Class.. ^.6ii^_ Book J Copyright 1^^ _ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. y^i^^uc^ Three Score and Eleven BEING Addresses and miscellaneous writings, clipped from various publications and printed for gratuitous distribution amongst relatives, friends and those to whom he is indebted for similar favors, WITH A PREFACE BY Hon. D. M. DeWITT, His business associate from 1868 to 1872, BY WILLIAM LOUNSBERY. Kingston, N. Y. 1904. LIBRARY nf CONGRESS Two Copies Received JUN 17 1904 Cooyrlght Entry CLJ^SS a, XXo. No. COPY B Copyright, 1904, By William Lounsbery, PREFACE. \^ Here we have the record of a life, spent for the most part amid the peaceful scenes of the county of Ulster, yet darting out on all sides into the world of active achievement : a life of seventy-one years along "the cool sequestered waya," yet ever busy, full of variety and in constant touch with outside events that make up history. Autobiographicaliu th*i? strict sense of the word, it is not; but consists of a stringing together on the slightest thread of chro- nology of the writings and speeches of the author : an autobiogra- phy of the intellect. Such a collection might be criticised as too egotistical, were it not made, as I understand, like Shakespeare's "sugared sonnets," for distribution among "private friends." Beginning in college days, when the author was but in his twentieth year, with three orations on subjects familiar to the young student; passing into early active life with its newspaper editorials on political topics and events of the times; it terminates the period of young manhood with an ambitious and interesting lecture on the younger Vane. Then come lucubrations growing out of the civil war in which the author at its outset was a participant ; and these are succeeded by a series of miscellaneous productions, which brings us to the culminating point of manhood— signalized, in this instance, by entrance upon official life. There are no speeches made in the Assembly of the State for the year 1868, of which our author was a member ; but there is an interesting supply illustrative of his career in the forty-sixth Congress (79-80), including one on the counting of the electoral votes for President and Vice-President, which well deserves and will reward perusal. We have, also, an inaugural address as Mayor of the city of Kingston and two messa- ges to the Common Council. The volume closes with reminiscences of foreign travel— a recreation indulged in by our author after his retirement from public station. It should be called to mind, that during this long period, that is. IV from the year 1853 up to the present, the collector of these pieces was immersed in the active practice of the law ; these varied pro- ductions being thrown off in the leisure moments of fifty years' steady devotion to that exacting profession. Of the countless ad- dresses to juries, of the countless arguments before courts, there is no record here, because the one class usually perishes with the hear- ing, and the other crystalizes into the meagre form of briefs pub- lished in the reports. For example, there are twenty-eight cases in the appellate courts of this State, reported at length in the books, in which lawyer Lounsbery was counsel on one side or the other*. After all, the true aim of such a collection as this is to give oneself an abiding sense of the continuity of one's life. Ordinarily, the recollection of the myriad incidents of a man's life is fragmen- tary and confused ; and a compilation of the productions of the mind at various stages clears up the vista and builds up along the course points of vantage on which the memory may pause in making its lengthened survey, to take its bearings. In the present instance, the compiler is to be congratulated that, as the fruit of his labor, he will not only be able to realize his life of fifty years of bustle, strife, business and pleasure with greater vividness and coherency, but he will experience the pleasing consciousness of having, for others as well as himself, planted torches at points all along the devious track, for local illumination not only, but, also, to establish a per- manent and continuous line of light. D. M. DeWITT. Kingston, March 19, 1904. (* Reported Cases keperred to in the Preface.) Lounsbery v. Snyder, 31 N. Y., 514; Van Hoevanbergh v. Has- brouck, 45 Barb., 197; Ean v. Snyder, 46 Barb., 331; Hamilton v. Wright, 37 N. Y., 502; Simmons v. Cloonan, 2 Lansing, 346; The People V. Schryver, 42 N. Y., 1; Howk v. Eckert, 2 Hun, 113; Kelley v. Fallhook Co., 4 Hun, 261; Cole v. Van Keuren, 4 Hun, 262; Howk V. Bishop, 10 Hun, 509; People exrel. Van Keuren, 10 Hun, 551; Simmons v. Cloonan, 47 N. Y., 3; Fraysier v. Gibson. 15 Hun, 37; People ex rel. Van Keuren, 74 N Y., 310; People v. Willett, 36 Hun, 500; Winne v. Ulster Co. Savings Institution, '67 Hun, 349; O'Reilly v. City of Kingston, 39 Hun, 285; Gowdy v. Cordts, 40 Hun, 469; Hasbrouck v. Burhans, 42 Hun, 376; Decatur V. Goodrich, 44 Hun, 3; O'Reilly v. City of Kingston, 114 N. Y., 459; Gross v. Cloonan, 81 N. Y., 557; Scliaffer v. Riseley, 44 Hun, 6, 631 ; Donohue V. Hummel, 17 St. Rep., 994; Donohue v. Hummel, 1 Supp., 401; Schrowang v. Sahler, 17 St. Rep., 593; Schrowang v. Sahler, 2 Supp., 140; Donohue v. Whitney, 37 St. Rep., 706; Dono- hue V. Whitney, 15 Supp., 622; Donohue v. Whitney, 133 N. Y., 178; New Haven Clock Co. v. Hubbard, 40 St. Rep, 654; New Haven Clock Co. v. Hubbard, 16 Supp., 125; The People v. Ter- williger, 74 Hun, 310; The People v. Terwilliger, 56 St. Rep., 255; The People v. Terwilliger, 26 Supp., 674; The People v. Terwilli- ger, 142 N. Y., 629; The People v. Terwilliger, 60 St. Rep., 866. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Sketch of Family and Suroame 1- 7 Oration before College Bible Society 8- 11 Valedictory Peithersophian Society 12- 18 English Salutatory 19- 23 Leading Editorials 23- 45 Lecture — Sir Henry Vane the Younger .46- 69 Editorial Comments 69- 74 The Ulster Regiment 75- 93 Agricultural Society Address 94-104 In Memory of Colonel Pratt 105-108 Carrier's Address, 1863 109-113 In Memory of Judge Brodhead 114-117 Carrier's Address, 1866 118-120 The Fourth at Andes 121-139 The Old Pine Tree 130-131 Winnesook— The Big Indian 133-137 Historical Addreps, 1876 138-154 Congressional Speeches 155-301 Carrier's Addresses 1876, 1878 303-211 Mayor's Inaugural 313-314 Veto Message 315-330 Message, 1879 331-334 The Blarney Stone 335-336 Nationality of Slang 236-337 The Snug Little Island 238-339 The Lord Mayor of London 330-232 Table D'Hote 233-335 Our Baggage in the Custom House 335-338 Art and Artists 238-245 A Boomerang Joke 341 VUl 04.0 243 The Child and the Stars ... . . . . . 244 Ascription 24fi '>48 The Burning of Kingston !* "1„ Public Improvements „^o o^a Our First Governor ,,„ „«o ^„.„ -, . 257-250 The Wilbur Fair SKETCH OF FAMILY AND SURNAME. ^VilMam Loimsibery was born Decemiber 25, 1S31, at Stone Ridge, in tlie town of Marblatown, Ulster Oonnty, New York; his father was Joihn Lonns'beiy, and liis inoithier Saralh Peters; hie had oiiiC elder bro'ther w^io niiarried Jane Crisipell, and died in 1877; itwo 'eldei- si|siters, Maria Margaret, wf the county of Ulsiter. He was bora in ithe 'town of ^larbletown, iu that eoiunty, December 25, 183E His paternail ancestors are of Welcli desiceuit, and iso'me of tliem were aauoni"' the ©arliesit settlers of Ulster county. Nearly all of tlie name no'w living in this coun- iry itrace their oaigin to the Ulster famdlj'. A great uncle (Colonel John Loumsibery) wia.s a memiber of the Seniaite, ami of the Council of Appointment, (luring the gaiibernatorial atlministra- tion of De Witt Clinton; another greiat uncle (Ool. Efbenezer Lounsbery) was a memiber of the Senalte iu 1838, '39. Both serv'e'd in the \Aar of 1812, in \\hich the 3^ a'ccjuired their military I'ank. His father, Jodru Loiunsbeiy, was a member of the As- sembly in 1853, and wa!s ckissed as a. Hunker, in the polSitical divisions of the Democracy of that 2>eriad. Mr. Louuisbery luais enjoj'ed excellemt educaltional advantages, iwhich he has not failed to improve. He graduated, in 1851, at Eutgers College, oibtaining 'the third honor of the graduating claiss. He sltudied law at the LaKv School^ of the University of the city of Albany, and was adimitbed tO' practice in 1853; and immediaitely openeil au office in the \illage of Kingston. By his careful prepara'tion of. an,d faithful atitemtiom to, the causes at tii'st entruisiteid to hiiui, he soon obtaiued thiei eonfidence of the ])ublic and a. handsome share of business. About two years since he entered into cof[oartnership witli Hon. Erastiis Cooke, of Kingston, and the laiw firm of Cooke & Lounsbery now occupies a conimaniding iposliition at the Ulster bar, and does a very large share of its busines.s. ilr. Lounsibery hias been connected with the ediltoiial fra- ternity, haiVing been from 1857 to 18(J1, astsiociated with Mr. S. S. Honiniel in the jii'oprietorship of the Ulster Eefpu)blican> — now the Kingstoni Argus — then, as now. the recognlizeid organ of the Denioci-acy of Ulsiter county. Thiis was a period of sharp polit- ical controvei'sy, and Mr. Lounsbery. in such intervails of leisure 6 as wei'e allowed him hj life pix^fession, entei-'eid into the cooitests of that period with spirit and zeal. His editorial articles, like his eflfonts at tlie bar, were niai-ked by smoothness ami elegaiiee of ^tyle, clearness, directness and force, and added greatly to the effectiveness of that journal, asi a party organ. Mr. Lounsbea-y is no mere slave ito his profeission. He finds time to glean in the broad fields of general literatm-e, and hence he naturally be- came a member of the Ulster County Historical Society, and took grealt interest in preparing papers to be read before it. The same literary tasiteis led iiim to accept invitaltions to make ad- dresses before the Kingston Literary Associations, and the Ulster County Agricultural Society. All of ithese literaiy productions exhibit fine scholarly tastes and aittainments ; a clear and prac- tical habit of thought, and great felicity of expression. With this large and varied experience in law, poliltios and lit- eratm-e, backed by ^a laudable ambition and an ardent tempera- ment, j\Ir. Lounsbery naturally became a leading inemiber in the present Assembly. He was selected as a candidate by the Democracy of his party with greiat unanimity, and was elected bv the large'st majoiity ever given- in the District for the same office. His aibilitiies were appreciated at Albany as well as at home, in the organization of the Committees of tlie Assembly. He is chairman of the Judiciary Committee, a position of great re- sponsibility. He is also a member of the Committee on Claims. He gives the clOsesit attention to legislative matters, and evi- dently intends to make himself entirely familiar with thie inter- ests and needs of the Empire State. He is fond of social enjoy- menlts .that pan-take of a litea^ary charaoter, is well fitted to take part in conversation, and greatly delights in a good joke or a witty repartee. FIFTEEN,TH DISTRICT. [From Directory 4Gth Congress.] Counties. — Greene, Schoharie and Ulster. William Lounsbery of Kingston, ^^•as born at Stone Ridge, New York, December 25, 1831; graduated at Rutgers College in 1851; alttended the Law Department of the Now York Univea-sity at Allbany, and was admitited as an attornieiy and oounisellor in 1853, and hasi simcei been engaged in fclie pradtice of laiw; wais Commissary of thie' T«''entietfli Eegiment of New York Militia, with the r'ank of Firsit lieutenant, during ifei three months' ser- A'ice; wais a memiber of tbe Neiw York As'semhly in 1868, and Ohairnian of the Oommititee on the Judiciary; 'Was elected Mayor of the Oity of Kingiston in March, 1878, for tlie term of two years; and was eledted to the Forty-sixth Congreisis as a Demo- crat, receiving 13,680 voteis against 11,442 vote's for George S. Nidho'ls, Republican, 3,524 votes for Joihni R. Erkson, National, 140 votes for J. H. Coutauit, Prohibitionist, and 49 scattering votes. (From ReminiiseenceB' of College Days.) AN ORATION Delivered at live Aimivervsary of tli^e nxitgev, Coltege Bible So- eieity. May 26th, 1851. THE BIBLE THE BEST GUIDE OF THE STATESMAN. r,v William Lounsl)ery of Stoiw Tvido-e. X,. \. It is a estrange an.l pr^vakrtt era-or, that the elaams and interests of Christira^ty, belong ,soHy to Ithe derical profession If at tlids tim<^ it wa^ heard tli.tt this i^aitiou AVas to be deprived of its religion. e.very patriot ami ^tate.>man xvould >.taa.t from his seat, trembling for the interests of bis eounitry and Im liberty Thouoii all are convinced of tte bulwarks, that the ti-uths of Christianity and the Bible, have itihrowii around ithe institutions of freedom, yet fmv atteM to its pre«pts or aid in its diffi^ion,. The jurist,, when he h'ais enriched Ms mind in every legal form, .and becmnes skilled in ingenius craft and a-eiined policy, thinks himself complete in his profession, and leaves tbis. volume, the source of every sonnd law, to the undisturbed po,Bsession of tliose .hose ix^culiar calling devotes them tx> its study. The Legislator, v-hen lie bas stored bimself xNitb the lalws of anitiqmty, wben he has become practiced in the intrigues of diplomaey, and prepared to the usual idea of an enlightened politician, ,willl satisfy hiscon- ^.cience and meet the fa.w of men by prudently and waanly actmg up to this, crafty line of policy. Not one thougbt will he and the world give to that .source. Avhich a-lone can supply and aeguktte the system they have started. Man is ever ready to Itni'sit to his o^^m powers. He^ supposes, 9 that by liis mgejiuity, wthioh hais surmouiDted the greiateisit difficul- ties, liaiws can be devised, that will hold the passions in chetek, and regiilate by a perfect system, all our acitions with one another. But expeiuenoe has shown fully that if the feiaa- of God be eradii- calted from a coniimunity, selfishn^ess and sensuality will absorb the whole man. Appetite, knowing no reistraliiiit, will trample in •seoirn on the resiti'aints of law, and the wisest forms of human polity will beeoime, like a rope of sand, 'to he 'wasihed away by eA'ery storm thait agitates the mind of community. The heaithen nations of tire most remote j^eriods, i>eroeiA'ed thei utter impossi- bility of i-eigitlating the adtions of ithe mulltitude by nuerei human wisdom. Ancient Egypt, with lall hei- philosophers, wasoibliged to acknowledge a 'hlighei- poiwer, upon whicih to basie and einforoe her laws. In every heathen land, we find them praying for pro- tedtion and assisltanoe and sacrificing 'to the Gods of their smper- stiition; anid thoug'h ignorant of him. who uphoMeth all things by the word of his power, they still perceived and acknoiwledged a higher authority upon which they founded ifcheir efforts of govern- ment. We now have tliei revelation witliouit which antiquity in all its wisdom failed to institute the -true prinjci'ples of Liberty, and haippj" is that people, who profit by its precepts. The Bible is the foundation of poMtical morality, a.nd whoit- ever of freedom, whatever of patriotism, unalloyed by selfishness, we find in ith© world is derived froan its conseci'aited pages. The science of morality has beeini alVays one of interesit — one in which the gi-eatesit minds of ervery agie have deveiloped their noble poiwers, A\Tith the moslt unbounded freedom. Man impelled by the passions alone Avould be the most helpless of all creiaitures; and to restrain thesei passiions have been the worthy objects of the best and wisest men. Socraites, Semeca and Cicero, for this, made the best efi"orts of tlieir lives, and by the streingtlh of their oharacters, did contribute what power man can wield to keep the .=^T>;rit of benevolence from being smothered, amid the tumults of the world. By such precepts and examples the weight of emi- nence wias thrown on tlie side of virffcue, and much thait was nobl© was preserveid even among heathens, uncorrupted by the passions. These bright specimens of intelleictual gTeatness show wliere, among the ancients, we are to find thie perfecition of art with peace and happiness. Beyond their influence was darkness, ignorance and the miseries of a savagie life. 10 But a more powerful torch tliaai plliiloisoplry was to illumine the moral world. The truth of Christianity w,ere to cast a ray of heaven! born light over 'the nations, diffusing the blessings of freedom, and dispOTsing the ignioramc© Which had hung for ages on the minds of men. W^en the light broke upon the world, all became biilUant within (its radiance. To its rising greatness principalities and powers pinned their declining strength. De- pra\-ity himg ne&r its glare, and sitrived to cover its deformiity with a moral splendor. Thus crashed by union with princes and evil spirits, the light of moral truth went out from the Avorld, and hid itself from the sight of men in tlie cloister and confines of the mounltains. But the Reformation again woke the world from its utter moral ignorance, idolatry and superstition. Quickened by the pure illumination of .the Bible, m:aii has: continued to- improve in his social existence from thiat time to the present. We- feel justly proiud of our age, and under the influence of Clmisitianity the people of the 19th century despise- a comparison witli former times, even witlh the brightest periods of antiquity. And where now do \ve find the greatest happiness? As among the ancients the examples of the ^vlis.e arid good marked their degree of civilization. So now, where Bible truth and Bible morals are spreading abroad !th«ir li^ht, we only find trae haippi- ness and prosperity. We \\ill reif er to Europe. Se:e the difference itlrat has there been produced between the linstitutions- thialt are under the light of the Bible, and those yet loaded with infidelity and supersti- tion. It forms a nationfeility sponger than languages or difference of climate. It separates them more effecttuilly than if divided by the width o-f the Ooean: Look at France and England. What is it that has made the difference ibetween these two peoples? They are separated only by a maiTow straiit-^rapidity of oommu- nieation has almost made the one territoiy verges inlto the other— and yet the- habits of the people mark the line of separation so plainly, that it is impossible for the most careless to pass it with- out obseiwation. In one an air of suspicion will continually come over you. The scrutiny of officers; the strictness of law, bring in an uncertain dread of some danger. You feel thei pangs of servitude. In the other the air is free. You feel secure; no officers gatlier round you besieging for a pass; no. suspicious eyes 11 are oontiniiajlly direeted towards your iiiovem6n,ts. You are in a counitry of firm and oertJairu Iwws. Tihere is certainly a moral influence Itibait has produced tMs difference. Thei seeds of infidelifty and (Supea'stitiorn, sowm early in the minds of it he' French by a poisonous literatrue; by the swvay of popeiry, has defea,ted every efl'ort for Liberty, lias reduced the spirit of fre'edom; kept ithe mind chained in a blind and bigoted prejudice or a careless or desperalte sensuality. And thus while England liais gro'wn justly proiid in lier unisilialcein libeiity, and is extending her empire oiver the seas to every quarter of the world; the Ferncli have wasted tlieir sitrength in the strife® of civilwars, and even no^^■, \vliile they have succeeded in esitlaiblishing- thei names and forms of a Republic, soi lit'tle is slie p.laced on the 'true foun- dation of freedom, that these very forms seem but the turning pivot from wliich she may slide into despotism or amaii-chy. This is the difference' which has been made in the prosperity of these old rival pow'ers. There are olthei- nationis showing a like difference. See Proitestant S'witzerland stainding lin the midst 'of a deseift of supers'tition— a bright spot of liberty among mental' darknes'S and physical servitude. All around have been agitaited by the strifes of civil war, and the clamors of a dissatisfied populace. Yet the land, where Tell raised, the voice of freedom has resited secure and undisturbed in the possession of liberty. With the C-e: nian Confederacies on the north and the Italian States a\ the south, we might suppose the sound of their cannon rolling along the Alps, would have aroused the martial spirit of the Helvitian. But the memiory of 'the Reformers has not yet died in the mouni.airs; and though 'strife and civil commotion have agitated the turbuilent spirits of her neighbors, Switzerlaud has maintained a perfeCit neuiti-ality. Look now ait Itaify, which has nourislied the poelt and painter, where stand the proudest monuments of antiquity— where free as Avater ran the blood of Itliie early mlaiHtyrs. While the world has grown proud in the improvemenits in .art>— in new light in science, Italy has descended by rapid strides from her former greatnesis. While improvements have marked every braneii tha-t could con- tribiite to the pleasure of man— while the elements have been con- vei-ted into engines of use, the feted swamps in Italy, that were reduced to cultivation in tlie .time of the Oaesars, (see "De Arte Poetica,"lin6 63), liave aigiain retui-ned to their ancient Imthsome- niess, giving out anew the noisome pestilence. At the door of this deluded people, has the Bible often plead for entraJice. But they are looked in the oold embrace of superstition and are un- willing to look tlwoiugh the prison bars of their mental servili/ty, to see the bright sunlight, contrasting with the gloom of their dungeon. How poor are all her cities ootmpared witli thek for- m-er°splendor. Rome once the pi-oudest city of the worW, where the luxuries of every nation had all been concentrated, has noth- ing now of that greatness 'biit 'broken columns and fallen temples. Through impeiial Rome, once marched the conquering aa-mies of the Oaesai°s. Ch'er tlie fields of Italy have since miai'ched ithe aa-mies of he Pope, consuming all in their path. Thi^ough the streets of Rome once fildd the. magTiiiicent rites of the ancient heiathen wor- ship; through its streets has since paivaded the scarlet livery of the Pope. But in all tliis pageant, thei-e is nothing but the ■squalid smile of poverty and a vacant istare at gaudy colors, where paide and power, once could give the isemblance of a reverence to an empty supenstition. Greatly lias Rome declined from its former .siplendoi-, and if a Patrician from the Court of Augustus could now arise froim the scattered ruins of his Sepulchre, what a sad change would meet his vision! Even the splendors of the Romish worship, would seem but an empty mummwy— ^a horrid imitation of his once proud city and sacred mythology. Many such examples might be given but Ithey are unnecessary. It is plainly evident that the Bible has caused the diff'ei-ence— has drawn a line between Christianity and idolati-y more dis- tindtly than the light and shade of a,n eclipse tliirt crosises tlie disk of the sum. How sltrange that this Bible; the migMy engine, tliat ha.s revolutionized the world; thalt has stood by the improvements ami leading events of es-ery age; that has caused the revival of claisisical literature, the diffusion of knowledge, a greater exten- sion of moral and civil riglits, shouM receive but a passing atten- tion, from tlnose who profesis to be guided by the high and noble influence of truth. We live in an age when experience and in- tellectu'al effoiTts have cast a lustre of perfection over itllie science 13 of political ethics. Mo'raldsts have seaa'cbed aimoaiig 'the philoso- phy of tire an'oieiilts; they have handled the pure and elevated maxims of Soca-aites aaid Semeca; but aftei- their wearisomie ohase through these woiiks of human intelileot, tlhey have turned to the Bible, the only perfect sysltem of morality. In its. pages alone is discovered the guide, wliileh the mind lias sought in vain thro ug'h all ages. It broke upo.n the heatihera world like a meteor, takin'^ all by isuri>i-ise, casting to the ground the maxims, wliich yeai's hiad ripened to a .seeming perfection. When that sentiment of Terence so new to. the heathen mind was uttered in the Koman theatre, "Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto," the aiw.lienice was iso struck by its novelty and nioiral grealfcnelas thiat they nose as by one impuls.e from tliieir seats a.nd broke foatli in the loudesit applause. But ho\\' much more grand a.nd noble was the precept, w'liioh fell from the lips of Clurist as a,n humble peasant: "Love thy neighboir as thyself."' In this was oo'neentrated the chief good of all moiiality. From this starting point light opened upon tihe world. ^Man. was taught his simple, perfecit duty to hi.? fellow,, '"LoNe thy neighbor as thyseilf." How com- pleite the instruction! Row stamped \vith the impress of Deity! crafty or ambitious jjolicy is opened to our views — no path of ex- pedien.cy, that woukl mark a man df this world. Christ did not advise siubmissiton till the changing times might afford a favor- able c'hance for i-e\olution. But depa.i?ting fno-m that cusitom tiiat liad drenched the would in blood, he comprehended the whole dut\- of NU'bmisision in this simplie ijrecept. "Kendeir unto Caesar the thi-ngs thait are Caesar's, and unto Cod the things that are Cod's." Such is perfect morality, and by its side the maxims of luiman wisdoiu Slink into merited insignificance. I'ljoai these instruiitions— this mora,rity alone—can be fomided the prGsperity and happiness of a nation. Had Spain been guided by the Bible instead oif a bigoted fury to spreiul Papal supremacy; iiad she pursued that simple instruction, towards \wr unsophisticated neig'h'bors of Jliexieo and Peru, her chivalric and daring sons might have been to this day, the supreme rulers of the sea. Had French kings been more' honest and Less crafty in execut- li iug ttieir pi-omises, the vine hills of Fraiw* would Ithis day have eijboed to the glad sound of Freedom. Had benevolence moa-ie itihan ambition a-ctuaited the Sovereigns of Europe; had they loved more the prosperity of Peaoe, «then the splendors of W!ar, tliere would have floiuished a garden luxuriance AN-here now is desolaltion, ignorance and servitude. But times ane changing and will continue in tllieir onward progress. Let Us not be behiiDd in receiving ithe upward spirit. The glory whidi tes hung round the names of Ailexander and Bonaparte, has heen divested of its magic, and behind in hoorid cliaa-acters plainly appears their crnel enormiities, wMle the names of Washington, Quincy, the Adamses, will ever be enshrined in the hearts of men. The day is at hand when the greatest glory, the aim of amhition, will be embodied in these nofele WOTds : "He lived; he died, a Christian Stateism^an." ^^ALEDICTORY ORATION", of t:1ie Graduating Class o^f tlie Year 1851. Deli\ero'(l Before tlie PeitHiessopiaii Society of Paitgws College, June 10; 1851. THE AMERICAN ALUMNUS. By William Lounsbery of Stone Ridge, N.. Y. It has often been said 'that men are never so impoi1ta,njt in their own eyes, as. wlieni they ening manhood, prond in bodily strength, we would be dull indeed to look with indiflerence or dread upon the business of tilie world, just opening 'before us. We have 16 energies that have never been dampened by thie ernes of the world; Ave Wave faciillties untried and eager for ladtiom; we have >tihe niaitural impatience .to be at some work, which will marlc us as men. The fieM Ides before us iw which we are tto commence a<^ion; it seemis loaded witih fruit ready for the i-eaiier-witih a.n .abundant 'harveisit ^^•ailting for our lia,rtds to gaith,er. Wherevea- we turn, thei-e are roads laid open that only seem to require the Ivand of diligence to yield abundant sucicess. Such is our situation., with everything itrauspii-ing to, make us confident aud invigorate us with pleasant anticipations. We lare really strong, and let no on© check Itlie exuberanloe of hope that the*^toil,s of rife and increasing difficulties will soon enough destroy. A slight degree of romance is congenial to the raa,nly spirit a,nd properly tempers the iniactiviity o* mature and the cal- culating movements of ReE^s-on. It is always the paa-t of genius to illumine the patli in front witli confidence in its own powers, and when difficulties would make it despair, it scoims to disap- point its fair laid hopes. It is sti-mulated by obs^taeles, and rises prouder in self reliance with every exertion. Youth, healtih, strength, confidence are all ours, ,and we are for the world. What brighiter triumph can be imagined than this season of life. But besides this happy time oif youth and hope there are other aecidenits conspiring to our a^dA-antage. We are American youth. A free and happy country is before us. With talents and application; with health and temperance, we can all trend with firm ami unbTOken step tlie pajth to fame and virtuous am- bition. Our eoimitry maikes our sitiuition important, our pros- pects brilliant. There is no despotism Ito check rising genius; no fear of power to oppose the clear developmenlts of mind. All ]da;ces are open^all invite our attention and promise success. With itlveise advanitages, which we derive from naiture and our country, it would be strange if we owed them no dirties. We are not so entirely in their possession that they need not cultiva- tion and protection. We do owe duties to ourselves and our countiy,.and niow as we sitand here- let us decide how we will per- form them as returns for the benefits we receive at their hands. Whatt punsuit shall we follow in life? This question has agitated the mind Iri' every age. Tt is no 17 less perplexing now. The fable of Hercules has losit none of its foiTce and meaning coming down to our own times. Tlie deeeiv- inig nianineirs of vice ihave: as yet losit none of tfiieir beguiling in- fiuences. Vii'tue now as in tliet day of Hercules hats most ad- mii-ers. Butt vice lha.s yeit lier crowd of foEowers, lured on by her deceitful appearance. Thin hero of the ancient mythiology is placed in the fable in the i)OiSition in which w© are now standing to choose between two roadis. — on the one side- le&din(g to \4rtuous aotions and bappineiss; on the. other side Ito vice and niiseiy. "Oh, what noble minds are here o'erthroiwn." How many unlike Hercules have failed to chooisie the road ;to virtue, aind listened to the song o.f 'the Syren until she transformed hem into beaists. In view of the duties we owe to ourselves and our country how important, is the decision of the question each one of uis has now to decide for himselif. Wliat roiad shall we puT*sue? Whajt position in the world shall we occupy? A favorite road draws many into its tangled maaes. Seduced by atltraetive promiseis, flushed by transient sujcoeiss crorwds invade the thorouighfare to jwlitica;! power. An eager throng of young men with a "vaulting lambitiom which o'erlelaps itself" are now pursuing with mad fury the laurels of place and office. It is no doublt an unhappy proclivity for the youthful mind and an un- happy tendency of our political institutionis thait they draw a crowd of unnatuHally excited and ambitious youth into the political arena. Experience has fully demonsiti-ated, that age alone caja give weight and certainty or the hopes of perpetuilty to our in- sitntionis. What consistency can be predicted of the mad party sipirit ■which is now fomented by the rash inltruision of young and inexperienced men into lthe> ma-nagement of our poli'tical ma- chinery? What hopes of the continued iM-osperity of our beloved country can be enteiitained when the reins of governnneinit fall into untried liands. It is too true in politics that "Fools rush in Where Angels fear to tread." Let us learn rather to temper our activity so that we do not become rash 'and ungovernia.ble. While pursuing our course upward and onward let us turn from the dangerous defiles that will at la.Rt lose you in the untracaible mazes of the mountain forest. See as an illustnation, the man of the Alps. He pursues his course in the bleak winds from the top of those Alpine hills and is seen far up the craggy peak, 3 18 oontenditig witli ilie sionn of snow and sleet. Not the sound of the cold blast, not the enticing voice of the nlaiden could con- vince him tliat it was beyond his power to craitrona.ge we have been instracted and prep,ai-ed for the activities of life. It is with no ordinary emotions of gratitude, that we welcome you on this occasion. Your earnefst and imtiring efl'oa-ts for our comfort, as well a-s improvement, have united in this in- stitution the lirst social and literary advantages: have made this a place where we can indulge the pleiasm-es of taste aaid the finer feelings of the soul, \\hile we expand ithe mind witli truths of science and the wide field of literature. You have smTounded these abodes of study wiitli objects of ornament and thus largely contributed to increase the pleasm-es of our academic life. With devoted enthusiasm you have employed your influence that this College should maintain its equal standing ^vith the old and time honored of this country; that it sliiould have a name and reputation worthy of its real merits. You have well succeeded. And it is a just reward for yom- exentions, tliat tliis institution, fostered by your diligence, can claim an equality with others revc'recl. for age and their conjiection with our coiintry's early history. We have the predictions of men in the sunset of life and the exentionis of active patrons 'to give us reasons to say your laboi-s liave not been in vain and that this Oolle'ge will flourish a (Safeguard to liberty, and a^n honor to all who have received its instructions and united for its suppoi-it. You have this assiu-ance to satisfy yomr declining years and guarantee the honest appreciation of your actions by a gi'ateful posterity. 30 Mr. Presideiait: Wc liave received the first fruits of your use'fulness and devoted zeal in advancing the interests of this College. The announcement of yoxir name to fill the chair o.f our late and wo-rthy President was hailed by all wilth joy. Your coinnection with the movements of philantliTopy in this coimitry and youi- great succeiss in other spheres of action, filled our minds with an aj-den desire, to see the remainder of your days de\'o)ted to our favorite institution. Our wishes have been largely gratified. We salute you with g^-ateful regurd for the kind offices we have received at your hands; for your devoted eflorts for our improvem-ent; for your zealous care over our in- tellectual and moral education. We feel assured that we depart for the world with your best wisiiets and earnest supplieationis for our success. We wish you fullness of years in your labors of love and the peaceful end of a siatisfied conscience. Like as a shock of corn cometh in his seasoni. Gentlenieu of the Faculty: We greet you no uioa-e by tlie name of iteiacher, but your example and the influence of your actions are not so easily effaced. In realty we are sitill the aohoians of your precepts and though yea.rs and seas may sep- arate us, the remembrance of your instruotioras will yet tell upon our thoughts and be incentives to new exertions. There is a grandeur belonigiug to the virtuous teacher that is .siuperior to the usual forms of moral excellence. While others labor for the present the fruits of his eft'oiits will lasit for ages. While the good deeds of some terminate with their lives, his chanacter is still transmitted through others with increasing influenice. As our respected and loved teachers, we salute you and thanlc you for your generous and self sacrificing efforts foi- our improve- ment. The jealousy of authority ha.s now ceased, and we can look with real thankfulness upon youi- reproofs, ami see the real value of your instructions.. You have taug'Wt us that the mer- cliandise of wisdom is bdtter itlian the merchandise of silver and -the gain thereof • tlian fine gold. May her right haml extend to you length of dayis and her left hand ever lead you in the ways of pleas autness and the paths of peace. Clas'smates: This brilliant scene iis our introduction, to the world. Is it indeed a subject of congi-atulation that we are now to launch on the sea of life? We know this day is one 21 of triumph to the youlthlul hemt, and we greet you to its full cujoj^ment. As a ship spreads ber oa.nvas and bends gayly to the breeze of the opening voyage, so doi we Itook with gladness upon the fair promises of this gay scene. We know that beyond there a.iie storms and itroubles, buit the bright day o.f our opening life .shall be one' of joy. Let no bitter thoughts mingle' \/ith pacing. Let the brightness of this day nerve> us for the dif- ficulties (tliat may afterwards arise. Let the applause we now receive, so grateful to youthful liope, dire<:t our .Uiouglits upwards to aspire. "For a name and a fame above tlie blight of Earthly breath Beautiful— beautiful and brighit In life and deatth." Wlion .the phantoms of eartlily greia'tness and its applauses shall have vanished, may our thoughits be fixed upon the glory •that is never dimmed by vicLssiitudes of fortune, but remains evJr perfect as the fountains of light. Ladies and Getntlenien of New Brunswick: Our salutations to you are ming^Ied ^^■i.th I'eal gladness. The interest you have always manifested in our welfare and your presence on this oc- caision, are tokens of your regard worthy our warm^est gTati- tude. In your society we have had the ^-eloome of generous hospitality; an^d the .idvanteiges of your intercourse have made our re.sidence here both pleasaiit and instructive. You can be assured that the kindness you have ever exhibited has not been unappreciated. Cbnneeted with thds institution and its fond as,,soe,ations will eNer be cherislied the bright remembrant-e of Ne«' Brunswick and its citizens. By our intercourse^ with you ^ye have still kept bright our connection Avith the world, and have not forgotten that our destiny ^^■as beyond ourselves-that ^ve have a broader field of action than our personal interests Our studies have thus instead of cheris,hing asceticism and a disgust tor the ^^'orld, made thie objects of life more- dear and unHed us closer to ,ts pmctical duties. In this way you have framed our nnnds for the world and laid before as a bright road for the tuture. We gwet you here at our entl-ance uipon Life We know by your examples and our ov;n experience that it is a s-tern reality. As we start into its doubtful mazes we are not enter- 23 ing upon! fairy grouiidls— as ear,pe,t kmigWbs in tlie gay toiu-iia- ineut. The bright eyes of this assembly will not always reign infiuenee. Life is real; Life is earnest, and to meet its stern re- quirements we canmot live lalways in these gay soenes. There is an influenoe attaehed to us^ that must be exerted for the world. We go from these halls otf literature to make a paa-t of the character and pragi^es® of socieity. If coiTuption shall ever settle upon oui- instiltutioms ; if civilization and ad- vancemea^t in our free and happy land are ever turned back- ward to their sources, and th«ise bright promise ev&r covered with primitive darkness, it will be oansed by the influence of liiiterary men in perverting and debasing an enlightened pubHc opinion. The safety of our counltry is not based on laws. The ivations of the east for six 'hundi-ed years maintained their indfi- pe^ndenee until a corrupt taste and a corrupt litei^ature, without any impoi^tant change of government, destroyed their ancient organizations and left nio ves^tige of their former greiatnms. This will be the end of our happy land if education is once pervented to administer to the depraved tastes and passions of men. We know that a pure literature is our country's strong defender. Let us then act wnthy of our high reisponsibilities, and show when the age of our falthens shall have grown' in a good antiquity, that this country is yet strong in its primitive Union— that the sipirit of Liberty is invincible. LEADING EDITORIALS. By William Lounsbery, Selected from the Ulster Democrat. INTEODUCTORY. (Deoembei- 7, 1854.) The readers Oif tlie Deiuoerait -are doubtless prepared, by the short, yeit comprehensive, farelweill of its former proprieitor, con- tained in the last naMnber, ito receive, without surprise, the iwtro- duotiory of his suceeisisofl-. By relering to the head of this issue, it will be reme'Uibered, by those whio kniow us, tha.t we reoeived our inisitniction in the mysteries of :the craft, fromi our predeces- sor, the originator of this paper; who, being compelled by bodily afflictions to retire from the ediitbdaJ chair, which for the past eight years, he hais filled with so much honor to himself, and siat- isfactiooi to his patrons, noiw resigns it to tois former pupil. And here, at the threshold of his future dutJies, the apprentice of for- mer years begs leave, publicly, to acknowledge his indebtedness to his friendly instructor, for the faithfulness and kindness- with which he imparted tliat knowledge, which will now be called inJto requisition. In thus a-ttemptiiig the work before us, we feel that we are undertaking a laborious and difficult task. No position is more delicate and responsible, than that of a conductor of a weekly journal. With many prejudices to eneouniter, many taisites to please, many opinions to re^view, and withal some irtdeipendenice to maintain, we ishall, probably, be unable to- avoid coining in con- iliet Avith some one's prejudices, or opinions, or offending some one'is ta.s;tes. Added to this, is the eonisitant and ceaseless toil, absolutely neceissary to the profession. The judge may adjourn 24 his court, the seh'ool and tlie woa-k-sliop may close tlieir sliutiters, the mourner may veil his feiaitures, and turn boith friend and stranger from his door; but the journalist must toil tirelessly on, forgeitltinig today the sorrow of yesterdiay, and daily battle with some nie\A' difficulty. The paiper must appear, wiiatevei- be the private burden Promlence imposes upon the ed'itoi-'s heart and brain. But we come to the discharge of oui' dutiets, strong in the courage of an earne'sit de.sire to prove ourselves worthy of the confidence and support of the patrons of ithe Democrat, and the friends of om- earlier days. The Democrait, while it remaiins under our charge, will be a faiithful and fearJesisi advocalte of the principles of the N'ationa.1 Democracy. — Originally laid dO\\'n by Jefferson, the founder of our political faiith, tliey have eff'edtually withstood the efforts of our opponents to prove them fellaciouis, ajid guided this luation safely through dangers from internal and secitional jealousies and inter- nal foes. Broad and national in their applioation, disitinigui'shing between the powers conceded t)o thej (leneral Government, and those wliiich are reserved to- theniselves by tlie scA-eral states, and acknowleidging the political equality of aJl citiizenis, thiey are at once the pride and glory of the true friends of the Union. We mujSifc ithiei-ef&re, of necessiity, oppose and condemn the course of the present administration', ndt only because' ilt has forsaken the Jeffersoniian faith, but because Jt has introdviced into' the Demo- cratic paiitj^ — ^^the i>a.rty that placed it in power, telsits at variance with that faith, and odious in themselves, and made the result of the application of saich teisits, the basis of its pers'onal favors and fro\vn)s. Regarding the Slavery quelstion as settled iby the Ne^braiska Bill, we shall, withoult exjjressing our opinionis of the mode by which that settlemenlt was effected, oppose all efforts to re- open the same, ami commence legislation aai'ew upon a smbject fraught with so much dianger to the Union; earnestly looking for the re- sailt which it is claimed that Bill will secure; viz, the principles of popular -sovereignty. We 'have no apprehensions of the dismiemberment of the Xational Democi-atic party, in the poliitical commotions that are now taking place. We feel confident, that conservative doctrinies Avill always bind together, a sufficient number of pure and pa- 25 triotie minds, unswayed by exeoujtive patronag'e, and iinc?orrupted by party spoils, to protect us fnoim ddsuinion, or the madnieas of radioali'sm. To the Nationlal Demo«raltic party of the Statte of New York — ^a pai"ty purified of coaruption, cleiar and explicit in the enunciiaition of its creed, trieid in the furnace of adversity, untainted with side issue's', or the infamous measures of a venal administration — we therefor'e fix our political faith, iand give our unwavering suppoi-it. With regard to the other departments^ of the paper, it will he our aim to present articles that will tend to instruct the mind, de\'elop the affections, and refine the taisites. We shall endeavor to satisfy all literary preferences, bj' giving stories for lovedorn damsels, jokes for the mirthful, sipecula'tdons for idealtiists, facts for the uitilitarilan, and reason for the grave and strong-minded, always choosing or \n'iting our article® on the principle of "much in little." In thus entering into new and interesting relations -with the readers of this paper, we hoipe we may pursue a ooirrse, that will resiult in profit and pleasure to both. But both proprietor and patrons should rememiber, that as 'the benieifits of such a. relation are mutual, so also are the burdens. \\Tiile. therefoi*', we strive to give them a paper worthy of their support, we trust they will feel their obligations to supply us, as soon as due, with that "ma- terial aiid," so lessential, especially in these "hard times," to O'ur undertaking. Paying the amount required for fifty-two numbers of our paper may be a small thihg for our paltroms, but a failure to receive it, is much, very much, bo us. Thus having introduced ourselves to our patrons and readers, we go forth to future duties, hoping that We may present thehi with a paper, Worthy of their support, a.nd that our friends will lend a helping hand to increase its circulation, and extend its usefulness. W^HAT ARE THE ISSUES? (June 7, 1855.) A new political revolution has itia.ken place in this country, completely demolishing the old party oragnizations. The' i'ssuea on which they were divided are obsolete. There is not left of them, in the whole Union a fragment large enough to be dignified 4 23 by the name of a party. Like the des'truotion- of 'thie temple of Jerusalem itheiir annihilation' has been ,so complete that tberte is not one s;tone of tlieir gigantic and noble proportions resting upon another, that has not been thrown down. It is no pleiasantduty for us to record the dissolution of that immense org-anization that has bome s'o proudly and suiocessfulh- the appellation of the Democratic party— a party, relying upon the glory of the admin- isitraitions of Jefierson and Jackson, whose names were worth a thousand men— a party dignified by its successes and worshipped foil- its name.