous ; filaments cohering in 5 clusters with each other, or free. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 to 2 seeded. — Fine trees with heart-shaped leaves and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary 'peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. 1. T. Americana, L. Basswood. Leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely serrate, coriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes; petals truncate at the apex, crenate; style as long as the petals; fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. Rich woods. June. A fine tree from 60 to 70 feet high, the trunk straight and naked more than half this height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 5 by 3 to 4 inches; those of the young shoots often more than twice this dimension. Bracts yellowish, linear-oblong. Flowers yellowish-white, honey -bearing, fragrant. The wood is white and soft, and much used by cabinet and coach makers. 2. T. laxiflora, Michx. Loose-flowered Linden. Leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, membranaceous, smooth; flowers in loose panicles; petals emarginate; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose. Near the sea coast. May. Shrubby or arboreous. A very distinct species, though jnerally confounded with the former. Pursh. Beck. 3. T. alba, Michx. White Linden. Leaves obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent beneath, with veins of the same hue, smooth and bright green above, acuminately serrate ; petals emarginate; scales spatulate ; styles nearly smooth. Woods and mountains. June. Trunk 30 — 40 feet high, 1 to 1% feet in diame- ter; branches with a smooth silvery bark. Leaves 3 to 5 often 8 inches in diameter, slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers larger and whiter than in the other species. 4. T. Europea, L. European Linden. A common ornamental tree, which is planted along the streets of our cities, is easily distinguished from our native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. Order 24. LINAOEJE. Herbs with regular hypogynous flowers, tetramerous and pentamerous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals. Sepals 3 to 5, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, unguiculate. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them at the base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed. Ovart of as many cells as sepals and styles ; stigma capitate. Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed, suspended. 1. LINUM. Linn. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule of 5 Q 62 GERANIACE^B. united carpels and only 5 celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each j but each cell is incompletely or com- pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-ceiled. Seeds ovate compressed, mucilaginous. — Herbs with a fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves, alternate or often oppo- site, without stipules, and terminal corymbose or panicled flowers. 1. L. Virginianum, L. Wild Flax. Radical leaves ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; flowers small, scattered on the corymtose or panicled branches, oh Very short pe- duncles, tnrned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth. Woods and fields. June, A ug. Biennial or pe,r. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, gmooth, leafy, terete. Leaves % * n ch long, % wide, with 1 distinct vein. JFlowera 4 to 6 lines in diameter, yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-veined. Variety diffusum. WooJs. Stem angular, diffusely branched; branches and lan- ceolate leaves spreading ; jlowzrs very small, yellow. Wet places, along ditches. Quite different in habit. 2. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. Stem branching above ; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle corym* bose ; sepals ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base ; petals crenate ; capsule roundish, acuminate. Cultivated and somewhat naturalized about fields. June, July. Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leives distinct 3-veined. Flowers large, purplish-blue. A useful plant, from the strong fibres of the bark linen is manufactured, and the seeds yield Knseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer's ink, &c. Order 25. GERAMAGEK— Crane's-bill Family. Plantt with mostly rejidar, Jtypogynous, pentamsrous Jlowcrs, imbricated sepals, and convolute petals. Leaves opposite (at lea t the lowir ones), mostly stipulate, petiolate, palmately-veined. Flowers on peduncles, terminal or opposite the loaves, sometimes axillary. Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base. Petals 5, unguiculate, l.ypogycous or pcrigynou?. Stamens usually monoielphous, hypogynous, 2 or 3 timo3 as many as the petals. Fruit formed of carpels cohering around the axis, having a membranaceous pericarp and termina- ted by an indurated style, which finally curves upward carrying the pericarp with it. Bseds solitary, without albumen. 1. GERANIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill. Gr. geranis, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembling a crane's bill. Sepals and petas 5, regular. Stamens 10, all fertile, the alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at tho base. Carpels with long awns, at length seperating elas- tically from the summit to the base ; awns smooth internal- ly. — Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 1, 2 or 8 flowered. 0XALIDACEJ3. 63 1. Gr. MACULATUMj L. Spotted Geranium. Crane's bill. Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, setosely pubescent; leaves 3 to 8-parted; lohes wedge-shaped and entire at base, incisely serrate above; radical leaves on long petioles, upper opposite; on short petioles ; sepals mucronately awned ; petals entire. Open woods ; common. May, June. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high. Leaves _ 2 to 3 inches in diameter, cleft % way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in pairs on unequal pedicels, large, purple. Root powerfully astringent. Medicinal. 2. Gr. pttsilluMj L. Small-flowered Geranium. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded, kidney-form, © to 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft; peduncles short, 2-flowered; sepals awnr less, about as long as the emarginate calyx* Sandy soils. May — July. Stems 1 foot long, much branching, covered with short deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers, much smaller than the preceding. Intro duced. Annual. 3. Gr. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Crane's bill. Stem diffusely branched; leaves deeply 5-parted; lobes incisely toothed 3 to 5-cleft; peduncles crowded towards the top ; petals notched, as long as the calyx ; carpel* hairy. Fields and hills. May — July. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15 inches long, swelling at the joints. Leaves % to 1% inches in diameter, hairy. Flowers small, ro6e-colored or nearly white, in pairs and somewhat fasciculate. Biennial. 4. Gr. RobertianuMj L. Herb Robert. Stem diffuse, hairy ; leaves 3 to 5-parted to the base ; leaflets somewhat pinnatifld, segments somewhat mucronate; peduncles long, 2-flowered; sepals awned, shorter than the entire petals. Rocky places and shaded ravines. June — Oct. Annual. Stem reddish, with long diffuse weak branches. Leaves on long petioles somewhat hairy, \]/ 2 to 3 inches in diameter, with pinnatifld segments. Flowers small, pale purple, beauti- fully lined with darker shades. Capsule small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth. The whole plant is very petid. The genus Pelargonium embracing more tban 300 species of shrubby and herba- ceous plants, with innumerable varieties of magnificent flowers, nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope, are embraced in this order. Many of which are culti- vated in our green houses and conservatories. Order 26. OXALIDACES— The Wood Sorrel Family. Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular flowers. Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Petals 5, equal, ungujculate, with a twisted sestivation. Stamens 10, usually more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Styles 5, filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, membraneous, with 5 cellp, and from 5 tp 10 valves. Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically, 1. OXALIS. Linn. Wood Sorrel. Gr. oxus, sour; from the acid taste of most species. Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10, usually more or less monodelphous, alternately shorter^ Capsule deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the fcaek. Seeds few in each cell, pendulous from the axis.— ^ 64 BALSAMINACE^. Serbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close and droop at night- fall * Stemless; leaves and scapes from a root-stock or bulb. 1. 0. ACETOCELLA, L. Common Wood Sorrel. Stalk creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaf- Ms broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the inner stamens. Deep shady woods, on northern sides of mountains. June. Scape 3 to 5 inches high with 2 small bracts above the middle. Flowers large, white, with red veins, drooping. The whole plant has an agreeable acid taste. This is the shamrock of the Irish. 2. 0. VIOLACE^E, L. Violet Wood Sorrel Bulb scaly ; scapes several-flowered in an umbel, longer than the leaves ; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, smooth; styles shorter than the outer stamens. Woods and shady places ; common. May, June. Scape nearly twice as high as the leaves 4 to 6 inches. Flowers violet, large, from 3 to 9 on umbels, drooping. Petals obovate, and sometimes slightly emarginate. ** Stems leafy: peduncles axillary. 3. O. cornictjlata, L. Decumbent Wood Sorrel Pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branched; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, pubescent; petals wedge-shaped, erose at the apex ; style as long as the inner stamens. Cultivated grounds and banks of streams. May — Aug. Stems prostrate, leafy, from 4 to 12 inches long. Sepals pubescent, % as long as the emarginate deep- yellow petals. Capsules densely pubescent. 4. O. stricta, L. Upright Wood Sorrel Stem branching, erect; peduncles umbelliferous, longer than the petioles, 2 to 6-flowered; leaves ternate ; leaflets obcordate ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long as the inner stamens. Sandy fields and borders of woods. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves numerous, scattered on long stalks, Flowers small, pale-yellow. Order 27. BALSAMINACEffi. Annual Jierbs, with succulent stems filled with a bland watery juice, very irregular flowers, and simple leaves without stipules. Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous ; the two upper commonly united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous, united in pair3, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile, more or less, 5 lobed. Fruit capsular, with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen, 1. IMPATIENS- Linn. Balsam. Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched. Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as to appear like one. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lohed. Stamens 5 ; short; anthers opening on the inner face. Stig- TROP^OLACEiE. 65 mas 5, united. Capsules prismatic-terete, elongated, 5- valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. — Annual herbs with tender, smooth, suculent stems, tumid joints, and capsules burtsing elastically when touched, 1. I. Pallida, Nutt. Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth snucronate, on snort petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered, solitary, elongated; lower sepal dilated-conical, shorter than the petals, with a very short recurved spur. Damp shady places: common. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, 1J4 to 2 inches wide, with large obttisa teeth on petiolca % inch long, upper ones sessile. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals j>ale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. Petals pale-yellow, slightly spotted. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. Jewel-weed. Balsam-weed. Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, somewhat obtuse, coarsely and obtusely serrate; teeth mucronate lower sepals acutely conic, wiih along round spur. Damp shady ravines; common. Aug. Stem, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, y / 2 as wide, somewhat glaucous, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flcxoers deep orange with reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in tho former species. 3. I. Balsamina, Garden Balsamine. Ladies' Slipper. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncles clustered; spur shorter than the flower. Native of the East Indies. A beautiful garden annual. The prevailing color of the flowers are red and white, but the former varies in every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color, often double and semi-double. Order 28. TROPJEOLAGEIE. Straggling or twining herbs, with a pungent watery juice, peltate or palm ate leaves, and irregular flowers. Calyx of 5 colored, united sepals, the lower one spurred. Petals 5 ; two upper arising from the throat of the calyx remote from the 3 which are stalked. Stamens 3, unequal, distinct. Ovary of 3 united carpels; style 1; stigmas 3. Fruit separating 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nut?. Seeds large. Albumen none. 1. TROP-3SOLUM. Linn. Lai. tropaeum, a trophy ; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. Generic character essentially the same as the order. T. majus. Nasturtion. Indian Cress. Leaves peltate, roundish repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a little one side of the centre; petals obtuse, the 2 upper distant from the 3 lower which are fimbriate at base and contracted into long claws. A common garden annual. Native »f Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles several feet. Leaves 2 inches in diameter. Flowers large and showy, orange- colored, with blotches of a deeper shade. The fruit is used for pickling. Q* 66 LIMNA.NTHACE.E AND ZANTHOXYLACEm Order 29. LMHTANTHACEIE. Low annual herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers regu- lar, trimerous or pentamerous. Sepals 3 to 5 united at base persistent, valvate in •estivation. Petals 3 to 5, withering on the plant, inserted upon an bypoygnoua disk. Stamens 6 to 10, inserted with the petals; filaments opposite the sepal*. Sttles united; stigma simple : ovary of 2 to 5 distinct carpels. Fbuit 2 to 5 acheniv rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. 1. FLCERKIA. Willd. Named in honor of Fkerke, a German botanist Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, tuberculate. Style 2-cleft. — A small annual aquatis, with pinnately divided leaves and minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles, F. proserpinacoides, Lindl. False Mermaid. Stems deeumbent, weak, and slender; leaves alternate, upper ones, or tho» above the water, pinnately 5-parted ; lower or submersed ones mostly 3-partcd, all on slender petioles. Marshes and shores of rivers and lakes. April, May. Stem 4 to 10 inches long. Flowers small, y± inch in diameter, white. Petals about half as long as the sepals. Whole plant slightly pungent to the taste. Order 30. ZANTHOXYLAGEJE. Trees or shrubs, pungent and aromatic bitter, with alternate or opposite leava t without stipules, with pellucid dots and small regular diozcicus or polygamous flowers. Flowers regular diclinous, gray, green, or pink. Sepals 3 to 5, small, cohering at the base. Petals longer than the sepals, as many, rarely wanting, convolute. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Pistils 2 to 5, dis- tinct or united, 1 to 2 seeded, (ovules 2, collateral). Fruit baccate, membraneous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. Prickly Ash. Gr. xanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5, petal-like when the petals are absent. Stamens 5. Pistils 3 to 5, raised on a short base or stalk, distinct, the styles connivent. Carpels thickish, 2-valved. Seeds black and shining. — Fragrant aromatic shrubs, with pellucid punctate, pinnately 3 to 5 foliate leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 13. Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Stem and branches prickly; leaves pinnate; leaflets in 4 to 5 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; petioles round, unarmed ; pri&Us stipular; flouxn in short axillary sessile umbel*. ANACARDIACE/E. $7 Rocky woods ; not common. April. Shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, covered with sharp ttrong prickles. Leaves and flowers axillary. Flowers small greenish appearing before the leaves. Bark and pods very pungent to the taste, Medicinal. 2. PTELEA. Linn. Shrubby Trefoil, Flowers polygama-diceeious. Sepals 3 to 5, small Petals 3 to 5, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 3 to 5, longer than the petals, and alternate with them. Ovary 2-celled; style short j stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3 to ^•fo- liate leaves and greenish-white small flowers in compound ter- minal cymes. P. TRIFOLIATA, L. Shrubby Trefoil Leaves on. long petioles, ternate; leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young, odd one much attenuated at Base; flowers polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens. Moist woods and rocky places ; rare. June. An ornamental shrub G to 8 fe*t high. Flowers white, odorous, nearly y 2 inch in diameter. Samcra nearly 1 inch in diameter. The Ailanthus glandulosus, or Tree of Heaven, is a cultivated tree of thfa family, common in and around our villages, whose flowers are redolent of anything but "airs from heaven." Order 31. A3MGARDIACE2I?. Trees or shrubs, with a resinous gummy, caustic or millcy juice, dofless, alternate, simple, ternatz or pinnate leaves, and small of len polygamous, regular pen'androus flowers. Flowers terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious. Sepals 3 to 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 3 to 5, sometimes none, imbricate. Ovaut 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 3, or none. Stigmas 3. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. 1. RHUS. Linn. Sumach. Calxy of 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the disk. Styles 3. short. Stigmas capitate. Fruit a small-seeded sub-globose, dry drupe. — Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils, alternate, mostly compound leaves, and greenish-white flowers. * Not poisonous ; fruit ctoihed with {acid) crimson hairs: panicle compound, dense, terminal; leaves odd pinnate. 1. K. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach. Stem and branches smooth ; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminata, Smooth, whitish glaucous beneath ; flmucrs all perfect. Old fields and thickets ; common. July. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high, consisting of many straggling branches, smooth except its point. Leaflets about 3 inches long, % inches wide. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with Ehcri hairs, aeid, used for dyeing red. The bark is used for tanning morocco. 68 ANACARDIACE^!. 2. R. COPALLINA, L. Dwarf Sumach. Branches and stalks downy ; leaflets 4 to 7-pairs, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very entire, shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, unequal at base; common pttioU winged, appearing as if jointed. Rocky hills and dry fields. July, August. Shrub 2 to 7 feet high with running roots. Common petiole about 6 inches long expanding into a leafy margin, between each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, near % as wide, dark green and glossy on the upper surface. Flowers dioecious, yellowish-green. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter. 3. R. typhinAj L. Stag-horn Sumach. Branches and petioles densely villous; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath. "" Hillsides or low barren places. June. A large shrub, or a spreading tree, 15 to 30 feet high with orange-colored aromatic wood and copious milky resinous ju'ee. Flowers greenish-yellow, dioecious. Fruit in clusters, covered with a velvety purple down, acrid. * * Poisonous to the touch : fruit smooth : panicles axillary. 4. R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate, 3 to 6 pairs, oval abruptly acuminate, very entire. panicles loose, pedunculate. Margins of swamps. June, July. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 to 15 feet high. Petioles 6 to 10 inches long, red. Leaflets about 3 inches long, neai ly % as "wide, sessile, except the odd one. Floivers very small, greenish, dioe- ciovs. Fruit about as large as a pea. The whole plant is very poisonous, tainting the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium, 5. R. Toxicodendron. L. Poison Oak. Erect or decumbent; leaves ternate; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, dnuate or lobed, somewhat pubescent; flowers in racemose axillary sub-sessila panicles. Moist woods and thickets. June. A small shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth In all its parts. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long % as wide, petiolate, the common petio'e 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, dioecious, greenish-yellow. Fruit smooth, roundish, pale-brown. Poisonous. Vr.r. 6. badicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, DeCandolle and Beck.) Poison Ivy. Stem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets petiolate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, gen- erally entire; flowers in axillary racemes towards the top of the stem, dioecious. Woods and hedges. June. Stem climbing by myriads of rooting tendrils 10, 20 ob 50 feet. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit sub-globose, brown. * * * Leaves ternate; flowers dioecious, not poisonous, aromatic. 6. R. AROMATICA, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. Branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sessile the middle one wedge-shaped at the base, unequally cut-toothed, pubescent when young. Dry iocky soil ; rare. April, May. A small aromatic shrub 2 to 6 feet higb> Iveaflets 1 to 2 inches long, }/ 2 as wide, the common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers yellowish, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves. Fruit red, acrid, more or less hisped. 7. R. COTINUS. Venitian Sumach. A t mall shrub, cultivated : native of Arkansas, according to Nuttall, remarkable chiefly for the singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse feathery fruit-s J alkjB, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of *moke» ACERACEiE. 69 Order 32. ACERACEiE. Trees with opposite palmately Idled, rarely pinnate leaves, without stipules, and flowers often polygamous, sometimes apetalous, small, in axillary racemes, corymbs or fascicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4 to 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in aesti. ration. Petals 5, rarely 4 to 9, alternate with the sepals, hypoygnous. Stamens usually 8, sometimes 9 to 12, distinct. Styles 2. Stigmas 2. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged samara, each 1-cclled, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds with little or no albumen. 1. ACER. Linn. Maple. Lat. acer, sharp; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. Calyx 5-lobed ; sometimes 5-parted. Petals 5, or more. Stamens 6 to 8 ; rarely 5. Samara 2-winged ; united at base by abortion, 1-seeded. — Trees with simple, palmately lobed leaves, often heart-shaped at the base, and mostly polyga- mous flowers. * Floivers in corymb or fascicles. Trees. 1. A. rtjbrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually the longest, glaucous, underneath ; flowers on very short pedicels ; petals linear oblong. Moist woods. March, April. A common tree from 20 to 40 feet high, with reddish twigs. Trunk covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becom- ing dark with age. Leaves variable in size, pubescent when young. Flowers ap- pearing in eai-ly spring before the leaves, scarlet, or yellowish, about 3 in each fascicle. Fruit on pedicels 2 to 3 inches long, smooth. 2. A. DASYCARPUM, Ehrh. White Maple. Silver Maple. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, unequally and incisely toothed; whitish glaucous underneath; flowers aggregated on short petioles; petals none; fruit woolly when young, nearly smooth when grown, with large dilated wings. Banks of streams ; not common. April, May. A fine ornamental tree, 30 to 50 feet high, affording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. Flowers greenish-yellow or purplish, visually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit about an inch long. 3. A. SACCHARINTJM, L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed lobes, sparingly sinuate toothed, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping ; pedicels slender, hairy ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none. "Woods and mountain valleys. April. A fine tree 50 to 80 feet high, with a trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Bark cf a light-gray color, rough and scaly. Branches numerous and finely ramified in open situations. Foliage very luxurient, deep green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long thread-like peduncles. Peti oles smooth. This is one of the most useful trees of the forest; the sugar obtained frow its sap is perhaps the most delicious of all sweets. The wood is very strong and compact, often presenting that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is so highly esteemed in cabinet work. It is extensively cultivated aa an ornamental shade tree. '•* Flowers in terminal racemes. Large shrubs, 70 SAPINDACE^E. 4. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, finely and sharply double serrate; racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate; fruit with large diverging wings. Rich woods and shady rocks. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 15 feet high. Trunk beautifully striped lengthwise with green and black. Leaves rarely undi- vided. Flowers large, yellowish-green, 10 to 12 in a raceme. Fruit clustered, with pale-green wings. 5. A, SPICATUM, Lam. Mountain Maple. Leaves small, 3 to 5 lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath ; racemes erect, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear ; fruit smooth ; wings somewhat diverg- ing. Rocky hills and mountains. May, June. A shrub S to 12 feet high growing in clumps. The bark is of a light gray color. Leaves somewhat pointed, with large sharp teeth, more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and small, in round, oblong, close-branched clusters 2 to 3 inches long, becoming pendulous With the winged i'ruit. 2. NEGUNDA. Moench. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5. — Small trees with compound pinnately 8 to b-foliate leaves, and dieecious floicers, from lateral buds; the sterile in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping racemes. N. ACEROIDES, Mcench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leaftcts'oY&te, acuminate, remotely and unequally dentate; pistillate racemes long and pendulous; barren flowers corym- bose; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards. River banks, low wet grounds and along mountain streams. April. A small but handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with light-green twigs, and smooth yellowish- green bark. Flowers yellowish-green, very delicate, in drooping clusters, rather preceding the leaves. Fruit pubescent, oblong, the wings about an inch long. Order 33. SAPIKDACEffi. Trees, shrubs, or climbers furnished wiih tendrils, rarely herb?, with alternate and mostly compound leaves, and small, unsymmetrical, usually i>-regular and polygamous flowers. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Petals irregular and often one fewer than the aepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens 8 to 10. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, the styles or ttigmas more or less united. Seeds usually with an aril, destitute of albumen, 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Linn. Qr. kardia, heart, sperma, seed ; the globose seeds marked with a large cordaU hilum. Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4, each with an emarginate scale above the base, the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their scales crested ; glands of the disk 2, oppo- site the lower petals . Stamens 8, unequal. Style trifid. CAPSULE membraneous. — Climbing herbs, with biterziQte CELASTRACE^J. 71 leaves, the lower pedicels changed to tendrils, and small whitish flowers. C. Haliacabum, L. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. Plant nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate ; flowert email, axillary, solitary; fruit pyriform-globose, large, bladder-like. Native along the Missouri river. Torr. & Gr. July. A curious vine 4 to 6 feet long, witS remarkably large inflated membraneous capsules. Sub-order. HIPPO CASTANACE^S. Trees or shrubs, with opposite digitate leaves, without sti- pules. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, with 1 to 3 very large seeds, resembling chestnuts. Embryo very large and fleshy, showing a 2-leaved plumule. Cotyledons united. 2. iESCULES. Linn. Horse-chestnut. Calyx regular, 5-lobei, companulate. Petals 4, some- times 5, more or less unequal, with claws. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1, filiform, acute; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a seed. — Trees and shrubs with 5 to 7 -foliate leaves, and flowers in thy rse-like panicles. 1. M. glabra, Willi, Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate, very smooth ; coroTUt 4-pctalled, spreading, Ts-ith the claw3 as long as the calyx; stamens longer than tho corolla; fruit cchinate. Banks of streams : Western part of the State. May. A small ill-scented tree. Leaflets 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches -wide, sub-sessile, or abruptly contracted at base to a short stalk. Flowsrs yellowisn-wbitil, small, slightly irregular, in terminal racemose panicles. Fruit about % inch in diameter, prickly. 2. M. Pavia, L. Small Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuncate at tase, abruptly and shortly acuminata, finely serrate; flowers very irregular in a loose thyrsoid racemo; petals 4, erect, as long as the stamens. A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, cultivated for ornament : native of the South- ern States; probably indigenous in the South-western part of our Slate. Apr J, May. Flowers large, red, smooth. 3. M. Hippocastanum, L. Common Horse-chestnut. Leaves digitate, of 7 obovate-cxrasate leaflets, crenat?, dentate ; petals 5, spreading; ttamens 7 declined, fruit prickly. This -wall known introduced tree is nearly natu- ralized. Native of Asia. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or thyrses of pink and white flowers, finely contrasting with the dark-green of its massy foliage. Order 34. CSLJLSTRACE^. Shrubs or small trees, with epptsite cr alternate leaves, small, regular and sym- metrical flovrsrs. S3PAL3 4 to 5. united at base, imbricated. Petals 4 to 5, inserted 72 CBLASTRACE^;. by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the ovary. Stamens 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on tbe margin of the disk. Ovary superior, immersed in, and adhering to the disk. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds solitary or few. Tribe 1. STAPHYLE^. leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds long, not ariled. Ovary many-ovuled, free firm the cup-shaped disk. 1. STAPHYLEA. Linn. Bladder-nut, Gr. staphult, a cluster} in allusion to its mode of flowerings Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5, with short claws. Stamens 5. Pistils 3, united in the axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ovary enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 3-lobed, 3-celled capsules. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and white flowers in raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. 1. S. trifolia, L. Bladder-nut. Leaves ternate, on leng petioles; le: 'very narrow. Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legumes short, with roundish compressed, brown seeds. 2. LATHYKUS. Linn. Vetchling, Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus. Calyx 5-cleft 7 the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous, Stamens diadelphous. Style flattish, not grooved aboYej LEGUMINOS^. 79 hairy along the inner side. Legumes oblong, several-seeded, 2-valved, 1-celled. — Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with abruptly pinnate leaves, and petioles produced into branching tendrils, 1. L. VENOSUS, Muhl. Veiny Vetchling. Stem climbing, square, naked ; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub» opposite, mucronate, veined, often downy beneath ; stipules very small, semi-sagifc. tate ; peduncles many-flowered. Shady banks and low meadows. July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet long, climbing, mostly smooth. Leaflets 1)4, to 2 inches long, variable in width. Peduncles many- flowered, about the length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and narrow, 2. L. PALUSTRUS, L. Marsh Vetchling, Stem slender, often wing-margined; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, o* narrow-oblong, mucronate ; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered, Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per, Stem 2 to 3 feet long, square, broadly-winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflets variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegated with blue and purple. 3. L. MYRTIFOLIUS, Muhl, Myrtle-leaved Vetchling \ Stem slender, weak, square ; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro* nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered,. longer than the leaves. River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 feet long* Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, Yi as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling L. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader leaflets and stipule*. 4. L. ochroleucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling, Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneathj ttipules large, half-cordate ; peduncles 4 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Hillsides and banks of streams, June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pal© and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 1% inches Jong, % as wide, larger than the stipules. Peduncles axillary, Flowers large, pal* yellow. Legume compressed, smooth. CULTIVATED EXOTICS.. 5. L. iatifovus, Everlasting Pea. Leaflets 2, lanceolate ; joints membraneous, winged ; peduncles many-flowered. A very showy perennial plant ; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing, winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10 inches long. 6. L. odorattts, Sweet Pea. Leaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduncles 2-flowered; legume hirsute. A well known garden annual, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large awee$ ecented, varigated with red, purple and white, 7. L. sativum, Chick Pea, Leaflets 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered; legume ovate, compressed, with 2-wingeS magins at the back. A common annual; native of S. Europe where it has be«& tometimes cultivated for food; but has proved to be a slow poison* gO LEGTJMINOS-E. 3. PISUM. Linn. Pea. Lat. pisum, pea. Calxt segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 9 and 1-diadelphous. Style com- pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. Seeds globose, with an orbicular hirum. — Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate leavesj ending with branching tendrils. I. P. sativum, L. Common Garden Pea. Leaf ets ovate, entire, usually 4; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate; peduncles several-flowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. "Whole plant smooth and glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, ybite. 4. CICEB. Tourn. Chick Pea. The Latin name for a species of vetch ; applied to this genus. Calyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the vexilkim; tube more or less gibbons at base on the upper side. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous, mucron- ate. — A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white tdlitary or axillary fiowers. 1. C. aiuetinum, L. Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. leaves edd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate; stipules lanceolate, sub- denticulate; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens; the seeds are said to afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. Leajlcts in 4 to 6 pairs, }/> incn lon £> V± wide, with a terminal odd one. Flowers white. Legume nearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling a ram's head. 5. FABA. Tourn. Windsor Bean. The Latin name for a bean ; appropriated to this genus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent at a right angle with the ovary. Stigma villose. Le- gume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong with a terminal hilum. — Herbaceous pi aoits, apparently without tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes of fiowers. 1. F. vulgaris, Moench. Horse Bean. Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. Katir« •f Egypt. Cultivated in gardens. Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered racemes, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white, with a large black spot on each wing. IrfyuoM tor ulose. LEGUMINOSJE. 81 Tribe 2. PHASEOLEJE. The Bean Tribe. Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of B-several leaflets, mostly stipellate, destitute of tendriW; flowers often in racemes. 6, PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kidney Bean. Calyx companulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla with the inclu- ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. Legume linear or falcate more or less compressed, many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. — Herbaceous twining or trailing plants, with stipellate pinnately trifoliate leaves, and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers. 1. P< perennis, Walt. Wild Bean-vine. Stem twining, pubescent; leaflets ovate, short-acuminate, 3-nerved; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or in pairs, axillary, longer than the leaves ? legume pendulous. Dry woods; common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long, somewhat branching, Leaflets V/ 2 to 3% incbes long, % as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme 6 to 12 inches long, loosa. Flotvers numerous, purple and violet, handsome. Legume about 2 inches long, % inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate. Seeds dark-purple. 2. P. diversifolius, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine. Leaflets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-lobed, some of them oblong-ovate and entire ; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads ; legume broadly linear, rouud. Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 6 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, witb scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less 3-lobed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowered. Flowers purple. Legum* 5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe. 3. P. helvolus, L. Long-stalked Bean-vine. Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate ; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans ; flowers few, in heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent. Sandy fields. July — Sept. Per. Stem 3 to 5 feet long. Leaflets 1 te 2 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Peduneles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to 7-flowered. Calyx with 2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base. Corolla purplish; vexillum large, roundish. Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfalcate. Seeds woolly. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 4. P, vulgaris, L. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. Stem twining ; leaflets ovate acuminate ; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves I pedicels in pairs ; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base ; legume pendulous. Seeds reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens for table use. Flowers mostly white. 5. P. iunatus, L. Lima Bean. Stem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leaves. peduncles in pairs ; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base ; legume short, sword- shaped or lunate ; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 feet long. Flowers small, white. Valued ia •ultivatiou. 82 LEGUMINOS^I. 6. P. multifiorus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean,. Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; calyx longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped. Annual. Native of S. America. Flowers scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant. 7. P. jTAirus, L. Busk Bean. Stem smooth, very branching, erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter than its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous, compressed, rugos3. Annual. Native of India. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small. Much cultivated. 7. APIOS. Boerh. Ground-nut. Gr. apios, a pear ; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots. Calyx conipanulate, obscurely 2 -lipped ; the upper lip of 2 short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longi- tudinal fold in the centre, reflexecl. Keel long, falcate, and with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Le- gume straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded. — A perennial twining herb, with pleasant tasted tubers on under- ground shoots, pinnately 5 to 7 foliate leaves and dense, short, often branching racemes of flowers on knotty peduncles. 1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. Ground-nut. Stem twining; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate; raceme shorter than the leaves. Low grounds, thickets and shady woods. July, August. Boot producing oval tubers about }/^ inch in diameter, very nutritious. Flowers in short oval racemes, purple and brown, fragrant. 8. GALACTIA. P.Brown. Milk Pea. Gr. gala, milk ; in allusion to the juice of some of the species. Calyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. Keel scarcely incurved. Standard incumbent, broad. Legumes compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Low mostly prostrate or twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate stipellate leaves, and axillary racemes of flowers. 1. Gr. glabella, Michx. Smooth Milk Pea. Stem nearly smooth, prostrate, somewhat twining; leaflets elliptical or ovate- oblong, obtuse or notched, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes axillary, Bimple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; calyx smooth; legume pubescent. Sandy woods. July, Aug. Font fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 1% inches long by 34 to 1 inch wide, varying in form from elliptic through oblong to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally. 2. Gr. mollis, Michx. Soft Milk- Pea. Stem twining, softly villous ; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smooth aboTO, Boftly villose and whitish beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves,, pedunculate ; «%* acuminate villous, legume compressed, villous. leguminos^:. 83 Dry soils, pine barrens, &c; Southern part of the State. July, Aug. Stemt prostrate or climbing. Leaflets about 1 inch long, % as wide. Flowers about half as long as in the last. 9. CENTROSEMA. DC. Gr. kentron, a spur, and sema, the standard. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; the teeth much shorter than the tube. Standard very large, with a spur-shaped projec- tion on the back- ? notched at the top. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute, on long claws. Style dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume linear- oblong, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many- seeded. — Twining perennials, . yyith pinnately 3 to 5-foliate leaves, and large showy flowers. 1. C. Virginian A, Benth. Spurred Butterfly Pea. Rather roughish with minute hairs; stem twining; leaflets varying from oblong- ovate to linear, very veiny, shining ; peduncles 1 to -i-flowered ; calyx about as long as the lanceolate bracts, teeth linear-awl-shaped ; legume linear, compressed. Sandy dry soils. July. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. Flowers large, purple, 1 to 2 inches long. Pods straight and narrow, -4 to 5 inches lonjr, thickened at the ed^es, the valves marked with a line on each side next the margin. 10. AMPHICARPA. Ell. Gr. amphi, around, Jcarpos, fruit ; in reference to the ovary at base, sheathed. Calyx tubular, companulate, 4 (rarely 5) toothed with nearly equal segments, with no bractlets. Keel and wing- petals similar, nearly straight, the standard partly folded round them. Stigma capitate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. Legume of the upper flowers flat, 2 to 4-seeded. — Low slender twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate leaves, .and 2 kinds of flowers, the Upper ones perfect but seldom ripening fruit ; lower ones apetalous and fruitful. A. monoica. Nutt. Hog Pea-nut. Stem hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, smooth; raceme of the stem with nodding, pendulous petaliferous (generally barren) flowers; bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx teeth short and broad. Rich woodlands. July — Sept. A delicate slender herb, with pale-purplish or whitish flowers. Legume of the stem smootish, with 3 to 4 dark-purple seeds. Radical legumes hairy, often very numerous, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, repining usually but one large seed. 11. WISTARIA. Nutt. In memory of Casper Wtstar, M. D., President of Am. Philo. Soc Calyx bilabiate, upper lip eniarginate, the lower one with 84 LEGUMINOS^I. sub-equal teeth. Vexillum with 2 hard bunches ascend- ing the claw and separating above. Wings and Keel sickle-shaped, the former adhering at top. Legume uneven or swelling. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. — Twining shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and large racemes of blue-colored flowers with large colored bracts, 1. W. erutescens, DC. American Wistaria. Stem pubescent, -when young, at length smooth; leaflets 9 to 13, orate or ellipti- cal-lanceolate, acute, slightly pubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ovaries smooth. Rich alluvial soils : Western parts of the State. April, May. An ornamental vigorous vine, 6 to 10 feet long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 3^ to 1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, on racemes 4 to 8 inches long, lilac Bracts very conspicuous, sheathing the racemes. Seeds spotted. 2. W. consequana, Benth. Chinese Wistaria. Stem of rapid growth, 12 to 15 feet long. Leaflets 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky- pubescent. Flowers numerous, loose, in long terminal nodding racemes, clustered. A splendid flowering vine from China. May, June. Tribe 3. HEDYSARExE. The Saintfoin Tribe. Stamens mGnoddplious or diadelphous. Legume {a loment) separating transversely into 2-sevcral 1-seeded indehiscent joints, or rarely reduced to 1 such joint 12. ^SCHYNOMENE. Linn. Sensitive Joint Vetch. Gr. aischunomene, to be modest or ashamed ; alluding to its sensitive properties. Calyx 2 -lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Yexillum roundish. Keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base. Stamens diadelphous, in 2 sets, 5 in each set. Le- gume exscrted, flattened, composed of several square easily seperable 1-seeded joints. — Leaves odd pinnate, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch. M. hispida, Willd. Sensitive JEschynomene. Rough, bristly; stem erect; leaflets very smooth and numerous, 20 to 25 pairs, lin" ear, obtuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; racemes 3 to 5-flowered; axillary loment com- pressed, 6 to 10 jointed. Along rivers and in marshes. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets about %-inch long. Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, tinged with red externally, Legume 2 inches long, stalked, 6 to 10-jointed. 13. HEDYSARUM. DC. Calyx 5-cleft, segments linear-subulate, nearly equal. Standard large. Keel obliquely truncate. Wings much shorter than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), Legume with many joints; joints compressed, roundish 1 seeded. — Mostly herbaceous plants with odd pinnate leaves, not stipellate. legumixos-e. 85 1. H. boreale, Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets S to 12 pairs, oblong smoothish; stipules sheathing, subulate ; racemes on long peduncles ; legumes with smooth roundish joints. Mountains. June, July. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, rather stout, very, leafy. Leaflets }/, to % inches long, J^ to % -wide, obtuse, mucronate. Racemes i to" 4 inches long, on rigid peduncles 3 to 5 inches long. Flowers large and hand- gome, violet-purple, numerous. 14. DESMODIUM. DC. Gr. demos, a chain; from the appearance of the jointed p)ods. Calyx mostly 2 -lipped, upper lip 2-parted ; lower one 3 -parted. Standard roundish. Keel obtuse, not truncate, shorter than the wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or nionadelphous, below the middle. Legume flattened, composed of several square easily separable joints. — Herba- ceous perennial plants, icitli pinnately -trifoliate leaves, stipel- late ; and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, purple, or purplish, often turning green in drying ; lome'nts mostly hoary loith minute-toothed hairs by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing. * Stem erect or ascending ; Stamens all connected-: calyx toothed or entire : raceme- terminal panicled, or the pedicels often clustered: legumes long-stalked. 1. D. NUDll'LORL'M, DC Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil. Leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminate ; scope radical, smooth, panicled : joint of the legume, obtusely triangular. Dry open woods ; common. Aug. Stem 8 to 10 inches high, remarkably distin- guished by baring its leaves and flowers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Leaflets ternate, 3 to -A inches long, 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, whitish. Scope 1 to 3 feet long, slender, smooth, leafless. Flowers purple. 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Pointed-leaved Desmodium, Leaves aU crowded at the summit of the stem, on very long petioles ; leaf- lets round-ovate, acuminate: panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle; joints of the legume 2 to 3, semi-oval, pubescent. Shady woods. July, Aug. Whole plant slightly hairy. Stem about 1 foot high, ending in a slender panicle 1 to 2 feet long. Lmfltts 3 inches in diameter, terminal one orbicular, ovate, -± to 5 inches long. Flowers pale-purple ox flesh-color. 3. D. PAUCIFLORUM, DC Few-flowered Desmodium. Leaves scattered along the low ascending stems ; lateral leaflets obliquely-ovate, the terminal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate, all sub-acuminate and pubescent-ciliate ; raceme few flowered, terminal; legume stipitate. Woods; rare. Aug. Stem 6 to 9 inches high, decumbent or sub-erect. Petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets 1 to ~3 inches long. % as wide. Flowers 2 to 6, white or reddish white, in a loose slender raceme. Legume with 2 to 3 semi-oval pubes- cent joints slightly connected. * • Stems prostrate ; legumes short stalked, of 3 to 5 joints. 4. D. humieusum, Beck. Running Desmodium. Smooth; sUm procumbent; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules ovate-laneeolatej TCtc*m4t axillary- and terminal, elongated; joints of iha leaumt nj&-TUe99&0& S 86 LEGUMINOS^. Woods, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaflets sub-acute. Flowers purple. Resembles the next. 5. D. rotundifoliuMj DC. Round-leaved Desmodium, Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular; stipides broad-oval, acuminate, reflexed"; racemes axillary and terminal; legume with 3 to 5 rhomboid-oval hisped joints'. Dry rocky woods. Aug. Stem extensively trailing, usually very bairy, 2 to 4 feet long. Leaflets pale beneath, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on hairy stalks. Flower* few, purple. * * * Stems (tall) erect ; legumes of 4 to 7 inequilateral joints which are longer than iroad; flowers Large. 6. D. Canadense, DC. Canadian Desmodium. Stem hairy, striate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles, nearly smooth above; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, large; racemes dense, erect, In a terminal panicle ; joints of the legume 3 to 4, ovate, triangular, hisped. Dry woods. July. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, often branched. Petioles very short, }4r to x /i inch long. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly smooth. Flowers pale violet or blue. Racemes with conspicuous bracts. 7. D. canescens, DO. Hoary Desmodium. Stem branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of tbe petioles, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, broadly- ovate, persistent; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; legume with 4 or 5 unequally rhomboidal reticulated strongly hisped joint3. Moist grounds. Aug. An upright branching plant 3 to 5 feet high with very long panicles of flowers, greenish externally, purple within. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches Jong. Branches clothed with minute and hooked glutinous hairs, and the fine partly hooked pubescence of the leaves cause them to adhere to cloth. 8. D. cuspid ATUM, T. & G-r. Sharp-pointed Desmodium. Very smooth ; stem erect; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate ; stipules obliquely lanceolate ; &rac£slarge, lance-ovate, acuminate; panicle terminal, elongated, rather slender; joints of the legume rhomboid^oblong. Along streams, thickets and shady places; common. July, Aug. Stem rather simple, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, widest at base, smooth, entire, green on both sides. Bracts and stipules % * nc k l° n o- Flowers large, purple. Legumes about 6-jointed. ** * * Stem erect; racemes paniclcd ; stipules and bracts small and inconspicuous. 9. D. VIRIDIFLORUM, Beck. Green-flowered Desmodium. Stem very downy, rough at the summit ; leaflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ; panicle terminal, very long, naked; legume with 3 to 4 roundish triangular hisped joints. Woods and thickets ; frequent. Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rigid, branched, very scabrous towards the summit. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2% inches wide. Flowers purplish, turning blue-green in withering. Legume 1 to 2 inches long. 10. D. Dillenii, Darl. Dillenius' Desmodium. Stem pubescent, branching; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent ; stipules subulate ; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal panicle ; legume with 3 to 4 rhomboid reticulated hisped joints. Open woodlands ; common. Aug. A variable species 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, changing to bluish- green. 11. D. PANICULATUM, DC. Panicled Desmodium. "Jfe^l.y smooth; stem slender, erect; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtHSe, LEGOIIXOSJL 87 *moothish; stipules subulate; panicle terminal; legumes with. 3 to 4 rhomboid*! joints. Woods ; common. July. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, often branching. Lc^.rt'ts 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3}/, wide. Flowers purple, numerous,, in a panicu- late raceme. Legumes large : joints pubescent, 12. D. rigidum, DC, Rigid Desmodium. Stem brandling, somewhat hoary; tea fids ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; terminal one a the longest, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, hairy beneath; racemts paniculate, ereet, very long; legumes with 2 to 3 half-round or oval hisped joints. Dry woods and hillsides. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, often with numerous, Ion.:, erect, rigid branches. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, rather leathery reticulately veined. Flowers small, purple. }3. D. ciliare, DC, Fringed Desmodium. Stem slender, hairy, or rough pubescent; leaves crowded on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets small, round-ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath; stipules subulate-linear; racemes paniculate, ter- minal. Dry hills and sandy fields; common. Aug, Stem about 2 feet high. Leaflets % to 1 "inch long, % to % wide. Flowers' violet-purple. Legumes of 2 to 3 semi- orbicular hispid joints, 14. D. Marilandicum, Booth. Smooth-leaved De£ m. Nearly smooth throughout ; stem erect, simple, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, often sub-cordate, thin; petiole as long as the lateral leaflets, smooth; panicle elongated: legume with 2 to 3 hispsd semi-orbicular joints. Fields and woods : common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaflets about % inch long. Flowers small. violei-purpUr, iji a terminal eraei panicle. 15, LESPEDZA. Michx. In honor of Lespcdez, a Spanish Governor of Florida. Calyx 5-cleft, segments nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers all alike, Lege3IE of a single 1-seoded joint, oral or roundish, flat, reticulate, not opening, 1-seeded. — Perennials with p innately trifoliate leaves, minute stipules and hracU, and often polygamous flowers. * Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect, and apetalous, ihe latter chiefly bearing the fruit; corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx. 1. L. procumeexs, Michx. Procumbent Lespedeza. Stems procumbent, slender, with the branches assurgent, all over pubescent: leaves on long petioles; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, niucronate peduncles slen- der, mostly simple, few flowered; legume orbicular ovate, pubescent. Sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Stems several from the same root, 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaflets on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in. enort raceme-like heads, axillary: the lower ones apetalous, on short peduncle*, the upper ones on long filiform peduncles. 2. L. violaceje, Pers. Yioht-jhwered Lespedeza. Stems upright or spreading, somewhat pubescent; leaves on long petioles; leaflets elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emaTginate, somewhat hairy; racemes sub-umbel- Iftie, axillary, about as long as the leaves, lower ones with apetalous flower? ; 88 LEGUMINOS^. flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate ; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth, much longer than the calyx. Dry -woods. July. Stems clustered, slender, 8 to 14 inches long. Apetalous flowers few, perfect ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, % to % inch wide. Petioles % to 1% inches long. Flowers Tiolet-colored, small. Var. b. divergent, (L. divergens of Pursh). Pedicels filiform, divergent, much longer than the leaves ; flowers in loose panicles mostly unfruitful ; legume reticu- late ; leaflets oval or oblong. Var. c. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora of Nutt.) Leaves on short petioles ; fasciclet ©f flowers subsessile, on peduncle much shorter than the leaves. Var. d. ungustifolio. (L. ungustifolio, Raf. L. reticulata. Pers.) Leaves crowded ; leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, often silky; flowers clustered on straight branches. I have followed Torrey and Gray in giving the above only as varieties of L. violacear. * * Stems upright; Flowers all alilce and perfect, in spikes or heads. 3. L. capitata, Michx. Shrubby or Capitate Lespedeza. Stem erect, sub-simple, villose ; leaflets elliptic-ovate, pubescent beneath ; common petioles very short; spikes capitate, ovoid, on short axillary peduncles; legume* elliptic ovate, pubescent much shorter than the calyx. Dry sandy soil. July, A.ug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, straight, woolly. Leaves numerous, on short petioles. Leaflets 1 to 1% by % to 3^ inches, nearly smooth above. Flowers in oblong or sub-globose heads, white or very pale yellow. — Var, angustifolia slender; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elongated. 4. L. hirta, Ell. Hairy Lespedeza. Stem branched, very villose ; leaves on very short slender petioles ; leaflets round* Oval, obtuse, hairy; spikes oblong-cy lindric ; peduncles longer than the leavesj axillary. Dry hilly woodlands; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stern 2 to 4 feet high, very hairy. Leaflets % to V/ 2 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Legume compressed, eUiptic-ovate, very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments. 5. L. Nuttallii, Darl. NuttalVs Lespedeza. Stem hairy, somewhat branched; leaflets ovate and obovate, villose beneath; racemes somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legume lance-ovate, acuminate, very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx. Dry hills; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate. Leaflets % to Vy^ inches long, % inch wide. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedun- cled racemes, mostly longer than the leaves, purple with tinges of violet. 16. STYLOSANTHES. Swarts. Gr. stulos, a column, and anthos, &fl*wer; the flowers appearing stipitate. Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 2-lipped 7 npper 2, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens monodelphous ; 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Legume reticulated with 1 to 2 joints, the lower joint when pressed empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate, l-(2)-seeded. — Low perennials, with pinnately ^-foliate leaves; the stipules united with the petioles, and 2 kinds of flowers intermixed in the clusters ; one hind complete but un- fruitful, the other fertile and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlets. LEGUMINOS^. 89 1. S. elatior, S warts. Pencil Flower. Stem erect, herbaceous, somewhat branched above, often several from the root | leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined, smooth, acute; upper stipules sheathing.* spikes few flowered. Sandy woods and pine barrens. July— Sept. Stems 6 to 12 inches long, wiry, often bristly. Leaflets % to 1% inches long, % to % wide. Bracts lanceolate, hisped ciliate. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. Legume 2-jointed, the lower joint sterile and stipitate, 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. Tribe 4. LOTEJE. The Melilot Tribe. Sktmtns monodelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1); Legume continous 1-celkd, or 2-eeUid hwise. Not twining, climbing, nor bearing tendrils. 17. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Milk Vetch. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla with the heel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled by the introflec- tion of the lower suture. — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants, with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked or racemed flowers. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Canadian Milk Vetch. Tall and erect; stem downy; leaflets 10 to 14 pairs with odd one elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves : flowers in oblong spikes; legume ovate-oblong, erect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded.. Banks of streams. June — Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet kigb. bushy, very leafy. Leaflets usually smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers pale-yellow, jya spikes 1 to A inches long. Legume % inch long, leathery. 18. ROBINIA. Linn. Locust. In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists, Calyx short, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, 2 upper ones approximate. Vexillum large. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Style bearded. Legume com- pressed, elongated, margined on the seed-bearing edge. — Trees or shrubs with etipular prickly spines, uneaualli/ pinnate leaves, and showy axillary racemes of flowers. 1. It. Pseudacacia. Locust Tree. Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs ovate and oblong; stipules prickly; racemes pendulous, loose, slender ; legumes smooth. A handsome tree, native in our mountainous regions, much cultivated for its invaluable timber. May. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes 3 to 6 inches long. 2. 8. yiscosA, Yent. Clammy Locust. Branehlets, &c, clammy; leaflets ovate; stipular spines very short. A handsome tree cultivated like the last; native of the Southern Alleghenies where it attains the height of 40 feet. Flowers numerous, crowded, rose-colored in erect, crowded axillary racemes. 3. R. hispida, L. Rose Acacia. Sfynfc mostly hispid .; stiputer spiTM iscarcsly any; rawnm loose, eut^rect. A 90 LEGUMINOSJE. beautiful shrub 4 to 8 feet high, native of the Southern States, cultivated in gar- dens. Flowers deep rose color or red. 19. TEPHROSIA. Pers. Gr. tephros, ash-colored or hoary, in allusion to the color of the foliage. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard large, roundish, pubescent, reflexed- spreading, scarcely longer than the cohe- rent wings and keel. Stamens monodelphous or nearly diadelphous. Legumes linear, flat, several-seeded.— Silky hoary perennial herbs {except in the tropics), with odd-pin- nate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. T. Virginiana, Pers, Goat's Rue. Hoary Pea. Stem erect; leaflets 7 to 14 pairs, oral or linear-oblong, mucronate, white, villous beneath ; raceme terminal ; legume falcate, villous. Sandy soils and gravelly bills ; common. June, July. Root long and tough. Stems simple, usually several or many from one root. Leaflets 1 inch long, ^ ■wide, odd one obcordate. Stipules subulate, ]/^ inch long, persistent. Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx very villous. Floivers large, in a dense terminal raceme. Ban- ner white, with a tinge of yellow on the upper side. Keel rose-colored. Wings red, 20. AMORPHA. Linn. False Indigo. Gr. a, privative, morpha, shape; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Stan- dard concave, erect; the other petals entirely wanting! Stamens 10, exserted, monodelphous at base, otherwise distinct. Style filiform, straight, smooth. Legumes oblong, longer than the calyx, somewhat curved at the point, 1 to 2-seeded. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate punctate leaves, and bluish or violet-colored flowers, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. A. fruticosa, L. Common False Indigo. Rather pubescent; stem shrubby or arborescent; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval, scattered, the lower pair remote from the stem ; calyx-teeth obtuse, 4 of them acuminate, pubescent : legume few-seeded. Southern part of the State. July. A tall shrub 6 to 1C feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Leaflets about 1 inch, by ]4, rather remote from each other. Racemes spicate, terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3" to 4 inches long. Standard purple, emar=. ginate. 21. TRIFOLIUM. Linn. Clover-Trefoil. Lat. tres, three ; and folium, a leaf. Calyx persistent, tubular, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Petals more or less united below. Standard longer than the wings, which are mostly longer than the keel. Stamens , LEGUMIN0S.3S. 91 diadelphous (9 to 1). Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, often ovate, 1 to 6-seeded, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx. Seeds roundish. — Tufted or diffuse herbs, with palmately trifoliate leaves, with straight, scarcely reticu- lated veins, and flowers chiefly in dense heads or spikes. * Flowers sessile in compact heads; corolla purple or purplish, deciduous or with-, tring. 1. T. pratense, L. Bed Clover. Stems sub-erect, branched ; leaves on long petioles, oval, entire, often notched at the end, and marked with a pale spot; heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile; teeth of the calyx setaceous, the lowest longer than the rest. Meadows and fields: largely cultivated, and naturalized. May — Oct. Per. Stems. 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers united into a tube at base, rose-colored, fragrant. Seeds j-ellowisb. Native of Europe. 2. T. Pennstlvanicum, Willd. Stem ascending, much branched, flexuous, leaflets ovate.e]lipt!c, obtuse, very entire; stipules awned; heads of flowers ovatc-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower teeth of the calyx shorter than the corolla. Wools. June — Sept. Per. Flowers fine red. Eeeembles T. medium of Lin- naeus. Introduced. Beck's Bot. I suspect this to be merely a variety of T.pratcnse, 3. T. arvense, L. Babbit-foot Clover. Stone Clover. Stem branching; leaflets obovate-lincar or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-tcoth- ed at the apex; stipules oval acuminate; spiles oblong-cylindric, very villous; talyx-tceth longer than the corolla plumose, woolly. Old fields and roadsides; common; naturalized. May — Sept. Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, much branched round, hairy. Leaves hairy, in short petioles. Leaflets narrow, % to 1 inch long. Heads Y 2 to 1% inches long becoming greyish and very softly woolly. Flowers minute white or pink. * * Corolla white or yellow ; flowers in umbel-like round heads en a naled peduncle. 4. T. repens, L. White Clover. Smooth, the slender stem spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped, somewhat retuse, serrulate, mucrpnate; stipules scale-like narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles, very long; heads small and loose; flowers pedicelled. Pastures, waste places, and woodlands; common. May — Oct. Per. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, rooting at the joints several from the same root. Peduncles angular, much longer than the leaves. Flowers white, rarely purplish. Legume 4-seeded. 5. T. procumbens, L. Hop Clover. Stems mostly procumbent, spreading, pubescent ; leaflets wedge-ovate, notched at the end, denticulate, the lower pair at a small distance from the other; stip>ule* lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petioles ; peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves; heads axillary, oval. Dry fields : naturalized. May— Aug. Annual. Stems 3 to 6 inches long, many from the same root. Leaves on short petioles. Heads about 2-flowered, small on slender peduncles % to V/ 2 inches long. Flowers yellow. Legume 1-seeded. 6. T. agrarium, L. Golden Clover. Hop Trefoil. Stem ascending, with erect branches; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovat* or wedge-shaped, denticulate, all from the same point nearly sessile; stipules nar^ tow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length; heads on rather long peduncles. 92 LEGUMIN0S-2E. Sandy fields; naturalized. June — Aug. Annual. Stem 6 to 15 inches long, branched, minutely pubescent. Common petiole % to 1 inch long. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, narrow. Heads of Flowers twice as large as in the last, on peduncles % io V/ 2 inches long. Flowers small, pale yellow, brown when old. 22. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Melilot. Gr. meli, honey, and lotus, the genus, so called. Flowers much as in clover, but in spiked racemes, small. Corolla deciduous. Legume coriaceous, ovoid, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, 1 or few-celled. — -Herbs fragrant in drying, with ^innately trifoliate leaves and racemose flowers. 1. M officinalis, Willd. Yellov) Melilot. Sweet Clover. Upright ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume 2-seedec", rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume. Fields and waste places ; introduced. Aug. Annual. Plant 2. to 4 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. Native of Europe. 2. M. leucanthe, Koch. White Melilot Upright, branched ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate, mucronate at the apex, re- motely serrate; standard longer than the keel and wings; legume 1 to 2-seeded, cvate, green. Scarcely r aturalized ; common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Flowers wLite, on longer and less crowded racemes than the last. 23. MEDICAGO. Linn. Cr. medika; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Legume many-seeded, varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral. — Herbs with jpalmately trifoliate leaves and more or less spiral legumes, often resembling snail shells. 1. M. LUPULINA, L. None-such. Black Mediclc. £tem procumbent ; leaflets wedge-ovate, toothed at the apex ; stipules lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire ; flowers in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded. Waste places ; naturalized. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe, short, compressed, curved or kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Irect, smooth ; leaflets ovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate flowers in oblong sacemes ; legume spirally twisted. Fields and waste places, scarcely naturalized. Sometimes cultivated for green fodder. June, July. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers purple. S. M. scutellata, L. Snail. Sftdicels 2-flowered. Legume unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base, fat above with concentric folds. Native of South Europe. "Cultivated for the wuiosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Annual. If . ihtertexta a native of Europe, naturalized in some parts of the U. S. with fellow flowers and epiraUy legumes like the last w sometimes cultivated ia ow LEGUMINOS^. 93 24. CROTALARIA. Linn. Rattle-box. Gr. trotalon, a rattle; the seeds becoming loose m the ripe pods. Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard large, cor- date. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments all united with the sheath often cleft above. Legume inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with often simple leaves, and racemed yellow flowers. C. sagitalis, L. Arrow-leaved Rattle-box. Hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, inversely arrow-shaped; peduncle* few- flowered; corolla as long as the calyx. Sandy soils. July, August. Ann. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, hairy on both sides, rounded at the base. Flowers yellow. Seeds few, rattling in the turgid pods. 25. LUPINUS. Tourn. Lupine. Lat. lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire ; anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legumes coriaceous, oblong, flattened, often torulose. — Serbs with palmately 5^— lb-foliate leaves and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. 1. L. perennis. L. Wild Lupine. Somewhat hairy ; stem erect ; leaflets 7 — 11, narrowly obovate-oblong, mucronate ; flowers alternate, in a long and loose terminal raceme; calyx without appendage J upper lip emarginate, lower entire ; legume linear-oblong, very hairy. Sandy woods and hills ; common. May, June. Per. A beautiful plant, som - times cultivated in gardens. Stem a foot high, soft, smoothish. Leaves soft, downy, on long stalks. Flowers purplish blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night. Several handsome species are sometimes cultivated in gardens, among which is L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, a splendid plant 3 — 5 feet high, with racemes of white purple or yellow flowers more than a foot long. L. Kootlcatensis, from Nootka 8ound, a handsome species 2 — 3 feet high, flowers purple. L. arboreus, a magnifi- cent exotic shrub, 6 feet high, with large yellow flowers. Tribe 5. SOPHORE.E. The Sophora Tribe. Stamens distinct : Corolla truly papilionaceous. 26. BAPTISIA. Vent. False Indigo. Gr. bapto, to dye ; in allusion to the coloring properties of some of the 6pecies. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly incurved. Stamens deeiduous. Legume stalked 94 leguminos^:. in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, several seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 6-foliate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. 1. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Wild Indigo. Smooth; stem branching; leaves palmately 3- foliate, almost sessile; leaflett. rounded wedge-obovate, acute at base, very obtuse, sometimes margined at apex. stipules setaceous ; racemes few-flowered terminating the numerous branches. Sandy woods and gravelly hills : common. Aug. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, bushy, slender. Leaves bluish-green. Flowers yellow, 6 to 12 or more on each raceme. Corolla y 2 inch long. Legume about as large as a pea. on a long stipe, mostly 1-seeded. 2. B. australis, Brown. Blue-flowered False Indigo. Smooth, tall and stout ; leaves ternate on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse ; stipules lance-linear as long the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated, many-flowered, erect. Banks of streams. Near Easton. Pa. Bed: Sometimes cultivated. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet higb, branched. Leaflets 1% to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, sometimes acute. Stipules % to 1 inch long. Racemes 2 to 3 inches long, oval- pblong, on a stipe about as long as the calyx. 27. CERCIS. Linn. Red-bud. Judas-tree. Gr. Tcerlds, a weaver's shuttle ; alluding to the form of the legume . Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws Bub-papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the standard. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Legume oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. — Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves, de- ciduous stipules, and rose-colored flowers in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Leaves roxindish-cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves; legume on short foot-stalks. Banks of streams, Southern part of the State. March — May. A handsome tree 20 to 30 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves 3 to 4 inches by 4 to 5 entire smooth ? -veined, on i etioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, usually in abundance, in small lateral clusters. Corolla bright pxirple. Legume about 3 inches long, acute at each end. Sub-order II. OESALPLNEJE r Tribe 6. GASSIER. The Senna Tribe. Stamens distinct, some of them often imperfect: coroUa open, irregular or almost regular. 28. CASSIA. Linn. Senna. Sepals 5 ; scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal. Sta* leguminos^e. 95 mens 5 to 10, free, unequal, spreading, 3 lower ones longest ) 4 middle ones short and straight; 3 upper ones usually abor- tive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or compressed, many-seeded. — Trees, shruhs or herbs (herbs in the United States) with simply abrupt -pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers. 1. C. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. Stem erect ; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, nmcronate, equal ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; stipules deciduous ; flowers crowded in short axillary racemes, panicled at the summit of the branches. Alluvial soils, along streams; common. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % to % wide. Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. Legume compressed, linear, hisped, at length smooth. Medicinal. 2. C. Ch^macrista, L. Partridge Pea. Stem erect or decumbent ; leaflets in 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at base, obtuse, mucrcnate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped; flowers on slender pedicels, fascicled above the axils of the leaves. Sandy places. June — Aug. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, spreading, round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, % to % inch long, smooth, sub-sessile. Flmoers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Petals bright-yellow, the 2 upper ones with a purple spot. Stamens 10, elongated, unequal, 4 of them yellow, the others purple. 3. C- NICTITANS, L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Stem erect or decumbent, branched ; leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes lateral above the axils of the leaves, short, few-flowered; stamens 5, nearly equal; style very short; legume pubescent. Sandy banks of streams. June — Aug. Ann. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slender, a little branching. Leaflets crowded, % to x / 2 inch long. Flowers very small, pale- yellow, on short pedicels. The leaves are somewhat sensitive like the Mimosa, 'closing by night and when touched. 29. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honey Locust. In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century. Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 — 5 spreading sepals, united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equal- ing them, the 2 lower somewhat united. Stamens 4 — 5, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume flat 1 -many-seeded. Seeds oval, flat. — Trees, with supra-axillary branched spines abruptly once on twice-pinnate leaves and inconspicuous green flowers. Gr. triacanthes. L. Honey Locust. Tnorns stout, usually triple or compound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong or linear- Oblong, somewhat serrate ; legume much_elongated, compressed flat, often twisted, many-seeded. Rich woods ; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 30—50 feet high, with spines «n its branches 2 — 3 inches long. Foliage bright and elegant. Leaflets about IS, 96 ROSACEA. 1 — 1% inches long, % as wide, several of them usually transformed partly or wholly into smaller leaflets. Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods, 12 — 18 inches long, which appear in autumn like large apple-parings pendant from the branches. The Gymnocladls Canadensis, Kentucky Coffee-tree, is occasionally met with in •ultivation, but is probably not native in our State, Order 39. R0SACE2E— The Rose Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves with stipules ; regular flowers with nume- rous (rarely few) distinct stamens, inserted on the calyx, and 1 — many pistils. Sepals 5, (rarely 3 — i — 8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Ovaries superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-cellcd eften cohering to the sides of the calyx and each other. Styles distinct or united. Fruit a drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family comprises three principal sub-orders. Sub-order I. AMYGDALEiE. Almond Family. Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit.) — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, haves and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor ofprussic acid. PKUNUS. Tourn. Plum. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5 spreading. Stamens 15 — 30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe oral or oblong, fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glau- cous bloom ; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and the margins mostly grooved.— Small trees or shrubs with serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flowers, usually preceding the leaves from lateral buds, the pedicels in simple umbel-like clusters. 1. P.Americana. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. Red Plum. Leaves ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, very veiny, smooth when mature.; umbels 2 — 5 flowered, -drupe Toundish-oval, nearly destitute of bloom. River banks, and along hedges; common. Flmoers in May. Fruit in Aug. A email tree 10 — To foot bigh, much branched and thorny. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, % as wide. Fetioles % — y 2 inch long, mostly with 2 glands near the summit. Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit %—l inch in diameter, yellow ox orange often tinged with red, with a yellow pulp and thick, tough skin, pleasant tested. 2. P. spinosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn. Branches thorny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed; peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate ; drupe globose. Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny shrub 12 to 15 feftt Saighj native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized. ROSACEA. 97 3. P. domestica, L, Common Garden Plum. Branches unarmed; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet in height. Fruit black, varying through many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. Varieties very numerous. 4-. P. chicasa, Michx. Chickasaw Plum. Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly smooth; umbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowzrs small, white, expanding with the leaves* Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July. Ar.MSNiACA, a genus very closely resemblinj Prunus. A. vulgaris. Common Apricot. A tree 10 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flovh trs white, preceding the leaves. Fruit 1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-yellow. Cultivated. A. dascy-carfa. BlacJc Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia. Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit dark-purple, when mature, 2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss. Cherry. Oerasus, a town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought. Flowers, &c, as in Prunus. Drupe globular, without a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth. — Trees or shrubs with the leaves folded in the bud } and white flowers in umbels or racemes. * Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches. 1. C Virginiana, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry. Leaves broad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish ; peitoles with 2 to 4 glands; racemes short and close, erect or spreading; petals obovate ; fruit sub- ggLdbose. River banks and woods ; common. FL May. Fr. Aug. A tall overhanging 6hrub or small tree, with greyish bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide, with a short abrupt acumination. Flowers white. Fruit (cherries)abundant. of a dark rod color, very austere and astringent to the taste. 2- C. serotina, DC. Wild Black Cherry. Leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth and shining above, finely serrate, bearded along the midrib beneath ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands ; racymes elongated; petals obovate; drupe globose. Woods ; common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Aug-, Sept. A fine large tree, 50 to 80 feet high of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feet in uiameter. Baric of the trunk black and rough, that of the branches reddish- brown. Leaves 3 to 5 inches kmg, 34 as wide, with 1 to 2 pairs of reddish glands at base- Flowzrs whit 3, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu- lous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter. The wood is close-grained and very valuable for cabinet work. * * Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary. 3. C. Pennsylvania, DC. Bird Cherry. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining, ■green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many ia a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose. T 98 ROSACEA. Reeky woods and thickets. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A small tree 20 to 30 feet high, with light red-brown hark. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white, on slender pedicels 1% inches long, collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit small, red, thin, and sour flesh. 4. C. PUMILA, Michx. Dicarf Clierry. Sand Cherry. Smooth, depressed and trailing; leaves oboyate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serru- late, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile, few-flowered ; drupe oyoid. Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2 feet high. Floicers white, 3 to 5 in each umbel ; pedicels smooth, 1 inch long. Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 5. C. VULGARIS, Mill. Red or Sour Cherry. Branches spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly narrowed at base, smoothish; umbels sub-sessile; flowers rather preceding the leaves -fruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with a roundish compact head. Flowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April . Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid % to % inch in diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United States. 6. C. Avium, Moench. English Clierry. Black Cherry. Stccet Cheney. Bleeding-heart. Ox-heart. Dulce Cherry. Branches erect or ascending ; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and . rather coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath ; umbels sessile ; fimvers scarcely preceding the leaves ; fruit roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at base ; pedicels drooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or pyramidal head. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, often with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black or mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet. Varieties numerous. 3. P&RSICA. Tourn. Peach. Nectarine. Named from Persia its native country. Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe fleshy, tomentose or smooth. Stone somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugoselj furrowed and perforated on the sur- face. — Small trees. Leaves condupNcate in aestivation. 1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Common Peach. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; flowers solitary, eufc- sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated tree or shrub 8 to 15 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, smooth ; petioles short with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1 to 2% inches in diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. Numerous varieties of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States. 2. P. LiEVlS. Nectarine. A tree closely resembling the peach in form, foliage and flowers. The frnit i# 3. to 3incb.es in diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c, Native of Persia. ROSACEA. . 99 4. AMYGDALUS. Willd. Almond. Specific character as in Persica, except the fruit, which u not fleshy ; compressed. Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse. 1. A. communis, Willd. Common Almond. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with, the lower serratures glandular; flowers in pairs, sessile, appearing before the leaves. Native of Barbary. Scarcely cultivated, in this country, 10 to 20 feet high. 2. A. pumila, Dwarf 'double-flower •iny Almond. Leaves lanceolate, doubly-serrate; flowers in pedicels. A low branching shrub, 2 to 3 feet high. Native of China. Highly ornamental, common in cultivation. Flowers very double, pale rose-color, very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in their roseate hue while the leaves are yet small. May, June. Sub-order II. ROSACEiE proper. Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube. Pistils few to many, (sometimes single); fruit achenia or follicular. Tribe 1. SPIRAEA. The Meadow-sweet Tribe. 5. SPIILEA. Linn. Meadow-sweet. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, equal. Stamens 10 to 50 exsertecl. Carpels 3 to 12, distinct, rarely united at base, follicular, sessile, rarely stiped. Seeds 2 to 15. — Unarmed perennial shrubs or herbs, with alter- nate leaves and branches, and white or rose-colored flowers; rarely dioecious ; never yellow. m * Shrubby; leaves lobed and toothed. 1. S. OPULIFOLIA, L. Nine-bark. Nearly smooth ; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-iobed and cordate, doubly-toothed and crenate, petioled; corymb umbel-like; pedicels filiform; carpels 3 to 5, at length spreading. Rocky river banks and along streams; common. June. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 2]/ 2 inches long, nearly as wide, sometimes cordate at base with 3 obtuse lobes above. Corymbs resembling simple umbels, hemispherical, 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Flowers white, often tinged with purple. Follicles diverging smooth, purplish, 2-seeded. * * Shrubby; leaves entire or toothed. Spie^ea proper. 2. S. CORYMBOSA, Raf. Meadow-sweet. Nearly smooth ; leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish beneath, incieely serratetowards the apex; corymbs large and flat, several times compound, ter^j, nal ; carpus 3 to £ -seeded. 100 ROSACEA. Alleghenies ; rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly pubescent, reddish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1% wide, nearly smooth above, entire towards the base. Flowers very numerous, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 to 6 inchea hroad. 3. S. salicifolio, L, Meadow-sweet. •"Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; racemes in dense terminal-compound panicles ; carpels 5, distinct, smooth. Meadows along streams ; common. June, July. A small bushy shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with purple and brittle branches. Leaves varying in form, mostly acute, but sometimes obtuse, 1% to 3 inches long, x / z to %inch wide. Flowers numer- ous, white, often tinged with red, small, with conspicuous stamens, 4. S. tomentosa, L. Hard-hack Steeple-hush. Stem and peduncles reddish-tomentose ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally ser- rate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes terminal, compound, crowded; carpels 5, woolly. Low grounds and meadows ; common. July, Aug. A small sbrub 2 to 3 feet high. Stems very hard, brittle. Leaves 1% to 2 inches long, % as wide, dark green above, rusty white beneath. Flowers very numerous, small, light-purple^, with conspicuous stamens forming handsome pyramidal clusters. * * Herbaceous perennials. 5. S. lobata, Murr. Queen of the Prairie. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflets very large 7 to 9-parted, the- lobes incised and toothed ; lateral leaflets 3-lobed, the lobes all serrate, mostly incised or toothed ; flowers in a compound clustered panicle ; sepals reflexed. Moist grounds. June, July. A beautiful herb 4 to 8 feet high. Stem angled. Flowers large, deep rose-color, numerous, and very delicate, in panicled compound clusters, on a long naked peduncle. Carpels 6 to 8, smooth. CULTWATEB EROTIC SPECIES, 6. & Ulmaria. Double Meadow-sweet. Leaves 3 to- 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceo- late; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and whitish tomentose beneath ; stipules reniform, serrate ; panicle corymbose, long- pedunculate. Native of Europe; cultivated in gardens. Flowers numerous^ white, mostly very double, appearing in July. 7. S. filapendula. Pride of the Went Leaves int erruptedly pinnate; leaflets 9 to 12, pinnatifidly serrate, with many minute ones interposed; stipules large, semi-cordate, serrate; corymb on a long; terminal peduncle. Native of Europe. A handsome delicate herb 1 to 3 feet high with white flowers % to >£ inch in diameter. Cultivated in gardens. 6. GILLENIA. McencL Calyx tubular, Tbell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5- cleft; teeth erect. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal, elongated in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 10 to 20, mostly included. Styles 5, filiform, terminal. Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved, 2 to 4-seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial herbs with almost sessile o-foliate leaves^ doubly serrate and incised, and jpale rose-colored or white flowers in paniculate corymbs. ROSACEA. 101 1. G-. trifoliata, Moench. Indian Physic. Leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-oblong, pointed irregularly cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. Rich shady woods : common. June. A handsome plant 2 to 3 feet high, slender and nearly smooth. Lower leaves petiolate ; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, y 3 as wide, pubescent beneath, sub-sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, few, nearly white. Medicinal. 2. stiptjlacea, Nutt. American Ipecac. Radical leaves pinnatifid; those of the stem alternate: leaflets serrate, deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised and clasping. Western part of the State. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Readily distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules. Flowers few, roso- oolored. Medicinal, Tribe 2. DRYADEiE. The Bramble Tribe. Pistils mostly numerous, forming seed-like achenia or little drupes in fruit. 7. AGKIMONIA. Tourn. Agrimony, Calyx 5-cleft ; tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing the fruit; limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15, inserted with the petals upon the calyx. Achenia 2, invested by the hardened calyx. Styles ter- minal.— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leave > and yellow flowers in slender-spiked racemes; bracts 2>-el?fi. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. Stem and stalks hairy ; leaflets oblong-orate, crenate dentate, the terminal om petioled; spike long and slender, terminal, many-flowered: petals twice the length of the calyx; fruit distant, top-shaped, hisped, smooth at base. Borders of woods and hedges; common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, leafy. Leaflets 3 — 5 — 7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth. Racemes 6 to 12 inches long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about }/ A inch in diameter on very short pedicels. Calyx tube fluted with 10 ribs, and surrounded with red- dish hooked bristles. 2. A. parviflora, Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony. Stem and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs. Leaflets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, crowded, 11 to 19, with smaller ones intermixed ; spiVLeslong and slender; petals small. Woods and dry meadows. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches by % to }/,. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, in long slender rac«iae3. F.uit roundish divaricately hispid, 8. SANGUISOBBA. Linn, Great Burnet. Lat. sanguis, blood, sorbeo, to absorb, the plants having been esteemed as vulneraric a. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft with 2 to 3 scales or bracts at base externally. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually enlarged upwards T* 102 ROSACEA. opposite the calx segments. Achenium dry, included in the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. — Perennial (rarely an- nual) herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and small flowers, in close spiked heads, 1. S. Canadensis, L. Burnet Saxifiage.. Smooth ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, serrate ; spikes cyliiK dric, long ; stamens longer than the corolla. Wet meadows. Auj-., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, striate, sparingly- branched. Stipules leafy, serrate. Flowers white, in crowded spikes, which are from 2 to 5 inches long, terminating the long naked branches. Calyx greenish-. white, resembling a corolla. 9. POTERIUM, Linn. Lat. poterium, a drinking vessel. Flowers monoecious. Calyx-tube contracted at tli©. niouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 20 to 30. Ovaries 2 j style filiform. Achenia dry, included in the calyx.— Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves.. P. SANGUISORBA, L. Burnet Smooth; stem unarmed, angular; leaflets 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply ser- rate; spike or heads sub-globose, the lower flowers staminate. Per. Occasionally cultivated, and at one time held in high repute for its supposed medicinal pre-. parties. 10. GEUM. Linn. Avens. Gr. geuo, to give an agreeable odor; some of the roots being aromatic. Calyx bell-shaped or concave, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets alternating with the segments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, inserted with the disk that lines the base of the calyx. Achenia numerous, hooked on a coni- cal or cylindric dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or jointed tails. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nate or lyrate leaves. 1, GL Virginianum, L. White Avens. Stem rather hairy below; radical leaves pinnate, lyrate, or rarely simple and rounded ; those of the stem 3 to 5-lobed or divided, all unequally and incisely dentate, softly pubescent; stipules obovate, entire or incised; petals wedg3-obovat& scarcely as long as the calyx. Woods and meadows ; common. June, July. Stem simple or branched, leaves very variable in form; lower ones often 3-foliate, with appendaged petioles 6 to S inches long. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white or pale yellow on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first somewhat nodding, at length erect. 2^ Gr. rivale, L. Water Avens, Purple Avens. Jfubescentj stem sub-simple; radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate. ROSACEA. 10S those of stem tern ate or 3-lobed all crenate dentate; petals inversely heart-shaped, •ontracted into a claw, about as long the calyx ; carpels in a stiped head, very hairy. Moist places; May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high nearly simple. Boot leaves 4 to 6 inches long on very long petioles. Stem leaves 1 to 3 inches long nearly -whit". Flatoers large, purple, nodding, terminating the few erect branches. Calyx purplish brown. Feathery fruiting heads upright. Root aromatic and astringent 11. WALDSTEINIA. Willd. In honor of Francis von Waldstein. a German botanist* Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 alternate often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Styles 5 to 8, long, deciduous. Achenia 2 to 6, minutely hairy. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with S to 5-lobed or divided, leaves and small yellow flowers on bract- cd scapes. "W. FRAGARIOIDES, Traut. Dry Strawberry. Low; Uajlets 3, broadly wedge-form, crcnately cut, toothed, eiliate; scapes several- flowered bracted; petals longer than the calyx; carpels hairy. Hilly word". May. Boot creeping. A handsome plant with scapes 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves on petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches in diameter, nearly sessile, apex rounded and cut into lobes and teeth, dark, shining green ^bove. Flowers yellow % inch broad. 12, DALIBARDA, Linn. In honor of Dalibard, a French botanist of the last century. Calyx inferior deeply 5 to 6 parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamen s numerous. Styles 5 to 8, long deciduous. Achenia five, dry, adhering to the calyx.— ^Low perennials, with creeping and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves on slender peti- oles and 1 to 2 white flowers on scape-like peduncles. D. repens, L. False Violet. Depressed, in tufts; leaves simple, roundish-cordate, ercnate; stipules linear-seta- ceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. Moist shady places. June — Aug. Stem herbaceous, creeping and rootinj, 2 to 12 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, villose-pubescent on petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers white on long nearly radical peduncles. Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. IS, RUBUS. Linn. Bramble, Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit of some species. Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Petals 5, deciduous. Sta- mens numerous, inserted into the border of the stick, Style nearly terminal. Frlit composed of many pulp^r 104 ROSACEA. carpels aggregated on a spongy receptacle, persistent or de- ciduous. — Per ennialhalf shrubby plants, with usually biennial items armed with prickles , white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. Fruit ccncave beneath, separating from the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. Rasp- berries. * Leaves simple ; flowers large reddish ; prickles none. 1. R. ODORATUS, L. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Hispcd with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branched ; leaves large 3 to 5 lobed, the lobes ac ute or acuminate, unequally serrate ; peduncles many-flowered, compound ; catyar-lcbes tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves; petals rounded. Rocky places; common. June — Aug. Stem 4 feet high with the stalks, bran- ches and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, nearly as wide, cordate at base. Flowers large, purple, resembling a rose. Stamens very nvmerous, 1 to 200, whitish. Fruit broad and flat, bright red, sweet when ripe. * * Leaves 3 to T-foliate. 2. R. triflorus, Rich. Dwarf Raspberry. Stems ascending or trailing; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petiole*; leaflets rhombic-ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, terminal one petiolate, thin ; peduncle terminal 1 to 3 flowered ; sepals lanceolate. Moist woods and hills. June. Stem flexuous, smooth, reddish. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches leng, ^ to 1 wide. Petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Petals white, rather longer than the reflexed sepals. Fruit small, dark red, usually sour, ripe in August. 3. R. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. Stem erect, shrubby, strongly hisped; leaves teanate or quinate ; leaflets oblong- ovate, pointed, cut-serrate white tomentose beneath, the terminal one of ten sub- cordate ; peduncles 4 to 6 flowered. Rocky places, common in mountainous regions. May. Stem reddish-brown, 2 to 3 feet high, covered with strong bristles. Leaflets Vy^ to 2 inches long, % to % as wide, terminal one distinctly petiolate. Flowers white. Sepals spreading, nearly as long as the petals. Corolla cup-shaped. Fruit hemispherical, light red, rich fla- vored, ripe in June — Aug. 4. R. occidentalism L. Black Raspberry. Shiubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3-foliate; lenfleii ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened downy underneath ; flowers axil'ary and terminal. Thickets and fields along fences ; common. May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sparing- ly branched. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, % to % as wide, on long round petiolee ; Flowers white, 1 to 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal leafy racemes. FruH roundish, nearly black, sweet, and well flavored, ripe in July. 5. R. ID^US ; L. Garden Raspberry. Hisped or armed with recurved prickles ; leaves pinnately 3 to 5 foliate ; leaflets broad-ovate or rhomboidal, pointed, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary tomen- tose beneath, sessile ; flowers in panicled corymbs. Stem shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaflets smoothish above, 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals white, entire, shor- ter tb an the hoary tomentose calyx. Fruit red, amber color or white, ripe in June and July. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Blackberries. Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacU. 6. R. VILLOSIJS, Ait. High Blackberry. Prickly; stem angular, and with the branches, peduncles and lower surface of the leaves hairr and glandular; leaves ternate and pedate-quinate; UafleU ovate, poia> ROSACEA. 105 ted, unequelly serrate, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ; flowers in elongated terminal racemes ; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the obovate spreading petals. V&T.frmdpstis, Torr. : smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym- bose with leafy bracts. Fields and borders of thickets; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, ^ to 1 inch long, purple or nearly black when ripe, sweet and well flavored. Aug., Sept. 7. R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. De-wherry. Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to 7 -parted; leaflets oval or lance oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate ; flowers in racemes, with leaf like bracts. Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base, trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Petals twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Fruit % to 1 inch in diameter, black, sweet and juicy, ripe July and Aug. 8. R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickle* turned backwards ; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate ; leaflets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals. Swamps and wet woods; common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, nearly sessile, persis- tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers whitet Fruit composed of a few large blackish gi alns, red or purple. 9. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. Sand Blackberry. Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles ; leaves ternate and pedately {►-foliate; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thiekish, serrate towards the apex, pubes- cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered. Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often, prickly. Floioers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as long as the tomentose oblong- mucronate sepals. Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in July, Aug. 10. R. trivialis, Mich. Low Bush Blackberry. Procumbent with many leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous recurved prickles ; leaves mostly ternate ; leafiets ovate or oval, unequally serrate* more or less pilose; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered. Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sl< a:h% often several from the same root running in different directions, smoothish, i urple, and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect. Floioers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit oblong or roundish, % to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and sweet, blaci; ■rhen ripe. July, 14. ROSA. Tourn. Rose. Celtic rftos, red; Gr. rodon,; I at. rosa. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice ; limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage. Petals 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, nearly included, in- serted oyer the whole inner surface of the disk. Ovarii 106 ROSACEA. many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and fixed to the fleshy tube of the calyx. — Prickly shrubs with odd- pinnate leaves, stipules cohering ivith the petiole, and showy, mostly red and white fragrant flowers. NATIVE SPECIES. 1. E. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose. Priclles recurved, often wanting; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptical, often acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above ; floiuers in corymbs, rarely solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the panicles glandular- bristly ; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly. Swamps and low grounds; common. July — Sept. A handsome species 3 to 8 feet high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, y 2 as wide, somewhat variable in form. Flowers 5 to 7 inter- rainal corymbs. Petals large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped. 2. E. lucid A, Ehr. Loio Wild Rose. Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, the stouter persistent prickles nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-elliptical shining above, sharply serrate; stipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped, 1 to 3-flowered; segments of the calyx entire appendaged, spreading but not reflexed ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth. Dry soil or borders of swamps ; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 to 1}4 inches long, half as wide, acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. 3. E. bland A, Ait. Early Wild Rose. Priclcles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ; stipules large ; floivers 1 to 3 on short smooth peduncles. Dry hills and recks; common. May, June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. Fhwers rather large, rose- color. Petals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Fruit globose, red, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent calyx lobes. NATURALIZED SPECIES. 4. E. RUBIGINOSA, Ait. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. Stem smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; flowers mostly solitary ; fruit ovcid or obovate, and with the peduncles hisped. Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prickly shrub 4 to 10 feet high. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, % as wide, acute, bright green at ore, rusty beneath, and when l ubbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, r ale red, fragrant. Fruit orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx loles. Varie- ties in cultivation about 25, single and double. CULTIVATED EROTIC SPECIES. 5. E. GALLICA, L. Common French Rose. This is tl e common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with numerous fine scattei ed prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick flowers erect, larg( ; sepals orate. Fruit oyoidj and with the peduncles hisped. Numerous ROSACEA. 107 varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna- tion, &c. 6. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle- shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate. Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland. 7. R. EGLANTERIA, S. Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose, A bushy shrub about 3 feet high, with ash-colored stems and red branches, both armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, small, broad, oval or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, golden yellow, of very short duration. Varieties numerous, both single and double, variegated with red. 8. E, damascena, L. Damask Res?. A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal sp'tns, mostly stipular or hooked. Leaflets large, broadly elliptical, white downy beneath. Sepals reflexed. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate pale roseats hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer- ous varieties is the common monthly rose. Native of the Levant. 9. R. centifolta. Hundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepals spreading in flower. Floivers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form and size in the numerous varieties. Native of S. Europe. 10. R. alba. White Garden Rose. A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender recurved prickles, sometimes none. Leaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed. Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose, sweet-scented, gen- erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany. 11. R. multiflora. Japan Rose. A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 20 feet armed with slender] scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft and slightly rugose. Flowers corymbose, often numerous. SepaU short. Stylet exserted. Petals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan. 12. E. Indica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. An erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remote prickles. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, r thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers solitary or paniculate, in the numer»us varieties every hue from pure white to crimson, blooming from April to November. 13. R. setigera, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Rose, Branches long, ascending, smooth, spines few, strong, stipular ; leaflets large, 3 to 5, ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; stipules narrow, pointed; flowers corymbose, calyx glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose. This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems hardy and of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in very la~ge clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of ehort duration,, About 20 varieties are cultivated. 108 ROSACEA. Sub-order III. POMEiE. Tiie Apple Family. Trees or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves. 15. CRATAEGUS. Linn. Hawthorns. Gr. kratos, strength; in allusion to the hardness of the wood. Calyx-tube urn-shaped ; limb 5- cleft. Petals 5 ; round- ish. Stamens many or only 10 to 15. Styles 1 to 5, smooth. Fruit a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. — Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed leaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and slwicy ichite (rarely rose- color) flowers in corymbs. * Leaves serrate sub-entire, not Icled, 1. C. Crus-galli, Ait. Cockspur Thorn, Smooth ; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base ; tptnes very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3. Borders of -woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or email tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves nearly sessile 1 to 2}/ 2 inches long, }A to ?£ as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs, on very short lateral bractlets". Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often solitary. Fruit red, pear-shaped or ovoid-oblong. 2. C, punctata, Jacq. Common Thorn. Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins; corymbs compound, and with the calyx pubescent when young. Thickets, hedges and swamps; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high with rugged branches, usually armsd with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long, fometimes nearly unarmed. Bark ash-colored. Leaves light green, mostly hairy. Flowers white, numerous. Styles 1 to 3. Fruit large, red or yellowish, globose, dotted. 3. C. parvifolia, Ait. Dwarf Thorn. Leaves wedge-obovate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate, perrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia- ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform. Sandy woods and banks of stream ; not common. April, May. A much branched fhrub 4 to 7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Floivers white, mostly solitary and terminal. Fruit % to % inch in diameter, red or yellow, eata- ble when ripe. * * Leaves i?icised : more or less lobed. 4. C. tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at base into a short mar- gined petiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed above, tomentose beneath \r\vn young: (tjles 3 to 5; fruit pyriform. Borders of woods and thickets ; common. May, June. A large shrub 12 to 15 feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % to % as wide, acute at apex, on petioles 3^ to 1 inch long. Floivers large, white, fragrant, in a large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, orange- red, eatable, ripe in Sept. 5. C. cocctnea, L. White Thorn. Leaves roundish-ovate, thin, sharply cut and toothed, 5 to 9-lobed, somewhat cordate at base, on long Blender petioles, nearly smooth; styles 3 to 5; fruit globose. ROSACEiE. 109 Thickets on borders of streams. May, June. A thorny shrub or small tree 12 to 20 feet high, with crooked 'Bnd spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorns Btout, rigid, a little recurved, white. 1}4 incbes long. Flowers white in corymbs terminating the young branches. Fruit large, bright red or purple, eatable", ripe hi Sept Tery variable. 6. C. CORDATA, Ait. Washington Thorn. "Smooth; hares broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, pn long and slender petiole* acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; fruit email, globose-depressed. Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 feet high, cultivated in the Middle States for hedge-rows, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with very sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long. leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, about "2 by 1]A inches. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating th« branches. Fruit small, bright purple or red, numerous. 7. C. OxYCANTHA, L. Hawthorn. English Thorn. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments of the calyx acute or acuminate ; styles 1 to 3 ; fruit ovoid. Roadsides, hedges. &c, sparingly naturalized. June. A very branching shrub 4 to 10 feet high : the branches armed with sharp, short, tapering thorns % inch long. Leaves variously lobed, pale beneath. Petioles % to 1 inch long/with 2 leafy Rtipules at base. Floioers white, in corymbs. Iruit small, purple when mature. Introduced from Europe. 16. AMALANCHIER. DC. June Berry. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, ohlong-obovate or ob-laneeo- late. Stamens many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome when mature 3 to 5- celled. — Small trees or shrubs with simple serrate leaves and white flowers in racemes. 1. A. Botriafitjm, DC. June Berry. Shad Berry. Leaves cordate-oval, conspicuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature; flowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves; %>ital$ linear- lanceolate, four times as long as the calyx. Rich moist woodlands and hills; frequent. April. A handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with rather slender distant branches forming an open top. Lev.ves 2 to 3}4 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, acutely serrate, on petioles % inch long. Flowers large white in loose racemes 2 inches long, terminating the branches, somewhap pendulous. Fruit dark purple, pleasant tasted, ripe in June, July. 2. A. oyalis, DC. Fiedler-lush. . Leaves roundish elliptic, or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, serrate, smooth when mature; flowers in compact racemes : petals obovate, oblong. Fence-rows and woodlands ; rare. April, May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and -%"to 1 wide. Flowers wbite, in erect villose racemes. Fruit dark-purple or nearly black, pleasant tasted, ripe in July. Supposed by some botanists to be a variety of the preceding, but considered dis- tinct by Beck, Darlington and others. 17. PYRUS. Linn. Pear. Apple. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals round- ish. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Pome fleshy U ! 10 ROSACEA. or "berry-like, the 2 to 5 carpels of a cartilaginous texture, each 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves, and handsome white or flesh-colored flowers, in eymot* corymbs. * Sobbus, Tourn. Petals spreading. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves pinnate. 1. P. Americana, DC. Mountain Ash. Leaflets 13 to 15. oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate -with pointed teeth, t-ommon petiole smooth when full grown ; flowers in large compound cymes ; fruit globose. Swamps and mountain woods. May. A large shrub or low tree, 15 to 20 feet high, with the younger branches pubescent. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long. Leaflet* 2 to 4 inches long, 3^ to 1 wide, sub-opposite, often acute. Flowers small, white, Tery numerous. Fruit scarlet, very showy, remaining through the winter, some- what acid. A low, smaller fruited variety is found on the Alleghenies. * * Adenobachis, DC. Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves tiM . pie, the midrib beset tviih glands along the upper side. Fruit berry-like. 2. P. ARBUTIFOLIO, L. Choke Berry. Leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, »mth above, veiny beneath, with 2 rows of glands along the midrib; flowers in corymb*; fruit nearly globose. 1. Var. melaxocaepa is nearly smooth, with ptirplish-black fruit. Damp thickets ; common. May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, }/> to 1 wide, the under surface usually very tomentose. Flowers numerous, nearly black, sweetish and astringent, ripe in Aug., Sept. *** Malus, Tourn. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united. Leaves simph without glands. 3. P. CORONARIA, L. Sweet-scented Crab Apple. Leaves broad ovate, rounded at base, cut serrate or lobed, smoothish ; corymbt terminal, few-flowered, on long peduncles; styles woolly and united at base; fruit globose, depressed. Borders of woods ; common. May. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading branches. Flmvers large, fragrant, pale rose-color, in loose corymbs of 3 to 10. Fruit 1)4. inches in diameter, pale-greenish-yellow, firm and hard, very acid, translucent and fragrant when ripe. Sept. 4. P. angustifolia, Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. Leaves oblong, or lanceolate, often acute at the base, crenate-dentate or almost entire, smooth, shiny above; flowers in corymbs; styles smooth and distinct; pedi- eels smooth. Woods. April — May. A tree 15 to 20 feet high resembling the last, but with smaller leaves and fruit. 5. P. Malus, L. Common Apple Tree. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute or fhort acuminate, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, petiolate, corymbs sub-umbellate; pedicels and calyx villose-tomentose; petals with short claws; styles 5, united and villose at base; pome globose. Native of Europe, and almost naturalized with us. Probably nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the United States. 6. P. COMMUNIS, L. Pear Tree. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate; corymbs racemose ; calyx and pedicels pubescent; styles 5, distinct and villose at base; pome pyriform. Native of Europe. Flowers white. Numerou* varieties are cultivated in the United States. CALYCANTHACE^I AND MELAST0MACEJ2. Ill 18. CYDONIA. Tourn. Named from Cydonia, a town in Crete, from -whence it was brought. Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled; carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. C. vulgaris, Pers. Quince. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apes, very entire, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; peduncles solitary, and with the calyx woolly; pome tomen- tose, obovoid. Shrubs about 8 to 12 feet high, with crooked straggling branches. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fruit clothed with a soft down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. C. Japoxica, or $<-arlet Pyrus, a low straggling shrub with beautiful scarlet jhowy flowers, is occasionally met with in cultivation. Order 41. ALYO AJRTTH ACES. Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axis of growth surrounding the central otu, with opposite, entire, simple leaves, without stipules, and axillary solitary fiowtrs. Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricate, combined in a fleshy tube. Ovabies several, simple. Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx-tube. CALYCANTHUS. Linn. Gr. Jcalux, a calyx and anthos, afiower; the calyx resembling a corolla. Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, colored, all more or less leathery or fleshy. Stamens about 12, unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. Anthers extrorse. — Shrubs with lurid purple, fragrant flowers, and with the baric and leaves exhaling the odor of camphor. C. Floridus, L. var. lo'vigatus, Torr. & Gr. Sweet Scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice. Leaves oblong or oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both sides; branches straight, erect; lobes of the calyx lanceolate. Mountains and fertile soils along streams; rai-e. May, June. A bandfwn» ehrub, cultivated in gardens, 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, C-jlyx brownish-purple, very fragrant. Order 41. MELASTGMACEIE. Herbs, shrirts or tree-, with r/pposite mostly entire ribbed leaves, and terminal solitary or cymose f,owers. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in ONOGF.ACE.E. (Evening Primrose Family.) 1, RHEXIA. Linn. Meadow Beauty. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, the limb 112 LYTHRACEJE. % 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate, inserted with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 8, long, curved, attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Style 1. Stigma 1. Capsule free in the calyx, with 4 many-seeded placentas projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen. — Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 to h-nerved, and bristle-edged leaves, and showy cymose -purplish flowers. 1. R. VlRGlNlCA, L. Deer Grass. Meadoio Beauty. Stem square, with, wing-like angles ; leaves ovaHanceolate, acute, sessile, ciliate, cerrate, sprinkled with hair3 on both sides; calyx hisped. Wet meadows and sandy swamps. July, Aug. Stem a foot high, often dichoto- mously branched above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent nerves, 1 to 3 inches long, half as wide. Floioers large, in corymbose cymes. Petals reddish-purple, obovate, hisped beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden yellow above with a purple line beneath. Style long, a little declined. 2. R. Mariana, L. Maryland Deer Grass. Stem nearly round, covered with bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, or linear-oblong, acute at each end, sparingly hisped on both sides, ciliate-serulate ; calyx hisped. Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, with opposite branches* Flowers situated in the forks and terminations of the branches. Petals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, flesh-colored or white dilated with rose-red. Anthers yellow. Style larger than the stamens. Order 42. LYTHRACEJE, Herbs rarely shrubs, vjith usually i-sided branches, mostly opposite entire leaves, without stipules, and rarely irregidar flowers, axillary or whorled, sometimes in racemes or spiles. Calyx tubular, the limb i to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many intermediate teeth. Petals inserted between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamexs as many, or 2 to i times as many as the petals, inserted into the tube of the calyx. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Ovary superior, 1 to S-celled. Capsule membraneous, covered by the calyx, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, small. 1. DECODON. Gmel. Gr. delca, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten-toothed calyx. Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and 5 longer and spreading horn-like processes. Petals 5, wedge-lanceolate. Stamens 16, 5 very long, the alternate ones shorter. Styles filiform. Capsule covered with the calyx, globose 3 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with opposite or ichorled lanceolate almost sessile leaves, and clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 1. D. verticellatum, Ell. Swamp Willow Herb. Swamps and wet places. Aug. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, sometimes prostrate- and sorting, 4 to 6-angled, smooth or pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 3 to ONAGRACE^. 113 5 inches long, gradually acuminate or acute at apex, on short petiole?. Flowers in axillary sub-sessile umhels, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 to 6, large, and of a fine purple. CUPHEA. Jacq. Gr. l-uphos, curred ; in reference to the form of the calyx. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gib- bous or spurred at the base, on the opposite side, 6-toothed at the apex, with usually as many little intermediate pro- cesses. Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule membranaceous, 1 to 2-celled, few-seeded. — Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, iciili opposite entire leaves, and axillary and terminal flowers. C. VISCOSISSIMA, Jacq. Clammy Citphea. Viscid-pubescent; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough ; Jk-vurt lateral, and solitary, on short peduncles; petals ovate, short-clawed. Fields and roadsides. July. Aug. Annual. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, erect, branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, X / A as wide, on petioles J<£ to % inch long. Calyx ofu-n purple, ventrico;e. Petals violet-colored. Stamens included. CiipsttU luxating k-ngthwise before the seeds are ripe. Crder 43. 0NAGEA0EJE. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaver, and axillary terminal flowers of various colors. Petals 4. (sometimes 2 or S). Stamrhs 1 — 2 — 5 inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovaey 2 to 4-celled, cohering ■with the calyx-tube; placenta in the axis. Fecit baccate or capsular, 2 to 4-celled, many -seeded. There are two sub-orders. Sub-order I. ONOGEACE^ proper. Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary, the petalg and stamens inserted on its summit. Stamens 2 — 4 — S. Styles single, slender. Stigma 2 to 4-lobed, or capitate. Ovary 4-celled. Seeds without albumen. 1. EPILOBIUM. Linn. Willow-herb. Gr. epi, upon, lobou, a ped, ion, a violet, viz : a violet on a pod. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-sided; hmb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. An- thers short, fixed by the middle. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornereu, 4-celled ; 4-valved. Seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of U* 114 ONAGRACE^I. hairs. — Herbaceous perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple or vjhite flowers. 1. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Willow Herb. Rose-bay. Stem simple, erect; leave's scattered, lanceolate, sparingly denticulate with a marginal vein; flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals clawed ; star mens unequal, declined ; style at length deflexed. Newly cleared land, and waste places. July. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often "branched above. Leaves sessile, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long, ^ as wide, acuminats with pellucid veins. Flowers numerous and showy, colored in all their parts, decp-lilac-purple, in a raceme often a foot long. 2. E. coloratum, Muhl. Colored Epilobium. Stem subterate, erect, very branching, pubescent; leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- late, serulate, acute, somewhat petiolcd, smooth; petals small, 2-cleft at the apex-, stigma club-shaped. Ditches and wet shady grounds; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, }/\= & s wide, with minvtto white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Flowers small purplish fading to white, axillary near the extremity of the branches. 3. E. palustris, L. Marsh Willow Herb. Minutely hoary; stem slender, roundish, at length much branched; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, acutish at both ends, slightly toothed or entire ; petals small, obcordate, twice as long as the calyx; style included; stigma undivided, clavate. Swamps and marshy places. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. Leaves mostly alternate, 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide. Flowers numerous, axil- lary, rose-color. Capsule 1 to 2 inches long, pubescent. 4. E. molle, L. Soft Willow Herb. Soft downy all over ; item round, straight, erect, branching above ; leaves crowded, lanceolate or linear-oblong, alternate or opposite, mostly entire. Swamps; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, % to 1^ inches long, }/ v as wide. Flowers rose-color, axillary in the upper part of the stem. i'ctaZ.s'dteply notched, twice as long as the calyx. Stigma large and thick. Capsule 3 inches long on a short pedicel. OENOTHERA. Linn. Evening Primrose. Gr. oinos, wine; and thera, a chase : application uncertain. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Anthers mostly linear. Stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Herbaceous plants, with alter- nate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. 1. (E. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. Stem erect, mostly hairy ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, pub«h cent ; lower ones on short petioles ; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; petals obcordate; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat swelled. Var. 1. muricat* €E, muricata, Ph.) Stem muricate or strigosely hirsute, red ; petals scarcely longer than the stamens. Var. 2. grandiflora (CE, grandiflora, Ait.) Petals much longer than the stamens, deeply obcordate. Stem branched. Biennial. ONAGRACEiE. 115 Fields and waste places ; common. June. Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple or branching from the base. 'Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, \f 2 to 1% wide, roughly pubescent : radical ones tapering into a petiole. Floivers numerous, light-yellow, fragrant, opening after sunset and closing next'day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long. 2. OE. fruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve g Primrose. Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or lanceolate, slightly toothed ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens : capsule oblong-club-shaped. 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. Open place? : common. June — Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet higli, branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flov:ers large, 1)2 inches in diameter, bright yellow, in a peduncled corymb. 3. (E. PUMIXA, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose. Low, pubescent; stem ascending: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtnse r attenuate at base, entire ; Jlcnvers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme; petcu* obcordate. scarcely longer than the stamens. Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A small half-erect plant, 6 to 10 inches long, with a round, slender simple stem. Leaves 1 to 1]4 inches long. % to x /i i ccu wide; radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, l / 2 i ac h broad, opening in succession, 1 or 2 at a time. Cap&tiie oblong- club-shaped, nearly sessile, S-anghttL GAURA. Linn. Gr. gauros, superb ; on account of the showy flowers of some species. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Petals 4, clawed, somewhat unequal, inserted into the tube. Stamens 8, decimate. Style long. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by abortion mostly 1-celied, 1 to 4-seedcd. Seeds naked. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate haves and rose- color or white changing to red flowers, in wand-like spikes or racemes. G-. biennis, L. Biennial Gaura. Whole plant softly hairy or downy; leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate, alter- nat, sessile : flow rs numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes ; fruit sub-sessile, S-ribbed, pubescent. Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet high. Leave* pale-greeu. acute at each end. Catyx reddish. Corolla rose-color, changing to deep red. Frail rarely with more than one mature seed. LUDWIGIA. Linn. In honor of C D. Ludicig, Prof, of Botany at Lcipsie, about 1750. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyong the ovary; limb 4-Iobed, usually persistent. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often smalt or wanting. Stamens 4, opposite the apex. Style short. Capsule short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. — Perennial herbs, with entire mostly alternate leaves and axillary flowers, often yellow or apetalous. 116 v ONAGRACE^. 1. L. alternifolia, L. Seed-box. Xearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-braeted above the middle ; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate sepals ; capsule large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round with a strong bark, and several branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 wide, with marginal veins. Sepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon falling off. * Petals very minute or none. Isnardia. 2. L. sph^erocarpa, Ell. Round-fruited Ludwigia* Nearly smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base, alternate; flowers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit of the branches ; petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely 4-sided, very email. In water and swampy places ; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angulaf reddish. Margin of the leaves rough. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous. 3. L. PALUSTRIS, L. Water Purslane. Smooth, low; stem procumbent at base, rooting or floating; leaves opposite •vate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole ; Jlowers axillary, solitary, sessile; eapsule sub-ovate, slightly angled, Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places; common. June — Oct. Stem rucculent, purplish, 10 to 20 inches long. Leaves and slender petioles 1%' by % inches, ovate-spatulate. Flowers very small. Calyx-lobes and style very short, Petals when present, flesh-color. CIRCiEA. Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade. Nanied from Oirce, the enchantress. Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous; limb 2-parted. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2, alternating with the petals. Capsule reflexed, obovate, 2-celled ; 2-seeded, bristly with hooked, hairs. — Low incon- spicuous perennials, with opposite leaves on slender petiolet, and small whitish flowers in racemes. 1. C. Lutetian A, L. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. Stem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed, longer than the petiole ; bracts none ; fruit reflexed, bristly. Moist woodlands ; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, y 2 as wide. Flowert •mall, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme. 2. C. ALPINA, L. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. Low, smooth and weak ; leaves cordate, shining, coarsely toothed, the lower onas ob long as the petiole; bracts minute. Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small delicate plant 3 to 8 inches high. Mt*m transparent, juicy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white, minute, in terminal racemes. Sub-order II. HALORAGEJS. Mar»h or water plants, with very small axillary temU 0NANGRACE3!. 117 flowers, often- monoecious or dioscious. Calyx-tube not at all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. Petals 3 to 4, often none. Stamens 1 to 8. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-cellecF. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-eelled. Seeds pendulous, 1 in each cell. PROSERPINACA. Linn. Mermaid-weed. Lat. proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the hase. Calyx-tube 3-sided, limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit long, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together. 1. P. palustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed. Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower ones often pinnatifid; fruit sharply 3-angled. Wet swamps; rare. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. Leaves about 1 inch long, J4 wide, acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub- merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the teeth of a comb. Flowers greenish, sessile, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. Leaves all pectinate, the "divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusaly 3-angled. Sandy swamps; rare. Aug. Stems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at base from long creeping roots. Leaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow eegnients like the teeth of a comb. Styles none. Stigmas attenuate above. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Water Milfoil. Gr. rnurios, a myriad, phullon, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf Flowers monoecious or -polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit nut-like > 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed. Stigmas 4, recurved. — Submersed aquatic perennial herbs, with crowded often ivhorled leaves, those im- mersed pinnately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile flowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones staminate. * Stamins 8; petals deciduous; leaves whorled in threes. 1. M. SPICATUM, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; floral ones or tracts shorter than the flowers, ovate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ovate; stamens 8. In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the depth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Leaves composed of innumerable, hair-like segments. Flowers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth. 118 CACTACExB. 2. M. verticlllatum, L. Whorled Water Milfoil Leaves vcrticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments ; floral leaves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the Mowers ; petals oblong-obovate ; carpels smooth and even. In water. July — Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preceding, only the tipper part emerging. Flowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous floral leavts. 3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Various-leaved Water Milfoil St.m r;ther stout ; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply eerrate ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong ; fruit obscurely roughened. In sluggish water. July. Stem thick and branching. Leaves very various, lowest fii. el y divided. Flowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. Sepals minute. Petals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only i to 6. * * Stamens 4; leaves whorled in fours a^d fives, the lower finely divided. 4. M. ambiguum, Ambiguous Water Milfoil Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; the emersed ones pectinate ; floral ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect ; petals ollong; ca?pels smooth and even. Ponds and cUtches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and creeping in the mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. Leaves variously divided, when the gten s are procumbeut and rooting the leaves are all linear, rigid, and often entire, but Mhen submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb. Flowers small purplish. HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare's-tail. Gr. hippus, a horse, and our a, a tail. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stig- matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Peren- nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute jioucrs sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous. H. vulgaris, L. Common Mare 1 s-tail. Leaves in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire. Borders of ponds and springs ; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect. Fiouers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, small. Order 44. CAGTAGEIE. Cactus Family. Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sesiile; the frpals and petals numerous, imbricated in several roics. Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1. Stigmas numerous. Frvjit a 1-celled succulent berry, many-seeded. GROSSULACE^I. 1 1 ») OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickly Pear. Sepals and petals not prolonged into a tube, spreading, the inner roundish. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style with numerous erect stigmas. — Stem com- posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of bristles often with spines intermixed, arranged in a special order. 0. vulgaris, Mill. Indian Fig. Cow's-tongue. Stems low, prostrate-spreading, of obovate joints, armed with short barbed brfs* ties, rarely with a few spines; floivers sessile, on the margin of the joints. Dry rocks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow. Fruit obovate, umbillicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numsrous, immersed in the crimson pulp. Cultivated. Order 45. GR03SULACEZE. Currant Family, Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmatcly lobed leaves, a b-lobed talyx cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and leaving 5 small petals and 5 stamens. Jrcit a 1-celled berry, with 2-parietal placentae crowned with a minute embryo si the base of hard albumen. RIBES. Linn. Calyx companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col- ored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamen* in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styli» 2, distinct or united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-sesded. — Leave* often clustered in the axils*, with the flowers from the sam* clusters or from separate buds. * Stem unarmed; flowers in racemes : berries never prickly. Currants. 1. R. FLORIDUM, L'Her. Wild Black Currant. Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish resinoiB dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-flowered, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; fruit obovoid. Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shr.ib 3 to 4 feel high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long V/ 2 to 2% wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flcwtrt somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit black, smooth, insipid. The R. nigrum or black currant of the gardens. Native of Europe, is prcbbM^ not distinct from this species. 2. R. prostratum, L'Her. Mountain Currant. Stem reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply cordate, 5 to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender; calyx rotate, segments obovate; petals spatulate, small ; fruit glandular-hisped. Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procumbent shrub with erect branches 1 to 3 feet high. Eacemes erect, about S-flowered, at length pendulous. Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berriis red, ill-scented. Ibo whole plant has a disagreeable odor. 122 CUCURBITACE^I. sinuous. Ovary adherent, 1-celled; sttlb short; stigma very thick, velvety or fringed. Pruit a pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled by obliteration. Sebw Sat, with no albumen, often winged. 1. SICYOS. Linn. Gt. eikuos, the ancient name of the cucumber. Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Stamens 5, monodelphous or at length triadelphous ; anthers contorted. Styles 3, united at the base. Fruit ovate membranaceous, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with compound tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a kmg-peduncled capitate cluster. 1. S. ANGTJLATUS, L. Single-seed Cucumber. Stem branching, hairy ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the lobes minutely toothed, pointed ; pistillate flowers mueh smaller than the staminaU. Banks of streams. July, Aug. A weak climbing Tine With long spiral tendrils, Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green lines. Fruit % inch long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in a crowded cluster. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray. Gt. «**»o«, prickly, and kttstis, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the frnii Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, segments 5, fili- form subulate. Petals 6, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Stamens 3, diadelphous. Style 1; stigmas 3, fringed. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 4-seeded. — A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten- drils, sharply b-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers. E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, denticulate ; ftcwen small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the fertile ones solitary c* several, situated at the base of the raceme. Bich river soils. July — Sept. A smoothish running vine. Stem deeply furrowed, with long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long petioles. Fruit 1 to 2 inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds, 3. MELOTflRIA. Linn. Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Sterile Flowers, calyx 3 to 5-toothed; corolla companulate; filaments 5, in 3 sets. Fertile Flowers, calyx and corolla as in the CUCURBITACE^. 12S sterile; style 1; stigmas 3 ., fimbriate. Fruit 3 -celled, many- seeded. — A slender climbing annual, with simple tendrik, Jive lobed leaves, and small yellowish flowers. M. pendula, L. Small Creeping Cucumber. leaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; flowers axillary, the sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing oyer other vegetables Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles. Tendrils 5 to 6 inches long, Flowers. yellowish, small. F7tiitsm&U } oval. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 4. MOMORDICA. Linn. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-eleft. Petals 5, united •at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style 3-cleft; pepo fleshy, bursting elasti-cally. Seeds compressed with a fleshy arillus. — An annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils, palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers. M. Balsamina, L. Common Balsam Apple. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform, 1-fiowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bract above the middle; fruit Toundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of £he East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow = Ifruit orange-color, balsamic and eatable. 5. CUCUMIS. Linn. Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel. Flowers monoecious or perfect. Calyx tubular, bell- shaped, with awl-shaped segments; corolla deeply 5-parted. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed; pepo fleshy, in dehiscent. Seeds ovate, flat, acute and not margined at the edge. — Annual herbs, creeping or climbing by tendrils, alternate leaves, and axillary solitary yellow flowers. 1. C. sativus, L. Common Cucumber. Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; fruit oblong, obtusely pris- matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Tartary and India. : Numerous varieties are now cultivated for the table. Gathered and eaten before maturity, June — Sept. 2. C. Melo, L. Mush Melon. Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled; lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; flowers pistillate, Perfect, and Btaiaiiiate, the perfect on short peduncles; fruit oval or sub-globoge 5 124 cucurbitace^;. longitudinally tornlose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the juicy, yellowish^ delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. June, July. 3. C. Anguria, L. Prickly Cucumber. Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep sin- iiate lobed, cordate at base ; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickJy. Native of Jamaica. Fi-uit about the size of a hen's egg ; cultivated and used for pickles. 4. C. Citrullus, Ser. Water Melon. Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath ; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base; fruit elliptical, smooth. Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. June, August. 6. LAGENARIA. . Ser. Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. Flowers monoecious. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo- vate. Stamens 5, triadelphous \ anthers very long, twisted. Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed, sub-sessile. Pepo woody, 1-celled many-seeded; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin tumid. — An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching tendrils, with axillary solitary, white flowers. L. vulgaris, Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. Softly pubeseent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, -with 2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles ; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at length smooth. Native of the Tropics ; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug. 7. CUCUKBITA. Linn. A Latin word signifying a vessel. Flowers monoecious. Corolla bell-shaped ; petals united and coherent with the calyx. Stam. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight, parallel. Pist. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu- ous after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. Seeds numerous, thickened at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth. — Annual herbs with prostrate running stems, mostly branched tendrils, and yellow solitary axilary flowers. 1. C Pepo, L. Pumpkin. Hispid and scabrous ; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem fls. on long peduncles; fruit very large, roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and toruloso. Native of the Levant. Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. CRASSULACE^ffi. 125 Fruit sometimes 3 feet in diameter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties of this species. July. 2. C. Melopepo, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin. Hairy ; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-lobed, finely toothed ; flowers pedun- culate ; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknown. A useful and well known kitchen vegetable. 3 . C. VERRUCOSA, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobe* narrowed at base; jiowers pedunculate, large; fruit roundish elliptic, or club- shaped, often elongated and curved at base. Probably a native of North America, as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Missis- sippi. Common in cultivation, with numerous varieties. July. Order 48. CRASSULACE2E. Succulent herbs, with simple mostly sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ; the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the sta»je?ts the same or double their number. Sepals more or less united at base. Petals distinct, rarely cohering. Ovaries as many as the petals and opposite to them. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit. Follicles as many as the ovaries, apening ly the ventral suture, many-seeded. 1. TILUEA. Linn. In honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, 3 to 4. Carpels 8 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded. — Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary Jiowers. T. simplex, Nutt. Pigmy Weed. Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting ; leaves linear-oblong, their bases somewhat confluent; Jiowers solitary, nearly sessile, calyx half the length of the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded. Muddy banks of streams ; rare. Near Philadelphia. July, Aug. Stems 1 to 3 Inches long, Leaves }/£ to % inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white. 2. SEDUM. Linn. Lai $edec, to Bit ; alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls. Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Stamens 10, or rarely 8. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base of each. — Mostly herbaceous thick-leaved perennials, with cymose flowers. 1. S. terNaT¥M, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop. Stems low and spreading ; lower leaves whorled in threes, wedge-obovate ; upper V* 126 SAXIIRAGACE^E. leaves oblong, scattered; cymes mostly 3-spiked, spreading; terminal flowers decan- drous, the rest octandrous ; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals. Rocky woods; sometimes cultivated. May, June. Stems 3 to 8 inches long, ■branching and decumbent at base. Leaves from 34 to 1 inch long. Flowers white, loosely arranged on the 3-branched spreading cymes. 2. S. telephoides, Michx. American Orpine. Stems erect, leafy at the top ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fleshy ; flowers in a terminal capitate cyme, decandrous ; petals ovate-lanceolate. Bocks : Allegheny mountains. July. Stem branching, 10 to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers pale purple, with leafy bracts inter- spersed. 3. S. telephium, L. Common Oipine. Live-forever. Stems erect, leafy to the top ; leaves flat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the base; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturali- zed. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves se68ile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense terminal leafy tufts. 4. S. ANACAMPSEROS, L. Evergreen Stone-crop. Root fibrous ; stems decumbent; leaves wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. Stems reddish. Leaves fleshy, bluish- green. Flowers purple. » 5. S. acre, L. English Moss. Wall Pepper. Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; leaves very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly on walls, borders of flower beds, &c, densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow.- PENTHORUM. Gron. Gr. pente, five, and eras a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers. Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled, 5-horned and 5-eelled capsule, which opens transversely on the inner sides of the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute. — Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely-spiked along the upper side of the. naked branches of the scorpoid cyme. • P. sedoides, L. Ditch Stone-crop. Stem, branched, angular above; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends unequally serrate. Bitches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Order 49. SAXIFRAGACEJE, Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, and simple flower stems {often naked). Calyx free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior or inferior, 4 to 5-cleft. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamene 5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx er beneath the ovary. Ovary 1 or 2-celled. Styles none. Stigmas sessile, on lh« SAXJTRAGACE.E. 127 tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry with numerous small seeds. Sub-order I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs ; the petals imbricated (rarely convolute) in the bud ; capsule 2-beaked * ealj/sa/ree or partly adherent; petals 5 (rarely 4 to 6). SAXIFRAGA. Linn. Lat. saxum, a rock, and frago, to break ; in allusion to the root penetrating the crevices of rocks and stones. - Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-eelled^ many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with clus- tered root-leaves, the stem leaves alternate, and yellow while and greenish flowers. 1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Virginian Saxifrage* Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse crenate-dentatf the leaves. X 146 CAPEIFOLIACEiE. 1. L. semper virens, Ait. Trumpet Honey-suckle. Leaves oblong evergreen, pale beneath, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs united a ound the stem; flowers in nearly raked spikes or distant whorls. Borders of swamps; common in cultivation. May — Oct. A beautiful climber blooming all summer. Stem 6 to 20 feet long, woody, twining with the sun. Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2 inches long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a rich scarlet with- out and yellow within. A variety has pale yellow blossoms. Berries scarlet. 2. L. GRATA, Ait. American Woodbine. Leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united ; flowers in eessile, terminal and axillary whorls; corolla ringent, tube long, slender, not Bwelled. Rocky woodlands. May, June. A beautif ul climber with very obtuse leaves, ending in an abrupt point, opposite or in whorls of & Flowers large and very fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl. Corolla white, within a purple, fading yellowish. Berries red. Cultivated. 3. L. parviflora, Lam. Small-flowered Honey-suckle. Leaves smooth, elliptical or oblong, shining above, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ; flowers in heads of several approximate whorls ; corolla ringent; tube short, swelled at the base; filaments bearded. Rocky banks ; common. May, June. A low branching species. Leaves thickish, wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous beneath. Flowers small, yellow, tinged with dull red. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-colored. 4. L. Periclymenum, Tourn. Woodbine Honeysuckle. Leaves elliptical, on short petioles, deciduous. Flowers in ovate imbricated terminal heads; corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant. Berries red. May- July. A woody climber, native of Europe. Cultivated. 5. L. Caprifolium, L. Italian Honey-suckle. Leaves deciduous, the upper pair united. Flowers in a terminal verticel, yellow, red and white. Much admired for its beauty and fragrance. Native of Europe. June — Aug. Cultivated. * * Xtlosteum, Juss. Stem erect; leaves distinct; peduncles axillary, single, %J)racted and %flower&d at the summit. 6. L. ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honey-suckle. Leaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, distinctly petioled, thin, downy beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute; corolla funnel-form, swelled at the base. Rocky woods, Northern parts of the State. May, June. A branching erect shrub 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs, at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs. "7. L. Tartarica, L. Tartartan Honey-suckle. Stems erect, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, shining and dark- green above, pale beneath, entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-rlowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant shrub much admired in cultivation. Native of Russia and Tartary. Stems 4 to 8 feet high, forming large clumps. Leaves 1 to 2 by % to 1% inches, coriacious, Flowers small, pale-purple, varying to pure white, very fragrant. May — June, 2. DIERYILLA, Tourn. Bush Honey-suckle, In honor of M. DierviUe, who sent this species from Canada to Tournefort. Oalyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, CAPRIFOLIACE^l. 147 awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsule oblong, acute, 2-celled, 2 -valued, scptieidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with opposite, ovate, serrate pointed leaves, and yellowish flowers in cymosely-several-foicered peduncles. D. TRIFIDA, Moench. Mush Honeysuckle. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsute long-beaked. Rocky -woods and banks of streams. May — July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to V/ 2 inches, finely serrate, long-pointed. Flowert greenish-yellow. Siyle much exserted. Stigma capitate. 3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. Gr. treis, three, and ost:on, a bone; alluding to th-jthree bony seeds. Calyx-lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5 lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, included. Stigma capitate, lobed. Fruit a drupe, mostly 3-celled, crowned with the calyx, containing 3 angled and ribbed, bony nuts. — Coarse hairy perennial herbs, icith the stem leafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate around the stem. 1. T. plrfoliatum, L. Fevencort. Softly hairy; leaves oval or fpaiuk.te-ovate, cenminate, entire, abruptly nar- rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; flowers sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils of the leaves. Rich woodlands. June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 6 by 3 inches. Fruit a rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is large and flesby, and in some reput* in medicine. 2. T. angustieolium, L. Narrow-leaved Feverwort. Bristly hairy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile or pedunculate. Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet bigh. Flowers greer*- kh-sream-color, mostly singly clustered in the axils of the leaves. 4. SYMPHORICAEPUS. Dill. Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered berries.. Calyx-tube 4 to 5-toothed ; persistent; teeth small. Co- kolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to 5-lobed. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the ceils with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled and 2-seecled. Seeds long. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval shortly petioled leaves,, and small white flowers tinged with rose-color % in close shor$ spikes or clusters,. 148 CAPRIEOLIACE.E. 1. S. VULGARIS, Michx. Indian Currant Coral-berry. Leaves round-oval; flowers in small spikes or clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded. Banks of streams. July. Stem- 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous purplish branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly smooth ; stamens and bearded style included. Berries small, purplish. 2. S.. racemosus, Michx. Snow-berry. Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles ; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inter- rupted spike. Cultivated ; native from Lake Champlain to Wisconsin. June, Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental. 5. LINNiEA, Gron. In honor of Linnozus, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern, with- whom this charming little plant was an especial favorite. Calyx-teeth 5^ awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla nar- row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 of them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, 1-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming a 1-seeded dry berry. — A slender creeping and trailing evergreen, with round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers r widely dis- seminated through the northern temperate zone. L. BOREALIS, Gron. Twin-flower. Stem slender, creeping and trailing; leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, con- tracted at the base into short petioles; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing one flower. Moist mossy woods ; common northward. June. Stem s long, filiform, brownish, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs. Flowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose- colored. Tribe 2. SAMBUCE^E. The Elder Tribe. Corolla regular, rotate; stigmas 3 to 5, nearly sessile. 6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Elder. dr. sambuca,. an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made or Elder-wood. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3,. obtuse, small, sessile. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con- taining 3 seeds. — Shrubby plants, ivith pinnate leaves, serrate- pointed leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com- pound cymes.. CAPRIFOLIACB'iE. 149 1. S. Canadensis, L.. Common Elder. Steins scarcely woady; leaflets 1 to 11 ,, oblong,, smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat, 5-parted. Thickets and waste grounds; common. May, June. Stein, 5 to 10 feet high, filled with a light porous pith, especially when young. Flowers numerous, in very large (1 foot broad) level-topped cymes, white, rather fragrant. Berries dark purple or black. 2. S. FUBENS, Miehx. Red-berried Elder.. Stems woody ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-laneeolate, downy beneath; cymes panicled r sonvex-pyramidal. Rocky woods. June, July. Stem 6 to 8, sometimes 15 feet high, warty, often round-topped and tree-like. Leaves simple and unequally pinnate. Flowers in a close ovoid thyrse or panicle. Corolla white. Berries small, scarlet. 7. VIBURNUM. Linn, Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading,, deeply 5-toothed. Stamens 5, equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hard flattened stone. — Shrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves \ and white flowers in fiat compound cymes. * 1. Lentago, DC. Flowers all alike- and perfect; fruit Hue or black when ripe r glaucous. Leaves serrate or toothed, entire, 1. V. prunieolium, L. Black Haw. Branches spreading, smoGth; leaves broadly oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and sharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles naked; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid- ©blong. "Woods; common,. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spread- ins;, sometimes stinted branches. Leaves about 2 inches long, V/ 2 wide, on short, slightly margined petioles. Cymes large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white. Fruit. dark-blue or blackish, sweet and eatable. 2. V. nudum, L. Withe Rod. Swamp Haw. Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate,, revolute at the edge, suS-crenate; cyme short peduncled: fruit round-ovoid. Cold swamps; common. May, June. A handsome shrub 6 to 10 feet high. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, punctate-dotted beneath like the short petioles and cymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, the margin more or less rolled. Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, eatable. 3. V. Lentago, L. Sweet Viburnum. Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely and sharply serrate ; petioles with wavy mar- gins; cymes terminal, sessile; fruit oval. Rocky woods. May, June. A small handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high. Leaves smooth, long-acuminate, 3 inches long, % as wide, on-lcng wavy margined petioles. Petioles midribs and branches of the -cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when young. Flowers white, in broad spreading cymes. Berries % inch, long, blue- black when ripe. 4. Y. dentatum, L. Arrow-wood, Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate, coarsely and sharply-toothed, sub-plicate ; petioles •lender; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid-globose.. X* 150 RUBIACEJ3. Damp grounds, rather common. June. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with long, straight, slender branches when young, and ash-colored bark. Leaves on slender petioles, roundish, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, strongly straight-veined, and often with hairy tufts in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers white, in large expand- ing cymes. Fruit small, dark-blue. 5. V. pubescens, Pursh. Downy, Arrow-wood. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed,_rarely toothed, sub-plicate; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid. Dry rocky places; rare. June. SJirub about 2 to 6 feet high, somewhat strag- gling. Leaves 2 inches long, strongly straight-veined, each with a pair of short, hairy, stipular appendages at the base of the short petiole. The lower surface and petioles velvety-downy. Cymes small, few-flowered. Flowers whits. Leaves lobed or incised. 6. V. ACERIFOLIUM, L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Leaves 3-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely and unequally toothed ; cymes on long peduncles, many-flowered ; fruit oval. Rocky hillsides. June. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with yellowish-green bark. Leaves broad, heart-shaped, or rounded at the base; lobes acuminate, with sharp serratures; veins and stalks hairy; under surface and young stalks downy. Flowers white, with a slight tinge of red ; filaments long. Fruit nearly black. * * Opulus, Tourn. Marginal fewer s of the cymes destitute of stamens and with large showy corollas. 7. V. lantanoideSj Miclix. Robbie-bush. Leaves round ovate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate; cymes closely sessile, broad and fiat; fruit ovoid. Rocky woods, near streams. May. A straggling shrub 4 to 8 feet high, the decumbent branches often taking root. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, many- yemed, tbe veins, veinleis, stalks and branchlets very scurfy with rusty colored fcufta of minute down. Floivers white, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red, when ripe, black. 8. V. OruLUS, L. Cranberry-tree. Leaves 3-lobed, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, 3-nerved ; lobes spreading^ pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles glandular; cymes ped un- cled, radient ; fruit ovoid. Woods; rare. June. A handsome shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves with large remote teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at the base, channelled above. Flwers white, the central fertile, those of the border large, barren. Fruit red, very acid, resembling the common cranberry in flavor, and is sometimes substituted for it. Var. b. koseim, L. Guelder Fose. Snow-ball. Leaves rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with long pointed teeth; petioles glandular; fioucrs all sterile in globose cymes. This is a well known European variety, cultivated fpt its large, dense spherical clusters of snow-white flowers, which are all barren. Order 55. RUBIACEIE.— Madder Family. • Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or- rarely whorled without apparent stipules. Calyx usually coherent with' the 2 (rarely 3 to 4>celled ovary, or in one group, free. Stamens as many as the lobes of tho regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovaby 2-celled. Style mostly simple; stigmas 2. Fecit various. RUBIACEJ2. 151 Sub-order I. STELLATiE. The true Madder Family. Leaves whorled, ivilJino apparent stipules; ovary 2-celled, entirely coherent with the calyx-tube. Herbs. I. G-ALIUM. Linn. Cleavers: Gr. gala, milk, which some species are used to curdle. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted, rotate-. Stamens 4,. sliort. Styles 2. Fruit twin, globular, sepa- rating when ripe into the 1 seed-like indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — Slender Jierhs, icith ^-angled stems, verticellate leaves, and small cy mo se flowers. * Annual: leaves about 8, in a whorl ';■ peduncles few-flowered'. 1. Gr. Aparine, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass. Stem weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly, hairy at the joints; leaves in whorls of Gs, 7s or 8?, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 1 to 2-flowered; fruit bristly, with hooked prickles. Moist thickets. June. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, leaning on other plants and closely adhering to obi cts in their way by their hooked prickles. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, Js£ wide, rough on the margins raid midribs. Flowers numerous; small, white. Fruit rather large, aimed with hooked prickles. The root is sometimes used to live red. Medicinal. * : ' Pi renfiiaZ: leaves 4 to 6, and sometimes 8 in a whorl; peduncles axillorj and terminal, few flowered; fruit smooth. 2. Gr. asprellum, Michx. Bough Bsdstraw. Stem diffuse, weak, much branched, rough backwards; leaves in 6s, 5s or 4fe, lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate : peduncles many, short, 2 to 3 times forked. Low thickets: common. July. Stem weak, 2 to 5 feet long, reclining on other plants, and closely adhering to tbem by their minute retrorse prickles. Leaves % to % inches long, % as wide. Flowers numereus, small, white. Fruit mifcute,, smooth. 3. G. trifidum, L. Small Bedstraic. Dyer's Cleavers. Stem decumbent, very branching* roughish with retrorse prickles; leaves in whor.'s of 4 to 6, linear or oblanccolate, obtuse ; the margins and midribs rough; peduncles 1 to 3-flbwered; pedicels slender: corollq-lobes and stamens often 3. Var. 1. tixctoiuoi; stem stouter with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of tho flowers usually in fours. Var. 2. iatifolium; item smooth, widely branched; leaves elliptical or oblong, quite rough on the midribs and margins. Swamps and low grounds; common and very variable; June — Aug. Leaves % to ]/ 2 inch long, % as wide, often wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncles mostly in 3, axillary. Fl&wers small, white. 4. Gr. TRIFLORUM, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraio. Stem weak, often procumbent, bristly on the angles, turned backwards; leaves in 5s and Cs. elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate ; peduncles 3-flowered ; floioers all pedicclled; fruit his red, with hooked hairs. Kicb. woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 4 feet long, slightly branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % cs broad, 1 -veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin.. Flowers small, greenish-white; lobes of the corolla pointed. Fruit whitish. *■* * Fedunole several-flowered ;. petals pointed ; fruit densely \lwol prickly. 152 RUBIACEiE. 5. Gr. pilosum, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in 4s, oval, clotted, hairy, indis- tinctly 3-veined ; peduncles several 1 times forked, each division 2 to 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled. Dry woods; rare. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high acutely 4-angled, with a few short spreading branches. Leaves % to 1 inch long, % as wide, very hairy. Mowers purplish. 6. Gr. circ^ezans, Miehx. Wild Liquorice. Stem smooth or downy, erect or ascending ; leaves in 4s, oval, mostly obtuse} 3-nerved, ciliate; peduncles lateral and terminal, diverging, few-flowered. Var. 1. lanceolatum, Torr. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the point, slightly ciliate. Yar. 2. montanum, Torr. & Gr.. Dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth. Rich woods. July, Aug. Stem afcout 1 foot high, simple,, or with a few short branches near the top.. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, and bearing several ovate flowers on very short lateral pedicels. Flowers purple. Fruit clothed with dense white bristles resembling Circaea. The leaves and root have a sweet taste like the liquorice. *** * Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicle?.. 7. Gr. BORE ALE, L, Northern Galium. Stem upright, smooth ; leaves in 4s, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers in a terminal, pyramidal panicle; fruit minutely bristly. Rocky shady places, and fence-rows. June — Aug. Stems 12 to 18 inches hlgh n branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, tapering to an obtuse point,. Flowers numerous, small, white, in an elongated panicle, making rather a hand- some appearance. Fruit small. Sub-order II. CINCHONEJE. The Cinchona Family. Leaves opposite with stipules between tJiem; ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or il\& apex rarely free. ' 2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn, Button-bush. Gr. kephale, a head, and ardhos, a flower. Calyx small, angular,. inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Co- rolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. Style filiform, much exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, 2 to 4-celled,. 2-seeded, mostly 2-parted. — Shrubs with opposite leaves, short stipules, and white flowers densely aggregated in globose heads. 1. C. OCCTDENTALIS, L. Button-bush. Pond Dogwood.. Mostly smooth ; leaves opposite, or in 3s, petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, with short intervening stipules ; peduncles long. Borders of ponds and streams, forming thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem. A to 6 feet high, branched. Leaves spreading, entire, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 wide. Heads of flowers about 1 inch in diameter. Corolla white, tubular, with,. long projecting styles. Flowers inserted on all sides of the round receptacle. 3. MITCHELLA. Linn. Partridge-berry. In honor of Br. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia. Flowers in pairs ; with their ovaries united. Calyx. RUBIACEiE. 15$: 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes spread- ing, densely bearded inside. Stamens 4. Styles slender;: stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small seed-like bony nutlets. — Smooth and trailing evergreen herbs, with rose-color floivers, and bright scarlet edible berries remaining over winter. 1. M. repens, L. Partridge-berry. Stem creeping; leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, petiolate; pedun- dies 2-flowered. Woods; common. June, July. A handsome trailer. Leaves dark-green and shining, usually variegated with -whitish lines. Flowers fragrant. Berries re^ markable for their double structure, well flavored, but full of stony seeds. 4. HEDYOTIS. Linn. Gr. ftedos, sweet, and ous, otos, an ear, of no obvious application. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver- form, or wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Stamens 4» Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Serbs, rarely shrubs, with opposite leaves and stipules connate with the petiole. * Amphiotis, DC. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx-teeth ; flowers ir* terminal racemes; perennials. 1. H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray. Purple Hedyotis. Pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, closely sessile; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule, lance-linear ; cymes 3 to 7-flowered, often clustered. Woods and river banks. May — July. Stems ascending,. 8 to 15 inches high, clustered, branching, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers- 3 to 7 in a cluster, pink-purple, or nearly white. 2. H. longifolia, Hook. Long-leaved Hedyotis. Smooth ;. radical leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; stem leaves linear or lance-linear, 1-veined; flowers in small paniculate cymes; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the capsule. Dry hills and shady banks. June. Stems somewhat tufted, 5 to 10 inches high, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inches long, J^ as wide, sessile on the stem. Flowers- 2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale purple, with deeper colored lines in: the throat. * * Houstonia, Linn. Corolla nearly salver-form, with a long tube, limb smooth; peduncles 1-flowerzd. 3. H. c^erulia, Hook. Innocence. Venus' Pride. Smooth ; stems erect, numerous, dichtomous ; radical leaves ovate-spatulate, petio- late; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2-flowered. Moist banks; common. May— Aug. An elegant little plant 3 to 5 inches high,, producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue flowers, with a yellow eye. The stem leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate.. Sub-order III. LOGANEJE". Leaves opposite, with stipules between them, united with the petioles; ovary free from, the calyx.. 154 YALERIAXACE^S AND DIPSACE^. 5. SPIGELIA. Linn. Pink-root. In honor of Prof. SpigeUus, -who -wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-forin, 5-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, twin, 2-eelled, separating at maturity into 2 carpels, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves, united by means of stipules, and showy floicers in spikes or 1-sided cymes. S. Marilandica, L.. Pink-root. Worm-grass. Erect, simple, nearly smooth; stem square; leaves sessile, oral-lanceolate, acute or pointed, roughish, hairy on tbe margin and ribs; spike 3-fiowered. Rich woods; rare. June. A beautiful herb with dark green foliage and scarlet flowers. Stem 1 foot high. Leaves o to 4 incbes long, ]A as wide, entire. Flowers Vy: 2 to 2 inches long, somewhat clavate, scarlet without, yellow within. Style exserted. Order 56. ¥ALERIANACEJS. Serbs with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-form 4 to 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at the base. Stamens 1 to 5. Style slender; stigmas 1 to 3. Fruit indehiscent with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Sseds suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. FEDIA. Gaert. Corn-salad. Calyx with the limb 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, regular. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes con- fluent into one, the other l-.seeded.r-- Annuals and biennials, with forking stems, opposite sessile leaves, and white or whitish cluster ed-cymose sm all flowers. F. olitoria, Vahl. Lamb Lettuce. Leavrs sj atulate, obtuse; radical kov.es retiolate; /rw# compound, oblique at length, broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy mags at the back of tbe fertile cell. Fields; naturalized. June. Stem smooth, 4 to 10 inches high, forked. Leaves mostly entire. Flowers in dense corymbs, white. Order 57. DIFSACE2E,— Teasel Family. Herbs with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, flowers in dense heads, vpon a common receptacle, surrounded with a many-leaved involucre. Calyx adherent, often pappus-like. Corolla tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 — 5 parted. Stam- ens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Style 1, simple. Fruit dry, inde- hiscent, with a single suspended seed. COMPOSITE. 155 1. DIPSACUS. Tourn. Teasel. Gr. dipsao, to thirst, alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves. Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy, leafy-tipped, pointed bracts among the capitate flowers. Calyx superior. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Fruit 1-seedecl, crowned with the calyx. — Stout and coarse bienni- als, hairy and p rich 7 y, with opposite, connate (sometimes dis- tinct) leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers in large oblong heads. 1. B. sylvestris, Mill. Wild Teasel Leaves lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire, connate ; leaves of the in- volucre slender, longer than the head of flowers. Naturalized by hedges and roadsides. Aug. Native of Europe. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, angled and prickly with the opposite and lanceolate leaves united around it. Bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point. Flowers bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head. 2. D. fullonum, L. Fuller's Teasel Leaves connate, entire or serrate; heads of flowers cylindrical: bracts hooked, involucre spreading. A cultivated European plant, used by the clothiers who em. ploy the heads with tha hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloth, Stem erect, farrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5 feet high. Leaves 2 at each node- united at their bases around in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flow ers whitish, in large oval or ovoid heads. July. 2. SCAEIOSA. Linn. Lat. scabies, leprosy; said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. Calyx 5-parted divisions long, bristly, sometimes partial- ly abortive. Involucre many-leaved. Involucel nearly cylindrical with 8 little excavations. — Biennial and perennial mostly European herbs, with opposite leaves and showy flowers in heads. 1. S. succisa, L. Devils -bit. Root premorse ; stem leaves remotely toothed; heads of flowers nearly globose ; corol'.a in 4 equal segments. Caltivatsd in gardens. Stem 1 foot high. Corolla pale violet. Sept. 2. S. atropurpurea, L. Mourning Bride. Leaves pinnatifid and incised; heads of floioers radiant; receptacle cylindrical; outer crown of the seed short, lobsd and crenate. A handsome species, 2 to 4 feet high, with dense heads of dark purple, pink, and whitish flowers. Sept. Order 58. COMPOSITE!. An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipuUs with perfect, polygamous, monweious or dioecious flowers. Flowers in close heads (the compound 156 COMPOSITE. flower of the older botanists) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involu- cre. Calyx closely adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting or membranaceous and divided into bristles, hairs, &c, called pappus. Corolla superior, consisting of 5 united petals either ligulate (strap-shaped) or tubular. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesioios). Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium.) dry, containing a single, erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. Sub-order I. TUBULIFLOR^. Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limbs b-cleft, or lobed; theligulate or ray-flowers, when present, either pistillate only or neutral {with neither stamens nor pistils), and occupying the bm-der. Tribe I. YERNONIACEiE. Heads discoid (without ray flowers); the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular; 'branches of the style slender end thread form, or bristtefcrm, acute, hairy all over, the stigmatic lines only on the lower part, (corolla often slightly irregular). 1. VERNONIA. Schreb. Iron-weed. In honor of Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in this country. Heads 15, many- flowered, in corymbose cymes. Flowers all tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. Keceptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double, the outer chaffy ) the interior capillary. -^Perennial herbs, with alter- nate leaves and mostly purple flowers. Noveboracensis, Willd. Common Iron-ioeecl. Stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, elliptical-lanceolate, pubescent beneath; heads numerous, 20 to 30-flowered; scales of the involucre tipped with a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage , or awn. Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath ; root-leaves sometimes lobed. Flowers deep purple, in terminal flat-topped compound cymes. Scales purple, ending in long thread-like appendages. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. Elephant's-foot. Gr. elephas, elephant, andpous, foot. Heads 3 to 5-flowered, clustered into compound heads. Involucre narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy, dilated at the base.— Perennials, with alternate subsessile leaves and violet-purple flowers. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Carolinian Elephant' s-foot. Stem, branched, leafy, somewhat hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, thin, obtuse, cre« H&ate-serrate; heads terminal and sub-terminaL composite. 157 Dry soils. July— Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, divaricately branched. Lower stem leaves 5 to 7 inches by 3 to 5, upper y 2 as large. Heads composed of four clusters, each 4-flowered, with the involucre 9 to 10-leaved. Corclla purple. Tribe 2. EUPATORIACE.E. Heads discoid or radiate; branches of the style much elongated, oltuse or club- shaped, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside; anthers without tails at the bace : leaves mostly opposite. Sub-tribe 1. EUPATORIE.E. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect and tubular yellow. 3. LIATMS. Shreb. Button Snake-root. Heads several-many-flowered. Scales of the Involu- cre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Flowers all tubular. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes slender. Pappus of 15 to 40 capillary bristles, plumose or barbellate. Style with the branches much exserted. Achenia slender, about 10-ribbed, somewhat cylindric. — Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots } chiefly with simple wand -like stems, many narrow rigid alter- nate entire leaves, and the heads of showy flowers arranged in an elongated spike or raceme. * Heads 16 totO-flowered. 1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing Star. Stem simple, smooth or scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear, elongated; heads few, •sessile or nearly so ; scales of the involucre numerous, with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips; inner ones .pointed, scarcely colored ; flowers numerous; pappus •plumose. Drv soils. Ausr. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, thickly beset with long 4inear leaves. Heads 5 to 20, generally 4 to 5. Flowers brilliant purple. 2. L. scariosa, "Willd. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent; stem stout; leaves lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear or linear-lanceolate much smaller; heads few or many, 30 to 60-flowered, remotely racemed; scales of the somewhat spherical involucre obovate or spatulate, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins; pappus scabrous. Dry sandy soils; rare. Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9 inches long, upper 1 to 3 inches long, % to % ef an inch wide, rough-edged. Heads 4 to 20, 1 inch in diameter. Flowers bright purple. * * Heads 5 to 15-flowered. 3. L. spicata, Willd. Blue Blazing Star. Smooth or somewhat hairy; item wand-like, very leafy; leaves linear or lanoc- linear, entire smooth, the lower 3 to 5-nerved; heads densely crowded in along -spike, nearly sessile, 8 to 12-flowered; involucre bell-shaped, cylindrical, with slight scarious margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish; pappus scabrous-plumose. Moist grounds; rare. Aug. A handsome species, sometimes cultivated, 2 to & feet high, mostly stout. Spile terminal, 6 to 8 inches long. Involucre eoiaewbs.* resinous. Heads numerous, with bright purple Cowers. Y 158 COMPOSITE. 4. KUHNIA. Linn. In honor of Dr. Adam KuJin, of Pennsylvania. Heads 10 to 25-£owered. Scales of the involuore loosely imbricated, lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series. Corolla slender, 6-toothed. Receptacle naked. Pappus in a single series, plumose. Achenia cylindrical, many striate. — A perennial herbj with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves with resinous dots ith oppressed greenish tips; rays 6 to 15 (whit© or nearly so) ; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petiolate ; lieads in open eery mis. 1. A. CORYMBOSUS, Ait; Corymbed Aster. Htznx slender; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, coarsely and unequally serrate) . acuminate, petioled ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays 6 to 9. Pry woods; common. July. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, large, . lower cms heart-shaped, pointed ; middle ones ovate; upper becoming lanceolate. . Flowers in a broad flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with long, narrow, white rays. 2. A. macrophyllus, L. Large-leaved Aster. Stem stout, branched, diffuse; leaves rough, thickish, serrate: lower and radical ones on long petioles, cordate : upper on winged petioles or sessile; lieads in large c irymbs ; rays 12 to 25. Woods; common. Aug.,. Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rigid, the branches rough, . downy above. Lower leaves 4 to 10 inches long, and 3 to C inches wide on some- what winged petioles. Heads in a spreading terminal corymb. Scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Hays white or pale-blue. 2. Calliastrcm, T. & G. Scales im bricated xcith spreading green tips ; rays 12 to 30, . violet; achenia narrow, smoothish; pappus rigid, of unequal thickness ; heads fuU t , large anil shotvy ; stem-leaves all sessile; lower ones not cordate. 3. A. Eadula, Ait. Hough-leaved Aster. Stem erect, simple below, angular, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, simple, sharply serrate, rough en both sides and rugoserveined ; involucre bell- ehaped, with oblong appressed scales, and small spreading green tips; achenia. smooth, linear-oblong. Bogs and low grounds ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy, with a few spreading undivided branches at the summit, purplish, each heaving a single large head, rarely more. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, nearly equal throughout. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. Bays light violet-purple. 4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Showy Aster. Stem erect, minutely rough and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, very rough, upper sessile and entire, lower ones serrate in the middle; branches corymbose ; heads hemispherical, with numerous linear-oblong obtuse scales, and conspicuous spatulate downy tips; achenia slightly pubescent. Sandy soil. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched above into a nearly simple cor\rab of 10 to 15 head?. Bays about 20 in a head, narrowly-lanceolate, tfearly 1 Inch long, very deep-violet blue. Probably tho handsomest of the genua,. . composite. 163 • 3. Aster proper. Scales green or with green tips:. rays numerous; pappus IrisUu toft and nearly uniform ; achenia flattened. . 5. A. concolor, L, Sillci/ Aster. Stem, nearly simple, wand-like ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, crowded, appressed, the - •upper appearing like small bracts ; heads in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; involucre obovoid, with closely imbricated, appressed, somewhat rigid, lanceolate, . Eilky scales, in several rows ; achenia silky. - Dry sandy soil. Aug.— Nov. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves 1 inch in length, % as wide, reduced in size upwards, greyish- silky, and of the same hue on both sides. Heads middle-sized, in along raceme, . thowy. Bays bright violet-purple. Pappus rust-colored. 3. * Loiver leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by ■ a cordate or auricled base; rays large, deep purple or blue. 6. A. patans, Ait. Spreading Aster. Rough-pubescent; stem simple, paniculate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate or- ovate-oblong, generally contracted below the middle; panicle loose, few-flowered; : scales imbricate, lanceolate, loose. Dry grounds ; common. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, branching into a loose terminal panicle above. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches long below, becom- ing small and bract-like on the branches, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart- Bhaped base, rough. Heads solitary, on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, . with 20 to 30 violet-colored rays. 7. A. l^evis, L* Smooth Blue Aster. Tcry smooth, glaucous ; stem angular ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, . thickish, mostly entire, shining; involucre closely imbricate, with broadly-linear, thick and rigid scales ; achenia, smooth. Rich woodlands and banks ; common. Sept.— Nov. A very small and beautiful ; species, 2 to 3 feet high. Stem polished, green. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base. Heads in a close panicle, large and showy, with numerous rays of a fine bright sky-blue, becoming purple, and triangular green tips. 4. * * Loiver leaves all heart-shaped and pdioled, conspicuously serrate; raysbriglii Hue. pale or nearly ivhiie. 8. A. coRDiFOLius, L. Heart-leaved Aster. Stem much branched above, smooth ; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender petioles; involucre inversely conical, with closely imbricate appressed scales, tipped i with short obtuse or acutish points. Woodlands ; very common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish below, more or less pubescent above. Leaves varying from heart-shaped to narrow-ovate. Loiver leaves more or less winged, on hairy petioles. Upper leaves gradually reduced ! to small bracts. Heads very numerous, in raccmed panicles, rather small, angled : on the spreading branches. Bays 10 to 15, pale-blue varying to white. 9. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Arroio-leaved Aster. Stem erect, rigid, with racemose ascending braneb.es; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate in the middle ; lower ones cordate-sagittate, on slender narrowly- • winged petioles; involucre oblong, with closely imbricate linear-subulate scales. Dry woods. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with erect branches above, bearing numerous racemose heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads tmal£ . almost sessile, each with about 12 bluish or white rays. 10. A. TJNDULATUS, L. Wave-leaved Aster. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading; leaves ovate oi- lanceolate, with wavy or slightly-toothed margins; heads numerous, in-raeemog^ panieles; involucre obovoid, with- closely imbricate scaleg. . 164 COMPOSITE. Dry woods; common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, spreading, bearing rvumerous heads iu racemose panicle?. Lower leaves heart-shaped, on long winged petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly sessile hy a heart- shaped base. Heads middle-sized, with viotet-hlue rays and yeilow disks, at length becoming purple. 5. *** Lower leaves never heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile cr clasping ; heads small or middle-sized; rays white or pale bluish-purple. 11. A. ericoides, L. Heath-leaved Aster. Smooth or sparingly hairy; lov:er leaves oblang^sratulate, sometimes toothed; the upper ones linear lanceolate or linear awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre imbricate, linear obtuse, somewhat squarrose. Dry open places. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with the simple branchlets or peduhcles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches. Leaves very numerous and somewhat rigid, those of the stem 3 inches in length; Heads small, about 20-rayed. Hays white or pale purple. Disk at length purplish 12. A. MULTIFLORUS, Ait. Mamj-flowered Aster. Hoary with minute pubescence; leaves crowded, linear, entire, -with rough or ciliate margins, somewhat 3-nerved; these of the branchlets spreading and partly clasping at the base; involucre linear or spatulate with loosely imbricate oblong, ciliate, squarrose scales. Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common. Sept., Oct. Stem about 2 feet high, with numerous spreading racemose branches, usualiy covered with a dense white pubes- cence. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, very narrow. Beads small, in crowded terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Lays white or purplish. IHsJe at length purplish. C. **■*•* Leaves none of them heart-shaped; heeds small cr miudle-si:cd; rays white crpale buish-purple. 13. A. dumosus L. Busliy Aster. Nearly smooth ; leaves linear entire or remotely serrate, rough on the margin sessile; those of the branches smaller and acute; involucre inversely conical or bell-shaped, with closely imbricated, linear-spatulate, obtuse scales. Thickets in dry or moist soil; common. Aug. — Get. A variable species 1 to 3 feet high. Stem loosely branched, racemcsely compound, with the scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets. Leaves decreasing in sizo to the branchlets, the upper small. Rays pale-purple or blue. 14. A. Tradescanti, L. Tradescamfs Aster. Smoothish; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins; cauline linear-lanceolate pointed; involucre with imbricated, narrowly-linear, acute scales in 3 to 4 rows. Var. fragii.ts; leaves entire or nearly eo, except the lowest; heads more scattered on the branchlets. Moist banks, fields, &c; very common. Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, busby, the numerous heads closely racemed along the erect spreading or diverging branches. Lcioer stem leaves 'about 4 inches long,, narrowly lanceolate, remotely sci rate in the middle with Cue sharp teeth, gradually reduced in eteo upwards. Heads email, very numerous. Lays white or pale-purple. 15. A. miser, L. Starved Aster. More or Jess hairy ; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed or acuminata at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; invohicre imbricated with linear, acuto cr rather obtuse scales in 3 or 4 rows. Thickets, fields, &c.; very common. Aug. — Oct. A very variable species, varying in height from S to 10 in< ires to 3 to 4 feet, erect cr diffuse. Stem very branching or nearly simple, the branches' usually diverging, hearing racemose often scattered heads. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-ovt.tj, 1 to 5 inches fa length. Heads usually numerous, with thort, inconspicuous pale blv.-ij h purplfc ax white rays. composite. 165 16. A. simplex, Willd. Simple Aster. Nearly smooth; stem tall and much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate with linear awl-shaped scales. Shady moist banks ; common. Aug.— Oct. Another Tariable species from 1 to- 5 feet high, the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit. Leaves sessile, 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, tapering to a slender point, those of the branches small in proportion. Heads middle-size, loosely racemose or a little crowded on the short branchlets. Bays pale purple. Disk yellowish, at length purple-brown. 17. A. tenuifolius, L. Slender -leaved Aster. Nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering into, a long slender point; lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucre hemisperical, with closely imbri- cated, numerous, linear-awl-shaped, acute scales; heads in panicles or racemes. Low grounds. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, mostly stout, much branched. Stem leaves 2 to 6 inches long, smaller in proportion on the branches and branch- lets. Heads small or middle-sized. Hays 20 to 30, short and narrow, pale purple or whitish. 18. A. CARNEUS, L. Flesh-colored Aster. Smooth, rough or pubescent ; stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; upper short and partly clasping; involucre oboyate, with closely imbricated^ lanceo- late, abruptly arate scales; heads racemose albngthe ascending leafy branches. Moist soils; rare. Sept., Oct. A handsome bushy species, very variable, about 2 feet high. Stem often purple. Leaves firm in texture, smooth or rough above, those of the stem 3 to 5 inches long, % inch wide, those of the branches much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-sized, somewhat 1-sided on the branches. Rays 20 to 30, rather long, flesh-colored or nearly white. 6. ***** stem leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping; heads middle-sized or large; rays blue or purple. 19. A. longifolius, Lam. Long-leaved Aster. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or spa- ringly serrate in the middle, acuminate, shining above ; involucre imbricate with linear scales in 3 to 5 rows, crowned with acute or awl-shaped spreading or recurved green tips; heads in corymbose panicles at the summit. Moist places along streams ; common. Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves varia- ble in form, the lower sometimes ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, both sides smooth, 4 to 6 inches long. Heads numerous, large and showy, with 25 to 30 large bright purplish-blue rays. This variable plant includes several nominal species, including A. laxus, Willd., A. preseltus, Poir., and A. elodes, Torr. & Gray. 20. A. PUNICEUS, L. Rough-stemmed Aster. Cocash. Stem hisped, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, coarsely serrate in the middle ; involucre scales loose, narrowly linear, acute, equal in about 2, rows; heads in panicles. Low thickets and swamps; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, usually purple and very rough with rigid bristly hairs. Leaves sparingly toothed in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath. Heads large and showy. Rays 50 tp 80, long and narrow, lilac-purple or bluish. 21. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Prenantlies-UJce Aster. Stem low, and with the branches hairy in lines ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, incisely serrate in the middle ; involucre imbricated, with narrowly linear scales, crowned with recurved spreading tips; heads in corymbose panicles. Mois-t woeds. Sept., Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves conspicuously acuminate, tapering below into a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auriclcd-heart-shaped clasping base; branch leaves smaller, marly entire. Heads atout middle-size, rather few, clustered^ tpwards the ends of the branches. Rays violet, lilac or light-blue, 166 COMPOSITE. 22. A. NoviE ANGLiiE, L. New England Aster. Stem stout, hairy; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, auriculate- ®lasping, roughish pubescent; involucre-scales linear-awl-shaped, loose, equal, near- ly in a single row, viscid, as long as the disk; heads in a loose terminal panicle; achenia hairy. Moist grounds ; common. Sept. — Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, almost hisped, with: spreading branches. Heads showy, large, crowded in close corymbs. Hays violetr purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous. 23. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Oblong-leaved Aster. Stem, rigid, much branched above ; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucron- ately pointed, entire, partly clasping, roughish; involucre imbricated with broadly linear scales appressed at the base, crowned with long and spreading foliaceoua tips; heads in corymbose panicles; achenia canescent. Banks of the Juniata, Huntingdon Co. Dr. Porter ! in Gray's Flora. Stem 1 to. 2 feet high, with the branchlets, the uppermost leaves and involucre minutely roughish-gl andular with resinous dots. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ^ to % wide* Meads fewer and much smaller than: in A. Nova? Anglire. Mays violet-purple. 4, ****** Orthomekis, Torr. & Gray '.—Scales imbricated, with membranaceous: margins, destitute of green tips; pappus of soft and unequal, capillary bristles. 24. A. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Pointed-leaved Aster. Somewhat hairy ; stem simple, flesuous, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi- nate, serrate; involucre imbricated with linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin scales;. heads in corymbose panicles. Mountains and woods. Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base, 3 to 5 inches long. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few-flowered, nearly or quite naked. Heads. rather large with i2 to 18 long, white, often tinged with purple rays. 5. ******* OxYTHipOLHjMj DC. — Pappus soft and capillary; achenia striate;- leaves thickish or succulent. 25. A. flexuosus, Nutt. Perennial Salt Marsh Aster.. Stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves linear; lower lance-linear thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; in volucre bell-shaped, with ovate-lanceolate imbri- cated scales in many rows ; heads large, terminal on the ends of the branches ; rays numerous, shorter than the involucre. Salt marshes. Sept. — Nov. Stem, 1. to 2 feet high, with the whole plant very smooth, usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads large, 1 to 2: on the branchlets. Pays numerous, large, pale purple. Disk yellow. 26. A. linifolius, L. Annual Salt Marsh Aster. Smooth; stem much branched, erect, spreading; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre oblong, with linear awl shaped, scales in few rows ; heads in racemes or panicles. Salt marshes. Aug. — Oct. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thick, smooth, reddish, very branching. Leaves smooth, sessile. Heads small, in a loose terminal panicle. . Bays somewhat in two row;?, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerouj, than the disk flowers, pal© purple or nearly white. 10. GALATELLA. Cass; Heads many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. Involucre: shorter than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 4l rows, the outer often 3-nerved, Receptacle alveolate.. composite. 16T Achenia oblong, silky-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial plants with straight stems, narrow 1 to 3 nerved, rather rigid entire leaves, often dotted, and flower* with purple or pale rays, and a yellow disk. 1. G-. hyssopifolia, Nees. Hyssop-leaved GalateUa. Stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted, •entire, rough, 3-nerved ; branch leaves linear-subulate, 1-neryed ; involucre scales acu- tish ; rays elongated. Sandy fields and open woods. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, with spreading branches, terminated with a single head. Bays 5 to 10, white or pale purple. The G. linifolia of Nees is perhaps only a variety of this species. 11. ERIGERON, Linn. Fleabane. Gr. er, the spring, and geron, an old maw, because it is hoary early "in the season* Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical ; the ray flowers numerous, very narrow, pistillate ; those of the dish tubular, perfect. Scales of the invloucre narrow, nearly equal and almost in a single row, Receptacle naked, flat. Achenia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-neryed. Pap- pus mostly simple. — Herbs with alternate leaves, mostly ses- sile, entire or toothed, and solitary or corymbed flowers with white or purple rays, * Rays not exceeding the dish. 1. E. canadense, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed. Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like; leaves linear or lance-linear, mostly entire ^liate, lower sometimes serrate ; heads small, very numerous, panicled ; rays crow ded. scarcely longer than the cylindric involucre. Fields and waste places, very common. July — Nov. A common annual weed of no beauty, growing everywhere, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, mostly very hairy. Zeaves very narrow with rough edges. Flowers small, white, of mean appearance, irregularly racemose upon the branches, and forming a large oblong panicle. Th» plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. * * Mays longer tiian the disk. 2. E. bellldifolium, Muhl. Robin's Plantain. Sairy ; radical leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; stem-leaves sessile*, distant, lance-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays 60 to 100, twice as long as the involucre. Perennial. Shady woods and moist banks, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, producing offsets from the base, rather naked above, bearing 1 to 9 large heads, on slender peduncles. leaves 2 to 3 inches by % to % mostly widest above the middle. Ray* bluish-purple sometimes nearly white. 3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Philadelphia Fleabane. Hairy ; stem leafy ; lower leaves wedgc-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate or ii> ■eisely toothed ; upper clasping, usually entire ; heads few, on elongated peduncles; rays very numerous, 150 to 200. Perennial. Woods and fields, common. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely corymbed at the summit, bearing several small heads. Leaves 2 to 4 mcheslonghf' % to % wide. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, very narrow* 168 COMPOSITE. 4. E. ANNUUM, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Sparsely hairy ; stem tall ; lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering into a margined petiole ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; rays very narrow. Annual. Fields and meadows; very common. June— Oct. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, angular, more or less hirsute, bearing numerous corymbed heads. Rays 100 or more, white, tinged with purple, scarcely the length of the somewhat hisped invol- ucre. 5. E. strigosum, Mulil. Strigose Fleabane. Stem slender, hairy ; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved -tapering to a long narrow petiole ; upper lanceolate ; heads in panicled corymbs rays narrow-linear. Fields and meadows : common. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, fur- rowed with short stiff hairs, -and bearing a larp:e. loose corymb. Rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. Plant -smaller and more simple than the last, but with longer rays. 12. DIPLOPAPP'US, Cass. Qr. diploos, double, and pappus, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genuj from Aster. Heads many-flowered; ray flowers 8 to 12 in a single se- ries, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu- cre with imbricated, appressed, lanceolate or awl-shaped scales, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Re- ceptacle fiat, alveolate (honey-comb-like). Achenia flat- tish. Pappus double, the outer very short, subulate, the inner long, capillary. '-^Perennials with entire alternate leaves, and corymbose or simple heads of flowers with cyanic rays and yellow disks. 1. D. linearifolius, Hook. Violet Diplopappus. Stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, roughish; leave, rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 1-ncrved, smooth, with very rough margins; heads terminating the simple slightly hoary branches. Dry soil. Aug., Sspt. A handsome species 8 to 20 inches high, several from the same woody root, vary leafy, purplish. Leaves numerous, rigidly upright or recurved, obtuse, pale beneath, shining above. Heads large for the size of the p'ant, solitary and terminal on the branches, with long showy Violet-colored rays. 2. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Umbelled Diplopappus. Smooth, leafy at the top ; haves lanceolate, elongated, acuminate and tapering at the base ; heads very numerous ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, obtusely lanceolate. Moist thickets, river hanks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, bushy at the top. leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath, 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, these of the branches smaller. Heads numerous, in a level-topped corymb. Rays about 12, white. 3. D. AMYGDALINUS, T. & Gr. Almond-leaved Diplopappus. Smooth or roughish above, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed *t the base; heads numerous ; scales of the involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse. Low grounds. Aug. Resembling the last, usually lower, rough, and with {loader and shorter leaves. COMPOSITE. 169 4. D. cornifolius, Darl. Cornel-leaved Diplopappus. Stem slender, low, pubescent and loosely panicled above ; leaves elliptical or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute on tbe margin, bairy on tbe veins beneath. Woods. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves conspicuously pointed at both ends, pale beneatb on very sbort stalks. Heads usually few, on rather rigid peduncles. Kays white. 13. BOLTONIA, I/Her. In honor of J. Bolton, a botanist of the 'last century. Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre hemispheri- cal with imbricated appressed scales, somewhat in 2 rows, crowned with narrow membraneous margins. Receptacle conical, punctate. Achenia flat 2 or 3 winged. Pappus of several minute bristles with 2 to 4 longer awns.— -Smooth branching perennial herbs, with lanceolate entire, sessile leaves, and loosely corymbose heads of flowers, with white or purplish rays. 1. B. asteroides, I/Her. Aster-like Boltonia. Leaves entire or obscurely serrate ; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns ; aehenia broadly oval. Moist places, along streams. July — Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, with a diffusely branched summit. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by % to % wide, reduced upwards to setaceous bracts 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads terminal on the filiform bractlets. Says purple, % inch long. 2. B. glastifolia, 1/Her. Glaucous Boltonia. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous ; pappus of several short bristles, and 2 or 3 more or less prolonged awns ; achenia obovate, broadly winged. Eich moist soil. Sept. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Stem leaves 2 to 4 inches long by % te 3 <£ wide, those of the branches smaller. Heads in a loose-corymb. Rays pur- plish, %. of an incn loil S- &*& yellow. 14. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. Gr. serikos, silky, and Tcarpos, fruit. Heads 12 to 15-flowered • ray-flowers 4 to 8 .pistillate'; disk-flowers 6 to 10, perfect. Involucre oblong or club- shaped, closely imbricated with appressed cartilaginous scales in several rows with short and abrupt green tips. Recepta- cle alveolate-toothed (honey-comb-like). Achenia short, obconic, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial tufted herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, and small clus- tered heads of flowers with white rays and yellow disks, disposed in a flat corymb. 1. S. solid AGINEUS, Nees. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus, Smooth ;stem erect, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough mar gins obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base; heads very small, in close cluster?.} ft w-£owered ; rays slender. z 170 COMPOSITE. Woods and low places ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem simple, about 2 feet high, often several from the same root. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 to 2 inches long." 1 ^ to %& inch wide. Heads in a fiat-topped corymb. Bays white, longer than the disk". Pappus white. 2. S. contzoides, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus. Slightly pnbescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, obscurely S-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at each end, ciliate ; lower serrate towards the apex; involucre top-shaped; heads rather loosely corymbed ; rays short. Dry woods; common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 5-angkd. rigid, but rather slender. Leaves somewhat fleshy, Heads few in small etas Bays longer than the disk, white, 15. CALLISTEPHUS, Cass. Gr. Jcallos, beautiful, and stejrfios, a crown. Ray-flowers pistillate, numerous; disk-floicers perfect. Involucre hemispherical. Receptacle sub-convex. Pap- pus double, each in one series, outer scries short, chaffy, bristly, with the bristles united into a crown j inner series of long, thread-like, rough, deciduous bristles. — Exotic annuals with alternate leaves and showy heads of flowers. 1. C. Chixensis, Nees. China Aster. Queen Margaret. Stem hisped; branches divergent, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, petio- late; stem leaves sessile, wedge-shaped at the base. — Native of China. Cultivation has produced many beautiful varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mettled rays. Stem 15 to 20 inches high, with long branches, each terminated by a single large head. Disk yellow. July — Sept. 16. DAHLIA, Linn. In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist. Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. — Showy Mexican perennial plants, with opposite pinnate leaves, and showy large heads of flowers. 1. D. variabilis, Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.) Stem green; raches of the leaves winged ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, puber- ulent or nearly smooth; outer involucre refiesed; ray-flowers pistillate, sterile or fertile. — Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves coarse and roughish resembling those of the common elder. Flowers large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every conceivable shade of white, scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from Aug. until arrested by frost. 2. D. coccinea, Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.) Stem frosty, or hoary, hollow; leaves with the racliis naked; leaflets roughish be - neath ; outer involucre spreading; rays neutral. — Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves glaucous. Bays scarlet, orange-colored or yellow, never purple or white. Section 2. Heads radiate ; rays yellow. COMPOSITE. 171 17. SOLIDAGO, Linn. Golden-rod. Lat. solklo, to join, or make whole; in allusion to its reputed vulnary properties. Heads few, or many-flowered. Rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Receptacle small, alveolate (honey-conib-like). Scales op the oblong involucre imbricated appressed. Aciienia niany-ribbed ; nearly round. Pappus simple, of equal capil- lary bristles. — Perennial herbs ivith stems branching near the top, wand-like ,- alternate leaves, and small heads of ypllow (one spe- cies whitish) flowers expanding in the autumnal months. * Stems much branched, corymbose; leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. lanceolata, Ait. Bushy Golden-rod. Stem angular, hairy, much branched ; leaves lance-linear, 3 to 5 nerved, rough- margined ; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters ; rays 15 to 20. Woods and meadows; common. Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terminating in a flat-topped corymb. Leaves numerous, long and narrow, distinctly 3-veined, acute- ly pointed. Flowers in terminal crowded clusters. Whole plant somewhat frag- rant. * * Stem simple, corymbose above; lower leaves oval or lanceolate, petioluie. 2. S. rigida, L. Rigid Golden-rod. Rough and somewhat hoary; stem stout, erect, very leafy; lower leaves oval, ere nate-dentate, rigid ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; hea about 3 to 4 flowered, large, in compact erect racemes ; rays 7 to 10. Dry fields and rocky woods. Aug., Sept. A tall species, 3 to 5 feet high, very pubescent when young. Leaves rigid, the radical ones sometimes near a foot long Heads very large, many-flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches. Rays deep yellow. * * * Heads in glomerate axillary clusters. 3. S. SQUARROSA, Muhl. Large spiked Golden-rod. fifem stout, simple, densely pubescent above ; leaves smooth, oblong or the lower spatulate-oval, serrate, veiny; scales squarrose with spreading green tips; heads many-flowered. Rocky wooded hills. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Lower leaves large, tapering into a margined petiole. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy compound spike. Mays 10 to 12, elongated, bright yellow. 4. S. cesia, Ait. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. Smooth : stem terete, erect : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters or racemes ; rays 5 to 7. Moist rich woodlands ; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, usually dark purple and glaucous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, long- poiuted, sts i , glaucous beneath. Hads middle-sized, in numerous axillary ra- cemes. Flowers deep yellow. 5. S. latipolia, L. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. Nearly smooth; stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth ; leaves broad, ovate or oval, long pointed at each end, coarsely dentate-serrate ; heads in very short axillary clusters or racemes. Moist woods and shaded banks ; common. Aug.— Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, slender, mostly smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 wide, with acute and oftt a locg serratures. Clusters of heads short,[the stem terminating with a long terminal one. Bays 3 to 4. Disk-flowers 6 to 7. " 172 COMPOSITE. 6. S. bicolor, L. Wliite-rayed Golden-rod. Hairy; stem simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end ; lower ones serrate, short-stalked; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; scales of the involucre obtuse. Woods and dry hills ; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Lower leaves tapering into a petiole. Clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle Bays about 8, small, cream-color or nearly white. Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray. Flowers all yel- low. *** * Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes.- 7: S. puberula, Nutt. Puberulent Golden-rod'. Minutely puberulent ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base ; lower leaves wedge-lanceolate, subserrate; heads very numerous, crowded in compact erect-spreading short racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed ; rays about 10, elongated. Low woods in sandy so il. Aug. — Oct. Stem straight, purplish, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves very minutely pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long ; the lower ones on dense winged stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow, in a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle. 8. S. STRICTA, Ait. Upright Golden-rod. Smooth throughout ; Stem simple, strict ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower ones tapering gradually into winged petioles, somewhat sheathing at the base* minutely serrate above the appressed teeth ; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5 to 6, small. Wet woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very smooth. Boot leaves 6 to 10 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Panicle terminal, close, compound, of short, dense, appressed racemes. Heads 12 to 18 flowered. 9. S. speciosa, Nutt. Showy Golden-rod. Stem smooth, simple ; leaves oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong" lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; involucre cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales. Woods ; rather common. Aug. — Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 fee^ high. Leaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 wide in the larger forms. Heads very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, in a large showy pyramidal panicle. Bays about 5, large. *. * * * * Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves triple-veined. . 10. S. nemoralis, L. Grey Golden-rod. Field Aster. Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent; stem simple or corymbed at the summit leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenateTdentate and tapering into a petiole ; heads' in numerous paniculate-secund racemes ; scales of the involucre linear oblong, appressed ; rays 6 to 9. Dry, sterile fields ; very common. Sept. A common starved looking species, 1 to 2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellow rays. Bacemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound panicle, which is usually turned to one side. 11. S. Canadensis, L. Canadian Golden-rod. Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent beneath ; heads small ; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved ; rays very short. Borders of thickets and fields ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, f crowed. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, roughen the u|>- COMPOSITE. ITS per side. Heads very numerous*, small, with very obscure yellow rays. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter varying to oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate. 12. S. SEROTINA, Ait. Late-flowering Golden-rod. Stem very smooth, tall and stcut, often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish, slender, pubescent; rays numerous, short. Thickets and low grounds ; common. Sept., Oct. Stern 4 to S feet high, terete, sometimes purplish-, Leaves 3 to 7 inches long, % as wide, lower ones slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Heads numerous, middle-sized, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at the summit. < 13. S. gig ante A, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod, Stem smooth, stout and tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate ; heads in paniculate racemes ; brandies pubescent ; peduncles and pedicels hahy ; rays rather long. Fields and fence rows; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, green some- times purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2- to 7 inches long, \< as wide, acuminate at each end. loads larger than in the two preceding species. Panicle diffuse on spreading, leafy branches. **** Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves feather-veined, all entire. 14. S. SEMPER VIRENS, It. Evergreen or Salt Marsh G.-rod. Smooth ; stem stcut; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping; the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-served ; heads in erect racemoss panicles; rays 8 to 10, elongated. Salt marshes and river banks near the water. Sept. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, pur- plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads showy,- with golden yellow rays. 15. S. ODORA, Sweet-scented Golden-rod. Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-ova: ; leaves linear-lanceo- late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous o-n the margin; racemes paniculate one-sided. Borders of thickets, sunny hilleand fertile woodland. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, ^ to % wide. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes, forming a terminal pyramidal panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and flowers when dried form an excellent substitute for tea. The leaves are aromatic, and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. ******* Heads in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, the lower ones toothed. 18. S. patula, Mulil. Spreading Golden-rod. Stem smooth, strongly angled ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, very smooth and veiny, uuderneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading. Swamp3 ; common, Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, often purple, branched above. Leaves often 6 to 8 inches long, lead-colored; the lower ones oblong-spatu- Iate, the upper surface remarkably rough. Heads rather large on numeroixs ra- . on the spreading branches. Bays 1 to 7, oblong. 17. S. NEGLECTA-, Torr. & Gray, Neglected Golden-rod. Smooth; stem stout; leaves thickish, varying from narrow-lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; re, cemes dense,one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches. Swamps. Aug.. Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches. Lower leaves 5 to 7 inches long. Heads middle-sized, 10 to 20 flowered. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 18. S. ARGUTA, Ait. Sliarp-tootlied Golden-rod. Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves eliptical or lance-oval, sharply serrate,- with- 174 COMPOSITE. spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate peti" oles; upper leaves lanceolate ot oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes dense, at length elongated and recurred, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8 to 12, small. "Woods and banks-; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, sometimes purple. Heads small, very numerous. Scales of the -involucre closely appressed. — Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes.. S. juncea of Ait. is a variety with narrow leaves and less dense panicles. . 19. S. Muhlenberglt, T. & Gr. Muhlenberg 's Golden-rod. Smooth ; stem angled ; radical leaves ovate, on margined petioles ; stem leaves ellip- tical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed at both ends ; racemes one-sided, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle. tow grounds. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long open panicle. Leaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-veined. Heads middla-sized, with 6 tc & large spatulate-oblong rays. 20. S. ALTissiMA, L. Fall Bough Golden-rod. Rough, hairy; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip- tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, rough and wrinkled; racemes pa- niculate, spreading or recurved ; rays 6 to 9. borders of fields and woods ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, much branched at top. Lmves numerous on the stem and branches, variously toothed or serrate. Branches, widely spreading,- each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A very variable species. 21. S. ulmifolia, Mulil. Elm-leaved Goldeiurod. Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate oroblong-lanceolata, pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; involucre scales lanceolate-oblong ; rays about i. Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept. Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat- - tered hairs. Boot-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads in racemes which are often slender and usually recurved. Bay's deep-yellow. Distinguished from the last by its smooth stem and the larger leaves. 18. GHRYSOPSIS, Nutt: Golden Aster: Gr. chrusos. gold, and opsis, aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms. Heads many-flowered. Bay-flowers numerous, ligu- late, pistillate ) those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu- cre imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous tips. Eeceetacle flat. AGHENiAobovate, flattened, hairy. Pappus double,. the exterior short, interior copious, capilla- ry. — Perennial hairy herbs, icith alternate entire leaves, ratlier large, often corymbose heads of golden yellow flowers terminating the branches, 1. C. Mariana, Nutt. Maryland Chysopsis. Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs ; leaves- oblong or elliptical, veiny, nearly entire, the upper closely sessile, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb nearly simple. Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayed, J iuA terminal somewhat umbellate corymb. Fed-uncles viscid, glandular. C0MP0SIT2E. 175- Section 3. Heads radiate; rays yellow ; antJiers with tails at the base; receptacle naked. 19*. INULA, Linn. Elecampane. The ancient Latin name. Heads many-flowered. Bay-flowers in a single series', pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; disk-flowers perfect, tubular. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of capillary bristles. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex, naked. Heads solitary or corymbose. — Coarse European perennial herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers. Helenium, L. Common Elecampane. Stout ; root-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-leaves somewhat clasping, all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like; rays narrow, very numerous ; achenia prismatic, 4-sided. A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe. Aug. Stem i to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-leaves 1 to 3 feet long, 6 to 12 inches wide. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, bright yel- row. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The root is mucilaginous ; ancPis highly esteemed as a domestic medicine. 20. ECLIPTA, Einn. Gr. eUeipa, to be deficient, alluding to the absenee of pappus. Heads niany -flowered.. Bay-flowers pistillate, in one- series, ligulate, very narrow and short ; disk-flowers per- fect, tubular, 4-toothed. Involucre in 2 series ; the scales 10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Beceptacle flat, fur- nished with linear thread-like chaff. Achenia short, 3 to 4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit. Pappus none, or an obscure toothed crown. — Annual or bi- ennial rough herbs, with slender stems , opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or solitary and terminal ,- an- thers brown. E. procumbens, Michx. Procumbent Eclipta. Rough with close appressed hairs-; stem procumbent, creeping or ascending; leaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles axil^. lary or terminal longer than the head. Annual. Damp sandy soils, western parts of the State. June — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, often rooting at the base. Leaves % to 1 inch by ^ to %. rough, obscurely triple- veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays on peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. bra«hypoda has the peduncles scarcely longer than th!a head. Section 3.— Heads discoid. 21. PLUCHIA, Cass. Marsh Fleabane, Named in honor of A". Pluche, a French botanist. 176 COMPOSITE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla ; the outer inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate corollas, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, na- ked. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary in a single row. —Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smell, with alternate entire leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. P. fcetida, DC. Fcctid Marsh Fleabane. Nearly smooth; stem erect, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate; acute at each end, distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely serrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate corymbs. Open, hilly grounds and river banks, -western parts of the State. Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. Leaves i to 7 inche3 long, iy 2 to 3 wide, sprin- kled -with minute dots, on petioles % to 1 inch long. Tribe IV. SENICIONIDEiE. The Groundsel Tribe. Heads radiaU or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage; haves opposite or alternate. Section 1. — Heads radiate ; flowers yellowish or greenish. 22. POLYMNIA, Linn. Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, for no imaginable reason. Heads many-flowered. Ray-elowers pistillate, ligulate, in one series; disk-elowers perfect, tubular, sterile. Re- ceptacle flat, chaffy. Involucre double; the outer scales about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner small and membranaceous, surrounding the round obovoid achenia. Pappus none. — Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial herbs, with large opposite leaves, the upper lobed with diluted appen- dages at the base, and light yellow heads of flowers in panicled co- rymbs. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Leaf -cup. Clammy, hairy ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate ; the uppermost triangu- lar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre. Moist, shaded ravines. June, July. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, roughly pubescent and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly 3 to 5 lobed at the apex. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double involucre, so as to form a sort of a cup, hence called leaf-cup. Heads % inch in diameter. 2. P. Uvedalia, L. Large Leaf -cup. Roughisb, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile, the lower palmately loted, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scales of the involucre very large; rays 10 to 15. Rich soils, July; Aug. Stem 3 to feet high, round. Loxver leaves very large. composite. 177 Heads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer than- the involucre, bright yellow ; disk dull yellow. 23. SILPHIUM, Linn. Rosin-plant. Gt. silphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge- nus by Linnaeus. Heads many-flowered: Ray-flowers numerous, ligu- late, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 to 3 rows ; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, tube short. Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre bell- shaped, with imbricated scales in several rows, the outer with loose leaf-like summits. Achenia broad and flattened, sur- rounded by a ring which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin ; those-of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap- pus. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious xe&inous juice, and large heads of yellow flowers in corymbose pan-* icles. * Stem round or slightly 4rdngled, leafy : leaves undivided. 1. S. trifoliatum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant." Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous ; stem leaves lanceolate? ppinted, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or 4; upper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled ; involucre smooth; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse; achenia broadly oval, sharply 2-toothed at the top. Dry woods and plains. Aug. Stem 5 to 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish- Leaves thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads loosely cymose on rather, long peduncles* Rays 12 to 16, expanding about 2% inches, bright yellow. **Stem square; leaves opposite, connate. 2. S. perfoliatum, L. Cup Plant. Stem stout, square; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed towards the base ; heads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle. Rich soil along streams. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above- Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup" shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their bases. Heads large, with. 15 to 25 yellow. rays. Ache nia winged and variously notched. 24. AMBROSIA, Toura. Rag-weed. Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, a term strangely applied. Heads monoecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile at the top of the spike. Sterile involucre flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5 to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. Fertile involucre oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu- ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a single pistillate flpwer. Achenia ovoid. — Herbaceous chief- 178 C^MPOSIT^E. ly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish /lowers. 1. A. triflda, L. Great Rag-weed. Stem tall and stout; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate; racemes panicled:/™i£6-ribbed, tbe ribs terminating in as many crested tubercles Var. — ixtegrifolia has all tbe leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval, pointed. Low moist grounds, and banks of streams ; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet 1 ijhj squs re, rough and hairy as wella;th3 , a?ge]eive c v Leaves 4 to 7 inches broad, opposite. Flowers obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes, axillary and terminal. 2. A. artemisjefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog- weed. Common Rag-weed. Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; racemes or spikes loosely panicled ; fruit oboyoid globular, pointed, armed with about short teeth. — Yar. hetekophylla. has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the branches lanceolate. Waste places ; common everywhere. July — Sept. An extremely variable weed., 1 to 3 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal' species. 25. XANTHIUM, Toura. Cockle-burr. Gr. xanthus, yellow; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield. Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in short spikes or -racemes above. Fertile involucre closed, eoriacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles, so as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-flowered, the flowers pis- tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. Sterile involucre sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series. Achenia oblong, flat. — Low coarse annuals, with stout bran- ching stems and alternate lobed ot toothed petioled leaves. 1. X. STRUMARIUM, L- Common Coclde-burr. Clot-weed. Stem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, rough; fertile involucre oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight. Roadsides and waste places ; introduced. July — Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long stalks, rigid. FtrWe flowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fruit a hard 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked prickles. 2. X. spinosum, L. Thorn Clot-burr. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, entire or slightly 3- lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath. Waste places ; introduced. Sept.- — Nov. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, armed with 3-par- ted slender spurs. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli- tary ; fertile in the lower and sterile in the upper axils. Tribe V. HELIANTHEJE. The Sun-flower tribe. composite. 179 Heads radiate or rarely discoid; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile: reccp- •cle chaffv ; anthers blackish, ivithout tails at the base; pappus none, or crown-like, or or two chaffy axons, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales: leaves chiefly ppos&e. 26. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. Gt. helios, the sun, and opsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flower 10 or more in one series, ligulate, fertile; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Involucre in 2 or 3 rows j. the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading ; the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical ; chaff linear. Achexia smooth, 4-angled. Pap- pus none, or a mere "border. — Perennial herhs, with opposite petioled haves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous yellow rays. H. ljeyis, Pers. Common Ox-eye. Nearly smooth : leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-orate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-veinecl. A large showy plant in hedges and thickets : common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, angular. 2 or 3 times forked above. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. — Tar. 3CABBA,has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hcary, 6 feet bigh. Yar. graciles is smafi. and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, acute at the base, 2 feet high. 27. RUDBECKIA, In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden. Heads many-flowered \ ray-flowers neutral, in a single series, ligulate ; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Re- ceptacle conical or columner, with short concave chaff. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped. Pappus none, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly per- tnnial herbs, icith alternate leaves and showy large heads of flowers terminating the item branches, with long and drooping yellow rays, * Disk pale green or purplish. 1. R. laciniata, L. Tall Cone-flower. Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 5 f ■ 7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly, 3 to 5-parted: the lobes ovate- lanceolate, pointed, or entire; chaff truncate and downy at the tip. Low thickets : common. July — Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to S feet high. ses gradually less and less'divided from the lowest to the uppermost ones. R-ads rather large, terminal. Hays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow. * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown. 2. R. triloba, L. Three-lobed Cone-flower. Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves -lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; lower leaves 3-lobed, taper- ing at the base, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear, '180 COMPOSITE. Dry soil. July— Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very branching. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 3- veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. Rays about 8, deep yellow, % to 1 inch long, % as wide. 3. R. speciosa, Wender. JSJwwy Cone-flower. Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated rays; cltaff of the disk acutish, smooth. Dry soil. Aug. — Oct. Stein 1 to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminatedby single large beads. Leaves rather thin, those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6 to 10 inches long. Hays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow. 4. "R. fulgida, Ait. Small-flowered Rudbeclcia. Hairy; stem with slender branches ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, 3-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays ; 'chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. Dry soil. July — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the upright branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads. Bays 12 to 14, scarcely longer than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow, 2-cleft at the summit. Disk nearly hemispherical, purple. 5. R. hirta, L. Hairy Rudbechia. Tery rough and bristly -hairy ; stem simple or branched near the base; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, 3-neTved, on petioles ; scales nearly equalling the rays ; chaff hairy at the tip. Dry soil. July — Sept. A showy plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with the stem simple or branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Bays 12 to 15, bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk of dark purple or brown chaff and flowers. 28. LEPACHYS, Raf. Gr.lepis, a scale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff. Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, neutral, in a single series ; those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre few, small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or -columner ; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar- gined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers, with lojig drooping rays ,• disk grayish. L. PINNATA, Torr. & G-ray. Tall Lepachys. Hairy with minute, appressed hairs; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, acute at both ends, toothed or entire ; disk oblong ; rays much longer than the disk. Dry soil. -July — Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, -with naked branches above, terminated by single showy heads. Bays yellow, about 2 inches long, slightly tootbed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate odor when bruised. Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy ; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate. 29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunflower. Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower. Heads many-flowered -, rat-flowers in one series, ligu- Jate ; neutral ; those of the disk ; tubular, perfect. In vol- COMPOSITE. 181 ucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persis- tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia. Pappus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned scales (sometimes additional smaller ones). — Coarse and stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves , generally triple-veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays. * Disk flowers dark purple. 1. H. atrorubens, L. Daffc-red Sunfllower. Stem erect, branched above, hisped with long scattered hairs : leaves mostly op- posite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the disk. Gravelly 6oils. Aug., Sept. Per. — Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Lowzr leaves very large and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays about 16, yellow ; disk dark purple. 2. H. ANNUUS, L. Common Sunflower. Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, lower ones opposite; peduncles thick; flowers nodding- Native of South America. July, Aug. Stem 7 to 15 feet high. Heads of flowers very large, with broad rays of a brilliant yellow color. A splendid variety occurs 1 with the flowers all radiate. * * Disk flowers yellow ; leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate. 3. H. mollis, Lam. Downy Sunflower. Stem villous ; leaves ovate with a somewhat cordate and clasping base, pointed : nearly entire, hoary above; involucre scales lanceolate, downy. Low grounds. July— Sept, Per.— Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves hoary above, very soft white-hairy and reticulate underneath. Heads few, rather large ; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow. 4. H. STRUMOSUS, L. Pale-leaved Sunflower. Stem tall, rather simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nerv- ed, rough above, whitish and- pubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles ; involucre scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equal- ling the disk. River banks and dry woods; common. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem rough above, smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high, slender,- simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, on roughly pubescent peduneles ; rays about 10, bright yellow. 5. H. DIVARICATUS, I*. Cross-leaved Sunflower. Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricate, 3-nerved, serrate, thick • i ;h rough ; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread- ing ; equalling the disk. Thickets and barrens ; common. Aug,, Oct Per.— Stem 1 to 5 feet high, some- times purple and glaucous, simple or forked and corymbed above. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Heads small, few, in a terminal panicle ; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow ; disk yellow. 6. H. TRACHELIFOLIUS, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower, Stem, tall, hairy, loosely branched above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, smoothish or roughish-pubescent on both, sides, contracted into short petioles; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated and very acuminate, loose, outer ones larger and squarrose, -A2 182 COMPOSITE. Dry swamps. Aug. — Oct. P>?r. Stem 3 to G feet high, purplish. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by ^ to 3 inches wide on petioles % to 1/4 inches lorg. Heads mid- dle sized, borne at the top of the slender suberect branches ; rays expanding 2 to S inched long. 7. H. gigaxteus, L. Tall Sunflower. Stem rough or hairy, branched above • leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, nearly senile ; involucre scales long, lineaf-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. Thickets and swamps ; common. Aug., Sept. Ter. — Stem 3 to-10 feet high, pan- iculate! y branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous, in a loose terminal panicle ; rays 12 to 20, pale yellow ; disk greenish yellow. 8. H. decapetalus, L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. Stem erect, tall and branching, smooth below, rough above ; leaves ovate-lanceo- late, on short margined petioles, acuminate coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, thin and slightly scabrous ; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the crat:r longer than the disk. Copses and low banks of streams ; common. Aug. — Oct. Per. — Stem 3 to 5 feet high, slender, somewhat branching at the summit. Outer invuhtcral scales some- times foliaceous or changing to leaves. Heads in a f&stigiate corymb ; rays S to 10, narrow, pale yellow. 9. H. microcepilalus, "Torr. ..& Or. Small-headed Sunflower. Stem smooth, with 4 to G slender branches above ; leaves opposite, or the upper ones alternate, thin ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat serrate, veiny, pctio- led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ;piduncles slender, rough; involucre scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the outer with squarrose tips. Woods and thickets, western part of the State. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, usually in. tufU. Heads small, oblong, % to % inch broad ; rays 5 to G, nearly 1 inch long. : * Leaves alternate, sometimes epposite below. 10. H. MULTIFLORUS, L. Many-rayed Sunflower. Stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alternate, petioled,- toothed, 3-nervod ; lower cordate, upper ovate; involucre, scales linear-lanceolate, eiliate, inner c&os lanceolate. Houn tain woods. July — Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leaves sometimes opposite, rough, serrate. Involucre with 40 to CO scales, imlricatc, net squarrose. Heads erect; rays numerous, oblong. Perhaps introduced. 11. H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Hoot bearing tubers ; Stem stout and tall, branched, rough ; leaves alternate, ovate, petiolate, 3-nerved, rough, serrate ; lower cordate-ovate; petioles ciliate at b&se; involucre scales linear lanceolate. Fields and cultivated grounds; naturalized, also cultivated. July — Sept. Tey. Stem 1 to S feet high, branched. Leaves largo wedge-shafed at base; Iwvtr onea opposite, rarely ternate or lobed. Heads rather large, terminal, on angular r ubc-s- ;ent peduncles ; rays 12 to 20 ; yellow. The root is sometimes u^ed for pickling. 80. COREOPSIS, -Linn. Tickseex>. Gr. Jcoris, a hug, and opst's, resemblance ; from the form of the fruit. Heads many-flowered j ray flowers about 8, neutral, in a single series ; dish flowers, small, tubular, perfect. Invol- ucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer somewhat fo« COMPOSITE. 18o Ilaceous and'spreatling; the inner broader and appressed. — Receptacle flat, with membraneceous chaff. Achenia flat, often winged, 2 toothed, 2 awned, or sometimes naked at the summit. — Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, and yellow or parti-colored, rarely purple rays. * Rays wanting. 1. C. BIDENTOIDES, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish; leaves lanceolate-linear, cut, toothed t • pering Into a petiole ; awns slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol- la, or the bristly young achenia. Near Philadelphia, Nuttall. — Pro£ Gray thinks this a very obscure and undoubt- ful plant. * * Rays and disk yellow ; leaves opposite, divided-, 2. C. trichosperma, Michx. Tiekseed Sunflower. Smooth, brauched; leaves short peticled, 5 to 7-divlded ; leaflets lanceolate or lin- ear, cut-toothed or the upper leaves only 3 to 5 cleft and nearly sessile ; outer invol- ucre scales subspatulate, ciliate-serrate ; heads in corymbose panicles. Swamps, near the coast. Aug. — Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, much branched, smooth. Branches and leaves mostly opposite. Ltaws thin, subsessile. Leaflets narrow tapering to a long point with a few unequal re- mote serratures. Iliads large showy, yellow. Achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stoat- teeth. 3. C. TRIPTERIS, Michx. Three-leaved Ticlcseed. Smooth ; Stem simple, tall, corymbose at summit ; leaves 3 to 5-divided ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the- margins; heads small on short peduncles. Banks of streams. Aug. — Oct. Per. An elegant species, 4 to 6 feet high, slen- der, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by ^i to 1^ inches wide. Heads rather small, in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduucles ; rays about 8, spreading % inch long, yellow. The heads exhale the odor of anise when bruised, CULTIVATED SPECIES. * ** Rays or dish purple. 4. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Dyer's Coreopsis: Elegant Coreopsis. Leaves alternate, those of the root subpinnate ; leaflets oval, entire, smooth ; stem, l&aves subpinnate ; leaflets linear ; acJienia naked. A handsome border annual, na- tive of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with brownish purple at their base. Flowering all summer. Partially naturalized in Union Co. ' 5. C. DrummOndii, T. & Gr. Brumniond's Coreopsis. Pubescent; leaves pinnately dividedj sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire; involucre scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays unequally 5 toothed, twice 1 onger than the involucre ; achenia obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. A beau- tiful annual from Texas. / yellow flowers., 1 V. SlEGESBECKlA, Miehx. - Siegesbeck's CrOwnheard. Stem smooth, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, Serrate, pointed at both onds, smooth or pubescent underneath; heads in compound corymbs; involucre scales obtuse, few: achenia wingless. Rich soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, with 4 leafy wings. Leaves 5 to 8 inches wide, thin, tapering to a winged petiole* Heads in ecrymbs, yellowc Rays 1 to 5 lanceolate, 3 toothed, % inch long. 2. V: ViRGiNlCA, Virginian Crownbeard. Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, feather-veined, serrate, acute at each end, the lower decurrent ; heads in compound corymbs, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval ; achenia narrowly winged. Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heads about 20-flowered, in crowded corymbs. Hays very short,, the tube (and involucre) pubescent, pale yel« low, oval, scarcely % inch long. . Section 2. — Pappus- composed cf severaldistinct-chaffy scales. 30. HELENIUM, Linn. False Sunflower. Named after Helen, the wife of Me'nelaus. Heads many-flowered; radiate ; Ui^ray-flowers in a aia- COMPOSITE. 187 gle series, pistillate, ligulate or rarely tubular, 3 to 5 cleft,. disk-flowers perfect, tubular, very shoi 1 4 to 5 toothed. In- volucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-sha- ped, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, each extended into a bristle or point. — Erect brandl- ing herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or cor ymbed heads of yellow ftoviers^ H. AUTUMNALE, L. S eeze-weed, :'. Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, toothed, acute, decur- lent ; disk globose ; rays 3 to 5- cleft, spreading or renexeft. • Alruvial soils, low grounds. Per. -Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrowed at the base, the upper nearly entire, Heads showy middle-sized, in a terminal corymb ; rays yellow, wedge-shaped ; dis k greenish-yellow. "Whole plant intensely bitter. Section ~ 3, Pappus none, cr- a very short croicn.- Heads radiaU or discoid, Leaves -alternate. Sir MARUTA, Cass. May-weed. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers, ligulate, neutral; disk-flowers perfect Involucre somewhat imbricated shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, more or less chaf- fy, Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none. — An- nual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice pinnately divi- ded leaves, and single heads with white rays and yellow disk termis nating the branches. * M. COTULA, BO. " Common May-weed. Smootbish; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear scales of the inv<>lucre with whitish margins ; receptacle, conic. Roadsides, common. Annual. June — Oct. Stem a foot high, erect, branched. Leaves pale green, more or less pilose ; segments -very narrow, Heads on elongated slender peduncles; rays about 12, white: digit convex, yellow. Receptacle chaffy only among the upper flowers, An exotic, every where naturalized. - 38. ANTHEMIS, Linn. Chamomile. Gt. Anthemis, theancient name, -given in allu3ion to the profusion of the nowere. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers in one series ligulate, pistillate; disk-flowers tubular perfect. Involucre scales imbricate in a few series. - Receptacle convex oblong or conic. Achenia terete, striate or smooth. Pappus none or a minute crown. — Annual or perennial herbs, with aromatic or strong odor, 1 to 2 pinnately divided leaves, and the branches ter<** minated by single heads, with white rays and yellow disk. 188 COMPOSITE. 1. ■ A. ARVENSis, L. Corn' Chamomile. Pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted; divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; involucre scales obtuse'; chaff lanceolate, pointed ; achenia crowned with a very short margin. Fields and cultivated grounds'. Introduced from Europe. June— Au?. Bienn'- al. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, branched. Loaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large ; rays broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. 2. A. nobilis, L. Garden Chamomile. Stem prostrate, branching from the base, wcolly ; leaves decompound-pinnatifid ; segments linear-subulate ; chaff with a thin membraneous margin, lanceolate, scarcely as long as the flowers. Per. Native of Europe. Cultivated in gardens- for its tonic and anodyne properties. The agreeable 6cent of the chamomile is well known, 39. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yarrow. So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 4 to 6 pistillate, ligu- late, short, or none ; disk-flowers perfect, tubular 5-toothed. j^fECEPTACLE chaffy, ffattish/ Achenia" oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with much di- vided alternate leaves and-small corymbose Jieads of whitish flowers. 1. A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow. Milfoil. iSCewis mostly simple, erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the divisions linear, 3 to' 5 cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre ob- long; receptacle small. Fields and hills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched at the top. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, cut into very numerous narrow segments. Hexds nu- merous, in a dense terminal fastigiate corymb ; rays i. to 5, short, white 6r~f ose-col- ored. 40. : LEUCANTIIEMUM. Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. Gr. leulcos, white, and anthzmon, a flower. ■ Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, fertile, or rarely neutral j disk-flowers perfect, with a fleshy somewhat 2-winged tube. Involucre broad and flat, imbricated; scales with scarious margins. Receptacle naked, flat or convex. Achenia. of the disk and ray. similar, striate, des- titute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnati- Jid, alternate leaves and large single heads, with white rays and y el* low disk terminating the branches. 1. L. vulgare, Lam. Ox-eye. White Daisy. White- weed. Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above ; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, toothed ; sten, -eaves somewhat clasping, cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; involucre scales with a' aarrow rusty brown margin. A "pernicious weed, extensively naturalized in fields and meadows. June — Aug. Sim 1 to- 2 ftet bigb ; -erect or sub-decumbent at base, smoothis-li. ■ Leaves -compas* COMPOSITE. 189 ativelyfew and small. Heads large, solitary on the branches, with 20 to 30 showy white rays, and numerous yellow disk flowers. {Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.^ Lion.) 41. PYRETHRUM, Linn. Feverfew, Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with mem- - braneous margins. Receptacle naked/. Pappus a mem- braneous margin crowning the achenia. — European herbs y . chiefly perennials, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. P. parthenium, L. Fkverfeio. Stem erect ; leaves petiolate, flat tripinnate ; segments ovate ; heads on branching . corymbose peduncles ; involucre pubescent. Several varieties are' common in cul- tivation, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their pure white • double flowers^ borne; on a pyramidal corymb. 42. CHRYSANTHIBIUM, Linn. Gr. Tcrusos, gold, anthos, flower ; many species bearing golden colored- flowers. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate 12 or more ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre imbricate^ . hemispherical; scales with membraneous margins. Re- ceptacle naked. Pappus none. — Annual and perennial, . ornamental cultivated plants natives of China and other Eastern: countries, vjith alternate lobed leaves and large nhowy heads of flow-' ers. 1. C. CORONARIUM, L., Sfowy Aster. Stem branched; leaves bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute,: Annual. Na-._- tive of S. Europe and N. Africa. Aug. Stem about 3 feet high, striate smooth, . esest, with alternate clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, of a deep - yellow color, double in cultivation, 2. C. carlnatum,. WiUxL Three-colored, Chrysanthe- mum. Mostly smooth; feares bipinnate, fleshy; involucre scales carinate. Native of Barbary. Annual. July— Oct. Heads large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays white with a yellow base^ . 3. C. sinense, Sabine. Chinese Chrysanthemum. Leaves coriaceous, petiolate, serrate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ; rays very nu- : nacrous, long. Native of China, where it has long, been cultivated and highly es- teemed for its beauty. Numerous varieties have been produced, with double, semi-double and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. Blooming in No- vember, when all other flowers have, disappeared, makes them desirable plants for . avery flower garden... 43. TANACETUM, Linn. Tanzt. Said to be a corruption of athanasia, undying, from its durable flowers. Heads many-nowered ; nearly discoid ; all fertile; the mar-» 11)0 COMPOSITE. g4rial flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 to 5 toothed, forming a kind of ray. Involucre hemispherical ; scales imbrica- ted, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a short crown. — Bit- ter and acrid strong-scented'herbs, with alternate l to 2 pinnately dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers. 1. T. vulgare, L. Common Tanzy. SleYn erect, smooth ; leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed. Cultivated and naturalized, common. Aug. Per. Stems clus tered 2 to 3 feet !algh, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Na'.ive of Europe. Yar. crispum has the leaves more cut and crisped. U. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwood. Dedicated to the Geddess Artemis. Heals discoid, few to many-flowered; the flowers all tu- bular, those of the disk perfect ; marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre ovoid ; scales imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenia obovbid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Bitter herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and small heads of yellow or purplish flowers in panicled spikes or racemes. * Receptacle na\ed. Abkotanum, Tour'ri. 1. A. vulgaris, L. Common Mugwert. Branches and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly.; stem-leaves pinnatifid'"; segments lanceolate, variously cut or entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in open leafly panicles. Banks of streams, and waste places. Per. Sept., Oct. Stem, 2 to 3 feet high, branching; into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable. Heads few, pur- plish. Intro luced from Europe and naturalized. 2'. A. AbRotanum, L. /Southernwood.' Stem erect; lower leaves bipinnate; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; involucre hem? ■ is pherical, downy. A well known shrubby plant, common in cultivation. Stem about 3 feet high. Leaves alternate mnch divided into linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of South Europe-. * * Receptacle hairy. Fiowers all fertile. AE3ixTint T M, Tourn. ' 3. A. absinthium, L. Common Wormwood. Shrubby, erect, silky-can escent; leaves bipinnatifid ; segments lanceolate, often incised, obtuse; heads hemispherical, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding; recp- tacle hairy. Common in gardens. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, sevc ral from one root. Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. The whole plant is very bitter, and possessed of valuable medicinal properties as a tonic, stomachic, &c 4. A. pontica, L. Roman Wormwood. /J&Ti-^CJveshipinnate; leaflets linear, tomentos-e beneath; heads roundish, pcuuBp- COMPOSITE. 101 cled, nodding. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with simple branch- es and racemes of yellow flowers. Hedds about 24 flowered. From Austria. 45. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cudweed. Gr. jnapfialon, a lock of wool ; in allusion to the floccose down of the leave*. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the out- er pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Invol- ucre ovate ; scales imbricated in several rows. Recepta- cle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with alternate sessile or- decurrent en- tire- leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads of 'whitish-yellow or pur- plish flowers. 1. G. POLYCEPHELUilj Michx. Fragrant Life-everlast- ing. Stem erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, with wavy margins, not decurrent, smoothish above, white tomentose beneath; heads obovate. cluster- ed at the summit of the panicled-corynibose branches; involucre scales ovate ard Oblong. Old fields and woods ; common. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often much branched at the summit. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. FU/wera . u crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, yellowish-white. Whole plant fra- grant. 2. G. uligonosum, L. Low Cudweed. Low Life -ev- erlasting. Stem, simple, or branched, woolly all over; leaves lanceolate or linear; heads fniall in terminal sessile capitate clusters; involucre scales oblong, inner acute. Wet ground*, roadsides; common every where. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 4 to 6 inches high, much branched. Leaves numerous, acute, narrow at the base ; involucre scales yellowish-brown, shining. Whole plant clothed with whitish down. 3. G. purpureum, L. Purple Life-everlasting. Stem simple or branched from the base, ascending woolly; leaves oblong-spatu- late, mostly obtuse, green above, very white with close wool underneath; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the summit of the stem ; involucre scales lance-oblong, tawny, the inner often marked with purple. Gravelly soil, sandy fields and pastures; common. Annual. June. — Stem 8 J 2 inches high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads somewhat spiked at the top of the stem, with purplish scales and yellow corollas. 46. ANTENNAMA, Gsort. Everlasting. Name in illusion io the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antenna. Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so, corolla tu- bular ; pistillate flowers filiform, 5-toothed. Involu- cre scales dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat not chaffy. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flow- ers capillary, in the staminate club-shaped. — Perennial white- 192 COMPOSITE. woolly herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and corymbose heads with white scales and yellowish corollas. 1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. Pearly Everlast- ing. Stem erect, tomentose; haves linear lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved, sessile: fe.r tile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly white involucre obtuse or rounded. Dry hills and woods, common. 'Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, and with the nu- merous scattered leaves clothed with white and cottony down, corymtose at the summit with many heads. Heads hemispherical, pedicellate. Involucre pearly white. Flowers yellow. Slightly fragrant. 2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Ev- erlasting. Stem simple, with procumbent shoots yleaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; radical leaves oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; stem leaves linear ; heads in a small crowded corymb. "Wooded banks and sterile hills. April, May. Stem 3 to 8 inches high, often branched at the base into several from the same root. Hoot leaves much largeT than those of the stem, ovate or oval-spatulate. Stem leaves'few, bract-like. Heads clustered, terminal, purplish white. Scales of the mostly white involucre obtuse, in the sterile, and acutish and narrow in the fertile plant. 47. FILAGO. -Tourn. Cotton Rose. Lat. filum, a thread ; in allusion to the cottony hairs that cover these plants. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the terminal gy central flowers numerous, pistillate, ; perfect or infertile, tu- bular, 4 to 5-toothed, the outer flowers filiform, pistillate, scarcely-toothed. Inyolucre scales few, woolly. Recep- tacle elongated, filiform, naked at the summit, chaffy to- wards the margins or base. Pappus of the central flowers filiform, of the outer none or dissimilar. — Low annual branch- ing woolly herbs with entire, alternate leaves and small heads of whitish or yellowish flowers in capitate clusters. F. Germanica,;L. 'Herba Impia. German Cud-weed. Stem erect, short, dichotomous or proliferously branched ; leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute, tomentose, crowded; heads woolly in capitate clusters, terminal and lateral ; scales of the involucre awned. Dry fields ; introduced from Europe and sparingly naturalized. July— Aug.— Stem 4 to 8 inches high, woollytomentose, clothed with linear-lanceolate and up- right crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and continue in the aame manner. SUBTRIBE 6. SeNICIONQIDEJE. Pappus soft and capillary. Anthers without tails at the base. KecfpiacU ?K&*d. +Head$ radiate or discoid. Leaves mostly alternate. 48. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Fire-weep. An ancient name of some epecies of smim. COMPOSITE. IT) 3 Heads many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pistillate with a slender corolla. In- volucre cylindrical ; scales in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Achenta oblong, stri- ate. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. — ■ Erect and coarse annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and panicu- late corymbed heads of whitish flowers. E. HIERACIFOLIA, Raf. Fire-weed. Whipriwog. Stem grooved, simple or paniculata abe \ . ; ?and rather large heads of mostly white or whitish flowers, in flat corymbs. * Involucre ^-leaved and 5-flowered. 1. C RENIFORMIS, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain. Stem grooved and angled ; leaves petioled, smooth above, hairy on the veins ba» low; root-leaves broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately Teined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base ; corymb large. Rich, damp woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, -nearly simple, smooth. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, repand-dentate-; Zoiuer^'fr'oZes very long. Involucre whitish. Heads white. 2. C. ATRIPLICIFOLIA, L. Pale Indian Plantain. Stern erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath ; lower leaver deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed; involit- ■ ere oblong. Bloist rich woods. Aug.. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 -feet high, leafy, round. Lower leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide,on long petioles, unequally toothed. Heads numerous, small, in a loose terminal corymb, greenish white. ** Involucre 25 to BO-flowered; receptacle flat. 5. C. suavolens, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia. Stem grooved, erect, smooth ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, •errate; those of the stem on winged petioles, smooth; scales about ±3; involuer* with leveral slender spreading bractlets. 32 194 COMPOSITE. Rich •woods and banks of streams. Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved and an- gled, leafy. Leaves smooth and green on both sides. Root-leaves on long petioles, pointed. Stem-leaves on winged petioles. Flowers whitish, in a terminal compound eorjmb. 4. C. COCCINEA, Curt. Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower, Radical leaves ovate-spatulate ; sicwAeaves clasping, - erenatc j involucre prats* tvlindrie ; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia t i s in several row s A handsome border flower from the East Indies. S!an 1 foot high. Flowers bright! •carlet. June — Sept. Annual. 50. SENECIO, Linn. Groundsel. Lat. scnex, an old men; the pappus resembling a white board. Heads many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. Invol- ucre scales in a single row, or with a few bractlets ft the base. Receptacle flat. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — A vast genus embracing about 600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary or corymbed heads, * Says none ; annual. 1. S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. Nearly smooth, or at first woolly; stem erect, often branching: leaves pinnatifld and toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymb, nodding; pappus equalling the corolla. Waste places; common, .naturalized. May — Get. A common weed, growing about bouses, rubbish, &c, 6 to 18 inches high, leafy, branching, mostly smooth. Leaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow. ** Rays present ; heads corymbed ; perennial. 2. S. AUREUS, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed. Smooth or downy-woolly when young; root-lea ves simple and rounded, the large"? mostly cordate, crenate-toothed, long-petiolcd ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-shaped, upper lanceolate, cut pinnatifld, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like. A very variable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow- ing are the most common : Yar. 1, obovatus, with the root-leaves round obovate, generally found in dry place?. Tar. 2, Balsamite, with the root-leaves cMong, •patulate or lanceolate, sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Eccky places ; common everywhere. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched abov^ often woolly. Heads middle-sized, numerous, on long peduncle? which are thiak- •ned near the involucre. Rays S to 12, and with the disk yellow. 3. S. tomentosus > Michx. Downg Groundsel. White-tomentose and woolly; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse crenatc-tcothe^ •n slender petioles; stem leaves oblong, somewhat divided; corymb flat-topped. Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. Pursh. May. June. Stem 1 to 2 feethigB^ nearly leafless above. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus; rays 12 to 15, cl©a? fated. 4. S. ELONGATUS, Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. Smooth ; radical leaves spatulatc, serrate, attenuated into a petiole ; stem U*94» pinnatifld, toothed, vary remote; htads on elongated pedanelae, arranged imp •omewhat umVtlcd corymb. . COMPOSITE 195 Rocks ou banks of streams near Easton. July, Aug. Resembles var. -Bafecw©- iU, hut is destitute of ray-flowers. Beek's Bot. 51. ARNICA, Linn. Name supposed to be a corruption of Ptarmicd. Heads many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate; those' of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre canpanulate ; scales in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. Receptacle flat, fim> briilate. Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus in a single row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rough-denticu- late bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of alpine re- gions, with simple stems, opposite leaves and yellow flowers in sin- gle or cor y nib ed large heads. A. NUDICAULT3, Nuft, V. ' s-bane. Hirsute; leaves sessile ; tfce r :red elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire cr Blightly toothed ; stzm leaves I ta 2 p&i .aac .- >vatfe ; heads terminal, on loosely corymbose peduncles. Meadows. Ghester county. Bxrlington; rare. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, witb. a few peiiuncle-like branches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heads large; rays numerous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk greenish-yel- 16 w. Trise V: CYNAREJ3. The Thistle Tribe. Hiads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, Jiomogdmous (rarely dioecious), or hetercfO- Wtous, with the marginal flowers in a single series; style in the perfect flowers often i&ickencd near the summit. ' 52. CENTAURS A, Linn.- Named from the Centaur, Chiron, Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the mar- ginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. Involucre imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Recep- tacle bristly. Achenia compressed; Pappus of filiform rough bristles in several series, sometimes none. — JSerhs, with alternate leaves, and mostly showy flowers in single heads. 1. C. jacea, L. Brown Knap-weed. Stem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; lower broader and toothed, peti- ole! ; involucre globular, scales scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid ; heads radi- ate ; pappus very short or none. Waste places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Head* with numerous purple flowers. Involucre pale brown, shining. Introduced from * Europe. Beck's Bot. This is probably only a variety of the next 2. C. nigra, L. Black Knap-weed. Stem erect, branched ; leaves scabrous, lower angular-lyrate, petioled ; tipper 1«j»p •eclate ; involucre globular, scales appendaged; and with a stiff black fringe ; ro%$ panting ; pappus very, short. 196 COMPOSITE. Meadows and pastures. Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple or often divi- ded into elongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Involiir- cre scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be- coming in some places- a troublesome weed. CULTIVATED SPECIES. 3. C. CYANUS, L, Blue-Bottle. Bachelor's Button. Cottcny-tcmentose; stem erect, branched; upper leaves linear, entire; lowermost. toothed or pinnatifid at base ; involucre globular ; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon- ger than the disk ; pappus very short. Common in gardens, and in some place3 naturalized along roadsides, put more than one inch long. 7. C. horridulum, Michx. Yellow Thistle. Stem stout, webby-haired when young ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinna- tiftd, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; Tutuk large, lurrounded at the base by a whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracU; in*ti*r mm-* »ubglobof« ; tcal4s linear, acute, ieareely ipinou*. £2? 198 COMPOSITE. Sandy fields and hills. June— Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, short, webby- haired when young, hollow. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines. Heads large, axillary and terminal,- with 20 to 30 narrow bracts at base, the outer of which hare spines somewhat in pair*. Flowers dull yellow, rarely purple. 8. C. ARVENSE, Scop. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. Low, branched ; roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; involucre round . or ovate, with minute spines ; scales close-pressed> ovate-lanceolate. Cultivated fields and pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 feet high, with a branching panicle at the top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. Heads small, numerous, terminal. Flowers purple rarely whitish; the involucre is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled. A mosttrula- lesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. 54. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. Heads discoid, homoganious. Involucre ovate-globose ; scales coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appen- dage. Receptacle deeply alveolate. Achenia 4-angled, transversely wrinkled. Pappus in several series ', bristles numerous, slender not plumose, united at the base into a hoary ring. — Coarse branching herbs, with decurrent leaves, and large heads of purple flowers. 1. Q: ACANTHIUM, L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle, Stem and leaves woolly ; 'naves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, decurrent ; involucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and woolly at the base. Waste grounds, in some places naturalized. Cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch Thistle. July. Eienniel. A tall cottony plant 4 to 6 feet high, branched and winged at the summit, wings very spinous. Involucre round, cottony, spinous-. Flowers purple. 55. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. Lat. lappa a burr, from Gr. labein, to -lay hold of, a characteristic term. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. . Involucre globose ; scales imbricated coriaceous and ap- pressed at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Re- ceptacle bristly. Aceenia, oblong, flattened, wrinkled transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, . not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large alternate heart-shaped and petioled leaves, with wavy margins, and middle-sized heads of purple {rarely white) flower*, . solitary or in clusters , 1; L. major, Gaert. Common Burdock. . Upper U aves ovate, lower very Urge, hearlhshaped; involucre smootbish ; tcafa tabulate-.-. Cultivated and waste grounds, common, introduced. July— Oet. Stem stout I ! to 4 feet high. Boot leaves very large, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a feot wide) with wit j edge§~ The scales of the involucre nil terminate in a ttinute, firm ho**,- COMPOSITE. 199' Vhich seizes hold of every thing that pasees by. Meads globoso numerous, ofte* •lustered. Flowers purple. L. Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been observed by Dt» Darlington in Chester county. ' 56. CNICUS, Voffl. ■ Gr; Tcniso, to prick ; well applied to these herbi. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, •liorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In- volucre swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. Re- ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia smooth; • striate. Pappus in 3 series, the outer 10 toothed, the 2 in- ner each 10 bristled. — Oriental somewhat woolly herbs, with •lasping leaves and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. 1. C. benedict^s, L, Blessed Thistle. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, dentate and spiny; involucre doubly ipi~ ftous, woolly, bracteate. Cultivated, scarcely naturalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Stent 1 to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves clasping. Heads large, with yellow flowers, • It was at one time in great repute as a medicine, but is now considered of no ia**- jjortance. EXOTICS. 57. CALENDULA, Linn. 2»at. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. Heads radiate. Involucre of many equal leaves, in : about 2 series, Receptacle naked, Achenia of the disk membraneous, curved. Pappus none. — An oriental genus of a?innal herbs, with alternate leaves and showy flowers, in termi- nal headsi C. OFEICIANALIS, L. Fot Marigold, Tisced-pubescent ; stem erect, branched; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, Besiile., . Wbdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; aehtnim keeled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of South Eu~ - yope. Floioers single and double, largo and brilliant, mostly yellow and orang* ••lorsd. June — Nor. 58. CARTHAMUS, Linn, Arabic, quorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property. ■ Heads discoid ; flowers all tubular and perfect. In- volucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. Receptaclk with bristly chaffi Achenia 4-angled. Pappus none. — Oriental herbs. V. C. tinctorius, L. Common Saffron. 200 COHPOSIT2B. Egypt, common in cultivation. July. Annual. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet hlgfe, ■triate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth, and shining, spinose. Heads large, t*c- minal, with numerous long and slender flowers, useful in coloring tinctures. 59. XER ANTHEMUM, Linn. Or. zeros, dry, anthos, flower; on account of its dry imperishable flowers. Heads discoid. Involucre hemispherical ; scales r&- tiient, opaque, colored, scarious. Receptacle chaffy. Pap* fftJS bristly-chaffy. — Annual herbs, natives of South Europe, with radient involucre scales which retain their beauty a great length •f time. X. ANNUUM, Willd. Eternal Flower. Straw Flower, ■ Stem erect branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, en- tire ; ftca^s large, terminal, solitary ; involucre scales obtuse, scarious; inner ones •f the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated for its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. Stem ITto 4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there ar« a #ome varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays; expanding in sunshine, bui •losing in rainy weather. . Suborder ii. LIGULIFL'ORJE/. Flowers all perfect with ligulate corollas throughout. Subtribe 6. CICHORACE^. Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of tha style slender, obtuse, uniibrss*- l y. hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate. 60. CICflOKIUM, Tourn. Succory. Said to be derived from the Arabic CMkourych. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer se- ries of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8 to 10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy aoales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid radical leaves, and sessile axillary and termi- nal heada of bright blue showy Jlowers. 1. C. Intybus, L.. Common Succory, or Cichory. Radical haves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, toothed or entire ; heads 2 or 3 together. Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, &c. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, round, rough, with few long branches. Heads of flowers 1 to 2 inchee to diameter, sky-blue, somewhat remote on the long branches. Corollas flat, 6- teothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe. 2. C. Endivia, L. Endive. F*tunchg axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 1-headcd, the other w*rf . COMPOSITE. 201? •hort, about 4-hoaded ;. heads capitate. A hardy plant from the East Indies, -es- teemed and cultivated for salad, 61. KBIGIA, Shreber. In- honor of Daniel Krig, an early German botonical collector in thi» country, Heads 15 to 20 flowered. Involucre in a single serier with 8 to 12 scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia tur- binate, many striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad, chaffy, rounded scales ; the inner of as many al- ternate slender bristles. — Small annual or bienniel acaulesr- cent plants, with radical, lyrate or toothed leaves and solitary heads with 20 to 30 yellow flowers. 2. K. VlRGlNlCA, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion. Leaves lyrate, smooth; scapes several 1-fiowered; involucre smooth. Dry sandy soil. May— July. Scapes 2 to 10 inches high, fmcoth. Primary* leaves roundish, entire. Heads solitary, small. Flowers deep yellow. Thisplaat- continues in bloom for seme time, during. -which it varies greatly in the length *£> th» scape. 62. CYNTHIA, Don,. Probably named after Mount Cynthus. Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly simple:' scales in one or two rows. Aceenia short striate. Pap- pus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles: the inner of numerous elongated bristles. — Perennial herh?,_ with alternate or all radical leaves and rather shewy single head*- of 15 to 20 yellow flowers, on scapes or naked peduncles. 1. C. Virginica, Don. Virginian Cynthia. Smooth and glaucous ; stem scape-like, often 2 or 3 parted, few-leaved; root-leaves ' petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifld : stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, near- ly entire ; peduncles 3 to 5. Moist banks and low open woods. June, July. Steml foot or more high, often' 2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, with a clasping leaf at th« fous. Heads solitary, middle sized- orange yellow. 63. LEONTODON, L.,. Juss. Hawkbit. Qt. leon, lion, and odons, a tooth ; in allusion to the toothed margins of the leave*. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated;, Scales lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the- base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose brUtles which are enlarged" and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless jperennials,. with toothed or pinnatifld root-leaves undone or two heads of yellow; powers borne on a scape. 202 COMPOSITE. L. autumxale, L. Autumnal Hawkbit. Leaves more or less pinnatifid; scape branched; pzduncles several, thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts ; involucre ovoid-oblong. A European plant, naturalized in meadows and roadsides. July — Sept. Scap$ 16 to IS inches high spreading, branched into a few peduncles. Lea ves all radical, ■preading. 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. Heads 1 inch in diamator, bright yellow,- resembling the Dandelion. 64. HIERACITOI, Tourn. Hawkweed. Gr. hierak, a hawk, supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbri- cated, ovoid; scales linear, obtuse. Achenia oblong or columner, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed alternate haves, and single or panicled heads of y allow flowers' 1. H. SCABRUM, Michx. Rough Haiclciceed. Stem erect, leafy, rough-hairy ; leaves obovato or oval, entire or somewhat den- ticulate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper closely sessile; pardd* •tiff flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose. Woods and dry hills. July— Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round, striate, rather Btout. Leaves subacute, often purplish as well as the stem. Involucre 40 to" 60- flowered, den 1 with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow- era. Achenia obtuse at apes, bright red, with a tawny pappus. 2. H. Groxovii, L, Gronovius's Hawhweed. Stem erect, wand-like, mostly simple, leafless and paniculate above, leafy and hairy below; leaves oblong and obovate, nearly entire, hairy; involucre and peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly. Dry sterile soil, common. Jury — Aug. Stem, 1 to 4 feet high, furnished with a fiw leaves below, naked above, and forming a long and narrow panicle. Heads rather small, 23 to 30 flowered. Flowers yellow. Ashenia spindle-shaped, with a very tapering summit. 3. II. vexosum, L. Veiny JJaicJcweed, Rattlesnake- weed. * Stem scape-like, naked or -with a siugle leaf, smooth and slender, forking abova into a spreading loose corymb; leasts obovate oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob- Bcurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath. Dry soil and pine woods, common. June— Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Radical leaves spreading on the ground, colored with purple veins. Heads 20-riowered on very slender pel uncles. Rays rather large for the size of the head, yellow. Re- puted as an antidote for the poison ot the rattlesnake. 4. H, paxiculatum, L. Panicled Haiolsiceed. Stem slender, leafy, paniculate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heids in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe- duncles; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. Damp wools, common. August. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branched. Leaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long. Heads small, 12 to 20 flowered. Flowers yellow. Aclienia ribbed, reddish-brown. - m. NABULUS, Cass. Kara* probably from the Greek nulla, a harp, in allusion to the lyrato le»vw of some, species. . COMPOSITE. 203 Heads 15 to 80 flowered. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 to 14, linear, in a single row, with a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, striate or grooved, truncate at the apex. Pappus in many series of yellow brownish, roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs with spindle- shaped, bitter . ight hcify stems, with variable leaves and racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with greenish-white or cream-colored flowers, sometimes tinged with purple. * Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 to V2-f,ov:.ived. * 1. N. ALBUS, Hook. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root. Smooth and glaucous; stem tall; leaves angular-hastate or angulate, sinuats- : toothed, or 3 to 5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; racemes short, paniculate ; involucre with about 3 scales, 8 to 12-flowered. Var. Serpentari* in • form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins- often -rough-ciliate. Woods and hill siuc^. in rich ro'.ls, common. Aug., gept. Stcm2 to 5 feet high, simple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a loose corymbed panicle. In- volucre purplish. Flowers white. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. Achenia yellow. Reputed as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. 2. N. ALTissiMUS, Hook. Tall White Lettuce. Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves all petioled, undivided,, or th-s lower 3 to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, rep . d or denticulate ; involucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to C-fiowered ; heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters, forming a long leafy panicle. Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to G feet high, erect. Leaves very yarii 1 a qordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged petioles. Heads nodding with yellowish vrhite flowers, Pappus dirty white, o» pale straw color. 3. N. Fraserii, DC. Lion's-foot. GaU-of-the-earth. Nearly smooth; stein erect, branched ; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; lower 8 to T-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; involucr* smoothish, of about 8 scales, 8 to 12-flowered; heads in corjmbose panicles. Var, iniejrifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. Dry san-ly or st»ri'e roil. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves very vari^ ble. Involucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slighttv bristly. Flowers creaia- ,aolor, sometimes with a tinge of purple. .Pappus dull straw-color. 66. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. Qt. iaraJdikos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties. Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a singl# row. Achenia oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak, crowned with the copious, white capillary pappus. — Acau- lescent perennial herbs, with radical runcinate leaves and slender naked hollow scapes, bearing a single Urge. head of yellow flower*, 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common Dandelion. Smooth or at first pubescent ; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate ; outer t* Toluor» scales reflexed. Pastures and fielis, common eTeryrrhere. April— Oct. After bloisoming the tfc ^204 . COMPOSITE. sner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and raises upthe pappn* •while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the vnnd the naked seeds with the pappus displayed in an open globular form. Ihe Uavcs are U38d in spring as a pot-herb. 67. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettuce. The ancient name of Lettuce, from lac, milk in allusion to the milky juice. Heads several-flowered. Involucre cylindric ; Scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Recepta- cle naked. Achenia flat, obcompressed, abruptly pro- duced into a long thread-like beak. Pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy -stemed herbs, with pani- cltd heads of various-colored flowers. 1. L. elongata, Muhl. Wild Lettuce. .Stem tall and stout ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate . end entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow panicle, -varies greatly. The Tar. integri 'folia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. Yar. sanguined is smaller, mostly hairy, with the leaves chiefly runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr. Jtich damp soil, hedges and thickets, common. July — Sept., Biennial. Stem 2 to 8 fret high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes eon-mbc Si-spread- ing panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Carolles yellow. Achenia oblong, conv pressed, about the length of -the beak. 2. sativa, L. Garden Lettuce. Sallad. Stem corymbose : leaves suborbicular, those of the stem cordate. A well known . «ultivated exotic, with several varieties. The var. capitata has the leaves so thick a* to form heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish caroila*. She jnilky juice contains opium. 68. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Lat mulgeo, to milk. Heads many-flowered. Involucre ealyculate-imbricate, -the outer scales much shorter than the inner. Receptacle naked, honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, at- tenuated in a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of .the achenia, and expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears copious pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy- ttemmed herbs, with panicledor racemed heads of chiefly blue flowers. 1. M. ACUMINATUM, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium. Smooth; stem panicled above; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed Merely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at ih? b&f Into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads in » -thyrse-like panicle ; peduncles somewhat scaly. Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug. — Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, erect, smooth, simple. Leaves 3 to 6 iuches long, the lower ones often deltoid- ihastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into a winged petiole. Hsads small, no* «ium«rous, in a widely spreading terminal panicle. Scales dark purple. ConoUm COMPOSITE. 205 2. M. Floridanum, DC. Gall-of -thenar th. Nearly smooth; ttem erect, paniculate above; leaves- all lyrate or runcinate, tha divisions -sharply toothed; heads hi a loose erect panicle. Rich soil, woods and road sides. July — Aug., Biennial. Stem 3 to G f >et high, purplish or somewhat glaucous. Leaves 4 to 8 incher long, variable in form, the vpper triangular; lower ones petioled. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty whits. Pursh states that this plant is used .as a cure for the bite of tha rattlesnake, and is known by the naina of Gull-of-the- earth. 3. M. leucopheum, DC. Tall Mulged 'ium. Nearly smooth; stem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnated, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; lieads in a largo and dense compound panicle. Low grounds, common. July— Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 12 feet high. Leaves 5 to 3 2 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the 8? gmerjts-repand-toothed, those of the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas. Puppies tawny white. 69. S0NCHUS, Linn. Sow-Thistle. The ancient Greek name. Heads many flowered, dilated at base. Involucre im- bricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia flattened lateral- ty, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus of numerous soft and very white, fine capillary bristles. — Leaf/stemmed herbs, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with mostly spinulose haves and corymbed or umbellate heads of numerous yellow flowers. 1. S. OLERACEUS, L. Common Sow- Thistle. Stem-leaves runcinatc-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly tcothed, with soft -trpiny teeth, clasping by a -heart-shaped base, the auricle acute; involucre downy when young; acheniy. striate, wrinkled transversely. Waste places, naturalized. July— Sept. S'em 2 to 4 feet high, ho : low, angular. Leaves apparently da.'pirg, with laige letroaiingdoles t.t tase,wa\y and serrated in a runcinate mtnner. Hcadsin a scmewhatumtelleu corymb, flowers yellow. Pappus very white and fill INELATA-, L, Indian Tobacco. Eye-bright. Hairy; stem low, panicled, branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed, the lower obtuse, sessile ; racim.es leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in- flated, ovoid. Fields and woods, common. July — Sept Bienniel. Stem 1 to 2-feet high, becom- ing branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth. Flowers small, pale blue, on pedicels much shorter than the pointed bracts ; lobes of the smooth calyx as long as the corolla. This plant is much used in the Thompsonian practice of medicine, and is an invaluable emetic, as well as a powerful expectorant, seldom failing to give almost instantaneous relief, in attacks of crcup, asthma, &o. £ CLINTONIA, Douglass, Calyx- 5-sepaled, subequaL Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip suneate, 3-lobed j upper erect, 2-parted- Stamens incurved, united into a tube., Capsule silique-forni, dry, chartaceous 9 1-celled, many-seeded y dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves. — Procumbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary fiowers. 208 C A.MPANULACE.E. 1. C. ELEGANS, Doug. Elegant Clintonia. Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, orate, 3-vein- cd; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the leaves. A beautiful garden annual, native of the Rocky Mountains. Flowers of tho most intense blue ;-corolla with a white spot-in the middle of the lower lip.. Order 60. CAMPANULACEJE,— Bell-flower Family. Herbs with a mill-y juice, alternate, leaves, no stipules, and mostly bin*, scattered flowers ; the calyx generally 5-cleft; adlierc'ivt to the ovary ; the regular bell-shaped corolla 5-cleft, valvals in aestivation ; the 5 stamens inserted with the corolla, on tin calyx, free, ami usually distinct. Style 3, beset with collecting hairs above; sxiq- aus 2 or more. Capsule 2 or more celled, many-seeded. 1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bell-flower. Lat. campanula, a little bell; from the form of the corolla. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; seperate, the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas 3 to 5. Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral valves. — Mostly perennial her us, icith al- ternate leaves, and terminal spicate; or axillary flowers. 1. C. ROTUNDIEOLIA, L. Rock Bell-flower. Hair Bella Stem slender, branching; root-leaves rotmcr heart-shaped, crenaie, on long peti- oles ; stem leaves linear, narrow, entire, smooth; flowers few, nodding ; calyx-lobzs awl-shaped. On damp rocks and rocky streams, common. June — Oct. Ah exceedTnglj' delin- eate species from G to 15 inches high, smooth. The root-leaves generally decay on the opening of the flowers, -when the specific name appears wholly inappropriate. Stem-leaves 2 inches long and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle,- bright blue. 2. C. APARINOIDES, Pursh. Slender B'ell-flbwer. Stem weak, slender, simple, somewhat 3-ajngled ; leaves linear-laneeolate ; pedun- cles diverging, slender, 1-flowered ; caZyx-Zo&es triangular, half the length of the bell- shaped corolla. Bogs and wet meadows, common. July, Aug. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, rough backwards on the angles, by which it supports itself upright among the grass. Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough back- wards. Flowers small, nearly white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top of the stem. 3. C. Americana, L. American Bell-flower. Stem tall and wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, accumihate at both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers axillary, sessile ; style exserted ; lobes of the. calyx awl-shaped. Moist rich soil, common. July, Aug. A tall erect ornamental species, somctimaa cultivated, 2 to 3 feet h ; gh. Stem nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more In each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, deeply 5-cleft, blue.. CAMPANULACE/E. 209 4. C. PYRAMID ALIS, L. Pyramidal Bell-flower. Stem upright, elongated, branched below; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, pe= tiolate; uppper ones lanceolate : peduncles about 3-flowered. Native of France. Julj — Sspt. A showy pirennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped flowers, which are borne en pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chip »*se pagoda. 5. C. MEDIUM, II. Canterbury Bell. Stem simple, erect, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-viened ai base; Jloicers erect. Ato. ornamental biennial from Germany, of the easiest cul- ture Stun 2 to 3 feet high, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, tho base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a deep blue. Several varieties are - cuKivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. June — Sept. 6. C. PERSICIFOLIA, L. Peach-leaved Bell. flower. Stem angular, erect ; leaves rigii, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong obo- - tats, stem-leaves lance-linear; corolla, large, broadlyrcompanulate. A beautiful species, native of Europe, ranked among the most ancient ornaments of the Eng- ■ Luh parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to white. June — Sept, 7. C. Carpatica, L* Odrpatic Bzll-Flower. Diffuse, spreading; stem trailing, somewhat angled; leaves heart-shaped, coarsely wrrate, wavy on the margin, with a few scattered hairs on the midrib beneath ; flowers terminal ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, spreading; stigma 3-cleftj the lobes ; •prcading. A beautiful perennial, native of the Carpatic Mountains. July — Oct. Sierax prostrate forming dense patches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ]/ 2 to 1 inch = ^ride on petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to 1 3^ inch in di&n> ■ tter on peduncles i to S inches long, - " 2. speculakia; bo: JFamo" from -Speculum Veneris, the ancient name of one of the European species. • Calyx 5- (rarely 3 to 4)-lobed, tube elongated. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, distinct, half as long- as the corolla ; filaments bain'-, shorter than the anthers. Style included, hairy; stigmas 3. - Capsule elongated, - prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annual herbs; with sessile, auxiliary and terminal, erect flowers. ■ 1. S. PERFOLIATA, DC. Clasping Bell-flower. • Btfmewhat hairy ; leaves roundish , «we«t and eatable, ripe in, August. Sec. 2. Vacciitium proper. Flowers in solitary clusters or racemes, white or reddish ; stamens S to 10. ** Ovary more sr less Completely IQ-celltd by false partitions ; corolla, b-lobed. 4. Y. stamineum, L. Deerberry. Squaw HuclcU- berry. White W hortlcberry. Diffusely branched, young branches pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding; corolla bell shaped,, spreading; anthers exserted, with 2 awns on the back. - Dry woods, common. May,. June. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 indie* ' long, }/± to 3-^ as wide, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles. Flowers ©n long, slender pedisuls, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spread- ing. Stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, greenish-white, bitter. 5. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Common Loiv Shin- irtg-leaved Blueberry. Dwarf, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-Ianetolate. acute at each end, , minutely serrulate, thin; corolla short, ovoid-eylindrical. Thickets and dry hills, in hard soil, common. May. A lew undershrub, 6 to 15 - iiiches high, growing in dense patches. Branches green, angled, with 2 pubescent buss. Leaves eub-sessiie, crowded]^ to 1 iuehlong, )/£to % wide. Flowers reddish- white, J^iuch long, with mostly colored bracts. Btrriei abundant, large andsweet, bluish-black, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July. 6. V. CORYMBOSUM, L. High Swamp Whortleberry, Tall ; flowering branches almost leafless ; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at each * end, neariy entire, pubescent whan young; raeancs short, sessile, bracteate ; corolln o^oid-cylindrical, Swamps and marshy places, common. June. A tall shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, , ■with a few stragkog branches, which are green or purplish when young. Leave* " smooth on both sides, (when young somewhat downy on the veins). Flowers nu- merous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves, on short tracted -pedicels, crowded near, the summit of the naked branches. Corolla large, y^ inch in diameter, purplish-white, contracted at the mouth. Berries large, sub-acid, • covered with a glaucous bloom; ripening in July and August. 7. V. FUSCATUM, Ait. Black. Swamp Whortleberry. Tall; leaves oval obovate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on the Teins above; racemes- short; corolla cylindrical. Marshes, common. June. Stem 5 to 9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long when full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always soft downy underneath. Berry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned with very conspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray. Thi3 may prove to be only a variety of V. coryin- bosum. 8. V. VACCILEANS, Solander. Sugar Whortleberry. Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather obtuse, * •errulate, smooth on both sides, glaucous ben«*th; r&ewnes vnj short, clustered; «owIk».cylindrical-beil-8haped. - , 21 2 ERICACEAE. Dry hills and open •woods, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous yellowish-green branches. Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly or glandular hairs, which tip the serratures. Flowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short petioles. Berries dark blue, glaucous, yery sweet, ripening a little later than those i>t No. 5. 9. V. LIGUSTRINUM, Michx. Privet Whortleberry. Branches angular, erect, slender: leaves sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate, nmcronate, serrulate, pubescent ; fascicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels ; KfroUa ovoid-oblong. Dry woods and mountains. May — June. A small shrub, with straight and sender branches. Flowers purplish-red. Berries black. Yery variable in the ih*p* and size of the kayos. 2; OXYCOCCUS, Fers,- Gr. oxys, acid, and coccus, a berry. Calyx STiperior, 4-eleft. Corolla 4-parted, with elonga- ted, revolute divisions. Stamens 8, convergent. Anthers tubular 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Ovary 4- eelled, many-seeded. — Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, with, revolute margins, and red acid berries. 1. 0. MACROCARPUS, Pers, Common Cranberry. SUms elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, ob- Vus», glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, from the base of the young shoots. Peat bogs, common. June: Stem creeping, and throwing up short erect branch- es. Leaves about % inch long, and nearly % wide, rounded at each end. < n Tery short petioles, obscurely serrulate. Flowers flesh-colored on slender petioles }/, to - 1 inch long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments reflexed.* Berry large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in October. Highly prized for its fine aeid-- fruit. Sub-order 2. ERICINE^r. The Proper Heath Family. Ovary free from the calyx. Seed-coat close and thin ; rarely loose and cellular. — Shrubs or small trees. Tribe 2, ANDROMEDEJE. Fruit a capsule opening? hwtiicidally. • Calyx becoming lerry-l&e in fruit and enclosing the captult. 3. GAULTHERIA^ Kalm. J)edicated by Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec 0ALTX cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid-tubu-- iar, limb with 5 small revolute lobes. Stamens 10> in- tluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5*valved, many-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thickens, £fogmingjie#hyj go a* to appear like a globular red berry*-^-- ERICACEiE. . 213 Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and axillary, nearly white flowers, on pedicels which are 2^bracted. 1. G. PROCUMBENS, L, Creeping Wintergreen. Box- berry. Checherberry. Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate, shining; flowers mostly single in the axils, drooping. Cold damp woods and mountain sides, common. May — July. Stems slender, S to 5 inches high, extensively creeping on or below the surface, the flowering branches ascending, simple, leafy at the summit. Leaves thick, acute at each end. CbrdUa white, contracted at the mouth. Iruit having the appearance of a bright scarlet herry. The leaves a>nd fruit have the well-known spicy aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. *'*" Calyx dry and unchanged in fruits 4. EPIGEA, Linn. Ground Laurel. Gr. epi'/upon, gc, the earth. Calyx deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corol- la salver-form, with a long tube, villous within; limb 5- parted spreading.- Stamens 10, with thread-like filamentsv Anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Trailing scarcely shrubby plants, bristly with rusty liair$ r everg-£een alternate leaves , and pale rose-colored fragrant flowers in axillary clusters. - 1. E. REPENS, L. Trailing Arbuiis. Stem prostrate, creeping; leaves roitndish-oval and heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; tube of the corolla hairy inside. Damp woods and north sid? of mountains, common. April, May. A small trailing evergreen, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 15 inches long. Leaves 2 inches long, and 1 to 1% wide, roundish at the end, abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with va- rious shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. 5. ANDROMEDA, Linn. Named for Andromeda cf ancient fable. Calyx small, various in form 5-(rarely 4)-parted, persis- tent. Corolla ovoid-cylindrical, the limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5- valved, many-seeded.- — Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever- green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed or clustered flowers. Ssc. 1. Axdromeda proper^ Calyx without- bradsi Anthers 2-awned. Leaves evergreen. 1. A. POLIFOLIA, L. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rose- mary. Rosemary Andromeda. Erect, very smooth; leaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly re- valuta margins, green above, white beneath; flower* on shozt naked peduncles.* 214: ERICACE^. crowded in a terminal umbel ; corolla glob'ose urn j shaped, much contracted at tho top : filaments bearded. Sides of ponds, and in swamps. May.' A beautiful evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves very smooth, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than }/£ inch wide, on very short petioles. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with redi Corolla rose-colored. Sec. 2. Ltoota, NnH. Corolla, sub-globose ;'■ capsule vrith 5 'Supernumerary valves. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 2. A. LIGUSTRINA. MuM. Privet Andromeda. Pubescent ; leaves cbovate-oblong, pointed nearly entire, finely serrulate ; flow- ers in racemes, crowded in a somewhat leafy or naked'panicle on terminal branches of the preceding year ; calyx without bracts ; capsule globular. Swamps. June. A- deciduous shrub 4 to 8 feet high, minutely downy when young .sometimes rusty. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly half as wide, on- short petioles: Flowers small, nearly globose, White in dense panicles; Sec. 3. Cassandra, Don. Calyx with 5 acute sepals &nd 2 bractlets capsule- valves double. Shrubs with evergreen leaves. ■ 3.. A. oA-LY-Cula-FA^ In Bo x-ha/ued Andromeda. Erect; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, nearly entire, rusty dotted; bracty ovate; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal; corolla cylindrical-oblong, the mouth slightly narrowed and 5-toothed ; filaments smooth. Swamps and marshy places, common. April — May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high; Leaves coriaceous, shining, dotted, about 1 inch long and % ^ide, those of tho racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous. 20 to 30 in each raceme, white, each- from the axil of a small leaf. Sec. 4. EuBOTiiTS,- Nutv. Cclyx icith 2-bractlets; capsule depressed-globular* Shrubs with-dtcidUous leaves. 4. A» race mo s A, L. Racemed Andromeda. Nearly smooth; leaves oval lanceolate or oblong, acute, serruiate; racemes erects or spreading; sepals cvate-lanceolate ; corolla cylindrical; anthers 4awnedatthe summit. Swamps and wet woods. June — July. A branching shrub 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inchus long, % as wide, minutely notched, veiny, thin. Flowers nu- merous, white, closely set in a simple one-sided spiked raceme, 2 to 6 inches long„- Bracis awl-shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long as the calyx. 8tc. 5. Maria, DC. Calyx ivilhoui brucilzts-;- anthers awnUss; capsule-valves simple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 5. A. Mariana, L. Maryland Andromeda. Nearly smooth ; leaves thiekisb, oval or oblong, entire, paler-beneath ; flowering: branches nearly naked; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid-cylindrical; filaments' hairy. Sandy woods. June. Shrub 2 to 4 feet-high, with very smooth leaves on short petioles. Flowers large, nearly % inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged. in umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in thfi- axils of the deciduous leaves- of- the preceding year; Sec. 6. Oxydendron, DC. ■ Calyx without bractlets, acuminate ; capsultpyramidal,-. pentangular. Trees with large, -acid deciduous leaves.- 6. A. arborea*. L. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.. Arborescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, petiolate, shining above^ corolla oblong-ovoid, narrowed at the summit, 5-tootbed; filaments thickened; capsvld fl-angled. Bici woods, rare^ June— Jirfy. A fin© tree,. 20 to CO- feet high, trunk 10 to- 16* ERICACEiE. 215 inches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed hark. 'Leaves 5 to 6 inchoi long, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers whit% arranged in slender, somewhat 1-eided. racemes crowded in a large terminal panic do. Brads minute, deciduous. 6. CLETHUA, Linn. Sweet Pepper Bush. Klcthra, the ancient Greek name of the Alder. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla of 5 distinct obo- rate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, exserted. Anthers in- versely arrow-shaped. Pilaments subulate. Style slen- der. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled ; 3-valved, many-seed- ed, enclosed by the calyx. — Shrubs, with alternate deciduou* leaves, and white flowers in single or panided racemes. 1. C. ALNIFOLIA, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder., Leaves wedge-oboyate, serrate, entire towards the base, smooth, green on both -rides; raceme upright, hoary ; bracts as long as the pedicels ; filaments smooth. Wet woods and swamps. July — Aug. Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 Inches long, % as wide above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to 5 inches long; Corolla spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles, •7. MEXZIESIA, Smith. In honor of Archibald Menzias, companion of Vancouver in his voyage around the world. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft Corolla globose, 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included. Filaments subulate, •smooth. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. — Heath-like shrubs, ,with evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. 1. M. GLOBULARIS, Salisb. Globose Henziesia. Brandies and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves oval-lanseolate, ciliate, pubescent except on the veins beneath, with a sharp glandular point. Mountains. June. Shrub 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy when young. Flower* ^yellowish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on eaeh terminal pediceL 'Tribe 3. RHODORJE. Fruit a capsule opening sepii- mdaUy. 8. RHODORA, Duhamel. •£r. rcdon, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers. Calyx minute, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lower 2- parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, de- .clinate, Pilaments .unequal. Capsule 5-celled, j5-Yalyed^ .216 ERICACEAE. many-seeded, opening at the top. — A shrub with deciduous alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. 1. E-. Canadensis, L. Rhodora. Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; jloth en clustered on short peduncles. Mountain bog?. April — May. Shrub 2 to 3 fesi high, with erect branches; tha Stems clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Flowers purple, in. terminal clusters of 2 to 5,- somewhat preced jig the leaves. 9. AZALEA, Linn. (Jr. axlecs, arid, inappropriate as applied to our species, which mostly grow in w«t places. Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5- lobed, slightly irregular ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the long style. Anthers short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Up- right shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves, and large and showy flowers, in umbelled clusters, from large scaly -imbri- cated buds. * Flavors appearing after the leaves. 1. A. arborescens, Linn. Tree Azalea. Branchhts smooth ; leaves obovatc, obtuse, very smooth on both side?, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins ciliat?, Cowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid, tubs longer than the segments ; stamens and style very much exserted. Blue Mountain?. June. Shrub 3 to'TO feet high, with thickish leave?. Flowers large, rose-colored, fragrant. Scuks of the flower-buds large, yellcwhh-brown with a fringed white border. 2. A. viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea. White Honey- miclde. Clammy Swamp Pink. Erar.chlels bristly; leaves obovatc and oblong lanceolate; corolla viscid, hairy; calyx-lobes minute. Woods, common. June — July. SJirub 4 to G feet high, much branched above, Clio branches hispid. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long and about x /, as wide, smoothish, hispid, . dilate on the petiole, midvein and margin. Flowers white or tinged with rose-color, fragrant, in large clusters. <** Floiocrs appearing before or with the leaves. 8. A. nudiflora, L. Purple Azalea. Pinxter-floicer. Branchhts rather hairy; leave* obovate or oblong, downy underneath; calyx ghort ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; stamens and style much exserted. Woods and mountains, common. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, much branched above. hearts crowdi d at the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to \ l / 2 broad, with ciliate margin?. Flowers pale pink or purple, in terminal clusters, appearing a little before the leaves. Stamens purplo, deelinate, twice as long as the corolla. JStyle much longer than the stamens. There are numerous varieties, some with 10 or more stamens. 4. A. CALENDULACEA, Michx. Flame-colored Azalea. JSranchleti comewhafe hairy ; leaves obovateor oblong, mucronate, pubescent >on ericace^: 217 both sides, ciliate on the margin ; flowers large in rather naked corymbs, not yisced >' calyx-lobes oblong, conspicuous ; stamens and style much exserted. Woods and mountains, southern parts of the State. May. A splendid flowering shrub 3 to 10 feet high, covered about the time that the leaves appear with a pro- fusion of large and showy yellow or orange flowers, usually turning to flame-color. Corolla about 2}^ inches long and 2 wide. Cultivation has produced many varieties, from golden yellow to dark crimson, single and double. 5. A. hispidum, Torr. Hisped Azalea. r Branches straight, very hisped ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hisped above, smooth beneath, glaucous- on both sides, ciliate on the margin; flowers very visced, appearing with the leaves; calyx-teeth oblong, rounded; stamens and styles exserted. Margin of lakes, on high mountains. July, Aug. Shrub of a bluish appearance, 10 to 15 feet high, very upright. Flowers white, with a red border ; the tube reddish- white. Stamens often 10. Professor Gray considers this scarcely distinct from A. viscosa. 10. RHODODENDRON, Linn. RosebaY. Rhododendron, rose-tree; the ancient Greek name. Calyx 5-parted, mostly small. Corolla somewhat bell- shaped, or partly funnel-form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, vary rarely fewer, commonly de- clined. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded — Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal corymbs or clusters from large sec ly-bracted buds. 1. R. maximum. L. American Rosebay. Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblcng, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, paler beneath, thick and evergreen ; corolla companulate. Shaded ravines and water-courses, common. July. Shrub 6 to 20 feet high, with crooked stems. Leaves when young downy, becoming very smooth when lull -grown, 4 to 10 inches long, thick and leathery, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. Corymbs 15 to 20-flowered. Corolla 1 to 2 inches broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side and spotted with yellow or reddish, 11. KALMIA, Linn. American Laurel. Dedicated to Peter Kalm,.a, pupil of Lhrtseus. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between rotate and companul- ate, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until they begin ta shed their pollen. Filaments elastic, thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — ^North American evergreen shrubs, with naked flvwer-buds, alternate coriacious leaves, bracted pedicels and showy white and red flowers in umbel-like corymbs. 1. K. latifolia, L. Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush. Branches terete; leaves mostly alternate, on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate cr elliptical, tapering at each end, bright-green on both sides; ccrymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent. m ,1; ERIC ACE .E. Hills and mountains, damp soil, common. Jun? ; July. A beautiful shrub 4 to 5 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thiek ; smooth and ing. Flowers very showy, in spreading corymbs, profuse light or deep rose- Cbrolla % to 1 inch in diameter, with a short tube. Leaves poisonous to some animals. 2. K. angustifolta, L. Sheep Laurel Branches terete-, leaves mostly opposite or in threes, petiolate, narrowly-:".: . ■?. pale or whitish underneath, light-green above; corymbs lateral, slightly .ar, rainy-flowered : brads linear-lanceolate. Sandy woods and hillsides, common. June, July. A beautiful shrub 2 Tc .:.-":. upright. Lcv:cs acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends. ] ies long and }4 as wide, on short petioles. Flowers crimson and pur I corymbs forming a kind of whorled fascicle around the stem. Cif. to % inch in diameter. 3. K. glauca, Ait. Swamp Laurel. BrancMets 2-edged: leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong or lanceolate, white- : - us underneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large. Yar. rosmarinifolia, Pursh. Leaves linear, conspicuousjy t j, nearly green beneath. Cold peat bozs and mountains, common- June, July. A delicate straggling shrub, about lv foot high, the branches distinctly 2-edged. L :ut 1 inch long. Flowers pale rose-color, 8 to 10 in each Qorymb tta-% inch in diameter. Calyx red. Bracts 2, concave, obtuse, 12, LEDUM, Linn. Labrador Tea. . the ancient Greek naruj of the Cisfcus. -transferal by Linnaeus to this genus. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla 5-petaled, spreading. Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- needed, splitting from the base upwards. — Lov: evergreen shrubs, with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool under- math, and handsome white floyjers in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly-bractcd buds. 1. L. latifoliuiu, Ait. Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. ■Leaves elliptical or oblong, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose be- neath ; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7, as long as the corolla; capsule oblong. Cold boga and damp mountain woods. June. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with ir- regular woolly branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flovc- terminal corymbs, white. 2. L. palustre, L. Farrow-leaved Labrador Tea. leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tcmentose beneath; stamen* 10. longer than the corolla. Swamps. June. A shrub smaller than the last and with narrower leaves i species have been ust-d as substitutes for tea, but the latter is considered the •test. Sub-order 3. PYROLEJE. The P/rola Family. ;Oyary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct: ERICACE^. 21$- Fruit a capsule.— Mostly herbaceous plants, with evergreen foliage. 13. PYKOLA, Linn. False Wintergreen, A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear, from the resemblance of the leaves of some species. Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, Icciduous. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped, naked filaments. Style long and generally turned- to one side. Stigmas 5. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upwards, many-seeded.— Low and smooth perennial herbs, bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers on an upright scaty bracted scape. 1. P. ROTUNDLFOLIA, L. Bound-leaved Wintergreen. Leaves orbicular, thick, entire or crenulate, usually, shorter than the dilated pe- tioles: raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutish; stigma clavate. Damp or sandy woods, common. July. Scape 6 to 12 inches high, many-bracted . s all radical, V/ 2 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles about the same length. Flowers % inch broaa, nodding, white, fragrant, 8 to 20 in a raceme. 2. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-Leaf. Leaves elliptical or obovate-oval, .usually longer than the margined petiole; ra- eerae many-flowered, naked or with a subulate bract; calyx-lcles ovate, acute; stigma clavate, 5-lobed. Rich woods, common. June, July. Leaves all radical, membranaceous, finely serrate, with an attenuated base much longer than the petiole. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, slender, bearing S to 1'2 greenish-white fragrant flowers. 3.. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Small Pyrola. Leaves small, roundish, retusc, thick, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, nearly naked; calyx-lobes very short, obtuse ; petals elliptical, converging; gtigffia with the disk 5-lobed. Open woods, common. June. Leaves about 1 inch long, varying from orbicular te broad-ovate, crenulate, smooth, leathery, shining. Scape G to 8 inches high, U -ivj-.vered. Flowers nodding, greenish-white, fragrant, on pedicels V< inch long, each in the axil of a very short bract. 4. P; SECUNDA, L.' One-sided Pyrvla. Leaves ovate, acute, thin, serrate, longer than the narrow petiole; raceme dense, many-fiowcrcd, secund; ca lyx-lobzs ovate, shorter than the oblong petals; style ex- scrted; stigma depressed, 5-lbbed. Rich weeds, common. July. Leaves somewhat raised on a decumbent stem> about 1 inch long, anl petioles about the same length. ISiaps 3 to 6 inch? -. high, with the flowers all turned to one side. Flowers greenish-white. 5. P. minor, L. Lesser Pyrola. Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, mostly longer than the margined petiole? . raceme spiked; bracts as long as the pedicels ; calyx-lodes very short; corolla glo- bose ; style included ; stigma 5-lobed. Base of mountains, rare. July. Leaves on short petioles, mucronate at the apes. Ssage angular, 5 to 10 inches high. Flowers small, white or-rcsoeolcr: 220 ERICACE^. 14. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissbwa. Gr. Jceima, winter, and phUeo, to love. C alyx^ 5-parted, , Petals 5, spreading, concave. Sta- mens 10. Filaments dilated in the middle. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary. Stigma broad and or- bicular, the border obtusely 5-toothed. Capsule 5-celled, opening from the summit. Seeds numerous. — Low pe- rennial, nearly herbaceous plants, with running underground shoots, evergreen thick shining opposite or whorled leaves, ana fragrant white or purplish flowers corymbed cr umbelled on a terminal pe- duncle. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the base, in 4s or 6s; peduncles 4 to 7 flowered, corymbed; bracts linear-subulate; style immersed in the ovary. A beautiful evergreen, common, in dry woods. June. Plant 4 to 8 inches high, leafy. Leaves in 2 cr more irregular whorl.?, 2 to 3 inches long, }/ 2 to p£ wide, re- motely and distinctly serrate, on .short petioles, shining of ^a uniform dark, green . color. Flowers light purple on nodding petioles. 2. C. MACULATA, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely toothed, discolored, opposite or in threes; peduncles corymbose, 1 to 5-flowered; filaments wooly. Dry woods. June, July. A pretty evergreen 4 to 6 inches high, with leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midyein and vein- lets. Flowers purplish-white, en nodding pedicels. Sub-order 4. MONOTROPE^E. Indian Pipe Family. Ovary free from the calyx.. — Leafless herbs, destitute of green. 5. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. Gr. pteron, a wing, and spora } seed; alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, peltate. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5- lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, with the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy pubescent perennial plant, with lanceolate scales in place of leaves scattered along the stem t and ivhitish flowers in a raceme. 1. P. Andromeda, Nutt. Tall Bird's Nest. Hard clayey and limestone soils ; rare. July. Plant covered with brownish viscid hairs. Stem $ to 21 inches high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish:red or AQUIFOLIACEiE. 221" purplish, clothed- at the base with imbricated scales. Flowers very nuniarous, 20 to 60 in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. 16. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Pine-sap. GrT.hypo, under, and .pitas, Pin^-tree; from the place of its growth. Sepals 4 to 5-colored. Petals 4 to 5, fleshy, with a sac-like necteriferous depression at the base. Stamens 8 or 10 ; anthers kidney-shaped j filaments subulate, persis- tent. Style columner, hollow; stigma disk-like, with a bearded margin. Capsule ovoid or globose, 8 to 10-groovea, 4 to 5-cellei, mmy-seedecl. — Parasitic tawny white herbs, with scaly roots, simple stems, scales instead of leaves, and bracted racemes of flowers, at first nsdding, but in fruit erect. 1. H. lanuginosa, Nutt. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.. Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than the Sower; capsule globose. Oak and pine woods. Plant 4 to 6 inches high in flower, and sometimes 12 inches in fruity tawny-white. Flowers 7 to 12 in a terminal raceme, the terminal with 5 petals and 10 stamens, the other with 4 petals and 8 stamens. The whok- plant turns black in drying. IT. MONOTROPA > Gron. Indian Pipe. Gr. mows, one, and tropos, turn; the solitary flower turned to one side. Calyx represented by 2 to 4 : scale-like deciduous bracts. Corolla 4 to 5-petaled, persistent, gibbous at the base Stamens 10 ; filaments persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed appendages of the torus; anthers short. Stig- ma 5-crenate. Capsule 5-celIed, many-seeded. — A singu- lar white fleshy parasitic herb, rising in a cluster from-a matted mass of fibrous roots, with scales like the petals instead of leaves, bearing a solitary flower turned to one side. 1. M. ¥NlFLORA> L. ; Indian Pipe. Bird's Nest. Stem short; scales approximate; flowers nodding ; fruit erect; stamens IG. Deep rich woods' ; common. June — Aug. A- small succulent plant from 4 to 6 laches high, white and smooth, becoming purplish-black in drying. Order 62. $QUIF0LIA€E JE.— Holhj Family.. Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules, and small axil- lary 4 to &-merous white or greenish flowers. Calyx 4 Jo 5-sepaled, imbricate in, jestfvation. Corolla regular, 4 to G parted or cleft, hypogynous. Stamens insert- ed into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments : anthers adnate, opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4 to 6 or united into one, nearly sessile. Ovary free from the calyx 4 to 6-celled. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2 to 6 stones or an*. rates : sebd suspended, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, J iHif AQUIF0LIACE2E. 1. ILEX ; Linn. Holly. • Calyx 4 to 5-toothed ; persistent. Corolla subrotate, 4 to 5-parted. Stamens 4 to 5. Stigmas 4 to 5, gubsessile, inited or distinct. Berry 4 to 5-seeded. — Shrubs or - with alternate spinose dentate leave:, and icJutish, mostly p: ■". 1. AjjuifcotmMj Tcurn. Leaves evergreen f .spiny z tQ0tbed~ I opaca. Ait. American Holly? ■Leaves oval, flat, acute, smooth, margins ??avy, armed with, scuttorei spitfj in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and from the . : 3ttle Moist - : : Hands, rare. June. An' evergreen tree 10 to 15 feet hizh. Leaves tough and shining, with rigid-spines. Flowers small, white, in scattered clusters, th . fertile ones succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and turners Sec. 2. Pmjjoides. — Leaves, membranaceous, deciduous. 2. I. Montana, Torr. & Get. Mountain B$ly. LizvcS oblong-ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate-, smooth, cics;. : ximated on the ends of the branches; fertile flowers on very short peduncles ; •teeth obtuse. 2 imj wc " : along the Alleghanies. June. Shrub or small tree 6 to 20 feet i jgliag Li ■:• 3 to 5 inches long, very thin. Fertile flowers perfc : :rs, if any, unknown. Kutlcis strongly striate-rili: (he ba k ■2 PEINOS; Lnm. Winterberry, The Greek name of the Holly. Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Calyx mi- nute, 4 to 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usu: 6-parted. Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4 to B- oelled. Fruit a drupe, with 6 smooth nutlets,— Shruls with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous Jlovjers. Learns deciduous; fruit Iright red. 1. P. verticellatus, L. Black Alder. Wmterberry. Leaves oval, obovate. or wedge-lancealate, pointed, acute at the base, sharply serrate, downy on the veins beneath-; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate ; ft powers somewhat clustered or solitary ; berry 6-celled, 6-seeded. Swamps, common. June, July, Shrub 3. to 10 feet' high, very variable in foliage, often rugose veiny. Flowers numerous,- small, white. Fruit globose*. bright scarlet, crowded so as to appear in whorls on the branches, and remaining until late in autumn. '2. P. L/EVIGATUS, Pursh. Smooth Wihterberrt/. Leaves lanceolate, pointed at both ends, minutely serrate with appressed hair?, shining above, minutely pubescent en the veins beneath: sterile flovjers 2 to 5 in a cluster, or single on slender peduncles; the fertile mostly single, and on short peduncles. ■swamps, along cold streams and. mountains.- June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, EBEXACE.E. 223 i rayish and warty branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, y 2 to 1 inch wile, en [cs J^ to 1 inch long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on peiicels near 1 Inch long," the fertile scarcely y± as long. Berries large red. :es coriaceous, evergreen, shining above ; fruit Mac 7 :. 3. P. glaber, L. Inh-berry. Evergreen Winterherryt Leaves welge-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat toothed towards the apes, smooth ; its axiilai-y, of the fertile 1-flosvered, the sterile -3 to 6-flowered at the summit. Saalr woods. July. Shrub 3 to 4: feet high, much branched. Leaves crowded, : iy inch long, broadest above the middle. Flowers white mostly 6-parted. :, globose, black ana shining. 3. NEUOPAXIHE3, Ftaf. Mountain Holly. ..:. r. thread, poos, afoot, and an'.hos, a flower; a flower with a Aliform pe- duncle. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx a minute ring, Petals 5, cblong-linear, renexecL distinct. Stamens 5. Ovary hemispherical; stigmas 3 to 4. .sessile, Fruit a ; 4-celled globose berry, with 4 to 5- long nutlets. — A thrub with alternate entire deciduous leaves, on short petioles, and solitary flowers on long. and slender axillary peduncles. 1. >~. Canadensis, DC Canadian Edify. Leaves ova', very entire, smooth, mucronate-poiatel ; peduncles nearly solitarv, - :v long ; fruit somowhat 4-sided. mp cold wools. May, June. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with smooth fish-gray bark. Leaves about 2 inches long on peiioles y 2 as long. Flowers small, grd :. ^•hite. Berries dry, red. Order G3. EBENAGEJE — The Ebony Family. Tras or shrubs, toith alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which a calyx free from, the ovary, the stamens 2 to 4 timts as many as the lobes of the U i, and the fruit a several-celled berry. . Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each. cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; embrtq shorter than ■ : 1 albumen. 1, DIOSPYRUS, Linn. Persimmon. Gr; Dios, pyrus the fruit of Jove. Dioecious. Calyx -4 to 6 -cleft. Corolla-4 tc 6-lobed. Stamens mostly 16 in the sterile Sowers,- and 8 in the fer- tile, in the latter imperfect; filaments shorter than the anthers. Berry large ovoid or globular, surrounded at the base by the permanent calyx, 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-seeded.— - A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical, with alternate entire leaves and axillary flowers, the fertile' axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. 1. D. Virgintana, L. Common Persimmon. Leasee* crate-oblong, nearly smooth, entire ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parte-ii 224 PLANTAGINIACE.3E. corolla somewhat bell-shaped ; stamens 8; styles 4, 2-lobed at the apex. Woods and old fields, abundant near Liverpool, along the Suspuehanna. June. A small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale, yellowish-green, the fertile ones succeeded by a plum-like fruit, 1 inch in diameter, which is exceediugly astringent when green, golden-yel- low when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to Irost. Order 64. PLA1STAGINIACE&I. Chiefly stemless herbs, vjith regular i-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopeialous corolla, alternate, withits lobes; — chiefly represented by the typical genus- 1. PLANTAGO, Linn. Plantain. The Latin name of the Plantain. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals. Corolla tubular, withering on the capsule, the border 4-parted, renexed. Stamens 4, mostly with long and weak filaments. Capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded ; opening transversely so that the top falls off like a lid. — Acaulescent herbs, wUh radical ribbed leaves, and small whitish flowers in a bracted spike raised on a naked scape. 1. P. major; L. Common Plantain. Smooth or hairy; leaves oval or orate, somewhat toothed, 5 to 7-nerved, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole ; spike long, cylindrical, densely flowered ; stamens and style long.- Rich moist soil, about footpaths near houses. June — Sept. Per. Scape 8 to 12 inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Spike 2 to 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Probably introduced. 2. P. CORDATA, Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. Smooth; leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, scarcely toothed, thiekish. on long stout petioles; spike very -long, at length rattier loose; bracts ovate, obtuee seeds mostly 4. Banks of streams, rare. June, July. Per. Scapes stout 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 8 inches long, the 6 to 8 ribs or veins confluent below with the thick midrib. Flmvcrs in a slender elongated spike, with white corollas. 3. P. lanceolata, L.' Lance-leaved Plantain. Hairy or almost smooth; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, entife or nearly eo, - tapering to each end, on slender petioles, remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, grooved; spilce short, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, very dense r ■ bracts scale-like, ovate, pointed ; seeds 2. Dry fields among grass, commons May — Aug. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches - high, somewhat hairy. Flowtrs whitish, with 2 of the sepals commonly united- into one. Introduced.' 4. P. Virginicaj L. Virginian Plantain. Woolly with soft hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate-ovate, 5-nerved, sparingly toothed, or entire, narrowed into a short margined petiole; spike cylindrical, dense-flowered above and interrupted and scattered below ; lobes of the coroUa la Truit UiToluW and converging into a sort of beak.. • PLUMB AGIN ACE M. 225 Sandy fields. April — Sept. Biennial. Scapes 3 to 10 inches high, angular. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, obtuse. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx. Flowers yellowish, with the anthers exserted in some specimens, and included and small in others. Seeds oval, concave on the inner face. 5. P. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf Plantain. Minutely woolly; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute ; scape terete, slender; longer than the leaves; spilce loosely-flowered, the lower flowers distant; bracts ovate, acute; stamens short. Dry bare soil and rocky hills. April — Aug. Annual. Scape 2 to 3 incho3 high, slender. Leaves crowded, about 1 inch long. Spike % to 2 inches long, the- flowers interrupted. Order 65, PLUMB A&m&GRm.—Leadioort Family. Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, with alternate or clustered leaves, somewhat sheathed at base, and regular h-merous flowers, in loose panicles or contracted into heads. Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, or of 5 regular petals. Stamexs 5, opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla. Ovarv free, 1-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. Fruit an utricle, 1. STA-TICE, Tourn. Sea Lavender. Gr. statike, to stop, on account of its astringency. Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united 'at base. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals, Styles 5, separate. Fruit membraneous and indehiscenfc, 1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx.— Salt-marsh perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves, and small flowers loosely spiked on the branches of a compound corymb, one-sided, 'Z-bracied. 1. S. LlMONiUM; L. Marsh Rosemary. Leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblong, tipped with a point, 1-ribbed ; scape much branched, the flowers rather crowded along the upper side of the spreading branchlet3. Salt marshes, rare. Aug. Scape about a fcot high, with several lanceolate 3 clasping bracts. Calyx pink, hairy along the angles. Cevolla pale-blue. Hcci thick and woody, very astringent. Perhaps not a native of this State. 2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, plaited. Petals 5, almost distinct. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the petals. Styles 5, distinct. Fruit indehiscent, invested by the calyx. — Perennials, with mostly, linear radical leaves, and a simple scape,~appendaged above, with the showy rose-colored flowers in a dense head. 1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Thrift. Leaves linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate, acute, sherter *■ than the sheathing appendage at their base ; scape terete, smooth.- 226 PRIMULACEJ2. Rocky places, rare. July, Aug. Root large, woody. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, and about }/£ * ncn wide, numerous, crowded. Scape about 1 foot high, bear singular sheath at top. Flovjers in heads, rose-colored, intermixed with scales. Pursh gives this as a native of this State, while Prof. Gray thinks it is not in- iigmous in the United States; Order. 66. BRMULKOEM,— Primrose Family. Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, iviih regular perfect flavors, the eiamc't^ as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely poly pctalous) corolla and inserted op- posite them on the tube. Caltx 4 to 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 4 to 5, rarely G to S-. Style i; stigma capitate; ovary. 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled, with a central placentae. Seeds numerous. Tribe i. PKIMULE.E.— The Primrose Tribe. Capsule entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves, 1. PRIMULA, Linn. Primrose. 3iit. primus, first ; on account of the early appearance of the flowera of species. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of tha stamens, 5-lobed ; lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting,, at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs r with the veiny leaves in a tuft at the root, and mostly simple scapes bearing the flowers in an umbel. CULTIVATED EXCTIC SPECIES. 1. P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. Leaves obovate, oblong, toothed, rugose, villous beneath ; umbel radical : flow-:r sialics as long as the leaves; corona flat. Native of Europe. A beautiful garden plant, cultivated and highly esteemed for its early flowering, in the numerous va- rieties there are some with red, pink, white, orange, and purple uowers, and in some instances the umbels are on ascane. The roots and seeds smell of anise seed. April. 2. P. veris, Cam. Cowslip. Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many -flowered : flowers all ai- ding: corolla concave. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly of anise. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seeds. 3. P. elatior, Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Polyanthus. Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side; umbel many-flowered, with the outer ■flowers nodding ; corolla flat. Native of Britain. This is the Oxlip from which all the varieties of polyanthuses have been grown. The flowers are on a scape from 3 >a 9 inches high, varying from yellow to red, purple and Tvhitc. PEIMULACEiE. 22' 2. DOD.ECATHEON, Linn. American Cowslip. twelve.- theoi, gods; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12, Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, and rotate, Smarted limb, with reflexed long and narrow segments. Stamens 5, in- serted into the throat of the corolla; filaments short, monodelphous at the base, with long and linear approximate anthers. Style exserted. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous roots, —al oblong or spatulate leaves, in clusters, and an erect simple scape bearing a terminal .umbel of nodding flowers, purple rose-color or sometimes white. 1. D. media, L. American Cowslip. Mead's Cowslip. 'Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole, toothed or entire; utnhel many-flowered ; involucre bracts ovate or lanceolate ; anthers acute, much longer than the short filaments. Rocky places, along the Susquehanna. May. A beautiful smooth plant, with radical clustered leaves, 5 to 10 inches long, by 1 to 2 Inches wide, the margin often wavy. Scape G to 12 inches high. Corolla white, rose-colored or purple. rs % to y^ inch long, yellow, purple at base. 2. D. integrifolium, Michx. Dwarf -American Cowslip. Lcives ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, obtuse, petiolate ; involucre bracts lanceo- late or linear, acute : umbel few-flowered; flowers erect. Mountains, rare. June. A much smaller plant than the precec-ding. Scape i to 8 inches high, thick. Leaves 3 to 5 inches Ions, on naked petioles. Flowers pale-blue, somewhat crowded, on short pedicels. .This may .prove to be only a va- riety ef the preceding species. 3. TRIENTALIS, Linn. Starflower. Lat. trims, the third part of a foot; alluding to the size of the plant. Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat without any tube. Stamens 6 to 8 ; fila- ments slender, united into a ring at base. Style filiform. Capsule globose, few-seeded. — Low and smooth perenniak, with simple erect stems, a whorl of veiny leaves at the summit, and a few white flowers on solitary peduncles. 1. T. Americana, Pursh. duckweed Wintergreen. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals finely pointed. Low woods, rare. May. Stem 6 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 6 or 7 in a terminal whorl, with a few minute .alternate ones below. Flowers white on terminal f liform peduncles. 4. LYSIM ACUTA, Linn. Loosestrife. Gr. lusis. a release, and mache, strife. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube^ 228 PRIMULACE-E. limb 5-parted. Stamens 5 ; filaments often united into a- ring at base. Capsule globose, 5 to 10-valved, few-many- seeded. — Perennials with entire opposite or verticellate leaves, and axillary or racemzd flowers with yellow corollas. 1. L. STRICT A, Ait. Upriyht Loosestrife. Stem erect, smooth; leaves opposite; of rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, loose: pedicels long, slender. Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often with bull/lets ; .n the axils, at length branched, very leafy. Flowers yellow, on slender padi eels in a whorled raceme, 5 to 10 inches long, which is leafy at the base. 2. L. quadrifolia, L. Whorled Loosestrife. Somewhat hairy; stem simple ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely 3s or 6s-), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, punctate; flowers on capillary peduncles from the asils of the leaves. Moist or sandy soils, common. June, July. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, with many whorls of 4 to 5 leaves, each bearing a peduncle about 1 inch long in its axil, with a single flower. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Anthers purple. 3. L. ciliata, L. Hair i/ -stalked Loosestrife. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, on long petioles; petioles ciliate; peduncles mostly in pairs, 1-flowere*; flowers drooping; corolla longer than the calyx. Banks of streams and thickets ; common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, square, sparingly branched. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on hairy petioles x /^ to 2 inches long, somewhat cordate at base, the upper ones apparently in fours. Flowers large, yellow, axillary. Stamens with 5 alternate teeth or rudimentary filaments. 4. L. lanceolata, Walt. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. Lsaves lane«olate, acute, narrowed at the bass into a short and margined petiole fringed with hairs, or the upper nearly sessile and linear, the lowest oblong and spatulate ; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1-fiowered ; corrolla longer than the calyx. Yar. 1. hylrida, has the leaves varying from lanceolate to nearly oblong. Tar. 2. heteroplvjla, with the leaves narrow, linear and acute at each end. Swamps and moist grounds. July. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, sometimes branehed at base. Leaves 2 inches or more long, varying from % to linch wide. Flowcn yellow resembling those of L. ciliata. Tribe 2. ANAaALLLDEiE.— The Pimpernel Tribe. Zapiule free from the caiyx, evening all round hy a transverseline, the top falling off Wee a lid. 5. ANAGALIS, Tourn. Pimpernel. Gr. anagalaojto laugh; en account of its supposed exhilerating virtues. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely any tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments hairy. Capsule globose, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Small spreading pro- cumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled e?itireleaves } and soli- tary .fiotcers on axillary peduncles. HHMULACE.S. 229 1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Learnt cvats. sessile, shorter than the peduncles ; sepals linear-lanceolate, about a< Icrag as t'Ltf petals; pet.ds obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, longer than the stamens. Waste sandy fields, introduced from Europe. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 20 inches Ion;, with elong ited branches, or simple. Leaves Yi i QC h long. Flowp.rs opposite, sin ill but beautiful, with scarlet, sometimes purple, blue or white petals, quickly c'oslng at the approach of rainy weather; whence the common name of " Pvor M ui's 1 rcather-tjiass." Tribe 8. gAMOLE^.— 'The Water Pimpernel Tribe, Capsule half adherent to the calyx. 6. SAMOLUS, Linn. Water-pimpernel. From Santos, the island where the original specie3 was first found, Calyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell^shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 sterile fila- ments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, included, on the tube of the corolla. Capsule 5-valved at the summit, many-seed- o i. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in racemes. 1. S. Valerandi, L. Brook-meed. Fi:m erect, subsimple; leaves ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper •£"ss':Ic: racemes elongated, loose. many*£owered ; pedicels with a small bract near the midlle. Wet grayeUy places; July— Sept. S'.em 8 to 12 inches high, smooth. Leave? 1 inch long, broadly-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. Tribe 4. HOTTONIE.E.— The Feather/oil Tribe, Cipsulc opening by valves; seeds fixedly the base, analropous, 7. HOTTONIA, Linn. Featheefoil. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver- form, with a short tube; the limb Srparted. "Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-valved, many>-seefi*:L Seeds at- tached by their base. — Aquatic perennials, with pectinate im- >mersed leaves, and white Jiowers whorled at the joints in a tome-, what interrupted raceme borne}"cn'-holluw nearly leafless peduncles. 1. H. INFLATA, Ell. 'Inflated Featherfoil. Xeawrdissected into th'rsad-like divisions, scattered on the floating stem?, cr whorled or crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncles inflated be- tween the joints; Jiowers verticellate, mostly in four3, on short pedicels. Stagnant water, ditches and pools. Juno. July. SU171 immersed, thick, round, E2 230 LENTIBULACEJ3. Fpongy. Peduncles 6 to 10 together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of tho poeiu, 8 to 10 inches long. Flowers small, white in numerous yerticols. Order 67. LENriBULAOESS. —Bladdenuort Family. SnaU aquatic Jicrbs, with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate caroUa, 2 sis- mens v}it\ \irating irregularly. Scapss 1-few-flowered. 1. UTRICULAR! A, Linn. Bladder vroRT. Name from ulriadus, a little bladder. Calyx. 2-parted, subeqnal, the lips entire or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the. lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. Stamens 1. Stigma bila- biate. Capsule globular, 1-celled. — Iminersed aquatic herbs, with axillary dissected leaves, mostly bearing little fiiaadcrs, 7':hich are fllled with air and fi oat the plant at the time of flowering, and cred scapes bearing yellow or purplish flowers. 1. 'U. INFLATA, Walt. Inflated Bladdericort. Tppwleavrsin a whorl, floating ; lecf-sU/lks inf ated, each into an oblong blad- der; lower leaves capillaceous, dissected ; scape 4 to 10-flowered; spi*r conical, V£ aOong as the corolla; style distinct. Ponds. Aus. Slcm very long, branching, rupper.ded in the water by a singlo irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated loaves which are oblong, cleft, and pin- r.&tif>d at the end. Flowers large, yellow, on a scape 8 inches long, pcluncied, with sheathing bracts. "2. U. purpurea, Walt. Purple Bladdericort. Stem long, ■ floating, branched? leaves whorled along the submersed stem*, y-o- iidod, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; scape assurgent, 2 to 4- Cowered; spur appres-sed to the lower lip of the corolla and about }^ as long. Pond.'. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 f;et long. Leaves Ho inches long. Fifteen Violet-purple, with a greeni.vh ?par on axillary, solitary scapes 2 to 4 inches iocg. 3. U. VULGARIS, L. Common Bladder wort. floating; sitm immersed. 2-forked ; leaves many-parted, crowded on the long rtein*, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 5 to 12, on senpos ; upper lip of the closed ccrrolla, scarcely longer than the prominent palate; spur ccniealin- eurved. Pools and ponds of deep water; common. July, Aug. Ter. Root much branched. Immersed stems 1 to 3 feet long. Leaver very numerous 1 inch long. Flowers ''/, to % inch broad,, yellow, raoeined on scapes 6 to 12 inches long, rising cut of vhe'water. 4. U. CORNUTT, Michx. Horned Bladdertrort. -ZU.Vt oract, rigid, 2 to 7 -flowered ; pak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, Juno. A singular plan*, chestnut colored or yellowish throughout, 4 tc 6 incheB high, very smooch. 2:32 BIGNONIACEiE. Naked Broomrape. . Gr. a, privative, and plmllon foliage, alluding to the naked stalks. Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes, without fcractlets. Calyx 5-cleft, regular* Corolla-tube long, curved, with a spreading border, somewhat 2 -lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, the lobes similar to the 3 of the lower lip. Stamens included,' Stigma broadly 2-lipped Capsule with 4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half way between the midrib and the margin. 1. A. unlflora, Torr. &.Grr. One-flowered Cancer-root, Stein subterranean or nearly so, very short, seal}', often branehed, each branch Sending up 1 to 3 slender 1-fiowered scapes; calyx-lobes lance-awl-shaped; corolla- lobes obovate. Woods. April, May. Hairy, brownish-yellow. Corolla 1 inch long, tinged and edged with purple, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat. (Orobanche uui- flora, L.) Order 69. ; BIGMQMikCIIlEL— Bignonia Family, Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with monopetalous didynamous flowers, a mostly 2-celled ovary and the numerous ojiatropous seeds with a large flat embryo an I no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, 1 or C sterile. Ovary free, bearing a long style and a 2-lipped stigma. Sub-order i. BIGNONIEiE.. True Bignonia Family, Fruit a 2 valvedpod ; seeds flat winged. Trees or woody vines. 1. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. Abridged from the Mexican name. Calyx bell-shaped, 6-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5- lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4, didyna mous. Cap- sule long and narrow, 2-celled, 2-valved, the partition con- trary to the valves. Seeds in a siDgle row in each cell. — Trees or shrubs, often. climbing, with opposite ; digitate or un- equally pinnate, leaves and showy, fldwers. 1. T; radio Ans, Juss. Trumpet Creeper. Climbing by radicating tendrils; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5 to 11, ovate, pointed, toothed ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; corolla-tube thrice longer thau the calyx ; stamens included. A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. June — Aug. Stem 20 to 80 feet in length, ascending trees. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long ; leaflets 2. to ,3 by 1 jto .2 inches. Flowers V/% inch long, orange and scarlet showy. bignoniacej:. _oo 2. T. grandiflora, Delaun. Chinese Trumpet-flowen Climbing. - t unequally pinnate ; 3 to 5 pair.?. ovat>acUui> nat-o. dentate-serrate: 2 >:ni -' J -< : terminal; p&licds nodding jircelv longer than th; 5-cleft ealy:;. Native of China and Japan. FLiv.is of a rich-scarlet, shorter and broader than in X. radicals. 2.' CAT ALP A, Scop., Walt, Indian Bean. The aboriginal nam s Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swellings irregular border 5-lobed, spreading, wavy. Stamens 5, mostly only 2 of them anther-bearing. Pod very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-ceIied, the partitions con- trary to thii valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wiaged on each side,, the wings cut- into a fringe. — I with simple opposite or teniaiC-ucrtlceliate oeiiolaie Lav <:■?., aal terminal panicles of white flowers. 1. C eignoxioides, Walt. CaiaJpa. Leon pedj membranaceous, pointed,, downy beneath: ftoietts in ope?i tndpankles; calyx-tips mucroaate. • N ;' •' : the South, but naturalized along the Sehuylkil! near Philadelphia. June. A wall known ornamental tree growing from 1-3 to 30 ftet high, with a ling top. ana comparatively few branched. Leaves large, hearr-ehapeu. Ft/rw /•.; white, slightly tinged with violet aner dott d with purple and yellow ii throat. Pud remaining on the. tree until the following spring, often 1 foot long. Sub-osber ir. SESAMES. The Sesamum Family/ /bi or fiesfry and woody fruit f&s&g I fo a ccEaT; seeds winglesf. 3. MAHTYXIA, Linn. Unicorn Plant. In honor of Prof. John Mor'yn of Cambridge. Eng. ] Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobcd, irregular. Stamens 5, one sterile, 4 didynamous. Capsule fle3by, and with the inner part soon becomes we-ouyy termi- nated by a long beak, which at length splits -into 2 hooked horns, the capsule opening at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled. • Seeds several, wingless, with a thick and spongy roughened coat. — Low branching .annuals, clam- my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, -vc it ii opposite, petiolate } tubcordate roundish leaves, and large racemed flowers. 1. M, proboscidea, Glox. Crowspur. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate ; Jlaxccrs on long, axillary peduncles; beaJ.s much longer than the capsule. Banka of the Susquehanna, near Ilarriaburg. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet "n V'j Cb. jlia large, pahv dull-yellow, the limb nearly as broad as the leavesj tinged or !34- ACANTHACE-E. spotted with yellow or purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. Weody endoearv esested ^n one side, with 2-lon-.: claws.. Order 711. ACAMTKACEiU.— AcantJtus iamily. tfhiefly Kerbs, with opposite sinipbi leave*', didynamow or- diandrous stdyiumt, in- serted on the tube of the more or less '1-lipped corolla. Eeut an S-ecllcd and few- seeded capsule. Calyx 5-eleffc. Corolla 5-lobed. subcjual. Style thread-form Stigma simple or 2 cleft. Capsule loculieidal; seeks anatfoppos, supported by booked projections of the placentae. ahlPj md -jnilur Minther/, the separated cells gitfog the appearance oi 2. anthers on each filament. £ DIAXEHERJe.. Gronor anihira, anthers; the separated "ells giv 2. anthers on each filaments Calyx: 5-parted. Gobom.4& deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched ; the fottfer spreading, 3-par.tcd. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lover down than- the other. Capsule obovate, compressed, attenuated at the Base, 4 to ^seeded.— -Perennial ItcrU, 'jroiciiuj in loiter. with narrow and- entire leave*-,, and purplish jlon:ersin axil- la rjj pedu ; i cled sp ikes or hca db . I. V- Aj-iericana, L. Water Willoir. leaves linear-lanaeolaite, .elongated; Spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncied. (Jia- id •• peduncuh sn, L.) Borders of streams and pond."; cosnihon: July. Aug. Hoot creeping. Stem ° ' "^- :. -; iiple or sparingly branched above. Ikqves nearly 6 inches long,- ixa .tractcd to a'thort peliolc. Flowers paie.-purple. . 2. DIPTERI€ANTHUS ; Xees.. (Rijellia^ partly, L.) Gr, dij . ■:■<-■ E and aJiOnVios, the Acanthus; on account of the 2-icavv,!- pe - « dancler Calyx Feebly deleft Corolla funnel-form ; the spread- ing liihb near] j regularly and equally 5-cleft. Stamens- 4*. included, didynanious-;- anthers arrow-shaped; cells paiallei, and nearly eqnal., Capsule somewhat compressed,. and . Lt the base, 8- to-12-seede I, S&EBS with a mik eilag iting. — Percnmwid Merfis, with ovate or elh'ptical nearl m J,&a/*/ Wade, and clustered blue, -ov- purple jtuici-ra.. \ D -rRZi'ENs, Nees. Two-winged Jhantliils. gomewb in a -vale or ovate-obi- >ng, entire-; peduncles, axillary, very short ate, filiate, spreading, shorter than the tube of Ike Shady n .- July. ,Vik 1 to 2 feet high, often simple, clothed with white 1 i ixichfcslong.Kto^as.wide. Corolla 2 inche* aach broadJ.'vrith a long and slender tubs. SCR0PHULARIACEJ3. 235 3, THUN-BERGIA, Linn. Ill honor of Chart: s IWer Thun^erg, Professor of Botany at the University of Upaah Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla bell- ihaped, with an. inflated tube, and 54obed limb; lobes equal. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, beaked, 2,-eelled.^ — Mostly climbing herbs, with showy axillary jTowtr3. *> 1. T. alata, L, Maclc-eyed Susan. Siem twining^ Jeafes'triaagrtlarly-corf'ate, sinuately toothed, 5-nerved ; prJ.-ioUf- 1. July. Native of the East Indies* Fluwirs 1 to l},^. inch, broad, pale,, huff or orange^with a deep-purple throats Order 71. SOKQ?R\JLkElAOEM.^-Flg^ort Family- •' '.:';/i y herbs, Vrith didyriamous, dwAidfous, or very rarely o stamens inserted or.- l\t tube of the 2-lippert or more or less irretjular>coroNA. Calyx of 5 more or less- united Bepakj persistant. 0vAur2-celled, with a single style.. Eruii a2se&Dled aiwfci usually many-seeded capsule, with the piac-cjnta) in-= the axis. Sub-order l ANTIRRHINIDE^ The Snapdragon Eaauly.. TJpptr 1% of tlut corolla ccverinj the lobes of. 'the lower i» the bu>$. Cafsuk usitailfy septic idal. 1. VEKB&SCUM, Linn, Mullein The ancient Latin name, altered from Sarbascum. CAlyx 5-parted- Corolla. 5--lobed r open; or- concave, ro- tate, the lobes nearly equal rounded;- Stamens- 5^ perfect,, often hairy, the anterior longer.. Style flattened at the apex,. Capsule, ovoid or.- globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial Merbs, umally icoolly, with- alternate leavesy and eglwnvcral' /hirers in- terminal spikes or racemes. 1. X. Iiiapsus, L. Common- Mulleim Densely woolly throughout; stem siistple tall and' stout; fc.uv.? ovste-ol'long. is- feurrciit: flowers- in.: a- prolonged dense cylindrical spike; ■■ lower- stamens usually Fields and roadsides; very common. Introduced from. Europe. June. Si&n Z I I ■■ •■• high, angular^ winged. Leaves 6 to 12 inches-long.. Flowers yellow in a. long 3 :.sj <■;. lindric spike. 2. X. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Green and nearly smooth.; leotrces oblong, clasping, crenate-serrate; the radio** or>'S peiio'.el. oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped; rac&me- long and: foose: / i-mcnts all bearded. Ro&dsides, common; Introduced from Europe. June, Ju!y. Sfemj 2 feet high,- mgjed. Leans acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or wliitu, with a p.u*t~ 236 SCILOPIIULARIACE.E. ptisli tinge, on pedicels nearly an inch long. Stamens 'unequal, purplish; the fila- ments all hairy. 3'. V. Lyciixitts, L. White Muttein. Clothed with a thin powdery woblliness; leaves oblong, wedge-form,, greenish above; powers in a pyramidal panicle ; filaments white-woollj'. Old fields, roadsides, rare. Introduced from Europe. July. Aug. S'ti-m 2 tc 5 feet high, angular. Flowers pale-yellow. Calyx- siuuil, with tyoe»-£ttbulate seg- ments. 2. LINABIA, Tourn. Toad-flax. Named from Linum, the flax, which the leaves of some species resemble. ' Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the promi- nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4," didyiianious. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening, below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or chinks, the orifice split into teeth. Seeds numerous. — IZerlm with the lower- leaves opposite or whorkcl, the upper alternate, and solitary, axillary flowers often forming terminal leafy racemes. 1. L. CANADENSIS, Spreng. Wild Toad-fax. Smooth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; floicers xacemed, on short pedicels ; spur thread- form, curved. Low grounds. May — Aug. Annual. St<:m about 1 foot high, slerdcr, cft spur.-. 3. L. Elatixe, Mill. Sharp-pmnted I Toad-flax. Hairy; branched from the base; haves alternate, ovate-halbert-furm petioledj flowers axillary, on slender peduncles; S2>ur slender. Fields and banks, sparingly introduced. July. ' Ann." Stetn procumbent, 1 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers yellow and i urplish. tmail. 3. AXTIEEHINUM, Linn. Snamkacon. Gr. anti, like/rm, a noae; from the resemblance of the Sowers to the snout of sorr.cf animals. Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip.2-parted, lower 3-parted; closed by the prominent palate. Capsule wkhotit valves, opening by 3* pores, — European herhs, icith the lower leaves Opposite, the upper alternate r and showy, flowers in leafy terminal racemes.* SCnOPIIULARIACE/E. 237 1. A. MAJU3, L. Great Snap-drayon. Laves lanceolate, opposite; flowers in raecmes; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth, lanceolate, acute. A showy garden flower, native of England. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at the base beneath. There are numerous varieties with., scarlet, scarlet and white, and white flowers. June, July. 4: SCROPHULAKIA, Tourn. Figwort. So called from its supposed virtues in curing scrophula. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Co-holla., subglobose ; limb corn- tracted, with 2 short lips; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with- a scale or abortive stamen at the summit of the tube. Cap- sule 2-celled ; 2-valved ; many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with- mostly opposite, leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers, in loose cymes forming a terminal panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Common Figwort. Smooth, tall and 'branching; Stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper- lanceolate, acute, cutrserrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanccolata, Pursh, S. nodosa, Benth, in DC.) Woods and hedges ; common. June — Aug. Per. . Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 3:to 7 inches long, thin,, often long-acuminate. Flowers, oroid 34 $° Vi vakX*. long, . purple-brown tinged with green. 5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. . In honor of Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accurate hotanist.' Calyx deeply. 5-cleft. Corolla, bilabiate, the orifice closed ; upper Up 2-clef t ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac- like, infolding the 4; declined stamens and style, Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Slender branching an- nuals, willi opposite leaves, and handsome flowers in um- bel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the up- per leaves. 1. C. BicoLOR, Bcnth. Two-colored Collb.mw. Stem upright, somewhat branched; leaves ovatc-lanceelate, remotely serrate or nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base ; flowers in axillary ra- cemes. A pretty annual plant from the Rocky Mountains ;. common in cultiva- tion. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % to % inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy, % to %._ inch long. Corolla white, the lower lip a beautiful violet-purple.- 6. CHELONE ; Tourn. Snake-head. Gr. kelone, a tortoise ; the corolla much resambling in shape the head of that animal. Calyx .5-sepaled ; imbricated. Corolla inflated- tubular, 268 SCitOPIIULARIACEJ with the mouth a little open ; upper lip broad, concave, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower lip spreading "3-cleft, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, di&y- a&mous, with a 5th shorter sterile filament; anthers heart- shaped, woolly. Capsule 2- celled, 2-valved, many-seeded>; seeds wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white cr purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters, and close- 'y imbricated with roundish bracts and bractlets. 1. C. GLABRA, L. Turtle-head. Balmony Shell-flower. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed; flowers in dense spikes. Wet places; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves thick, an.l somewhat coriaceous, varying from narrow to very broad-lanceolate. Flowers large, white or raiaish, i 7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.. Gx.pcnie, Sve, and siemsn, a stamen: in allusion to the 5th large abortive stamen. C alyx 5-parted.. Corolla tubular, more c:*-less inflated, mostly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3- cleft, Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; and a fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the other?, either naked or bearded. Capsule ovoid, 2-cclled, 2-valved. — ■ Perennial herbs, branches at the base, with opposite leaves, and shotvy flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 1. P. pubescens, Soland. Beard-tongue. Somewhat pubescent; radical haves petioled, CYfite or oblong; sicm leaves lanceo- late f.ora a clasping base, serrate, sometimes entire; flowers loosely panicled; sLrile/damaU bearded from the top to below the middle. Hills and river banks ; common. June — S^pt. Stum 12 to 15 inches high, round, pmo >th below,- supporting a loose oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple t o>vers. CbrvUa 3 inqh long, gradually enlarged upwards, flattened and l-ridgqd on the upper side. Sometimes q/aite smooth, when it is P.luvijafits, Sjiand, ^c. 8. PAULOXIA, Siebold... Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. Corolla^tube long, de- dinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments. Stamens 4, arched downwards.- Capsule woody, acumi- nate ; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds numerous. — A magnificent flower in g tree, native of Japan, with large leaves, and large terminal panicles of numerous purplish flowers. 1. P. imperialis, Siebold. Paulonia. Leaves broad-cordate-orate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, villous-canescent on irtiifa. eides, Bnioothish-abQye ivken full grown.- A splendid tree with the iiSbit of . SCROPHULARIACEJE. 239 CaUlpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this eountryl Branches crooked, n.) 9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxglove. Lat. dt'gilabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. « Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 eubequal lobes. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a doable dissepiment. — European and Asiatic herbs or shrubs, cultivated Jor ornament, with large fljwers in showy ra- cemes- 1. D. PURPUREA, L. Purple Foxglove. Leaves oblong, rugose, crcnatc; calyx segments ovate-oblong; corolla obtuse, up- per lip entire; peduncles as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 feet high, with large, rough, downy leaves. Flov:ers numerous, in a lon£ ; Pimple spike, large crimson or purplish, often white, with beautiful spots within. Medicinal. 2. I). GRANDIFLORA, Allioni. Great yellow Foxglove. Jbeaaes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul; raceme tom'n- t>se, lax; calax segments lanceolate, acute ; cwoZ/avcntrlcose-bcll-shaped, segments broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Europe. A pe- rennial plant 2 to o feet high. Flowers Ij^inch long, yellow, varying to browniih er grange. 10. MIMULUS, Linn. Monkey*flower. Gr. viimo, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-angIed, 5-toofchcd, the upper tooth largest. Cobolla tubular; (he yjrpex lip erect or refiexed- Epreading, 2-lobcd; the loiccr spreading, H~lobcd. Stamens 4. Stigma 2 -lipped. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate or erect herbs, ivith square stems, opposite leaves, end mostly handsome /lowers on solitary axillary pe- duncles. 1. M. RINGENS, L. Purple Monkey -floiccr. Erect, smooth ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a heart- ehapod base; peduncles larger than the flowers. Per. Tfot places ; common. July, Aug. Stem, 1 to 2 foet high, somewhat branched.. Fkioen pale-purple, ringent. Cutyx-kcih acuminate from a broad base. 2. M. ALAT.US, Ait. IVing-stem Monkey -floiccr. i&cm, somrtwhat winged at the angles above; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx; ccdyx-ledh very short, abruptly pointed. .Per. Low grounds, rare. Aug. Stem 2 feet high with winged angles, somewhat branched. Flowers pale-blue, ringent. 240 SCROPHUDARIACEJ2. 11. HERPESTIS, Gacrt. Gr. hcrpestes, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plants. Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla bilalfate ■; 'itppe* Up notched or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds small, numerous. — Prostrate or creeping herbs, with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or subracemose flowers. 1. H. Monnieria, Humboldt. Wedge-leaved Ilerpesics, Smooth, ficshy, prostrate; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crcnatc near the summit; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; a:lgx segments ovate. Per. Inundated hanks. Aug. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable ia size and form. Flower* very small, pale purple, on peduncle? about as long as the leaves. 2. H. micrantha, Pursh. Smooth, prostrate ; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-veined ; pedicels ebracteatc, nearly as long as the leaves ; corollo scarcely longer than the calyx. Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inches in length. Leaves about }£ inch long, 5 to 7-veincd. Floivcrs very small, blue. 12. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hedge-Hysup. Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellent medicinal properties. Calyx 5-parted; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Corolla tubular subbilabiate; upper Up entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 sterile or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule ovate, 4-vnlved, many-seeded. — Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, icith opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-Jtowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlcts at the base of the calyx. 1. Gr. VlRGlNlANA, L. Common lied gc-ITy sup. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves* lanceolate, slightly serrate, narrowed at the base ; peduncles longer tban the leaves; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, equal ; sterile filaments nearly wanting. Ann, Wet places; common. July, Aug. -'Plant 4 to C inches high, branched at ba=e. Lc aves 1 to 2 inches long, and % as-Wide, sessile. Corolla whitish, the tub-* pale yeflowj often tinged with purple, scarcely % inch long. Cabjx with 2 linear-lance- olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals. 2. G. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-pointed Uedge-ITysvp. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; ealyx segments linear, as long as the globose capsule. (G. acuminata of Pureb.) Per. Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Flowers palc : ycllow ; large. Capsule larger than in any ether ejecics. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 24 1 13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Muhl.) Gr. Hits, mud, anthos, flower; alluding to their place of growth. Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed, the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, fertile and 2 sterile filaments forked, one of the divisions glandular, the other smooth, acute, or rarely with 'half an anther. "Style 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small smooth herbs, with op- posite leaves and small axillary flowsrs, or the upper racemed. 1. I. gratiololdes, Benth. False Pimpernel. Much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or the lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping; capsule ovoid-oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (Lindernia dilatata, and L. aitenuata of Muhl.) Eewgrov.ndS; and along rivulets ; common ; flowering all summer. -Leaves ^&- riublo hi- size, .},£ to •% inch long. Curolla mudi €S3ortcd, nearly J^ inch long, • bluish- white. 14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt €r. Jitmi, half, anthos, flower; alluding to the une .Idly — Smt. Stem 8 to 15 inches hiirh. 4-angied. Ltatsx' variable, about- 1 inch long, very narrow, entire rough. Corolla x /^ to }^ mch loug. pale purple, spotted- within, the border much spreading, smooch and nearly equal. 3. G. SETACEA, YfaltV Sslaceous Gerardia. Very slender; brav.cMe.ts and leaves setaceous, ro'ughish; peduncles very mueh fahger then the leaves; calyx-teeth awl-shaped; cajisule ovate, larger than the calyx, at-length exserted. ■ Dry. woods. Tare. Aug., Sept. riant 8 to 12 inches high. Corolla small }4M % inch leng. Sic. 2. Daststoma, Kaf. Leaves rather large; flowers yellow. Perennials, . 4. Gr, FLAVA, L. Downy Fake Foxglove. Pubescent with a fine close down; stem tall, mostly simple ; leaves ovste-ianoeo- la'te or oblong; obtuse, entire, the lower usually si a u ate -toothed or pmaatifi.1; pe- duncles very short: flowers axillary. Woods and rocky p!aoes 7 common. Aug. S\em 3 to 4 foot high, erect. Lower hives variously pinnatifii, cut or tooth.d; upper ones very entire. F&wzrs isuTjgp, yellow, trumpet -shaped!. 5. G. QusaciFOLiA, Pu'rsb. Gliiuzous False Foxglove. Smooch and glaucous, tall, mostly branching; lexozr leaves twice pinnatifid ; the upper oblong-Ian -eolate, pinnatifid -or entire: pe&tfhcles nearly as long as the ealyat; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, as long as toe at length inflated tube. Rich woods; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a Uxmj tpikc. Corolla trumpet-shaped. 2 inches long. 6. G. PEDIGULARIA, L. « Btushg Gerardia. Smoothishor pubescent, much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, ths loL&scutand tooth d ; pedicels longat than the- calyx; cxdyx-iojcs toothed, as kmj as the hairy tubs. Dry wools; common. Aug; Stela 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy. LtOva 1 to 5 inches long, and }.-o to 2 inches wide ; segments ereualely incised serrate. JFLvs*rj yellow, 1 to Y l /2 in^h long, villose. Slyle longer than the stamens. S20. 3. Otophylla, Death. — Upper leaves with a lobe at ike base; corolla purpie {rarely white.), sparingly hairy inside. Annual? : 7. G. AURICULATA, Micbx. Aurlculate Gerardia. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,, tb» lover entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe at the base, en each sid*; flowers nearly sessile in the -axils of the upper leaves, forming a prolonged and ia- ' terrnpted leafy spike. Low grounds, rare. Aug., Sept- Stem 9 to 20 inches high. Leaves 1 to V-/ % by x / z to % of an inch, entire en the margiu, sessile. Corolla purpl* cr rarely vbiia, pulfcssent, dilated at the mouth, neariy 1 inch long, 20. CASTILLEJA, Mutis. Painted-cup. In honer of Castillejo, a Spanish botanist Calyx tabular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to 4-cleffc. Cobol- iA 2-lipped ; upper lip loDg and narrow, arcbed, keeled a&d . F2* 246 SCROPnULARIACE^. flattened laterally, inclosing the stamens. Stamens 4. Capsule ovoid-compressed, many-seeded. — Herbs, with al- ternate entire or cut-lobed leives, the floral ones dilated, colored and usually more showy than the pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. I. C coccinjlv Sprang. Scarlet Painted- Cap. Hairy.; sbzm simple; root-leaves clustered; stem leaves lanceolate, pinnatifidly in- cised; fi-oral-lzobves trtfid or incised, colored at .the summit; calyx nearly equally 2- cleft, Xhejobes dilated at the apes, nearly entire the length of the corolla. Bien Low grounds. May, June.. Slevi 8 to 16 inches high, simple reddish or purple. Floral-leaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-leaves alternate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. The variety pcUens of Pursh, -having the fiorai-leave3 dulbyeliow ■ is occasionally Ibiind. 21. SCHWALBEA, G-ronov. Chaff-seed. In honor of Cliristian Sckioilbe, a German botanist. Calyx declined, very oblique,, tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed. 5-toothed, the upper rib much smaller, the anterior united much higher than the others. Corolla bilabiate; upper Up arched, oblong, obtuse, entire; the lower shorter, erect, 2- pkited, with 3 very short obtuse lobes- Stamens 4, didy- namoua,. included in. the upper lip. Style club-shaped atthe apex. . Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-cclled, 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds winged with the chaff-like coat. — Perennial herbs, with alternate, sessile, entire leaves, and leaf y simple stem*, terminated by a hose spike of ratlier largefluU yellow flowers. 1., S. Americana, L. American ChafK.sced. Minutely pubescent; stem simple, leafy; leaves ovate er-©blong, the upper gradu- ally reduced into lanceolate- and linear bracts, 3-nervcd; psdixl*-rsrj thort, with * bractlets under tho calyx. . Wet sandy soil; rare. May— July. Plant 1 to 2 feot hi^a, tcmeTrhfc* vdaoei pub^aoent. Flowers dull purple or yellowish, I to 1% inch long. • 22. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort.*? Lat. pedictdus, a louse; of no obvious application. ' CALYX; tubular or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2=- lipped. .. Corolla, strongly 2-lipped; the -upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested abe.ve, 3-lobe'd, commonly spreading. Sta- mens 4, under.-the. upper lip. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly alternate pinnaUfld^l&meS', and rather large flowers iu ■ t*r initial spikes. 1. P. CANADENSIS^ Li* Cofnmon Lousewort. Ujury; stems simple, low, ciatterod-; .leaves »c«kttar«d; ,tbe lew&t piqaatt&IHr VEBBENACE^I. 24 parted, the others half pinnatifid; spike short and' dense; calyx split in 'front, otherwise nearly entire, obli'ine ; upper lip of the corolla hooded, incurred, 2- toothed under the apes. Pastures and low grounds, common..' May — Jofly. Pldnt 5 to I?' inches high, often several stems from one root. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by 1 to 2 wide, chiefly radical. Cjrulla yellowish and purple, in a short terminal spike. Capsule com- pressed, somewhat sword-shaped. 2. P. ' lanceolata, Michx. Tall Louse wort. Sterh upright, tail, nearly' simple, mostly smooth ; leaves sub-opposite, oblong- lanceolate, double-eut-toothcd : spikes somewhat crowded; calyx bifid, with round- ish-ovate segments ; upper lip of the corolla truncate at the apex, the lower erect so as to noarly close the throat. Low grounls. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet hig*h. Floieirs large, straw-color &Uyx~iobes leafy, crested. Cipsule ovate, scareoly longer than the calyx: 23/ MlLAMPYKUM, Tonrn. Cow-wheat. $f. &das, blacky and pitro:, wheat ; from the color of the seeds, as Lhey appose mixed with grain. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. • Corolla ringent or personate; upper Up arched, compressed, with the margins folded back, the lower lip somewliat longer, biconvex, 3- lubed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip. Cap- sule- compressed, ovate, oblique or -falcate, 2-celled, 1 to 4- aeeded. — JUrect branching .annuals, with appetite leaves, ami wlitary axilla ri/ y - or • Iciifif-spiked fawers. M. Pratense, L. Yar. Amebicanum. Benth. * Cow-wheat, Lower leaves lanceolate or linear lanceolate ; floral leaves lancoolata, toothed at the b6ee;fiovKrs remott, one-aided, axillary. Dry woods; common- Juno, July. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, branched absrw. L*a**t opposite, 1 to lj>^ by }A to % inch, the upper one* broader, with eetaseous teeth at the baae. Flower t kiendtir, yeUo»ish, th« eorolia t-arico tiu* leu^Ui of tts •ftlyxs Order 72. YEBBEHACEiS/-- Vervain Family... Htrbt or thrubt, with opposiU feasts, more or U8s%Upptd Oobqlu. tubelsr, irregukurly 4 to 3-cl#ft, aedluous. 8ss*» TriLh. U4U« or no albuHi#n.. 1. VERBENA; Linn. Verya^. Th« Latin name for any sacred herb ; derivation ohasu.** Caltx tubular, 5-toothed, with one of the teeth oftefe shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often eurved, s*lver-form.- the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Sta- mens 4 (rareiybut 2), included; the upper pair someiiisas 248 VEEKENACEvE. without anthers, Style slender; stigma capitate. Cap- sule seperating into 4 seed-liko nutlets. — Herbs, with oppo- site leaves, and mostly alternately spicate, br acted flowers, rarely capitate or corymbed. 1. V. HASTATA, L. Blue Vervain. Tall; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cut serrate, petloled, the lower often lobed and. sometime lialbert-form atthe-fcase; spikes Blender erect, densely flowered, coryrabed or panieled. . Per. Low and waste grounds; common, Jul}' — Sept. Stem 3 to 4f -et high, with pan- iculate opposite branches above. Leaves rough, opposite, f lowers small, blue, arranged in long, c'o;9, imbricated spike-?, erect and parallel to each other. S eds 4.-= A variety with lance-ovate, or laace-ob'oag sharply serrate leaves and smaller fldwers is occasionally met with ;- prebably a hybrei between this and the next epecics. 2. V. urticifolia, L.; Nettle-leaved Vhruairi. Erect, somewhat pubesc?nt; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely eerrato, potiolcd; spikes very 'slender, at length- mash elongated with the flowers remote, loosely panieled; flowers tetrandrdr.sv Old fields and roadsides; cornmm: introlaced. Jo!y — Sept. Per. ArougYsh, hairy plant With slender spreading- branches, 2 to 3 feet high. Fldiosrs whi», Tory small, remote, oa divergent, slender spike3. 3. V. spuria, L. Catdeaved Vervain. Stem decumbent, loosely branched, diluse; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the !ob«i rut toothed; spikes very slender, loosely panieled; brads longer than the calyx ; upper stamens imperfect. Annual or Biennial. Sandy fields and roadsides ;. rare. Aug. — Oct. Stern square, 1 to 2 feet long, at length much branched, half erect. Spikes 3 to 6 inches long, bearing very small purplish-blue or rose-eoioi\ u flowers;' at length scattered on the spike. 4. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA,. Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. Dwarf, erect, mostly simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the bas*, re- motely toothed; spikes solitary, the flowers at first crowded. Dry hills or sandy fields. July— Sept. A small hairy species' 5 to 12 inches high, with leaves 3 inches long, and % inch wide. Flowers purplish -blue, larger iha.a in any of the preceding species. 5. V. melindref, Lind. - Scarlet Verbena. Stem and brandies spreading, fa dry ; haves opposite, obovate or broad-lanceolate, deeply toothed, rough on .the upper side, hairy beneath ; flowers in terminal branches; calyx hairy, tubular, half as long as the corrolla.:-.A beautiful perennial border flower, native of Buenos Ayres, blooming all summer, much cultivated la Causes and conservitorir3. - Flowers of a dazling scarlet, but in the numerous va- rieties some are white, lilac, purple, pink and flesh color. Curolla with a spreading &nb, the 3 lower segments larger than the 2 upper ones; 2.. PHEYMA;-.Linn,-' Lgpseed. Calyx: cylindrical, 2-lipped; upper lip of 3 bristle-awl- ehaped teeth ; lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped j upper lip notched; lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens 4j included. Style slender. Stigma 2-lobed. Frui* ©^long^ X»eelled ; 1-geedecL^-J. perennial herb, with tUnder LABIATE. 249. branching stems, coarsely toothed ovate leaves, and-small purplish or rose color opposite flowers, in elongated and slender terminal spikes. 1. P. Leptostachya, L. Slehder-npikedr Lopseed. Lzavzs ovate, acute, coarsely and unequally toothed, petioled ; calyx in fruit re« flexed. Rich sandy woods, common. July. S'em 2 to 3 feet high, with a few spreading branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, thin, on short stalks, Flowers small, mostly opposite, 3. LIPPIA,Linn. (Zapania. Juss.) In honor of Lirpi, an Italian traveler and naturalist. Calyx compressed, 2 to 4 # parted, 2-lipped. Corolla * tubular, strongly 2-lipped; upper Up notched; the lower much longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 r included. Style slender; stigma .obliquely capitate.. Fruit 2;celled, 2- eeeded. : — Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves, and heads of flowers on axillary peduncles. 1. L. nodiflora, Michx.. Fog-fruit. Procumbent or creeping ; leaves wedge-ovate or oblanceolate. ferrate above : pe- duncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of flowers. Per. Low grounds. July. St<:m G to S inches long, branching. Leave; with con- spicuous veins, 1 to 2 inches long, }/ A to }/j, as wide, on petioles V± to )4 inch long. Ftdundes 2 to 3 inches long, bearing ovoid or roundish heads of blukh-wluu . flowera, . Order 73. LABIATE!.— M,a Family, . Chiefiy Jierbs. with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or lasVAippedA ecvol'.a. didynamous or diwndrous stamens, and a deeply Globed .ovary, which forms in fruit i lit'e seed-Wee nutlets or achenia surrounding the base of the single style in the persistant calyx, each filled with a single erect seed. Flowirs axillary or opposite, without stipules. Calyx tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-iubed or sometimes entire; the lower 2-parted. Siaiibss inserted on the tube of the corolla. , Style 2 lobed at the apex, 1. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyel. Sr. isos, equal, and ayii/ios, a flower; referring to the nearly r^gnlar corolla. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, equal, 10-nerved. Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed; the lobes nearly equal, rounded, spreading. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, distant, scarcely as long as the corolla. Aqhenia wrinkled and pitted. — A low branching clammy pubescent annual, with entire leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short axillary I to 3«» flowered peduncles* 250 LABIATE. 1. I. C.ERULEUS, Michx. False Penny roycl Tiscid hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, strongly G-nerved. A branching leafy herb with the aspect of the pennyroyel. Gravolly banks, common. July. Aug. Plant about a foot high. Stem round, slender. Leaves 1 inch- long, and }/ as wide. Flm&iirs numerous, blue with included stamens. Tht» whole plant when rubbed, emits a balsamic odor. 2f. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. Mtntha or mialhe. an ancient Greek term. Calyx' bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube, the border bell- shaped, nearly equally 4-cleft, ihe upper tube broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equalj erect, distant. AcriENiA smooth. — Aromatic herbs, with opposite leaves, and' small pale purple or -whitish fiowers mostly in close clusters, form,' ing axillary capitate whorls, sometimes ap)proxinuied in interrupted * JSiarly smooth ; naturalized. Perennials, !.- M. tiridis, L. Spearmint, Leave*, nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate ; flowers in approxi- mate' loose panicled spikes: cdyx somewhat hairy. Low grounds; perfectly naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, 4-anglcd. Spi!. es somewhat panicled. long, cun'posed of distinct cymes, apparently whorled, a little 1 emote from each other. Corolla pale purple. Myltixmch exserted. 2. M. piperita, L. Peppermint. Leaves smooth, petioled, ovats-obkmg, acute, serrate; whorh of flowers crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth hairy. Low grounds and along brooks: common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high . arising from underground running shoots, blanched, often purplish. Leaves dark green, sharply serrate, rounded at lh^ base. Flowers pale purple. Medicinal. Native of Europe. 3. M. aryensis, L- Corn Mint, Ascending, pubescent; 7a:re.s petioled, ovate'er oblong, serrate ', jtlficers in globdse remote whorls ; calyx mostly hairy. Fields and hedgcrotrs ; common. July. Stem stout often erect, about 1 foot high. Leaves varying to oblong or ovato-laceeolate, sometimss nearly smooth, 1 to 2 inclids Ions, and \$ as wide! Flow:rs small, numerous, pale purple. Stimem exserted. The plant when- bruised emit s the odor of decayed cheeac. Native of Europe. ** Truly inlijenom species. PerennLds. 4-. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Canadian Mint. 8Sem low, spreading, whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, lanceolate or ovalr lanceolate, serrate; fiowers numerous, in- globular axillary whorls; calyx hairy; stamens exserted. Moist grouuds and shady places; common. July — Sept. Plant graykh-greon, with tluTodor of Pennyroyel, 1 to 2 feet high.-' Leaves hairy, especially beneath, fcapgring to both ends. Fhwers pale-purple. LABIATE. 2-6 L 3. LYCOPUS, Linn. Water Horehound. Or. lusos, a wolf, and pou?, a foot ; from some fancied resemblance in th:> leaves. Calyx oblong-bell-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, nearly equally 4-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 2. distant. Acltenia 4, smooth, with thickened margins. — Low perennial licrha, with sharply toothed or pinnalifid keves, and dense axillary ivhorh of small white Jitnvers. 1. L. Virginicus, L. Bugle- weed. Smooth; stem stolon ifercus at base, smoothish, obtuse 4-angled; leaves oblong or ovat«-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards' tbe base, sbort-pe'tioied ; calyx-teeth 4, ovato blunt. Shady moist places, common. Aug. Plini often purplish 1 . Slem 10 to 15 inch** high, often purplish, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves oppasito, Flywen Uiiite in minute capitate clusters. 2. L. binuatus, Ell. Water Horehound. Ken erect, sharply 4 angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, p^tioled, the lower ones piunatifid, the others sinuate toothed, or the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; calyx-teeth 5, spiny-pointed. .Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Smoothish. Stem 1 to 2 feet bigb. Fhf*- eri in d«ase-whorls, white, larger than the last. 4. OEIGANUM, Linn. Marjoram. Gr. ores, a mountain, and gsnos, delight. Calyx oyoid-tubnlar, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2- lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly fiat, slightly notGhetr; lower of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes ■ tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat didynamous. — Herbs with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindri- cal or oblong tpikes which are imbricated with colored bracts. .1. 0. VULGARE, L. Wild .Marjoram. Ferenniel, upright/hairy," branched at the summit; leaves round-orate, petiole**, obtuse, nearly entire; bracts ovate, obtuse, longer than the calyx; spiles roundisb, panicled, clustered, smooth. Iiocky fields and dry batiks, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, purple. Leaves very slightly serrate, opposite, sprinkled with resinon* dots. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spike* Which are crowded together so as -to fonm a terminal head. 2. 0. Marjorana, Ph. Sweet Marjoram. Leave* oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolatej hoary-pubescent ; spftes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the ends of the branches; bracts roundish. Na tive of Portugal. A perennial plant, cultivated in gardens for its pleasant aromatia flavor, which is employed in various ways as a seasoning. 'Whole plant soft downy, 1 foot high. Flowers pink. July, Aug. 252 LABIATiE. 5. COLLINSONIA, Linn. Horse-Balm. In honor of Peter Collins, of London, a'-patron of botany. Calyx ovate, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip 3- toothed, truncate; lower 2-toothcd. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lower larger and longer, toothed or laeerate-fringed. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, -di- verging. — Strongly-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish /lowers on slender pedicels in loose and panicled terminal racemes. C. Canadensis, L. Common Horse-Balm. Stone-root. Nearly smooth; leaves broadly ovate, serrate, pointed, petioled; panicle !oo««, many-flowered ; stamens 2. Rich moist woods, common. July— Sept. Stem 1 to 3 foot high, somewhat branched, 4- angled. Leaves thin, 6 to 8 inches long, and 3 to 4 inches wide. Flow- ers large, greenish-yellow, exhaling the odor of lemons. 6. HEDEOMA, Persoon. Pennyroyel. A Greek name tor Mint, alludiug to its agreeable odor. Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; lower lip 2 -cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex; lower spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2, fertile and ascending, 2 lower, sterile filaments or wanting. — Low aromatic plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of pale blue flowers, somewhat approximated in terminal leafy ra* cemes. H. pulegiOldes, Pers. American Pennyroyel. Stem erect, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or elongated, obscurely 'serrate, narrowed at the base, petioled; whorls about 6-flowered; corolla about as long as the calyx. Open barren woods and dry fields, common. July — Sept. Plant 6 to 10 inches high, branched above. Leaves opposite, with 1 to 2 teelh on each side. Flowers 6inall ; pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite axil. A popular domestic medicinal herb; *7. CUNTLA, Linn. Dittany. An ancient Latin -name of unknown origin. Calyx ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat, about 13-nerved. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper Up erect, flattish, mostly notched ; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style 2-parted at the summit. — Perennial herbs, with small white or,puxplvsh .^flowers in corymbed .cymes or close dusters. LABIATE. 258 C. Mariana, L. Common Dittany. Stems tufted, coryaabosely branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, smooth, rounded or ■"jeart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile; cymes ped uncled, loosely corymbed. Dry hills and rocks ; common. July— Sept. Plant 1 foot high, sprinkled with resinous and pellucid dots, much branched; branches triangled, purple. Floivers rose-colored. Stamens and style much exse»ted, of the same hue as the corolla. -Whole plant delightfully fragrant, and often used as a substitute for tea. 8. BLEPMIXIA, Baf. (j'r.blcpharis, the eyelash; in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, inflated in the throat ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower lip spreading, 8-cleft, with the lateral iobes ovate and rounded. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted. — Perennial herbs, ivkh entire or toothed leaves, and small pale bluish purple flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal glo- bose capitate ichorls. 1. B. cjliata, &af. Fringed Blcphilia. Somewhat downy; leaves nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, eiliate, colored as long as the calyx. Dry open places. -July. Stem simple, acutely 4-angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely with 1 or 2 spreading branches. Leaves 1 to 2]/^ inches long, 3^> to 1 inch wide. Flowers small, numerous, pale purplish. 2. B. HIRSUTA, Benth. Hairy Blephilia. Whole plant hairy ; leaves long-petiok-fl, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base; bracts colored, linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Damp woods ; rare. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches, and nunurous close whorls. Leaves l,to 2 inches long, on petioles \^ to % inch long. Coro'la scarcely % inch long, pale purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Slyle longer than the stamens and corolla. .9. MONA.KDA, Linn. Horsemint. In honor of Jlonardes, an early Spanish botanist. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5* toothed. Corolla ringent, with a long cylindric tube, up- per lip spreading, 3-lobed at the apsx, the middle lobe long- er. Stamens 2, exserted from the upper lip of the corolla. Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, awl showy large flowers in a few capitate whorls closely surrounded with bracts. 1. M. DTDYMA, L. O.ncego Tea. Burgamot. Somewhat hairy ; ste)m acutely 4-angled; leaves broadly ovate acuminate, round- ed or slightly hecrt-shaped at the base, short-petioled; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth, elongated. Per. Moist woods and meadows; cultivated. July. A hahdsom 3 fragrant plant, 2 to 3 feet high, mostly branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, very broad, at base, ser- iate, with scattered hairs above. Plowirs crimson or scarlet, in head<, often pro- iferous with large ovate lance date bracts, tinged with red. Corolla 2 inch js loaj. 254 LABIATE. 2. M. FISTULOSA, L. Wild Burgamot. Smoothish or downy ; leaves o^ate lanceolate, rounded and °omewhat cordate at V>ase, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; floral leaves and outer bracts slightly colored ; cdyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat. Woods and rocky banks: common. July— Sept. A very variable plant 2 to 5 feet high, embracing: several nominal species and varieties. St?m quadrangular, w ith the sides somewhat concave. Leave? 2 to 4 inches long on petioles, % to % iuch long. Flowers purplish, rose-color or nearly white. 3. M. punctata, L. HorseminL Minutely downy ; lear'es lanceolate, narrowed at the base, petioled : bracts lance- o'ate. obtuse at the base, sessile : calyx-teeth short and rigid, awnless; corolla near- ly smooth, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. Sandy fields and dry branks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. /.eaves punctate. Bracts yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip spotted wjth-purple. The whole plant is very odorous and pungent to the taste. TO. SALVIA, Linn. Sage. Lat. salvo, to save : in allusion to its reputed healing qualities. Calyx somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; vpper lip mostly 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, r^ngent; vpper h'p erect, straight or falcate and vaulted, entire or barely notched ; the lower h'p spreading or pendent, F-lohed, the middle lobe longer and sometimes notched. Stamens 2, on short filaments; connectile transversely HTtimilated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate anther. Achenia 4. — A large genus of which but few are indigenous, with usually large and showy, spiked, raremed, or panicled whorls of flowers. 1. S. LYRATA, L. Lyre-leaved Sage. Somewhat hairy: stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obrivn+e. lyre-shaped or sinuate-pinnatifid. sometimes nearly ejitire: those of the stem mostly a single l vir. smarter and narrower, the tfnral oblong-linear; vjhnrls of flowers loo^e and d'stant, forming an interrupted raceme : upper lip of the corolla short, straight and vaulted. ^Woodlands and meadowy 'May. June. Plant 10 to 12 inche? high. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. 2. S. URTIC1FOLIA, L. Nettle-haved Sage. TVwny with clammy hairs, leafy: leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded at hasc.short-petioled : tohorls remote, many-flowered; v.pperlip of the corolla erect, much shorter than the lower; style bearded. Woodlands. Western Cour>t ; es. rare. Leaves very puV«(*eiit. Flmaerjs blue, viscid, in remote whorls. Corolla ]/ 2 inch long, the lateral lobes deiiexed, the middle notched. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SFECIES. 8 S. officianalis, L. Common Sage. Laaves ovate-laueeolate, crenulate, rugose; whorls 5 to 10-fiowered in 2 opposite LABIATE. 255 ^ets: calyx striate, the divisions pointed; upper Ufritf the corolla as long as the lower, somewhat vaulted. A well known warden plant, cultivated tor its medicinal properties. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, of a dull green color aromatic. Corolla ringent, blue or purplish, Native in the South of Europe. 4. S. SCLAREA, L. Clarry. heaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate; bracts colored, concave, longer than. the calyx. A strong- seen ted exotic, native of Italy. Stem 1 to 3 feet hi^h, with leaves 5 to 7 inches long and 3 to 4 wide, viscid. Flowers variegated with paie purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes, Bracts pule purple or yellowish. 5. S. SFLENDENS, Ker. jSpenaid Saf/e. Stem erect, smooth; leaves broad-ovate and ovate, petiolste. rounded or acute at base, dentate serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides: u> acts deciduous; calyx and corolla pubescent; upper lip entire. A beautiful species, cultivated in gardens; native of Mexico. Plunt2 to 4 fret high, branched. FUAders large, scarlet. Cu'yx scarlet. afh.r flowering besoming enlarged and as sfeowj as the eoroiia. 11. CEDRONELLA, Moench. Gr. J.edros, a diminutive of Cedar: from the aromatic leaves of the original species, C. triphylla, the Bulm-of-Gitcud of English gaidehs. Calyx somewhat obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. 0>- BOLLA much expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, shorter than the tipper lip, the lower pair shorter than the other ! — Siceet- seenfed perennials, with pale purplish flowers., C CORDATA, Benth. Crerpiivj Cedronrlht. Low, creeping by slends r runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shared. crena*e, . petioled.the floral shorter than the calyx; ivJ L orls few-flowered, aj proximate at th* summit of short ascending stems. fjiw shady banks of streams. Western part of the State, rare. July. Flowers purplish. Corolla hairy inside, l]/ 2 inch long. (Dracocephaium cordatum, Null j 12. NEPETA, Linn. Cat mint. Supposed to he frcni Nwh.tt hoary throughout, corymb33ely branched ; teams ovafcj or broadly ovate lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, mostly sessile, minutely toothed, rigid; whorls den^e mostly in terminal heals; Cider bracts and ovate-lanceolate ca'yz teeth hoary with a fine close down. Dry hills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high with Widely spreading branch- es, square. Leaves Opposite large, l /> as wide as long. Flowers reddish : white, With purple spots, in dense terminal- heads-which are about ]/ z inch in diameter. 3. P. LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Lance-kaved Mountain Mint. Smoothish or minutely downy, -co rymbosoly branched above, very leafy; leaves lanreoiate or nearly linear, entire, ri.j;id. obtuse at the base, sessile, feather-veined ; braets ovate lanceolate, barely pointed, downy. Th'ck'ds and dry wools; common. July, Au>r. Stem about 2 fcet high, square, With obtiis.- angle* Leaves variable in width. Flowers small, redJish-wiiite, •with purple dots, in numerous small clustered dtmse hjads. 4: P. linifbltum, Pursh. Flax-leaved Mountain Mint. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, crowded, 3- veia.nl, entire; brads •lightly aw ned ; calyx-teeth lance-subulate. Thickets and moist woods. July, Aug Stein erect, 12 to IS inches high, with ftotigiate trichotonvms branches, often purplish. Leaves very narrow, punctate, withXasiolea of smaller ones in -the axils. 'Flowers small, whitJ, id" numerous small, roundish heads, mostly terminal. 258 LABIATE. 16. THYMUS, Linn. Thyme. The ancient Greek name. Calyx 2-lipped, hairy in the throat, 13 -nerved ; upper lip 3-toothed, spreading ; lower- 2-deft. Corolla, short, slightly 2-lipped ; upper Up straight and nattish, notched at the apex ; lower spreading, equally 3-cleft, or the middle lobe longest. Stamens 4, mostly exserted. — Low, mostly prostrate and diffuse perennials, with small entire veiny leaves T and purplish or whitish flowers.. T. Serpyllum, L. Garden Thyme. Stem procumbent; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse, entire, sbort-petioled, more or le*2- ciliate ; flowers approximate at tbe end of the branches in an oblong head. Old fields, escaped from cultivation and sparingly naturalized. July. Stim spreading, decumbent, branched. Leaves green, more or less hairy. Flowtrs- purple spotted. 17. CLINOPODIUM, Liim* Basil. Gr. Mine, a bed, ze&jious, a foot ; from the stalked and flattened head of flowers^ Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equal at the base, hairy in the threat, more or less 2-lipped; upper lip 3-cleft, thfr lower 2-cleft. Corolla inflated in the throat, distinctly 2- lipped; -upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 4, ascending.- — Perennials, with many-flowered capitate whorls of purplish flowers, and numerous linear- shaped exterior bracts forming a sort of involucre, C. yulgare, L. Wild Basil. Erect, bairy; leaves ovate petioled, slightly tootbed ; wKorls inanj'- flowered, da- I ressed-globose ; calyx curved ; bracts subulate, as long as tbe calyx. Hills and old fields, naturalized. July. Stem lto 2feet bigh. square, simple or ingly branched, and, as well as the whole plant clothed with a -whitish wool.. er$ pale purple.. 18. MELISSA, Linn. Balm. Gr, melisso, a bee; the flowers yielding an abundance of honey. Calyx slightly gibbous at the base, 2-lipped ; ujper lip 3-tcothed; lower 3-cleft. Corolla with a recuiTed-agcend- ing tube, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish; lower spreading,. 3-lobed, the middle lebe mostly broader. Stamens 4, unending, mostly approximate in pairs at the summit.—- Perennials, with fc w-flcwercd, loose, one-sided clusters of white or crcom-colorcd flcwersj and few mostly ovate tracts restm- ll'rrj (he leaves, LABIATE- 259 M. officinalis, L. Common Balm. Upright, branching ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, petfoled, more or less hairy; whorls dimidiate or secund, loo-e, axillary. Escaped from gardens, partially naturalized. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, more or less pubescent. Flowers white or cream color. Flant exhaling the odcr ol lemons. 19. PRUNELLA, Linn. Self-heal. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad and fiat, truncate, with 3 short; teeth ; lower 2-eIeft. Corolla 2-lipped j upper lip erect, arched, entire ; lower reflexecU spreading, 3-cleft; the lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, finely toothed. Stamens 4, use-ending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 6 flowered clusters of violet flesh-colored flowers, sessile in the axils of rounded and brad-like floral haute, imbricated in a capitate spike, P. vulgaris, L. Common Self-heal. Heal-all Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smcothish; corolla nearly twice as loagas the calyx. Woods and fields, common. Aug.- Plant 10 to 15 inches high, erect or aseenOin*, somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers large, purple. Fl&ul haves concave, short- pointed, tinged with purple. 20. SCUTELLARIA, Linn. Scullcap. Lat. scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the calyx. Calyx bell-shaped, gibbous, 2-lipped; the lips entire; dipper one with a winged appendage on the back, deciduous after flowering. Corolla 2-iipped, with an elongated tube, dilated at- the throat ; upper lip arched, entire or nearly so, lower dilated, convex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs. — Bitter perennial herbs, with axillary, spiked or racemtd jizwers, the short peduncles opposite, l-flowered, often t-sided. * Floive.rs axillary, solitary. 1. S. GALERICULATA, L. Common Skullcap. Smooth or somewhat downy, mostly branching; leaves OTate-lanceolate, acute 7 serrate, roundish and slightly cordate at base, short-petioled ; flowers on short; pedicels. Wet shady places, common. Aug. Stem square, 12 to IS inches high. t\ives 1)4 inch long, ani J^ wide, on very short petioles. Flowers blue, pubescent, % to- 1 inch lung, 2. S. nervosa, Pursh. Nerved Sladlcap. Smooth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundish, petioled; middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat hecrt-thaped, sessile ; upper floral GYate-lanceolat*; . 'ju-ir-i ; flowers small, opposite,- 260 LABIATE. Moist thickets. June. Stem 10 to 15 inches hisrh, weak, often with a few filiform 1 tranches. Leaves about 1 inch long, }/ 2 as wide, with 3 to 5 prominent veins un- derneath, thin. Flovjers small, pale-blue. 3. S. PARVULA, Micbx. Small Skullcap. Minutely downy, dwarf, branched and spreading; lowest hares round-ovate, skort-petioled. the others sessile, ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, all entire or nearly bo: flowers small, axillary. Dry banks and fields. May. June. Stein 3 to 6 inches high, srraple or branched from' near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves ]/, to % inch long,- senile, dictinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flowers '% to y 2 inch"long, blue, hairy. ** Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes'. 4. S. LATERIFLORA^ L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Smooth; stem upright, much branched ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petioled : u}yper floral leaves scarcely longer thau the calyx ; flowers small, in lateral racemes. Wet shaded places, common. Aug. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. Haves opposite. 2 to 3 inches lone, on petioles 1 inch long. IftrcMn.es opposite, axillary, somewhat 1-sided on Ion? stalks. Flowers small, blue, % inch long, the iiU'ir !ij scarcely arched. This plant was in great repjute someye'ars ago as a cure- for h\ drc phobia. 5. S. PILOSA, Michx. Hairy Skullcap. Siein erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remote, rhombic-ovate, crenate, obtufe,- more or less hairy ; the lowest rounded and often heart shaped : the others wedge- shaped at the base; upper floral spatulate, shorter than the hairy calyx; raceme terminal, shovt. Open dry woods. June. July. Stem 12 to IS inches high, often purplish. Leaves few, 1 to 2}/, inches long, % as wide, on petioles 1 inch Joug. Raceme mostly sim- ple, few-flowered, with opposite elliptical bracts. Corolla tv.be nearly white below, • blue at tk"- summit, ><, to ? ^ lack long. 6. 8. CANESCENS, Nutt. Canescent Slcullcap. Stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, the upper nan owed, but the lower rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, nearly smooth above, white downy beneath : flowers in loore pauiculateracem.es. Dry op< n woods and meadows. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet hi :h, erect; mostly pur- ple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. 1 to 2 wide . often v.ith a purple margin and purple gp< ts. Flowers rather numerous, % inch long, deep blue, showy, in lateral and terminal racemes. 7. S. INTEGEIFOLTA, L. Entire-lcavcd Skullcap. "Whole plant downy, with a minute boariness ; stem upright, nearly simp?**; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, remote, the upper on very short petioles ; raceme often branched, 1< afy; tracts lanceolate. Moiet open grounds. Juno. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high; sparingly branch; d ntove, grayish-green. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, variable in width. Cordlu % to 1 inch long, bright blue at the summit, nearly white at the base. 8. S. serrata, Andrews. Aer-rate Skullcap. Bather slender, upright; leaves ovate, serrate, acute or pointed at both ends, all tapeiing into the petiole, green and nearly jmooth on both sides; the floral lance- olate, the upper shorter than the slightly hairy calyx; raame moslly simple, loose, kfify at the base ; upper lip of the corolla incurved. Woods, Southern parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rmootTa, • Ltiaui itoa inches long. Flowers deep blue, % inch long. LABI AT JE. 201" 21. BHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head, Gr. ptiusa, a bladder, and strgo, to cover; on account of- the inflated calyx and: corolla. Calyx nearily equally 5-toothed r obscurely 10-nerved r after flowering inflated-bell-shaped. Corolla 2-lipped, with a much exserted long tube and' inflated throat'; upper lip nearly erect, somewhat concave; fc<°r Up spreading, a- lobed, the lateral lobes small, the middle broad and rounded. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper )ip ; anthers ap- proximate.— Perainiul smooth herbs, with upright slender stems, sessile leaves, and large sltowy flesh-colored and purplish flowers, opposite, in simple ar ■ panicled terminal, leafless, crowded, spikes. P. Yirginlana, Benth; Lioii s-Jieari'. Dragon-head: Leaves varying from lance-linear to crate lanceolate, serrate; calyx 'acutely and" almost equally 5-tootbed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate, pointed. Moist places, along rivers. July, Aug. Stem variable in height, 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves opposite, closely sessile. 4 to 5 inches long. % inch wide, with remote shallow tvetb, of a shining dark green. FLoweis in d-rowed spikes, large pale purple^ about 1 inch long, spotted inside. 22.: LAIMIUjI, Linn. Dead -Nettle;. Gr. laiinos. the throat; in allusion to the ringent corolla. Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, about 5 nerved, with 5 nearly, equal serulate teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat : upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; lower lip with the middle lobe broad, notched at the apex, contracted at base. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; ae- thers approximate in pairs. — Herbs, decumbent at base, with the lowest leaves small and long pctioled'.ike middle ones cordate and- doubly toothed, the floral nearly sessile, and ao:illa?-y iv-horled clusters-, uf purpl'uh flowers, L. amplexicaule, L. Common Dead-Kettle, Hen-bit. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or entire, tbeupperclasping;. lower whorU re mole, the upper crowded : corolla eiongated, the upper lip bearded, the lower spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. Waste and cultivated grounds, introduced. Bienniel. May— Nov. A small '- (lender herb, with ascending stems, several from the same root, G to 10 inches high; •with opro.-ite, short, broad hairy leaves. Flowers in den? e whorls, purple, downy, Corolla-lube much exserted, the lowerJip spotted with; white> 23. LEONURUS,. Linn, Motherwort-, Gr. leon, a lion, and cura, a tail, i. e. Lion's-tail. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate teeth. Corolla 2 lipped ; vpper lip oblong, entire, some-. what arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lob^; 262 LABIAT.E. larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral oblong:, Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers ap- proximate in pairs. — Ipriyht herbs, with eutdobed leaves^ and close whorls of pale puvple flowers in their axils. L. Cardiaca, L. Common Motherwort. Somewhat hairy, tall; leaves long-petioled : the lower rounded, pnlmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobe lanceolate ; upper lip- ©f corolla bearded. Waste plac>s. around houses, naturalized. July — Sept. Pfer. £frw 2 to 3 fe-t hiirh, branched, villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in ninny whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corolla hairy without, variegated within. 24. GALEOPSTS, Linn. Hemp-Nettle. ©v. galea, a weasel, and opsis. resemblance: from seme resemblance of the corolla to the head of the weasel. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, equal and spiny tipped. Corolla 2-lipped, dilated at the throat; itpprr Tip orate, arched,- entire; lower lip 3-cleft r spreading, the middle lobe r,b-eordate, the lateral lobes ovate, the palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses- Stamens 4, ascend- ing under the upper lip. — Anvuah or birnniek, with spreading branches and several to many flowered whorls in the axils of ike: floral leaves* . Gr. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-Nettle. Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate: co- rolla 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. Wrists nlnces, naturalized, rather common. July. Sf-p.ml t-o 2 feet hi'xh. re- Trorsely hisped y branched. Flowers numerous, pale purple, with darker spots in- dense whorls. 25. STACHYS, Linn. Hedge-Nettle. Gr. stakas, a spike ; in allusion to its mode of flowering. Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, 5 to 10-nerved, equally 5- toothed, or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped j up- per lip erect or spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; lower lip usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; ANTHERS approximated in pairs. — Mostly perennial herbs, with 2 to many-jlowered whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spikes. 1. S. ASPERA r Miehx. Rowgh Hedge-Nettle. Stem erect, angles hairy Backwards ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib and veins, short-petioled calyx bristly ; whorls about 6-flowered. Wet banks and thickets. June— Aug. Per. Plant 2 feet high, sparingly branched'. Flowers in loose whorls of i to 8, forming a terminal leafy spike, pale purple. . LABIAT.E. 263 2. S. palustrjs, L. Marsh Heilye-Xrttle. Stem softly pubescent, or smooth helow : leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-tnothed, rounded or heart-shared at the baae, rugose, hairy, te; wharU 6 to 10- fiowered: calyx Fmooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny. places. July. Aog. Per. Sb m 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Fiowers pur- plish, in •whorls, forming a long tormina 8. S. hy>>opifolia. Miehx. Smooth Hedge-Nettle. Smooth or nearly - >rtiied toward* the ppex: whorls 4 to 6-6tsw - en jolate, acute; corolla twice or thrice the length of the calyx. U>t rtiwlj place.'. July- Per ; - 'v. I r. ascending 9 to 12 inohe= tush. I >ften lin- toothed; threat hairy. Corolla 2-lipped : upper Up erect, f.attish. notched ; spreading, 3-cleft, the middle iobe broadest. Stamens 4. in -luded in the tube of the rnrolla. — Whitish-irooln bitter perennial herbs i with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and whitish fioi M. yulgabe. L. Common Horehownd. te-toothed. petiol 3; ft wcrsrn ■-■■■-.----'. n *oeth. the alternate - Eoadsides ar.d waste places, commen, naturalized. July. Av: - 12 to 18 ■- white v^ooi. r v-I.-t'-. An aromatic bitter herb, much used a» a domestie jatdiei 27. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn. Blue Curls. Or. thriz. :- ' ts the hair like stamens. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 8 upper teerb elongated, the 2 lower short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes oblong, declined : the o lower more or less united. Stamens 4. much exserted beyond the corolla, declined and , then turned upward. — Low sometcnat clammy pubescent an- nuals, with entire leave*, and mostly blue ftoicers on solitary I- : terminating the branches. T. DICHOTOMY, L. Bt Icing or rbombic-Ianceo'afe. rarely lance-lmear* te. entire: *" *i*rvs very long, essertrd. Sandy fields ar. i r .. July — Sept. Sttm 10 to 1" inches high, usgled, bu?hy. F xillary and terminal, hecominz i « " : ■ - r. currei from the lower lip of sutifol arch. -264 LABIAT.E. 28. TEUCRIUM, Linn. Germander. Named tor Teucer, king of Troy. Calyx equally 5-toothed, or the upper tooth larger. Corolla 5-lobed; the upper lobes nearly equal, oblongs declined; the lower one large. Stamens 4, exserted from the cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla. Achenia wrinkled. — A herbaceous downy perennial, ivith white or purple flowers. T. Caxadense, L. Wild Germander. Wood Sage. Hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, shoft- pctiokd; the floral scarcely longer than the calyx; whorls about 6-flowcrcd, crowded in a single terminal spike ; calyx belbshaped, with the 3 upper teeth bro der. Fields and roadsides, not rare. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple, erect, square viih concave sides. Leaves 3 times as long as -wide, green above, boary beneath. ■Jjracts longer than the calyx. Corolla purple, rarely white, apparently without the upper lip ; instaad of which is a fissure through which the stamens are is- stFtcd. CrLTlYATUD EJTOTICS. 29. OCYMUM, Linn. Basil. Gr. csa, to smell ; on account of the powerful scent of the plants. Calyx 2 -lipped; upper Up orbicular; hirer 4-eIeft Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lower one declinate, undivided, flat or concave, (•annate or saccate. Stamens 4, declined ; exterior fila- ments with a process at their base. 0. Basilicum, L. Royal Ocymwrn. direct Basil. Leaves smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate; calyx fringed. An exotic nn-oual from Persia, cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem abdut'a foot high, branched, retrorsely pubes-cent above. Leaves smooth and soft, variously colored. i'lvvecrs white, in simple terminal racemes. 