p-&/$~ ffl I O J / HB ZB15 J iW6 fl4 JI**lUat#c !j 1898 i£_ Copy 1 Persons ILmployed and Range of Employment IN 1898. [From the Ninth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics of Wisconsin, pp. 709 to 838. inclusive.) HALFORD ERICKSON, Commissioner. S. W. GILMAN, Deputy Commissioner. MADISON Democrat Printing Company, State Printer I900 -3 PART VI. Persons Employed and Range of Employment and Unemployment, by Months— Classified Weekly Earnings in Manufacturing and Mer- cantile Establishments — Coal, etc., Handling, Mining, Quarrying and Logging Operations in 1898. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. CONTINUATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT AND EARN- INGS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN 1898, 1899. The two preceding parts, parts IV. and V., relate respectively, to our manufacturing industries in 1897-98 and 1898-99. The returns for each of the three years were obtained direct from the manufacturers. In part IV. that for 1897-98, 1499 such reports are included. Of these reports, 1,245 showed the number of private firms and corporations and the number of partners and stockholders; the amount of capital invested; the cost value of stock used ; the total amount paid as wages*; the total value of the goods made ; the number of persons employed and their em- ployment and earnings. The other 254 reports relate to the number of persons employed and their employment and earnings only. In part V., that for 1898-99, 992 reports are included. These reports were, in form and nature of the information given, exactly the same as the 1,245 reports which were included in part IV. In fact they differ only in this that they covered the busi- ness for different years. These 992 reports, however, do not constitute all the reports for 1898-99. In addition to them 221 reports were received, which did not cover the whole business, but related only to the number of persons employed, and to their employment and earnings. These 221 reports were the same for the years covered as the 254 reports in part IV. ; but in this •case they were not, as in that part, presented along with those whicli were complete, or those covering the business done as well as the persons employed. The 221 incomplete reports for part IV. are not included in that part but presented here under the MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 7H above bead. Had part V. been made up as part IV. it should have included in addition to the 992 complete returns which it now contains, the 221 reports of employment and earnings which are given here. From this we see that two classes of reports were received, both for 1897-98 and 1898-99. The larger of these classes con- sists of 1,245 reports for the former and 992 for the latter period. The smaller consists of 254 for the former and 221 for the latter period. Those in the larger class we have called com- plete because they cover the business done as well as employment and earnings. Those in the smaller class are regarded as incom- plete because they relate to employment and earnings only, con- taining no facts as to the investment and output. Part IV. in- cludes both the complete and incomplete reports. Part V. in- cludes those which were complete only ; the incomplete ones are, as said already, presented in the following pages. The reasons for omitting the 221 reports which relate to em- ployment and earnings only, from part V., hardly need expla- nation. The main purpose there was to show the condition of business in the manufacturing industries in this state. For this purpose the complete returns were of much greater value than those less complete. Since they were more valuable it is also obvious that they would be more useful alone than when mingled with those of less value. When presented alone they also offer better and much more convenient opportunities for comparisons, as between the different elements, than in any other way. For these and other reasons it was thought best to present the two classes of returns for 1898-99 separately. As alluded to already, the presentations under this head have been compiled from 221 reports relating to the number of per- sons employed, and their employment and earnings in 1898-99. These reports were classified into 12 separate industries. The main presentations are made in three tables. The first in order of these, under the head of "Persons employed by months" show for each industry the number of male, female and total persons employed each month in 1898 and 1899. The sec- ond table in order, the one headed "Hour, Day and Piece Hands" shows bv industries the number of males over and under 712 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 18 years respectively, and the number of females over and under 18 years of age respectively, and also the total number, in each case, who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. The third in order, the table under "Classified Weekly Earnings," show, for each industry, the classified weekly earnings of the number employed therein. These tables appear in the order given. Then follows summaries and analysis of each, both separately, and when these summaries are combined with the corresponding ones in the preceding part, or of the 992 reports presented there. The results for both the complete and incom- plete returns, or of the 992 and 221 reports when combined, will thus, as far as the elements affected in both are concerned, be found in this part. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 713 Persons employed by months. BEVERAGES (SOFT DRINKS). (18 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. 170 182 210 223 230 245 240 221 223 199 187 1S4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 171 1S3 214 227 234 249 244 224 226 202 190 188 173 174 193 214 214 233 235 227 221 201 19S 195 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 175 176 Mn roll 196 217 May 217 | 236 Julv 238 August 229 224 204 201 197 CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. (7 establishments.) January .. February March .... April May June July August ... September October .. November December 50 15 52 4 56 IS 57 13 57 12 60 12 60 12 62 12 61 13 61 13 61 13 58 1 13 55 56 69 70 69 72 72 74 74 74 74 71 56 53 66 60 58 59 63 60 74 86 66 65 12 11 10 11 9 10 12 19 20 21 21 17 67 64 66 71 67 69 76 79 94 87 86 hi COAL AND WOOD. (23 establishments.) 1.452 1.181 1 018 1.122 1.228 1.345 1.525 1.747 1.856 2.012 1.997 1,847 1.452 1 1.181 1.018 1 122 1.228 1.345 1.525 1.747 1.856 2.012 1 907 1,847 1.319 | 1.315 1.158 1.070 1.227 1 408 1.337 1 1.784 1 1.810 1.875 1.851 1,452 1.319 1.345 MarHi 1.158 1.070 M;lV 1.227 1.408 1.357 1.784 1.810 1.875 1.851 1.452 714 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Persons employed by months. ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. (46 establishments.) Months. 1898. Males. Females. Totals. 1899. Males. Females. Totals January ... February . March April May June July August September October ... November December 7S8 785 833 922 1,038 1,048 1,026 1,012 960 960 1,017 941 792 789 837 926 1,042 1,053 1,032 1,018 966 966 1,023 947 755 786 790 825 966 977 1,006 952 955 967 965 876 759 790 790 829 970 981 1,010 956 959 971 969 FANCY ARTICLES. (5 establishments.) January ., February March . . . April May June July August . . . September October .. November December | 83 1 37 J 148 37 94 38 111 44 113 44 109 48 109 40 1 110 42 117 47 1 125 53 123 50 1 130 55 1 120 | 159 185 1 159 132 162 155 155 157 163 157 158 149 162 152 1 162 164 1 142 178 171 173 1 178 185 1 179 80 82 72 82 84 87 97 101 96 104 104 105 239 241 234 237 247 245 259 263 238 275 282 2S4 FOOD PREPARATIONS. (27 establishments.) January . February March April May June July August . . September October . . November December 2,055 81 1,655 79 1,567 81 1,536 81 1,770 86 2,011 515 2,174 429 2,180 423 2,129 562 1,551 88 1,980 113 2,203 117 2,136 1,734 1.648 1,617 1.856 2,526 2.603 2,603 2.691 1,639 2,093 2,320 1,711 1,665 1,543 1,507 1,495 1.765 2,038 1,902 1,505 1,658 1,772 1,814 80 84 88 86 92 285 430 409 155 139 101 76 1,791 1,739 1.631 1,593 1,587 2,050 2,468 2,311 1,660 1,797 1,873 1,890 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 715 Persons employed by months. GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. (7 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Months. Males. Females Totals. Males. Females. Totals. 64 10 64 66 84 77 68 74 64 10 64 66 79 68 68 65 79 85 79 85 129 79 68 68 65 84 77 68 74 133 1 148 79 85 July 79 85 133 | 148 129 | 134 I 134 128 108 128 108 110 85 110 85 LAUNDRIES. (51 establishments.) January 166 February | 163 March | 165 April I 170 May 170 June I 176 July | 179 August I 181 September 182 October 181 November 176 December 164 400 391 392 424 453 500 517 522 499 461 443 413 566 554 557 594 623 676 696 703 681 642 619 577 154 461 162 453 191 . 507 171 634 171 562 171 616 183 603 171 507 185 610 176 571 110 543 192 523 LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. (6 establishments.) 615 615 698 805 733 787 786 678 795 747 653 715 January . . February . March Aprn May June July August . . . September October ... November December 322 55 323 60 316 68 339 51 313 65 323 75 300 87 301 62 344 42 328 68 308 51 348 48 377 383 384 390 378 398 387 363 386 396 359 396 301 50 298 47 298 54 304 48 292 59 295 58 291 55 291 54 309 51 301 53 305 61 309 49 351 345 352 352 351 353 346 345 360 354 366 358 716 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Persons employed by months. MIXED TEXTILES. (6 establish^ nts.) Months. 1898. Males. Females. Totals. January . February March .... April May June July August ... September October .. November December 123 125 137 160 139 143 144 131 121 135 138 137 249 259 295 287 372 384 432 447 | 2S6 425 302 445 295 439 I 259 390 226 347 250 385 291 429 305 442 Males. Females. Totals 132 134 141 159 157 155 143 134 140 138 142 140 325 335 342 329 3^4 316 2b8 252 244 264 291 313 457 469 483 488 4S1 471 411 386 384 402 433 453 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. (13 establishments.) January . February March April May June July August . . . September October . . November December 4,846 6 4,821 6 4,865 6 4.913 6 4.976 6 4,992 7 4.925 7 5.083 7 5.115 7 5.120 7 5,019 7. . 5,055 7 4.852 4,827 4.871 4.919 4,982 4.999 4.932 5.090 5.122 5.127 5.026 5,062 4,981 4.837 4.822 5.034 5,117 5.238 5,199 5.285 5.567 5.440 5.225 5,110 4.98« 4.842 4.827 5.039 5,122 5.243 5.203 5 290 5.572 5.445 5.230 5,115 MISCELLANEOUS. (12 establishments.) January .. February March ... April May June July August ... September October .. November December 632 20 652 644 21 665 653 24 677 662 24 686 673 18 691 698 23 721 409 23 432 410 24 434 702 25 727 791 25 816 681 21 702 668 19 687 639 20 643' 22 670 24 704 32 711 35 715 24 465 28 453 32 766 37 758 34 758 30 773 26 659 665 694 736 746 739 493 4S5 803 792 788 799 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 717 Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. BEVERAGES (SOFT DRINKS). (18 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Classification. a 00 1^* CO . CD re CD la's CS CD 00 . 2 * & s?> fa a Z 30 . M t - 33 ^ CC - CD CD ST3 ;>> OO .3a>£ S a © fa CO CD CO Qt CD u ol Ql T3 a x> ""• CO . w u u £ CD > 2"S ai CD CO . re c3 Oj g CD > CD ^ 3 fa j >H CO CO ~ -2 CD CD cCO>i 3 CO CO - . ® ®£ S 2 « S3 3 >» fa CO es bo CD to bo 10 212 1 2 3 15 2 27 241 204 3 3 2 35 5 5 247 | 10 | i 1 222 ■ 4 30 256 207 5 40 5 257 CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. (7 establishments.) 32 33 ...| 32 S 1 a 1 13 io 5 ■'•••••• i 2 i 54 21 65 15 3 83 64 20 ! 2 2 88 COAL AND WOOD. (23 establishments.) 1.799 14 410 , 1 19| J 1,7931 1,625 4111 283 1911 31 II 1 5 1.630 283 31 Aggregates 2,208] 15 2,223il 1,939 II \ 5 1,944 ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. (46 establishments.) 144 948 3 2 4 12 146 964 3 92 915 14 | 92 5 1 9 929 15 1,095 6 12 1,113 1 1,021 1 6 9 1,038 718 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. FANCY ARTICLES. (5 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Classification. a so fc> £ a> co g>>0 a CO t- cd <- as "3,2 * 4 30 » m M — < CD £ cog J3i» fa o CB Oil CD u el on QQ t- U ® £ w i 2 2? & CO cd co . £ CD > 5 >■• o fa CO ti 03 — i CD CD 83*0 >s a a §£, (J) S3 -*> fa 01 53 £ be in ■3 1 1 1 1 .. 1 | 9 139 21 64 3 16 41 12 971 301 15 31| 2| j 7 149 2 351 260 21 Aggregates 1 1281 32| 1 15 9 184 1 169 64 19 41 293 FOOD PREPARATIONS. (27 establishments.) By the hoar 1.084 87 95 By the day 1,123 68 67 By the piece j 441 481 1 ' Aggregates j 2,2511 203) 162 101 1,367 .... 1,258 .... 921 958 1,181 12 101 2,71711 2,1511 169 10 179 95 107 1,517 1,364 94 2021 2,975 GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. (7 establishments.) 10 145 6 1 10 145 6 161 135 135 1 1 101 135 1 135 1 LAUNDRIES. U>1 establishments.) By the hour . By the day.. By the piece Aggregates 3 181 311 436 42 7011 1841 4671 I 26 1 66 1 10 176 52 530 743|| 186 1 582] 49 64 760 49| 824 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 719 Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. (6 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Weekly Earnings. a cd 00 *■« CO . 00 u u -3 s> > a 03 CO CD CO . 5 CO CD g CD > §3, ro ^ - — « CD CD cs-a >. oo coT CD u h! i CD £ OS'S CB age 6m ctf to cS >,o 03 CD CO . JcSO CO u jj .2 CD CD CST3 >> 00 •■11 u . G cD J 3 St m 2 a 60 CD U etc 126 8 9 65 49 ! 32 8 201 192 82 191 2 4 34 21 22 17 107 264 2 Aggregates 222 17 114 40 393't 1 275 38 43 17 373 MIXED TEXTILES. (6 establishments.) :., \ 52 69 23 17 95 25 141 5 171 94 370 36 500 71 15 109 36 84 27 53 140 317 218 Aggregates •■! i 144 112 86 145 111 193 535 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. (13 establishments.) By the hour | 4,8221 6| 16] By the day I 3221 II By the piece 17 Aggregates J 5.161] 71 16 I II 1| 4.84511 5,321 323 17 5,18511 5,429 II 611 5,387 48 60 5,495 MISCELLANEOUS. (12 establishments.) 144 162 49 i 306 437 9 367 20 4 5 506 95 26 6 221 8 761 101 515 25 211 1 752 601 1 32 221 8 862 720 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Classified weekly earnings. BEVERAGES. (SOFT DRINKS.) (18 establishments.) 1898. 1899. Classification. a CO * £ CO >»© a co ® CO . 2 co a fa a CO t- — t CD ffl ce-o Z. OO S 9 <° fa CO © co tm en M bo a CO -5 CB > 2% as CO _JD to . fa a poo . <" L 5 cd s-i co — . Cy CD co -a r-. CO ® S £ a g| CD 3 .-, fa CO CD •4-» ' OS 5 CD w> 60 •Jl $25.00 per wk. and over 20.00 but under $26.00. 18.00 but under 20.00. 1 1 8 10 20 26 7 19 24 13 471 39 1 1 8 10 20 26 7 19 24 14 471 40 2 8 I 16 3 i 2 5 11 8 28 17 23 32 14 48 16 1 2 5 15.00 but under 18.00. 11 13.00 but under 15.00. 8 12.00 but under 13.00. 28 11.00 but under 12.00. 17 10.00 but under 11.00. 23 9.00 but under 10.00. 32 8.00 but unuer 9.00. 1 1 15 7.00 but under 8.00. 48 6.00 but under 7.00. 1 ...... 2 18 5.50 but under 6.00. 2 7| 5.00 but under 5.50. i 6 4 16 3 7 ! 15 4 2 3 7 4.50 but under 5.00. 4.00 but under 4.50. 1 2 8 8 3.50 but under 4.00. 1 3.00 but under 3.50. 17 2.50 but under 3.00. 7 j Under $1.50 * I 1 1 1 j Totals 2221 4 1 301 1 256 |j 207 II 5 40 6 257 CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. (7 establishments.) $25.00 per 20.00 but 18.00 but 15.00 but 13.00 but 12.00 but 11.00 but 10.00 but 9.00 but 8.00 but 7.00 but 6.00 but 5.50 but 5.00 but 4.50 but 4.00 but 3.50 but 3.00 but 2.50 but 2.00 but 1.50 but Under $1. wk. and overl. under $25.00.1 under 20.00. under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under 50 18.00. iu.OO. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50. 3.00. 3.50. 2.00. Totals 65 15 2 4 4 4 8 6 6 6 8 5 11 2 41] 311 HI 311 411 21 S3 20 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 721 Classified weekly earnings. ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. (46 establishments.) 1 1898. 1899. Weekly Earnings. a X) !C x '- £ CO flfl'cO — e > cS >i 3 a CO cd co . 2 £ o > © >-. C a 3 00 ■ — 0] to *- ffl t- cj — ' C o 2 oo CO . E § « © «-3 ?*i CO o c« to CD t- be fcJ3 < x> ca CO . 71 fH ■- ca cs o — i CD t> cS ;*■„ c oo' 2 a . 'i> ,; 6 °? CD » f^ CO CD CS to CD (-4 to tUD $25.00 per wk. and over| 20.00 but under $25.00. 18.00 but under 20.00. I- 4 4 10 171 78 55 1 | 10| 9 17 76 70 124 114 101 365 78 18 1 6 3 2 9 1 5 10 9 1.. 9 171 78 551 701 55| 1721 3301 134 1 125] 181 21 2 121 11 l\ 121 ! 17 15.00 but under IS. 00. | 76 13.00 but under 15.00. 1 70 12.00 but under 13.00. 70 55 172 330 133 123 124 11.00 but under 12.00. 114 10.00 but under 11.00. 1 102 9.00 but under 10. 00. , 365 8.00 but under 9.00. 1 2 1 1 79 7.00 but under 8.00. 19 6.00 but under 7.00. 16 2 2 1 1 )• 8 5.50 but under 6.00.. i 12 ""'61 5] 1 1 5 . 5.00 but under 5.50. 2 4.50 but under 5.00. 1 1 10 4.00 but under 4.50. i 2 3 50 but under 4.00. 5 3.00 but under 3.50. 10 2.50 but under 3.00. i 12 2 1 11 2.00 but under 2.50. 1 1.50 but under 2.00. 1 :::::: 2! J l 2 Under $1.50 .. | 1 i 1 1 ' ' | Totals 1,095 6 12 1,113 1,021 6 9 1.036 1 COAL AND WOOD. (23 establishments.) $25.00 per wk. and over 20 00 but under $25.00. 78 1 7SI 129 61 18 84 496 36 s 129 451 1 I 1 45i 1 1 61 18 00 but under 20.00. 36 68 84 | 361 6SI 84| 18 15.00 but under 18.00. 84 13.00 but under 15.00. 496 12.00 but under 13.00. 417 216 232 490 325 161 27 17 3 4 4 1 4171 1 1 368 11.00 but under 12.00. ::::::l:::::: :::::: 2161 2321 4901 3251 1611 271 171 31 81 41 21 31 4! 11 I 64 341 335 26 12 1 64 10.00 but under 11.00. i 341 9.00 but under 10.00. 335 8.00 but under 9.00. 26 7.00 but under 8.00. 1 13 6.00 but under 7.00. 1 5.50 but under 6.00. 1 1 5.00 but under 5.50. i 4.50 but under 5.00. 4.00 but under 4.50. I 4 3 3 6 3.50 but under 4.0<). 1 3 4 1 1 1 3.00 but under 3.50. 2 50 but under 3.00. 1.50 but under 2.00. Under $1.50 2 21 | Totals 2,2081 , , | 15 1 1 2,2231 1 1,939 5 1,944 46 722 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Classified weekly earnings. FANCY ARTICLES. (5 establishments.) 1898. Weekly Earnings. 3 a 2 a 1 w CO CD C3 CD CO Cfl CD cfl *2 cm CD :~ CD > S CD > 5 >»o -S © CD S >. C COTJ >s ;s>> N fe * tiM * fl» ^ ass $25.00 per wk. and over 20.00 but under $25.00. 18.00 but under 15.00 but under 13.00 but under 12.00 but under 11.00 but under 10.00 but under 9.00 but under 8.00 but under 7.00 but under 6.00 b:it under 5.50 but under 5.00 but under 4.50 but under 4.00 but under 3.50 but under 3.00 but under 2.50 but under 2.00 but under 1.50 but under Under $1.50 20.00 18.00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50. 3.00. 2.50. 2.00. Totals 1281 32 15 1841 169 64 19 41 FOOD PREPARATIONS. (27 establishments.) $25.00 per wk. an 1 over $25.00. 20.00. 18.00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50. 3.00. 2.50 2.00. 281 10 7 45 128 ; 195 44 257 272 436 487 120 57 55 72 14 7 4 13 II 2S|| ion 711 45|| 12811 19511 44|| 25711 272|l 43611 500|| 145|l 571| 6411 106||. 12111 40||. 120|| 6111 70||. HI- II. 38 39 39 109 108 211 56 394 581 150 ' 254 50 14 29 51 18 10 * 38 20.00 but under 39 18.00 but under 39 15.00 but under 109 13.00 but under 108 12.00 but under 211 11.00 but under 56 10.00 but under 394 9.00 but under 581 8.00 but under 1 101 31 41 • 12 46 73 32 8S 18 151 13 13 355 6.00 but under 12 29 13 6 77 1 24 14 7 8 2 4 15 69 109 1 2 110 70 9 9 103 14 20 12 10 47 4.50 but under 4.00 but under 3.50 but under 3.00 but under 2.50 but under 2.00 but under 22 4 9 95 10 33 10 1 36 50 1 127 125 71 189 144 9 1.50 but under 2 Under $1.50 .... Totals . , 2,251 I 203 152 1 101 2,707J| ! II 2,151 443 179 202 2,975 MANUFACTURERS - RETURNS, 1898-1899. 723 Classified weekly earnings. GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. (7 establishments.) 1898 1899 Wbeklt Earnings. n3 a CB oo •-i CO ■ co ** t - m a d p30 . f-l CO m , b ^ ^1 ~ — < I - 00 a^ 3 « J4 CO © cS M © to < — 'oo CO ^ 1 - 1' " ~ •—< © > si CD co • 2 CS © P © t> S-.c Males un- der 18 years. Females under 18 years. CB n) Mi CD M if $25.00 per wk. and over 2 1 5 6 47 23 11 47 2 1 5 6 47 23 11 47 2 1 5 10 77 22 ■3 2 2 20.00 but under $25.00. ■■ 1 18.00 But under 20.00. 5 15.00 but under 18.00. 10 13.00 but under 15.00. 77 12.00 but under 13.00. 22 11.00 but under 12.00. 3 10.00 but under 11.00. 2 9.00 but under 10.00. 16 1 1 16 1 1 1.'. 10 8.00 but under 9.00. 