Wd-^> ■^ Educational Survey of Bacon County Georgia BY M. L. DUGGAN, Rural School Agent AND EURI BELLE BOLTON, Extension Dept., G. N. I. College £S\ No. 38. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION M. L. BRITTAIN State Superintendent of Schools 1922. DOWMAN-WILKINS. PRINTERS Educational Survey of Bacon County Georgia BY M. L. DUGGAN, Rural School Agent AND EURI BELLE BOLTON, Extension Dept., G. N. L College No. 38. n (V a a DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION M. L. BRITTAIN State Superintendent of Schools 1922. U'^" 5^ s ^ t<^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS RECEIVED AUGX81922 docum£nt« division BACON COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS HON G. A. TAYLOR, County Superintendent Alma, Ga. County Board of Education : Hon. L. B. Cole Nicholls, Ga. Hon. John Williams Rockingham, Ga. Hon. W. M. Carter Rockingham, Ga. Hon. Walter Holton Rockingham, Ga. Hon. Leonard P. Taylor ..Alma, Ga. GEORGIA .CBUMTIES In which EDUGATIONAl SURVEYS have been made by ,^^^^S~^ U.L.DUGGAH, ^^^^V^'^' K\\^ Rural School Agent, and pxibllahed by the >;;;5i^^^ii^i5J(S'^tate Department of Education. In addition to above aurveys Edncatlonal Meaaarementa have been made thrpughont the city systems of Dublin, Cordele, Albany, Commeroe. Wayneaboro, Sparta, Wpshington, etc. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF BACON COUNTY. In 1914 Bacon County was created from parts of Coffee, Pierce and Ware Counties. It has been freely charged that in anticipation of this action these portions of said counties were neglected during the two or three years' campaign be- ing waged for the creation of said county. Certain it is that the new county started off with an empty treasury, and with its public schools, public roads, etc., in a dilapidated condi- tion. From the very beginning therefore it was under the necessity of operating schools without funds in the treasury, build the court house and jails, and put the public roads in passable condition. Notwithstanding the difficult public problems confronting them and the meager resources at their command (the taxable property was returned at $1,- 848,029.00 in 1915), the citizens of the new county bravely started out with a most commendable zeal — but "not ac- cording to knowledge," as present conditions show. Flushed with the political victory of a new county and relying upon an uncertain future, bonds were voted and a court house and jail constructed at a total cost of about $100,000.00, while the public schools of the county were neglected. The jail cost $20,000.00, while at a very liberal valuation all the schoolhouses in the County system are worth but little — if any — more than half this amount. The total value of their equipment, other than seatings, is negligible. The schools are being operated for only a six months school year by a very weak corps of teachers, with few exceptions (See detailed report herein on teachers), and upon very small salaries. These meager salaries are generally paid off with due bills, which the teachers usually sell for whatever they will bring. As will be noted in this report (page 9) very few teachers remain long at the same school. A careful study of this itemized report on the schools of the county- will show how utterly incapable they are of adequately educating the county's children, and the alarming lack of thoroughness of the children in the fundamental subjects, as revealed by the tests and measurements (see tables), and the serious percentage and degree of retardations, are inevit- able results of the very inefficient public school system. The public school problem in Bacon county is primarily an economic problem. But it is also a problem of better organ- ization and supervision. More funds undoubtedly will be required to greatly improve the educational facilities of the county, but merely more money will not much improve the situation. Better organization and supervision will be imperative in order to produce satisfactory results. Too many schools are permitted and too many grades per teacher allowed. (See Georgia School Laws, Art. 6; Sec. 17.) Fortunately, the county has an object lesson in consolidation at the Junior High School which furnishes evidences of the superior results possible under such organ- ization over every other school in the system. (See com- parison of results on page 12). However, the superiority of this school over the smaller schools of the county cannot be expressed in words and figures. The appreciation of the patrons, the interest and enthusiasm of the pupils, the pride of the community, are all reactions from the consoli- dation. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. More money for maintenance. 2. Consolidations where possible, and limitations of the number of grades per teacher everywhere, which will mean fewer schools to maintain and much better educational results for the children. 6 3. Better school buildings and equipment. (They should be properly planned). 4. A stronger teaching force. 5. Constant, expert, professional supervision of teaching processes in all the schools. 6. Compulsory attendance enforcement. 