80. LAVENDULA, Linn. Lavender. Lat. lavare, to wash; the distilled water of this plant being used as a cosmetic. Calyx tubular, nearly equal, 13 or rarely 15-ribbed, with >5 short teeth, the upper one often largest. -Corolla 2- lipped; upper lip 2-lobed ; lower 8-lobed. .Stamens 4, •declined ; filaments smooth, distinct, not toothed. — A small genus of ode ri/erous shrubby plants ;, with narrow rigid leaves, and small white flowers. L. sriCA, L. Common Lavender. CLcava linear-lanceolate, tapering to the baec^ 6caeik, revolute at the edge, the LABI AT M. 205 upper ones linear! anceclate ; spt?:e; interrupted; bracts awl-shaped. Native in the .South of Europe A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance. 12 to IS inches high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, clothtd with a whitish down. Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. July. 31. ROSEMARINUS, Linn. Rosemary. An ancient Latin name; ros. dew, and marinus. of the sea. Calyx ovate-bell- shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 2-parted. Corolla bilabiate; upper Up 2 -parted; lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the -middle lobe largest. Stamens 2, ascending, inferior, exserted ; filaments toothed at base. Upper lobe of the style very short; stigmas minute, terminal. — An erect evergreen shrub, with opposite leaves, and bright blue axil- lary and terminal Jiowers. R. OFFICINALIS, L. Rosemary. Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins ; flowers peduneled. Ns. tive of South Europe. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leaves a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. 32. SATUREJA, Linn. Sayory. Arabic s&tur, the general name for labiate plants. Calyx 5-toothed, tubular, 10-ribbed. Corolla bilabiate, imh the segments nearly equal. Stamens 2 to 4 diverging, scarcely exserted. — A cultivated perennial, with numerous small narrow leaves, and axillary cymes of pink- colored Jiowers. S. hortensis, L. Summer Savory. Stem branching; leaves linear-oblong, entire, acute at the ends: peduncles axil- lary, cymos*. Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem bushy, 1 to V-/ 2 feet high, woody at bs.se, often purple . Calyx about as long as the ccrclla (brolla pink-colored- July, Aug. 33. HYSSOPUS, Linn. Hyssop. Hebrew ezob ; Arabic azznf ; English hyssop. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lip.ped; upper lip erect, Hat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 to 4, exserted, diverging. — A showy perennial, with delicate foliage, and bright blue Jiowers in one sided verticels. H. OFFICINALIS, L. Common Hyssop. Leaves linear-lanc?olate, acute, entire, sessile; calyx-teeth erect, middle division of the corolla 2-lobtd, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. Plant 2 feet high, tuft«d. Flowers bright blue, appearing in July. H2 2.QQ BORAGINACE^. Order 75. BORA GIN ACEE.— Borage Family. Herbs, chiefly rough-hniry, with alternate entire leaves, and sy metrical flowers with a h-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserU-d, on its tube, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary ivhieh forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets surrounding the base of tfrt single seed. Flowebs axillary, or mostly in one-sided racemes or spikes which 4ir» xcvolute (circinate) before expansion, and often bractless. I. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss. Gr. echio, aTiper; from the spotted stem of some species. Calyx 5-parted; segments subulate, erect. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, -with an unequally spreading 5- lobed border ) lobes rounded, throat expanded, naked. Sta- mens 5, mostly exserted, unequal. Style filiform. Aciienia tuberculate, imperforate. — Herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves mid irregular cyanic Jlowers, in spicate panicltd racemes. E. vulgare, L. Yijzer's Bvgloss*. Blue-icecd. Rough-bristly; stem erect, mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile 4 spikes lateral; hairy, deflected; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. Roadsides and meadows, rare, introduced. June. Biennial. Stem 18 to 20 inches high. 2^'-r«i - :2 to 6 inches long, and x /^ to 1 inch wide. v.j per ones clasping, entire, dull green. Flowers in short lateral spikes, at first spreading, than erect, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple changing to violei-blue. 2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. Eugloss. ■Gr. hicos, a wolf, and opsis, appearance. Corolla funnel-form, with a curved tube ; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, and with the style included. Achenia rough-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base. — Annual herbs, with blae fiowers, distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube. L. ARVENSIS, L. Small Bugloss. Very rough-bristly; leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly clasp- ing; flcicers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (or nearly as long) as the tube of the ■corolla. Dry or sandy fields and roadsides, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stem 1 foot high, erect, branching, roundish. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Flow- *rs small. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. 3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. Gr. sumphein,to grow together; probably in allusion to its reputed heal ing virtues. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the throat closed with 5 converging linear-subu- late scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated. Style BORAGINACEiE. 267 aliform. Achenia smooth, ovate, fixed by a large perforate base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots r aid onesided nodding racemes, single or in pairs, S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey. ILiiry; stem branched, winged- above by tbc decurrent leaves, lower ovate-lance- Pate, petiolate, upper asid' ./braZ lanceolate ; sepals lanceolate; corolla limb with*' recurved teeth. Moist places, naturalized, cultivated in gardens. June. Whole plant rough with deu^e hairs. Si'm 2 to 3 feet high, bearing terminal revolute racemes of white anl pink flowers appearing all summer, lloct medicinal. 4. ONOSMODIUM, Miclix. False Gromwell. So called from its near resemblance to the genus Onosma. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. Corolla eblong- tubular, with b erect lobes, naked in the throat; sey mints converging. Anthers included, nearly sessile, sagit- tate. Style much exserted, smooth. Achenia ovoid, smooth and shining, fixed by a fiat base. — Perennial herbs, with eblong sessile nerved leaves, and yellowish-white Jiowers in terminal and one sided 7 erect, leafy bracted spiked racemes. 1. 0. YiRaiNiANini, DCL Yirginiaru Onosmodium. Clothed with harsh appresscd bristles ; leaves obloiig or oblong -lanceolate, the- lower narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as long as the corolla,. Bearded with long bristles outside- (Lithospcrmiimi Virginianum, L.) Banks and hillsides. Jane — Aug. A very rough erect plant about 18 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2}4 inches long, ]4 to % inch wide, 3 to 5 veined. Flowers greenish-white, in leafy racemes, which are recurved at first, at length erect. 2. 0. Carolinanum, DC. Carolina Onosmodium. Clothed with long spreading bristly hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblocg- lanceolate, acute; corolla twice as long as the calyx, with deltoid-ovate lobes; talyxlobe'S lanceolate; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. River banks and Rocky hills. June, July. Stem stout, upright, 3 to -i feet high., Lvives 2 to -i inches long, thickly clothed with long and shaggy hairs. OordlUsr lobes more or less hairy on the back. 5. LITHO&PERMTJM, Tourn. Gromwell. Gr. Mhos, a stone, and spertneC', seed; from the hard or stony seed.. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, or- rarely salver- form, 5-lobed; lobes rounded; throat open, mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gibbous projections. Stamens included; anthers oblong, nearly sessile. Achenia ovate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base. — Herbs, ivith rough-hairy or downy mostly sessile leaves, and spiked or razemzd leafy -bracted white or yellow flowers. 268 B0RAGINACE2E. * Flowers white. r. L. ARYENSE, L. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-thief. Slender, hoary with minute appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late; calyx nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; racemes few-flow- ered, the lower flowers remote. Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. Annual. Stem, 12 to 18 inches high, more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, brigth green, rough- Flow- ers small, white, subsessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 2. L. officinale, L, Common Gromwell. Stem herbaceous, erect, very branching above; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute* veiny; calyx about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenia very smooth. Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stems much branched, clustered, 12 to IS inches high. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the- up- per side, hairy beneath 2 to 3 inches leng, % to % wide. Flowers small/white, axillary, in leafy spike-like racemes. ** Flowers yellow. Perennials. 3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Piiccoon. Herbaceous, hairy absve, ereet; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough -hairy, obtuse; the floral ovate-lanceolate ; coroIZo-tube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base inside, lobes obovate ; schema .ovoid, shining. Dry woods. May, July. Stems 8 to 12 inches high, clasterei. Flowers crowded in some what ^corpoid -racemes. Corolla large, orange yellow.- 6. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Forget-me-not. Gr. mus, mouse, and ons, otos, ear, in allusion to the lsaves of some species. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salver- form ; tube short; limb flat; throat closed with 5 short arching ap- pendages. Stamens 5, included, on short filaments. Ache- nia smeoth compressed. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, and 'small blue or white flowers in naked racemes . 1. M. stricta, Link. Field Scorpion Grass. Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem, erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong-, obtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit, rather shorter than the 5-cleft calyx, corolla-tube included. (M. arvensis, Picrsh, M. verna, Nutt.) Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May— July. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish hue from its dense pubescence, 4 to 10 inches high, at length much branched. Leaves }A to 1 inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers very small, white or pale blue, on terminal revolute racemes, short at first but at length 6 to 8 inches long. 2. M. laxa, Lehm. Marsh Scorpion Grass, lorget-me-not. Ascending sberns rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with minute appressed hairs; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse ; pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers, spreading; calyx 5-cleft; style very short. Ditches and marshy places, common. June — Sept. Per. Stem.6 te 15 inches high, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 tc 3 inches long, % to y 2 inch wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers small bright blue with a yellowish eye, on pedicels x /i\.o x / 2 inch long. 3. M. palustris, With. True Forget-me-not. "^hole plant more or less hairy; stem angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuti»h«; EORAGIXACS.-E. 269 style- nearly as long as the 5 toothed calyx May — Sept. Per. Native ©f Europe", probably wrongiy attributed to this country also. Stem creeping, and with th# leaves coTered with cJose appressed hairs. CjrUla bright Blue, with a yellow eve, Ys to J4 inch la diameter. 7.' MERTEXSIA', Roth. Lungwort. Ia honor of Prof. Martens, an early German botanist. Calyx sliort, 5-clcft or 5-partcd. Corolla trumpet- shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or with 5 small folds in the throat; harder; spreading, '5 -lobed. - Stamens inserted in th 3 upper part of the tube, protruding. Style long and filiform. Aciienia ovoid, smooth or somewhat wrinkled. — Smooth! perennial herbs, with pale entire ovale Vtkivti, and showy purplish blue (rare!y while) flowers in terminal race in ss. M. YlRGINTCA, DO. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. S.'em upright; radical le&ves ovate-oblong, obtuse; stum-leaves narrower: racemes at fir^t corymbei, elongated in frait; corolla 4 times as long as tha calyx,, naked ia the throat. (Pulmonaria Virgihica.) All uyial bank*, often cnlt'Yatel. May. A '- showy plant 10 to 20 inches high, wsfcb sm Kith simiwkt glaucous Leaves, 4 to S inches long. Flowers large, bright. blue, 1 iacb. long. 8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Stickseelv <3t. eJstnos. a hedgehog, and spenma. seed; from the prickly nutlet?. Calyx 5 parted. Corolla salver-form, short;, throat closed by short scales, the limb with obtuse lobe3. Stamens included. Achenia erect, fixed to a central column, triangu- lar or compressed, the margin armed with prickles, barbed st- the apex. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, ivitli oblong or linear leaves, and small blue flowers in bracted racemes. E. Lappula, Lehln; Common JSiiekseed. Burrseed. Stem erect, branched aboYej'fearas lanceolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate: coniila longer than tbe calyx, border creet, spreading; aclttnia with 2 rows of hosted prickles on the margin. Roadsides, probably introduced. July, Aug. Ann. Stem erect, 10 to 20 inches' high. Leaves 1 inch long,' % to y± wide". FkAoers minute, blue, in leafy racemes. K' CTNOaLOSSUM, Tourn. Hound's-tongue. Gr. Jcuon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue; in allusion to the form of the leajfeSi Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form,, the threat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens in- cluded. Achenia depressed or convex, laterally affixed to the base of the style, covered with short hocked oricklc? — 112* 270 BOR AGIN ACE 35. Coarse herbs, with mostly panicled racemes of blue, purple or white flowers, naked above but usually braciedat the base. 1. C. officinale, L. Common Hound' s-tongue. Clothed with silky hair?, leafy, panicled aboye ; loioer leaves lanceolate, obi on? , attenuated into a petiole; upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts ; oalyxlobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the corolla. Waste grounds, introduced. May, June. Bienniel. An errct downy plant of a dull green color, 18 to 20 inches high. Lower leaves 6 to 10 inches long ant 1 to 2 inches wide. Flowers purplish-red in naked one-sided racemes. Fruit rough, adhering to the fleece of sheep. 2. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Rough: -h with spreading bristly hairs ; siem simple, with few leaves ; lower leaves oval-oblong, petiolate ■ upper lance-oblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; raesmes somewhat corymbose, naked ; cslyx tol-es acute, villous, about half as long as the tabe of the sorolla-s. Rich shady /woodg. May. .Tune. Per. Stein 2 to 3 feet high, very hairy. Root laves 5 to 6 inches long and half as wide. Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in a terminal corymbose panicle. 3. C. Morisoni, DC. Beggers Lice. Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, tapering to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; raccm.es pani- cking, diverging^ hairy, with leafy bracts at the- base; pedicels refiexed in fru.-.t.- Borders of woods, rather common. July. Bienniel. Seem 2 to 3 feet h\srh, fur- rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches long, tapering to eanh end. FVow&rs very small, white or pale blue in forked ter- minal racemes. Pedicels reflexed in fruit. Aclienia convex, the prickles with bar- bed points. CULTIVATED EATGTICS. 10. BOBAGO, Tourn. Borage. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, with acute seg- ments j throat closed with rays. Filaments converging. Achenia rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. — European herbs, with alternate rough leaves, and -mostly blue flowers in one-sided clusters revolutt before expansion . B. officinalis, E. Common Borage. Leaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; calyx spreading; peduncle ter- minal, many-flowered. Annual. The whole plant is rough with short bristly hairs, erect, l_to 2. feet high. Flowers in terminal clusters, sky blue, flowering all summer. 11: ANCHUSA, Linn; Bugloss-. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, vaulted ; tube- straight; orifice closed with 5 prominent scales* Stamens- HYDROPH YLL ACE M. 271 included. Stigma emarginate. Achenia perforate at the base, with mostly rugose surfaces. — Showy, mostly Euro*- pean plants with cyanic flowers. A. officianalis, L. Bagloss Ox-tongue. Leaves lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs ; spilces one-sided, im-= b'ricated; calyx as long a3 the tube of the corolla. A rough garden plant, native of Britain. Stem 2 feet high, rough with bri?tly hairs. Leaves long, rough, Bracts orate. I lowers purple, with a long hairy corolla, very attractive to beeg*- 12. PULMONARIA, Linn. Lungwort. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel- form, with a cylindrical tube ; orifice hairy in 5 lines al- ternating with the stamens. Achenia imperforate. — Euro- pean perennial herbs, with mostly blue flowers. P. officianalis, L. Common Lungwort. Plant rough; radical leaves ovate, cordate, Feabrous; stem leaves ovate, .fe^s'l--, talyx as long as the corolla tube. Native of England,' but naturalized and culti- vated in our gard -us. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, wich rough loaves. Flowers-* blue, in terminal clusters. Order 70. HTDROPEITLLAGEJE!.— Waterhaf Family, Herbs, cvtniiori'y hairy, with mostly alternate and ad-tebed leaves, regular 5 ported a-nd b-androus blue or white flowers, and an ovoid entirel-cclled ovary, with 2 parietal' few to many ovuled placenta, which usually project into the cell and often lines it like • xn interior capsule. Stile 2-cleft above. Capsule globular, 2-valved few-seeded. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn. Water-leaf. Gr. hudor, water, and phulfon, leaf, of -no obvious application to the plant. Calyx 5-parted, rarely with a small appendage in each sinus. Corolla bell-shap3d, 5-cleft, the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which cohere by their middle, with- their edges folded inwards, formings, nectcriferous groove. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments more or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy. Capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. — Nurth American perennial herbs, with petioledpinnately or palmate- hj veined haves, and scorpoid braclless clustered cymes of white or pale blue flowers. * Calyx not appendaged ; filaments much exseried. 1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Great Waterhaf. Rough hairy; leaves oblong, pinnato and pinnatifid, tbe divisions ovate, obtasa s . •oarsely cut-toothed: peduncle very long; calyx-lobes laneeolate-a«uminate withn broad base, very hairy. 272 HYDROPIIYLLACE.E. Allegheny mountains. July. Stem about 1 foot hiarh, almost leafless. Foot- leaves 1 foot long, with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers whife in a terminal g'obose syine, crowded. Corolla, twice longer than the sepals. Fihime.nls % inch long. 2. H. VlRGlNlC¥M, L. Virginian Waterleaf. Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided; the divisions ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointedj sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncle?, as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate. Rich moist woods and fence-rows ; common. June. Stem 12 to 16 inches high, often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 to 7 segments, on long petioles. Flowers white or blue, in crowded clusters: on forked peduncles. 3. IT. CanADENSE, L. Canadian Waterleaf. Nearly smooth: leaves palmately 5 to 7-lobad, rounded, h^art^shaped at throlla li^ht bine, ^ to % inch in. diameter, strongly laciniato-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside. 3', COSMANTHUS, Nolte. Gr. Jiosvios, elegance, anthos, a flower. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly? bell-shaped, 5-cleffc, without scales. Stamens 5, slender, about as long as the corolla. Style bifid; ovary 1-celled, hairy above. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in the middle, 2. to 4, sometimes 8-seeded. — North American annual herbs, with.allernate leaves, and white or pale bluejlowers, in long bractlesa racemes. C. parviflorus, DC. Small -flowered Cosmanthus. Diffuse, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute, diverging; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile; raceme solitary ; calyx-lobes lance- ovate, shorter than the corolla ; stamens exserted ; filaments hairy at base. River banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Stem, often branched from the base, 4 to 8 inches high. Corolla smooth, pale blue inclining to violet, greenish white in.the centra, the divisions rounded., 4. EUTOCA. Gr. eutolcos, fruitful Galyx^ 5vparted. Corolla 5>cleft, broadly, bell-shaped,, caducous, the tube without appendages. Stamens 5, as long as- the corolla. Style bifid; ovary hairy. Capstjlb 1-celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle.- Seeds numerous, rugulose. — Annual.^ with alternate leaves and showy blue or white flowers. E. vescida. Viscid Eutoca. &fc.7i..ascending, branched, covered with a viscid, glandular pubescence; leaves ovate-cordate, crenate-serrate ; corolla broadly bell-shaped or salver-form. A beau- tiful garden annual, often cultivated. Sternal to 2ieet high, very vieced, emitting a very disagreeable odor. Calyx-segments narrow, % as long as the corolla-lobes CcrcUa deep-blue with a. white centre sprinkled with purple in ths form of a. pentagon, % to 1 inch in diameter- Filaments hairy. 5. NEMOPHILA. Grove-love. Gr. nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love ; so called from its habitat. Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla fiat bell-shaped, 5-lobed'; the lobes emargihate, with necteri-r ferous cavities at the base. Stamens shorter than the eor- olla. Capsule fleshy, 2-valved, 4-seeded, , 274 POLEMOMACE.E. 1. N. INSIGNIS. Blue Grove-love. Li-uses alternate, pinnatifid, with some of the divisions lobed ; calyx }/ 2 the length of the corolla, with acute segments; lobes of Vie. corolla roundel, slightly emargin- ate : anhers sagittate ; style biSd. A beautiful garden annual 6 to S inches high. Stem branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, }^ inch wide, the petiole bsset with hairs along each side. Pe.Awn.sUs very long terete, 1-flowered. Corolla sky blue, white in the centre. Anthers dark purple. June — Aug. N. atom vtua, has white flowers, spotted with brown or- black, sometimes found' in- eultivation. Order 77. POLEMOSn/LOEST.— PO/ewaniM/n Family-. Herbs, roith altemiie or opposite lettvgs, regular 5-merous and h-androus flowers,, he lobes of the corolla cmvolute. in the bud. a Z-cdled ovary and B-tobed styU, the cip- sule, Z-celkd, %-vvdved\ loculicidal, few-many-seeded. Calyx 5-c:eft. persistent. Co- rolla with a 5-cleft border. Stamens often unequal or unequally inserted en the: £ube of the corolla. 1. PHLOX, Linn. Lyciinidia. (St. phlox, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transfered to this genus. Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corol- la salver-forin, the tube slender, somewhat curved, the limbs flat, 5-lobed. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla. Capsule ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly perennial Nbrfh American plcmts, with oppo- site sessile mostly entire haves, and purple pink or ichite flowers, in open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils, cymose, motily- dracted. * Lobes of the corolla entire. Perennials. 1. P. PANICULATA, L. Panichd Phlox. Tall and stout, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate; lanceolate and* ovate-lanceolate,, acuminate, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; jmnicZ^ pyrauiidal-corynibed, many -flowered; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolladobes obovate. Rich woods and meadows, cultivated in gardens. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet nigh. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, %to \\^ wide, the lower ones distinctly pttioled. Flowers very numerous, pink-purple varying to white, in a large oblong terminal panicle. Var. acuminata, (P. acuminata, Pursh.) has the broad and acuminate, leaves downy underneath, like the stem, which is likewise occasionally spotted below. 2. P. maculata, L. Spotted Phlox. Smooth or slightly roughish ; stem erect, simple, spotted with purple ; lower leaves lanceolate, the tipper nearly ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; panicle oblong, thyreoid or somewhat pyramidal; calyx-teeth triangu lar-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed. Rich woods, moist meadows and river banks, common, often cultivated. June — July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, sometim--s spotted with dark purple. Flowers mostly purple or crimson, sometimes white, when it is P. 8uav«olens, Alt.. FOLEMONIACEiE. 275 \Vh~n the lower branches of the panicle are elongated so as to form a pyramidal panicle, it is P. pyraniidalis, Smith. 3. P. Carolina, L. Carolina PIilox. Smooth; stem rather slender, branched at the base, ascending; leaves oblcng- l&ncv.o!ate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower with a slender tapering base, the upper sessile by a rounded base, margins revolute; calyx-teeth short-acu- minate: corollaAube awned, segments entire. Open woods and barren places, not common. Jane. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high from a decumbent or creeping base. Le ives 2 to 4 inches long, mostly quite nar- r o r, 5^ to n inch wide, thick ani shining. Flowers large, pink-purple, 15 to 2o in a corymbose panicle. 4. P. riLGSA, L. Sairy Phlox, Downy-hairy throughout; stems slender, rather upright; leaves lance-linear, or iarrowly acute, the uppermost broadest at the base ; flowers loosely eorynibed ; -'i hair;-, very long, awa-'ike; coroUa-lobes obovate, entire. Barrens and wet places, M iy, June. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, weak. Leaves l'-4 to 3 inches long, V£ to Y : inch wide, with the margins revolute. Flowers~roaeh purple or pale, the c9i.*oila-tube a third longer than the long, slender teeth of tha calyx. 5. P. REPTENS, Miehx. Creeping Phlox. Pubescent; stem erect with procumbent suckers at base; lower leaves roundish- •obovatc, thick, those of the stem small, oval or oblong, obtuse; cyme simple, 3 1o B-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awi-shaped. Damp woods and rojky places, rare. April, May. Runners creeping and bear- ing roundish-obovate leaves, tapering into short margined petioles. Stem low. 4 to hes high, ascending, elammy-pubescent", with leaves j/ 2 t0 /i i ucn l° n e: 34 to % wide, renute. Flowers large, reddish-purple or crimson. * * Lobes of the corolla notched at the end. Perennial. 6. P. DIVARICATA, L. E ' rrlij-floicering Phlox. Minutely downy, loosely branched from the base, the flowering stems ascending ; haves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtu=e ; cyme corymbose-panicled, loosely flowered; calyx-tzeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla-lobes inversely heart-shaped. Rocky damp woods and fence-rows, common. May. Flowerinff-stems 9 to 15 inches high. Upper leaves nearly clasping and often alternate. Flowers large, of a peculiar brilliant grayish-blue color. 7. P. subulata, L. Moss Pink. Mountain Pink. Minutely downy; tufced, procumbent, much branched; leaves awl-shaped ©r narrow-linear, somewhat rigid, crowded and with numerous smaller ones clustered the axils; corymb few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shapecl ; corolla-lobes wedge-shaped, emarginate. Dry hills and sandy banks, common. April, May. A showy plant, forming low matted and prostrate tufts, often cultivated in gardens. Stem ti to 12 inches long, with numerous assurgent branches. 2 to 8 inches high. Leaves % inch long. V bowers pink-purple or rose-color rarely white with a purple centre, 6 to 5 in on» ■corymb. * * * Lobes of the corolla entire. Annual. 8. P. Drummondii, Hook. Drummondi Phlox. Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose; leaves oblong or lancelate, .scabrous ; corymb dense-flowered ; calyx hairy, segments lanceolate, setaceous, •elongated, revolute ; corolla-tube pilose, segments obovate entire. July, Aug. A beautiful annual species, native of Texas, common in cultivation. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, and with the leaves rough-glandular. Flowers very showy, all from white to dark-purple, with a deeper colored centre. 278 CONVOLYULACE^E. A vigorous climber, in hedges an 1 low grounds; Jans. July; cultivated. Ftow- ers about 2 inches in diameter, wait e, often tiaged with, rose-color, opening at dawn and cloudy weather. 2. G. fSPtSKAMMA.j Pursh. Erect Bindweed. Downy; stem low, and mostly simple, erect or ascending; leaves oblong-Ianceo- late, sabcordate or auricled at base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 1-dowered. (CouvolruluS sfcans, Michs.) Dry fields and hilly pastures. Jan?, July. Stem, 6 to 12 inches high, noh twin- ing, branching, leafy. Ln-.n; included. Stigma aoutc. CVj> sulz djpivs 'eJ-g!o*j33^, surrouu led with the witherin g corolla. 2. C. GrRONOVIJ, Willd. Common Dodder. Steirt tbickish, branched.; Settles oblong, fimbriate; /lowers pedunclcJ : in close or open c.yims; orJllj. beli-shaped, 5-ck;ft;, with short spreading or reneged segments, with -ring at the b.iso of the capsule; c^-yz-lo'jcj brood-ovate, obtuse; style diverg- ing; stigitHt capitate. Low groun I ?, very noinm. cYi >fi/ o i horbi. Au? , S ; pi. Stem smooth, slender, 8 to 5 fjjtloa;. an I with the s dales of a light orange- color, wholly destitute of green, always twin! i; from ri^'ii t"> left, or hanging in festoons. Calyx and cjrolr la more or ies? dotioi with pelluoid glands, yollp visa-white. 3. C COMPAOTA, Juss. Compact-flowered Do Idcr. Brads and scjials orbicular, concpvve, appfessed, slightly crenate, much shorter than the slender cyliHdrlcal tube of the corolla. Flowers sessile, in dense clusters ; stamens shorter than tho linear-oblong spreading lobe; of tho corolla; scales piar aatifid-fringe 1. Dry grounds, on shrubs. Southern parts of the State.- Order 79." SDliUSTAOE^J. —Nightshade Family. l&rbaeeout or rarely shruVrj plant;, with a colorless jutes, allcrmte leaws, regular tanerous and i-androus flowers, and t'if. fruit a2-cMed (rarely ;>to 5-cclled) many- S9ecUd c ip-u'e or berry. Cilyx usually persistent. Cj:oi,ia plaited or infolded; valval; in the bud. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla. Siyle and CTiGn.i single. Plaosni/S in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. SsiJDfl. Biparly amphltropous. 1. NICOTIANA, Linn. Tobacco. In honor? of JohnNicot of Languedoc, who is suppo3pd to have introduced It into Europe. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla fuunol- SOLAN ACB.E. 281 form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; border plait- ed, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2- celled, 2 to 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Bank aerid-nnrcatic herbs, mostly clammy pubescent, with large simple- entire I'ecres. and lurid Jlcivcrs in racemes or panicles, white tinged with green or purple. 1. N. rustica, L. Wild Tobacco. Yisdd-pubercent; leaves petioled, ' ovate; ccrolld-tuie cylindrical, % longer than iho calyx, the lobes round.d. Sparingly naturalized near dwellings and old fl< -Ida. Said to hr.ro been intro- daoadby the Indians, Aug;. StiraVZio 8 inches high. Flowers greeni&h-yell&w, la a terminal panicle or racjrae. 2. N-. Tacacum, L. Vu'fp'nian Tobacco. Titcrd- pubescent; leaves lanceolate, srgsile, deenrrcnt; cmoUa-tuhe inflated at ike throaty lobes acute. Native of Central America. Extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 to 3 feet high, paniculate above. Zee rex 1 to 2 feet long: 6 to 12 inches wide, entire. 3?Iqpvera rose-color. July, Taken into tho stomach, this plant is a powerful nar- cotic poison. % DATURA, L. Jamestgt7n-Weed. Altered from the Arabic name, Tviorali. Calyx prismatic, 5-tootIied, separating transversely above the base in fruit. Corolla* funnel- form, with a large and spreading 5-toothed petioled border. Stamens 5. Stigma flipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled; cells 2 to 3-parted, many-seeded. — Narcotic-poisonfms rafiM weeds with ovate angular-toothed leaves, and latrgt and showy flow* era on short peduncles in the forks of thebranclung stems. D. Stramonium, L. Thorn- Apple. Ja??ie^ncn-Wced. Leav&i ovate, smooth^ angular-dentate; calix-tcith pointed-; capsula prickly, erect. Waste grounds and roadsides, common;, introduced. July— Sept. Annual. Plant 2 to 3 feat, often flowering when only 1 foot high. Stem smooth, hollow. Ltaves large, situated at the bsse of the 2-f, rked branches. Flowers 2 to 3 inches lOng, soiitary ; croWu iunvxel-ioitn, witli along tule and a plaited 5-tcethtd bordes, White with a Blight tinge of purple. Tho whole plant is poisonous* 3. HY03CTAMU3, Tourn. Henbane. Gr. hztr, JSTaoSj a ha^, huaraos, a beau: tha fruit is said to bo not poisonous !a swine. Calyx tubular, 5-toothccl. Corolla funnel-form, ir- regular, border 5-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, declined. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, covered 'by the persistent calyx, opening transversely all round ' the apes: which falls off like a lid. — Clammy -pubescent rank herb^ with angled or toothed leaves and lurid flowers in their a?; closed with the angles very acute. Cultivated grounds, sparingly naturalized. Natirc cf.Pera. Au^. Stem 2 to 5 - feet high, very branching. Leaves large, oblong deeurrent. CoroUa slightly lobod, pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre. 5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Ground Cherry. Gi.phvsa, a bladder, alluding to the inflated calyx. Calyx 5-cleffc, persistent, at length much inflated. Co-. ROLLA spreading-bell-shaped, with a very short tube, marked; with 5 concave spots at the base ; border plaited, somewhat 5-lobed. Stamens 5, converging. Fruit a 2-eeIled globu- lar berry, enclosed within the inflated calyx. — Herbs, rarely shrubs, with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and axillary or extra-axillary flowers on one-flowered peduncles. 1, P. VISCOSA, L. Ground Cherry. Yellow Henbane. Clammy-pubescent, low, very diffusely branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped or acute at base, somewhat angled toothed or entire; fivMzrs nodding. Dry fields and hill sides, common. . July, Aug. Per. A very variable plant and embracing many nominal species. St-m about 1 foot high, more or loss decumbent. Leeves 1 to 4 inches long, y 2 to% cr even as wi Le, acute, acuminate, or often ob- tuse at the apex. Corolla pale greeniah-yeilaw with 5 brownish spots at base. B^r- ry yellowish', pleasant tasted, wholly inclosed in the much inflated calyx. 2. P. Philadelphia, Lam. Philadelphia- Ground- Cherry. Smoothish, erect; leaves obliquely ovate, pointed, angled ; calyx open in fruit, scarcely inclosing tho berry. Dry river banks. July. Ann. " FUmcrs larger than ia tho proceeding species, yellow, with brown stripes." SOL AN ACE JS. 283 6. SOLANUM, Linn. Nightshade. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, parsistent, spreading. Corolla mostly wheel-shaped ; tuba very short ) limb plaited in the bud 5 to 10-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, converging around the style ; filaments very short. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly with pinnatifid or undivided, sometimes geminate leaves, and lateral, solitary or extra solitary pe- duncles. 1. S. Dulcamara, L. Biltef&weet Nightshade. Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, . tho tipper ones halbert shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base; flowers ia small cymes, which become lateral. it banks an I around dwellings, naturalised. June — July. Per. Stem-' branching several fe t lo >r. Flowzrs drooping on branching peduncles from tha »ide of the stem. Corolla of redoxed segments), purple, with a green spot on each segment. Berries bright red. 2. 8. nigrum, L. Block Nightshade. Low, much branched and often spreading, ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers small it. lateral umbel like clusters, drooping; berries globular. Waste places, common, introduced. July — Aug. Biennial. A poisonous plan! of no be auty, about a foot high". Lowes mostly (-rose on the margin as if gnawed by insects. Flowirs very small, and with white-yellow anthers. Berries black. 3. S. Carolinense, L. Horse-Nettle. Herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate toothed cr angled, hbary-pub scent, prickly along the midrib; flowers large in simple loose racemes; berry globular. Roadsides, sandy soil. rare. June, July. Per. Stem erect, prickly, branched about one foot high, Leaves 4 to 8 inehes long. 2 to 3 wide, usually in unequal pairs, with a few largo r tpand lobes or teeth. Flowers pale blue or whits, 1 to 1% inch in diameter, in lateral racemes. Barry globular, orange-yellow. CULTIVATED SPECIES. 4. S. TUBEROSUM, L. Common Potato. Foot tuberous ; stem herbaceous, winged ; leaves interruptedly pinnato, pubescent ; flowers subcorymbed; corolla 5- angled. This valuable plant ia supposed to ba a- native of South America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes a large portion of the food of man, it was scarcely known until the 17th eentury,- and w.is not extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. Numerous va- rieties are raised from the seed, which differ in the time of ripening, quality, form, color, size, &c. 5. S. Melongena, L. Egg Plant. Prickly; leaves ovate, aubsinuate, downy ; flowers many-parted. Ann. Stem branching, about 2 feet high. The fruit counts of large egg-shaped berries, from. - the size of an egg to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of a glossy purple, It is prepared in various ways, and considered delicious. S20.11. Lyco?£?.2icuk, Mill. Berries o to 6-celled, often torose. 6. S. Lycopersicum, L. Tomato. Hairy; stem herbaceous, weak; leaves unequally pinnatifid, segments e«t, glaa- 284 S0LAXAC3J2. eons bcnenth ; fmit t^rnlose, furrowed, smooth: A common garden plant, re- sembling the potato in its general aspect, 2 to 4 foet hiuh. Flrw^s greenish y«J- low. Fra& large, mo-tly with or without acute furrows, at fir=t green, becoming when ripe of a beautiful red or golden yellow. Tho fruit is prepared in variot* ways, for Fauces, stews, &o. Cultivated ejtotics. 7. ATROPA, Linn. Deadly Nightshade. Eamo uf ono of ihs three fates of Grori.-m mythology, whose o3ce was to cut the thread of human life. Calyx persistent., 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Sta- mens 5, distant. Berry globose, 2-celled, situated on tho. calyx. — Herbs, sKrubs or trees, natives of the Old World. A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. S'.tm herbaceous; teives ovate* en tj^» acuminate :;t hoch ends, In pairs, en chort petioles:, ./fewer* solitary, rotn awl i :;. on :h-ri. 1-flbw -y pc- danrlcs; calyx d )epiy divided into 5 ova to segments; ttar.i-ms shert r than tho corolla, hearing heart-shaped 4-1 obed anthers. Native rf Europe; A powerful narcotic poison, o:t n cultiVa te 1. Stem 6 f et high, hrar 1 1 id with tl 3 large 1 externally, darker on the upper in- t'irr.l surface, ml yellowish below. D rriesabout the sisoor a small cherry, with a transverse furrow, shining smooth, cf a da; h violet bla k color. 8". LYCITJM, L'nn. False Jessamhol From L-jcir. the r.-t've ccr.rirycf tbcorigirral species-. Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tabular-; limb most- ly 5-lofccclj spreading) orifice closed by the beard cf filaments. Stamens 4 to 5, excited. Berry 2-cellcd; seeds several, reniff-rm. — JSftrvbs, iciilt the branches ending in zpivose. fointx end often with axillary spincie purple. Bcrrits orange-red. 9. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Petter. Gr. lapt-% to bite; from i.»3 acridity of tl-.efrr.it. " Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, with a' very short tube, and plaited 5-loTbcd limb. Stamens 5, with co-nverging anthers. Fruit a juiccicss berry, 2 to- 4- GEXTIAXAC2.E. celled, many-seeded. — A larund to hybridize freely, and the union of tho> two produces a great number of beautiful varieties, such as violet, white and pur- ple, fiesh color, &c, some of which arc highly f.-agrant. Order 80. GENTIAN ACEJE,— Gentian Family. Smooth herbs, with a colorless hitler juice, mostly opposite sessile entireleaves without tlipidts, regular flowers with the stamens a* many as the lobzs of the corolla, mostly twisted in ccstivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta:; the fruit a 2-vcdved manyseedei capsulc^r-CAlxx. persistent. CoaouA mostly withering-persistent, tha stamens inserted on its tube. 1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. Dedicated to Sabbaii, an early Italiau bitaaist. Calyx 5 to 12-parted ; the divisions slender. Corolla 28G GE^TIAXACS.^. 5' to 12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5 to 12, with erect, at length recurved anthers. Style 2-parted, slender, with spiral divisions. Capsule 1-celled, the valves a little intro- ficxed. — Bienniah, with slender stents, and cymose-panicled handsome white or rose-purple flowers. 1. S. ANGLLARIS, Pursh. Common Centaury, Stem square and 4-angled, stiff erect, much branched above; leaves ovate, or ovate-heart-shaped, elasp:ng; cdyx-fobes lanee-linear, . nearly J^ as long as the corolla; corolla-lobes obovate-elliptieal. Dry neglected fields and river banks. Julj r , Aug. Stem 12 to -0 inches high, with opposite many-flowered branches; Leaves closely embracing the s f rai 1 to 2 inches lory. \' z to I 1 -, wide, obsourely 5-nerved. Flowers showy 1 to 1^ inch in diameter, deer} rose color with a yellowish-green 5-rayed star in the centre. 2. S. GRACILIS, Salisb. Slender Centaur?/. Stem, branches andpedundes very slender, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower rather ■ oblong; calyx-segments lineaj-bristk -shaped, about as long as the Gorolla ; corolla 5-parted, with elliptic-oblong obtuse 1. Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 ihshes high, with Ion? diverging branches. Panicle terminal, with spreading few-flowered branches. Flowers pur- ple, on long peduncles. 3. S. STELLARIS, Pursh. Star-flowered Centaury. Stan weak, nearly round; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost linear: calyx-lobes linear subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the- corolla. Brackish meadows'. Aug.. Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slightly angular, dichotomously branched; bra nehes elongated, 1-flowered. Leaves somewhat fleshy 1 to 2 inches long, s ■- sile. FUmirs bright purplo-rose-eoior, with a yellow star in the centre, edged with crimson. 4. S. ClTLOROlDES, Pursh. Large-flowered Centaury. Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect ; flowers 7 to 12 parted; sepals linear, shorter than the elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla. Border of braeTcish pon Is. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, loosely pani.ded above, with lew, 1-tlowered brandies. Le tves 1 to 1U inch long, opposite, entire,, smooth, closely sessile, acute. Corolla \ x /> to 2 inches in diameter, bright purple,, with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end. 2. ERYTHR/EA, Pers. Centaury. Gr. eruthros, red ; from the color of the flow-rs. Calyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla, funnel-form, with a slender tube and a 4 to 5-parted limb, which in withering twists on. the pod.. Stamens 5, rarely 4; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Style slender, single j stigma, capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branch- ing annuals with suh angular stems somewhat cuneate leaves, and rose purple or reddish cymose flowers. E. ramos issima, Persoon, var. pulchella, Griseb. i^w ; stem simple below, 2-forked branched above; leaves ovateToblong. or .oral;:. GENTIANACH.E. 287 forcers all on short pedicels; corolla-tube thrice as long as the elliptical-obloag lobes. Wet meadows or shady places; rare; probably introduced. July. Sbim 2 to S inches high, many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme. Leaves x /$ to % inch long, V£ i 110 * 1 wide, closely sessile. Qiroiki bright purple, tube yellowish- greeu, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule. •3. BAKTONIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) Dedicated in the year 1801, to the late Prof. Birton, of Philadelphia,. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, without glands Fringes or folds. Stamens 4, short. Stigma thick, glandu- lous and partly bifid. Capsule oblong, pointed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Small annual or biennial erect herbs, with slender stems, awl-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small yellowish white pedanclcd Jlowers. H TENELLA, Muhl. Small- flowered Bartonia. Screw-stem. Stem smooth, branched above, branches mostly opposite, 1 to 3-flowered; leaves awl-shaped, niinute; corolla as long as the calyx; style very short. Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., S-'pt. Stun 3 to 10 inches high, square, •often twisted. P'.dundes opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Flowers sm^ll greenish white, on the ends of the branches. Stamens inserted in the clefts of the corolla. CiWPAUEELLi Mj3S»i, G-rLsb., is only a variety with the scales and pe- duncles mostly opposite. 4. GENTIANA, Linn. Gentian. STrom Gniius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Corolla 4 to 5-lobed, regular, most- ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at the sinuses. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the corolla, short. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs of various habits, icith opposite leaves, and solitary or cymoie showy Jlowers. * Corolla without crown or plaited folds ; annual. 1. G. QUINQUEELORA, Lam. Five-flowered ^Gentian. Siem 4-ang!ed, slender, branched; leaves ovate lanceolate, somewhat heart- ehaped and clasping at .the .base, 3 to 7-nerved, minutely pointed ; corolUi-lobta triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, about % as long as the slender obconicel tube, ••the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Hillsides and pastures. Aug., Sept. Stem about 1 foot high, with the branches .racemed or panicled, about 5-liowered at the summit. Flow&rs about 1 ineh long, dight purplish-blue. ** Corolla with plaited folds : perennials. 2. G. Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian. Stem erect or ascending, often roughish above; haves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or dance-obovate, with rough-margins, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or ■«patulate, acute, about }-£ as long as the corolla; corolla club-bell-shaped, with 288 GEXTIANAC2.E. roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, erector converging lobes, which are longer than the 2-oieft dnd m'nufcely-tooihed append ,-ig s; unt'iers united. Meadows an 1 sides of stream-;, common. Sspt., Qst. A very variable speeie?, eaabraukij several varieties aalnj.n.an species, Lit) IS iu;he.s high, simple, erect, E&ooth, with opposite smooth leaves. Fi >w r.< \\4 inch long, erect, bright blue, Bubsessile in branches at the top of the stem ; an.l often solitary iu the upper axils. 3. G. ochroleuca, Frcel. YeffouHsh- While Gentian. Sam a-c ending, mostly smooth; Izaces obovate o'olong, the lowest broadly obe- V-vte. obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerved at the base; flowers in a dense irsrmraal "Cluster; tjfffje-labes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; corolla club- -shaped, ape:c counivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, the folds en- tire, acu:e short; anthers free. Dry grounds, rare. Sept., Oet. Stem9 to 15 inches high, simple, stout. Leaves C'aepmg or sessile, 2 til inches long, % to l l 4 \r.d-. Fi win 1 inches long, % inch thick. Ciro-li open «* top, green^h-white, painted inside with green vsinj ana lilac-purple stripes. 4. Gr. ALBA, Muhl. Whitish Gentian. Stems upright; stout, very smooth; leaves, ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely eiaspiag base ; c.dyx-lobe^ ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much Shorter than the tube of the corolla; c >rolla inflated club-shaped, at length open, the short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice as long a3 the toothed appendages ; anthers at first united; capsule nearly included. Olalesand low grounds. Aug. Stem 13 to 18 inches high, with the flowers closely sassiie and much erowde I ina dense terminal cluster, and somatirass also clustoren confounded with >}. oshroieua'a, Oat Prof; Geay conh ters it a very d.stinct species, on whose authority 1 have here inserted it, as indiginous to this State. * * * C>rollx i-cl'ft, fimbriate o:i fee margins ; annual or biennial. 5. G. CRINJTA, Frcel. Fringed Gentian. St.m erect, branched above ; branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, with a partly hear L-sbaped or rounded base; Jutes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovat ' and lanceolate; crrolla-iu'v. bell-shaped, the limb 4-parted wiia wedge o 'uo v a to lobes, strongly fringed around the summit. Low grounds and hillsides. Sept., Oct. A beau tiful species 6 to 12 inches high, roand auu smoothj with long branches slightly carved at the base, becoming erect and straight, eaeh bearing -± leaves at the uriddie and a single flower at the top. Leave* 1 to J. inches long, % to ^2 inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers 2 inches long, sky b.ue, finely fringed on the margm, expanding in sunshine. 5. MENYANTHES, Team. Buckuean. dr. men, month, and antao<, a flower; because the plant blossoms about that length of time. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous; limb spreading, 5-febed, equal, white, bearded •within. IStamews 5. Style slender, persistent. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule i-cellcd, bursting somewhat irregularly, many seeded. — A perennial herb, v:ith a tuickish creeping ■rootituc/i-, sheathed by the membt aueous buses of the fang petioles, which bear o -oval or ohiomj leaflets at the summit, and w?*ify or di'jhtly reddish flowers, racemed on the naked scape. APOCTXACE^E. 289 M. TRIFOLIATA, L. Marsh Trefoil. Bucloean. -.'.foliate : leaflets obovate : peduncles long naked ; sepals ol>tuse ; ^ as long ! the corolla ; petals a?ute, about as long as the stam?ns. Bogs, margins of ponds. A fine plput ari-ing from large, black roots, descend- ing deep into the boggy earth. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, round. Flowers vrhite or fleslreolor, beautifully fringed with soft hairs at the base and in the tube of the corolla. G. OBQLAKIA, Linn. Pennywort. Gr. obolos, a small coin, with which the leaves of this plant are compared. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-oloft, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes spatulate. Sta- mens -1, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-cel- led, 2-valved, many-seeded. — A low and very smooth p>ur- plith-green pcrenniel with opposite wedge obovate leaves, and whi- tifth or purplish terminal and axillary flowers solitary or in clusters /3. 0. ViRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Pennywort. Stem, simple or with a few opposite branches above; leaves cuneate-dbovate or roundish-rhembeidal, senile and decurrent at base. Rich wools, rare. April. May. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, often in clusters. Cor- olla pale-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens. Order 81. AFOGYNACEE.— ityy&ane Family. Plants with mill y acrid juice, entire chiefly-opposite leaves without stipules, regu- lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, with titeb kibes of the corolla convolute and twitt- ed in the bud. — Calyx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persistent. FILAMENTS dis tinct : pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed. Fruit a pair of follicles, rarely one .of them abortive. Seeds numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants. 1. ABOCYKUil, Tourn. Dogbane. Gr. apo, away, and Jcuen, a dog: to which the plant was thought to be poisonous Calyx 5-parted, -with acute lobes. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 triangular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments : filaments Slightly adherent to the 2-lobed stigma by their inner face. Ftuit of 2 long and slender follicles. — Perennial herbs, with opposite entire mucronate leaves, and small pale flowers in 'terminal and axillary cymes. 1. A. ANDROS^EMiFOLruMj L. Dog'slane. Smooth, branched above, the branches diverging; haves ovate distinctly petio* J Id 290 ASCLEPIADACE.fi. led; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; ccroUa ©pan bell-*ha» ped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx. ttorders of woods and fjnceroAvs.. common. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet higfe, erect reddish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long and %$ as wide, dark gre-n above, ptler beneath, on petioles l /£ inch long. Oorollx % inch broad, white striped with red, with 6 acute, spreading segments. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy uncier- xteath. 2. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Stem and branches upright or ascending; leaves varying from ©hlong, ova/ ovate to heart-shaped; cymes close, many-flowered, erect, usually shorter than tkc loaves ; corolla with nearly erect lobes, the tuba about as long as the lanccolata lobe3 of the calyx. Opan wools and riv^r banks, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, gan- erally dividing above into long, slender branches. Lnvzs V/% to ± inches long, l /^ to % as wide. Var.l, glabsrriinum. DJ. Leaves oblong-lanceoiat«, on f hort peti- oles, smooth, obtuse or rounded. Var. 2, pu'ieszms, DO. Leaves obiong. ova!, or ovate, downy und'iraoatfa ov ou both sidos, as wjll aa tbe cymes, Var. 3, hypirici- foliutn. Leuves more or less heart shaped at the base, on v.ry short petioles, rno? t- ly smooth. (A hyparieifofliani, At.) Flowers smiii, with lanceolate acute eapalj. Chroliu whitish with straight obtuse segments. 2. VINCA, Linn. Periwinkle. Lat. vinculum, a band, from tho Icag twining branches. Corolla salver-form, contorted, border 5-cleft, the loba oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary. Capsule follicular, erect, fusiform; seeds oblong. — Upright or trailing shrubs, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 1. V. MINOR, L. Lesser Periwinkle. Fake Myrtlr. SUm procumbpjat, trailing; leavis elliptic-lanceolate, smooth on the margins, thick ; flowers pedunculate"; sepuls lanceolate. A handsome evergreen, Towering ins in May. Native of Europe. Slews several feet in length, round, smooth and pjafy. Leaves opposite; emedth and shining, about an inch long. Flovttrs solitary, axillary, alternate, blue, violet and white. 2. V. MAJOR, L. Greater Periwinkle. A beautiful shrub, common in cultivation, native of Europe. Stem 1 to 2 T(x>% Tiigh, wiih numerous, slender, stra ;j;*in ; branches, very leafy, forming light mus- ses of evergreen foliage. Leaver 1 to 2 inches long, rounded or somewhat hoar t-aha- p.-U at base. I lo-wsrs blua, pink and vh'fc?, blossoming nearly all seasons. Okdee S2. ASGLEPIADAGS2!.— Milkweed Family Plants with m(l 7 ey juice and opponte or whnrlei rarely scattered entire leaxts, rtgU' Imr ft-merous, 5-androus flower.?, with a valvule corolla, and singular connection of tha anthers wtih the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen matses into wax-like wasccs, du, ai explained under the typical genus. 1, ASCLEPIAS, Linn. Milkweed. Silkweed. The Greek name of diiculapiu-i, to whom this genus is dedicated. Calyx small, 5-par£ed ; persistent, spreading. COEOLLA ASCLEPIADACE^. 291 deeply 5-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded lobes (nectaries) seated on the tube of atamans, each containing a horn-like incurved process. Sta- mens 5", inserted on the base of the corolla; filament3 united into a tube which incloses the pistil ; anthers ad- herent to the sfcigrav, with 2 vertical cells opening length- wise tippad with a nietnbranac30us appendage, each cell con- taining a flattened waxy pollon-mass. Stigma depressed, 5-angled, covering 2 ovaries-. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, inflated, smooth or muricate. Seeds furnished with a long tuf& of silky hairs at the hilum-. — Perennial vp- right herbs, with thick and deep routs, ivsualty transversely veined haves, and terminal or mostly lateral peduncles between the petiole* hearing si/nols many Jluwercd umbels. • Leaves opposite. 1. A. Cornuti, Decaisnc. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Slem nearly simplo, larje and stout; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight point, spreading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath ; umbel nodding; divi- sions of the corolla ovate; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobo or tooth ©n each side of the claw-like horn ; follicles muricate. Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c, co union. July. A coarse, very milky plant, 3" to 4 feet high. Liave; 4 to S inches long, 2 to 3 inches Wide, tapering at both eeds, p;de. Wmhels several, dense, globose, each of 20 or more Sweet-scented flowers. V/rolla, pale-purple, about ^ as long as the pedicels, reflexed,. leaving the crowa. quite conspicuous. 2. A. phytolaxjooides, Ph. Pblk-learcd Silkweed. S'.em simple, erect, smooth; lu,va broadly orate, or the upper oval -lanceolate pointed at both ends, short patioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath ;pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, elongated, slender; divisions of the corolla orate oblong, heals of ths crown truncate, the margins 2-toothed at tho summit, th* horn with a long projecting point; follicles minutsly downy. Low shady grounds, rather common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, above narked with 2 opposite lines of minute pubescence. Laves 5 to S inches lone, and nearly \A a* wide. TJm'a.U near the top, on lateral peduncles 4 to inches long, with 10 s,o 2J large flowers, on pedicels 2 inches long, Petals green., Cioum flesh- colored. 3. A. PUttPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed. Slem simple, errct, w.th 2 pubescent lines; leaves elliptical or ovato-oblong, the lower mncronate, the upper acumnate, minutely velvety downy underneath,, smooth above, contre,ctel at b.ue in to. a short petiole-; pelicds shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle; divisions of the corolla lance-ovate; hoods of the crown oblong; the horn broadly falcate, with a narrow and broadly iunexod hori sontal point; follicles smooth. Border of woods and thickets, not common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender. Leaves pale and dowry beneath, the mid ; ein purple. Flowers in termi- nal, erect umbels, with a small green calyx, and dark purple corolla with reflexed segment?. 4. A. VARIEGATA, L. Varieyated Milkweed. Syaarlj smooth ;. slam simple, erect; leav&s ovate, oval or ofcovato, some'srhsfc 292 ASCLEPIABACEiE. wary, niueronate, contracted into a short petiole ; pedicels and peduncles short, downy; coroll% segments ovate; hoods of the crown orbicular, . entire, the horn broad-falcate, with a horizontal point; follicle slightly downy. Dry woods. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves somewhat acuminate, on gubese ut petiolas. Umbels 20 to 40-flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crovin white, the latter with a ban! of purple around the base. 5. A. quadrifoliA; Jacq. Four-leaved Mtlkweed. Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petiolcd, mostly acuminate, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary; corolla segments oblong; hoods of the crown elliptical ovate ; horn very short, incurved ; foili:lt linear-lanceolate, smooth. . Dry wools and hills ; common. Jane. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves . thin- 2 to 4 inches long, the upper and lower ones opposite. Uaibels 2 to 5, on slender pe- duncles 1 to iy 2 inch long. Flowers small, white or purplish, fragrant. 6: A. OBTU5IFOLIA. Miclix. War i/ 'leaved Milkweed. Sinocth and glaucous: stem simple, erect; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, mucrbnate, sessile, somewhat clasping by a heart-shaped hase, the margins wavy; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; hoods of the crown truncate and some- what toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender subulate horn ; follicle smooth:- ii. Sandy woods and fields, rather common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, bearing. a single (rarely 2) long pedunclcd terminal umbel of 30 to 40 large reddish-green flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin,- 4 to 5 inches long, }/, as wide. CoroMa light purple. Crown nearly white, the segments large. 7. A. rubra, L. Red-flowered Milkweed. Smooth, slender, erect; leaves ovat -lanceolate or oblcng, acuminate. Bubcordate or rounded at baeej on very short petioles; divisions of the corolla lanceolate, acute; hoods of the erown oblong, acutish, with an awl-shaped horn. Low grounds, rare. Jul}-. Stem 1 to 2 f jet high, with a pubescent line on one side, 1; ;aring 1 to 3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, reugh-ciliate, in remote pairs. Flowers reddish-purple, tinged "W-th orange. 8. A, ixcarnatAj L. Rose-colored Silhweed. Stem erect, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse a(, the base, distinctly petiokd; umbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of- ten in opposite pairs; divisions of the corolla ovate; horns awl-shaped, curving in- wards. Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy, with 2 hairy lines above and on the branches and peduncles. Leaves^ 3 to p* inches long, J-Ho 1V< wide, tapering to a very acute point on petioles \( 2 inch long. Umbels close, 2 to G togeihes at the top of the stem or branches,- oil a peduncle 2 inches long. Flowers small. Corolla reddish-purple. Crown flesh-color. 9. A. T&BEROSA, L. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. Roughish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petiolcd ; umbels numerous, often forming terminal corymbs; hoods of the crown narowly-oblong, searcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns ; follicles hoary. Dry hills and fields, common. June — Aug. Root large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2 feet high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous corymbed umbels of showy orange flowers on short peduncles. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others linear and somewhat tapering at base* Corolla greenish-orange. Crcivn bright- orange- Medicinal. ASCLEPI ADAGES. 293' 10. A. VERTICILLATA, L. Wkarled Milkweed. Sinoothieh; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely heary in lines,, very leaf/ to the strtamvt; leaves rno-tly wheeled, narrow-linear, revolute on the* mar-in; umbels small lateral and terminal; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, half as long as the hooked claw-shaped horns. Dry'lulls. June — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feat high, very slender, often a li-feie branched fkt the summit. Leaves '2 to 3 inches long, scarcely 1 line wide, 3 to 6 in a whorl, or the lowest a st nearjy opposite. Flowers small, greenish-white, in nu- merous umbels abVat liiicb. in diameter. Ac: JUTES, Ell. Hoods of Che crcfon destitute rf a hern ; whence the name, from ft, privative and Ixr^^-atcs, a lorn. 11. A. yiribiflora, Raf. Green-Cowered Mill-weed. Downy-hoary; stens low and stout, ascending; leaves oval, ovate and obovate or pemetinvjs almost linear, slightly petioled, mucronatc, acute or obtuse, thick, at length smobthish; umbels nearly sessile, densely raany-fiowcrc*!-, globose, lateral; crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube cf filaments, shorter Khan the anthers. Dry" hills and'sandy fields, common. July—Sept. Stem 12 to IS inches high, som -time; cluster: & Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick and coriaceous, very varialio in form; Tfioslly fragrant thy rsoid floaters. 1. S. vulgaris, L. Common LiUc, Lazvts cordate-ovate, entire, smooth, graon on both sides; ffowzrs thyrsoi-d; limb of the corolla 3om3what concave. Native of Hungary. There ase several varieties with purplish-blue, lilac-purple and white flowers. 2. S. Persica, L. Persian Lilac. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, green on both sides, sometimes pinnatifid; limb ol the corolla flatti3h. Native of Persia. May. A beautiful flowering shrub, 6maller than tho first, with wand-liko -branches in thyrses of white or lilac-blue ftowera.. 4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Qr,/raxu, a separation, from the facility with which the wood split*.- Elowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft :96 OLEACEJS. or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base, sometimes only 2 oblong or linear, often entirely want- ing in our species. Stamens 2, rarely 3 to 4. Style single ; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1 to 2-eelled samara, flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded. — Treesj ivifh peiiolcd unequally pinnate leaves, and snyill flowers in erowdtd' panicles or racemes from the axils of the former years growth. *CJ.yx present; corolla v>:tnt'nj. 1 . F. Americana, L. White Ash. Leaflets 7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate, pointed, nearly entire, glaucous underneath, - at length smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, with a long narrowed base. Rich wood«, common. April, May. The white ash is exceeded'' by few tr^es in the beauty and magnitude of ifca proportion". The trunk arises often to the height of 40 fe:-t without'a-lfraneh and then expands into a regular suinurfcof about the same additional h sight. JKtr/i of the trunk gray, furjowed and eraekedr- that of the branelilets greenish-gray, smooth. Le.-.vis 1 foot or more long. FLw- vrs in loose panicles. 2. F.' pubescens, Walt. Red Ash. Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat scrr-ate, velvety- downy underneath, as well as the petioles and young branelilets; .samara narrow- ly lanecolate-spatulate, obtuse, usually with an obtuse point, tapering at the base. Woods aioncr streams, very common. May. The red ash resembles the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It rises 60 f et high with a straight trunk, covered w':t.h bark of a deep brswn color. Lexvejs at length reddish under- neath. The wood 'u less valuable tb.iu that of the white ash. 3« F. juglandieclia, Lam. Swamp Ash.. Branches smooth; Uaftits 7 to 9, ovate, serrate,, smooch, somewhat downy on the reins underneath, stalked; samara wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely acuminate" at the base. Wet woods. May. A small tree 15 to 25 fest hi th. with greenish branchiate* Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, green on both sides; with a glaucous! hue underneath Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. •* CLljx and corolla, both loinling. 4. F. sambucifolta, Lam. Bkusk Ash. Water Ash. Leaflets 9 to 11, sessile by an obtuse base, elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, mon or less hairy on the veins beneath ; samara elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at hot Lends. . River banks an 1 swamp's. April. A slender tree 40 to GO feet high, with a very tough wood. Branihei ash-color, with dark dots. Leaves 9 to IS inches in length} smooth above, and red-downy on the veins beneath. DIVISION lit APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. ©quolla none; the floral envelopes consisting of a single- series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting.. AEISTOT.OCIIIACEiE. 1 \j"J Qadsk 85. ARISTOLO0HIAOE1S.— Birthwort Ft imiig. Climbing shrubs or herbs, with alternate simple, peliolale leave and perfect axffl&rg, s~Aita,ry, brown or lurid cole-red flowers, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-cclUd ovary, vjhich forms a mmy-seeaed Q-oellad capsule or berry in fruit. Stamen's G to 12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnatej extrorse. S-SEDS an&tropo»3, with a minute enibryo in fleshy albumen 1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asarabagca. An ancient name, thought to be derived from- a, privative, and seiron,- bound, be- cause it is rejected from garlands. Perianth bell-shaped ; limb 3-parted, the tube wholly adherent to the ovary. Stamens 12; filaments awl- shaded, coherent with the apex of the ovary,. Styles united into a short column, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, crowned with the per- sistent calyx, many-seeded. Stemless herbs, with aromatic- pungent creeping rootstocks, hearing a nodding flower close to the ground, between the long petioles of the kidney shaped leaves. A- Canadense, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot. Downy; leaves, a terminal pair, broad kidney-shaped; perianth woolly, cleft to- the base, the segments reflexed. Hillsides in rich woods. May. Leaves 3 to 4 inches wide, on long and hairy petioles. Flowers brownish purple inside. The root has an agreeable and aro-. i&atlc flavor. - 2.. ABISTOLO01IIA, Tourn. Birthwort. From the Greek; in allusion to its medicinal virtues. Perianth tubular, the tube variously, inflated above the ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. Anthers 6, sub- sessile, inserted on the style. Stigma 3 to 6^partecl or lobed. Capsule 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary, greenish or lurid-purple flowers. 1. A. Serpentaria, L. Virginia Saaheroot. Herbaceous, low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base, or- h albert form, mostly acute or pointed; peduncles nearly radical ; perianth strongly b.nt and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed. Tdch woods; common near the Allegheny Mountains. July. Foot consisting of numerous coarse fibres, aromatic-stimulent. Stem. 8 to 12 inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at the base. Flowers purplish-brown, bent like the letter S, inflated at the two ends. Stigma 3-lobed. 3. A. Sipho, L'lier. Dutchman's Pipe. Woody, twining and climbing, smooth.; ^w«round-heart-£hp£ed,. slightly downy- £98 CHEXOPODIACE/E. B&derneath; peduncles solitary. 1-fiowered. with a clapping bract; perianth ascend- ing curved, contracted at tho throat, the border obtusely 3-lobed. Rich mouutain woods. rare. May. Stent sometimes 2 inches in diameter, climb- feisc tre^s. Leaves 8 to 12 inches broad. Perianth V/£. inch long, brownish. Stig- su slightly 3-lobcd. Order 86. 0HEN0PG3IAQEM,— Goosefoot Family. Ch r efly herbs of homrlg aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaver wU'wu' stipules or brails, minute greenish flowers, with thz free calyx imbricated ir» the bud; the Stamens about as rainy as the lobes and inserted opposite them or on their kue, a I- ".die. I ovary besoming a l-seedid utricle infru't. C vt.yx persistent, inclosing, tho fruit. Sr7L3-3 2, rarely 3 to 5. Flowers commemly perfect. 1. CIIENOPODIUM, Linn. Goosefoot. Gr. chen, a goose, andpow?, foot, in allusion to the. shape of ths leaves. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted, obtusoly 5-angIecT,. partially enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Utricle membranaceous ; seeds horizontal, lenticular. — - Smooth-mostly annual weeds with pe/ioled triangular or rhomboid toothed or entire leaves often covered with a wlriie mealiness and sessile Jlowcrs in small clusters. 1. C. album, L. L.imb's-quarter. Stem uprightj somewhat branched ; leaves rhomboid-ovate with a wedg9-sraoed entire base, poarsely sin uate- toothed; flowers in. panicle! spike3> nearly leafless; Med smooth and shining. Waste grounds, common. July, Aug. A very common plant about gardens, 2 to3 feet nigh, cover- d with a whitish m alia . s-. Upper leaves mostly oblong-linear and entire. Flowers numerous small, graen, in irregular terminal erect racemes. A greener variety is the 0. viride of mast authors. 2. C. glaucum, L. Glaucous Goospfuot. Str.ms ascending or prostrate, much branched; leiv:s ovate-oblong, obtuse, sin- oato or toothed 1 , mealy-whitened underneath; racemes spiked, rather dense,, afceuding, leafless ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seeds smooth and shining. Near Philadelphia, rare. Jul/. Stsni d.iTase thick. 3. C. hybrid UM, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Stem erect, much branched ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped at the base, pointed, angled with a few. large and distant pointed' teeth; ra:e,ncs loosely panicicd, spreading,, leafless; ca!ylci keeled in fruit. Waste place--, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, with largo and bright green leaves. Fkwms greenish, iil-scentcd, in a loose branching cluster. 4. C. urbicum, L. Tiiinirjidar-leaved Goosrfoot. Stem erect, branching; leaves triangular-acute, coarsely sinuatc-tocthed, the up- psrmesb lance-linear and nearly entire; rarants spiked-paniclcd, erect; calyr-lcbes not keeled. — Yar. rhomUfolium, Moquin (G. rhombifolium, Muhl,), has rather rhombic leaves with more prolonged teeth. Not comm>n. June, July. Whole plant yellowish-green, 1 to 2 feet nigh* branched. Flowers small groen, in roundish dense clusteru. chenopodiacej:. 299 AuarjNA, Spacb. S3SD either vertical or horizontal, tho embrvo not oiled into a complete ring; 6TYL33 often 3. — Glandular and qftmpj,hescinl kerbs, exhaling am izroxiilio orb.&sami? odor. 5. C. Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Stem ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuato pinnatifid, the upper Fpafculato- lanceolate; ra^mix cymose-panicled, divergent, leafless. Wa c te place.", cemtn ~olyga , mous ; styles free; in- ner sepals bearing grain-like tubercle i; bitter herbs, withtlie petioles sheathing at Ui& lasc. 1, R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock. , Leaves lanceolate, acute, flaty, racemes nearly leafless, elongated, tho Cowers, in crowded whorls; sheaths cylindrical; valves broad-cordate, entire, each bearing a very large grain. Wet swemps and ditches, rather common. June, July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, . branched alovc. Leaves, long, pale-green, thickisk, with conspicuous 6heaths. Whorls few-flowered. Fcdiocls )/> to 1 inch long, 2. R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Doch. Stem roughish; lowest leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the vels«-iu*v laurace^;. 307 underneath, slightly wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorte loose and distant; valves toothed, one of them bearing grains.- Fields and waste pi aces, common; introduced. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur- - rowed, branching, leafy. Foot leaves about 1 foot long, 5 to 6 inches wide. Flow- ers in loog, nearly naked racemes. 3. R. ceispus, L. Curled Deck. Yellow Doclc. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, 'with strongly wavy-curled margin?, acute, the lower truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slender racemes, lenf!e-s above ; valves entire, orate, one cf them bearing grain3. Cultivated and wast? grounds, very common; introduced. June, July. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of -numerous racemes of half-wherls. The root is us«d medicinally. 4. R. sanguineus, L. Bloody -veined Dock. Leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lowest cordate at the base; uftorls distant, in long and slender leafless interrupted spikes; valves entire, one of them at least bearing grains. Waste and cultivated grounds; sparingly, introduced. June. Stem 2 to 3 foot high, reddish, branching, leafy. Veins of the leaves red, or in the variety viridis, green. **Ac"T0?ELLA, To urn. Flowers diessiaus; styles adherent to llic angles of tl\& ovary ; herbage acid. 5. R. Acetosella, L. Field Sorrel Sheep Sorrel Low; leaves lance halbcrt-forrn, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless, in slender panicle J racemes ; ralvrs ovate, without grains. A very common weed in sterile soil and worniields. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, leafy. Leaves very acid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers small, red or reddkh. 3. RHEUM, Linn. Rhubarb. Fha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants r.rc said to be native. Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. Stamens 9. Styles 3; stigmas multiple!, reffexed. Achenia 3-angIed, the angles margined. — Perennials, with fasciculate ficicers in racemose panicles. R. RHAPONTICUM, L. Garden Rhubarb. Pieplant. Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges. May. Native cf Asia, cultivated in gordcus for the juicy acid petioles. Stem stout and fleshy, 3 to 4 feet high, hollow with largo sheathing stipules at tho joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % as wide, on petioles 6 to IS inches long. Flow- ers greenish-white in a terminal panicle, at first cnclozed in a white membraneous : fcract. Order 91. LAUBAGEU.— Bay Family. Aromatic trees or sliruls, with alternate simple leaves mostly marled with minute pellucid dots, and cluttered flowers with a regular calyx of 4 to 6 colored sepal3 which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 series in the bud, free from the ovary* , Stamens definite. Style single. Feuit a 1-scedcd berry cr drupe. 108 ' THYMELEACEiE. 1. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx. Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 8 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each : anthers 4-celled, 4-valvcd. Fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid, supported on a club-shaped fleshy, pedicel. — Trees with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, and greenish-yellow flow- ers in clustered ana I ped uncled corymbed racemes, appealing with the leaves. S. OFFICINALE, Nees. Common Sassafras. leaves ovate, entire or ssrna of thorn 3-lobed and cuneate at base; racerr.et vrilh linear bracts. (Lauras Sassafras, L.) R^ch woods and hillsides* corr.mcn. April. May A tree 15 to 40 feet high, with yellowish-green twigs. Flowers greenish-yellow, in clustered racemes at iht end cf the last years tn igs. Fruit a dark blue drupe, Lorn on a red stalk. 2. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice-bush. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx. The sterile flowers with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner 1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; anthers 2- cciled, 2-valvcd. Fertile flowers with 15 to 18 rudi- ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, the stalk not thickened. — Shrub with entire decid- uous leaves, and yellow flowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile umbel like, clusters. B. CDORIFORUM, Nees. Spice-wood. Fever-lush. Nearly smcoLli; Icavcc. cblong-obovate, pale underneath ; pedicels scarcely as long as tho Cowers. (Lauvus Benzoin, L.) Damp wood". April, May. A shrub 6 to 10 f.;et high, pervaded with an aromatic fiavor similar to gum Benzoin. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and. about % as wide. Flowers in clustered umbeis, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Berries lipo in Sept. Order 92. THYMELEACEiE.— Mezereum Family. Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a regular and petal-lite calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, in- serted into the calyx. Ovaky solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Fruit hard, dry, drupaceous. 1. DIROA, Linn. Leatherwood. Gr. Dirle, the name of a fountain near Thebes. Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and , NY.S3ACE2E. 309- •slender,, inserted on the perianth above the middle, exserted, the alternate ones longer. Style 1, filiform : stigma capi- tate. Drupe oval. — A much branched shrub, with jointed branches, oval obovute alternate leaves, and light yellow flowers, pre- ceeding the leaves. D. palustrls, L. Moosewood. Wicopy. Leaves oval-obovate, alternate, at length smooth, on very short petioles, entire, ,.btuse. Damp rich woods, not common. April. SJiruh 2 to 5 feet high, with white soft' od very brittle wood, bat the fibrous bails is remarkably tough, whence the com- ton-name Leathcrwood.. Flowers preeeeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a short. hick peduncle. Berry oval, reddish when ripe. 2. DAPHNE, Linn.. Mezereum. From the nymph Daphnej who, it is saidwas changed iato a laurel. Perianth 2-cleft, mareseent; limb spreading. Stamens^ 8, included in the tube of the perianth. Style 1. Drupe 1-seeded. — Mostly evergreen shrubs, with- the leaves generally from, the terminal buds and the flowers from the lateral. D. Mezereum, L, Common Mezereum. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tuft?, entire, sessile, about 3 from each lateral bud; perianth funnel-form, the srgments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short ; stigma sessile. A beau- tiful European shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, flowering in March. Flowers pink and; white, clothing nearly the whole plant. Order 93. ITYSSAGEJE.— Tvpelo Family. Trees, with dioecious-polygamous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyssa, which has commonly been appended to Santalaceae from which it differs in thes&li- ary ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended from the tap of the cell. NYSSA, Linn.. Tupelo. Sterile flowers with a 5-parted calyx, and about TO stamens on the outside of a convex disk. Fertile with the tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, th 3 border 4-parted and deciduous. Stamens 5 : style elongated, revolute. Fruit an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a grooved endocarp. — Trees, with alternate deciduous smooth and shining leaves, and axillary peduncles, bearing sterile flowers in capitate clusters or racemes ; and the fertile 2 to 4 together or sometimes solitary. S10 SANTALACEiE. N. multiflora, Wang. Pepperidge. Sour Gvm. Leaves oral and ohovate, acute or pointed at both ends, entire, the petioles and midrib hany ; fertile, jloweis mostly in 3s ; drupe oval. "Woods, in dry or moist soil, common. May. A middle-sized tree, -with dark pray bark, horizontal branches, deep green and shining leaves, and small gr< ei;ish flow* era. The wood is very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction atd crossing of the fibre of different layers. Order 94. Sl'NTALKCEM.—jSandelwood Family. ITerbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves, the 4 to l-eleft perianth ralvcte in tie bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 1 to 4 ovules. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the; perianth and insetted into their tases. SlYLE 1 :: btiqjia often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe. 1 . COMANDR A, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. Gr. Jxma, hair, and andres, fcr stamens, 'n allusion to the hairy tufts attached to* the anthers. Flowers perfect. Perianth Bell-sftapecl cr urn-sbaped r the lirnb 5-c-left, persistent. Stamens 5, rarely 4, the an- thers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.. Style single. Fruit dry and rather nut-like, 1-seeded,. crowned by the persistent perianth. — Low and smooth pe-j rennial herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, ad green ishrwhite flowers in terminal or axillary vmhel-likeM cymes. C. umeellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. Siem round and erect; leaves okovatc-cblc ng. sulscsfile, entire; cgw.es ccv_ m- bose-clustered, several-flowered; perianth-lube copt-niied beyend the ovary, fc-im- ing a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit; style slender, as long as the stamens. Dry or reeky banks, c< miron. May-, Jaine. &icms hrt.T.ihmg, S to 12 inches Li^Lj emc(;ihuh. Flutters whitish, lihk reus on tkert pedicels. 2. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil -ki :t. Name a diminutive of Fyrus, frcm the Fruit, which resembles a small pear. > Flowers dieecious. Perianth 5-cleft, the lobes re- curved. Stirile flowers with 5 stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow- ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent pe- rianth; disk with 5 glands: style 1, short and thick:: stigma capitate. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like. — A lew straggling shrub, with alternate short-petioled and veir>y : leaves, and small greenish sessile flowers in simple teiminal spikes. . LaRANTHACE^ AND ULHAOE.E. 311 P. OLEIFERA, Gray. Buffalo-nut. Oil -nut. Liaves ovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, somewhat downy, or at length nearly mnoth, somewhat saceulent. Rich wooded banks an 1 imuntains. May. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with a very d^ep root. Litres 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowars. in a terminal Bpikvered. Low -rounds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a straight slender trunk, "undivided to a considerable height, covered with an unbroken bark. Leave* 3 to ti inches long, thick and firm. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the size of the Whortleberry. 3. C. PUMILA, Pursh. Dwarf Eaehberry. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth on both sides, the younger only pubescent ; pylundes mostly 3-aowered; fruit solitary. River bar.ks, along the Susquehanna. A dwarf very struggling 6hrub, 3 to 10 feet high. Leaves sometimes heart shaped, nearly as broad as long, with a very short acumination. Berries brown or nearly black. SAURURACEJE, CERATOPHYLLACE.S AND CALLITMCHACEiE 81o Order 97. SAURURACE2E — Lizard's-tail Fonih 'Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves tvith stipules, and perfect flowers 'Acs, entirely destitute of a perianth, and 3 to 5 more or less united v caries.— Ovules few, orthotropous. Fruit a capsule or berry, 3 to 5-celled, few-seedeiL SAURURUS, Linn. Lizard's-tail. Gr . saura, a lizard, and oura, a tail ; in allusion to the form of the intertscencc Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowered scaler Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogy nous, with long and distinct, filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3 or 4 pistils united at the base, with recurved stigmas. Seels usually solitary, ascending. — A 'perennial aquatic herb, with heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small bract, closely aggregated in a slender terminal spike. S. cernuus, L. Lizard's-tail Stem angular; leaves cordate, acuminate, Margins of ponds and streams, common, "June — Aug. Stem 1 to 'ly 2 feet high, 'weak', furrowed. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, ]/, as 'wide, smooth ami gluucecus. oi. petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Spike slender, 3 to"6 inches long-, drooping at the end. Order 98. CERAT0PHYLLACE1E,— JFmwon Family, Aquatic hcrhs, with iv/tcrled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile acious fou'f.rs without any feral envelopes, lut with a many-cleft involucre.— StambbS 1G to 24. Fixiile ovary free, 1-celled with a waspeiided o\ule; style fill- form, oblique, sessile. Fruit an acheniuxn ber.ked with the indurated stigma. containing 4 cotyledons, CERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. Hoknwoux. Sr, leras, a horn, phidlon, a leaf, alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. Sterile flowers of 12 to 24 stamens with large sessile anthers. -Fruit an achenium, beaked with the slender per- sistent style. — Herbs, growing under water, in ponds or slow flowing streams ,- the sessile leaves cut ir.tu % or 3 forking filiform rather rigid divisions. C. eciiinatum, A. Gray. Mom wort. Achenium elliptical, rough-pointed on the sides, with a termim.1 ami i short lateral spines, the slightly winged margins armed with blunt teeth, which finally ' elongate and equal the lateral spines; divisions of the leaves minutely serrulate, mostly 2-toothed at the apex. Common. June, July. Flowers minute. Order 99. CALLITRIOHAOEIE.— Starwort Family, Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and poly yam ous solitary f out s L2 ■ ol-i PODOSTEMACEJE. .in their -crtik, usually between a pair of bracts, without proper floral envelopes.— Eruit 4- celled. 4-lobed and 4-seeded, consisting only of the genus C ALLITRICHE, Linn. Water-Starv ort. Gr. Icalos, beautiful, tlirix, trichos, hair; alluding to the slender stems. Stamens 1, rardly ; 2 : tilaments -slender : -anthers 1- celled, kidney-form. Styles 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Fruit jndehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-celled, but the styles only 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, filling each cell, anatropous. — Aquatic small annual s } with opposite entire leaves. 1. C. VERNA, L. Vernal Watcr-starwort. Leaves 3-nerved, the floating OEes spatulate or otovatc, the immersed linear; bracts incurved ; styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile ; the lobes par allel in .pair? and bluntly keeled on the back. Shallow poo's and slow streams, common. Mar — Sept. Stem floating 1 to 2 feet long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched! Leave' 2 at each joint, beccming crowded above, into a ^tar-like tuft- upon the surface of the water. Flowers white, axillary 1 to 2 together. 2. C. TLATYCABrA, Kutzing. I'mU nearly sessile; the lobes parallel in pairs, slightly winged on the beck; tiyles erect in (he flowers, refiexed closely over the fruit. Bracts and foliage much ps in the last the fruit twice as large : growing in similar situations. Order 100. POBQSTEIftACElE.— River-weed Family. Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, rescn.llii a Fea-wced? cr Mcsse -f. with Vie ininute naled flvwers bursting from a spdhe as in liverworts, producing o 3 - cdicd many-seeded capsule; represented in North Americaby the genus rODOSTEM-UM, Michx. Keyer-weed. Cr. pwj,-ailot, and slemon, stamen; the stamen appearing as if on a common foot stalk. Perianth or bracts, of 2 to 3 small awl-shaped scales. Stamens 2, rarely 3; fiiaments moncdclpl.cus below. Styles or stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Capsele 2-cellcd, 2- valvcd, many-ribbed. Seeds minute, very numerous en a thick .central placentas. — Floueis axillary and soh'ia? y . ptdi- celL d from a wittier spatke. P. CEEATCTEYLLOi, Michx. Thread-foot. Leaves rigid., elicholcmcusly fiif'kecicd; JHcmetits united to above the re it die. Common 'in the bottom of shallow streams. July. A small olive-green plant re.- mbling a Sea-weed, and tenaccously adhering to loose stones at the bottom, similar to a Fucux. by fleshy disks or processes in the place of reds. J.jxvcs nu- merous, alternate divided into several long linesr-liistly segment*, 1 to 4 inches .ki l-. Fhv.tr: en tLcrt thick peduncles. EUPnoiunACEjf. 315 Order 101. EJPH0R3IACE&I.— Sjrnrge Family. Trees, shrubs or hirbs, often aboun ling in an acrid mdl:y juice, opposite or alter- mix, si.npU, rarely compo'inl hives, of 'ted furnished with stipules, usually terminal or iri'lxry m mxciaus. or dAazzious flowers, and a capv.Ce of 2 to 3 or several 1-seeded ovaries united around 'a central axis, separating xolienripe. — Calyx usually valvate in the bud, occasionally wanting. Petals soractimc-s present. Siigxas 2 to 5 or more, of ton forked, i" EUPHORBIA, Linn. Spurge. Named after Eaphorbus, physician to King Jaba. "Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5- lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla, usually with Farge and thick glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining, the base of the involucre, each from the axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed' on the pedicel like the filament. Fertile flowers solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon pro- truded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed, 3-oelled ovary without a calyx or a mere vcstig?. Styles 3, 2-clc£f, therefore 6 stigmas. Capsule" 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1- seedol. — H'rLs or slirul-, with a milk)/ ju'ce, qmeralty oppo- site leaves, the uppermost often in whorls or pairs, or sometimes wanting, and lateral or terminal peduncles often umbellate clustered. * Stem, leaves aUern >.te: flnoirs in involuerate umbels. 1. E. corollata, L. Flowering Spurge. Stems upright, nearly simple ; reaves oblong,- obtuse, entire, the floral leaves small ; umbel divided into 5 or 6 rays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at tho base of a petaloid involucre.- Drv bank * and sandy fields, very common. Per. .Taly — ?ept. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet hijrb. mostly smooth. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lone:, often qnite lmecr. very entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite, in the umbel/ Corotfa-Wce in.otucn large, white, showy. 2. E. Darlixgtonii, G-ray. Darlington's Spurge. S'.e-n-liaviz lance-oblong, pale and minutely downy underneath, the second try or "eaves orbicular dilated, all entire ; umbel divided into 5 to S rays, then several tlm?s simply forked; segments of the floral involucre colored, entire, sub-remform ; ovary warty. Miis£ wio Is, Chester Ctftmty, Szc. May, Jane. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet bleb, smooth, rarely branched below the umbd. Lews 3> to 4 inebea lonx, the flora! oval, very obtuse,-the others rounded and nearly as broad as lone;. Floral involu- cre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. 3. E, Heliascopia. L. JSun Spurge. Erect: floral leaves obovate ; stem leaves wedge-form, all obovate and nearly roundel at the end, finely serrate ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into Gs, or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth and even. Waste places, rare. July— Sept. Ann. Stem smooth, 8 to 16 inches fcigli t olG EUPHORBIACE^. branched from the root. Leaves scattered y 2 to \y 2 inch long, % as broad at the led or retuse apes, Branches of ths umbd mostly short. Slerilejlowers mos t- numerous. 4. E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurges ■ :^r o spending, branched below; leaves entire, very obtuse, the lower r obovate, petioled, the floral round-hear L-shaped; umbel divided into many then forking; glands long-horned ; fruit roughiehand thickened on the back arpej. otherwise smooth. Waste grounds, introduced. July. Aug. Ann. Plant 5 to 10 inches high, smooth. Involucd? or floral leaves large, clasping, broader than long. Flowers , c mspicuous . 35em leaves opposite. Heads axillary orfasciculais, . 5 S. htpericifolta, L. Common Spurge. Eyebriglit . ::."?i branching, nearly erect ; haves ovate-oblong or oval-oblong, oblique or heart-shaped" at the base, often curved, finely serrate, 3 to 5-ribbed un- derneath: corymbs terminal. be and cultivated places, common. July — Sept. Ann- Stem 10 to 20 inches high, usually purple, very smooth. Leaves % bo 1 inch long, % as wide, on very . etioJLes, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate. Corymbs of small lefotte. E. maculata, L, Spotted" Spurge. Milk Purslane, — -)v sometimes smoothish, diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the root fetwes oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal at the base, slight- G-rifcbed; fruit mostly hairy; seeds 4-angied. Jcavelly banks and open places, common everywhere. June — Sept. Annual- i- 12 inches in length, spreading flat on the ground. Leaves opposite, v /± to % inch long, and % as wide, often purplish, cr with a dark purple blotch oh the nipper bids. Eeads'of flowers small, crowded near the summit. 7. E. Ipecacuanha, L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying fromobovate or oblong to long and narrowly linear, entire; peduncles elongated, axillary, 1-flowered; fruit smooth. Dry sandy soil, rare. May — July. Per. Stems many from a very long perpen- dicular root, low and diffusely spreading, flowering and simply forking frpm the base. Leaves Vy^ to 2 inches long,,% to % inch wide. 8. E: dentata, Michx. Toothed Spurge. "Upright, hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceclatc, coarsely serrate with blunt teeth, narrowed into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded at the summit of the stem Shady hillsides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 foot high, at first simple afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spotted. Involucre lobes cut fringed. Fruit smooth, short-stalked. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 9 E. LathYRUS, L„ Caper Spurge. Mole-tree. Stem erect, stout, smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the involucre short-horned ; fruit and seeds smooth. Cultivated grounds and gardens. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 be i inches long, % to % wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. EUPHORBIACE^E. 317 10. E. PUNICA, L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Euphorbia. Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns; leaves ovate, tapering to the base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 2 to 3 times dicho- tomoua; bracts scarlet. . A singular and showy garden plant. , 2. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn, Or. phullon, leaf, antlios, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves. Flowers monoecious. Perianth 5 to 6 parted, alike in the sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a 5 to 6- lobed glandular disk. Ovary 3 -celled, the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3, 2-cleft: stigmas 6. Capsule separating into 3 carpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubs, with al- ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary flowers. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Leaf -blossom. Stem erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches ; leaves simple, entire, smooth, oval and obovate, shdrt-petioled; 'flowers few, subsolitary. Gravelly banks. July, Aug. Ann. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, slender. Leaves of the stem % to % by % to Y 2 inch, those of the branches y 2 , and those of the branchlets % as large. Flowers very small, whitish, 1 to 3 in each axil. 3. ACALYPHA, Linn.- Mercury,. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles* Flowers monoeeious. Perianth of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 3-parted. Stamens 8 to 16 : fila- ments short, united at the base : anther-cells separate, long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, cut-fringed. Capsule separating into 3 globose carpels which split iuto 2 valves. — Mostly herbaceous plants,- with alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and tile clusters of 'sterile flowers with a minute bract, the fertile surrounded by a large leaf like cut- lobed persistent bract. 1 . A. VlRGlNlCA, It. Three-seeded 'Mercury. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate, long petioled ; sterile spile rather few-flowered ; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and toothed. Fields and open places, common. Ang. Ann. A homely weed 1 to" 2 feet high, smooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leaves 3-veined, 1 to 2% inches long, }4 as wide. Pistillate flowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike. 2. A. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Carolinian three-seeded Mercury. Leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at base; braoU beart-shaped, lofced ; fertile flowers at the base of the staminate spike. Fields, rare. Julv. Aug. Ann. - Stein 9 to 18 inches high. A peculiar specks, L2* 318 JUGLANDAOE^. 4. RKJINTJS, Linn. Palma Christi. Lat. ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. Monoecious. Sterile flowers. Pjerianth 5-parted. Sta° mens numerous : filaments united branching. Fertile flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Cap- sule mostly echinate, 3-celled, Speeded.- — Herbs andshrubs^ with peltate, palmate leaves, and monoecious flowers. R. CO mmunis, L. Castor-oil Bean. Stem herbaceous, glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; cap sule echinate. Aug., Sept. Natiye of the JJast Indies Iu our gardens it is a tall, smooth plant, of a light bluish green color, but in its native country it beoomes a tree. Leaves 4 to 12 inches in diameter, on long petioles. Cultivated extensively m various parts of the U. S. for the purpose of obtaining oil.from the seed, fe BUXUS, Linn. Box-wooi>. Monoecious. Sterile flowers. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 2. Stamens 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. Fertile flowers. Calyx 4-sepaled. Petals 3. Styles 3. Cap- sule with 3 beaks and 3 cells : seeds 2. — Evergreen shrubs. With opposite leaves , and inconspicuous flowers, , B. sempervirens, L; Box. Leaves ovate ; petioles hairy at the edge ; anthers ovate, sagittate. Native of Eu- rope. Var. angnstifolia has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa the dwarf bos has ohovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental for edgings iu sedans, Order 102. JUGLANDAGE®:-- Walnut Family. Tre&i MM alirnate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green inconspicuous w or.ivcious flowers in aments ivith an irregular calyx, and a fruit which is a kind of dry drupe with a bony endocarp (nutshell), containing a large Globed orthotropous serA. Fertile FLOWERS solitary or in small clusters, with a regular.3 to 5-lobe. Ovi- ky 2 to 7-cclled, with 1 to 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each pell; all the ovules an 1 cells disappearing in fruit. Fr.mT a bony or Lathery nut, more or leas snclosed in the capsule. 1. QUERCU3, Linn. Oak. The classical Latin name. Sterile flo t ,yer3 clustered in slender and naked droop- ing aments, without bracts ; perianth 6 to 8-parted. SrA- cupultferj:. 321 mens 6 to 12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled 6- ovuled ovary with a 3 lobed stigma, inclosed by a scaly bud- like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. — A nolle genus of trees (rarely shrubs), with greenish or yellowish sterile flowers, in axillary, pendulous, filiform aments ; the fertile inconspicuous .- flowering in April and May, and ripening their fruit in October, Ssc. i. Fruit annual, pedunculate. — Leaves not mucronate. * Leaves sinuale-loled or pinnaUfidr Wiiits Oaks, 1; Q. alba, L. White Oak. Leaves smooth, pale or glaucous under neath, obovate-oblong, obtuse, obliquely and deeply cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical, roughish. naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. Rich woods, ceuimon. The White Oak is a well knowu and invaluable tree TO to 83 feet high, with a diameter of 4 to G feet. Learns bright green above, the "iobes variable in breadth, sometimes very narrow. Nut about 1 "inch long, sweet- ish, edible. 2. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak. Iron Oak. Leaves deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much longer and often 1 to 3-notcked, grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above ; cup hemispherical, naked, about ]/ 6 the length of the ovoid acorn. - Sandy soil, not common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feet high, with straggling irregu- lar branches. Fruit sessile, or 2 to 3 together on a short common peduncle. The timber is very durable, and is much esteemed in ship building. 3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Over-cup White Oak. Leaves obovate, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, pale or downy underneath the lobes obtuse, repand; cup deep, fringed around the margin, more than half enclosing the ovoid turgid acorn. Woods along rivers, rare. May. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, the branches covered with a corky bark. Leaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. Acorns very large imme*rsed % of their length in the cup which is mossy- fringed on the* border.. 4. Q. OLiViEFORMis, Michx. Mossy-cup Oak. Leaves oblong, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid, smooth, glaucous under- neath: cup very deep, mossy-fringed above, inclosing % of the elliptical-oval acorn. Swamps and low places, not common. A large and majestic tree 60 to SO feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining downwards. Leaves very variable in form- Fruit V/i inch long. This species is commonly known through Union County as the Swamp White Oak, and is considered very durable for posts, rails, &c. * * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, not lobed. Chestnut Oaks. 5. Q. bicolor, "Willd. Swamp White Oak, Leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, whitish-downy be- neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed ; peduncle elongated in fruit ; cup hemispherical, sometimes a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one half the oblong-ovoid acorn. Low moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with the bark separating into large flat platey. Leaves 6 to 7 inches long, with 8 to 15 coarse teeth. Awrn iaige, in a small thin and roughish cup. £•>> ClPULIFERJE. C- Q. Prinus, L. Siuamp Chestnut OaJc. Leans on long petioles, obovate, acute, coarsely serrate with nearly uniform roundish teeth, pubescent beneath.; cup .somewhat top-shaped; acorn ovate. Shady woods airf river banks. A tree RO to SO feethiach. Twelves large on pe- tioles 1 inch long. Acorn large, sweet. The timber is valuable in fhS arts. 7. Q. MONTANA, Willd. Rock Chestnut Oak. Leaves petioled, broadly obovate, coarsely and nearly equally toothed, whitis-h downy underneath ; peduncles short; cup hemispherical, with rugose and iuberek-d scales; acorn orate. Rocky hills, rorirnon. A middle sized tree, seldom more than 00 f>et high. Le tves w ; th broroi an 1 oVuw teeth on a yellow petiole. A:orn 1 to 114 inch long. The bark is highly esteemed for tanning, and the wood make? excellent fuel. 8. Q. Castanea, WilicT. Yellow Chestnut Oak. Leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, hoary-white underneath, equally and nearly sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical ; acorn Gvoid. Rich mountaih w-ods and valleys. A tree GO to 70 feet high. Le'axes narrower thm those of the former, with acute teeth, which are callous at the point. Fruit nrdd!.-s'z?d. sessile or on a short peduncle. These three Chestnut Oaks are very difficult to distinguish, and many prove to be only varieties of one species. 9. Q. PRINOIDES, Willd. Chinquapin Oak, Leaves on short petioles, obovate and lance-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy underneath: ped'gncM short or none; cu^. hemispherical: acorn ovoid. (Q. Chin- quapin, Pu^h.) Sandy soil. A shrnb 3 toO ft et hisrh, growing in patches intermmcrled with the Black Scrnb Oak. i'Q. illicifoiia, Wang.') Acorns swret. middle-sized.' and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub to the ground. Divarf Chestnut Oalc, . Srx\ ii. Fruit not maturing until the second year, nearly sessile. * Leaves entire, narroio. 10. Q. IMBRICARJA, Miclix. Laurel or Shingle Oal\ Leaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, rnucronete; thickish, smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. Barrens and open woodlands. A tree CO to 50 fret high, with' numerous irre>m- lar branches. Leaves darfc preen, thick and firm in texture. 3 to 5 inches lonsr.-*^ as wide. Acrn small, in a fiat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is sometimes used for shingles. * * Leaves toothed or lobed. Black and Bed Oaks. 11. Q. ILLICIFOLTA, Wang. Black Scrub Oak. Bwarf; Dawson short petioles, obovate, wed. ere- shaped at the base, 3 to ."-angu- larly lobed, white-downy underneath; cup fiattish-top-shaped : ccorns ovoid. (Q. Bannister!, Michx.) Sandy barrens and rocky hills, common. A straggling crooked shrub, 3 to 6 fret high, much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches. Bear Cak. 12. Q. nigra, L. Black Jack, or Br oic n Oak. Leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, dilated and slightly 3, or rarely 5 lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath when young ; acorn ovoid-globular, half covered by the very scaly cup. Dry woods and sandy barrens, common. A scragjry tree. 15 to 30 feet high, covered with a thick rough black bark. Leaves leathery, shining above, 4 to 8 inches long, with rounded often obscure lobes, the principal veins projecting in bristle points which are commonly deciduous. Acorns % to 1 inch long. CUPULIFER-E. 323 13. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak. Le-wes obovate-oblong, slightly or sometimes deeply sinuatc-lobed, the lobe4 somewhat toothed, more or less rusty pubescent underneath; acorn, depressed- globose, in a^Sat scaly cup, Dry woods comaara. A large tree, sometimes attaining the height of 80 to 90 f ■ t, w ith a diameter of 4 to ^5 fet, and a deeply fureowed black or deep brown bark. The inner bark is very thick and yellow, used in dying. Leaves 6 to 8 inch- es long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, ttbOttt half covered with the thick scaly cup. 14. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Leaves on long petioles, oval in outline/'deeply sinuate-pi nnatifid,'w ith broad and open sinuses, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed, 3 to 4 on each side, smooth ; cup top-shaped, conspicuously scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid. ivich woods, common. A tree 60 to «0 feeirhigh, with a diameter -of 3 -or 4 feet. Leaves of a blight sinning green on both sides, turning bright scarlet in autumn. Awns large % to x / 2 immersed in the cup. The wood is used for staves, and the bark for tanning. 15. Q, RUBRA, L. Red Oak. .Leaves en long petioles, oblong, smooth, pale beneath, obtusely einuat -ly-lobed ; lobes spreading, sparingly-toothed or entire, 4 to G on each side ; cup saucer-shaped, shallow, nearly smooth, much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. Forests, common. A tree 7D to SO f et high, with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. Lmv* 6i to 1G. inches long, slightly pubjSce-nt in the axils of the nerves beneath, chan -ing to dull red or yellowish in autumn. Acorns 1 inm long, with a flat base in cups^so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cops, eag'-rly devoured by be r'. * The wood is reddish and coarse grained, ami the bark is used in tanning. 