21 I 3 3 7.00 but under 8,00, 6.00 but under 7.00. 5.50 but under 6.00. 5.00 but under 5.50. 1 | 4.50 but under 5.00. | 4.00 but under 4.50. | 3.50 but under 4.00. || | 3.00 but under 3.50. || | 2.50 but under 3.00. 1 i || | 2.00 but under 2.50. 1 | 1 II ::;.;: 1.50 but under 2.00. Under $11 50 i f ii Totals .'. 161! 1 16111 135 II 135 LAUNDRIES. (51 establishments.) $25.00 per wk. an cl over $25.00. 20.00. 1 1 20.00 but under 1 1 i! 1 2 1 13 19 16 13 28 38 >! 16 5 4 4 1 2 2 IS. 00 but under 1 15.00 but under 18.00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50. 3.00. 2.50. 2.00. 14 10 13 11 30 38 23 12 11 7 7 4 1 2 ...... 141 10 131 111 32| 471 331 381 991 48| 1101 611 741 50 1 55 1 381 61 31 1 13 13.00 but under 19 12.00 but under 16 11.00 but under 13 10.00 but under 2 9 10 25 88 41 103 52 60 38 28 6 3 2 3 4 8 31 120 54 142 52 84 50 25 7 2 31 9.00 but under 42 8.00 but under 17 7.00 but under 46 6.00 but under , 136 1 60 1 147 4.50 but under 4.00 but under 3.50 but under 3.00 but under 2.50 but under 2.00 but under 2 3 3 7 10 3 10 7 20 22 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 29 6 57 92 60 55 14 3 Under $1.50 1 1 | 1 1 1 ...... | Totals 184 467 26 66 7431 1 186 582 7 49 824 724 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Classified weekly earnings. LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. (6 establishments.) 1898. • 1899. Weekly Earnings. a ^ IX . 05 *-t U o rt a> H © > to O 'O . s x X g a, > 3» A — 1 cd c 00 J5S£ B = § O C3 M tt -1 << d s S Si 3 >,c 3 T. « OJ . 2 a c S v > En a CO , >- cu w ro -5 a. ~~ >-. CO — < ^ ti S 2 a 5n a> «a bo $25.00 per wk. and over 20.00 but under $25.00. IS. 00 but under 20.00. 16 15 35 25 11 15 11 14 15 15 11 19 7 5 4 1 16 15 1 35| 251 11 1 15 1 HI 141 161 151 12 23 1 71 91 6 18! 171 55 39| 34| 1 18 20 29 22 11 12 11 27 6 13 22 22 7 11 6 9 9 14 5 1 18 20 29 15 00 but under 18.00. 22 13 00 but under 11 12.00 but under 13.00. 12 11.00 but under 12.00. 11 10.00 but under 11.00. 1 28 9.00 but under 10. 00. 1 6 8.00 but under 9.00. 13 7.00 but n 1 1 1 1 23 6.00 but under 7. re. 3 2.1 5.50 but under 6.00. 7 5.00 but Tinder 5.50. 1 3 2 11 4.50 but under 5.00. 4 7 4 14 6 10 4.00 but under 4.50. 3.50 but. under 4.00. 2.50 but under 3.00. 1.50 but under 2.00. 21 9 21 4 | 7 9 2 31 24 28| 6 1 7 25 7 3 17 17 20 53 36 4 Under $1.50 1 ii Totals 222| 171 114| 40'| 393'l'| 2751 381 43 1 .171 373 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 MIXED TEXTILES. (6 establishments.) $25.00 per wk. an ] over $25.00. 20.00. 18.00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50. 3.00. 2.50. 2.00. \ 1 20.00 but under 2 2 4 10 13 2 9 16 4 4 5 2 21 2 41 101 131 all 201 131 151 261 381 201 131 471 231 421 571 631 501 251 2 2 4 12 17 2 7 9 5 10 . 5 6 3 2 2 18.00. but under 2 15.00 but under 1 5 13.00 but under 12 12.00 but under 17 11.00 but under 1 3 10.00 but under 6 4 9 10 17 28 14 7 31 3 12 2 7 9.00 but under 9 3.00 but under 3 IS 29 27 11 13 26 3 11 2 8 7.00 but under 1 4 6 1 2 6 14 12 22 2i 22 2 5 4 10 6 18 33 41 27 25 28 6.00 but' under 34 5.50 but under 5.00 but under 4.50 but under 4.00 but under 3.50 but under 3.00 but under 2.50 but under 2.00 but under 1 1 24 10 13 14 22 11 15 1 7 16 13 37 36 64 13 6 34 13 47 54 29 62 60 75 1.50 but under 28 Under $1.50 6 ...... Totals 73 144 112 171 500 86 145 HI 193 535 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 725 Classified weekly earnings. RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. (13 establishments.) 1898. J 899. Weekly Earnings. a -* CO . 71 =- >- cd cd © <-< 2^ a © CO . CD >»0 a - r x -— >■. CO to . ~ o ? aJT) 3 a a c 01 cd M SI < T3 a «S ^ co . CO *« t« £ C8 O -X © t» CC >, c 3 2 d a) CO © CO . « co © a © =» a p=o ■ ■■* CO CO u - ~ J! 3 CO to . .2 ©2 5)^3 cC O P >! fa CO © OJ bo © Si OB $25.00 per wk. and over 20.00 but under $25.00. 31 291 118 413 598 442 179 629 1,065 575 706 76 16 12 9 1 1 1 311 291 118 413 598 442 181 630 1,066 575 709 93 16 12 9 27 317 150 451 608 . 485 2,24 654 1,129 551 714 84 13 11 10 27 317 150 15.00 but under 18.00.1 13 00 but under 15 00 451 608 485 2 1 1 224 10.00 but under 11.00. 654 1 1 3 1,130 8 00 but under 9 00 552 7.00 but under 8.00. 6.00 but under 7.00. 5.50 but under 6.00. 2 16 1 717 1 10 2 94 15 11 4.50 but under 5.00. 11 21 4.00 but under 4.50. 1.. 1 1 14 1 4 4 3 00 but under 3 50 | 2 3 5 3 8 2 | 3 5 1 3 II 8 5,1851 5,161' 7 1 16 1 1 5,429 1 5 61 5,495 MISCELLANEOUS. t II 181 93 93 20!00 but under $25.00. 18 00 but under 20 00 46 6 31 3 67 1 49 51 53 94 49 3 13 17 12 2 46 1 61 , 311 31 671 11 49| 521 541 971 491 3 13 1 22| 131 1051 1151 61 21 | 5 5 15 16 31 34 60 96 73 75 • 59 3 10 14 2 8 2 5 5 15.00 but under 18.00. 13 00 but under 15.00. 15 16 12 00 but under 13.00. 31 11 00 but under 12 00 34 10.00 but under 11.00. 9 00 but under 10 00. 60 1 1 3 1 3 4 97 8 00 but under 9 00 76 700 but under 8. CO. 79 6.00 but under 7.00. 59 3 10 4.50 but under 5.00. 4.00 but under 4.50. 2 1 10 7 3 2 4 7 3 6 1 2 3 167 34 6 3 2 2 4 4 18 9 3.50 but under 4.00. 3.00 but under 3.50. 2.50 but under 3.00. 2.00 but under 2.50. 93 107 6 2 1 174 49 18 4 2 | 2 j Totals 515 25 211 1 752| 1 601 32 221 8 862 '26 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS. Of the preceding three tables, the first in order slices, for each industry included, the number of male, female and total persons employed each month in 1898 and 1899. Only twelve industries are included in this table. Of these at least five could be classed as Non-Manufacturing industries, although some of them are mixed in this respect. •In order that a better idea of the importance of these indus- tries may be had, and also for the purposes of analysis, the twelve industries in the above table have been combined in such a way as to show, for all, the number employed each month. As thus combined they are presented together in the following ex- hibit. This exhibit therefore shows for 221 establishments in 12 industries, the total number of male, female and total persons employed each month for the two years covered. NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS IN 1898, 1899. (221 establishments in 12 industries.) Months. 1898. Males. Females Totals. 1899. Males. Females, Totals January . February March . . . April May June July August ... September October .. November December 10.751 10,089 9,978 10 281 10,791 11,727 12,669 12.S92 12,043 11.611 11.815 11.843 862 925 938 978 1,491 1,420 1,360 1,430 974 998 987 11,619 10,951 10,903 11,219 11,769 13,218 14,089 14,252 13,473 12,585 12.813 12,830 10,458 10,314 10,092 10,268 10,650 11,259 11,221 11,506 11,803 11,885 11,679 11,190 1,039 1,045 1,105 1,234 1,177 1,408 1,504 1,385 1,225 1,198 1,163 l.lzO 11,497 11,359 11,197 11,502 11,827 12,667 12,725 12,891 13,028 13,083 12,842 12,310 For 1898 and 1899 the above exhibit shows, for the establish- ments included, the number of persons each month. Thus as an example of what it exhibits we may mention that of 11,619 per- sons employed in January, 1898, 10,751 were males, and 868 were females. Of the total persons employed in January 1899, 10,458 were males and 1,039 females. For both years the smallest number are found in March. The variation, however, as between the months is not great. In 1898 the greatest number MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 727 employed are found in June, and the next year in Qctober. For the males, when considered alone, the greatest number are in the same months, but for females it is in .1 uly both years. In the next exhibit, the figures in the one above have been combined with those for the 992 establishments presented in the last part. The next exhibit therefor shows the number each month for 1.213 establishments or the total number reporting. TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS IN 189S AND 1899. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Months. January 61,395 February | 62,150 March | 65,047 April | 7u,928 May I 74,735 June i 1 4.447 July I 74,049 August | 73,988 September . .-.' ! 73,497 October 1 72,963 November i 70,664 December 67,231 J 898. Males. Females Totals. 9,223 9,545 9,856 10,138 10,106 10,667 10,566 10,569 10,794 10,425 10,454 10,206 70,618 71,695 74,903 81,066 84,841 85,114 84,615 84,557 84,291 83,388 SI, 118 77,437 1 899. Males. 69,051 69,843 71,068 Females 10,466 10,604 11,022 Totals. | 74,149 | 79,651 11,099 11,303 || 80,070 11,590 80,616 11,823 81,395 11,792 80,141 11,732 79,958 12,031 78,929 11 841 75,961 11,658 1 79,517 80,447 82,090 85,248 90,954 91,660 92,439 93,187 91,873 91,989 90,770 87,619 As said, the above exhibit shows the total number- employed each month by the 1,213 establishments which reported for the two years. The exhibit is of the greatest importance. It throws more light upon the actual average number employed, the pro- portion of males and females, the average number of persons to each establishment, and the range of employment and unem- ployment than any other exhibit in this series. In 1898, the total number employed ranged from 70,618 in January, which was the lowest, number, to 85,1 11, in June, which was the highest. In 1899 the lowest is also for January, but the highest is in August. The low point of employement is thus at the beginning of the year. From January there is a gradual increase in num- ber. A high point is reached in the spring and continues high through the summer. In the latter part of the fall, or towards the end of the year, there is a gradual decrease. This in brief y is about the course each year, both in this and former cases. 728 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. PER CENT. OF MALES AND FEMALES OF THE AVERAGE NUMBER C-F PERSONS EMPLOYED EACH MONTH IN 189S, 1899. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Months. Male per cent. Female per cent . Total | Male per cent, i per cent Female per cent. Total per cent. January . February March . . . April May June July August . . . September October .. November December 86.94 86.69 86.84 87.49 88.09 87.47 87.o^ 87.50 S7.19 &i.50 87.11 13.06 13.31 13.16 12.51 11.91 12.53 12.48 12.50 12.81 12.50 12.89 13.18 100. 100, 100, 100, 100. 100. 100. 100. 100, 100. 100. 100. 86.84 86.82 87.78 86.98 87.57 87.36 87.21 87.33 87.23 86.92 86.95 S6.69 13.16 13.18 12.22- 13.02 12.43 12.64 12.79 12.67 12.77 13.08 13.05 13.31 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 The above exhibit relates to all returns, and, if it is of interest to know the relative proportion of male and female employes in our manufacturing institutions then this exhibit is interesting. It shows the per cent, of males and females each month through- out both yeajs. As to number, the relation of the two sexes seems to be about the same as in former presentation of this kind. Any change that has taken place is slight. The average, for each year, seems to be between 12 and 13 per cent, for the females, and 87 and 88 per cent, for the males. Upon these points, however, more definite figures will be given later. Jan- uary, 1898, shows 86.94 per cent, of males and 13.06 per cent, of females. The same month in 1899 gives the males at 86. 84 and the females at 13.16 per cent. This indicates an increase for the latter year of one-tenth of one per cent. The highest per cent, of females is 13.31 in 1898 and 1899. While at the highest point the per cent, for both years is the same, it occurs in differ- ent months. In 189S, February, and in 1899, December had the greatest number of females. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 729 MONTHLY AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EACH ESTABLISHMENT. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Months- Average num- ber of persons to each estab- lishment in 169S. Average num- ber of persons to each estab- lishment in 1899. 58 59 62 66 70 70 70 70 69 69 67 64 66 67 68 70 75 76 July 76 77 76 76 75 72 The preceding exhibit shows, for each year, the average num- ber of persons to each establishment when all returns, or the 1,213 reports are included. The exhibit therefore throws much light not only upon the importance of the establishments in- cluded, but upon the fluctuations in employment from month to month. As the total number of persons was greater in 1899, it is only self-evident that the average should be so also, since the the same divisor was used. The highest average number in 1898 is TO, while in 1899 it is 77, a difference of 7 persons. This relation, however, is not maintained each month. In one month the difference is only 4, and in others 8 persons. This is as be- tween the two years. In 1898 the lowest number was 58 and the highest 70, a range of 12 persons. In 1899 the lowest was 66, and the highest 77, a range of 11 persons, or one person less than for the preceding year. T 30 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. MONTHLY RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Months. Range of Range of Range employ- employ- of unem- ment in ment in ployment 189i. 1899. in 1898. 82.96 85.33 17.04 84.24 86.32 15.76 88.00 88.09 12.00 95.24 91.48 4.76 99.69 97.60 .32 100.00 98.36 99.19 99.41 .59 99.34 100.00 .66 99.03 98.58 .97 97.97 98.71 2.03 95.30 97.41 4.70 90.97 94.03 9.03 Rang© of unem- ployment in 1699. January .. February March April May June July August ... September October . . November December 14.67 12.68 11.91 8.62 2.40 1.64 .81 1.42 1.29 2.59 5.97 In this exhibit is found the range of employment and unem- ployment for each of the years covered, when all, or the 1,213 establishments are included. By the range of employment or unemployment is meant the difference in per cent, between the month when the greatest number of persons were employed and the number employed in each one of the other months. This may be better illustrated as follows. In 1898 the greatest num- ber of persons for any month is that of June. This month there- fore is the one when there was full employment, that is, all who could find work in our factories were then employed. The per cent, for this month is 100. For each of the other months the per cent, is lower than this, so much lower as the number em- ployed. The number employed in January constituted only 82.96 per cent, of those employed in June. In January 17.04 per cent, were thus unemployed. This was the lowest month for employment. In February the same year those employed con- stituted 84.24 per cent, of those employed in June, and those unemployed 15.76 per cent, From the beginning of the year up to June, the per cent, employed grows greater from month to month, while those unemployed grows smaller. From June down to the- end of the year the reverse is true. In other words, the per cent, employed is decreasing and the per cent, unemployed increasing from one month to another, until the end of the year. December thus shows that only 90.97 per cent, were employed, while 9.0v3 per cent, were unemployed. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 73 1 For 1899 the course, as a whole, shows the same tendencies as in 1898, with August as the month when the greatest number were employed. The following difference, however, may be noticed. In 1899 the range between the greatest and smallest number is not as wide as in 1898. This means steadier, or less fluctuation in employment in 1899 than during the preceding year. SMALLEST NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. . We have thus seen the number of persons employed each month by 221 establishments in 12 industries. We have also seen the number each month when all returns, or the reports from 1,213 establishments in 55 industries, were included. In addition to this there has been shown the per cent, of males and females each month of the total number employed, the monthly average number of persons to each establishment, and the monthly range of employment and unemployment. The next step will be to show the smallest, average, and greatest number of persons employed, or in other words, the number employed at the smallest, average, and greatest period of employment. By the smallest number of persons employed is really meant the number for the month during which the smallest number for any month were employed. By the average number is meant the average for the year as obtained by dividing the sum of the average number of persons for all months by the number of months. By the greatest number of persons is meant the number employed during the week when the greatest number, for any week during the year, were employed. For this last case the number reported was the same as that for Hour, Day, and Piece hands and for classified weekly earnings. In showing these facts the same plan as that for the persons employed by the month will be observed. That is, the number for the 221 establishments will be given alone, and then com- bined with the number of the 992 establishments in the last part, and thus presented as a whole. The presentations as thus com- pleted will show the results for 1,213 establishments in 55 in- dustries, or for the whole number reported. 732 L'ABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. SMALLEST NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. (221 establishments in 12 industries.) Industries. Beverages (soft drinks).. Chemical preparations .. Coal and wood Electric light, power and street railways Fancy articles Food preparations Grain and warehousemen Laundries Lithographing and en- graving Mixed textiles Railway equipment Miscellaneous Totals 1898. 170 50 1,018 7S5 83 1,536 10 163 300 121 4,821 409 Males. Females. Totals -I- 9,466 | 391 42 226 6 IS MIS 171 54 1,018 789 120 1,615 10 554 342 317 4 . 827 427 10,274 173 53 1,070 755 155 1,495 65 110 291 132 4,822 453 1899. Males. Females 9,574 453 47 244 4 20 Totals. 175 62 1,070 755 227 1,571 65 563 338 376 4,826 473 10,501 The preceding exhibit shows for each of the 12 industries, or 221 establishments included, the smallest number of persons em- ployed in 1898 and 1899. We notice, in looking at the above exhibit, that some indus- tries are represented by a much greater number of persons than others. The main reason for this is that the industries them- selves vary in the number employed. Had they been represented by the total persons employed instead of by a certain percentage only the number in some of them would still have appeared com- paratively small. Passing individual industries, and taking up the totals for all, we find, that of the 10,274 persons employed in 1898 9,4-66 were males and 80S were females; while of the 10,501 persons employed in 1899, 9,574 were males and 927 were females. Comparing the totals for both years it appears that there was an increase for 1899 of 227 persons, or 2.21 per cent, In 1898 the females constituted 7.86 per cent, of the total for these establishments. Tn 1899 they constituted 8.83 per cent. The facts just given relates, as said, to the foregoing 221 es- tablishments only. In the next exhibit we will find the results for the 1,213 establishments. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 733 Year. Males. Females 1898 1899 Increase in 1899 Per cent, of increase 57, 278 65,084 7,806 13.63 8,866 10, 222 1,356 15.30 Totals. 66, 144 75,306 9,162 13 85 For 1898 and 1899 we find in the above exhibit the number of persons employed by all, or 1,213 establishments, at the smallest period of employment, together with the increase in 1899 as compared with 1898. As to the number employed it is seen, that in 1S98 the males numbered 57,278, the females 8,S66, making the total 66,144 persons ; that in 1899, the males were 65,084, the females 10,222 and the total 75,306 persons. Concerning the increase for 1899 the exhibit shows, that the males increased 7,806 persons, or 13.63 per cent., the females 1,356 persons, or 15.30 per cent., and the total 9,162 persons, or 13.85 per cent. Regarding the proportion of females at this period of employ- ment it is found, that in 1898 they constituted 13.40 per cent, of the total, and that in 1899 the females made up 13.58 per cent, of the totals. These facts, along with the increase in fe- males pointed out in the preceding paragraph, indicates that, as a whole, the females increased at a slightly greater ratio than the males. 