— But it has become e,vident that thouigh prineiples •never change, pa'rtieB may, amd that 'this great orgianization with all thcBe elements of strength and vigor, has become the victim of a powerful revolution in public senitimeni*^ over AVhieh party leaders and individual efforts ha.ve had no conitrol. — ^a current of national feeling that cannot nio\v be stemmied. It becomes our painful duty then, as a part Oif the record of the times, to acknowledge that the great Democratic party, "of which we were a part." is no more. Babylon, the gi-eat is fallen — is fallen. We wonkl do injustice to truth and tlie names of the great statesmen with, which this pairlty arose to isay that its dissolution was caused by the unpopulartity of the principles on which it wa's foivmded. We aclcnoiwledge the dissolution of the political machinery by Avhich these principles were sustained a^nid adA^o- icated, bult the principles themselves are not the subjecits of rcA'O- lution- — ^^they are the emanations of minds that understood thor- oughly the genius and structure of our country, and they have s^tood the tesit of public discussion, and been vindicated by our nlatiooiial prosperity, and they are now conceded by all parties throuighout the country. It may seem sitranige that a i>arty, whose principleis have been coruceded to be correct, by the whole coamtry, should dissolve; but a moment's reflection will convince any one that it is a most nia/tural resiilt — 'thialt when an organizaition hasi effected its objects there is no lon/ger a necessity or an excuse for its existence^ — ^and that principles upon which the whole country unite, cannot be the dogmas of a party of the ctiimtry. It becomes, then, like the well-favored and fat kine in the dream of Phai'oah, which did ea^ up the ill-faA'Ored and lean kine. Such has been thie result, as betweer ihe Democratic and 27 Whig ihai-ties,, and it may be safely siiid, iliat tliere lias mi been a, political coiitest tliroiighoiut the whole Union since tlie pnesd- dential election of 1852, that has noit turned upon the issues of these two parties. There can no lounger be aji enthusiasm ex- cited on the subjects of the United SItates Bank, independence of the treasury, protective tariff or extension of territory. Each !of these subjects are now at rewt tliroughbut the whole coiuntry— and with the exception O'f a small fadtion of abolitionists in Mas- sachusetlts, there is now an entire undersianding on tlie question of the comparaitive powers of the Sta,te and general govern- ments, including the quesltion of slavery and internaJ improve- ments. The utter decay of enthu^siasm upon these issues was mani- fested etirly in the presidenltial camiKiigii to which we have just alluded. The candidate of the Whig party, with a better judg- ment than he exliibited in some of his siibsequefflt acts dui-ing tilie canvass, ^discovered, ,tliat opposition to the; democra,tic principles had become palpably insuflficieiDt to m^ain.tain the Whig pa.rty through the campaign, and that unless^ some^ new question was involved in the contest there \^^as great danger that the whole electoral college M-ould unite upon his adversary. Om- country AAias then so divided beltwen the two political parties, that the foreign foe held the balance of po\ver in a large mLuuber of the S'tates. General Scott calculated with great plausibility, that if he could obtain that vote he would carry the election. His suc- oeiss with the foreign \-ote and in the oamtpaign is familiad- to- ixM. It \^^as evident thait the Democratic party, with its name, with the friends in their ranks that it had bem feeding foa- a long time at tlie public crib, and with the many offices it had at its disposal to bestow upon those that provetl themselveis worthy in the contest, had too stTOng a bold on the support of the foreign voite to lose it simply ])y General Scott's admiration of the '•rich Irish brogue" and that '"fine German aocenlt." An arrangement was, indeed, made in •tliat election between William H. Seward a,nd Ardlibishop Hughes, by which General Scott received the largest pa.rt of the Roman Catholic vote, but the am-angement was discovered befwe the election, and in Xew Jei-sey, where it was Ijetter understood than any where else, it carried over a larger number of the native and protestant votes to 28 Ills advei'sary tliaii was gained by it. and New Jersey, Scoitt's oAva State, and a stroiigliold of tlie ^Mijg party, very imexpeicited- ly gave a large Demoei'atic majority. This was the iaisit effort of the ^^"ll;ig party as a national or- ganiziVtion, and sAnee that time the isisueis of 'the old parties liave been complietely lost sight of, and. the State ©lectionst have all turuied upon local quesitions that can have no bearing npoui tlie natiunail politics, or at Least upon wliich no na,tionial party can unite. Within the Jalsit year itihe American party "has sprung up — 'the outbursit of a public 'semtiment that has been for a muim'ber of years fesitering in the minds of the people., and which ha;s before this made several imefl'ectual efforts at development. In every case it bas hung upon the bqi'deirs of the old isisues, and been Oiverwlieimeid by tliieir paramount impontance. But its appear- ance at thiis time, wlh'en old dogmais have become obsioleite, and its sudden growth into an issue of oontroilling interest, and its suc- cesses in nea.rly every pairt of the Union;, ailiows the strength witih wiliich it has seized the public mind. The question whether Americans shall rule America, or not, is one that cannot no,w be "crushed out" by the old party leaders, or by the iwweris of an ojjposing adniinistnation. It is an issue that must be fairly mcit, aind if it is overcoime, it wild be oivei'coane on ts o'wn merits. The late election in Virginia is significant as to the political issues of next presidential election, and gives a definite color to the ohameleon-hued politics into whiich^ the couiitiy has been involved sinice 1852. Situated at the centre of the political arena — the "Mother of Presidents" arid the mamiifaicttory of poMtieal creeds, Virginia has always liiad a great influence u|)on the constaiiction of parties, and may now bo taken as a safe index of the nationai sentiment. The American party, oi'ganiized but one year a.g0', was imi thait election A\ith difficulty defeated by the remnant oif tlie old politi- cal parties, and the •s^hiale power of the g'eneral goveirnment.— A number of tlie old Democratic papei's claim the victory of Henry A. \Yise, the anti-x\nierican candidate in that election, as a tritini;ph of the Demoeratic party. It is strange, if tliier claim be true, thait the old Whig paipers of thite State are quite a's fu- rious in their rejoicing as th^ey ever were at the suoeesises oers speak daily of the momina- tions made by the Ameirioa-n party, and it-s^ adversary tlmoughout the whole extent of the country. In this- State the troojis are nmr-shalling for the conflict in the fall election, and we see the old ongans of the Seward fiactiom in cbse communion with the old lieadea-s of the Democratic party, preparing to gWe the new party a warm reception. W'itli iixg-enuity and experiemce in political corruption, the old party leaders are endeavoring to entangle the new organization with local and sectional prejudioes, but they will fail in their alttempt'S. But a sma-11 po-rtion of th^e people of ithis country are carried away by sectiiomal anid fanatical enthusiasm, a.nd tlie masses are av>ers,e to agitati-ng dognias that will be da.ngeiroiis to the. pelace and li^arnDony of the I'mioii-. After such sentiments the AuioricHu party is formed, with objeets- distiniotly and pm-eJy natio'iiial. Tine evils it -sieeks to remedy meniace all tlie States alike. Its opi>oncnits two in all tine States,, and ha,ve a national onganfizatiton-. The fesues are thus already maide up in which political parties are to be divided thnouglhout the country. Let .the American citizen weligih careifully his doctrines, and see en Avli-icih side of the 10 question he is to be found. YiQur ohoice will be to support or oppose the pmieiples of tlie Araerican j>arty. Your did aliliances liave no longer any vitality. Let not yovijrscilveis be led. by tliem into sentimeiit and prineipleis to vvibidi yofu "will have a natuml and unconquerable antipathy. — Obsierv© eareifully the direotiou in which tlie chang«(s are leadinig j^ou, ami be no-t led aiway into a 2)ositioii tlva/t wiill -stultify all your preiconiceived niatiions of na- -tional policy. Ldt youi-'selvies niot be insitruments in the hands of corrupt 2>olitieians, ^to oppose what you believe the best in- tei'esits oif your eountry. A CONSERVATIVE PARTY. (June 21, 1855.) We have boeii several times oliangied by the Kingston J ounial, Avitih making an effort to organize a "(ireat conservative party for tlie prcsei'\iaitioin of the Union." It wias aipparently a matter of surprise ajid ridicule to the editor of that paper, thiat any one could engage seriously in such a nefarious undertaking, but how ittucli greaiter musit be the surprise, wl en he finds tliat we have actually succeeded — tthlat a great Union -preserviing party has .sprung up witli healing on its wings^, to inaugurate a new life aiid vitality to the Union-preserving isentiment of the co'imtry — to deaden sectional prejudicels, and to vivify Oiur naitioinality and in- vigoi'ate om* ^^eople \viith a new love for that G'onsitiltutioii which was adopted by the people oif thesie Uniilted States, "In order to form a more jjerfect Union, esltaJblish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for thie ooimanon defense, promote the general welfaa'e, and secure the blesisings of Iiibeilty to ourselves and our posterity." iSuch are the objects for which the Coinstitutino of these United States was formed, and the same objects still exisit for their union. Thie editor of the Journal charges uis with the wicked intc^nt of forming a grea,t conservative party, for tlie pur- pose of perpetuating tliat Union. The crawiiing oau"a.g!e upou th^ feelings -of the Journal is thait the pailty is. orgaiiiized, and we lay betfore our readers today, in another column, the platform of tlie American Party, adopted by the Nabibnal Oonvenltion at Phila- delpliia,, ais a consummation of our effoiits at a "groat Union -pre- serving ])arty." To the crime with which we stand charged in the Journal, we inlake a free and openi oonfessioii. 31 "That vre teve ita'en thie old man's daiigliter, It is moisit true — ^tnve we iliave married her, The very head and fnonjt of our offending." ^\'e present tine platform to our readens as it stands. We think it unnecessary to apologize to our readers for thei course we have talcen, or to claim any credit for tlie consistency, with Avhdch we ha,ve pursued it. Th.ere is in every Ame.rican patriot, an exuberant and spomtaneouis love for ithe Uniion of these United States — for our whioile great country, thait will never succomb to a seotiomal famalticiisni. The objects for wliich the Uniion was formed can be as well aocomplisheil by alloiwing ea,ch State to adopt its o\^Ti social system, whether it recognize Slavery or Mor- monism, or A\iiether the |>eop!le believe in the Chris tian reiliigioTi or Mohammedanism. At 'the Xorith we do not recognize Slavery as a part of our social system. We believe: — that is, itihe raxy&t of u!s believe in the doctrines of the Ohrisitiain religion; in the South, ■the iu'sititution of Slavery is a pai-t of their social system; in Utah polygamy is eatablished, and the Chinamem in California are pagans. Can tlte isitaitesmian diseover SLXvy reason in all this, why the union of these different social s,>isttems, for the purpose of mutual pro'teotiion, anld for the extension otf the blessingis of free republican institutions should be divided into a,s many dif- fei'ent section's, as there a.re differences of oipinioinls in these serious questions? We are luvman and falible^ — they are the saiUie in other Staltes. We think we are right in our opinion — ihey are proba.bly equally honest ini theirs; and a. decent respect for their opinions and a becoming modesty for our own, will serve greatly to quiet and soioth a philanthropy on our part that may, after all, be a mistaken one. If our oipinions are correct, — for certainly cannot be predicated of the correctness of a system of morality of human invenition — tlnen calm discussion will ulti- mately convince those that are in erroi-; or if ithey a-re riot con- vinced by argiunents, ithey will haA^e the benefits of our example and experience; but if all thiis fails, we certainly ought not to cut them off from all la'ssociations with our more enlighitened theiorieis of society, and plaice them as outside barbarirans, beyond even the hope of reformation. With ithe Union of the State's, rigfht sysltems of society, jus- tice and good morals will steadily gain gi'ound — with a dissolution 32 of the Union, civil wars, expensive gorv'erninien'tis, a-ntl blue evils always attendinig nevoilutioins, will isend back -the sifcrieam of pro- greisis for nmny yeiaTS, and foirever blaist the brigiht anitidipiaitions thiat nioiw rest upon this experim'einit of free and papular institu- tilonls. THE AX/TI- SLAVERY STAMPEDE. (xliigust 2, 1855.) A few weeks isinoe thle political heavens aissumed a thireaiten- ing aspect. The hopes excited by the principles wh'ich prevailed in the National! Oonventiooi of the Ameriean panty at Philadel- pliia, on tilie ,s'u!bjecit of Slavery, were almost entareily cnisihed. by 'the pros.pect thait a few miseraible parity leaders of fanaitical negro lovers had deistroyed the unanlimLty of that decisiom, and retiiudiat- ed its action. It did seem for a while a.s if there werei wsome reason iii thle advice O'f our very polite and patnoinizing editor of the Joui-nal for advising young men who desired political prefer- nieinit ito 'attach thenifielHieis tioi the gi'eat nortihern aniti-slavery liberty movement. It did .seeni as if MaissacihiUisieitbs had become vinaniimoiusily aboiliitiioni, and ithat Wil'sbii!, tlarriisoini aiud Parker Avere on the nio'st direct rood to becotme cano^nized in a neiw cata- logaie of saints, and that ScAMard was to be rushetl on the light- ning train.over an air-linte road, in)to the' preislidcntial chair. All parties were astonished at this ne;w moivemient, wliich abolished the old system of planks and platforms, and proposed to run i,ts oamdidates over a track ■wiithout platform or tlepot, straight into office, propelled by the highcLsit fa,ntatt)ieal, aboliltioni, freedom, lib- erty, anlti-Nebraiska. stea.m pressure. The editor of oiiu" Deimo- eratic Journal thouglit the idea was plausible and has taken his paisisage in one of thie fi-rst trains. He has, he says, "some cor- respondents in this County of whom othei- thinlgs might be ex- ]>etcted, but they aire ready to join with hiin in the gifaat Republi- can movement." We have seen the first Hush of its prosperity. Let us niot, liioiwever, be deceived by these first aippeairanceis. The early proselytes of a new faith are not the safest men, and there will be found a grea:t many in this country who do not like to bo rusilied aloing in such a fast train: There are men that examine the time table and the direction of the train, be- fore they erugage tickets. The national, patriotic, and reason- ing men of the country have not been eaiTieid away so suddenly, 33 and it is pleasant to iheav from bh'oni in this crisis of the Union and conserYative principles. Tlie follonving is a portion of the Baccalaureate addiress of the Hon. Theodore Frclinghuytsem, Presi- dent of Rutgers College, and a candidate for tih«^ office of Vice- President in 1844, on tlie ticket with He my Clay, which toudhes this question: "Another matter of very anxiouls import, in its relation to our welfare ais a nation, will have a sihare in your concern. Do- mestic (Slavery has been for many years a fruitful theme for morail and political discussion, and is noiw assuming a graver aspect— that often alarms even thei most tria.uquiL I only de- sire here a feiw words, to impress upon yoiu- minds a ruling thought tliat slhouM always have its place in the discnssions of this interesting matter. It is not aar oa-iginal quesition. It cannot be regarded even aiS a simple abstract proposition in morals. It is complicaltetl with sb many interests), and holds such peculiar relations to the country, tlhat we oatnnot dispose of it a.s a mere ail>straetion. When tliei cOiiDstituition of the United States was under advisement by the law of nations, a slave escaping to a free country became free. The Slaveiholding States wew unwil'ling to form a union upon the basis of the intei-nati'onal law between imdepende:nt Stateis. Tliey proposed to the free States, if you wish to unite with us and thus form one people, in etoBer bonds than by the generali la,w of nations, then this law of the fugitive -slave must be so modified that we shall have the samei right to ireiclaim in your State, tliat we now (have in any countty in our own Stote. Oiu- forefathers aigreed to this modification, and the thirteen colonieis unaarimouS'ly aidopted it, and thus leflt slavery ;a domestic institution in all the States wliere it existed. This is tlie true' political state of the question, and therefore we earniOt disturb it. As a, gTeat moral and social evil, it is open to free consideiraibion and debate, as are all other matters peiltaining to morail duty. But po- litically we agreed to leave ilt wJiere we found it, and that was with the slaveholding States, with all its responsibilities. The whole case is with tlhem. It is a gi'avely momentous subject, encompassed by perplexing difficulties, that call for deliberation and candor, and good temper. And more than this — it invokes afresh the cherislied and fraternal feelings that formed the 5 34 Ainei'ican eonstitution. — which Jiais so long and so illustriously shoiwn how nuieh of human! wisdom and forecaisit, aJid. how much more of Divinie bemgnilty, crowned the first great experim^ent of a free and se'lf-governed people. ^iay it be perpetuaL! May no irash hand mar it-s gloiry, or da.re disturb its foundationis. Should not almost eighty years of prosperous freedom ple'ad for our Union? Should not, the smiles of God's favor towards us, fo.r all that time, hush Ih*- mxu'murs of disconiteiit amd persuade us rather to patience and hope? Let us wait for the healings of time, a.nd kindnesis and the sure gTowth of betltei- feielings, ihiat will follow the spread and power of the Gosipel of peace. Let us, for the sake of human liberty, and miaiii's laist hope, wa;it, and 'be^ar and forbear — in the fear of God and a living pnayier for His guidance." The Republican movement in ithis State has a peculiarly bad odor about it. It is controlled by the mem wlho. have fi.giu-ed in thie political tliimblie-rigging operationis at Albany for a mim- ])er of years, spoiling the treasury and manufacturing a. maze of ])olitical machinery. We eannoit iseie into it anything so loveable that it would be eommendaible for young men or old men to tack their fortuneus to it,, either on account of tlhie; alboldtioTi smell of the principles, or Ithe sulphur smell of the leaders. We harve, ho^^1ever, three newspaperis in this Oounty that seem dis- posed to take doiwn the Avliole unadulterated mixture, niggers and all. They are tihe EHe.nville Journal, -whoiSie editor intends to lea\'e for Kaaiisas as soon as the society becomes sufficiently weilil settled in that eoimtry to make his' valuable life secure be- yond the uncea'tain hazzard now run by placing it in the ^•icinity oif the uncivildzed people, and deadly weapons' which aire now said to abound there; tine Kingston Joiu-nal, whose Siamese twin editors have beeai so much taken up Avlth the succesis of tire Rus- sians in the Crimea and signal failure of the "Stinlv Pots," that they have been unfortunately deluded into the' course by a couple of veiy reispectaible correspondents, .whose initiails are only to bo given to the j)ublic; and lastly, the Rondout Courier, whose principle writer bus been so diligently engaged in abusing the ministers of our Count}^ and developing the beauties of the search and seizure' clause of the IMaine liquor lla^v, that he only woke into a political exisitemce by accidentally stumibling over 35 the extract from PreiSiidenit Freliug'huyseii's Baccalaureate, above quoited. He gives us, in his article of last Aveek, a Sievere judg- uieint on the eourse of instruction, tliait formed his early cliai'- aeter, and a vei-y unfeeling- rebuke to the President for pro- n(niiK'ing' such "old fogy" doctrines to tllie youthful gTaduate. It is certainly evident that the writer to which we have alluded is not desiro^llS, nor does he sieem tO' be in a situation to tdirow much credit on the institution at wliich 'lie graduated, or much streugtli in the cause lie has commenced to advocate. We have all along had Siuffi'cieait confidence in the reason and sound sense of tJie people to prevent us from dispairing of the Union. But 'tHie Siuocess of the combiniatioinj of ail*! the fanati- cisms last fall by ^tiie election of Ciaa-k for Governor, and the return of William H. Seward to the United States Senate, have secureid the services of s-uch newspapers as Ave h^ve a:iluded to, to accomplish the isame thing in tlie coming elettioin, — and with Sewiard aind Bishop Hughes to direct their etiorts in the present excited state of tllie coaintry, there is no telling Avhat injuries may be committed upon the noble constitution under which we live. The A'-iews of ex-Seniator Frelinghuyseii are at this time very valuable. He is a nilan of enlarged philanithropy. He hais the confidence and love of the good men of the country, and more than all, he is in a {wsition to advise those Avho' are soon to take an active part in itlie political arena They shoAV tha,t the excitement growing out of the slavery agitation is not the fruit of a genuine philanthropy, but the restless agitation of those Miho are eager for reA'olution. They will le'ad. the philan- thropic men of the eoiintry toi examine^ -a question siO' serious in its charac^ter before tliey become invoilved in its dangerous meshes. It may be policy for some men to agitate the Slavery ques- tion and bring on a sectional hostility tliat will lead to a civil wair between the Xorth and the South; perhaps it will advance their ambitious aims by such a result; ibut for our part, if such a thing is in the most remote future; if it can be predicted on the sligh'test possibilitj^ Ave can wish 'to have our hands Avashed clean of the deed. ^lay it never be charged upon us that for an overweening love of three milMons of unfortiuiaite and de- 36 graded beings, we periled the happiness of twenty niillio«s of the happiest beings that ever enjoyed the blessings of good govern- ment, aiid lU'ged them on to civil war, the most horrible; of all the curses that can descend upon any people. If isuccess cani be attained only by espousing such a cause, we will always feel content in an honest and honorable minoTity. We do not, however,, believe that nuamy will be carried off by this excitemerit in the coming election. If alil who had espoused the principles of the American party had voted for their candi- dates last fall, this State would not have been misgK)verned by Clark for two years, nor misrepresented by Seward for six. Those men will not be deceived a seoond time, and we may count with certainty upon the success in this State of the entire American ticket in the coming election, and with it the complete ti'iumph of conservative principles over the combinied fanaticism of Greeley & Co. THE Rl^rUBLICAX PARTY,— WHAT IT IS ilADE OF, AND WHAT BECOMES OF IT. (August 9, 1855.) ANlieii Soward was elected Senator from this State last Avin- tor; \vhcn Wilson led off a strong party from the American Xatiunal Convention last summer; when the Whole North was agitated by the lawless disturbances in Kansas; when the ad- ministration of President Pierce had broken to fragments the pai'ty by which lie ^\■a.s elected, it seiemed a fit seaison to start a new panty, unting aJl the aniti-isiHavery elements. A great many honest and good men were then so far deceived as to believe that with so many accidents in its favor, a party could be or- ganized in: this country solely on the geoigi-aphical issue, sufficient to elect a President in 1850 Even tlie sly and foxy Wm. H. Roimeyn, of the Democratic Journal, who is supposed to sicent a gale of jiolitical strength with as much quickness and accuracy as a blood-hound trades the fugitive, advised his young friends, desiring ]>olitical prefeiiuent, to join in, and sAvell the "phalanx of freedom." With his gentlemanly and hypocritical preten- sions of friendship, he siucceeded in arraying a forniidahle oi- ganization on that basis, and made many boasts that he began to smell tlic ''Shcritrs printing" afar olf. 37 In July we noticed the general tendency of tihe aniti-slavery movement, and the materials of whicli it was formeassage on a vessel of stauncher and sounder material. In our article of July last, we characterized the anti-slavery agitation at the Noi'th a« a dangerons political basisi, and argued that a party founded on a geographical issue would eitlier dis- ;5olve of itself, or lead to the dissolutioni of the- Union. We huve ever since had our eyes on the movement, and will now endeavor to throw some more light on the su'bject, and attempt to indicate more clear]}' what it is made of. and wlvat will become of it. While Seward was Governor of this State, and as early las 1841, a demand was made upon him by the Governior of Virginia for the rendition of two fugitive slaves. Seward refused to comply witli the requisition of the Governor of Virginia, and out of tihis question a controversy arose wihich \\ias prosecuted witli great warmth b\' the Southern press. Selward saw that by this discussioni he Ivad become odious at the South, and that his chances for the Presidency by tihei laid of Southern votes, were destroyed. From tbat time we ma.y date bis efforts to oi'ganize a. party R't the North sufficiently strong to elect a President. The old ^^"lhig party resisted all his efforts to produce this result, and kept a bold national front until its ovorwhelming defeat in 18.12. Hiiis time llicn' lanii' tu strike, au'd out af that defeat Ave can trace till' lirst ])alpal)lc and dpcn attempts to, form wliat is in- t;^;idenl to be a great XoitlnTii Abol'iition party, and which have been developed iindcr tlu' name of the Republican party. It wias in accordance with this plan that the siiavery lagitaition ha;s been made so jirominent a subject of ])nl)lic discussion in this State. U was in accord'aiice with this j)lan that Wilson of Mass-achusetts, i-'ord of Ohio, and Jolmson of Pennsylvania, 38 ^^•itlld'rtn^• from tlie American N/atioiiial Convemtion at Pliiladel- pliia in June- iast. It was in aecordajicei witJh this plan that the Seward Ieader.s attempted to get the control of the American Councils in this ytatf, in oixler to tm-.n them as la "body into the Seward coalition. Look at these facts for a momient. See the bogus members of tlie American party last A\'inter voting for Sewawl for tlie Senate. See Ford go back to Ohio from the Philadelpliia Convention and run on the Sdward coalition ticket for Lieut. Ciovernor. See- Wilson in Massacliusetts and Johnson in Pennsylvania as leaders of tJie Eepubliean party, and you will undersitand ^iiat is imtended by a union of a^lil thei elememts of freedom, and you will see the hand of \Vm. H. Seward beliind all, managing the wires and preparing the ropeis. for his succesision to the Presidential chair in 1856. Xew York is the great cemtre of Xortheirn politics, and upon her soil must be fought and won the battle of succes.sion before any great sucieess may be looked for. With ithe addition of the ]^Iaine law excitemenit, a.nid the skill in management of the^ Sew- ard leaders-, and while the strength of the Am-ei-ican painty was yet untried and •\\ithou't coniidenee, the Seward coalition succeed- ed in elecitiing Clark, Governor of this State last fall, a.nid Seward -WAS returned to the Senate. But we are now approaching a contest of a difterent character. The Ameriieaa Party has dis- covered the enemies Im-ldng in its fold, and has become pm-iiied and nationalized. It has a'cciuired during the lasit year inicrea.sed numbers and increased confidence, and lit approaches the contest with the strongest, assurance of sueoess. Union anid satisfac- tion every u- here abound in its iianks, and a wmrm zeal in the cause inspires its members. If there is any hope for the prin- ciple for which it contends, now, if ever, it must succeed. Let us then take as a basis for our future political calucula- tion, the triumph of the American Party in New York. Where, then, stands the Seward dynasty? Where, then, is the coalition of the elements of freedom? Wheve is Seward: defeated already in -Maine and Pennsyhania— with a very feeble triumph in Ohio — with no show of a party in Indiana- and the States oif the far A\est— and A\ith no party in Conneeiticut, and the jn-ospedt of a very uncertain sicrub-racc in Massachusetts. How have the hurdL"^ of Semiachcrib heen scattered! How have the mighty 39 fallen! Where are tlie elements, of t'liis me^v Republieanism ? From tlie future we liear a dim. eelio answi-, wlieire? But we ha!ve now a more convincing and palpabte proof that Republicanism and the Seward prognamme is a failim^e. Tlie Democratic Journal bias deserted it. No weaitber cock ever in- dicated the direction of the wind— -no bloodhoamd could eviea- scent out tlic turn in a trail quicker than the. sly and cunning (ulitor of the Journal can discover a change in the curnent of public opiniion. It would pr'obably be unfair to enter into the private controversies of the unihiai>py faanily, a.md to parade be- fore the publiic the discord and bickerings th;at have grown up of late betAveen tlie senior and junior editors of that association of sweetnessi. It is, ho\\cver, well knowir that Unele T'obey, from the first, went uurmly into the Sewaird siohienie. He diiank A\-itli Ch-ambers— went to Temperance Conventions v^T.tli Cham- bers, and \\as in aid respects as neai- like; Qiiamberis as natural aptness for imitation would permit. It is even said thiat he aiped Chiambeiis so nearly, tlnat it \\a:s dilficulle to teJl which was the bigger ape of the two. They corresponded together, and Unclie Toibey kept the Journal siailing A'ery liands'omely under the direction of CWamlbers, so as to till 'her sails most beiaaiti- fully with the Republican breeze. Buit a change came over the spirit of Tobey's dream. The Republican party and the [Maine Laiw party, A\iiich in this ^county happenLs to. be the same tiling, spotted Tobey either by the smell of his brelath, or in some other wlay, and he Avas not. appointed as a. delegate to the Temperance or Republican State Conventions, and therefore failed tio oonnect witli, Ghambers. The n°x!t week lo! )and be- hold! the Kingston Democratic Jonrnal is. off thfe. tr'ack. "It has oast off \\ith the old love, a.nd put on with the new." The Repulblican party in I'lster Connty has burst up. Tobey, the engineer for the County, as Chlambers i,s for the. State, h^is col- kipsed a flue. Romeyn writes an article in whi!ch he turns the Journal short off from RepuWieaniism, and makes the siweetest allusions to two of the candidates on the Ameriean ticket in particula.r, and the other candidiafces in general. We may now pause, before these prodigietS of hypocrisy and cunning, and witness their exposure and disgrace. Tobey, the friend of the Republican and Temperance men, 1st aid-de-camp 40 of Engin-eer Cliamlx^'s. is soiiit home and iiepirdia'ted by liis par- ties. They will' nothing- of liiim. Ronioyn, the Whig Cemtral OonimStteemani for long, long yelars, now reij>iKlia.ted asnd cursed by his feilloiw memfbieiis — ^aina'thenna^bized by his own central com- mittee. Thus we see the ho,pies of Seward and our own sweet editors of the Joiirnal all vaiiish in thin air — ^^they hiave been weiighed m tine Iwilance of j'tiblic opiniion and found Avainting. Htertceforth they are the subjects of a pollitical obliivio,n from wihic'h the ])eople will never wish to recaill them. "AN .\JWISER AS IS AN ADVISEE." (Augusit 23. 1855.) The Ulstci' IiPiuitoliean: was eonsideraibly n«ttled, although it ip.reteuded to; he amused, lalt the manner we isihoiwed up tlie results of a fusion ibetween the Hards and the Softis. We are called by that a,miaible editor, in a, style of languagie he ac- quired in his clock ispeeulatiions, "An adviser as is an adviser." The name is cor'rect. though not in^ the senisie iintended. We are not aware tiiiat wc h'ave in tlie least lost the right of advising or counseling with the Hards or National Democrats of this CiOiunty, or that thiey have taken a position on amy question of the day contrary to the doctrines wei havei advocateid. At the time of the division ihetween the Hards and. Softs in 1853, we were found where the Republican was not, true toi Demlocratic principles, and have so continued to this time. We do not know that our course has heen condemned in any particular by the Natioual Deimoicracy of ithis County. If, then, an unwavering support of the principles oif the National! Democracy gives us any title to the high preT'ogative- of gi\'ing advice, we miost certainly have it, the Oipiuion of ihe Ulster Republican', which has failed in this j>artiicul'ar, to the contrary jiotiwith standing. We are noit yet cionvinced thait ithe insigniticanit faction in this State that cl'inigs to the shattered fragmenits of the Pierce adniliils'ti^ation, is the '"'Simon pure DeuTocracy." If such a result. Ixippens, then we want n'o mi.siuider.s.ttinding on the sub- ject; •wo are not of them And if the Hards in this Ccmnty are so much softened 1)'>' tlie gloirious tran.siactions of the four }'ears of misgovemment of (leneral Pierce — ^the taking of Gray- toiwn, the coaif usion, bloodshed aaid ooitlawTy in Kanisas, and the 41 giieat efforts and great failm-o in acquiring Cuba — ^a.? to become a pari of such a ''Simou pure Demoicracj'," we are not of them. If we understand tire principles of the Haa'd Shell party, tliey cam liaA-e no sympathy for thei Editor of the Republican. He S'epaa-'ated from the Xational Democracy in 1853, and preferred the Sheriff's printing to the honor of advocating cora-ect princi- ples, and during the whole time that has succeeded, he has loaded ajll who did not folloiw him with the vilest personal abuse. We do not know that he has ever recanted or acknowledged his transgressions, or desired t!o be: let back into their rauks. By what authodty, then, does he meddle^ with the Haa'ds, or dictato to them in regard to' their advisei%s .' As Xatioual politics now istand, there are aictually but two parties: the American party and the Anti-American party. The members of Pierce's cabinet, with a diiscernment in poliitical in- trigue in which tliere aire no supeaiors, hiave organized the shattea-ed remains of their party on the oppoisitioin to the American senti- ment as tlieir working basis, and all who join that party must take the stigma and disgrace that now aaid ever will rest upon the present admimstration. We foresaiw the result six months a.go, and warned our readers of it. The facts are now plainly hetfore them in the results of the' recent electious in North Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky and Tennessee. The Administra- tion, to show its zeal in the new cause-, has turned every man suspected of Americanism out of employmeut, even down to the carpenters at work at the public buildings. Secretary IMJarcy, if he had now a fifty cent job of repairs to the seat of his breeches, would be las careful not to give the contract to a man suspected of Know Xothingism, as he would be to have it allowed in his bill of expenses. The 'Hards, at the timci of their separatilon from the Softs, felt a virtuous indignation at tlie conduct of General Pierce, whicili they have since that time constantly expa-essed. There can be nothing noble or 3ionorable in peaceably deliivering themselves up into his hands, and becoming his supple instru- ments as the Softs now are in this Staite. Coriiipt demagogues seeking for office are std'iving to get them to do so; but if they Ijlindly consent, they Avill find that they have: bartered their true interests for an opportunity to confer a place at the public 6 43 cx"ib upou men utterly uiiTX-orthy of tlie gift. We liave noticed tliat when important offices axe at stake, we hear much about fusion, but when othier places that do not pay so ^\•ell are to be filled, fusion does not seem to be muc^h of a desideratum. We cannot helip drawing the infei'enoe that what we hear now-a- days aboivt fusion, comes less from the j>eople than it does from the heartless office-seekers. We shall, therefore, raise our voice against it, however much such advice may be unpleasant to the editor of the Republican. The public may rest assured that we don't square our conduct by his desires, and that we sliaU give oiu' AJewis and our advice regardlless of his criticisms. WHO AEE THE ^lOULDERS OF PUBLIC SEXTBIENT? (August 30, 1855.) To many of our readers the question we propose will seem to involve a paradox, for as in the whole univea-se there are not two counteuanees in whose contom- and expression tiere is an exact similarity, so it neA'er happens that men's opinions and sentiments entirely coincide in all tJie details of any subject. "Men's judgments like their ^^^tches, none Go just alike, yet eacJi believes his own." The eye and nose of one man may so nearly resemble the same features of another as to deceive the most expert and fastidious, but no one can mistake the strong and marked pe- culiarity that distingiiishes the face of every human creature so two men may see tlie sajne events but vdW draw from them entirely different oonelusions, and it is equally true that no two men look alike or think alike. But notwithstanding this dis- similarity of opinion, the sv\ay of parties and the paxtisaai strife that is engenered in every community, and the divisions of par- tisans among themselves, and the constant and unending dis- sensions that are ever alive in the social and political organiza- tions of society, no one can fail to disoovei- that every nation ex- hibits a strong and distinct peculiarity in its haibits anid senti- ments to disitingnish it from others, iivery natioui has a pre- dominant and controlling Public Sentiment, ajid whether it be an Absolutism or a pure Democi-aej", g-overnment must eater to this peculiarity, or the governed will no longer submit to its 43 authority. Tlie Czar of Rusisiai, while he indulges the religious enthusiasm of his people, is the most arbitrary autocrat ia the workl, but vile and abject as are liis subjects in their submis- sion, they would not suffer the first im-oad upon their national- ity — their controlling' public sentiment. In this counti'y, where revolution is ea>sy and government rests wholly on a pure and unconaipted nationality, it is not an improper question to ask, Who are the ^Iouldea-.s of Public Sentiment? Solon and Lycurgus gave to Athens and Sparta their pristme freedom and heroic simplicity. Demosthenes aroiuied the energy that overtlu'ew Philip of Macadon. Cicero and Ter- etnce imi>resfied on the Roman mind the maxim, that virtue was the som'ce of happiness. Virgil tlu-ew the chai-m of poetry ovei' rui'al simplicity, and the beauty of a garden over the Augustan Age. ^lilton pictm-ed the rebellion of the Angels, and filled the Christian religion with a sublime imagery. Vol- taire and Rousseau poisoned the French literatirre and fixed upon France the stain of a national infidelity. Such are a few, who in former ages have set their stamp on the public sentiment, here pouring a flood of patriotism and virtue into the national heart, there with the voice of a Siren guiding the masises to ajiarchy and infidelity. But various causes have happened to reduce the effect of in- dividuals. The more general dilfusiou of intelligence, and the facilities for requiring a liberal education, have made the com- mon mind more conscious of its own strength, and more sus- picious and incredulous of the guidance of others. In this country especially human rights stand on an equal basis and in- dividual pre-eminence is rare. The eloquence of Otis and Henry in our earlier existence as a nation, fanned into a flame the sparks of Liberty, and the bonds of British oppression were shaken off. But the character of the people ha^i grown more re- served as the experiment of our government ripens imto maturity, and is rapidly settling down into a finn nationality. In a coun- try like Fraaioo, where pubMc sentiment is manufactured at Paris, and is adopted rapidly by its country towns, with the dress of the metropolis, it is an easier matter for individuals to move the political machinery of the nation. But with us the North, the Sauth, tiie Ea.3t and the West will shortly be no iin- 44 equal rivals iu commercial aiid political streiigtii, udid the dif- ferent States of tlie Uiiiou foimiiiig distinct, social and political communities-, render tlic control of no one sectiom over the other in the mvtion entirely impossible. Wa need mot look then to see aniy one man obtfliaing a very strong influence in the whole oouritix-. But our national ojnnions must be of gradual growth, depending upon various causes and accidents. The impulse of the masses to study for themselves will lead them inito a thou- sand difierent diannels of imfoi-mation and bring into the united mind a varied and extensive learning, out of wliich the character o-f the country, and its eminence in the eyes of other nations iu science, laws, politics and religion will gradually be developed. In a country of great extent and of conflicting Icaal interests, though seetionial and pantiail primicipleis may for a wihile prevail, they can never obtfva entire success. Party spirit and indi- vidual ambition will at times summoai such influence to tiieir aid, but tlie calmer judgments of those who will view evea-y principle without the bias of personal interest, will diseard them and fix themselves ultimately on measui-eis and sentiments that are bi-uad and general iu their application, and equal in their ■effects. If then, a-mid all tho variouis .shade.s of ideas and opinions, tlilalt iaiiso, if there' is, as it were, balancing on the conflicting shades, protean forms and unending varieties of thought and opinion, a public sentiment that distinguishes our nationality, it must be of such nature that the whole country can unite iu its expression, and other nations judg-e us by its character. Having thus endeavored to delineate, briefly within the com- pass of a newspai>er article, the nature of Public Sentiment, ami tlie manner in ^A'hich it is developed, we claim with profes- sional vanity common to the disciples of the immortal Faust, that the American Press is the moulder of the pvtblic sentiment. The Press, "the dread of tyrants," since it commenced its la.bors in a secluded garret in the dark ages, imtil the present time, never breathed its denunciations against corruii>tion and op- pression; its praises of public virtue; its rebukes against tU- pravcd, and its encouragement to a pui'c and healthy literature moa-« freely than in tbis country and iji the present a.ge. A fireside is rarely found, however -secluded in the j-et gloomy 45 wilderness of the remotest isettlemen't, that is uiO,t cheered by oommiiiiioii with the -world through the hiunble columns of a newspaper. The soldier returning home from a crusade to re- cover the sepulchre of the Savior, with talcs of chivalry and the glory of having seen Jerusalem, was never greeted Mith more eiagei-nieiss and pleasure, or juore clothed with an air off wisdoim than the public jum-nal in its regular visit to tlie family circle. From it, the boy draA\s the firiit lesson of his political creed; the maiden, the beginning of Koniancc and Poetry, and to all it is rich with the passing history of distant countries, and an as- Jiurance of the safety of their own. It is the peculiar glory of the magnetic needle thait it led to the discovery of a ne\\- world; of the invention of steam naviga- gation, that intercourse among nations, has become familiar; of the ingenius and simple club-axe that the vast American forests have fallen suddenly to the earth, but to the American i>ress it remains to cast a Hood of light over all these noble works, and as the minstrel in days of chivalry was the author of the warrior's fame, so it is to the press at wMcii I'Yanklin develoiJed hiis early genius. muX Av'herc many of our great men, since hi-, day, ha\e acquired a nervous arm and pen, to cro'wn every work of mind with a briglitcr kis'tre and a more enduring fame — "To ex-alt Man's generous aim to all diviner deeds; To chase eaeli paitial )ua-i>ose from Jiis brwtst. And througli the mists of passion and of senvse, And tlirough the tossing tide of chance and pain To liold his course unfaltering'."' A LECTURE upon SIR HENRY VANE THE YOUNGER, Before the Kingston Literary Association on Friday, Feb. '^7, 185(, by William Lounsbery, of Kingston, N. Y. Ladies and GenitleuuHi: Two Inuuclred y^eiars agu ther-e was istandinig in Quui>e>rb style of our me'tropolitan resi- ckinoes. A thriving and wealthy popula;tion li-ave built their pakoe's on and a^boUit the site of tliis simple dwelling, and tlic lo<'al initeresit, w^hieh was once directed toiwardis it, would haixITy now bo suffic-ienit to canse tihie lawner to trace liis title through th« piles of deeds and wills l)y \A'ihicJi it has descemled from the Governor of 'the feeble eoilany of ilassiaohuseitts' Bay. It wonld be imposisAble ito excate in this audienice- a thrill of local intei-eisit, or to induce you to go as piligrims to Basiton to visit :tlie spot where the house on'ee stood, or to dig for euriosi/ties among tlie decayed elements of a building, wiliich woii'ld nioAv be an eye-siore 'to its melglibors. if it bad been allo\\-eid to siuwive the destanic- tion and rebuiildiug, wbieh is a pant of 'tbis progressive age. I \\ill propose no such antiquarian rescaix-.h. i\y wihieh to atld eitaiaTige specimeas of ruins to a cm-iosity ishop. But tJie same iSiontimenite Which dii-eoted the attention of tlie Bositonfian to ain object associated with a man esitcemed and boaiorcd, has drawn us hithca- to investigate a chaiucter initima'tely connected witih the c«r]y hisitory of our oounti-y a>nd institutions. The house has perished a.mid the general wTock of mabtei'; but the v\an. with whom it is associated is ncrt. the aubjoct of orblivioai. Foot 47' him tlDore is a. place in liistory— an enduring tomb by vvihioh bis meimoiy .sbaJl be perpetuated, wihiJe popular liberty and free 'GOBScience remain the noble iniberitance of hh character and infiueiucp. As pious JWoslems pay tili.'oir yearly visit to the tomb of Mohii-unmet. it becomes. u'S to make •r. pilgniiniaioie bo tie shrime from wlienee was lighted the tordi of civil and religioais liberity, whtch, bmnts mow ao brightly aniiomg us. I propose, therefore, tonight to •revie\v tliie Mfe of Coveini'or Vane, or Sir Hemy Viante the Yonngeir, ais lie is betlt^er kniawn and wibhont entering wi.th painful aoclmv^py into a mimite biographical ^^ketoh of ilniis Jife, or diisieuis«;ing disputed points of ,Ms character, to tiiace has intlueiice ais a. staitiesniaju in England and Aniierica in directing tlie current of e^-entis towards the adop'tiow of our l>eloived con.s,titution. 1 propo,ae: to trace tb>e mysteiiiOiU'S flort-une of this coiintiy, by whicJi tihe son of an English Lord was to lay tlio foundatiou of Americain indepen- dence, and by his diairaot'er and influenee weave the eix>wnang garland of Amieriean liberty. It is a curions sit-udy to observe ihe cflcct of a. single mind upon the curi-ent of a nation's histoay.