7. Free text-books, especially for the primary grades. SCHOOL GROUNDS. Ample school grounds of from two to four acres have been secured for most of the rural schools and the titles are properly vested in the County Board of Education. In most cases, however, these school grounds liave not been improved or made attractive. None of thera have school gardens, and play grounds have not been provided. Play- ground equipment can be found nowhere except at the Junior High School. Water is supplied generally from open surface wells, many of them not more than eight or ten feet deep, and therefore easily contaminated. As this report shows, there are certain schools at which no toilets have been provided, while at a number of other places they have provided only one. Nowhere have sanitary toilets been pro- vided, except that septic tank toilets are being installed at the Junior High School. Such universal neglect of the moral and physical welfare of the teachers and children is absolutely inexcusable. SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. There is not a school building in Bacon County which measures up to modern standards of school architecture. The school building at Alma is a fairly good brick building, but was built several years ago and not well planned for school purposes. It is improperly lighted and in need of some repairs. In the County System the Junior High School is the best building, notwithstanding it suffers from architectural errors which could have been avoided if the school officials had consulted the State Department of Education. The color scheme for the inside walls is inartistic and also such as has a bad effect in properly lighting the class rooms. This school also has a better teaching equipment and is withal a much more efficient school plant than any other in the county system. None of the small school buildings in the county have been well planned and all are unsuited to school purposes. The estimated total value of all the school build- ings in the county system is less than half the value of the school buildings at the county seat and very little over half the cost of the county jail. And yet there are more than 900 pupils enrolled in these rural schools, as compared with a little over 200 pupils enrolled in the Alma School, or still fewer criminals occupying the jail. Most of them are the old rectangular, box-car type, with no cloak room, or extra room for special school activities provided. They are gen- erally lighted from three or four sides and usually heated by a small stove placed in the center of the room. Some of the buildings instead of having a stove flue have the stove- pipes projecting through windows, thereby greatly endan- gering the building as well as rendering it still more unat- tractive. Many of the small school buildings are new and unceiled. It will be very easy to remodel these unfinished buildings so that they will be correctly lighted and so that provision can be made for the wraps and lunches. These alterations could be made at very little extra expense, and if they are made and the buildings are ceiled and painted, they will be much better adapted to school work. But where it is prac- tical to consolidate schools, no permanent improvement should be made on the present buildings. The school buildings are poorly equipped. Some of them have no blackboards, some have rough home-made black- 8 boards, and very few have a sufficient amount of black- board. Without good blackboards teachers cannot do good school work. All of the schools have good patent desks, but few have teachers' desks. Two schools have small school libraries. There are very few maps, charts, globes, sand- tables, or pictures in any of the schools. Many of the pupils were not supplied with books. Inquiry was not made in all of the schools, but in the few schools in which the inquiry was made there were 78 pupils who were partly supplied with books and 18 pupils who had no books. The pupils who had no books were in the primary grades. TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS. The teachers in the rurals schools of Bacon County have had very little preparation for their work. Eight of the teachers in the small schools hold a first grade license, two hold a second grade license, five hold a third grade license and five hold no license. Only two of the teachers in the small schools have had college training; one is a high school graduate; nine have finished the ninth or tenth grade and eight have only completed the seventh or eight grade. All of the teachers, except one, in the Alma High School and in the Junior High School hold a first grade license. But only four of the 13 teachers in these schools have had col- lege training and seven have had only ninth or tenth grade work. Eleven of the 33 teachers have had summer school work in addition to their previous training. Table Showing the Training and Qualifications of Teachers in Bacon County. License Primary Elementary High School Total No. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. None ? Teachers One & Two Tchr. Schs. — — — 42 54 — — 5— 20 Alma High & Junior High Schs. — _ — 111— 1 — — — — 13 9 Elemen- Training tary High School Normal College Total No. 