Glass ^ESuJoSlS BqoL_ -W4 H3 Copyright!^ 10 ? COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. w -2 Si g Q'5 P g '• 3 fa to aJ I'-S « rT ^ a) w )j 3 £ •§ ^ O a a W§fl O -e . a! 5 oo o £ ! ° • & 2 S 2 « § S •S TO N g Hn ORCHIDS 1. Aganisia tricolor. — 2. Coryanthes macrantha. — 3. Miltonia Blunti. — 4. Nanodes Medusae. — 5. Dendrobium Brymerianum. — 6. Brassia caudata var. hieroglyphica. — 7. Cattleya Trianae var. purpurata. — 8. Masdevallia spectrum. — 9. Laelia elegans var. Houtteana. — 10. Coelogyne pandurata. — 11. Taphinia Randi. CHERRIES 1. Large Gobet. — 2. Hedelfinger Giant. — 3. Spanish Sour. — 4. Royal Am arelle. — 5. Coburg Ma: heart. — 6. Buttner's Late Red, hard. — 7. Winkler's White Heart. — 8. Ostheimer Common. — 9. Re May. — 10. Kruger's Heart. — 11. Lucien. — 12. Sweet Early Common. — 13. Duchess of Angouleme. — " een Hortense. — 15. Late Amarelle. — 16. Red Muscatel. — 17. Large Long Dark Red.— Princess. — 19. Donissen's Golden, hard. — 20. Large Black, hard. A ^mmmmmimmmmmmmmm mtmmm iMX.L 1-2. 14 15 AMARANT-CONIFER. TIMBER (Longitudinal and Cross Sections) Common Box. — 3. Cedar.— 7. Bird's-eye Maple.— 8. Curly Amboyna.— 9. 13. Padok (island) Mahogany.— 14. Olive.— 15. Rosewood. Arbor Vitae. Triana ..oelogyne 16 4. Coral. — 5. New Guinea. garian Curly Ash. — 16. Violet-wood 17 AMARANT-CONIFER. TIMBER (Longitudinal and Cross Sections) . Royal Wood or Brown Ebony.- 18 -17. or Brown Ebony. — 10. Sycamore. — 11-12. Hun- Blue Ebony or Palisander- wood. — 18. Sandal-wood. PLUMAGE lab. Horned Belt. — 2 a, b. Red Starred Blue-Throated Warbler. — 3 a, b. Dominican Widow. — 4 a, b. Teal. — 5 a, b. Running Game Cock. — 6. Golden Snipe Hen.— 7 a. Prairie Hen. — 8 a, b. Crested Auk.— 9 a, b. Crested Grebe.— 10 a. Temminck Tragopan (Asiatic game bird), with inflated throat-sac and erect horns, (a, female; b, male.) BIRDS OF PARADISE 1. Most beautiful type. — 2. Six-threaded or Golden. — 3. King. Copyright, Underwood & Underwood. CANADIAN SCENES. 1. Grain field, Manitoba. 2. Timber, Saskatchewan. 3. Eishing Village, New- foundland. 4. Coal Mines, Nova Scotia. 5. Parliament Building, Ottawa, r 1. Short-haired English greyhound. — 2. Long-haired Eussian greyhound. — 3. Coarse-haired Scotch greyhound. — 4. English foxhound. — 5. Fox terrier. — 6. Short-haired badger-dog. — 7. Long-haired badger-dog. — 8. Black field-spaniel. • 1, 2. Bloodhounds. — 3. English pointer. — 4. Irish Setter. — 5. English Setter. — 6. Short-haired pointer. — 7. Wire-haired pointer. — 8. Long-haired pointer. 1. Belgian work horse. — 2. Shetland pony. — 3. Scotch work horse (Clydesdale). Copyright, Underwood & Underwood. SHEEP RAISING IN THE WEST. 1 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood. SILK CULTURE AT BEOUSSA, TURKEY. Copyright, Underwood & Underwood. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. First Wireless School in the United States opened in New York. Photo, by Underwood & Underwood. WOOLWORTH BUILDING, NEW YORK. Highest building in the world. Height, 53 stories, or 750 feet. THIS DICTIONARY IS NOT PUBLISHED BY THE ORIGINAL PUBLISHERS OF WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY OR BY THEIR SUCCESSORS THE NEW SUPREME &&f WEBSTER DICTIONARY SELF - PRONOUNCING Based upon the broad foundation laid by Noah Webster, LL.D., and other recognized lexico- graphers. Enlarged, revised and modernized by The American Board of Lexicography. Editor-in-Chief GEORGE J. HAGAR Editor of Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History; one of the revisers of the Columbian, Johnson's, People's, Americana, New International, New Standard, Standard American, and Every* body's Encyclopedias, and the compiler of the chronology of the world in the New Standard Dictionary. ADAIR & PETTY NEW YORK Copyright 1917, 1919, by ADAIR & PETTY !3i9 ©CLA525710 HOW OUR LANGUAGE GREW by Leading American Authorities STANDARD ENGLISH By Prof. Percy W. Long, Ph.D., Department of English, Harvard University; Secretary of the American Dialect Society; member of the Editorial Staff of Webster's "New International * Dictionary." PRACTICAL SYNTAX By Prof. Forrest S. Lunt, M.A., Instructor of English, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, Columbia University. ETYMOLOGY By Prof. Clark S. Northup, Ph.D., Department of Eng- lish, Cornell University. * PUNCTUATION By Prof. Morris W. Croll, Ph.D., Department of English, Princeton University. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES By Prof. John C. Rolfe, Ph.D., Department of Latin, University of Pennsylvania. HMH A GUIDE TO CORRECT USE OF TO-DAY'S ENGLISH THIS New Dictionary is designed to meet the demand among the masses of the people for a dictionary that shall be, accurate in its definitions, and contain the latest and newest words whose general usage warrants their incorporation into a dictionary designed primarily for the people. The orthography and pronunciations in this work are in accordance with the leading authorities in America and England and have been prepared with painstaking care. The words in the vocabulary have been so arranged in alpha- betical order that reference to any one of them is a matter of the greatest ease and convenience. The type has been chosen with much care and deliberation, and its size is the largest and clearest permissible in a single volume of this scope. The pronunciation of each word is plainly and accurately indi- cated by phonetic spelling and the proper diacritical marks. The definitions, while necessarily in concise form, have been prepared by experts in lexicography so as to include the most recent distinctions and shades of meaning. The entire work is printed from new type, on good, strong paper, handsomely and durably bound, and with ordinary care will last many years. It is believed that this Dictionary embraces all the words that will ever be needed by the ordinary reader, student or in- vestigator. At the same time the scientific student or scholar will find words in this volume that are not to be found in any other dictionary in the English language. The recent and numerous discoveries in science, the European "War, the vast strides being made in sociology, political economy A Guide to Correct Use of To-day's English {Continued) and metaphysics, as well as the marvelous advance in every direc- tion by the peoples of the world of today, and the consequent coinage of new words in every sphere of knowledge, render a work of this kind absolutely necessary. The editors, after careful deliberation, have concluded to leave out many current words of coarseness and vulgarity, be- lieving their present vogue to be merely ephemeral. Those words of slang, however, that have become, by long usage, a part of our literature and speech, have been included. The twenty-five Supplementary Dictionaries that are encom- passed have been prepared with the utmost care from the leading authorities on the various subjects by experts in their respective fields. "The information contained in these supplementary divi- sions will be found of unusual practical value and in many instances not to be obtained elsewhere. The division entitled "Facts Worth Knowing " will be found a miniature encyclopedia. in the scope of variety, value and completeness of its contents. All in all, this New Dictionary is the latest and best work of its kind that has ever been published in the English language and is so conceded by the authorities in lexicography to whom it has been submitted. For general use among the masses of the people, as well as the students, teachers and members of the learned professions, the publishers predict, with the utmost confidence, that it cannot be excelled. It is with this belief that they offer it for the approval of the public, for whose use and information it has been compiled. ILLUSTRATIONS Color Plates Gorgeous Fishes of the Southern Seas. Orchids. Cherries. Timber. Plumage. Birds of Paradise. Pheasants. Duotones Canadian Scenes, Dogs, Types of Horses, Types of Naval Guns, Photography, Pulmotor, SheeL Raising in the West, Silk Culture at Broussa, Turkey, Submarine, "Wireless, Woolworth Building, INDEX Abbreviations, Classical, Dic- tionary of 832 Abbreviations, Most Common, Dictionary of 912 Address, Forms of, Dictionary of 895 Adjectives 790 Adverbs 792 Americanisms, Dictionary of 804 Apostrophe, The 800 Atomic Weights, Dictionary of 808 Automobile, Dictionary of the 809 Aviation, Dictionary of 813 Baseball, Dictionary of 817 Bracket, The 801 Canada : Population of, 1665-1911.. 1011 Population by Divisions, 1911 1011 Population of Cities, etc.. 1015 Capital Letters, Use of 802 Changes in Form and Mean- ing of Words 795 Christian Names, Dictionary of 822 Colon, The 800 Color Plates, List of 6 Comma, The 799 Commerce and Law, Diction- ary of 836 Cunjunctions 792 Dash, The 801 Derivation, Principles of . . . . 797 Dictionaries, Evolution of English : 779 Dictionaries, Supplementary: Abbreviations, Classical. . . 832 Abbreviations, Most Com- mon 912 Address, Forms of 895 Americanisms 804 Atomic Weights 808 Automobile, The 809 Aviation 813 Baseball 817 Christian Names 822 Commerce and Law 836 Everyday Allusions 854 Football 878 Foreign Words and Phrases 882 Golf 899 Lacrosse : . . 902 Lawn Tennis 905 Military and Naval Terms. 908 Music 939 Noted Characters in Litera- ture 943 Photography 957 Polo 961 State Names and Meanings. 964 Wireless Telegraphy 965 Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 969 Yachting 998 Duotones, List of 6 Earth, Facts about the 1020 E^ments of Words, The 794 Figlish, Standard 784 etymology 793 Everyday Allusions, Diction- ary of r 854 Everyone His Own Weather Prophet 1019 Evolution of English Diction- aries 779 Exclamation Point, The 800 Facts about the Earth 1020 Facts Worth Knowing 1001 Flowers, Language of 1018 Flowers, State 1023 Football, Dictionary of 878 Foreign Coins, Value of.... 1017 Foreign Words and Phrases, Dictionary of 882 Form and Meaning of Words, Changes in 795 Forms of Address, Dictionary of 895 Golf, Dictionary of 899 Guide to Correct Use of To- day's English 4 INDEX (Continued) How Our Language Grew.. 3 Prepositions 792 Hyphen, The 801 Principles of Derivation, The 797 Illustrations, List of 6 .Pronouns 790 Lacrosse, Dictionary of 902 Punctuation 798 Language of the Flowers 1018 Question Mark, The 800 Lawn Tennis, Dictionary of. 905 Quotation Marks, The 801 Meaning of Words, Changes Semi-colon, The 799 in Form and 795 Sources of Our Vocabulary. . 793 Metric System of Weights and Measures 1021 Military and Naval Terms, Standard English 784 State Names and Meanings, Dictionary of 964 Dictionary of 908 Syntax, Practical 788 Music, Dictionary of 939 Time and Its Variations.... 1022 National Parks in the U. S.. 1024 United States: Noted Characters in Litera- ture, Dictionary of 943 Nouns, Uses of 789 Parenthesis, The 801 Period, The 798 Population of the 1002 Congressional Representa- tion 1004 Principal Cities, etc 1005 Rank of the States 1003 Photography, Dictionary of . . 957 Value of Foreign Coins 1017 Polo, Dictionary of 961 Verbs 791 Population, United States, Vocabulary 776 1910 1002 Vocabulary, Sources of Our. Congressional Representa- tion 1004 Wireless Telegraphy, Diction- ary of Principal Cities, etc 1005 Words, Changes in Form and Rank of the States. 1003 Meaning of . . 793 965 795 Population, Canada, 1911 1011 Words, Elements of 794 Political Divisions 1011 Words of Like and Opposite Principal Cities, etc 1015 Meaning, Dictionary of... 969 Practical Syntax 788 Yachting, Dictionary of . . . . 998 A A (5 or a), usually the first letter in the alphabets of the world. a (a or a), indef. art. (contraction of an), one; any; used before words be- ginning with a consonant or the sound of h. aback (a-bak'), adv. backward; pressed back against the mast: said of sails; by surprise. abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance of beads or balls strung upon rods or wires: used for arithmetical compu- tation; the slab crowning a column or pillar. abaft (a-baff), adv. & prep, at, toward, or in the direction of the stern of a ship; astern. abalone (ab-a-lo'ne), n. an ear-shaped gastropod. abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; desert or forsake utterly; give up all claim to; yield one's self. a-bas (a-ba/), [French] down with. abase (a-bas 7 ), v.t. to humble or de- grade; debase morally; dishonor. abash (a-bash'), v.t. to put to con- fusion; confound or make ashamed by consciousness of guilt or error. abasia (a-ba/si-a), n. incapacity to walk because of muscular defects. abatable (a-ba/ta-bl), adj. that may be abated. abate (a-baf), v.t. to lessen; suppress: v.i. to decrease; moderate; subside. abatis, abattis (English ab'a-tis; French a-ba-te'), n. a barricade composed of felled trees with the branches pointing outward. abattoir (a-bat-twar'), n. a public slaughter-house. abb (ab), n. the yarn of the warp in weaving. abbacy (ab'a-si), n. the office and jurisdiction of an abbot. abbe (a-ba'), n. an ecclesiastic devoted to literature. abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of a convent or nunnery. abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (-iz)], an establishment for religious devotees of either sex, renounced to celibacy and seclusion from the world. abbot (ab'ut), n. the superior or head of an abbey. abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to shorten, as by contraction of a word, or the omission of words in a sen- tence; reduce a quantity to its lowest terms. abbreviation (ab-bre'vi-a'shun), ra- the act of shortening or abbreviat. ing; the state of being abbreviated; the word, phrase, or title so con- tracted, as M.D. for Doctor of Medi- cine. abbreviator (ab-bre'vi-a-ter), n. one who shortens or abbreviates. abbreviature (ab-bre'vi-a-tur), n. the sign, letter, or character used for contraction; a compendium or abridgment. abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce, give up, or withdraw from; to re- linquish the crown in favor of a successor. abdication (ab-di-ka'shun), n. the act of relinquishment or resignation. abdicator (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one who abdicates or resigns. abdomen (ab'do-men), n. the belly; the cavity containing the digestive apparatus or viscera; the posterior segment or third division of the body of an insect. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (9) ABDOMINAL 10 ABLAUT abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), adj. per- taining to the abdomen. abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away by persuasion or argument; draw aside by an abductor muscle. 4 abduct (ab-dukf), v.t. to carry off by stealth or force; kidnap. abduction (ab-duk'shun), n. the act of abducting or kidnapping. abductor (ab-duk'ter), n. one who, or that which, abducts; a muscle moving certain parts from the axis of a limb. abeam (a-bem'), adv. at right angles to the keel of a ship. abecedarian (a-be-se-da'ri-an), or abecedary, adj. belonging to the alphabet: n. one teaching or learn- ing the alphabet. abed (a-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. aberrant (ab-er'ant), adj. departing from the usual path, type, or stand- ard. aberration (ab-er-ra/shun), n. the act of departing from the usual path, type, or standard; mental de- rangement; the unequal refraction of rays of light from a lens so that they do not converge to a single point. abet (a-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid or assist in the performance of an act ; usually to a criminal nature; to incite, or instigate. abetter or abettor (a-bet'er), n. one who aids or abets in the commission of a crime; one who protects a criminal or assists him to escape from justice. abeyance (a-ba/ans), n. held or kept back; held over; a state of suspen- sion. abhor (ab-h6r')» v.t. {p.t. & p.p. ab- horred, p.pr. abhorringjj to hate, loathe, execrate, abominate; be strongly averse to; shrink or recoil from with horror, dread, or disgust. abhorrence (ab-hor'rens), n. detes- tation; extreme hatred; that which excites a feeling of strong repug- abhorrer (ab-hor'rer), n. one who abhors or detests. abide (a-bid'), [p-t. & p.p. abode, p.pr. abiding], v.t. to await, endure, withstand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, re- side, continue, stand firm. abigail (ab'i-gal), n. a waiting-maid, so called from Abigail, "thine hand- maid" (I Sam. xxv. 2-41). ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. power to per- form; skill to achieve; capability for carrying out; capacity to devise, receive, retain, or make use of; physical or moral strength; talents or gifts, in a special or general de- gree; wealth; means. abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat), adj. suc- ceeding to the estate of a person dying without a will. abiogenesis (ab-i-o-jen'e-sis), w. spon- taneous generation. abiology (ab-i-ol'o-ji), n. the study of non-living things; in contra- distinction to biology or the study of living things. abion (ab'i-on), n. non-living things in the aggregate, as contrasted with living. abject (ab'jekt), adj. m worthless; mean; low; despicable; in a sunken or degraded condition. abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the act of being cast down; castaway; deg- radation. abjuration (ab-ju-ra'shun), n. an oath of renunciation, as of allegi- ance; the act of renouncing. abjure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce upon oath; forswear allegiance to; repudiate or recant. ablactation (ab-lak-ta'shun), n. the act of weaning a child from the breast. ablation (ab-la'shun), n. the act of removal or carrying away. ablative (ab'la-tiv), n. one of the cases of Latin nouns, expressing chiefly separation and instrumental- ity. ablaut (ablout), n. the changing of a vowel in the root of a word, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABLAZE 11 ABRASION indicating modification of meaning or use, as get, got. ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj t on fire; well alight; in a blaze; eager; in- flamed with desire; resplendent. able (a / bl), adj. possessed of power, means, or ability; qualified, compe- tent; bodily or mentally strong; legally authorized or entitled. ablegate (ab'le-gat) ? n. the envoy sent by the Pope with insignia, &c, to newly-appointed cardinals. abloom (a-bloom'), adv. & adj. in bloom. abluent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleansing: n. that which cleanses; a substance which purifies the blood. ablution (ab-lu'shun), n. a washing or cleansing of the body by water; moral purification. ablutionary (ab-lu'shun-a-ri), adj. pertaining to cleansing. abnegate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to refuse or deny to one's self. abneural (ab-nu'ral), a. relating to the side of the body farthest from the neural or nervous axis; this being, in higher organisms, the abdominal surface. abnormal (ab-nor'mal), adj. irregu- lar; deformed; unnatural; depart- ing from a type, standard, or rule, exceptional; out of the common. abnormality (ab-n6r-mari-ti), n. [pi. abnormalities (-tiz) ], the state or condition of being abnormal or irregular; difference or departure from a regular type or rule. abnormity (ab-n6r'mi-ti), n. [pi, abnormities (-tiz) ], deformity; ir- regularity. aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a vessel: prep, into a ship. abode (a-bod'), n. a place of contin- ued residence; a dwelling; a hab- itation; residence generally. abolish (a-bol'ish), v.t. to efface; do away with: put an end to. abolition (ab-5-lish'un), n. the act of abolishing; the state of being abolished; the annulment or abro- gation of decrees, rites, customs, &c. abolitionism (ab-6-lish'un-izm), n. the doctrine or principles of those advocating the abolition of certain laws or customs, as the traffic in drink, slaves, &c. _ _ - aboma (a-bo'm&), n. the" name of a large species of boa or anaconda of tropical America. abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), adj. hateful; odious; offensive; unclean. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), v.t. to ab- , hor; regard with feelings of disgust or hatred. abomination (a-bom-i-na'shun), n. excessive hatred; the act of abomi- nating; the thing abominated; de- filement; pollution. aboriginal (ab-6-rij'i-nal), adj. orig- inal; primitive; existing from the . beginning: n. the species of animals or plants presumed to have orig- inated within a given area. aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the first or primitive inhabitants of a country; the native or indigenous animate or plants of any geograph- ical area. abort (a-b6rt')>. v.i. to miscarry in birth; to remain undeveloped. abortion (a-bor'shun), n. untimely birth; miscarriage; that which falls short of maturity by arrest of de- velopment. abortionist (a-bor'shun-ist), n. one who is guilty of the crime of pro- curing a criminal abortion, or who induces abortion. abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born im- perfect; arrested in development; without issue or result. abound (a-bound'), v.i. to have in plenty or abundance; to exist in great numbers or quantity (followed by in or with). abradant (ab-ra/dant), adj/ having the property of rubbing away: n. substance employed for abrading or scouring. abrade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub away j to remove as by friction or abrasion; to corrode, as by acids. abrasion (ab-ra/zhun), n. the act of Ete, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABREAST 12 ABSORPTION-LINES wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. abreast (a-bresf), adv. side by side; in line with; opposite to; at the same level. abridge (a-brij'), v.t. to curtail, shorten, condense, epitomize. abridgment (a-brij 'ment), n. the state of being contracted or cur- tailed; an epitome. abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. letting out; placed in position for yielding the contents. abroad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; ex- pansively; beyond the limits of house or country; wide of the mark. abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, annul, or repeal by authority. abrogation (ab-ro-ga/shun), n. the act of abrogating; the repeal or an- nulling of a law. abrogator (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one who repeals by authority. abrupt (ab-rupf), adj. broken; ter- minating suddenly; steep; precip- itous; rough; unceremonious. abruption (ab-rup'shun), n. a sep- aration with violence; a sudden or abrupt termination. — abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses (-ez) ], a collection of morbid mat- ter or pus in the tissues of the body. abscission (ab-sizh'un), n. the act of severance; the breaking off in a sentence, leaving the rest to be im- plied. abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or retire in haste from the place of one's residence or post of duty; quit the country in secret. absence (ab'sens), n. the state of being absent; the period of being absent. absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; away; wanting; regardless; ab- stracted. absent (ab-sentOi v.t, to retire or keep away from. absentee (ab-sen-te'), n. one who is absent or absents himself purposely from home or duty. absenteeism (ab-sen-te'izm), n. the state or custom of living away from one's country or estate. absently (ab'sent-li), adv. in an ab- stracted manner. absinthe (English ab'sinth; French ab-sangt'), n. wormwood; a bitter aromatic liqueur compounded of brandy and wormwood, formerly largely drunk in France. absolute (ab'so-lut), adj. free as to condition; perfect in itself; unlim- ited in power; fixed; irrevocable; despotic; positive: n. the will or power of the Almighty. absolution (ab-so-lu'shun), n. the act of absolving from the conse- quences of sin. absolutism (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. the state of being absolute; the principle or system of absolute government. absolutory (ab-sol'u-to-ri), adj. ab- solving; capable of absolving. absolvatory (ab-sorva-to-ri), adj. containing or conferring absolution; having power to pardon or absolve. absolve (ab-solv'), 9.t. to release or set free; clear of crime or guilt; to forgive or remit. * ■ absorb (ab-s6rb / ), v.t. to drink in; imbibe; suck or swallow up; en- gross or engage wholly. absorbable (ab-sorb'a-bl), adj. cap- able of being absorbed. absorbency (ab-s6rb / en-si) f ». ca- pacity for absorbing. absorbent (ab-sorb'ent), adj. ab- sorbing: n. the capacity for absorb- ing; anything which absorbs or takes in nutritive matter; a vessel in the body; a substance capable of absorbing or withdrawing gases or moisture from the air. absorption (ab-sorp'shun), n. the process or act of absorbing; the state of being absorbed; entire oc- cupation of the mind. absorption-bands (-banz), n.pl. the dark bands in the spectrum, more or less wide, and not usually sharply defined. absorption-lines (-lins), n.pl. dark lines in the spectrum produced by fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABSORPTIVE 13 ACADEMICIAN i. the absorption of cool vapors through which the light has passed. absorptive (ab-sorp'tiv), adj. having power or capacity for absorption. absorptivity (ab-s6rp-tiv'i-ti), ». the power of absorption. abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; refrain; hold aloof; keep away from. abstainer (ab-stan'er), n. one who abstains, especially from intoxicants. abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. moderate and sparing in the use of food and drink; non-indulgent. abstention (ab-sten'shun), n. the act of holding off or abstaining. abstentious (ab-sten'shus), adj. char- acterized by abstention. abstergent (ab-ster'jent), adj. pos- sessing cleansing or purging proper- ties: n. that which cleanses or purges; a detergent. abstersion (ab-ster-shun), n. the act of wiping clean; the act of cleans- ing by the use of abstergents. abstersive (ab-ster'siv), adj. cleans- ing; of the nature or quahty of an abstergent: n. that which cleanses or purifies. abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. the act or practice of abstaining; self- denial; partial or total forbearance from the use of food or drink. abstinent (ab'sti-nent), adj. refrain- ing from over-indulgence, especially with regard to food and drink; n. an abstainer. abstract (ab-strakf), v.t. to take or draw away; separate; purloin or steal; epitomize; separate from and consider apart. abstract (ab'-strakt), n. an epitome; a summary or abstract comprising the essence or principal parts of a m larger work: adj. considered or con- ceived apart from its concrete or material nature; abstract noun, ». the name of a state or quahty considered apart from the object to which it belongs.* abstraction (ab-strak'shun), n. the act of separating or drawing away; the state of being withdrawn or ab- stracted; concentration of mind or attention, abstrahent (ab'stra-hent), adj. ab- stract; eliminating from unessential or foreign elements. abstruse (ab-str6os')> adj. obscure; hidden; difficult of comprehension; profound. absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary to reason or sense; ridiculous. absurdity (ab-serd'i-ti), n. [pi. ab- >f I surdities, (-tiz) ] the state of absurd; that which is absurd. abundance (a-bun'dans), n. in great plenty; an over-flowing quantity; affluence. abundant (a-bun'dant), adj. plenti- ful; fully sufficient; abounding. abuse (a-biiz'), v.t. to use ill; treat rudely or wrongfully; to defile or violate; use violent or abusive lan- guage toward; vituperate. abuse (a-biis'), n. ill-treatment; the excessive or injudicious use of any- thing; insult; violation. abusive (a-bu r siv), adj. practicing or containing abuse. abut (a-but'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. abut- ted, p.pr. abutting], to border upon; touch at one end; terminate. (Used with on, upon, against.) abuzz (a-buz'), adv. filled with buzz- ing sounds. abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss, a gulf . abysmal (a-biz'm&l), adj. pertaining to an abyss; bottomless. abyss (a-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; that which is unfathomable; hell. acacia (a-ka'-shi-a), n. a plant of the genus of same name. academic (ak-a-dem'ik), or aca- demical (-al), n. a college student or member of a university: adj. be- longing or appertaining to a college or university. academicals (ak-a-dem'i-kals), n.pl. the costume worn by graduates and undergraduates at a university or a college. academician (ak-a-de-mish'an), n. a member of an academy or society Lte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACADEMY 14 ACCIDENCE for promoting the arts, sciences, and literature. academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. a private school or seminary for the teaching of the higher branches of education; a school for instruction in special subjects; an association or society of men eminent in literature, science, and art; a building devoted to academic purposes. acanthus (a-kan'thus), n. a plant having sharp-toothed leaves; orna- mentation adopted in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and resembling the foliage of the acanthus. accede (ak-sed')> v.i. to come or at>- tain to; to agree or yield to. accelerando (ak-chel-e-ran'do). A musical term indicating faster tempo. accelerate (ak-sel'er-at), v.t. to hasten; to cause to move or pro- gress faster; quicken the SDeea of; bring nearer in time. accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv), adj. hastening; tending to increase ve- locity. accelerator (ak-sel'er-a-ter), n. that which quickens or accelerates; any method in photography by which a sensitized or chemical plate is ex- posed for a less time to the light. accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by the voice upon a particular syl- lable of a word, so as to render it more prominent than the rest; the mark or character used in writing and printing to express the manner of pronouncing of a word. accentual (ak-sen'tu-al), ; adj. be- longing to accent; rhythmical. accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at), v.t. to speak, pronounce or mark with an accent; give prominence to in speak- ing or writing; lay stress upon. accept (ak-septO, v.t. to take or re- ceive with approbation; entertain; agree to, or acquiesce in; under- stand or receive in a particular sense; to agree or promise to pay. acceptable (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. capa- ble of giving pleasure or gratification. acceptability (ak-sep'ta-bil'i-ti), or acceptableness (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes), n. the quality of being acceptable or agreeable. acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. the act of accepting; the fact of being ac- cepted, or received with approba- tion; the subscription to a bill of exchange; the bill accepted or the sum contained in it. acceptation (ak-sep-ta'shun), n. the act of accepting, or state of being accepted or acceptable; the meaning or sense of a word or statement in which it is to be understood. accepter or acceptor (ak-sep'ter), n. one who accepts; the person who accepts a bill of exchange. access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- proach to a person or place; means of approach or admission; addition or increase; the recurrence of fits or paroxysms in diseases. accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti), n. the condition of being accessible. accessible (ak-ses'i-bl), adj. capable of being approached; easy of access; attainable. accession (ak-sesh'un), n. a coming to, as by succession or by right; entrance or attainment; the act of acceding by assent or agreement; in- crease or augmentation; the acquire- ment of property by improvement, growth, or labor expended; the at- tack or commencement of a disease. accessional (ak-sesh'un-al), adj. ad- ditional; pertaining to an accession. accessorial (ak-ses-6'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an accessory, as acces- sorial guilt or agency. accessory ^ (ak-ses'o-ri), [pi. acces- sories (-riz) ], adj. aiding; contrib- uting to some result or effect: n. one who aids in the commission of a felony; an accomplice; that which is in the nature of an appendage. accidence (ak'si-dens), n. the por- tion of grammar which deals with the inflections of words; a book containing the rudiments of gram- mar; the rudiments themselves. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACCIDENT 15 ACCORDANT accident (ak'si-dent), n. an event which is unexpected, or the cause of which was unforeseen; a contingen- cy, casualty, or mishap; a property of a thing which is not essential to it. accidental (ak-si-den'tal), adj. hap- pening by chance or unexpectedly; fortuitous; non-essential; connected with, but not necessarily belonging to: n. that which happens unex- pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or natural introduced into a piece of music to lower or raise the note be- fore which it is placed. acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; acclamation. acclamation (ak-kla-ma/shun) , n. a shout of applause, or other demon- stration of hearty approval; an out- burst of joy ; or praise; the adoption of a resolution viva voce; a mode of papal election. acclamatory (ak-klam'a-to-ri), adj. expressing joy or applause by ac- clamation. acclimate (ak-kli'mat), v.t. to accus- tom a person to a foreign climate. acclimation (ak-kli-ma'shun), n. the process of acclimatizing, or the state of being inured to a foreign climate; acclimatization. acclimatize (ak-kli'ma-tiz), v.t. & v.i. to accustom or become accus- tomed to a foreign climate; said of plants or animals. acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. ac- clivities (-tiz) ], an ascent or up- ward slope of the earth; the talus of a rampart. accolated (ak'ko-la-ted), p. adj. con- taining two or more profile heads, so arranged that one partially over- laps the next, as in the shilling of William III. and Mary. accolent (ak'o-lent), a. and n. dwel- ling in the same vicinity; one who dwells not far away. accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.t. to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- just, settle; supply or furnish; do a favor to; lend money for the con- venience of a borrower: v.i. to be comformable to. a c c o m m o dia t i o n (ak-kom-mo-da/- shun), n. the act of accommodating; or the state of being accommodated; that which supplies a want or de- sire. accommodation-bill (-bil), n. a bill or note endorsed by one or more parties to enable the drawer to raise money upon it. accommodation-ladder (-lad'er), n. a ladder or stairway suspended at the gangway of a ship. accommodative (ak-kom'mo-da-tiv), adj. disposed or tending to accom- modate. accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- ment), n. something which is added to, or attends the original or princi- pal thing by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. accompanist (ak-kum'pa-nist), n. one who plays an accompaniment. accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), v.t. to keep company with; escort; join in movement or action; perform the accompaniment in a composition for voice and instrument. accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. an as- sociate or companion in crime. accomplish (ak-kom'plish), v.t. to bring to completion, or to an issue; fulfill; attain as the result of exer- tion. accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- ment), n. the completion of an act or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- quirement or qualification in art or manners. accord (ak-k6rd'), v.t. & v.i. to be in agreement with; reconcile; agree; give; grant; concede; to adjust or bring to agreement; to be in corre- spondence or harmony; agree in pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- son; concurrence of will or opinion; harmony. accordant (ak-k6rd'ant), adj. corre- sponding; of the same mind. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACCORDING 16 ACCURSED according (ak-k6r v.i. to agree* comply passively; assent [followed usually by in], acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens), n. the act of submitting; silent assent; neglect to take legal proceedings, so as to imply consent. acquirable (ak-kwir'a-bl), adj. cap- able of being acquired. acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- tain possession of by one's own physical or intellectual exertions. acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un). n. the act of acquiring; the object ac- quired. acquisitive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. hav- ing a propensity to acquire; greedily acquisitiveness (-nes), n. the pro* pensity to acquire. acquit (ak-kwitO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- lease; set free; discharge; to pro- nounce not guilty. acquittal (ak-kwit'al), n. the act of t releasing or acquitting; the state of being acquitted; the Judicial pro- nouncement of <4 not guilty." acquittance (ak-kwit'ans), n. a dis- charge or release from debt or other liability; a receipt barring a further demand. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACRE 19 ACUPRESSURE sions of a drama; a thesis main- tained by a candidate for a degree at a university: v.t. to do; perform; play, as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to exert force or energy. actinism (ak'tin-izm), n. that prop- erty of the sun's rays which pro- duces chemical action. -* acre-foot (a/ker-foot), n. a term used actionable (ak'shun-ll-bl), adj. giv- in practical irrigation, designating ing grounds for an action at law. the amount of water necessary to active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or cover one acre to the depth of one foot; equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, or a cubic foot per second for twelve hours. acrid (ak'rid), adj. sharp or biting to the taste; pungent; irritating; sting- ing: n. an acrid or irritant poison. exercising the power or quality of action; constantly active; the per- formance and not the continuance of an action; lively, moving freely; acting quickly. activity (ak-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. activities (-tiz) ], energy; the state of action. acridity (ak-rid'i-ti), n. the quality actor ( a k'ter), n. one who acts or per of being acrid, acrimonious (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), bitter; caustic; stinging. forms; a stage-player; a proctor or *v' advocate in civil causes. actress (ak'tres), n. a female actor. acrimony (ak'ri-mo-m), n. sharp- actual (ak'tu-al), adj. real; existing; ness of temper; bitterness of ex- present. actuality (ak-tii-al'i-ti), n. [pi. actu- alities (-tiz) ], the state of being real or actual; that which is in full exis- tence. pression. acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on the tight-rope; one who practices tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. acrolith (ak'ro-Hth) n. a sculptured actualization (ak'tu-al-i-za'shun) figure, the head and extremities of making actual, which are of stone and the rest of wood. . acrophobia (ak'r5-fo'bi-a), n. mor- bid fear of being on an elevation, as at the top of a building. acropolis (a-krop'o-Iis), n. the high- est part or citadel of a Grecian actuary (ak'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. actuaries (-riz) ], a registrar or clerk of a court; one who is skilled in life as- surance and similar computations. actuate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move or incite to action. city/as that of Athens, hence a cit- "X^JftS**** : ±J}j> adel. across (a-kros'), adv. & prep, from side to side; transversely; adverse- ly; athwart; intersecting at an angle. acrostic (a-kros'tik), n. a composition, usually in verse, in which the first or last letters of the lines, or other state of being actuated or impelled. aculeate (a-ktile-at), adj. equipped with a sting; having aculei or sharp prickles: n. certain insects furnished with stings, as the bee. acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of perception; penetration; insight; dis- crimination. letters, taken in order, form a motto, acuminate (a-ku'min-at), adj. end ing in a sharp point. phrase, name, or word. act (akt), n. an action; process of do- acupress (ak'u-pres), v.t. to ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; hemorrhage by acupressure the judgment of a court; a formal acupressure writing; one of the principal divi check (ak'u-presh'er), n. a method of checking hemorrhage in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACUTE 20 ADIEU arteries during amputations by nee- dles or wire. acute (a-kut'), adj. sharp-pointed; intellectually sharp; quick of per- ception; severe, as pain or symp- toms attending a disease; high in pitch; shrill. adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, or pithy saying. adagio (a-daj'i-o), a term in music, indicating a somewhat slower tempo. Adam's ale (ad'amz al), n. water. Adam's apple (ap-1), n. a lofty spe- cies of the banana; the prominence in front of the throat, especially con- spicuous in males. adamant (ad'a-mant) n. a substance of extreme hardness; the diamond: adj. formed of adamant; hard. adamantine (ad-a-man'tin), adj. made of adamant; impenetrable. adapt, (a-dapf), v.t. to make to cor- respond; fit by alteration or adapta- tion. adaptability (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being adaptable. adaptation (ad-ap-ta/shun), n. the act of adjusting or adapting; the state of being adapted; that which is adapted. addendum (ad-den'dum), n. [pi. ad- denda (-da) ], an appendix. adder (ad'er), n. the popular name for the viper. addict (ad-dikf), v.t. to devote or give one's self up to; to practice sedulously (usually in a bad sense). addition (ad-dish'un), n. the act or process of adding together; increase; the result of addition; the thing added; the adding or uniting of two or more numbers in one sum; a title added to a name, denoting rank, as esquire; a dot placed at the side of a note to indicate the lengthening of the sound by one-half. additive (ad'di-tiv), adj. that may be, or is to be, added. addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs that are barren or putrid; v.t. to make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v.i. to become addled. addle-headed (adl-hed'ed), or addle- pated (ad-1-pa'ted), adj. stupid; weak-brained; muddled. address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; to bring into line; to arrange, re- dress, as wrongs, &c; to direct; speak or write to; get ready; con- sign: n. a speech delivered or writ- ten; ^ manners and bearing; tact; adroitness; the attention of a lover. addressee (ad-dres-e'), n. one who is addressed. adduce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring for- ward or cite in proof or substantia- tion of what is alleged. adducent (ad-du'sent), adj. bringing forward or together. adducible (ad-du'si-bl), adj. capable of being adduced. adductive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. bringing forward. adductor (ad-duk'ter), n. one who draws to. adductor muscles (mus'lz), n. pi. muscles which draw certain parts to a common center. adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. a swelling of the tissue in the roof of the naso- pharynx. adept (a-depf), adj. well skilled: n. one who is fully proficient or skilled in an art. adequacy (ad'e-kwa-si), n. sufficiency for a particular purpose. adequate (ad'e-kwat), adj. equal to requirement or occasion; fully suffi- cient. adhere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast; become firmly attached to. adherence (ad-her'ens), n. the act or state of adhering; unwavering at- tachment. adherent (ad-her'ent), adj. adher- ing; sticking: n. one who adheres; a follower of a party or leader. adhesion (ad-he'zhun), n. the state or act of adhering. adhesive - (ad-he'siv), adj. holding fast; gummed for use; sticky. adieu (a-du'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux (a-diizO], a farewell; good wishes ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADIT 21 ADMISSIBLE at parting: interj. goodby; fare- well. adit (ad'it), n. an entrance or pas- sage; an entrance to a mine more or less horizontal. adjacency (ad-ja'sen-si), n. the state of being close or contiguous. adjacent (ad-ja'sent), adj. near; close to. adjectival (ad-jek-ti'val), adj. of the nature of an adjective. adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word used with a substantive or noun to express the quality or attribute of the thing named, or to limit and de- fine a'thing as distinct from some- thing else. adjoin (ad-join 7 ), v.t. to unite or join: v.i. to He next to. adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to another day. adjournment (ad-jern'ment), n. the act of adjourning; the postponement of a meeting. adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t. to determine in a controversy. adjudicate (ad-ju'di-kat), v.t. to try and determine a case as a court. adjudication (ad-ju'di-ka'shun), n. the act of determining judicially; a judicial sentence. adjudicator (a-ju'di-ka-ter), n. one who adjudicates. adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something added to another thing, but not an essential part of it. adjunctive (ad-jungk'tiv), adj. hav- ing the quality of joining or uniting. adjunctly (ad-jungkt-li), adv. in connection with. adjuration (ad-ju-ra'shun), n. the solemn charging on oath; the form of an oath. adjure (ad-jur'), v.t to command on oath under pain of a penalty; to charge solemnly. adjust (ad-just 7 ), v.t. to fit, or make exact; to make correspondent; to make accurate. adjuster (ad-jus'ter), n. one who regulates or adjusts. adjutancy (ad'ju-t&n-si), n. the office of an adjutant. adjutant (ad'ju-tant), n. a regimen- tal staff-officer who assists the commanding officer. adjutant-general (-jen'er-al), . [pi. adjutants-general], the chief staff- officer of an army, through whom all orders, &c, are received and is- sued by the general commanding. admeasure (ad-mezh'ur), v.t. to measure dimensions; apportion. administer (ad-min'is-ter), v.t. to manage as chief agent or minister, as a king, president, or judge; direct the application of the laws; dispense; to cause to be taken, as medicine; to give, as an oath or a sacrament. administerial (ad - min - is - ter'i - al) , adj. pertaining to administration. administrate (ad-min'is-trlt-bl) , adj. capable of being administered. administration (ad-min-is-tra/- shun), n. the act of administering, as government, justice, medicine, a sacrament, or an intestate's estate; the ministry. administrative * (ad-mLu'is-tra-tiv), adj. pertaining to administration. admi nistrator (ad-min-is-tra/ter) , n. one who administers affairs; one who settles the estate of an intestate. administratrix (-tra'triks), n. a female administrator. admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl), adj. wor- thy of admiration; excellent. admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief commander of a fleet; a naval offi- cer of the highest rank. Admiralty (ad'mi-ral-ti), n. [pi. Admiralties (-tiz)], the department of the English government having authority over naval affairs; the building in which British naval af- fairs are transacted; the office of an admiral. admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun), n. won- der excited by beauty or exellence admire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard with strong approval. admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), adj. wor- thy of being admitted. ;, £rm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADMISSION 22 ADVENTITIOUS admission (ad-mish'un), n. the power or permission to enter; the granting of an argument. admit (ad-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ad- mitted, p.pr. admitting], to permit to enter; allow in argument; receive. admittance (ad-mit 'ans), n. the power or permission to enter. admix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix with something else. admixture (ad-miks'tur), n. a com- pound of substances mixed together. admonish (ad-mon'ish), v.t. to re- prove gently; warn; instruct. admonition (ad-mo-nish'un), n. friendly reproof or warning. admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri), adj. conveying reproof or warning. adnascent (ad-nas'ent), adj. grow- ing upon something else. adnate (ad'nat), adj. with organic cohesion of unlike parts. ado (a-dooO, n. bustle; trouble. adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick dried in the sun, used for building in Central America and Mexico. adolescence (ad-6-les'ens), n. the period of life between puberty and maturity; youth. adolescent (ad-5-les'ent), adj. grow- ing to maturity. adopt (a-dopf), v.t. to choose or take to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or a course of action. adoption (a-dop'shun), n. the act of adopting; the state of being adopt- ed; voluntary acceptance; admis- sion into more intimate relations. adorable (a-dor'a-bl), adj. worthy of worship. adoration (ad-o-ra'shun), n. the act of worship. adore (a-dor), v.t. to pay divine honors to; honor highly; love in- tensely; admire greatly; v.i. to of- fer worship. adorn (a-d6rn), v.t. to beautify; dig- nify; ornament; embellish. adown (a-doun') , adv. & prep, down- ward; down. adrift (a-driff), adj. & adv. floating at random. adroit (a-droif), adj. exhibiting skill; dextrous. adulation (ad-u-la'shun), n. inter- ested praise; flattery. adulator (ad'u-la-ter), n. a flatterer. adulatory (ad'u-la-to-ri) , adj. flat- tering. adult (a-dultO, adj. grown up to full age, size, and strength; n. a man or a woman. adulterant (a-dul'ter-ant), adj. adult- terating: n. the person or thing that adulterates. adulterate (a-dul'ter-at), v.t. to cor- rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- rupted by baser admixture. adulterator (a-dul'ter-a-ter), n. one who corrupts or adulterates. adulterer (a-dul'ter-er), n. a man who commits adultery. adulteress (-es), n. a woman who commits adultery. adulterous (a-dul'ter-us), adj. guilty of adultery. adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries (-iz)], violation of the marriage-bed. adumbrant (ad-um'brant) adj. shad- owing forth. adumbrate (ad-um'brat), v.t. to shadow forth; give a faint resem- blance of. adumbrative (ad-um'br&r-tiv), adj. faintly representing; typical. aduncous (ad-ung'kus), adj. hooked, as a parrot's bill. • advance (ad-vans') v.i. to go for- ward; v.t. to further; to make a payment of beforehand; n. improve- ment; an addition to or rise in value; an overture (usually used in pi.) ; a loan; payment beforehand. advantage (ad- van' taj), n. a state of advance or forwardness; a ben- efit; the first point gained after deuce. advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus), adj. of advantage; beneficial. advent (ad-vent) , n. a coming or ar- rival. Advent (ad'vent), n. the period in- cluding the four Sundays before Christmas. adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us), adj. fite, arm, ask. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADVENTUAL I tuitous; accidental; produced out I of normal and regular order. adventual (ad-ven'tti-al), adj. relat- * ing to the season of Advent. adventure (ad-ven'ttir), n. an event the issue of which is determined 1 by chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. adventurer (ad-ven'tur-er), n. one who undertakes adventures; a spec- ulator; one who seeks social distinc- tion by false or specious pretenses. adventuress ('tur-es), n. a female adventurer; (usually in a bad sense). adventuresome (ad-ven'tur-sum), or adventurous (ad-ven'tur-us), adj. inclined to incur risk; full of risk; daring. adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to modify the sense of a verb or adjec- tive. adverbial (ad-verTn-al), adj. of the nature of an adverb. adversary (ad'ver-sar-i), n. [pi. ad- versaries (-iz)], an opponent. adversative (ad-ver'sa-tiv), adj. ex- pressing opposition. adverse (ad'vers), adj. opposed to: contrary; unfortunate; inimical. adversity (ad-ver'si-ti), n. a state of things adverse; the reverse of prosperity; misery. advert (ad-vert'), v.i. to turn one's attention to; refer. advertence (ad-ver'tens), n. attention. advertise (ad'ver-tiz), v.t. to turn the ; attention of others to; announce; publish. advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment), n. a notice in a public print; an an- nouncement. advice (ad-vis 7 ), n. an opinion given for the practical direction of conduct; information given by letter; counsel. advisable (ad-vi'za-bl), adj. fit to be advised; prudent; expedient. advisability (ad-viz-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being advisable; desira- bility. advise (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an opin- ion to; counsel; inform. 23 AERIFY advisory (ad-vi'zo-ri), adj. having power to advise; containing advice. advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si), n. the act of pleading for. advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to the aid of another; one who pleads the cause of anothe advocator (ad'vo-ka-ter), n. an ad- vocate; a supporter. advolution (ad-vo-lii'shun), n. evo- lution philosophically considered with regard to its ultimate trend. advowee (ad-vou-e'), n. one who has an advowson; the patron of a living. advowson (ad-vou'zn), n. the right of presentation to a benefice. adynamia (a-din-a/mi-a), n. great debility; physical weakness. adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting tool having a curved blade at right an- gles to the handle, used for dressing timber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. adze-plane, a tool for molding and rabbeting. eedile or edile (e'dil), n. a Roman magistrate who exereised supervi- sion over the temples, public and private buildings, the markets, pub- lic games, sanitation, &c, hence a municipal officer. seolian harp (e-o'li-an harp), n. a stringed instrument, the wires of which are set in motion by air. aeon or eon (e'on), n. a period of im- mense duration; an age. aerate (a/er-at), v.t. to combine or charge with carbonic-acid gas, or with air. aerated bread (bred), n. bread raised by charging the dough with carbonic- acid gas. aeration (a-er-a'shun), n. the act of aerating; oxygenation of the blood by exposure to the air in respiration. aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the air. aeriform (a/er-i-form), adj. having the form of air; gaseous. aerify (a'er-i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. aeri- fied, p.pr. aerifying], to combine with air. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AERODROME 24 AFFIRMATIVE aerodrome (a'er-5-drom), n. a place to exhibit flying machines. aero-dynamics (a-er-6-di-nam'iks), n. the science which treats of air in motion. aerogram (a/er-o-gram), n. a wire- less telegraph message. aerolite (a/er-o-lit), n. a meteorite. aeronaut (a'er-o-nawt), n. an aerial navigator; a balloonist. aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks), n. aerial navigation. aerophone (a'er-o-fon), n. an instru- ment invented by Edison for in- creasing the intensity of sound. aerophor (a'er-o-fer), n. an appara- tus used in spinning-factories to moisten the air, to counteract the electricity produced by the friction of the machinery. aerophyte (a'er-o-fit), n. an air- plant; a parasitical plant. aeroplane (a'er-o-plan), n. a flying machine, distinguished from an air- ship or balloon. aerostat (a'er-o-stat), n. a balloon; a flying machine. aerostatic (a-er-5-stat'ik), or aero- statical (-al), adj. pertaining to aerostatics. aerostatics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. the science which treats of the equilib- rium of bodies sustained in air. aery (er-i), n. an eagle's nest; a brood of eagles or hawks. eestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm), n. love for, or devotion to, the beautiful. aesthetics or esthetics (es-thet'iks), n. the science or theory of the beautiful, in taste and art. aether. See ether. aethrioscope (eth'ri-o-skop), n. an instrument for measuring changes of temperature of the sky, as when clear or clouded. afar (a-far')> adv. at, to, or from, a distance. affability (af-a-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being affable. affable (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be ad- dressed; courteous. affair (af-ar'), n. that which is done or is to be done; business. affect (af-fekf), v.t. to produce an effect upon; seek by natural affinity; assume the appearance of; pretend. affectation (af-ek-ta/shun), n. the assuming a manner which is not one's own. affecting (af-fek'ting), adj. having power to excite the emotions; pa- thetic. affection (af-fek'shun), n. having the feelings affected; inclination; attach- ment; fondness; disease. affectional (af-fek'shun-al), adj. re- lating to the affections. affectionate (af-fek'shun-at), adj. having affection; kind. afferent (af'fer-ent), adj. conveying inwards or to a part. affiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a mar- riage-contract; v.t. to betroth. affidavit (af-i-da/vit), n. a sworn statement in writing. affiliable (af-firi-a-bl), adj. capable of being affiliated. affiliate (af-fil'i-at), v.t. to assign a child to its father; connect with in origin; connect with a parent society: v.i. to be intimately connected or associated (followed by with). affiliation (af-fil-i-a/shun), n. assign- ment of a child to its father; connec- tion by way of descent. affinity (af-fin'i-ti), n. [pi. affinities (-tiz) ], nearness of kin. [Affinity is relationship by marriage; consan- guinity, relationship by blood.] Phys- ical or chemical attraction; a rela- tionship between species or groups depending on similarity of structure. affirm (afferm'), v.t. to assert strong- ly: v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, in an appellate court; aver. affirmance (af-fer'mans), n. confir- mation. affirmant (af-fer'mant), n. one who affirms; one who affirms instead of taking an oath. affirmative (af-fer'ma-tiv), n. that ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. AFFIX 25 AGILITY which affirms; adj. relating to, or containing, an affirmation; positive. affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a letter or syllable added to the end of a word; a suffix. latus (af-fla/tus), n. a breath or blast of wind; inspiration lict (af-flikf), v.t. to cause prolonged pain to body or mind; distress. Miction (af-flik'shun), n. prolonged pain of body or mind; distress, iffluence (af'lu-ens), n. an abundant supply, as of thoughts, words, riches, wealth. lux (af'luks), n. an increase; an influx. Ford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- duce; j r ield; be capable of bearing the expense of. affranchise (af-fran'shiz), v.t. to make free; enfranchise. affray (af-fra/), n. the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror of others. affright (af-frlf), v.t. to frighten; terrify; alarm; confuse. affront (af-frunf), v.t. to confront, oppose face to face; insult designedly. affusion (af-fu'zhun), n. the act of pouring upon. afghan (af'gan), n. a crocheted or knitted soft wool blanket or carriage- robe. afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. African (af'rik'in), adj. pertaining to Africa; also Afric: n. a native of Africa. aft (aft'), adj,& adv. towards the stern. aftermath (-math), n. a second mowing in a season. again (I-gen'), adv. a second time; in return; further; anew. against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; in opposition to; contrary to one's inclinations. agape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; with the mouth wide open in a state of expectation or astonishment. agate (ag'at), n. a precious stone, a variety of chalcedony; Scotch pebble. agave (a-ga/ve), n. a genus of amaryllidaceous plants of tropical and semi-tropical America of which the century plant, or American aloe, is the best known. agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; ac- tion; an establishment for the pur- pose of doing business for another. agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- cially for another; an active power or cause. agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at), v.t. to gather into a heap; accumulate. agglomeration (ag-glom-er-a'shun) , n. a heap. agglomerative (ag-glom'er-a-tiv), adj. tending to gather together. agglutinant (ag-glu'ti-nant), adj. uniting: n. any sticky substance which causes bodies to adhere to- gether. agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together. aggrandize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to make great or greater in power, rank, or riches; augment. aggravate (ag-gra-vat), v.t. to add to a load; be troublesome; intensify. aggravating (ag'gra-va-ting), p.adj. making worse or more heinous. aggregate (ag'gre-gat), v.t. to collect or bring together; gather into a mass or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; a mass formed by the union of similar particles : adj. formed into a mass or total. aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), adj. collective; social. aggress (ag-gres'), v.i. to attack; begin a quarrel or controversy. aggression (ag-gresh'un), n. unpro- voked attack. aggressive (ag-gres'iv), adj. unjustly attacking. - aggressor (ag-gres'er), n. one who attacks aggrieve (ag-greV), v.t. to bear heavily upon; oppress. aghast (a-gasf), adj. struck with sudden astonishment, or terror. agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; active in body; nimble. agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. ate, arm. ask. at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AGIO 26 AIDE-DE-CAMP agio (a'ji-6), n. [pi. agios (-5z)], the premium on money or foreign bills of exchange; discount. agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. exchange business; stock-jobbing. agitable (aj'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of being moved, or debated; debata- ble. agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir vio- lently j discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; disturb; keep constantly before the public. agitation (aj-i-ta/shun), n. the act of agitating; excitement; discus- sion. agitator (aj'i-ta-ter), n. one who starts or keeps up a political or other agitation; an implement for stirring. aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; glowing. aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un), n. ina- bility to swallow. agnail (ag'nal), n. a sore under or near the nail; a whitlow. agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an addi- tional name or epithet, as Milton, the poet. agnostic (ag-nos'tik), n. one who denies that man possesses any knowledge of the ultimate nature of things; one who neither affirms nor denies the existence of a personal Deity: adj. pertaining to the agnos- tics or their teachings; expressing ignorance. agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm„ n. the doctrines of the agnostics. ago (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used always after the noun): adv. in past time (used only in the phrase long ago). agog (a-gogO, adj. & adv. in agita- tion or expectation; eager. agoing (a-go'ing), adv. on the go- ing; in motion. agonistics (ag-o-nis'tiks), » the science of athletic combats. agonize (ag'-o-niz), v.i. to suffer anguish, make convulsive efforts: v.t. to torture. agony (ag'5-ni), n. [pi. agonies (-niz)], extreme pain; anguish. agrarian (a-gra/ri-an), adj. relating to land, or to land-tenure; growing wild in the fields: n. one who is in favor of a redistribution of land. agrarianism (a-gra/ri-an-ism), n. the principle of a uniform division of land; agitation with respect to land-tenure. agree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize phys- ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- cord. agreeability (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti), n. agreeable (a-gre'a-bl), adj. pleasing to the mind or senses. agreement (a-gre'ment), n. harmony of opinions or feelings; concord of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person; a com- pact; a contract; mutual under- standing. agricultural (ag-ri-kul'tur-al), adj. pertaining to tillage. agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tur), n. the science and art of cultivating fields by the plow, &c; tillage; farming. agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist), n. one engaged in tillage; a farmer. agronomy (a-gron'o-mi), n. scien- tific agriculture, with particular reference to general farm crops. aground (a-ground'), adj. & adv. on the ground; the situation of a ship whose bottom touches the ground; stranded. ague (a/gu), n. an intermittent fever; the cold fit of the intermittent fever. ague-cake (-kak), n. an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. aguish m (a'gu-ish), adj. having the qualities of an ague: producing ague; intermittent. ahoy (a-hoiO, inter j. a term used in hailing a vessel. ahull (a-huT), adv. with sails furled and helm lashed alee: said of a ship in a storm. aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support; n. help; assistance. aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. [p. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AIGRET 27 ALBUMEN an officer who as- ait. See eyot. ajar (a-jar'), adj. & adv. slightly turned or opened, as a door. ajog (a-jog'), adv. on the jog; jog- ging. akimbo (k-khn'hd), adv. with the hands on the hips and the elbows turned outwards. akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; re- lated by blood; allied by nature. alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), n. a white marble-like mineral; a box made of alabaster, in which the ancients held ointments. and lower planes, to steady the ma- alack (a-lak'), inter j. an exclamation chine. ailment (al'ment), n. a slight dis- order of the body; sickness. aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to endeavor after; direct at something; seek: n. a purpose;, an endeavor. air-brake (ar-brak), n. an automatic brake invented by George Westing- house operated by a reduction in air pressure and hence coming into action whenever^ a break occurs in the pipe containing compressed air. air-gas (-gas), n. an illuminating gas made from air charged with the vapor of petroleum, naphtha, &c. air-gun (-gun), n. a gun discharged by the elastic force of condensed air. airily (ar'i-li), adv. in an airy man- ner; gaily. airiness (ar'i-nes), n. the state of being airy; gaiety. air-line (-lin), n. a straight line. Also called a bee-line. air-plant (-plant), n. a plant which derives its nourishment from the air. air-pump (-pump), n. a machine for exhausting the air from a re- ceiver; the pump used to exhaust the water and gases from the con- denser of a steam-engine. airship (ar'ship), n. a steerable bal- loon. expressive of blame, sorrow, or sur- prise. alacrity (a-lak'ri-tij, n. eager readi- ness; joyous activity^ briskness. alalia (a-la/li-a), n. loss of speech by paralysis of the muscles. alalus (al'a-lus), n. the hypothetical ape-man. alamode (a-la-mod'), adv. in the fashion: adj. fashionable: n. a thin light, glossy black silk. alar _ (a'lar), adj. pertaining to or having wings; wing-shaped. alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense of danger; strike with appre- hension of danger: n. a call to arms; a warning of danger; the apprehen- sion of danger. albatross (aTba-tros), n. a sea-bird allied to the petrel; also name of a 1916 German aeroplane. albeit (awl-be'it), conj. although; even though; notwithstanding. albino (al-bi'no), n. a person with white skin and hair and pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or plant ab- normally white in color. albugineous (al-bu-jin'e-us), adj. of the nature of white-of-egg; albumi- nous. album (al'bum), n. a blank book in which to insert autographs, photo- graphs, stamps, &c. airy (ar'i), adj. exposed to or composed albumen (al-bti'men), n. the white of air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay. aisle (II), n. a passageway between rows of seats. of an egg; the nutritious farina- ceous matter stored up with the em- bryo of an animal or plant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALARY 28 ALIGHT alary (a-la-ri), adj. of or pertaining to wings; wing-shaped. alate (a'lat) or alated (-ed), adj. having wings or wing-like side-ap- pendages. alb (alb), w. a white priestly vest- ment worn at the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches. albumenize (al-bfi'men-Iz), V.t. in photography, to coat paper with an albuminous solution. albumin (al-bu'min), n. a variant of albumen. albuminous (al-bu'mi-nus) or al- buminose (-nos), adj. like, or con- taining albumen. albuminuria (al-bu'mi-nu'ri-a), n. the presence of albumen in the kid- neys and the urine. alburnum (al-ber'num), n. the white and softer part of wood between the bark and the heart-wood; sap wood. alcalde (al-kal'da), n. a magistrate or justice in Spain or Portugal. alchemist (arke-mist), n. one who studies or practices alchemy. alchemy (allce-mi), n< the chemistry of the Middle Ages; the professed art of transmuting the baser metals into gold. alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or recti- fied spirits of wine; the spirituous or intoxicating element in ferment- ed liquors; rectified spirits; a class of compounds of the same type as spirits of wine. alcoholism (al'ko-hol-izm), n. a dis- eased condition produced by alcohol. alcoholization (al-ko-hol-i-za'shun) , n. subjection to the influence of alcohol. . Alcoran (al'ko-ran & al-ko-ran'), n. the Koran; the Mohammedan Bible. alcove (al-kov'), n. a recess in a room or a garden; a bower. alder (awl'der), n. a genus of plants growing in moist land and related to the birch. alderman (awl'der-man), n.' } pi. aldermen (-men), in many cities o the United States a member of the common council or legislative body, chosen by popular vote. ale (al), n. a liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation. alee (a-le'), adv. & adj. on the lee or sheltered side of the ship; opposite to aweather. alert (a-lerf), adj. on the watch; active: n. an alarm; a sudden attack, alexandrine (al-eks-an'drin), n. a kind of heroic verse of six iambic feet, or twelve syllables. alfalfa (al'fal'fa), n. [see lucerne]. algae (al'je), n.pl. one of the great divisions of cryptogamic plants, including seaweeds and kindred fresh-water plants. algebra _ (al'je-bra) the science of calculation by general symbols. algine (al'jin), n. a substance ob- tained from seaweed, and used in manufactures instead of horn. alias (a'li-as), adv. otherwise [named]: n. [pi. aliases (-ez)], another name; an assumed name. alibi (al'i-bl), n. the plea of having been elsewhere when the alleged act was committed. alien (a/hVen), adj. belonging to an- other: n. a foreign-born resident of a country in which he is not nat- uralized. alienable (ali-en-a-bl), adj. capable of alienation; salable. alienability (a-li-en-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being alienable; sala- bility. alienage (ali-en-aj), n. the state or Jegal status of an alien. alienate (a'li-en-at), v.t. to estrange, as the affections; transfer to an- other, as property. alienism (a/li-en-izm), n. the posi- tion of being an alien; the study and treatment of mental diseases. aliform (all-form), adj. wing-shaped. alight (a-litO, v.i. to dismount; to descend and settle; to come upon accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted- up; in a flame. ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALIGN 29 ALLEGORY align (a-lin'), same as aline. alignment (a-lin'ment), alinement. alike (a-lik'), adj. like one another: adv. in like manner; similar. aliment (al'i-ment), n. food; the necessaries of life generally; an al- lowance for support by degree of court: ^v.t. to make provision for the maintenance of; make provision for the support of parents or chil- dren respectively. aliment al (al-i-men'tal), adj. hav- ing the quality of, or supplying the materials for, nourishing. alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to food; nutritious alimentary canal (ka-nal'), n. the great duct which conveys food to the stomach and carries off solid excreta. alimentation (al-i-men-ta'shun), n. the act of giving nourishment; the function of the alimentary canal. alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes), n. the instinct for food. alimony (aTi-mon-i), n. means of living; an allowance made by decree of court to a wife out of her hus- band's estate < on separation, or pending an action for the same. alinement (a-lin'ment), n. the act of laying out or adjusting by a line; the ground-plan of a railway or road. aliquant (aTi-kwant), adj. being a part of a number which does not divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an aliquant part of 25.^ aliquot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a part of a number or quantity which will divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an aliquot part of 24. alkahest (alTta-hest), n. the pre- tended universal solvent of the al- chemists. alkali (alTka-li & -li), n. [pi. alkalis & -ies], one of a class of caustic bases, as soda, potash, having the common properties of being soluble in water and in alcohol, combining with fats to form soap, neutralizing acids and forming salts with them, and changing the tint of many vege- table coloring-matters. alkaline (al'ka-lin & -lin), adj. per- taining to, or having the properties of, an alkali. alkaloid (al'ka-loid), n. a body or s^ substance containing alkaline prop- erties; pi. nitrogenous compounds met with in plants in combination with organic acids: adj. resembling an alkali in its properties. All-hallows (hal'oz), n.pl. All Saints' Day, celebrated on the first of No- vember, in honor of all the saints. All Souls' Day (solz da), n.pl. the day, celebrated second of November by the Roman Catholic Church, in honor of the departed. Allah (alia), n. the Arabic name for the Supreme Being, in use among the Mohammedans. allay (al-la'), v.t. to quiet or calm; a:suage; appease; abate; mitigate; relieve; as pain or grief. allegation (al-e-ga'shun), n. the act of alleging; assertion; declaration; that which is asserted or alleged; that which is offered as a plea; an excuse or justification; the state- ment of a party to a suit of that which he is prepared to prove. allege (al-lej'), v.t. to produce or adduce as argument, plea, or excuse; affirm ; declare ; assert. allegeable (al-lej 'a-bl), adj. that may be alleged or affirmed. allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or obligation of a subject to his sover- eign or government; fealty; fidelity to a cause or person. allegoric (al-e-gor'ik) or allegorical (al-e-gor'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or in the nature of allegory; figurative. allegorize (al'e-go-riz), v.t. to turn into allegory j to treat allegorically; to interpret m an allegorical sense: v.i. to make use of, or indulge in, allegory. allegory m (al'e-go-ri), n. {pi. allego- ries (-riz) ], a figurative manner of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; Bote, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALLEVIATE 30 ALLOY treating a subject by the use of other terms analogous in properties or circumstances; a figurative rep- resentation in which the meaning is conveyed symbolically. alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to lighten; lessen; make easier; mitigate. alleviation (al-le-vi-a/shun), n. the act of alleviating; that which lessens or lightens. alleviator (al-le'vi-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, alleviates. alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (-iz) J, a passage; a way (generally narrow); a lane. alliaceous (al-i-a/shus), adj. of the nature or property of garlic or the onion. alliance (al-li'ans), n. the state of being allied; relation or connection by birth or marriage; union be- tween nations. allegation (al-i-ga/shun), n. a rule for ascertaining the value or price of a compound by determining the relative proportions and prices of the ingredients. alligator (ari-ga-ter), n. the Ameri- can crocodile. alliteration (al-lit-e-ra'shun),.n. the repetition of the same initial letter in closely-succeeding^ words, or in words directly following each other, as "apt alliteration's artful aid." alliterative (al-Ut'e-ra-tiv), adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, allite- ration. allocate < (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- portionate parts or shares. allocation (al-o-ka/shun), n. the act of allotting, allocating, or assigning; an allotment or assignment; an al- lowance made on account. allocution (al-o-ku'shun), n. an ad- dress of a formal nature, as that delivered by the Pope to his clergy or to the Church generally. allodial (a-lo'di-al), adj. freehold; not feudal: n. land thus held. allodium (a-lo'di-um), n. [pi. allo- dia (-a) ], freehold estate. allograph (al'd-graf), n. a signature by one person in behalf of another: opposed to autograph. allomorphism (al-o-m6r , fizm), n. the property in certain substances of as- suming a different form while re- maining the same in constitution. allopathy (al-op'a-thi), n. a method of treating disease by inducing an action opposite to the disease it is sought to cure; opposed to homoeop- athy. alloquialism (a-lo'kwi-al-izm), n. a phrase or manner of speech used in allot (a-lof), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; assign or grant for a specific pur- pose. allotee (al-lofrte'), n. one to whom an allotment is made. allotropism (a-lot'ro-pizm), n. di- versity of molecular arrangement. allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi), n. the capa- bility shown by certain chemical elements to assume different forms, each characterized by peculiar qual- ities, as the occurrence of carbon in the form of the diamond, charcoal, and plumbago, respectively. allow m (a-louO, v.t. to grant, yield; admit; deduct; permit; approve: v.i. to make concession or provision (followed by for). allowable (a-lou'abl), adj. that may be m allowed; permissible; lawful; praiseworthy; acceptable. allowance (a-lou'ans), n. the act of allowing; admission; concession; a definite sum granted; sanction or approval; abatement or deduction: v.t. to put upon allowance; limit to a fixed expenditure or consumption of money or food. alloy (a-loi r ), v.t. to combine; to form a compound, by fusion, of two or more metals; reduce in standard or quality by mixture, as with a metal of baser value; debase: n. a com- pound or fusion of two or more metals; a mixture of two metals of Ste. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALLSPICE 31 ALPEN-HORN differing nature and value; an ad- mixture of evil with good. allspice (awl'spis)*, n. the. fruit or berry of the pimento; so named in allusion to its taste being supposed to combine the flavors of other spices. allude (a-lud'), v.t. to compare: v.u refer or make an allusion indirectly (with to). allure (a-lur'), v.t. to tempt by the offer of something good, real or ap- parent; entice; attract. allusion (a-hYzhun), n. a casual ref- erence; a comparison or reference by symbol or metaphor. allusive (a-lu'siv), adj. having refer- ence to something not definitely expressed. allusory (a-hVso-ri), adj. allusive. alluvial (a-lQ'vi-al), adj. pertaining to or composed of alluvium. alluvion (a-lu'vi-un), n. land added to a shore or river-bank by the action of water. ■ alluvium (a-lu'vi-um), n. [pi. allu- via (-a) ], a deposit of mingled sand and clay (mud), or of alternating layers of sand and clay, of river origin. ally (a-liO, v.t. \p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. alljdng], to unite by marriage, treaty, league or confederacy; bind or connect by friendship or resem- blance: n. [pi. allies (a-liz') ], one united, related, or associated by these means; a confederate. almadia (al-ma-de'a), n. an Indian river-boat, shuttle-shaped, about 80 ft. in length, with a narrow beam; a small African bark-canoe. almagra (al-ma/gra) , n. a fine deep- red ochre used in India for staining the skin; used also as a paint and polish (Indian-red.). almanac (awl'ma-nak), n. a year- book or calendar giving the order of the days of the week and month, astronomical data, tide-tables, ec- clesiastical festivals and fasts, and other varied information. almighty (awl-mi'ti), adj. possessing all power; omnipotent. almightiness (-nes), n. omnipotence; infinite or boundless power. almond (a'mund & al'mund), n. the kernel of the fruit of the almond tree; anything resembling the al- mond in shape. almoner (al'mun-er), n. one who dispenses or distributes alms or charity; an alms-purse; a pouch or purse which in early times was sus- pended from the girdle. almonry _ (al'mun-ri), n. [pi. almon- ries (-riz) ], the residence of the almoner; the place where alms are dispensed. almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very nearly; well-nigh; all but. alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as n.pl.] the act of relieving by char- itable aid; that which is bestowed in or out of charity. alms-house (-hous), n. a house en- dowed by private or public charity and appropriated to the use of the poor. aloes (al'oz), n. a drug, the inspis- sated juice of several species of aloe, and obtained from the leaves; the fragrant resin or wood of the agallochum. alongshoreman (-sh5r'man), n. [pi. -men], a laborer employed at docks in loading and unloading vessels. alongside (-sid), adv. by the side; side by side. aloof (a-loof ), adv. at a moderate distance but within sight; purposely keeping apart. alopecia (al-6-pe'si-a) , or alopecy (al'S-pe-si) , n. baldness; loss of hair through skin disease. alpaca (al-pak'a), n. a mammal, closely allied to the llama, a native of the Andes of Chili and Peru; the fabric constructed from the long, soft, silky wool of the alpaca. alpen-glow (al'pen-glo), n. a pecul- iar purple glow on the snow on the Alps seen just before sunrise and after sunset. alpen-horn (-h6rn), n. a long and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALPEN-STOCK 32 ALTRUISM neariy straight horn used by the mountaineers of the Alps. alpen-stock (-stok), n. a stout staff, furnished with an iron spike, used by mountain-climbers. alphabet (al'fa-bet), ». the letters of a language arranged in the cus- tomary order; the first rudiments of any branch of knowledge; v.t. to arrange or classify in alphabetical by turns; cause to succeed by turns; exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take Elace by turns (followed with) : adj. y turns: following each other in reciprocal succession; succeeding each other by turns on opposite sides of a stem. alternate angles (ang'glz), n.pl. the internal angles made by two lines with a thirdf on opposite sides of it. sequence; mark by the letters of the alternative (al-ter'na-tiv), adj. giv- alphabet. . m g the choice of two things: n. the already (awl-red i), adj. quite ready; option or choice of two possibilities, fully prepared: adv. by, at, or be- ; so that if one be rejected the other fore, a specified tune. « mus t be accepted. altar (awl-tar), _ n. a raised place, alternator (al'ter-na-ter), n. an al- structure, or elevation, whether of earth or stone, for the offering of sacrifices or burning of incense; the Communion-table; a place of wor- ship. altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), an in- strument employed to determine the altitudes and azimuths of the heav- enly bodies. alter (awl-ter), v.t. to effect some change in: modify or vary; change entirely or materially. alterable (awl'ter-a-ble), adj. capable of being changed. alterant (awl'ter-ant), adj. produc- ing or effecting change: n. a sub- stance used in dyeing to change or modify a color. alteration (awl-ter-a'shun), n. the act of altering or changing; the change or modification effected. alterative (awl'ter-a-tiv), adj. pro- ducing change; having' the power to alter: n. a medicine which restores the healthy functions of the body. altercate (awl'ter-kat), v.i. to con- tend in words; wrangle; dispute with anger or heat. altercation (awl-ter-ka'shun), n. the act of wrangling; warm contention in words; a dispute. alter ego (al'ter §'go), a second self; one's double: frequently applied to a person fully authorized to act for another. alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform ternating current dynamo. alt-horn (alt'horn), n. a musical in- strument of the sax-horn class, fre- quently used in military bands. altimeter (al-tim'e-ter), n. - j a in- strument for measuring altitudes trigonometricadly. » altiscope (al'tis-kop), n. an instru- ment consisting of mirrors and lenses by means ex which an object is brought to the view of the ob- 1 server notwithstanding intervening obstacles; used to guide submarine boats. altisonant (al-tis'o-nant), adj. high- sounding; pompous in language. altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space ex- tended upward; height; highest point or degree; the elevation of a celestial body above the horizon; the perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit or to the side parallel to the base. alto-relievo (al'to-re-le'vo), or alto- rilievo (al'to-re-le-a/vo), n. [pi. alto- relievos (-voz)], high relief; figures or other objects that stand out boldly from the background, and having more than half their thick- ness projecting. altropathy (al-trop'a-thi), n. sym- pathy for others. altruism (al'troo-izm), n. the prin- ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- volving the sacrifice of self in the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALTRUIST 33 AMBASSADOR- EXTRAORDINARY interests of others: opposed to egoism. altruist (aTtroo-ist), n. one who ad- vocates or practices altruism. alum-root (-root), n. a popular name given to certain roots of an astringent nature belonging to the alumina (a-lu'mi-na), n. the single oxide of aluminum, the most abun- dant of the earths; a notable constit- uent of common clay. Alumina is largely used in dyeing and calico- printing as a mordant. aluminite (a-lu'mi-mt),^ n. the hydrous sulphate of aluminum. aluminous (a-lu'mi-nus), adj. per- taining to, or containing, alum or alumina. aluminum (a-lu'mi-num), or alu- minium (al-u-min'i-um), n. a blu- ish-white, light, sonorous, ductile, malleable metal. alumna (a-lum'na), n. [pi. alumnae (-ne)], a female graduate or pupil of a university or college. alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni (-ni)], a pupil, more^ particularly the graduate of a university; one educated at a school, college, or university. alveola ted (al-ve'o-la-ted), adj. with deep pits or cells resembling the honeycomb. always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; ever; regularly at intervals; con- tinually. amain (a-man'), adv. with force or violence; suddenly; at once. amalgam m (a-mal'gam), n. any me- tallic mixture or alloy of which mercury is the chief constituent; a mixture or compound of different things. amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat), v.t. to alloy mercury with another metal; mix to form a compound: v.i. to blend, combine, as one race with another. amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis), ». [pi. amanuenses (-sez)], one who is employed to write at the dictation or direction of another; a secretary. amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. an im- aginary flower said by poets to be unfading; a plant of the genus am- arantus; a color-mixture in which magenta is the chief ingredient. amaranthine (am-a-ran'thin), adj. pertaining to the amaranth; never- fading, like amaranth; purplish. amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a heap; gather together in great quan- tity or amount; accumulate. amassment (a-mas'ment), n. the act of amassing; a heap or accumula- tion; a great quantity or number brought together. amateur (am'a-tur & am-a-ter'), n. one who cultivates an art or pur- sues a study from love or attach- ment, and without reference to gain or emolument: adj. applied to the work or productions of an amateur as opposed to professional. amative (am'a-tiv), adj. amorous; full of love. amatorial (am-a-tor'i-al), adj. per- taining to love; amatory; pertain- ing to the oblique muscles of the eye used in ogling. amatory (am'a-to-ri), adj. relating to or expressive of love. amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. loss or decay of sight due to partial, period- ic, or complete paralysis of the optic nerve. amaurotic (am-aw-rot'ik), adj. re- lating to, or affected with, amaurosis, amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or stun with fear, surprise, or won- der; astonish: n. astonishment; confusion; perplexity. ambassador (am-bas'a-der), n. an accredited representative of a .sov- ereign or state at the court of an- other; a diplomatic agent of high rank; a representative or agent of another charged with a special mission. ambassador-extraordinary (-eks>* tra-6r'din-a-ri), n. an ambassador sent on a special mission. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AMBASSADOR- PLENIPOTENTIARY 34 AMEND ambassador-plenipotentiary (-plen- i-po-ten'shi-a-ri), n. an ambassador sent with full powers to make a treaty. ambassadorial (am-bas-a-dor'i-al) , adj. belonging to an ambassador, or to his office. ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres), n. the wife of an ambassador; a fe- male ambassador. amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fos- sil resin found on the shores of the Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- colored. ambergris (am'ber-gres) ; n. a mor- bid secretion from the intestines of the sperm-whale, usually found floating in tropical seas: used in perfumery. ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), adj. using both hands equally: n. a man of unusual dexterity. ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus), adj. able to use both hands alike; unusually clever. ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- ing; investing. ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. [pi, ambiguities (-tiz)], double or du- bious signification; vagueness. ambiguous (am-big'u-us), adj. doubtful; equivocal. ambit (am'bit), n. a circuit or com- pass; the line or sum of the lines by which a figure is bounded; the perimeter. ambition (am-bish'un), n. a seeking for preferment; a consuming desire to achieve some object or purpose, as to gain distinction, influence, &c. ambitious (am-bish'us), adj. having ambition; aspiring. amble . (am'bl), v.i. to move with a peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting the two feet on one side together: n. at an easy pace. amblyopia (am'bli-o-pi-a) or am- blyopy (-pi), n. dimness of vision. ambrosia (am-bro'-zhi-a), n. any- thing exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell; a genus of weeds allied to wormwood. ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al), 'adj. di- vinely delicious; fragrant. ambrotype (am'brS-tip), n. a pho- tographic process by which the light parts of a photograph are produced in silver, the dark parts showing as a background through the clear glass. ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. a field hospital; an ambulance cart or wagon for the conveyance of the sick and wounded. ambulant (am'bu-lant), adj. walking; moving about. ambulation # (am-bu-la'shun), n. the act of walking about. ambulator (am'bu-la-ter), n. a walker; a pedometer. ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri), adj. of or pertaining to walking; movable; temporary: n. a place for walking in; a covered way. ambuscade (am-bus-kad'), n. a strategic disposition of troops in ambush. ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in ambush to surprise an enemy; waylay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose of attacking by surprise. ameer (a-meV), n. a prince; govern- or; the Mohammedan ruler of Af- ghanistan. Also written amir, emir. ameliorable (a-me'h-or-a-bl), adj. capable of improvement. ameliorate (a-me'li-or-at), v.t. to make better: v.i. to grow better; improve. amelioration (a-me-li-or-a'shun), n. the making or growing better; im- provement. amen (a-men' & a/men'), adv. verily; inter j. so be it. amenability (a-me-na-bil'i-ti) or amenableness (a-me'na-bl-nes), n. liability to answer (to a charge, &c); tractableness; responsibility. amenable (a-me'na-bl), adj. easy to lead; submissive; liable. amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free fro fault; improve; correct. ■ ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AMENDATORY 35 AMOUR amendatory (a-men'da-tor-i), n.adj. tending to amend. amende-honorable (a-mangd-on'or- a-bl), n, a public apology and, repa- ration; a punishment formerly in- flicted in France on traitors and the sacrilegious. amendment (a-mend'ment), n. the removal of faults; the alteration of a bill before a body;* a counter- motion at a public meeting. amends (a-mendz')» n.pl. compensa- tion for loss or injury; reparation. amenity (a-men'i-ti), n. [pi. amenities (-tiz)], pleasantness, as of climate or demeanor; geniality. amenorrhoea _ (a-men-or-re'a), n. en- tire or partial suppression of the menses. amentia (a-men'shi-a), n. want of reason; mental imbecility. amerce m (a-mers'), v.t. to punish by an arbitrary fine. amerceable (a-mer'sa-bl), adj. liable to be amerced. amercement (a-mers'ment), n. an arbitrary fine left to the discretion of a court. • Americanism (a-mer'i-kan-izm), n. a form of expression peculiar to the United States; a custom peculiar to the United ' States or America; attachment to the United States. Americanize (a-mer'i-kan-iz), v.t. to render American; assimilate to the political institutions of the United States. amethyst (am'e-thist), n. a violet- purple variety of quartz or rock- crystal amethystine (am-e-this'tin), adj. containing, composed of, or colored, like amethyst. amiability (a-ini-a-bil'i-ti), n. ami- ableness; excellence of disposition; lovableness. amiable (a/mi-a-Dl), adj, friendly; worthy of love; lovable. amicable (am'i-ka-bl), adj, friendly; peaceable. amice (am'is), n. a square of white linen formerly worn on the head, but now worn about the neck and shoulders, by celebrant priests while saying Mass. amid (a-mid'), or amidst ('st), prep. in the middle of; among. amidships (a-mid'ships), adv. in the middle of a ship. amir. See ameer. amiss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. wrongly; that misses the mark. amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; friendship. ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), ». a trans- parent, pungent, volatile gas, used in medicine and the arts; spirits of hartshorn. ammonite (am'on-It), n. a fossil shell, twisted like a ram's horn; snake-stone. ammunition (am-u-nish'un), n. pow- der, balls, &c, used in charging fire- arms of all kinds; military stores: adj. supplied to troops as equip- ment, &c. amnesia (am-ne'si-a), n. loss of mem- ory. amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of oblivion for political offenses; a gen- eral pardon: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. amnes- tied, p.pr. amnestying,] to grant par- don to. amoeba (a-me'ba), n. {pi, amcebas ('baz) & -bae ('be) ], a genus of mi- croscopic organisms, consisting of a mass of protoplasm which moves about in fresh-water ponds by means of finger-like processes with which it grasps its food. amorous (am'or-us), adj. fond of the opposite sex: loving. amorphism (a-m6r'fizm), n. want of regular form; without crystalline structure amorphous (a-m6r'fus), adj. form- less; irregularly shaped; uncrystal- lized; anomalous; unorganized. amortize (a-mor'tiz), v.t. to extinguish a debt by means of a sinking fund. amount (a-mount'), v.i. to mount up to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the totality; sum. amour (a-moor'), n, a love-intrigue. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ AMPERE 36 ANAGRAMMATIC ampere (am-par), n. the unit of . measurement of the strength of an electrical current. Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. the fourth division of vertebrates, in- termediate between fishes and rep- tiles, which in their early state breathe by gills. amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. hav- ing the power of living both on land and in water. amphitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) n. a double theater; a theater with seats all round the arena; a circus. amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- graphic process which simultaneous- ly produces negatives and positives. amphora (am'for-a), n. [pi. am- phorae (-re) ], a two-handled vessel of oblong shape, used by the an- cients for holding wine, &c; a Greek and Roman liquid measure, the former = 9 gals., the latter = 6 gals. * ample (am'pl), adj. full; large; abun- dant. ampliative (am'pli-a-tiv), adj. en- larging; synthetic. amplification (am-pli-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of amplifying or expanding; enlargement. amplify (am'pli-fl), vi,' [p.t. & p.p. amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make large: v.i. to speak or write diffuse- ly; expand. amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. the angu- lar distance of a celestial body at rising or setting from the eastern or western points of the horizon; an angle on which the value of some mathematical function depends; the distance which a particle moves in performing a complete vibration. amply (-li), adv. in an ample man- ner; liberally. ampulla (am-pul'la), n. [pi. am- pullae (-le)], an ancient vessel which contained unguents for the bath; a drinking vessel; a vessel for con- secrated oil or chrism used in church rites, and at the coronation of sovereigns. amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- member. amuck (a-muk'), adj. or adv. (used only in the phrase, to run amuck) running about armed, in a state of frenzy, attacking all that come in the way, or committing indiscrimi- nate slaughter. amulet (am'u-let), n. a charm worn to protect against evil; a talisman. amuse (a-mtiz'), v.t. to occupy the attention pleasantly; beguile; en- tertain; divert. ana (a'na), [pi. anas ('naz) ], a col- lection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, &c, as Shakes- periana, boxiana. anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm), n. an error in the order of time, hence any error in the misplacement of persons or events in point of time. anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. the spe- cific name of a large South Amer- ican boa, and loosely applied to any large snake which crushes its prey. anacrusis (an-a-kru'sis), n. a stroke in music, slanting upward. anadromous (a-nad'ro-mus), adj. as- cending from the sea to fresh-water rivers to deposit spawn, as the salmon, &c; tending upwards: said of ferns. anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- ficiency or low condition of the blood. anaesthesia, anesthesia (an-es- the'si-a), n. a condition of insensi- bility to pain, combined with loss of the sense of touch, produced by anaesthetics. anaesthetic. See anesthetic. anaglyph (an'a-glif), n. a work of art carved in relief, as distinguished from intaglio. anagram (an'a-gram), n. a word or a sentence constructed out of anoth- er by the transposition of the letters contained in the second; a word ob- tained by reading the letters of an- other word backwards* anagrammatic (an-a-gram-mat'ik) ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANAL 37 ANASTIGMAT or anagrammatical ('i-k&l), adj. relating to, or forming an anagram. anal (a/nal), adj. relating to the anus; situated near to the anal ori- fice. analect (an'a-lekt), -«. [pi. analects (-lekts) & analecta (-ta) ], a pas- sage or extract from a published work: pi. a collection of such ex- tracts from different authors. analectic (an-a-lek'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or composed of, selections from other works. analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. the in- sensibility to pain in any part of the body. Called also analgia. analgesic (an-al-jes'ik), adj. that al- lays pain: n. an anodyne. analgetic (an-al-jet'ik) 2 adj. per- taining to analgesia; insensible to* pain; painless. analogical (an-a-Ioj'i-kal), adj. bear- ing reference; having relation or j£- semblance. analogism (a-nal'o-jism), n. a reason- ing from the cause to the effect; study and examination of matters and things by reference to their analogies. analogize (a-nal'o-jiz), v.t. to reason or expound by reference to analogy: v.i. to treat or investigate by use of analogy. analogous (a-nal'6-gus), adj. pos- sessing points of analogy; linked by resemblance; similar. analogue (an'a-log), n. an object which bears analogy to something else; a part which corresponds with another in structure, function, or other relations. analogy (a-nal'o-ji), n. {pi. analo- gies (-jiz) ], agreement, resemblance, or correspondence in relations be- tween different objects; the infer- ence as to general agreement which is derived from similarity in certain essential particulars; equality of mathematical ratios; conformity of its parts to the general rules and structures of a language. lysis (a-nal'i-sis), n. [pi. analy- ses (-sez) ], the resolution of a com- pound into its constituent parts; the method of determining the nature of a compound by resolution into its constituent parts; < the resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations; a synopsis. analyst (an'a-list), n. one who is skilled in analysis; one skilled in the resolution of chemical com- pounds. analytic (an-a-lit'ik) or analytical (-i-kal), adj. relating to, or charac- terized by, the method of analysis. analytics (an-a-lit'iks), n. pi. the science of analysis. analyzable (an'a-li-za-bl), adj. capa- ble of being resolved by, or that may be subjected to, analysis. analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to separate or resolve; determine the nature of a compound by resolution of its con- stituent parts. anapest or anapaest (an'a-pest), n. a foot comprising two short syllables and one long syllable. anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'-i-ak), n. a drug or treatment to lessen sexual desire. anaplasty (an-a-plas'ti), n. the re- pairing of wounds by the trans- plantation of adjacent healthy tis- sue. anarchic (an-ar'kik), or anarchical (-al), adj. of or pertaining to anarchy, or the theory of anarchism. anarchism (an'ar-kizm), n. lawless- ness; confusion; anarchy; the doc- trines of the anarchists. anarchist (an'ar-kist), n. one who supports or promotes a scheme for anarchy, or upholds anarchy as a social theory. anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. non-existence or incapability of governmental rule; a lawless condition of society; the theory of individual liberty. anarthrous (an-ar'thrus), adj. with- out the article; destitute of joints; without articulated limbs. anastigmat (an-as'tig-mat), n. a , arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite; mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, f ANASTROPHE 38 ANCILLARY combination of lenses used in photog- raphy to overcome distortion of the image and obtain a flat field. anastrophe or anastrophy (a-nas'- tro-fe), n. an inversion of the se- quence of words in a sentence, as "echoed the hills," for "the hills echoed." anathema (a-nath'e-ma), n. [pi. anathemas (-maz)], the curse ac- companying excommunication pro- nounced by a religious assembly or convocation; an imprecation or curse; the thing or person held to be accursed. anathematize (a-nath'e-ma-tiz), v.l. to pronounce a decree of excommuni- cation against: v.i. to curse. anatomical (an-a-tom'i-kal), adj. re- lating to, or according to, the laws 1 of anatomy. anatomism (a-nat'o-mizm), n. ana- tomical analysis or structure; anat- omy as the basis of life of organized bodies; the explanation of vital phe- nomena by anatomical structure; the application of the principles of anat- omy, as in art. anatomist (a-nat'o-mist), n. one possessing a knowledge of anatomy derived from dissection. anatomize (a-nat'o-miz), v.t. to sep- arate by dissection and exhibit the relative position p and structure of the parts of an animal or plant. anatomy (a-nat'o-mi), n. [pi. anato- mies (-miz)], separation by dissec- tion of the various partsof a body, with a wvie to the examination and determination of their structure and relations; the art or science of dis- section; a descriptive account of the parts of an organic body; a with- ered or emaciated person. anatripsis (an-a-trip'sis), n. mas- ancestor (an'sesHGer,, n. a forefather or progenitor, on the side of father or mother, from whom one is de- scended in direct line; one who held previous possession. ancestral (an-ses'tral), adj. belonging to, or connected with, one's ances- tors; derived from one's progenitors; lineal. ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. a female ancestor. ancestry (anses-tri), n. the line of one's descent traced from a period more or less remote; the personages comprising such lineage^ lineage. anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- ment of varying form, but generally having two curved and pointed arms terminating one end of a shank, to the other extremity of which is af- fixed a cable, used to secure a float- ing vessel to the bottom; that on which dependence is placed for se- curity or stability; a metallic clamp securing a tie-rod connecting oppo- site walls: v.t. to affix by an an- chor; grapple; hold fast. anchor-ice (ang'ker-is), n. ground-ice. anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n. a suita- ble or customary place for the an- choring of vessels; the hold attained by an anchor; harbor-dues for an- chorage in a port. anchoret (ang'kor-et) or anchorite (-It), n. one who voluntarily se- cludes himself from society and lives a solitary life devoted to re- ligious or philosophic meditation; a . recluse; a hermit. anchovy (an-cho'vi), n. [pi. ancho- vies (-viz)], a diminutive fish abound- ing in the Mediterranean, and esp cially esteemed for its peculi; flavor, used for pickling and as sauce. ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- taining to the early history of the world; of past times or remote ages; of great age or antiquity: n. one who lived in ancient times; pi. the people of classic times; the Jew- ish elders; the governing body of an Inn of Court: n. formerly a flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. attendant upon; accessory; subservient. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; thinks then ANCIPITAL 39 ANGIOLOGY ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), adj. two- edged and sharp. ancon (ang'kon), n. [pi. ancones (-ez) ], the upper extremity of the forearm or ulna; the elbow; a • bracket or projection for the sup- port of a cornice. ancus (ang'kus), n. an elephant goad formed of metal. andirons (and'i-ernz), n.pl. metal standards used for open fires, to support the logs; fire-dogs. androcephalus (an-dro-sef'a-lus), adj. m having a human head, as a sphinx, &c. androgynous (an-drSj'i-nous), adj. combining both sexes, or bearing both maleand female organs; her- maphroditical. androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. a sphinx with the" body of a lion and the head of a man. anecdotal (an'ek-do-tal), adj. relat- ing to, or consisting of, anecdotes. anecdote (an'ek-dot) ? n. a brief nar- rative of an entertaining character; a terse and pithy account of some detached incident, chiefly personal or biographical. nelectric (an-e-lek'trik), adj. with- out the properties of electricity; non-electric: n. a conductor in con- tradistinction to an insulator. nelectrode (an-e-lek'trod), n. the positive pole of a galvanic battery, lemia. See anaemia, nemograph (a-nem'o-graf), n. an instrument for registering the force or direction of the wind. emometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. a wind-gauge; an instrument which indicates the pressure of the wind. nemone (a-nem'o-ne),^. [pi. anem- ones (-nez) ], the wind-flower or wood-anemone; a sea-anemone, a marine zoophyte. anemoscope (a-nem'o-sk6p), n. an apparatus for exhibiting the direc- tion of the wind. aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no liquid, as quicksilver: n. a barometer shaped like a watch, the action depending on the varying pressure . of the atmosphere on the top of an elastic metal box. anesthesia. See anaesthesia. anesthetic or anaesthetic (an-es- thet'ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the sense of feeling'* n. a drug which produces insensibihty. aneurism (an'u-rizm), n. a local swelling or dilation 01 an artery at a point where the coat is thinned or weakened by disease. angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; one of an order of spiritual attendants who form a connection between heaven and earth, as from God to mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen angel; the presbyter in the early Christian Church residing in some particular city (Rev. ii. 8) ; an English gold coin, value about 10s., struck in the reign of Edward IV., and impressed with the figure of the archangel Michael. angel-fish (-fish), n. a species of shark with large pectoral fins, which give to it a winged appearance. angelic (an-jel'ik) ^or angelical (1-kal), adj. belonging to or re- sembling an angel in nature or func- tion. angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional exercise in commemoration of the Incarnation, during which the Ave Maria is twice repeated: said morn- ing, noon, and night; the bell which is rung to announce the time of such devotions. anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion or passion aroused by a sense of injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to provoke to resentment; excite to wrath; enrage. angina (an-ji'na & an'ji-na), n. an inflamed condition of the throat, as in