- How a principle falling from an humble source upoai itlve world may, like the little cloud just gatliering in the horizon, he the forerunner of a, j^torm tliat will tear away ancient landinaa-ks and the mo.sit dm-able istructures. From the ten tliousaiid battles which have been fought— from tlie fields which have been fertilized ly carnage from tlie revolutions whicli have s^haken em.pii-es, we can. trace ovenits back as ^^•e can; proceed towards the source of mighty rivers, UiUltil we come at laist tio find a little spring just trickeling from the side of the rock. In tnacing a rich and valuable i>riiK-iple to its source we aire riften tiirned from onr direction in the crooked labyrinth of evenits, and as the miner's rod is often bent from the pure vein of gold by tliei i>rftsenee of a basier metal, so ^\•e are deluded into false notions an^d attribute results to unworthy- ca\ise.s; but in- defatigable and unwearied re,seareh will lead ^tlie student and the minei- nltimately upon the pure bed of fine gold, and the piu-e spring Avhesnce it exudeosie. A mysterious in-ovidenee conlducted Columbus itliroiigh his crowded iniaginiiigs iaud a'lniost super-lumian difficulties to itlie dji'seoTery of America^ The saruie coii'tii-olling influeiice weaved ■the hiearit and guided the hand of the AimieaTlcaini yeomaiuiy 'through tile trying houm of th« ReiN-oluitioii. Arid it- was no less the purpose of the Divinte mind to evolvei fix>m the comteiits of the old w'Oiild the pure douii.eeitiOn mith 'the retvo- luition in England, wliic'h resmlted in the OA-erithrow of Chaades the first, and the subsequent struggle and failure of the English people to estaibliwh upou' a firm basis a system of conistitntional liberty. Sir Henry Vaaie tih'e Youaiger, the ehlest son of Sir Henry Vane, was born in Kent County, in England, in the year 1612. He receiA'ed the educaition whieh was usuvally given by the English nobility to those, w^io were in due course to iniierit the paternal estate and dignities, and at the age of sixteen he wias a colle'gian at Oxford. At this time he began to be .soniewbat eccentric in religioiu'i matters, that is, he exhibited more of it tiian is usually discoverable among yoaimg Lords, and becoming interested in th'eology he crossed to the' Continen;!. Hiis- father was theu Comptrollea- O'f the househoid of King Cliarles thiei firsit, and deep- ly involved in the intriigues- and dissipait ions of the royal favor- iilejs. He wais annoyed that his son shonild be so heterodex, as to be inclined to theologicai studies, iusitead of hawks and hounds, and he directed the attenititon of Chiarles and Laud, then Bishop of London, to tli© young colliegian as a siubjeet that needed the closer care of the church and the King. Charles and the Bisliop each gave the A-;oung scion of the Vane fainiily thie benefit of their advice, in their sej^arate audilcTiiee ohaimbers, and pointed to the older repreisenitative of the fami'ly, as a fitting example of loyalty and orthodoxy. But the young gentleman wa^ neither com- 49 vinced by 'tibe promises oif Chiartes' or tihie laaigumentgi of the Bisliop, and conitimiied 'Jiiis studies land disciisisdioins uponi tte neiw bheorieis wihicli were every day sii>rm.ginig into life. At Geiiie-va. the Reifoa-miers fiii:st threw do'wn the glove at the feet of !the Ronri's'h Ohureli. lancl clialleniged her champiions to meoit 'them im t'liie'iii- ons^et upon, her lerrors and albuaes. Upon ■the little Eiepiiblie of iSwiitzerkmd, througfli the progress, of tfee Refoinma'tiioiii. 'the ..siweilis of papial BuUiS' lanid Edicts Ited broken in vain, and evei-j' isvieceissive sairge of supersttiitiom hiad found her )-ami>artsi firm and unbrokeni; -and wihile tbte first converts to Luitlher's preiachimg 'had one by one dropped 'back to their old allegiance to 'thie Popes, the nidbfe sipirit of the He-lvitian locked in by the Alps, ihiad beM is'teiadiiy fast ito ithe doctrines of the Itefoirmerf.. in the beiginning of Ithie seveniteentb century Geneva wa« the sicihlooJ of 'the tbeoillogieail iStudenit, la'nd gave the best di- plionM's to Doctors of Divinlity, as Italy and Paris now do to arttsts 'and tlaaJors. Tbiitiher young Viane directed his steps aaid bis acitive mind wais soon, iiwolved in the miazies. of mieitaphyiSiics and theology. He imbibed tbe prineipl'es of the Reformation im their fulleisf extent, and returned to England more thoroughly imbued by the doctrines of free thoughlt and opinion, than had over been exhibited in the mtast radical theses of Luther or Zwingle While Luther on,ly aimeid in itbe first pla.ce ait br«\.k- inig the power of Puome amd building up a Protestant hierarchy in its isitead. Vane de.signed to establislh the most absolute and un- qitailified liberty in reli'gious beilief — ^to desti-^oy every sitandard by wbiich orthodoxy sihoukl be defined and heterodoxy pixnished. In this particullar is his desigiii to be distinigiiished from every 'Otiher. Tllie Reform a.t ion waisi intended to break 'the power of the Poipes, wliicih was becoming despotic and tyrannical, an'd'to esta.b- liah religious organizationis more liberal and tolerant. Vane's \\ias the principle of unlversail toleraitiion. Has mind was large enough to gra.sp a rel'igioni as comprehenisive anid Oatholic as. the world. He was a Chirisitiian. in the largest and mo'st comprehen.'- si've sense of that word. A maistter of all the absftruse'st points .of the science of religion, his intellect and framiie of mind, were of that enlarged descriptioni, thait, wbile he held his oiwm viiews in a high and spiritual sense, he sought to imbibe truth from every system of faith and every form o'f religionj. He looked 7 50 witih the eye of a propliiat thiiou|gli many g6nem>tkms, to the time when those whk) liiave tbe r«ipiiite and credit to be tihe cliurcih or ehurohes of Christ under isonie one of thei forms and outward orders, approved by tliie poiWoa\s of the wOrlid,. shioiild no longer lihe thie rule of eonifoimity iu doctjine, worslliip and cImu'cIi to all the rest by oomiijulsion and persecuit'ioii>. Bu't the living mem- bers of Christ's 'body sihould be made maniifesit. in distimction from all ithiose thiat 'have the u'ame to live but are dead. His (•ree fa'vorite orf tihe King, and tbnough bis instriimenrtality Vane is again bro-uglit up before the Iving and the Bishop There is no doubt, but thlalt Oliarles offered the young Republic'an recusant, a luciiaitive and honorable ]>o- !S)i(tioni uipon the conditions of his r.eea,nitaltiion , and from Laaid's im- petuous and arbitriary temper, \\'e oan imagine isioiuiewHiat. of the storm thait fell upon the young man's creed. But his purpose w'as fixed, and ueitluer tlie bribes of KiiKg Charles or the violenee of the Bishop could bring hiim baek toi his allegiance. He de- oMneiave his country. Sueb wais the energy oif Vatue's pm'pose, tbait Ih-e threw^ aslide the eudearments of a home in bis na'tive land, to dast bis for- tunles with his i>rinoiples upon the- wilderness shore's of the New World. It was not a despertiite quest for adventure; it 'was not a,s a fugitive from cd'iminal retriibution ; it was not even from motives oif avarice, itbat the eldest sioin of a noble, the direct heir of honors and an immense estate shou'ld choose insitead of biding the ((uiet ami certain; mn'taition of events, to taike Ms doubtful a'ny were men who 'had maintainicd lilanorable positiouis in .the old country, and were ^^•elll caleulaited to guide the ©oimise of a new one. To 'their in- fiuenoe .is to be atti'ibtited tihe fact thialt ithle colony of jMlasisachii- aetts Bay soon outstripped the oithens in igi'a\\1th and viglor. In the ten years of tliie eoloiw's existence before Vane's arrivaJ the formative elements of a great empire had been gradually organ- ized, i-epresenting in miniature the jostling of principles at the same time going on in England. Tlie. colony, thougilx amall in numbers, had become of great IraportaujCe to the WorM, ae populated with a thriviing and free people — from wbich principles wei^e to be evolved that should govern a great Republic. It was a noble 'tliought of the Dorchesitei- Puritan to pMn^it a pure religioin among the quidt shades of America, "and who could doubt that at the voice of undetiled religion^ the wilder- ness would change to a paradise for a peojde who lived under a bond with the omnipotent God ?" The colony founded in tJiia spirit grew more rapidly than any of tho companies wMch had preceded it to the chores of America. The influence of ithe stocMiolders of the company in the mother count rj- brouglit over- a large number of imimigra(nts and in the year Vane arrive!d ajbout three thousand settlers were added to this Puritan colony — nearly all of them Puritans im- bued with republieainisim. It ba« always been 'tlhe pride lanid boaisit of the Puritan refug!e«is who planted ithe colony oif iMasoaahuiaetts Bay, thart 53 their object \v.as to establish for thetmseilves fre«dain of religioin \\-ors.l)ip. Tliodr canifc phrases — .their disguist for Maypoles— their rcs{>e<-t for Old Testament qujatations — their peculiar language and customs would not conform to the Church of England and ^they h.ad fretted away all h'apes of refonndng 'tlie errors and vices S(0 deeply rooted in their parent religion and govea-nmeniit, ami they luvd deberminied to build up a pur'^ religious esibahlislh- ment upon 't^liie desolate shores ci New Engla'ud. Their cant and their sombre dresis and manners were mot in fiaishdon in England, but t.hey had determined upon erecting .a new dyniasity w ith in- stitutions ami habits peculiarly 'the-u- own. It lias always been remarked thalt a slave makes the most cruel anj arbitrary of sik.ve di-iver>. and it is upon this principle alone that we can accouirt for the intolerance of tlie ea^ly New England settlers. M home tliey luid been 'the persecuted of tlic governmenit and the ridicule of the ciount. T'hey had all their lives groaned un- der cruel exactions and unjust burthenis. It was now their turn to persecute. And 'human niatvu-e, always inoonisii'sitient, ex- liibited her crawniiig iniconisiiatency in t'lie colony of ^Maasa- chu setts Bay. Tho*e who had left their counti-y on. act».jum. of religiou-s en- thusiasm, brought with the.m a spirituial pride and arrogance that was more initoleran;t than the government Mlhich they had 11p(1. I'he year before Vane's arnival the magistrates had han- isthied Roger Williamis from the colony, and a party s-piriit had .s,[>riing uj) as intiolerant and bigoted ais ever disgraced the annials of fanaitici-^m. Bancroft has thus aptly embodied the elements at war, in the colony, when Vane arrived : '•Amidsit the arroganee of spirittial ]>ride. the vagaries of un- disciplined imaginations, and the extravagancies to which the iu- ti-lleotual power may be led iii. itis ])ursuit of ultimate pninciplcs, the formation of two distinct parties maiy be perceived. Tlie first consisted of the orginal 'sattlei-s, the framens of the civil aoverniment. and their adherents; thev ^vlio were intent on thf foundation and preservation of a. eommoni wealth and were satis- fied with the established order of siocieity. They had founded their government on the basis of the church, and church mem- bership could be obtained only by the favor of the clergy ajid 53 a-n eseraplary Mfe. They drealded iinilimited freekiom of opimiooi as the pareiint of ruinous divisions. The cracks and iia\Ms in itht^ new building of tllio i-'ef oraia tion, t'hioughit the}", portend a faJil. I'lvey desired paitoatism, uuiion a^nd a ooimnioii lieart; they were eairnesit to confirm and build uip ithie .staite, the diild of their careis, and thieir soiTOWs. They were repiioached with being priest- ridden niaigistraties, under 'a covenaiut of works. ■'The dtJiier panty was composed of indLvadiiiils, \\hio had ar- rived after the civil gtoveiniiment of ithe colony had Deen esitab- liislhed They oaimie fresh from the latudy of tihe tenets of Gen- eva, ,and their pride congisited in following' the prinoipleis of the reforniia.t.ion with logiea.I prefLsioni to ail ■tlileir conisequenoels. Thieir eyes were not primarily direated to the iinS(tituitions of ^iaissaolnisebts. but to 't)iiK> dJoctrines of their religiouis syabem. They 'had come to th.e wiklerness for freedom of religious opin- ion; aiud thiey resiist',ed every form of despotism over the mind. To 'thiem the clergy of jMaissaohuseitts were the "iiisihers of persecu- tion, popish fa.ctors, who had not imbibed the true doetiines of Christian reform;' and they applietl to the linflueuioe of the Puriitian miniiSiters itlie principle whioli Lutl)er laaiid Oaivin had empl'oyied agadnis't the observa'ijcie 'awl pi-ettcnisionis of 'the Roman Church. Every politicail opinion, every philiosophical tenet, as- sumed in tJiose days a thieologieail form ; witJi the doioti-iiiie of juatifieaition by failth alone thiey d'erided tlie formalist y of the eistal)lished religion and by asserting that the Holy G hoist dwells in PN'ery believer, tliat the revelaition. of .the: Slpirit is superior to the miiiisti-y of the word, they srisitaiiued with imitensie fa,naiti- cigm the ix-rmanemt aultlilority of private judgmienlt." Shortly after Vane's arrival he waiS' eledted Goivernlor oif the colony, ai3 the successor of Wintbrop, who was oaiie of the origiinial patenlt/teis of the connpany. and had heeai. selected as its hrst Go\1ernor. Vane'is lel'eotion wais not a triumph of either one of fihese parities. lii a. party divisioni it is not likely that oiiie so j'ounig and inexperienced in the comdi'tion of ithe colony woiukl hiiive been chos'cn It wiau more proihably la comrplimenit to liiis disitinig'uished aibilities, and the elevated rank and favors, which he had left at home, to jodni the fwemien. of ^lasisadliiisetits in their exile. The aninoiinieament of his eleotion \\ias rcoeiveu with immense enthuisiaism by the pooplte, and m aditlition. to the 54 ordiuiaxy poipului- iiiia;niifesttati'on&, a ,sa.lute wias fired from flfiteeii large vestselis \\iiiicli wiea^e tliien in Basltoni 'hiaolbor. Tine party oontroversi^s, Avhicih lia'd gi\ieii awiay for a 'tijiie, to -tlie extnaloT- diiiary t'lutluvsiiasm excited in (tliie miiiTli* of the -aettlers 1iy the aippeiaraiiice of a young- lord of brilliajiit. taJomts and fiuiisilied •educa- tion vvea-e, howcA-er, soon reviv-ed Tlue day upioii whiicih he as- sumed office saw a formidable clique :i n\iiy«l against him including those wliio were propicrly isusipieious of one sio young ,a.nd untried, and thasfe ulio deemed themisielvpes imiore ca,pable of filling- tine piosii.tion land were jeailous of the e'n!th'UiHiiais.m wliicHi had carried Mm over their hreiads. This clique dettermimed to embaiTass^ his govieammemt; and the pairty diviisionis before alluded to wiere favoraibl'e 'to the isucceias of their dtesigns. ^'ane had llnardly taken his- oiath of office before .a law wa« fi^a.med and brought forward by ,tbe maigistraites, :ana.]ogious to the alien laiw of England and tine polwy of j)ia,sspo!iits in European govermu'emts By 'tliiiis. la:w it was. proposied to ©u'bmat the quali- fieationis of each candidait'e, for admassion' as a member of thiC colony, ;to the miagisitriates', and that none, were lo' be rieceiwd •except :suoh :ais should -be; ia,Il/owed and appr'oved by 'them. Van-e opposed the meiasaire .as aai act of intolerance, aind upon ■this point 'the opposition, to his adminiistralti;on. which had been itermenting simee his 'aecesisibn , gradamilly began' to cenlter its force.s. The fec'ling upon th© quiesition, gradually increased— the first party which I :haTei die'steriibed, 'a.nd M-hieh wa« helaided by Wintlu-op, reasoned .as follows: That as they were in their ■awn country ojipnessed and in various ways, alfiicted in the ex- ercise of thedr ciomseieoieeis and in tlie expressdbn! and enfjoymenit of their own religious prindpJets a,nd woirship they would devise a, scheme of society in whioh far remoived from ail who differed from them, tliey miight enjoy f;heiir own institutions and profcf^is tflieir own principles without giving or sufiering molestaition and free fi-oiii all divisions, and dissent. \'ane on the behalf of the other party held that they w\w in a large -socielty had contended for nigiht of eomsaience wlieaii thiey were themsielveisi s^ufTerers could nwt under any pretext in a •society liowe\'er small turn Against others and upon points of speculative difference violate their righ,ts of conscience bemuse they liad acquired the power and oppor't unity to db it. 55 It iti ediSiV for us to diejtingiiiish befa\vocT]( the rigthit aiml the wrong siLdie of tine qiieation. Oiu- oounltry hala laidopted the ipriii- cijjles es paused by Vanie and liis i>arty, and the re is noi one who woiikl \vil;lln/gliy strike from o,ur conisltitiition this .notole^ spirit of tolenabiloini. We can with diflicaiiity coneeire thlat Va.n© sihioul'd ha\ie faiiled 'to coniviiiee tl),e settlers of the palpalble excellemce of a gToveiininienit founded upon his views. ^^■e think it eeritainily curiouis thait men shoiil'd iusiiis!t upon an adherence to uieasures against iw-liieh 'they had s'o iaite'ly aard sio jusitiy Coraipl'aiinied. The sitrifei ho'wever in' the colony waxed wa'PUi and exciting'. The ministters nearly all 't-ook sides with 'thei WiiDthrop paity and agai'Usit thie Cro\'e'rnior ; and a;s hais since l)ee'ii' exhibiteil by the New Engilaiud clerjr.x'. \\erc the master spiriits of fa'nalticisTn and initiolerauce'.. Most ail gi-e'at poiiltical controversies have, as we call them a isikJle isisiue, ami as in igi-eait balttles ^th^ fate of the daiy is fre- quently seittled by the Itakinlg' of an inconsiidea'able wiitpost so it happened in this contest. A woman, as slhe is deiscrihed in hisitory of "admiraWe under- standing" a'n-d "profitaible and soher cairria.ge'," of the name of Ann Huitehiu'son, h'ad begum about 'this time to exciitei atitemtion, and ,by her ability and eloqueiuce dre^w after her a llarg© party. Politics a.nd religion w^eve kindred suibjeiets- m tlhose times, amd ]\ti'S. HultcWiU'Sion botli in 'tire pulipi't and upon the 's'tumip was quite* up to onr preisetot ikleais of a, stiiong-minde^l woniam. It appeai-^g ittet 'the first difficul'ty in which 'Mrs. Hutcliinson be- came involved wais thie entteDt'aining a. Uotioin in wgard to the peculiar office of tlue third pensKMi in ithe. Trinity. She held that 'by the gift of the Holy flhO'St, spoken of iu' Scripture, was nieanlt an actuail communication of the Spirit of G-od to the lielievea-. ITpion this point all the min'isit'ers of the colony dif- fered with her, excepting tihe Rev. :\lr. Cotton, who wa.s a very intimate friend of Vatae, and her brother, John Wheelright. iMrs. Hutchinsion) was at onoe denounced as a hetreitic, a'nd, a'S S'he was supported and befriended by the Gowmor, who really 'thought thait ishe was not much worse for her ]jeculiar notion:, thie oppo- sition to her theology wias directed tto the upsetting of his go\-- ernme'nit. The dection, which fodtowed imon after for Gwernor, was belt ween WinJthr'op a'nd Van<-, and prodticed the most ani- 56 malted aaul violent coutest bfttivveen the twio pairltLos, of wMoh tihey were the resipec^lvc ainy one frotni the colony on account of a mere iSipecuLaitive difference in their religioits' creed. The adeia of a large and pow^erful goaieiTunent had not been coneeiiA'ied, insltiltntied upon a basis independent of neligioius eis- tabliisihments. Roige'r WilliiamiS exercised a .sOrt of patriarchial toleiratiou in hfe saniall An'Llagie upon Narragansett Bay, but to the Sifcatesimian of Engliamid, a scheme of that kind wla® as uBukmow/n and uintried las thie faMed Indies bef'ore tllie first voyaige of Co- lumbus; and .to those whio eaime fresh from an Eaigflish school of politics, Vane's argimient Wais wild and viisionary and they free^ly and ILberaMy called him traitor and fanlatbic; and such wonld Imve been his infamy had not a future geneiiatioin grasped Ms miighty aspirations amd placed him high among the martyrs for tnuth and liberty. Wintnrop and his party, nowevea-, had the gOA'ernmieint, aiod ais a nat.iii'al oonsequeince, gained the aj'gument. ]\Iris. Hutchin- son and her brother were banished. Cotton recanted, and Vane retuiTTied to EngJand. Vane was mot di-iwin froim the colony by his defeat. His mind, as was afterwards proved, was not of the cast to be over- come by siuch revenses. Ifc is perhaips imposisible now to discover the exact nioltive wbich influemeed him to return. But the war for civil aind religions libei-ity had begun in hi® native cOiinitry, and it ^vais his foi-ftunie to be dratwin' thither, to mingle in that mighty revolution, which shook England to her foundation, and gave to him the orown of martyrdom. It is quite likely that Vane's active mind foresaw that Co- llonial politics ^^-Ould l>e conitroliled by the coiu-se of even'ts in Eng- liatnd, and 'tlhat Ihe loniged to ender the decisive sitruggle which 8 58 eviery day grew iruore tlu'ea-temliiig to' ifchie policy of Iving Clvarles. Tlie opposition to the ministry of George the Third, led by tlie Younger Pitt m itme Hi)iiste 'otf Commons, more thaa half fought for us the hatitles of 'tHie E.evo]iution. Tli'e ispeocliiesi made in our Oomgresia hy ithie ladiviersiarieis to Pi->esidieinit Polk's adauinis- (tion, impeded more than Santa Anmia's army the eonqiieisits of Generail Scott. And bad lour iDoble army aaid its gemerals in the Mexioam war toeen loss eoiiergeitic and. Ibna.viei, they would ha^'e beein defeated by our Members of CoingreiS's, recliniimg in lazy digniity, and Santa Anna, would for many a day h'a.ve rested has M'ooden leg in quiet luxviry in the Halls of the Montezumas. It was, no ouous' pioisiitioni. Hampdeni had alone resisted the compulsory- loan, imposed by Charles to brace his languishing revenue, and had won by his firmnipss a chief position ais the friend of the people. A friendship ha'd sprung 59 up between tibese twio leadea-s aald Varnie tlimuigh. 'tiheii- comueictioJi witjh se'Veirail oolionial eniteirpriseis, land i:, was iDOit Ilorag before lie A\lais induoed by tibem to .takei am active pant in the ooiinteist, and ill April, 1640, he wms ellecteid amd toiok a seat in Parliamienlt as a representative of 'the Boiiough of Kingston upoai Hull. It was at this time, flirougli the influemee of his faltlier, and to pmpitiate his hositility, that 'he neioeived fnoim ^tihie King tbie dignity of Kniighthoiod a,nd >was laipipoimted joinitly with Sir \yilliain Russelil 'to the oflice of treiasurer of tlie navy — ^an office as the English navy then was of great trust and profit. He did iiioit hlowever bend by tiieise aiUuriemiedDts from his doiurse, l>ut was oonistantliy in cam^miiiiicaition with Pym and Hampdein, and en- tea-ed into their plains. In Novem'ber, 1640, the inemiorabte Long Pai-'liamient was chosen anid Viame was reelected from the Borough of Kingston upon Hull, and too)k his seajt as a meniber of that immortal body. He soon, in this position, made appear, how oapablo he wias of mamagiiug giiieat affairs, posisiesising in the 'higiheisit perfeiction a quick and rteady appreihenisi'on; a strong and tenacious niemory; a profoufliid and peneltratimg judgmeoiit; a just and noble eiloquenoe, with lan easy aind graceful, imamimer of speaking; a zeal and application for the good of the Oommion- wealtli and a resolution and courage not to> be shaken or di- verted from ithe public sei"vioe. It is truly a memorable ipoirtion of Engtlisih history wiien a parliament, di'ove from the throne a prince of the royal blood, dignified with the tSiaored honors of the spirit of religion and chivalry — ^tlie repoisitory of prerogati\ias Itraced from the noisity confines of oblivion, and tried, convicteted. Vane re- luctantly consented to fill a seat in the council of State, and re- suming his seat as a legislator, amidst the iioating- wreck of the English constitution, he clung to the existing Parliament as the only frag-ment on which it was possible to rescue English liberty. Without connecting himself with any of the pai'ties, in the ascendent by turns, in Parliament, by his abilities as a States- man, he had thus far held the controlling influence in its delibera- tions and guided its course towards the accomplishment of his purpose. His energj' had given to the army the means of ac- complishing its victories; to the navy its efficient organization, and if the one was able to cope with the forces of Charles upon the land, and the other with Holland ou the sea, the glory of the prepai-ations was Vane's. And when success had been ac- complished upon all these points, he directed his labors to the remnant of the Parliament, and turned his energies and active genius once more to the purification of liberty, at its soui'ce, and to fix popular rights upon a firm and enduring basis. Upon the 20th of April. 1053, thirteen years after his first entry into Parliament, we find \'ane hurrying down to the House of Commons, resolved to make a last effort to sustain the Republic. A bill had been prepared and reported by him, as chairman of a select coninrittee, and had passed then to the committee of the whole, by whicii it was intended to provide for the termination of this Pailiament, whicli had been continued so long, and to fix a proper representative basis for the choosing of its successor. The exact character and details of the bill could ne^-er be determined on account of the violent scene which 63 followed during the day. But it was proved 'by an article which appeared in the London Times in the year 1831, that the main provisions of the bill prepared by Vane had been closely followed in the Eefonn Bill, as it was styled, which was brouglit forward and passed by Pa-rliaiment in that year. The Bill which had been tlius prepared by ^"ane had received all its amendments in the Grand Committee of the whole House, and ha if suddenly aston- ished himself, at the extraordinary part he was playing, stopped and said: "You tliink, pei-haps, that this is not parliamentary language. I know it." Then he put on his hat, went out of his place and walked up and down the floor, in the midst of the House, with his hat on his head and chid tliem soundly, looking sometimes at Vane and addressing him with sharp language and the wildest gestures. "One person" he said, aiming his long and uncouth gesture at Vane, "might liave j)revented this, but he was a juggler, and had not as much as common honesty. The Lord had done with him, however, and had chosen honester and worthier instruments for canying on His work." Vane's voice was once more lieard for the hill seconded hy Peter Wentworth and Harry Martin. "Come! come!" raved Cromwell, "I'll put an end to your pi-ating. Y''ou are no parliament; I'll put an end 65 to your sitting'. Begone! Give way to honester men." He then .stamped his foot very lieavily upon the floor. The door opened and he was surrounded hy musketeers, with arms ready. He then ordered his soklier.s to seize the speakers' mace and Mmself tearing up the bill whicli was under discussion, and was lying upon the speaker's table, lie drove the members out of the Hall. As the members passed Cromwell, he addressed the le-ading men with passionate bitteiness. He accused Allen of embezzlement. He pointed C'hallence out to his soldiers as a. drunkard, and others he called gluttons, extortioners, and the like. As Vane passed him, amonig the last, he stopped in his rapid use of adjectives to recall some vice, with which he could charge his gi-eat rival and then addressed to him in a loud and troubled voice, the memora- ble words: "Sir Henry Vane! Sir Henry Vane! The Lord de- liver me from Sir Henry Vane!" Cromwell was now master of the kingdom. He seized the records and commanding the doors to be locked went away to ^V^litehall. Some few days, the usiu-pation saw Vane quietly seated at Eaby Castle. Here, amid his family, he again devoted himself to philosophy and religion in the quiet and retirement of his country residence, maturing his plan for a new occasion to strike for what had l>ecome to him the Good Old CViuse. From his re- tirement he issued a treatise upon government, embodying the philosophical reflections of his political life. He in this treatise proposed what was then thought and perhaps truly was visionary and impracticable for England, but wliicli was closely followed in the new order of things, which has sprung up in her colonies upon this side of the Atlantic. At the death of Cromwell Vane was chosen a memfber of the parliament summoned by his son Richard and be again took the lead of the few Republican members who had been able to obtain an acbnission into that packed house, and by his ability defeated the efi'orts of the Coiu't Party to confirm the government in Richard Cromwell, and as a leading member of the Committee of Safety, he reported a bill for the future settlement of the gov- ernment upon the basis to which he had devoted his life. But such services were past forever. The people were now di-unk with the orgies of the Restoration and by a sudden reaction, 9 66 their minds became disgusted with their liberties wliich iiad fallen a prey to fanaticism and selfishness, and they had returned eageirly to their reverence for monarchy. All England was in ecstac-y for the Restoration of Charles the Second. Men forgot liberty in their eagerness for a king. Those who had been the latest advocates for popular rights en- deavored to throw oblivion over their acts by excess of loj'alty. The old royalists who had clinig witli unwavering- fidelity to the cause of their King, gathered in most exciting gi-oups to drink the healtli of the young monarch. In the midst of universal gladness, the triumph of the royal party was undisputed, and the fury of all parties to retiu'n to their old allegience prevented the adoption of any compact or treaty between the returning King and the people. The pai'ty of the restoration soon looked around for victims to atone for the violence which had marked the interregmim. Ivetributive .Justice might perliajis justly have required the ex- ecution of the Regacides, and those who failed to make their escape to Xew England were soon tried and executed. But it WAS eertfiinly a sad and bitter revenge which excepted the genius and integrity of Vane from the royal clemency in its hoiu- of triumph. He had been kept in prison, while the King under the management of Lord Clarendon was maturing a jilan by which they might rid themselves of a man to whom they attributed a mischievous activity. By the Bill of Indemnity Vane had been excepted by parlia- ment upon the promise that if an attainder was found against him his execution should be remitted. But Lord Clarendon's hatred of Vane, which was of a most bitter and s{)iteful char- acter, and so deep that the death of it^i victim was unable to sate it, and wiiicli has infused itself with refined cruelty into the fountains of liistory to blast the fame of a man he feared and hated, could not easily be disappointed of its vengeance. After Vane had been moved around from jn-ison to prison for two years., a parliament was assembled more sycojihanlir to the I'oyal A\ ill ami lUdic ]>]iable to Clarendou's ])urpose. Contrary to the royal j)roinise \'ane is now bro-ught to the ceremonies of a mock ti'ial and on the 2nd of .Tune, 1002, lie was arraigned before the Coiut of Kings' bench on an indictment found against him 67 by the Grand Jury for treason. Besides tlie Attorney General and Solifiter of the Crown, four of the most eminent lawyers of the Kingdom were engaged on behalf of the prosecution. The zeal of Chirendon. whet by tlie anxiety of the King, to get rid of a man, esteemetl too dangerous to let live, wa.s not to ■be disai)pointed by a failure of lionest nieasm-es in the dispatch of its victim; and with this array of authority, inlluence and learning on one side, and Vane alone, and denied the aid of counsel, upon the other, wliat could result, but a decent legal murder. A jury of Royalists were summoned to listen to the tedious argument of jjoints of law they could not understand and finally to find a verdict against one whom they knew it would be .esteemed a proper loyalty to condemn. Amid such circumstances, it was not likely that Vane expect- ed an acquittal. But he know that the eyes of his friends in England and America Mere directeil towards him and conscious that he was not so much defending his own life as the cause of Liberty ^diich had become to him far dearer,he faced his judges with a courage that gradually assumed an animated fearlessness. In- stead of oflering apologies for his course he denied the imputa- tion of treason against his country with settled scorn, defended the rights of Englishman to be governeeforo the time of Charles I, the family had become a noted ami powerful one, and under that monardi the father of Sir Henry the Youngei- held the oflice of Coileier and was a member of the Privy Council. Young Sir Henry was born in IG12 and received a finished ^education in his own country, when he set out to travel upon the continent and sojourned for awhile at Geneva. At that place he became imbued with the Calvanistic theology, and the principles of civil and religious liberty became firmly rooted in his mind. ()ii his return to England his liberal views in religious and political matters met the disapproval of his father and the King, and to enjoy his principles without moles- tation he determined to emigiate to the Colony of ^lassachusetts P.ay in America. He arrived there in 1G35, was eliected Governor, which ofBce he held for a year, and returned to England in 1637. The King then being in trouble witli his subjects received him graciously and appointed him to a high office. In 1040 he was elected a member of the famous Long Parliament. And it was uiK)n a secret document discovered by Vane and coniuumicated by him to John Pyni, that the impeachment of the Earl Strafford ■was foundeil, resulting in the final execution of that ambitious nobleman. He continued to liold his seat in this Parliament through the contest witli the King till his execution in 1G49 — to which act Yane was opposed — and acted likewise as Commissioner and Treasurer of the Xiavy down to ](i53. wlien Cromwell violently broke uj) tlie Parliament and dispersed the members. Vane then went into private life and devoted himself to literary and re- ligious studies, and published some interesting and valuable works. 73 At this period he prepared and published his famous work called "A Healing Question," in which he enunciated his views of Government, and his ideas of religious toleration, reflecting pretty severely upon Cromwell's ambitious designs. Cromwell became exasperated and imprisoned Vane. He soon released him however, but vented his spite by instigating multitudinous law suits against him concerning the title to his estates. "Wlien Oliver Cromwell died and was succeeded by liis son Richard in 1G59 a new Parliament assembled, of which Vane was a member. His first act was to make a speech in which he denounced Rich- ard and protested his determination not to submit to him. His eloquence and logic carried the Parliament with him, and Richard was compelled to abdicate. Vane and his coadjutors then set resolutely to work to pro- vide for the affairs of the nation, but while engaged devising a constitution and plan of Government which would secui'e the liberty and welfare of the English people, the notorious Gen. Monk betrayed his country to her oppressors, and the royal family was restored in the person of Charles 11. Vane's public labors were now at an end. He again sought retirement in pri- vate life. But he was considered dangerous to the peace of the King, and after being imprisoned and harassed for a couple of years, was finally put upon trial for treason, and after suffering every personal indignity, and perversion of justice that corrupt and truckling judges could be guilty of, he was at length by ao equally corrupt and intimidated jury pronounced guilty, 'but not till he had covered himself with glory "by the genius eloquence learning and heroism of his defence. His sentence and execution soon followed, but his dignity attended him to the last, and it is said of him that he met death like a King. Vane's death took place in 1CC2, he being then just fifty years of age. The English nation was so shocked and excited at the im- necessary and cruel execution of Vane, that the King was obliged to restore all the estates to his family, and received his son shortly afterwards as a member of his privy Council. The Vane family has continued to be honored and hororaMe from that period down to the present, and has kept up a tra- ditional attachment to literal principles. — In 1832 the repre- sentative of the family, William Henry Vane though his private 10 ■74 interests wei-e strongly against it, voted for the reform bill. For this patriotic act the King created him Duke of Cleveland with the title of Baron Ea^by, which titles were made hereditary in the family. Sir Henry Vane was undoubtedly a great man, as well as a good man. His stainless integrity of character was the more remarkable on account of the corrupt age in which be lived. His piety was sincere and fervent, and that he was thought worthy to suffer death on account of his uprightness, is the best testi- mony to his worth. His services on behalf of civil and religious liberty were gi-eat. He was through life a constant advo- cate of religious tolerations. — He clearly comprehended the idea on wliich freedom of conscience is founded, and it is really so simple and obvious that the wonder is men could ever lose sight of it more especially as it is inculcated so distinctly and repeatedly in Sacred Writ. It is simply the idea that before God all men are perfectly equal and that religion being the homage and worship due from all alike to the almighty, he alone possesses the prerogative of prescribing the mature and mode of that worship. No effort is required to understand this truth, but the idea of perfect civil libeity goes a step farther. That reists on equality of man with man. Thisi Vane does not appear to have reached. The farthest he seems to have gone in his plans was to abolish tlie Kingly office and s-ulbstitute a government by a number of trnstoes and to extend the elective franchise to all possessing a property qualification of a thousand dollars, leaving thie classes and ranks in society as they W'ore. This to us, appears but a small progress toward civil liberty, as we enjoy it, but it would have been a vast stej-) at that time. Vane's darling object was to have written a constitution, which he reg\arded the very foun- dation of security and liberty. But it was liis fate to die with- out realizing his generous hopes. Their realization was reserved for a later period and another land. With more executive force, Vane might ha/ve accomplished more good and prevented more mischief, but he did well in his day, and has left behind him a name to be admired and praised, and the reputation of an upright man and Christian statesman. THE ULSTER REGIMENT IN THE "GREAT REBELLION." By William Lounsbery, Esq. (From Ulster Historical Collections, Vol. I.) PEEFACE. The stdi-riiijg events of the present year are all fit subjects for history. It will be the duty of this Society, which has under- taken the care of the annals of Ulster County, to gatlier up the materials, as the fragunents fall from the incidents of wai" and political disintegration, so that none shall be lost. This is excuse enough for putting- into a tangible shape the xeminisoences of the late campaign of the Ulster County regi- ment of Militia, called into the sei-ivice of the General Govern- ment for the defence of the Capital, and the suppression of the iSouthern rebellion. Recollections are soon lost; and wiith ai'mies of half a million in the field upon each side, there is danger that the patriotic efforts of the beginning may be crowded out of mind by the more momentous aohievemients which are actively in progress. It is only a proper fidelity to Ulster Comity fame, to put these eiarly transactions of the war into a reliable shaj)ie. Kingston, October 16, 1801. CHAPTEK I. The Government of United States of America, though established upon the heel of a brilliant and successful revolution, was foimed peculiarly for peace. It was the creature of a war iavolving gi'eat personal aacriliees, yet its framersi made the new 76 Constitution only with an eye to growth and pi-osperous jieace, without a single prophetic vision into the turmoils to rend th« fair work of their hands into fragments. Scarcely a single per- son look€d beyond the partisan bickerings of the day. Adveise interests were kno\\-n to exist — the antagonisms of sections were heard, loud and threatening, in C'ongi-ess and on the stump, pre- ceding the stated National elections, but nothing was prophesied — at least nothing was believed to exist of sufficient force to oUset the glorious achievements, tlie Xational pride, and tlie rapid and healthy growth and progress of the counitry. The standing anny of the General Goivernment from motives of economy has always been an insignificant force; and froan the great extent of the Xatioual domain it became scattered and disorganized. In lieu thereof reliance was placed upon the militia of the dilferent States, which had become organized into a sys- tem of militaiy defence, more 0(r less mature. Xew York en- couraged such organizations by devoting- a trifling tax to the support of the service, and ixirnisliing aa^ms tO' those who en- rolled and uniformed themselves according to law; and in this way had enrolled several corps of Infantry and AiTtilleiy, that could ap2>ear witli credit by tlie side of vetea*an batallioiis of European armies. The Xcav England States had also militia organizations on a similar plan. In the South, too, on a anore i>i-ivate 'basis, sevea-al corps existed, with etiuipments and arms of the best i>attern, tpui'chased by individual contributions. On© corps of Zuaves, organized in tJie ^^'est, on a similar plan, had even outstripped in drill and efficiency the Europeam standard of this arm of service, so widely famed in the late war in Italy. It will be seen that the efficiency of these military organi- zations, from the pacific nature of our laws, depemied mainly upon tlie military spirit and enterprise of individuals; for the same reason that had prevented the General Government from supporting an expensive military establishment, had operated against large appropriations in that direction by the States. Military organizations thus created had been content with mutual acts of friendship, and rivalry — visiting and entertain- ing, and emulating each otlier in drill and appearance, little ap- prehending the approach of a great war. The Regiment of Ulster County militia^ was tlie giowtli of 77 the saaiie spiritj and in 1857 perfected a new organization, and assumed the name of the •'Ulster Guard." It adoiDted an uni- form dre«is sdmikx to tJie RegulaT Army, received arms from tJie State, adoipted the Light Infantry drill, and by dint of untiring energy under the eamuiand of Ck)l. Geo. W. Pratt, soon became one of the best organized and elHcient regiments of the State. It was attached to the Eighth Brigiade, commanded by Gen. H. A. Samson, and was much aided by his enei-gy and military spirit in acquiring its rank in the State sei'vioe. In 1858, Gen. Samson's Brigade went into camp for insti*uc- tion at Kingston. The two village corporationsi of Kingston and Hondout, appreciating the ed'OTt to make the Ulster Guard effi- cient and to show a fit trihute to the officers and men, pi'ocured a stand of colors, and took this occasion to present them in be- half of the villages. The presentation tkew a very lange con- course of citizens, and took place at the Canip Ground, between the two villages, on the .31st of AugTi^t, 185S. The presentation ftddres-s was made by the Hon. Wm. S. Kenyon. It is of interest here, as throwing light uiX)n the motives of those who then patronized the militia. ; He said: '"Colonel and Oilicers and Soldiers of the Uls.ter Guard: The vast importaiic-e to a free and independent people of a duly organized and efficient citizen soldiery, both in a civil and politi- cal as2)ect, requires at our hands no proclamation. The Constitution of this great State — the text book of our chai-tered civil and political rights — proclaims it by a recognized equality between the civil and military branches of the Govern- ment. So close a relationship is established by donstitiitional parentage between those brandies, that the Gove'rnor, the great civil head, is declared to be the Commander in Chief of the mili- tary and naval forces of the Stiate. An union so complete, an intimacy so vital to each, must of nec*©ssity prompt a sense of mutual dependency, and incite to an open expression of regard. Eminently meet and natural is it that the civil and municipal authorities everywhere should profl'er the right hand of fellow- ship to thiO military, and testify before the world to a recogni- tion of a common origin, and one and the same destiny. The corporations of Kingston and Hondout hea-e convened, by 78 tlicir represeuta-tives, recognizing you as an honoirable ajid dis- tinguisbed mem'ber of that noble body of organized citizens, of whidi tbe Empire State lias reason ev^er to be proud, seize this op- portunity to tender you a testimonial of their high appreciation of your merits as soldiers, and through me to .expr«ss an aibid- ing sense of your worth a.s citizens and as men. The flag of liis country, emblazoned all over with an ever increasing galaxy of sta-rsi, symtolical of a i>i-osperoU'S union of f'ree and independent States, which, God grant, may nevea- be dissolvied, must to the heart of every ^Vmerioau soldier prove a cherisihed souvenir. lleeeive these colors at our hands. Preserve them in remem- brance of an occasion so pregnant mth intea-est, and of a scene in whidi you act so conspicuous a jmrt. A thousand holy recol- lections will forever cluster around them. The very Heavens tliat are now smiling down upon you, these old liills that lie crouching all about you with expansive ear, listening to catch tlie very ac<-es. You will read upon this simple gift — no proiihetic revelation; but you will not fail to disco \er on every fold some divine memento, traced there by the tender hand of memory. Accept them and guard tliem with a valiant heart, and nuiy they, like tliat tstand of lieavenly colors flimg out by Israel's God, a pillow of cloud by day and a pillow of lire by night, in- troduce you to a full and free fruition of your dearest hopes." Col. Pratt replied as follows: "Mr. President and Gentlemen: hi behalf of the Ulstei- Guard I thank you for this beautiful gift, ami the kind expressions of 79 aiipreciation with wliich it is aeoompanietl. The .s-okUeirs con- stituting my command, cherish tJie homes 'and firesides of tlieii- country, and it needs no incentive to earn a pledge of their pro- tection; 'but it is a proiul pleasure to them, that tlie municipal authorities of the two Lai-gesit villages of Ulster, have taken this occasion to express their regard. We appreciate the lionoir you have done us, and we promise that if this land is eviei- involved in war, that these eoloi^s shall wave with credit and glory, wherever danger is thickest, and the fight is warmest. Gentlemen, Ave thank you, and as j'ou haive alluded to our revolutionary sires, we trust the Ulster CUiard will never be found unworthy of the nobble inhemtanee of honor and virtue they have left us." In 1860, the Regiment again encamped at Athens for instruc- tion. It numbered in rank and file nearly 400, and was consid- ered a full a'egiment; and at tlie review of the Governor and Stall', it Avas complimented as one of the ibost Regiments in the State. That this compliment was sincere subsequent events proved. It is not a part of tihis record to trace the causes of the war. It is sufficient that the events of the winter of 18G0 and 1801 l>resaged a collision of the sections. The life of the newly elected Pi-esident Avas threatened on his route toi Washington, and he Avas scarcely permitted to be inaugiirated AA-ithout wit- nessing the clash of armsi. The siege and sm-render of Fort Sumter, AA-hich shortly folloAved, stirred in a moment the ele- ments of Avar, and a call for seventy-five thousand troops to be furnished hj the loyal States, thirty thousand of AA-hich Avei-e apportioned to Xcav York Avas at once issued by tire President. The Militia Regiments of this State, fit to take the field, AA'ere oi-dered in resiponse to this call to march at once to Washing-ton to protect the Capital. Of the Regiments thus ordei-ed, seA-^en Avere from XeAV York city and Brooklyn; one from Albany and one from Ulster County — the Ulster Guard. Excepting the Albany Regiment, equipped under the immediate eye of the 'State authorities, Ulster County furnished the only other one, out of NcAY York city and Brooklyn, fit to take the field in the 80 pressing emergency. History must ever note this fact in praise of the sturdy patriotism of Ulster Oounty men. OHAPTEK II. Tlie din of preparation to meet tlie crisis awoke to the most stirring ell'ort tlie patrioti.sm of the State. The Legislature, in session at Albany, appropriated half a niillion of aollajs to put tiie militia in jwssession of war equipanents, and three millions more to arm an additional volunteer foice. An Union Defence Committee was api)ointed in Xew Yorik city, emd furnished with nearly five millions of dollars, a larg-e portion conk-ibuted by jKitriotie individuals., to send forward troojxs. The citizens of Ulster, with perhaps less tumult, 'rallied, worthy of their old Revolutionairy fame, to the -svork. An immense impromi>tu mass meeting was held in the Court House, and amid the ringing of Church l>ells, the firing of camion, and the general suspension of business pursuits, the citizens pledged their etiorts to the pre- servation of the Government. At a meeting of the officers of the Ulster (iuai-d, their services were tendered to the Governor, and propositions to recruit and equip the Regiment to a war footing, were at onoe put into motion. The araoimt of money neeidly the "sinews of war." The banks, with a true patriotic spirit, came up to their duty in the crisis, and ismied piomptly to Col. Pnatt the following letter: Kingston, X. Y., 20th April, 18C1. Col. George W. Pratt: Dear Sir — ^iVt a meeting of Officers of the Banks in this town, held this day, on the representation that the sum of Eight Thousand Dollars is needeil to prepare yom- Regiment for the field, it was unanimously Resolved, That the Banks here i-epresented, viz: Ulster County Bank, Kingston Bank, Bank of Roodoiit. and State of Xew York Bank, will each honor the Drafts of the Paymastea- of the 20th Regiment for the sum of Two Thousaml ]>ollars. Yours, &c., A. BRUYX ILVSBROUCli, Chairman. II. II. Reynolds, Secretai-y. 81 The toarnks of Sangerties also contributed $2,000. Funds to feed the troops were rai>idly gathered by siutoscription. Recruits from the different towns, aroused by the fei-vid appeals of prom- inent citizens, poured rapidly into Kinig-ston and enrolled them- selves under the Command of Colonel Pratt. In a week the Regiment numbea-ed eight hundred men, mostly uniformed and equipped, and had received orders from the dovernor to report to President Lincoln at Washington. Wlio will say that this was not an act of hei-oism, worthy our revolutionary history? The men thus formed into military nanks, were under oaders for a march of three hundred miles. Blood bad ali'eady been shed along the loute. Commimication with Washingtion had been cut off, and it was even conjectured that the Capital had been taken possession of by the rebel in- vaders. The men \\ho tluis volunteered wea-e obliged to leave their business and families, with sacrifices and under circum- stances in many casies very unpleasant and distressing. Sunday, the 29th of April, was the day on which the Regi- m^ent took its departure. The line of maroh from the Regimen- tal Armory at Kingston, was formed at 6 o'clock, a. m. Even at that early hour, the streets were filled by an immense crowd, depressed by the gloomy sentiments of so imoertain a separation from friends, husbands, sions and lovers; yet enlivened by the spirit of patriotism and devotion to duty. The Regimental Colors consecrated to the defence of Ulster Ooxmty soil, were about to be borne off to a distant encounter— to mingle in the doubtful issue of a fratricidal contest. It was a scene that might well produce contending emotions, and will long be re- membered iby those whosje feelings wea-e involved in the thick network of sentiments that touched to tears so large a mul- titude. The Ulster Co^mty Bible Society took occasion to convene the Regiment, before its departiue, at the Academy Green, to pre- sent to etich soldier a copy of the Testament, and to commend its divine truth, as an ever present moaiitor in the hazzards of the soldier's life. The presentation address was delivered by the Rev. Joseph A. Collier, of the Second Refoi-med Dutch Ohurch of Kingston, and its j^leatling devotion to Bible truth, as it seemed to shine from his fervid lang-uage and expressive countenance, 11 83 broug'bt many an unwilling tear, and left many an ineifacalile touch of comiction. The pastors of all the churches of Kings- ton weie aJso present and pai-ticipated in the exercises, and unite«l their prayers for the welfare of the country, and the soldiers about to embark in its se^'ice. The patriotic devotion of Ulster County was also represented, and \\'as expressed in an eloquent and fervid speech by Hon. A. Bruyn Hasbrouck. He impressied in glowing language upon her soldiers the fearful ordeal of the Xation, and tlie coujse of conduct imposed upon them by the early history of the County. The members of the Regiment, with these solemn impressions, ami with uj^lifted hands, swore the Constitutional oath, and toolc their line of imarch to Rondout and thence on board Major Cornell's steamea-, the "Manhattan," and a barge. They were still acoompanied by the eroAvd, who delajied their farewell until the transport passed out of the creek. Bidding good-bye, the dense throng filled the liouse-tops, crowded tlie wharf and vessels at the dock, and every available space, whilst cheer after cheer and that trembling enthusiasm of the multitude, filled the air, luitil Ulster County settled out of sight of her devoted soldiers, and tliey found themselves alone M'ith the more serious impressionis of their eiTand and its duties. CHAPTER III. In our h Tappeu, Captain; W. A. Van Renssalaer, 1st Lieutenant; Peter S. Voorhees, 2d Lieutenant. Comi>any D, 74 men; Davis Winne, Caj)tain; Jolin Hussey, Ist Lieutenant; John ]\1. Schoonmaker, Jr., 2d Lieutenant. Comically E, 98 men; W^iUiam Lent, Captain; Jacob A. Black- man, 1st Lieutenant; Nicholas Sa-hn, 2d Lieutenant. Com2>any F, (i3 men; Patrick J. Flynn, Captain; Edward O'KeUey, 1st Lieutenant; John Murray, 2d Lieutenant. Company G, 80 men; James T. Hendricks, Captain; James D. Balen, 1st Lieutenant; S. W. Miller, 2d Lieutenant. CV>m2>any H, 87 men; John Derrenbivcher, Captain; JaiTis Mc- Entee, 1st Lieutenant; Lawrence Stoker, 2d Lieiitenant. Oomi>any R, 109 men; Wade H. Steenlbergh, Oaptain; George Wheeler, 1st Lieutenant; Cornelius C. Bush, 2d Lieutenant; Am- brose N. Baldwin, Jr., 2d Lieutenant. 