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12 12 3 4 20 yr. yi's. yr.yrs.yrs.yrs. One & Two Teacher Schs. Alma High & Jr. H. Schs. 4 4 4 5 1 — — 2 4 3 2— 2—2 20 13 Experience 1 yr. 5 or more 2yrs. 3 yi's. 4 yrs. yrs. ? Total No. Teachers One & Two Teacher Schs. Alma High & Jr. H. Schs. 5 2 6 4—5 — 12 17 — 20 13 Service at Present School 1 yr. 5 or more 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. yi's. ? Total No. Teachers One & Two Teacher Schs. Alma High & Jr. H. Schs. 15 10 3 2 — — — 1 — — 2 — 20 13 Many of the rural teachers take summer courses under private teachers. These schools, conducted by private indi- viduals, are not under the supervision of the State Depart- ment of Education, and may or may not give the teachers the help which they need. Many of the teachers who have finished the seventh or eighth gi'ade have attended special schools for the purpose of taking a teacher's course. Many of the high schools in the state are offering a Teacher- Training Course to the pupils in the eleventh grade. The course offered is outlined by the State Department of Edu- cation. Any person who has had less than eleven grades of school work does not have sufficient scholarship for a course in methods of teaching. Teacher training work offered by any school on the basis of seventh or eighth gi'ade scholar- 10 ship is superficial and should be discouraged by superin- tendents and county boards of education who are interested in the welfare of their schools. The teachers could do much better work if they would teach longer at the same school. Of the 33 teachers whose qualifications were studied, 25 were teaching at their present school for the first time. A number of the teachers were filling unexpired terms of teachers who had left the county because they were not receiving their salaries promptly. The County Board of Education will have to adjust its finan- cial difficulties and employ better trained teachers before the conditions in the schools can be much improved. The scores made on the tests by the seventh grade in the small schools show that the work in this grade in these schools is very inaccurate and very far below the seventh grade standard. The scores made on reading and artithmetic by the seventh grade in the small schools are below the stand- ards for the fifth grade. And yet some of the teachers in the county have had only the seventh grade work in similar schools. Teachers can not do good school work when they do not know the subject matter they are trying to teach. They can not inspire the people to maintain good schools when they have never seen a good school. CLASSROOM WORK. In order to get some idea of the quality of classroom work being done in the schools, educational tests were given to all of the grades from the third through the seventh. These educational tests have been given under the same conditions to thousands of pupils in representative schools in all parts of the United States. The medium or average scores have been found and are called Standard Scores. The Standards for each test represent what average children should be able to do in each subject if they have been well taught. 11 From the results of the tests discussed on the following pages, certain conclusions may be drawn. 1. The classroom work being done in all of the schools of Bacon County is below the standard. 2. The classroom work being done in the Alma High School and in the Junior High School is much more thorough than the work being done in the small schools. The Junior High School has been con- solidated only a short time and has been greatly handicapped because of a lack of funds. But in spite of these difficulties, the teachers, because of the improved conditions resulting from the consolidation, are doing much better classroom work than is being done in the small schools. This fact is very gratify- ing and should encourage other communities to come together and establish good schools so that their children may have an opportunity to secure a good elementary and high school education. 3. The classroom work in the small schools is very poorly done. But it can be no better until the unfav- orable conditions in these schools are changed. The small schools have very poor buildings and very little equipment. Many of the pupils are insufficiently supplied with books and pencils. The country schools have only a six months' school term. And the teach- ers in these schools have very poor scholarship. Some of them have finished only the seventh or eighth grade and very few of them have had normal train- ing. Teachers who know so little about the sub- jects they are trying to teach and who know nothing of the best methods of teaching cannot be expected to do good classroom work. READING. The Monroe Silent Reading Test Revised was given to all of the grades from the fourth through the seventh. The 12 test consists of a series of simple paragraphs with a ques- tion at the end of each. The question can be easily answered if the paragraph is understood when read. The test meas- ures the pupil's rate of reading and his ability to understand what he has read. The rate of reading is indicated by the Rate Score (see table below.) The ability to understand what has been read is indicated by the Comprehension Score. (See Comp. score in table.) The individual scores in each grade were combined and the median or average score for each grade was found. Some scores made by the individual pupils are higher than the average for their grade and some are lower, but the median or grade scores given in the tables represent 50 per cent of the pupils. Hence the median grade scores for each school represent the average work being done in reading in that school or type of school. The scores in all of the subjects were worked out in the same way and the median grade scores represent the average work being done in each subject. Median Scores in Silent Readins: Made by the Schools in Bacon County. Grades III rv V VI VII vni Standard 82 122 142 159 171 185 Rate 3.8 7.7 9.8 11.0 12.5 13.7 Comp. Alma High School — 87 — 130 156 — Rate — 4.0 — 9.5 14.0 — Comp. Jr. High School — 86 112 132 135 — Rate — 4.0 6.5 8.6 8.4 — Comp. One & Two — 62 95 104 129 — Rate Teacher Schools — 2.