734 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. In the next exhibit is shown the average number of persons employed in 221 establishments comprising 12 industries in 1898 and 1899. AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. (221 establishments in 12 industries.) -a 3 nj ° 5 27 7 51 1,107 143 2,413 161 21 n 6 41 304 1.113 184 2,717 161 743 393 500 5,185 752 6 105 645 533 57 315 8 26 631 55 33S 5 40 824 Lithographing and 6 33fi 373 Mixed textiles Railway equipment. Miscellaneous 6 13 12 5,177 726 535 5,495 862 Total 2211 13,001 | 1,309 1 I 14,310 i 12,960 1 1,857 14,817 As seen, 221 establishments in 12 industries are included in the above exhibit. For the establishments in each of those in* dustries is shown, the number of persons employed in 1898 arid 1899 during the respective weeks, when the greatest number of persons were employed. In order to get a clearer conception of the relation between the figures for the two years, the following presentation is included : Year. Males. Females. Totals. 1898 l'i.001 12,960 — 41 — .30 1,309 1,857 + 518 + 41.86 14,310 14,817 + 507 + 3.54 1899 From these figures we see that in 1898 the females constituted 1,309, or 9.15 per. cent, of the total 14,310 persons employed. In 1899 the females constituted 12.53 per cent, of the total for both sexes. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 737i One remarkable feature about these figures is the large pro- portion of males and the corresponding small proportion of fe- males of the total number of persons in 1898. Considered in ■connection with that for 1899, and when the smallest and average number were employed, it seems that the per cent, of females for 1898 is fully 3 per cent, lower than in any of the other cases. This difference appears throughout the above ex- hibit, affecting the changes between the two years very mater- ially. The next exhibit shows the greatest number of persons em- ployed when all, or the 1,213 establishments reporting are in- cluded. Year. 1898 1899 Increase in 1899 • Per cent, of increase Males. 81,505 91,901 7,396 8.75 Females. 11,576 1:3,087 1,511 13.06 Totals. 96,081 104,988 8,907 9.26 When 1,213 establishments are included the following num- ber of persons were employed in 1898 : Males, 84,505 ; Females, 11,576 ; Total, 96,081. In 1899, when the same establishments were included, the number was, Males, 91,901 ; Females, 13,087 ; Total, 101,988. From these figures we find that in 1899 as compared with, 1898 the following changes took place : In the male persons em- ployed there was an increase of 7,396, or 8.75 per cent. In the females there was an increase of 1,511 persons, or 13.06 per cent. The total number for both sexes increased 8,907 persons, or 9.26 per cent. Of the total number of persons employed in 1898, 11,575, or 12.05 per cent, were females; and of the total number in 1899 13,087, or 12.47 per cent, were females. In the latter y?-ars there was an increase of two-fifths of one per cent, in ihe relative num- ber of females employed. 47 738 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 1898. 1899. Increase in 1899 Classification. Number. Per cent. 66, 144 79. 696 96,081 75,308 83,021 104,988 9,162 8,325 8,907 13.85 10.45 9.26 The preceding exhibit shows the total smallest average, and greatest number of persons employed in 1898 and 1899 together with the increase, in each case in both number and per cent., in 1899 as compared with 1898, when the 1,213 establishments re- porting are included. Thus we find that the smallest number increased 9,162 persons, or 13.85 per cent. ; that the average number increased 8,325 persons, or 10.45 per cent. ; and that the greatest number increased 8,907 persons, or 9.26 per cent. PEKSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. We have seen the number of persons employed by months and the number employed at the smallest, average, and greatest period of employment, and now come to another class of data which also relates to employment. This class of facte shows by industries, the respective number of persons employed by the hour, day and piece. In the preceding part, or part V, these facts, as obtained from 992 establishments, were fully presented. In the present part, or in the following pages, those obtained from 221 establishments will be given, first separately and then, when combined with the facts for the above 992 establishments. As thus combined 1,213 establishments are represented ; and the results obtained are those of the investigation, as a whole, so far as the data involved are concerned. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 739 PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. (221 establishments in 12 industries.) 1898. 1899. Classification. a » CS Co CC CO aJ ^. c 2^ s tn © DO . « CC a 3 CO 22 a as j "a a 8, 124 188 377J 162 339| 220 | 7 8,851 5,232 227 8,110 3,894 259 12,263 356 814 140 1,340 261 401 32 697 95 280 142 8,822 4,029 132 644 88 5,422 573 ,77«t Totals 12, 2^5 920 716 389 14,310 517 14,817 The preceding exhibit shows, for 221 establishments in 1898 and 1899, the respective number of persons, when classified as to sex and age, who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. The exhibit needs no detailed explanations. A few facts only will illustrate what it means. Thus it may be seen that of the 8,851 persons who were employed by the hour in 1898, 8,124 were males 18 years of age and over, 1S8 females 18 years and over, 377 males under 18 years, and 162 females under 18 years, males 18 years and over, 356 were females 18 years and over, 261 males under 18 years, and 95 were females under 18 years of age. For the day and piece hands also the same facts are shown. In short the above exhibit shows for the 12 industries when combined what the second table in order under this head shows for each of these industries. 740 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. (In 12 industries including 221 establishments.) Industries. |o3g 6-2 £ 1898. 1899. Hour. Day. Piece. Totals. Hour. Day. Piece. Totals. Beverages, (not spirituous) ... Chemical prep- Coal and wood. Electric light, power and St. Fancy articles. Food prepara- 18 7 23 46 5 27 7 51 6 61 13 12 221 15 32 1,793 146 1,367 10 42 201 94 4,845 306 8,851 241 41 411 964 149 1,258 145 701 192 370 323 437 5,232 10 19 3 35 92 6 36" 17 9 227 256 83 13 2,223 1,630 1,U3 92 184 || 12 2,717 1,517 161 743 64 1 393 || 107 500 II 5.185 l| 5,387 752 || 14.310 || 8,882 If 247 54 283 929 260 1,364 10 21 31 15 94 257 88 1,944 1,036 293 2,975 Grain & ware- house men... Lithographing and engrav- ing Mixed textiles. Railway equip- ment Miscellaneous . Totals ... 135 760 264 317 48 761 5,422 2 218 60 101 573 135 824 373 535 5,495 862 14,817 The above exhibit differs somewhat from the one preceding it. The former exhibit is a sort of a summary of the table for the twelve industries, that is the second table in order under this head. The above shows separately for each industry the re- spective number of the hour, day, and piece hands each year. A glance at this exhibit discloses the fact that the great majority were employed by the day; that in 1898 one industry and in 1S9 9 four industries employed no one by the hour at the greatest period of employment; and that in 1898, three industries and in 1899, four industries employed no one at piece work at this period. Concerning the respective relation of the total in each class to the total number employed we find the following: Of the total number employed in 1898, or 14,310 persons, 8,851, or 61.85 per cent, were employed by the hour ; 5,232 persons, or 36.56 per cent., were employed by the day; and 227 persons, or 1.59 per cent, were employed at piece work. In 1899, those employed by the hour constituted 59.54 per cent. ; the day workers 36.59 per cent. ; and those employed at piece work 3.87 per cent, of the total number, which was 14,817 persons. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 741 It will be noticed in connection with these facts that the num- ber employed by the hour is unusually large. The reason for this is found in the fact that in "Coal and Wood," "Food Prepara- tions" and "'Railway Equipments" the number employed by the hour greatly exceeded the number employed in other ways. This may be seen from a glance at the exhibit. Why this mode of em- ployment should prevail in these industries we shall not attempt to explain. Strictly speaking, these industries do not come in. the manufacturing class. It is possible that the mode of employ- ment which prevails is due to the nature of the work or labor to- be performed. We have thus briefly considered the hour, day and piece workers in the 12 industries which have been made the subject of this section of Part VI. The next step will be to so combine these with those in the preceding part, as to show the total hour, day and piece hands for all the establishments which reported for the two years. The next exhibit is the first in order to this end. This exhibit shows separately for each year the respective number of males and females 13 years of age and over, and under 18 years, who w«re employed by the hour, day, and piece. PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 1898. 1899. Classification. a X 03 to . tfl i- s- © cd © "3 « > 21 ® to . 2 CO £ ° f. -, 602 3,631 3,913 8, 154 g 2 . © f-» 02 - CO ,-. o Females 18 years and over. CO u © h CO « © © CD'S k 1,873 4,; 83 1,218 7,474 7.12 OO Pa© 477 2,185 1,131 3,793 CO CO O 23,616 44,418 8,644 76,678 1,963 4,661 1,20:J 3)8 1,960 1,064 3, 422 26 573 51,67a 14,829 9 :,0-li 1 25,5711 871 29,793 19,062 8,791 62, 427 4,105 4,317 P,i94 8.85 59,735 15,460 Totals 7,827 1019*8 79.81 8.48 8.15 3 56 103.00 80.42 3.61 103.00 One feature of the above exhibit is that it shows, for 1898 and 1S99 of the 1213 establishments included, the number 742 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. of persons in each case as classified with, regard to sex and age, who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. As an illustra- tion of this, the fact may be given that of the 26,579 persons who were employed by the hour in 1898, 23,616 were males 18 years and over, 602 females 18 years and over, 1,963 males un- der 18 years, and 398 persons were females under 18 years. These illustrations might be repeated for each mode of employ- ment each year. The table, however, is uniform and plain, and one illustration is probably sufficient to show its meaning. There is another feature. of this exhibit that ought to be men- tioned. As said before, it is made up of the number employed by all establishments reporting for I ho two years, at the period, or week, during which the greatest number were employed. The number in the exhibit, therefore, corresponds to the number em- ployed at the greatest period of employment, as already shown, and to the number of persons for the same establisfiments who received classified weekly earnings, as will be shown later. As the above exhibit thus includes the number employed at the greatest period of employment its totals represent the whole number of persons employed at this period, and may be analyzed from this point of view. Thus we find that in 1898 the total number of persons em- ployed at the period mentioned was 96,0S1. Of this number 76,678, or 79.81 per cent., were males 18 years and over; 8,154, or 8.48 per cent,, were females IS years and over; 7,827, or 8.15 per cent., were males under 18 years, and 3,422 persons, or 3.56 per cent., were females under 18 years of age. In 1899 the total number of persons was 104,988. Of these, 84,427, or 80.42 per cent, were males 18 years and over; 9,294, or 8.85 per cent., were females 18 years and over ; 7,474, or 7.12 per cent., were males under 18 years, and 3,793, or 3.61 per ■cent., were females under 18 years. Comparing these facts it appears that in 1898 88.29 per icent. of the total number were persons IS years of age and over, and that 11.71 per cent, were persons under 18 years; while in 1899 this relation was 89.27 and 10.73 per cent., respectively. In 1899 as. compared with 1898 there was thus a decrease in the number under 18 years of practically one per. cent. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 743 Compared with regard to the respective number of males and females, it appears that in 1898 the males constituted 87.96 per cent, of the total persons employed, and that the females consti- tuted 12.04 per cent. ; while in 1899 the relation was 87.54 and 12.46 per cent. This indicates an increase in the number of fe- males for the latter year of slightly over four-tenths of one per ■cent The next exhibit shows the per cent, of the number in each class of the total for the class. PER CENT. OP MALES AND FEMALES OVER AND UNDER 18 YEARS OP AGE WHO WERE EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR. DAY, AND PIECE, OP THE TOTAL NUMBER IN THE RESPECTIVE AGE AND SEX CLASS. (1,213 establishments In 55 industries.) 1898. 1899. Classification. T3 a x a) CO . r/l Sh u cd as © -3 CD > ft >* O s 5a S ~o Cxj 3» . •^i-l CO m s- S -2 cd cd ctf-o ^.. 3 00 * t. . ^^ CB 3 -> fa 13 o H a CO . Hi h h CD 03 CD —. CD t» * r-s O -3 2a CO* _2 co . 2 or CD >>0 fa H 3 2 '/J x I- 03 -2 CD CD cSt3 >> a 00 cd u ,;, fa P. ct. 12.57 57.61 29.82 en P. ct. 30.80 57.9:* 11.27 P. Ct. 7.38 44.57 48.05 P. ct. 25.85 59.55 15.37 P. ct. 11.63 57.28 31.09 P. ct. 27.67 56.90 15.43 P. ct. 31.47 58.11 10.42 100.0 P. ct. 9.38 44.17 46.45 P. ct. 25.06 58.64 16.30 P. ct. 28.38 56.90 14.72 Total 100.00 100. 0J 100. CO 100. 00 100.0 J loo.oo 100.00 100.00 100.00 The above exhibit shows the per cent, relations of the figures in the exhibit which precedes it. The two exhibits should there- fore be considered together. When so considered they furnish data for comparisons and study that will throw much light upon the conditions of the employment of the working people in this state. The exhibit which follows shows, for the same establishments and industries as above, and for the same period and years, the number of males, females, and total of both who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. This exhibit differs from the one second in order above only in this, that the employes here are classified as to sex only, whereas, in the one above, those included are classified as to both sex and age. 744 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. RESPECTIVE NUMBER OF MALES, FEMALES AND TOTALS WHO WERE EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. (1,213 establishments in 43 industries.) Classification. By the hour. By the day . By the piece Totals. 1898. 1899. Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. 25,579 49,079 9,847 1,000 5,594 4,982 26, 579 54,673 14,829 96,081 28, 444 53,445 10,012 1,348 6,290 5,448 84, 505 11,576 91,901 13,086 29,972: 59,735 15, 460 104,987 The contents of the preceding exhibit has already been de- scribed. It gives for each one of the classifications mentioned the actual number of persons employed and thus furnishes oppor- tunities for comparisons in many directions. Thus we find, that of the 84,505 male persons employed in 1898, 25,579 were em- ployed by the hour, 49,079 by the day, and 9,847 by the piece. Of the 26,579 persons that year who were employed by the hour, 25,579 were males and 1,000 females. For 1899 the relations were about the same as for 1898. These relations, however, can be studied to much better effect when presented in percentage. Hence this is done in the two exhibits which follow : PER CENT. OF THE MALES, FEMALES AND TOTALS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER IN EACH CASE. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Classification. 1898. 1899. Males. Females. Totals. Male'. Females. Totals. Per cent. 30.26 58. OS 11.66 Per cent. 8.64 . 48.33 43.03 100.00 Per cent 27.66 56.90 15.44 100.00 Per cent. 30.95 58.15 10.89 iooToo Per cent 10.30 48.06 41.64 Per cent- 28.47 56.80 14.73 By the day Totals 100.00 100.00 100.00 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 745 In the above exhibit we find, for each year, first, the per cent, of the number of the males who were employed as hour, day, and piece hands, respectively ; second, the per cent, of the num- ber of female persons employed by the hour, day, and piece, re- spectively; third, the per cent, of the total number of the hour, day, and piece hands, respectively. Leaving out the males and females as presented separately and considering only the totals for both we thus find, that of the 96,081 persons, or the total number in 1898, 27.66 per cent, were employed by the hour, 56.90 per cent, by the day, and 15.44 per cent, at piece work ; that of the 104,987 persons, the total for 1899, 28.47 per cent, were employed by the hour, 56.80 per cent. by the day, and 14.73 per cent, were employed at piece work. The relation in each case was thus remarkably close. PER CENT. OP MALES AND FEMALES OF THE TOTAL NUMBER IN EACH CASE WTTO WERE EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Classification. By the hour By the day . By the piece Totals 1898. Males. Females. Totals Per cent. 96.24 89.71 66.40 87.95 Per cent 3.76 10.23 33.60 12.05 Per cent. 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 1899. Males . Females'. Totals Per cent 95.48 89.47 64.76 87.54 Per cent. 4.52 10.53 35.24 12.46 Per cent. 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 In the above exhibit we find for each year the per cent, of the number of males and females, respectively, of the total number in each case who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. Of the total number employed by the hour, 96.24 per cent, were males and 3.76 per cent, were females in 1898, while in 1899 this relation was 95.48 and 4.52 per cent. Of those employed by the day, the relation betwen the males and females was 89.77 and 10.23 per cent, in 1898, and 89.17 and 10.53 in 1899. Of the piece hands the relation of males and females was 66.40 and 33.60 per cent, in 1898, and 64.76 and 35.24 per cent, in 1899. Of the total number employed in 1S98, 87.95 per cent, were 746 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. males and 12.05 per cent, were females; while of the total in 1899, 87.54 per cent, were males and 12.46 per cent, were fe- males. While the relations between the number for the two years did not vary a great deal, it is quite plain that, as a whole, there was a small increase in 1899 in the proportion of female employes. CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. In the preceding pages we have seen the number of persons employed at the different periods of employment, and the num- ber employed by the hour, day, and piece. In the pages which follow, under this head, we have shown the classified weekly earnings of the persons employed, first, for 221 establishments, or those who only reported in part, and then for 1,213 establish- ments, or the 992 presented in part V. and the 221 given here. The figures for the 221 establishments are found in the next ex- hibit. Those for the 1,213 establishments are found in the six exhibits which follow this. In this, as in other cases in this con- nection, more prominence is thus given to the facts for all in- dustries than to those for the 221 establishments. The reasons for this are too obvious for explanation. MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 747 The above exhibit is the only one presented relating to the "Classified Weekly Earnings" of those who were employed in the 221 establishments. In examining this exhibit we notice a strong resemblance between it and those already discussed in the preceding two parts, as well as the one which comes im- mediately after this. A few differences between them are, of course, to be found. Of these, the most noticeable is the one which indicates that the earnings in the above exhibit are higher than for any of the others. This is particularly true for the males 18 years and over. In this case the course is quite high. The greatest number for any one class is that for $9.00' but under $10.00. In this class we find 2,353 persons in 1898 and 2,646 persons in 1899. There are several classes both before and after this class in which the number found is quite high, but in no one does it reach the figures for the one just mentioned. This is the only exhibit in this case for the 221 esablishments, those next in order being devoted to all industries. CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) Totals |76,678l 8,154! 