85 CHAPTER IV. A brief sketch of the cajuiipaign up to this time is here neces- sary. Massachusetts prepared in Feibruary and. March for an ap- proachiing war, and when the prochviuation was issued to the Xorthei-n States by telegraph, Gov. Andi'ews answered by tele- gi-^aph inquiring- where his quota should be sent and at the same time he ordered forward the Sixth and Eighth Regiments of Militia of that State, then in camp at BoS'ton. The Sixth had reached Baltimoa-e on the 19th of April, and in passing through that city was assaulted by a moib, and several ivu.led oi* wounded. This act was followed by the destruction of the railroad and tele- graph lines through Baltimore, connecting with Washington, on both the Harrisburgh and Havi-e-de-Graoe routes. Under these cireuanstanc&s, the Eigihth of Massachusetts and the Seventh of Xew York, with Brig.-Clen. Butler in command, were compelled to take the route via Perryville and Anna.polis. TJiey landed at Annapolis before the rebel forces in Maryland could combine in strength, and thus secin-ed possession of the Annapolis branch raihoad connecting \\ith the Washington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad at Anna.polis Junction. The Twentieth from Lister County followeil iby this route, and landed at Annapolis May 8th, just after daylight. Cen. Butler was in coniniand of the Department of Annajjolis, and assigned to the Ulstei" Guard the duty of holding this route to Washington, with Head-Quarters at the Junction. That [Maryland A\as not a loyal State had been tested by the conduct of Baltimoreans on the 19th of April; and an attempt to stab one of the Regiment in the darkness during the first night of the Twentieth on their soil, gave a clue to their mode of meet- ing their assailants. The Annapolis raili-oad passes thix>ugh a sparsely populated district for twenty miles to the -Tunction. Along much of the route the first forests are still standing. Foa- the purpose of protiecting this road, a portion of the companies Avere di\'ided into pickets of from 10 to GO and stationed at such convenient distances, that a night patrol would paQS the Avhole road, thus connecting Annapolis and the Junction by a chain of pickets. That this duty was gloomy and unpleasant ami attended Avith danger, is clear. That the inhabitants at best were of a very sensitive loyalty, Inwl already been learned by the Regiment in 86 whose steps th&y followed, and that the duty imposed was delicate and important was equally clear. The Head-Quarters at the Junction oct-upied a eampiiig ground slightly sloping to-waa-ds the raihoad station, and skirted on the cast by a wood, affording a pleasant shade during the heat, but no pix>tection from attack. The le\eJ natuie of the coiintry, in fact, furnished not the slightest natural defence. The fii'ist at- tention, therefore, of CoJ. Pratt was directed to breaking up the military organizations of the neighboirhoad, known to be hostile. l\cjK>sitoii-ies of arms -were ransacked, and susi>ected individuals apprehended or watched. The principal danger was from a cav- alry i-aid that might have swept suddenly from the direction of the Rebel Head- Quarters on the Potomac. Against tliis the Colonel was specially warned, and "by surrounding the camp with a chain of jnckets, he soon made a surprise diiiicult. The next duty — and a delicate one — was to encomuge the Union and loyal sentiment Iby overcoming the natural hostility of the inhabitants to noi'tdiern tixjops, who appeai-ed to them in the light of invaders. The quality of his troops rendered this easier. Prejudices against some of the acts of preceding Regiments were soon overcome by a uniform respect for tlie rights and feelings of the residents. Their property — even their slaves — they soon found more secure than under the usu:il lemedies of tlieir State laws. The Rail- road Company, \\liic-h at first crippled their own road to prevent the ])assiiige of trooj>s. soon favored the troops, who protected their property. Before two months' the members of the Ulster Guard were a.s much resi>ected on the strange soil of Maryland, as they wei'e in their own neighborhoods of their native County. An elei'tion called to fill the seats in the special scission of Con- gress, in the District occupied by the troops from Ulster, resulted almost unanianonsly foi' the Union ciindidates, and this without interference or the least appearance of contirol on the i>art of the troops. Oi-ganized effoirts lo attack and sm'pinse the Camp were from time to tim<^ discovered and broken up before they riiiened. One project of the kind, undertaken upon a very dark night, wa« foiled by the vigilance of one of the outside .sentinels, and the alarm being given, the movement dispersed through the darkneas, leaving only tracks and the nodse of retreat as evidence of its foaee. An actual engagement did not take place 3 for it waa not 87 provoked by negkcting vigilance. Xto individual ease of violence occiuTcd; for tlie conduct of tlie men caused respect instead of •l)roils. It was a conquest more glorious than an abject subjuga- tion, tliat, when it was understocwl to^Vlards the close of June to l>e the intention of Gen. Bankvs to order tlie Regiment to Balti- more, the inhabitants petitioned the Commandant of the Depart- ment to continue the Twentieth in the occupation of the ix>sition they then held. On tlie 28th of May. whilst the Twentieth was at the Junction, Lieut. Col. Hiram Schoomnaker submitted his re-signation to tlie officers of the Regiment. It was known to be caused by reasons not attriibutalble to a dislike of his associates or the: service, and produced a deep regret, which had expression at a meeting at wliioh tlie fact was first leiuned iby the officers. An election to fill the vacancy was held, and Major Tlieodore B. Gates, entitled by rank to the sucoessiion, was cheerfully elected to the position. The choice Avas proved to have 'been a wise one. Jacob B. Harden- bergh, who liad held tJie post of Adjutant since the organization of the Regi.ment. was chosen :Major, and though at first inclined to nefuse the additional responsibility of that place, his eminent fitness made his fellow officers insist upon his acceptance. Mau- rice W. McEntee was appointed from Co. H in place of Mr. HJar- denbergh, proauoted. CHAPTER V. The Regiment in Camp at Athens, in 18G0, as lias been said, was commended at its inspection by the Officers of the State for its discipline and proficiency in drill and batallion movements. Recruiting it up to a war standard, introduced, of course, a very large number of undisciplined soldiers. Some whole companies were fresJi from ordinary business, and had never had the first lesson in the school of the soldier. In the hun-y of forwarding troops the Reginnent marchetl without an o])port unity to practice in batallion. Xo chance for exercise was oft'ered in Xew York city, and during the early part of its stay on the Annaiw>lis road, the Regiment was scattered, and only a portion of the companies appeared in line. But drills in squads and comixinies was quickly ac(|uired by the presence ami example of the original members of the Regiment. ^Mien tlie companies, therefore. gTadually gath- ered at Head-Quarteas as they wei-e relieved from picket duty 88 on account of the gi'owing loyalty along the road, they rapidly acquired, by drill, gi-eat steadiness in executing the most difficult of the movements of ttlie batallion, and soon (became one of the 'l>e.'^t appearing Regiments in the field. The exposure of picket sy the riot of the inth of April, and the laro-e num.ber loyal from such motives augment- eni the influence of the true Union men. An animosity gi-ew between these two parties to a much more 89 bitter hostility tlian partisan feeling alone would cause; for- tlie dread, of approaching collision \vitli arms matle all suspicious and auxioiis. Baltimore was in fact a slumibei'ing volcano, and the discovery of arms in large qviaiitities secreted and under control of the municipal officers and the police, kno^^•n to lean strongly in their sympathies toward the rebels, impelled Gen. Banks- to occupy the city with a sufficient force and protect the Union Cause by ^Martial Law. It was with this view that the Twentieth was moved from the Junction, and together with six other Regiments encamped adjacent to the city. The Ulster Guard pitdred its tents at Pat- terson Park at the eastei'n terminus of Baltimore street,, the principal one for business in the city, whilst tJie Thirteenth from Brooklyn occupied the other extremity of the saane street, a dis- tance of about five miles from each other. Three Regiments of Pennsylvania militia, one of :Mai-yland volunteers, and a battei-y of light artillery from Boston, were also encamped on tn© city outskirts, whilst a batallion of ]\Iassaehusetts militia and two Companies of regulars- were stationed at the Fort. Such was the condition of the occupation on [Monday morning, July 1st, when the Twentieth was oi-dered to occupy the principal Police Station and the Custoin House, posts distant about one mile from each other, and in the heart of the city. For this piu"- pose the Regiment was divided near- y equal, and the right wing under Lieut.-Col. Gates, located at the Police Station, and the left wing and Head-Quarters at the Custom House, supported by a detachment of the Boston battery with two of their pieces unlimbered on the sidewalk near the i>rincipal entrance. Two important plans of the rebels were thus frustrated. The old police claimed still the right to hold their places, and di-aw their pay, and were organizing to take possession of the Police Head-Quarters and tiun out the new force just established by the Pi-ovost [Marshal. In the Custom House was deposited the Gov- ernment revenue of the Port, and a large sum to be used by the depot officers of the Army. The rebel officials had already shown gi-eat quickness in discovering and ransacking the Government treasui-es, and active combinations were in progress to give the rebellion a new vigor by its breaking out in force in so excellent a field as among a crowded population like Baltimore. A whole 12 90 roginicnl had beon organized and eijuippcd fiw tlie Rebel Army from the young men of the city, and it \\oiila have given an immense imi>etus to this work, if rebellioiii eonhl liave laid its li;iii(l iiiKPU tlic Cosciiniient tieasines. antl tlie lieavy fcmnding madiinery with which Jialtimore is so well supplied. It bei-anie Col. l^ratfs work at onee to operate witb the new police in ferreting out and breaking up these combinations. In three days it had been so effectually accom]dished. that the 4tli of .Inly dawnceairance the rebel combinations haxl been broken u]>. Tlie 'I'wentieth M'as relieved, and returneicturesnue landscape. The »[>ot bears interesting reminiscences of the war of 1812. still pre- serving the line of int renclnueiits hihI ^..e majiiii/jine useu at that time to protect the city trniii the IVritish invaders iimler (Jenl. Ross. The ohi I'ark i^ thickly share-eiit dcdight of sliade aiu. rest were to be pre- ferred. The news of the actual ad\an(e wime, and very many 91 longed to be of the number, and iuil,i;oJ Lu.o management bad that eondemned s-o many strong aamis to inactive eaise. On Sunday, July 2Lst, during a sievere rain and pitchy dark- ness, at 1 o'clodv at niglit, the Camp A\-as aroused by an order to be in readinesis for an iniinediate maicJi. The tidinigs of the dis- astrous defeat of the Federal forees. had rieached the Depaa'tment Head-Quartersi, and it was tlie intention of (lenl. Banks to evacu- ate Baltimore and join the Mmiy at ^^'alshing•ton ^^■Hh his whole force, to protect the Capital, which was ag«in in imminent dan- ger. This intention AsaLS subsequently changed, as later tidings assured him that tlie Eebel Commanding General had not been able to profit by his victoiy. The Cluster Rolls of the TAventieth dated from Aiuil 23, end- ing a three months' service on the 23d of July. It was intended to discharge tlie Regiment at that time; but tlie late disaster con- fused the whole Federal plan;- — called Clenl. Banks to the Com- mand of the Army of the Sheniandoah, and wliilst it made Wash- ington iaisecure, ga\'e a new impetus to rebellion at Baltimoi'e. It WHS not deemed safe to decrease the force at that city. On the other hand, three Regiments were ordered from Fortress Mon- roe, to increase the force. The Twentieth was obliged, therefore, to A\ait its turn to be relieved. This delay was thought by some to be a hardship. The picture of family and home ^^•as vividly painted upon the anticipations of many of the soldiers. The 2;id of July had come to be viewed in the light of an appointed pleasure, not easily put aside. But the predominant feeling of patriotism controlled the mass, and kept down any formidable e.xiliibition of discontent. Revolts from the cause describetl oc- curred in several Regiments about Baltimore, and the failure of Genl. Patterson to play his pant in the advance on ^lanassas was charged to the same cause, and greatly disgraced a j)ortion of the army. It is a pride Ulster County people may well feel in their soldiers that they did not incur a similar disgrace. With patriotic devotion to duty not weakened when they had obeyed its letter, they i>ersevered in obeying its spirit also, and abided in full efficiency the convenience of the Government to relieve them from the service. It was made a part of the closing sei"vices of the Twentieth to complete the work of securing Baltimore from the influence of 93 the men who had been implicated in the discovered rebel com- binations. For that purpose, a. detax-hment consisting of Com- panies A, G and R, started on :Monday, July 29th, on board the steamer Jo&eph ^Mlitney, in eliarge of the airrested police com- missioners and other prisoners, to lodg-e them in Foe sure, which were caused by the luii-ry of tilu'ir departiu-e; 'but they were followed to the war by a constant solicitude and their wants sought out and supplied. 93 The Regiment was luider special o'bligatioiis to ^h\ Henry H. Reynolds, avIio took iniich time from his official duties to seek out ways in which he could add comforts to the Ulst^er County troops. His visits to the Camps of the Regiment were followed hx oontriibutions of sihoes, and underclothing, and those in- numera'ble articles that his keen charity discoveried as proper comforts to relieve the hardships of the Soldier's life. The ready ingenuity and industry of the Ulster County women were guided much by his advice in the memorable services that were rendered bj' them at home, as they \\ere mindful of their soldiers abroad. The camp at the Junction was named Camp Reynolds, in ac- knowledgment of such acts of judicious and thoughtful benevo- lence. This mucli Avas done at tlie time to reward a zeal for the. causie as far as possible removed from any selfish or sordid motives. r It may be mentioned here — for it is due to the truth of his- tory — that the women everywhere have been the brightest exam- j)les of patriotism. Their smiles attended the troops all along their route to the war. Tlieir confidence and courage have cheered the cause in its most desponding moments. In Baltimore, where the ladies have activity, spirit, intelligent-e and heroism, they even outsitripped the Union men in exhibitions of loyalty. The beau- tiful National Color's, which the . Regiment brought home as one of its tiophies, is the gift of the industry and devoted patriotism of the Baltimore ladies, who took this means of acknowledging the services of the Ulster County troops in i>res€rving their city faithful to the Constitutio-n and the Laws of the Country. It is pleasnint. amid the disasti'ous consequences of waa*, to re- cur to such acts. Wie learn that there are bright spots even amid devastation and blood. They revive the ever dear mem- ories of our first Revolutionary times. They prove that acts of heroism have not perished from the earth. If til is war accomplisbe-i iiotliing more of advantage to the race, it has raised our opinion ot our own times by bringing out acts race, it has raised our oidiiion of our times bv brin<'in,"' out acts of iiidi\idu-al sacrifice and daring that do credit to the virtue and patriotism of tlie Fathers of the Rejiuiblic. May be our trials our meant to ])urify our love of liberty, and will make our free in- stitutions to be better prized, and the Union more prosperous and luiited. ADDKE.SS 01" WiJJJA-M LUL'XSBERY, ESQ., Before the ULSTER COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Sept. 25fcl), 1SG2. (i'luiii the I^iigstou Jotunal.) 31r. I'resident, Ladies and (Jentlemen : The animal gatheiiiry of the producing classes of Ulster Coun- ty at this time, is an ocoaisiou of more than its usual importauoe. A domestic war, whilst it has, as yet, ispare^l oiu- houses and farms from the luthless waste of passing laranies, lias nevei-the- less d'liained olf a considerable portion of the laboring popula- tion, and imjKJsed burdensome taxes. Men, who from other oceupation, or want of occupation, have not before this de\oted thenuselves to the soil, are likely to be stimulated to that pur- suit by the demands of the times; and our old agTicultiiralists, with new taxes iniposeil, must meet with spirit and intelligence the new levy upon their land. It may be stated here at the outset, that aigiiculture inij)lics .something more than planting and reaping. It implies cultiva- tion of the soil, anen«es of the (iovernment, in a nmch more .satiwfaotory manner than by simply grumbling a.t a fortune, which by wliomsoevcr brought uj[>on us, Ls nevertheless a necessity that must be borne by all. 95 I liaive tlius alluded to the oondition of our country in this eoimeotaon, for the nation lias been principally indebted to our agricultural resources for its financial vigor in thius far with- standing the efforts of foreign countries, and England especially, to break down our credit and thus compel our gioverninent, from bankru])tcy. to yield to the desiigns and wishes of the leaders in the Southern rebellion. Wlien the great export staple, cotton, was locked up by the rebel leaders, or biirnt in the path of our advancing army, aiul our stocks held abroad, were pushed into O'ur market by the discredit gi\eR them by English newspapers, we were inde^bted to the granaries of the West, and the immense agricultural resoui-ces of tlie country for the means to restore the balance of trade, and to preserve the credit of our fovern- ment at lionie. Even now the TOuntries of Europe are crying for footl more than clothing, and they may yet learn that they have a, more arbitrairy monarch in corn than in cotton. The farmers of Ulster have a duty to peiform in swelling the amount of our surplus food, and in helping to supply the every year increassing deficiency in the foreign market. The resources of a country depend uiion the energj% spirit and industry of a ])eople. and our rapid igi-owth whilst the government was little felt, can be kept steadily forward with a little additional indus- try. The waste and extravagance of prosperous times, will, if now saved, be sufficient to pay the extra expenses of our domes- tic wai-. It is satisfactory to be able by figures to prove to you, how rapidly the energies of the country have grappled in the manner already indicated, the trying circumstances in which the nation is tbrown, and we quote from the financial articles of a Xe^v York paper of the last and present month in this connection: "A comparative statement of exports, exclusive of specie, from the port of New York to foreign ports, foi- the week ending August 26 and since January 1. 1860 1861 1862 Total for the week $2,021,402 .$2,275,158 $2,934,797 Previously report ed 56,572,056 81,716,278 86,382,735 Since January 1 $58,593,458 $83,991,431 .$89,317,582 96 Upon wliicli the etton. If the Soutliern leaders could have realized that New York would ship $14,000,000 worth of produce in a month without cotton, the rebellion might never have broken out. •■'A comparative statement of the exjMjrts (exclusive of s.pecie) from New York to foreign ports for the week ending September 23. and since January 1: 1860 1861 1862 For the week $ 2,179,802 $ 2,,2!)5,553 $ 4,134,421 Previously repoa-ted 64,781,733 90,719,355 92,705.512 Since January 1 $66,901,535 $93,014,908 $102,839,933 Upon wlidch tlio editor remarks: "This enormous export ex- ceeds the calculations of every one. Notwithstanding the un- exjiected amount of imports, our exports increase in even greater proportion. At this rate the exports of produce from New Y'ork, exclusive of cotton, will amount this year to the unparalleled figure of $130,000,000." Tliese figures need no oomment. They speak in plain and un- mistakaible language of tlie resources of the eountiy, and the in- telligence with whicili they have been developed. Intelligence is of itself a producer. It does not work in auy fixed rut, like an anticpiated notion, nor in the vaseillating and fickle manner of the new fasliion, but it applies itself to the demands of the times and circumstances — to the acoidents of the woi'ld and life, — and thus when war lias dried up one fountain of wealth and resource, it strikes with a magic wand another rock, and plenteous streams flow forth. Successful farming depends upon the intelligence of the peo- ple. By that I mean the ciipacitj- by wliich they adopt means to an end. I do not believe that there is a fixed rule by which land can be prcparetl for a pai'ticular seed, or tliat agricultural chera- 97 istry ever so well studied, will teach one what stimulant a cer- tain soil needs to bring forward to hest advantage a given crop. Intelligent farming applies cliemistry to experience and sets both to work upon the circumstances presented. It does not adopt unquestionied, any given formula of the ibooks, but tiests for it- self what is 'best for the end desired. THE SOIL of Ulster County represents nairly all the varieties of tliis cli- mate, from the heavy rich alluvial, to the mountain siu'face. Within the last ten years a considea'able quantity of the latter variety has been reduced to cultivation, and my attention at- tracted to this fact by lately looking at the south slope of the Shawangimk, and 'by traversing the moimtain roads of the northern towns, I have been surprised at the amount of upland now cultivated in this coiuity, and the aanount of produce an- nually gathered from that kind of soil. Especially in northern ShaTidaken, opened a few years agO' by the Ulster & Delaware Plank Rond, to the market, has progress in intelligent farming been rapid in a most gT'atifying degree. There are in that town, which a few years aigo, was almost as wild as the red man left it, noAV many very valuable fanns, attesting the industry and intelligence and home comforts of its present inhabitants. The bark lands have been mostly stripped of the wealth natm-e gave ^bountifully, and now it is discovered that mucli of them is high- ly productive, both of grass and cereal crops. The value of tliis kind of land has arisen in actual value from 50 cents to $2.50 per acre, from access to market and the additional value given it by labor. The average value of cultivated land in that town is albout $10 per acre, whilst some fanns are valued at $50 per acre. In speaking of the value of farm land, I can mention one fact apparent to all. That the mamver in which a farm is kept does much towards fixing its market value. The mairk on Cain's brow, which scarred his expression mth a Tirother's blood, was no more apparent than the- appearance of the fences and build- ings and the surface of the farm denote tlie character of the owner, and give a value to the fairm itself independent of lo- cation. Our most valuable land for aigrioultural piu-poses is located 13 98 along the margin of the Esopiis and Wallkill. Witii the excep- tion of the [MoJiawk Valley, there is no land in the State of New York that Avill 'l>ear woppinp- with heavy cereals, with a smaller supply of artilicial stimulant. The Wallkill has much the largest extent of valley, and tlie surplus food of Ulster is mostly raised in that section of the county. The faa-uiers of New Paltz have been for years hoarding considerable fortun.es, and the Huguenot Ba.nk, with a capital stock of $100,000, represents a portion of the siuphis which has been tinned out form the alluvial deposits of tliis fertile valley, which stretches out from the foot of the Shawangimk range toward the South in a surface of about 45 square miles. The surplus crop of this section, which is carried to New York by the barges from New Paltz, has been estimated at $ir)0,000 for a good season. So uiuch of a granary Ulster is for the crowded cities of oiu- country and the old world. A fancy value is rapidly attaching to our river front, for the home of the later life of the successful business man. Our pros- l>erous days tinned out from New York yearly a crop of men Mho lia\e there accunuilated fortunies. These seek the ooimtry somewhere along the usual thoroughfare or upon the banks of the Hudson, from the world of business upon the soil and devote them- selves to beautifying it instead of turning it to the more homely and useful work. I shall speak of such again, only remarking here how much soil Ulster has yet to spare for such, affording a river front of about 40 miles, superior in its natural scenery to that of Dutchess, which is alreaoy nearly all taken up for this piu-j^ose. of evea'y variety, ado2)ted to om- climate, can be raiseil upon so varied a soil as Ulster affords, and it is to this siDbject the farm- er's intelligent obseivation should he directeKl. Hay, oats, corn, wheat, rye and jwtatoes are the principal crops raised to such an extent as to produce a supply above our home consumption. Of the lirst three, Ulster is a large c-onsuiiicr on account of tlio Canal and the quarrying, and attention should be paid to their suc- cessful cultivation. Hay is especially piotitable, because little labor is rerni of al)out 700 acres in Dutchess County, is anostly devoted to hay, realizes aibout 900 tons or nearly $10,000 on the 99 aveiiagie for his 350 aoi«8, from wliicli lie reaps Ms aimual hay crop. His plan is not io break up his meadows, as is the general custom, after five or six crops. Instead of having his meadows renewed he adds topdnessing to his wlioJe park and sows in new seed where it sihows an appearance of running out. His practice of rolling his meadows' should be followed 'by eviery farmer where it is possible; for by tliat means the soil is firmly attached to the roots and the danger of the soil running ofl' by heavy rains, or the small plants being thrown out by the frost is avoided. He also reeommends a mixiture of red top and timothy as pro- ducing a more firm and vigorous sotl. I examined tlic quality of his crop at the time he was cutting it in AugTist, this year. His large park was uniform in quality and the grass was thick, tall and course, sho\\ii)g thrifty growtli and giving a heavy yield, superior to many new meadows that I examined about the same time in this county, which bad been brought forward with skillful husbandry. Hay growing is [Mr. Kelly's special crop, and he has devoted much study and intelligence to its successful culture, as well as to its marketing, in good condition. At the time I was at his farm ho was supplying an oider for a cargo for the use for the army. His Avagons were iinloaded at his dock, and in his store house the hay was, during an afternoon and part of the following day, pressed, and rolled on board the vessel that was to convey it to its destination on the James River. It is, of course, impossible for all to possess themselves of some of the natural advantages of Mr. Kelly's farm for hay cultiva- tion. I have, however, alludeil to some facts in this connection, which will be found, I think, useful. Oats is a crop for whidi our upland farms ai-e specially adapt- ed, and it can be grown and prepared for market, with a hand- some profit, at the prices it has sold at uniformly in this County, and I am satisfied that our County oats, sold by our good farmers, are superior in weight and quality to that imported from other parts of the eountry. jSIy impression, from recent investigation, is tliat our farmws are grooving more rye than they ought. Wheat, it has been found, can be cultivated here on all the land that will produce rye. Neither grow well on poor soil. But wheat will always command a large price and yield a larger profit. In England, of L ofC. 100 late years, rye is omly produced for a few eccentric appetites. The staple head is wheat, and for feed other grains are superior, and can I)o raised in larger quaiitities than rj'e. Potatoes shoukl never be grown for niarkoting in bulk, except u])on new soil or on sandy and porous soil. Too many are lost from rot where the isoil is of a stilf loam, and particularly if low and wet. THE 8T00K of a farm is an imporbant branch of husbandry. The English espe<^'ially excel in this particular as farniers, and our best breeds are ini]>orted from that country. With them the sheep is an es- pecial favorite, and I think our farmers do not sufficiently prize this animal as a means of profit. It is easily fed, hardy for tlie winter, •gi^-.es an excellent foough Mc have at the jjresent time, in our own State, several farmers who have brought forward breeds of cattle under their own eye, that rival in beauty anything that has been hitely im- ported, or (nii- cattle bi-eeders, Mr. Thorne, of Dutehess, for A-ariety of stock and size of herd, is, pei-haps, first in the State; whilst, for thorough bred stock and uniformity of herd, he is smpassed by Mx. Kelly, whose herd is the short horn Durham, a 101 race renKarkable for predisposition to fatten and at the same time for its lactiferous qualities. His herd is of singular uni- formity and beauty, and greatly impresses the observer with the advantages of the breed for market, as well as for milk. Mr. Peter H. Brink, of Saugerties, in this founty, has lately taken a commendable interest in the improvement of his herd. Upon the ground today I have noticed a Devon Bull of singular be«uty, as a speoimen of that very excellent breed. It is more hardy than the Durham and better adapted to our northern towns. It is superior to the thorough-bred short horn in its certainty of propagation. The enterprise of ilr. Brink will soon be disccrn- able in all the herds of his neighborhood. All stock to be reniunerative must be well kept and then to realize proper returns, too much attention cannot be paid to the selection of the breed. ROADS should also have the fai^ner's attention, for the farm and its produce is greatly indebted for itis value, to the facilities for market. Farmers are too aipt to overlook this fact, and ignore their duties in the establishment of good roads. Oui- northern towns litave been slow in this particular, and there is a large tract of very excellent land in the town of Denning that would be at once raised in value much more than sullieient to repay the outlay of a road from tiie Sullivan county line to the Plank Road at Shokan. It is naturally a section of ridi farm land, and only needs aceesis to market to make its value known and appreciated. These are times of expanded cireulation, and the currency of the country is being swelled by immense iss'ues' of government se- curity. These seek investment and all stocks that promise per- manence are held at hctitious value. It is a good time to put into market such kind of stoc-k as would be otfered by incorpora- tions to build roads in oni- noi-thern towns and from Kingston to P^llenville. These projects, which have been already before our people, deserve the earnest attention of the farmers, as well as of the business men who have been heretofore the leaders in sucli entei-.prises. OOUXiTRY LIFE and the love of oA\ning land is a peculiarity of the Saxou char- acter. The Latin race, from which arises the Spanish and Italian 102 }ieoi>le, has a i)rcdelictiou for the town aaid eity life. It is so too with tha-t i>eeuliar people the Jews. They are by instinct at- tached to trade, and resort ultimately to the densely populated cities. Our own: land is much indebted to this bent of our extraction for the wealth and beauty of tlie country and oui- natural love of farm life. It is this fiRt I have already alluded to, that brings out from our commercial cities every year its crop of retired busi- ness men, to hold their more extensive possessions in the country. It is this which gives to every man of close business habits a de- sire to retire after a time upon his own laud. The feverish air of the city; the jostle of the crowded streets; the disappointed ambition and tired hopes, are transferred to the beautiful land- .scape, the coonfortable dwelling and the pure air of the open tields. 1 will speak again in tbis connection, of the fann of Mt. Kelly, on the river opposite us. It is about 22 years since he retired from a ])rolitaible business in New York, and commenced devoting bis accumulated wealth to making the l)c>mc of his later life con- form to his nual tastes, and the independent babits of a farmer, lie .selected tbc farm he now owns and devoted hiis sm-plus annual income to beautifying these 700 acres of land. We have no titles in tliis country— it would make no man more a gentleman if we had. ^^■o have no aristocracy — and wesilth would be no more en- joyable if we bad. Tlic titled name, Mr. Kelly, does not possess; but the spirit of a gentleman and tlie tasite to cast himself amid nature trained to beauty, has offered liini all that a noble uian can desire. Here ho studies farming for the pleasure successful farming gives as a triumjjh to his intelligence, ^\■itll little re- gard to first co&ts, he has selected his blooded stock, and him- Belf watches its development. His barns and yards are, as well as Iws house, constnuted for architectural effect. His Green House has jdants and fruits of the tropics, ripening under his eye. His workmen are grouped ui)on his farm, and their families con- tented and hapjiy, form a part of the idoture the whole laAvn and park and meadows c-ontain, and which he can look upon as a part of his Avork. This may appeal- as .simply tiiie language of llattcry towards a livin" man; but it is intended as an illustration of the com- 103 forls that can be girouped in the bosom of the country, upon which a man can retire as his own. It is mot a pioture overdrawn, for I have lost iinany of the sentiments the scene inspired when I visited his farm in August last. It is not overdiawn, for many of the appliances of comfort which have been isuggested to his intelligence are not susee])tible of description. The electric telegraph which ooimnunieated between his house and sta/bles; the curious plant and tree whidh has become aissociated to its owner by its own peculiar history, and has a value which he alone appreciates, are comforts others cannot participate with him; but the main value of his wealth and his taste is a part of the common property of his neighborhood. He ha-s ibnought a beautiful home to all as an example. His property which is carried witli his person out of the city, helps the public prosperity of his county, and bears it« share of the local taxes. He has beautifi^ed the banks of the river, and helped make up a panorama to which millions of passengers have had a free ticket of admission. I have selected his place as an illustration ibeeause it is one of the earliest and it is now the nrosit complete of the hundreds that line and decorate the banks of the Hudson. Its owner is a contented man and devoted witli bis whole Jieart to a farmers pursuits, and on this account I have selected the illustration. The beautifying of the farmer's home is one of the lessons I would commend to the owner of the soil. The domestic virtues grow more beautiful when they are trained amid pleasant sur- nonndings. Home and country become more lovely as they fill our aspirations after earthly happiness. The fann and the farm- er's dwelling is his, and his ambition to make it attractive and contribute to his wealth and comfort jostle against no one. It is an ambition which begets no malice from neighlwrs. It gives an honest independence that does nolt saivor of selfishness. It gives a happiness that is not boiUght by poisoning another's cup. The farmer and his family in such an as])ect present a pictvu-e that has been the admiration of the world for all time. It wiU bear a touch of lavish praise. It is here where honesty and virtue are reai'ed, wliere religion takes firmest and most eiuleariiig hold upon its votaries. It is here where patriotism is bred, and where as a last resort, we look for eon-ect views of statesmanship. Clreat generals hiave come suddenly from the plow, and having 104 grasped the sword and led to victory, gracefully and modestly laid it by. The poet, Hallec.k, lias well ?aid of our Americau farmers: "View them near At home, where all tlieir worth and power is placed, And theae their hospitable fires burn clear, And there the lowest farm house hearth is graced With manly hearts, in piety sincere, Faithful in love, in honor sitem and chaste, In friendship wann and true, in danger brave. Beloved in life and S'ainted in the grave." I canmot close without reference to the casualties of the pres- ent war, which have sitnick close to the hearts of th© farmeiis of our country. I utter a common feelinig when I give public ex- pression to the sympathy which sprinigs to every lip a» the coi'pse of the patriotic dead and the sad rites of burial aanid our peaceful homes, pass about our streets. The bereaved family of the dead soldiea- as well as the cause in which he died, is the public solicitude. In the death of the gallant Colonel Pratt, of the Ulster Eegi- ment, the fanners of the county have suffered a public calamity, by losing in the prime of life ami activity one of their most eii- terprising assiociates. But shortly before the war commenced. Col. Pratt had punchased an estate upon the bank of the Hudson, and liad oomimenced the amilntion which was likely to occupy his life, to give scope to hiei native love of country life and fhe noble hosipitalit}' of his natiu'e. This work just blossoming under his hand, lias been ruthlesisily stopi>ed by a calamity that is only re- lieved by the glorj- of his detiith in so noble a cause. We can only shed the tears of sympathy upon the grave whicli covers so much of hope and promise— so much of lofty enterprise and patriotsm — and learn the sweetness and glory of a death for our coimtry. Our liberties, baptized in the blood of our first revolution, aro yei dear as the apple of the eye, and are worth tlie price of blood and treasure that are now ofTercil for their preservation. These present ca'laniities will give a useful lesson if they solber our im- pulses and teach us by the sacrifices of others how much to prize the blessings of pea<;e and a stable Government. IN MEMORY OF COLONEL PRATT. (Prom Ulster Historical Collections, page 251.) At the Annual Meeting of the Ulster Historical Society held Oc- tober 16, 1863, Mr. William Lounsbery, having been requested, from his acquaintance with Colonel Pratt's public life, seconded the reso- lutions. He advocated their adoption as follows : WmLIAil LOU^^SEERY'S HEiMARJvS. INIr. ri-esident:— The Ulstei" Historical iSooiety at this day of its assembling, oommemiorates the Iburniing of Kingston, and the .sufTeirings of our early settleirs in their finst stiniggle for inde- pendence. The resolutions which have -been proposed are equally suggestible of pati'lotic sacrifiee and istrike us with a closer sym- ,pathy. They commemorate the loss of one of our founders, who has lately fallen in anothei- oontiest to preserve the libertiesi and Government handed doA\-n to usi toy the heroism of our anicestors. This Society would be unequal to its trust, if it passed by in si- lence a loss so vital to the eoimtry and itself. It isi With no ordinary feelings laat I have undertalven to re- spond to the resolutions, just offered, and tOi utter an a;pproiM-iate tribute to the worth, enterprise and heroism of our late Secretary, Colonel George W. Pratt. Govei-niment is the \mvk of mortal man. The social fabric is sustained and held together by the entciprise of individuals. And when a man of iutelligence and aotive virtues falls, either by the ordinaiy decay of aige, or, more suddenly, by violence and war, we feel the structure crumbling and see the beauties of the edifice de- faced. In the death of Colonel Pratt a column has fallen in tlie temple of libeaty. The decorations \fimh art and learning and 14 106 emlization have xtdded to it, have been man-ed ami mutilated, and aj-e not to be quickly rei>aired. Some lives do not perform vciy vital functions in the eom- nuiniity. A retiring or selfish naitm'e works in quiet — ^ont of sight of associates, and does not miiig-le in such efforts as society puts forth for its adA'aneenient by the combination of multitudes. I do not say that such are useless, but their death is not so much felt. Their little circle of action revol'ves upon itself, and it® destruc- tion does not jositle and unhinge the public aspirations, or brealc up the social progi'ess. They are not missed from the world — their death is uot counted by so large a value. So many of such do not seem to die. The poet utters this convicttdon when he says : "The good die first, and those Whose heartS' are dry oiS' summer dust. Bum to the socket." Colonel Pratt was a man of active and busy enterprise. He had the ins]viration of a genius that works and accomplishes. He set to work and did not look back. He had the elements of a great man, which only failed to ripen into eminence by the aeci- dent of his early death. I recollect when tlie plan to form this Society was first re- volved in his miind. I think it oaiginated with him, though