16. Q. talustrts, Du Roi. Micbx. Pin Oak. Leaves onlcng petioles, oblong, in outline smooth and shining, deeply pinnatifid Tjvitli broad and rounded sinuses, the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute; cup sane r-?haped, even; acorn nearly globose. Swampy woe ds, common. A handsome tree 40 to TO feet high, with numerous fpread ing branches and light el. gant foliage. Leaves bright gi eon on both sides, A-oriio numerous, small, on short peduncles, in shallow cups. It is called Tin Oak on account of its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- Tances, giving the trunk the appearance of having- pins or tree nails driven into it. i Q.. heterophyUa, Michx., f, was founded on a single tree raised in Bartram's gar- den near Philadelphia, recently destroyed, which was doubtless a hybred. It u .figure .1 and described by Mkhaux in-his Syha Arnericara. 2. CASTA.NEA, Tourn. Chestnut. From Cu.st.tnea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts. "Polygamous. .Sterile flowers interuptedly clustered in long cylindrical aments: perianth deeply 5 to 6-parted : stamens 8 to 15. "Fertile flowers 2 or 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre: -perianth urceolate, 5 to 6- cleft, with the rudiments of 5 to 12 abortive stamens. ! Ova.- ry crowned with the perianth, 3 to 7-celled, 14 to25 i ovuled. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid,! to 3 included in the enlarged echinate 4-iobed involucre. — Trees and shrvhs } with mod'y -deciduous alternate straight veined leaves, the sterile tream-cohr-ed 824 CUPULIFER^. flowers in axillary aments near the end of the branches, and the fer- tile flowers at their base. 1. C. vesca, L. Chestnut. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mncronate-serrate, smooth and green on both sides; nuts 2 to 3 in each involucre, flattened on one or both sides Eocky or hilly woods, common, especially in stony land. June, July. A large tree, with light coarse grained wood. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and Y 2 as wide with large uniform teeth. Aments 5 to 8 inches long, very numeroue. JVuts about 3 together, of a peculiar brewn, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with sharp spines. 2. C pumila. Michx. Chinquapin. Dwarf Chestnut. Leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, white-downy beneath ; nut soli- tary. Sandy weeds, and sterile places. June. A shrub or-small tree 6 to 20 feet high, much branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, l^to 2 inches wide, smooth above, en petioles y 2 hieh long. Stamcnate flowers in aments 6 to 10 inches long. Kut •: pointed, scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet. 3. FAGUS, Tourn. Beech. iiv.phagn, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts. Monoecious. Sterile flowers in small heads on droop- ing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like braces; perianth bell-shaped, 5 to 6-cleft : stamens 8 to 12. Fertile flowers 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre : perianth with 4 to 5 minute awl-shaped lobes. Styles 3 : ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Nuts usually 2, sharp- ly 3-sidcd, invested by the soft prickly coriaceous involucre, which splits to below the middle into 4-valves. — Trees with smooth gray bark, undivided sirai gut-veined leaves, and yell. flowers appearing with the leaves. F. FERRUGINEA, Ait. American Beech. Ledves oblong-ovate, acuminate, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, obtuee at 1 ape; prtchtes of the fruit recurved or spreading. Woods along streams, common. May. A beautiful tree, often f.0 or CO feet high, covin d with thick smooth ash-gray bark. Leave$,2 to 5 inches long, often a link h art-?harid at base, bright green and shining atove, siiky umferdeatb when young. Nuts small, oily, sweet and- nutritious. The led Beech is now ccmideied as only a variety, with the-wcod softer and easier of cleavage. 4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. Gr. lorus, a helmet or cup, in allusion to the involucre. Meroccicus. Sterile tlgweks in drooping cylindrical aments, theccccave bracts and the 2-cleftperianth combined to form 3. lobe d scales, to the axis of which the 8 short fila- ments irregularly cohere. Firtjle nxwiES several to- gether in lateral and teimina! scaly buds. Stk :>:a 2, thread- like. Cyaey 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Kut long ; CUPULIFERiE. roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged coriace. ous and lacerately toothed involucre. — /Shrubs, with round, ish wiequally serrate leaves, the yellowish sterile and red fertile fiovo^ ers appearing- in early spring in advance of the leives. 1. C. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazle-nut. Laves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, coarsely serrate; involucre roundish, bell-shaped, glandular, with a spreading flattened border about twice the ltngth of the flattened nut. Thickets and fencerows, common. A shrub 5 to S feet high, with the younir twigs, &c, downy and glandular hairy. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long and % as wide. Barren Jiowers in long pendulous annents flowering in April. Sut line-flavored smaller than the European hazel or filbert. 2. C. ROSTRATA, Ait. Beaked Hade-nut. Leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, acuminate, doubly serrate: involu- cre beli-shaped-tubular, prolonged above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tu- lmlar beak, densely clothed with bristles Banks of streams and along mountain ravines. May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high with slender smooth branches. Involucre 1 to 1}4 inch long, contracted at the top into a long narrow neck, like a bottle, covered with short still hairs. 5. CARPINUS, Linn. Hornbeam. iron-woo'd. The ancient Latin name. Monoecious. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical anients, consisting of from 8 to 14 stamens in the axil of a simple entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx : fil- aments very short. Fertile flowers several, spiked in an oblong ioosely imbricated terminal anient, with small de- ciduous bracts, each with a pair of flowers consisting of a -2- celled 2-ovuled ovary terminated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, acute, each with a simple, 1-seed- ed, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre. — Trees with a smooth gray bark, with alternate undivided straight-veined leaves appearing later than the flowers. C. Americana, Michx. American Hornbeam. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply vi high. Leaves dark green above, pale beneath, with a strong midvfin. % to i/o inch long, ]/* to }/ 2 inch wide, entire J^ the length. Fertile and sterile fewer* on'eeperate plants. The fruit and leaves when bruised emit a pungent spicy odor. *2. M. cerifera, L. Baylerry. Wax Myrtle. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward-i the apex, shining and resinous dotted on both sides, somewhat preceding the. Sow- ers; eUrile amcRts scattered, oblong; nuts scattered and naked, incrueted with white wax. BETCLACEJE. 327 Sandy soil, rare. May. A- shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with a very branching top, and grayish bark. Leaves \% to 2]4 inches long by % to %. Aments sessile along the last years branches. T ho" fruit consists of a globular nut or stone enclosing a kernel; and covered with a coating of whitish was. 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet Fern. In honor of Henry Campion, Bishop of London a century ago, a patron of botany. Monoecious. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments with reniform-cordate pointed scale-like bracts, and 3 to 6 stamens. Fertile flowers in globular aments, burr-like; ovary surrounded by 5 to 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent around the ovoid smooth nut; otherwise as in Myrica. — Low shrubs, with long and narrow pinnatifid-lobed leaves with small stipules appearing after the flowers. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet Fern, Leaves long linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid, Dry woods and hills, common. May. A well known, handsome aromatic shrub, I to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long, Yi hich ■wide; divided nearly to the midvein into numerous rounded lobes. Order 105. BETULA0E2E.— Birch Family. Monoecious trees or shrubs, with sterile and fertile flowers in scaly aments, 2 or 3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked 1-celled and 1-seeded often winged nut. which tesults from a 2-ceUed and 2-ovuled cmry. Styles single or none : stiq- ha 2. I. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. The ancient Latin name. Sterile flowers 3,- with* 2 bractlets under each scale or bract of the ament, consisting each of a perianth of 1 scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : filaments short. Fer- tile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract, consisting of a naked ovary with 2 thread-like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. Seed sus- pended, anatropous. — Tree? and shrubs, mostly with the outer bark usually separable in thin horizontal sheets, ovate, serrate alter • natc leaves, and monoecious flowers , the golden sterile ones expanding in early spring preceding the leaves, the fertile in oblong cylindrical aments appearing with the leaves. * Trees with thebarJc of the trunk white externally, separable in thin sheets. 1. B. populifolia, Ait. White Birch. Leaves deltoid (triangular), long-acuminate, truncate or slightly cordate at base, uneiually serrate, smooth and shining on both sides, on smooth petioles; fertile amenii on. peduncles : scales with roundish, lateral lobes. 328 BETULACEJ2. Poor soils, in rocky mountainous woods, common. May. A small and slender , very graceful tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a chalky- white bark. Leaves tapering to a long point as tremulous as an Aspen, on petioles 1 inch or more long. Amenti long pendulous. Poplar-leaved Birch. 2. B. papyracea, Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. Leaves avate, acuminate, doubly-serrate, the veins hairy beneath, small above > lateral toVs of the fruit-bearing braits short and rounded. Hillside woods, common. May, June. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with fine- grained wood, and very tough durable bark, white externally, seperating into pa- per-like layers. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide dark-green above, pale- glandular-dotted underneath. Sterile aments 1 to 2 inches long. ** Trees with reddish-brown or yellowish bark ; leaves withshort petioles* o. B. NIGRA ; L. Bed Birch. River Birch. Leaves rhcmbiG ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, whitish -and downy underneath ; fertile aments somewhat peduncled, woolly ; bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes. Low river banks, common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feet high, with reddish -brown bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds. Leaves 3 inches long and 2 wide, on petioles % to % inch long, dark-green above. 4 B. LENTA, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Leaves cordate-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate; hairy on the veins beneath; fertile aments elliptical, thick, erect, somewhat hairy. Moist rich woods, common. April, May. A. beautiful tree 40 to 60 feet high, with a diameter of l,to ,3 feet, covered with a chestnut-brown dark, Branches slender, spotted with white. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, about % as wide. ThG . wood has a clore grain and is susceptible of a fine polish, valuable for cabinet work. The bark and young twigs are spicy-aromatic. *** Shrubs with brownish baric and rounded crenate-toothed leaves. 5. B. pumila, L. Low Birch. Dwarf Birch: Erector ascending; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, the younger downy and nearly orbicular ; fert Ue catkins cylindrical; scales more or less unequal 3-iobed ; fruit broadly winged. Mountain bogs, rare. Pursh. May, June. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with smooth or sometimes warty branchlets, the young twigs downy. Leaves on short petioles, i to l]/ 2 i n ch long, pale or whitish underneath. 2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. The ancient Latin name. Monoecious. Sterile aments long and drooping, cylin- dric, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 Sowers under each scale ; each flower with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens with very short filaments. Fertile aments ovoid or oblong, the fleshy scales each 2 -flowered, with a calyx of 4 small scales coherent with the scales or bracts of the ament, which be- come thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below and per- sistent. — Shrubs or small trees, arising from large and strong roots, stalked leaf -buds furnished with a single scale, alternate simple leaves, and the aments produced at the close of summer, and expand: ing in early spring. salicace.e. 329 1. A. incana, Willd. Black Alder . Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharp ly serrate, often coarsely toothed, white and mostly downy underneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate.; fertile aments oral ; fruit orbicular. Banks of mountain streams, common. A shrub 3 to 20 feet high, with smooth brown bark. Fertile aments usually i to 5 iu a paniculate raceme. 2. A. serrulata, Ait. Common Alder. Smooth Alder. Leaves obovate, acute' at the base, sharply serrate with acute teeth, thickUh, smooth and green on both sides, a little hairy on th3 veins beneath; stipules oval ; fertile, aments ovoid-oblong; fruit ovate. Borders of ponds' and streams, common. A well known shrub 6 to 12 feet high,. growing in clumps. Liaves 2 to i inches long and % as wide, strongly veined. Anznts 2 to 3 inches long, slender, pendulous; the fertile onss short, thick, dark' brown, persistent. Order 106. S ALIO AGEJE.— Willow Family. D'iaiioua trees or shrubs, with alternate undivided leaves, the fertile and sterile flowers in aments, one under each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; Vie fruit a 1-ceUed and 2-valved capsule, containing numerous seeds clothed xoith a long silky down. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2 celled; 8TT£3S 2, very short, or mor«j or kss united, each with a 2-lobed stigma.' 1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier; Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water; alluding to their usual locality. Dioecious. Aments cylindrie, with entire imbricated- scales. Sterile flowers of 2 to 6 stamens, accompanied with 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a small fiat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side; stig- mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with round and flexible branches, mostly- long and pointed leaves, entire or glandularis -toothed, and terminal and lateral aments appearing 'before or with the leaves. Sac. i. Aments lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves. Shrubs or small ■ trees. * Leaves entire or obscurely wavy-too'Jiei ; aments ovoid- or short-cylindrical, small; stigmas 2 cleft. 1. S. CANDIDA, Willd. Hoary or White-leaved Willow. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, or the lowest obtuso, pubescent above, white-toinentose beneath; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; aments oblong-cylin- drical, closely flowered ; ovary densely woolly; style distinct Bogs in shady woods, rare. April, May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high with reddish twigs, smooth and shining at maturity. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, Aments about an inch long, dense on short peduncles. 2. S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, almost sessile, pointed, or at the lower obtuse grayish- woolly on both sides, the upper side at maturity nearly smooth ; stipules smtlL M2* S30 S ALIO ACE M. hairy; aments globular -when young, loosely flowered; ovary with a long hairy beak ; style short. Sandy woods. March, April. A small shrub 1 to l^foot high, much branchpd, with a profusion of aments in spring appearing before the leaves. Leaves at length numerous, thick, 1% inch long, often crowded. Stipules seldom seen, often re- duced to a mere gland. &, 3. htjmilis, Marshall. Low Bush Willow. Leaves on petioles, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an ab- rupt point, slightly downy above ; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and linear with 2 to 4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; aments often recurved; avary hairy ; style distinct. Borders of fields and roadsides, common. A : shrub 3 to 8 feet high, varying in size and appearance. Leaves of the larger forms 3 to 5 inches long, and" %to 1 1 inch broad. This species, as well as some of the following section often bear cone- like excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, * * Leaves more or less serrate, smooth and shining above ; aments cylindrical, large, 4. S. dicolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the 6ides, en- • tire at the base and apex ; stipules semiluuar, toothed ; aments erect ; scales very hairy, cblanceolate, somewhat acute ; ovary densely silky. Low meadows and river hanks, common. A largo shrub or small tree 8 to 15 feet high. Leaves when young commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Young catlins 1}4 inch long, glossy, black- ish with the conspicuous stipules, elongating in fruit to 2% inches. * * * Leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath ; aments ovoid or cylindrical; stigma 2-lobed, Shrubs. 5. S... sericea, Marshall. 8 illy -leaved Willow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish with short silky hairs under- neath ; sterile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obovate ; stigma nearly sessile. Sandy river bank?.- A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with green or purple twiga which are tough but brittle at base. Fertile aments in flower % inch, at lengthl 1 ^ inch ; long. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. C. S. petiolaris, Smith. Long-stalked Willow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, glaucous beneath, silky at base, most- ly unequal ; stipules lunate: amerds appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- cylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales very hairy, obovate ; style short but distinct.:. Sandy river banks and low grounds, common. A shrub 6 to 10 feet high, some- what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smooth beneath, and dry leys - black. Fertile aments shorter and broaden the eapsule spreading and showing ths stalks* . * * * * Filaments seperate ; stigmas undivided. Small trees, 7. S. viminalis, L. Basket Osier. Basket Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long and acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate, white-silky beneath; stipules very small; aments cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with Jong silky hair ; ovary long ard narrow; styles elongated; stigmas linear, naoetly entire. Wet meadows; Introduced from Europe. A middle sized tree, with slender and flexible branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. Filar- - ments yellow. Anthers orange. Considered the best species for basket making. Sec. ii. Aments lateral, with 4 to 5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with qt, before the leaves : stamens 2?— Shrubs or smaU trees. SALICACE^. 331 8. S. cordata, Muhl. . Heart-leaved Willow. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped at base, acuminate, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules reniform or ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, or sometimes small and almost entire; aments appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating io fruit. Low river banks and low meadows. A shrub 2 to 6 feet or a small tree 6 to IS feet high, with leaves i to 6 inches long. Fertile aments 2 to 3 inches long. 9. S. ANGUSTATA, Pursh. Narrow -leaved Willow. Leaves lanceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth . and scarcely glaucous beneath ; stipules semi-cordate ; aments large, appearing be- fore the leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. Banks of streams. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 15 feet high, with very long and slender twigs, and long and narrow leaves. Sec. ni. Aments peduncled (long and loose) borne on the summit cf lateral leafy branchas of the season. — Shrubs and trees, vjWi the branches very brittle at the base. * Ovary sessile, smooth; stamens 2, 10. S. alba, L. White Willow. Yellow Willow. Leaves lanceolate or ellirfllc-lanccolate, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with, white silky hairs, espMally beneath; stipules lanceolate ; stigm as nearly ses- sile thick and recurved. An introduced tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 60 to 80 feet, with several varieties. Var. 1, vitellina, has yellow or light red branches; leaves shortei and broader, (S.vitellina, Smith & Borrer. S. Pameachi- ana, Barret.) Var. 2, (lerulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity. ** Ovary stalked, smooth; stamens 2 to 6. 11. S. FRAGiLlSj L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, serrate with infiesed teeth; stipules semicordate, pointed, toothed; stamens mostly 2. A tall and handsome tree, with smooth and shining branches, introduced from • Europe, and cultivated for basket-work, with several varieties. Var. 1, decipiews, has dark brown buds, aud the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse. (S. deeipiens, Hoffman.) Var. 2, Russeliana, has the leaves long and bright, strongly serrate, the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots, silky-downy; stipules large and acuminate. (S. Russeliana, Smith.) 12. S. nigra, Marshall.. Black Willow. Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, mostly smooth, green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile flow- ers 2, large and deeply 2 to 3-cleft; stamens 3 to 6. Margins of streams. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, with a rough black bf.rk. Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. Sterile amtnts 3 inches leng, and oft«n... with but 3 stanuns in the upper scales. 13. S. LUCIDA, Muhl. . Shining Willotc. Leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate and narrow with a long acumination, smooth and shining on both sidea, serrate ; stipules oblong, toothed ; stamens mostly 5. Overflowed banks of streams. A handsome species, sometimes 12 to 15 feet high,;, ©ftffn flowering at the height of 3 or 4 feet. Branches smooth, dark shining green.; Leaves broad and glossy above. 14. S. Babylonica, Tourn. Weeping Willow. Brandies pendulous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate smooth, glaucous beneath; tiipules roundish, oblique, acuminate ; ovary sessile, ovate, emooth. Thij- beautiful 332 SALIC ACE^. epecies is a native of the East, and has been cultivated until nearly naturalized. The long slender drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the common name of the tree. Only the fertile plant is known in the United States. *** Ovary stalled, hairy ; stdmens2. 15. S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remote- ly denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at lenetfi nearly smooth ; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed: scales hairy at the base, often glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile aments; stigma very loner, sessile. River banks. A variable rooting species 2 to 12 feet high, with brown branches and white branchlets, often prostrate. 2. FOPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. Lat. populus, the people, being often planted by the public ways. Dioecious. Aments cylindric. Bracts (scales) of the aments irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk, which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 to 30, with' distinct filaments. Stigmas 4, elongated. Capsule superior, 2-celIed, 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds comose. — Trees, with soft wood, usually broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves on long petioles, and long drooping aments, appearing before the leaves: 1. P. tremuloldes, Michx. American Aspen. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a sharp short point, dentate- serrate, smooth on both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. Woods and open fields, common. April. A tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth ereeni«h-whitebark. L°avcs 2 to 2l< inches loner. 2\4 to 3 wide, on petioles 2 to 3 inche? Ions, which are laterally eom"rps«ed. so that they are thrown into a continues agitation by the slightest breeze. Wliile Poplar. 2. P. grandldentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Leaves roundish-ovate, withlarge and irregular sinuate teeth, vrhite-silky-woolly irhcn young, at length smooth on both sides; scales cut into 5 to 6 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed. Woods and crroves. ratlvr common. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with a diameter * cf 1 foot, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches lontr •aid nearly as wide, generally at the extremities of the distant, coarse and crooked - branches. 3. P. HETEOPHYLLA, L. Yarious-leaved Poplar. Leaves roundish-ovate or heart-shaped, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when your.g, at length nearly smooth, oxcept on the vejns beneath. Swamps. May. A tree 40 to GO feet high, with- round branches. Leaves large, usually quite blunt, the auriclcd lobes at the base often conceal the insertion of . the petiole* 4. P. angulata, Ait. Water Poplar. Cotton- liood. Leaves broadly-deltoid, or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate or cut-serrate, ecuminatr. Banks of streams. March, ApriL A tree of large dimcusione 40 to SO feet high, BALSAMIFLUJE. and 1 to 2 feet thick, with acutely angled or winered branches. Leaves often 7 to 8 inches long, and about as wide on the young shoots; whilst on fall-grown trees they are only 2 to 3 inches long. The buds are covered with resin. , 5. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. TdcamaJiac. Leaves ovate-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, white and reticu- late veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens very numerous. Borders of rivers and swamps, rare. April. A tree 60 to 70 feet high, and 1 to 1)4 feet thick, with round branches. The buds are covered "when young with a balsamic resin. CULTIVATED SPECIES. 6. P. candicans, Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish be- neath, somewhat 3-veiued ; petioles hirsute. Woods, common in cultivation. April. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, and 18 to 30 inches in diameter, with smooth and greenish bark, and large dark green foliage. Fertile aments 6 inches long. The buds are covered with a balsamic resin, much used in domestic practice. 7. P. dtlatata, L* Lombardy, Poplar. Leaves smooth, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, about as wide as long; trunk lobed and sulcate. Native in Italy as its name imports. It has long been cultivated in this country, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlements. 8. P. ALBA, L. Aide. Silver Poplar. Leaves heart-shaped, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white downy beneath ; fertile aments ovate ; stigmas 4. A high- ly ornamental tree, native of Europe. The silvery whiteness of the lower surface of the leaves produce a striking contrast with the dark green of the upper. Order 107. BALSAMIFLUIE.— Sweet- Gum Family. Trees, with a balsamic colorless juice, alternate palmateriy lobed leaves, deciduous stipules, and monozcious flowers in seperate roundish aments, destitute of calyx or cat rolla, the fruit of2rbeaked and 2-celled several-seeded woody capsules: consists only of the genus LIQUIDAMBAK, Linn. Sweet-Gum. iAt. Iviuidum, fluid, and Arabic ambar, amber, in allusion to the terebintbine jui,ce that flows from the tr,ee. Sterile flowers in conical clusters, naked. Stamens numerous, intermixed with. minute scales : filaments short. Eertile aments consisting of 2-celled ovaries, subtended by minute scales, all more or less cohering and hardening in- fruit, forming a spherical head, the capsule opening between the 2 awl-shaped diverging styles. Seeds small, often abor- tive. — Tree, with alternate simple or lobed leaves deciduous stipules and racemed nodding aments, inclosed in the hud by a,4- Itaved deciduous involucre. 334 PLATAN ACEiE AND URTICACEiE. L. Styraciflua, L. Sweet-Gum. Bllsted. Leaves rounded, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, smooth and shining, Srely glandular-ser- rtite, the lobes pointed. Moist woods. April. A large and handsome tree, with finely grained wood and gray bark, with corky ridges on the branchlets. The young twigs arc yellowish, putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are fragrant when bruised, turning deep red or crimson in autumn. Fruit when mature about 1 inch in diameter, forming a brownish woody and prickly strobile. Order 108. FLATABIAGE2E.— Plane-tree Family. Trees, with alternate palmately-hbed leaves, sheathing stipules and menaeious fiow, grs in seperate and nalcd spherical aments. destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit dub-sluiped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with bristly down along the base : consisting. only of the genus PLATANUS, Linn. Buttonwood. Or. platus, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage. Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with elavate srnall scales intermixed : filaments very short. Fertile flowers in seperate aments consisting of inversely pyra- midal ovaries mixed with little scales : style rather lateral, awl-shaped, or filiform, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendu- lous seed.. 1 . P. occidentalis, L. American Plane or Sycamore, Leaves angularly-sinuate-lobed and toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fer- tile heads solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. Banks of streams. A very large and well-known tree, with a white bark Federa- ting early in thin brittle plates. Leaves woolly when young, alternate, on long pe- tioles. Aments axillary globose. 2. P. orientalis, L. Oriental Sycamore. A handsome shade tree, native of the East, is occasionally met with in cultiva- tion. Order 109. URTIGACEiS.— Nettle Family. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, monoecious or dicsewus powers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the mostly 1-cclled ovary which forms a 1-seeded utricle or achenium in fruit. Stamens as many as the loles cf the calyx and opposite them. Comprising several very distinct suborders. Suborder i. MOREiE. The Mulberry Family. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Funi fleshy, composed of the fleehy calyx - tioles. FiOwers-jieasQ, greenish and reddish-white. Sub class II. GYMNO3PEKM0US EX0GEN3. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen without the intervention- of a pistil, and becoming truly naked seeds, the carpel being represented by a flat open Ecale or leaf ; or entirely wanting. Cotyledons often more than two. ORDER- 110. GONIFEEM.— Pine Family. Trees or sKrubs, with rainous juice, mostly with subulate or acerose entire leaves, and monitions or dioecious floivcrs in cements destitute of calyx or corolla. Oyvles orthotropous. Emts?.yo in the axis of the albumen. (Wood destitute of ducts, c mposecl chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked withcirett* lar disks on two sides.) Comprises the three following sub orders. Sub- order i. ABIETINE/E. Proper Pine Family. Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of open imbri- cated carpels in the form of scales subtended by a bract, in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, with the orifice turned down- ward. 1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine.. The classical Latin name. Flowers monoecious. Strobile large, conical; car- TELLARY SCALES thickened at the summit,. becoming strong and woody in fruit. Cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. — Trees, often of the loftiest dimensions, with evergreen, needle bhaped leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5 from the same slender buds, sheathed by the tcarious bud-scales at the bate. Flowering in .May or June ; ihe cones alluring the seeds in the autumn of the second year. * Leave* 2crZina sheath, rigid, scales of the cones thickened at 0>.e end f an4..moit~ 1$ HtjkA with a point vr spine ; barl: rough. 340 CONIFERS. 1. P. INOPS, Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Leaves in pairs, rather short; corns oblong-conical, sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. Barrens and sterile hills, common. A straggling tree 15 to 40 feet high, with spreading or drooping branchlets ; young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. Leaves 1% to 1% inches long. Cones 2 to 3 inches long. 2. P. rigid A, Miller. Pitch Pine. Leaves in threes (rarely in fours) from .very, short sheaths, flattish; cones ovoid- conical ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. Barren sandy or gravelly plains, common. A tree SO to 70 feet high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with resin. Leaves rigid, 3 to &• inches long, dark green. Corns usually clustered in 3s or 4s, 2 to 3 inches long. 3. P. resinosa, Ait. Red Pine. Leaves in pairs, from long sheaths, semicylindrical, elongated ; cones ovoid-coni- cal; scales pointless, dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michx.) Dry woods, banks of streams ; northern parts of the State, Pine Creek, Lycom- ing Co., Canisteo, Tioga Co. A tree 50 to 80 feet high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact wood, softer than that of P. rigida. Leaves dark green, 5 to 6 inches long. Cones about 3 inches long, sometimes aggregated in large and " close clusters. 4. P. mitts, Miclis. Yellow Pine. Leaves in pairs (rarely in 3), from long sheaths, channelled, slender ; ccnes ovoid or oblong-conical ; the scales slightly enlarged at the end, tipped with a minute and ' weak prickly point. Dry gravelly or sandy soil, common. A tree 60 to 80 feet high, 18 to 3G inches thick, straight, producing a very durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous tim- ber, valuable for" flooring, &c. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, softer than in any of the preceding, dark green. Cones 2 to 3 inches long. 5. P. Montana, N, Pome Pine. leaves in pairs, short, rigid, very acuminate ; cones large, growing in cluster?, sometimes on the trunk of the tree. Mifflin, Centre and Union Counties. This somewhat doubtful species was first discovered by Mr. F. II. Miller, of New York, growing on the south slope of the seven mountains in Mifflin county from thence to the Natural Bridge west and south to Cumberland Co., Va. Since then I have found it on high sterile land in the western . part of Union Co. The trunk is short, rarely exceeding 30 feet in height, with a rough bark and conical top. Foliage light green, very disagreeable to the touch. Cones very large, 4 to 6 inches long and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. This may prove to be the Table-mountain Pine of Michx. * * Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender; scales ef the cones pointless &nd not thick* ened at the end ; bark smooth. 6. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Leaves in fives, very slender, rather glaucous, with deciduous sheaths ; cones-nsx- row, cylindrical, nodding, somewhat curved. Cool and damp woods, comrnqn. The White Pine is one of the. most majestic and most useful of forest trees. The. trunk is. straight, oovered with a smoothish bark, and fiom 80 to 120 feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, or more. Leaves about 4 inches long, bluish-green, forming a very soft and delicate foliage. Cones 4 to 6 inches long ; the scales very slightly thickened upward. 2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. The classical Latin name. Sterile agents scattered or somewhat clustered towards- CONIPER35. S4T the ends of the "brancblets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not thickened at the apex, nor with, a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing.— Handsome trees or shrubs, with evergreen, scattered, short, frequently 2 ranked leaves. Sec. i. Cones long, erect, lateral. Bark smooth, with Lifters of balsam.— lucres jlat, becoming 2-ranlcd, dlvcry-whitened underneath, cbiuse cr notched at the apex. 1. A. ealsamea, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir. Lea ves nan cwly linear; cones cylindrical, large. violet-Tolorcd:; Iracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an alrupt slender point, slightly projecting, appressed. Cold damp words and swamps; Munoy Cretk, Lyecming Co, A beautiful ever- green, much cultivated lor ornament. The tranches are nearly .horizontal, gradu- ally bjccmirg si.orttr upwards, forming a regular pyrfemidal head. Leaves % to 1 inch long, growing upon the rices and top of lie tranches, of a bright green above and silvery" white beneath. Cones 3 to 4 inches long, 1 inch thick, the scales very broad and rounded. 2. A. Fraseri, Pursh. Doulle Balsam Fir. Fraser's Fir. Liuves narrowly linear, often emarginate, glaucous teneath: ccnes small, oblong ovate; brads oblong-cuneate, short-pointed, the upper t art much projecting and reflexed. (A, .balsamifera, Michx.) Mountain?, Lsvrls Lake, Pokcna mountain, and Bear meadows, Centre Co. A Kisrhly ornamental tree, much resembling the " Norway lir " in foliage. Leaves M to % i^ch long, of a yellowish green color. Cones 1 to 2 inches long when ma- tare, distinguished by * the long-pointed, yiplet-eolcred, reflexed bracts, Sterile entente terminal. Ssc. a. Cones hanging, terminal; sterile aments scat teied.-— .Leattfs evergreen. * Leaves 2 ran?ced l flat, whitened 'underneath:-- 3. A: Canadensis, Michx. Hemlock Spruce. Liaves linear/fiat, obtuse ; cones oval, of few scales, ecmewhat longer than the leaves. Hilly, or rocky woods, and along mountain streams, common. A Vrsll known tree, 70 to 80 feet high, with a light spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright above, eiivery underneath. Cones % inch long. The bark is extensively used in tanning. ** Leaves needle-shaped, Ji concave or open at the summit, red- and juicy. vthgn mature. CLASS II. ENDOGENS OK MONOCOTYLEDONS Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers, increas- ing by internal accretions, Leaves mostly parallel- veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom seperating by ait articulation, alternate, entire. Flowers commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledons (or if two they are alternate)^ Sub-class III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers con- structed on the usual plan ; perianth verticillate, consisting of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. Order 111. ARACEJEL— Arum Family, Plants wcih acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and monozcious or perfect flowers croivded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded bg a- spathe. Floral envelopes none, or of 4 to 6 sepals. Frvit usually a berry. 1. ARUM, Linn. Indian Turnip. The ancient name, of unknown meaning. . Flowers monoecious, the upper sterile and the lower fer- tile, or sometimes polygamous dioecious, on the base of air elongated spadix, surrounded by a hooded spathe, convolute at base. Perianth none. Anthers crowded and some- what whorled on the spadix, nearly sessile. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstoch or cor m, sending up a simple scape, sheaiked with the petioles ojther simple or compound veiny leaves. 1. A. triphyllum, L. Indian Turnip. Jdch-in+the- Pulpit Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix club- Bhaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe; spzthe ovate, acuminate, flat and deflected above. Rich moist woods, common. May. Cbrm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, with an in- tensely acrid juice. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, % as wide, smooth. Spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or frequently variegated with dark and whitish stripes- ^ spots. Berries bright scarlet, in a dense head, ripe in autumn. 346 AEACE.E. 2. A. DRACONTIUM, L. Green, Dragon. Dragon-root. Leaf mostly solitary, pedately divided into 7 to 11 oldonir-laiiceolate pointed leaflets; spadix tapering to a long and slender point, beyond the oblong and point- ed spathc. IJow grotmds, along; stream 5 ", common. May. Corms clustered. L >af large and spreading, on a petiole 1 to 2 feet long, extending much beyond the peduncbi. Spalhe greenish, rolled in a tube, with a short erect point. Berries scarlet. 2. PBLTANDRA, Rhf. Arrow Arum: Gr.pslla, a shield or target, and andres, stamens; 'from: the sbield-shaped stamen*. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and ta- pering spadix throughout; the staminafee above, and the pistillate below. Spathe convolute throughout, elongated. Perianth none. Stamens peltate. Berry 1-celled, L- Beeded. — A stemless perennial herb, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scopes from the rout of thick tufied fihres. P. Virginica, Baf. Arrow-leaved Arum. Acauleecent; leaves oblong, hastate-cordate, acutaat the apey,,tbe lobes obtuse j tpathe elong r.tcd. incurved; spadix covered witK Cowers nearly the whole length (Arum Virginicum, L. Leeontia, T.rr.) Swampy barders of pond; and s1 reams, common. June. A smooth dark green plant, with scapes 8 to 10 innlui-' bigli. Leaves radical, num toik. S to 12 indie's long, \f> ao wide, on petioles 3 to 12 inches long. Barries 1 to 3-seedcd, green when ripe~. 3. CALLA, Linn. Water Arum. An ancieflt name, of tinKnown meaning. Spathe spreading, ovate, persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers, the lower perfect, the upper often staminate only ; destitute of a perianth. Anthers with slender filaments. Stigma sessile. Berries distinct, few-seeded. — Perennial aquatic herbs^ with a creeping] thick- ish root dock, bearing heart-shaped long-petiokd leaves, and solitary & copes. C, PALU3TRLS, L. Northern CalJa. Common Water Arum, Leaves cordate; spathe ovate, flat ; spadix covered with ovaries, iuterniLxcd with etamens. I5ogs and shallow waters, rare. Jane. A Una plant. Leaves2 to 3 inches long, % as wid*, on long petioles, with -an involute acuminate point. Scape 6 to 8 inches high, roundish, smooth: Spathe claspiug at the base, greeniih-y^llow, white and soft within. Spadix 1 inch long. The C7 JEthio?:c.v, (Ethiopian CaMa) A beautiful plant from Cape Good Hope is of tea met with in green houses and parlors. 4. SYMPLO0AKPUS. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Gr. symplolio, connection, and Jcarpos, fruit; the barrie3 being united. Spathe uooded-shell-forro, pointed, fleshy. Spadix oh.- ATWLCEJE. 84-7 long, entirely covered with perfect flower3. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4, opposite the pe- rianth lobes, with short filaments. Style 4-angled, with a minute stigma. Seeds berry-like, imbedded in the enlarged and spongy spadix. — Perennial herbs, pervaded with a Strong odor, with a thick descending rootsicch bearing coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spaihes. S. FffiTiDUS, Salisb. Common Skunk Callage. leaves ovate, heart shaped, short-pctiolod; spadix globular, much shorter than the spathe. (IctoJes, Bigl) Moist grounds, common. Marchf, 'April. leaves 1 to 2 feet long, smeoth. Spai?ie 1 and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovst», incurved. Fruit ripe in & ; rough and globular mass, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, in decay *Ltd'..ing iLe bnlbkt-like seeds. Medicinal. 5. OBONTIUM, Linn. Golden-club. An acclent name, of obscure origin. * Statue none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical epadix, perfect; the lower with a 6 parted perianth and 6 ■ r -tsmeiis, the upper with 4. Ovary free, 1-cellcd ; stigma Eessile, mirjnte. Fruit a green utricle or dry berry.— An tic perennial, with a cap rootsicck, longpctioled and entire nerved foaling leaves, and tic spedix terminating the scapes which thicken upwards, covered with yellow fioicers. -O. aquaticum, L. Common Golden-dub. 'Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; spi!:e or spadix cylindric on a club-shaped rcape. Tends and marshes. May. leaves 6 to 10 inches Icng, % to % as -wide, smooth of a deep green, velvet like above,, paler beneath.. Scape. 8 to 15 inches Icrig. end- ing in a sv-adis. of a rich yellow color, covered with small perfect yellow ilowtrs. 6. ACOflUS, Linn. Caxamus. «r. a, privative, and lore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for-eore eye*. "Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging frcm the sice of a scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with flowers. riBiAKxn 6-scpaled. Stamens G. Ovary 1, free: stig- ma minute, sessile. Fruit at length dry, 1-few-seeded. — T tin gent aromatic plants, especially ike thick creeping rootstocJcs, .which send up ensi form leaves, and foliaceous scapes bearing tin spadix on one edge. A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Common Calamus. S&'.pe prolonged and leaf-like far beyond the cylindrical spadix. Margins of streams and wet medews, not rare. June. F.his:c j nia horizontal^ en inatic. Leaves ewcrd-sl aped. 2 to 2 fret long, and ^ tc % inch wide. Spudim 2 to S inches long, stssile en the side cf the «caje, covered with niiant* grv^oiifth, lowers. 348 LEMXACEJS AND TYPHACEJL Order 112. LEMNACEJE — Duckweed Family. Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, but a flat frond, producing one or two monoecious flowers from a chink hi the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica- tion much as in Aracese, of wMcn these plants appear to be minute and greatly reduced forms. LEMNA, Linn. Duckweed. The Greek name cf uncertain meaning. Flowers 2 to 3, appearing from the margin of a Sat frond, enclosed in a spathe, monoecious: the sterile consist- ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long filaments ; the fertile of a 1 -celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. Fruit a utricle. — Floating annuals, consisting of a stem and leaf confounded (frond) sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing the spathaceous flowers from the margins, which are seldom found. 1. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed, Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish,-*;ften grouped; root solitary ;-<>uuZe solitary ; seed horizontal. Stagnant water, Tery common ; but not yet found in flower in this country. Fronds }/ A inch long, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemmos (young fronds; so as often completely to cover the surface of the water. 2. L. trisulca, L. Star Duckweed. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro- liferous from the sides near the middle so as to form crosses: flowers yery minute; ovule solitary, half .anatropous. Ditches and ponds : rarely in flower. Fronds y % inch or mere long. 3. L. polyrhiza, L. Larger Duckweed. JVonc7sroun<]i>h-eraie, thickiah, flat above, palmately veined, 04 to y 2 inch long) often dark purple beneath; root a bundle of S to 10 simple fibres in the middle of the frond. Stagnant waters, rare. It is said never to have been seen in flower in this country. Order 113. &YPHAGEJE,— Cat-tail Family. Marsh herbs, with nerved arid linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers on a spa* diz or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary tapering into a slender style, and usually an elongated tongue-shaped 1-sided StigEia. ; Frcit nut-like wken ! xipe, 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag. Or. typhos, a marsh ; alluding to the place of .its growth. Flowers in long and Yery dense cylindrical spikes ; termi- - TYPHACEJE. 349 nating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens, in- termixed with simple hairs ; the lower or fertile part consist- ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de- ciduous spatlies or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of the erect thickish jointkss stems, 1. T. latlfolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace, Leaves linear, nearly flat ; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous. Borders of ponds. J ilj. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick., brownish at the surface. 2. T. ANGUSTIFOLTA, L. Narrow -leaved Cat-tail Leaves channeled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes «■ little remote. Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and sjpihes more slender, and the leaves narrowsr than in the last. 2. SPARaANIUM, Tourn. Burr-reeb- Gfr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves. Flowers collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat- tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer- tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur- rounded by 3 to 6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit nut- like when mature, 1 to 2-celled. — Aquatic herbs, with fibrous perennial roots, simple or branching stems, sheathed by the base of "ihe linear leaves. 1. S. ramosum, Hudson. Great Burr-reed* Stem erect, branching above ; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave ; Stales of the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above ; stigma linear, longer than the style* Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Mem 2 feet high, round. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % to y 2 inch wide, thickish. Heads of flowers light greeny fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, more numerous, smaller, sessile. Stigmas often 2. 2. S. xiMERiCANA, Nutt. American Burr-reed. Stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat ; st(gm& conical* oblong, oblique,. about % as long as the slender style,. Small streams and ponds, common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple or di- vided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 to 2% feet long, % inch wide, keeled at base. Fertile heads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the Bim= pie styles conspicuous. 3. S. NATANS, L. Floating Burr-reed. Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often floating; heads few, the sitrih 1 to 2; stigma ■oblong, shorter than the style, 02 S50 NAIADACEiE. Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem long and slender, and with the leare* floating. Leaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid. Order 114. NAXABAGE1E.— Pondweed Family. Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within the pc- Holes, or sessile sheathing bases, inconspicuous mono-dioecious flowers, ivhich are naked or ivith a free merely scale-like calyx. Stamens definite. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, free, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. Flowers usually bui-sting from a spathe. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. I. NAIAS, Linn. Naiad. Gr. Naias, water-nymph ; from the habitat. Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary, solitary and sessile. Fertile floaters consisting of a single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2 to 4, awl- shaped. Stamens 1, with a slender filament. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose epiearp. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite and whorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the base, and very small /lowers, solitary, but often clustered with the branch leaves in the axils. 1. N. FLEXILIS, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph. Leaves membranaceous, spreading, narrowly linear, Tery minutely denticulate, opposite or in os, -Is or es at the joints ; s^V/masusually 3 to i. (N. Canadensis, Michx. Oaulinia. Wdhl.) Ponds nnd slow streams, common. July — Sopt. Stem 6 to 20 inches long, many times forked. Leaves }£ to 1 inch long, less than 1 lino wide. Blowers very small, wssile. 2. N. MINOR, L. Smaller Water Nymph. Leaves alternate or opposite^ limar-subulate, rtcurvtd. prickly-toothed, rigid. In water, not common. Aug. Stem long, submersed, rather rigid. Fl&tcert pxntiiL 2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell. Horned Pondweed. In honor of ZannicheUi, a Venitian botanist. Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinda from the same axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to 5 (mostly 4) sessile pistils in a cup-shaped involucre. Stigma large and peltate. Fruit a nutled, on a short stipe, beaked with a short style. — S'ender branching herbs, grencing entirely under water, with very slender stems opposite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membraneom stipides. ^ NAIADACEJ5. 351 - Z. palustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed. Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, some- what incurved, even, more or less toothed on the hack, nearly sessile. Ponds and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, round, smooth. Leaves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, email, 2 together, a sterile and fertile. 3. POTOMAGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. Gr. potomos, a river, and geiton, near. Flowers perfect, spiked. Perianth single, 4-leaved. Stamens 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes. Ovaries 4, pedicellate : stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit 4 sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides. Seeds hook-shaped. — Mostly perennial aquatic and submersed herbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two-ranked pellucid leaves, united membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flowers 3 to 10, in apedunculate spike, rising above the water. * Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 1. P. natans, S. Broad-leaved Pondweed. Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate, chiefly rounded or a little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved ; immersed ones linear or lanceolate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fruit short- pointed, more or less keeled on the hack. Ponds and slow waters, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet long, branched. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, 20 to 40-flowered. Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to petioles. 2. P. oblongus, Viv., Fries. Oblong-leaved Pondweed. Leaves oblong-elliptical ; nutlets small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at the back. Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate. Fruit rounded, not half as large as in P. natans. 3. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. Floating leaves elliptical or oblong, or the lowest lance-spatulate, on long pe- tioles; immersed leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like, flaccid, obscurely denticulate or roughish on the margins, the lower sessile ; p6- dun<;les much thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered. Pools and shallow slow streams, common. Aug. Stems numerous, branched, filiform. Floating leaves 1 inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 to 2 inches long. Nutlets roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid o'n the back. 4. P. hyrridus, Michx. Hybrid Pondweed. Floating leaven oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7 nerved, on petioles; immersed leaves capillary ; spile globular, few-flowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle. Shallow pools and streams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching stems 1 foot or more in length, and the floating leaves %to% inch long, some- times none. Fruit nearly roimd, flattened on the sides, somewhat keeled ami crested on the back. ** Leaves all submersed, uniform. 5. P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. Leaves oral-lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midjrib^ 352 alismace-e. small pointed ; peduncles thicken ed upwards ; spikes cylindrical, many-flowered ; nutlets slightly keeled. Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, Branched, leaves large, very pel- lucid, and when dry shining above, heautifuliy veined, 3 to 5 inches long, y 2 to I inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bract above the base. Spike 2 inches- long, of numerous green flowers. 6. P. perfoliatus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometime* round ovate, obtuse ; spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nutlets rounded on the back, short-pointed. Ponds and rivers, common. July. Stem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches long. Leaves shining, 1 to V/% inch long, % as wide, obtuse, flat, more or les* wavy or crisped. Spike on a peduncle, 1 to 2 inches long. 7. P. PAUCIELORUS, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed. Stem very slender, and filiform, flattish ; leaves narrowly linear, acutish ; spike? few-flowered, short-peduncled ; nvMets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested on She back. Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. Leaves numerous 2 to £ inches long, Scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Flowers 3 to 5$ greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long. 8. P. pectinatus, L, Fennel-leaved Pondweed. Stems thread-like, many-times forked; leaves bristle-form, 1-nerved; spikes inter* gupted, on long peduncles ; nutlets rounded-obovate. Ponds and deep streams. June; Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3 ti> 6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated- in fruit by considerable intervals. Fruit purplish. * * * Stipules nene ; leaves all opposite and immersed. 9. P. dfnsus, L. Dense Pondweed. Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lanceolate, clasping ; spike few-flowe »ed, shorfc-pe* funded, reflexed in fruit; nutlets beaked and keeled. Bethlehem, Schwenitz. Order 115. ALISJffiAGEIEf*— Water-Plantain Family. Marshy herbs, with parallel-veined leaves sheathing ai'the base, scape-like flowering Stems, and perfect or monoecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ova- ries 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. Styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. Sub-order i. JUNCAGINEiEL Arrow-Grass Family. Calyx and corolla colored alike (gieenish). Seed ana- tropous, with a straight embryo. — Leaves petiole-like without a blade. 1. TKIGLOGHIJST, Linn. Arrow-Grass. (Jr. treis, three, and glochin, a point; ia allusion to the points of the capsule. Sepals and petals nearly alike, ovate, concave, deciduous ALISMACE.3E. 353 Stamens 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 to 6-celled compound ovary j stigmas ses- sile : ovules solitary. Capsule splitting when mature into 3 to 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis. — Herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform rush-like leaves, sheathing the base of the slender and joint less scape, and small greenish flowers in a spiked raceme, bractless. T. MARATIMUM, L. Sea-side Arrow-grass. Scape and leaves fleshy, thickish ; fruit ovate, acutish, of 6 united carpels which are rounded at the base and slightly grooved on the back. Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal rootstock. Leaves linear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inches long, less than a line wide* Floweri- greoaish, 3G' to -aQ on the obtusely angled sc&pe, 2. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn. In honor of the two brothers Soheuchzers, Swiss botanists. Sepals and petals 6^ oblong, acute^ persistent, spread- ing. Stamens 6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 4, globu- lar, slightly united at base, with flat sessile stigmas, 2 to 3- ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1 to 2 seeded, opening along the sides. — A low 'perennial hog- herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, whicfi is partly sheathed by the grass like leaves. &r»ii» naied by a loose raceme of a few flowers with sheathing bracts. S. PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria. Peat bogs, rare. July. A rush-like plant, 8 to 12 inches high, angular. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, scmi-cylindric. Flowers yellowieh-green r on short pedicels, *ach axillary to a bract. Sub-orker II. ALISMEiE. Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Seed campylotropous. — Leaves commonly furnished with a blade. 3. ALISMA, Linn. Water-Plantain. Qr. alysmos, anxiety, from the supposed remedial properties. Flowers perfect. Petals and sepals 3. Stamens G, Ovaries and styles numerous, in a simple circle on a flat- tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit. — Aqua- tic perennials, with radical several-ribbed leaves, and the scape with tvhorkd panicled branches, bearing small white or pale rose colored flowers. 02* 354 HYDROCHARIDACE^!. A- PlANTAGO, L. Common Water- Plantain. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on long petioles ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered- Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Lvxh* 4 to 6 inches long, % as wide. 4. SAGITTAILIA, Linn. Arrow-head. Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or perfect. Petals 3. Sepals numerous (about 14). Ovaries many, collect- ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in frudt form- ing membranaceous achenia, covered with the persistent style. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with milley juice and; fibrous roots, radical, mostly sagittate leaves sheathing at the base the sczpes, which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s. Sec. I. Smuttaria, proper. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. 1. S. variabilis, Engelin. MSS. Gray. Common Arrow-head. Variable Arrow-head. Leaves triangular-arrow-shaped, or entire, oblong, lanceolate, linear and some- times mere naked petioles ; scapes simple. Ditches, pools, streams, and moist grounds, common. July, Aug. Petals white. *'This with its Protean varieties of which almost every pool and stream furnishes a goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be held to include all that are found within our limits," Gray. The largest forms boar sagittate leaves 12 inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both tho main blade and the lobes linear, many bear entire leaves, or else mere naked pe- tioles; the smallest forms being only from 3 to 5 inches high. Sec n. Echinoixhius, Richard, Engelmann, in Gray. Flowers perfect. Sia* mens 7 to 21. 2. S. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf An-ow-head. Leaves linear, obtuse and short, with foliacious summits; scape simple, about tut long as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; petals inversely heart-shaped; stamen* about 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovaries. Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to 4 inches high. Leave* rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, scarcely a line wide. Flowers 3 to 6> each ripening 8 to 15 carpels. Order 116. HYDR0CHARIDACE1E.— Frog's -bit Family, Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scapelike pedundt* from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers art united into a tube and coherent with tJie 1 to 6-ceUed ovary. Stamens 3 to 12, dis- tinct, or monadelphous: anthers 2-oelled. Stigmas 3 to 6. Pruit ripening undor water, indehisoent, many-seeded. 1. UDORA, Nutt. Water- WEEix Qr K udor, water; in allusion to its place of growth. Polygamous. Flowers- solitary and sessilej from a sossilo HYDR0CIIARIDACBJ5. 355 and tubular 2-<5left axillary spathe. Sterile flowers minute, with a 6-parted perianth; anthers 9, oval, nearly sessile. Fertile flowers with 3 to 6 oblong anthers, and the perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Style long and filiform : stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentas, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few- seeded. — A perennial herb, growing under water, with long branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and reinless, 1 nerved sessile, whorled or opposite leaves, and very small whitish sessile jlowers. U. Canadensis, Nutfc. Ditch Moss. Water -weed. Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serrulate, in 3s and 4s; perianth fc»5« filiform. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Serpicula verticillata ; Muhl.) Ponds and slow streams. July. Stem submerged diffusely 2-forked, filiform Lf-aves \Z± to \£ i" 10 ' 1 l° n £' l yss than 1 Hue wide. thin. Flowers miuut >, of a dingy white, the slender hair like tu^e 2 to 3 inches long. The staminate flowers break of, and float on the surface, wher.s they expand and shed th -ir pollen to fertile the stigai is, wai-di are raised to the sarfacj by thj excessively prolonged calya- tube. 2. VALLI8NEKIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. In honor of Antonio. Yallisneri, an early Italian botanist. Dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, crowded in. a head on a conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at length 3-val-ved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape : pe- rianth 2-parted: stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on a very long scape: perianth elongated, 6-parted; the al- ternate segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1- celled ovary : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- merous on 3 parietal placentae. Fruit elongated, cylindric, "berry-like, 1-celled, many -seeded. — Stemhss plants, with, long arid linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water, and spiral scapes. U. spiralis, L. Ed-grass. Tape-grass. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, obscurely serrulate, obtuse, som3waat nerved and netted-veined. Slow waters, common. Aug. Per. Leaves all radical 1 to 2 feet long, \£ inch wide, grass like, smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish-white. The statninata clusters of flowers break away from the bottom, as in Udora, and float on the sur- face, where they expand and shed their pollen around tbe fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface at this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, th© filiform scapea which are 2 to 4 foet long, coil spirally and draw the ovary water to ripen. §56 ORCHID ACE JE. Order 117. ORCHIDACE2E.— Orchis Family.. Perennial often acaulescent herhs, with fleshy cor ms, or tuberous fasciculated 'roofs, limple, parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregular 6-merous flowers ; the perianth ad- herent to the 1-celled ovary with 3- parietal placenta'., gynandrous stamens, and pollen eoliering in waxy o-r mealy masses. Peiuaxth segments iu 2 rows, the outer (calyx) usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (lip) different from the ethers and often spurred. Stamens 3, nnitad with the style and thus forming the tohtmn, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. I. MICROSTYLUS, Mutt, Adder's-moutb. Gr. mikros, little, and stylos, a diminitive column or style. Sepals spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or halbert- shaped at the base^ entire or nearly so. Column very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum. mit. Pollen masses 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the apex. — Small kerbs, arising from solid bulbs, producing sim- ple stems or scapes, ivhich bear 1 or 2 leaves p aud a raceme of minute greenish flowers. M. OPniOGLOSSOiDES, Nutt. Common Adder's-movth. Leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and ob- tuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip obtusely auricled at the base,- 3-toothed at the summit. Damp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, 5-angled, with a single leaf about 234 inches long and 1 inch wide. Flowers whitish,. minute, numerous, iu » Sermiaafraceine an inch or more in length. 2. LIPAMS, Richard. Twayblade. Gr. liparos, fat or shining; in allusion.. to the smooth leaves-. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the petals- filiform, spreading. Lip fiat, entire often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved. Pollen MASSES 4, collateral. — Small perennial herbs, arising from solid bulb?, with 2 root-leaves and a low scape, bearing a ra- ceme of few purplish or greenish flowers-.. 1. L. LILIIFOLIA, Richard- Lily -leaved Twaybladc. Leaves 2, ovate, shorter than the scape; petals filiform, reflexed ; lip large, wedge- ©bovate, abruptly short-pointed. (Malaxis liiiifolia, WUld.) Moist woodlands. June-. Scape 6 to- 8 inches high, triangular. Leaves radical, 3. to 6 inches long, % to V£ as wide, tapering into a sheathing base. Flowers rather large, 10 to 20 in a terminal raceme : the 3 sepals greenish- white, 2 upper petals, yellowish-whito, and the large lip white; 2. L. Lceselh, Richard. Smaller Twayblade. Leaves 2, elliptical lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled; scape angular; lip obo- *ate or orat<«, entire. (Malaxis Correana, Bart.) Bogs and wet meadows, raze. June, July. &Mpe 5 to 8 inches Ligh,.3 k> Wangled. ORCHID ACE M. 357 Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, sheathing at base. Flowers small, ercct^ about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white. 3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. Gt. komllion, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being coral-like. Flowers ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly alikey the lateral ascending and the upper arching ; ; lip recurved,, spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the- straightish column. Anther 2-lipped, terminal : pollen MASSES 4. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks, and »imple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull colored flowers im spiked raceme. 1. C. multielora, INFutt. Large Coral-root. Scape many-flowered ; lip wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times'- as long as the lateral ones-; ovary and capsule oblong. Woods, about the roots of trees ; commons. Aug., Sept. Abrowni3h or purplish' plant 10 to 18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to 30 rather large brownish-yellow flowers. Lip whitish, spotted with crimson, J4 to % inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous-. 2. C. Wistariana, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root. Scape few-flow«red; Up oblong, minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutelyr Botched; spur obsolete ; ovary elongated. Woods, near Philadelphia. June, July, Plant about 6 inchesdiigh, with 3 to 1G J flowers, nearly as large as in C. multiflora. 3. C. innata, R. Brown. Early Coral-root. Scape few-flowered; lip oblong, 2-toothednear the base; ovary and capsule oblong; ©r club-shaped ; spur obsolete. Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Scape slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow- ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous sheaths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yellowish;: lip white, seldom spotted. 4. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Small Late Coral-root. Scape several-flowered ; lip roundish,.en.tire, thin with a crisped or wavy margin}: evary and capsule globular or roundish oval ; spur none. Rich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inches high, & little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 to 12 in a terminal pendulous raceme, purplish ; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protub- erances on the palate, 4. APLECTRUM, Nut*.. Adam and Eye; Gt. a, without, and pleJctron, a spur; from the total want of the lattezv Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal, Lip with a short claw, free, 3 k)bed, with a 3-ridged palate j without a spur. Anteer situated? a little below the sum- mit of the column. Pollen-masses 4. — A perennial herb r with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths^ springing up in May from the side of a thick globular soliiM 353 0RCIIIDACE.E. bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large oval, many-nerved and plaited petioled green leaf from its apex, lasting through the winter. A. HYEMALE, Nutt. Patty-root. Adam-and-Ece. Rich shady woods, rare. May, June. Bxlbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con- nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf solitary, i to 6 inches long, elliptic acute at each end, on a petiole 2 to 3 inehes long, inserted on the summit of tha bulb. Flowers brownish, erect, racenied, on a scape 1 foot high. Lip whit:-h and speckled. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. 5. TIPULARIA, Nutt, Crane-fly Orchis. Tipula, the crane-fly; from the faucied resemblance of the flowers. Sepals and petals spreading oblong or spatulate. Lip 3-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as long as the flower. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-tike, terminal : tollex-masses 2, each 2-parted. — A perennial herb, with solid bulb*, connected horizontally, pro- ducing a single orate nerved leaf, and a long and naked slen- der scape, bearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish flow- ers, tinged with purple. T. discolor, Nutt, Two-colored Crane- fig Orchis. Pine woods, rare. July. Soaps 10 to IS inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the base. Leaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish with a tinge of purple. Spar nearly 1 inch long. 6. ORCHIS, Linn. Orchis. The ancient Greek name. Flowers ringent. Sepals and pltals nearly equal, all, or nearly all converging upwards and arching over the column. ■Lip turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at base. PoLLEN-MA^ES pediciliate, collected into 2 large masses borne on a slendei stalk, the base of which is at- tached to the 2 ^lauds of the stigma : glands contained in a common little poach — Perennial he,bs, with showy flow- ers in a spike. O. SPECTABILIS. L. Showy Orchis. Leave* 2, radical, oblong-oboT&te, o tu-e; scapt angular, naked, few-flowered, acaroely longer than the leaves; briets leaf-like, lanceolate; sjmr club-shaped, ■horter than the o-. arj . Shad v woods. May . Juuo. Scape 4 to 7 inches hiorh, arising from a thick fleshy fibrous 'root. 5 angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Sepals and petals all TauUed, pink-purple; lip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white. ORCHID ACE J5. 359 7. GTOINADENIA, R. Br«wn. Naked-gland Orchis. Gr. gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland. Flowers as in Orchis. Anther-cell parallel; the ap. proximate glands naked. Gr. tridentata, Lincll. T hree-tootJied Gymnadenia. Lower leaf oblong, rather acuta; upper leaf much smaller bract-like ; floiturt few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex. Wet woods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a sinelc leaf. Spike G to 12-flowered, compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Spur club- shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary. 8. PLATANTHERA, Richard. False Orchis. GY.plUus, wide, and anthera, an anther. Flowers as in Orchis, but with the lateral sepals spread- ing. Anther-cells diverging at the base; the two naked glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base. — Perennials, with spicateor racemose flowers, often showy. * Scape 2-leaved at the base; spur very long; lip entire. 1. P. orbiculata, Liudl. Round-leaved Orchis. Leaves very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, bear- ing many flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; Up lineaT-spatulate, drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spur curved, Blen- der, linear-cl ub-shaped. Ilich shady woods, Dear meadows, Centre Co.. rare. July. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2. very smooth, shining above, silvery underneath. 4 to 8 inches wide. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip % to 1 inch long. Spur \y z to 2 inches long. * * Stem leafy; lip entire about the length of the spur. 2. P. BRACTEATA, Torr. Bructed Green Orchis. Lower leaves obovate. the upper oblong, and gradually reduced to lanceolate bracts; pdals linear-lanceolate, erect; lip oblong-linear, truncate and minutely! to 3-toothed. Damp wools. Jur.i'. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 to 12 small, green flowoH in a loose spike. Lip more than twice the length of the sac like, somewhat 2-iobat spur. 3. P. flava, Gray. Yellowish Orchis. Stem leafy ; h.wer leaves oblong acute; uppir lanceolate, acuminate; spikt dense, cylindric: petals ovate; lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base, and with a small protuberance on the palate; >pur filiform, rather shorier than the sessile ovary, Wet places. June — Aug. Stem 10 to 20 inches \x\sh, with small greenish-yellow flowers, in a long spike at first dense, at leugih loose. Leaves about 3, with ionf sheaths. 3 to 7 in lies long, and %to 2 inches' wide. *** Stem leafy; lip fringed along the side, undivided, shorter than the spur; ovary vriih an acuminate beak. 4. P. cristata, Lindl. Crested Orchis. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated, the upper gradually reduced to Bharp-pofciWdl 360 ORCHID ACE m. bracts ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a torH- fringed margin ; spur shorter than the ovary. Swamps, rather common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers small, yellow, in « crowded terminal spike. 5. P. CILIARIS, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Loaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed; .petals linear fringed at the apex ; lip oblong, about y 2 the length of the spur. Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug, Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a short spike of very showy flowers. Leaves sheathing at base, the lower ones 3 to 5 inches long. Flowers bright orange-yellow. Lip furnished with a very long and •copious capillary fringe, % inch long. 6. P. blepharioglottis, Lindl. White 1 'ringed Orchis. Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled ; spite oblong ; petals oblong, slightly cut or toothed at the apex ; lip oblong or lance-oblong. Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 1% foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to 8 inches long, the upper gradually smaller. Flowers pure white, in a dense oblong spike. Lip fringed in the middle. * ** * Stem leafy; lip S-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base in* to a claw. Floiocrs white or greenish. 7. P. lacera, Gray. Ragged Green Orchis. Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong, linear, entire; lip 3 parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spur filiform, club-shaped, as long as the ovary- Swamps and moist thickets. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, numerous. Lip with narrow divisions, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes. ***** Flowers p urple. 8. P. PYSCODES, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis. Leaves oblong, the upper passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindri- cal, densely many-flowered ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovata or spatulate, denticulate above ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped, many- •ck-ft into a short fringe. Moist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender.. Flowers bright purple, in a crowded spike 4 to 7 inches long, small, very showy, fragrant. Lip short-stalked, scarcely % inch broad, its 3 fan-like, spreading segments, as well as Hie petals beautifully fringed. Spur nearly 1 Inch long. 9. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Large Purple Fringed Orchis. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the few upper ones passing into lanceolate bractr» spile or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, fringe-toothed down the slde3; lip fan-shaped, with pendant, largediyisions. many- cleft into a -capillary fringe. (0. grandiflora, Bigl.) Wet meadows, rare. June. A superb plant, 1% to 2 feet high, with a thick, hollow, stem with a few sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones 4 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, the upper ones linear, 1 or 2 inches long. Flow- ers very large, showy, lilac-purple, in a terminal raceaae 3 to 6 inches long. Lip much dilated, % to 1 inch broad, with a deep and nearly capillary crowded fringe, 10. P. peramcena, Gray. Fringeless Purple Orchis. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or cylindrical, ■densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; Up large, with broadly wedge-shaped divisions, the middle one 2-lohed. (Q, fisse, Pursh. P. fissa, Lindl.) ORCIIIDACEJE. 361 Moist meadows and bank3, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to i feet high, slightly winged, Zeaves 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers large and very showy, v iolet-purple. Lip% c'nch long, with minutely and variably toothed divisions. Spur 1% inch long. 9. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Arethusa. Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa. ■Flower ringent, with the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip spreading towards the summit, "bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below, dilated at the apex. Pollen-masses granular, 2 in each cell of the lid- like terminal anther. — A beautiful low herb, with a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, bearing a single large purple flow- er, and a solitary, linear, nerved leaf. A. buleosa, L. Bulbous Arethusa. Sphagnous swamps, rare. May. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, the lower partbear- in» 3 to i loosely sheathing scales, with lanceolate points, from the upper of which there is often a linear-lanceolate leaf. Flowers 1 to 2 inches long, very handsome- bright-purple. Lip yellow and white, bearded in the middle. 10. POGONIA, Juss. Pooonia. Gr. pogoii. a biard, from tho bearded lip of the original species. Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals separate and ■somewhat spreading. Lip crested or 2-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal, stalked, with 2 farinaceous pollen-masses, 1 in each cell. — ■ Terennial herbs, with 1 to 5 -leaved stems, and purplish flowers. 1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder 's-tongne Pogonia* Root fibrous; stem bearing an oval or lanceolate, clasping leaf near the middle- and a smaUer leaf-like bract next the flower; Up spatulate, beard -crested and fringed. Eogs, common. June, July. Scape S to 12 inches high. Flowers mostly soli- tary (sometimes 2 to 3), handsome, linch long, pale purple. 2. P. yerticillata, Nutt Whorlecl Pogonia. Boot of thick fibres ; stem bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-ovate pointed ses- sile leaves at the summit, 1-flowered; sepals narrowly linear, twice as long a3 the oblong petals; Up short, 3-lobed, the middle lobe wavy and crested. Bogs, rare, June. Scape about 12 inches high. Flowers mostly solitary ; ths sepals 2 inches long, brown; petals paler and obtuse. 11. CALOPOGON, E. Brown. Calopoggn. G r. Jcalos, beautiful, and pogen, beard ; from the bearded lip. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading, distinct. Lip rather spreading, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged at the apes. P2 862 ORCHID ace &-. Anther terminal, sessile; Pollen-Masses 2 (one in cacl cell). — Scapes from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass -like leaf, naked above, bearing several showy flowers. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Grass Pink. Leaf linear, 8 to 10 incLes long, sheathing the base of the stem. Scape 12 to 18 incLes high, 2 to 6-flowered. Flowers 1 inch broad, pink-purple, fragrant. Sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, acute. Lip beautifully bearded towards the spreading summit with white, yellow, and purple clavate hairs. 12. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses. Or. spelra, a coil or curl, and anthos, blossom. Spike spiral. Flowers somewhat ringent ; the lateral sepals rather obliqne at the base and nearly opposite the lip, the upper one cohering with the petals. Lip oblong, con- cave and embracing the column below, with 2 callous pro- cesses at base. Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, mostly with a 2- cleft beak. Anther dorsal : pollen-masses 2, club-shaped, affixed to a common gland. — Perennial herbs, with clustered tuberous roots sending zip mostly naked scapes, bear- ing a spirally twisted spike of small white Jfowers, bent horizontally, 1. S. GRACILIS, Bigl. Slender Ladies' Tresses. Leaves radical, ovate, caducous; scape very slender, smooth, sheathed; spike Blendar, with the flowers in a straight or usualJj spiral row; bracts ovate, pointed; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy-crisped. Hilly woods and sandy plains. July. Aug. Scape 8 to 12 inches high, erect, with a few sheathing scales or leaflets. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, thin, sometimes fall- ing off before the flowers expand. Flowers white, 1-5 to % inch long ; the calli at first oval, at length elongating and incurved. 2. S. CERNUA. Richard. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, veined, those of the stem smaller, passing into bracts; spike, dense, minutely pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed; lip oblong, furnished with 2 minute callosities at the base. Wet grassy places, common. Aug.— Oct. Scape 6 to 18 inches high; the root leaves -1 to 12 inches long. S-nle thick, 3 to 8 inches long, seldom twisted. Flow* ers white or croata-color, fragrant. 13. GOODYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain. Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist. Flowers ringent. Calyx herbaceous, upper sepal vaulted. Lip saccate at the base, sessile, over the 2 lower sapals. Column small, straight. Pollen-masses 2, con- sisting of angular grains, loosely cohering by a manifest vf ah. —Perennial herbs, with a root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of tki&kisk vct'oled leaves next the ground, and small greenish-white flowers in a spike on a slender scape. ORCHID ACE^J. 3 Go f 1. G-. PUBESCENS, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantcrm. Leoves radical, ovate, conspicuously reticulated and blotched with white; scape 6heathed, with numerous flowers in a crowded spike; Up inflated with an abrupt ovate apex; stigma rounded at the summit. Rich woods. July, Aug. Scape S to 12 inches hiph. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lonr > contracted, at ba*e into a winged petiole,, scarcely half as long, dark green, veined with white. Ftowers whitish, in a terminal oblong spike. 2. G. REPENS, R. Brown. Smaller Rattlesnake Plantain, Small and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat reticulated with white* flowers several in a loose 1-sided spike ; lip inflated, with an oblong obtuse apex j stigma distinctly 2-toothed. Rich woods, under evergreens, and on mountains. Aug. Scape C to 8 inches high.. Leaves 1 inch, long. Flowers greenish-white. 11. LISTERIA, R. Brown. Twayblam:. In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British botanist. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. JjTP mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless l stigma with a rounded beak. Anther dorsal, orate : pollen-masses powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Perennial herbs, with fibrous roots, the stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownhh purple small flowers. 1. L. AUSTEALIS, Lindl. Twayllade. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; floicers very small, on pedicels twice the length of the ovary; Up linear, slightly sagittate at the base; 3 or i times a« long a>thc sepals, 2-parted, with the divisions linearise taceous. Damp thickets, rare. June. Plant 4 to 6 inches high. Leaves % inch long. Flowers small, purplish on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels. 2. L. CONVALLARioiDES, Hook. Large Ticayblade. Leaves oval-roundish, sometimes somewhat cordate at base, often acute ; raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on slender pedicels; Up wedge-oblong, 2-lobed, at the spreading apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base; sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading, twice as long as the lip. Damp mossy woods, rare. Jun The Hebrew name of the reed.. Perianth unequal, variable in the number of its part*,, acarcely lip-shaped. Stamens petaloid, only one with half an anther on> its edge. Style flat, strai ght, nearly free Ovary 3-celled ; with many ovules. Fruit membraneous, 3-celled, with a deciduous granular surface. Seeds round, smooth. — An extensive genus of herbaceous tropical plants. AMAKYLLIDACEJE. 3t>D with erect stems bearing distant slieathing leaves and handsome flowers in spikes or racemes. C. IndicAj L. Indian Shot. Indian Reed. A beautiful plant often found in cultivation, nativa of the East Indies-. Stem- leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and 3 to 6 inches wide. Flowtrs scarlet and yellow, borne in a spike. Order 119. AEXARYLXJBiLCEIE.— Amaryllis Family. Chiefly bulbous and scape bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves and regular &-androus flowers, the tube of the ^-parted perianth coherent with the Z-celled ovary. A-NTUER3 iutrorse. Style single. Caps CLE Scelled, loculicidal, many-seeded. S££DS with fleshy albumen. 1. AMARYLLIS; Linn. Amaryllis, A poetical name. Perianth with, ^-petal-like similar divisions-. Sta- mens 6, inserted in the throat of the perianth : anthers versatile. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed. — A splendid genus, with the long linear leaves and scape from a coated budb, and the showy flowers issuing from a I to c £-feavzd : spaitie. A. Atamasco, L. Atamasco Lily. Spnthe tubular ; 2^deft ; 1-fiowered; perianth .unnel-form; stamens and style de- clined. Shady woods., rare. June. Leave* a foot Inng. linear, concave, smooth. Flow- ers solitary, white and pink, o inches long, caa scape 6 inches high. A. fciRmosissima. L. Jacolea EHy. A beautiful flower from Mexico, sometimes cultivated. Flower dark red, on a scape 6 to 10 inches high. 2. AG A YE, Linn. American Aloe. Gr. etgavos. wonderfubin allusion to A. Americana, the Century-plant. Perianth tubular-funnel -form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions narrow, nearly equal. Stamens 6, soon exserted : anthers linear. Capsule coriaceous. 8-celled, many- seeded. Seeds flattened. — A splendid American genus, with mostly thick and fleshy radical leaves, often spiny, or cartilagi nous teeth, and a large manyfaweredpyra-nddut panicle on a scape, A. Virginica, L. False Aloe. Steinless, herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, smooth, with cartilaginous eerratures on the margin; scape simple, smooth; the fl.oxoers scattered in a loose epike, with leaf-like scales- Rocky banks, southern part of the State.- Sept. Scape 3to6 feet high, rovmd^ loosely spieate above. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant.. A. AaiEEiCAXA, L, American Aloe. Century Plant, A splendid herbaceous plant P2* 366 AMARYLLIDACE-E. from tropical America, is sometimes found in our conservatories.- Leaves radical, 3 to 6 feet long, 4 to 12 inches wide, very thick, spinose-toothed. Scape rising to the height of .15 to 25.feet r bearing a pyramidal panicle of yellow flowers. B: HYPOXIS5 Linn. Star-grass.- Gr. hypos beneath, and ozus, sharp-;- on>eccount of the pointed base-of'the fruit. Spathe 2-leaTed. Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spread- ing, the 3 outer divisions somewhat herbaceous. Stamens Q f , with erect anthers. Capsule crowned with the withered, or closed perianth, not opening by ; valves. Seeds roundish. — Ataulescent small herbs, with grassy and 'hairy linear leaves,. a.nd yelldiir- flowers on slender scapes from a solid bidb-.- H. eregta>.L. Btar-grass. Leaves linear, gra-ss-like j : scape- uruhellately 3 to 4-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. Meadows and open woods, common. Jolly. Scape i to 6 inche? bigh. Leaves all radical, 6 to 12 inches long, % mc b wide. E lowers .usually. 1, yellow within .green- ish without.- . CUL TIT A TED- EXOTICS.- 4. GAL ANTHUS, Linn. Snow-drop. 3?. gala, milk, anthos, flower ; on account of the whiteness of the flowers. Plotters spathaoeous. Sepals 3 ; concave; corona formed- off 3 small iemarginate petal.like segment; stigma simple.— Ah»omaamntail bid-boits exotic-; sending, up tn» early • spring a; scape with a single white jhiocr.. Gr. NIVALIS,. L. Snow-drop.- Xcteves linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1-flowcred. Native of the Alps, flow - ©ring 'n early, spring. Scape- 3 to C inches high, arising from a perennial tult = bearing a single, large nodding, ftbwer as white as snow, issuing from a spathe- Cioxcn (petals) striate with green, 5: NAft'CISSUS, Linn; Daffodil:. Jonquil. Gr. narke, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some species. Perianct: regular, 6-parted. Crotvn- raonoph-ylIou3- ; bell-form-, sal ver> form, or with the tube funnel-form. Sta*- mens 6, short:. Style longer than the stamens : stigma 3-parted. — Showy bulbous exotics; with linear or ensiform leaves ,. and yellow straw-color or white flowers, issuing from a withering, compressed spai}te, opening on one side. - 1. Ns JbNQUILLA, L. Jonquil. Leave* linear; scape 1 to 3-flowered ; segments of the perianth spreading, ellipti- cal or spatulate, acute ; ci^ (corona) bell-shaped, creaate. Native of Spain. April. HfEMODORACEJE. 337 May. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, roundish, slender, bearing a few fragrant flowers, of a rich chlorine yellow, V/ 2 to 2 inches in diameter.- tt/p.%. inch, long. • Leaves S to 10 inches long, with the edges somewhat rolled.' 2. N. posticus, L. Poet's Narcissus: Scope 1-flowered; segments -of the perianth, imbricate at base, somewhat reflexed, nearly round ; crown short, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 anthers shorter than the tube. Native of Soutb Europe. - June. . Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a single white flower, 1% to 2 inches in diameter ; the cup or crown singularly adorned with cir- cles of crimson, white and yellow. 3. N. Pseuda-Narcissus, L.- Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, straight, striated; segm ertt-1 of the perianth ovate or spatulate- ovate, sulpher-yellow ; crown very long, with a crenate-serrate orifice. Native of England. April, May. Leaves linear, 9 to 12 inches long, striate, veined. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, bearing at the top a single large flower, about 2 incbes in diameter, commonly doubled by cultivation. Cup 1% to 2 inches long, orange- yellow. 4. N. sulphtjreuSj L. Sulpher-colbrcd Daffodil Scape 2-edged; leaves linear, flat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the perianth elliptic-spatulate ; crown somewhat bell- form, crenate. May, June. Flowers straw-colored,. 2 inches in diameter, on .a scape 1 foot high.- Crown % jnch long orange-yellow,. Style-long^ 6. LEUCOJUM, Linn. Snow-Flake, Perianth. regular, 6-parted :. segments equal, spreading. Stamens 6, equal i. anthers long. Style elavate, longer than the stamens. — Exotic bulbous plante, with ensiform haves and often numerous white flowers issuing from a termi- nal spathe,. L. ^estivum, L.. Summer Snow- Flake; Leaves long, ensiform; spathe many-flowered, long; divisions of the perianth regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower; native of Austria. Scape 1 to &.- feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, y^ inch wide. Spithe 2 to 3 inches long, with 3 t© 10 flowers, on peduncles at last l}^.to 2% inches long. Flovjers white; the (L> visions tipped with green, Order- 120. HtEMGDORAOEJE;— Bloodwort Family: Herbaceous plants, with fibrous perennial roots, equitant leaves and perfect 3 to o androus regular flowers, vihich are- usually more or less woolly outside; the tube of ike 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely. the lower part, of the Z-celled ovary. Style single, sometimes 3-partible. Capsule crowned or inclcsed-- by the persistent perianth, SfcelTedj loculicidal, 3-many-secded.. ALETBIS) Linn.. Star-grass. Gr. Aletris, a female slave who grinds corn, in allusion to the apparent mealiness of the flowers. Perianth cylindrical, .tubular*bell-.shap i ed ; rough-wrinkled 168 IRIDACEJE. on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens G, inserted at the base of the lobes, included. Style awl-shaped, 3- eleft at the apex. Capsule ovate, inclosed in the roughened perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit.— Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, with very little fibrous roots, spreading clusters of thin flat lanceolate leaves, and small white or yellowish flowers, in- a, slender spiked raceme. A. farinosa, L. Star-grass. Colic Root. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; loin lancc-oblong. Grassy sandy or gravelly woods, not common. July, Aug. Scope 2 feet high r •with several minute bract-like leaves. Flowers white, appearing as if •overed with a rough powder. Order 121. IRIDAGE2E.— Iris Family. LTeibs with equitani 2-ran7.ed leaves, arid regular or irregular perfect flowers, thr fuleof the Z-cltft petal-lile perianth coherent with the Z-celled ovary, and 3 distiii'.t w monodelphous stamens with exirone anthers. Flowers from a 2-leaved spathc,. usually showy and ephemeral. £xrLiS single: stigmas 3. Capslle 3-ceiIed. lccu- licidal, many-seeded. 1. IBIS. Linn. Feower-de-Luce. 8r, Iris, the rainbow deified; on aeaount of the bright and various color of the blossoms. Perianth 6-cleft, the 3 outer divisions spreading or re- flexed, the 3 inner smaller and ereet. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Capsule 3 to 6-angled. Seeds fiat. — Perennials, icith svjord-shaped or grassy leaves and' large Hue, white and yellow flowers. 1. I. versicolor, L. Blue Flag. Sum stour angled on one side, more or less flexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pe' rianth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; capsule cbloig, turgid, with rounded angles* "Wet places, common. Mi»y, June. Stem 2 to 3 feel high, rarely branched, from a large ileshy creeping root^ Leaves % inch wide. Flowers'! to 6 at the summit of the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base. 2. I. Yirginiga, L. Slender Blue Flag, Stem slender, round, smooth; leaves narrowly linear; pcrikmth beardless; ovary 3-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; copsule triangular, aoute at both ends* Wet meadows, rare. June. Root tuberous, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat flexuous, round. Floioers 3 to.G at the summit of the stem, blue and yellow, more delicate than in the prececding.. 3. I. CRISTATA, Ait. Crested Iris. Scage mostly l-£ow«red r as long as the leaves ; periattfh beaaded? fee bea?d crested IRIDACEJ3. Mountains, southern part of the State. April, May. Scope. 10 to 15 inches high, hearing a solitary flowsr. FIovjcts hlue and yellow. CULTIVATED EXQTIQ SPLCIES. 4. I. PUMILAj L, Dwarf Iris. Scape short, 1-flowered ; spathe shorter than the tube ; reflexed sepals narrower than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf species, cultivated in the edgings of walks Leaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, broad-sword-shaped, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, bearded on a very short scape. 5. I. OCHROLEUCA, L. Yellow Iris. Beardless; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flow ered ; ovary nearly round, somewhat 6-angled. July. Native of the Levant. Stem % to 4 feet high. Leaves 1% to 2 feet long. Flowers yellow or sulphur-colored. Cox- awle 2 inches long, round. 6. I. G-ermanica, L. Flower-de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis, Stem many-flowered; leaves long-ensiform; sepals reflexed, bearded ; petals emar- ginate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common in gardens. June » Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves numerous, 1^ to 2 feet long, % to 1 inch vide Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, purple. Sepals with a beautiful yellow and white beard. 7. I. XIPHIUM, L. Bulbous Iris. Spanish Flag. Boot bulbous ; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confluent toward li- the apex; scape few-flowered. June, July. Native of Spain. Leaves 6 to 10 inches high, thick and fleshy, J4 i* 10 * 1 in diameter, white on the upper or hollow side, round towards the point. Floivers very showy, blue yellow and white, the outer. perianth lobes short, on a scape 10 to 12 inches high. 2. SISYBINCHIUM, Linn. Elue-eyed Grass. Hr.SMS, a hog, andrw^c/ios, a snout; from a fancy that hogs are fond of rooting it up. Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions equal, spreading. Sta- mens 3 ; monodelphous. Style short :: stigmas 3, involute, filiform. Capsule glcbular-3-angled. seels globular.— - Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo- late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in umbelled clusters from a 2-leaved spathe. S. Bermuliana, L. Common Blue-eyed Grass. Scape winged, naked or 1 to 2-leaved; leaves narrow and grass-like; spathe urn- bellately few-flowered; divisions' of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from, the notch. — Var. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathes longer thaa> the flowers.— Var. 2. mucronatum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and nar- rowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe acute, unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. Moist meadows, common among grass. June— Aug. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, 870 IRIDACEJE. Flowers small, delicate, blue, changing to purplish, 4 to 6 opening in. succession. Epatlue, often purplish. There are various intermediate forms. CULTIVATED EJTOTICS.. 3. PARDANTHUS, Linn, Blackberry Lily. Gr. partialis, a panther, and antJios, flower ;■ the flowers are spotted like the panfeker. Spathe of 2 or 3 ovate short bracts. Perianth regular, G-parted; the divisions equal. Stamens 3, with thread- like filaments. Stigma straight or incurved, fixed by the base, suMlifcrm. — An ovnamental garden giant, withyellov:- ialk and reddish spotted flowers. P. Chinensis, L. Blackberry Lily. Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves ensifbrm, vertical, sheathing; panicle some- ■what dichotomous and corymhose; perianal flat, spreading; segments lance-linear. July, Aug. Nasive of Sourth Africa. Common in cultivation. Stem 2 to S.foet high. Leaves tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red, 1 to V/ 2 ^ acu in diameter. Fruit composed of numerous black glossy seeds attacked round the rachis, resembling a blackberry. 4. CROCUS, Linn. Saffron. Crocus. Famed from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mithology, was changed into this flower. Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a slender tube. Stamens 3. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. — Bulbous plants, with a radicul 1 to 2-leaved thin transparent spathe, the long tube of the ffowers nearly or quite sessili upon the bulb. 1. C. SATIYA, L. Saffron Crocus. Leaves linear, rcvoluteon the margins; stigma 3-partcd, as long as the corolla, reflexed. Sept. From Asia. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal while farrow above. Flower nearly sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el- liptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exgert of a deep orange color. The Btigmas compose the saffron of the shops so much used for medicinal and coloring purposes. There is a variety with yellow perianths. 2. C. VERNUS, L. Spring Saffron. Leaves short, linear; stigmas included within the flower, with 3 short wedge-- ghaped segments. Native of the Alps. Slope 1 to 2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tube very slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs; limb bell shaped, shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. March, April. 5. TIGRIDIA, Linn. Tiger Flower. Name in reference to the large spotted flowers, Spathe 2-leaved, carinate, 1-flowered. Perianth. 6- DIOSCOREACEyE AND SMILACEiE. 371 parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altern- ate ones the broadest. Stamens 3, monodelphous : fila- ments united into a long tube : anthers subovate, double. Style filiform, the length of the tube. Capsule oblong, 3-sidcd : seeds numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp. — Shoivy South American bulbsus plants, with large, very evanescent yellow and red spoiled Jlowers. T. Pavonia, L. Tiger Flower, S^em simple, flexuous ; leaves sword-shaped, veined ; segments flat ; petals pandu- riform. July — Sept, A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2 to 2}^ f jet high, ereet, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, 8 to 12 inches long, smooth. Flowers 5 to 6 inches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crhn- srn and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks. Order 122, DI03G0REACE&I, -Yam Family. twining herbs or under shrubs, from targe tuberous roots or knotted rootstocls, ribbed and netted-vcined leaves on petioles and small dioecious Q-androus and regular Jlowers in spikes. Ovary adherent, 3-celled. Styles 3, united below or distinct Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. DIOSCOREA, Plumicr. Yam. In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides. Flowers very small, dioecious. Stamens 6 at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth : filaments sub- ulate. Styles distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3- celled, triangular, 3-winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. — Climbing perennials, with alternate often heart-shaped leaves, and inconspicuous greenish jlow- ers in axillary branched racemes or spikes. D. villosa, L. Wild Yam-root. Herbaceous ; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less beart-shaped, pointed, 7 to 11 ribbed.— Var. qcaterxata, (D. quaterna- ta, Watt.) has tbe leaves more acuminate and 7-ncrved, tbe lateral nerves 2-parted. Thickets and old fields, common. July. A slender vine twining over busbes, sometimes 10 or 12 feet long. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow, the iterile in pen- dulous panicles; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes. Order 123. SMILACEiE.— Smilax Family. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with ribbed and conspicuous netted veiny leaves, regular 6-androu* fiowers with the 6-parled perianth free from the 3-celled ovary. — Flowers dioecious or perfect. Ovary 3-ccllcd. 1 or many-seeded. Fruit a few to many-seeded berry. 372 SMIL ACE M. SMILAX, Tourn. Greenbrier. An ancient Greek name ef obscure meaning. Dioecious or polygamous. Perianth of 6 equal spread- ing segments, deciduous. Stamens mostly 6, inserted at the base of the perianth segments: filaments short. Stigmas 3, thick, on a very short style. Berry globular, 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3 -seeded. Seeds globose, suspended, orthotropous. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever- green and prickly .climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish stems, cordate or ovate leaves, and small Jlowers in axillary peduncled umbels. Szc. i. Smilax proper.— Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary. * Leaves broad, thicJcish, often persistent. 1. S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier. Stem nearly round; branchlets more or less 4-angular ; leaves round-ovate, often, broader than long, slightly cordate, abruptly short-pointed, 5-nerved ; peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. Moist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scattered prickles, often climbing 20 to SO feet. Flowers yellowi&h-green in small globose axillary umbels. Berries bluish-black. 2. S. QUADRANGULARis,Willd. Square- stemmed Greenbrier. Brandies and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3 to 5-nerved; peduncles about the length of the petioles. Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches long, >.< as wide, fhinnish, some- times minutely rough-ciiiate on the margin. Flowers greenish-yellow. Berrict black. * * Learns, broad, thin, entirely deciduous) pricldes bristle-like. 3. S. niSTIDA, Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. Stem round, the lower part very hispid; leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, point- ed, strongly 5-nerved ; peduncles 6 to 10-Sowercd, 2 or 3 times the length of the petioles. Moist thickets. June. Stem climbing high, densely beset below with shining brown weak and slender prickles ; the flowering branches often naked. Leaves 3 ■to 5 inches long, minutely rough on the margins, bright green on both sides. Pe- duncles 1% to 2 inches leng. Sec. n. Coprosjjanibxs, Torr.— Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Leaves long- petioled, thin. 4. S. herbacea, L. Carrion- Flower. Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly lieart shaped, 7 to 9-nerved. mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes none ; peduncles very long, compressed. Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb- ing or leaning on other plants. Leaves very variable, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-glreen in glo- bose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter, exhaling the stench of carrion. twlliace:e. 378 Order 124. TlHLLLkQEM*— Trillium Family. Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, v&rticillate, net-veined leaves, and large termi- nal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6 to 10. Ovary I a 6-celled, with as many styles. Feuit succulent, 3 to 5-celled. Seei-s numerous. 1. TRILLIUM, Linn. Trillium. Lat. trikx, triple; all the parts being in threes. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, -. persistent. Petals 3, larger. Stamens 6, with linear adnate anthers, on short filaments. Styles 3, awl-shaped, distinct or united at base, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry 3-sided, ovate, 3-celled. Seeds hori- zontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a Imple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rootstock, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate haves, and a ter- __ I large flower, 1. T. CERNUUM, L. Nodding Trillium. Wake-Robin. broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile : petals white, oblong-ovate, irved, somewhat wavy. -. June. Stem slender 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 iter, nearly round. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves, on a peduncle 1 to 2% inches long. Semis oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long. < to 1 inch long, x / z to % inch wide. 2. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root : broadly rhomboid, abruptly acuminate ; petals dark dull purple, ovate, somewhat pointed, flat, spreading. IlicL woods, common. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3-nerved, 3 to long. Flower on a peduncle 2 inches long, soon reclining. Petals 1 to V £ inch long; greenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal. 3. T. GRANDIFLORUM, Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium. Leaves obovate-rhomboid, pointed, barely sessile; petals obovate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to rose- Kieh woods, rare. June. Stem 10 to 12 inches high. Flower on a slightly in- clined peduncle, which is 2 or 3 inches long. Petals 2 to 2}4 inches long, broadest roar the apex. 4. T. erythrocahpum, Michx. Painted Trillium. ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short petioled; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly twice as long as the sepals shorter than tbe peduncles. Cold damp woods. May. June. Stem S to 12 inches high, leaves long acumi- i rved, 3 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals 1 inch long, white, painted with purple lines at the base. Medicinal. 5. T. sessile, L. Common Sessile Trillium. ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute ; petals lanceolate, erect, much longer than ;Le sepals, dark dull purple. Q2 ' 374 LILIACE.E. Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem, 6 to 8 inches high, smooth. Leaves rather "thiek. l},< to V/ 2 inches long, x to 2 inches -wide, smooth and entire. Sepals green, % inch long. Petals narrow, 1 inch long. 6. T. nivale, Riddell. Snowy Trillium. Small; leaves oral or ovate, obtuse; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse somewhat -wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. Rich shady wood?, rare. April. Stem 2 to i inches high, from a thick tuberous root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by }4 to 1 inch wide. Sepals green, much narrower than the petals. Petals % to 1 inch long. Styles long and filiform. 2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed medicinal virtues. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth : filaments thread- like, longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Styles 3, fili- form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. Berry spherical, 3- celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem rising from a horizontal and tuberous white root stock, bearing a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones at the too, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved Jiowcrs. M. Yirginica, L. Cucumber Root. . Leaves rf the lower whorl obovate-lanceolate. pointed; upper ones ovate. Kich damp woods, common. June. Stpm 1 to 2 feet high, erect. I'lcwcrs 3 t3 6, greenish-yellow, reflexul, with long dark red reflexed stigmas. Order 125. LXLIACEiE— Lily Family. U>rbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perferi C-(rartly 4)- andrmis flowers with a petal-lile S-mcrous perianth free from the 2 to S-ceUed ovary. — Stamens 6 inserted into the perianth; anthers attached by a point. Sttte single; stigma simple or S-loted. Fruit a 3-valved lcculitidal capsule or berry, few-many- eeeded. Tribe 1. ASPxiRAGE^E. The Asparagus Tribe. Frwit a few-seeded berry, 2 to 3-celled. Rootstocks creeping or tuberous. 1. ASPARAGUS, Linn. The ancient Greek name. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, with peltate anthers. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with much- branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, narrow leaves in clusters 1 and small greenish-yellow axillary jiowen. LILIACEiE. 875 A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Garden Asparagus. Sttm herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched; leaves thread-like, fasciculate »nd flexible ; peduncles jointed in the middle. Cultivated in gardens, and naturalized. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Flowers imall, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, red. 2. POLYGONATUM, Tourn, Solomon's Seal. Qr.polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed steme andrhizoma.. Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted 011 or above the middle of the perianth-tube, in- cluded. Ovary 3-celled : style slender : stigma capitate or triangular. Berry globular, blue or black, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems from thick and knotted creeping rootstocks, mostly alternate and' gessile or half clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding green- ish flowers. 1. P. CANALICTJLATUM, Pursh, Great Solomon's ScaL Stem stunt, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed, partly clamping, smooth, nearly equally many-nerved; peduncles 2 to 6-fiowered, smooth; filar:' t horter than the anthers, inserted on the middle of the perianth- tube. (Convallaria eanaliculatuni, Muhl.) Rich sandy river barjks, common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, curved. Lcavti green on both side3. Perianth cylindrical-obloug, greenish-white. 2. P. puesscens, Pursh. Smaller Solomon's Seal. Stem round, or slightly grooved on one side ; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical- tanceolate, minutely downy and glaucous underneath, with 3 to 5 principal nerves, Bessil to --flowered, smooth :fdam ents minutely glandular-puberulent, inserted near the summit of the perianth. (Convallaria pubeseens, Muhl.) nnd rocky banks, common. May, June. Mem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly curved. Perianth y 2 inch long, cylindrical-oblong, greenish. Ocules often 6 in each cell. 3. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which this genus, however, has little resemblance, Perianth 4 to 8-parted, spreading deciduous. Stamens 4 to 6, inserted at the perianth-lobes : filaments slender: anthers short. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Styles short and thick: stigma obscurely 2 to 3-lobed. Berr/ globular, 1 and 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thiclihh rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compouud raceme. Ssc I. Smuactn-a, Desf. — Divisio7is of the perianth and stamens 6. 1. S. eacemosa, Desf. False Spikenard, Minutely downy: stem somewhat flexuous ; leaves numerous) oblong or oval- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, abruptly sliort-petioled ; raceme compound, panicled; wary. 3 celled. 376 LILIACE/E. Moist woods. May, June. Stum zigzag, 2 feet high from a thick and fleshy root- stock. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, ahout }/£ as wide, contracted into a long acumi- nation. Flovjers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white ex- serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. 2.- S. stellata, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal, Smooth or nearly so ; leaves 7 to 11, oolong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate, slightly clasping, thickish; raceme simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled. Moist banks. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high, round. Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, tapering to the apex. Flow- ers about 8, white, stellate. Berries blackish. 3. S'. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Smooth, dwarf; leaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, oblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed, aarrowed into a sheathing base; raceme simple, ovary 2 to-3-celled. Swamps. May, June. Stein 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves smooth on the margin, about 2 inches long, % as wide. Raceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to G white flowers. Perianth-lobes spreading. Anthers brownish. Berries red. Sec. n. Maianthemum, Desf. Divisions of the -perianth and stamens 4. 4. S. bifolia, Ker. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Smooth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved; leaves heart-shaped, petioled or sessile; raceme simple, crowded. Shady moist woods, common. May. Stem 3 to 5 inches high, with 2 or some- times 3 leaTes near the summit, and often a larger radical leaf on a long petiole; Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Barries re-i- dish, speckled.. i. CLINTONIA, Rafi Dedicated to Be Witt Clinton. Perianth 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous - . Stamens G, inserted at the base of the segments: fila- ments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong. Ovary Qvoid-oblong, 2-celled ; style long, compressed : stigma depressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few to many-seeded-. — Acau- lescent perennials, with slender creeping rootstocks, sending tip a naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves, and bearing rather large, umbelled or rarely single, white or greenish flowers at the summit. 1. C. BOREALis, Raf. Northern Clintonia. Umbel 2 to 7-flowered; ovary with 10 to 12 ovules in each cell: (Draccena borealiSj Ait.) Cold mpist mountain woods. June. Scape 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves radical, 5 to 8 inches long. Perianth % to % inch long, greenish-yellow. Berry blue. 2. C. umbellata, Torr. Small-flowered Clintonia. Umbel 12 to 30-flowered ; cells of tho berry 2-seeded. (Convallaria umbellata,. Slichx.) Rich woods, through the Alleghenies. June- Scape many-flowered, 9 to 12 inches high. Leaves 2 to 5, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 15 to 30, white, speckled, witis, purple l /ito% inch long, odorous. LILIACE.E. 377 5. CONYALLABIA, Linn. Lily of the Valley. Lat. convallis, a valley, the locality of some species. Perianth belhshaped, 6 parted. Stamens 6,. divergent,, arising from the base of the segment. Berry globose, 2- celled. — An elegant sweet-scented perennial herb, often culti- vated' in gardens, with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and a slender scape hearing white* Jlowers in a single rank. C. MAJALIS, L. Lily of- 'the Valley. Scape naked, smooth, semi^cylindric ; Zeates nearly radical, ovate; raceme simple, one-sided. Allegheny mountains, common in cultivation. May. Scape 6 inches high. Heaven 4 to 7- inches long, ovate elliptical, pointed. Tribe 2. ASPEODELEiE. The Asphodel Tribe. WiM a few to many seeded capsule, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds anatropous ox smpliitropous. Sec. i. Not bulbous: 6. HEMOROCALLIS, Linn. Day Lily. Gr. hemera, a day, and mllos, beautiful ; its flowers lasting' but a day. Perianth funnel-form, lily-like, the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted. Stamens 6, insert- ed on the throat of the perianth : filaments long and thread-like, declined r stigma simple. Capsule rather fleshy, 3-angied, 3-valved, with several black round seeds in each cell. — Showy perennial exotics, with fleshy fibroids roots, radical linear, keeled 2-ranhed leaves and yellow or reddish floioers, (which collapse and decay after expanding for a single day) borne on tall scapes. 1. H. ftjlva, L. Common Day Lily. Inner divisions of the perianth wavy and obtuse, the veins branched. Damp grounds, escaped from cultivation and naturalized. July. Leaves nu- merous, about 2 feet long, and ; an iush wide, smooth, acute. Flowers large, tawny orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. Style striata 2. H. FLAVA, L. Yellow Bay Lily. Divisions of the perianth flat, the veins undivided. Native of South Europe, . July. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % inch wide, keeled. Scape 2 feet high, branching. J'lowers large, yellow, sweet-seented. Cultivati-d. 3. H. GRAMINEA, L. &rass-leaved Bay Lily. Leaves grass-like, linear, keeled ; 3 inner perianth lobes larger, waved, the cuter smaller. Native of South Europe. July. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, narrower and much smaller than in cither of the preceding species. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, 3 to 6-flowered. Perianth orange-yellow on the inside, reddish on the cuteids . . Rare in Cultivation. Q2* 878 LILIACE31. 7. FUNKIA, G^ert. Japan Day Lilies. Perianth funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens 6. Filaments long, declined, the upper ones the shortest : anthers oblong, fixed. by. their sides, turned up at the ends. Style long,, declined,, superior, furrowed : stigma obtusely Spangled, Capsule 3-sided, 3-eelled, 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, flat. — 'Ornamental perennial herbs, from Ja- pan, loith somewhat heart-shaped longpetioled leaves, and wjrite or bluish, flowers on br acted scapes. 1. F. ALBA, Gaert.. White Day Lily. Leaves cordate, oyate, acuminate; perianth funnel-form, with a long tube, Aug., Sept. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smaoth, on long radical petioles 3 to 5 inches wide- Flowers large, -white, verj fragrant, 3 .to 4 inches long, somewhat crowded, each axillary to a large bract. Anthers yellow. 2. F. cgerulia, G-gert. Blue Day Lily. Leaves heart-shaped, on petiole?; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled. Julyy- Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. Bracts 3-ellowish. Flowers bluish-purple, 2 to 3 inches long, the slender tube enclosing the cvary: border inflated, round-bell- shaped. Anthers blue. 3. F. Japgnica, Grert. Japan J^ty Lily. Leaves lanceolate or orate-lanccolate; perianth funnel- form, with somewhat reflexed segments. July, Sept. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, narrowed into a petiole of 4 to 5 inches in length. Scape slender, 12 to 13 inches high. Floictrs muck, smaller than in the preceding species,, pale-purple, 1 to 2 inches long. 3. ASPEOBELTTS, Linn. King's Speak. Gr. a. privative^ sphallo, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary. Stamens 6, issuing from the valves. Capsule globular, manvrseeded. — Fine garden plants with showy flowers. 1. A. lutees, L. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel. Stem leaf y : leaves linear 3-nerved. A showy garden perennial from Sicily, of the easiest culture and rapid increase. June. Stem 2 to 3 ftet high, thickly in- vested with the long linear hollow tapering striped leaves. Flows yellow, in a . Tory long spike. 2. A. RAMOSUs, L. Branching Asphodel: Stem naked, branched ; leaves ensiform, keeled, smooth; peduncle as, long as the- bract. Native of-South Europe. June. Not so. tall as the preceding, but with, longer white flower?. Sec. ii. BulVouSr 0. OKITCTEOGALUM, Tourn. Star-of-BEthleeem. Gr. ornilhos, a bird, and goJ/j,, milk; why so called is not obvious. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle : : LILIACEiE. 379' the divisions several, nerved. Filaments 6, flattened-awl* shaped. Styles 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Capsule* roundish-angular, with a few roundish seeds in each cell. — Perennial herbs , with radical leaves and a naked- racemose or corymbed scape from a coated bulb. O: umbellatum, L. VHiite Slar-of- Bethlehem., Flotvers corymbose. 5 to 8 on long spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle outside. Moist meadows, naturalized, common in gardens. Native of England. June. Scape. 5 to S inches high. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, 5 to S inches Ion?, .. •»rith a white liueon the upper side. Flowers white, few in a loose corymb. Fe- riarU'i-lobzs beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on- the outside. . 10. ALLIUM, Linn. tferiON. Garlic. The ancient Latin name cf the Garlic. Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are- distinct of united at the very base, 1-nerved, becoming dry and more or less persistent. Filaments awl-shaped or dilated afc their base. Style, filiform : stigma simple. Capsule lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved, with a few black and rough seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent acaidcsccnt herbs, with the mostly radical leaves and the scape from a coated bulb, the flowers in a aimjile umbel, and a 1 to2-valved Fpathe. * T~;nbd often densely biilb-l earing ivith or luilLoid flowers. 1. A. VINE.ale, L. Field' Garlic- r. Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing cases of the Scares below the middle ; leaves round, hollow, slender, channelled aTJcve ; filaments much dilated, the al- ternate one 3-cleft, the middle divisions anther bearing. Moist meadows and fields, naturalized and some places very troublesome. June. Bidb ovoid, small. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Scape 1 to 2]4 feet high, bearing ai snathe of 2 small bracts at the top, and an umbel of rcse-colorcd and green flowers at the top with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. 2. A. Canadensis", Kalm. Wild Meadow Garlic. Scape leafy only at the base ; leaves narrowly linear, fiattish ; umbel few-flowered ; filaments simple, dilated below, about as long as the perianth, Meist fields, common. May, June. Jeares very long and narrow. Scape 12 to* 15 inches high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate acute bracts at the top, •with a head of bulbs and flowers. Flowers whitish or pale rosercolor, on pedicels ]■■ the bulbs ars. sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath. * * Umbel Bearing m&y flowers. o. A. cernuuMj Roth. Nodding Garlic. Wild Onion,. Scape naked, angular, elongated, often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or Irooping many-flowered umbel ; leaves linear, elongated, sharply keeled; sepals cblOEg-ovate, acute, much shorter than the slender filaments ; ovary 6-toothed at the summit, becoming a roundish 3-seeded capsule. Banks and steep rocks, common. July. Scape 10 to 12 inches high, bearing a • umbel cf 20 to SO flowers. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Fltncers white or. 380 liliace^;. rose-color. The variety with white flowers grows abundantly in steep rocky places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strong-scented. 1 4. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Lancc-haved Garlic. Scape naked, bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; Leaves lance-oblong or ellip- tical, flat; sepals obtuse, oblong ; capsule strongly 3-lobed. Rich shaded sandy woods, rare. July. Bulbs clustered, pointed. 2 inches long. Heaves 5 to 10 inches long. 1 to 1V£ inch wide, acnite, tapering into a petiole, ap- pearing in early spring and decaying before flowering. Scipe. 12-to 15 inches high, Dearins: a thin 2-leaved deciduous spathe at the top, with an umbel of 10 to 20 white flowers. 5. A. triflorum, Haf. Mountain Lech. Scape naked, terete, shorter than th9 leaves; leaves lanceolate, nerved; iimhd ffcw-flowered. Pursfi. Mountains, rare. May, June. CULTIVATED EXC TIC SPECIES. 6. A. sativum, L. Common Garlic. Iiidb compound ; skm leafy, bulbiferous ; slam ens tricuspidate. Native of Sicily; Jhly. Stem 3 feet high. Flowers small, white. Bulbs strong-scented and acrid. 7. A. Sciksnoprasum, L. Chives. Circs. . S;ape as long as the round subulate leaves. Flowers small, -rose-color. June/ Common in gardens. 8. A. Posrum, L. Leek. iSSem compressed, leafy; leaves sheathing at base; stamens tricuspidate. Native of Switzerland. July. Hoot bearing a scaly cylindrical >ulb. Stem 2 feet high. hearing long linear alternate sheathing leaves, and at the top a large urubsl of email white flowers. 9. A. Cepa, L. Common Onion. Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete fistulous leaves. Native of Hungary. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. Culture has pro- duced numerous varieties. 11. HYACINTHUS, Linn. Hyacinth: A fabulous name. Perianth sub-globose or- bell-shaped, regular G^cleft. Stamens 6, issuing from the middle of the segments. ©vary with 3 necteriferous pores at the summit. Capsule 3-celled, about 2-seeded. — Ornamental bulbous plants, native of the Levant, with fragrant white, pink blue and purple flowers. H f . orientalis, Ik Common- Hyacinih. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, swelled at the base. May. The hyacinth is « woll known garden flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear- lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, thick, bearing a dens« Htjr?s©idraoeia*-ofidiff8rsii.t shades. of blue, pink,purpleor white fragrant flowers. liliacej;. 381 12. PQLYANTH03, Linn. Tuberose. Gr. polus, many, anthos, flower ; the plant bearing numerous flowers. Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into the throat. Stigma 3-cleft. Ovary at the bottom of the perianth. — A beautiful bulbous exotic, ivith white fragrant flowers. P. tuberosa, L. Tuberose. Leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers alternate, in pair? : perianth-lobes oblong. Na- tive of Ceylon. Aug., Sept. Scape scaly, 2 to 3 feet high, with white regular flow- ers of a delicious fragrance. Tribe 3. TULIP ACEA Tulip or true Lily Tribe. Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. Perianth 6-leaved — Bullous. 23. L1LIUM, Linn. Lily. The classicalLatin name. Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 dis- tinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a nectariferous furrow at the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, somewhat ad- hering to the bases of the sepals: anthers linear, versatile. Style elongated, somewhat elub-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 3- celled, containing numerous flat seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennial scat)/ bulbous herbs, with simple stems, numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves and cne to several large and skowy flowers. * Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claus. 1. L. PiiiLADELPiiicuM, L. Wild Orange Lily. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to S; flowers 1 to 3 or sometimes 5, open-bell-shaped, with lanceolate sepals. Open woods, hillsides and fence-rows, not rare. June — Aaag. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, round, smooth, simple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, l /ito}/ 2 inr-h wide, 1 to 3 nerved. Flowers large, reddish-orange, the inside spotted with purple near the base, 2% inches long, on a peduncle 1 to 3 inchts long. 2. L. Catesb.ei, Walt. Wild Red Lily. Catesby'sLUy, Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered.; flowers solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long- clawed sepals wavy on the margin, and recurved at the summit, the margins of the claws involute. Low sandy soil, and meadows, rare, Montour Co. July. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, bearing a single large terminal scarlet flower, spotted with dark purple end yellowish inside. Sepals ovate or rhombic-ovate, with the mid-vein green on the aatside. 382 liliace^;. * * Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute. 3. L. Ca.naj^ense, L. Wild Meadow Lily. Leaves remotely whorled', la-nceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerve* rough; flowers mostly 3, sometimes 5 or more, long-peduncled, funnel-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spieading above the middle. Moist meadows, common. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 foot high. Flowers 1 to 3 r sometimes 5 to 20, pendulous, yellow or orange at the base; densely spotted with brown-purple inside and outside above, 2 to 3 inches long. 4. L. SUPERBUM, L. TarJcs-cap Lily. Superb Lily. Lower leaves whorled, lanceolate, pointed, smooth, 3-nerved, upper ones scattered ^ flowers often 3 to 40 in a pyramidal raceme, nodding' with revolute sepals. Rich low grounds rather common. July, Aug. A superb plant 3 to 5 feet high,, with an erect, round, straight stem. Flowers bright orange, with numerous dark: purple spots inside. Sepals 3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, beautifully and full* revolute. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPLCITS. 5. L. TIGRINUM, L. Tiger-spotted Lily. Leaves scattered, sessile, 3-nerved. the upper ones cordate-ovate ; sepals revolute";. papillose inside. A.ug. Native of China, common in cultivation. Stem 4 to 6 fee* Sigh, woolly, bearing bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, dark orange- ©r reddish, spotted with black, in a pyramidal raceme. Segals 4 to G inches long r feeautifully revolute, scabrous on themidyein, inside. * * * Flowers bell-shaped. 6. L. BULBJFERUM, L. Orange Lily. Fire Lily. Leaves scattered, 3-veihed, pubescent when young ; flowers bell-shaped, erect rough within. July. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round. 2 to -1 feet high, bearing email, roundish bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored, acabrous within. Gommon in cultivation. 7. L. candidum, L. Common White L ■'[//. Leaves scattered, lanceoUte, narrowed at the base; flowers bell-shaped, Smooth an the inside. July. Native of the Levant. A much cultivated and beautiful garden plant, with a thick stem, 3= to 4 feet high. Flowers large, snow- .'■bite,. Te'ry fragrant, in a terminal raceme-. 14. ERYTHRONIUM, Linn. Dog's-tooth Tiolet. Cr. eruthros, red, which is inappropriate as respects our species. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, re- curved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped r anthers oblong-linear. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, con- tracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds ovate. — Nearly stem- less bulbous perennials, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the \-fiower.ed scape. LILIACEiE. 383 1. E. AMEEICANUM, Smith. Yellow Dog's-tooth Violet Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, involute at the point, spotted; scape naked; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; style club shaped.^ stigmas united. lows in sanely soil, common. April. May. A beautiful little plant. Scape 6 to 9 inches high. Leaves 2, shotted with purple, anddotted 5 inches long, one of them nearly twice as wide as the other. Flower drooping, yellow, revoiute in the sunshine, spotted near the base. 2. E. albidum, Nutt. White Dog's-tooth Violet. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; sepals linear-lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-shaped; stigma 3 -cleft. Low tbicfefets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species- April, Mi.y. Leaves without an acumination, including the petiole 4 to 5 inches long, spotted with purple. Scape o to 7 inches high, bearing a single white flower. Sepals 1}4 inch 15. FIUITILLAitLi, Linn. Crown Imperial. Lat. fiitiUur. a chess-board; alluding to the checkered flowers. Perianth bell-shaped, with abroad base and necteriferous cavity above the claw of each segment. Stamens 6, as long as the sepals. Seeds flat. — Bulbous perennial exotics, with showy, but ill-scented flowers. 1. P. imperials, L. Common Crown Imperial. Jtaceme comose, naked below ; leaves lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of Persia. A showy flower of easy culture, common in cultivation. Stem thick, 1 to 2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a -crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel. 2. F. maleagris, L. Checkered Crown Imperial. Leaves alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1-flowercd. May. Native -of Britian Stem a feet high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. Flower usually soil tary. large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow. 16. TULIPA, Linn. Tulip. Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. Perianth bell-shaped, with sepals. Stamens 6, short, subulate : anthers 4-angled. Stigma thick. Capsule oblong, triangular. Seeds flat. — Bulbous exotic perennials, with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape. 1. T. Gesneriana, L. Common Tulip. Leaves ovate-lanceolate : flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Nativa of Persia. There are more than 500 varieties enumerated in catalogues, with red, scarlet, crimson white yellow, brown, purple, striped, blotched and fringed flowerg 2. T. suateolens, L. Sweet-scented Early Tulip. Zcavos linear-laneeolsto ; flowsr erect, waooth with a*ut« sepals, the alternate 384 MELANTIIACE M. ones lanceolate, the ethers orate. Native of Persia. Flowers mostly yellow, fragrant, appearing in April. Tribe 4. ALOINE.E. Fruit 3-eelled, 3-valved. with a leculicidal dehiscence, opening at the summit Seeds numerous. — Xot bulbous. 17. YUCCA, Lfcra. Adam's Needle. Jucca, the Iudian name. Perianrh inferior globular or bell-shaped. Stamens with awl-shaped filaments. Style none. Capsulb oblong, with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. Seeds flat. — Evergreen perennials, icith narrow filament accous radical leaves , and a scape of numerous white flowers, in a terminal panicled raceme or spike, 1. Y. ANGUSTIFOLIA, L. Narrow-leaved Yucca. Leaves long linear, filamentose on the margins, raucronate. Aug. Native of the S mthern States. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, }.<, to % inch wide, with white threads along the margin. Panicled spiJx terminal, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high, many-flowered. Flvivers glohular-bell-shaped, white. 2. Y. filamentosa, L. Adam's Needle. Silk-grass. Leaves lance-linear, filamentose, mucronate ; 3 inner sepals broad-lanceolate ; capsule large oblong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves 12 to IS inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, very filamentose on the margin. Scape 3 to 5 feet high, beaaiug a terminal panicle of numerous white fragrant flowers. Perianth globose. Stir/mas recurved, spreacliug. Order 126. 2SELANTHAGE2E — Jlclanthium Family. Herbs, with perfect or polygamous and regular Qs-mcrous and 6-androus flowers, the petuloid perianth free from theZ-cdlcd ovary, cztrorse anthers, and 3 (sometimes united) more or kss distinct styles. Suborder i. UVULARTEiE. The Belltv t ort Family. Perianth soon deciduous, the divisions distinct, petaloid. Styles united at the base or throughout. Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or loculicidal capsule. — Stems from small perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots, ovate or lanceolate membra' naceous sessile or clasping leaves, and perfect flowers on solitary or 1 -Jiuwcred peduncles. 1. UVULARIA, Linn. Bellwort. Name "from the flowers hanging on the uvula, or palate." Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like, the sepals spatu- MELANTHACE^ 385 late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the base of each. Stamens 6, with short filaments : anthers long and linear, adnate. Style deeply 3 -cleft Capsule triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved from the top, with a few obo- Toid seeds in each cell. — Perennial herbs from creeping root- stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves , and pale yellow nodding, mostly solitary flowers. • Leaves clasping, perfoliate* 1. U. GRANDIFLGRA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and very slightly pubescent underneath; upals smooth within; anthers nearly pointless ; lobes of the capsule with convex sides. Rich woods, rare. May, June. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the porfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 brandies at the top, one of which bears a largo pendulous pale-yellow flower. Perianth 1% inch long. Anthers % isch long. 2. U. PERFOLIATA, L. Perfoliate Bellwort. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath; sepals granu- l&r-roughened inside ; anthers pointed ; capsule-lobes with concave sides. Moist woods and thiekets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inehes high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Flowers pale-yellow, % to 1 inch long. * * Leaves sessile. 3. U, sessilifolia, L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort Low, smooth; leaves oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath; styles isnited to the middle, longer than the obtuse anthers ; capsule triangular ovate. Low woods, common. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit. Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inch long. Flowers 1 to 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, creaia- oolored, % inch long. 4. U. puberula, Michx. Puberulent Bellwort. Leaves shining, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches; ilyles united below, as long as the short-pointed anthers; capsule ovate, sessile. Mountains, southern parts of the State. 2. PROSAKTES, Don. Prosartes. tQr.prosartas, to hang from; in allusion to the suspended ovules or flowers. Perianth bell-form, 6-parted, much as in Uvularia. Stamens 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell. Styles united into one : stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6- seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with closely sessile, ovate leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. P. lanuginosa, Don. Pale-flowered Prosartes. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base £2 S86 MELANTHACEJ!. closely sessile, downy underneath; flowers solitary or in pairs ; sepals lance-lincar, acuminate, soon spreading, twice as long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michx.) Rich woods, rare. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, with 2 to 3 forks near the eummit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals % inch long, marked with conspicu- ous cross-veinlets like the leaves. 3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twist-Stalk. Gr. streptos, twisted, and pons, foot, or stalk. Perianth 6-parted, recurved spreading from a bell-shaped "base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. Stamens 6 : filaments short, flattened : anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cell : styles and even the stigmas united into one ! Berry red, roundish-ovoid, with several seeds in each cell. — Herbs with somewhat stout stems, di- vergently spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping leaves, and small flowers on slender filiform peduncles. 1. S. amplexlfolius, DC. (Mapping Tidst-Sialk. Leaves oblong-orate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath; peduncle abruptly bent »r contorted near the middle; anthers acuminate, entire; stig.na entire, truncate. Low cold words, rare. June. Stem 2 to 3 fret high, rough at the base, forked. Flowers green:- h-w'aite, on a filiform peduncle, bent rouadthe clamping base of tho leaves, rarely 2-fiowered. 2. S. roseus, Michx. Rose Twist- &aI7c. Leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin. gr^en on both s'dos ; Iraiichcs sparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-hoxned; stigma minutely S-cleft. Cold dsmp woods, rare. Msy. June. Per. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. 2 or 3- forked at the upper part. Floivers rose- colored, 1 to 2 on filiform nodding pedunck>9. Sub-order ii. MELANTHIE^E. The True Colciiicum Family. Perianth mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely their claws united. Styles 3, seperate. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-parted capsule. — Herbs with acrid poisonous jrropertieSy and sometimes polygamous or dioecious flowers. 4. MELAXTIIIUM, Gronov., L. Gr. melas, black, anthos, flower; the flower becoming black after blossoming. Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply G-parted ; the segments somewhat cordate, raised on slender claws, with 2 glands at the base. Stamens 6, on the claws of the perianth. Styles short, awl-shaped, tipped witj timple minute stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed ; 3-eelied ; MELANTIIACE<£. 387 many-seeded. — Tall perennials, with simple stems, lance- linear grcioS-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream- colored racemose flowers. 1. M. VlRGlNrcUM, L. Virginian Melanthium. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long ; sepals ovate-hastate, at last oblong, flat, the glands distinct; filament cohering with the claws beyond the middle. Wet meadows, rather common. July. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, the perfect and sterile mixed, on short pedicels, in simple altersate racemes, together consti- tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long. 2. M. hybridum, Walt. IL/bred Melanthium. Leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the stem; sepals round-rhomboid or broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; filaments involved in the lower part of the involute claws. Low and high grounds, rare. July — Sept. Stem 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves vary- ing frcm lance-linear to lanceolate. Perianth very open, yellowish-green. 5. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. Lat. vere, truly, atrum, black; in allusion to the color of the flowers or root. Flowers polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without glands. Stamens 6, free from the sepals and shorther than they, recurving. Styles 3, short, awl-shaped. Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed, the carpels distinct at the summit. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems, plaited 3 ranked leaves, and raceme-panicled dull or dark flowers, V. V1RIDE, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes. Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top, 2 to 4 feet high, Leaves large, sheathing the stein at the base. Flowers yellcwish- green, moderately spreading. Hoot very poisonous. 6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. Fly-Poison. Gr. amiantos, pure, and cmMos, flower ; alluding to the unspotted glandless perianth. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading, the dis- tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. Filaments capillary. Anthers kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. Styles filiform^ Capsule ovoid conical, 3-lobed. Seeds nearly wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell. — Perennial herbs, from a bulbous base, with simple scape- like stems, linear heeled grass like leaves, and handsome flowers in a simple or rarely compound dense raceme. A. musc.etoxicum, Gray. Fly-Poison. Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse, as long as the scape; raceme simple, oblong or cylindrical; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red coat. 388 juNCACE^r. Shady swamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical', 10 to 15 inches long, }/ 2 to I inch wide. Raceme 3 to 9 inches long, dense-flowered. Perianth and stamens white. 7. HELONIAS, Linn. Unicorn. Gr. helos, a swamp ; the place of its growth. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong per- sistent sepals. Stamens 6, longer than the sepals i anthers roundish-oval, 2-eelled, blue. Styles 3, revolute, stignxatic along the inner side. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, locu- licidally 3-valved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous roohtock, numerous leaves, and a simple short dense raceme of pale* purple flowers* H. bullata, L. Purple-flowered Unicorn. Leaves inversely lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, flat, nerved ; tcape leafless. (H. latifolia, Michx.) Sandy swamps,, rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, thick and fleshy. Leaves 1& to 18 inches long, 1 to 1^ inch wide. Flowzrs purple, with obtuse sepals. 8. CHAMiELIKIUM, WilhL Devil's-bit. $Jr. chamai, on the ground, and leirion, a lily ; of no obvious application. Flowers dioecious.. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals, persistent. Stamens 6, longer than tha sepals :. filaments thread-like : anthers yellow. Fertile flow- ers with rudimentary stamens. Styles 3, linear club- shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule ovoid- oblong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with a slender stem from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading leaves, and a long slender spiked 1 acame of yellowish- white flowers. C. LUTEUM, Willd- Unicorn Root Blazing-star. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; fertile scape- very leafy; sterile spike nodding ; stamens exserted. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) Low moist grounds, rather common. June. SpUce at length 6 to 10 inches long showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, somewhat whorled at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Medicinal. Order 127. JUNCACEJR —Rush Family. Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems and a regular persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, and a 1 to Z-celled ovary, forming a Z-valved Z to many-seeded capsule. Style single. 8xed3. anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen., JUXCACEJE. 389' 1. LUZULA, DC. Wood-rush. Italian, lucciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers". Perianth persistent, 6 parted, spreading. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 seeded. — Pe- rennials, with, flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked- crowded or umbelhd flowers. 1. L. PILOSA, Willd. Pilose Wood-rush. Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles umbelled, simple, mostly l-fiow«red; sepal* pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds tipped with a curved appendage. Woods and banks. April, May. Stem 6 to 12 inches hi^h, casspitose at the base. Radical leaves numerous, 2 to 4 inches long, veined, fringed with long white hiurg. Panicle 8 to 12-flowered, uuibjlled. Flowers reddish-brown. 2. L. CAMPESTRIS, DC. Common Wood-rush. Leaves flat, linear, hairy ; spikes 4 to 12, somewhat unibelled, ovoid, straw-color, •om-j of them long-peduucled, others nearly sessile; sepils acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capgule; seeds with a conical appendage at the base.. Dry fields and woods. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches bi^h, caespitose at base. Leave* grass like 2 to 6 inches long, very hairy on the margins. Flowers roddish-broiv^a, la ovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes. 2. JUSTOUS, Linn. Rush. Bog-Rush. ■ The classical name, from jingo, to join, aliasing to their use for bands. Perianth spreading glumaeeous, 6-parted. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3, snbsessile. Capsuxe 3-celI§d, loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose } panided, or clustered small greenish or brownish flowers. * Leaves none. Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootstoeks. Stamens 3. 1. J. EFFUSUS, L. Common or S]ft Rush. Bull-rush. Scape soft and pliant, finely striated ; panicle diffusely much branched, many- fiowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the obovate very acute capsule ; stamens 3. Marshy ground, very abundant. June. Scape 2 to 4 feet high, erect, terminating in a long tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the acape above the middle, sessile. Flowers greenish, with white anthers. * * Scapes naked, some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing. Stamens 0. 2. J. SETACEU3, Rostkow. Bristly Rush. Scape slendor, filiform; panicle loose, rather simple, few-flowered ; sepals lanceo- late, very acute, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate pointed capsule. Swamps. June, July. A very slender species, growing in tufta about 2 feet high. Scapes sheathed at base, turning light chestnut-color. Panicle small, 20 to SO-flowered, bursting frem the side of the scape, below the summit. * * • Stems leaf-bearing. Leaves round or flattened laterally knotted, or jointed. 3. J. SCRIPOIDES, Lam. Many-headed Rush. Bum erect, stout, round; leave* round; jwsicJs rath.es simple, bearing & to 8 R2* 390 juncace^:. pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads ; sepals rigid, awl-shaped, and somewhat awned, especially the outer, as long as the triangular acuminate capsule ; seeds barely pointed at each end. Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, from a thickish creeping rootstock. Remarkable for its burr-like green heads,, ■usually y s inch in diameter. 4. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer, in Gray's Flora. Stem stout and round; leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound heads numerous, globular, 8 to 15-flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-point ed, rigid; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends. Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2% feet high. Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. " Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the body of the seed."' 5. J. acuminatus, Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush . Stem erect, terete; leaves slender, nearly terete ; panicle terminal, with rather slightly spreading branches; li&ads 3 to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear- lanceolate, very acute, shorter than the acutely triangular capsule ; seeds tail- pointed at both ends. - Peat bogs and borders of ponds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. FUwert pale-green or purplish, mostly 3 in a head. Oapsuie turning deep chestnut-brown. * * * * Leaves jointless, flat and open. Stame}is 3, 6. J. marginatus, Rostkow. Grass-leaved Rush. Stem leafy, erect, flattened ; leaves linear, grass-like, nerved; heads globose, 3 to S-fiowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and pointless, as long as the globose capsule ; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. Moist sandy places, common. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, tuberous at the ba?e> with numerous root-leaves. Panicle simple or compound. &pals soft, chestnut- purplish, with a green keeL * * * ** Leaves channelled or involute, thread-form or almost setaceous. Stamens 6. 7. J. TENUIS, Willd. Slender Rush. Stems slender, wiry, simple, leafy only near the base ; leaves setaceous-linear,, channelled ; cyme shorter than the involueral leaves ; flowers solitary one-sided , nearly sessile ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, a little longer than the obtuse capsule.. Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July. Stem caespitose, 10 to 13 inches high. Flowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or one-sided on the branchlets, 8. J. Gerardi, Loisel. Blade Grass. Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled; panicle- terminal, cymose, longer than the Involueral leaves, rather crowded; sepals ovate- oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule. Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Stem 10 to 18 inches Ligh, slender. Foliage deep-green. Outer sepals deep chestnnt-brown, with a deep green keel. 9. J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. Annual ; stems diffuse, low and slender, leafy, often branched at the base ; pani- cle forking, spreading, the flowers remote; sepals lanceolate, awl- pointed, muck longer than the oblong obtuse capsule. Low grounds and roadsides, very common. June, Aug. Stem 3 to 9 inches high* tufted, divided towards the top. Panicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale-gre«a. Flowers greenish. PONTEDERIACE-E. 391 ****** Stems leaf-bearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens 6. 10. J. NODOSUS, L. Jointed Rush. Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved ; leaves terete, short ; he ads 1 to 2, or several and clustered, globose, 10 to 20-tiowered; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly a* long as the slender 3-angkd capsule. Gravelly borders of stream?. &c, common. Aug. Jtootstocks slender. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Heads in a loosepankle, or in a dense cluster. Flowers brown- ish or greenish. Order 128. P0NTEDERIACEE1.— Pickerel-weed Family. Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the pet^^ loid &-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary-, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. Periaxth-loees colored alike. Styles 1 : BsnaatA 3 to 6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, with eomewhat mealy albumen. 1. PONTEDEKIA, Linn. Pickerel- weed. Dedicated to Poniedera, Prof, at Padua at the beginning of the last century. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; the 3 lower lobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down to the base. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the- base and 3 near the summit of the tube : anthers oval,, blue. Ovary 3-ceiled ; 2 of the cells empty, the other containing a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herb", growing in shallow water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long- petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a ldeaved scape, termi- nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. P. CORD ATA, L. Common Pickerel-weed. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, Hint; spike very dense, from a spathe-like bract.— Tar. a>"GU3TIFOLIa, Torr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely cordate at base. Ponds, common. July— Sept. Stem.l to 2 feet high, bearing a single smooth glossy leaf, 4 to 7 inches long and 1]/, to 3 inches wide. Flowers aggregated by 2a and 3s, sessile bright blue, with a pair of small yellow spots on the upper lobe. 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pavon. Mud Plantain. Gr. hetera different, and aner, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar. Spathe several-flowered. Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube, the limb somewhat 6-parted. Stamens 3, 2 of the anthers ovate, yellow, the 3d oblong or arrow-shaped, greenish. Capsule incompletely 3-eelled, many-seeded.— Creeping or floating low herbs, with mostly rounded long- 392 COMMELYNACE.E. petioled leaves, and a 1 to few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole, with blue or white- flowers. II. reniformis, Ruiz & Pavoo. Mifil Plantain. Leaves round kidney-shaped ; spathe oblong-acumixate, 3 to 5-flowered. Muddy margins of streams. July, Aug. Stem prostrate and rooting in tha mud, partly floating. Leaves semicircularly nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Floivers white. 3- SCEIOLLERA, Schreber. Water Star-grass. Dedicated to Frederick A. Schdler, a German hotanist. Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lancet-linear spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or rarely an abortive fourth one) : filaments nearly equal, subulate. Capsule oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, growing wlioVy under water, only the small pale yellow flowers expanding on the turface, tcith slender branching stems, clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves and 1-fowered spathe. S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort. In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stern 2 to 3 font long. Lean is 3 to 6 inches long, very narrow. J/loivtrs yellow, with a tube \% Inch long an A a Xhick style. Order 129. COHHEELYNACEJE.— Soiderwort Family. Herbaceous plants, vrith jointed of ten branchingleofy stems, a7id mostly perfect and t-andtoui flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to o-cclled ovary. Perianth ia 2 r»ws ; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved ; inner petal- like, ephemeral. Stamens 6, hypogynous. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Capsule 2 to 3 celled, 2 to 3-valvet], loculicidal, 3 to several-seeded. 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-flower. Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists, J. & G. Contmelyn. Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3-leaved, calyeine ; inner 3-leavod petal-like. Stamens 6, unequal, 3 of them fertile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cruciform anthers: filaments naked. Gap- bule 3-celled, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded or abortive. — Herbaceous plants, with branching stems, lance- linear leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles, the floral one cordate and clasping, folded together or hooded XYRIDACEtf:. 393 and forming a hind of spathe inclosing the blue or white ephemeral /lowers. 1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Michx. Narrow-leaved Day-flower. Stem usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate; spathe heart-shaped, folded together ; peduncles usually divided, the smaller braneh 1-fiowered or sterile;, petals jmsqu&l, the lawer one much smaller ; capsule 2-celled.. Damp rich woods and hanks, rare. July — Oct. Per. Plant nearly smooth, 12 to IS inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to 1^ inch wide, varying from lance-liuear to lanceolate. Spathe veiny, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers deep blue, Stamens 2, perfect. 2. C. Yirginica, L. Virginian Day-flower. Stems upright, smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface and margins rough backwards ; shcatlis fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded and nearly sessile, broadly dilated ; peduncle several-flowered ; petals nearly equal» capsule 3-ce-lled. Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erest. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Flower* blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Stamens 3. C- ccelestls, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated. 2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. Spiderwort. Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles the First. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Stamens 6, all fertile: filaments bearded. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. — Herbaceous perennials, with keeled linear or lance linear leaves, and ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored flowers in axillary and terminal umb&lkd clusters. 1. T. Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort. Leaves lanee-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the pointy ciliate ; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent. Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May — Aug.. Stems thick, round 1 ,, jointed, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves numerous, 12 to 18 inches long, by % to 1 inch wide. Flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white;, soon fading. 2. T. ROSEA, Vent. Rose-colored Spiderwort. Small and "slender, smooth; leaves linear, long, ciliate at the base; umbel simjlr ©? sometimes a pair ; calyx smooth. Moist woods or sandy fields, common. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Leave* grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long, about % inch wide. Flowers rose-colored, much emaller than in the preceding species- Order 130. XYRIDAOEJE— Xyris Family, RuthAike herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scape, which <$ terminated by a head of perfect S-androus flowers, with extr or se anthers, aglumaceous, calyx, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatj od- ious seeds ; — chiefly represented by the genus.. 391 ERIOCAULOXACE.E. XYIiXS, Linn. Yellow-eyed Grass. Gr. xyros, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves. Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments boat-shaped or keeled; inner row petal-like, with claws, more or less coherent. Stamens 6, 3 fertile with linear anthers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Style 3-eleffc. Capsule oblong, free, 1-celied, with 3 parietal placentae, 3- x&lxed.— Push-like herb$ } with narrowly linear rigid radical leaves, sheathing the scape, and yellow flowers in a terminal dense head. 1. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Common Yellow-eyed Grass. Scape flattish. somewhat 2-edged at the summit. 1-angled below, smooth ; leaves linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. Wet meadows, rare. July. Aug. Per. Scope 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat bulbous at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves few flat, 6 to 12 inches loug, \$ to ^ inch wide. Petals rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish. 2. X. brevifolia, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Gras?. Leaves subulate, ensiform, short ; head globose ; petals shorter than the sepals slightly notched. Wet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches high, compressed near the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow. Order 131. ERIOCAULONACEiE.— Pipewort Family. Aquatic or marsh plants, usually aeotdescent, wiih linear cellular spongy leaves naked scapes sheathed at V of 'ous or dicecious minute flowers in the axils of minute tract?, with o. nttt, introrse anthers and a 2 to Z-celled 2 to o-scedef.' capsule ; principally represented by the genus ERIOCAULON, Gronov. Pipewort. Gr: erion, wool, and laulos, a stalk ; from the woolly scape of many species. Flowers chiefly monoecious ; the central ones of the head sterile, bearing 4 or G stamens, the exterior fertile. Sepals 2 or 3, the lateral ones boat-shaped. Corolla tabular and 2 to 3-lobed in the sterile flowers; of 2 or 3 sepals in the fertile, each bearing a black- gland. Style 2 to 3-parted. Capsule 2 too-celled, \ocuYiddal.— Herbaceous plants, tcith smooth often pellucid leaves, simple scapes bear- ing a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the summit with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts scarious, often empty and forming a kind of involucre. E. septangular E, Withering. Jointed Pipewort. Scape slender, 6 to 7-angled or furrowed; leaves subulate-ensiform, conspicuous* ly cellular, pellucid; outer tracts obovate, rounded; head small, round. CYPERACEiE. 895 Ponds ami borders of swamps. An.?. Per. Ssape 2 inches to G feat long, ac- cording to the depth of the water, pall ucid and cellular. Leaves submersed, in a email tuft at the boltom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from a flattened base. Head lead-color, Yz t0 % i Utf ^ broad. Stamens i. Sub-class IV. GLUMACE.E, or aLUMACEOUS EN- DOGENS. Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in- rested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx. Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule and becoming a 1-seeded achenium or caryopsis. Order 1S2. G¥PERAG£M— Sedge Family. Grass'Wce or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), closed $heaths, arid - . 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of the glume-W.e imbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place, and a 1-ceUed ovary, with a single erect anatropems ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft, when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular. 1. DULICHIUM, Bichard. Gr. dvo, two, leiken, a scale; alluding. to the glumes in two rows. Stikelets 6 to 10 -flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary -solitary peduncles emerging from the sbeatbs of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked, lanceolate. Pe- rianth of 6 to 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. SiiLE 2 r cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear- oblong, Beaked with the long persistent style. — Perennial*, ear 3-ra;ikcd leaves, and round simple jointed culms, leafy to the sun D. spathaceum, Pers. Spathaceom DidicJiium. BonJfra of ponds-, corqmon. Jttly— Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves flat, spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikeiet$% inch long, brownish, on a fiexuous raehis. Scales rusty-^eUow. 2. CYPERU3, Linn. Galingale. The ancient Greek name. Spikelets many to few-flowered, disposed in a simple or compound terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked, deciduous with age. Stamens 1, 2, or mostly 3. Perianth none. Style 2 to 3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular, naked at the apex. — Mostly perennials, with simple 896 CYPERACE.E. modly triangular culms leafy at the bast, 1 to several leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the umbel, and unequal pedunclet sheathed at the base. Sec I. Ptcreus, Beauv.— Style 2-cIeft : achenium flattened. 1. C. flavescens, L. Yellow Sedge. Stamens 3 ; spike linear, rather obtuse, 14 to 30-flowered, clustered at the end of the 2 to 4 rery short rays ; scales obtuse, 1 -nerved ; aclienium shining, orbicular. Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, Leaves narrow, as long as the culm. Spikeleta 5 to 8 inchas long, yellowish. Involucre 3-leaved, very unequal. 2. C. dtandrus, Torr. Diandrous Gatingah. Stamens 2 ; spi7:cs lance-oblong, rather acute, 11 to 21-flowercd, scattered or clus- tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays ; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown- margined ; achenium oblong-ovate. Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, o^ten weak and somewhat decumbent, clustered. Stamens sometimes 3 iu Che upper axils. Tar. castanecs, Torr., has oblong-lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex- Berted style. 3. C. Cleaverti, Torr. Delicate Gating ale. Stamen 1 ; culm bristle-form, terminated by a single and similar erect invojucral leaf and a solitary lance-linear 10 to 12-flowered spike ; scales linear-oblong, rather acute, 3-nerved; atftenium oblong-obovate. Near Philadelphia, Dr. Cleaver. Culm 4 to 6 inches high, triangular. Spikt % inch long much compressed. Sec. n. Cipzrus proper- — Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri- angular. * Stamen 1 : umbel contracted or sessil-e. 4. C. inflexus, Muhl. Odorous Galingah. Dwarf, io tufts; spikes oblong-liuear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate heads; scales oblong, tapering into a long recurved point; involucre 8-leaved, very long. Sandy shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2 to 5 inches high, densely clustered. Leaves linear, as long as the culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikzlets yellowish. Plant •weet-secnted like Me [Hot iu drying. • * Stamens 3 : culm triangular. 5. C strigosus, L. Tall GalingaJe. Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base ; umbel simple or -compound, many- rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spikes linear-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-fiowered, very numerous: scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish. Low and cultivated grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. Culm. 1 to 3 feet high. Spikes 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, yellowish on the sides. 6. C dentatus, Torr. Toothed Galingale. Culm slender; umbel 4 to 7-rayed, compound; spiles 3 to 6 on each partial ray, •clustered, oblong or ovate.lanceolate, flat, 6 to 30-flowered; scales strongly keeled, with very acute tips; joints of the axis naked; achenium obovate, minute. Sandy swamps. Aug. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leave* somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green. Suties reddish brown on the sides, green on the back. GYPERAGBM. 397 7. C. piliculmis, Vahl. Slender-stallced Galingale. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined; spikes aumerous and clustered in a dense head, or in 1 to 3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 to 10-flowered ; scales .ovate, blunt, loose; achcniicrii obovate. Dry sterile soil. Aug. Culm 1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at base. Leavel linear, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. * * * Inner scales herbaceous, free. S 8. C. erythrohizos, MuM. Red-rooted Galingale. Culm obtusely triangular ; umbel ccmpounu, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved, very long; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18- flowered; scales lanceolate, mucronate. Wet alluvial bank?. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves shorter than theculm. Spikes bright chestnut. colored. Root fibrous, red. 3. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Gr. -fom.i, half, and ZrarpAos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scaleleton one side of the nower. Spike many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus- ter, sessile. Scales imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single behind the flower, very thin. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. — Low tufted ■annuals ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha. Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, the other a minute leaf; spikes 2 or 3 ; scales tipped with a short-recurved point. Sandy shores. July. Ciilms 1 to 4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous. Spikes v /± inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales very numerous. 4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-rush. Gr. elos, a marsh, and charis, to delight in; being marsh plants. Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many to several-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides in many, rarely -2 or 3 ranks. Perianth of 3 to 12 (usually 6) bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. Stamens 3-. Style 2 or 3 -cleft, bulbous at the base, jointed with the apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular aehem- ium. — Chiefly 'perennial leafless herbs, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, some of them often sterile from matted or creep- ing rootstocks. 1. E. quadrangulata, R. Brown, Square-stalked Spike-rush. Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3 of the sides coneave, the fourth wider and flat; tcales broad-ovate, very obtuse ; achenium smooth, crowned with a beaked tubercle Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. £lpikc 1 to 134 inch long. Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple. S2 898 CYPERACE.E. 2. E. OBTUSA, Schultes. Obtuse Spike-rush. Culms nearly terete, tufted; spiJce globose-ovoid, many-flowered; scales very numerous (80 to 130), densely crowded in many rants; style 3-(rarely 2)-clcft achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a broad tubercle. Muddy places, very common. July. Culms 8 to 15 inches high. SpiJce thick and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib. 3. E. palustris, R. Brown. Common Spike*rush. Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstocks; fptV.es oblong- lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, 1 oosely imbricated in several ranks; acheniufn obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a flattened tubercle, shorter than usually 4 bristles. Marches and low meadows, common. June — Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, stout and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in grassy grounds. A very variable species. Spike x /± to % inch long. Scales reddish-brown, with a broad and translucent whitish margin and green keeL 4. E. INTERMEDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Spike-rush. Culms capillary, wiry, striats-g rooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse- ly spreading or reclining ; spike oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowcred; ScaUs oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium »mooth, obovoid, tubercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles. Wet slope?, common. July. Culmsycvj numerous, 6 to 12 inches high, jlchen- turn light brown. 5. E. TENUIS, Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. Calms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular, the sides concave; spiJce ellip- tical, ncutish, 20 to 30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scaricug margin and green keel; achenium obovate, roughened; bristles 2 to 3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting. Wet, meadows and bogs, common. July. CulmS to 12 inches high, very slender, with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at b;*se. Spike x /± inch long. 6. E. ACICULARIS, U. Brown. Capillary Spike-rush. Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; spike 3 to 8-fiowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, greenish with purple sides ; acftenium cbovatc-oblong, rather acuta at each end, tumid, with 3-ribbed angles, longer than the 3 or 4 very fugaceoua bristles. Muddy places, and margins of brooks, common. Juno — Aug. Culm 2 to 8 incha« long, clustered, slender. 5- SCIRPUS, Linn. Bulrush. Club-rush. The ancient Latin name'of the Bulrush. Spikes many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered, often appearing lateral from the extension of the involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly imbricate on all skies in several ranks. Perianth of 3 to G bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2 or 3-eleft, simple at base, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular. — Chiefly fn,-woal or cotton, and phora, bearing. Spike many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth woolly, of numerous flat hairs, much longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. — Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and mostly umbelled spikdets, finally clothed with long silky hairs. 1. E. Virginicum, L. Virginian Cotton-grass: Culm rigid, nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above; leaves narrowly- linear, elongated, flat; spiles crowded in a dense cluster or head ; u-col rustjvcolor,. 3 times the length of the scale; stamen 1. Bogs and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy.. Scales with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 2. E. polystaghyon, L. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. Culm rigid, obscurely triangular; leaves linear flat, or barely channelled below*- triangular at the point; involucre 2 or S-leaved; spiles several, on nodding pe- duncles, some of them elongated in fruit. Bogs and marshes, common. June, ripe in Aug. A variable species. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very nvrmercua r long, white with a reddish tinge, 1 inch long. 7. FIMBKISTYLIS, Vahl. Lat. fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style; from the ciliate style. Spikes several to many-flowered. Scales regularly im- Bricated in several ranks. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. Style 2 or 3-cleft, with a thickened or bulb-like base,, deciduous. — Perennials with leafy culms, and cymose-um- helled spikes, as in Scirpus. Sec. i. Eimkristtlcs proper. — Style 2-cleft, mostly fiat and ciliate on the margin, » I.. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms grooved and flattish, slender; leaves chiefly from the base, narrowly linear, flat, channelled^ ciiiate-denticulate, glaucous; umbel simple or compound; involu* ere about 3-leaved ; spikes ovate, acute; stamen single; achenium 6 to 8-ridgedon each side. Low clayey soil. July, Aug. Culm 4 to 12 inches high. Umbel small, some of the rays divided. Spikes % inch long. Sec. n. Trichelosttlis, Lestib. Style 3-cleft, seperatmg from the triangular achenium. 2. F. autumnal^, Roem. & Schultes. Low, tufted; culms flat, often diffusely spreading; leaves flat, very acute,;. in? CYPERACE2E. 401 tiluere 2-leaved; umbel usually decompound ; spaces oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3 together at the end of the rays ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium obovate-triangular. Muddy grounds. Aug. — Oct. Cidm S to 12 inches high. Leaves mostly radical. Scales rasty-brown with a green kaei. 3. F. OAPILLARIS, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis. Lotv, densely tufted : c.d.ns capillary, much longer than the bristle-form leaves; sheaths hairy at the throat; involucre 2 or Sf-leayed ; umlel compound or panicled; spikes OTOid-ohlong ; stamens 2; achenium very obtuse, tipped wi.h the minute bulb. Sandy fields, common. Aug. Culm 3 i& 8 inches high. Leaves mostly radical, rusty-brown vrich a gr^en keel. 8. CERAT03CH(ENU3, Nees. Hosned Sush. Gr. 7:eras, a horn, and schoinos, a rush. Spikes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and 1 to 4 staminate. Scales few and loosely imbricated, the lower emp^y. Pe- rianth of 5 or 6- rigid or cartilaginous bristles. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening into a long beak with a narrow base, much exserted, and several times longer, than the flat and smooth achenium. — Perennials, with - 1 in simple or compound terminal and c ies. 1. C. CORNICULATA, N id-shaped; stout, unequal, shorter thaiitha ash nium. Wet places. Aug. Culm 3 to 6 feet 1 uTar. Leaves 12 to 10 inches long, % inch wide. . tiling. 9. KHYNCHOSPORA, Yahl. Beak-rush. Gr. rugchos, a snout, and spora, a seed; from the beaked acheniuat Spike ovate, few to several-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricate, the lower ones smaller and empty. Bristles Q, rarely more. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achen- ium lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent basa of the style. — Perennials, with more or less triangular leafy culms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes or heads, 1. R. cymosa, Ntttt. Tufted Bealc-rush. C.ilri triangular; leaves linear, fiat: cymes corymbose; spaces crowded and eiua» tared; achenium rou-nd-coovate, twice the length of the bristles. Low ground3, rare. July, Aug. Gulr.i 12 to IS inches high, slender. 2. R. ALBA, Yahl. White Bealc-rush. Culm triangular aboye ; leaves nearly bristle-form; spiles eeTeral eorymJ)-clus= tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 2; achenium oyoid, narrowed $.£ the base, shpxt«3f than the 9 to 11 bristles. S2* 402 CYPERACE.E. Bogs and swamps, common. July, Aug. Culm slendor, 12 to 20 inches high*- smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish* 3. Pu. CAPILLACEA, Torr. Capillary, Beak-rush. Oulm triangular, slender; leaves bristle-form <; spiles 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, and mostly Tor 2 on a remote axillary peduncle; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipit-ate,- about half the length of the 6 stout bristles.. Bogs and rocky river-banks. July. Culm 6 to 9 inches high. Spikelets 1 to 3- flowered. /Sbates'light-brown, oblong, mucronate. 4. E. glomerata, Yahl. Clustered Beak-rush. Culm obtusely triangular ; leaves linear, flat; spikes very numerous in distant dusters or heads, ovoid-oblong; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at tho base; hrisiles 6, downwardly barbed. Low grounds. Aug. Culm. I to. 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than, the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish. 10. CLADIUaf, P. Browne. Twig-rush. Gt. llados, a twig or branch, application uncertain. Spikes ovoid or oblong. Scales few, imbricate in a somewhat trifarious manner ; the lowest empty. Bristles^ none. Stamens 2- Style 2 or S-cleft, deciduous. Achenium ovoid or globular. — Perennials, with leafy stems and terminal and axillary corymbs or panicles. G. MARICOIDES, Torr. Smooth Twig-rush. Bog^rush. Culm obscurely triangular; cysn.es small, compound ; spikes clustered in heads of S to S together en 2 to -1 peduncles ; style 3-cleft, with entire lobes. Bogs and pone's. July. Culm 2 f et high, nearly smooth. Leaves channelled;, with a long compressed point. Scales about 6, brown; 4 lower ones usually empty. XL SCLEETA> Linn. KuT-RUsm. Gr. slieria, hardness ; from the bony or crusted fruit. Flowers monoecious.. Fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usuall- ly intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes, .. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens li to 3. Style 3-cleft.. Achenium globular, seated in a^ shallow or saucer-shaped disk.: — Perennials, with triangular leafy culms r and fascicled or jmnicled spikes* Sec. I. SEOLEBI& proper,— Perianth lobed or a ring, oftan obscure. 1. S. TRIGLOMERATA, Michx. Three-clustered. -Nut-rush'. . Culm broadly-linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axil- lary, in triple clusters, the lower pedancled ; stamens 3; achenium^ ovoid-glubular , ?» slightly pointed. Low grounds. June, July. Culm 2 ts 3 feet high, leafy. Leaves 2 to 3 linear wide, rough on the margin.. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white. 2. S. PAUCIFLORA, Muhl. Few-flowered Nut-rush. Somewhat downy or nearly smooth; leaves narrowly linear; dusters fswrflowwed;. GYPBRACBJS. 403 bracts ciliate ; scales smoothish ; tubercles ot I he perianth in 3 pairs at the base of: the shining roughened achenium. Swamps and hills. July. O'm. 9 to " inch i high, ronghish atove. Fascicles 2 or 3; the lower lateral ones when lent pedunclecl. Achenium white, roughs ■with elevated points. Sac. n. Hyroposcm, Nees. I. . : stamens 1 or 2. 3. S. YERTIClLLATA, Mr.i.i Whorled Nut-rush. Smooth ; culm simple, slender an 1 with 1 linear leaves smooth ; fascicle, 4 to %. alternate, sessile, distant; Iract.; minute, setaceous;- scales smooth; achenium glo- bose, rough-wrinkled, short-pointed. Swamps. Ju le — A .v;. Culm 6 to 10 inches high, very slenler, termin&tsd by an interrupted spike cr fascicle of 4 to 6 rather distant sessile clusters. Ecj.U3 purple. 12. CAPJEX, Linn. Sedge. A classical name of obscure signification* Spikes one or seyeral, androgynous, monoecious or rare- ly dioecious. Scales 6f the spikes 1-flowered, equally im- bricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Style. single, included : stigmas 2 or 3, elongated, exserted,. Ovary inclosed in an inflated sac (perigynium). Achen- ium lenticular, plano-convex or, triangular, crowned with tho lower portion of the style.- — Perennial herbs, chiefly flower- ing in April or May, often growing in wet places, with tri- angular culms, grassy leaves usually rough on the margins and keel, and bearing the spikes in the axils of green and- leaf -I ike or scale- like bracts. Sec. i. Spikes staminate at the summit. * Stigmas 3, 1. C. polytricholdss, Mulil. Bristle- stalked Sedge.. Culm slender ;. leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ; spike very small, few-*- flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the- apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. Low grounds and bogs, common. Culm a foot high, very slender. FertiU flou%'- srs 3 to 8. 2. C. PEEUNGULATA, Muhl. Peduncled Sedge. Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote ; shtaths with green tips much ; shorter than the stalks ; ptrigynia with along attenuated base, the orifice minute- ly notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale. Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, tufted, prostrate- tit maturity. 3. C UMBELLATA-, Schk Umbe 7 led Sedge. Tufted; culms very short; staminate spike short, erect, sometimes with a few- pistillate flowers; fertile spikes 4 or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the uppermost close to the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an unequal height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate. Rocky hillsides. Culms in dense tufta 2 to 6 iuolies high. £eava radical, DAP? - low, rough, longer than the culm. 404 CYPERACE.E. 4. C. Pennsylvania, Lain. Pennsylvanian Sedge. Sterile spikes erect, commonly on a short stalk ; fertile splices usually 2, approxi- mate, nearly sessile, ovcid. 4 to C-Sowered ; perigynium roundi^h-ovoid, with a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length- of the ovat« pointed chestnut-colored scale. Dry -woods and hillsides, common. CvJsis tufted, 4 to 12 inches high, slender, Touch above. Laves short, somewhat glaucous. 5. C. YESTITA, Willd. Short Woolly Sedge. Sterile spikes 1 or 2. the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked : fertile spikes 1 or 2, approximate, sessile, OToid or oblong ; perigynia QTcid, downy, nerved, short- beaked, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves flat, shorter than the culms, rough. 6. C. tentaculatAj Mulil. Lortg-ppinted Sedge. Sterile spikes solitary ; fertile spiles 2 or 3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindrical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally: perigynia crowded, ovoid, in- flated, very long-beaked, 2- teethed at the r than the long-subulate 6cale. Wet meadow?, common. Cnhn 12 to IS inches high, triangular, rough on the angles. Leaves bright green, longer than th«s culm. 7. C. INTUMESCENS,' Rudge. Swollen Sedge. Sterile spikes oblong, peduncled"; fertile spikes 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to S-flowered,- elosely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly exserted peduncle; perigynia ovoid, erect-spreading, tapering into a long beak, much longer than the ovate cuspidate scale. Wet grounds, common. Culm slender, 15' to 20 inches high, with 1 to 3 fertile spikes closely crowded together, i . i-iin.-ar, rough on- the margin. 8. C. FOLLieuLATA, L. Tall Yellow Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, small, short-stalked, or sessile : fertile *pil ; 3 r '-. n very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering- to a long point, exceeding the ovate white long Swamps. Calm 2 to -i i l high, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth, ^.inch wide, yellow- ish. Bracts long, foliaceous. 9. C. ltjpulina, Mu lil. Hop-like Sedge.. Sterile sjrikes short-peduncled; fertile ?pi 7 :s 2 cr S, oblpng-ovt : h erect, the upper approximate, the lower on more or less exserted b( I : x erect, inflexed, long-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awaed scale. Var. 1. psdunculata, Beck. Fertile spiles all peduncled, distant; the 3 iipper aubumbellate. Swamps and wet meadows, not common. A coarse robu-t species 2 to 3 feet high^ with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and very thick spikes 2 or 3 inches in lengths 10. C YESICARTA, L. Staminate spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes mostly 2, oBIong; or cylindrical, stout, ap- proximate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough staik; perigynia obiong- ovoid, 17-nerved at base, 10-nerved above, with a short tapering beak, braadir than the long pointed scale. Marshes, rare. Chester County, Darlimrton. A bright green plant about 2 feet high. Culm sharply angled and" rough, shorter than the leaves. 11. C. SCABRATA, Schweinitz. Rovgh Sedge. Ftriilt spikes 4. or 5, cylindrical, erect, rather. distant, densely flowered, the lotrer- GYPERACE^. 405 on long stalks; bracts without sheath3; perigynia- ovoid*, contracted at the base, few-nerved, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown 6cale. Wet meadows and swamps. Culm IS inches high, and' with the dark green Agaves and bracts very rough. 12. C. debilis, Miclix. Weak Sedge. Sterile sjnkes solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes with loos© alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rachis; perigynia oblong, tapering at each end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scales. Maoist meadows. June. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, weak and 3lender, sometime* procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. 13. C. ollgocarpa, Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes small, 3 to 8-flowered ; style rery short, thickened towards the base ; perigynium roundish-triangular, with a slightly oblique point. Woods. O'ulm 6 to 12 inches high, erect- Leaves longer than the culm, rough o& the edge, dark green. Sheaths smooth. 14. C. plantaginea, Lam. Plantain-like Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes mostly 4, oblong, 5 to 8-flowered ; tracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia oblong, acute at each end, recurved at the apex. Sbady woods- Culm 8 to 20 inches high, erect. Leaves radical, broad, strongly 3-nervcd. 15. C. granularis, Muhl. Round-fruited Sedge. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occasionally bearing a few fertile flowersr fertile spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 lowest peduncled ;: perigynia roundish-ovoid, nerved, minutely pointed; bracts longer than the culm. Wet meadows, common. Culm 10 to 15 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent^ . 16. C. ANCEPS, Willd. Pale Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, triangular; fertile spikes 2 to 4, slender, loosely flowered; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. Var. 1. Stkiatula has the spikes oblong,, more densely flowered, and the perigynia obovoid with a shorter point. (C. blanda,. Dew.) Open woods, common. Culm 6 to T2 inches high, triangular, leafy near the base , . Leaves as long as the culm, pale-green and somewhat glaucous. 17. C. bullata, Schk. Inflated Sedge. Sterile spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes 1 or 2, mostly 1, approximated, oblong or cylin- drical, stout, sessile or on short, smooth stalks : perigynia spreading, ovoid, long- beaked, twice as Ion? as the lanceolate scale,. Wet meadows. Culm 1V£ to 2% feet high, triangular, rough above, leafy. Bracts and laves narrow, about as long as the culm. 18. C. hysteriginAj Willd. Porcupine Sedge- Sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes % to 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered,, the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on long stalks, at length nodding; perigynia- ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, beaked, twice as long as the oblong awned ecalcs. Wet meadows. A pale or yellowish-green plant, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves long, . Unear-lan»eolate. Fertile spikes % to 1% inch long. 406 cyperaceje. * Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly iterik at the summit. 19. C. bkomoides, Sclik. Brome-like Sedge. Splices 4 to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate; some of the central cues wholly fertile ; ptrigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate, with a tapering point, longer than the lanceo- late scale; style jointed at the base; Swampy grounds, common. Culm 12 t6 18 inches high, slender, rough above. Soak light brown. Occasionally di-jeeious. 20. . C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Fox Sedge. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupted, of 8 to 10 crowded clusters r ptrigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity ; scale ovate, cuspidate. Low grounds, common. Culm 18 to 2i inches high, obtusely triangular above/ leafy. Spikes V/^ to 2^ iucbes long. 21. C. stipata, Muhl. Beaked Sedge. Spiles 10 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound;: pcrigyma lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, longer than the scale. Swamps and low grounds, common. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, thick and succulent- Spike 2 inches long, straw-color. 22.. C. ROSEA, Schk. Rose Sedge. Spikes 4 to 6, the uppermost approximate, the others all distinct and the lowest often remote ; ppiff&ma oblong, S to 10 in each spike, narrow at the base, rough ©n the margin, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. Moist woods and m '.-adows, c—mmon. Culm 12 to 15 inches high. Spiles yellow- ish-green. Varies with weak slender 1 culms, and small 3 to 4 flowered spikes. 23. C. RETHOFLEXA, Mukl. Retroflexed Sedge. Spikes 4 or c T all approximate r the 1 or Slowest distinct but not remote : ptrigynia about 5 to 7 in each spike, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth on the margin, spread- ing or rcflexed, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale. Mcist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender. 24. C. CEPHALOPliO&A, Mulil. Oval-headed Sedge. Spiles 5 or 6, small, and densely aggregated into a short ovoid head; ptrigynia; broadly ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer sid8, scarcely longer than* the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium roundish-ovate; style short tumid at the base. Woods and fields, common. Culm 1 to 2 &et high, leafy at base. "Whole plant green . 25. C. CAESPITOSA, L. Smaller Bog. Sedge. Sterile npikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindrical-oblong; fertile spikes mostly 3 eylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short exsert peduncle; perigynium ovoid or oval, scmewhat acute, smooth, mostly longer than the oblong obtuse blackish scale. Mountain bags* Culm 12 to IS inches high, slightly round above. Leaves flat,, light green. Beck. 26. C. crinita, Lam. Fringed Sedge. Sterile spiles 1 or 2, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile rpike* 8 to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts longer than the culm ; ptrigynia roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely neiredy shorter than the oblong light-brown scale.. crwBRACs.fi. 4-07 Wet meadows and borders of rilla, common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, sharply angied, with pale leaves abeut ^ inch wide. Fertile spikes 2 to 3 inches long. 27. C. stricta, Lam. Sterile spikes 1 to 3; this fertile 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex- ceeding the culm; perigynia ovate acuminate or elliptical, with a short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the reddish-brown scale- Wet meadows and swamps, common. Culm 2 to 2j/£ feet high, slender sharply triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, rigid, rough and glau- cous. Grows inlarge thick tufts. 28. C alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Fox-tail Sedge. Head of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense : perigynia compressed, obscure- ly nerved, ovate, somewhat longer than the scale; achenium pyriform. "Woods not common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spike yellow- ish-green. Bsc. n. Spikes pistillate at the summit. •Stigmas % 29. C. Fraseri, Simg. Fraser's Sedge, Sp&e simple, ovoid ; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate, longer than the oblong scale. Mountains. Calm about a foot high, sheathed at base. Leaves radical, broad, wavy. Beck. 80. C STELLULATA, Good. Star-like Sedge. Spikes 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maturity ; perigynia ovate, acumi- nate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading horizontally, longer than the ovate acute scale ; achenium oblong or ovate ; style slightly tumid at the base. (C. •scirpeides, Schk.) Swamps and wet meadows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, stiff, leafy be- low. A variable plant embracing several nominal varieties, some of which occa- sionally bear dioecious spikee. 31. C. scop aria, Schk. Broom-like Sedge. Spikes 5 to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less appi-oximate, sometimes forming a dense head; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender teak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale. Low meadows, common. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, triangular rough above. Leaves long and narrow. Spike brownish or straw-colored when ripe. 32. C. LAGOPODIOIDES, Schk. Hare's-foot Sedge. Sp-Jce 10 to 15, approximate, alternate and sessile; perigynia ovatedanceelate, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk. Var. cristata has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. Wet fields, common. Culm 1 to iy % feet high, furrowed. SpUce sub-cylindrie when young. S3. C. 6TRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge. Spikes about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much -compressed, broadly and membranaceous!/ winged, somewhat longer than the lanceolate scale ; achenium sessile, ovaL Wet meadows, borders of woods and fields. A variable species, including several aoaainal species. 408 GRAMINE.E. ** Stigmas 3. 84. C. Shoetiana, Dew. Short's Sedge. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re- mote, all androgynous and densely flowered-; perigynia broadly-obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk, but little longer than the short-pointed gomewhat obovate scale. Marshes, Southern part3 of the State. 35. C. miliacea, MuM. Millet-lihe Sedge. Sterile, spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at the orifice, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy below. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm, yellowish-green. 36. C. squarrosa, L. Squarrose Sedge. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks; perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by the crowded ba?es of the fruit. Low meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leafy. Spike 1 to 2 inchas long, y A to % ineh in diameter, densely flowered. Order 133. GR IMMEiE — Grass Family Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2ranke& leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypngynous flow- ers imbricated with 2 ranked glumes or bracts. Stamens 1 to 6, commonly 3: ak- thers versatile, 2-celled. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas feathery or hairy. Ovart 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Flowers green, m amall spikelets, arranged in a spiked raceme or panicled manner. 1. LEEESIA, Solander. White Grass. Named in honor of 7. D. Leers, a German botanist. SpfKELETS 1-flowered, perfect, flat. Glumes none. Pa- LEiE (outer perianth) conipressed-carinate, awnless, bristly ciiiate. Stamens 1 to 6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh-grasses with jlat tcaves } which with the sheaths are rough upwards. 1. L. orysoides, Swarta. Cut-grasz. False Rice. Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the base ; flowers elliptical, with 3 itamens; palcoz strongly bristly ciiiate. Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked prickles. Panicle wiih many widely spreading and liexuous branches. H. L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass. Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the flowers closely appressed and gomewhat imbricated on the slender branches ; flowers oblong, with 2 atameni; jpakce sparingly ciiiate, greenish-White. GRAMINEyE. 409 Wet wood?. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, slender, branched, erect or decumhent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough.. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted. 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. Gt. Zizanion. the ancient name of some wild grass. ^Flowers monoecious, the stauaijiate and pistillate in 1- flowered spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes none, or only rudimentary. Pale.e 2, herbaceous, concave, awnless in the sterile. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. — Large and oft m reed-like water-grosses, with the spikelets jointed with the clavate pedicels, very deciduous. 1. Z. AQUATICA, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and stammate. the upper erect and pistillate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palece iong-awned, rough ; .styles distinct. Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water. Aag. Ann. Culm 3 to 9 feet high, stout terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle terminal, a foot or more long. Grain lintar, slender, % inch long ; gathered for food by the North-western Indians. 2. Z. miltacea, Michx. Millet-like Water-Rice. Pc.m&e diffuse, pyramidal; staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed; axons short; styles united; grain orate. Swamps, &c. Aug. Per. Culm ersct, 6 to 10 feet high. Leaves involute^ very Jong, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large. 3. ALOPECURUS, Linn. Fox-tail Grass. Gr. alcpsx, a fox, and cura, tail; in allusion to the form of the spike. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes % boat-shaped, and "keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceed- ing the lower paleae, which is awned ou the back below the middle ; uppor palese none. Stamens 3. Styles mostly united : stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle spiked, cylin* dricj terminal. A. ARISTULATUS, Michx. Wild Water-Foxtail. Glaucous; palece rather longer than the obtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped at the base, and hairy on the back and margin ; awns twice as long as the flower; anthers oblong. Wet meadows, rare. June, Aug. Per. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, ascending, knee-jointed at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute. fjpike nearly 2 inches long, pale. 4. PHLEUM, Linn. Timothy, An ancient Greek name. Glumes 2, much longer than the palese, distinct, equal, fcoat-sbaped, beaked or mucronate. PalejE 2 ; included in T2 410 GR AMINE iE. the glumes, awnless, truncate. Styles distinct. — Sjpikt very dense, cylindric. P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's- Grass. Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes eiliate on the back, truncate, tipped with a bristle less than half their length. Meadows, &c, naturalized, and much cultivated. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, simple, Bmeoth. Leaves fiat, smooth and glaucous. Spike green. Antlttrs purplish. Esteemed very valuable for hay. 5. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved, carinate ; the lower one smaller. Paleje 2, much alike ; the lower one 1-nerved, rather acute, longer than the glumes; the upper 2-keeled. Stamens mostly 2. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. — Calms wiry or rigid: learns involute, their sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. F looser nearly sessile in the glumes. 1. Y. VAGINiEFLORA, Torr. Hidden-flowered Rush- Grass. Culms slender, ascending; ?eare*involute-awI-shapei -.panicles simple and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; gbumts equal, abo*t as large as the paleas. Sandy soils. Sept., Oct. Ann. Culmi a^out a foot high, tuftvd. Leaves with a slender point. Punide oblong compressed, few-Ucwered. Anthers purple. 2. V. ASPERA, Beauv. Rouj/i-hiiel Rush- Grass. Loved leaves very lonj. rigid, rough on, the edges, tapering to a long involute and filiform point; the upper ones short, involute; sJieaths partly inclosing the ■contracted panicle; pal'ce mueh longer than the unequal glumes. Sandy fields and dry hills. Sept. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete. Leave* 1 to 2 feet long. Panicle lateral and terminal. Polos rough above, smooth o* hairy below, of greatly variable proportions. 6. SPOROBOLUS, R. Brown. Drop-seed Grass. Gr. spora, seed, and ballo, to cast forth. Spikelets l-(rarely 2)-flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers nearly as in Vilfa ; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain a globular utricle, containing a loose seed, deciduous. S. JUNCEUS, Kunth. Rush-like Drop-seed Grass. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated ; culm naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as - the upper one. Pry soil Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Spikelets 1 to 2 lines long ; shining. GEAMINE^. 411 7. AGliOSTIS, Linn. Bent-Grass. Gr. agros, a field ; the place of growth. Spikelets 1-ilowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat unequal, usually longer than the palese, pointless. Paleje very thin, pointless, naked * the lower 3 to 5-nerved, mostly awned on the back; the upper often minute or want- ing. Stamens mostly 3. Grain free. — Culms usually: tufted, slender, bearing a diffuse panicle. Sec. I. Trichoeium, Jlichx. — Upper palece none, or obsolete. 1. A. SCABRUM, Muhl- Rough Thin-grass. Culm geniculate at base, assurgent ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the branches short ;; glumes unequal, longer than the awnless palere. (A. perennans, Gray.) Damp 6haded places. July, Aug. Per* Culms \ to 2. feet high. Leaves I to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide.. 2. A. laxiplorum, Michx, Hair-grass. Culms very slender, erect: leaves short and narrow, lance-linear, the lower soon involute; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish ; glumes unequal acute, longer than the awnless or short-awned pale£e. Dry fields, common. May, June. Per. Calm 18 inches high. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long, becoming filiform. Spilelets clustered at the extremeties of the branchlets. A somewhat variable species. Sec. ii. Aseostis proper.— Upper paleai manifest. 3. A. VULGARIS, With. Red-top. Herd's-grast. Roottfoclis creeping; panicle. oblong,.with spreading short branches; ligulexeTj short, truncate ; lower palcas nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved . (A. hispida, Willd.) * Low meadows, introduced. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, mostly upright. Leaves linear Panicle purple, 4 to 6 inches long. A valuable grass. 4. A. alba, L. White Bent- Grass. Fiar in- Grass. Panicle narrow, contracted after flowering, the branches rough; ligule oblong or linear; lower paleai rather shorter than the glumes 5-nerved, awnless, or rarely short-awned on the back. Moist meadows and fields, introduced ; native northward. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, ascending, rooting at. the lower joints. Panicle greenish-white or. bare- ly tinged with purple. A valuable grass. 8. CINNA, Linn. Wood Heed-Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, crowded in an open panicle. Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, nearly equal. Paleje 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipi- tate, naked at the base, the lower one longer than the upper, short-awned near the summit. Stamen 1, opposite the up- per palese. Grain linear-oblong, free. — Perennial, rather sweet-scented grasses, with simple upright culms, bearing a large compound, terminal panicle, and linear -lanceolate Jlat leaves.. 412 GRAMINEJS. C. ARUNDINACEA, L. Common Wood Reed- Grass. Panicle spreadiug, mostly contracted in fruit; lower glume and the upper palem about % shorter than the lower paleae. Moist grounds. Aug. Culm sim pie, smooth, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves a foot or more in length, linear-lance >lafe, rough on the margin. Panicle 8 to 12 inches long. Flowers gEcen or purplish. 9. MUHLENBEEGIA, SchreBor. Drop-seed Grass.. Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. JHuhhiiburg , a distinguished American botanist. Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely open pani- cles. Glumes mostly acute, persistent;, the lower rather- smaller, or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes. Pale^ usually bearded at the base, deciduoug with the inclosed grain, often equal ; the lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. — Chiefly perennials, with branched and often diffuse rigid culms and short narroiv leaves.. 1. M. SOBOLIFERA, Gray. Shooting Muhlenberg ia. Culms ascending, sparingly branched ; panicle contracted, filiform, simple, with' oppressed alternate branches; glumesYtaxely pointed, almost equal, y± shorter than, the equal palere; lower pa'eai macronats at the tip.. Open rocky woods. Aug. . Cjrim 2 feet high, producing young, shoots from the roots. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Panicle with the flowers rather crowded^ 2. M. MEXICANA, Trim Mexican Muhlenbcrgia. Culms ascending, much branched ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included' at the base, contracted, dense-flowered ; glumes acuminate awnless, unequal ; palm about as long as the glumes, equal, awnless. Moist grounds. Aug. Root creeping. Culms 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves broad- linear, flat. Panicles. numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish*- 3. M. sylvatiga, Ton*. & Gr. Wood Muldenbergia. Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading; panicle slender, con- tracted, densely-m .ny-tlowered; glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly aa- long as the lower long-awned*paleee; Low or rocky woods, common. Sept. Root .creeping, Culm 2 to 4 feet high. 4. M. WlLLDENpWII, Trin. Culms upright, slender, simple or sparingly branched; panicle contracted, slen- der, loosely flowered; glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower long awned paleae. (Agrostis tenuiflora, Wdld.) Rocky woods. A g. Boot creeping. Culm 3 fet high, with swelled and pube- scent joints. Leaves few, spreading, strongly nerved. 5. M. diffusa, Schreber. Drop-seed. Nimble Will. Culms diffusely much branched ; panicles contracted, slender, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; glumes very minute, the lower obsolete, the upper truncate; aw a about twice as long as the paleae. Dry hills and woods. Aug., Sept. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, compressed. Leavep jpugh. Bristle purplish. graminbjE. 418 BO. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. Short-husk Grass. Or. brachuS; short, and elytron, husk ; from the very short glumes. Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a filiform pedicel of an abor- tive second flower, few in a simple appressed raceme. Lower, glumes obsolete. Pale^ involute., inclosing the linear- oblong grain, somewhat equal, the lower 5-nerved, the upper-' 2-poiuted. Stamens 2; 'the linear anthers and stigmas very long. — A perennial grass, with simple culms, rather downy sheaths, broad and fiat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large spikelets. B. aristatum, Beauv. Calm erect, from creeping rootstocksj panicle simple, loose. Rocky wood?, common. June. Culm 1 to 3 foot high, Vendor. Leaves i to 8 inches long. Lowdr paleai with a Tory long awn. Spikelets y 2 inch long. 11. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent-Grass, Gr. calamas, a reed, and agrosiis, a grass. Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open, contracted, or spiked panicle. Glumes 2, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, nearly equal. Paleje 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with a copious tuft of wl ite bristly hairs; the lower one bearing, a slender awn on the back or below the tip, rarely awnless. Stamens 3. Grain free.— Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid flowers. 1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. Canadian Reed- Grass. Panicle oblong, loose; lower pal wnexrly as long, as the lanceolate acute glumes, bearing an exceedingly delicate awn below the middle ; rudimentary pedicel minute. (Arundo Canadensis, Michx.) Wet grounds. July. Rather glaucous. Culm 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves a foot long, flat, narrow. Panicle erect, mach divided, at length spreading, often purplish. 2. C. CONFINIS, Nutt. Close-flowered Reed- Grass. Panicle elongated, narrow, the branches appressed after flowering, pale ; lower paleoz nearly equalling the oblong lanceolate acute glumes, with a rather stout and slightly exjertad awn between the middle and the base ; pappus nearly as long aa the flower. Swamps. July. Culm erect, simple, about 3 feet high. Leaves about ^ iu«h wide, »mooth. Panicle 5 to 8 inches long. 3. C. COARCTATA, Torr. Glaucous Reed- Grass. Panicle contracted, dense ; lower paleoz shorter than the acuminate tips of the lanceolate glumes, awned; pappus %, as long as the flower. Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves ■■ linear-lanceolate, scabrous and somewhat hairy. Panicle 5 to 6 inches long,. 12. STIPA, Linn. Feather-Grass. Gr. stypa, tow ; in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of som» of the species * Spikelets 1-flowered: the flower gtipitate. Lower pa? T2* 414 GRAMINE.E. LEiE coriaceous, cylindric-involute, closely embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, bearing a long and twisted simple aw r n r jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose.— Perennials, with narrow in- volute leaves and a loose panicle. S. AVENACEA, L. Blach Oat- Grass. Culm slender, leafy at thsbase; leaves nearly bristle-form; panicle spreading somewhat one-sided; palccs. blackish, nearly a3 long as the pointed glumes; awn Tery long, naked. Dry or sandy wood?. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 6 tp 8 inches long. Panicle nodding. Awn 2 to 3 inches long. 13. ARISTIDA, Linn. Triple-awned Grass. An ancient Latin name, from arista, a beard or awn. Flowers stipitate. Glumes unequal, often brisile- pointed. Lower PALEiE tipped with a triple awn ; the up- per much smaller. Scales 2, entire, smooth. — Annuals or perennials, with branching cuius, narrow, of ten involute leaves, ar.d racemed panicles, . 1. A:. DICHOTOMA, MIchx. Poverty Grass. Culms in tufts, much fork-branched; tpiJcelets i:i sh'.rt contrac+cd racemes;: flower rather shorter than the glumes ; lateral awns very short, the middle not longer .than the paleas, beat down.. Sterile foils. Au^r. Ann. Cuhn 5 to 15 inches high. Leaves fiat, very slender, smoothiih. Eacem.es on club-sh;;pid peduncle 3. %, A. purfurascens, Poir. Purple Three-awncd Grass. Culms mostly simple, filiform, erect ; leaves very narrow, fiat; panicle spiked, densely flowered ; noons nearly equal, 3-.or 4 timas the length of the palese, the middle one rather longest. Sandy fields and woods. Sept. Per. Culm .2 to 3 feet high, clothed with long : smooth leaves below, I'anicle 1 foot long, purple. . 14. SPABTINA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. Gr. pparlina, a cord; oa account of its long and tough leaves. Spikelets imbricate, 1-flowered, much compressed.. Glumes and pale^e unequal, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles long, mostly united below. — Perennials, icith simple and rigid reed likz culms, long, and tough leaves, very smooth sheaths, , and racemed spikes. 1. S. CYNCSUROIDES, Willdi Fresh-water Gord- Grass: Leaves very long, filiform. at the end, keeled flat, at length convolute ; spikes& to • 40, scattered, spreading; glumes awn pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Banks of .streams and marshes. Aug. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, smooth, terete* Staves 2 to 4 ieei long, narrow. %»ike$ linear, % or 3 inches long, straw-cokw, - GRAMINE-E. 41& 2. S. juncea, Willd. Rush-like Cord-Grass. Culms low and slender; lea ves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute; spikes 1 to 5, short-peduucled ; glumes acu t c, rough-serrulate on the back ; palece rather obtuse; styles distinct nearly to the base. Bait marshes and river banks. July, Aug. Root creeping, forming thick tufts. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 inches long, smooth. Spikn dually 3. 15. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl: Gr. ather, a bristle, andpogon, a beard; the beards being bristle-liks. Spikelets one-sided, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 or 3-- flowered, the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, mem- branaceous, unequal ; the lower shorter. Lower TALYM 3- nerved, 3-toothed at the apex, the upper 3 -nerved and 2- toothed. Abortive flowers pedicellate, neutral. Sta- mens 3. — JSj)ikcs short, arranged in a -raceme. A. APLTJDOIDES, Muhl. Bristle-heard Grass. Culms erect, in tufts ; sheaths commonly hairy ; leaves narrow, acuminate; spikes linear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal, numerous or rather remote, forming a. strict raceme ; rachts tipped with a slender naked point. Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Culm 1 to 3 feet bigh. Leaves lanceolatj, . attenuate at the end. Spikes 20 to 40 on short flat peduncles. Anthers lilgki . 16. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda Grass, Gr. kuon, a dog, and oclcroS, a tooth. Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a naked rudiment of a second; flower, imbricate-spiked on- one side of a flattish rachis. Glumes keeled, pointless, somewhat unequal. Pale^e pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. Sta- mens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves, and usually , digitate, spikes at the naked summit of the flowering culms. C Dactylon, Pers. Dog's-tooth Grass. Spikes digitate, 3 to 5; paleaz smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. Sandy waste places; introduced. July, Aug. Calm creeping, a foot or nsop&i lOng, prostrate. Stigmas dark purple. IT. ELEUSINE, Gsert. Crab-Grass. Yard-Gras& Gr. Eleusin, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped. Spikelets sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked" rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palece membranaceous, awnless and pointless^ \he lower ovate, .keeled, larger than the upper; Stamps 3>. 