7,827| 3.422|96,081I|S4.427I 9,294| 7.4741 3.7931104988 f 1 1 1 1 1 1| 1 1 1 1 Percent 179.811 8.481 8.151 3.56 100.00" 80.42| 8.851 7.12| 3.6lll00.0O II I II I •748 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. The preceding exhibit shows the "Classified Weekly Earn- ings" for 96,081 persons in 1898 and 104,988 persons in 1899. As in former exhibits of this kind, the persons included are classi- fied as to sex and age. Thus we find that in 1898 the males 18 years and over made up 79.81 per cent., the female 18 years and over 8.48 per cent, the males under 18 years 8.15 per cent., and the females under 18 years 3.56 per cent, of the total number. For 1899 practically the same percentages are found. The greatest number in any one class is that for $9.00 but under $10.00, arid this is true for both years, although there are sev- erl other classes about that point which make a fair showing. As seen, the above exhibit shows the actual number of persons in each class. This exhibit thus furnishes the basis for further analysis. Tn the next exhibit the number in each case are ex- pressed in their per cent, of the total. With this change the ana- lysis can thus be continued. 1898. 1899. ID x^ T3 CC^ a 2 3 3 22 3 C8 03 a cd - re x ^ re CS o« s « ra oj rex) aj -Ht> PC(, — « > ! 3 a> > — . ob a> g 3 ffi S>>0 g >>0 § 3 >, fl ^ O ! a >■. O C'O > § 3 >> P. ct. En P. Ct. S En H P. ct 3 En P. ct. En H P ct. P. Ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct $25.00 ner wk. an but under but under but under but under but under but under but under 3 over $25.00. 20.00. IS. 00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 1.09 1.811 1.831 5.68 5.881 7.281 3.971 7.S9I 0.861 1.441 1.461 4.52| 4.701 5.82| 3.241 6.39| 1.26 1.62 1.86 5.85 6.60 8.05 4.36 10.08 1.01 20.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.15 0.65 0.60 1.30 18.00 1.50 15.00 4.70 13.00 0.05 0.10 0.84 1.05 0.05 0.07 5.31 12.00 6.49 11.00 0.07 0.04 3.57 10.00 0.16 8.17 9.00 but under 10.00. 17.49J 1.45 0.02 0.05 14. OS 1 19.63| 1.70 0.75 0.03 1( 8.00 but unuer 9.00. 14.201 3.22 0.31 0.11 11.651 15.391 2.67 0.92 0.11 12.68 7.00 but uncier 8.00. 17.131 3.66 0.82 0.55 14.071 13.171 6.15 1.69 1.24 11.29 6.00 but under 7.00. 10.041 9.96 3.65 0.96 9.191 7.54 10.24 7.02 0.69 7.49 5.50 but under 6.00. 1.80 9.46| 3.13 0.24 2.511 1.2S 7.85 3.SS 0.56 2.02 5.00 but under 5.50. 1.561 15.26 4.13 2.13 2.951 1.01 14.55 6.69 2.21 2.65 4.50 but under 5.00. 1.371 16.20 12.06 2.17 3.52! 0.92 15.49 14.50 4.22 3.29 4.00 hut under 4.50. 0.6l| 11.13 10.71 6. OS 2.521 0.64 10.80 11.19 5.40 2.48 3.50 hut under 4.00. 0.28| 15.84! 17.69 8.18 3.321 0.38 13.471 17.72 li.39 3.22 3.00 hut under 3.50. 0.071 7.63' 27.06 23.90 3.761 0.30 10.601 19.01 25.38 3.46 2.50 hut under 3.00. 0.02| 3.001 12.11 24.31 2.121 | 0.05| 3.911 8.93 25. 491 1.95 2.00 but under 2.50. i 0.9SI 6.03 19.52 1.271 0.01 0.771 5.08 16.32 1.02 1.50 bn.. under 2.00. 1 0.171 2.02 10.05 0.541 0.191 1.66 5.51 0.33 Under S1 50 I 0.15 1.75 0.071 0.091 0.6S 0.45 0.07 rotnls | r 100. 1 100. 1100. 1 100. 1100. ! 1100. ilOO. 1100. 1 1 |100. |100. 1 Here we find the per cent, of each class of wage earners who were found in each wage class. The exhibit as seen includes 1,213 establishments classified in 55 industries; or, in other MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 749 words, it includes all the establishments which reported for this investigation in 1898 and 1899. As these establishments cover, by far, the greater part of the productive capacity for the state, the exhibit can be safely regarded as representing the conditions in this state as far as the earnings of the workers are concerned. Looking over the table, as a whole, it becomes evident, even at the first glance, that the male employes 18 years and over re- ceived the highest, earnings. Next in order, in point of earnings, come the females 18 years and over. As the third we find the males under 18 years, while the females under 18 years received the lowest earnings of all. This perhaps only confirms what our common sense already had told us about these matters. Still the facts are interesting. Even the fact itself that experience and the data collected should happen to agree is not the least in im- portance. The difference in the earnings between each class, of workers is clearly marked though, of course, it is in no case exactly measured. The two classes whose earnings seem the nearest alike are females 18 years and over and males under 18 years. But even in this case the difference can be readily dis- cerned. From this exhibit one might almost be warranted in drawing the conclusion that each class of workers were paid according to their efficiency. The exhibit as a whole includes twenty-two classes of earnings, beginning with "25.00 per week and over," and ending with the class "Under $1.50 per week." It is perhaps significant that, in either year, there is not a class of workers, when given separ- ately, that is represented in all these classes of earnings. For the m'ales 18 years and over we find no one in the lower classes of earnings ; for the other classes of persons we find no representa- tion in the higher classes of earnings. ' This may be further illus- trated. . For males 18 years and over we find no one in any of the classes below $2.50 per week. For females 18 years and over, no one in any class above $13.00 but under $15.00. For males under 18 years no one above $11.00 but under $12.00 is found. And for females under 18 years there is no representation above the class $9.00 but under $10.00. In the columns for the total, or where all classes of wage earners each year are combined, all wtage classes are also represented. It is in these columns that the course of wages for the two years can be best studied. 750 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. In order to facilitate further analysis and comparisons, the facts in the two preceding exhibits have been compiled into fewer classes or a briefer space and again presented. These pre- sentations also begin with an exhibit showing the number of the persons who received classified earnings in 1898 and 1899. CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. (1.213 establishments in 55 industries.) 1898. 1899. Weekly Earninus. Males. | Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. Number Number. Number. Number. Number. Numbsr Under $5.00 per week 8,674 1 | 7,765 16.439 j 7,s::4 8,747 16,581 $5.00 but under $6.00 3,148 2,095 5,243 2,72.0 2,188 4,908 6.00 but under 7.00 7.986 845 8,831 6,881 978 7,859 7.00 but under 8.00 13,201 317 13,518 1 11,235 619 11,854 8.00 but under 9.00 10,917 267 11,184 j 13,062 253 13,315 9. to but under 10.00 13,413 1 120 13,533 16.631 159 16,790 10.00 but under 12.00 9,102 155 9,257 12,206 117 12,323 12.00 but under 15.00 10,083 1 n 10r095 12,379 22 12,401 15.00 but under 20.00 5,753 6,517 3 6.520 20.00 and over .. 2,228 2,228 96,081 2,436 1 1 1 2,437 1 11,576 Totals 84,505 91,901 13,087 104,988 The above exliibit includes the same number of persons and covers the same period as the two exhibits which precede it. In fact it differs from these exhibits only in this, that the classifica- tions of earnings have been reduced from 22 to 10, and that in the persons employed the classification as to age was omitted. The persons employed are, in this exhibit, classified as to sex only. That is, the columns for males include all male persons regardless of age, and the columns for females include all female persons regardless of age. It should also be noticed that in these exhibits the order of the wage classes is reversed. Thus the lower classes come first here instead of at the foot, as in the pre- ceding exhibts. Of the 96,0*81 persons who received classified earnings in 1898, 12.05 per cent, were females and 87.95 per cent, males. Of the total in 1899, or 101,988 persons, 12.46 per cent, were females and 87.54 per cent, males. The next exhibit has been devoted to percentages : MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 751 CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. (1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 1898. 1899. Weekly Earnings. Male Female Total Male Female Total per cent per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. Under $5.00 per week 10.27 67.09 17.11 8.52 66.84 15.80 $5.00 but under $6.00 3.72 18.10 5.45 2.96 16.72 4.67 6.00 but- under 7.00 9.45 7.30 9.20 7.49 7.48 7.49 7.00 but under 8.00 15.62 2.73 14.07 12.22 4.73 11.29 8.00 but under 9.00 12.92 2.30 11.64 14.22 1.94 12.68 9.00 but under 10. OO 15. 08 1.04 14.08 18.10 1.21 15.99 10.00 but under 12.00 10.78 1.34 9.63 13.28 0.89 11.74 12.00 but under 15.00 11.93 0.10 10.51 13.47 0.16 11.81 15.00 but under 20.00 6.80 2.63 5.99 2.32 7.09 2.65 0.02 0.01 6.21 20.00 and over j 2.32 Totals 100.00 100.00 100.00 j 100.00 100.00 j 100.00 This exhibit shows the per cent, relation of the figures in the exhibit by which it is preceded. The above exhibit stands for all the establishments which reported, or 1,213 in all, classified into 55 industries. What it really shows nuay, perhaps, be best seen from a few examples. Thus we may take the figures for 1898 first. From the very first line we learn that of the total number of male persons included, 10.27 per cent, received lass than $5.00 per week for a week's work; that of the total number of female persons included, (57.09 per cent, received less than $5.00 for a week's work ; and that of the total number for both sexes, 17.11 per cent, earned less than $5.00 per week. If we now move down the exhibit, down to class $9.00 but under $10.00, the class in which, as the exhibit originally stood, the greatest number of persons were employed, we find, as a further illustration, that of the total males included, 15.88 per cent, re- ceived $9.00 but under $10.00 per week; that of the total fe- males, 1.04 per cent, received this amount, and that the total for both sexes, 14.08 per cent., earned this amount per week. Taking up the figures for 1899 we find that less than $5.00 per week was earned by 8.52 per cent, of the males, 6G.84 per cent, of the females and 15.80 per cent, of all the persons em- ployed. Comparing these figures with those of 1898, a substan- tial increase may be observed for the latter year. For the class $9.00 but under $10.00, or the.second class considered for 1898, 752 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. we find in this also a substantial increase for 1899. Thus, of the total males, 18.10 per cent, earned this much as against 15.88 per cent, for 1898. Of the females, 1.21 per cent, in 1899 as against 1.04 per cent, in 1898 earned this amount. Of the total, the per cent, for the two years stood 14.08 and 15.99, or an in- crease of 1.91 per cent, for 1899. These illustrations constitute a fair sample, not only of what the exhibit shows, but of the trend of the earnings for the period covered. In the following exhibit, which covers the same ground as the above, the classification of earnings has been reduced to a still smaller number: PER CENT. OF PERSONS WHO RECEIVED $9.00, $7.00, $6.00, $5.00 AND OVER PER WEEK, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE PER CENT. RECEIVING LESS THAN $5.00 PER WEEK IN 1898 AND 1S99. (1.213 establishments in 55 industries.) 1898. 1899. Weekly Earnings. Males Per cent. Females Per cent. Totals Per cent. Males Per cent. Females Per cent. Totals Per cent. $9.00 per week and over.. 7.00 per week and over.. 6.00 per week and over.. 5.00 per week and over.. Under $5.00 per week 48.02 76.56 I 86.01 1 89.73 10.27 1 1 2.48 7.51 14.81 32.91 67.09 1 42.53 68.24 77.44 I 82.89 17.11 1 1 54.59 81.03 88.52 91.48 8.52 2.29 8.96 16.44 33.16 66.84 48.07 72.04 79.53 84.20 15.80 The preceding exhibit points out the course of wages or earn- ings during the period covered better than any others in these series. A few comparisons will make this plain. In 1898, 48.02 per cent, of the males, 2.48 per cent, of the females, or 42.53 per cent, of the total for both received as earnings for a week's work, or for six days' work $9.00 or over. In 1899, 54.59 per cent, of the males, 2.29 per cent, of the females, or 48.07 per cent of the total for both earned $9.00 or more in a week, or in six work days. For 1899 this means an increase in the number who re- ceived $9.00 or over for six days' labor, of 5.54 per cent. Each one of the other classes in the table shows an increase for 1899 as compared with 1898. This is plain when the figures for each class in the two years are compared. As further evidence of this, thelast class, those who received less than $5.00 for a week's worfe, MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 753 may be cited. In 1898, 10.27 per cent, of the males, 67.09 per cent, of the females, or 17.11 per cent, of the total of both sexes received less than $5.00 for a week's labor. In 1899, 8.52 per cent, of the males, 66.81 per cent, of the females, or 15.80 per cent, of the total for both received less than this amount. To substantiate the proposition that the course of wages was on the increase in 1899 as compared with 1898 no other evidence than the facts in the preceding exhibit are needed. For the first exhibit under this head, that for 221 establish- ments, the figures were obtained from the third table in order, from the beginning of this part, the table which shows the "Clas- sified Weekly Earnings" in 12 industries. For the other ex- hibits, the combined results of the above table for 12 industries and the table in part V for 43 industries were used. These facts are repeated here in order to call attention to the importance of the results as shown in the above exhibits. In order to obtain some idea of the proportion of males and females in each wage class, or class of earnings, the following exhibit is included : 1898. 1899. Weekly Earnings. Males Females Totals Males Females Totalsl Per cent Per cent Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Under $5.00 per week 52.77 47.23 100.00 | 47.24 52.76 100.00 $5.00 but under $6.00 60.04 39.96 lao.oo | 55.42 44. 5S 100.00 6.00 but under 7.00 90.43 9.57 100.00 87.69 12.31 100.00 7.00 but under 8.00 97.65 2.35 100.00 | 94.78 5.22 100.00 8.00 but under 9.00 97.61 | 2.39 100.00 | | 98.10 1.90 100.00 9.00 but under 10.00 99.11 0.89 100.00 99.05 0.95 100.00 10.00 but under 12.00 98.32 1.68 100.00 99.05 0.95 100. 00 12.00 but under 15.00 99.88 0.12 100.00 99.82 0.18 100.00 15.00 but under 20.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.95 99.96 0.05 0.04 100.00 20.00 and over 100 00 Totals 1 87.95 12.05 100.00 87.54 12.46 100.00 The above exhibit, the same as those immediately preceding it, is made up from the returns of all, or the 1,213 establish- ments. It shows the per cent, of males and females in each class of earnings and of the total. Thus, as an example, it may be seen that of the total number who received less than $5.00 per week, 52.77 per cent, were males and 47.23 per cent, were fe- males in 1898; while 47.24 per cent, were males and 52.76 per cent, were females in 1899. Here we see that the position of the relative number of males and females in this class, as between the 48 754 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. two years, has been almost exactly reversed. The same tendency is also apparent in the four classes which follow. What does this mean % It means, first of all, that in the lower paid occupa- tions, there was, in 1899, a considerable substitution of female for male labor. The causes of this one can only speculate on. It is possible, however, that the increased demand for labor in 1899 somewhat affected the supply of male workers, and that for this reason a greater number of females were employed- This is little more than a guess, but a good many things point to this as the situation. As said, besides the per cent, of females in each wage class the exhibit also shows the per cent, of females of the total num- ber of persons employed. This we see under the head of totals. Of the total number of persons in 1898, 87.95 per cent, were males and 12.05 per cent, were females; and of the total number of persons in 1899, 87.54 per cent, were males and 12. 4G per cent, were females. AMOUNT PAID AS WAGES. The following exhibt shows the amount paid as wages by the establishments included in each industry, together with the amount paid by all industries, or the 221 esablishments. By the amount paid as wages is here meant the amount paid mechanics, operatives, and laborers. The amount paid as sal- aries to partners, superintendents, clerks, etc., has in no case been included either here or in the foregoing two parts. AMOUNT PAID AS WAGES. (221 establishments, 12 industries.) Industries. Total Amount of Wages Paid. Beverages (soft drinks) Chemical preparations Coal and wood Electric light, power and si net railways Fancy articles F 1 „-—•,- « Grain and warehouse men J.iilll'ilr <■■■ Lithographing and engraving ... Mixed textiles nniTwny eompment Miscella neous IS 7 I 23 I I 46 I 5 I ?7 | 7 I 51 I 6 6 I n i 12 I $92,577 30 9'20 725.719 47^ n?6 52.^1 <;r.o no 49.531 M t 9 i 71.350 95 *40 2 £3? 7O0 277.249 J9S.422 32.260 741.058 454 005 85.804 7«0 101 51 ,0S6 208 411 155.739 93 474 !.0?7 700 296.434 Increase f-f-"* or Decrease ( — ) in 1899. $5,845 1.340 15.339 24 6?1 31.943 9? 491 1.555 26.!*2 12 611 I 966 205.000 Id 1S5 Per cent 06.31 + 04.33 + 02.11 05.15 59.30 10.83 03.14 14.83 07. 3(5 02.05 07.23 06.91 To'als | 221 ; $5,842 074 I $6.017.5°4 |+ $175,510 1+ 3.00 MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 755 The above exhibit deals Avith wages. It shows for each of the industries included the total amount paid as wages in 1S98 and 1899, together with the increase or decrease in the latter year. Of the 12 industries which are included, 8 show an increase in the amount paid as wages in 1899 as compared with 1898, and 4 show a decrease. On the whole, however, or when all are in- cluded there is a net increase for 1899 as is seen from the totals in above exhibit and from the one which follows : Year. Amount of wages. 1898 $5,812,074 1899 6,017,584 175,510 3.00 From these figures w T e learn that the amount paid as wages was $5,842,074 in 1898 and $6,017,584 in 1899. In the latter year as compared with 1898 there was thus an increase in the amount paid of $175,510, or 3 per cent. The next exhibit shows for above establishments and indus- tries the average yearly earnings to each worker : Year. Amount. Average No. persons. Average earnings. 1898. 1899. $5,812,074 6,017,581 12,182 12, 162 $179 57 494 79 In this exhibit we thus find, for each year, the amount of the wages paid, the average number of persons employed, and the average yearly earning to each worker. The yearly earnings to each worker was $479.59 in 1898 and $494.79 in 1899. The foregoing facts under this head relate to 221 establish- ments only. As it was desirable in this as in previous cases that these facts should be combined with those for the 992 establish- ments presented in the preceding part, such a combination was effected. The following exhibit shows for 1,213 establishments,. 756 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. or the entire number reporting, the amount paid as wages in, 1898 and 1S99, the increase for the latter year, and the average number employed and the yearly earnings of same. Year. Amount. Average No. employed. Average earnings. 