the materialsi for the work were not lacking, either as to the field of operations or the workers that were called oait. He saw that Ul&ter Oounty was a rich field for historical research, and he un- dertook to lead and stimulate the action of the people in that direction. I wias one who distrusted the project and expressed the fear that a Society, organized simply for plodding among dusty rec- ords, or tm'ninig up memorials of the past, could not be sustained by a practical and working people, however intelligent. Tliis was suggested to him when we were going in company to attend tlie meeting to organize this Society. He thought differently, and it is proved that he was right. The half dozen that assembled in the Dutch Church at New Paltz have gi'own into an organization that has made its mark upon the literary character of the age. How much of this as daie to the personal effortsi of Colonel Pratt, the members of the Society, here assembled, are the witnesses. He was ably seconded by men of a liigh order of intelligence and 107 spirdt, but the organizatioiii and direction of tbe enterpxisie were Ms, and its pre&ent prospeaity is a part of tbe glory tihiat clusters about his memory. The spirit with which this euterpriae was aceomiplished was only a type of his other efforts. The Ulster Coiuity Regiment was organized and equipped into a militaiy corps, and when the war broke out he marched at the head of his men by the side of the Regiments of New Yoa-'k City. It was his glory and the gloiy of his county, that he took to the field the only Regiment of the State ]Miilitia outside of New York and Brooklyn, and the one equipped under the eye of the State authorities at Albany. In the years 1858-9, Colonel Pratt represented Ulster County in the State Senate. At tliat time the State Libraiy was being removed from its old room, in the Capitol, to the new building erected in the rear for the purpose. The work of aiTauging the State collections was entrusted to a committee of the Senate, of which Colonel Pratt was the working head. I have lately bad occasion to admire hisi work in the arrange- ment of the invaluable archives there collected by our gi-eat State. It shows the master hand of a faithful and intelligent worker, and -will furnish, for ages, a cvirious. testimonial of his genius. After the return of the Ulster County Regiment from its t'hi-ee mionths campaign, I visited Colon.el Pratt at his new residence in Esopus. He pointed out to me his future plans in reference to beautifying the grounds of his new home. I took in the picture which his own fancy Avas painting for coming years. The happy family circle of his wife and children — the surroundings of fields and shaded walks — the landscape, with the beautiful river in front — ^his library, so full of the learning of \A-liich already he had imbibed so much — and wealth to furnish every rational comfort — Avere all his. In view of this picture, I asked, if it was his intention to take command of his regiment for the remtainder of the war. I felt then impressed with the extent of the calamity, if Ms life was sacrificed by such a resolution. I knew, too, that he was im- pressed with the fearful nature of the hazard. His wife ha^l plead, with tears of regret, all she dared urge against her coiuntry. His children and his plans of home and home comforts had been busy in dissuading him. And his reply was impressive 108 for its carnestt sadness. '"I shall go again," he said. He made the isacriflee — and oh, how grea.t! Wlio can repla.C'e this fallen coluniuiV "\Mio can repair the mutilated ornament or resbore to 'beaiutiy this slia.ttered ruin? \\lio can again fill the pl'aee in thiat wiclow's 'bliglited heart ? ^Vho can hoal an aged fajther's sorrow V Who' can take up the noble aspiratiout^ that were blossoming into biigiht fruition? Death hath .stricken us all. Country, society and fiienkls ha-ve Buffered a common calamity, anil ha\'e a oomraon sorrow. Tlie gvnive, so arbitrary in its deailiuig-s, hath taken him in the begin- ning of usefulness. His youth and virtue — too glorious for a common death, have given nim a saeriftoe to our constitution and liberties, and ins'iu'ed for his name an illustrious immortality. CARRIER'S ADDRESS. [Written for the Kingston Journal, January 1, 1863.] Ponc-khockie's crest of crusted snoAVj And Hudson's crystal breaslt Ibelow, Axe lit like gems with early ray Of nising Sun, on natal day Of the young yeiar, as Six^ty-two Melt's its existence in tlie Nieiw: The "Journail's" Caraier from ibis bed, Wibh tihoughts of profit in his iiead, To Patrons and to steadfaist friends His usual New Yeaa' greeting sends. Bright pleasure may its days unfoddj And 'happier prospeicts than the Old. G'ood bye, Old Year! thy blooming Sowing time day. Thy Summer sunshine and its houris of play, Thy sombre Autumn, and thy Winter blast, Have swept — how quickly! — in the shadowy past. Good bye. Old Year! grim-vasaged, cruel war, Has dogged t'liy footsteps, and with lasiting sear, Uaji'ved on thy lineaments in living light, Tlie urartyr'd liero in the cause of ligfht. Thy days are fraught with many anemorie'S dear, With many soiTowing liours — Old Y'ear! Oood bye! May brigMer days come 'iix)iund And change to peace this present warlike sound. Two years ago, laist month, the Soutli began In open strife tlie llame of War to fan; 110 Her leadiug men, by lust of power impelled, The miasses, victimized by fraud, soon fell Into the snare, until at last nine States Had launched their fortunes and their fates Upon the wave, and, like the other Nine Of Old, tlie deities or rage, did twine Their rieekis into the noose, that soon or late, :Must, by a righteous judgment, be their fa^te. The Old Dominion, poised long time in doulbt, -Beset by foes within and foes without, At last her honest men were brought to gi'ief, And vanquished by the tricks of Floyd— tlie thief! Th'en fell Virginia's ancient honored fame And with Secession stained dier cherislie'd name. Hepudiated defbts and yet vast tleibts to pay "\M11 mar her futiwe to the latest dayj Her Treason loving sons, with isuieidal hand, Have drench'd with fraiTieidal blood tbe land, Anxl strive to rend the Union and destroy The Oountiy, and that heritage of joy Her patriotic sires of old had pass'd Into t'lieir hands for keeping, to the last. Tire lovers of the Union wolce too late To see the thickening perils of the State; From village and from towu they poured, Tlie Legions of the North — ^a mighty horde! Among the first. Old Ulster's chosen sons, Eaoh gras/jjcd his s\\'ord — his armor do'Qs — Their ranks are foa-ro'd, none deems it hard. To leave the soil for other hands to guaa"d. Xone deems the sacrifice of home too great, To save from waste the archives of tlie State. We will niot trace the ehaiice vicissitude, Tlie Country's hour of triumiih and solicitude. We will not mar the opening yoaj". By giviaig vent to aught to cause a fea-r, We ho|)e, we feel the good dciivcraiii-c nigh, Ill The time wiliieli all -will Jvail witlioii'fc a sigli — TSie times of peaceful ihours restored; Till tben the tales of war we hoard. Then may some master mind relate Tlie annials of domestic strife and hate, The Treason of th^e South just ibudding fortli, The patriot ardor of tlie rising ISTortli, The oatitles won — ^the Union heroes slain — The living heroes added to the lists of fame. A worthy task for Homer's ancient lyre To wake the muse and stir the Eipic fire. Till then we'll hold but one iaea in view — The Union's honor'd ancient fabric to renew. We oannolt pass one man whose glorious name Already has gone doAvn to^ lasting fame; Brave Pratt! Thy memory small be ever gTeen, ^^Hien deeds through history are truly S'Cen; Thy ardor in onr Country's sorest need — Thy step h&inic in the foremost rank to lead — Thy death so glorio'us in the Cause of Right- Will keep tlie links of memory ever bright. The men of Ulster, grateful for thy toil, Will raise a Column on their honored soil; Unh'eedinig there the storm and battle shook; Thy name engama^ed on high in granite rock, Shall witnes's to the world a fit reward To those who onoe composed the "Ulster Guard," Who at Manassias led the ^oattle van, And at South MoiTnitain bled, and Antietam. The Muse on a Xew Year is seldom so logy. Though this time eonsenting, to please the old fogy, And tak'e a sad view of the timies and the Country, Has become moa'e inclined to a view of tlie pantry. For as often our Genei^ate, contractors and what-nots, 112 Are drawn from their duty to taste of the flesh pots; .So the Muse in th'e midst of some serious thinking, Quite often stops short for tihe pleasure of drinldoig. A diversion so pleasant may break the connection — Give rhyme and the subject a difi'erent complexion. iWith such vast expenses of life and of money, It's not easy, we know, to be very funny; But fighting and hloodshied have happened before — They had war for the love of it often of yore. In that excellent book called "Homei-i Illias," The Greete levied war in a way tliat was curious^ — For many long years laid isiege to the Trojans, And with all kinds of tools anade work for th' surgeons. At last by a piece of most consummate strategy. They closed the ten a*ts of this piece of tragedy. By huilding a horse in such ample proi>oi'tions That it held forty men witli their armor and rations^; And this wooden animal with quite pious impressions, Old Pi-iam hiought in to atone for transgresisions. By this elever humbug — ^horse, foolt and dragoons — The Greek army rusJied in and reduced Troy to. ruins. Some Classic philosophers' down in the City, By way of improvement on this ancient ditty, Have made up a team of this kind — 'tis quite grand oh, And with two wooden horses nanned Ben and Fei-nando, Propose to drive into the heart oif Secession; And A\'ith Johny Van Buren's Speech in possession. Declare that the breadi in the Union is mended. And strife and tlie war and the 'bloodshed is ended. While this proposition our glory releases, 'Twill make of the Union, instead of a peace, many pieces. In spite of war, the Kterling Rons of 'Sopus Jog on their way, nor heed the i)aisising mopus; The tiraets are here by no' means' "tiglit" or pressing, 113 If we oan judge by ladies' style of dressing — Their flowing skirts and ample spreading head-gear, Conclusive proof oi whait they think of Xew Year. Ora- Village Fathers, in their line of duty, Have much impaioived our streets anki added to their beauty, And flag-istone sidewalks now, where'er we travel, Are changed for the old-fashioned niud and gravel — A vast improvement, and no one can doubt it, The only wonder how we did withoiit it. We have here much our graititude provoking For all who are not 'born and bred for oroakino-. Our peaceful homeS' and quiet way of living, Were subjects of the Sermon on Thanksgiving. The business of tlie town goes on with profit — The calls for vohinteea'si are filled with credit, And our young men, who lately so much trembled. Now, '-'out of the draft," their foraier fears dissemibled. Can enter in the Xiew Year's joys and pleasures, And from their surplus pelf and treasures, j\Take your Newsboy ''0, be joyful," faster. By handing out the Corpoa\ate sealed Shinplaster. Then as you pasis to church or cheerful dinner He'll "HAPPY NEW YEAR" wish to saint and sinner. 15 MEETING OF THE BAR. IN RESPECT TO JUDGE HENRY BRODHEAD, Jb. [From the Kingston Argus.] Alt a meeting otf the Miemhens of the Bai of UMer County, field at the Court House in Kingsiton, Oct. 19th, 18G8, to give ex- pression to their feelings on the death of Judge Brodhead, on mo- tion of William S. Kenyou, M. iSohoonmaker was elected Chairman and R. Bernard Secretary of the meeting. In seconding the resolutions', Mr. Lounsibery made the following remarks : Mr. Chairman — In rising to nioive the adoiption of the resolu- tions just read, although I cannot claim a place amoingst his inti- mate personal associates, I may he permitted to speak among my brethren of the bar of Ulster County of my professional associa- tion with the deceased. Born in Ulster County and here achieving his business and professional reputation and success, he had be- come known to us all, and no one can fail to contribute from ex- perience soane testimony of his life of probity and i'irtue. Henry Brodhead, Jr., was born in 1817, near Ellenville, in the town, of Wawarsing. He descended from an old and honorable family in this county. His father, John Brodhead, was a farmer and prominent citizen in that section, higlily respected as a Ohi-istian gentleman. In 1840 the deceased graduated at Rutgers College and shortly after commenced the study of law with Sickles and Pitcher in Kingston. He was admitted to practice in 1844 and opened an office in the village of Ellenville, where he continued to practice until the fall of 1851, when lie was elected Surrogate of the County of Ulstei" and removed to Kingston. He held the office of Surrogate four years. It was in 115 this position he first commended himself to fhe people of the county, cand achieved his first step in the path of professional suc- cess. The simplicity of his character, his^ reticence as to his own evictions, his fidelity to others' aftairs entrusted to him, and his un«v<'.erving fairness and integrity were soon recognized and ap- preciat.ed. On retiring from the office of Surrogate he carried vvith him to his new office in Wall street nearly the entire busi- ness in SuiTogate's Courts, and took a hold upon the settlement of the estates of deceased pei-sons that has made his name familiar in very many families in the county; and at the tim^e of his de- cease he had so many estates in his charge as to make his loss very seriously felt. In 1859 the deceased was elected Ooumty Judge of this county, in which office he served four years. His mind was peculiarly judicial. With none of the fervor of partisanship, with prejudice eradicated hy education and familiarity with life as it presents it- self to the eye of the judge, his decisions were, in the boroad sense of that tei-m, made upon the merits. , In 1862, upon the retirement of Jacob BuAans from the Presi- dency of the State of New York Bank, Henry Brodhead, Jr., was elected to fill his place, a position held by him to the time of his death. I have thus briefly reviewed the business and professional career of the deceased. Few can be pointed oiit more completely suc- cessful. That elevated ground in life to be obtained by honesty, fidelity and learning had been readied. Amongst his associates he was a man of wealth, position and influenee, gotten by honesty and without exciting envy or regret. A continuance of his life was desirable to himself— it was the wish of all, for enemies he had none. It is a sad duty, I now perfonm, to contemplate the work of death in thus taking a man just in his prime and from the midst of his usefulness— just as the world is making the larg- est use of the man and of his capacities for the human life. It is not an easy task for me to speak of the social life of the deceased. Domestic comforts commend themselves to our profes- sion. From the strife of the forum and the contentions of men, of wliich we see so much, the comforts of home are the great relief. To the deceased there was no such palliation. Unmarried and apart from intimate associates, he led a pure, simple and 116 frugal existence, taking no outside coiinselsi of his own heart and imparting Jione of his own cares and anxieties. Feeble in health, no- one h^eaixi of his oomplainingS', and though free in his charities to otheirs, he sought no symipathies to him- self. Like the Apostle to the GentileS', his jwofession had purified, sensual inistinct and lifted his wlwle being to an intellectual plane, Mhere the gTatification of sense and art and the sumptuary taste were crowded from his a>pi>i'eciation. It has been thought by some that 'eloquenoe was not a part of the characteristics of the mental st'iTocture of the deceased. I have had occasion to foiuu a different opinion. In 1853 the deceased was invited to deliver the 4th of July oration to the citizens of Stone Eidg© and its vicinity at the Dutch Oiuirch in that village. I remember well tbe effiect of his eloquence upon that occasion, upon the large audience in attend- ance. The plan of our igovernment was gTaiphically analyzed. Tdie revolutionary struggle, out of which- it arose, was eloquently described. lie shoA^ed the perfection of our constitution as a device of human exi>erience and foresight. And. the obligations of the people for the imaintenance of out governiment w-ei'e never more effectively enjoined. For a long time the impressionis of his elo^iuence remained and were sipoken of by individuals present. At the trial of causes, thougli his experience was not large, yet we have all witnessed efforts that showed mnch capacity as a forcible speaker. In the prepan-ation of a cause he was thorough, and never was satisfied until the subject was fathomed to the bottom, — caution and accuracy were thus the characteristics of his iprofessional reputation, and a plain and direct statement of facts and of established principles of law constituted his chief power as an orator; and with his impressive sincerity of manner he always excited respect and attention. -Much as he had adorned this life — much as there seemed in it hard as yet to leave — nothing in his life ever became him more than his leaving it. ^^^ith perfect clearness' lie- dictated the dis- position of his property, and with a calm trust in tiie future he closed .his eyes on earth and sense. In a remarkable degree lie fulfilled the i>reeept of the poet: "So 'live that when thy summons comes to join The innumeraible caravan that moves 117 To tilie pale realms of shade, where each shall take His chamber in the silent halls of Ueath, Thou g;o, not like the quarry slave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, ^but sustained and sootihed, By an unfaltering trust approach thy grave, Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About liim ami lies down to pleasant alate, too, wi'll play its paait, And t-ake impreisisiioaiis like tihie heart. In Svott, Ave see h'is scenes ol 'wai', Aiul drink lionie-'breweid land usquebaugihj And' Me are all at sea, though alt The gias -light, reading Marryatt. ; In books of travel so we find. That we, too, travel in the mind; Engaging in this fond pursuit, "We see and ta^site, mid flower aed fruit. The poor a^ well a.s rich receive The joy« imagination gives; And our young ladies often think Tliat novels do for meat and di'ink. AMuit nouiseoise your Avriting, the school-boy will say, You tsurely confound the ischool-time with play; AVlhut jideasure or gooil, can 'book-learning instill, That's equal at all to our i-iding down hill? 'Tis nonseaiise, pure nonsen'se, the Doctor too kintowB, Xo muscle or fibre fiv>m Xovel e'er grows; For of the joung ladies, whlatev-er you talk. They always Avill eat ovf slate ipeiicile and diialk. 119 'Tifl t'lie wonst kdnid af nonsense to Kai-taieim a.nicl sttoh, 'Wh!o iknow tha-t the Fancy is meanib for tih« Glwirdli, And tlie boy tha>t reads mii<^ win. And noiw, my yoiung lady, s'imce ^we are alone, iWe'll wish our best wish, and break the "wiish-iboinie." [May visions of lia^ppinjess dance in your play. And fill the -whole year, thaft cofmm'eWees today. We thusi our New Year dinner spread, Hamd in the chaoigie, "Ona Quarter" n head. THE FOURTH IN ANDES. (From; the Kingiston .Journal, July 29, 1870.) MR. LOUNSBERY'S ORATION. 'Mr. PresMent — ^Liiened a new field for ne(w t'hionght a.nd opinion and the deveilopment of e'lnpite' on a. iww political l>asd intended simply to dllsipuite itilve di/vine rigbtis of kings — to strip 3i©redatiary poiwer fnoim the siwiaddled ba^ntling of royialty, and (resolve batik to the people the Ciod-givem power of self-government. Who are these moniarchs .' 'AA^ienioe tMsi oeaseiess flood _ Of colored waiter knovvm as royal blood? 'Blooklieads or iSlolloimionsi, it nuaitteiris nolt, They must be king'^S', because by king\s begot. On the 4t)h of July, 1776, society opgamizetl ats-elf in this coun- try upon the doctnine itihat the pe^opLe were the sovereign power; thait the oflfi'ce-hlolder, boiwever high his place, became onlly the lagenit, represeaitative or servant of th'e people from wihom is de- rived all power. The natural tendenicy of all huraam potwer is to'ward tyranny awl oppression. Any man plaiced alt the head of the gavernmeiut without responsii'bility and wiithout aiccountability, will soon, by the natural foaice of huiuan nature, become a despot. It is the gi-eat exiedMemce olf our governimient that this cannot hap- pen ; the offiieeo-is are ehiosen 'by the pe'oii>le, awd must, a-flter a brief period, ret'Urta tio th^em again for an ai^proA^al or disapproval oif their condulot. Tyiiamny, if it happen, will be l>rief. The more severe the oi>pre3sion be felt, the quicktir it will meet 5ts remedy. In a mionarchy it has often hiappened that thie poeple have risen on their oppressor, anid hurled ihdmi, ini thelir wrath, from his tbroine. In all su'Ch reiTOliitions fiellids are devasted, and' many severe distresisies must be felt from the very remedy itsedlf . In our foCTn of governmenit a revolution- as effeietuaililyi happen.s every year wiithouit caaising the auass of society one pang, and .without bi-eakinig in upon the peace of the coimmiunity. In the ninety -fooir yeans' siioee we ennerged from our Oolonial tutelage, a great people have grown up on cne prinidiples expressed in tihe Declaration of Independence whiiieh has been read in yiolir hearing. I addiiess today a portion of a .grealt empire — wasihed by two oceans — occupyintg the entire ibellt oif the Oomtinent be- iween 'the extreme of Iheajt and cdd, an)d comsitiitutinig an empire otf more power and extent tha/t amy other mat ion on the habitable globe. In variety of soil, in mineral .welailth, in progresisiive energy, it ia wot exaggeration to say thait tlliiis niation amOnig the other nations of the earth is facile imnceps. Tlnalt Avealth of India, 123 whiieli ted Columbus in iMsi journey wesit liia-S' been reaohieid fo-r us, and has ooiiuneuced tO' pour itseM into our uia,tiona.l life. An ooetvn 'tielegraph, €anneotiJi)g us wiitih Europe; the Paba.uk- rupt«y .and iruin were 'iilt luamd. Yet isitill tlie debt W'Cnt oni griow- ing and still btinkraiptcy and ruin were as rouio'te as' ever. AA'hen the 'gi''emit contest witli' Louis 'the XIV was tiiuiMy te'ruiinated by the Peace of Utrecht, the English naltion owed ahout fifty mil- lions; and that was considereld, not 'merel}- bj- thie rude niul- ti'fcude, not 'merely by fox-hunting 'squireSi and cofiee -house ora- tors, but b}^ a'cut'e and profound thinkers, ais an emcunibrante ■wli'ieh svould permanently cripple the boil^- politic. Xeverth-eless, trade liourisihed; wealth increaseil; the nation bieeaime richer aiul rioher. Tl^eii oame the 'war of the Ausltrian succession, and tlie debt rose 'to eighty millions. I'ainivliileteers, histoni'ans' and ora- tors pronovinced' tluvt n'ow, at aill evenlts, tlveir case was tlcsperate. Yet th'e siigns of increasing jHxvsperity, signs iwhich could be ni«*ither iiounlteiifei'te'd or 'simulated, ouglut to ha-ve satisfied ohser- vant and a'eflecting m'eii that a debt of eig'hty iiniilllion A\as less to Engliaiid, 'whieh was govea-ned by Pelham, than a dehit of fifty mil- lions hakl been to Jvngland which "wa/S' goiverned hy Oxford. 8oon Avar aigain hroke fortli; and imder the en'ergetic and pr^odii^^al nd- ministra'tion of the lirs't \Vi!l]ia'm Pitt the debit rapidl}- swelled to one hundred ami foity millions. As isoion tt'S the first intoxilcation of viftor_y w'as over, men of t'heory and men of bus.in'ess almost unaniimou.sil'y pronounced that the fatal day had now larrivod, rPliie only situltesman, indeed, active 125 or igpeieu'laltire, whto did noit sluare lin tihe 'busineiss ileluisi'om, was Ed- mund Biii-'ke. David Hume, undoubtedly o.ue o'f tlie moist pro- foundi eeoiiiouiisits oif Ini.-* time, dei-Laied that the niatiouiad nvadu^ss liud exjL-eeided .the maxLues* of the Oruteaders. Eiehai-d Coeur de Liou and 'St. Lo'ui'S 'had iiot. gone in the' fa*^e df ariltlh.metieai demonisitra- tion. it was' impossiible to prove by figiures< that the road to Paradise dlid not lie through the Holy ILaud, but it was possible to prove by fi'gm-es t'halt the road tb. nationiril ruin wais tlwouigih the national debt. It was idle, ho^we'ver, to talk notw alboiit the roiad; all tlie revenues' oif tlie islawl north of Ti-eint and west of Reading were mort^g'aged; beltter for us, he said, to have been conquered by Prussiia. or Austria than tbi be siaddled wiltb the iintiereisit of one Ivundred and forty ariilions. Aaild yelt this great philosopher, foi- smcli he iwas, had only to open his eyesi and see improvement all around him; cities! inicreasi.ng, cultivattfon ex- tendduig nwirts too siiraill flor the ci-owd df ibuyersi atid sellers, luir- bom imsufflclentt to eionitain the .sihipping; artiti&il rivers pining the diief inland seat di industry to the tihief seaijxjrts, streets better li'g;litcd, houses/ better furnisbed, rSeher wia.res exposed for sale in stiatelder sbops, slwifter carriages rolling along smootber roads. He bad imdeed, only to compare tIhe Edimburgb of ins boybood witli the Edinburgib of his old age. His predictions re- miaim to futiuiity, a memorable witness' of the weakness from \\hicl) the strongosit minds are not exempt. Adam Smi'tb saiw a l-ittle, and but a little, farther. iHe adniit'ted that innnense as the burden was, tine nation did aictualiy sustaiini lit and thrived under it in a way \\-liieli nobody eouild haive foreltlold. But he warneil his ciHintrymeii not to repeat so hazardous mv expeiliine'ut. Tlie limit liad been readied; even a snialil increase might be f-altal. Not lesis gloomy were the views whiidh (leoi^ge (^renviille;, a min- ister emfinenitrly diligent and practical, took oif the fi'ma'Ucial situa- tion. The nation must, he con;ce'i\-ed, sink under a deibt of one hundred ankl foiUy inflliansi, unless a portion lof the laivtl was born by the Abieriean LxJlonies. The attempt to lay a iwrbion of the load on tine American polouies' produce tl a mot her wur; the war left them with an additional hundred millions of debt and without the 'Colonies whose help had been represented as' iiwWs'ivensable. Again EngPand was given over; amd agiain! the strange patietit persiisted in becominlg strionger a nil nvore blooming in spite Oif all 126 fche diiajginostiios ainid prognos-tios of State phyisk-iains. As she had been visQibly mwe jJi'osip&i'O'Us wiltli a debt ai one hundi'ied and forty mdWd'on® it'han a, deibt of fifty ni Ml ions, so she was visibly more pi-osiperoiis with, a debt of tlwo ihundred a.nd forty millioiis tihian Avdith a debt of one hundred -and forty millions. Soon, hoiW- over, the WiVVS' thait sprang from the French re\x>lution, ami which fiaa- exlceeded in cost any tdiait the 'w'oTld had over seen, taxed tihe powers of pu'bl'ic credit tio Sts utmost. i\V'hen the world was again dt rest the funded debt of England a^niounlted to eight hun- da-ed luiUlions. If the most enlightened man had been told in 1792 that in 1815 the interest on eight Jiundred mililions would be duly paid to tlie day, at the bank, he would h^ave been as' :hard of be- lief as ii he had been toM the gtovemiment would be in posisessaon of the lamp of Aladdfin or tbe jyunse oif Fortuniatus. It was in truth a gigantic, a fabulous debt ; amd WiC fan hardly wonder that the icry of despair sliouid have been louder than ever. iBut again the cry was found to ha.ve been as unreasionable as ever. After a few years of exliaustioin, Engiland recovered herselif; yet, like Addison''s vailetudinarian, who oontinued to wihiniper tfeat he was dying of consumption till he became so fat that he was shamed into isiilence, slie went on coniplaiining that she was sunk in pov- erty till her wealth slhowed itself by toikems wliicli made her com- plaints ridiculous. Thie beg'gared, the biiinkrupt society, not only prove(d able to m^eet all Its obligations., ibut while meeting these db- ligations, grew nicher and richer so fast thalt gro'wtli could al- moslt ibe discerned by the eye. In every icounty one saw wastes re'cently turned into gardens'; in every city saw new sbreetB and markets; iu he sulburbs of every great seat of indus- try new villas mulitiplyimig fast, eaich einlbosomed in tlhe gay little paradise of lilacs' and roses. Wiliile shailtow politidiaras were re- poating that the energies of the people were borne doiwu by the weig'ht of the public burdens, the first journey wtVi performed by steam on a railway. ISoon tlhe island wais i'nterseaLed by rail- ways. A sum exiceeding the w^hole aniounit 'Of tlhe national debt at tlhe end of the America war -was. in a f^ew yearsi \ioluintaTily expended by tlrts rulined peoide in viaducts, t'unnels, embankments, bridges, istations, engines. Meaniune taxation was almo*st con- stantly becoming lagthter; yet still tbe Exclicquer was full. Hi, may now be aliii'imed, witbout fear of cootradiction, that tliey find 127 iilt as 'easy ito pay tli^e interest of eigililt Hiimdired miliLions- asi theiir a-noestors .found it a eenitnry agiO' to pay the iii'terest of eighty millliionis. . The Hesison ■wihich Hisitory g-i.v.es of the priogireste. cf the Eng- ■Ksih 'deibt, and' of ithe ability of that countTy »to. 'bear ea«:^h increase of the iburden by an inereaisie of Tesoure'e, apiproprialtely descrilbes oinr own sitivatlion. W"e, too, on the heel of the creation of a oiio'antie national debt, have been liargely investing in imiprove- ments; we have built and are now building raiHroads at great expense. The pi-ogn'essiive .enell^gi'es of the people have not ap- iparentily been erii>pled, but have been stiminlated. Our people, not only as individaiaHs but as nuinic'ipalities, liave laitely created debts for ralilroad enterpriisies, intended ami nO' doubt calculated, to benefit the country and to -increase its capacity to sustain a public debt. The Gowrnor of the State has lately refused to sanction a 'State tax to improve thi:s locality. Be cam ju'stify Ms conduct very much by th© fact that uniwortliy projects were oo'iiipled with ours and that he was not called upon to disieriminate ■\\-ihen the Legislature did not, but tihougli I greatly admire the man and' Ms indepiendcnce and firmneiss, as eh'ief magistrate of the State, I should have gladfly •seen Mm a^M-ove of lalws giving State ai'd to. certain railroads which are about, to- open a large territory to a bett^or communication wiltb the world; bring the produce nearer to nrarkeit, and give additional comfort and prosperity to its peaple. It was within the scope of his officiali duty to have disoriminated in ,favor of deserving enterprises and yet protect the State by •withholding hisi sanction from the undeserving. This community 'has borne itisi share of taxation for the Erie cvinal, tihe Erie rail- road, the iSuBquehanna railroad and kindred projedt's of improve- ment. ^^Hien our time came to be served by the St-ate, any harsh rule which stops to us entirely the aiding Ivand of the State will operate ais' a great injustice— an injustiiee for wiliieh the situa- tion of -our eounftry as to it-si p-ubffile debt does not afford a sufficient ai>Oilogy. iBult -the Governor's veto will! not stbp ovu- enterprises; will not check the onward growth- of the country. It mav de- lay the consuniimation o^f omr hopes-, but it wil not prevenit Dela- ware county from having an outlet acros's iPiive Hill— if not throu'gjh the hilJ, at Jeast over it. 128 'Mr. President: On Satfiirdiay for tili^e first time in my liife I crosised fcM® great ntitiirail barrier tb wliiiicili I have alluded, and lieuetrat'eid into tli'e rich body of farm Inad of tilnis toiwn of An- des, I was mot ipreip^ired for t'be evidenc-e of wt'iiiltHi and eom- foilt which met my ■eye. You have dome niiudh here to develoip, witihioait the aid of the outsi'de ^vorld, the inherataniee you Ivave reieeived'. ilJut iimch more iri yet to be done. lYoai must boldly grasp the situation and build a raihoad, so as to reaeh the cen- ters of trade and \r\nve yoiurseVf dn oloser communiiealbion with tlhe outsiide world. Thriiving villages, wall gi-jolw up along the line of th« railroad, through tllvis isection, and new enterprises, new faces, new houses and ne'w larid w'ill greet our eyes in no distant futiu-e. We haive no ityraut tO' repressi amiibitiiioar; no ai'isltoeraeij' tb make labor odious. If true to our oiwii liberties; if true to the legacy left u.s by our levolutionary amoestors; if true to the sipirit of liberty engrafted in the Cbmstitutibn, tine future of our country will outstrip the most brilliant picture of fancy. It is the glory of our country to fairnish an asylum for the oppressed of all notions. We are, in fact. tVliildren of peitsieeutron. We have descended from the Hiiguenot refugees, from the religious persecuted sects of England and iSeotland; from fugiti^'es from the conscriptions of France, and from the expatriated Irishry. Can a people tlius deislcended ever shut their doors- to: the emigrant Sleeking a ne'w liome in' a free land? Let tfliem come from the fertile fields of France and riermany and from the over-croiwded popula- tion of Ireland, and we will welcome all, and give tftieim' room to help clear off our forests, tiunnel ou'r mountains, cultivate our praiiriesi, and cast jni Itheir lot iwith a free people. Mr iPresiident: The C'liiniCse nation lilas many things to ex- cite our admiration. In their opiniion China isi the OelestSal Ivingdoni. Tiu'v have a reli'gion older than ChrilsitianSty', and loligious dotrines older tllian Caiviniism. rPhey have pigments that are ibiliight as the prismiatic coilors, and pigtails tliat aro the ad- mired 0!f all Oiinese admirers. It is their fault of exclusion that has Jcetpt them from getting the higher liiillit of civilization. They haive excluded misisionaries of religion and the ship bringimg them the works of a.it and manufaictures from otlier nations. There is something of tllie Chinese element in this country. Our 139 hHhl tiariff is the erealture of tTie Chinese daotrines of the party in power in Oonigress. The cry agiairusifc tthe Cliineisie siho-emakers late^ly bmuighit to Nioiibh Adamis is fix>m tihe Chinese eleme'at in Massadhnsetis. But aill ftlliis is eoinitraiy to fhe genioisi of Amierican insfcitiiltions. A free disibribution of men and mean's; free com- meree a,nd a free diffusion of education and intelligeniee— tiiis' is what we mean as a nation, and what tihe people have and will always t'eacHi t'o the administratibn of the country. "Is not this land a preisage of the dalwn; Of freedom o'ei- the world? It is free, From end to end., from cliff to Wke, 'tis free! Free a.s our torrents are that leap our rockis, And ptow our valleys * * * i ic^r© Its very storms. * ♦ * * Ye know yion jutting cliif, round which a track Up hither windsi; Tvliose hase is hut the broiwl To such anolther one, with scanty roomi For two abreast to pa^s. O'ertaken there ■' By the mounitaim blast, I've laid me flat along; And while gust followed gust more luriously, As if to sweep me o'er the horri'd brink; And I halve thbughit of olther lands' whose storimsi Are summer flaws to those of mine, and just Have wisheid me there— ^the thought that mine was f-Eee iHas cheeked that wish, anld I harve raised my head And cried in thraldom to that furious- wind'. Blow on ! This is the land of Liberty." 17 THE OLD PINE TREE. BY WI'IJLIAi:\I LOFNlSBEiRY, (From the Mountain Guide, July, 1874.) Tbe eai-ily settler cut and oleared Busli, trunk and lioii'b alway; tB«ifoir© IhiiiS' ax* tiie tall tree fell, In sown field oif to-day. One solitary trunk he .gipared, A .sheUered spot to^ be, /\^%ere fiot-ks might g'ather f i-tom the sun, iBeneath the old pine tree. lAjmionig its "bram-hes ever greien (The doi\'e, with tired winig, Ha« rested in its oniward flight — The 'b'nnet stopped to sing: 'And meditating in its shiade, The maiden, f'ancy free. Has often sat in evening hour. Beneath' that olid jwne tree. iFull many tales' of early Iwe Tbld intb liappy ear. And isiighinlg soiund from broken heartis, The pasising wind doitlh hear; (Suoh varied scenes olf human life Are all told o'er to me, iVVhen listening in fthe quiet morn Beneath the old pine tree. 131 At mo'rii, amd nooQ, and elveiiitide, Ite spneiadinig Ijranoli'es. f oiiml 'A cover f romi tlie wilitiing sun, A 'sbeliter fram tfoe sitorm. And spkitsi fiiam tlie misty ipas't, On eajitli'ly mitt'isltry. Unseen, t-rcad' round the iweill \v1ooti sod Bieueaitti the old ,pine tree. WINNESOOK, THE BIG INDIAN. BY 'WHJJMOI LOUNSBBRiY. (From tire Moiintiain Guide, July, 187-i.) "Tihe trail 'musit SKmn lead over the Ml, Capta.ini." Tliie; remark was mad'e by Walt "Bogart to Gaptiaiu Beiuion, tihe leader ol tihe party. "Most peqp'le would ibe deceived in (tlie siame Way, I tJiink," said the Oaiptain, "but I a.m satislied we foldow the streiaiu for a long distance yet, befiore the tilail 'aisioends the siide of the mloun- taiu'. Pi-om tilie acdounlt Jake (Miiddagh and Jioe Eioosa gave when they were on thdir trout expedition last iSpring, I a^m satiisified we hiave a long distance yet before us, before we readi the wigwam of the Big Indian. But their enoafin(]Mnent of Ita^t nigiht shows we are not far behind them, and om their traiil, w parity for a iiiomeiit,, let uS' follow tlie movements' of iWinmesook and 'his> band. 'Rvej wer'e made up of Various iti-ibes- that (had formta-ly oeciipied the wesit bamk of tlie Hudson liver and the Oat'Slkill moumtaiins. and were knio'wn at this tiuTe ill the settlemenit, as the iXieversink Indians. They had lived on friiendly teinis with t'be whites for .several years, and toad their camiping groumltei aion|g th'e Xievensink ami upon tihe ibnamcfheis of the Esopu®, a reigion yieft filleld witili game and choice fish- Winne- ■sook wasi a niatural dilief, and poisisesised great Ibodily sfrengitih and fleetniess im the chaise- He had heeoine singularly fasdnat'ed Avith the person of GeJrtrude (MoLlynieaux, iwhoui he had frequenitly met in the settlenrent; and aft'er dier marriage witb Bumdy, he planned her ■captiure — an elvieiit siiei did niolt^ seem to resient, or soon .bacame iieconeiled to — ^and at oultry a^ could be carried with them; and whiilsit the subonddnate Inkliang had driven the cattle up the valliey oif tbe Esopus, tbe Chief, Avitb a B'miall num'ber o^f fleelt Indians, bovered near the sdttleni'ent, to observe any niieasures that mi'ght be taken tio recapture the property. On the day tiiat followed the taking, he bad watdied the preparaitions ; on the nex't day be had obsiei'ved al the miovemients, and c^onisitantly k:ci])it track of tlie pnogTesis- of tbe exjwidition. At the timie Caii>tain Benison and Bogait were conversiug, be and two o^f his tribe were iwithin blearing, covereld by tlw thick foliage of the bemlock undergrowth; whikt another of them had taken instriuctions to those drivisg the leattie, tben nolt m'ore tban tHiree miles in advance, in wbidi tb^ey Were directed to separate by Stony Clove, tbe Notch, and the direction of 'Snyder 'Holow, with- out disclosing tbeir movenrentis, Avbile th'e apparent trail should still be continued up tbe niixin stream. This artifice w"a& executed by a device familiar to Indiiante', by driving the cattle througb 135 the bed of the sitr earns which flmv (lawn from these mountain goi-ges, for a distance, until the tralil wlas tast. Oaptadn Benison's party had been made up for -pursuit quite sipeediliy, -when it is considered t warm." Ca.ptain Benson saw him. aipproaehing, at the moment of the conversation deseribed, and eailMl to him: "Joe! dio you pa-opose visliting Winnesoolk to ask hiim about t/he health of his family?" "If I can draiw a bead uipon hisi yellow carcass," answiered Bundy, "I will send him a visitor. I think Ohe best way to civilize the yellow sa^rpent is to let day light into his Wack heart." "You look at the <|uestion with the graen eyes of jealousy, I think, .Joe," i^aid Caj^itain Benson. "I'll taike a look at him along this; piece of iron," said Bundy, holding up hisi rifle, as if in the aet. of aiming it. Oaiptin Benson moved his party forwiard in pursuit, without much militaiy, precision, but nevertheless with the catiition and skill each person possesiseil from hiis exii>erienice as a hunter or woodsman. Thej' saw no enemy, anui found none of the property. They h'adl been several times in doulbt ahout the trail, and sus- peoted the faot that the cattle had been divided among different parities; hut it had 'been done so artfully that the different trails were not discovered; nor would it have 'beem prudent^ to divide the company in the pursuit. At night Ca'ptain Benson's party went into camip, near the present junction of the Eisopus and Birch ereefes. Piekets were stationed at different poinlts to pre- vent surprise and the eamp-firas were lighted; fish were caught from the adjacent stream, and each pemon was quieitly engaiged in satisfying hiis hunger, or reslting from 'the fati-gues oif the day, 'Rihen the shai-p crack of a rifle was heard, and Bundy 136 caime niniiiang int-o oaimip in an exoitiod. mianncir, exielaiming, "I have sieeni and- sluot tili>a Big Imli'an." "lib was Mb gihost, more I'ikelly,-' siaid' Bogart. •'His' eipirit hiaimts' Joe iby day and' by niiglhit,". ^he added. "Where is he now?" asked Captain BenBon. "He disappeared in the tniisihes," anisiwered Bundy, "Let us see," said t'he Cmpitaiin, "wJiethier Joe hias sihWt at a glliOwst or real flesJi' and iblood." Several of ttoe party at oniee sallied fortlh in the d'irectioni point- ed oftit by Bundy, but nothinig was found to veiiilfy Ms story, and the eaniip was umus'turbed dairing Vhe rest of the night. The following mornling ti-aces of blood were found from the point where Bundy iliad killed the ghosit, as it had jestingly bee-n. talked of in the oamip. The blood tmoks. led to a large pine tree, and in the hollow tirunk was foiinid the Big Indian, dead, bub still eredt. He had given no alarm, but with true Indian fortitiide, Jiad yielded up his spirit, Avhere he had diid himself from dia.nger of pursuit. Hisi ifaee wore the sitoieal firmauess in deatli it had caa-rietl dmring life. iBunidiy (examined with' some pride the wiound through the obest, wdiile Ms comipanions released tlie body, and decently laid ou^t its stalwart limlbs np.on the tiii-if upon the bank of the stream, and wasilied away the staiils of blood. While they were thws engaged, there emeilged from the forest a form wfliioh sefveral recognized as the missing spouse of Bundy. iSIie paid no attention to any one, but threw heilsielf u^wn the dead body of tbe Chieftain, and uttered the most ifrantie shrieks of gnief. 'She refus-^etl all overtures of sympathy from the party of Benson. Bundy himself oft'ered none, but abashed by the grief- strielven woman, who seiemed to have forgotten him im another passion, he retired from, the scene. The bod(y was buried on a little rise of grounjd near by. Thie woman Ger*trude attended with her children, and with a more subdued grief witnessed the intermenit. But she could not be induced to return to the setblemenit, or bo aeeeipt any pity or as- sistance from 'the settlers. The Indians, aifter they heard of the death of Winnesook, re- turned most of thie cattle whidi they had taken off and accepted overtures of pieace and friendslhip. They were in a few years 137 forced! baek to a more remote wildierniess. 'by tihe advan'eing s'ettlft- m-ent; but Clei'itrude, adoptdiig a residenee by lienself, reared her childien near the grave of tlve Big Indian. Tlie large pine tree fell with age, where it had sifcoiod, at thie foot o>f the valley of bbe EsopuB, now known -as Big Indiiam Hol- low. The old stuimp was still recoginiized 'by tihe inhabitiainta of tth'e vidnity until it was a few years ago covered by the railroad embanknienit, near tbe brid^'e now spanning the Esoipus, a sliort d'istanee above Big Indian (Station. 18 HISTORICAL ADDRESS Delivered at the City of Kingston by William Lounsbery at the Centennial Anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1876. This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pine.s and the hemlocks, Bearded with dioss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic. * * * — Longfellow, OOElR'ESIPO'NiDENOE. Offiice of the [Majior of the City olf Kingston, Kingston, X. Y., June 5tih, 187G. WILLIA3I LOU^^SBiEEY, ESQ.: Dear Sar: lAt tilne request of tlie Commoni Oouncii I write you, as Seeretiary oi ithe ULst'er Counity HistorJeajl iSodietty, to furnish, through the society,, the historical .siketeh, oS the oounity, town and city for ith^e Oentieiini'al Celelbration. Pleaise ansiwer, so that the committee miay be advised, of the eertain'ty of the prodaiction. 'Most RpisipeictfiDlily. Yours, JiAJS. G. LITNDSIiEY, Mayor. Kingston, N. Y., June Gtlh, 1S7C. JAMES G. LINDSLEY, ESQ., Mayor, &c. : Dear Sir: I h'aive this mornlinig Tefceived your favor of yester- day, on beliQllf of th'C Common Council, requesitinig mie as Secretary otf the Ulslter Coimty Hisitorical Society to fiu^msih thilough the »otciefty the historieal isketch of t^he county, town and city for the Centennial oelebi'^a'tioai. 