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 — Comp. The scores made by the fourth and the sixth grades in the Alma High School are about one year below standard in both rate and comprehension. The score in rate of reading made by the seventh grade in this school is a year below the standard, but the score in comprehension is above the 13 eighth grade standard. The scores made by the fourth, fifth and sixth grades in the Junior High School are about a year below the standard in both rate and comprehension. The score made by the seventh grade in this school is two years below the standard. The score made by the fourth grade in the one- and two-teacher schools is only one-half the scores made by the two larger schools and is less than one-third of the standard score. The score in reading made by the fifth grade in the one- and two-teacher schools is more than a year below the standard and is lower than the score made by the fifth grade in the Junior High School. The scores made by the sixth and seventh grades in the one- and two-teacher schools are a year lower than the scores made by the sixth and the seventh grades in the Alma High School and are two years lower than the standard scores for these grades. The reading test was given to the third grade in the one- and two-teacher schools, but the children were so poorly trained that they could not understand in- structions and the scores made on the test are so low that they are not included in the report. The scores made in reading by all of the grades of all of the schools, with the exception of the score made by the seventh grade in the Alma High School, are from a year to two years lower than the standard scores. The scores made by the smaller schools are about a year lower than the scores made by the Alma School and the Junior High School. The tests were given in Bacon County near the close of the school term, but the standard scores represent achievement in reading near the beginning of the school year. Therefore the reading ability of the pupils in the schools of Bacon County is even poorer than this comparison indicates. Reading is so poorly taught in the small schools of the county that it is safe to assume that the pupils are only skmming the surface of the thought subjects which are be- ing taught. Seventh grade pupils who can read no better than fifth grade pupils are expected to read cannot master 14 history, civics, agriculture and the other subjects which this grade is supposed to study. And yet many of the pu- pils who finish the seventh or eighth grade in these schools take four or five weeks summer course, in many instances from a private teacher, and teach in the schools of the county. The teachers themselves have had such poor train- ing that they cannot read well and they do not know how to teach reading; the schools have no equipment, no charts, no perception cards, no supplementary reading books, etc., for for the teaching of reading; the schools have only a six months' term and during the last few years the financial situation of the county has been so difficult that there has been a constant change of teachers. Under these conditions it is no wonder that the schools are meaning so little to the children of the county. LANGUAGE. The Trabue Language Scale B was used in measuring the work in language. The test consists of twenty incomplete sentences — sentences which have some of the words left out. The pupils are given seven minutes in which to write the missing words in the blank spaces. The score depends on the number of correct sentences the pupil has at the end of seven minutes. Median Scores in Language Made by the Schools of Bacon County. Grades III IV V VI VII Standard 8.0 10.0 11.4 14.0 13.4 Alma High School — 8.8 10.8 11.3 12.3 Junior High Schools — 7.8 10.3 10.8 10.6 One & Two-Teacher Schools 4.4 6.4 8.7 10.1 13.0 There is difference of 1 between the standard scores for all the grades above the fourth. Therefore, if a grade score 15 is 1 point below the standard score, that grade is, approxi- mately, one year below the standard in language work; if a grade is .5 lower than the standard, that grade is a half year below the standard in language work. The scores made in language by the fourth and fifth grades of the Alma School are about a half year below the standard and the scores made by the sixth and seventh grades in this school are a year lower than the standard scores. The score made by the fifth grade in the Junior High School is a half