1898 1899 $31,763,115 35,537,052 , 3,773,937 11.88 79,695 88,021 8,325 10.45 $398 55 403 73 5 18 1.30 We find here that the amount paid in wages was $31,763,115 in 1898 and $35,537,052 in 1899, an increase for the latter year of $3,773,937, or 11.88 per cent. The average number of persons employed was, as seen already, 79,696 in 1898 and 88,021 in 1S99. This is an increase for 1899 of 8,325 persons, or 10.45 per cent. The average yearly earnings to each worker was $398.55 in 1898 and $403.73 in 1899. There, was thus an increase in earn- ings for the latter year, as compared with 1898, of $5.18, or 1.30 per cent. As said, these figures were obtained from the returns of 1,213 establishments in 55 industries. MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 757 EMPLOYMENT AND CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EAKN- INGS IN MEKCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS. In foregoing pages in this part we find a continuation of the presentations relating to employment and earnings in manufac- turing industries which were begun in part V. In the follow- ing pages, under the above head in this part, will be found a series of presentations showing the "Persons Employed Each Month and the Classified Weekly Earnings in Mercantile Es- tablishments in this State in 1898." The following exhibit shows what mercantile industries were included, the number of establishments by which each of these is represented, and the number of persons employed in these es- tablishments : Classification of industires. Boots and shoes Drugs Dry goods General stores Groceries Hardware Total six industries Number of establishments . Number employed. 218 406 6158 1,232 278 3,086 1,186 3,870 796 2,784 648 2,430 3,754 13,808 In the preceding presentation we find the facts indicated for six mercantile industries. The first in order of these is Boots and Shoes. In this case only retail stores are included. For this line 218 establishments, or about 51 per cent, of the total for the state, reported. These establishments or stores em- ployed 406 persons. Drugs is the second industry in order. This line is repre- sented by 628 establishments, or nearly 80 per cent, of the total for the state. These establishments employed 1,232 persons, and include a few places which were doing a wholesale as well as a retail business. 758 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Dry Goods comes the third in order. In this case 278 retail establishments, or about two-thirds of the whole number in the state, are included. These establishments employed 3,08 6 per- sons. General Stores is the fourth. In this class 1,186 establish- ments, or about -10 per cent, of those in the state, are included here. The places thus included employed 3,870 persons. A few of these places were undoubtedly what now is termed "de- partment stores." Groceries is the fifth, or next to the last in order. In this case 796 stores are covered. A few of these did a wholesale as well as a retail business. The number included make up a little less than 30 per cent, of those in the state, and employed 2,784 persons. Hardware is the last in order. It embraces 648 establish- ments. These establishments constitute 40 per cent, of the total for the state and employ 2,430 persons. In this case, as for Drugs and Groceries, a few wholesale establishments, or places which sold at wholesale as well as in retail, are included. The exhibit also shows the total number of establishments and persons included. For the six industries, the first numbered 3.754 and the second 13,808. This is about 3.7 persons to each establishment. The facts were in every case obtained from the employers, and upon schedules prepared for the purpose. They were also carefully edited and compiled. There is no reason for doubting that the presentations which follow accurately represent the con- dition in this state. There are two series of presentations. The first of these re- late to the number of persons employed each month during the year, and the monthly range of employment. The second re- late to "Classified Weekly Earnings." In both cases there is one presentation for each industry or business, followed by one for all industries, and exhibits for analysis. Taken as a whole, these presentations are more than ordi- narily interesting. In the first place, this is practically the first time in this state that the employment and earnings in mercan- tile establishments have been investigated on an extensive scale. MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1S93-1399. 759 Then again, the facts do not only cover each occupation but are so presented that these can be compared. The presentations as a whole are also in harmony with presentations covering the same ground for other classes of wage earners in this state. Comparisons between all are therefore possible. BOOTS AND SHOES, (persons employed— by mouths.) Months. Males. Females Totals. 368 374 370 372 372 372 368 368 374 372 372 370 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 )£ 20 20 20 20 3S6 392 388 390 390 390 386 386 394 392 392 390 DRUGS. (persons employed— by months.) Months. Males. Females. Totals. 1,112 1,102 1,104 1.114 1,128 1,142 1,138 1,148 1,132 1,134 1,126 1.148 50 50 50 50 54 56 56 54 54 54 52 84 1,162 1.152 1,154 1,164 1,182 1,198 1,194 1,202 1,186 1,188 1.178 1,232 January .. February , March — April May June July August . . . September October .. November December DRY GOODS. (persons employed— by months.) Months. 760 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. GENERAL STORES, (persons employed— by mouths.) ■ Months. January .. February March April May , June July August . . . September October . . . November December 2.520 i 948 3,468 2,510 ( 942 3,452 2.512 | 950 3,462 2,596 | 1,006 3,602 2,618 1 1,012 3,630 2,698 1 1,026 3.724 2,700 | 1,042 3,742- 2,650 | 998 3,648 2,688 1 1,024 3.712 2.672 | 1,064 3.736 2,618 | 1,056 3,674 2,600 | 1,078 3.678 GROCERIES. (persons employed— by months.) Months. January 2.354 February | 2,328 March I 2,334 April I 2,344 May I 2,380 June I 2,402 July I 2,418 August I 2,422 September I 2,436 October I 2,404 November I 2 , 422 December I 2 , 440 362 2.716 358 2,686 356 2,690 358 2,702 350 2,730 354 2,756 348 2,766 352 2.774 352 2.7S& 354 2,758 354 2.776 376 2,816 HARDWARE. (persons employed— by mouths.) Months January I 1 ,928 February I 1 , 922 March I 1 . 974 April I 2,078 May I 2,144 June ! 2,186 July I 2,210 August I 2,236 September I 2,354 October I 2, 418 November I 2.348 December ! 2,212 Totals. 66 1,994 66 1,988 66 2,040 66 2.144 68 2,212. 72 2.258. 72 2,282- 72 2.308 7fi 2,430 80 2,498 84 2.432 84 2.296 MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. r 61 TOTAL ALL MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, (persons employed— by mouths.) Months. January .. February . March — April May June July August . . . September October . . . November December Average Totals . 12,406 12.33S 12,550 12,986 13,138 13,332 13,138 13,016 13,476 13,768 13,828 14,158 13,178 The foregoing seven presentations show, in order, the num- ber of male, female, and total persons employed each month in the establishments representing Boots and Shoes, Drugs, Dry Goods, General Stores, Groceries, and Hardware, and the total for all these industries when combined. There is thus one pre- sentation for each of these businesses, and one in which are com- bined the number for all. This is the manner in which those employed in manufacturing industries also were presented. As said, the presentations show the number employed each month, and in doing this they also, of necessity, indicate the fluctuation in, or course of employment, from month to month. The light they throw upon employment and the variation in same imparts to these facts their greatest value. In fact, it is the real reason why they are presented. In Boots and Shoes the course of employment throughout the year was remarkably even. As a matter of fact there was only a variation of eight persons between the months when the small- est and greatest number were employed. The lowest number was 386 and is found for three months, January, July and August. The greatest number was 394 and is found for the month of September. On the whole, the fluctuations in employ- ment in this industry were so small as to have but little influence from an economic point of view. In the Drug trade the lowest number, or 1,152 persons, is found for February, and the .highest, or 1,232 persons, for Be- 762 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. cember. The difference between' the lowest and the highest number is thus 80 persons, a comparatively small fluctuation. The Dry Goods trade presents a different state of affairs in that the variation in the number from month to month is both sharp and great. The year began with comparatively the lowest number; the lowest, that of 2,C)6S persons, appears in February. From this month on there is a gradual increase with each month until the end of June, when, for two months, there is a sharp de- crease, so sharp, indeed, as to bring the number down to a point nearly as low as that for February. This decrease, however, is again offset by an equally sharp increase for September. The fall trade had now set in, and the number each month grew greater until the climax was reached with the holiday trade in December. The difference between the number employed the lowest and highest month is 1,078 persons. The Dry Goods has clearly two seasons of unusual business activity, the spring and the fall. In General Stores the employment was much more even than for Dry Goods. Outside of the three first months, which show a reduced number, the course is fairly even throughout the year. The lowest number, or 3,452 persons, was in February, the highest, or. 3, 742 persons, in July, in difference of 290 persons. The Grocery trade also presents a rather smooth course, per- haps the smoothest of all. Between February and December, the lowest and highest months, there is a difference in the num- ber employed of only 130 persons. In the Hardware trade the difference in the number em- ployed in February and August, the lowest and highest months, is 210 persons. In this trade the variations stand out somewhat more prominent than in some of the other trades, though, when it is considered that employes of all kinds are included, the fluc- tuations cannot be called bad. We have now reached the last of the preceding seven pre- sentations, that in which the number of persons for all are com- bined. As is to be expected, this presentation reflects the most important points already discussed. Thus-we find that, as a whole, fewer persons are employed the first part of the year than the last. This, as we have seen, is practically true of each one MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 763 of the industries of which it is made up. February is the low month and December the high. The difference between the two, in point of the number employed, is from 12,338 to 14,158, or 1,820 persons. In this presentation we also find the average number to each month. For the total of both sexes this average is 13,178 persons. As to the proportion of males and females of this number, we find that 9,701, or 73.54 per cent, are males and 3,477, or 26.46 per cent., are females. In the following exhibit we find the range of employment and unemployment in each of the different months during the year. As has been explained elsewhere, by the range of em- ployment is meant the per cent, employed each month as based upon the number for the month when the greatest number were employed. By unemployment is of course meant directly the opposite of employment. TOTAL PERSONS. RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Mouths. Total number em- ployed. Range of employ- ment. Per cent. Range of un- employ- ment. Per cent. January | 12,406 February | 12,338 Marcb I 12,550 April j 12,986 . May I 13 , 138 June I 13.332 July | 13 , 138 August I 13.016 September | 13,476 October I 13,768 November | 13,828 December I 14,158 87.64 12.36 87.14 12.86 88.64 11.36 91.72 8.64 92.94 7.06 94.16 5.84 92.94 7.06 91.93 8.07 95.18 4.82 97.25 2.75 97.67 2.33 In the above exhibit we see, first, the total persons employed «ach month, second, the range of employment, and third, the range of unemployment. The totals here are, of course, the same as those in the presentation for all industries just dis- cussed. December is, as said, the month in which the greatest number were employed. In this month, therefore, there was full employment and no unemployment. In November, or the preceding month, 97.67 per cent, were employed and 2.33. per cent, were unemployed. From this point up, the per cent, em- ployed decreased and the per cent, of unemployed is increasing. T64 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. When February, reading up from the foot of the table, is reached, the per cent, employed is seen to be 87.14, and the per cent, unemployed 12.86. In both, this is the widest range, and the facts mean that 12.86 per cent, of those who could find em- ployment at some time during the year were then out of such employment. We have thus briefly seen the number of persons employed each month by each industry separately, and by all, when com- bined, and the range of employment and unemployment. The presentations which follow are devoted to the "Classified Weekly Earnings'' in the same industries. In this instance, as in that for employment, the facts for each industry or line of business are given separately, and are followed by explanations, or ana- lyses, in which all are combined. The same order of presenta- tion is also followed. BOOTS iclassified AND SHOES. weekly earniu gs.) Class FICATI V'aues. DN Shoe- mak- ers. Clebks. Book- keep- ers. cash- iers. Fe- males. Errand boys. Mis- cellan- eous. Totals. of T Male. Fe- male. Num- ber. Per cent. $25.00 per 20.00 but wk. and over! under $25.00i under 20.001 under IS. 001 under 15.00 under 13.00 under 12.00] under 11.00J under lO.OOi under P.00| under S.00| under 7.00! under 6.001 under 5.50! under 5.00| under 4 .50) under 4.00| under 3.501 under 3.001 und'er 2.501 under 2.00] 50 1 1 .. ..!.. | i . i 18.00 but 1 • -1 :::::::|::.::::::l .. 15.00 but II 12 2 1 40 | 32 | 22 | 16 i 18 I | 10 1 I i 12 2 40 6 SO 42 64 42 50 2.96 13.00 but i i .49 12.00 but 11.00 but 22 4 38 8 7 40 | 26 1 26 | i 6 9.86 1.48 lo.oo but 2 I ■■•■ i 2 | 19.70 9.00 but 8.00 but 1 2 | 10.35 15.77 7.00 but 1 10.35 6.00 but 4 1 2 1 | 12.31 5.50 but | 5.00 hut 2 1 ! 2 1 | • 10 | 2 1 14 ! | 2 I 2| j 16 2 18 3.94 .49 4.00 hut 3 50 but 1 | | 2 1 4.43 3.00 but 2 50 but 1 1 ! 1 ! 8 1 2 ! 4 1 2 4 1 | | 4 6 2 16 8 6 2 3.94 1.97 2.00 but 1 50 but 1 | 1.47 .49 lender $1. | Is entagee 1 Totn Pere 150 36.95 216 53. 2l" 10 | 8 ! • 2.46 I 1.97 1 14 3.44 8 1.97 406 100.00 100.00 MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 765 DRUGS. (classified weekly earnings.) Classification of wages. T3 Book- a a . cd co co a 2* '5.2 Clerks. keepers, etc. a o 3 CD o ■5 5 3 > CO CD eous. Classification of wages. m ^ CD a 43 £ 3 CO a a CD CO CO E CD CO > y CO CD "cO £ u CD a 3 fc< 2 fe< P H a t z P4 $25. CO per 20.00 but IS. 00 Imt 15.00 hut 13.0? hut 12.00 lmt 11.00 hut 10.00 hut 9.00 hut 8.P0 hut 7.00 hut 6.00 hut 5.59 hut 6.00 hut 4. 50 hut 4.00 hut 3.50 hut 3.00 hut 2.50 hut 2.00 hut 1.50 hut Under $1. wk. and over, under 25.00.. under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under 50 20.00... IS. 00... 15.00... 13.00... 12.00... 11.00... 10.00... 9.00... S.00... 7.00... 6.00... 5.50.., .5.00... 4.50... 4.00... 3.50... 3.00... 2.50... 2.00... .1... 2 6 4S 30 140 54 306 182 350 276 352 26 172 46 70 36 54 28 12 2 2 6 12 20 58 | 16S | 36 | 1S4 | 4S 126 I 50 | 144 | 26 ! 70 | 2 2 6 6 2 16 | 2 LO 4 2 ... 2 | 36 | 10 .1 ..I 4 | 4 2 | 4 4 | 20 2 ..] 10 4 I S ..I 4 |....|....|. Totals 64 12.192 I 962 ..1 I- 62 | 2 68 I16S Percentages | 1.60 |56.64 |24.86 |1.60|1.76|4.34|1.24|6.2O(1.70|lOO.00| 20 | 14 I. 72 | 20 |. •I. 6 8 i 20 |.... .I....I 10 I 10 I 4 .|....| 2 .| 22 | 8 6 10 22 82 42 190 6S 276 234 510 450 640 64 402 110 242 98 224 68 116 10 6 0.1ft 0.26 0.56 2.12 1.08 4.91 1.76 7.13 6.04 13.18 11.62 16.54 1.66 10.39 2.84 6.26 2.54 5.79 1.75 2.99 0.26 0.16 -I 1- 48 |240 | 66 I3.S70 100.00 GROCERIES, (classified weekly earnings.) Classsification of wages. Clerk Book- Mis- keep- cellan- er*, etc ci CD E eous. u © CO CD CO CD F > £ r o? CD * ■ CD t> ta a fe- ft H Cl. a ~ Totals $25.00 per wk. and over 20.00 hut under $25.00.. 18.00 hut under 15.00 lmt under 13.00 hut under 12.00 hut under 11.00 hut under 10.00 but under 9.00 hut under 8.00 hut under 7.00 hut under 6.00 hut under 6.50 hut under 6.00 lmt under 4.50 hut under 4.00 hut under 3.50 hut under ?, ro lmt under 2.50 hut under 2.ro hut under 1.50 hut under Under $1.50 124 | 44 | 6 I. 66 I. 78 |. 136 I. 58 |. 2=0 I 150 I 200 I no i 20.00.. 18.00.. 15.00.. 13.00.. 12.00.. 11.00... I 10. 00... I 9. 00... I 8.00. ..1 7.00. ..I 6.00... 5.50. ..I | 118 I 04 | 5.00. ..I | 16 | 6 | 4.50. ..I I 64 I 38 I 4.00... | ! |. ...| 3. HO. ..1 1 34 I '6 I 3. 00... | | 4 I 16 | 2. 50... I ; 4|4I 2.00. ..1 1 1....I .! 6 • I 12 <12 I I 6 146 I 36 8 2 18 .18 50 40 70 ..I 8 •■I 2 .. 4 50 I 4 I. 24 |. 14 I. 30 |. 8 |. 2 I. 1104 1188 I.... 12. 784 '100.00 I I Percentages | 7.33 (53.24 (7.39[2.29|4.03;i2.15 |3.09j3.73i6.75|....|100.00| Totals I 204 I1.4S2 1206 I 64 1112 ! 338 | 86 I 2 I. 6 |. 2 |. 8 I. 6 |. 32 |. 6 |. 22 |. 4 . 38 |. 150 80 12 108 90 184 84 370 24S 328 1*8 316 5.38 2.87 .44 3.8X 3.24 6.61 3.02 13.29 S.PO 11.79 6.75 11.36 42 |. 12 2 . 6 290 ?6 146 16 104 30 12 2 10.42 .93 5.24 .57 3.73 1.0S .43 .07 -I — ! — I- MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. HARDWARE, (■classified weekly earnings.) 767 of wages. a ; CD go <5 Clerks. Bookkeep- ers, etc. CO 1 n H a o CD a CD O Totals. Classification 09 no CD c3 E CD to CD "a CD "3 a he six industries covered by this investigation. These exhibits are comprehensive and are included to aid those who may desire to carry the comparison of the facts further than has been done in the preceding pages. Those using the facts, however, should bear in mind that, as said, the per cent, in each case is the rela- tion which the number of persons in that case bears to the total number of persons for the six trades, or the 13,808 persons em- ployed in all of them. MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 777 MALES. Hard- Drug- Gro- Dry Gen'I Boot and shoes. ware. gists. ceries. goods. stores. Total per ct. males. Males Males Males Males Males Males per ct. per ct. per ct. per ct. per ct. per ct. $25.00 per week and over .20 1 1.47 .10 .06 1.83 20.00 but under $25. Op .08 .31 .78 .12 .11 1.40 18.00 but under 20.00 .35 .12 .16 .18 .81 15.00 but under 18.00 1.33 .92 1.06 1.06 .70 .12 5.19 13.00 but under 15.00 .37 .41 .82 .49 .41 .02 2.52 12.00 but under 13.00 3.88 .96 1.80 1.11 1.79 .39 9.93 11.00 but under 12.00 1 02 .26 .79 .06 .63 .06 2.92 10.00 but under 11.00 3.94 1.34 3. 48 1.47 2.53 .76 13.52 9.00 but under 10.00 3.11 .55 2.37 .37 2.09 .41 8.90 8. CO but under 9.00 1.94 .84 2.94 .72 4.68 .61 11.73 7.00 but under 8.00 2.65 .70 1.67 .76 3.66 .41 9.85 6.00 but under 7.00 2.00 .80 2.59 .61 4.51 .42 10.93 6.00 .06 .77 2.07 .12 .43 .27 2.04 .12 .45 5.00 but under 5.50 .86 6.29 4.50 but under 5.00 .33 .OS .20 .10 .59 .02 1.32 4.00 but under 4.50 .16 .68 .98 .47 1.10 .18 3.57 3.50 but under 4.00 .10 .21 .16 .08 .35 .90 3.00 but under 3.50 .39 1.09 .68 .86 .74 .12 3.83 2.50 but under 3.00 .14 .46 .12 .18 .35 .08 1.33 2.00 but under 2.50 .08 .73 .04 .86 .37 .06 2.14 1.50 but under 2.00 .06 .10 .02 .12 .02 .02 .34 .21 .04 | .25 22.99 - 11.58 24.16 10.29 ' 27.18 3.80 100.00 FEMALES. Classification of weekly wages. Hard- ware. Drug- gists. Gro- ceries. Dry gooas. Fe- males per ct. Gen'I stores. Fe- males per ct Boots and shoes. Fe- males per ct. Fe- males per ct. Fe- males per ct. Fe- males per ct. Total per ct. fe- males. $25.00 per week and over. 20.00 but under $25.00... 18.00 but under 20.00. 15.00 but under 13.00 but under 12.00 but under 11.00 but under 10.00 but under 9.00 but under 8.00 but under 7.00 but under 6.00 but under 5.50 but under 5.00 but under 4.50 but under 4.00 but under 3.50 but under 3.00 but under 2.50 but under 2.00 but under 1.50 but under Under $1.50 18.00. 15.00. 13.00. 12.00. 11.00. 10.00. 9.00. 8.00. 7.00. 6.00. 5.50. 5.00. 4.50. 4.00. 3.50.. 3.00., 2.50.. 2.00. Percentages .05 .11 .11 .33 .22 .50 .16 .11 .17 | .05 .12 .05 2.33 .44 .17 .06 .11 .11 .06 .11 .05 1.39 .06 .44 .17 .78 .51 1.45 2.14 .16 1.2S .94 .51 .23 I .06 I .22 | .61 I -17 I .44 | .16 | 1.83 I 1.05 I 3.39 | 3.60 | 10.55 I 1.44 9.78 | 2.83 | 5.05 3.11 7.16 2.33 1.40 1.28 I .06 I 56.52 .23 .11 .50 .56 .89 2.11 5.00 1.00 5.38 1.40 3.61 1.72 4.11 .89 2.14 .22 .17 30.43 .06 .05 .16 .r» ! » .06 .33 .89 .33 .72 .33 3.05 1.89 5.61 6.44 IS. 10 2.61 17.93 4.72 10.17 4.89 12.43 3.83 3.89 1.55 .23 100.00 778 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. TOTAL. Classification of weekly wages. $25.00 per w«;ek and over. 20.00 but under $25.00... 