416 GR AMINE JE. Pericarp free from the oval seed. — Low annuals, with fiat leaves, and digitate or clustered 1-sided spikes. E. Indica, Gasrt. Dog's-tail Grass. Wire-grass. Oulms branched at the base, ascending, flattened; spikes 2 to fc; spikelets about 5-flowered. Yards aud cultivated grounds; introduced. July — Nov. ^Culm 9 to 18 inches long. Leaves distichous, linear, somewhat pubescent. Spikes usually 2 to 4, 2 Inches long, greenish. 18. TRICUSPID Beauv. Lat. tricuspis, three-pointed; alluding to the lower j: i Spikelets nearly terete, 3 to 12-flowered, the terminal flower abortive. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Lower pale^e bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting keel and marginal nerves, the base villous. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. — Leaves acuminate ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ,• the spikelets purplish, often racemed. T. sesllrioldes, Torr. Tall Red-top. Panicle loose, spreading ; brandies fiexuous, smooth ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 6-flomred, nearly terete, shining. Sandy fields. Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves long, flat, ncrred. Pa?iicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually purple. 19. DACTYLIS, Linn, Orchard Grass. Gr. dalctylos, a fing ;r ; in allusion to the form of the spike. Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters, forming a branching dense panicle. Glumes unequal; the larger keeled, mucronate \ the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed keel; upper bifid. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. — Pe- rennials, with keeled leaves, and contracted glomzratt panicles. D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass. Rough and rather glaucous; leaves broadly linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base ; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered. Keldsand meadows; introduced from Europe. June. Culm 2. to 3 feet high, erect, Panicle glaucous. Good for hay. 20. KCELEBIA. In honor of M. Rosier, a German botanist. Spikelets compressed, 2. to 7rflowered. Glumes 2, . shorter than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled. Balea membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, uaawned or with a short awn below the tip ; the upper 2- GRAMINEJE. 417 keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. — Perennials, with simple and tufted culms, often downy sheatfis, and contracted or spike like panicles. Sec. i. Kceleria proper. — Spdcelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a dense and nar^ row spike-like panicle. 1. K. GRIST ATA, Pers. Crested Kceleria. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base r spilcelet s 2. to 4-flowered; lower galea acute, often mucronate-pointed. Dry grounds or hills. June. Culm 20 to 30 inches high, smooth, leafy to one- half its height. Leaves fiat, erect, pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long; Sheaths smooth or downy. Sec. ii. Reeoclea, Kunth. — Spileleis usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, in a contracted or slender panicle. 2. K. Pennsylvania, DC. Pennsylvanian Kceleria,. Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elonga- ted; upper glume obovate, barely obtuse; lower palea rough. Moist woods and meadows. May, June. Culm about 2 feet high, simple. Leaves* short, tlat. Panide 4 to 8 inches long, very sender with yellowish-green spikeletff, . faries with a larger and fuller panicle, with the asptctof Cinna. 21. MELICA, Linn. BIelic-Grass^ An old name from meli, honey. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, the 1 to 3 upper flowers im,- perfect and dissimilar, convolute around each other. Glumes usually large, 2-valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved.. Pale^e menibranaceeous, unarmed. Stamens 3. Stig- mas branched plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Panide sirtir pie or sjpariiujli/ branched, M. speciosa, Muhl. Showy Melic- Grass. Smooth : panicle loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each spikelei containing 2 perfect flowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive onee; ; glumes and palea very obtuse. Eich soil. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Spikelets % inch long. 22. BRTZA, Linn. Quaking Grass. 6r. brizo, to nod or hang down ; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. Glumes roundish, unequal, purple. Pale^e inflated ; lower one cordate at base, embracing the upper, which ig nearly round and much shorter. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched plur mose, Grain flattened. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, with, the large and* showy spikelets often drooping on delicate spikelets. B. media, L. Common Quaking Grass. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, heart-shapedl when old. Meadows; naturalized. June, Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. 418 Gil AMINE JE. 23. GLYOSRIA, R. Brown. -Manna-grass. Gr. glukeros, sweet; alluding to the sweet-tasted grain. Spikelets mostly terete, long, linear, many-flowered ; rachis jointed. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, pointless. Paleje somewhat chartaceous, nearly equal,, naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved, the upper 2-keeled. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas decom- pound. Grain oblong. — Perennial smooth marsh-grasses, witth simple culms pom running root-docks, Jiat leaves and nearly entire sheaths ,• the panicle loose and open. 1. G. FLUITANS, R. Brown. Common Manna grass. Panicle 1-sided slightly branched ; spikelets 7 to 13-flowcred, appressed; lower palece oblong, obtuse. Shallow water, common. June. July. Culm thickish. 2 to 15 feet high, from a creeping root. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 12 to lfr, inches long, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath. 2. G. OBTUSA, Trin. Obtuse-fioicered Manna-grass. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets ovate, 6 to 7-nowered; glumes searious; lower palea; ovate, obtuse, the upper as long when old. Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, very leafy. Leaves linear, long, smooth. Panicle 3 to 4 inches long, many-flowered. 3. G. ELONGATA, Trin. Long -pan icled Manna-grass. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat 1-sided, recurving; the branch- es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4 flowered spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea oblong-ovate, obtuee, rather longer than the upper. Wet woods, common. July. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, simple. Leaves 1 foot or inore long, rough. Punide 1 loot long. /Spikelets pale, with short pedicelled flowers. . 4. G. NERVATA, Trin. Nerved Manna-grass. Panicle diffuse, loose, the branches capillary, at length drooping; spikelets very numerous, ovate oblong, 3 to 7-flowered ; palea; oval, obtuse, nearly equal in length, Bloist meadows, common. June. Culm erect, 1 to 3 fc-t high. Leaves rather long, narrow-linear, flat, tmooth. Panicle large, broad and open, often purplish. 24. POA ; Linn, Meadow-grass. Spear-grass.. An ancient Greek name for grass. Spikelets ovate or oblong, compressed, few-flowered, in ; an open panicle. Glumes 2, mostly shorter than the flow- ers. PaletE nearly equal, membranaceous, awnless, often, with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con- cave; upper one 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong.— Grasses, with tufted culms,, smooth usually fiat and soft leaves } and the spikelets in diffuse or, contracted panicles. . GKAMINE.E. 419 1. P. ANNUA, L. Low S/pear-grass. Culms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often 1-sided, at length spreading: spUcdets crowded, very short-padicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. Cultivated and waste grounds, very common. April — Oct. Culms 3 to 8 incher high, very smooth. Leaves lance linear, short, bright brown. 2. P. PUNGENS, Nutt. Vernal Spear-grass. Culm compressed; panicle somewhat simple, spreading; spilelets lanceolate, 3 or 4-3owered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. Rocky places. April. May. Per. ddm sto'oniferous from the base. 1 to 2 feet 4ugb. Leaves very short, cuspidate, the radical ones long, linear, those of the culm usually 2. lanceoiate,yery short. 3. P. serotina, Ehrh. Red-top. Culm erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at 'the top, the branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets numerous ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4- fiowered; glumes lanceolate, sharp pointed. Banks of streams and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth. Panicle 6 to 10 inches long, the 'branches mostly whoried. Spikelets green, or often tinged with dull purple. 4. P. PRA.TEN3IS, L Spear-grass. Mia low grass. Culms from a creeping base, and with "the sheaths smooth ; panicle pyramidal, somewhat crowded, the branches commonly in fives, spreading; spikelets 3 to 5- flowered, oblong ovate"; flowers acute. Fields and meadows, very common in cultivation. May — July. Per. Foot * p eeping. Cubn J to 3 feet high. Leaves keeled, linear/abruptly acute, deep green, the lower very long. Highly prized as a pasture grass. 5. P. compressa, L. Blue-grass. Wire-grass. Calm much flattened, obliquely ascending; panicle contracted, somewhat 1- taded; -pi'. elets 4 ro 9-fiowered, flattened; flowers linear- elliptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the keel. Field- and pastures, common,; introduced. June, July. Per. Root creeping extensively. Cul.a 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves short, bluish, smooth. 6. P. CONFERTA. EH. Clustered Meadow Grass. Vulm erect, geniculate; panicle termioaland axillary, erect ; spikelets about 8- fiowered, compressed; flowers clustered, smooth. Meadows, rare. Slhtoein&s. Per. Calm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves smooth, serra" late on the margin. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long. 25. ERACtPvOSTIS, Beauv. An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis. •Spikelets 2 to 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palea is but 3-nerved, not webby at the base, and the upper is persistent on the rachis for some time after the rest of the flower is fallen. — Culms often branching : leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule bearded. PanicU various. 1. E. PILOSA; Beauv. Pilose Eragrostis. Panicle loose, ample, with cap illary branches, all but ihe lower scattered asd 420 GRAMLXEJE. naked in the axils, compound ; spikekls 5 to 12 flowered, nearly linear, flattish ■; flowers ovate acutish. Sandy soil. Aa?. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 inches high, tufted. Leaves flat or in- volute, bearded with long hairs at the throat. Sptkelets % to % inch long, pur- plish. 2. E. capillaris, Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. Panicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils naked ; spikelets oblong 2 to 4-flowered, on long capillary pedicels. (Poa capillaris, L.) Dry sandy places, common. August. Ann. Culms 12 to 18 inches high, tuftecL Leaves linear, flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs- Panicle 8 to 18 inchei long, much branched. 3. E. SPECTABILIS, G-ray. Showy Eragrostis. Panicle divergent!}' spreading, the rigid branches reflexed with age, and a beard- ed tuft in the principal axils ; spikelets oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 15-flowered ; flow- ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabilis, Pursh.) Sandy fields. Auj. Sept. Ann. Culm and long feares rigid, mostly smooth-; lower sheaths often downy. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets. 26. FESTUCA, Linn. Fescue-grass, An ancient Latin name. Spikelets oblong, 3 to many-flowered • the flowers not webby at the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Pa- lea chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish on the back, acute, mucronate or awned at the summit, the upper mostly adhering at maturity to the inclosed grain. Stamens most- ly 3. Stigmas simply plumose. — F lowers and leaves rather dry and kur*h. Spikelets panicled or racemose. 1. F. elatior, L. Tall Fescue- Grass. Panicle branched, loose, rather spreading; spikelets crowded, 4 to 6 flowered; lovf er palat nearly pointless : flowers cylindric. Moist meadows and pasture*. June. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet hiih. Zearesbroad.- liuear. 9 to 15 inch s long. Panicle 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. Spikelets % inch long. Introduced. 2. F. pratensis, Hudson. Meadow Fescue- Grass. Panicle simple, or sparingly branched; spikelets 5 to 10-flowered; lower palm barely acute. Fields and meadows, common, naturalized. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, without a creeping bise. Leaves bmal liuear, nerved, smooth, rough on the margin. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided- 3. F. NUTANS, Willd. Nodding Fescue-Grass. Panicle of several slender and spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping »vhen old, naked below, bearing near their extremity a few orate 3 to 5-flowerad Bpikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, close together. Rocky and open woods. July. Per. Calm 2 to 4 feet high, naked above. Leaves ■broadly-linear, acuminate, dark green, often rather hairy. Panicle few-flowered. 4. F. RUBRA, L. Red or Creeping Fescue- Gr ass. Panicle one-sided, erect, spreading; spikelets semaw'aat terete, 5 or 6flowerad{ fiwwri longer than their awns. GR AMINES. 421 l>ry soils. June. Pet. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, erect. Leaves long pubescent on the upper side. Panicle contracted. Introduced, 27. BROMU8, Linn. Brome-grass. Cheat* Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats. Spikelets oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous, the lower 1 to 5-nerved, the upper 3 to 9-nerved. Lower pale.e bifid at the apex, and usually awned a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, at length ad- hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas simply plumose. — Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex, 1. B. CILIATUS, L. Ciliate Brome-grass. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, droop- ing; spikelets 7 to 12-flowered; lower glume 1-nerved ; flowers oblong-lanceolate, tipped with an awn, % to % their length ; upper pulcte bristly-ciliate ; the lower silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michx. B.pube- Bccns, Muhl. B. purgans, L.) River banks and moist woodlands. July, Aug. Per. Calm, 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, y± to X A * ncn wide smooth or somewhat hairy ; the sheaths oftea hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable as to its pubescence, &c. 2. B. secalinus, L. Cheat Chess, Panicle spreading, the drooping pedunclesbut slightly branched ; spikelets oblong- ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly longer than the awns; lower glumes o-nerved; upper 7 -nerved. Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, with swollen and pubescent joints. Leaves broad linear, hairy above. Pani- cle i to 6 inches long. Introduced from Europe. This troublesome grass is very common in wheat fields, especially when the grain is injured by frost; which has given risd to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat is changed into this plant. 3. B. MOLLIS, L. Soft Brome-grass. Panicle erect, close, compound ; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flowers closely iEi- brieat ;d, downy, as long as the awn. Fields and pastures, sparingly naturalized. June, Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves very soft, pubescent. Panicle 3 to -i inches long. Spikelets nearly erect, 5 to 10-nowered. 4. B. arvensis, L. Field Brome-grass^ Panicle erect, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; flower Imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn. Fields and meadows. West Chester. Darlington. June, July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colored pubescent joints. Leaves lanes- linear, hairy on both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length drooping. 28. UNIOLA, Linn. Spike-grass, An ancient name of some grass, Spikelets compressed, many-flowered} one or more of the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palese. U2 422 GRAMINE.E. Glumes keeled. Pale^e of the perfect flowers 2 j lower one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens mostly 1. — Upright perennials, in tufts from creeping root- itoclcSy with broad leaves and large spikelets in a panicle. U. LATIFOLIA, Michx. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. Spikelets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample loose panicle, oblong-ovate, 10 to 15-flowered; flowers nearly appressed, ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, some- what falcate; stamen 1. Mountains and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, somewhat branch- ing. Leaves flat, nearly 1 inch wide, Panicle 1 foot long, loose. Spikelets 1 inch long and y z inch wide. 29, PHRAGrMITES, Trin. Reed. Gr. pltragmites, growing in, or forming hedges. Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered ; flowers surrounded by a tuft of hairs, all 3-androus and perfect, except the lowest, which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked. Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. Pale^e very unequal j the lowest one elongated, acuminate ; the upper 2-keeled. Styles long. — Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. P. communis., Trin. Common Reed Grass. Panicle loose, diffuse when old ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowercd. ( Arundo Phragmites, L.) Edges of ponds and swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 9 tol- feet high, Tery leafy, with numerous joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous. Panicle very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern States ; resembling JSroom-corn at a distance. 30. TRITICUM, Linn. Wheat. The classical name. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side against the rachis. Glumes transverse, nearly equal aud opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Pale^s lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned at the summit^ the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of the grain. Sta- mens 3. — Flowers spiked. Ssc. I. Aq&optrum, G»rt. Perennials. Spikes 2-ranked; glumes acute a* pointed. 1. T. REPENS, L. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. Rootstocks creeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8- flowered ; glumes 6 toT-nerredj Htchis rough on the angles ; awn none, or vory short. Fields and meadows, naturalized and troublesome. June — Aug. Culm 1 to t /&et higk. Laavu flat, rouguish or hairy above, lauce-liaoar. Spiks 3 to 6 inctaf IlPfr GR AMINE JE. 423 2. T. caninum, L. Awned Wheat-grass.* Root fibrous, not creeping; spikdels 4 or 5-flowered; gluvtes 3-nerved; rachis Bristly on the edges; awn longer than the smooth flower. Woods and banks, introduced. July. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough- ish on both sides. Sec. :i. Tkiticum proper. Annuals. Glumes ovate-oblong and ventricosa boat? shaped. 3. T. sativum, L. Whea#. Culm round, smooth, with the internodes somewhat inflated; stipules truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spikelets crowded, broad-oyate, about 4-flowered ; cnmu of the up;cr palefe generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial. This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is universally cultivated. Many varieties are known to farmers. 32. LOLIUM, Linn. Darnel. The ancient Latin name. Spikelets many-flowered, solitary, and placed edgewise on the continuous rachis. Inner glume mostly wanting. Lower pale.e lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle at the tip ; upper one 2-beaked. — Spike simple : rachis not jointed. 1. L. perenne, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass. Glume much shorter than the spikelet; floivers 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn- pointed. Meadows and fields; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20 r alternate, forming a spike about 6 inches long. A good pasture grass. 2. L. temulentum, L, Bearded Darnel. Glume fully equalling the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet ; awn longer than the flower. Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, terete. Leaves lance-linear, rou/h on the margins. Spi'ceUts much compressed. The seeds are said to be poisonous. Introduced from Europe. 32. ELYMUS, Linn, Ltme-grass. Wild Rye. Gr. Elymos, a Lull, also an ancient name for some grain. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile^, each 2 to 7-flowered ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely wanting. Pale.^e coriaceous, the lower rounded on the back, usually awned at the apex. — Rye-like grasses^ with simple sj)ike^. 1. E. Virginicus, L. Wild Rye. Spile rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3-flowered, smooth, short-awned ; glwnei "juweolate, strongly nerved. 424 GRAMINE^E. River banks. Aug. Per. Culm. 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves broadly linear, fiat, rough, deep green. Spilce 3 to 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 2. E. Canadensis, L. Canadian Lyme^rass, Spike rather loose, curving, on an exserted peduncle ; spiJcelets mostly in pairs of 8 to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy flowers ; glumes lance awl-shaped, tipped \rith. short awn?. River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. Boot creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet higb, erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough. Spilce 6 to 8 inches long, at length nodding. A variety (E. glaucifolius of Muhl.) is pale or glaucous through- out, with spreading awns V/ 2 mc h long. S. E. Hystrix, L. Bottle-brush Grass. Spilce erect, loose ; the spreading spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from the joints, abGut 3.-flowered ; flowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length. Moist woodlands, common. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, erect, smooth =- Leaves broad-linear flat, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spike 4 to 6 inches long,, at length spreading. 4. E. striatus, Willd. Striated Lime-grass. Spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ; glumes linear, nerved,, awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. Shady woods, June, rare. Per. Culm 8 to 12 inches high, erect, striate. Leav.es lanceolate, acuminate, rough above-; sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhat spreading „ S3. HORDEUM, Linn. Barley. The ancient Latin name. Spikelets I-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones usually imperfect. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. Pale^e 2, the lower with a long awn, the upper 2-keeled, obtuse. Sta- mens 3. — Spike dense, simple, the rachis often scperating into joints. 1. H. VULGARE, L. Common Barley.. Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smooth ; sheath $ auricled at the throat; spike thick, about 3 inches long; spikelets all fertile, 1- flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palea; ; glumes col- li, teral; flowers in four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May. 2. H. DISTICHUM, L. Two-rowed Barley. Culm 2 to 3 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auricled at the throat; spike 3 to 4 inches long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awnless ; /nj# arranged in two rows. Ann. more common in. cultivation than $he former species. 34. AIRA, Linn. Hair-grass. An ancient Greek name for Darnel. Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. Glumes 2, unequal ; about as long as the flowers. J^ale^ ^thin an& GR AMINES. 4 : 25 membranaceous, tlie lower one awned on the back below the middle, 3 to 5-nerved. Stamens 3. 1. A. flexuosa, L. Common Hair-grass. Panicle loose, spreading, trichotornously branched ; brancJies sinoothish, flex- uous; flowers scarcely longer than tlie glumes; lower palece slightly 2-toothed. Dry rocky or s-indy places, common. Jane. Per. Culm.l to. 2 feet high, slender, from small tufts of Sjtaee0U3 involute leaves. Panicle whitish, the lower branch- es somewhat whorlud. 2. A. CiESPITOSA, L. Tufted Hair-grassr, Panicle pyramidal or oblong; lower palece eroded-4-tcothed at the truncate &pex ; awn straight, short. Wot places. June, July. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, in close tufts. Leaves fiat, linear, rougkish. Panicle du'.l purplish, the branches somewhat whorled. 3. A. PRJECOX, L. Early Hair-grass. Panicle small, oblong, somewhat spiked; lower palco? with 2 awl-pointed tips; awn twist-r-.d, inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. Sandy fields. June. Cuhns 3 to 4 inches high, tufted. Leaves short, smooth, setaceous. Panicle few-Howered. greenish. 35. SECALE; Liun. Rye. Spikelets solitary on the teeth, of the rac-his, 2- or S- flowered ; the 2 lowest flowers fertile, sessile, opposite ; the upper one abortive. Glumes awl-shaped, opposita, shorter than the flowers. Lower paleje with a very long awn; upper often bifid at the apes. Scales abortive, hairy. S. Cereale, L. Rye. Culm hairy beneath the spike, 4 to 6 feet high; leaves lance-linear, rough edged rough above, glaucous: spike about 5 inches long, linear, compressed; pahjjt smooth; awas scabrons-ciliate, long. Ann. or Biennial. June. The rye has long Vesn cuUivaled and may be considered naturalized. 36. TRISETUM, Persoon. Lat. tris, three, and seta, a bristle. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, usually in a contracted! panicle. Lower pale^e compressed-keeled, awned below the sharply 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex : — -otherwise nearly as- in Aira. T. palustre, Torr. Meadow Trisetum. Smooth ; panicle rather long and narrow, loose, the branches capillary; spilcelets flat; glumes rather unequal, shorther than the 2 smooth lanceolate flowers; lowtr ffdLexB ending in 2 setose teeth. Wet meadows, rare. May— July. Per. Culm slender 2 to 3 feet high. Leave* flat, lance-linear, about 3 inches long. Spiktkts yellowish-white, tinged with green, U2* 426 GR AMINES. 37. DANTHONIA, DO.. Wild Oat-grass. In honor of Mi Danthoine, a French botanist. Spikelets 2 to 10-flowered;; the upper flower often im- perfect. Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the flower. Pale^e hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed afc the summit, with a twisted awn between the teeth.; upper one obtuse, entire. — Flowers in a spifad ganicle. D. spicata, Beau?. Wild Oats., Panicle simple, raceme-like, rather 1-sided; spikelets few, appressed, 7-flow-ered; timer palfce broadly-ovate, loosely hairy on the back, about ^ the length of th©> awn. Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, erect Leaves short somewhat myolute-awl-shaped ; sheaths bearded at the throat. 3& ATENA, Linn. Oat. The classical Latin name. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered^ panicled, commonly large; Flowers rather remote, the upper oues often imperfect. Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly equal. Palejb>. 2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a long twisted awn on the back below the tip. Stamens 3. Grain oblong-linear ; . grooved on one side. — Panicle compound^ hose. H. A. satita, L. Gommon Oat. Oulm 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose striato- sheaths; stipules torn; panicle loose ; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2- flowered palecc somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the grain. Ann. A. highly, im* portant grain. 2. A. STERIBIS, L. Animated Oat: Stem 3 to 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat 5- spikelets 5-flowered; outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. Ann, From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. The awns are 2 inches long, .geniculate' and, twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. 39. HOLCUS, Linn. Soft, grass* An ancient name, of obscure application . Spikelets 2 or 3-flowered in a contracted panicle, poly- gamous. Glumes herbaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mu= cronate. Lowest flower neutral,, small and. abortive, or obsolete ; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless ; th e upper one staminate only ? 3 r androus ; bristle-awned towards- the tip. graminejK. 427 H. LANATUS, L. Velvet-grass. White Timothy. Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex ; aiof* ©f the staminate flower recurved. Moist meadows. June. Per. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high. Leaves 2 tc 6 inches long, flat. Glumes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced from Europe. 40. ANTHOXANTHIXM, Linn. Vernal-grass, Gr. anthos, flower, and zanthos, yellow; from. the color. of the spikes. Spikelets 3-flowered, the two lower flowers- neutral and each consisting of a single awned paleae ; the upper flowers perfect, of 2 paleaa, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles. — - Panicle contracted or spike-like. A. ODORATUM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass^ Panicle spiked, the spikelets spreading ; one of the neutral flowers with a ben^ iwn near its base, the other sbort-awned below the tip. Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June — Aug. Per. Culm about s- foot high, erect. Leaves short. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long, yellow or brownish ■jrhen mature. Very fragrant when about half dry. 41. PHALARIS, Linn. Canary-grass. Ribbon- grass, Gr.phalos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth paleas. Spikelets 3 -flowered ; the two lower flowers mere neutral- rudiments at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish awnless, of 2 shining palese, shorter than the equal boat- shaped glumes. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad } flat. Panicle- dense and spike-like^ P. ARUNDINACEA, L, Reed Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass ;. Panicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; glumet- obtusely keeled ; palece unequal ; abortive flowers hairy. Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Calm 2 to 5 feet high, ereot, a little branching-. Leaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the "Ribbon- grass-" 1 " of. the gardens. Panicle 2 to i inches long,. 42. PANICUM, Linn. Panic-grass. An ancient Latin name. Spikelets 2-ffowered, naked. Glumes 2, unequal, mem^ branaceous, concave. Lower flower of 1 or 2 palea^. Btaminate or neutral, membranaceous. Upper flower per- fect, closed, witb 2 palese* inclosing the free and grooveless- grain. Stamens 3, Stigmas plumose, usually purple. — - Spikelets ganicledy racemed, or sometimes &giked t not in*- lolucrate*. #28 GKAMINEiE. Sec. i. Digit akia, Scop. Finger- Grass. Spi!:elets crowded, 2 or 3 together in simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes. — Annuals* 1. P. SANGUINALE, L. Finger-grass. Crah-grass. Spikes i to 15, digitate-clustered ; spikelets oblong, downy -margined ;.upper glume ehorter than the flower. Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized. Aug. — Oct. Culm 12 to IS inches high, spreading from the tufted base, then upright. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and with the sheaths rather hairy. Spikes and often the leaves purplish. 2. P. GLABRUM, Gaudin, Smooth Finger-grass. Spiles digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; spjkclets ovoid, rather hairy; upper glume nearly equr.lliug the flower. Sandy fields. Aug., Sept. Culm 6 to 12 s iuches high, procumbent or spreading. Spikes mostly 3 (2 to 6), about 2 inches long. 3. P. FILIFORME, L. Slender Finger-grass* Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated, thread-like ; spikelets all distinctly pedicelled, oblong, acute; lower glume none. Dry sandy soil. Aug. Culms extremely s-lender. 1 to 2~ feet high. Leaves nar- row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spikes mostly 3, 1 to 2 inches long; rachis rough, flexuous. Sec. h. Paxicem proper. Panic-Grass. Spikelets scattered, awnless.— Most ly perennials. 4. P. ANCEPS, Micbx. Tico-edged Panic-grass. Panicle contracted, pyramidal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved; upper ffVume 7-nerved; neutral jlowers ~% longer than the perfect, of 2 paleae. Wet soil. Aug. Culms flat, upright, 2 to -4 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 feet long, >£ to % inch wide, smoothish. 5. P. AGROSTOIDES, -Sprang. Agrostis-lihc Panic-grass. Panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal; spikelets racemose, crowded and 1-sided, on the spreading branches, ovate-oblong, acute, purplish; upper yluiat o- nerved, longer than the neutral flower, with 2 paleae. Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet hish, flattened, upright. Leaves long and with the sheaths smooth, tufted. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, mostly dark jjurple. 6. P. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Proliferous Panic-grass. Smooth throughout; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal; spikelets appressed, lance-oval, acute; lower glume broad, }/. to % the length of the upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one, of a single pale*. Wet meadows and marshes. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culms thickened, succulent, branched, ascending from a procumbent base. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long; sheatht flattened. 7. P. CAPIELARE, L. Hair-stalked Panic-grass. Panicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose, with slender straight ©ranches, reflexed when old-; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong,. pointed ; lower glume half the length of the single paleae of the neutral flower. Sandy soil and cultivated fields, common. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm upright, often branched at base and forming a tuft. Leaves flat, broad, and with th# flattened sheaths hairy. Panicle often purplish. 8. P. LATIFOUUM, L. Broad-leaved Panic-grass. Panicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovoid, tfowny; lower glume ovate, not % the length of the many-nerved upper one; tterili flower mostly with 3 stamens. GRAMINEJE. 429 Moist woods and thickets, commou. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints- and margins of the smooth sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly oblong lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, often 1 inch wide. Panicle 2 inches long, with downy branches. 9. P. CLANDESTINUM, L. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass. Sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid, pubescent, the lower flower neutral, with 2 paleae. Low thickets and river banks. Aug. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy to the top. at length producing appressed branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, from a heart-clasping base, very acuminate. Panicles terminal and lateral, the former wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or oca long peduncle. Anthers and stig- mas purple. 10. P. MICROCARPON, Muhl. Small-pointed Panic grass. Panicle soon exserted, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong: spikelets long, ovoid, smoothish; lower glume orbicular, very small. Thickets. July. Calm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints and the orifice of the throat of the sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly lanceo- late, rough-margined, brist'.y-ciliatj. Panicle 3 to 7 inches lcag. 11. P. PAUCIFLORU M, Ell. Small-flowered Panic-grass, Panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish Bpikelets: lower glume ]/^ to *4 tb - e length cf the upper one. "Wet meadows and copses. June, July. Calm 1 to 2 feet high, at length much branched and reclining, rougbish. Leases lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, % to % inch wide, faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the margin. 12. P. DICHOTOMUM, L. Variable Panic-grass. Panicle small, lateral, nearly simple; spikelets minute, on long peduncles, obo-- Toid, mostly pubescent ; lower glume l / s the length of the upper ; lower flower neutral, the upper paleae minute. Moist meadows and wood*. July — Sept. Calms 8 to 20 inches high, at first mostly simple, bearing a more or less exserted! compound spreading pauicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Leaves lanceolate, flat, the radical tufted ones, ovate-lanceolate, very short, thickish. Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable spe- cies, embracing P. ncdiiiorum, pabescens, laxifiorurn, and nitidum of Lam. P. barbulatum and ramulosum of Michx. 13. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Few-flowered Panic-grass. PanicU simple, contracted, few-flowered, often over-topped by the narrowly linear upper leaves; spikelets oval-obovate, commonly poinied when young; lower glume ovate, x /s fc he length of the 9-nerved upper one. Dry woods and hills, common. June. Culms simple or branched at the base,, forming close tufts, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves short, becoming longer above, narrow-linear, hairy beneath. Panicle i to 7 inches long. Varies with the leaves often involute. 14. P. VERRUCOSUS Muhl. Warty Panic-grass. Smooth; panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered; spikelets oval, acute,, warty-roughened, dark green; lower glume ]4, the length of the upper one. Sandy swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spreading,, Tcry slender, naked above. Leaves narrow, smooth, spreading- 15. P. Crus-GALLI, L. Barnyard-grass. Spikes alternate, crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed;. lower paletz of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. "Wet places, near barn-yards. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, terete, empoth, stout, branching from the base. Leaves lanceolate, % inch or more wide, so ugh -margined. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long. 430 6RAMIXEJE. 43. SETARIA, Beauv. Bristle-grass. Lat. seta, a bristle ; in allusion to the bristly spikelets. Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower elower abortive j. PAEEiE 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper flower perfect ■; pale^e cartilaginous. — Annuals, with lin- ear or lanceolate flat leaves, and the inflorescence in a dense spiked' panicle or apparently a cylindrical spike. 1. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Rough Bristle-grass. Spike subverticillate. cylindrisal, somewhat interrupted; bristles short ; galeae of" the perfect flower roughish-punctnte, Naturalized near dwellings. July. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves* lanceolate, acuminate, rou^h on the margin. Spike 2 to 3uneh.es long, green. 2. S. glauca, Beauv. Bottle-grass. Spike cylindrical, very dense ; bristles 6 to 11 in a cluster, much longer than the* spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled; Very common in stubble. July, Aug. Culm- 2tc 3 feet high: Leaves lanceolate,, hairy at base. Spike 2'to -A inches long, tawny or orange-yellow. Introduced. 3. S. viridis, Beauv. 'Green Foxtail. Sjiike nearly cylindrical; more or less compound: bristles few in a cluster, longer' than the spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted, Gultivated grounds, common. July, Aug. 0«.'»i 2 to 3 feet high, erect. Leaves linear, flat, roughish. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, green. 4. S. Italica, Kunth. Italian Bristle-grass. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nodding; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either longer or shorter than the spikelets. Wet grounds, sparingly naturalized and sometimes cultivated under the name of Billet or Bengal Grass. Cuim 4 feet high. Spike b" to 9 inches long, yellowish or- purplish. 44. TRIPSACUM, Linn. Sesame-grass. Gr. trilo, to rub; perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spikes. Monoecious. Sterile spikelets above, in pairs on eacb joint of the rachis, collateral, 2-flowered : flowers each with 2 palese. Fertile spikelets solitary, as long as the joint, 2-flowered .'; the flowers with. 2 palea? y the outer or lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. Styles united : stigmas very long, hairy, purple. Grain ovoid, free. — Calms stout and tall. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, sepeixiting into joints at maturity. T. dactyloldes, L. Sesame- Grass. Gama- Grass. Spikes 2 or 3 together at the summit, and solitary from the upper sheaths. Meadows. July, Aug. Per. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to 6 f j et high. Leaves large, often 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spikes, &_U> S inches long. 6KAMINEZE. 431 45. ANDROPOGON, Linn. Beard Grass. Gr. aner^ a man, audpogon, a beard, in allusion to the hairy flowers. Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rachis, •spiked or racemed. Lower flower staminate or neutral, the glumes and palea very minute or wanting. Upper flow- er perfect. Glumes awnless. Palea 2, shorter than the .glumes ; lower one mostly awaed. Stamens 1 to 3. Grain free. — Coarse and rough perennial Grasses, v:itli lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate, the rachis hairy or jplumuse bsarded. 1. A. furcatus, Muhl. Forked Beard- Grass. Spikes digitate, mostly iu threes or fours; lower Sower stominate, awnless; awn of the perfect flower 4>ent. SLerile soils, common. Sept. Culm 3.to 4 feet high. Leaves flat, the lowervery long. Spikes 3 inches long, 3 to 5 at the naked summit of the culm. 2. A. SCOPARLUS, Michx. Purple Beard-Grass. iSV;'f.e5-simple. lart ral and terminal, pedunculate, in pairs; lower flower neutral, -awneJ ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; awn twisted. Old fields and roadsides. Aug. Calm 3 to 4 feet high, slender, with many pan- iculate branches. Leaves flat, hairy. Spikes on a fiexueus raehis, often purple. 3. A. Virginicus, L. Virginian Beard- Grass. Calm flattish below, sparingly short-branched above; sheaths smooth ; spilccs 2 or :3 together in distant appressc-d elusters. Sandy soil. Sept. Culms about 3 feet high, somewhat tufted. Leaves a foot or t3nr>rc long. Spikes 1 iuchlong, partly coucealed in sin.-atks. 46. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom-Corn. The Asiatic name of a «ultivated species. Spikelets 2 or 3 together on the branches of an open panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to ■their pedicels; the middle or terminal one only fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless. Pale^E •3, the upper one awned. Stamens 4L 1. S. NUTANS, Gray. Indian Grass. Wood Grass. Panicle narrowly ob'.ong, rather crowded, the perfect spikelets at length droop- ing, clothed near the base with fawn-colored hairs, shorter than the twisted awn sterile spikelets small and very imperfect, or reduced to a mere plumose -hairy ped- icel. Dry soil. Aug. Per, Culm simp'e, 3 to 5 feet high, terete. Leaves linear-lance- olate, glaucous. Puiiide o to 12 inches long, the spikelets bright russet browu and shining. 2. S. SACCHARATUM, L. Broom Corn, Culm 6 to 19 feet high, thick, solid with pith ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pa- descent at base; y^ni^ large, dUose, with long YorticiUate at length drooping 432 GK AMINE IE. branches ; glumes of the perfect spikclet hairy, persistent. Ann. From the East Indies. Much cultivated. 3. S. VULGARK, L. Indian Millet An annual from the East Indies, is rarely cultivated us a curiosity; or for the seed for food for poultry. 47. ZEA, L. Indian Corn, Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. Monoecious. Staminate flowers in terminal paniculate racemes : spikelets 2-flowered : glumes 2, herbaceous, ob- tuse, subequal : palea membranaceous, awnless, obtuse. Pistillate flowers lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spatbe of numerous bracts : spikelets 2-flowercd, 1 flower abortive : glumes 2, very obtuse : palea awnless : style 1, filiform, very loDg, pendulous. Seed compressed. Z. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn. Hoot fibrous, often with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, channelled on one side, leafy ; leaves lance-linear, entire, 2 to 3 feet long. Annual. Native of the warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temperate and torrid zones. Varieties numerous. 48. COIX, Linn. Job's Tear. Koix, a palm-leaved tree. Staminate flowers, in remote spikes ; glumes 2-flow- ered, awnless. Style 2-parted. Seed covered with the bone-like calyx. C. lachryma, L. Jol/s-Tear. Culm semi-terete above; flo\oer% naked; fruit ovate. June. Ann. A curieuj gr-a&B, cfUn cultivated for its seeds, which much resemble beeds. ADDITIONS To Obdeb 39. ROSACEA, after Dalibarda, page 103 ; add Tribe III. Fragarie^. — The Strawberry Tribe. POTEMTLLA, Linn. Ginque-foil. Five-Finger, Lat. potens, in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap- pearing 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, roundish or inversely keart-Bhaped, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia many, collected in a head on the hairy receptacle.— Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cy- mose jlowers. * Leaves palmate : leaflets 3 to b': flowers yellow, 1. P. Canadensis,!). Common Cinque-foil or Five-finger, Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex ; petals longer than the calyx. Dry fields, among grass, very common. April — Oct. Per. Stems at length 12 to 18 inches long. Leaves white villous when young. Fiowers .yellow. A very variable species, embracing several varieties. Var. 1. tumii.a'is a dwarf early flowering state in sterile soil. Tar. 2. simplex is a taller and greener state, with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) 2. 'P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil. Low; sterns ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, silvery-white-woolly beneath; petals longer than the calyx , Dry barren fields. June — Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 10 inches long, somewhat ■woody at base, at length with slender branches. Lea/lets % to 5iinch by %, with 2 or 3 slender spreading teeth on "each 'Side; -upper ones linear entire. Flowers email, yellow. o. -P. Norvegica, L. Norway Cinque-foil. Hairy, ereet, forked above, many -flowered; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely cut-serrate; calyx longer than tha petals;, achenia wrinkled or ribbed. Old fields and pastures. July— Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches long. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and on long solitary pe- duncles below. '* * Leaves odd-pinnate : flowers yellow. 4. P. arguta, Pursh. Cbse-flowered Cinque-foil. Stem erect, tall and stoat, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the summit; leatiS pi-cnate, the lowest 7 to 9, the upper 3 to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or doubly serrate, downy underneath ; flowers cymosc-clustered. Rocky hills and banks. July. Per. Stem mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet high. Radical Leaves 1 foot or more long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, ^3 as wide, sessile- ■Flowers about %inch in dismeter. yellowish-whit*. V-2 434 ADDITIONS. 5. P. FRUTICOSA, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. Stem, erect, very much branched, bashy ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, ■o 'long-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially ben9ath; stipules lanceolate, scale-like; :fi 'oerg numerous, terminating the branchlets. Margins of 6wamps, rare. June — Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with a reddish bark, and numerous branches. Leaves numerous, on -short peticles. -Pl with 2 rows of minute tubercles; sheaths close, whitish, with the top and bottom- Hack, with awl-shaped blnck teeth, which soon fall away, leaving a bluntly crenate- margin: spike ovoid, blackish. Wet hanks, common, well known for its use in scouring. June, July. 5.. E. variegatum, Schleicher* Variegated Horsetail Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches long, simple from a branched and tufted baee, » tc i>-furrowed, the ridges rougJ>, with 2 rows of tubercles wchich are seperated by a 8<* root-.- toe k. : Fruit dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scat- tered over the back of the flat and expanded leafdike. frond Veins simple, forked or pinnate, free. — Root-:ill\ often covered with wool-tike ^chajfij and with tufted branches. * Fronds simply und deeply pinna if.d;' 'evergreen : fruit-dois Uirg*.- 1. P. VULG.are, L. Common Poly pod }/. Fronds oblong, smooth, ami er?en on both sides, 6 to 10 Indus High; [ha ,: visions linear oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. Rocks, common. July. « * Frc-nds-2 pinv.a'Jfdf triangular,- ar,&ip.d : ft ui-i-ilvts viinuti, 2'. P. PlIEGOPTERIS, L. B^tciiFrnpod.^ Sielk sparingly chaffy end downy: /rfletf'lrijvngjjiar in on; l ine. longe.r than broad, 3 lo 6 inches long. hairy on the rfini'; pitrnate Ihiear-lsheeolate, tsipisrlj approximated, the lowet>t pair diticxed aid standing forwards: i in-ir division* linear-oblong, Obtuse, entire, eac-h bearing about 4 fruit-dots towaids tins i>as* ay i aear the mxrgin. 1'amp woods, common. July. Rootstocks slender, blackish. 3. P. iiexaqonopterum, Michx. Winged Polypody. Stalk fmooth; frond broadly triangular, the base 6 to 9 inches broad, usually exceeding the length ; pinner rather distant, the lower of the lanceolatt liruione ' torith< d, dtcurrent and forming a conspicuous wing to the racLi?. Moist woods. July. Sori very small, in 1 to 3 rows. ** * Fronds termite, thi primary divisions twice pinnate. 4. P. Dryopteris, L.^ Three-branched Puh/pody.- Stall- slerder and britt'e, smooth: 6 to 12 inches high ; fronds smooth, pale, lighi green, 4 to 6 inches wide ; the 8 principal divisions widely spreading, the ultimata ones oblong, obtuse, nearly entir.;: fruit-dots marginal, finally in contact. Deep rocky woods, common. July, Svri small, light brown. 2. PTERIS, Linn. Brake. 3r. pier&n, a wing, on accouut of the prevalent piumue fronds. Fruit-dots linear, confluont laterally in a line which tfc a divisions of the frond, the continuous indusium fixed at the very margin, the inner edge free. Veins forked and irt>\ . bearing the sporangia at their apex. — Fronds 1 to o-pinnott- or decompound, rather coriaceous, V2* 438 FILICE8. 11 P. AQUILINA, L. Common Brake. Frond temate at the summit of an erect stout stalk, 1 to 2 feet, the widely ppreading branches 2-pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, lbs lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong- obtuse-lobes, margined all round with the indusium. Thicket* and stony hills, common evary where, Atig. Whole frond 3 to 3 feefc ifide. 2: P. ATROPURPUREA, L>. Purple-stalked Brake. Stalk of the simply or somewhat doubly pinnate pale frond 6 to 9 inches high, dark purple and shining; pinna; or their 3 to 7 divisions below, oblong or linear, » entire, obliquely truncate pr heart-shaped jat.tho stalked base. Limestone rocks, rare. July. Frond ± to 8 inches long, grayish-green* 3; ADIANTUM, Einn. Maiden-hair. Qr.adianios, dry ; its surface repelling mpisture. Fruit-dots - roundish or crescent-shaped, occupying th* edge of the lobes of the frond, the indusium appearing as a, reflexed edge of it and bearing the sporangia on its under aide on the. free ends of several simply forking veins. Mid- KIR none, or- lateral.— SkiUs and- mcki$. hijack- and' polished, . A": fedatum-; L. Common Maidenhair. . Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender sta'k, t to IS inches high,- \hf forks pedately branching from one side into several slender spreading divi- sions, which bear numerous short stalked pinnules. 83ch, moist woods, common. July. Axlelicafce and isoet graceful Fern.. 4. ' CHEIL ANTHES; S vrartz.v Eip-FERm 9r. cheilos, & lip, and anthos, a flower, iu allusion to the form of the indusiunt. , Fruit-dots roundish, solitary or contiguous on the mar- gins of the lobes; the usual kidneyrshaped indusium fixed' to-'tho margin » at -the. point where th©t sporangia arises, free along the inner edge, each. receiving but .ona (direct and free) vein or veinlet. — Fronds 2- or 3 -pinnate, .the pinnules or lobe» with a central midrib. (X VESTITA, Willd. Htiiry Cheilanthus: Fronds 2-pinnate, hairy all over. 6 to 9 inches high ; pinnules short, pinaatiikk tfee Iol>e3 roundish; stipe and rachis haii-y. Shady rocks. July. Fern covered, with long brownish hairs., 5". WOODWARBIA, Smith: In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist. Fruit-dots oblong or linear* approximate or contiguous, parallel to the midrib on either side. Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the veinlet, free on the side next, tks ' Tjatdrib— -JFronds pinnatifid or pinnate. JILICE8. 439 1 1. W.ANQUSTiyOLlA, Smith. fVarrow-ltavedWoodtcardia. Sterile fronds 1 foot high, thin, bright green, doeply pinnatifid, with lanceolat* terrulatc divisions ; the fertile pimply pinnate ; pinna contracted, linear, with only I tow of cross veins, bearing the fruuVdote &s near the margins as the midrib. Btogs, rare. Aug. 2. W. ViRQlNlCA, Willd. Virginian Woodwardia. SttriU and fertile, fronds similar, 2 f««t --high, pinnate ipinma lanc«©lnte, pin- - natifid, with numerous oblong lobes; fruit-dots contiguous or confluent with age, . snaking a row on each s:d« of the midrib, both of the pimxe and th* lobei. Swamps, not, rare. July. 6. CAMPT030RUS, Link..- Walking Fjrn. Gr. hamptot, bant, and sjrot, for fruitrdot. Fruit-dots linear or oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins of the simple frond,, .which form mostly- hexagonal meshes, variously diverging, inclined to approxi- mate in pairs by their frea margins, especially those of tha* secondary retieulati^m, or- to become eo Diluent afrtheir ends, forming crooked dines.. (V RHIZ©PHYLLUS, Link. Walking Leo /'■ WuJhing Fern:, Fronds evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading-or procumbent. 4 to 9 inches long, . lanceolate from an auriclcd heart-shap«d base, entire or wavy on the margin, Upering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which otten root-* at th» apex giving rise to new-fronds', and these. iu turn to others; hence tha.couimo£ ■ name. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, .L.) Ihaied niftiat rocks, near Lew-wburg, rare. . Jcly. 7.; ASPLENIUM, Linn. Sblhenwort, Or: a, privative, aad spUne, the.gpleen ;. from its supposed r»m*di*l propertied •_ Fruit-dots linear of oblong,- oblique, seperate, not in pairs, all attached lengthwise to -the upper side of the sim- pb,. forked or pinnate, free veins; the indusium opening • along the side towards the midrib or axis of venation^ * Frond pinnatt-pinnatifid, or pinnaUJid. 1$ A. PINNATIFIDUM, Nutt. Pinnatifid Spleenwort, . i*Vto?vZ*-3 to 6 inchealong, diffasely spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes i pionately. parted near the baae, tapering above into a slender prolongation, with the apex sometimes rooting; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, «u toothed or nearly . entire, the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. Cliffs below the Schuylkill and Wissahicken, near Philadelphia. Nutt, very- rare. July. 2. AX THELYPTEROIDES, Mtchx. Thelvpteris-Vtlce Spleen- - wort. Fronds pinnate; pinnoe deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate. 8 to 6 inches long ; the lohts oblong, obtuse, minnutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 2 to 6 pairs of-i approximated oblong fruit-dot*. filch woods, not rare. July, A handsome. pale-grees and smooth T«rii, * * Frond pinnate* 440 FiLrcES. 3. A. TRICHOMANES, L. Common Rock Spleen wort. Frcr.dum dense Rprendinji tuffs, 3 to 8 inches high, linear in outline, pinnate; f.-fnva- numerous, roundish-oblbne or oval, V* inch 'Ion |t, rnieqa.*rl-«iel«i,"obliqn"lv wrdsre-truncate at. the bnse. attached by a narrow point; the thread-like ttalk and a-srhis purpie-bfowo and shibiug. Eocky open broods, common. Aug. 4. A: ebeneum, Ait. Ebony SgUeiiwbrt. Frmds upright. 8 to 18 inches hiajh, pinnate. lance-linear in outline : p-nm? V$ In I inch long, numerous, lanceolate, or the lower or»'ong, slightly "cvthe-xhano.1, finely perrate, pessile, the diluted hase anricled on the unnc-r or both sides of th* tlr.nsrated nvdrib; stalk nnd racbis blackish-purple and shining. Eocky open woods, common. Aug*. 9 9 ♦ Piond btjyinnaiel- 5. A. MONTANUM, Will J. Mountain S/>!ccmcort.' Frond* 3 to 5 inches hi;rh. bright zv^n. ovrjt^-lanceolate or triangular-ohloft? in ■ tf'e outline pirn a c ; pwro ovi.tr, 3 to T ; aisted (or the upi er la rely cleft)', cut-toi th- ed : twins forking from a midrib. Mountain rock?, Allegheny mountain^ and 'Bethlehem, rare. July. Rjettii it ■en; stalk brownith; . 6. A. FiLix-rcEMTNA, K. Brown; Female SpfeenworL Frond 2 pinnate, 1 to 3 feet hixh,. smooth. nlilonj or lanceolate in outline; phtrue lf*no*>olate. numerous; the narrowly oblohg pinnules confluent on the ractiis by a ''-to* nawrgin. sharp'v pinnatifid- toothed ; fruit-doit oblong, at first straight, 4 '■- $*S pairs on <»ach pinnule. Mi. lit woods, common. July. Stipe ta^vny. . 8. DTCKSONIA, L'lTerir. . In honor of Ja'me* Diclsen, an English cryptogam :>us botem-t. Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal-, each placed 'on the • apex of a free vein or fork, enclosed in a recurved little enp-shaped or 2-l:pparl sao, which consists of a reflexed or chariged lobclet or tooth of the frond united by its edges with those of a nearly similar proper indusium, which is fixed along its base on the inner side; receptacle elevated/., globular. D. PUNCTIEOBULA, Hook. Hairy Dlcksonia. Minutely glandular and hairy ; f rands 15 to 23 inches h-trh. ovate-lanceolate • »nd pointed in outline, pale creen and very thin, with strong stalks rising from ((lender extensively creeping rootstock, pinnate: pinna lanceolate, twice vinna'ifi I snd cut toothed, the lobes oblong; fruit-dots minute, usually one at the upper 2n«rein of each lobe. Moist shady places, common ; odorous. July. 9. CYSTOPTERTS, Berahardi. Bladder-Pern. Gr. J;ustis, a bladder, an&pterig, Pern, from the sac like indusium. Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the middle of a straight fork of the free veins. Indusium oblong-kidney-shaped, . hood-like, attached by abroad inflated base on the inner ■ side partly- under the fstuit-dot, opening free at the outer FILICES. 44 1- »ide towards the apex of the lobe, somewhat jagged. — Tuft- ed Ferns T with dendir and delicate 2 to %-pinnate fronds, havivg cut-toothed lobes. 1. C. bttlbifera, Bernh. Bulbous Bladder Fern. Frond lanceolate, elongated, 1 to 2 fept Irmsr. 2-pii>n.ite; pinna lanoe-oblonj, poinUd, horizontal. 1 to 2 inches long: rdchis often bearing hulblets uuderneati*j . wingless: pinnules crowded, ohloncr, obtuse, toothed or pinnate. Shaded moist rocks, common. July. 2. C. FRAGILTS, Bernh. Weak Bladder-Fern. Frond oblong-lanceolate. 4 to 8 inches long, beside the stalk which is about th» . l»me length. 2 or 3-pinnate ; the pinna and pinnules-ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurront on the margined or wiDged ra< bit. Shaded cliffy common : tt-ry-- variable. July. 10. WOODSIA, R: Brown. Dedicated to Joseph Wjods, an English botanist. Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simple forked free veins. Indusium tk'in, attached by its base all aroani the receptacle, open or early bursting through at the top or centre, the orifice or edge irregular or jigged, and usually eut-fringed with long hairs which involve the sporangia,-^ . Small and tufted jpinnattly-dioided Fernt. 1. TV. obtusa, Torr. Obtuse Yfoodiia. Fr*ni& to 12 incheihish.broadlydftncsolat*,minutelTglandu!ar-hairy, p'nnate, : pinna rather remote, triapjjuiar^ovatefOjr obleag. 1'ineh or raone long Muntish, pinnately parb-d : pinn>/l-s oblone. verv obtuse, 'renately pinnntifid-toothed. w »th- s> single smooth fruit-dot on *aeh rounded minutel/ toothed lobe near the sinus; stalk and rr.chis a little chaffy. Rocky banks and cliffs. July. 2. W. Ilyensis, R. Brown. Oblong-leaved WbodsxA* Frr+iil to 4 inches long. 1 inch wide, emonthisb andgrr-en above, oblong lan<*«v= . lite, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rnstv bri«tle-like cbaT, pinntde; pinntv crowded, obleng, obtusft, senile. pmnately parted, the rnumeroua . trowded pinnule* oblong obtuse, obscurely ereiiate, the fruit-ioU near the margin somewhat confluent when old. •xposed rocks frequent. June. 11. DRYOPTERIS, Adana., Schott. Wood-Fer*. Or. drus, an oak, or tree in general, and pieris, Fern ; growing in wooda. Frtjit-dots round, borne on the back or near the apex ot the simple and free pinnate veins or their forks. Indusium. flattish, round-kidney-ekaped at the sinue, opening round the margin. — Fronds 1 to S-pi7inate } of thin or th'innish texturt, * Ytiru timpU and ttraighl or simply forled. 1. P. Thelypterjs, Gray. Frond rinnate, lanceolate in outline ; the roreontal pinna gradually d'm'n'sb> i»£ inkegth from E«tr tie base to tbs »jcx. Ku^s^Iinw^-lapceolai*, ds^ply-^a- 4-12 FILICES. natifid. the margins strongly rerolute in fruit; veins mostly forked, bearing tha •rowded fruit-dots near the middle. (I'olypodiuni Thelypt. L.) Marshes, common. Aug. Stalk 1 foot or im:-e long ; the fruit-dots soon cover- ing th« whole contracted iower surface of the pionae. . 2. D. Noveboracensis, Gray. Frond pinnate, ohloner^anceolate in outline, taperine below from the lc-??«r ■ pinna 1 heinjz rradi allv shoftnr arid hent downwards: lores flat, broadly eblong with mostly-rfmple reins, hearing scattered fruit dots near the margin. Swamps acd moist thickets, common. July. Frond pale green. *• Fronds verging to %-pinnate, i~i: : 2-pinnaie, iht jjinnulet pinnatifid. 3. D. intermedia, Gray. Frc.vl ovate-oblong in outline. 1 to 2 feet long, smooih, briebt green ; pinnvhs oJilrng-linenr. obtuse horizontal, crowded- the lower def-ply pinnatif d into linear- oblong obtuse lobes which are ehai-ply cut toothed, the upper eut-pinnatifid or ino-'-ei] ; fruit-dots ppar.'e: irtdwium fringed with stalked glands at ils margin. Very common, on hillsides in woods. July. 4. D. cristata, Gray. Frwid linear-oliloTigin outline, \\-' 2 to C 1 ^ inob>s Toner, very long-rtalked : p-'nrm~ *hort. hianenlar-ol kmsr, from a some what heart-fbaped bast', acute, mostly al- t-mate, deeply pinnatifid; pinnules 8 to 13 pairs, oblong, very obtive, finely pf r- rate or cut-toothed; Jruitdots as near the midrib es the margin, large often ccn^ fluent. Swamps, kc, common; July. Variable. 5; D. MARGTNALE. rrcrd 2] innate, evsteroblor* in cntbne. 1 -o2 fe»t icrg; pivrxr opr.i»ite. In tyre* Hate fr> m a \ ror c an est Fc^ile 1 n.«e ; jn^tfvha \ blong, obuue. };> in< h rr m< re-' jot i. crowded. oMuFely, cmu.te-tooti.cd: frvit-dott oonspicuc us, uekr the margin, . trtdu*ium smrx th. Reck; hilLides ynd ravines in moist woeds, very common. July. Sub-order II. OSMUNDINE.E. Sporangia variously collected, destitute of any proper ring, cellular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. 12. LYGODIUM, Swart*. Climbing Fern. Gr. Ivgodes, flexik. . Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in pairs, with free veins, fruit-beiring on ■operate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with scale-like hooded indusia imbricated in- £ ranks, fixed by its lower edge, each inclosing a single spo- rangium, or rarely a pair. L. IALMATA, Swarfs. TaJmate CUmlivg Fern. Very smooth: ttutt* sbeder. EeSilR rn the simple terminal spike, opening transversely. Spores •copious, sulphur color. "O. Vulg-attjm, L. Common Adders-tongue. Sterile frond I orne about the middle, ovate-oblong,- obtuse, seesife, about 3 incbfci icng, shorter than the spike: root fibrous. Moist woods, very rare. June. Order 136. LYC0P0BI&CE2E,— Club-Moss- Fern. .i^i Pl ^ S> usu ? l, y fMoss-Hl-e aspect, with the solid and often woody stems thickXy tMHea with sessile awl-shaped ' cr lanceolate persistent and simple leaves bearing the ■s tc i-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils; chiefly represented by the typical genus, (rig. 3.^ * ' J 3 A Tig. 3. Lyeopodium, nearly of the naf ural size ; a, a leaf from (he ppike of fructification, with the sporecases in its axils, and spores falling out ; b, a group of four spores magnified; c, the seme separated. Fig. 4. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size ; a, a magnified theca, from •which the lid or operculum,-*?, has hean removed, showing the peristome; c,'a por- tion of the outer and inner peristome highly-magnified. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spreng. Cixb-Moss. Gr. lukos, a wolf, arid potts, fooi; from no obvious resemblance. FroRE-CASES of only one kind, coriaceous, flattened, usually •kidney shaped, l-celled ; opening by a transverge line rotund LYCOPODIACE^E. 445 the margin, thus 2-valved ; discharging the subtile spores in the form of a very -eopious sulphur-colored inflammable pow- der.— Perennials, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves, imbricated ■or crowded in 8 to 16, rarely in 4 ranks. * Spore-cases scattered in the axils cf the' dark green leaves.. 1. L. LUCIDUM, Michx. Shining Club-Moss. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches asce nding, 6 to 12 inches higkj ■leaves widely spreading or reflexed, linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely toothed. Cold damp woods. Aug. Leaves long, dark green and shining. * * Spore-cases borne erily in the axils c/ the upper (bracte al) leaves, thus forming ■spikes or aments. 2. L. alopecuroides, L. Fox-taU Club-Moss. Stents stcut, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-pro- nt and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 6 to 20 inches high ; leaves narrowly linear awl shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle- Ipaothed below the middie; those of the cylindrical spike with "long bristly tips. Pine barrens and swamps. Aug., Sept. Stems with the dense leaves 3^ indi the comoie spike with its longer spreading leaves % to 1 inch thick. 3. L. dexdrgideum, Michx. Ground Pine. Stems upright, 6 to 9 inches high, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, sim= pie below, and clothed with lance-linear acute, entire leaves, appressed-erect in 4 to 6 rows, bushy-branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the lower row ot leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — iu var. obscurum appearing flat from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appressed. Moist woods. Aug. Remarkable for its tree-like growth, Spikes solitary, or 2 •to J, cylindrical. 4. L. CLAVATUM, L. Common Club-Moss. Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branch- es; the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle 4 to 6 inches long, bearing about 2 or 3 (rarely 1 or i) linear-cylindrical spikes ; le ives linear-awl-shaped, iacurved- fipreadmg, light green, tipped as also the bracts with a fine bristle. Dry woods, common. J uly. 5. L. COMPLANATUM, L. Flattened Club-Moss. Sterns extensively creeping (often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; branchlets equal, crowded, spreading, somewhat fan- like, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves m i ranks, with di-current-united bases, the lateral rows with slightly spreading tooth-like tips r those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrow, wholly ap~ pressed ; peduncles slender, bearing 2 to 4 cylindrical S23ikea» Dry woods and copses, common. July. 2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. Name a diminutive of Selago. Fructification of two kinds^ 1-celled, soms filled witfe minute powdery matter, and opening at the apex; others containing 1 to 4, rarely 6 globose angular grains ; the latter either intermixed with the former in the same axils, or soli- tary in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. 1. S. rupestris, Spring. Small Rock Club-Moss. Much branched in close tufts. 1 to 3 inches high ; leaves densely apprised &&.•> W2 446 ANOPHYTES AND THALLOPIIYTES. bricated, linear-lanceolate, comose and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate, bris- tle-tipped; those of the strongly 4 angular spike rather broader; the sorts of spore* in the same axils. Exposed rocks, common. Grayish-green, resembling a rigid Moss. 2. S. aptjs, Spring. Moss-like Sulaginella. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid; leaves pellucid, membranaceous, 4-ranked; those of the lateral rows spreading horizontally, ovate- oblique, mostly obtuse ; the other much smaller, appres.sed, acuminate; those of the short spikes nearly similar ; lui ger spore-cases at the lower part of the spike. 4jOw shady places. July, Aug. 137. The Order Hydropterides consists of aquatic cryp- togam ous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne at the base of the leaves, or on submerged branches, con- sisting of two kinds of organs, of dubious nature, contained in indehiscent ; or irregularly bursting involucres, Uporo- carps). ANOPHYTES, Anopitytes. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alose, w-ith acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, some- times the stem and foliage is confluent into a frond. They embrace the following orders : Musci and Hepatice^e, (with four suh-evdavs Ricciacece } Anthocerotece, Merchantiacece and Junge r m a n a la cece. ) 138. The Order Musci'(Mosses, Fig. 4,) consists of low tufted plants, always with a atom and distinct (sessile) leaves, producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid, and contain simple spores alone. 139. The Order Hepatice^ (Liverworts, Fig. 5,) con- sists of frondose or Moss-like phnts, of a loose cellular tex- ture, usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath ; the calyptra not seperating from the base, but usually rup- turing at the apex ; the capsule not opening by a lid, con- taining spores, usually mixed with elaters which consists -of thin thread-like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres, uncoiling elastically at maturity, THALLOPHYTES. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of co»« gcries of cells or even of seperate cells, often vaguely com- bined in a thallus, never exhibiting a marked distinction into root, stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fruc- tification of the most simple kinds coasisting of sporufa or 4poridia. THALL0PI1YTLS. 447 Fiv 7„ 8,) consists of j arasitic flowtrkss j lauts, either living bjcd LLd drLvirg tLcir nciuitLmtnt fum lhirg, though. 448 THALLOPHYTES. more commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or «lse appropriate the- organized matter of dead and decaying animal and vegetable bodies-. Rust, smut and mildew, (Fig. 8,) are examples of the former, and mushroom, puff balls, &c, of the latter. Fungi (Fig. 7,) are entirely destitute of foliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to be essential to the formation of .organic out af inorganic matter. 142. The Order CHAitACE^E (Chara Family,) consists of a few aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the lower Algse, in cellular structure, being composed of simple tubular cells-, placed end to end, and often with a set of smaller tubes- applied to the surface of - tbe main one. Their fructification consists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig, 9,) of which the smaller is probably a mass of antheridece). of curious structure, while the upper and larger is a sporo- carp formed of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around. a nucleus which is a spore cr. sporangium.. 148. The next vast Order or rather. Class, Alge^e, con- fists mostly of aquatic plants-. Although they rise to forms- more simultatiag the higher grades of vegetation, and there- fore should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they descend to the very lowest point of the scale, they have been placed the last in the series, 9. 10. fig. 9. Branch of tbe common Chara, nearly the natural size; a, a portion? snagaitied, showing the lateral tubes inclosing a central one; also a spore, invested' lb} a, set of tubes twisted spirally around it, and with an autheridium borne at its' base; b, a portion rf tte lateral tubes more highly magnified. Fig. 10. a, summit of the freed of lucus vesiculous; b, one of the contained 1 globules; c, spores and jointtd fikments of which the globules are composed: d r tV-nium glaucum, of I'-hrcnlcrg, v>l o thinks it a ccrgerics of animalcults, while- it is described as- an Alca? by Wejcri; e, Euastmm Crux Melitensis ; /, Mcridioa^, ^rculaie ; g, Ethiuella f cbcllata, pciht ps a group of animalcules. THALLOPHYTES. 44£h 144. The highest forms of the Algae are the proper Sea- weeds, '-'some of which have stems of enormous lengths,, and fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm." " Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in masses to the naked eye." From those we descend by suc- cessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to end, such as the green Confervus of our pondsj and many marine forms, in which the organs of. vegetation and fructi- fication become at length perfectly indentical, both reduced to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege- tation we have the plant reduced to a single cell, conaining granular matter which gives rise to new ones each of which- ^ at the destruction of its mother cell becomes an independent minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process." 1 45. u The lowest group of the Alga), called Diatomac.e. presents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time by the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how they are to be seperated from the vegetable kingdom, espc- _ eially if they evolve oxygen gas as they are said to do. But?. wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of the vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach t$ tha lowest epnfines of. the aninaal creation \" ERRATA,, Generic description of Nasturtium on page 29 should read.— Pod nearly terete, X?., ««e Class 1$, Tetradynamia, Order 2, Siliquotte, in Analytical Tables. On page 36, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or. Page 73, 6th line, from Exionymusfor5-sided, read 4-sided. Bage 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza. Page 103, 2nd line from bottom, for. stick, read di. Caniellna 26 Cladiuoi 402 Da lie us 133 Campanula 208 Claytonia 56 Ditura 28 1 CaMPASULACEUB 208 Clematis 2 Dl'coden 112 'Camptosorus 433 Cleome 36 Delphlnura 9 Campylosperjub 140 Clethra 215 Dentaria 28 Canna 364 Clintonia 376, 207 Dcsmodium 85 Cannabis 336 Ciiuopjliuin 258 Diinthus 49 Cax^abimk-5 335 Cnlcus 19J Dianthera 234 Caxnacea 364 Cochlear ia 26 Diceutra 23 CAFPARIDACE3! 35 Ocdosperaux 141 Dicksonia 440 iCaprifoliuit 145 Coix 432 Dihotyledoxs 1 eSpSelra 25 Colimsia 237 Diervilla Ho ■Capsicum 281 Collinsoaia 252 Digitalis 23S Cardauiine 31 Coaiandra 310 Dioscdfea 371 Cnrdiospermum 70 Comaiell^na 392 Dl-'WCOREACEJE 371 Cirex 403 COMMSLLTSACEJ! 3j2 Di.>spyros 228 Carpinus 325 Couiptonia 327 DlOXJMACEAE Ul Cartbamus 199 Composite 155 Diplopappus 168 'Carum 138 COXIFERJS 3GJ DiPSACSAE 151 Carya . 319 Ciiuium 141 Dipsacus 155 Caryophyllacbjb 47 ConooliDum 158 Diptericanthus 2SS4 Cassandra 211 Conopboiis 231 Direa 308 Cassia 94 Con vail aria 377 Dcdeca'heon 22J iiiSsts 94 Convolvulus 2TS Dracocephalum 256 Castanea 323 CONVOLVL'LACrjE 277 Droicra 42 ■Castilleja 245 CGptis 8 DilOSERACEffi 42 Catananche 206 Coprosmaothus 372 Dryal-eae lol Catalpa 233 Coral lorbiza 357 Dryppteris 4-U Cataria 255 Coreopsis 1S2 Buiichium 395 ■Caulinia 350 CoriandruBa 142 Cedronella 255 COKNACE« 144 EbexacilE 223 Cklastracej! 71 Cornus 114 Echiuocystis 122 Celastrus 72 Corydalls 23 Ecbino.-pex-mum 269 Cetdsia 302 Cory 1 us 324 Echiuodorus 354 Celtis 312 Cosuiantbus 273 LcLiiuni 2o6 -Ceutaurea 195 Crantzia 132 Eclipto 175 •CcutrGsenia S3 Cbassulacjub 125 ELATIKACEiE 46 Ceph&lanthus 152 Crataegus 108 Elatina 46 Cerastium -51 Crocus -373 Eleocbaris 397 •Cerassus 97 Crotalaria 93 Elepbantopus 156 CeRATOPHYLLACE^E 313 CRLCFER.& 24 Rleusine 415 Ceratoph^yilum 313 CRYPTOUAillA 435 Ely m us 423 Ceratoschuenus 401 Cryptotasuia 137 ElGdea 46 Cercis 94 Cucumis 1*23 Lxdogexs 345 Cliaerophyllum 140 Cucurbita 124 Eplgea 213 Charackae 44S CUCURBITAC&B 121 Epildbium 113 Chamaellrium 388 Cuuila 252 Epiphegus 231 Cheilauthes 438 Cupbea 113 Eqlisetaceae 435 Cheiranthus 33 CUPRESSIXEiB 342 Equisetum 436 Oh<*lid6nium 21 Cupressus 342 Eragrostis 418 •Cuelone 237 ClJi'Ll.I.FER.S 320 Erechthites 102 UHENOPUDIACEae 298 Cl>Cu"lIXr~B 279 Ekicaceae 210 Cbeuopodium 298 Cuscuta 279 Ericixeab 21-2 Chimaphila 220 Cydonia 111 Erigenia 141 ClNCHONE* 152 Cynoglussum 269 Eiigeron 167 Chionanthes 295 CYNAR££ 195 EriocaCilon 3J4 Cbrysopsis 174 Cyuthia 201 Ekiocauloxacz>£ 394 Ciirjs^nUicmuia ISO Cynudon 4J.5 Enopbola r^jA INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 453 « PAGE. PAGE. pagb. ' "Sridphornm 400 Hamamelis ■ 131 Jasmlnum 294 Erysimum 32 Hededma : 252 Jeffersonia 17 Erythraea • 286 Hedera 143 JUGLANDACES 318 Erythronium - 882 Hedyotis 153 Juglans 318 ESCALLONIEJS 129 HE-DYSARE.S ■ 84 JUNCACE^ - 388 Eseholtzia 22 Hedj^sarum 84 JUNCAGINE^ 352 EUONYMEAE 72 Helianthejb 384 Juncus 3S9 Eudnymus 73 Helenium 1 186 Juniperus 34S E 17PAT0RTACE.B 157 Helianthe^e 178 Justicia, 2S4 Eupotorium 159 Heliiinthemum 40 Euphorbia 315 H el i an thus : 180 Kalmia - 217 EuPHORBIACEfl 315 Heliopsis 179 Koeteria - 416 Eutdca 273 Helleborus 12 Krigia 201 lixoaENa 1 Helonias Helxine ' 388 KuhBia 305 158 Faba 80 Hemiantbus - 241 Labiatjs 249 Fagopyrum S06 Hemicarpha 397 Lactuca 204 Fagua 324 Hemocorallis 377 Lagenaria - 124 Fedia 154 Hepatica 3 Lamium. 261 Festuca 420 HepaticEjB 446 Lappa 198 Filago 192 Heracleum 134 Lapathum 306 FlLl CES 436 Herpestis 240 Laportea 337 Fimbristylis 400 Hesperis 34 Larix 341 Fleerkia 66 Heteranthera 391 Lathyrus 78 Fcenlculum 139 Heuchera 127 Lauraceae 307 FrAxinus 295 Hibiscus 58 Laurns 308 Fragaria 434 Hieraceum 202 Lavandula 264 Frittillaria 383 Hippuris 118 Lechea 41 Fumaria 24 Hcemodoraceai 367 Ledum 218 FuMARlACEa 22 Hollcus 426 Leersia 408 "FlNGl 447 Hordeum 424 Legujiinos^ 77 Funkia -378 Hottonia 229 Lemna 348 HOTTONIEAJB 229 LesiNACE^ 348 Galaetia " 82 Houstunia 153 Lentago 149 Galanthus ' 366 Hudsonia 41 LENTIBTJLACEiB 230 ' Galatella 166 Humulus 336 Leontice 17 " Galeopsis '■ 262 Hyacinthus 380 Leontodon 201 Galium 151 Hydrangea - 130 Leonurus 261 Gailra 115 Hydrangeas 1 180 Lepachys 180 Gaultheria 212 Hydrastis 7 Lepidium 26 Gaylussacia 210 Hydroeotyle ' 131 Leptandra 243 Gentiana 287 HydrocharidacEae : 354 Lespedeza 97 Gextianacob 285 Hydrophyllaceab 271 Leucanthemum 188 'Geramcsjb 62 Hy drophyllum 271 Leucojum 367 'Geranium 62 Hydropterides 446 Liatris 157 Gerardia • 244 Hyoscyamus - 281 LlCHENES 447 Geum 102 Hypericacae 43 LlGULIFLORAE 200 'Gillia 276 Hypericum 44 Ligustrum 294 Gillenia 100 Hypophoria 403 LlUACEAE 374 Glechoma - 256 Hypoxis 866 Lilium 381 Gledit&chia 95 Hyssopis : - 265 LlMNANTHACEAE 66 Glvmacee ' 395 Limosella 241 • ' Glumaceous £ndOS2NS 395 Iberis 27 Lin ace ae 61 I Glyeeria " 418 Ilex 222 Linaria 23« • Gnaphalium 191 Ilysanthug 241 Lindernia 241 Gomphrina • 302 Impatiens 64 Linnaea 148 • 'Gonolobus 293 Inula 175 Linum 61 Goodyera 362 Iodanthea 30 Liparis 356 Gkamineae -'408 Ipomea 278 Lippia 249 "Gratiola 240 Ipomupsis 277 Liquidamber 333 '-Grossdlacejb 119 Iridace^ 368 Liriodendron 14 Gymnadenia 359 Iris 368 Listeria S63 * GxmnospermoUS Exo- Isanthufl 249 Liihospermum 267 GENS 339 Isatis 28 Lobelia 206 R Gynandropsis 35 Isnarda 116 Lobeliaceas 266 Itea 129 Loganeas 1§3 | Halorage* 116 Lolium 423 *i-'H2M£gUA<;iM 131 -X2 JaBMHUCHUI 291 Lqx&g&z* -446 454 INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. PAGB. PAGE. yxa* LOHICBREAB 145 Myosdtis 268 PA8SIPLORACEJI 121 Lophanthua 256 Myrlca 326 Pastinaca 134 LOKAMTHACJUl 811 MYRlCACBAS 826 Pauldnia 23* L-OTBAB 89 Myriopbyllua 117 Pedicularia 246 Ludwlgla 115 Peltandra 846 Lunaria 27 Nabulus 202 Penthdrum 126 Luplnua 93 Naiadacsas 850 Pentstemon 838 LiUula £89 Naiaa 850 PereiGa 93 Lychnla 60 Narcissua 866 Persicarla 804 Lycium 284 Nardosmia 161 Petunia 285 Lycopers3c*m 283 Nasturtium 29 i'baceiia 172 Lycopoducbji 444 Negunda 70 Phaxoqamu 1 Lycopddittffl 444 .NliMlMiUAO&Al 18 Phaiana 42T Lycopsia 267 Nelumbium 18 Pharbltis «78 Lycopua 251 Nemopantha* 223 Phaseolbab 61 Ly?6dium 442 Nemdpbila 273 Pbaseolua i Lydnia 214 Nepeta 255 PHILADeiPHM ISO Lj simaobia 227 Nicandra 282 Philadelphua ISO LTKHSyiCBAl 112 Nicotiana 280 Pbleum 40* Nigella 13 Phlox 274 Maolura S3fl Nyctaginacbab 80i Phragmltea 4iS Magndlia 13 Nymphaea 18 Phryma 245 MAqkolucsai 13 A'YMPHABACajdl 18 Phyllanthua 31T M ai an them tun 376 N&pbar 19 Physalia 281 Mains 110 Nyssa 809 Physostegia 201 Maira 67 Nyssac&b 809 Phytolacca 803 Maxvaobji 67 Phyiolacoagbji 303 MoAaxit 356 Obolaria 289 Pllea S33 Maria 214 Oeynium 264 Pknpinalla 139 Marrilbium 863 (Enothera 114 Plnua 83* M*rt*~uia 233 Olbaoba 294 Pisum m WarCita 187 Onogracejb 113 PJLANTA9IKAG4I 224 Matthlola 34 Onopordon 198 Plantago 224 Meconopsia 20 Onosinodium 267 Platanacr* 334 Medeola 874 Ophioglossb* 443 Platanthdra 35* Medicago 92 OpbioglOssum 443 Platanua oo4 M&LAKTEflBAB 886 Opulus 150 Pluchia 175 Melantbium 386 Opuutia 119 PlumbaginaCSAB 225 Melampyruin 247 ORcniDAOBJJ 356 p oa 418 Mblastojuc&S 111 Orchis 358 Podophyllum 16 Melica 417 Origanum 251 PoDOSTBJiACKa 314 Melilutoa 92 Ornitbogalum 878 Podostemum 814 M«li£sa 258 OROBANCiiACli^ 231 Pogonia 861 Meldthria 122 Orobanche 231 Polan^sia 31 M«SNI§PEIlliACE.a 15 Orontium 347 PoLEMOKIACaa 274 Menispermum 15 Oribumeris 166 Polemonium 276 Montba 250 Okthuspsrilh 131 Polyantbos 381 Menyauthufl 288 Osmorbiza 140 PolygonaCB^ 303 Menziesia 215 Osmunda 443 Poiygala 78 Merle usia 269 OsMU.NDixaa ( 442 POLYGAT.ACE^ 75 Mikania 158 Ostrya 325 Polygonatum 875 Micrustylua 856 OX\LIDACILfi 63 Polygonum 303 Miinulna 239 Oxalia 63 Polymnia 176 Mirabilia 802 Oxydendron 214 POLYPEIALOUS EXOGEKa 1 Mitehella 152 Oxyooccus £12 Pr>LYP0DlNK,2B 43T Mitell a 128 Oxytripolium 166 Polypodium 43T Mohugo 53 PoMEae 108 Momordica 123 Pseonia 12 Pontederia 391 Monarda 253 Panax 143 PoNTBDBRIACta 391 MONOOIiLETMWTS 345 Panic tun 427 POpulus 332 MoN0PfirALOtsES0QENsl4:5 Papaver 21 Portulaca 56 Monotropa 221 Papaveracxb 20 PuRTULACAC&B 55 HoNOTHOPjSAB 220 PAPILIOXACKa 77 Potentilla 433 Moreab 334 Pardanthu8 870 Poterium 102 Morua 335 Parietaria 338 Primula 226 Mubleubergia 412 Pj.rna.ssia 43 Prim u lacks 226 Mulgwdium 104 PARNASSIEiB 43 PiuaiOLBte 226 MuiCi 4i0 Passindra 121 Prinoidos .222 INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 455 PAGE. PAGE. PAG&. Prlnos 222 SaCRURACES 313 Tagetea 1S4 Pros&rtea 385 Saururus 313 Tallnum 57 Proserpinaoa 117- SaXiFRAGACES 126 Tanacetum 189 Prunella 259 Saxlt'raga 127 Taraxicum 203 Primua 96 Saxifrages 127 Taxin£.e 341 Ptelea 67 Scabiosa 155 Taxodiam 343 Pteria 437 Scheuchseria 353 Taxus 344 P terospora 220 Schollera 392 Tecoma 232 Pulmonaria 271 Schwalbea 246 Tephrosia 90 Pycnanthemum 257 Scirpus 398. Teucrium 264 Pyrceus 336 Scleranthas 55 Thalictram 3 Pyre thrum 189 Scleria 402 Thallopuytes 446 Pyrola 219 SCROPHULARIACZJI 235 Thaspium 135 Pyroleae 218 Scutellaria 259 Thlaspi 25 Pyrularia 310 Seeale 425 Thunbergia 235 Pyrua 109 Sedum 125 Thuja 342 Selagiaella 445 Thymeleaces 308 Quamocllt 279 Senecio 194 Thymus 258 Quercua 330 Senicionoides 176 Tiarella 128 Sericocarpua 169 Tllia 61 BANuxcuLAcaa 1 Sesames 233 Tiliacejb 60 Ranunculus 4 Setaria 430 Tilljea 1'25 Raph&nus 33 Slcyoa 122 Tipularia 353 Reboulea 417 Sida 60 Tradescantia 3.<3 Reseda 36 Silene 47 Tragopogon 205 Rhamjtackji 73 SlLENE-E 47 Tricheloatvlus 4'00 Rhamuua 73 SiLlCULOSS 25 Trichodium 411 Rheum 307 Siliquoss 28. TricOphorum 399 Rh#xia 111 Silphiuin - 177 Trichostenia 263 RHIXAIdHTDRfl 241 Sinap a 32 Tricuspis 416 Rhododendron 217 Sisymbrium 31 Trientiiis 227 Rhoddra 215 Sisyrinchium 369 TrifOlium 93 Rhodors 215 Slum 137 Triglochin 352 Rhus 67 Smilaces 371 TRILLIACE-B 373 Rhvnchosporft 401 Smilaelna 375 Trillium 373 Ribes 119 Smilax 372 Triosteum 141 Rlcinua 318 Solaxactbje 2S0 Trip=acum 430 Robinia 89 Solanum 283 Trisetum 425 Rosa -105 Sulea 40 Triticum 422 ROdACUB 96 Solidago 171 Trollius 8 Rosaces, proper ■ 99 Sonchus 205 Tropjeolacsjb 65 Rosemarmua 265 SOPHORES 93 Tropaeclum 65 Rltbiacejb 150 Sorbus 110 Tuboliflors 156 Rubus )3 SGrgham • 431 Tiilipa 3 S3 Rudbl-'jkia 179 Sparganium 349 Tolipace.e 3S1 Rudlia ' 234 Spartina 414 TUSSILAGISES 161 R umex 306 Specularia 209 Tussilago 161 Spergula 54 T^pha 343 Sabbatia 285 Spergularia 55 T'YPHACEJS 348 Saglna 53 Spigelia 154 SagitUria 354 Spiraea 99 Udora 354 S-VLICAC.E-S 329 Spires 99 Ulmaceb 311 Salix 329 Spiranthus 362 Ulmus 311 Salvia 254 Sporobolus 410 Umbellieers 131 Sambuces 148 Stachys - 262 Uniola 421 Sambueua 148 Staphylea 72 Urtica 307 Samolrs 229 Staphtles 72 UrticacEjS 334 Samolua 229 Statice 225 URTICEiE 337 Sanlcula 133 Stellaria 51 Uvularia 384 Sanguin&ria 20 SiELLATS : 151 UVCiLARLB 3S4 Sanguisorba 101 Scipa 413 Sa.S r ALICES 310 Streptdrus 386 Vaccines 210 Sapixoace^ 70 Stylosanthes 88 Vacclnium 210 Sapon&ria 48 Symphoricarpus 147 Valeria>acejs 154 Sarracenia 19 Symphytum 266 Vallisneria 355 Sarracmaob 19 Symplocarpus 346 Veratrum 3ST -Sassafras 308 Syringa 295 Verbascum 235 SafruxSja - 2m Verbena W 456 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. " TERBENACEa Yerbesina Vernonia Vernonxacs^ Veronica Viburnum Vlcia VlOIKJ Vilfa Yinca Viola '. VlOLACB^ v > Ylacum PAGE. 247 186 156 156 242 149 77 77 410 290 37 -36 : 311 YlTACKB Vltis Waldstelnia Wistaria Woodsia Woodwaria Xknthium Xeranthemum Xyldsteum Xyridaces Xyris PAGE. 74 74 103 ' 83 441 438 178 200 146 393 Yucca Zannichellia Zanthoriza ZANTHOXYlACRa Zanthoxylum Zapania Zea Zinnia Zizia Zizaoift »Adm 384 3S9 11 W M 248 438 183 ise 40t INDEX TO COMMON NAMES PAGE. PAGE. * Acanthus Family 234 Aster, Tribe 161, 162 - Adam aud-Eve 357 Av-ens 102 Adams needle 384 Adders-mouth 356 Bald Cypress 343 Adder's- tongue 443 Balm 258 Agrimony 101 Balsam 64 Aider 328 Baneberry 10 Alexanders 136 Barberry 16 " Almond 99 Barley 424 Almond Family 96 Barn-yard-grass 429 > Aloe 365 Baftonia ' 287 Amaranth ■ 300 Basil 258 264 Amaranth Family 300 Bastard Toad-Flax '310 Amarj'llis 365 Bayberry 326 ■ Amaryllis Family 365 Bay Family •■307 American Aloe 365 Bean Tribe 81 " Brooklime 242 Beard-grass 431 " Broomrape 231 Beard-tongue i 23S " Centaury 285 Beak-rush 401 44 Cowslip 227 Beech : 324 « Laurel 217 Beech drops 5 231 ' Anise 139 Beet 300 A pole Family 108 Bell flower Family 208 Apple of Peru 282 Bellwort, B. Famil / 384 .«..rbor Vltae 3-1:2 Bent-grass 411 Arethusa 361 Bermuda-grass 415 Arrow-Arum 346 Bignonia Family 233 " Grass Family 352 Bindweed Family - '277 " Grass 352 Birch Family 327 " Head 354 Birds-nest ££0, 221 Arum 346 Birth-root 373 Arum Family 345 Birthwort Family 297 Asarabacca 297 Blackberry-Lily 370 Ash 295 Black-grass 390 Asparagus Tribe 374 Bladder-nut 72 i Aspen 332 Bladder Fern 440 Asphodel 378 Bladderwort, B. Family 230 ^^gyhodelTtibe ■377 Blazing-Star 388 »A<». Blite 299 Brake 48T Bloodwort 20 Bloodwort Family S6f Blue-curls 263 Blue-eyed-grass 369 Blue-grass 419 Blue-hearts 244 Bog-rush 389, 402 Borage, B. Family 266, 270 Bottle-brush-grass 424 Bow-wood 336 Box-wood 318 Br acted Bihd-weed 277 Bramble, Br. Tribe 101, 103 Bresic 34 Bristle beard-grass 416 Bristle-grass 430 Brook-weed 229 Broom-corn 431 Broom-grass 421 Broom-rape, Br. Fa- mily 231 ,232 Buck- bean 283 Buck-thorn, B. Fa- mily 78 Buckwheat Family 303 Bug-bane 11 Bugle- weed 251 Bugloss 26C ,270 Bul-rush 398 Burdock 198 Burr Mary-gold 185 Burr-reed 349 Bush Honey-suckle 147 Butter-cup »4 Button-bush 162 Button Snake-root -»r INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 457 Button- wood 50, Cabbage Cactus Family Calamus Calopdgon Calico-bush Canary grass Cancer root Candy-tuft Caraway Cardinal-flower Carrion-flower Carrot Catmint Cat-tail Family Cat tail Flag Cayenne Pepper Celendine Centaury Chaff-seed Chamomile Cheat Cherry Chess Chestnut Chick Pea Chick-weed, Ch. Fa- mily Chives Cicily Cinchona Family Cinnamon Fern Cives Cleavers Climbing Fern Climbing Fumitory Climbing Hempweed Clintdnia Club Golden Club-Moss Club-rush Clover-tre oil Cockle-burr Cockscomb Columbine Colchicum Family Colts-foot Comfrey Coral-root Coriander Corn-salad Cord-grass Cotton grass Cotton-rose Cotton-thistle Cowbane Cow-parsnip ' Cowslips Cow-wheat Crab-grass Crane-bill, Cr. Family Crane-fly Orchis Cress Crocus Crow-foot, Cr. Fa- mily 1 Crown-beard T2 PAGE. 318 Crowspur Crown Imperial 34, 346 Cucumber-root 118 Cud-weed 347 Cut-grass 361 Cypress, C. Family 217 Cypress Yine 427 31, 232 Daffodil 27 Daisy 138 Dandelion 206 Darnel 372 Day-flower 133 Day-Lily 255 Deadly Night-shade 348 Dead Nettle 348 Devils-bit 284 -Diclytra 21 Dielytra 285, 2S6 Dittany 246 Dock 187 Dodder, D. Family 421 Dog-bane, D. Family 97 Dogs-tooth-grass 421 Dogs-tooth-violet PAGE. 233 Filbert 383 Finger-grass 374 Fir 191 Fireweed 40S Flax 342 Fleabane - 279 Flowering Ferns Flower-de-Luce 366 Flowering Plants 188 Flowerless Plants • 203 Fly Poison 423 Fog-fruit 392 Forget-me-not 377, 378 Four-o'clock 284 Fox-glove 261 Fox-tail 388 Fox-tail-grass 23 Fringe-tree 23 Frog's-bit Family 252 Fumitory 306 279 Gale Family 289 Galingale 416 Gall-of-the-earth 382 Gama-grass 323 Dragon-head 80 Dragon-root Drop-seed-grass 256,261 Garlic PAGE. 324 428 340 193 £1 167, 173 443 368 1 435 387 249 268 302 239, 245 409, 430 409 295 354 24 205 430 379 346 Gentia'n.G. Family 285, 2S7 51 Duck-weed, D. Family 380 Dutchman's Pipe 140 Dutchman's Breeches 152 443 Ebony Family 380 Eel-grass 151 Elder, E. Tribe 442 Elecampane 24 Elephant's-foot 158 Elm, E. Family Enchanters Night- shade 444 Evening Prim-rose 398 Everlasting 90 Eye-bright 178 302 False Dragon-head 8 " Flax 386 " Gromwell Hellebore Indigo 9( Jessamine Nettle Orchis Pennyroyal Pimpernel Rice Rocket Solomon's Seal Sun-flower Wintergeen 247 Fearin-grass 415, 428 Feather-foil, F. Tribe 62 Feathergrass 58 Fennel 29 Fern 10 Ferns Fescue-grass 4 Fever-few 410, 412 Germander 207, 376 347 161 266 £57 142 154 414 400 192 198 138 134 226, 227 264 256 143 302 8 13Q 174 347 171 8 293 120 298 348 Giant Hyssup 297 Ginseng 23 Globe Amaranth Globe-flower 223 Golden Alexanders 355 " -Aster 148 « Club 17 5 « Rod 156 Gold-thread 311 Gonolobus Gooseberry 116 Goose-foot, G. Family 114 Grass Family 408 191 Great Burnet 101 207 Greek Valerian 276 Green Tiolet 40 261 Grien-brier 372 • 26 Gromwell 267 267 Ground Cherry 282 387 « Laurel 213 93 • " • Love . 273 284 « -nut 82 338 « Pine 445 359 GroundseLG. Tribe 176, 194 249 241 Hairgrass 411,424 408 Hawkbit 201 30 Hawkweed 202 375 Hawthorns 108 186 Hazelnut 324 219 Heal-all 259 411 Heath Family 210, 212 229 Hedge Bind weed 277 413 •' hysup 240 139 « mustard 31 326,327 " nettle 262 436 Hellebore 387, 12 428 Hemicarpha 397 189 Hemlock 126, 141 341 166 Figwort. F. Family 235, 237 Hemlock spruce 458 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. PAGE. PAGE. PAOB* H nip 33C , 299 Lavender 225, 264 Moulds 447 110 Hemp Family 836 Laurel 213 Mountain Ash Hemp-nettle 262 Leat blossom 161, 317 ' « Fringe 225 « Holly 308 Morning Bride 24 Hemp- weed 15S Leadwort Family 222 Henbane 2S1 , 282 Leatherwood 155 Herdsgrass 41C .411 Leek 380 Mudwort 241 Hickory 319 Lettuce .204 Mulberrv 335 Hody, 11. Family 221 , 222 Lichens 447 Mullein* 235 Hollyhock 58 Lilac ,295 Mullein Pink 50 H mewort 137 Liiy 874 Mushrooms 447 Honesty 27 Lilly Family 381 Musk Melon 123 Honey-locust 95 Lily-of-the-valley 877 Mustard 32 Honev-suekie 146 Lim 'grass 423 Hop 3 36 Linden,. L. Family 60, 61 Narcissus 366 W op-hornbeam 320 Lion's loot 17 Nasturtion 65 Horebonndf 2G1 , 263 Lip-Fern 438 Nectarine 98 Hornbeam 825 Liverleaf 3 Nettle 3^7 Horaed Pondweed 250 Lizard's-tail, L. Family 313 Nettle-trea 312 Horned Rush 401 Lobelia 206 Nightshade 283 J 84 Hornwort. 11. Family 313 Locust 89 Nine-bark 99 1J irse-balm 252 Loose Strife 227 Nonesuch 82 •• nettle' 283 Lopseed 248 Nutmeg Flower 13 *' chestnut 71 Louse wort 246 Nut-rush 402 " mint 253 Lungwort 260. 271 ' ; -tu.il Family 435 Lupine 93 Oak 320 H lundstongue 269 Lychindia 274 Oak of J erusalem 299 Hyacinth 380 Lymegrass 423 Oat 426 Hyssup 265 256 Oiluut 311 Madder Family 150,151 Onion 379 Indian bean 203 Maidenhair 438 Orchard Grass 415 " chickweed 53 Mallow, M. Family 57 Orpine 126 " cucumber-root 161, 074 Manna-grass 418 Osage Orange' 336 '• corn 1-1 432 -Maple 69 Osier 329 " fig 119 Mare's-tail 118 Ox-eye 179 188 " grass 431 Marigold 184, 185, 199 1 ' nemp 290 Majrjoram 251 Ta;ony 12 " mallow 58 Magnolia 13 Paiuted-cup 245 « millet 432 Mandrake 16 Painted lpomopsis 2^7 « pine.l. Family 22C ..'21 Mangel- Wurtzel 300 Palnia Chris ti 318 ** plantain 193 Marsh Marigold 7 Pansey 40 *' reed, I. Family 364 Marvel-of-Peru 303 Papaw 13 *' rice 409 Matrimony Vine 2S4 Pappoose 17 " turnip 345 May Apple 10 Parsley 139 Iri- Family 368 Ma - 187 Parsnip 134, 135,1137 lion weed . 156 Meadow Bjauty 111 Partridge Berry "152 Iron wood 325 '• Sweet 99 Passion Flower 121 Ivy 143 « Hue 3 Paulonia 238 31 lilot 92 Pea 79, 80 Jamestown weed 2S1 Melon 124 Peach 93 Japan day lilies 87 8 Mermaid- weed 117 Pear 110, 119 Jasmine, J. Family 294 Mezcreum 309 Pearlwort 53 J' ssamine 2>4 Mi-niouotte SO Pellitory 338 Job's tear 432 Milfoil 117 Pencil Flower 89 Jonquil 306 Milkweed 290 Penny Cress 25 Judas Tree 94 Milk-wort 76 Pennyroyal 252 Juniper 161 343 Miik L'ea 82 Pennywort 131.135,137,289 Juue berry 109 Miik Vetch 89 Pepper-bush sweet 215 Mint 250 Pepper-grass 26 Kidney bean 81 Misslctoe 311 Pepper-root 28 Kings spear 278 Mist-flowei 168 Peppermint 250 Knawcl 55 Mitrewort 1^9 Periwinkle 290 Knot weed 303 Monkey Flower 239 Per.-immon Tree 2i3 Mouk's-hood 10 Pheasant's Fye 18 Labrador Tea 212 Moon-seed 15 rblox 274 L:iuies Tresses 36^ Moon wort 443 pi c k.eral-weed 391 Lady's Slippor 363 Morning Glory 273 Pigrney-weed 1*5 Larch 341 Moss Piuk 275 piuxpernell 261 Pi™ 228 Larkspur 9 Motherwort e..» INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 459 PAGE. PAGE. pAGB. Pine-drops Pine-sap Pinks 220 Sarsaparilla 142 Strawberry 434 221 Sassafras 308 Strawberry Blite 291 49 Saxifrage 127 Straw Flower 200 Pink-root 151 Savory 205 Succory 200 Pink Grass 362 Scorpion Grass 268 Sumach 67 Pinweed 41 Scouring Rush 436 Sundew 42 Pipewort 394 Scratch Grass 305 Suudvops 115 Pipsissiwa 220 Sedge 403 Sunflower 180 Pitcher Plant 19 Seed-box 116 Susan Black- r>yed 23a Plantain •224 Self-heal 259 Sweet Alyssum 27 Pleurisy-root 292 Seueca Snake-root 76 " Brier 106 Pium 96 Senna 94 " Cicily 140 Poison Hemlock 141 Sesame-Grass 430 " Fern Zll Poison Oak 68 Shadberry 109 " Flag 347 Poke- weed 303 Shepherd's Purse 25 " Gale Family 326 - Polypody- 437 Shinleaf 219 " Gum. S. Family 333 Pond Lily 19 Sieklepod 30 " Pepper bush 215 Pond -weed 351 Sida 60 " -Scented Shrub 111 Poor-man's Weather- Side-saddle Flower 20 « Sultan 196 glass 229 Silk-weed 290 " William 49 Poplar 332 Skull-cap 259 Sycamore 334 Poppy 21, 22 Skunk Cabbage 346 Syringa 130 Potato 279,283 Snail 92 Prickly Ash 66 Snake-head ,._ 237 Tamarack 342 Prim or Privet 295 Shake-root • 1V**»> 297 Tanzy 189 Primrose 226 Snap-dragon 236 Tare-grass 355 Prince's. Feather 301 Sneeze-weed 187 Teasel, T. Family 154, 155 Prince's Pine 220 Snow-ball ISO Thin-grass 411 Puccoon 20 « berry 148 Thistle, Th. Tribe 195. 194 Pumpkin 124 « drop 366 Thorn 108 Purslane 56 " -Flake 367 Thorough-wax 138 Putty-root ■" -S58 Snowy Campion 47 Thorough- wort 159.160 Soapwort 48 Thread-foot '314 Quaking Grass 417 Solomon's Seal ' 375 Thrift 225 Qqeen of the Prairie 100 Sorrel 63. 306 Thyme 258 Queen Margaret 170 Sorrel Tree 214 Tickseed 182 * Quince 111 Sow Thistle 205 Tiger-flower 370 Spauish Needles 18b Timothy 409, 427 Kaddish 33 Spear Grass 418 Toad-flax 236, 310 Bagged Robin 50 Spearmint 250 Tobacco 280 Rag-weed 177 Speedwell 242, 244 Tooth wort 28 Raspberry 104 Spicewood 308 Treacle Mustard 32 Rattle-box 93 Spiderwort 86. 393 Trefoil 90 Rattle-snake Plantain 362 Spikenard 142 Trefoil Shrubby 67 Red-bud 94 Spike- grass 421 Trillium Famil r 373 Red Osier 144 Spike-rush 397 Triple-awned-Grass 414 Reed 422 Spindle-tree - 73 ' Trisetum 425 Rhubarb 307 Spleenwcrt 439 True Lily Tribe 381 Ribbon-grass --427 Spring Beauty 56 True Colchicum Family 386 River-weed 314 « Cress 31 Trumpet Creeper 232 Robin's Plantain ■A67 Spruce 340 " Flower 232 Rock Rose 40 Spurge 315 Tuberose 381 Rocket 33j -34 Spurrey 54 Tulip-tree 14 Rose 105 Squash 125 " Tribe, Tulip 381. 383 Rose Acacia 89 Squaw- root - 231 Tupelo, T. Family 309 Rose Campion 50 Squirrel-corn 23 Turtle-head 238 Rosebay 217 Star-flower 227 Turnip 345 Rosemary 265 Star-grass 367 Twayblade 356, 363 Rosin-plant 177 Starry Campion 47 Twig Rush 402 Rye 425 Star-of-Bethlehem 378 Twin-1 eat 17 Rush-grass 410 Starwort 162 " Flower 148 St. John's- Wort' 44 Twist-stalk 386 Sacred Bean Saffron 18 St. Peter's- Wort ^ 199, 370 St. Andrew'-Croas 45 Two-winged Acanthus 234 45 Sage 254 Steeple-bush 100 Unicorn 388 Sandwort 52 Stick-seed 269 " Root 388 Salsify 205 Stickwort 61 « Plant 233 460 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. PAGE. Valerian 276 "Vegetable Oyster 206 Venus' LooKiug-glass 209 Vernal Grass 4.-7 Vervain, V. Tamily 247 Vetch, •¥. Tnbe 77 Vesciiiing • 78 Vine, V. Family 74 Vioiets 37 , 383 Virgin's Bcwer Vir 6 iuia Speedwell 244 Yipt r s Bugloss 206 |fi fce Robin 373 A\ alliing i-'ern 439 ^\ all Uress 30 Wail Flower 33 Wuinut 31S Water Aram 34(i " i'ox-tail 409 " Hemlock 136 '• Hemp 299 « Hore-hound 251 »• Leaf, W. Family 271 • «, r J4iy 18 Milfoil Oats Parsnip Pimpernel, W. Tribe Plantain, W. Fa- PAGE. 188 409 137 Winterterry " Cre.=s: PAGE. 22^ ?29 mily " Rice " Shield " Star-grass " Starwort " Weed " ; Willow " Wort Wax Wiieat White Grass Whortle-berry Wild Oats '• Rice " Rye Willow " Herb Wind Flower Windsor Bean 352,353 4U9 17 392 314, 392 354 234 46 138 423 " green 219 vV ire-grass 416 Woll's-bane iq Wood Fern ±±i Wood Grass 431 " Retd-grasa 411 " Rush 389 " Sorrel, W. Family 63 Wool-grass 399 212 426 409 423 329 113 2 €0 Xyris Yam, Y. Family Yam Root Yard Grass Yarrow Yellow-eyed Grass " Root " Water-lily: Yew, Y. Family Yucca 393 371 371 415 188 394 15 • 19 344 384 FLOML DICTIONARY. hk', represented by the Apple leat Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love. Arabia (Yellow); Conot aled Love. Achil.-a Millefolia; War. African Marygold; Vulgar Minds. 'A ^rimouy ; thankfulnr s i. Almond Tree; Indiscretion — Heedless- Almond Laurel ; Perfidy. [nes3. AIoh; Misplaced Devotion. A lth;ea Prutcx ; Persuasion. Alyssum (Sweet) : Worth beyond beauty. Amaranth : Immortality. Amaryllis: Haughtiness— Pride. Ambrosia: Love returned. American Cowslip ; You arensy Divinity. American Kim; Patriotism. American Linden; Matrimony. American Starwort ; Welcome to a stran- Anemone; Your Frown I defy. [Lger, Anemone (Kiel J); sickness. Anemone (harden): Forsaken. Anemone | Wood) ; Forsake me net. Angelica; Inspiration. Apocynum; Falsehood. Apple-Blossom ; Preference-Fame speaks -him great and good. Arbor Vibe; While I Live. Arrow-Head; Calm repose. Arum, or Wake-Robin; Ardor. A Roseleaf; 1 will not trouble yon. Aselepias; Cure for the Heartache. A-h ; Grandeur. Ash-leaved Trumpet-Flower; separation. Asppn-Tree; Lamentation. Asphodel ; My regrets follow you to the Auricula : Painting. (Grave. Azalea; Your blush has won me. B ; Beach Leaf. Bachelor's Button; I with the Morning's Love have oft made Sport. Balloon Yine ; You are puffed up. Balm of Gilead Fir; Healing — a Cure. Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry. Balsam; Impatieuce. Balsam Fir; Always smiling. Barberry; sharpness — sourness. Basil ; Hatred. Bay berry; Instruction. Bay-Leaf; I change but in dying. Bay- Wreath; Rewaid of Merit. Beech: Prosperity. BeMflower (Blue); Constancy. Oellflower (Carpatic); I Love my Moun- tain Home. Z2 Belvidere ; I declare against you . Bell wort; Gracefulness. Bee-Ophrys; Krror. B 'tony; -surprise. Bilberry; Treachery. Birch; Gracefulness. Bindweed; Humility. Bird-Cherry; Hope. Bird's-Foct Trefoil; Revenge, Black Poplar; Courag.:. Black Thorn ; Difficulty. Bla Idernut-Tree; Frivolous Amusements, Blood-Root; Flattery's smile. Bhij-bottle Centaury; D dicacy. Blue- flower el Greek Valerian; Rupturu. Blue Canterbury Bell; Constancy. Blue-eyed Grass ; m ^kness. Blue Flag; A message. Blue Lobelia; Purify of heart. 'B.mus Henricus ; Goodn sss. -Borage; Biuntness or Roughness of M:vn- *Box; stoicism. [nsrs, Bramble ; Envy. Branch of Currants; You please all. Branch of Thorns; severity — Rigor. Broken Straw ; Dissension — Ruptura. Broom; Mirth — Neatueas. Bryony; Prosperity. Eugloss; Falsehood. Bud of a White Rose; A heart ignorant Burdock; Importunity. [of Love. Bundle of Reels with their Panicles; Mu- Buttcr-cups; Ingratitude. [sic. Butterfly-Ophrys; Gayety. ButtertJy-Weed ; Let me gc. C; Cherry Leaf. Cabbage; Profit. Calla (JKthiopica) ; Feminine Mjdesty. Calycantbus; benevolence. Camellia Japohica; beauty and Elegance, Camomile; Energy in Adversity. Campanula; Gratitude. Candy-Tuft; Indifference. Canterbury -Bell (Blue); Constancy. Cardamine ; Paternal Error. Catesby's Starwort ; Afterthought. Cardinal's Flower; Distinction. Catalpa-Tree ; beware of the Coquette. Catt; True Love. Foxglove; I am not changed— they wrong me. Fraukineense ; The Incense of a faithful Fraxinella; fire. [Heart. Freuch Honeysuckle; Rustic beauty. French Mary gold; Jealousy. Fringed Gentian; A late bit wolcoaie Guest. Fringe-Tree ; beauty in smiles. Frog-©phrys; Disgust. Full-blowu Eglantine; simplicity. Fullers' Teasel ; Austerity. G; Grass. Garden Chervil ; s r ncerity. Garden Marygold ; Uneasiness. Garden Ranunculus; Yoa are rich in At- tractions. Garden Sage; Esteem. Garland of Roses; Reward of Virtue. Gentiana Fritillaria; Virgin Pride. Geranium (Sorrowful); Melancholy spi- Gilly-Fiower; Lasting heiuty. [rat. Gory-Flower; Glorious beauty. Goat's Rue; Reason. Golden Cowslip; Days of Childhood. Goldeu Rod; Precaution. Goosefoot; Goodness. Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth. Grass; Utility. Grass Pink (Callopogon) ; smile en me still. Great Bind wee .1 ; Dangerous Insinuation. Guelder Rose; Waiter or Age. II ; Hazel branch. Harebell; Delicate and lonely as this Flower. Hawkweed; Quicksigtodness. Hawthorn; Hope. Hazel; Reconciliation. Heath; solitude. Helenia; Tears. Heliotrope; Devotion. Hellebore; Calumny. FLORAL DICTIONARY. 463 Hemlock; You will cause uiy Death. &-Spvuce ; Honor, Henbane; ImperS etion. H-patiea; Confidence. Hibiscus ; Delicate beauty. Hickory : Glory. Hoar hound: frozen Kindness. Holly ; Am I forgotten ? Hollyhock; fecundity. Love lies a-Bleeding; Hopeless, not Heart- Lurerne; Life. [less. lungwort Blue: Heavenly Aspiration. Lupine : Voraciousness. Lupine Wild; Oh leave me not to dir*e-Chestmut; Luxury- i;. ; i'.u are cold. Heustonia; Content. Hundred-leaved Rose; G-r&oea. Hyacinth ; i>'i- f. Hydrangea ; boaster. I ; Ivv Leaf. Iceland Moss: Health. lee-Plant: Your books freeze rne Resignation. M; Mint Leaf. Madder ; Calumny. unsought. Madwor! (Rock); t anqnilitv. M-i -Ten-Hair : Discretion — secrecy. M ize : Plenty. M ; lia: P- rl ps and Proutf. M.mo-v ; Mild or fw a Manchi iee!-Tree: Falsehood. Mandr ike; Rarity. M ip'e; Reserve. M vj ram blush- s. Mar-.hm-illcw ; Humnnity. v^i of Peru : Mary^old; Inquietude. Matrii . onnubiai Ties. Indian - attach myself to you auty : beauty in B Innocence'; Inn enee. -is Painted; A gay belle. J ; Jet ;amine T,eaf. Jacob' me down to me. Japan Rose ; beauty i> j our only Attrac- tion. Jessamine, or Jasmine; Amiability _ til of Qlj BOUl. Jonq n I :■: Unbelief. . Pr tection. Meadow-Ru< ; A b * m ., heurt. re past. Mercury; M semi : 1 ; Idlrn*\«s rectth. Mich • ■ il. Your ^ualit.cs surpass ft itlvcn^ss. fj ain. Mint; Virtue. Ju.-ticia.; The Perfect! m of female Lcv^- Mistlel : i surmoun all D 55 llUtSS. K : K ; nr"s Pear. Kenuti.a: Mental bean fry; Kiag-Cup; I wish 1 wlu rich. L: Locust Leaf. Laburnum; l\unk' 1 mtty. * M->onvri itwh ■ : :,z. Moss trnaiLove. M ik; Fraternal Lovp. Moss-Rose : Pleasure without AMoy. M ssy Saxifrage ; M-.terual Love. Motherwort-; secret Love. M uatain Ash; Prttd<*ne*. Mo sinruii Fringe ; Sfou are my snprorfrr. Mountain Laurel ; - my country's glory. Mou«e Ear- Chick weed ; Ingeuious b?to- Mbving Plant: Agitation. [piiuty. Mu'.b -Try-Tree (White): Wisdom. M11 'berry -Tree (Black) ; I will not sur- vive you. Mushroom ; su-picion. Musk-Cr^\» foot ; Weakness. 464 FLORAL DICTIONARY. Kight-blooming Cereus: Transient beauty Nightshade (bitter-sweet) ; truth. Nosegay ; gallantry. O ; Oak leaf. Oak : liospitality* Oats: the witching soul of music — hess. Oleander; beware. Olive : peace. Orchis: a belle. Orchis Pink ; seclusion. Orchis Yellow ;youT aspirations are high. Orange Flowers: chastity. ' >range-Tree ; generosity. < >^ier; frankness. Ox-Eye; Obstacle. I* : Peach leaf. 3'-ainted Cup ; you are proud.' 3 'aim: victory. l'ansey. or Heart's-Ease ; think of me. pirsley : entertainment — feasting. J'-ss^n-Flower ; religious faith. Ptitience Dock ; patience. Papque Flower: you are without preten- 3 r ;\nloni;i ; a foreigner. [sion. Tea: an appointed meeting. P -sch-Blosson ; I am your capjtive. J' unyroyal : flee away. Penny ; bashful sbauie. Pepper-PIanl ; satire. ]• riwinklo: sweet rcmenrl rar.-'P. )«ereim< n; bury mo amid nature's bbau- Persicaria; restoration. [tics. PeruTisn Heliotrope; I trust in thee. Theasant's-F.ye. or FkaAdonis; sorrow- ful remembrance. Phlox: unanimity. Pimpernel ; assignation.- line: pity, Pine-Apple : you are perfect: Pink : lov. lv ana pure affection: Plane-Tree (W.id/; independence. 1 olemonium : a declaration of war. Polyanthus ; confidence. F oaegranate; fbolisl neps: 1 • nd Lilv White; ekquence — the fairest of theftir. P. nd Lily Yellow (Nuphar); much infe- rior. poppy; consolation of sleep. Potato; beneficence. Prairie Rose ; beauty withoutexoellenee. Prickly Pear; satire. Pride of China; discission-; p; im rose; early youth, - Primrose (Evening); inconstancy. Princes' Pine ; my affections are fixed." Privet; prohibition. J'ylmoiiariaBlue; heavenly aspiration. p-jrple Clover ; provident. Pyramidal Bell-Flower; gratitude* Pyrus Japonica; fairies fire. Q; Quince blossom. Qusmoclit; busybody. Queen's Pocket; you are the Queen of wqueUes. It; Rose leaf. Ragged Robin; wit. Ranunculus; you ar--> radiant with Red Bay ; lore's memory. [charm*. Red Mulberry; wisdom. Red Shanks ; patience. Rest Harrow; obstacle. Rhododendron ; danger; Rocket : rivalry. Rock Rose-; raiding and transitory, Rose; beauty. Pose ("Wild) ; simplicity. - Pose (Acacia) ; elegance. Rosebud: youthful charms. Roses (A Garland of): reward of virtue. Rosebay : dignity in misfortune. Rosebay -Willow Herb; celibacy. Rose Campion; you are without preten- sion. Rose (White) : I am worthy of ycu. Fosrmary; remembrance. Rose scented Geranium; preference. Rudbecki*-; justice. Rue: grace or purification, iiua-h; docility, S: Sagwlcaf.' Saffron Flower; exccsH is dacgerotu. Saffron-Crocus ; mirth. Sage : esteem. Sardrtny : Irony. Pcabiup; unfortunate attachment. Scarlet Fuchsia; taste. Scarlet Ipomeea, or /Vidian Jasmine; I'i attach myself to yoni Scotch Fir; elevation. Sensitive Plant; timi'lity-. Si rpo n t h: e Cactfl s : horror.- Service- Tree; prudenee. Shaking Saint foin ; agitation. Siberian Cr^b-Trec-BLosscm ; deeply in- teresting. SMe-saddlsi Flower Purple); eccentric*^, Pidesaddle Flower ; will you pledge me? Silvt r Fir: elevation. Skull cap : madness? Sirrall bindweed ; obstinacy. Small White Yiolet; candor and inno- cence. Snapdragon; You are dazzling, but dan- gerous: Snowball; thoughts of hc-aven-. Snowdrop ; consolation. Solomon's Seal (Small); mystery. Solomon's Seal (Large); let my name be- en graven on your heart. Sorrel; wiMll-timed. Southern- Wood ; jest or bantering. Spanish Jasmine: sensuality. Speedwell ; fidelity. Spider Ophrys ; skill — adroitness. Spiderwort; transient, happiness. Spindle-Tree ; your image is engrave© * on my heart.. Spiked Speedwell; resemblance. Spins Hpdericum Frutex : uselessnea*. Spring Beauty ; can you love. Squirting Cocumber; critic. gi, John's- wort ; superstitious sanctity SENTIMENTS. 465' Star of Bethlehem Faith — follow me. Stock, or Gillyflower; lasting beauty. Stonecrop; perseverance. Stramonium (Common) : d ; sguise. Strawberry : perfect excellence. Striped Pink; refusal. Sumach.; splendor. Suuttower; smile on mo still. Pwallowwort ; medicine. S camp Pink ; the blush of modesty, 8 veet-Brier, orElangtme; poetry, B«eet Flag; fitness. Sweet Pea: delicate pleasure. Sweet Sultan ; felicity. Sweet-scented Tussilage justice. Sweet Violet; modesty. S weet- William : craftiness. Sycamore ; woodland beauty. Syringa ; memory. the light of our Violet, pedate; I cannot forget. Virgin's Bower; artifice. Virginia Spider wort; momentary happi- ness. Lpj. YolkamenicaJaponica; may you be hap T : Tanzy leaf. Tamarisk; crime. Taosv ; resistance. Teasel ; misanthropy. Hm-Week's-Stock ; promptitude Thistle ; austerity. Thorn-Apple : deceitful charms. Thrift; sympathy. Throat wort; neglected beauty. Tin me; activity. W; Willow leaf. Wall-Flower; fidelitv :n adversity. Wnll-Speedwell : fidelity. Wuter-Lily ; eloquence. Walnut; intellect. Wulkiug-Leaf : how came you here ! Water Lily (White) ; eloqnenos — the fairest of the fair. Watermelon ; huikiness. you shall hare Water-Star; beauty combined with piety. Wax-Plant ; susceptibility. Wax Myrtle ; I will .enlighten you. Weeping-Willow ; melancholy. Wheat ; ri hes. . White Lily ; purity and modesty, Wiiite MulLin; goodnature. White O.tk; independence. White Pink; talent. White Poplar ; time. White Poppy; sleep of the heart. White Rose; silence. White Hose (Dried) ; death preferable to loss of innocence. White Rosebud; the heart that knows- net love-. Wiiite Violet ; candor. Trailing Arbutis; you have won my af- Wild or Dog Rose; simplicity. factions. Wild. Indigo: highly colored* Treniella Nostoc; resolve the riddle. Willow ; forsaken. Trillium ; solitary musiug3.. Willow Herb; pretension. Truffle; surprise. Wiutergrcen; send me in answer li j,er-F.ower; i'jr orcernay pride Befriend* Winter-Cherry ; deception. Tree of Life; old Age. ' [me. Witch-Hazel; a spell. Tuft of Moss; Maternal Love. Tulip; declerct'on of lo?e. 1 urnip; charity. Twin Fiower (Mitchella} ; we are united. Woodbine ; fraternal love. Wocd-iorrcl; joy. Worm-wood; Absence. V ; Violet leaf. Valerian (11 d) ; accommodating dispnsi Various-colored Lantana ; rigor. [tion Verbena; sensibility. Vernal Grass ; poor, butshappy..- Vc-ivaiu; enchantr enfc. Venus's Car; fly with me. Venus's Flytrap; have I caught vou at Yew last. Venus's Looking-Glass ; flattery. Z; Zizia flower. Vine; intoxication. Zinnia; Absence. Violet; modesty. Y ; Yarrow leaf. Yarrow ; war. Yellow Carnation; disdain. Yellow-Day-Liiy ; coquetry. Yellow Gentian; ingratitude. Yellow Iris ; flame. Yellow Phlox (Erysimum) ; falie-hearted;- Yellow Rose ; infidelity, infidelity. SENTIMENTS Rose: — Ivy-. — Myrtle. To Beauty Friendship, and Lore. Jasmine.— Strawberry. -^Tulip, lfco« amiability, and the excellence of your character, hare compelled TfMHeMJjft dare my love. 4G6 SENTIMENTS. Primrose. — LTuneysuclk.— Marygold. Ee not too early en tangku in the chains of Love, or yours wili be a life of inquietude. Forget-me-not. — Cypress.— Pimpernel. Forget me not, for, alas ! we may never meet again. Frarlei Geranium. — Snarlet Tpomora. — Laurustinm. In preference, I attach myself tc >ou. but shall die if neglected. Balsam. — White D