year lower than the score made by the fifth grade in the Alma School; the scores made by the fourth and the sixth grades in this school are a year lower than the scores made by these grades in the Alma School. The score made by the seventh grade in the Junior High School is very low, but there were only a few pupils present when the tests were given and the score probably does not represent the language work of the class. The score made by the third grade in the one and two-teacher schools is very low; the scores made by the fourth and fifth grades in these schools are a year lower than the scores made by these grades in the Junior High School and are two years lower than the standard scores. The score made by the sixth grade in these schools is a half year lower than the score made by the sixth grade in the Junior High School and is two years lower than the standard score. The score made in language by the seventh grade in the one and two-teacher schools is higher than the scores made by the seventh grade in the Junior High School and the Alma School. Only the stronger pupils in these schools stay in school long enough to reach the seventh grade and this probably accounts for the high score made by this grade. The scores made in language by all of the schools in the county are very low as compared with the standard scores and are low as compared with the scores made on this test by many schools in other Georgia counties. These scores show that the language work which is being done in the 16 schools of Bacon County is not developing in the children the power of selection and correct usage of words. If the teachers will place more emphasis on exercises in oral Eng- lish and correct spoken English in recitation, their language work will be more practical because it will develop in the pupils correct habits of speech. ARITHMETIC. The Woody-McCall Mixed Fundamentals Aritmetic Test, Form 1, was used to measure the work in arithmetic. Table Showing the Median Scores Made in Arithmetic by the Schools in Bacon County as Compared With the Standard Scores. Grades III IV V VI VII Standard 12.8 17.7 21.9 25.0 27.4 Alma Hiffh School '^^ — 14.0 — 25.0 23.0 Junior High School — 11.0 16.0 21.5 22.4 One & Two-Teacher Schools 5.6 11.3 15.0 15.0 21.8 *The test was not given to the fifth grade in this school. The scores made by all of the grades in the Alma School, except the sixth, are below the standard. The scores made by the fourth, fifth and sixth grades in the Junior High School are one year lower than the standard scores and the score made by the seventh grade in this school is two years below the standard. The scores made in arithmetic by all of the grades in the one and two-teacher schools are lower than the scores made by the grades in the Junior High School and in the Alma School. The scores made by the sixth and seventh grades in these schools are two years below the standard. The low third grade median made by the pupils in the small schools shows that the children in this grade have practically no knowledge of the simple arithmetic processes. The test papers show that the pupils are very inaccurate in their work, especially in addition and multiplication. 17 Pupils in the fifth and sixth grades failed to work such simple examples as 13h-6 and 13 — 8. None of the grades in any of the schools have acquired a mastery of the funda- mental operations in arithmetic. The pupils in the upper grades in the small schools have very little knowledge of fractions and decimals. Habits of speed and accuracy in work can be developed by giving more time to rapid oral and written drills in the various operations and to arithmetic exercises which call for a time limit. RETARDATION. A complete study of the problem of retardation in the schools of Bacon County was not made. But a study of the ages of the children who took the tests shows that the re- tardation of pupils is very serious and is an added indication of the inefficiency of the present county school system. Sixty-four percent of the 363 pupils who took the tests are from one to seven years older than they should be for their grades. This high percentage of retardation means that it is taking much more time than it should take for the chil- dren in the schools to complete their grades. One of the chief causes of this retardation is irregular attendance. Of the 964 pupils enrolled in the schools which were visited, only 538 were in school on the days the schools were in- spected. The responsibility of keeping the children in school regularly rests upon the parents. Another hindrance to normal progress through the grades is the short school term. Children who attend school only six months during the year cannot be expected to do as much school work as chil- dren who attend school nine months each year. Bacon County is a new county and is as yet undeveloped. The future development and prosperity of the county will depend upon the intelligence of its citizenship. Therefore money spent wisely in establishing a more efficient school system will bring greater returns in the future than any investment which the county can make. 18 ALMA HIGH SCHOOL. (Not in the Bacon County System.) Teachers: Prof. T. J. Towensend; Miss Mildred Wright; Mr. T. C. O'Steen; Miss Senella Thomas; Miss