139 I ought to S'ay t\mt I ihold tlie office iii tine siodiettyi by yivtm olf tihe lasit 'eilectiion tdi-e society liaiil 'tilne vitality tio make, Tiie aotJieity itiaellf lia^s ipasisied into liisitory. Thei'e is tih'erelfore no special fitmesisi in iny ^selection.' o-n that aic'counft; and I am satisfied that a ilyetit'er choice couM ha'Vie iheeii miade. It is ipossiWe, liowever, th'ait tihe Comimoii Couincil may tove put redianioe on my general golod naitiurie aaid willingnesisi to do 'Avthalt is asked oif mie, and I wiill not tiherefore disaippoint ttoem, if tdiie brief tim^e a^llowed is sufficient for the piu-posie. I do not Aviant, either, to seem uniuidnidifiil dl the honor conferred 'by tihe selection. The Msltory of the county, town and city Ivais been long the proimi:5'edi siubjeict of history, but tlms< far the promise has not been realized. I am therefoa^e invited to plough thei virgin soil of Ulisten 'Ooiunty history, and to strike the- axe into the "prilmeval forest" of our city annals. I make no great lexpedtaitions of the r-esiult of the effort, but it will be thie beginnings of what may in time become a very credlitiable dolleiction of local iieoords. Vei-y Respectfiulily Yours, WriiLLl^I LOU2^Sa3(EIlY. •HISTORia'^L ADDHESS. ' ' Messrs. the Mayor and A'ldei'mien, TJaidies and G'entlemen: The settlemiCint of Xew England in- North America has been uiiudi more spoken of in tbe booksi itham th'at of ithe CSTelw ijSTetbea-- lands. More even than that of Jamestown in Virginia; although it was la;ter in point of time by ahont^ ten years.. The reason for t'his in quite apparent. The eettlers of Niew England! were theni'selves the 'writers of hiistory, and' have, ever since their landing in America, thrown into their origin a literarj' zea«l as powei-^ful to awaken inltercst as was their sltrength of neiliigious fervor wbich sustained them- through the suft'erings of their flrsit few months of a New England wimter on a sterile shore. The settlers of Virginia were of the Engiisih aristocraey, who ca^(^d much for the glory of family and noithing for the glory of the people they \^^ei'e starting upon a national career. The 140 settlers of the Xe'vv Xeiblnerlanidsi were tradere, who cared for the "rain't, anise ajid euiimndn," and n^eglected the weightier matters ulation of Maniha'ttan Island audi the tytlier se'ttleiivenltis on tihe Hudision furniishedi thei Jargesit quotas to tlie Continientiil army, 'and bone Itihe 'brunt of t'be. aisisiaullt olf the Britislk arms at Sara- toga aii'd aloiilg tilie 'Hudson' river. The reisul't of tihese military operations was, in th'e opinion) of histoiuans, decisive of tJie war to a very great extent, as the division of the Conitinienlt'al amiy iby tlie posise'sisiiion of the line of th'e Hu'dso'n nivei' 'by the British troopsi was the great aim of 'thieir eom'mlanldlin'g general for a long time. Tihe Dutob colouislt.s were an intelligent people, o^f deep re- Ji'gious i-oiiiXi'Ctions, and very s'trougiy imbued witli tilie i-reed of the iPnOtesltant sects of Holland. .The Relfornved Dutch Churche'S of the Counlty Of Tjll'slt'er bear witnesisi to the extent a'nd chara^ct'er of the 'population of the early settlennen't. These ohurch'es were founded at Kingston, 'Hurley, Mar'bletown, Rochester and Wa war- sing, and were suippliied wit'h. faithfiil anid edumted pa;stors, going among the peaple 'by th'e na'me of Do'juinie. The chiuix;h records olf Wrth'S, deait'hs and marriages are t'oday> 'tihe niosit reli'aWe and va'luaWe reteonds of the .genea.logy of Uls't'er County faiuiilieSj anid the influence of tilie eaitly Dutch settlensi is .sltilH preserved with tlie churches 'then founded. The RePoilmed 'Churchesi still retnuain 'iifbiding plaeed of sound doctrine, and ithe ,poiinit'S aibout which is yet eoUec'ted a very large proportion of the oburch-'gfoing 'people of tih'O icounty — t'he i Ulsiter included these imiuiiciipal iu'coirporatiions, and AA'as oiiganized in the year 1083, and incliided thie |{)resent countiesi of Ulster, I)ela\\are and iSlu'llivan and part* of Greene and Oriunge, and extended from (~!laiwyieii''s creek on the north, to ^luixleiw's cneeik, near the Highlands', on the south. From the first siettlment to this pei-iod, siulbstantially a half a oentuiTy, the gotvernnnent was eo2)it'd after cities and -villiayes of Hollaiiid, and i)rescn(ted a mLvtuae of the ix^imblican adid jxitri- ai'chal form. Judgels were chosem, who 'wcaie to he "Ji!onetit, in- teMigent persons, iJOsBessiong real estate, .peacealble 'juen, good subjeots to their Londs' anid Patroons, land the high adauli'nistiiation appointed bj' them, ii>ix)(fessors of the Reformietd i^eligion, ais' it isi n^ow picadied in the United Xethei-lands, in conformity to the word of d, and the ordei'S of tJne Synod oif Dordreoht." An aiiUatocratic e'lomeuit wiui initroduued by ihe Enigllislli plan 143 df dolonizaMon. Gramts o'f lairige t(rad:s df 'lamd' were made by fa^-ior of the Einig to indlivaduaJs — .some of which hiaivie remainied in tlieir faiiniTies to thi'S day, in part' at least, But, asi an illus- tration erf a differeiilt relsuilt: an heir, olf t 'piioigriesis with the growth of tlie setit lenient on tlie Hiidsion iduring the century fironi the o,ccupatjoin by the pyivg'lfisii to tine opening' oif tlie revo- lution in 1776. It bad during that, iperiod gi^eatly. linei-ieased in Oomsequenice, and Kingisitoin had become a settlieinent of great iin- poirt«a.n)ce, ranking as th'e third 'in point, of poipiuilation in the colony. It \\ia.s central, and had become the seat of government, wheire the Colonial Legislature had its sesisaoins. Johtii Jay, the lea'ding 'la,wij'ier of the colony, was glad to taike retainers at the Kingston court'9, and left hfo clients at N.ew Ylodc to attend term at Kingston. iBy a retsoliition of the Provincial Oomlvention, passed iDcc. 21, 177i5, the Ulster County jaM 'became the jaiiil of the colony. 'The Pixivincial Contention, contemplating its removal to Kingston, 'was informed Iby a reptoirt of its cammattee;, on the 31 St of January, 1770, that if it should move to Kingston, "fifty (memibersi may otbta'in good aiOcoininodations at the rate of tjwenty sihillings/ a week," and that the Court House had a large room, airitable iflor the convenition to. meet in. The coniveintion "was in sesision oif iMarch IS, 1777, at Kingston', and on the 20th diiy of April, 1777, the first Oonstlitutiiom off the State of New York was and the reeonds .even df tlieir pros,pe(i'ity bad ibeen disfpersied inlto iirresponsSble .hands. ■Diiring tbe century wbifli hiais simee elapsed Mre waislte places haive 'been restored; better 'buildings: stand wlierei fommer ones wer.e burnt; the fieldsi bear prom'i'se cf another bountifnil b'arvest; ■more tbam fifty persons eowkl 'be coimf.ortab]y tept at tbe iioftels; a spaiciou'9 rooirni <*0'uM eonvenliently aiecoinimod'ate tlie State oon- ventions; ibut none oif them could come back to Kingston to hold tlhiedr isesisions. Tliie firies of tlio first r3ivoliution, very seniously put back the progress oif the settlenienit in tilie; Esoipus dn her ■Sitrife with her neighbors along tbe Hudson. Buit the sifcrugglie has nevertbeliesis been carried on wit'li courage, witJi' 'enterprise and .w'ilt'h untiring laibor. U'kter .oounity 'hais now ibeoome 'a great and wealtihy commiiuni.ty. Witb a .poi>uila.tion of a hundricd tbtoiiisanid; with imiami'faictnu-esi .seekinig evei-y (market of tbe whoile nation, out of miateiiialsi costing only thie labor of her i>e.o(ple; wilt'h ra.il roads di-atwinig trade 'froan eveiiy direation. — it sitandsi today owning no 'superior in. tbe stnugigie for political power 'and commerdiail weailtli. Durinig tlio time tbis point hiais been' in the silcAv proigi'Oiss oif attainimient, it .cannot 'l>e said tb'at the ,set.tlemient in tine Es.ojm1'S was niggardly in its patriotisim, or that 4t wa'S. beliind in duty or saiorifioe, when it wa<9 in(\^oilve(l in war' a'long wi,th tlie other American sietitlemients, or m .tbe iweservntion! otf tlve Un.ion di tb.e States 'whiiidhi it took so promllnent a part in. organizing. In tlie Oantidia'tt iniviasiion, in 1775, a. 'full regimient. recniitied in Ulster County, wa.s present wb^en tihe chivaJroius .and lamented 147 Moiiit;goniediy fell in tlic uwfontunate attack on 'Quelbeie. Uls.t.er Coiuitiy .c:oiitril)uted several reigi.menits to .the 'Comtinientaa army. Thiey were iiiwler ithe directioii of Gav^i-nw Georige OHiiitoa, the Comimiamlei--in-Chie,f of tlie Statue tirooips, amd were actively em- ploj-ietl imm .the .beigiiiming' in tihe oipera.ti-oinis in Oanadia, in oppos- iug Burgoywe at Saiaitogia. and in gnai-dimg the river at West iPid.nt. In the \v,ar oif 1812, or tli.e SaHlors' Klglnts Wair, m it was calle'd, a iregimient oif troioi).-; wa,si raised in Ulster County, wliich was the c^olor regifmeiit o/f a l)rigade statd'oned on Stateii Island to oover New Yodc and th« fonbiflicaifcioiis- at tlxe Narrows. They bad no actaial engiXg«ment witli the enemy, and at the olose of th.e wa.r resumed their former ooaupationsi witliout foi-getting their iseirA-iiices in the cause of the .sailors. The breaking out oif the Souithern Rebellion ini Apri'l, 18U1, found Ulster iCoumty peculiairly well situated to take part in the active operations of .war, t-hrast siuddenly on the govemm'ent. The iSt'ate wa'Si called upon for all its available militia, and the Ulster County regi,ni.ent, then under the comm!a.nid of Geoi'ge W. Pi^afct, was enabled to miarCh to the de.fein^.e of WasiMirigtom by th« side of tih.e peginnents oif ithe city of New Ym-k and was the O'ttly •regiment oif militia oaibsid© of New York City and Brooklyn, and the one fitted out under the eyesi of the 'State officers of Albany, tliat was able to resplond to the c-aLl oif the governmtent. It was comiposed of im;auy of tlie best citizems oif the countiy, and miade a three montihs' oamipaign, very efficiently aidinig in the early military operations atout WasMnlgton. It furaislned t-he iiuicleus of tihree relgiments of volunteers froim tine oounity, .aifterwtxrd' mus- tered into the siervice dif the govcrnnrent, and wihic'h took part in many of the most inrpontant engagements, iplemti'fiully sipiinl^dling the Mood o'f Ulsltei' Comruty on the .soil of ma.ny Ibaittle fields- in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virigiinia, and filling many lioius.*oldis with grief ifor the toss of their most promisiing youth. The gal- lant Pratt fell an eamly victim, and Ihis >losis produced a .profound grief in .the county, \Mh.cTe "he was .greatly respected as a young man of fine education, of ma.nly punposes, and gnealt inelligence and activity in the conducting of public matters. 'The isaloriftces of Ulster County were tat .comniien'ced with the volunteers wiho filled the .regiments i-^aiised in the eounJty. Three different di'a^fts wei-e ordered 'by tlie goivcrnmeut, and made by the 148 Provost iMvarshals, af)i]X)initieid for fcbe differ ©ni CongresBiomial dis- taicts. A'bout one-itiliird of the entire available militia, foa-ce oit' the State was tlius caMed into action. In Ulster OoiMntiy a, bounty was- allavved out .oif tlie Treasury of the county equal to from three t'o 'eig'ht hundred doillars per man, amd an dndebtedness of a little over tmo mililio'n' dollars wus th'us incuiued by the ooiunity, wliidi !hiad reached its ilieight in the year 1864. It fbas been sdmce reduced to the siumi of aibout a milJdon and a half dollaiis, and restis as a serious burden upon tJie prosperity df tlie pe^ople, to be paid, accoixling to .present legisla- tion on tJie s'ulbjeot, from the taxe^* of the next eleven years. The extraordinary burcienc* wluioh liave been thus imposed uj[j- on the resources of the people of the county hiaxe been carried onily by intelligent industry and tlie most active enterprise olf her citizens, in availinig themselves of every avenue to prosperity and busiiness profit, whdch furnishes no uninteresting topic in the 'his- tory of the county. One of the most important of the elements of growth and business prosperity had its origin in the construction of the Dela- ware and Hudson Oanal, wbicb was pa-ojected to tiianisport anthra- cite coal Ifirom the Lackawanna legion in Pennsylvamia to the Hudson rivei-, Tihe selection of the moutb of tine Eondout creek as t'he Hudson terminus ilias given, rise to the employment o'f a great numfber of lalborors and to a large trade, to wihich the village oif Eondout h'as for many years owed its principal im- portance and port tonnage. The Canal Company was incor- porated in 1823, with a capital of one million five hundred tihous- and dollaT.s — fifty thousand dollairs of wlnicli Avas autboi-ized to be used for banking. The State loaned eight hundred thousand dollars to the company, and took a warm interest in the enter- prise, aiwl not witliout reason. The business df tbe com.pany, firom the copi.pletion of the 'canal in 1828, lias beeni profitable, and the operat.ion.s of tlie company ihave been very greaitly extended. The (State loan has been repaid with interest, the oniginsil caiiital increased, and the icai]>aoity of the canal enlanged, witb an in- creased area of the comipanly's coail lands. The caipital lias now reached twenty imilHion dolkirs, and its lw>nded debt somewiliat over twelve milliion dollans, as against an original cost of tbc work of $1,424,994 for the New York poi'tion of the line and $012,123 149 for the Penmsiyilvania. iportioii of bhe line. The coal shipper! from 'the mdnes in 1829 'wasi 7,000 tons; in 1873, 2,7^2,51)0 t'ont^, and tlie profits in 1873 were $2;013,507.l)0. During the consitiruction of 'the canal ■valuaJble cement quar- ries were ifound in the 'county, andi it* use a.nd' manufaicture were commenved. It "has since developed with wonderful raipidity in- to one of the imos't important and profitalUle indusitries' o!f the State. The trade-mark ■•I'osendale Cement" is a passport to t'he eonfidenoe of the' huiilder on the contin'ent of Europe as well as in America. Allied to t'hie cement business, there has sprung up dm-ing later years an industry that ;ha.s given employment and profits to a large number o(f ^people: quarrying and imarlv'eting flagging etone. Ulster County bluestone, riised at first onl'y to a limited extent, has now 'become the .princi'pal material in t'he construct ion of sidewalks in the loities of the United State's' and at somie foreign points. IThe triade has become a \ery important one among the industries of t'he county. The City of Kingston, otherwise neglectful of her street's, from tiho vaoinity olf the iblues'tone de- posits has become jusitily celebrated for her excellent sidewailks. Leajt'her .mlanufaet'uring, once an iiiiiportant busines'S' in the coun- ty, has almost entirely disappeared. The hemlock bairk used in the business of tanning has been nearly all eonismmed, and this branch of indaisitry, once so imiport'ant in the county, has been s ubs t an tiall y a bandoned . It is now a fact worfch,y of mention that great 'business pros- perity in the count}' has resulted in la'te years mainly from con- nection with the canal traile, the business in oement, or Ulster County bluestone. The industries' which we have maimed 'have not resulted in injury to agricultural j)urisuitis, but rather in th'eir favor, by furinislliing a market iwiithiu the county for tlhe farm product's'; and nowhere has land ruiikicnl higher as to price per acre for purely farm puiii)oses, or the labor of tilie h'usbannlnian Ireon better rewarded. The bot- tom landis of tli* valle.ysi of t!he Esopusi, Rondout aird \\'allkill sitiieani'S are occupied by a numeroiiSi poimlationi, living in comfort- able hoar.es, with substatial farm buildings, and wdth funds laid aiside, in the stocks of the Canal Company or bonds of the county, 150 capaiWe df f'U'rni.sihJmg a start 5n life to tihe son, or a comforitabile dot to the diauigiliter, wliem tliey ari-ive at a marriageable agie. The mountainous regiiowsi o-f tHie oouinty have not beeo) neglected, ■but ha.Vie been c-aMied uiix)in to aid in tlie march of progresis. The touritst 'has been invitied' to breathe tine pure air a.long the cool and clear wateas of the Shamdaken niountain.s and to view the exiten- sive and varied vpnospei-t fix>ni Lalv'e i^Iohunk and 'M'inni'waKiki, and thousands of ci.ty people es^oape tllie haat oif Suniiner in the oom- niodiouis 'hotels tionstiuMitedj foi- their aecoinnniodiat'ion in the moun- taini regions of Ulster Couinty. In 1805 there Ava.s not a isLngle yard oif irailnoad conistructed or in use in Ul'sber County. For lO^-er thirty years this mode of travel bad been isueicessfully introduioed ,into the country, and other localities had grown up with a busiuiesis based upon the facility and speed of railroad travel and transportation; but. Ulster, t'hius faa', had not been a'ble to ooniiinand the capital to make use of railroadis iai liolding laiid augmeniting its' trade. In the ^-leai" referred to an incoa-jjoration' was formed, Wiith pow- er to 'Construct a lionse railrioiad between, the tiwo villages of King- ston and Rondout, and its ^onipietdon was' witnessed with gi-eat •sa.tisf.ajction by the ipeople. During the next y.eair tlh'e Ojegisla- taire passed a laiw authorizing tiie counties of Ulster, Delaware Greene ciin'd Schoharie to issue bonds to oonstruet th'e Rondout and Oswego Raiilroad, and in tIhe following year certaim towns in Ulster Couuity were authorizeil to issue bonds for tbe. Wallk'il'l Valley Railway. The first jwoject was to give a railroaid con- nection witli Lake Ontario, on 'tdie north, and the lines! of travel to the AVest; and Ibhe s'pcond to giive a raalroad line to New York Cit\' on th'e we^it 'bank of the Hiiklson'. The plan of construction adoptedi met 'with an a'ctivc ojjposii- t'ion fironi mamy citizens, ami was eonoedienl to be objectionable in princip'le and likely to 'be onerous tO' the people, wiia wien"'e to a'ssuinie tliie debt. 'But tlie longing of the people for tlhis im- proved means of tra/vel, and to be pla^ced in a thoroughfaTc o'f businieas, overoaime all objection, and the towns aasiumed thie bur- idien. The town oif I'iingston is9ueopulation, and the fiftli in business consequence in the State of New Yon-k. It compriseis witfliin its lim.it.s tilre t\vx> foirm.eir vil- laiges of Kingston and Eondout, which liad grown' up side "by side 152 until fcheir adjaieent bounds eoineided. Initima'tely as tih«s« vil- ilages were allied 'by business asisociationis, t'liey were yet rii vails in feeling and jealous df each oth-er's pnog'reiss. TJneir uuiom inito a city was a difficult subject of negotiation, lastinig througih three sessions of tlhe Statie Legiislat ure. A coiivpromise was finally made, ylielding tlie nainre to Kinigiston, bult giving the political -ascendaracji to Rondout. A city go,vei'n!ni ent 'liad, to a certain extent, become a necessity. 'A unifomi plan of projectiou of streets between tli« two places and a uniform administration of tihe governnient made it desirable; 'but the abuses growiing out of the poor monies of the town fumiished the most controlling lan^guHLents wiliidi operatied in favor of the City Charter. Op- ■posed to theim were fhe fieaas 0(| an extravagant appiiopriation fioir city buiildinigs. This lasit dhjection was quieted by a promise that no bundling to be used as a Citiy Hall sHiould be constructed Within ten years. This pledge, exacted on. behalf of Village Off Kiugston, was not i-neonpon-ated in tlie charter. The eontract- ing .partie)s were two easily satisfied by a veiflbal pledge, which no one was made responsible for. The pledge was not kept. A new City Hall hals been built, as has also a new AIuks House, 'bofh creditable stru<es produced a ctity debt of about one Ihunidred thousand dollars, and added to the otiher public burdens.; but it is answered that tlie city owns .fhe pmperty, and that it is a debt standing on a 'better baisis tlian tliat of some neii"hborinn- cities, whose liabilities do not seem to rest on any substantial value received. It may indeed be said with some pride tbat the 153 city lias two liarga buiklmgs wit.hoiit notaitle wiaste in. their con- sitructlion, adaipted ind whidi d^ yet so much tihle pabulum of ^ par- tisian debate ha,ve been, as it sieem® to m«e, .made too prominent in the disK-ussion. The phantom o.f la pres-idenlt^kU veto has. also belen held up to alaim tlie timid. All thieve consideavations^ are foreign from, the issue. They ca.n h.ave no legitimate plaouBibili- 156 ties, wliiieJi axe Ito 'be managed not in a sipirit of pai-tisianBihip, but with intdligenee, patriotisan and mo die nation. Tilie iBi^ues' which ae no "doubt but that, tihe law loobs with great disfavor upon anythiimg like am init'erferenee by the military with' the freedom of an election. Aai armetd foirce in the neigh- borhood of tihe 'polls is almosit of necessity a menace toi the v-otei's and an intierf erence with their fneedani and ind'ependence;, and if such anmed force be in the Mndis of o-r under the control of the partisan frienids of a'ny particuhir candidate, the proibability of improper influeaiice beconiies still stronger." He then quoties the caise of Giddings vs. C'lank, a contested cate in the Forty -isecon'd Congre«j«':. "On the day of election tihie town w-liere tihe election Mas lield \\a,s occupied 'by an- aaimeid force uutlei- commanil of one Cap- tain Eidhardison. 'Picket's were isltationeid ou' all the roads leading into tihe town, and persons coming in to vote wiene obligeU. toi ob- tain a pass from the military authoritiies. Althouglh the wit- nesses 'Sny th'at all voters were ipeiimlitted toi come an'd go in peace, and tihait the fa-eedmen were vinged to vote, yet it liis clear that they abstained from doing so for reasonis wihieh most mem eon- Biider good and isufficient. "Tho comuiittee of ttli'e House reijortdd tih'e opiniiou t'liat this 158 was noifc a fnee arid fair on the free will of the French people lif their power is depend- ing upon the favor of the army-; and aididiresising myself tO' the other side of tihis House, I would a.sk if their anxiety upon this queistion is not ini.i>oitted from the isituation in Frainioe? .The gen- tleman from Ohiio who opened the debate on that slide (and is followed in the same sityle by othens) has uttered the most gloomy pnedietioinis of the future to itliis country from the adop- tion of thie lamemdmenit now peuding in the committee. It is latyiled a revolutionary mieasui-e. it will starve out tlie life of the eountrj-, it is said. It isi the picture of our ship of state drifting uixmi breakers and to sure dositruction': "Then isihrieked the timid, and stood .still the bra.ve." This uinbroken howl of dlftspair which comes up from t'liie otiher isi'de, as buit the utteranioe of thie idea of the French Aisisembly. They mnst liaAie the Army at tfhe ipolls. Pa.rty needs are imnAi that tbey ca^Miot part with coercion. They Ciill upon the execu- tive branch of the Government to intervene to s'ave the last rem- nant of departing njowef. The violent op^wsitiou on tUiis floor to th© repeal of the ob- 159 je^^tionablo wm^Js -of tire Ia;w as it now ista.nicls, as viaw exhibited, i^ a danio-er and iniena<>e from wihicih it is not too siooni to iseeui-e the eoirnitnyi Mr. Oiai'mnan, I a-ni indivlgimig for myfeielf no mch. glooimy ex- pectations ai3 a:re foi-esihia'do'wedi by the oipi>osition. I ann not ■expecting, as I have no inteneist in ua-ging, a veto of the pending bill. I miay safely aidvaiice a compliraent to itttie imtelligemioe of 'the Executive. There can be iinade no constitutiona.l oibjection to the bill. The right of Congress to regulate thie uise^ of the Arany is clearly expresised in tihe Constitution. Tlve right wa^s exercised without question upon the pa.ssage of tOie law in 1805, uipom whichi this ameinidment is to 'be ingra'fteid. He can find no difficulty with the question ais a tnneasure of policy. If he be not go^-^iinieid by the precedientis to whichi I have referred, wfliy should he not heeid tbe Congresisional (majority, lately from the people, whose will it wais chosen to 'represent? If 'he yield to the claims of thie situaition a,s' preisewtied to him by his paa-ty .friiernds aflind un- awed by power." GOLD AXD SILVEtR CERTIFICAfi'iElS. May 17, 1879. :M!R. LOUN'!=5BEiRY submitted the iPoJloiwing amendimpnt, which was ordered to be printed in the Record: "Strike out tflie eighth ^section oif the Will,, which, with the aimendments reported Iby t-he Ooiinimittee on' Ooinage, Weiglhts and Measures, is sxb foUo'wis; 160 "See. 8. Tlvat section 254 of tli^e Revised Stua.t'utes of tlie Unitied Stat'es be amended' so as to read, as foUows: "Sec. 2M. fTihe Seeret'arij^ Of Wie Treasniry is" aoitlioi-'ized. and required to reee'Ive dejjosits o'f goW or silvier icoin and igold or silver iJullion, with tihe Treasxirer' or any a'Ssisitan't treasurei* of the Unibed 'Staites, in sniniiSi nidt lesfs tilian $20, and to issue certificate therefor, in defnoindnations of not iesis bhan $5 eadli, coresjjioniding wit'h ithe d'enoimiinations of the United ISbabesi moites. Th© coin and 'bullion deposited for or representing the certificatesi of deposit slialil be 'retained in the Treais'iiiy for the payment oif the same on demiand. L\nd) certificates representing oin in the Treaisury miay be isiSiued in. payment olf interest on th'e (jnibliic debt,, which certificatesi, tolgieltber with those issoied .for coin and bmilion de- posited, shalii not at any time exceed 20 iper cent, bej'ond the amolunt of coin and ,buillion: in the Treasiiry; and the certificates for coin and buMoin in the Treaswry siiall be rieceived' at par in- payment for lall dues to the Uniitetd iStatets, inichiding duties on im- ports, and may- be coiniJi>uted as part of the law'fuil money -resenve of natSonal bankis." . CNfR. LOUN^SBEiRY. Mr. Speaker, I must necessarily oppose the amiendment of the gentleman from Illinois, [fMr. Springer.] Though less objectionable in^ degree, ft oo-nltainis tlie same element of evil a® section 8 of the bi'll, as to- which I have submitted an amiendment to strike out the whole section. Seictiion 8 author- izes the issaiing by the Treasury of gold and siilver .eertificates. The amendment pending also provides for like certificates. In that respect it is not germane to- the question of coinage. It is a part of a financial or credit sdieme. It belonigs to a class of measures adioj^ted during, the war period asi expedients to raise monejy on onedit. We have (passed the period' for suchi exipedients. An era of peace no-w lasting miore than ten yearsi .sbouH introduce us to a diflferent elasis of lam-s. Dou'btful expedienitsi are ai tiracs- pru- dential meai3xire.s; but that aijiii>lies to desperate situations. It does not aipply to the presient situatioim of oinr Governiment, fvvihich is now in '.stiioh excellent credit at home and abroad that ordinary bonds are in very great demanpted to get out more paper ibased on tiie goikl that came into the Treasury. It was aai expedient to' ra'isie .money. It- cotuld liaA'te no otiher pur- pose. It is not needed' no'w, when tbe Government has a plctihora of availalb'le fnu'dis without sutoh expedJient. At this timie our national finances are not. in emlbarraissment. The Government 'hasi resumed specie paymentiS. A new suspension can only hap- pen by ineru'ring extra on-dinaiy expenses! or by the creation' of a demand indebtednesis, which may (be called' unexpefltiedly and in la.rge amounts'. These eei'tificateisi would constiitiute such a danger. Our tTad'e wiithi foreign' countries' isi now in healthy condi- tion. 'We have a balance of trade, fro'm the most 'healthj' pos- sible source., Ourt agriculturail prodxictiousi fowni the souroe whidh m'ay ibe natairally expected in this oountiy to 'be large whien in healthy operation. Mr. Spea'ker, I do not betong to either party nnging or antag- onizing silver coinage. I db' not 'believe that the prosperity of 21 163 the people depends upon a bimietialilic isyistem, nor do I Ibelieive tilia.t itihe iaibric of the pixblio credit Avilil fall inito he'lpless col- lapse, iinliess iwe adhere to a monomeltallic sitandard. In eonsid- eriiig the qiieistion of a cinoulating mediiun — Medio tuti'SiSiLmiis ibis, or a position soime\\'lhere Ibetween the two extreme tlwories may 'be at 'tihiSi time the safeslt. Alt'ius egressiiS' coetesitia tecta fremialbisi Infei'iiiiS' terrais. The people are noifc disieomtented, asi has been stiid. There are cases of ■siuffe'ning from a temporarily ileran'ged condition of raanufoictiiire.s. But tihiei''e is no^ wanti amioing tillens' of th'e soil ■except such' as^ may result from- ill-h-aaLbh, shiftlesisness, or ex- travag-anee, or tilve incubus of the 'war dcibtis. We cannoit legis- latie away these ills. The people are natairailly contented during demoeraitic rule. Populaai 'liberty isi the great boom ftve are bound to keep siecure to the people, and while this is g^uard'ed tJiey ■may be trusted ■to work out' the problems' of bread-iwd'nning and propierty iaicquisition and busincsis thrift. There may b© ^a^ lurkinig daniger irii thie bill, as to which its friende baive not been able to 'put my mind at rest. Silver is noiw very, cheap. 'Xo one can sa^feily -say how the future price will be. It depends upoa tibe amount olf isilver exdstiing and beinig produced. Writers differ very large'ly in est'imat'ing both factors in the computation. ^^^ile it is unknown, even io an approxi- mate extent, how ■m^uch gold 'and silver isi istoired in the com- mercial world, lailll aiction based upon such computation! must be dangerous, for its unice'ittainty. We musit not legislate againsit the interesits ■of the Goveirn- ment. It belongs to the wliole people, and if by our a.otion the people siiffer a loss, they will a^nd should hold uis responsible, because it aniist be borne by the people. It cannot be shifted off their sihoulders/ upon' the President or ■the Cabinet or tbe individual •membei-s 'Of 'CongresiS. Tlie blaime may be (placed there, but the burden of the los-s ■must be boru'e by the people, who eoinstitute the Government and create au'd own itis ra^ouroes'. The Govern- m'onit is now buj'ing cheap silver; perh'ap'Si it. wasi 'mever cheaper as a commodity. The coin resulting from these 'piM'ohases is 163 very ilibely to i-emrain wor'fcli itiSi cosit unideir aid Wie oOinitinigeuoies thai, miay ibapipeo. If tlie isilv.er isitoired in 'this- t'ouiiitry ami wrn'ong foreigm maftioMs and t'lie productions of .tiie ininies are to toe dumiped ibodily into tlie Goverimient vaults, at part of tilie 'Govei-nmenti sitanclardj I am not p'Peipared to say tliat the people 'will not suffer heavy loss T^y tbe dieipreciatioin on so large a stock. Buit I am njot dis- cussiing tlhat subject, i am deprecating the effect of the eightli section. It .m.ake3 the Government Treasuryi a huge ibank of issue wpoa the 'basis of iitsi coin. This coin siliould' Ibe held re- ligiousily, ho-nestily, a© security for tlie 'redeimpition of tbe United •States n'otiesi now in cireuiaition. It is only so- we can maintain resumption. It iis un'vvisei — I tiilinik it oriminlal — to destiroy tbe coin reseiwe 'as a trust fund to the hoWeris of the Goverament paper money 'by creating a now liability in tbe form of certificate's for wbieb it is pledged. Eom'6 ifrom its ifoimding 'by Eomukis for fiwe bundl-ed years, If bisitory isi any guide, delivered no battle to its enemies and undertook no great matter of public administration unless the augurs were first consmltal. iThe generial idik.! not engage 'hfe troops nor the stiatesman frame a declaratioiu of war unless be was guided) by tlie fligilit of 'birds or tbe visicera of tbe sacrifiees. It is W'ell toi Ibeiieve as we read sucb bisitoiy, in ithe ligbfc of the ooritinaied growtb of tbe nation, tbat the priests who examined tbe auisipicesi were itbemselves tbe most learned of tibe patrician order. 'Tbey tmiusit bave knowin t'lie facts existing and the sitiiiation of tbe hostile forces. It is neoesisiary, to believe that tlie wisidoim of tbe prieslts did uiucIl to' enlighten tbe interpreta- tion of tbe manifeisitation of tbe gods' in wbieb tbesie peopies put tQieir faith. I would not have the ministers at this altbar of tbe poeple act less wisely in the interpretation of the auguries. It may not be wise tio- embark in the experiment of this measure, unlesis we ean firsit iknow tbe fiaiotoirs and sitrengtb of th^e forces upon iw'hicb suiooess' or failure is to deipend. It is certainly unwisiB Ito give, 'asi iwe will Iby eniacting tbei eigbtb section of tbia bill, a largje ad'dStion to tbei power noiw beld by itbe Treasury to do a banking business upon the coin i-eserve intended to be beld as a deposit against tbe United Statesi notes now outstanding. 164 • TEAKE DOLL'AiRS. June IS, 1879. Mr. LOUXiSBEEY. I send, to lUne Clerk's desk a motion re- duced to ■■WTi-itinig, wilriehj I abalL lask to -be considered 'by^ the House at the praper tinne. iT'he Clerk read, as lollfows: "Ordered, That ttoe bill l>e rcfea-red to the Committee on Bankinig and Currency." 'ilr. LOUNSBiEIRY. :\lr. Speaker, 1 have discovered Ujpon an examination of tlhis question that there are difficulties attending the subject wliidi oamnot 'be reaichcd iby an amendment of the 'bill. I therefore propose to submit the motion whichi ihas 'been read 'by the olerk. 'Thait motion is not proimpted by^ any dis- respect .for tlie Comiuuttee on Coinaige, AVeights and :Me'a'Sures, or any want of oonlidenee in that committee, from' which lUiy dis- tinguislied friend, its ohairma'tt, has r.eported tihis 'bill. In order to present mjy point distinctly, I will ask thie Clerk to. read a poition of section. 3520 of the Revised Statutes. T'he Clerk read as follows.: "Any ow.n.er of silv.er .bullion may deposit the same at any mint, to he formed into bars or into .do'lla.risi oif the weight of •420 grains troy, designated in this tiitle as trade-dollars." Qlr. LiOUXiSBERY. That provision is from the statiute of 1873, which authorized the unlimiited coina.ge of (bullion into these trade -.dollars. I now ask tlie Clerk to. read section 2 of a joint resoLutiooi' of July 22, 187U. 'The Clerk read as follaw.si: "iSec. 2. That tihe iti-ad'e-dollar shall not hereaftier Ibe a legal tender; and tlio Secretai-y: .of the Trea-sury i-s liere*by authorized to .limit from timie to tim'e the <;oinage thereof to sudh an amount a.s he .may deeim s.uilieient to meet the export demand of tlie same." iMr. JjOUXSiBERY. I call attention, to the fact that though Co.ngTescs in 1873 provided for an uulimiited coinage of trade- dollars, it siulbsiequently, 'by joint resolution, of ! demands oif commerce. Xovv, in connection wdtlh tihese two pro'visioiis of law, look at 165 the amouuit to which these dbilkriS' have been coined wit'hin the k'st few years. In 187G, 'tlie year in which this limit'Oitiou on the part of the 'Secretai-y oif tihe 'Treaisuiy 'wasi autlhoriaed, there were coined 0,132,050 of these .tradte- dollars.; in 1877, 9,102,900, attid in 1878, 11,378,010. It will ho oteerved tihiat 'fro,ni the time •tihat: the Sec-ret'ary of t.he Treasury was. auithiorized by a joint resolution df Congress- to limit the eoinaige of these dollars, tlnere hasi been a raipM inloreaso in tlie ainoUin!t dl tHiis coinage. Though he w-ats authorized to limit this' desicription' .of coinage so as 'mereily tio meet th-e deniaimls of comnreree, we find tlvat during the lasit year he authoiized the coinage of $1.1,000,000 of this currency. Yet we ane told in t'his debate, and I believe the ■fact is. reported by tine Direiotior of .t.h,e Mint, that there are only between .six and seven anillionis of these t.rade -.dollars now in this C0untr.y. Xiow, if the demands of commerce are absoi-^bing this coinage so rapidlji that, a.lthougih during the lasrt .yeixr eleven million .trade-dollars, were coined, on'ly, $0,000,000 of thisi cui-rency is .now left in .the oounitry, wliy is it necessary .at this time, at the end of this extra session, to interfere with this coinuige? :Mr. FIS'HBR. ^MU the gentleman allow me a single remark? As I stated, tihe object of this bill is simiply to gat.her in the few inillions of tranlie-doillars ^oaffcerdd thirough this country. Can tihe gentleman indicate any way .by which tbis. fo.rm of emreincy can gio to iCVina except by 'thie bill as I .propose to amend it ? Mr. LOUNSB.ERiy. I am not speaking on that sulbject. it will he observed that tbe last clause of the bill reiported by the committee propo.ses to give to th.e Se.cre't.ary of t.he Treasury the power to stop the further coinage of the trade-dollar. AVby should we iu' this way restri..t th.e power of tbe Se.cr6tary of tbe Treasury, when by the joint resoluit'on of 1870 he 'Wtas authorized to .limit the winiag.e to the .dcimian/Jis. ©.f trade? 'NMiy n'onv deprive him of that authority? From tbe bill tihcre can. be inferred only one of two proposi- tions: either it is intended to autlnorize an unlimiteid coinage of the .standa-rd dolla.i-, or els.e it is int.ended to .deprive tbe Secretary of tlie Treasury of itbe o.ption wbich he now has. to allow the coinage of tbe trade-dlollar to the extent justified by the demands of commeree. 'Puttiing either construction upon the bill, I am opposed to it. i , 166 oMi-. WARiNiEiR. Is the .iaecretairy of the Tieasiii-y. causing any of itlie itrad'C-dolkrs to be coined' now ? ]Mr. LOUNiSBERY. I assiume tliat under tlie joinit resolution o'f July 22, 1876, be is coining suilicieivt to meet tbe demands of commeice. Mr. WL^R'XER. Tbie gentleman will allow me to call bis at- tention ito an ex)tmcti from a recent intervieiw of tbe Secretary of tbe Treasury with the Commititee on Ooinaige, Weigibts and Measures': "Question. Is tb.ere aay longer any object in coining that piece at all for .private parties? "The Seciietiaij. Ko, sir; and I slbould refuse to db it noiw if sudi au applioaition were made.' Mr. LOUXS'BEIRY. Tbe answer which the Secretary there makes does mot change tbe situation which he occupies under the joint resolution of 1876. !By .that enactment be is authorized to permit the coinage so (fax .as' to meet tbe demiands of commetrce. Now, wibat objedtion has the com.mittiee to our m^anufacturing itbeste ooinis to be oised, in Obinia? I undereltood the gientlemian from Ohio [ilr. Warner] to say that there has been and is; a oon- sbant, a continual demand for coins of itbis kind, to be used in Ohina, where tbey ar.e clipped and marked 'for the puiiposes of trade, and a,re used according to their bullioui value. iMir. WAilKlDR. Is it necessary (to coin isalvel- pieces oif 420 grains in otdev tliait (tbey inlay be divided and mieted up in China? Will not pieces of 412y2 grains^ dO just as well? Mr. LOUX'SBiERY. I am not arguing as' to tbe necessity for creating such .a coin. I am simply s^'ing that this difficulty ■whicli we now meet in connection with our cui-reocy cannot properly be dbviated in tbe manner proposed iu this bill. And, Mr. .Speaiker, I now come to .the particular point which I have made under my motion. 'The design of this coin undoubtedly •came oi-iginallyi from itJie Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, and it vvas^ a proper fiuiictionj of that committee; but ■aifter it had pa-sised into circulation, and became a part of tbe currenoj- of the country, if it weire of any use beve, then from that 'time forth it seems to me this, subject no longer belonged legitimately to tbe Committee on Coinage, Weights and Meas- ures, but was' a 'pTopex subject to be considered by tbe Committee 107 on Banking anxi Currency. And I very much "eirret the gentle- man from Hilinois [air. Fort,] who introduced his hill and wtio was a memlber of the Committee on Baniking and Currency, should not have seen that it was sent to that committcie. I adtaJt, sir, tihis trade-dollar no.\v forms an. emibarrassment in our currency. I haive in my district 'ba«k officersi who tell me it wag in their way, emlbarrossing their operations and loading their oount'ers; and if tliere be a hidden meaning in this hill by which there shall he unlimited coinage and exchange of trade- dollars, so as .to result in the unlimited issue of standard dollars, then I am satisfied no bank officer in my disitrict woutld a.sk me to support it. •BAXiK EiBSBRVES. January 21, 1880. The .SPBAiKER. The moraing hour beg'i.ns a't 11 mLnutes past one o'clock p. m.; and the House nlow resumes the <(iowsid- emtion of the bill (H. R. N*©. 2715) reqiiiring tihe reser.vies of na;tional banks to 'be kept in gold 'an!d 'silrer ct^ins df the United States, repoi+ed frolm tIhe Oommititee on Bamkinig and Currency by the gentlleman fran Missouri, [:Mr. Buckner.] The gentle- man fcitom New York, [^h: Lounsbery] is entitled to the floor. Mr. LOUXSiBERY. M'r. .Speaker, the bill under considera- tion .may be briefly fonmulated 'ais a semi-statutory resiulmption by the banks. It is unobjectiomable in principle, if it be not an (^bje<>tion always to aet by ha.lf mieaisuo-es. I myself woaiM .have preferred tihait the bill sto'ouM have provided for tihe entire re- eierve oif 'tvlie bauks to l>e bald in coi.n, t-hus making an entire re- sumptii'on by the baiiks. It is albout one year since by sibatuite the Fedenxl Govenmneint .resumed. It is bigih time fchalt (the banks resumedi. 'lb is time that the imlividiuafe resaimed, paying debt 'in vaihie instead of paying debt in promises. The bill, to me, does not .5»eem. to l>e esipecially opera!tive or effedtual. The banks in my (^lUy today are paying gold anid siilver criin, ndt only in tbe .piiymemt of tflveir debts to .dlepiosiitbns, but to person.s -wilto ap[>l\' for -loa.nis, if they volunta.rily take com insitead of paper, While this bill, there- 168 fore, att thie timie ft -was firsit initiroicMeecl at the pxtira session, might Waive ibeem opera'ta\-ie amll effedtuiail, it ean no lojigeii- be so, because by tflae ip'ria'cltic-ie «f the baniks 'at thfe 'fci'mei thiey 'are pay- ing, •\A-Qiiea3i tlie eretliitiO'r will voiluntadly receivie it, dm giold ami' silver eoin. I prbpysie 'to attlldir'O.si'.s luiy'SieLf lloir u fclw iiiiMaiiealtiSi ito 'tlie bis" •tbi-'y of aieisaimiptioiii. 1 ihia.ve hieaitl iiitidi' crediti takem by the pne'sent AcHminislt'iiaitiioin, Iby the present 'nramigiens otf the Govexmnmii finiaiiiic'<^s, for briniging 'aibout reisump'tion. In my opintiow iiesii'mlptJon mlas ndt oa/uised !by firtanidal raiaiMgelm.einit nor by adimiinistr'ative tadt, bu't it ttume ahmiit 'by aii.ighitiea- icaiisies. Websltier, in liiis reni'ainly ciausieis 'moo-e ipoweilful (tihian the laimtp o'f Akiddlin or the .purse of Forltuniatuisi. A chaniged c^onddttion, of natibnal laflPaiiris bro^uiglit al>out inesamiption; not only the albiUty to resiuime, but res'ump- tion itsielf. The. luxu'ry of the peoiple bred dm-ing the war period on the hligih- prices df th'at dhy iwiiS' ciiaiinged for sii'iuplei liiabits dlw'ing depneslsion. 'The ilm,^>ortWtiloni of foredgni goodte into this eonntoiy -wiaisi tJlius oheckeld, andl tlh-e r'esdult- wasi one po'w'einfuil eaatse looking to better timies. We can lall i^emelmiber tih'e time whien thei oplpois'ing armieiS flwopt down and baek thiroug^li thie Sh'enondoalh A^alloy wRh the ebl) and flow oif 'nvilitlary succs'sis. The gno\\iing fraidts land grain orops 'Were nidt only desitrojied ibirt the laceuimulationisi of wealth. Tire larmiesi tJlien engagierl in desltrvidtdo'ii 'a're' now ipnodmcing vailueis. Tho people who wen-e then.' icngagoVi in 'teairdnig down the earnings of j-iears haAie for Ithe paisit fifteen years^ engiaged in reistor.iDig wiaisit'e-plaiceis and in aiding to refelulme. 169 'My «wn Stote of Xew York Was im;w just tiormllnatfcoid' Ave yM,m iof clMiilociialtic mile, to tflmt timie Wier'e Wa^s Ix^en a sttiay of eoiTui^tdon in office, a reltiim to gaod goverrtimenit, and an; hon- est aidininistiraition of tihe pu'bMe AMorks. 'Tine jnnsom, Avlhadh by vvais.t.ef(ul ina.n'alg>ettiien!fc :lia(l lw««'m'e an iinieuibus' upon Uw pros- perity of the State, Wave been maide Ito ipriodliioe aw incbm* equal to their expenses. The irate of 'taxation ha« 'been tl^draasied.- even while a.dniiH which I shall offof avs a. ^substitiiite, if a, proper 'oecaisilon is pre- ■.9ent.ed. to th« pending Mil. I have stated thwt the ftiiilnTCi olf the prelsienit bill is. tihklt^ it is a. ha;M nieasaire olf neiSium^Dlti'on. Th'e 'one I now propose t'o have read in its stead I thinik is a bill wfluVh ooverfe the entire case^-'a. blill that is enti,ne1y effeetual and coniplelte in the line of re'smnfytdon, not owly M- thie 'banks but for indiivJduals asi we'll. Tih''e Clerk read as foTlOwis: [Foirty-istixfcb Conlgness, first, .sesisibn.] H. R. No. 1423. IN TME HOUSE OF PuEPORiEBENlTATTyES. May 5, 1879. Read twice, 'Hefenred to the Oamiin:?ttee on Banking and CWrrency, and) ordiered to be printed'. Mr. Loiinslbery, om leave, offered the follolwinig bill: A BILL To repeal -seWtiions 3588, 3580 ankl 3590 of tthe Revised StataiteR. Be it enacted by the iSenate anld Hou«e oi Repi^ds^-ntatives of bhe Uaited States of Amerfa in Oon-giiess aas«tolbled, That Bee- 23 170 tion® 35SS, 3580 'a.md 35f>0 df itHiie R^vis^e'd Sta'tnties, miakiing United St'ates notes and! Treasinry riotes. -a legfal' tenider, aite .herdby, re- pealed. :VIlr. LOUXSEBRY. Tli.e .pu,rpos"e df t'liisi Wl ds' to repeal tihe tihree siection's of tOie Eevaised. Staltiutes' as tlliey niow, sitia-nid maikinig Uni'ted! 'Stiaitesi notes anid Tneiaisuiy mdt'eis a leg'al tender for detot. < (The 'bill undei: oonisideratTOn, as Jt nom" stianOis, is liairimless in lbs lan'gira.gie land 'foami 'because it is dwnwii as an 'amiendiment to a isit(atiultie wihldh was nepeiailed. in 1873 'bj'i th© einiactimienit of the Reviised Statutes. The biU wliiclii I ofl'el- 'as a tstubsltit'Ut« .wall Tjring a^bouib the enltire aind eonipkte puTpoisesi of the pending bill ajild tabe aiwa.y what I 'elainn to be oibje'CtdOna.blei features oif tlhe Revisi'edl Stlattutes as tdiey noiw. st!and. if we repeail tihe legfal-t'ender feature of tine Revised Stataitiesi we ireturn to bhe coiiisititaitSonial momey wliicli existed' befone tSie 'war. !A diemoieratie igim^iernor df tlie Stalte o'f New, York recom- mended in his mieS'Siage tdiat tlie State sihould ndt delpairt froim eonistituti'onlal money and that tHie 'intieirest on tUne iStaite bonds should (be paid in ic'oin, notlttiitlliistianiding tih'e coin preimium. He thus necoignized tihe dbligation 'df tine Idebt 'Wihioh 'was creiatiedi by the t'ext of itihe fbonids. He recotgnizdd tlbei ifadt thlat 'Wlhien the State ibbirrowed' the money of the people it promised ifcoi pay in a money thtfit had* air aetual amd in'brinsife \''a;lue. He aasente'd the diototrine that thea-e .\Mais no la.w wlliieh (^ouW "he paisseld by Con- gress oi'' by any other power that- could reilieve t.he 'State of Niew York frdm itis obligation to pay 'itls 'd'e'bt iwrth va'ue instead of paying it in pr'omlises.* During 'tliie entire history oif th'e iContirof^ierisy iwhether the United States notes were a donistitaitionall miomey or not, tihe democratic paiiy in the Stat'e of ,Xew, York, and I believe il^he democi'latie par'ty in national Convention, hlave alwaysi adhered to the thietory tihat there was Tilo ix)iweir in the Oonsititutioni to de- claitte a proimSsie money; that that ohwise ini th'e Oonslbitution whicih authtOiTized lOonoresis to eoin mo'ney only gave the powder ■to eoin the preeious nnetals into money and. rJdt to^ coin a. ma- terial of no value intio a proniiise which, shdvil'd i^ass' eioiiiipu'lsorily as money. .Tliat presentis tihe constitutional question' in this ease. , ' _ ' I . — .. .^. -^** 171 Let me n'ext refer t'o fclie siulbjec't as a questton of ploJiqj'. We are lU'aw in a period oif uuexiiiiurpleid pix^sperity. It i&f dt>ubtlful whebliier any onie of uis) -cam rettuctm'ber a time wilnen' aiH tibe ciiemieiiits ttoat miake a ii'atdo'n grealt exi'steld ini a more ma'rk'od degree tihan, •mow. There lias been and tibene w:ill Ibe ia periioldile rise and' decline in itlne protspenit-y o'f tibe nut'i'on. These periolds: df ebb •and flow, o-f proisiperTty anid a'dversity, in ibusin'ess and in finance seem 'tio 'Come with some degTae olf regularity. 'We are noiW upon tihe flood'-tide of fiii^n'cia.l isuocesis. Imimensie croipte olf grain are being proidtieed in thiis eoiun'try, iwihich hiavte -a mairket in Eu- roii>e, aoiid tibe bionds, wibiob did) niolt baive a permianent boldiiig tbere, li'aviHlg ibeea sent ba,ek to Luis Country anid taken up by our own people, the preciioius miet'als are flowing -sltelaidJily from tlie foneigtn banks -and depositbriesi to live sihoresi of Ajmorica; so 'that our Tiieasmiy isi not only fnlil, some tihink inicum'bered wdtili coin, 'but itlie 'banks ^aimd ttoe people, tto mielmbens- of Oonigi-'esB even wibo gio 'to ithe office of 'tHie SergeanltHa-t-A-nm's, are fre- quently incumbered 'by coin. iWhe'n the paieciouis mieftals are in such a'-bunidanee, why stoouM we inisdst upon debasling our nation- al credit at toomei and aWoad by -miaintadning a pi-omise ais a coimpU'lsory ipa;^iment "for debt? I, wii'tJii otibers, prbteistcd againsit the decision of 'Kne Supreme Cou'nt wlhioli declared the powei" of Congress to niaike a promiBe a legal tender; and I ■vow-ed to miyself, and I stand here ndw in obedience to that Voiw, that ihe first loppontiunity tbat ever catoe, if I bald' the power, I ^-touLd insiat upon reversing that dedision and restoring tllie oounitiry a;gadn to a nornual and honest con)Sitd'tut!iona.l condition, recogndzing only coined m^etal, itis value recogmdzed' in tbe family of nations as tbe 'mtoney of tdne- co-unitiny >and as ttoe only com- pulsoa-y miaterial in whiioh ddbt BbaH be pai'd. There is amotdier point connected witto 'tbli'Si question of policy. We are no'W in nesumption, so far asi the Federal Government is eoinoerned. If Ithat aieismmpition is to- be menaced 'by any future idistuirbance, it must comie froan tbe proradisesi wbiolii the GtoiVern- ment ba.s madie. The present outstanding thi^ee biimdred and ifiorty-sdx anilldbns of paper pnoandses isisued by the Ooveiinment muislt 'always, in disiondiea-ed tinre's, lafibrdJ 'a mieniaoe to maintaining ■resiumption. HJs tfeere econoany in keeping ouit tMs- paper a/uid in keeping "bebind it a suffidLcat body of coin alHviajis ready to be 172 able to ipiay thie GovernimenJt deman'd nolties ui>oii predcnitation? I cam see .no fiuianfial iwisdbiin iii' amy «udi ptolicy asi itihialt. yV'e are nioiWj as I salild, in pi-to'siperiity. It (Ims come upioai us sudid'eu- ly. Pumiig it'll e .I'atst sieissioiii t-hene 't-amie up Ifaioiu' lall paii'ts olf tlhis Haill the I'epieaeu't'ative cay. of the people for reli'e'f. And now tlvere codncisi up just as strieiiuous a cry, frioui la^l'l partis df tihi« Hall — .tihie i-epr'efeenit'at'ive 'cry of ttoe' peo{>lie tio be: M alone. Soi during the life of itMsi Congreists, yet but liU'llf itis diayiS' eipenit, we 'have paiSKcU. hnm a cry of disfcness laml depression amonig tilie people to, a cry oif is/aitiisifac-tdon and probperity. IBut iioiw isoom uuiy come agiain, 'in itJie tiunning df tilne wiheeil of fortune, tihe cry Oif djistreisis, and ,\ve 'be tliTOwn isutkLcnily 'U|M)n! a liniancial collapse? 