18.00 but under 20.00... 15.00 but under 18.00... 13.00 but under 15.00... 12.00 but under 13. 00... 11.00 but under 12.00... 10. 00 but under 11.00... 9. CO but under 10.00... 8.00 but under 9.00... 7.00 but under 8.00... COO but under 7.00... 5.50 but under 6.00... 5.00 but under 5.50... 4.50 but under 5.00... 4.00 but under 4.50... 3.50 but under 4.00... 3.00 but under 3.50... 2.50 but under 3.00... 2.00 but under 2.50... 1.50 but under 2.00... Under $1.50 Hard- ware. Per ct of all em Drug- gists. Ppr ct. of all eill- Dry goods. Per ct. of all em- ployes, ployes. ployes. ployes. ployes ployes Gro-: ceries. Per ct of all em- Gen'l stores. Per ct. of all em- Boots and shoes- Per ct of all em .14 .06 .26 .98 .28 2.88 .75 2.94 2.33 1.53 2.02 1.61 .76 .30 .14 .07 .29 .11 .09 .06 Percentages 17.60 .23 .30 .71 .26 1.02 .41 .66 .52 .71 .08 .57 .09 .54 .17 .83 .37 .54 .07 .16 8.92 1.09 .58 .09 .79 .65 1.33 .61 2.68 1.80 2.36 1.36 2.29 - 2.10' .19 1.06 .12 .75 .22 .08 .01 20.16 .07 .10 .17 .94 .41 .94 .09 1.56 .55 1.42 1.50 3.20 .47 2.87 .81 1.67 .87 2.50 .74 1.00 .42 .04 22.34- .04 .07 .16 .59 .30 1.38 .49 2.00 1.69 3.70 3.26 4.63 .47 2.91 .80 1.75 .71 1.62 .49 .84 .08 .04 28.02 2.96 Total per ct. of all em- ployes. 1.34 1.04 .68 4.07 1.95 7.53 2.24 10.78 7.08 10.14 8.97 12.81 1.03 9.33 2.20 5.29 1.94 6.11 1.99 2.69 .65 .24 100.00 SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 779 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN FOURTEEN SKILLED TRADES AND OF MINERS, QUARRY- MEN AND COAL AND WOOD HANDLERS. In the foregoing pages of this part — Part VI — have been pre- sented the employment and earnings in certain manufacturing industries and in six lines, or industries, in the retail trade in this state. In these pages we find the "Classified Weekly Earn- ings;" "The Number Employed by the Hour, Day and Piece;" "The Number Employed Each Month," etc., in fourteen so- called skilled trades, and of those employed in mines, quarries, and for handling coal and wood in this state in 1898. The so-called fourteen trades are Bakers, Blacksmiths, Brick and Stone Masons, Carpenters and Builders, Carriage and Wagon Makers, Machinists, Marble and Granite Cutters, Mer- chant Tailors, Persons employed by General Contractors, Paint- ers, Plumbers, Printers, etc., Tinsmiths, and Well Drillers. The data, in each case, were obtained direct from the employ- ers, or contractors, and covered all persons employed by them, whether skilled workmen or not. As many skilled hands, when engaged in their trade, must have tenders and helpers who earn little, if any, more than common laborers, and as much common labor is necessarily employed in most or all business of this kind, it appears that the earnings presented are not those of skilled labor alone, but of skilled labor along with all other help em- ployed in their line. A contractor, for instance, employs so many skilled hands, so many helpers, and so many tenders and common laborers. In their reports of the earnings of those em- ployed by them, the contractors were asked to include all their employes regardless of the actual occupation. From these facts it is readily seen that the persons included here can not by any means be exclusively regarded as skilled hands. This should be borne in mind by those who may use the facts presented in the tables which follow. The main facts in each trade are presented in one table of three parts. The first part in order of these shows the classified vso LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. weekly earnings, first of all males IS years and over ; second, of all females 18 years and over; third, of all males under 18 years ; and, fourth, of all females under 18 years of age, who were included in the reports. This part also has a column for the total number, in which the whole number employed, regard- less of age and sex, are combined ; and one column in which is found the per cent, of the total in each class as based upon the total number reported in that trade. The second part is devoted to Hour, Day and Piece hands. It shows the number of persons in each of the sex and age classes given above who were employed by the Hour, Day and Piece. It also shows the total and percentage in each of these cases, as well as the number and per cent, in each sex and age class. In this last respect the figures for the first and second part 'neces- sarily corresponds. The third part, in order, relates to the persons employed by months. It shows the average number of males, females, and total for both, who were employed each month throughout the year. It also shows the range of employment and unemploy- ment. This table thus points out the range of employment dur- ing the year, and for this reason is of special value. Besides those contained in the three parts described, many other facts were collected. Thus in foot notes under each table we find, for the year, the average days of employment, the av- erage hours of labor in a day's work in summer and winter, the number of accidents, the total amount paid as wages and salaries respectively. The average number of days in operation and the average hours in a day's work were obtained by dividing the sum of these facts for all establishments by the whole number of these establishments. The accidents given are the total number re- ported. It would have 'been interesting to know and to have been able to give the nature and details of each accident. This, however, was found to be out of the question, because the em- ployers, while requested to report upon them in full, did not see fit to comply, except in a few cases. The figures represent- ing^the amount paid in wages and salaries is the sum reported by all the establishments included. The sums as they stand SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 781 are approximately correct. By dividing the amount paid as wages with the average number employed, as given at the foot of the table for persons employed by months, the average yearly earning to each worker may be obtained. These calculations, however, have not been carried out in each case. The main reason for omitting this is, that it could not be clearly made out whether the number of persons reported for each month consist- ed of wage earners only, as requested, or whether salaried per- sons also were included. The chances are that in this respect the employers reported according to instructions. On the other hand there was some evidence to the contrary. Any one who may desire the yearly earnings can easily obtain this sum in the way pointed out above. The facts thus outlined are presented for each trade as well as for all when combined. All the facts for each industry are also found on one page. For the fourteen trades the basic data thus cover fourteen pages. In addition to this there is one page of summaries, or a table in which the fourteen tables are com- bined. After this follows a brief analysis with comparisons of the earnings in each trade. The following facts showing the number of persons embraced indicate the extent and representative character of this investi- gation : Classification of Industries. Number of Persons Employed. Males. I Females Totals. Bakeries Blacksmiths Brick and stone masons Carpenters and builders Carriage and wagon makers. Machinists Marble and granite cutters . Merchant tailors General contractors Tainters Plumbers Printers Tinsmiths Well drivers Totals 746 672 1,580 5,733 426 558 434 1.028 2,052 1.556 708 1,655 300 291 17,739 338 14 21 228 16 8 406 1,084 686 1,580 5,763 426 579 434 1,256 2,052 1,572 716 2,061 300 291 1,061 I 18,800 r 782 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. The preceding table shows that 17,739 male, 1,061 female,, or a total of 18,800 persons are included in this inquiry. This does not, by any means, embrace the total number who are em- ployed in these trades in the state, — in some cases the propor- tion of the representation is smaller than it ought to be — but enough are included to make these presentations representative of the situation. In fact, more skilled hands are included here than in any previous effort of this kind in this state of which there is any record. In this, as in all other cases, the data were carefully edited and compiled. SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 783 BAKERIES. (classified weekly earnings.) Classification . Males over 18 years. Females over 18 years. Males under 18 years. Females under 18 years. Totals Per cent- ages $25.00 per 20.00 but 18.00 hut 15.00 but 13.00 but 12.00 but 11.00 but 10.00 but 9.00 but S.00 but 7.00 but 6.00 but 5.50 but 5.00 but 4.50 but 4.00 but 3.50 but 3.00 but 2.50 but 2.00 but 1.50 but Under $1. week under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under 50 and ower. $25.00 20.00 18.00 15.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 Totals Percentages 2 2 6 16 30 44 54 78 128 74 64 32 18 52 24 24 6 18 672 61.99 300 27.67 74 6.83 38 3.51 2 2 6 16 30 44 54 82 130 80 74 52 26 96 52 42 54 86 78 38 1,084 100.00 .18 .18 .55 1.48 2.77 4.06 4.99 7.56 11.99 7.38 6.83 4.79 2.39 8.86 4.79 3.88 4.99 7.94 7.19 3.51 3.51 .18 100.00 HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. No. employed by the hour. No. employed by the dart. No. employed on piece wl. Totals Percentages 60 608 4 18 8 66 990 8 7.94 278 4 38 91.33 .73 300 27.67 74 6.83 38 3.51 1,084 100.00 100.00 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Range of employ- ment. Range of unem- ployment. 690 690 700 718 732 748 750 756 754 746 728 720 284 290 298 304 334 338 30S 312 298 316 306 324 974 i 89.63 980 90.23 10.37 9.77 998 1,022 1,066 1,086 1.058 1,068 1.052 1,062 1.034 1,044 91.89 94.10 9S.15 8.11 April 5.90 1.85 Julv 97.42 98.34 96.86 97.79 95.21 96.13 2.5S 1.6C 3.14 2.21 4.79 3.87 Averages 728 309 10.37 95.49 4.51 Days in operation, 297. Hours of labor— summer, 10.8; winter, 9.8. Number of accidents, 14. Total wages paid, $361,708. Total salaries paid, $40,764. 7S4 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. BLACKSMITHING. (classified weekly earnings.) Classification . Males over 18 years. Females over 18 years. Males under 18 years. Females under 18 years. Totals. Per cent- ages. ?25.00 per week and over.. 1 1 1 1 1 20.00 but under $25.00 6 s s 12 46 64 68 128 106 60 72 20 32 8 4 10 2 6 8 8 12 46 64 68 128 106 60 72 24 38 8 4 10 8 4 6 6 .87 18.00 but under 20.00 .. ....... ... 1.17 15.00 but under 18.00 1.17 13.00 but under 15.00 1.75 12.00 but under 13.00 6.71 11.00 but under 12.00 | | 9.32 10.00 but under 11.00 i | 9.90 9.00 but under 10.00 | J 18.68 8.00 but under 9.00 15.45 7.00 but under 8.00 i 8.72 6.00 but under 7.00 10.49 5.50 but under 6.00 4 3.49 5.00 but under 5.50... 6 5.54 4.50 but under 5.00... ... ._ 1.17 4.00 but under 4.50... 1 .68 3 50 but under 4.00... 1 1.45 3 00 but under 3.50... 4 4 2 2 1.17 2 50 but under 3.00 .63 9 00 but under 2.50... 4 6 .87 1 50 but under 2.00... .87 | Totals 654 95.34 14 2.04 18 2.62 686 100.00 100. 09 Percentages HOU R, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. No. employed by the hour. No. employed \>y the day.. No. employed on piece wk. 44 582 28 2 16 - 46 608 32 6.72 10 4 88.62 4.66 Totals 654 95.34 14 2.04 18 2.62 * 686 100.00 100.09 PERSONS EMPLOYED. RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT—BY MONTHS. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Range of employ ment. Range of unem- ployment. January J February I March April Mav I June ! Juiy I August September | October November | December | I- Averages | 592 6 600 6 612 6 616 14 616 14 604 6 614 6 600 » 6 594 6 608 6 610 6 608 6 606.17 7.33 598 606 618 630 630 610 620 606 600 614 616 614 613.50 94.92 96.19 98.09 97.30 5.08 3.81 1.91 96.82 3.1s 98.41 1 59 96.19 3.81 95.23 4.77 97.46 2.54 97.77 2.23 97.46 2.54 2.79 Days in operation. 282. Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9.4. Number of accidents, 10. Total wages paid, $279,314. Total salaries paid, $400. SKILLED TRADES, 189S-1899. 785 BRICK AND STONE MASONS, (classified weekly earnings.) Classification. Males oves 18 years. Females over 18 years. Males under 18 years . Females under 18 years. Totals. Per cent- ages. 125.00 per week and over.. 8 72 246 206 102 8 72 .50 20.00 but under $25.00 4.55 18.00 but under 20.00 246 206 102 70 52 74 362 228 116 40 15.57 15. On but under IS. 00 13.04 13.00 but under 15.00 | | 6.46 12.00 but under 13.00 70 52 74 362 228 112 40 | | 4.43 11.00 but under 12.00 3.29 10.00 but under 11.00 4.69 9.00 but under 10.00 | 1 22.91 8.00 but under 9.00 1 14.43 7.00 but under 8.00 4 7.35 6.00 but under 7.00 2.54 5.50 but under 6.00 | 1 1 5.00 but under 5.50 | 1 2 2 .12 4.50 but under 5.00 | ......:...........:. 4.00 but under 4.50 i i i 1 3.50 bu+ under 4.00 i 1. S. 00 but under 3.50 i 2 2 J .12 2.50 but under 3.00 1 i i 2.00 but under 2.50 1.50 bat under 2.00 ' i Under $1.50 1 i i * | Totals 1,572 99.50 ' 8 .50 1,580 109.00 Percentages 1 100.00 HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. No. employed by the hour. No. employed by the day.. No. employed" on piece wk. 700 14 Totals I 1,572 Percentages | 99 . 50 1 2 6 ! 860 54.43 1 1 706 44.69 | 14 .88 1 k 1 ,..* 8 .50 1 1,580 1 I.. 100.00 1 1 | 100.00 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT—BY MONTHS. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Range of employ ment. Range of unem- ployment. Janaury ... February . March April May June July August September October ... November December . Averages 314 332 554 9ns ,150 296 ,112 ,068 ,062 ,106 896 696 79S.66 314 332 554 998 1,150 1,296 1,112 1,068 1,062 1,106 896 696 24.22 25.61 42.74 77.00 88.73 85. SO 82.40 81.94 85.33 69.13 53.70 798.66 61.56 75.78 74.39 57.26 23.00 11.27 14.20 17.60 18.06 14.67 30.87 46.30 38.44 Days in operation, 171. Hours of labor— summer, 9.7; winter, 8.4. Number of accidents, 12. Total wages paid, $435,616. Total salaries paid, $5,000. 50 786 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. CARPENTERS AND BUILDING, (classified weekly earnings.) Classification. Males over la years. Females over 18 j ears MaVs under 15 ,\ears. Females under 1- jea s. Totals. Per cent ages. $25.00 per week and over.. 20.00 but under $25.00 IS 00 but under 20. (JO , t 3 .05 15 111 297 243 1,260 396 936 1,545 294 318 171 42 30 18 15 111 297 243 1.260 396 936 1,545 294 333 1S9 54 30 33 3 18 .27 1.93 15 CO but under IS 00 . 5.16 13 00 but under 15 00 .. 4.21 12 00 but under 13.00... 21.87 11 00 but under 12 00 6.S8 10.00 but under 11.00 9.00 but under 10.00 8.00 but under 9.00 7.00 but under 8.00 6.00 but under 7.00 5.50 but under 6.00 5.00 but under 5.50 4.50 but under 5.00 1G.25 26.81 5.10 9"" 6 6 3 12 5.77 9 3.27 .93 .52 15 .57 3 .05 3.50 but under 4.00 3.00 but under 3.50 3 6 .05 3 9 .31 :::::::::: 5.6SS 9S.69 21 .37 45 .78 9 .16 5,763 100.00 100.09 HOUR, DAY AND TIECE HANDS. No. employed by the hour. No. employed by the day.. No. employed on piece wk. 2.422 3.119 147 7 | "..J. 15 ,30 2.444 3.172 147 42.40 9 55.04 2.56 Totals 5.6S8 98.69 T 21 i .37 45 .78 9 .16 5,763 100.00 100.00 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT-RY MONTHS. Months. Male3. Females . Totals. Ranr-e of employ- ment. Ranue of u> em- ploj ment. Ja nun ry Mn I'd) 1.521 1647 . 2 20,8 3 1S6 3 390 4.716 4.774 4. -193 4 2S7 4.191 3.213 2.379 3 3 3 12 9 9 30 30 6 9 3 3 1.524 1 6"0 2 211 3 ins 3.399 4.725 4. 804 4.523 4.203 4 203 3 216 2.3S2 31.72 34.34 46.02 66.56 70.75 9S.35 6S.28 65.66 53.98 31.14 29.25 1.65 Jnlv 94.15 89.36 S7.4S 66.94 49.58 5.85 10.64 12.52 33.06 50.42 1 Averages 3.334 10 3,344 G9.60 30.40 Days In operation, 1S6. Hours of labor— summer, 9.8; winter, 8.5. Number of accidents. 60. Total wages paid. $1 306.953. Total salaries paid, $16,050. SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 787 CARRIAGE AND WAGON MAKING, (classified weekly earnings.) Classification. Males over 18 years. Females over In years. Males under IS years. Females under 1« tears. Totals Per cent- ages. 25.00 per week and over.. 1 | | 20.00 but under $25.00 | | IS. 00 hut under 20.00 4 6 10 6S 28 46 114 30 52 20 S 6 8 | | 4 6 10 .94 15. CO hut under IS. 00 | I 1.41 33.00 hut under 15.00 | | 2.35 12.00 but under 13.00 | | 6S 15.97 11. 00 Wut under 12.00 1 2S 46 114 30 52 20 8 6. 53 10.03 Wut under 11.00 1 | 10.79 9.(0 Wnt under 10.00 | | 26.77 8.00 Wnt under 9.00 | | 7.04 7.f0 Wut under 8.00 | | 12.21 6.09 Wut under 7.00 | | 4.69 6.50 Wut under 6.00 | | 1.87 6.00 Wut under 5.50 J 6 8 4 1.41 4.50 Wnt under 5. CO . 1.87 4. CO Wut linTier 4.50... 4 6 4 .94 3.50 Wut under 4.00 2 8 8 12 1.87 3 00 lint under 3.50 2.82 2.50 Wut under 3.00 2.00 hut under 2.50...*... 2 2 .47 1 51 Wut under 2.00 Under $1.50 J 410 93.24 Totals 16 3.76 426 100.00 100.00 Percentages HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 10 376 24 i | 10 1 2.35 | 16 1 392 | 92.01 No. employed on piece wk. 1 | 24 1 5.64 Totals 410 96.24 1 16 | 426 100. 00 1 | 3.76 1 100.00 1 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT— BY MONTHS. Months. I Males. | Females. Totals. Fansre >f employ- ment. Rfincre nf nnom- ployment- 376 376 374 380 386 4C0 3 r 6 396 364 356 358 354 354 94. - 93.5 95. 96.5 6.' 374 3 f 386 400 396 396 364 356 358 354 354 6.5 March. 5. April 3.5 Mav 99. 99. 91. 89. 89.5 88.5 88.5 ' 1. Julv 1. 9. 11. 10.5 f-..- 11.5 11.5 374.5 374.5 93.5 6.5 Days in operation. 2S2. Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9.2. Number of accident?. 2. Total wages paid. $1«2.552. Total salaries paid, $5,64S. 7S8 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. MACHINISTS. (classified weekly earnings.) Classification. Males over 18 years. Females over 18 years. Males under 18 years. Females under 18 years. Totals. Per cent ages. $25.00 per week and over..l 6 20.00 but under $25.00 | 3 IS. 00 but under 20.00 1 9 | 15.00 but under IS. 00 | 93 13.00 but under 15.00 | 42 | 12.00 but under 13.00 , | 4S 11.00 but under 12.00 | 18 10.00 but under 11.00 1 66 ! I 6 3 9 93 42 48 18 06 99 30 66 30 1 03 i i 51 t j.. .:::::.- 1 56 i i... 16 07 i i i 7 2> i i 8.29 i I 3.11 ...i 11 39 9.00 but under 10.00 99 30 | 66 1 17 09 8.00 but under 9.00 5 19 7.00 but under 8.00 1 11.39 6. CO but under 7.00 i 24 6 | 5.19 5.50 but under 6.00 ' 1 5.00 but under 5.50 1 24 4.50 but under 5.00 . , 1 6 4.0fl but under 4.50 | 3 3.50 but under 4.00 i !..... 24 d.lS :: 6 1 pr wp»6 and over..! 1 . 20.00 but u ruler $25.00 | i | is.no but under ?0.no | 4 1 15. oo but under is. on | 5 | 13.00 but under 15. on 1 2° 1 f.00 but under 13. 00 1 | 11.00 but under 12.00 ! 30 1 in.oo hut under 11.00 | 14« I 9.00 hut under 10.00 1 ??R ! 8.00 but under 9.00 1 4R1 | 7.00 but uudoi- R.00 | 3." I R.rtft hut un^er 7. 00 | 22 I R.SO but under o.oo ! i 1 | 1 4 5 22 "0 30 146 228 451 355 31 .07 1 | 32 1 1 .39 I I 1.75 1 | .70 1 1 2.33 ! ! 11 37 1 1 17.75 ' I 35 12 ! ! 27.64 | 9 ! 2.41 1 1 5. on hut under 5.50 1... I 4.50 but umTer 5.00 ! 2 I ! 1 2 .15 ! 1 3.50 hut under 4. on ' j. I ! 3 00 hut under 3.50... ...I .. . I ! . 2"0 hut under 3.00 j I ' ' 2 00 hut under 2.50 | ! I I 1.50 hut under 2.00 ! | 1 ! Under SI .50 ' ' 1 1 II' 1 Totals 1 1.275 1 1 | Percentages 1 09.29 j I 9 1 1,284 100.00 100.00 1 ! ! .71 1 HOUR. DAY AND PIECE IIANDS. No. employed by the hour. No. employed by the day.. No. employed on piece wk.| Totals I Percentages ' 99.29 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT—BY MONTHS. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Range of employ- ment. Ranee of unem- ployment. January ... February ., March April May June July August September October . . . November December . Averages 1,232 1,235 1,293 1,198 1,209 1,194 1,236 1.259 1.253 1,253 1.200 1,193 1,232 1,235 1,293 1,198 •1,209 1.194 1.220 1,259 1,253 1,253 1,200 1,193 95.2S 95.51 92.65 93.50 92.34 94. SI 97.37 96.90 96.90 92.80 92.26 1,229 1,229 95.055 4.72 4.49 7.35 6.50 7.65 5.19 2.63 3.10 3.10 7.20 7.74 4.95 Days in operation, 2S3. Hours of labor— summer, 9.2; -winter, 9. Number of accidents, 2. Total wages paid, $520,065. Total salaries paid, $43,661. SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 815 QTJARRYMEN. (classified weekly earnings.) Classification . j Males 1 over 18 years. over 18 years. Males under 18 year-'. "•Vmale? under 18 years. Totals , 'er cent- ages. $25.00 ner 20. oo but IS 00 hut ■\vpp1c unrlpr unrler nnrlpr nnrlpr nnrlpr nnrlpr nnrlpr under unrlpr nnrlpr under unrler unrlpr unrler unrlpr unrlpr unrlpr unrlpr undpr "iidpr 1 / 1 20.00... 