Estelle Waite; Mrs. W. M. Flanagin; Miss Nannie E. Dumas. Location: Alma, Ga., County Seat of Bacon County. Grounds: Ample space for playgrounds, etc.; very little play equip- ment. Buildings: A brick building with eight class rooms and auditorium; no cloak rooms; building in bad repair; small frame two-room building for primary grades; value about $30,000.00. Equipment: Single patent desks; fairly good blackboards; charts; globes; maps; dictionaries; small science laboratory; library, etc. Organization: Seven teachers; eleven grades; enrollment about 225; some transportation of pupils from the county; nine months school year. NOTE: The school receives $1,000.00 bonus for high school aid under the Barrett-Rogers Act. 19 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. (A Consolidated School.) Teachers: Lee Russell; Mrs. Lee Russell; Miss Eula Mae Gaskin; Miss Cilia Meadows. P. O. Alma, Ga., R. F. D. Location: Four miles west to Rockingham; four miles northwest to Springfield. Grounds: Area four acres; titles in County Board of Education; fenced; improved and well kept; beginning to put in playground equipment; surface toilets (septic tank toilets to be installed); shallow surface well. Building: Value $8,000.00; six class rooms (two incomplete); two cloak rooms; music room; building partly painted. (The build- ing is being enlarged and improved); floors oiled; unilateral lighting. Equipment: Single and double patent desks; teachers' tables; insuf- ficient amount of blackboards; one globe; one map; one primary chart; water cooler and individual drinking cups; no reference dictionaries; no library. Organization: Four teachers; nine grades; enrollment one hundred eighty-eight; attendance one hundred fifty-six; seven months school year; two literary societies. NOTE: This is the only consolidated school in Bacon County, and is doing by far the best work of any school in the county system. The educational results to the pupils are much superior to those found in the other schools, and will furnish an unan- swerable argument for further consolidations. The school re- ceives $500.00 bonus from the State under the Barrett-Rogers Act as a Consolidated Elementary School. 20 i i'VA SPRINGFIELD SCHOOL. Teacher: Miss Clarice Mae Altman, Rockingham, Ga. Location: Four miles southeast to Junior High School; four miles south to Johnson Farm school; four miles north West Satillo. Grounds: Area (?); titles in County Board of Education; unimprov- ed; no school gardens; no play equipment; surface toilets. Building: Value $1,600.00; unfinished; unceiled; unpainted; one class room; no cloak rooms; well lighted. A well constructed building, but not a good plan. Equipment: Double patent desks; teacher's desk; good blackboards; charts; small globe; no maps; framed pictures; large stove for heating. Organization: One teacher; seven grades; enrollment fifty; attend- ance thirteen. 21 JOHNSON FARM SCHOOL. Teacher: Miss Allie Barber, Alma, Ga. Location: Four miles southeast to Rockingham School; three miles north to Springfield; four miles west to Douglass; three and half miles east to Junior High School. Grounds: Area, one acre; titles in private individual; unimproved; no school gardens; no play equipment; w^ater from pump; only one surface toilet, condition very bad. Building: Value, $200.00; one class room; no cloak rooms; unceiled; unpainted; improperly lighted; not in good repair. Equipment: Single patent desks; no teacher's desk; insufficient amount of blackboard; no maps; no globe; no charts; no pic- tures; no reference dictionary; no library. Organization: One teacher; six grades; enrollment twenty-six; at- tendance twenty-four; no program posted. 22 GREENHEAD SCHOOL. Teacher: J. H. Bennett, Alma, Ga. Location: Three miles southwest to Cothern School; one mile to Jeff Davis County line; two miles to Coffee County line. Grounds: Two acres; titles in County Board of Education; unimprov- ed; no school gardens; no play equipment; two surface toilets in very bad condition. Building: Value $800.00; one class room; no cloak rooms; ceiled; unpainted; improperly lighted; insufficiently heated. it: Single patent desks; teacher's desk; good blackboards; ..„ maps; no globe; no framed pictures; one reading chart; one reference dictionary; no library. Equipment: Sin no Organization: One teacher; seven grades; enrollment fifty-one; at- tendance thirty-one; no program posted; seven pupils not sup- plied with textbooks. 23 SATILLO SCHOOL. Teacher: J. H. DeWeese, Alma, Ga. Location: Three and half miles southwest to Douglass; four miles west to Holton; four miles north to Antioch. Grounds: Area two acres; titles in County Board of Education; un- improved; no play equipment; only one surface toilet, condition bad. Building: Value $600.00; one class room; no cloak rooms; unceiled; unpainted; very rough floor; improperly lighted; dangerous stoves; insufficiently heated. Equipment: Single patent desks; no teacher's desk; very poor black- boards; no maps; no globes; no reference dictionary; no pic- tures; no library; one reading chart. Organization: One teacher; seven grades; enrollment fifty-six, at- tendance thirty-two; no program posted. None of the pupils well supplied with textbooks. 24 J ^ ^ ^^;=!i^=^i^^H ^^m -■It'* s*.- la^ ^_ ^ 1 ^B^^^