1 aisk igenitllenien iiei'e^ wilietHiiea- it is not time tlhiafti 'we prapai-ie the (Javenwuienlt fw that isiit-Uii'tikinr/ Isi it, not. '.time, unld 'higtli time, wihiJe we a.iie in a posdtioni :to do it, iWat 'we .siliouM pre- pare tilie GOiViermnent by taking 'awiay tihis 'danger, so ithat re- 'Siuim.ptiiou) now aicthdeved ^siiaLl not be by a new t.um of (tine wheel of foiibume desltmoyed? Mr. 'Speaker, 'tllie rleistu'uiptioiii .ofi s'peeie ptiiyim.anit in tliid cou'iiltry 'has prodiu'ced! .a tinaniciail condiitiion unexpeotiekl' by its ad- ver.siar.ieis .as 'Jt 'wiaw unex'pect'ed .to niamy Of 'tlhe fdcndis of t'he m'eu.s'ure ait itihe tiim'e wlliien tllie isiubje<;it was. under eonsiidera:tion. The aimounit df gold a.nid silver -coiiii' aind gold 'and silver bullion, alwayisi a malttiea- of oa.lcrk;t'i.on, ver"v diifficult to anrive at cvem ae an aipproxiimatQ iieis'u.lt, by the opera'tionisi of resumlpt'lon' nh'aji'g'cd ■fTom ibeing a .coimnnodi'ty and b3ea.m'e a part, of the currency. Insitead of being a pant 'Of thie puncih'U/s'aible .property of tbe coun- try it was added! ""o ithe puncilnaisling or ourrenicy oHeiiment. It thuis by a idoulble .actilon. operaited) 'to iprwluoe mouicy iiiiliaition. 'Tiiiis nesiu'lt islliouWi n'ot Ihiare been iiinexpec'ted' .toi tlliie s'tudeut oif British: iliiiisitory. F'liom 1793 to 1813 the [Banlc of 'Enigiauid ^was uii'detr susiKMiHlion. lu' 1810 'the bf.iii'iv undentiook ito resuimie pay- ULCii't ill: gold and siilveir for 'its billis.. It. .coimimciictid on a,n ap- ipoi'ntdd m'onning, am atot vvliieli; tlile: 'emitire .gavieriiimiciiiit aji'd lilie llnandial people 'Of tine 'Bnitislh Enijiire iwaitoiied wiiitlh. greait. initea-- est. rUhiea-e wiais a.ii exioited rum O'li. tlhe Ibamk for coiit Ooin 'had at tiha,t, 'tlinie drojui^ed' in prem'iuiui. Tinfil it b'ad i-'oadi'cd' about 2 i>ei' eenit. iGeaitlem'on .bere can di-aiw a piut'urc for themselves 173 of bhai enoiwd off peioipte atit-einidinig itliie baiik o;ii tli'e aippoinited niorniiuG'. ! > III tiliie preiseiKie' of ithi's okan'oninig cro^wid' tiie olKeerB of tHie ■bamk caiuised igold 'coiii 'to l>e \VheelIed 'into :tlliie !baJidv in 'ba-nilO'\vs 'in iMie 'preisieiK-e oif the people. For t>lider the (question oif repeaiing the lejgiil- teniJer elauisie of the statute as aippMieabJe to lndi\-iMua,]-s and to 'buisimeisis. Aind, tirsic, let me eon-^ dter it lusi applit'a'bilie to the la.boi''ing-inian', or to tihe nuiiU' w;iio eani's his daily bread 'by his daily labor. Is' tihere anythiiinlg hi the su'bject of labor that can be more intereislting to the laborer tlnan th'at hiiw employment shall ibe peinmiiiinenlt ? 'If 1 ihaive any exijerie'niee in tire o'bserva- •tions of lialboiiing-aneini seeking «implioyinient, it iis tlhalti tHiiey prefer ^tlhose oooupations a.nd tllnose plaices 'wlii»3h seem t!o igi'V'C tlhiein the most permanent and 'esta'bli'sh'al cmiplcr5;ment. Th'cy avo'id all 174 appeamaaice oif ins'tal^iility ; they seek not eslpeftiiailly tfliie amiount of ipay 90 miuioli aig istaibiliJty and, pemiaaiency oif lemployanieiit. Id or*der to make laliior penmiauenit,, to lUiake it, istialble, it is mietoessany tftiat buisiniess islhoukl be fixied! ujjO'n a stable: baisds. It ^eanniat be fised iipoii a eunreiiK'.y l\^■^hileh' is tO' be dli'aai|ged, froim td'iue to timie, in v'alue, aeoondliinig t,o tihte lexiigeiKn'evS" in alone oan be, 'wlliien it is consiidleredi in reifenence to the subijedt of ourrency,. Now, look for a moimeoDt to the qiiiestaloin' of taBinesls. Take a man wh^ m albout to ein'bark h:is oa pit ail in any 'business enterprise. Is he not miudii more likely to oiuibao'k !liiisi tiapital in !buis(ines:s if Hie ea.n ste^e before hiim a fiseld or certain oalliculaition of ipenoentage? is it not oeiltaiin that ihie would Hke to know and undensitand the factors upon wilvidh Ms busiin'esis is to deipend for it's •snccesis? Would not amiy pi-'udenit man emlbaaik his capital with great idlonbt and hiesJtation in any busiinesis tliat ihei knows iwill be varyiirtg in price and' oonduetdd in a. currency iwihich will Mot be "permanertt to its value? If thiere ane any tiw'o branidhes in the sueeesB' oi wliidh this coumtry lat thiis timie is esiitecially intieresitiedj thiey- are mamufactur- ing and i'omini.eiiX'e. Th^e mian^ufaidturer miist necesisai'iJy embark a large aimount of Capital in biS' unidertaking. Hie mnst eon- 'sitnuct biiis ibuildlingisi, piio\iide his malchiiinery, and after all otf this is done hie miuisit 'emplbiy a lange amounit of labor, a nidi iti isi im- poptant'to thie siiccesis of ibiis enltierprtisie that lire! niiuist be able to calculate tOila price of lalbor upon a fixied baisiis; and after h'e has 'done 'all df tiliis hie musit tihen find a m,arket 'fioir his comiuimlities. 'He must 'be able to calcuilabe tJinougih a series of yieaT.s uipoui tbe fixed 'la\\is o'f trad© and vmluios \\lhietlher liie will be likely to' make a profijt or a loss u]x>n ilnis 'businieHis. lie miuist a.lsoi oa'lculate upon activio. comjiiotition in his bu.siineSis, and, th'e'refoirc. flue' must 'Undiersbaind and '^itudy the laws 'which i-egulatie and control thtese mattens'; and I asik gentlomiien 'wdicitber they can* reasonabJy ex- pect tth'e caipitadists of the doiinitry, itiliie, ipruitlkiuig this rKaniiark I lami not indulging in the lan- guage lOf profjlhieoy. I am only giving voice to tltie' oaloulations iQif the isitatistiioiiam; I am oirily fwinniiLaltin'g thie: retsiult of a math- ematical problem whichi we can only woi'ik out before our eyes; I am only giving the eaicullation of tihe 'orbit of tlhc' planet in its sfplhere. Look lat ithe miineral wealMilv whidli is being takeinj out of OUT iwines. (Look at the inimensie agnieultuiral iiesiouHeesi whicih have done sivdh wiondensi diuriinig the kisit few yeairsi ini hiringimg iback t!0 us thie balance oil trade. Look at our resources foi* cot- ton. iWie hiave reallyi eonfiriol of lihe cotiton market of the world. Look at the condition of this peoipi'^. (Here is the Angilo -'Saxon, witlh h)is 'stirertgth of dhiaraoter anid Ihfe amdusttr;}- ; thei Latin race, tbo, is ininglied with our people anidi give us our aptnesisi flor com- menloial eniterpris'eis. 'From Africa we ha^ve tlie endiuring material to .stand eMmatic tirialls, and 'tibe Oriental, with his habitiS' of ecomomy, is fast aiccumiulating on, our western shore. With oiu' icortditiioni of elimiate and of 'Soil, our mental, pliysieal and material faotloils, wlhio ean deuiy that a gre&Jt fiutmie lie® be- fore us? A hiunidliled yeans iis 'but th'e finst. exiperiment o|f Ameri- can greatnests. We stand hiere the raxliating-poinft, a;s it were, of all nationis, iWhO are to pour their AveU't tnadinig; wit'h every <>oiiinitry and wittti e'\iei'7 ciianie. (By ath.y with. th'C positiion .taken b\" t^liie gienit'le- mia.n fiix>m. Illinois, ['Ma-. Singleton.] 1 know thiait li'f wle e^niter up- 177 on tihe disousBlLoii of tli^e question of eompiikory odiiflaltiaii' we open a. veay wMe field oif disiouasion indieed. 1 have never been an laxiivoea^te of mmpulsory edluea*io,n. The l)«sti public mm we hiavie Ihad, tine moisit- ,siuN. I is^ay lin forioe. Mr. LOUINSBEKY. You m«ean enae'fced, not leinforceid. Mr. HXJINTION. -I say tbe -law ha® been li.n foree for sixteen ye!ari3 in thiis Dis.t.rict, AA-itbont one isiinlgde murnimr of contnplainifc flrom tihe peopile. Mr. L0UN9BELRY. Is my time runini.ng on? 33 178 ThiC CT T A TPJtIA2s ■ Tfie Obair tjoderstood tbe genftemao to yield io '&e ;-'" -ran from Virginia. !Mr. LOUIS ^ j.. For a question; nort; for a speedi. ilr. HLXTOX- I am not making a epeedi; I am giving you an answer to your quiestion. Mr. LOUXSBEEY. I have mot complietied my argument Agaiaat this oompul^ory-eduicaitioD proviaion. Ttie CH.WRyiA'S. Di>es tbe gentleman decline to yield furtiiie*-? ilr. LOUXSBEEY. Xot if I can have oiher time in whieih to conselude my argument. \Slx. HL'NTOX. Very well; go odo. ilr. LOL'XSBEEY. There i* a mistaken riew in regiaid to tae meaning of education. That is to say, it is a mistake to be- lieve that education means instruction in the oourae of learning wflaacih 5s prescribed in any piublie sebool. There is a more useful education tban tibat ; and tijat is -wbajt I mieaji by edueataon. and it is the true meanang. I ask gentlemen here io turn their attention to persons edocabed in art. Loc^ at .Switzerland, where the finest watches are made today, where the art 'has been perfected 60 tlhat the eye is instructed, the fingers are insstruicjed. the mind as iositnioted in a particukff art, whieh no man can ieam' exoept he oonMnenees at tbe very beginning when be i? a boy and oootimies to tihe time be i3 an oM man iSTow, I ask wbether gentlemen here believe it is a wise tbing for tbe Government to oomipel a boy bom of a generation of watch -makers to be drawn out of tbe directaoii wihere nature and hereditary instincts have carried him, and to be forced by a pen- alty to ax^uire t'"-- ^■■'^>^. of leamdng prescribed by public ©chooH, to whacb be is -.- .ed hv nature and by his hereditary in- etinets, and thereby instead of making him one of the most use- ful men in arte make him a troublesome, boisterous and dieagree- able man in society, inflamed by an. ambrtion for a plaoe for 'wbicih he ifS not fitted, and make bim a charge upon saetead of a help to ttoe oommuimty ? [Here tbe hammer fell.] 179 CONDECNMING LANDS EOli SCHOOL rUEi'OSES. OVIay 5, 1880. ^li\ LOU'X SBEllY. i AvisJi to sm'bmit am lairacndimieaitt , o strike out fa-'oun tiliSs bili ail'l Itlhle sieotkwiiS, 'dtummeiiiediiig watth seidtiioii 251, whiMi) priovSde tfloa- a oc«ii,paiI.sioa'|y taildnig otf toi^ for irdioioil piir- pOS'CS. , Tbe C1Il\'1iRMAX. The genlireinnam wiilil pletiBe dtefedgumlte liioiw aiumy sietctioais he< clesires k)o sltdke out. ^rir. H'UXTOlV. .SetetibnM 251 to 258 aii'lH+at'C tjie siubjcot to wilik'li the gieiiitJioniiap refei'Si. Tihe 01MiiRC\L\N. The CHiaiii' vvouM siuiggesi Umt ttxio naoltioia 'be willilliield miltil t>he stecltious indicMedi halve bemi ir^ad, 'Ala". LOUNlSBiEIlY. Thti/t wtife, nio'^ p'Uii1i)Ois;e. The Clerk rfelad. as follows^: Sec. 251). I'poiii piiyiiK^iiiiL, or ofVeii- oif ipayimemt, tbi the pn-io- l>i"ie*torB o(f Uie kiaiid of Itilie daauageBi aisiseisBe'dj' aceoa-dliang to (jli© proviKJomsi of the three preticld'ing- isettdbius, the' Ititile to siuich huul slmll paissi to and. be vested ia the Dils'^aiiot of Ooiluiuilbiki,, and t4ie veirdicft of th^e jury ishal'I 'be reeorded In the llaind' rettordis of tihe District. Sec. 257. In any of the mses mentioned in the foulr prooeding iscwtioiiiB it shall! be oi>tib[nial witUi the eoiiudiiiiisisionerisi toi aJbide hy the verdiict of the jury and oooupy the laaid or abaindion it, without being biuJbject to daiuijagelS' tlh'erefor, Mr. LOUXISIBEIRY. lAIa-. Ohairwiani^ I nww uidike my miotioia tlo sitwke out. I thiiuk th'e seicitiioinia vttiidlii hlaive (beein read emibnace all thie pTOviisioinBi, giiviing to the eoinitmisisioinersi tlie rigilit to ©utea- land's of pri\^at•e indiii\iidiuals 'without their coniseint a.nd take pos- acisisioin of theui> The \ea-y lasit se'etioai read is' the one which tel>eiciai% cad'led' my attieution Ito tihe prio^i^ioini iaii tbe eKistiing sta^tiutes, vvhiA I tihink a vei'yi daaigerbiiDsi ome. Of eoua'se I a»m awaro that unaiiy S'tatutes of tine States, and peirha.ps soiiue of O'or UjiStcd Stat'etei statut'cs, authbrizo llhiid' to 'be tiakeini uii>on' am as- setifciaueint ibr publie puiiipoiscs. 13iut tllie objeot iliere isi toi take 'laaid ibr the use of pu'blib sidibtoilis; aind I iwiish to- stiate that ia any experiemee I have nei\'er iseeoi' the deauiamd for real esttilte fbi* sdiool ipuaipoises so gii-eait and pineisisd.ug tliat thei liaaidsi of a private individual shiouldl be fcaketti for eueh puqioses 'witiUouit hlis eoiasieat 180 at any vialinaitioia whaltever. I 'U'eeid not say {-beieta^ise evcsvj one kno'WiS it) tibat wiieai a mam 'h'aB beiooime tlie OiAvnea'' of eu i>ie<-'e of land and) luais placed tibei'e bis ba'bittition, it faiequeiutly Ii'aippene tbiat tfbeire is mo ooiuiipeinsait'ioni wiiiobi be is will^'ng to receive in lieu otf tibe home tttuat ibe h&s miade. Nofw Koo'k at tboioi stlattiutte as apiplLiealble to oninoi-s and insane pei'slons wilio bave not the nieaital catiD^ioity anid are fi-equentily •tt'itbb'iit tbe pbysital caipacity to' pifoteot tlieir titles' |and secure a proper vailue for tlbiedr landtei Tlbe. palovisiioia bere isi tihat im tlie case of minbrsi and in'sanje penson© a juiy auay be ealied ex parte, witboiuJt notice, wi'tboiut alilidwimg tO' tbe parties interested a day in court. Thus tbeir tond may be taken; and tllie minor on iittainiug yeai'si of discretion or tbe lunatic on nega-ining tbe ex- encase of bis (faeultieisi may find tblat under tflias' code of iajwis of tbe District olf lOoiuimlbia a title dliisipteis'eidising Mm baS' been re- corded u|pon tllie reooi'd ibooks^ of tttiei DSiStl'ict. In tdie first pilaee I olbject^ toi ftbe praldtifce of takiing landsi for public tsctooJis by compulisdon^ driving a niani; from' tbe bome be bus selected wben be ie uniwHling tb 'lAnrx witbi it. at anyi price. Let tibese commisisioaiens wben wilsibing Hand fbri scbool pm'poiseis go to some ipeirson wil'Mng to sell, and not to a 2>erson wbo' has fixed hi& hjome and is uniwiHldiig toi take any .pi'iee for it. I .object toi tbe pro\"iisions' iwbWi I iiatve anemttioned ; a.iid I ob- ject tio tbe manner in •wHidfclli tttie jua-y: aae tt) proceed. I objedt because tbere is no day in ooiut. Tberei isi nb record cojui-t pro- vided for tbe itii'ial of tb'esei easesi, 'wibiene tbe tit/Ie may be reeonded alfter adijudieatibn' olf ttlie ra|giblt to it. I make anotb'eii' pbjec addiress luyselif to *.\va ,proipo':6itio,tils Inivoilved in bhiis mieiaisiui-e. Tlhwe arc viariious neasonis wihiy tliis disicussiion isihlould be ^bmielf, aipart froiu the fiaot tihiai tMs .legislative session is 'aibanit to dose. The pTO^osition is reailly pres-eriteld in a veay, iHaiirdw alnd distinct icomipasis. It isi a fadt wihiiieb all ui'einiibers of thiis HMm^ know that we 'are approatttniing anoHhier elleiction df 'Preisildeailt. It is less itlhan tfoxir yelains since this Hom^e and tto I'ountiry -were c-trn- fnonted with an euieilgencyi whidi riot oiilly attraKited the atteai- tion olf a'lil oiur ipeople fbnit was a milatt'er df 'anxiety with foreign natiotns 'as 'weHl; and it was reialy ItlioiDght tihiilt tHiie aetuai test of thie endiuramoe otf this Reipubbi'c waisi 'albout to be miade. A diisltingu'ished ^L-itizein oif my own State Ihad reeeiveid a large .majority of the piopnlair vote of Mie eonrttay laiid there had heeu c'h'ois'ein eleftonsi 'who, if they had heen ffa,inly, gi'ven tilveir certificates and if their voltes h-M ibeen Ifiivirly wanted, tlliat drsltiimtgausared citizen. ■wnwM haxe been etecl'areil ei'eeted Prelsidenit. Conif-noarted as tHie tio'iuAry «as with tiiat enne'Ugenicy, it. Was 'daiaieVl by some pers'0«H that i'b '\\iis. the poiweir' of tilie A^ife-Presdd'emt or the then Presidenit of tjie (Senate to' detlare a ijiartisain adjudication upon the ek'ictio'ni iln tili.e 's'everaH^ Sta^t'es.- I'nhlat (luestdoiiu wais aligned, and angued at gre'ac length, in Ithe Sen'ate been mo eleiotion, to proceed to the eliectiion' of a l^res'ideint. This Ibriefly discusisies the question wire^ther this isi an act 'otf the two branches actiiig under the Constitutioin, or whether it was in'tended by the fnamers of the Constitution to (be a miere maiiuail act on the 'pant of the President of the^ Senate. jNIir. iRQBEslSOX. If it will n'Oit initerrupt the gemtilemajn from New York, I wonid' be glad tio ni'ake a s'liggestion to him in this connection u{K>n which i W'ould Jake to ihaive his^ opiriion. Mr. LOUXSIIIOIIY. I aui perfectly willing to yield to my friend from JMasHach'Usetts, bti't I wouild j>refer to compieite this lihoiight. iT'li'Cii i will yieldl icheenfuliy. I have reached the iConolusion m nay owa mind' that the count inig and declaring of the resulllt o^f tlh© vote' o'f the eletOtoTS 185 is an mt df soAiereign po\V(en, dellegaitiecl ibo ih^e i\va Hoiisei?' of Oon'gi-eiss iTay tlw Const it irtlom; that whm the Coimstitiultioni' says tihe vot'es shaiU tlli«ii ib-e oomiiiitied i'tii ithe. puiesKjnice, oif the Senafce and ITousie of Rfipnesiettiltat ivies, it matle tlie ti\v.o ibmnicihes of Oodigre'ss t'lve two^ kwiors 'by wMdli tlie result 'was tio be r;eaebed anid deelaned. Now, I will, yietld tb the qiiesition of my. friend. Mr. ROTJlNiSON. I imdier«t:aind the ^gmUmmm to argue t^hat tiliiere i.>» no ej^presis pTOvision in thie Oomsltiitntion liy whioli. the Vice-iPresidlent qaw eon n't ihe vbfceSi. Mr. LOUNSIBERY. Th© 'OoinBititintioin says th© Bresident of the Senaitie, who is not necessarily Itlbe Vioe-IPreteiidienit. :Mi-. ROBI'NSON. Then I imixHenstamd tdiat t'iverei is entire a'b- semce of timt powder in t'hie Prelsidemt olf the Seniate. Mr. LOU'XSBEiRY. Will tiiie genitilennain ail'low me to quote .tihie exact language of thie Oonsititutiom dtiseilf? Mr. UOBINISOX. That is of course fiaimiilii!a.r. "Miv. UOUNiSBIERiY. I will neal it so that my position may te di'stinictily undiCTsltood : "Tlhie Presiideuit of .tih^e Senate sihall, in the pneisenice of the Senate amd Honsie of fRepresentativesi, open all the eertifioates and the voites shaill then be cooinlted." Mr. ROB1'N;SO(N'. Very wioll; now thie Const itiitiion doies not say that they shaM toe eountW 'by the Vioe-IPnesident or the PresidJent of the Senate, neithe,r does it say that they sh'aill be counted by Oomgreiss. Mr. LOUNISBEIRY. 'Nor do I angue itHiat ttoey shhll be iconnted by Oonlgresfs. Mr. RiOBINISON. I ai.ndenstamd' the ige^ntilema'n saylsi the next step is that Oongii-'eiss shall jmdge or determiine wfheth'er amy per- son shall count them. Mr. LOUNSBERY. Tllney are lequired to judge whethier or not amy pei-'Sion has been dhoslein toy the pe^ople under the Oon- stitutaon. Mr. ROBTNiSON. .Wiwe is tihat language in the Oomsti tuition? Mi^. LOUNSBERY. Tt is hiene. Mr. ROIBINISON. Thait wo,uld leaiTO the power in the Hoiise of Riep-psentativesi, not in the. tiwo Housies. oi Oongiress. Mr. LOIMlSBERY. To judge that, of .comrse. The la.nguage of thie Constitution is ttoat, "amid if mo persom have sudhi majoiuty, 24 186 tllien from 'tJiie persons iuajvdnig ttihie IhiiglieiSlt' ■niU'm'biOTisi not- esioeied- ing tilia-ee oo tli^e li'st of tlnose votedi for wsi PresiMiemt, the House of K'&presienitiaitiv'es shiadl dhoose iraimediaitely, ."by (baillot, tbe Piiesident." I .tabe the meiaming oif ,tihat to be that tlhie Hoaise aniust det'er- (mime tliiat tibePe has Ibeen no clvoiioe.. Tine iHous^e mtuisit deter- mine who are the three haiving reoei\'ed tllve Jiighest inuiinlber of ToteS; because thait determination w 'acljudlica.tioin warn pre- limiinarij' to the niest step, namie'ly, of elecitiing. Mr. EOBIXSON. I waait to suggest the emtoarilaislsmient we have heJie. If thene is ahsenioe of power in the President of the 'Senate to count, there is al&o ahsenoe of powea- in tihe Oonigresis, amid, fiurther, when tilne iiaraguiage siays tilvalt "if nio pensom hiaive sueh juajority," then the Hoiisie of RepresentatiiA'ies ishiall do soniething. Thiei'e is there an absence of expriession of power on the part of Oomgresis or even thie Housie to deteinminie w'hetlier amy person has the majority. You find lagiain la sdmgle ste-p fui-itHier that the Hoiuse of liepresientatives shaiH do something if it is decided that mo person has a miajcrity. Xow who is going to deitermine thiat? Mr. LOUiN'SBBRY. 1 wiasi aippi^oaohinig .flnat part' of my, ar- guanenit at the tiinie the gemMeman inlcierrnptedi mie. Mr. EOBINiSOX. I only want«l to suggest that th^ought to thie gentleman isio that he might ilkisitrabe it in his argument. The quesition is a very diflficult loffle ajid withoiiDt refenemce to parties or to its political! bearing it is one thiat should (be di's- tinctly consiidened, no matter who shall be Pixsident. Mr. LOUlNiSBIEEjY. I am entii'rely aware that there are trorft)les besietrting thiis question, and not alone thie particuiliar point as to whidi we are now speaiking, but there arc otihier dilli- culti'es ini the same amiendment — ^articlie 12 of thie Const it utiion. They arc political queistions, and politica] queistiionst are always liable tlo trouble. Tliey need wisdom andJ imtriotismi hothi when they are to be disoussed and deailt witjli, and I invoice in the conisMieration' of this questioni, both ele^mients!, wisdom and patriot iera I, and I have tried' to bring both to bear upon this siubjeiet. I isiayj Mr l&pea'ker, it iS' no^ easy question to deal with. If the Constitution had stated that Ooragress shaHil oounit tihe vote, the exipriesslion would have been easy oif iinteripnetatdon 187 but v-ery ddffieuit it'o eaiTy iiiito effect. Tlhere must hiave beeix an inlieremit cliifficulty. witili th'e fiamere of tilie Oousittiitutionij and wliidi they wcPe eallied upon to miciet \\hen< itbey wer© giving ianigxiagie to tbiisi ipart oif itHiait dnisitiiuunieaKt, aoid itlhiat difficulty gnoiwSi gneaiter >wsi laiitagoinizinig iaitieres'ts and po weirs grow land fight each other in the choice of electors and in the declaration of tihe iresiult. But I reiacli the ooinelusion that tOie tlwio ibTandres Whidh mate up the Oonigress of the Uniitied 'Statieis, thiC tew-imak- ing .po'Wieir, hla.ve tlliie right to count 'beciaw&e tivene isi oio provisdom in tlie Cbnsitii.tutioni whidh repois'&s thiat rigM in any other person or penso-uiS', and itlierefore tlhat claiusie of the ConiatJtutioni ooimes in wJidcli gives to Oonigireisis tte right toi lemergize and supiplemienit every provisdon! of tihat imjsitruiniont Which doesi not caiuy out and projieet itseilf into effect Now tlie two- Houses of OonignesS' ai''e a law 'untb' tiiennselves. Tlhey 'have ti!.'© poiwier to palsis tltatutes. They ihave thie power to make rufes. Thi^y tove fhe pOAver to refuse to o^bey law, 'beicaiuse tihe law is tiheir oneiatuiie. THney haive tihie .poiwier to' disio/oiey tlieir o'wn rules', Tjecause tihe rules are of thieir own creation. Xow, is there any rieaisoni in tihat idea iwhioh gentlemem have tihrown out, and wliiioh I understand my eloquent friend from New Jiersiey [Mr. Robeson] to make tihe 'basiis of Ws opposition to these rules? He sayis 'becaiuse the two Houses, of Gonigi'ess ihave a right to refuse to obey thesei rules, itiherefore they sihall not be observed. It isi a great miisfortune, peii-iha.ps I stoiuld say a good 'fortune, tihat this law-imaikdng power, whioh is com- posed of the Senatie and House of ReiiM-esentativesi, is not bound by law. It ds bound by the Const itution, because tlhat is the organic adt Of tihe people in oonivenitdon. But llaiwis are made by the iSeruate and House of Reipresientativesi dn 'Congress asisambled. They make and unmake laws; they ma.y obey If they choose and they may dis'Oibey; and it is just 'SO with a rule. But yet let mie tielll my friend from New Jersey it is imy ibelief if we pass tihis riulei — ^and I am not here to discuss wilnetihier in langniage it be wise or unwise, I am not bere to discuss itsi provisions. — ^but I AvdisJi ito i&ay if we adopt tihis rule we do so to formiulate tlhia 'action "w'hdich the two Houses of 'Oonigresis are to take wbeu' they come together, and it will be a light, if tbey choose to foiUovv it, by whioh to guide tbelir st'eps. On 'tihe otiher 'hand, if we le'ave 188 tlieui to atot wiitibout a lai'le prOTdded ibeforeliaaid, itliey are left on au emiergeiiicy to make rules, beeaus* tiliey canaiot giet on wittout rules. These are rules of order, luiles tO' esitaMisdi procedui-e, not to establisJi nigbt. 'These rules' do not; change thie Consitdtution, They will not (Change the 'law, 'but sini.pily provide a manner of act- in,g to the two Houses, and if we pas^s them, they will be ready made and to haind when thie eamergeney of counting tihe vote of the next ipresidential election sliaill occur. Is it not a wise thimg to adopt rules for tlha.t puTipose? I sulbmit to my friend from Xew Jersey, looking at it as I do, and asisuniing that these i-ules a.re to be followed, and to -f^unrisih a guide for the action oif these t^vvio 'bodies, is it mot wdsie to adopt thiem now? air. KEIFER. Will tibe gentlemaji yield to nite foi" a question? Mr LOU^^SBBEY. Yes, sir. Mr. IvEIEER. I understood thie gentlieman to siay thiese rujles were in no sense intended to 'regulate the conduct of anylbody but Congress in counting tihe votie. I want to call Msi attention to wliat, iis conitained) lin lines 5 to 10 oif seotion 3. 'Let me read tihe 'WToMs. Speaking of wQiat is to be done toy the President of the 'Senate, the language of the isection is^: "He isibaiU open all tihe certified listts of votesi of electorisi (oa- pa.pea's puiiportiing to be isuoh cert'Jfied ilist ol votes ) of each State respectively, wJnich sliall 'have been delivered to him, in the order herein prescribed, and ishalO. dteiiver them toi tibe telliersf, byi whom they sihall ibe re&A in the presence and ihearing of the two' Houses." Now, my; question is tlhis: In view of the faot that the Con- stitution of .the United ,States provides that the President of the Senate shall open certain certified papers, is it in the power of tJie House, by a joint rule or otherwise, to retjuire hini, as is paoiposed 'here, to open ai'l kiinds of papers that uiay Ibe sent toi him pur- porting to be ceiti'tiedi lists of votes*? Air. LOUX'SBEEY. I had siupposeid that the (luestion of the gentleman came directly within 'tihe next proposdtiion I was about to discuss. It is germane to it, and I wiU t'herefore proceed to state my looncluding proposition upon this quesition. I under- stood my friend fram New Jeisey [Mr. Hobesoa] to claim that thesie ruiles 'oould not afieict out'siders ; I quote ihii^' words as I 189 undersitood thom. These rules 'are, in uiy opindon, like t'he rules of a court 'having jarisdie^tioni hjy conisititutlion and hy laiw of the subject -imatters pending 'before that ourt. The count make® to itself rules by which dt aiets and by; AVihicih oitiliers may aot; and, so far as otihors are affected by those mules tiheiy affect outsSders. If I am ligiht lin my aryunien.t that tihe ISenate and House of Represenit«tive-s oulght to ihave jurisdiction of t!hisi subject -(matteir, tihen tihey have the irigth,t to niaike rules of ordier by Aviliii-h tbey shall exei^'ise tlunt jurisidiction 'and ipixvceed to an adjudication upon it. 'And so far as that adjudiication slhall affect oiitsiiders, tihese iT'Ulies 'become effectual and binding upon outsiders, so that in fact t'hey nve affec-ted by tliein. Yet, as' I said before, there is no rigiht detenniined by these rules of oi'der. The coumt itself ■may, if it s(ee fit, set aside its rules momentarily or contioiuously. It 'is ortly, iihe part of w-isdom to adopt rulles. Mr. ROBESOX. I fear t'he gentleman doe?) 'mot nndersitand my ij>roposition, and with his permission I wi'Il state it again. 'ily proposiiition i'S this: If Congressi h'a.s the rigihit to a«it at all upon this subject^ it bas t'he nght to act undeT that pro- vision of tihe Constitution 'wJiieh wa'S quotied by the genWeman from Indiana [Mi-. Bioknell] authoiizing Conigness to miaJke ia(w,s to carru' into effeict tlie pixjvisio'nis of the Consti tuition. iA\'heii that •Oonis'titution authorized Congresis to make laws it did nol authorize them to 'make anytii'lng else. iLa.ws are definite things, things to be passed by ibot'h Hou.-es separately and signed by the Execuitive, or ipas'sed iby a- two-tihinds vote over his 'vieto. IWhen tlie Const it uti on says tlhat Congress may make laws for ca.rrjiing lOut the (provisions of the 'Consititution, it excludes t'he idea of doing it in aai'v ot!h'er way. 1 disK^Iaim liere 'before t'h'is House ami belfore the country a.ny leaa- o'f violence. I never ■mad'e any allusiion to fear or violence, as the gentleman has at- tributed to niie. iBut 1 did say tihat those two Houses of Con- gress cannot nuake a rule under tihe conistitiutional provision which 'sa,yis that they siiall miake rules to goiverni their own pro- cedure — cannot make a rule 'which sball lauthorize tlie retiirnis ot tlie votes of a State to 'be tilvix^wn out and tbat iState disfran- chised, 'merely beeauwe t'he two Houses of Comgres'S, eleated two years 'before, concur in throwing out tHiat vote. 190 Mr. HUNTON. W>M tlie geuitleuiiaji' i'lom New Jeisey [Mr. Itobeson] allow me to ask toimi a questiom? ^Lr. LOUNSDE'EIY. I canuot yiield now. 1 trii-miot allow tJie gentleman 'imn New Jeiis-ey tio put in miy speeicihi a-iiotber specoli of 'his O'wn. It is appaj-ejiit tihat iwe stand upon entirely diftenenit grounds of reasoning in itliiisi case. I unidersitand tiie gentlemian tO' be •cons'taatly ineisting tihat tihe counting of the electoral votle under the Constitution is tihe w^ork of Congress. I have made no such ajgumient as tliat; I have dio siueh ^theory. I do not say that it is t'he law-imiaMng .power' whidi adjudges and deelanes the result of tlie election, nor do I think it is so placed by the language of the 'Constitution. The Cbnistitutioii req.uirea tlie Senate to' he present as a siejxiirate body; the iSenaite of the Unitied States with its President inaking one body. It requires the House of Hepresentatives to be preseiiit as aai integer Iby itsei'f ; the iSpeak- er ainid the House of Representatives nuaking the House of Repre- sentatives of the United .ibtates. These tiwo bodies, named as they are in this section of the Constitution, and not Congress, are to eount and declare the electoral vote. The ISenaite is there because the Oonsititution puts it bbore to do its work. The House is thene because the Const it ution puts' i^t there, and be- cause it hias to judge whethei- or not a President has been elected. Therefore, it is not a question, as the gentleman states, about which Congress nr.'ust make a Isow, because the Oonsititution has not put it into the power of Congress. iNor is he dglbt in an- other resipeet, becauisie if it 'be ieft to Congress to act, sO' as to in- volve the entire law-niaiking power, then it is necesisary that the President should lexercise the right of veto wliioh is. given him by the Constitution. There was no .soioh pui-.pose in thisi ^plrovdsion of the Conisititution Jt -was not placed with the law-making power, in the exercise of wlhieh the President has a funetion. It was placed in the power of the two branches of Congress, the Senate as a sepaa-ate and distinct branch, and the House of Rep- res eintativea as a separate and distinct Ibranch, ea.ch tio perform its functions sepa ratify and distiinotly, and eacli in the end uniting and deelaring the result of the election. One word more and I will be th.nough. (Have gentlemen who have been putting themselves in oj;>position to thisi rule oonsidiered I9i tJie emero'eiiicy? Have they conisidered tliait if wie (refuse bo act 'Wt this timie, ii we refus'e to act with proniiptnesis— Jbecaoise our timie to act wiM soon be paisised — t'ho two Houses of Ooogress^ will come toigetihcp next \rint&r. as the Constitiution isayis, itfoey S'hall come, \\iitihoiit any light or gmide except tiheir coniscienoe amd: their purposie at thie time 'wlhen they ihia.ve to act ? 'Do tihey not know that wihen ^great intere.sts are ait .stake, when tiwo, three, or per- haps more painties in this country sihaill ihave been in a 'struggle hot anid exciting, t-hie blood not yet cooled, the results not yet de- terniiineJ. t;he di-piite still active in the public minds in aM the States— do not genitileman kno'w the great da^nger Which will hang over ns if wo noi\v refmse to a.ot? EjBFIMDING. Jan. 6, 1881. THiie CHA'IRIMA'X. The geinlt!lem«in from' New York is eutiitled to eiglit mdnaitee. jVlir. LOUNStBERT. i:Mlr. Ohiaiirnvani. I am oibligeid to the gen- tleman from Tillinois [Mr. Spi^inger] for the uuespected oppor- tunlity I ihaive to make a bnief expreis'slitiTO of the reaison why I siha'M 'oppos'e the geniei-ail propositionis oontaiined in thfe l>iH. There lai-e no doilbt veiy nmny of thie people of the count-ry and of my own oouistiitiueinoy who are 'induced tO' faivor a refnmding biW on account of thk? promise it aflPords for a reducticn of the (interest on the -niatiional debt. ©ut tdiere is -much that Is delusive in this promise. I esteem it of much greater importance tliat this debt of the country should be paid at the very earliest opportunity offorded to the •Govei-nment and according to the nueansi a-nd revemue of the Government than that it shlould be refimded at a lower ralte of intereslt. We miust aiSisume— and in this reispect I am greatly relieved in the isitiatemtent of my -\^iews• by the fa'Ct that my friend (from Mairylaind []^lr. i:McLa.nie] and my friend fnom Illimois [Mr. Springer] have given the statisticis uponj ,wfliich the proposition restis^-I say we niust a'ssumve that for the nex-'t few yea.ns at le;vsit thie (income of the Govemment will be much larger th'a.n it has been in the past. W'e canmOt exi>elct from this. Oonigress, and very (likely not fi-omi the next, any radioal chiamige in our custom 192 ]a.ws, \vh.ere!byi t'he ipe«i>le sihia'M be relievfed from tiaxa^'iooi. W« m'ay bliereifiore expect 'tihte reveniuos ani'sing fix>m the inereaised pros])ieiiity Oif 'tire count ry wiilH girad'uiaiUy iiiieTeaise naittoea' tban diiiiiiiiiiwh 'froni' dutieis' oii imvports. Tlliie natiomal ireisiourices them. ■will 'be giieia'ter, and jiet it is stated by tllie Seeretiaxy of the Tneti siiiry tiha-t fofr tilne kisit yeivr our rev-enu'e* furimsiWed $90,000,000 t00.000.000 'into a i>erniian.ent d'ebt, outisiide of itih« posisibi'Hty of being redeemed for thirty yeans, th^ere miust necessarilly be gath- eired iwfco itihie Tlrieia'siury an 'a^mouimt. of 'imicome -whiieh cannot be usietd in tUve payniemt of the publac 'debit. Umdier thie presienjt law it naniiot evien be usied as^ a srinkiiiig fund. Henice arisies the diflBculty which ibas not been stated dn thi* debate hitih'ento, bu!t whiidi to miy mind' is a controlling one. A lairge funidi gathered into the TreaiSiury wiHl ifurnfiisilu femptatiotti for Mirge and unuisiual lapplropiufl- ti'ons of niioniey. ^leimbeiis of Cbngness Jierie ini thte 'Hoiuse, aill of thieni, "are prpsis'ed by theii- i-omstituents one way or o/notlner for tbe oonistruietion of public buildings, fo'i' the eoimimenceraent of public worik's, for expenditures ujx>n those ilniat an'e already com- nienK?ed, or for e.xpenditmieis' upon thus imatter or that, and there wi'1'1 be a eonistantly inereaising presisiure Ibrougbt to be^ar upon them, so that extnaivagant aippropriationis of the piiblit moneys, lying idle in Uw Treason", whidi cannot be even oised for tHie pa\-'ment of ihe niatdonial debt and thie cancel I'ation of the out- standing bonds, wiiill inevitably ^follow. In the first place, by my votie and position wpon this bill, in allianee iwith my frieod from PennlsJ^lvaniia ['Mir. Kelley.] wiliio firom exactly opposiite 'motives o|>poises thisi perniia/nent debt because he iiees in it 'a reaisoin whiy Congiiessi will be nnoA'ed from time to ti'irif, and more istrongly nroved tor the iieduet'ioin of cnstonis du- ties, I am yxnie to 'Vote a^iaiinisit tHie piroposition of fumdinig $500,- 000,000 becanse T fftir it niiiist mecesisiairily iplace in our Treasury a larye isimi of money a.nd be a temiptation th'ereby ito tbe House oif Re{>resenitati\'es and to tihe Senate to disioover some new faslhion of expending iiiioney in tliO) jjublic senviice. It is' fortainate tlmt tihi'S is not a party nieasaire at thliis time. Ht mighit well have been forced' into the rut of pai ty oonsi'deration. But we meet this qaiesibi^on, a purely eeoniomac and bu-sinesis one, standing alone 193 upon figvina? laiwl oomput'aition, fortimately; ait tlhis tiime in smcb manimer tfhat I fimdl Jii-gih-itdrSff mm a.ndi dbw-ibairifl ni'eiv sudh as imjisie'lif, tihe lead'ers of -tihe ,greeTi-iba<*k'ers' of it'he coimitny amd tlie toaird-mioney men of ±he coumt-ry, all albk: to iwiite an opposition to a, permian^nt fasteiDiimg of tHie puiblic ddbt rnpon tlh^e people of this country. [Heire itdne toammer fe'll.] iRIVBRS AN© HARBOEIS. Fdb. 15, 1881. iSlv. LOnST'StBElR'Y. I oflT'er an amendment wihidh 1 isend to tlue desk. Tlie Olerk read as follows: iSti-ike out tilie paragra'pli just reajd, na.miely, thesie vvoalds: '•Im- proving Floisiiing R»y, Xew York, $10,000." Mip. LOUNISiBEiRlY. I do not know wbat Reprpisenitaiti^e from' my State is dnterested in t'lie two lines of the hilll ooweii'ed iby my amendment; but I w'isih to 'Siayi tihat i oannot allow ihim exicliusa.vely to represent the intei'est® 'Off Fhishing Bay. As one of the Representatives o"f the iSitate of Xe|W York, and a^s repre- eentinig a city that ha.s isoone comnieroe in FUishinig Bay, I have a right to speak for that loeaHity. I want to say it is nolt p0(Sr sAMe to impriove Plusbing' 'Bay. iMia.rk thie kinguage of the hill 'ws it reads: "Innproviinig Finishing Bay." Tihere is no more beautiful hay lit up by the sunslnne- of tihe early morning or the moonshine df the everting. Looik ai its beautiful shores wasihed by the waters of t,he Atlattltic Ocean, la's its Wiild waves sport and pky wiithi the Long Island coast, itis limipid and ipure watens showing the Little Neck da.nns fieeding ■uipom the sanids' in this beaxitiful bay. Doubtiesis there are some of the oitizens of my Stj that cai-ry on a thriving trade dn these euooulent Little Xec^k and other damis. and, representing tihiese oonstdituents, I would noit haive tbisi bay imiproved so a® to destroy thalb oomimiei'ce. This pa,ra:giia-ph to be stricken out by my aniendment is> per- hapjs not womse than some other para'gHaiphs in thds' bi I t'o which 25 194 refereiriioe m'igihit 'he maidie. It will he. oibseirvied' thait the paira- gi'aiph 'does molt ■relfer' i>o tiliiC irupi'oveimeiiit of ■the naviigation of this 'bay. It may refer t'O 'tflie iinniMov'em-emt of its* views on of its aippeaaaooe to t'be s'train'g'er. Th'ere imiay be 'sorme oouintry seat locatiedi uipoax the sloping :bamks of Flushdoig Bay tihalt is to Ihe Simproived by this seafcioji'. Thea-e 'is oeiitaiimly thds' Obseivnity in thie iamguaigte. I ask the latteintion of 'the cormiidlt'tee tio ihe faot that S'Oine 'few years ag'o there was a'li appropriaitdon siiacle in the river and hairbor biQI for the improvemieiit of Hondout HJarboa', tihe hiaa-bor of my city. Tine woi'k 'waisi caiiriiied on; I w'ill ii'ot> sway it is carried ob to eompllietdon toiday, hiut tO' isu'Oh la stat© of perfelcitiom that there is not 'a sdngle nian dn my 'oity that wJ^lH father ihe plans 'by whdA that mioney was exipeoided; ttoere is' wot Otte single nvan. wiw will say he eoosiemted' to that ipla-n. There miay poss'i'bly ibe some dimiivddual 'O'wner of lanid ■or isbmie inicoaiporiated owiniefrs of Hand that that impro'vem'ent was lOalcuQat'ed to benefit, aaidl I hope t'hey will some time realize the fuld ad'va.ntage of the imiomey laid •out ini Eondiout Ha.i''bor. I •oan give here as I gavie a year ago^ stanidi'ng dm m.y pliaoe, in the minutie of timie aMottied tio- me foi- a speedv aipoai' tihe rivier amid (harbor ibill thea pendding, the (teistdmony 'of naviigators land owners of -vesisels that, 'Oid the whole, ih'e nion'ey expeinided in Bond'Oiit Harbor and the HuidiS'oii River, insteaid of being for the benefit of commerice, afford'S today an obstruietdon t'O the eommierice of the State, and the 'mone'y instead of belong 'metrely isiuniK in the Ibottom of the river has been usied) to destnoy a'nid injure the vakue of the river as a navigable 'Stream. The 'newspapers amd people of my distl-iot', so fai' as th'ey ha,v;e spokeni upon thie isiubject„ are opposed to this bill. They do mdt simply oppose this piaraigrapjli, they op- poise these apipa'opniat'ions, -oome they as S'ingile spies' or ia bat- tailio'ns. It is a 'misfoaitune that the siulbject oif imprd\'-dng tOie liivelrs and h'arlbors anjd the internal oommieroe 'Of the country, a very benefi- eeat tlliiing if pix>pea-ly managed, is not umder the negulatioai of law, not control'led or go-vei-ned by staitute or plan., Ibut rests alone and solely in the diisioretdion of the mem'bers' of a eommittiee. I will 6'aiy no Slil word of any p€a\so'n. I do not wi'sfti to isipeak ill of any memiber of this oommittee. They are all h^umaiii like myself 195 amd like evei-y ottfoer RepnesiGnitiaitilve. Ttoey cam yieW to pres- su'ne,, to urgiuig, to allui-eimeiit ol imliividuails ; tihey yieki to pres- sm-e of iufcenest; a.nld we fiud timt aM tibe aippropa-iaitioinis. tihait are eonitaimed! in tihis- toiU are not maide solely toi "beaeifit the oommeroe of ,tih6 oooimbry. [Here the liaanmier fell.] Mt. Ohaiiinun, ^ bad Doit ooraiiiJilet€id wlnat I ibad to 'say upon tlliisi isiiibjeot. The 'OHlAURM'AX. Tbe tiime of tiie gentkma.ti lias expked. The CHAI1E.:MA'N. Debate lias •bean esilvausted upoan tlie pend- iiig ameiDdmient. iMr. UOUNiSlBEiRY. Under ^tlhe cia-ouniiisitanoeiS' I aisik permis- sion of tbe icouimiititeie to vvitbdraw tibe amiendment I liiave offered and to siibsititnte one in its place, to inseit afitier itlbe word "im- proving," in line 67, tbe AVionds, "-tih-e navigiatiooi oif;" so tibait' it will read "imiproving the niavigiation of Fln'sihing Bay." And I 'desire to be 'beard' a mioment or two on tbaiti aaii«ndmienit in answer to my -oolleiague, wlio bas just takien liis seat, [:Mr. Coveit.] I wisib tO' .say tbiat I was entir-ely uinawaire tlnat my motion in t'be first place aft'eoted liis interest in any way, for i bave the mo(s>t tender feeHings of rcspeot toiward that gentfenian. Repre- sent'ing as I do to some cxtient MuiSibing Bay, I 'waMt, howtever, to wann ibim that tlhere is: gneat danigeir un laecepting an appropriation for 'the imipi-oviemient of the naA'igaition of that bay by diking tihe entrance of tibe bay, a:s is 'pa-oposed 'by the plan of the work 1-etcomm.enided by the engSneiers. LMay I call the attention of my collerague to the bisitory of Amsiteirdam ? Mf'. COX. Or any ottber "dam." [Lauglhter.] avk. LOiUaSTiSBEHY. iSome gentlemen want to introduce otiheir "dams." I refer to Arasteirdam in no Siudi profane spirit. It was once la city controlling tlie Easit I'mciia trade and the com- uiieree of tire world. Ey :ap'i>ropriations and 'by engineering and diking Amstei^daan engineered and diked away itsi oommeirce to otber places. By the peculiar system, of engineerdnig atlopbed at Amist'erdami, iit ibaa now Ibecome a harlbor wheTC it is necossOTy for vessels to be locked iDp by inecxns of the tide-locks in order to neacb tbe city. Now, let me say generally mi tliisi matter oif a^pproipriations for improving ttbe mivieirs and torbors— a.nd I am noit speaking my Oiwn opinion alone— engineer a»s weLl as m.eml>ens on tliis flooa- differ as to the pi-opriety of a wnbaioi metibbd of improving rivers 196 aod harbors; 'tyu't I have bemv itoto 'by lengincers, and* there seems to be 'reiaision; in at, tlialt 'if ttore be aippa-opriaited a-nd lexpended S'U'Clh .smmis as are demanded for loonipleting tilie imiproviemienit ia iproigiiess in tlh'e leliamieil at iHell Giate by a^emioving obstiriictionis' t'hieire, the bar in the 'XaxiroAVS, tihrouigth which ohaiiuniel now pa>*:^'e5 all tilie fo'iteagm ooimmeixje wibidi the city of !X'ew York Teoeives will ibe Taiii5ied eigthtieen inieh'es albove itis. present (heigiht. If gentleni'en -wiM loiok for a moment at the maitter itilney will see tlliait if thie ciha.nanel oif Hedl Gate 'be o'>enied 'So tlhat am addii- tional amiount of 'waiter fi;om Xew Yiorik Hanlboir will flo^v" out Wi-rough it, the leha.nneil ait the Xiari-ows will be rt>'iievied' from dis- ohia/rginig a eertain aimounit of the watei' from New ITo'rk Bay upoii ©aich (receding ifeide, ;aind will aidaipt itisielf to tih'e new 'Coniditioini of things. Tihea'e will be n'eeded tihei'e 'a eimaller diaoniel fbr thie disdiargie of "wattei' 'firom X'ew York Bay tibroaigh the' Narrows, amd thiiis a Mi^ge portdon o^f the foreign ishipping now coaiiing to N(6W Y'ork thirougli tlnt^t channel will ibe diiiven away 'from the port, and New York and Fliis'hing Bay and all these beautiful and fair places wMcih 'genitlemien desiire to improtve by t'h'is (bdilil, will be striipped of tlie comimerce wfoidi tiney now possiesis. [HJeti'e the hamimer fell.] iMr. LOUNiSiBE'EY, In aiddlition to \\iiat I 'have already stated uponi thie poiint of 'order raised by the genitlieiman from. Illiaioia [iMr. iSpringei-,] it ihias ofccurred to m© that t'his bill caminot bC' 'comsidered as a -gieneaial appix>pi-liatiioii bill; aoit^ 'tUiat .sieem.si toi mie to be the entire proposition in!\-io]\'ed' in this point of oitlier. A general appropriation bill, if t'hat term be the siubject of defimitiion, is isueh a bill a® makes appi'opriatioiii'S for exi>enises to "be incuiTed loir wihieh 'hav© (been ineniTed' under the general laws of thie Uinited' Stattes. They miUiSit 'be connected wit'li ihe' general operations of tilie Goviennnienit ; tlhiey must be cbiiineeted with a igeneral desigin for the niania,geiment of the Guixerniment. Per- haips t'liat 'doeiS' not give a very coimiplete deti'nition, buit i;. is suf- ficient to show tlue definiitioin I now propose to niiake asi applicaible to this bill. Tlhei-© is lio genciial law, tttnere is' no genieral 'Sfclieme for the i'lnprovenvent of rit\-ers and haa-ipe'ci«il exsb;ett-y having tiaJvCiQ the ohaUr as Speaker pro' teonpioric, a aniesstige irmn. the Senate, Tjy. ifr. Biinoh, its iSeorietary, was net-eiiveid, aiiiniouinicing Obat the Stnalte had acoeptied the invitation extiendted by the Hbuse ol iRepreBenitatlivtB tb^ altt«(ad tihe funeral of t!hi© iatie Hon. Ferniandio AVood todby. iMlr. OLYiMEtR,. I ask foa- :tlie readliiig of the niesisage from the Senaite. The SPE'AJIvEiR ipito teuipoa-e. The uiesisalgc will ibe read um- lesfi itliiere be otbjeotdbn. There wasi no oibjection. The C'lerk read as Mtowtsi: IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, February 19, 1881. Reistoilvied, Tih'ait ipu'ns.uant tio the iinviitaitibn of the House of Riepreseintatives the 'Senate wiill' tidijoiini tliliiSi day at two o'eloi'k p. m. in wider tlo petnniit the nuenibers and oflBeers of tine Senate to attend the funeiiiil ol Hon. Femanido \Yoml, laite a member 0(f tilie House of lleipiieisentatives fnoan thte Stiate of Nefw Yoa'k, at his liat© resddence in tMsi oity, at thlreei oi'doiek p. m. Re'solved, That the Secretary comtmuwilciate the fbregtoiaig reso- liit'iom iX) the House of Kepresentatiives'. ADORlECSiS OiF !M(R. LOiUNSIBEHiY. Feb. 28, 1881. Mi\ 'SiPEAJvEll. Ti\'-on of Ihis life, bred of self -insti-iiiot ion and detennvined effort; prnjected among a people Cf .wliiioh ih'e was tiuily a part, a>nd ended aim id duities -tlliat had ibectotme congenial to liiis iliaibits' amid 'natiiirie. Fenrta'ndlo Wood! was boato in 1812, at IFluikidelphia, (wilvere his parents werie tempoiarilj residing. He watS' reaced in New York Oiity. At .tilie age of Llhirteeni yeans, on 'h'is own aicc-o-unlt, but 'wiitili t'lre ec.nsetit of his pairemtsi, he took eimployment in a book-store, and itilien/c-^lforvvaTd sirpported himseM atniL ediiio'^ied him'sellf A'eny :}-'0iUng, he itook |>ari in the ilotai polities of hiis city, and ait the a.gie ol t!