18.00 . 15.00 13 00 . 1°.00. . 11.00 10.00 9.00... 8 00 . 7.00 fl.oo... 5.50 5 00.. 4. SO 1 4 I ! 58 | ! ins I 12 1 S i SS I ,9'S | : 104 1 ?52 1 116 ! 16 I 60 ! 2 < 1 2 I 4 58 108 12 8 88 2°8 1er wpek under nnrlpr unrlpr unrlpr unrlpr unrior unrTer nnrler unrlpr unrlpr unrlpr under unrlpr unrlpr unrlpr under under under unrVr under 50 .. inrl over. . $'5. 00 20.00 is. on 15.00 | 13 00 19.00 11.00 10.00 3.00 S 00 7 00 r, no . 5.50.. 5.00 4.50 ... 4.00 .3. -ft 3 00.. .. 2.50 193 3S2 862 1.234 1.298 2 647 1.1*5 2 531 5.23G 2.447 1,913 492 1«4 3J", 135 P7 4", 76 2 I 1 123 3«2 862 1 234 1.29S 2.647 list 2.545 5.252 2 4S0 2. on 1,192 2^6 4S7 2 e 6 205 1SS 355 209 130 110 30 52 20.00 hut 1 1.63 18. 00 hnt I 3.6S is. on but 1 % 5.*>S 13.00 hut 1 5.54 12.00 hut 11.31 11.00 hut 10 14 16 33 SO 96 58 104 so 53 '85 11S 93 47 5.05 ]0.00 hut 10.87 9 oo hnt 22.42 S.OO hut 10 50 7.00 hut 28 60 21 4ft 4S 47 55 137 SS 63 60 24 1 S.«7 6.0ft hut n 50 hnt 5.00 hnt 4. BO hur 4.00 hut 3.50 hnt 3.0ft hut 9.50 hnt o 00 hnt 15 3 2 14 6 R ?9 "6 20 50 6 4.79 ! 1.13 ■> OS I 1.92 1 .S7 1 .so I 1.51 1 .89 1 .55 1 50 hnt 2.00 1 .47 Under $1. ! .13 Is .... Tota 21,662 92.51 905 3. 87 677 2. SO 172 .73 23,416 100.00 1 100.00 Percentages HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. No. employed T>y the hour. 6.2S4 No. employed by the day..; 13.867 No. employed on piece wk.i 1.511 Totals i 21,662 I Percentages ! 92.51 18 141 13 ! 6,526 I 15.1.36 ! 1,754 172 .73 23,416 100.00 27. S7 64.64 7.49 100.00 PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- MENT-BY MONTHS. Months. Males. Females. Totals. Ranse of employ ment. Ransre of unem- ployment. January .. February . March April May June July August September October ... November December Averages | 15,754 11,223 922 12.145 11,382 947 12,329 13.039 957 13.996 15,704 1.013 16.717 16.664 1,044 17,708 18,468 1.O30 19.498 18,308 1.012 19,320 17,818 9S1 18.799 17,804 963 18.767 18.742 971 19,713 16.167 968 17.135 13,717 986 14,703 16,736 61.60 62.54 70.99 84.80 89.82 98.90 98.00 95.36 95.20 86.92 74.58 S4.89 38.40 37.46 29.01 15.20 10.18 1.10 2.00 4.64 4. SO 13.08 25.42 15.11 Days in operation, 245.82. Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, Number of accidents. 233. Total wages paid. $7,462,892. Total salaries paid, $S61,323. SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 817 In each of the four preceding tables the first part relates to "Classified Weekly Earnings." In that part the table for "Coal, handling" includes 2,164 persons of whom 98.98 per cent, were males 1 8 years and over, .27 per cent, females 18 years and over, .73 per cent, males under 18 years. The table for "Min- ing" includes 1,284 persons of whom 99.29 per cent, were males 18 years and over and .71 per cent, males under 18 years. The table for "Quarrymen" includes 1,168 persons of whom 98.28 per cent, were males 18 years and over, .86 per cent, were fe- males 18 years and over, and .86 per cent, males under 18 years. The last table, the one for seventeen occupations or industries, includes 23,416 persons of whom 92.51 per cent, were males 18 and over, 3.87 per cent, females 18 years and over, 2.89 per cent, males under 18, and .73 per cent, females under 18 years. The same number of persons as given above are also found in the corresponding parts for "Hour, Day, and Piece Hands." The average number to each month, as based upon the monthly average, is a great deal lower than this. Thus we find that "Coal handlers" shows only 1..505 as the average; Mining shows an average of 3,229 persons ; "Quarrymen" shows an aver- age of 750 persons, and the table for all industries shows an average of 16,736 persons. As to the "Classified Earnings," that for Coal handlers ranks as high as for most of the skilled trades. The earnings of the Miners is much lower than for Coal handlers. In fact, it seems to be on the par with that for common labor in general. For Quarrymen the earnings is about the same as for Miners, the labor involved being of much the same character. The average earnings for all seems to be about midway between that for Quarrying and that for Coal handlers. Of the Coal handlers, 32.99 per cent, were employed by the hour, 60.99 per cent, by the day, and 6.02 per cent, were em- ployed by the piece. Of the Miners, .46 per cent, only were emplo # yed by the hour, while 88.17 per cent, were employed by the day, and 11.37 per cent, by the piece. Of the Quarry hands, 44.09 per cent, were employed by the hour, 52.23 per cent, by the day, and 3. OS per cent, were em- ployed at piece work. 52 818 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. The average "Range of Unemployment" was : Coal handlers, 27.16 per cent., Mining, 4.95 per cent., Qnarrymen, 23 per cent., all, or 17 industries, 15.11 per cent. According to this the irreg- ularity was greatest for the Coal handlers and smallest for the Miners. For all industries, — seventeen, — the average days in operation was 245.82, the hours of daily labor, 10 in summer and 9 in winter, the number of accidents, 233, the total amount paid as wages, $7,462,892, and the total salaries, $861,323. These facts for the other three tables are found at the foot of same. In order that the earnings in these occupations or tables may be the more readily compared with that in other occupations as shown, the facts relating to it for each has been reduced to the classes as given in the following exhibit: COMPARISON OF EARNINGS IN COAL HANDLING, MINING. QUARRYING, AND OF THE AVERAGE FOR 17 INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING THE THREE PRESENTED HERE AND THE FOURTEEN PRESENTED IN THE PRECEDING PAGES. Industries. Coal and wood handling Mining Quarrying Average of above three and pre ceding fourteen industries Pee Cent, of Peesons Receiving $9.00 per $7 00 per week week and over, and over. 72.68 34.68 43.35 66.30 95.13 97.44 81.53 85.56 $6.00 per week and over. 97.81 99.85 91.63 90.35 $5.00 per week and over. 98.82 99.85 9S.13 93.56 Under 15.00 per week. 1.18 .15 1.87 44 From the above exhibit it is seen that of the Coal handlers 72.68 per cent, received $9.00 per week and over, 95.13 per cent, received $7.00 and over, 97.81 per cent, received $6.00 per week or over, 98.82 per cent, received $5.00 and over,, while 1.18 per cent, received less than $5.00 per week. For Mining and Quar- rying the earnings were somewhat lower. Thus it is seen that for the former of these only 34.68 per cent, and for the latter 43.35 per cent, received $9.00 per week and over. When the seventeen industries are included, 66.30 per cent, were in the $9.00 and over class, 85.56 per cent, in the $7.00 and over class, 90.35 per cent, in the $6.00 and over class, 93.56 per cent, in the $5.00 and over class, while 6.44 per cent, were in the "Under $5.00" class. LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 819 LOGGING AND DKIVING— SEASON OF 1897-98. The total number of persons employed in the timber woods 'during the season of 1897-98, as shown by the several tabula- tions which follow, was 12,780. Of this number 10,560 were variously employed at monthly wages, ranging from $24.00 to $105.00, the average being $35.88, and 2,220 were employed at log driving and received daily wages, ranging from $1.40 to $3.40, the average being $2.38. The wages paid for one month, exclusive of the persons en- gaged by the day, is shown to be $378,890.00 Estimating that the day men, in the occupation of log driving, work 30 days in a month, the total wages of this class would be $158,550.00, and would make the total $537,440.00 for one month. In all cases the employes received their board in addition to the wages paid, and if the value of this item is estimated at $12.00 per month the amount of monthly wages is increased by 153,260 or $690,- 800.00. The uncertainty as to the continuity of employment of the day men makes it necessary to exhibit the data in tables sepa- rate from those employed by' the month. Table I is in 13 parts, and shows in detail the number of per- sons employed in each of the various occupations involved in this industry. The wages paid are grouped for convenience and shown in descending grade, for each branch of employment, and ^he num- ber of persons receiving each sum is set opposite thereto. Appended to each division of this table, there appears for each classification the whole number of persons employed therein, their total wages for one month, and the average wages for one month: 820 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. TABLE I. FOREMEN. The number of persons employed as foremen in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Ctessfication of daily wages. Number • Pei> cent. 4 3.5 1 0.9 4 3.5 8 7.1 6 5.4 10 9.0 7 6.2 14 12.5 1 0.9 10 9.0 1 0.9 13 11.6 19 16.9 5 4.5 7 6.2 1 0.9 1 1. 112 100. $105.00 per month, including board 100.00 per month, including board 87.00 per month, including board 85.00 per month, including board 80.00 per month, including board 75.00 per month, including board 72.00 per month, incJuding board 70.00 per month, including board 68.50 per month, including board 65.00 per month, including board 62.00 per month, including board 60.00 per month, including board 55.00 per month, including board 54.00 per month, including board 52.00 per month, including board 50.00 per month, including board 40.00 per month, including board Totals Total wages for one month. $7,591.50. Average wages for one month, $67.78. SAWYERS. The number of persons employed as sawyers in the timber woods during the season of 1S97-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $45.00 per month, including board 42.00 per month, including board 40. 00 per month, including board 39.00 per month, including board 3S.00 per month, including board 37.00 per month, including board 36.00 per monui, including board 35.00 per month, including board 34.00 per month, including board 33.00 per month, including board 32.50 per month, including board 32.00 per month, including board 31.00 per month, including board 30.00 per month, including board 29.00 per month, including board 2S.00 per month, including board Totals 27 " 1. 81 3.1 115 4.5 38 1.5 263 10.4 71 2.S 525 20.9 169 6.7 421 16.7 43 1.7 13 0.5 306 12.2 49 2. 360 14.3 1 24 0.9 2 0.8 2,507 100. Total wages for one month, $S7,153.50. Average wages for one month, $34.76. LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 821 SWAMPERS. The number of persons\employed as swampers in the timber woods during the season of 1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $48.00 per month, including board 25 16 2 23 125 26 368 118 326 74 14 458 28 26 564 42 241 30 16 3 1. 41.00 per month, including board 0.6 40.00 per month, including board 0.1 39.00 per month, including board 1. 4.9 37.00 per month, including board 1. 14.5 4.7 13. 2.9 0.6 18.2 1.1 1. 22.3 1.7 9.5 1.2 0.6 0.1 Totals 2,524 100. Total wages for one month. $82,405. Average wages for one month, $32.63. LOADERS. The number of persons employed as loaders in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. 43.00 per month, including board 41.00 per month, including board 40.00 per month, including board 49 63 15 42 220 7 77 5 321 70 176 32 13 101 ' 22 2 5 147 3.3 4.6 1.1 3.1 16. 0.5 5.7 0.3 23.3 5.1 12.9 2.3 0.1 7.4 1.6 0.1 0.4 10.8 Totals 1 1,367 100. 1 Total wages for one month. $51,893.50. Average wages for one month, $37.96. 822 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. CHAIN TENDERS. The number of persons employed as' chain tenders in the timber woods during the season of 1S97-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $42.00 per month, including board 16 65 68 18 51 15 34 15 4 123 30 12 3.5 40.00 per month, including board 14.4 38.00 per month, including board 15. 37.00 per month, including board 3.9 11.3 3.3 7.5 3.4 1. 27.3 6.7 2.7 Totals' 451 100. Total wages for one month, $15,7SS. Average wages for one month, $35. TEAMSTERS. x'he numoer of persons, employed as teamsters in the timber woods durinj season of 1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. the Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. 6 12 92 IS 0.3 0.6 4.5 0.9 42 174 8 216 151 343 17 2. 8.6 0.4 10.6 7.5 16.9 0.8 493 37 1 24.3 1.8 15 127 30 13 71 159 O.S 6.3 1.5 0.7 3.6 7.9 2,024 100. Total wages for one month, $75,811.00. Average wages for one month, $37.45. LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 823 SCALERS. The number t>f persons employed .is scalers in the timber woods during the season of 1S57-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $90.00 per month, including board 1 2 1 2 10 4 4 5 1 1 2 1 4 2.6 SO. 00 per month, including board 5.3 75.00 per month, including board 2.6 70.00 per month, including board 5.2 (>0. 00 per month, including board 26.3 10.6 10.6 13.1 2.6 2.6 5.3 2.6 10.6 Totals 3S 100. Total wages for one month, $2,022. Average wages for one month, $53.21. LANDING MEN. The number of persons employed as landing men in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. 20 S 12 55 28 25 63 3 5.7 2.3 3.4 15.6 8. 7.2 17.9 0.8 34.00 per month, including board 21.9 | 6 30 25 1.6 8.5 7.1 Totals 352 100. Total wages for one month, $12,986. Average wages for one month, 136.89. 824 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. ROAD MAKERS. The number of persons employed in road making in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98. at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $11.00 per month, including board | 40.00 per month, including board ] 39.00 per month, including- board | 38.50 per month, including board j 38.00 per month, including hoard I 37.00 per month, including board I 36.00 per month, including board | 35.00 per month, including board I 34.50 per month, including board | 34.00 Der month, including board I 33.00 per month, including hoard I 32.50 per month, including board ' 32.00 per month, including board l 31.00 per month, including board I 30.00 per month, including board I 2S.00 per month, including board I 27.00 per month, including board | 26.00 per month, including board I Totals I Total wages for one month, $23,035. Average wages for one month, $33.38. 12 1.7 10 1.4 7 1. 2 0.3 34 5. 2 0.3 172 25. 12 1.7 6 0.9 10S 15.8 6 0.9 4 0.6 126 18.2 25 3.6 130 18.8 8 1.1 1 0.1 25 3.6 690 100. COOKS. The number of persons employed as cooks in the timber woods during season of X897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. the Classification of monthly wages. Number persona. Per cent. $75.00 per 72.00 per 70.00 per 65.00 per C4.00 per 62.00 per 60.00 per 57.0ft per 55.00 per 53.00 per 52.00 per 50.00 per 48.00 per 47.00 per 45.00 per 43.00 per 42.00 per 41.00 per 40.00 per 3S.00 per month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month, month. mouth, month, month, month, month, including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including including board . board, board, board. board, board. board. hoard, hoard, hoard. hoard, board. hoard, board . board. board, board, board. board. board. Totals .1 I 5 2.8 4 2.3 3 1.8 2 1.2 4 2.3 4 2.3 46 25.9 6 . 3.2 9 5. 3 1.7 6 3.2 IS 10. 12 6.7 5 2.8 12 6.7 1 o.e 1 0.6 4 2.3 29 16.3 4 2.3 178 100. Total wages for one month, $9,387. Average wages for one month, $52.73. LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 825 COOKS' HELPERS. The number of persons employed as cooks' helpers in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $39.00 per month, including board 38.00 per month, including board 36.00 per month, including board 35.00 per month, including board 34.00 per month, including board 33.00 per month, including board 32.00 per month, including board 31.00 per month, including board 30.00 per month, including board 29.00 per month, including board 28.00 per month, including board 25.00 per month, including board 24. CO per month, including board Totals 2 1.3 1 8 5. 6 3.8 5 3.1 19 12. 3 2. 2* 16.5 6 3.8 44 27.8 6 3.8 31 19.6 1 0.6 1 0.7 158 100. Total wages for one month, $4,947. Average wages for one month, $31.31. BLACKSMITHS. The number of persons employed as blacksmiths in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98. at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $62.00 per month, including board 60.00 per month, including board 55.00 per month, including board 52.00 per month, including board 50.00 pei mon^lif including board 48.50 per month, including board 47.00 per mouth, including boara 45.00 per month, including board 42.00 per month, including board 40.00 per month, including board 15.00 per month, including board 32.00 per month, including board Totals i 1 2. 1 2 4. 1 4 8.2 I 1 2 1 9 18.4 | 1 2. 1 5 10.3 4 8.2 1 2 4. 1 4 8.2 4 8.2 1 12 24.5 49 100. Total wages for one month, $2,135.50. Average wages for one month, $43.57. 826 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. MISCELLANEOUS. The number of persons' employed at miscellaneous work in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. Classification of monthly wages. Number persons . Per cent. $70.00 per monih, iucluding board 34.00 per month, including board 32.00 per month, includiug board Totals 1 1 1 5 3 2 3 9 3 41 7 20 5 3 1 3 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.6 2.7 1.8 2.8 8.3 2.7 37.6 6.4 18.4 4.6 2.8 0.9 2.8 0.9 109 100. Total wages for one month, $3,735. Average wages for one month, $34.26. Table II is adapted from the facts shown in Table I to ex- hibit at a glance the number of employes in each classification, their total; also the range of wages paid, giving the highest, lowest, and average amount received per month by each em- ploye in each division of the work. TABLE II. LOGGING. (Season 1897-98.) The number employed in each division of employment; also the highest, lowest ;nd average wages paid, including board. Classification. Total number employes. Highest wages. Lowest wages. Average wages. Per month including board 112 2,507 2,525 1,367 451 2,024 38 352 690 178 15S 49 109 $105.00 45. CO 48.00 47.00 42.00 52.00 90.00 50.00 41.00 75.00 39.00 62.00 70,00 $40.00 28.00 24.00 30.00 24.00 30.00 31.00 30.00 26.00 38.00 24.00 32.00 26.00 $67.78 34.76 32.63 37. 9G 35.00 37.45 53.21 36.89 33.38 52.73 31.31 43.57 34.26 Total 10,560 LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 827 Table III is arranged to show the number and per cent, of employes receiving specified wages grouped in a descending grade; also the total and average monthly amounts. This ex- hibit consolidates the items of Table I as to the number of em- ployes receiving each sum, and necessarily disregards the classi- fication as to special employment. TABLE III. « LOGGING. The number of persons employed in the timber woods during the season of 1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, and board (not including 2,200 men at day wages). Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. $80.00 and over per month and board. 75.00 per month and board 72.00 per month and board 70.00 per month and board , 68.50 per month and board 65.00 per month and board 64.00 per month and board 62.00 per month and board 60.00 per month and board V7.00 per month and board 55.00 per month and board 54.00 per month and board 53.00 per month and board 5?. per month and board 50.00 per month and board., 48.50 per month and board 48.00 per month and board .. 47.00 per month and board 45.00 per month and board 44.00 per'month and board 43.00 per month and board 42.00 per month and board 41.00 per month and board 40.00 per month and board 39.00 per month and board 38.50 per month and board 38.00 per month and board 37.00 per month and board 36.00 per month and board 35.00 per month and board 34.50 per month and board 34.00 per month and board 38.00 per month and board 32.50 per month and board 32.00 per month and board 31.00 per month and board 30.50 per month and board 30.00 per month and board ?9.00 per month and board 28.00 per month and board 27.00 per month and board 26.00 per month and board .-.. 25.00 per month and board 24.00 per month and board Totals 10,560 26 0.24 16 0.15 11 0.11 20 0.2 1 0.01 12 0.12 4 0.04 6 0.05 71 0.66 7 0.06 36 0.35 5 0.05 3 0.03 20 0.2 64 0.61 1 0.01 37 0.35 1 60 0.57 * 203 1.93 33 0.32 93 0.88 511 4.84 48 0.45 578 5.47 256 2.42 2 0.02 1,194 11.3 204 1.94 1,865 17.66 399 3.77 34 0.32 1,254 11.87 193 1.82 56 0.53 1,164 11.02 132 1.25 26 0.24 1,464 13.87 75 0.71 283 2.68 34 0.32 42 0.4 1 0.01 16 0.15 100.00 Total wages for one month, including amount received in excess of $S0.00 (see first item), $373,890.00. Average wages for one mouth, $35.88. Average wages for one month, if foremen are not considered In the calculation, $35.53. 828 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. Table IV is a re-arrangement of the information given in de- tail in Table III. There is here given the number of persons and percentage receiving per month the following sums and more: $50.00, $40.00, $35.00, and $30.00; also the number and percentage receiving less than $30.00 per month. This table also disregards the classification as to employment which is else- where fully given : TABLE IV. LOGGING. (Season 1897-98.) The number of persons employed and per cent, at and above certain fixed sums per mouth, here indicated (not including 2,220 men working at day wages). Classification of monthly wages. Number persons. Per cent. 302 1,866 5,786 10,109 451 10. 560 2.88 $10.00 and over per month including board 17.7 54.81 95.73 4.27 100.00 In Table V appears the classification of employment, and the number and percentage of persons in each division of the work that receive the following sums and more per month: $50.00, $40.00, $35.00, and $30.00 ; also the number and percentage re- ceiving less than $30.00 per month. The information here shown is an amplification of previous tables ; the number and percentage, of persons receiving the specified amounts and over, referring only to the particular class of employment, and not to the industry as a whole : LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 829 TABLE V. LOGGING AND DRIVING. (Season 1S97-9S.) Classification of monthly wages paid in the timber woods during the season of 1897-9S (not including 2,220 men at day wages), giving the number and per cent, of persons at, above and below certain fixed sums per month, including board. Classification. $50.00 and over per month. $40.00 and over per mouth. $35.00 and over per month. $30.00 and over per month. Less than $30.00 per month. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. Ill 99. 112 223 43 473 SI 568 31 95 22 174 100. 8.6 1.7 1,289 7(13 50.9 27.8 78.7 51.4 79.2 89.4 60.9 36.4 100. 13.2 75.5 25.6 2,481 2,193 1,367 439 2,024 38 352 656 98.3 86.9 100. 97.3 100. 100. 100. 95.2 26 332 1.7 13.1 34.3 |1,077 17.9 1 233 27.9 11,609 81.5 1 34 27. 214 12 2.7 24 20 .9 63.2 5.7 3.1 97.7 251 178 21 37 28 34 4.8 110 41.7 119 49 101 75.3 100. 92.6 39 24.7 17 2 34.6 1.8 33 11 67.3 10. 8 7.4 Table VI conveys the facts as to employes under consid- eration in still another form. The number of employes is shown for each class and the per- centage such number bears to the total of 10,560 (not including day men) ; also the total amount of wages for one month for each class, and the percentage it bears to the total wages for one month : TABLE VI. PERSONS EMPLOYED IN TIMBER WOODS. Aggregates showing number of persons in each classification and their total wages for one month, including per cent, of each with reference to the total. Classification. Number of persons. Per cent. Total wages for one month including cost of board. Per cent. Foremen Sawyers Swampers Loaders Chain tenders Teamsters Scalers Landing men Road makers Cooks Cooks' helpers Blacksmiths Miscellaneous J Totals 112 2.507 2,525 1,367 451 2,024 3S 352 690 178 158 49 109 10,560 1.1 23.7 23.9 13.1 4.2 19.2 .3 3.3 6.5 1.7 1.5 .4 1.1 100. $7,591.50 87,153.50 82,405.00 51,893.50 15.788.00 75,811.00 2,022.00 12.9S6.0O 23.035.00 9,387.00 4,947.00 2,135.50 3,735.00 $378,890.00 2. 23. 21.7 13.9 4.1 20. 0.5 3.4 6. 2.5 1.3 .6 1. 100. 830 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. Table VII discloses the number of persons employed in the timber woods during each of the months of the season of 1897-98. It will be seen that during January, 1898, the greatest num- ber were employed. January is, therefore, taken as the stand- ard for full employment, 100^; that is, it is assumed for the purpose of comparison, that all persons qualified and available to Avork in this industry were then at work. With January as a basis, the percentages of "Employment" and "Unemployment" of the other eleven months are calculated and here shown. Thus in February the percentage of employ- ment was 95+^ of the standard and the percentage of those idle was 4+;/. TABLE VII. LOGGING AND DRIVING. Aggregates by months' during the logging season of 1S97-9S, showing the per- centage of those employed and unemployed. Months. 1897— November December 1898— January , February March April May June July August September October Number persons. S.703 10,669 11,130 10,630 7,652 2.1S2 2,273 2,290 1,686 1.318 2,407 4,224 Percentage. Of em- ployment. 78.19 95.85 100.00 95.51 68.75 19.60 20.42 20.57 15.15 11.84 21.62 37.95 Of unem- ployment. 21.81 4.15 4.49 31.25 80.40 79.58 79.43 84.85 SS.16 78.38 62.05 Tables VIII and IX deal with the day labor employed in driving logs. In the former the amounts paid as wages are arranged in de- scending scale and opposite thereto appear the number and per- centage of persons receiving each sum per day, including board. In Table IX the showing is condensed and the number and percentage of employes is given that receive per day the follow- ing sums and more: $3.00, $2.50, and $2.00; also the number and percentage of persons earning $2.00 per day and less. LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 831 TABLE VIII. LOG DRIVING. The number of persons employed at driving logs in the timber woods during the season of 1897-98, at specified daily wages and board. Classification of daily wages. Number Per cent. persons. 15 0.65 128 5.80 162 7.24 107 4.90 945 42.60 181 8.09 274 12.30 30 1.40 58 2.60 232 10.40 40 1.90 20 0.90 23 1.00 5 0.22 $3.40 and over per day and board. 3.00 per day and board 2.75 per day and board 2.65 per day and board 2.50 per day and board 2.40 per day and board 2.25 per day and board 2.20 per day and board 2.15 per day and board 2.00 per day and board 1.90 per day and board 1.75 per day and board 1.50 per day and board 1.40 per day and board Totals 2,220 100.00 Total wages for one day, $5,285. Average Mages for one clay, $2.38. TABLE IX. LOG DRIVING. Tlie nrnnner of persons employed and per cent, at and above certain fixed Minis per day, here indicated. Classification of daily wages. [Number of persons. Per crnt. $3.00 and over per day including board $2.50 and over per day including board , $2.00 and over per day including board Less than $2.00 per day including board Totals 143 1,357 2, 132 88 2,220 6.45 61.19 95.98 4.02 100.00 The preceding tables and the deductions and comments made thereon have been based upon the rate per month in the case of employes generally in the timber woods and the rate per day in the case of log drivers. As has been noted, the men receive board in addition to the wages shown. In order that the earnings in this employment may be intel- ligently compared and considered with the earnings in other occupations, the wages have been reduced to a weekly rate, and $12.00 per month, which is generally recognized as the value of board in the woods, or $3.00 per week, has been added in order that the basis may be uniform. 832 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. The monthly earnings shown in Table III have been reduced to a weekly basis in the above table and $3.00 per week added for cost of board. THE NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE TIM- BER W T OODS DURING THE SEASON OP 1S97-9S, AT SPECIFIED WEEKLY WAGES. The monthly earnings shown in table III. have been reduced to a weekly basis in the above table, and $3.00 per week added for cost of board. Classification of weekly wages. Number. Per cent. 1 $5.00 per week but under 6.00 per week but under 7.00 per week but under 8.00 per week but under 9.00 per wees hut under 10.00 per week but under 12.00 per week but under $6.00 | 7.00 8.00 9.(HJ lO.Ofl | 93 1 5.080. 1 5,047 266 74 1 0.88 12.00 | 48.08 15.00 47.80 20.00 2.53 0.71 Totals 10,560 1 100. oft THE NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED AT DRIVING LOGS IN THE TIMBER WOODS DURING THE SEASON OF 1S97-98, AT SPECIFIED WEEKLY WAGES. The daily earnings as exhibited in table VIII. have been changed in this table to a weekly basis of earnings, and $3.00 per week has been added to embrace the cost of board in the rate per week. Classification of weekly earnings. Number. Per cent. Under $5.00 per week $5.00 per week but under $6.00. 6.00 per week but under 7.00. 7.00 per week but under 8.00. 8.00 per week but uuder 9.00. 9.00 per week but under 10.00. 10.00 per week but under 12.00. 12.00 per week but under 15.00. 15.00 per week but under 20.00. 20.00 per week and over Totals 5 83 1,989 143 2,220 0.22 3.80 89.53 6.45 100. 00 COMPARISON OF RESULTS. The foregoing pages in this part have been devoted to investi- gations of the "Classified Weekly Earning" and numerous other facts concerning the conditions of "Employment" in 1898, first, of 96,081 persons employed in 55 industries in the manu- facturing line; second, of 13,808 persons employed in 6 in- dustries in the mercantile line; third, of 18,800 persons em- ployed in 14 so-called skilled trades, 2,164 persons employed SUMMARIES, 1898-1899. 833 in Coal handling, 1,284 persons employed in Mining, 1,168 persons employed in Stone Quarries ; fourth, of 12,780 per- sons employed in logging, etc., in the timber woods. The data for each of these investigations have been presented and ex- plained with considerable detail and the results fully stated. The most important among the results thus obtained are, per- haps, those which relate to the "Classified Earnings" and the "Range of Unemployment ;" and, in order to facilitate compari- sons as between the industries, these results are again presented in the following two exhibits : COMPARISON OF EARNINGS IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES IN 1S98. Number of per- sons em ployed. Pee Cent, of Person 3 Receiving Industries . £9.00 per week and over. 87 00 pei week and over. B6.00 pei week and over 55.00 pei week and over. Un der go 00 per week. 96,081 13.S08 18.800 2,164 1,284 1,163 12,780 42.53 36.71 69.12 72.68 34.68 43.35 100.00 68.24 55.82 83.83 95.13 97.44 81.53 77.44 68.63 88.70 97.81 99.85 91.63 82. «9 78.98 92.19 98.82 99.85 98.13 17.11 21.02 Skilled trades 7.81 Coal, wood handling 1.18 .15 1.87 *No one under $9.00 per week. The above presentation exhibits, by industries, the per cent, of persons who received specified sums and over per week, when employed. Seven industries are included. Of these, the first in order, or manufacturers, is one which requires both skilled and unskilled help. The second in order is mercantile estab- lishments. Those employed there are mostly salaried persons, and persons of some education. For purposes of comparison, however, they have been included here. Next is the skilled trades. Then comes coal handlers, miners, quarrymen, and loggers. These four are usually classed as unskilled labor. They are occupations, however, where a great deal of physical strength is required. Now as to the earnings. In this respect it is difficult to ex- plain their relative position. In manufactures we find that 42.53 per cent, of the whole number reported in this industry earned $9.00 and over per week. From this it follows that 57.47 per cent, received less than this amount. The next class 53 834 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. is $7.00 and over. Here we find 68.24 per cent, of the employes. At $6.00- and over 77.44 per cent., and in $5.00 and over 28.89 per cent., while 17.11 per cent, received less than $5.00. These facts indicate fairly well the position of manufactures. Comparing them with those for the other industries it is possi- ble to point out the position of each. Thus we find that the mer- cantile lines show a lower scale than manufactures, in fact, the lowest for all. Manufactures has the second place ; Quarrying the third ; Mining the fourth ; Skilled trades the fifth ; Coal, etc., handlers the sixth and logging the seventh or highest place. The so-called skilled trades are thus immediately preceded, in point of earnings, by two as well as followed by two occupations usually classed as common labor. That common labor should show an earning practically on the par with skilled hands may not look right. When it is remembered, however, that the occu- pations here classed as labor are among the highest paid, and their work of such character as to exclude women and minors, and when the facts also are considered that the above figures for the skilled trades include besides the skilled hands not only the unskilled, helpers and laborers employed, but women and minors as well, the situation becomes plain. This conveys some idea of the relative earnings per week, or for six working days, in the different industries. About the pos- sible earnings for longer periods, a year for instance, the facts given disclose nothing. "For this reason the following exhibit, which shows the range of unemployment for each of the in- dustries, is also included : RANGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES IN 1898. Months. Manu factures. Mercan- tile lines. Skilled trades. Coal, etc.. handli'g. MiDiu ^ Q h£7" Lodging, driving. January ... February March April , May June July August ... September October . . November December , Averages 17.04 15.76 12.00 4.76 .32 .59 .66 .97 2.03 4.70 9.03 6.37 12.36 12.86 11.36 8.64 7.06 5.84 7.06 8.07 4.82 2.75 2.33 7.50 42.93 41.08 30.88 14.67 9.43 2.00 5.42 5.93 2.49 15.89 28.56 16.60 33.89 40.08 43.08 43. 28 34.95 30.31 22.17 21.01 19.66 14.04 23.53 27.16 4.72 4.49 7.35 6.50 7.65 5.19 2.63 3.10 3.10 7.20 7.74 4.95 50.93 50. U 46.21 19.10 21.57 6.18 9.66 6.99 7.60 18.50 47.69 23.00 4.49 31.25 80.40 79.58 79.43 84.85 88.16 78.38 62.05 21.81 4.15 55.87 SUMMARIES, 1898-1899. 835 This exhibit shows, as said, the "Range of Unemployment" for the seven industries included. The month when the greatest number were employed is regarded as full employment. For the other months the range is denoted by the per cent, of the num- ber employed of the number for the month with the greatest number. This is readily illustrated. In manufacturing, for instance, the greatest number for any month were found for June. This month, therefore, there was no unemployment. The smallest number was found for January. The number for this month constituted 17.04 per cent, of those for January, and this per cent, is, therefore, regarded as the range of unemploy- ment for that month, or for January. For the other months the range is more narrow. In four cases it is only a fraction of one per cent. The average monthly unemployment for this in- dustry is 6.37 per cent. In mercantile lines the greatest number were employed in December and the smallest in February, and the range for these months was 12.86 per cent. The average range was 7.50 per cent., or nearly the same as for manufactures. In the skilled trades, June was the greatest and January the smallest in point of the number employed. The range of un- employment for this month was 42.93 per cent., while the aver- age was 16.60 per cent. For Coal handlers the widest range was 43.28 per cent., and the average 27.16 per cent. For Mining the range was narrow, the average being only 4.95 per cent. For Quarrymen and Log- gers, on the other hand, the range was extremely wide. For the former it amounted to over one-half ; in the latter almost nine- tenths when the lowest number were employed. The average range for these two industries was 23.00 and 55.87 per cent., re- spectively. This illustrates how irregular employment is and how small is the chance for a large portion of the workers to ■find steady employment in one occupation. 836 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. INDEX. PART VI, 1898-1899. -RETURNS OF MANUFACTURERS, MER- CANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, SKILLED TRADES AND LOGGING INDUSTRY. Pages. Manufacturers' Returns 710-756 Introductory Outline 710-712 Persons employed by mouths, by manufacturing industries, classified.. . 713-716 Same; analysis of returns 726-729 Monthly range of employment and unemployment 730 Smallest number of persons employed 731-733 Average numbar of persons employed 731-735 Greatest number of persons employed 735 Persons employed by hour, day and piece, by manufacturing indus- tries, classified 717-719 Same ; analysis of returns 738-746 Classified weekly earnings in manufacturing industries, classified 720-725 Same ; analysis of returns 746-756 Manufacturing industries embraced under the above heads: Beveriges (soft drinks) 713,717,720 Chemical preparations 713, 717, 720 Coal and wood 713,71", 721 Electric light, power and street railway 714,717,721 Fancy articles 714,71s, 722 Food preparations 714, 71*. 722 Grain and warehousemen 715, 718, 723 Laundries 715, 718, 723 Lithographing and engraving 715,719,724 Mixed Textiles 716,719,724 ; Railway equipment 716,719,725 Miscellaneous 716,719,725 Returns of Mercantile Establishments 757-778 General comment and outline 757-758 Persons employed by months, by industries classified 759-761 Same ; analysis of returns 761-763 Total number of persons, range of employment and unemployment. 763-764 Classified weekly earnings in mercantile establishments, by indus- tries, classified 761-768 Same ; analysis of returns 768-778 Mercantile industries embraced under the above heads : Boots and shoes 759-764 Drugs 759-765 Dry goods 759-765 General stores , 760-766 Groceries 760-766 Hardware : 760-767 INDEX TO PART VI. 837 * PAGES. Returns of Skilled Trades 779-818 Introduction 779-782 Classified weekly earnings ; employed by hour, day and piece 783-797 Number employed by mouths, by skilled trades, classified ; analysis of classified weekly earnings 798-803 Analysis of day, hour and piece hand s 803-805 Analysis of persons employed, range of employment and unemployment 805-807 Analysis, general 806-812 Comparative exhibits of skilled trades as to Days in operation 808 Hours of labor 809 Accidents . . 809 Wages and salaries 810 Fourteen skilled trades embraced under the above heads: Bakeries 783 Blaek.smithing 784 Brick and stone masons 785 Carpenters and building 786 Carriage and wagon making 787 Machinists 788 Marble and stone cutting 789 Merchant tailoring 790 General contracting 791 Painting 792 Plumbing 793 Printing and publishing 794 Tinsmiths 795 Welldrive rs 796 Returns of Coal and Wood Handling, Mining and Quarrying: with classified weekly earnings ; hour, day and piece hands; number em- ployed by months, etc 812-815 Same; totals combined with those of the skilled trades 816 Analysis 817-818 Returns of Logging and Driving General comment Table I, persons employed at various occupations involved in this in- dustry Table II, number employed in each class and range of wages paid. . .. Table III, number employed at specified monthly wages Table IV, same ; condensed ' Table V, number and per cent, of each class receiving certain fixed sums Tables VI and VII, aggregates Tables VIII and IX, persons employed by da.ys ; wages at log driving and classified earnings Analysis of returns , 819-832 819 820-826 826 S27 828 829 829-830 830-831 831-832 838 ' LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Logging and Driving— continued. Occupations in timber woods embraced in the logging industry : PAGES. Foremen 820 Sawyers 820 Swampers 821 Loaders 821 Chaintenders 822 Teamsters 822 Scalers 823 Landing man 823 Road makers 824 Cooks 824 Cooks' helpers 825 Blacksmiths 825 Miscellaneous 826 COM PARISON OF RESULTS AN D SU M MAR IES 832-835 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 739 221 5 O £<*/ \ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS II I II II Mi 013 739 221 5