\veinity-ei,',"lit was- ed'eeted tO' ConigTessi from one of 'the diity di'striatissaindseaived for t)\V|0> yeans in the same Ck):ngres:s w^itii Daniel Webster, 'Hemry. Oky -md John V. Oalhonn, foinniing an intiimaite acquaiaitanOe witih the 'twky la.titer. He retnrnied at the end of hi.si terim, 'svitlh his business k-okem ii'P by ihis "politioal iservJees and with the i^ei-iolve nevei- more to par- ticipate in polities, but tb devb'te himself exelusi.veily^ tO' building np a. fortune. He adhered to this/ resolutionj until' ihei had) suie- ceieded to hfe satisfaetion. He had been isiucfieissf.ul iaa^ business. He thad built up a is-hipping trade whieh, with, seiveral fortiimate veiwtures, 'had iiade hihi in 1854 an aticumailatibn of giains on \Vhieh hie felt juisititield in retiring, from adtive business. He had had th sagacity whien the gold diseoveriefii made California a field for adventures to land sevienal eartoadis of goods at Sa,n Fmrneilsico and wiith the pnofitis to purehase (real eistlate there. He lalsio bloiigiht •l^ela^ esitate .in Xelw York Cityi, amd (with the gi-owiing prosperity of tb'e country he becanie a. man of wealth as that ^vord -was used at that 'tiime. IHe then again felt a.Me to in- diu'lge httis old fondnesis for jwliitite^ and lie wasi elected [MJaybr of Nenv York in 1854 amd re-electted for t'wo isu>bsequ'ent terms. In 1862 lie wasi ellocted to a .siealt in Congi^is® fix>m 'dhe nlinth sew York district, and he hia-s without break helkl this seat. It seemed to be the fixed determination^ of his const ituentls. to con- tinue hdm in Congress ti'il bis deatli. At; the lastt' election, t'hbugh continuoutsiLv eomfined Ito hiis house by sicknJe^p, and 200 though his paTity wais dividedi iby Tiivail linidtions, hte wais aiga'in elected to hisi tenit'hi siU'Oces.siii\-e t.eTm iThis itenn, by reaison of his dieath, he has not been aible to en'tiea* upon. His Congress io ma 1 igerxdiws connietet ithel dieoeaseicl with a-n ev'^nttful pmtold' Oif his country's history. He sat in. thi* Hiallil white tiWe i-^preisentatives of miaoiy, of ihe 'States were a-hBiemlt firom their seats "by isiec-ession; wihile la war of the siaotioas was' iii) aebive progresKi; while reeonisfi-tiildtion' was ipmciiginig !by cotnfliteting propo- ®itionis; white the wialste of war 'waisi giving plawe tb lie st oration; and 'Wihiie the erieldii'fc o(f ithe efourttry was beinlg xieibui'lt. Wlhen his party came aigain to a. majority in tliis Hofirse: he wais oaaidle Chairmian olf tiie 'Oonvmittee on Wiayis and.' Meatnis, He pantiioi- pated in the enai'tinienib of ilaiwis that tiended to returning prois- peirity. He paii: iieilj>ated in the taiiuimii")iliisi of a coin resumption bj- t'he Titasurji, He isiaw the govera'ment 'bonds appreicia>ted m tlhe marke'ts of tlie world. His f^toitfe has hwdily yet died /ailong the wa-Mte of this Ohaimibeli lin the eloquent eSpresislBon! olf his eonfidence lin ihe goverinimiemt credit 'aind in 'ts ability bo nefund ibs redeemable inde'bt'edniests at the rate oi 3 pei* ■cent. I was one of imnny interestied. witneisses of 'hi si la(umsitanlcesi ais moke his case, titou^h noi exceiptibnal eiiflieient'ly Tare to mairtk it o« a niOtable event. Though, edxiifeted to trade, he wais nimt unsuecessiful a^s a.n oraitor. 'Without rthie ^learning of the books lie had b*ome civl'tured in state-craft. He wasi the reiprelsenta- tive of a olalsis of ipublie men in hAsi country who haivei suidoeeded by a pos.itive purpose without the aid of erudition. He AViiiis ])ecuiliarily (the ehi'ld of his 'c4ty, and was Ihonored by it because he so fit'ly I'epresented its groiwth and its .praetiicad iiabi'ts and metJhods. 201 The ideceased .was miaigr.ifi'cGn't witbout a?benltot.fon. Wihim he was oaiirylinig on a shipp'i'ng t'rade wiHi immidnise proifits his office was. staa.lH anidl ill-fairai-sihed. His Tesklemce am Xiew York, thbugh prinicely in itis estenit and) in its appoiinitrntenltis, was pllaiin nmld vvdthoait o.rna>nieint tb a!t.tiia.ot ith© eye o-f tilve stranger. At Ms h related; And ,we -aire (lefit quiitie in tto diairk. Without a single >ray ox 'Spiarfc To light iQUiT wiay, that we oan see — Quiit© iliike DuBois with IS'ttle b. Now, oinloe Tve 'damttioft bui'ld om f a<;t|, iSome fianicy wiill penhapis In 'fironft. .and in- rleiar^ . , ; Ouir town tos^ noi faar. With soidh, good diefenders dm viietw; We Biaifiely niay trust, A'Si «ve resulit sih'owied) t'lie Doanime'ai prediotion wiaw righit; For our troops-, ithough t'liey iiiaaxihied at Hha speed olf a rout. Only, neiaidhed, in diBordeii-, the Mil called Kaiy Kuj^t. iTIheiy saw to ibheir siora-oiwi, iif nioit to thie'ir sihiaime, Thait tbe people had fled:, amd 'tlifeir hoiise© in flame. 1876. The paipeas- qui'te laiiely, li'o\ve"er t'hey dosiiie, 'Ca^n find ito record riudlii a very knge fi're. To coimp^eito tihe; accoumt in the usual wiay, Accoa-ding to- cufsitom estabfelhied to-day, 'We should stpeak of tibe Firemien, -what th©y endured. Of thie ioiSBiesi ttihait hiatpipentd, and wdiat iwiasi diisua-ied. One word olf tlhe Slteamer, o<\w giliony; and pride, As ;deair to the boy* aisi a Ibvely yoiumg bride; Its. Ibrase'es all biighit, and itis miemlbeiislhSp full, It 'has miodis! like a Fulton^S), and 'bodies, like iiuH. By two. iho'rsiesi drau-n:, ait a spaiiillcinig siwiflt. paiee, It was eanly on liiand, with the hloste sitretioh«d in pla,oej Itls amoking and pufl's' and the oro'Wtd gaitllnea-ied. nean iSooui made us all ithink we iiad' nothing to fear. We waited soniie itim;e, expeidtiuig the sltireani, Quite ready to iwitness the wondete of steam; An impatienit by-stander, an imfp-ei'timent loult., Aninounoedi tO' tilne crow'd that t.he wtntfer waci out,. •'The eistoirtn'is not uuit," isa'id it>he Chief,, "ilt is fiullil; I found it last Sunday; six fetet by my rulle.." "It's not that," said the man, "I'm no bi-olUcr, I only say there is none in th.e boiler." Thea-e's. a anoi-al in tlhisi, ^lou eaai see it o.r uOiL : fHhat you ne''er s'o 'LO' war withouit ^our pildh hot. 206 Airidi anotihieir I'v:e 'found, 'VMitliout sitmaiiniing any eyesi, I'Jd tdil for a quarlter, tio your gireaifc S'Umivise: Tbat m»ney you give n'oiw is nio greiat exipenisie, Th'e loss you'll not 'feell one lumdred; yeaTO 'hemice. CARRIER'S ADDRESS. [Written for the Kingston Journal, January 1, 1878.] Verbum s«i!.— Franklin. The chilly wind of Winter Its solemn requiem sings. To us among the living A warning voice it brings ; O'er grave-mounds of departed A snowy mantle flings. The old clock on the mantel Ticks off the moments flying : A sad refrain its music To north wind's solemn sighing — A sad refrain to silence, In which the year is dying. A warm stove sheds its radiance About my quiet room ; A brilliant-burning gas-light Dispels the outer gloom: My mind is weaving fabrics From Memory's magic loom. 'T is said Recording Angel, With stenographic pen, Takes down each deed that's acted Among the ranks of men, And stereotypes the annals Beyond our mortal ken. 208 We better know what man does In this reporting age: How rapid "Graphic process" Can easily engage To make description clearer Than Livys pictured page. Not like the old News -Letter, Which traveled like a drone — The talk is now by lightning From Ind to Polar zone. Accompanied by music Of magic telephone. At opening year, unraveling This tangled web of facts, The Carrier of the Journal Again his noddle racks — Again his rhyming budget Before the world unpacks. Duo Homines. — Latin Lexicon. The first of importance to all mankind Is the (question of money — so I find. I believe it generally now is found There isn't enough to go all the way 'round. Some scheme to make up what it lacks us For household expenses and taxes. Is wanting — a genius inventive. To devise some certain preventive Against hard times— a Congressman Bland, With a silver bill ready at hand, When the silver gives out, to employ. To make it go further, a baser alloy. 'T is his plan that's relied greatly on In solving le question d'argent. Another good plan now proposed (It's a scheme resurrected Where least was expected A thought of such greatness reposed). 209 Is by Winne, whose first name is "Hank" — His machine is wound up by a crank: A toll-gute erected in every street Is surely enough our expenses to meet. There is no other phin, to my mind, So well adapted to "raising the wind." Nihil fit. — Terence. In the war that's now raging 'twixt Russian and Turk, Some questions of interest to women may lurk. If the Turks rule the roast, as they possibly may, The power of Islam how can we gainsay ? The Old Turk himself, growing quite harum-scarum, May come over here to replenish his harem. If the Cossack prevails, and the Turks lose their lives. What, then, will become of their innumerable wives ? It's more likely, we think, if the Turks are o'erreached, That the Russians will be by the widows bewitched; And thus it may happen, as a dernier resort. That the arms of the women save the Ottoman Porte. Let's be thankful, at least, that, while war rages there. In peace most profound we are all living here. No show of disturbance, since quelling the riot. Is annoying the town, or dispelling its quiet. Whilst armies of Turks o'er the Balkans may roam, We can sit down in peace, 'round our Turkey at home. Mus cucurrit, plenum sed, Contra magnum 7)ieum ad. — Anon. The toughest old subjects to tackle, I own, Are found anywhere in this dumb-bell-built town. In taking its census in municipal matters, No senses are found except when one flatters. The power behind is a man "down the hill," Who runs the machine, without paying the bill. The Street Overseer is kept down in Rondout, Top-dressing the streets week in and week out; While the streets up in Kingston are left without heed- Without the repairs that they very much need. The pavement adopted no sensible man Would contrive or approve as a suitable plan ; 210 It has proved, iu a year from the time it was laid, That predictions were true that the tax-payers made : The money spent on them, we surely have found, Is buried in mud too far under-ground. A good, solid bottom — we admit that is right; But we certainly want some bottom in sight. The coating of mud should be spread out so thin That the average horse doesn't fear to wade in. We make for the horse — and it's no more than fair — This solemn and earnest complaint to the Mayor: If the Mayor will make streets that are worthy the name. Every horse will unite in a heave to his fame ; With unanimous voice we will constantly pray — No steed or his rider interposing a neigh. Lignum apis. — Scotch Cobbler. A fig for the days that are gone — The days of the Old Year now ended ! A fig for the good fellow's yarn, With the past that alone is blended ! No rest with the end that's attained, Or with moneys securely invested ; The future had all to be gained — The good that's to come, to be tested. The boy has his bauble of boots. The girl hopes to win a good fellow ; Past sorrows pulled up by the roots, We can all get delightfully mellow. While passing from manhood to age. There are still many good things before us ; Old-fashioned good times, we'll engage, The future again will restore us. A health to the New Year ! all bright With promises radiant and golden — With life-scenes more strange to the sight Than stories of fable are told in. Gather 'round the hospitable board. With family, friend or with neighbor; 311 Ini a-Qviellisi ylou. well may affoildl ■A ibrielf reilaxiatioia fnoiini labor. ITIhe iiiewsiboy maw elosesi hm Bouig A ,proper Aniaca'eo'ii fimisih.: We lliope it wi'H not foe itthlougilit wuionig' His (braliiii witih; good win'e to replemislh. (Hiea-e's a health to tihe Mue-.ri'bbion.' men! (Let's: all sitairt today reformiatdoim; We'll ,niever da-inik whisky agiaiai, iBiut live on an aipple-jaiok ratiomj! MAYOR'S INAUGURAL. March, 1878. Gentlemen: My position liere has come unsought. Not the less am I mindful of the honor conferred, and of the responsibili- ties imposed by it. I have avowed to myself and I here avow to you and to all interested in the affairs of the city, a purpose to act impartially, honestly and w'isely. If I come short of that end either by my own infirmities or by false counsel or the want of your aid, on myself will rest the humiliation; but the graver injuries will be participated by all. On that account I ask your aid and all good advice and co-opei-ation. At no time in my experience as a man have the people been so watchful of their public servants, or shown a more active re- sentment against negligence or dishonesty in the public officer. You will not take it amiss if I advise each of you that your con- duct will be closely scanned. We may as well here invite a close scrutiny into our conduct and motives. I will not advise a ser- vile fear of popular clamor. An honest purpose to do the right thing will outlive any sudden expression of the peoi)le based on misapprehension or prejudice. With the help of your action, I shall immediatelj' procure a report from each of the city officials having charge of the various accounts, so as to obtain official statements of the present city debt and annual expenditures for the last and preceding years during the existence of the city. I propose to consolidate and tabulate these statements and submit them to the Common Council during the present month with such suggestions as may be thought proper. I am advised that there are certain depart- ments that are conducted on a scale of expense out of proportion to the ability of the people at the present time to pay. If pos- 213 sible we must reduce the city expenses. There are many families that by failure of income have been obliged to lay aside luxuries, and I am sorry to state the fact that very many are reduced to the necessity of doing ■without bread, and their blanched faces make a very strong appeal to us to lift up as much as possible the bm'dens of the government, which belong to all the people alike, and must be borne alike by the rich and the poor. In my election and in that of some of the members of yom* body there has worked an influence which is growing on the pop- ular mind. During the last decade there seems to have sprung up a mania for expensive and imposing public structm'es. I need not enumerate how much of that has existed here in this city. We have not been unlike other places, but we have been too apt copyists of an unwholesome sentiment, which natm'ally grows into the mind of the public officer to be well housed. The people are jealous of their public servants who have bet- ter houses than they can atford for themselves, especially when the structures impose an onerous biu'den of debt and tax. City Halls, Alms-houses and school-houses should always be kept care- fully within the style of structure of the masses who pay for their building, else they will shortly make the government, char- ity and education unpalatable to the people. This city, since its organization, has been, according to my opinion, too extravagant in its public structures. My public ex- pression of this opinion has been lately used to discredit me with the people. "Still stands the forest primeval; but under the shade of its branches Dwells another race, with otlier customs and language." The principal tlioro ugh fare between the two ends of the city has been relieved from a hindrance to its proper use as a street by the voluntary and actual abandonment of it by the Plank- Road Company. The toll-gato. after \\andering around for a place to rest, has at last been removed. I congratulate your body that a constant source of vexation to our own citizens and to strangers and to your proceedings is disposed of forever. Union avenue has now come fully i»to the possession of the city for use as an open public street, and I call your attention to the 214 important questions which will present themselves to your con- sideration in putting it into proper condition for travel. I recommend that the grade of the street be at once estab- lished for its entire length, having in view its importance as the principal avenue in a large city, such as this one is expected to become. I also recommend that you at once proceed to fix, either by agreement or by ordinance, the rights which the Horse Railroad Company is to possess in the streets through which the road is operated, and the obligations it owes to the city and to the own- ers of property. If not fixed, grave difficulties and expensive suits are likely to spring up from time to time. This may be avoided by judicious action in defining the rights and duties of each. I consider it of great importance that all local feeling of hos- tility should cease between the two sections of tho city. This hostility is the creature of the separate existence of the old vil- lages united under the city charter, and of the manner in which the union was brought about. It is high time it should cease. I have been chosen by the whole city. I am not conscious of a present preference to the people of either part, and I shall en- deavor to act impartially to all interests, and my influence will be directed towards preventing any action on your part based upon any consideration of preference as between the two former villages. In my opinion om' action should be absolutely con- trolled by considerations of the general welfare rather than that of individual or location. Twenty thousand people have committed to us the manage- ment of their public affairs. It is a grave responsibility. You would be Iield as no good citizen if you were not willing to ex- pose your life to protect the liberty and property of your city. By the same consideration you are required to use your wisdom, integrity and time in the proper performance of j'our present duties. I now await youi- fiurther pleasure. VETO MESSAGE. June, 1878. Tlio ]\[ayor returned the resolution relating to tlie issue of bonds for funding the debt as disapproved for reasons given in the following communication: To the Common Council: I retiu-n without approval the resolution adopted at your last meeting, providing for the printing of the bonds under what is known as the Funding bill passed at the last session of the Legis- latm-e. I have no copy of the act referred to in the resolution. I know of but one in the city — the one procured in manuscript from the Secretary of State for the purpose of framing the resolution. The bill has not yet been publislied in the Session Laws or print- ed in the county papers. I can only speak of it from a single reading. But the subject is understood in its main features. The bill provides for postponing tlie payment by the city of all its funded debts, accruing during the next four years, for a term of from ten to thirty years. I have opposed, from the beginning of this discussion, this project. I voted "Against" at the election at which the plan was submitted, and my convictions stand not only unchanged, but rather solidified and strengthened by reflection upon the subject. I might object that the resolution in question was premature. If the measure is an expedient to bridge over the "hard times," it might fairly be expected that all possible delay would be taken, so that action might depend upon a revival of prosperity. Such a revival is predicted. There are many signs that it, is approach- ing rapidly. My own conviction is that it will commence, so as 216 to be very perceptible, during the present year, and that, during the four years covered by the projected postponeraept of debt- paying, we ■will enter upon a. period of very active speculation and that kind of prosperity which is usually denominated '"good times." But such periods, which ebb and flow in this and every country, are in a gi'eat measme artificial. They are not sure evi- dences of prosperity or healthy financial condition. Individual and national prosperity is inseparably connected wth freedom from debt. An individual and a nation may appear to be pros- perous when their debts are the largest. But the signs are deceptive. They aie in fact not prosperous, and cannot be. The tendency is to an increase of debt and to ultimate bankruptcy. It is a delusion that postponing debt relieves from the troubles of the coimtry. The war and its expenses, and the luxurious habits which the jjopulation fell into from its eff'ects, have pro- duced the debts and loss of property and "hard times." The relief and restoration must come from the payment of the debt, and the new accumxxlation of savings. This will be reached quickest by the hard lessons of the present. Frugality and indus- try must be taught; and these lessons are learned slowly in the school of necessity. Economy in government must be taught; and that lesson must come from the people feeling the pressure of the government. I consider, therefore, that the question lies deeper than mere expediency. There are, no doubt, persons in this and every com- munity, who believe that slight relief will save them from threat- ened financial embarrassment. Their case is entitled to consid- eration — ^to sympath}', even; but I assume that the mass of property liable to pay the debts of the city, is held by persons who have so managed their aflfairs that they are able to pay now as they ever will be. They have a right to demand that the opportunity shall not be taken from them to clear their property as rapidly as possible from the bonds now resting as an incumbrance upon it. They know it is not the princi])al of ilic l)onded debt alone that burdens thorn. There is also the interest workinjr its way into their substance, certainly, rapidly and oppressively. There are also the percentages in collecting and maTiaging the funds, and the large salaries of officers, because they have large amounts to manage. They know, too, they cannot be free from 217 the em-se of debt until they pay or repudiate. They want to see the end approaching. There is danger tnat postponing the end will produce violent expedients in which tne credit of the country and, maybe, its very life, will be periled. It was an argument used in favor of funding that it would be performed without expense. And yet already a claim has been presented to the Common Council, growing out o^ the passage of the bill by the Legislatui-e. It is announced that there are others to be added to it. The resolution provides for the print- ing of bonds, and that expenses, great or little, depending upon the artistic taste of the committee, must be added. It will be found that traveling will enter into the account, and the aggi-e- "■ate will make no inconsiderable addition to debt or tax. The preparation of the bill for the Legislature, by our commit- tee of citizens, shows a distrust of municipal officers that is warranted by the history of the last ten years. Too many have mismanaged the public funds and failed to make accounts of bonds and money entrusted to them. The Presidents of the banks have, on that account, been entrusted with the sale of the bonds. ^AHiilst I am bound to say that the Presidents of our banks stand high and are considered men of integrity and un- doubted responsibility, such nas not been the uniform record of bank officers. There have been many surprising illustrations of bad conduct in other places, on their part, so as to shake the confidence of prudent people in any class or condition of men en- trusted with the management of large sums whon no security is required, as in the case of the act in question. The Funding bill does not require the Treasurer to give se- curity as a condition to his receiving the moneys — the proceeds of the bonds. This is an anomaly in such matters. True, the act provides for a bond from the Treasurer; but not as a condi- tion to his receiving the moneys. The bank presidents are ro- qiiired to pay him the moneys, and he is directed to furnish a bond to the Common Council. By an experienced lawyer it will be readily perceived that the bill requires amendment, or serious trouble may grow out of it. It is worthy of consideration that this scheme of funding is applicable to this city alone. It does not apply to the towns which have, up to this time, been, ratably with the city, bound 28 318 to pay the largest item of bonded debt. If we adopt the funding principle, it is reasonable to expect that the evil example will spread to the towns, or else the reduction of our rate, compared with the towns, will induce the Supervisors to make reprisals upon the city in the equalization, and we will have put upon us more than oin- proportion of the county debt accruing in the years covered by the city Funding bill. It is argued that our present rate of taxation keeps away set- tlers, who would otherwise join our population and increase our strength and enterprise. In my opinion, debt is more alarming than present rate of taxes. The citizens' meeting, at which the funding schemes were dis- cussed and matured, voted a resolution to the effect that, until the funded debt of the city were fully paid, no bonds should be issued by which a new debt was created. This action recognized the evils of debt. It was dictated by wisdom. In the bill passed, it is provided that the debt shall not be increased except upon a vote of a majority of the taxable inhabitants. It is the fact that every item of the present debt has been created with the approval of the people or their acquiesence at the time. The people are frequently as eager for debt to be paid in the remote future, as they are eager to postpone the payments when they accrue. Constitutions and laws are necessary to restrain the power to create debt. This law does not do it, and in this re- spect fails to meet the wishes of those who suggested and ma- tured it. The reduction of the rate of interest provided for in the Funding bill, from seven to six per cent., is delusive. The ex- isting bonds draw interest at the rate of seven per cent., payable once each year at the time when the moneys derived from the annual tax-levy ordinarily came into the treasury. The new bonds are to draw interest at the rate of six per cent., payable semi-annually. A half year's interest must, on that account, be levied in advance, and must be kept on hand in the Treasury. It is not a difficult problem in figures to show that the actual difference to the taxpayer is too small a fraction of one per cent, to be taken into account by practical financiers, I may as well anticipate here arguments which have been largely used and will yet be vigorously urged. The city is los- r 219 ing population, it is said, for the want of employment, and many of the people are suffering for bread for the want of some busi- ness — manufacturing or otherwise — to furnish them labor. My answer is that it is no proper function of government to furnish labor for the people. The government should not encourage or discourage enterprise. The people should be left to themselves. Observation will soon demonstrate that the people will look out for their own interests better than the government can. Inter- ference by legislation with business, deranges i-ather than regu- lates. The government should be kept within the strictest limits — only providing from day to day for the necessary ex- penses of the maintenance of law. The people can then be trusted to regulate their own business, and in tnis country pau- perism should be but little known. It is not this city alone that is losing population. The ten- dency at present is to draw population from the centers upon the soil. That tendency is healthful. The soil for the last ten years has been neglected. All the young and vigorous popula- tion have been drawn toward the cities, where fortunes were ap- parently being made in trade — where large salaries were paid by insurance, railroad and manufacturing companies and by banks. This is now changed. The land will always furnish a living. It is not necessary for the young man to go West. In this county there are plenty of farms now unoccupied or poorly worked that will furnish a good living to an industrious family, and a sur- plus to market besides. It is not unhealthy that institutions which are uncalled for and which yield no public good, should be abandoned in the cities, and that the workmen or idlers about them should be driven back to the soil. The city government should not be treated as a scheme of colonization. We are bound to provide a good government for those who choose this city for their home. We will not invite or repel settlers. If they cast their lot amongst us, we should give tliem an apportunity, in security and without interference, to pursue by honest effort their aim of life. I am not unmindful that a majority voted at the last city election in favor of the Funding scheme. I do no t want to seem indifferent to the popular will. I am not indifferent to public 220 favor. But I think there were many false impressions on the popvilar mind, controlling the expression at the election. If the vote had been upon the question of repudiating instead of fund- ing, I fear the majority would have been as largely in the affirma- tive. As it was submitted, it drew favor from two directly op- posing interests — from those who wanted temporary relief from taxes, and from those who had money to lend and wanted it kept or placed in the city securities. But there was a very respecta- ble minority who wanted to keep the public faith and to clear oft' the public incumbrances from their property. Their vote was dictated by public policy and by an attachment to principles of good government. A scheme of the kind proposed should be adopted ^\^th substantial unanimity. It should be considered wrong for the city to be in debt, and a majority vote is no reason to do WTong. It has been claimed. 1 think, without considering the terms of the law, that the Common Coimcil have no discretion, and that the statute is mandatory. That does not seem to me to be the purpose of the Legislature. The Funding bill authorizes the city of Kingston to borrow the money to pay the funded debt accruing Avithin the next four years. It then provides that this power shall not be exercised unless, at a vote provided to be taken, the majority shall be in favor of the measure. The power has thus been conferred, and only became operative upon the election, and it is yet to be exercised by the Common Council. It is a subject of grave importance. T have given it careful con- sideration in view of all the arguments that could be made for and against it. I commend the reconsideration of the question to yoxir careful attention. MAYOR'S MESSAGE. March, ISlil To the Common Couucil : The debt of this city is composed of the following items: Rondout & Oswego R. R. Bonds $304,506 00 Alms-house Bonds 15,000 00 City Hall Bonds 80,000 00 Wallkill Valley R. R. Bonds 109,200 00 Funding Bonds 68,000 00 Total $636,760 00 This is exclusive of the city's share of the county debt, which now amounts to the sum of $1,004,900. The ordinary expenses of the city the last year have amounted to the sum of $32,114.63. This sum, as appears by the record of the Clerk which is transmitted herewith is somewhat less than any previous year since the city was incorporated. The Alms-house has received this last year the amount al- lowed by the charter. $13,000, which would seem from the report of the Commissioners of Alms as the same has been submitted to the Common Council, to be, with the sums received from the Ex- cise fund, suOiciont for the operations of the Commissioners. It is all they are now entitled to by law. and must, until tlie law is changed, be made to cover all tlieir expenditures. The rate of tax the last year was reduced to about one and one-half per cent. This rate can, unless the niauner of rating property in the city be changed, or some extraordinary expendi- ture occurs, be reduced to one per cent. It should be reduced to 332 that rate. A higher rate is injiuious to the interests of the community, and acts as an incubus upon business and enterprise. The different boards of education in the city should confine their expenditures to such a sum as will reduce the school-rate to one-quarter of one per cent. It should not be more than one- quarter of the rate of the public burdens for all other purposes, else a spirit of opposition to schools may spring up that will en- danger the whole system and send us back to the old rate-bill system, in operation before the passage of the present school law. There is no good reason for a gloomy view of the city's con- dition. It is an encouraging sign of the times that the members of the Common Council for the last year have willingly and faithfully attented the meetings and the business of the day, and that they should have given to their duties their earnest, honest and intelligent attention without compensation. It is encourag- ing that citizens of good character and intelligence in every ward in the city have been willing to accept nominations. It is en- couraging that the contests for aldermen have been the warmest contests that have taken place at any of the polls at the recent city election. It shows that all the people of the citj'^ are con- scious of the importance of a good administration. While such a condition of the public mind exists it is not likely that malad- ministration will be suffered for a very long time. It also car- ries with it the fact that the vigilance which is shown at elec- tions will be directed to the conduct of the successful candidates in the scrutiny of their oflficial conduct. The standing committees of your body form an important .ilement in your action. I recommend that each standing com- mittee have a place of meeting in the City Hall and that the hour before each meeting of the Common Coimcil be devoted, whenever possible, to committee work. The business thus ma- tured in the committees will be handled with more intelligence in the Common Council, and the proceedings of the whole body will be gi-eatly simplified and improved. A standing rule by which every resolution for street improve- ment or otherwise incui'riiig expense should first go to a standing committee would check what, at times, operates as an abuse — the wholesale adoption of resolutions by log-rolling. I want to inculcate the general lesson of soberness andsteadi- 323 ness in public administration. It is tlie only practically safe course. The true policy is to appropriate within the income, and to incur no public debt. Tt is the only legal course and should be strictly followed by every city officer. The annual report of the treasurer is very flattering to your conduct of the last year, in adherence to this maxim. Last year we ran upon a deficiency and had to borrow before we could pay the county. The treasurer now reports that he has paid the county out of the tax-levy our ciuota of the county charges, and has a balance on hand, apparently sufficient to take us tlirough the year and until taxes again come in. I submit herewith the report of the Chief Engineer of the Fire Department. It shows the present available materials on hand for the extinguishment of fires. It seems that there is a growing tendency in cities to change the volunteer system into a paid system. This tendency comes from the necessity of having skilled management of the steam fire engines, and from the fact that the membership of the fire companies has fallen very much into the control of a class of young men who seem to take more pleasure in destroying than preserving property. Nominations for membership ought to be carefully scanned by the Common Coun- cil, good character should be absolutely required of every mem- ber of the department. Our citizens generally turn out to a fire, and a spirit ought to be encouraged that will fill our volunteer companies with good and intelligent men — interested in protect- ing the property of every citizen. I see no reason why an eflScient volunteer fire department cannot be maintained in this city. The total number of fire alarms the last year was fifty-three; of which thirty-two were in the Eastern department, and twenty- one in the Western department. I have the last year closely observed the conduct of the Alder- men of the different wards. Their fidelity and intelligence in mastering the subjects committed to their charge in the various committees, and their discussion of measures in the Board en- titles them to a word of praise. Liable as they constantly have been to the suspicion of being influenced by selfish considerations, I wish here to give my testimony to the effect that they have uniformly shown a vigilance in the public interests as far as can be expected, removed from any improper yielding to the solicita.- 224 tions of individuals. It is to hoped tliis will continue. It is a pleasant thing to make gratuities but it should not be done Avith the public moneys. Tlie moneys of the city are to be ad- ministered in trust for the whole body of the taxpayers mthin the strict letter of the charter, under which every officer must act. NOTES BY A KINGSTONIAN ABROAD. [From the Kingston Leader,] THE BLARNEY STONE. Some few years ago in a society of some men and women, a young lady of the party, gifted in speech, and sometimes care- less of her gifts, said, '"I have kissed the Blarney stone." At the time I accepted her statement as true. Since then, I rode from Cbrk to Blarney, the distance stated by the driver as nine miles, br\t really only six. I got down from the jaunting car at the village, and en foot ascended the bluff upon which stands Blarney Castle, once owned, as was said, by a McCarthy. In the rear of the Castle was a party of yoimg men and women— three of each, natives of the "Green Island." Without appearing to listen, I heard speak the tallest of the young men, as he was interesting the others, describing the Castle. "My uncle kissed tlie Blarney stone, which you see there," he said, as he pointed to the lintel of the window in the third story of the Castle. The lintel was broken near the middle and was held by iron clamps to the walls above. "He was let down," he said, "by his heels, from the parapet above until his mouth reached the stone, which you see is about five feet below the top of the coping. When he had kissed the stone he was again drawn back by his heels, upon the parapet." I looked and listened and then I thought, must I reject the statement, in former years made in my presence by the yoimg 29 326 lady, or had she in fact been so bold as to trust her life to the uncertain holding of her heels ? Dec, 1886. THE NATIONALITY OF SLANG. It is not very easy to tell nationality by appearance and man- ners. Until they speak you arc very apt to think that people are alike the world over. rioinff from Dublin to London, one would likely take the nine o'clock boat from the "North Wall," ci'oss the Irish sea and take the train at Holyhead about 3 p. m. This would bring you to London at bedtime. As your train ai^proaches London, it happens, as in approach- ing any large railroad terminus, the cars are more and more crowded. At every station a new exaction is made upon the space, until the seats and standing room are all taken. I speak of a trip on this route at the close of the Christmas festivities in England last year. Our compartment (2d class) was comfortably filled the Avhole journey. As we came within a few miles of London, the spaces in the seats were packed full; the packages were heaped and crowded and sat on; laps were occupied and every available space was apparently taken. At the last stop there appeared at the door a call man, aged about sixty, not stout, but coarse-boned and long-armed. He had an honest look, and was a house-keeper; for in his hand he held by the neck a turkey, dead but not plucked. It was dangling in its feathery immensity. It looked too large to be crowded in the compartment with the owner, who was undoubted- ly taking it to town to regale a large family not often treated to such a luxury. The giuird looked in the compartment and bade the passenger enter. The old man stood at the door with his great tiu'key and seemed to hesitate. He did not see his way. He finally crowded in and disposed of his tall and bony form in a sort of tumble-down fashion amongst the passengers packed in before he came. This seemed to fill the bill. One would have said this is (lie ultima thulc of accomodation. P.ut there is au old maxim of omnibuses: "There is always room for one more." After some delay, the one more came. It was a young woman— the first of that sex that had applied for admission to our compart- ment, which allowed smoking. She stopped at olie open door. She stood beside the guard and .seemed confronted with an im- possibility. I was sitting next the open door, and, as all the passengers, Avas striving my best for good humor. I said, as spokesman for all, "by all means come in: we have abandoned all struggle for comfort."" There was, at this jest, a laugn, which at first seemed an additional restraint upon the young woman's pm-pose to enter the car. But she had no alternative; there was no other resource left her, and she secured a standing place and stood crowded against the door as it closed against ner person, and the train slowly pulled out from the station. The situation was grotesque, but the discomforts seemed to create no anger— no feeling of resentment. Each one had before him the Cireat North Western terminus, the friendly greeting, the warm supper and the going to bed. Minor discomforts were ignored. The young woman treated an invitation to sit downi as a kindly Jest, and smiled as not ofi'ended. All this which had passed marked no nationality. They were occurrences that the people of any of the best favored na- tions might experience in travel. It was amid a conversation that had become general and familiar as among acquaintances that produced the test of nationality. A yonng man, speaking to his companion, said, "Did you catch on?" He was at once disclosed. I reached out my hand and gi'asped his and said, "Let me greet a New Yorker. I know you by your slang." He admitted the correctness of my conclusion, and proved to be successfully engaged in London introducing one of the results of American ingenuity to the people of England, the best ap- prcciators of ingenuity of any people in the world. Dec. 15, 1886. 228 THE SNUG LITTLE ISLAND. The water surrounding the island which is composed of England, Scotland and Wales, has produced very marked results in the history of the people, its inhabitants. They are a great people for boating. They cannot reach any shore saiUng from their own, unless they cross a water channel, which is usually rough so as to produce seasickness and most of the time danger- ous to other than the staunchest craiu. The necessities of the people have made them skilled naviga- tors, and what is more to the purpose, made them skilled ship- builders. They own the ships mostly that do the carrying to and from the island, and they have wonderfully mastered the control of the waters which lash the rocks upon the coast all around them. It has so happened that in the last three hundred years Eng- land has mingled into the wars on the Continent, taking at times a brilliant and decisive part in battles; but dm-ing all that time no army of foreign soldiers has obtained a successful footing upon the island. The elfort has been made by the Span- ish, the French and the Dutch, but one after the other the expe- ditions failed. The revolution brought about by William and Mary might be cited as an exception, but it is not. That revo- lution Avas the work of an Englisn party, and its success was achieved by English troops. This immunity from successful invasion is not from the in- herent strength of the English standing armies; it does not come from the special bravery of her troops, nor does it come from her coast defense, or her armorplated ships. Her defence is a barrier intei-posed by nature. It is the turbulent water channel surrounding the island, and the efl'ect which is pro- duced upon the hostile army attempting to cross over the chan- nel for invasion. Historians all agi'ee as to the fact that one attempt after another to invade England has failed. The fleets carrying the armies have been dispersed in mid-channel or driven back by the English ships or when in sight of the hostile shores have suddenly and as if by some magical influence been repulsed. 239 English historians arc especially emphatic in attributing these repulses to the valor of the English soldiers, and to the terror excited by their appearance with scarlet jackets and expanded chests. It is singular that the real cause has been heretofore unknown or intentionally disguised. It is now known by statistics that fifty per cent of passengers crossing the channel from the con- tinent to England, even on the very comfortable ships provided, fall sick, some in a most violent manner. This percentage when the sea is disturbed by wind increases to nearly one hundred per cent. There is on record an exceptional case where all the passengers took the malady excepting one. It is the rule, you thus see, for people in good health, trav- eling by the comfortable passenger ships, to become hors du combat. How must it be with an invading army, packed on board transports, tossed about for several hours on the chopping seas; unused to the waves and unaccustomed to the frightful smells between the decks. I care not how bold the soldier. He may be just from Gascony, full of oaths, and boastful of his prowess and eager to show it to an admiring world for his owm glory and the glory of France. He falls powerless before the dread de- sti'oyer of hi.5 courage. In support of my position, I invoke here the experience of persons who have been prostrated by seasickness, and I ask their testimony, Avhether thoy were fit to march against oppos- ing forces up a hostile shore. I ask them whether tliey felt much like leading a forlorn hope in an attack upon the enemy's bieastworks. ^^'asn't it rather like leading a forlorn hope to the side of the vessel ami throwing themselves out into the sea? Did not all the braggadocio ooze out, as it were, and leave tliem limp, helpless and retiring? ''Would not our army in Flanders" cease swearing and turn to priestly consolation? It is surprising that all the liistdvians have overlooked tin- real cause, which, wjien once disclosed, so clearly explains to all the world why the Britishers bold on so tightly to "That Snug Little Island." Dec. 20, 188G. 280 THE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON. By an ancient chartei-, the city of London has a Lord Mayor. The city of Loudon mentioned in the charter, and wliich has jet its Lord ]\Iayor, is not the one we refer to in our mind as the London of today. Chartered London is within the present over- grown city, which we understand and speak of as London. It contains about 75,000 of tlie upwards of 4,000,000 inhabitants of London as it is known to the commercial workl. It would seem to bo an insignificant to\ni, but it is not. The heart of Great Britain throbs there. Religion is represented by St. Paul's, finance by the Bank of England, and the Stock and Royal Ex- changes, the general offices of the post and telegraphing and the exjiressing of packages and baggage are there. It is the <:enter of business. It is bounded by the old walls and city gates, Ludgate, Bishopsgate, Aldersgate and the Thames, from Blackfriars Bridge to the Tower. T)ie Lord jM&yor, during the business hours of the day, has in his domain an unusual throng of people, doing immense tran- sactions in money and goods. At night, too, there is the hum of traffic that never ceases. The streets within the old walls are never at rest. The activities go on during the fogs of the midday and the dimly lighted fogs of midnight. The work may be done by other toilers, but it goes on all the same. Outside of Old London, the domain of the Lord Mayor, the streets and inhabitants have parochial governments, the vestry- men of the established church. It thus happens that a year ago one traversing the streets could find a snow line of the old city; the snow, removed from the streets of Old London, was permitted by the more economical parish governments to remain, the streets being founderous with lumps of slush and ice. The dignity of the office of the Lord Mayor is known and recojrnizcd the world over. His vellow coach is a marked ob- ject and attracts the eye. It forms part of the procession on state parades. It is an essential featiu-e when the Queen moves through the city. In the social world, he is the chief. The annual dinner of the Lord Mayor is not only attended by the local magnates, but is so taken, that the people Avho can't sit down to the tabic, may yet view it, as they do in immense 331 crowds from the streets. The s"