quinsy, &c. angina pectoris (pek'to-ris), n. a muscular spasin of the chest, very often accompanied by an affection of the heart, and frequently fatal. angiology (an-ji-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of anatomy which treats of the blood-vessels and lymphatics. _ 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANGLE 40 ANILISM angle (ang'gl), n. the inciosed space near the point where two lines meet; a sharp or projecting corner; the inclination of two lines which meet at a point (the vertex). angler (ang'gler), n. one who fishes with rod and line; # piscator; the name of a fish furnished with fila- mentary appendages, which by their movement attract smaller fish^ on which it feeds. Also called fishing- frog and sea-devil. anglican (ang'gli-kan), adj. pertain- ,ing to England as a nation; per- taining to the Church of England and churches in other countries in accord with it, and (popularly) to the High or Ritualistic section of the Anglican Church: n. a member of the Anglican Church; a Ritualist. anglice (ang'gli-se), adv. according to the English language or manner. anglicism (ang'gli-sizm), n. a form of speech; a principle or mannerism peculiar to England. anglicize (ang'gli-siz), v.t. to make or to render into English; accord with English manners and customs. angling (ang'gling), n. the piscato- rial art; the act of fishing with rod and line. Anglo-American i^ang'glo-a-mer'i- kan), adj. pertaining to England and the United States conjointly, as to commerce or population: n. an American citizen of English descent. Anglomania (ang'glo-man'i-a), n. a predilection carried to excess for everything # that is English, in the sense of being peculiar to England. Anglophobia (-fo'bi-a), n. an intense aversion for or fear of everything English. Anglo-Saxon (-saks'un), adj. per- taining to the Saxon settlers in England prior to. the Conquest, or to their language: n. one of the Saxon settlers in England as dis- tinguished from those on the Conti- nent: pi. the English race. angora (ang-go'ra), n. cloth made from Angora-wool. angora-cat (-kat), n. a cat of the domestic kind with long handsome hair. angora goat (-got), n. a breed of goats native to the province of Angora, Asia Minor; now raised in other countries, and especially in the U. S. See also mohair. angora-wool (-wool), n. the coat of the Angora goat ; much esteemed for its long silky hair. angostura-bark (ang-gos-tii'ra bark), n. a bitter aromatic bark used for medicinal purposes. angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with anger; provoked* feeling resentment; wrathful; showing anger; fierce; inflamed. angrily ('gri-li), adv. in an angry manner. angriness (-ness), b. the state of being angry. anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain or grief; acute suffering, bodily or mental. angular (ang'gu-lar), adj. possessing an angle or angles; sharp, bent, or cornered; pointed, or full of points. angularity (ang-gu-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. angularities (-tiz) ], the quality of being angular in any sense. angulate (ang'gfi-lat), adj. construct- ed of angles; having the form of an angle. angustate (ang-gus'tat), adj. narrow at the base and expanded at the top. anhydrous (an-hi'drus), adj. with- out water: applied to minerals in which the water of crystallization is not present. anil (an'il), n. the indigo plant. anile (an'il & 'II), adj. resembling an old woman; aged; old-womanish. aniline (an'i-lin), n. a base^ used in the formation of many rich dyes obtained from coal-tar, but more ex- tensively from benzole: adj. of or pertaining to aniline. anilism (an'il-izm), n. aniline poison- ing, caused by the inhalation of aniline vapors. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANILITY 41 ANNIHILATION anility (a-niTi-ti), n. the state of being anile; a condition of dotage. animadversion (an-i-mad-ver 'shun) , n. the act of observing; capacity for perception; censure; criticism; stricture. animadversive (an-i-mad-ver'siv), adj. possessing the faculty of obser- vation. animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), v.i. to give the mind to; pass comment or stricture upon; criticise. animal (an'i-nial), w. an organized living body, sentient, mobile, and locomotive; an inferior being; a brute: adj. of- or belonging to ani- mals. animal-magnetism (an'i-mal-mag'- net-izm), n. another name for mes- merism. animalcular (an-i-mallcu-Iar) or animal culine (-lin), adj. of or re- lating to animalcules. animalcule (an-i-mal'kul), n. one of a class of minute or microscopic organisms abounding in water and infusions; an infusorian. animal cul is t (an-i-mal'kii-list), n. a specialist of animalcules. animalculum (an-i-mal'ku-lum), n. [pi. animalcula m (-la) J, a minute organism; an animalcule. animalia m (an'i-ma-li-a), n.pl. the animal kingdom. animalism (an'i-mal-izm), n. the state of being animal, or actuated by animal instincts or appetites; the theory which regards mankind as merely animal^ sensuality. animalistic (an-i-mal-is'tik), adj. characterized by animal or sensual instincts. animality (an-i-mal'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being an animal, or possessing animal characteristics. animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart life to; to inspire with energy or action; enliven: adj. endowed with animal life; full of spirit and vigor. animation (an'i-ma'shun), n. the act of giving life or spirit j the state of being animated; vivacity. animism (an'i-mizm), n. the theory of the existence of an immaterial principle or force inseparable from matter to which all life and action are attributable. animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti), n. [pi. animosities (-tiz) ], hostility; ha- tred; active enmity. animus (an'i-mus), n. intention, tem- per, spirit or purpose; hostility. anise (an'is), n. the common name for a plant (indigenous in Egypt) yielding the aniseed of commerce. ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articu- lation connecting the foot with the leg. anklet (ang'klet), n. a diminutive ankle; an ornament or support for the ankle; a fetter or shackle. ankylose (angTd-los), v.t. to consoti- „ date or join by bony growth; stiffen as a joint: v.i. to grow together; become stiff. ankylosis (ang'ki-lo-sis), n. the join- ing or consolidation of parts for- merly or normally separate or mova- ble by means of bony growth. annalist (an'al-ist), n. a compiler of annals. annals (an'alz), n.pl. a # description, history, or chronicle issued from time td time, and comprising the events of each year in order of sequence; chronicles. anneal (an-neT), v.t. to heat or fix by heat; temper and render malleable; bake or fuse. annex (an-neks')> ?•£• to add or affix at the end; subjoin or connect; pur- loin: n. (an-neks' & an'neks), that which is added; an addition. annexation (an-eks-a/shun),™. the act of annexing; that which is annexed. annexationist (an-eks-a/shun-ist), n. an advocate for, or promoter of, annexation. annihilable (an-ni'hi-la-bl), adj. ca- pable of annihilation. annihilate (an-nilii-lat), v.t. to re- duce to nothing; wipe out of exist- ence; destroy. annihilation (an-ni-hi-la'shun), n. . ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANNIHILATIONIST 42 ANOINT the act of annihilating; non-exist- ence. annihilation! st (an-ni-hi-la/shun- ist), n. one who believes that eternal punishment consists of annihilation. anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri), n. [pi. anniversaries (-riz) ], the recurrence in each year of the date of an event; the annual commemoration of an 4 event: adj. recurring once in every twelve months; yearly. annotate (an'6-tat), v.t. to mark or note by way of explanation or criti- cism, as a book. annotation (an-o-ta'shun), n. the act of noting or commenting upon; a note, remark, or criticism made in a book. annotator (an'o-ta-ter), n. one who annotates or writes remarks by way of comment or criticism upon the works of authors. announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to pro- claim or make known, formally, or in a public manner; pronounce by judicial sentence; proclaim. annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by repeated acts; harass or discompose by petty injury or opposition: v.i. to be troubled, vexed: n. the feeling of discomfort caused by an injury or vexation. * v annoyance (an-noi'ans), n. the act of annoying or. causing vexation; the state of being annoyed; the thing or act which annoys. annoy ingly (an-noi 'ing-H), adv. in a vexatious manner. annual (an'ti-al), adj. once in twelve months; yearly; of or belonging to a year; published once a year; com- pleted in a year; lasting or living only for a year or season, as an annual plant: n. an anniversary mass said for a deceased person; the fee paid for such a mass. annually (-li), adv. yearly; happen- ing, returning, or completed year by year. annuitant (an-nu'i-tant), n. one who is in receipt of, or is entitled to receive, an annuity. annuity (an-nii'i-ti), n. [pi. annuities (-tiz) ], the payment of a sum of money by periodical or yearly installments. annul (an-nul'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- nulled, p.pr. annulling], to make void, abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, or compact. annular (an'u-lar), adj. ring-like; in the form of a ring or annulus: n. the ring of light „ surrounding the moon's body, in an annular eclipse of the sun. annulate (an'u-lat), adj. ringed; hav- ing ring-like bands or circles. annulation (an-u-la/shun), n. a ring- like formation. annulet (an'u-let), n. a little ring; a small fillet encircling a column. annulment _ (an-nul'ment), n. the act of reducing to nothing; abolition; invalidation. annulosa (an-u-lo'sa), n. the annu- lose animals, as crustaceans, insects, worms. annulose (an'ii-los), adj. composed of a succession of rings. annunciate (an-nun'si-at), v.t. to make known officially or publicly; announce. Annunciation (an-nun-si-a/shun), n the church festival (Lady-day Mar. 25) commemorating the inti mation of the Incarnation made b the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 28-33.). annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-ter), n. a signaling apparatus; an indicator used in hotels, and connected with the bells and telephones, to show in which room attendance is required anode > (an'od), n. the path of the electric current from the positive to the negative pole; the positive pole. anodyne (an'o-dln), adj. assuaging pain: n. a drug which relieves pain. anoint (a-noint'), v.t. to pour oil upon, in a religious ceremony; con- secrate. i ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANOMALISTIC 43 ANTENNA ' anomalistic (a-nom-a-lis'tik), adj. pertaining to the anomaly or angular distance of a planet from its perihe- lion. anomalous (a-nom'a-lus) , adj. de- viaang from the common order; ab- normal. anomaly (a-nom'a-li), n. deviation from the natural order; the angular distance of a planet from its peri- helion. anon (a-non'), adv. soon; straight- way; again. anonym (an'o-nim), n. a person who remains nameless; a pseudonym. anonymity l (an-o-mm'i-ti), n. the state of being anonymous. anonymous (a-hon'i-mus), adj. bear- ing no author's name; nameless. anopheles (an-of'e-les), n. a genus of the mosquito family transmitting to human beings the germ of malaria. anserine (an'ser-In), adj. relating to or resembling a goose; stupid as a goose. answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in op- position to; to reply to a charge; a counterstatement: n. a response or rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a solu- tion, as of a mathematical problem. answerable (an'ser-a-bl), adj. liable to give answer; responsible. ant-bear ('bar), n. the name- some- times given (from its likeness to a bear) to the great ant-eater of America; the Cape ant-eater of South Africa. ant-eater ('e-ter), a name applied to a group of quadrupeds which feed upon ants. ant-lion ('li-un), n. a neuropterous insect whose. larva constructs a pit- fall for ants and other insects. antacid (ant-as'id), adj. counteract- ing acidity: n. a medicine which counteracts the formation of acids in the system. antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm), n. the active opposition of two opponents or opposing forces; hostility. antagonist (an-tag'6-nist), n. a com- petitor in any sphere of action; an opponent. antagonize (an-tag'6-niz), v.t. to op- pose; hinder; counteract; contend against; compete with: v.i. to act in opposition; neutralize. antarctic (ant-ark'tik), adj. opposite to arctic^ pertaining to the south- polar uegions; southern. antecede (an-te-sed'), v.t. to precede or go before in time or space. antecedence (an-te-se'dens) or an- tecedency ('den-si), n. preced- ence; the act or state of going be- fore; priority. antecedent (an-te-se'dent), adj. pre- ceding: n, the substantive or noun to which a relative or other pro- noun refers; the part of a condi- tional proposition upon which the other depends: pi. the previous events of a person's life. antecessor (an-te-ses'er), n. one who goes before (in office). antechamber (an'te-cham-ber), n. an apartment next the principal room, where persons wait for audi- ence; an outer room. antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry- back to an earlier period; antici- • pate: n. a date earlier than the ac- tual date. antediluvian (an-te-di-lti'vi-an), adj. of or pertaining to the world before the Flood; belonging to very ancient times; antiquated: n. one who lived before the Flood. antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name given to numerous species of deer- like ruminants, intermediate be- tween the deer and the goat, with cylindrical ringed horns. antemeridian (an-te-me-rid'i-an), - adj. preceding noon. antemetic (ant-e-met'ik), ad;, allaying vomiting: n. a medicine possessing this property. antemundane (an-te-mun'dan), adj. before the creation of the world. antenatal (an-te-na'tal), adj. before birth. antenna (an-ten'a), n. [pi. antennae ('e) ], the jointed horns or feelers te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTENUPTIAL 44 ANTHROPOZOIC upon the heads of insects and Crus- tacea. antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), adj. before marriage. antepaschal (an-te-pasldil), adj. before Easter; preceding the Jewish Passover. antepenult (ari-te-pe-nult') or an- tepenultima (an-te-pe-nul'ti-ma)^. the last syllable but two of a word.^ antepenultimate (an-te-pe-nul'ti- mat), adj. pertaining to the last but two: n. that which is last but two. anteprandial (an-te-pran'di-al), adj. before dinner. anterior (an-ter'i-er), adj. more to the front; former. anteriority (an-ter-i-or'i-ti), n. the cniality of being anterior, especially -in order of time; priority. anteroom (an'te-room), n. a room before, or forming an entrance to, another; an antechamber. ante temple (an'te-tem-pl), n. the portico of an ancient temple or church; the narthex. anthelion (ant-he'- or an-theTi-on), n. [pi. anthelia (-a) ], a halo or a colored ring or rings, opposite the sun, formed around the shadow of the head of the observer, as pro- jected on a cloud or moist surface. anthem (an'them), n. a composition from the Scriptures or liturgy set to sacred music. anther (an'ther), n. the summit of the stamen of a flower containing the pollen or fertilizing dust. antheroid (an'ther-oid), adj. having the form of an anther. anthocarpous (an-tho-kar'pus), adj. having a fruit formed from the ovaries of several flowers, as the pineapple. anthological (an-tho-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to an anthology; consist- ing of beautiful extracts, more es- pecially of those from the poets. anthology (an-thol'o-ji), n. a collec- tion of choice poems, epigrams, and fugitive pieces by various authors; a hymnal. anthracite (an'thra-sit), n. a non- bituminous coal which burns with- out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; stone-coal; hard-coal. anthrax (an'thraks), -n. [pi. anthra- ces (-sez) ], a carbuncle, or malig- nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep and cattle, caused by the presence of a bacillus in the blood and tis- sues; the carbuncular disease caused in man by inoculation from affected sheep and cattle. anthropography (an-thro-pog'ra-fi), ». that branch of anthropology which treats of the actual geograph- ical distribution of the human race, and the local variations of its dif- ferent divisions. anthropoid (an'thro-poid), adj. re- sembling man: n. one of the higher apes resembling man. Anthropoidea (an-thro-poi'de-a), n. pi. a sub-order of primate mammals, including man, the apes, and monkeys. anthropological (an-thro-po-loj'i- kal), adj. relating to anthropology. anthropologist (an-thrS-pol'o-jist), n. a student of anthropology. anthropology (an-thro-poro-ji), n. the science of man, considered zo- ologically or ethnographically. anthropometric (an-thro-po-mef- rik), adj. relating to the measure- ment or proportions of the human body. anthropometry (an-thro-pom'e-tri), n. the measurement of the human body; the department of anthropol- ogy relating to such measurement of persons at various ages, and in different tribes, races, occupations, &c. anthropomorphism (an-thro-po- mor-fizm), n. the ascription of a human form and attributes to the Deity, or to supernatural beings. anthropophagi (an-thro-pof'a-ji), n.pl. man-eaters; cannibals. anthropozoic (an'thro-po-z5'ik), a. pertaining to the time during whicl man has existed on the earth; tl ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booi book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTIC 45 ANTIPHONETIC most) recent period in a geological antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a clown; a trick; a grotesque gesture. Antichrist (an'ti-krist), n. an op- ponent of Christ, especially the great personal opponent expected to ap- pear before the end of the world [I John ii. 22]. anticipant (an-tis'i-pant), adj. that which operates beforehand: n. one who looks forward. anticipate (an-tis'i-pat), v.t. to take beforehand j use in advance; look •for as certain; deal with beforehand: v.i. to treat of something before the proper time. anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun), n. the act of taking beforehand; expecta- tion; hope; preconception. anticipative (an-tis'i-pa-tiv), or anticipatory (-to-ri), adj. taking beforehand; anticipating. anticlimax (an'ti-kll-maks), tt. a luditrou descent in thought and expression; bathos. anticyclone (an'ti-si-klon), ». a me- teorological condition in which the ordinary features of a cyclone are reversed, i.e. the winds, which are light, flow from instead of toward the center. antidotal (an'ti-do-tal), adj. of the nature or quality of an antidote. antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance which acts medicinally as a counter- active to the effects of poison or disease; that which annuls or tends to prevent the evil effects of any- thing else; a remedy. ant if at (an'ti-fat), adj. available for preventing or reducing fatness: n. a remedy against fatness. antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. capa- ble of allaying fever: n. a fever med- icine or antipyretic. antimask (an'ti-mask), n. a species of drollery introduced as interlude between acts of more serious nature. Written also antimasque. antimasonic (an-ti-ma-son'ik), adj. opposed to the principles of free- masonry. antimonarchical (an-ti-mo-narld- kal), adj. opposed to monarchy. antimonial (an-ti-mo'ni-al), adj. per- taining to antimony ; composed of, or possessing the qualities of, antimony. antimonic (an-ti-mon'ik), or anti- monious (an-ti-mo'ni-us), adj. re- lating to, composed of, or obtained from antimony. antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n. a white lustrous metal, entering largely into medicinal preparations and various important alloys. antinomianism (an-ti-n5'mi-an-izm), n. the doctrine that faith frees one from the moral law. antinomy (an-tin'o-mi), n. [pi. an- tinomies (-miz)], the opposition of one law or part of a law to another. antiparallel (an-ti-par'a-lel), adj. running parallel, but in an opposite direction: n. one of two or more lines making equal angles with two other lines, but in contrary order. antipathetic (an-ti-p&-thet'ik), or antipathetical ('i-kal), adj. pos- sessing a natural antipathy or aver- sion [with to]. antipathic (an-ti-path'-ik), adj. per- taining to antipathy; adverse; op- posite. antipathy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. an- tipathies (-thiz)J, natural aversion; an instinctive dislike; the object of aversion (followed in composition by to, against, between, and for). antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. preventive of return in periodic or intermittent diseases: n. a medicine for periodic diseases. antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'tik), adj. efficacious in counteracting fever or inflammation: n. any remedy which serves to check inflammatory symptoms. antiphon (an'ti-fon), or antiphone (-fon), n. a chant or hymn rendered alternately by two choirs, as in English cathedral services. antiphonetic (an-ti-fd-net'ik), adj. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. <* ANTIPHONY 46 ANTITHETIC similar in Bound; applied to words something of great age; a relic of which rhyme. antiquity. antiphony (an-tif'o-ni), n. [pi. an- antiquenesa (-nes), n. the quality tiphonies (-niz)], the alternate or 01 being ancient, or having the ap- responsive rendering of psalms or pearance of antiquity. chants by a dual choir; a musical antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti), n. \jpl. an- setting of sacred verses arranged tiquities (-tiz) ], great age; ancient- for alternate singing. ness; early ages; the people or races antiphrasis (an-tif'ra-sis), n. the of ancient times; that which be- employment of a word, or words, in longed to, or survives from, ancient a sense contrary to its, or their, true times; a relic. meaning. antiscorbutic (an-ti-sk6r-bu'tik), adj. antipodal (an-tip'o-dal), adj. per- & n. counteractant or remedial to taming to the antipodes; opposite scurvy. or extreme. . anti-Semite (an-ti-sem'it). n. one antipode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. antip- who favors the. social ana political odes (an-tip'o-dez)], one who re- persecution of Jews, sides on the opposite \ side of the antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis), n. the ex- earth; that which is directly oppo- elusion of bacteria from wounds, site to another. < &c, by the use of antiseptics. antipodean (an-tip-5-de'an), adj. be- antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj. de- longing to the antipodes: n. one who structive to the germs of disease or resides on the opposite side of the putrefaction: n. sl substance that earth. acts as a preventive to putrefaction. antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n. pi. those antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i); adj. who, residing at opposite sides of opposed to slavery: n. opposition to the globe, have their feet directly slavery. opposed; the two portions of the antispasmodic ■ (an-ti-spaz-mod'ik), earth's surface which are exactly adj. counteractive to, or curative of, opposite to each other; the direct spasms: ». a medicine having such opposite of a person or thing. an effect. antipyretic (an-ti-pi-ret'ik), adj. pre- antisplenetic (an-ti-sple-net'ik), adj. Ventive of, or remedial to, fever: ». of use remedially in diseases of the a remedy of such nature. spleen: n. a medicine for spleen antiquarian (an-ti-kwar'i-an), adj. diseases, pertaining to antiquaries or to an- antistrophe (an-tis'tro-fe), n. in the tiquity: n. an antiquary. ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- antiquarianism (an-ti-kwar'i-an- ing part immediately following the izm), n. the attachment to what is strophe and sung in moving to the old or antiquated which character- right, the strophe having been sung izes the antiquary; the study or col- when moving to the left, lecting of antiquities. antithermic (an-ti-ther'mik), a. tend- antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i), n. one who ing to reduce the bodily temperature; is attached to ancient things, and same as antipyretic. is learned in their history; one who antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), (n. [pi. an- collects antiquities for the pur- titheses (-sez) ], opposition; contrast; pose of study. expression by contrast or opposition antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted), p. adj. of words or sentiments, grown old; old-fashioned; obsolete; antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), or anti- ancient, thetical (-al), adj. pertaining to, of antique (an-tek'), adj. of or belong- the nature of, or containing anti- ing to a former age; ancient: n. thesis. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTITOXIN „..„ used hypodermically as a preventive of, or cure for, certain diseases. antitrade (an'ti-trad), n. a tropical wind blowing steadily in an opposite direction to the trade wind. anti-trust (an'ti-trust), a. antagonistic to trusts or corporations formed to control trade, industries, &c. antitype (an'ti-tip), n. that which preceded the type, and of which the type is the prefigurement or repre- sentation. antizymotic (an-ti-zi-mot'ik) , adj. preventing fermentation: n. the agent so used. antler (ant'ler), n. the individual branches of a stag's horns; the horn in its complete condition. antonym (an'to-nym), n. a word meaning the opposite of some other word; as unhappy is the antonym of happy. anurous (a-nu'rus), adj. having the character of the Anura, as the frogs and toads, which are tailless when adult. anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion of the rectum; the excremental ori- fice. anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used for the hammering and shaping of metals. anxiety (ang-zi'e-ti), n. [pi. anxieties (-tiz) ], a condition of mental uneasi- ness arising from fear or solicitude. anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- sive. aorta (a-or'ta), n. [pi. aortae (-te) ], the chief artery or main trunk of the arterial system, opening from the left ventricle of the heart and supplying all parts of the body, excepting the lungs, with arterialized blood. apace (a-paV), adv. quickly; at a quick pace; speedily. Apache (a-pa'che), n. an American Indian; a Parisian ruffian. apart (a-part'), adv. separately; aside; asunder. 47 APHRODISIAC apartment (a-part 'ment), n. a room or part of a divided building: pi. a set or suite or two or more rooms of a house set apart as lodgings. apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik), or apa- thetical (-al), adj. devoid of, or insensible to, feeling or emotion. apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies (-thiz) ], lack of feeling; want of passion or emotion; indifference. apeak (a-pek'), adv. nearly vertical in position. aperient (a-per'i-ent), adj. > gently laxative; opening the bowels: n. a mild laxative medicine. aperiodic (a-per-i-od'ik), adj. without periodicity. aperitive (a-per'i-tiv), adj.', n. same as,' aperient. aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening, a perf oration^ or passage; the space between two intersecting right lines; the diameter of the exposed part of the object-glass of a telescope or other optical instrument. apetalous (a-pet'a-lus), adj. without petals or corolla. apex (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i- sez), & apexes (a/pek-sez) ], the point, tip, or summit of anything. aphagia (a-fa'ji-a), n. inability to swallow. aphasia (a-fa/zi-a), n. loss of the power of speech, or the appropriate use of words, due to disease or injury of the brain. aphelion (a-fe'li-on), n. [pi. aphelia (-a) ], that point in the orbit of a planet or a comet which is farthest from the sun. aphid (af'id), n. a plant-louse be- longing to the genus Aphis. aphides, pi. of Aphis. Aphis (a'fis), n. [pi. Aphides (af'i- dez) ], the genus of plant-suckers, to which the aphides belong; a member of the genus. aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a concise and pithy statement of a rule or precept; a maxim. aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz'i-ac), n. a drug exciting sexual desire. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APHTHONG 48 APOSTLE aph thong (af'th6ng), n. a letter or letters not sounded in a word. apiary (a/pi-a-ri), n. [pi. apiaries (-riz) ], a place where bees are kept; a bee-house. apiece (a-pes'), adv. to or for each; each; severally. apish (a/pish), adj. resembling an ape in manners; foppish; foolish. aplomb (a-plong')> n. self-possession; assurance. Apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. the last book of the New Testament. Apocalyptic (a-pok-a-lip'tik), or Apocalyptical ('ti-kal), adj. per- taining to or containing the Apoca- lypse. apocope (a-pok'o-pe), n. the cutting off or deletion of the last letter or syllable of a word. apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), n.pl. used as a sing, with pi. apocryphas, (-faz), a writing, or something, of doubtful authorship; certain writ- ings received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scrip- tures, but rejected by others, as Ecclesiasticus. apod (ap'od), n. an animal without feet. apodictic (ap-o-dik'-tik), adj. absolute certainty. apodosis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the lat- ter portion, or consequent clause, of a conditional sentence. apogean (ap-o-je'an), or apogeic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the apogee. apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the orbit of a planet which is most dis- tant from the earth. apologetic (a-pol-o-jet'ik), or apol- ogetical ('i-kal), adj. in the way of defense or apology. apologetics (a-pol-o-jet'iks), n. the defense. apologia (ap-o-lo'gi-a), n. an argu- ment in defense of one's actions or principles. apologist (a-pol'o-jist), or apolo- gizer (-ji-zer), n. one who apolo- gizes; one who pleads in extenua- tion or defense of the actions or principles of another. apologize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to make an apology or excuse; to express re- gret or make amends for anything said or done, on one's own behalf or that of another: v.t. to write a de- fense of; to defend. apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral fable; a fiction or allegory embody- ing a moral application, as iEsop's fables. apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. apolo- gies (-jiz) ], a vindication or ex- cuse; something spoken, written, or offered in defense or extenuation; an explanation by way of amends. apophthegm. See apothegm. apoplectic (ap-o-plek'tik), or apo- plectical ('ti-k&l), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, apoplexy; afflicted with apoplexy. apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si), n. the sud- den loss of consciousness and mo- tive power, resulting from cere- bral rupture. aport (a-port'), adv. on or towards the port or left side of a ship. apostasy (§,-pos'ta-si), n. [pi. apos- tasies (-siz) ], the forsaking or abandonment of what one has hith- erto professed or adhered to, as faith, principles, or party. apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has -forsaken or apostatized his faith or party; one who renounces his pro- fession after having been in holy orders: adj. false; traitorous; rene- gade. apostatical (ap-os-tat 'i-kal), adj. re- bellious, in the manner of apostasy; apostate. apostatize (a-pos'ta-tiz), v.i. to abandon one's faith, church, or party; change one's religion for an- other. a posteriori (a-pos-te-ri-6'ri), reason- ing founded on observation of facts, effects, or consequences, by means of which the causes are reached. apostle (a-pos'l), n. one charged with *a high mission; one of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APOSTLES' CREED 49 APPEARANCE twelve persons specially selected by Christ to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 13) ; one who performed apostolic functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1) ; the first missionary who plants the Christian faith in any region; one who labors with special success as a moral or social re- former. Apostles' Creed (kred), n. the shortest of the three creeds, so named as containing a summary of apostolical doctrine. apostolate (a-pos'to-lat), n. apostle- ship (now restricted to the dignity or office of the Pope). apostolic (ap-os-tol'ik), or apos- tolical • (-'i-kal), adj. & n. of or pertaining to an apostle or apostles, and their age, doctrine, or practice; papal. apostolical succession (suk-sesh' un), n. the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial author- ity by bishops from the Apostles. apostrophe (a-pos'tro-f e), n. a break- ing off in a speech to address directly a person or persons who may or may not be present; the omission from a word of one or more letters, such omission being indicated by the sign O; the sign (') so employed in writ- ing or printing. apostrophize (a-pos'tro-fiz), v.t. to address by apostrophe; omit a let- ter or letters; mark an omission by the sign (') : v.i. to make an apos- trophe or short digressive address in speaking. apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri), n. [pi. apothecaries (-riz)], one who pre- pares and dispenses medicines and drugs for profit; one who is licensed to prescribe; a pharmacist. apothecaries' weight (wat), n. the weight used for dispensing drugs, and comprising the pound (12 oz.), the ounce \ (8 drachms), the drachm (3 scruples), the scruple (20 grs.), and the grain. apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy say- ing, embodying a wholesome truth or precept. Also spelt apophthegm. apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis), n. [pi. apotheoses (-sez)], deification; the god-like personification bestowed up- on deceased emperors under the Roman Empire; excessive honor paid to a distinguished person; canon- ization. apotheosize (ap-o-the-o'slz), v.t. to exalt to the rank of a God; deify. appal (ap-pawl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- palled, p. pr. appalling], to fright; depress or discourage by fear; dis- may; terrify. apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus), n. sing. & pi. an outfit of tools, utensils, or in- struments adapted to the accom- plishment of any branch of work, or for the performance of an ex- periment or operation; a set of such appliances,^ a group or set of organs concerned in the performance of a single function. apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- ture; garb, or dress; the equipment of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appar- eled, p. pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn; furnish or fit out. apparent (ap-pax'ent), adj. open to view; capable of being readily per- ceived or understood; evident; seem- ing, but not real. apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. a vis- ible object; an appearance of some- thing not real or tangible; a ghost or specter; the first appearance of a luminary after obscuration: op- posed to occultation. appeal (ap-pel'),t>.£. to transfer or refer to a superior court or judge; to refer to another person or tri- bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke aid, sympathy, or mercy. appear (ap-peV), v. i. to be or be- come visible; come before; seem. appearance (ap-per'ans), n. the act of becoming visible the object seen; a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- blance; outward show; the act of coming before the public; coming into court; look; bearing or aspect. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APPEASABLE 50 APPLY appeasable (ap-pez-za-bl), adj. ca- pable of being appeased. appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; as- suage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. appeasive (ap-pe'ziv), adj.- of a na- ture to appease; that tends to quiet or assuage. appellant (ap-pel'ant), n. one who appeals to a higher court; one who appeals to a judge, or to any tri- bunal. appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining to appeals; having cognizance of appeals: n. the person appealed against or called upon to appear. appellation (ap-e-la'shun), n. the name, title, or designation by which a person or thing is called or known; the act of appealing. appellative (ap-pel'a-tiv), adj. serving to distinguish, as a name or denomi- nation of a group or class; common, as a noun: n. a common, as dis- tinguished from a proper, name; the designation of a class. appellee (ap-e-le'), n. the person ap- pealed against; the defendant in an appeal. append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, hang, or suspend; subjoin or add to, as an accessory part; annex. appendage (ap-pen'daj), n. some- thing appended or attached as a part of; something added as an adjunct. appendant (ap-pen'd&nt), or ap- pendent ('dent), adi. attached or annexed: n. that which is appended or added'. appendicitis (ap-pen-di-sf'tis), n. inflammation of the vermiform ap- pendix of the caecum. appendix (ap-pen'diks), n. [pi. ap- pendixes ('dik-sez) & appendices ('di-sez) ], that which is added as supplemental. apperception (ap-per-sep'shun), n. perception involving self-conscious- ness. The relation of new ideas to old ideas. appertain (ap-er-tan'), v.i. to belong or pertain to, as by relation or custom. appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for gratification of some want, craving, or passion that is natural or acquired ; the relish for food induced by keen- ness of stomach. appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer), n. something that excites or whets the appetite. applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; express approval or approbation by clapping of the hands or acclama- tion. applause (ap-plawz'), n. the ex- pression of approval by clapping; approbation openly shown by ac- clamation. appliance (ap-pli'ans), n. the act of applying; that which is used with, or as a part of, something else. applicability (ap-li-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being applicable. applicable (ap'li-ka-bl), adj. capable of being, or fit to be, applied. applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one who applies, or prefers a request for something; a petitioner. application (ap-li-ka/shun), n. the act of applying, putting to, or on; the thing applied; the applying or reducing to practice; the practical demonstration of a principle; the act of requesting; request; mental assiduousness. applicative (ap'li-ka-tiv), adj. capable of being applied. applicatory (ap'li-ka-to-ri),^^'. fitness to be applied: n. that which applies. applied (ap-plid'), p. adj. practical. applique (ap-li-ka/), n. a method of ornamentation in dress or uphol- stery in which portions or figures cut from other patterns are fixed or applied to a groundwork or founda- tion of any material. apply (ap-pli'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- plied, p.pr. applying], to place one to another; lay on; put into prac- tice; devote to a particular purpose; refer or ascribe as fitting to a per- son or thing; address or direct; fix the mind upon: v.i. to suit; have connection with or reference to; make application to. ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. . APPOINT 51 APPROVABLE appoint (ap-poinf), v.t. to fix; settle; found; make fast; establish by decree; assign or ordain; fix the time and order of ; furnish or equip; v.i. to decree; ordain; determine. appointee (ap-poin-te'), n. one in whose favor an appointment is made. apportion (ap-por'shun), v.t . to assign by equal or proportionate division; distribute or set out in just propor- tions. apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; pertinent; well-adapted. apposition (ap-o-zish'un), n. the act of adding; addition by application, or pla 'ing together; the placing of a second noun in the same case in juxtaposition to the first, which it characterizes or explains, as St. Mark, the Evangelist. appositional (ap-o-zish'un-al), adj. belonging to apposition. appraisal (ap-pra/zal), n. the act of appraising, or putting a price upon with a view to sale. appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price upon; value; estimate the worth of, as by a licensed appraiser. appraiser (ap-pra/zer), n. one who appraises.; a person licensed and apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si-bl), adj. capable of being apprehended or conceived. apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun), n. the act of seizure or laying hold of; arrest; the act of conceiving; per- ception; anticipation of evil; fear or distrust of the future. apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv), adj. capable of apprehending; quick to learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; anxious for the future. apprentice (a-pren'tis), n. one bound or articled by indenture to serve a certain number of years to learn some trade or craft; a novice or tyro; v.t. to put under the care of a master for instruction in some trade or craft. apprize (a-priz'), v.t. to give notice to; inform. approach (ap-pr5ch'), v.i. to draw or grow near; approximate: v.t. to resemble, come near to. approbate (ap'ro-bat), v.t. to express approval of; license or sanction. approbation (ap-ro-ba/shun), n. the act of approving; commendation. approbativeness (-nes), n. love of pra se or fame; ambition. sworn to estimate the value of goods approbatory (ap'ro-ba-to-ri), adj. con or estates. appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being appreciated, per- ceived, or estimated. appreciate (ap-pre-shi-at), v.t. to value; estimate the worth of; es- teem highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in value. appreciation (ap-pre-shi-a'shun), n. the just valuation, or proper esti mate of worth or merit value. appreciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv), adj. exhibiting appreciation. appreciatory (ap-pr e'shi-a-to-ri) , adj. expressive of admiration. apprehend (ap-re-hend'), v.t. to take or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a mental hold of; anticipate or ex- pect: v.i. to incline to belief; form a conception. taming or expressing approbation. appropriable (ap-pro'pri-a-bl), adj. capable of appropriation. appropriate (ap-pro'_pri-at), v.t. to take to one's self, in exclusion of others; claim or use, as by an ex- clusive right; set apart or assign to a particular use; annex a benefice to a religious corporation: adj. peculiar; fit; apt. a rise in appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a'shun), n. the act of assigning to one's self, or to a particular use or person; application to a special use or pur- pose; the annexation % of a benefice to a religious corporation. appropriator (ap-pro'pri-a-ter), n. one who appropriates; one who holds an appropriated benefice. approyable (ap-proo'va-bl), adj. de- serving of or meriting approval. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APPROVAL 52 AQUATIC approval (ap-pr5ov'al), n. approba- tion; sanction; ratification; consent. approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, or demonstrate; ratify; pro- nounce efficient or sufficient; be pleased or satisfied with; commend: v.i. to express approval (usually fol- lowed by of). approver (ap-prSo'ver), n. one who approves. approximate (ap-prok'si-mat), v.t. to bring or carry near; cause to ap- proach: v.i. to draw near; approach closely: adj. making approach to; near m resemblance or position. approximation (ap-prok-si-ma'- shun), n. the act of approximating: approach to anything as a standard; continual approach in exactness to the quantity sought, without actual- ly arriving at it; a value nearly but not quite correct. appulse (ap-puls'), or appulsion (-pul'shun), n. a coming toward; the near approach of a planet to a conjunction with the sun or any fixed star. , appurtenance (ap-per'te-nans), n. that which belongs or relates to something else; an adjunct or ap- pendage; that which belongs to, or is accessory to, an estate or property. appurtenant (ap-peVte-nant), adj. belonging or pertaining to; acces- sory. apricot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), n. the fruit of a tree, allied to the plum. April fool (fool), n. one who is im- posed upon or deceived in a jocular manner on April 1st, or All Fools' Day. a priori (a pri-5'ri), from something prnr; proceeding from antecedent to consequent. apron (a'prun), n. a portion of cloth, leather, or other material, worn as a protective or ornamental covering to the front of the person. apropos (a-pro-po'), adv. to the pur- pose; to the point; opportunely; in respect (followed by of) : adi. season- able; happy. Written also a propos. apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (-ez)], a polygonal or semicircular recess ter- minating the choir or other portion of a church. apsidal (ap'si-dal), adj. pertaining to the apsides. apsis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides ('si-dez)J, one of two points in the orbit of a planet situated at the furthest or the least distance from the central body or sun; the imaginary line con- necting these points. apt (apt), adj. suitable j pertinent; appropriate; liable; inclined; ready; expert; quick of apprehension. apteral (ap'te-ral),^'. without wings; without side-columns. apterous (ap'te-rus), adj. destitute of wings, or wing-like expansions. apteryx (ap'te-riks), n. a wingless and tailless bird peculiar to New Zealand. aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for anything ; fitness; tendency; readi- ness in learning. aqua (a/kwa), n. a term much used in pharmacy in the abbreviated form of Aq. and denoting the addition of water. aqua ammonia? (am-mo'ni-e), water containing an infusion of ammonia- gas. aqua fort is (for 'tis), n. (strong wa- ter), impure nitric acid. aqua regia (a'kwa re'ji-a), n. (royal- water), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, capable of dis- solving gold. aqua vitae (a'kwa Vi'te), n. (water of life) unrectified alcohol; brandy and other ardent spirits. aquamarine (a'kwa-ma-ren')> n. a pale bluish-green variety of beryl; a color resembling the precious beryl. aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. aquaria (-a) & aquariums (-umz) ], a tank or globe for the keeping and cultivation of aquatic plants and ani- mals; a series of such receptacles. aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining to water; growing or living in or upon water; performed in or upon water, as sports: n. an animal or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b56i book; hue, hut; think, then. ^ AQUATINT 53 ARCANUM \ plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic sports. aquatint (a'kwa-tint), n. a species of etching resembling a water-color drawing in India ink or in sepia; an engraving produced by this process: v.t. to etch or engrave in aquatint. aqueduct (ak'we-dukt), n. a struc- ture in the form of a conduit or ar- tificial channel for conducting water from a source, as for the supply of large city. ueous (a/kwe-us), adj. of the nature of, or abounding in, water; watery; formed in or by means of water. aquiform (a-kwi-f6rm),ad/. having the form of water; liquid. aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- longing to or resembling an eagle; curved, as the beak of an eagle. Arab (ar'ab), n. a native of Arabia; a desert-dweller; one of the Arabic races spread over the African and Syrian deserts; a homeless street- urchin or outcast: adj. pertaining to Arabia or the Arabs. arabesque (ar-a-besk'), n. the style of Arabic decorative art, which con- sists of the painting, inlaying, or carving in low relief of figures of plants, fruits, flowers, and foliage, variously combined or fantastically grouped: adj. pertaining to or ex- hibiting the arabesque style of ornamentation: v.t. enrich with ornament in arabesque. Arabic numerals (-num'er-alz), n.pl. the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, &c, of Indian origin, used by the Arabs and introduced into Europe in the 12th century. arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; suited to the purposes of cultivation. arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or judge; an arbitrator. arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. the decision of arbitrators; an award. arbitrarily (-li), adv. in a capricious t manner; imperiously. arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i), adj. depending on the will of the arbiter; discretion- ary; capricious; imperious. arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), v.i. to act as arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an umpire; mediate. arbitration (ar-bi-tra'shun), n. the set- tlement of a dispute by an umpire. arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-ter), n one chosen by the parties in a dispute to settle it; an umpire. arbor (arlDer), n. a bower; a shaded nook or walk. Arbor 'Day (arl)er da), a day legally set apart in certain states for plant- ing trees. arboraceous (ar-bo-ra'shus), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a tree or trees; living on or among trees. arboreous (ar-bo're-us) or arboreal (-al), adj. pertaining to trees; wooded. arborescence (ar-bo-res'ens), w„ something having the shape of a. tree, as certain crystals. arboretum (ar-bo-re'tum), n. [pi. arboreta, (-ta) & arboretuma (-tumz) j, a place in which rare trees are cultivated and exhibited. arboriculture (ar-ber-i-kul'tur), n. the cultivation of trees. arborise (ar-ber-e-za'), adj. marked like the branching of trees, as agates, enamels, &c. arbor ous (ar^er-us), adj. having the appearance or nature of an arbor. arbor-vitae (ar-ber-vi'te), n. an ever- green tree extensively cultivated in gardens, &c. arc (ark), n. sl curved line or any part of a curve forming the segment of a circle; the portion of a circle described by the sun or any heavenly body in its apparent passage through the heavens. arc-light (-lit), a light produced by a current of electricity passing be- tween two carbon points placed a short distance from each other arcade (ar-kad'), n. a series of arches supported by pillars; an arched gal- lery, or promenade, lined with shops. arcadian (ar-ka'di-an), adj rurally simple. arcanum (ar-ka/num), n. [pi. arcana ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARCH 54 ARCHITRAVE ('na) ], a secret; a mystery; a val- uable elixir. arch (arch), n. structure of brick or masonry, the component wedge- shaped parts of which follow a curved line; any curvature having the form of an arch. archaeo logic (ar-ke-o-loj'ik) or archaeological ('i-kal), adj. per- taining to the study of antiquities. archaeologist or archeologist (ar- ke-ol'o-jist), n. one versed in the study of ancient things; an anti- quary. archaeology or archeology (ar-ke- ol'o-ji), n. the science of antiquities; the study of prehistoric remains, or the relics of the early races of mankind. archaic (ar-ka'ik) or archaical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to a remote period; characterized by antiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity of style or use; an antiquated, old- fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- sion, or idiom. archangel (ark-an'jel), ft. an angel of the highest order. archbishop (arch-bish'up), n. a chief bishop, one who supervises the bishops in his province, and also ex- ercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. archbishopric (arch-bish'up-rik), n. the jurisdiction, office, or see of an archbishop. archdeacon (arch-de'kn), n. digni- tary ranking next below a bishop, and who acts as his vicar or vice- regent. archducal (arch-du'kal), adj. pertain- ing to an archduke or an archduchy. archduchess (arch-duch'es); n. the wife of an archduke; a daughter of the Emperor of Austria. archduke (arch-duk'), n. .a prince of the imperial house of Austria. archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis), n. the origination of living from non-living matter; abiogenesis. archegony (ar-keg'o-ni), n. the doc- trine of the origin of life. archenemy (arch-en'e-mi), n. a princi- pal enemy; Satan. archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. archer-fish (-fish), n. a scaly-finned fish of the Java seas, which catches insects by darting drops of water upon them. archery (ar'cher-i), n. the art, prac- tice, or skill of one who uses the bow and arrow. archetye (ar'ke-tip), n. the original type or pattern upon or after which a thing is made; a model; the orig- inal or fundamental iiype-structure from which a natural group of plants or animals are assumed to have descended. archetypic (ar-ke-tip'ik), arche- typal (-ti'pal), or archetypical (-tip'i-kal), adj. of or pertaining to an archetype. archibald (ar'chl-bald), n. a 1916 type of British aeroplane, archiepiscopacy (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa- si), n. the rule or dignity of an archbishop. archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go), n. [pi. archipelagoes & -gos (-goz) ], any sea or body of salt water inter- spersed with numerous islands; the island-group itself. architect (ar'ki-tekt), n. one versed in the art of building and the vari- ous styles of architecture; one who plans or designs buildings and su- perintends their construction, hence one who forms or designs. architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton'iks), n.pl. the science of architecture. architectural (ar-ki-tek'tii-ral), adj. pertaining to the art of building; in accordance with the rules of the building art. architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur), n. the science or art of building; the meth- od or style of building; construc- tion; workmanship. architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. the low- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARCHIVAL 55 ARGOSY est division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column. archival (ar-ki'val & arlri-val), adj. pertaining to, or included in state records. archive (arTdv), n. [pi. archives (-kivz) ], a record preserved as evi- dence: pi. the place where public or state records are kept; state or pub- he documents, or records of histori- cal value pertaining to a nation or to a family. archness (-nes), n. shyness; coyness. archon (ar'kon), n. a chief magis- trate of ancient Athens; one of the nine chief magistrates chosen to su- perintend civil and religious matters. archpriest (arch'prest), n. a chief priest; a rural dean. archway (arch'wa), n. an opening or passage beneath an arched or vaulted roof. arcograph (ark'5-graf), n. an in- strument for drawing an arc with- out the use of a central point. arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the region of the north pole; polar; northern; frigid. arctic circle (seVkl), n, an imagin- ary circle parallel to the equator and distant 23° 28' from the north pole. ardent (ar'dent), adj. hot; burning; fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; eager; zealous; vehement. ardent spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. alco- holic beverages, as brandy, whiskey, &c. ardor (ar'der), n. heat in a physical sense; warmth of affection or pas- sion; eager desire; zeal. arduous (ar^du-us), adj. steep; hard to climb; attended with great labor or exertion; difficult. are (ax), n. the unit of French super- ficial or square measure containing 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English sq. ft. area (ar'e-a), n. [pi. areas (-az)], any plane surface haying bounds, whether natural or artificial, as the floor of a hall, &c; any defined ex- tent of land-surface; the sunken space situated at the base of a build- ing and separating it from the street; the superficial contents of any space or figure; extent; range; scope; a compass of ore allotted to miners. arena (a-re'na), n. [pi. arenas (-naz)J, the central enclosed space (usually strewn with sand) of a Roman am- phitheater, in which the gladiatorial combats took place; hence the scene or field for combat or exertion of any kind. arenaceous (ar-e-na'shus), adj. sandy; abounding in, or having the properties of, sand. Areopagus (ar-e-op'a-gus), n. the tribunal, or highest court, of ancient Athens, so named from its situation on the hill of Ares (Mars); hence any high court or tribunal. Argand lamp (lamp), n. a lamp hav- ing a hollow circular wick to permit the passage of air inside and outside the flame. argent (ar'jent), n. the silver of a coat of arms, represented in drawing or engraving by a plain white sur- face, symbolical of purity, beauty, &c. : adj. made of, or resembling, sil- ver; silvery white; bright like silver. argentite (ar'jen-tit), n. sulphide of silver of a lead-grey color. argentous (ar-jen'tus), adj. pertain- ing to, or containing, silver. argil (ar'jil), n. potters' clay or earth. argillaceous (ar-ji-la'shus), adj. of the nature of, or containing, clay; clayey. argillite (ar'ji-lit), n. clay-state. argol (ar'gol), n. crude tartar from which cream of tartar is prepared. argon (ar'gun), n. an element asso- ciated with nitrogen, and forming one of the constituents of the air. argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a cepha- lopod commonly known as the pa- per-nautilus, and paper-sailor of the Mediterranean. argosy (ar'go-^si), n. [pi. argosies (-siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- chant-vessel. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARGOT 56 ARMATURE argot (ar'go), n. slang. arguable (ar'gti-a-bl), adj. capable of being disputed or discussed. argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer reasons in support of, or in opposi- tion to, a proposition, opinion, or measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; contend in debate: v.t. to debate or discuss; prove or evince. argument (ar'gti-ment), n. that which is advanced in support or proof with a view to persuade or convince the mind; a discussion, controversy, or debate; the subject of a discourse or writing; an abstract or summary of a book. argumentation (ar-gu-men-ta'- shun), n. the act of arguing; discus- sion. argus-eyed (ar'gus-Id), adj. watch- ful; vigilant; extremely observant. aria (ar'e-a &* ar'-i-a), n. an air; a melody or tune for single voice with accompaniment; a solo part in a cantata or oratorio, &c. Arian (a/ri-an), adj. pertaining to the doctrines of the Arian sect. Arianism (a / ri-an-ism),the doctrine of the Arian sect, denying the divin- ity of Christ. arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up; barren. aridity (a-rid'i-ti) or aridness (ar'- id-nes), n. the state of being dry; dryness; want of life or interest. arietta (ar-e-et'ta), n. a short song or air. aright (a-rif), adv. rightly; in a right way or form; without sin or error. arise (a-rlz'), v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen, p. pr. arising], to mount up or ascend; to come into view; rise or get up; spring up; come into existence or action; originate. aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si), n. [pi. • aristocracies (-siz) ], government by persons of the highest rank in a state; the nobility or chief persons in a state. aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat & a-ris'to- krat), n. a personage of rank and noble birth; one who upholds the aristocracy or favors government by the nobles; a person who pos- sesses traits supposed to charac- terize the nobility. aristocratism (ar'is-to-krat-izm & ar-is-tok'ra-tizm), n. the rank, con- dition, or privileges of one of noble birth; the principles of aristocracy. arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. the science of numbers; the art of com- putation by figures. arithmetician (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. one skilled in the science of numbers. ark (ark), n. the repository of the Covenant, or tables of the Law, in the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv.), and subsequently placed in the Tem- ple of Solomon (I Kings viii.) ; the vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge, hence a place of safety or refuge; a large boat used for transporting produce on American rivers. armada (ar-ma/da), n. fleet of war vessels; especially the Spanish fleet sent against England in 1588, and destroyed off the English coast by the English fleet. arm-pit (arm'-pit), n. the cavity be- neath the shoulder; the axilla. armadillo (ar-ma-diro), n. [pi. ar- madillos ('oz) ], a South American quadruped, armed with a bony shell divided into belts consisting of nu- merous small plates, and resembling a coat of mail; an electric battery so named, worn round the body as a cure for nervous and other affec- tions. armageddon (ar-mag'ed-don), n. a mighty battle against evil, used figuratively. See Rev. 16: 16-20. armament (ar'ma-ment), n. a body of forces equipped for war, either military or naval; the cannon and small arms collectively of a warship or fortification; the number and weight of guns of a war-vessel. armature (ar'ma-tur), n. armor: that which serves as a means of de- fense; a piece of soft iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or elec- ate, arm, Lsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5L, book; hue, hut; think, then. - ARMFUL 57 ARRANT tro-magnet, to preserve- and increase the magnetic force; iron bars or frame-work used to strengthen a building. armful (arm'fool), n. as much as can be compassed by the arms. armistice (ar'mis-tis), n. a tempo- rary cessation of hostilities agreed upon by opposing forces; a truce. armlet (arm'let), n. a small arm of the sea; a metal band for the arm used for ornament or for protection. armoire (ar-mwar'), n. a movable cupboard with doors. armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; protective covering for the body in battle ; the steel plating of a warship . armor-clad (-klad), adj. ironclad: n. a war vessel protected by steel plating. armor-grating (-gra/ting), n. deep iron gratings used to protect the boilers of ironclads from missiles during an engagement. armor-plate (-plat), n. a plate of iron or steel intended to be affixed to the side of a ship as part of a casing for protection against shell fire. armorer (ar'mor-er), n. formerly a maker of arms or armor, or one who had charge of the armor of another; the custodian of the arms of a troop , or battleship. armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to armor or to the arms or es- cutcheon of a family: n. a book or dictionary of heraldic devices and the names of persons entitled to use . them. ' armory] (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, (-rizX], a place for arms or the as- sembly of soldiers; a manufactory of arms. arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of offense or defense; the military service; war as a profession; armorial bearings. army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (-miz) ], a body of men trained and equipped for war, and organized in regiments, brigades, or similar divisions under proper officers; a great number or multitude; an organized body of persons engaged in moral warfare. army-worm (-werm), n. the larva of a moth which devastates grain and other crops. arnica (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of per- ennial herbs; the mountain tobac- co: from the roots or flowers of a species of this herb a valuable ex- ternal remedy for bruises is made. aroma (a-ro'ma), n. [pi. aromas ('maz) ], the odor exhaled by plants or other substances, generally of an agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; fragrance. aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik) or aromat- ical ('i-kal), adj. giving out aro- ma; fragrant; spicy; odoriferous: n. a plant, herb, or drug yielding a fragrant smell. aromatic-vinegar (-vin'e-gar), n. a powerful perfume composed of strong acetic acid, the essential oils of lavender, camphor, &c. aromatous (a-ro'ma-tus), adj. full of fragrance; aromatic. arose (a-roz'), P-t. of arise. arousal (a-rou'zal), n. the act of awakening; the state of being awak- ened. arouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; put in motion that which is at rest; awaken from sleep or a state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- mate. arow (a-r6')i adv. in a row; in order; successively. arraign (a-ran')> v.t to summon or set, as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to a charge; cen- sure publicly; impeach; indict. arrangement (a-ranj'ment), n. the act of putting in proper form or or- der; that which is ordered or dis- posed; the method or style of dis- position; a preparatory measure; preparation; settlement; classifica- tion; adjustment; adaptation. arrant (ar'ant), adj. notorious; un- mitigated; thorough or downright (in a bad sense) ; shameless. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARRAS 58 ART arras (ar'as), n. tapestry; hangings made of rich figured fabric. arrasene or arasene (ar-as-sen'), n. a kind of mixed thread of wool and silk used in raised embroidery. array (ar-ra'), n. order; the group- ing or arrangement of a body of men as drawn up for battle; an orderly collection or series of things impos ingly displayed; dress arranged on the person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in order; marshal; deck or dress. arrayal (ar-ra/al), n. the process of arraying. arrear (ar-rer'), n. the state of being behind-hand; that which is not done, is outstanding, or unpaid. arrearage (ar-rer'aj), n. the state or condition of being in arrears; that which remains unpaid and overdue after a previous payment. arrest (ar-resf), v.t. to stop or stay; check or hinder the action or motion of; seize, take, or apprehend by le- gal authority; seize and fix, as the eye or attention: n. the act of seiz- ing; stoppage or holding back by force or restraint; the state of being seized or detained by legal au- thority. arriere-ban (ar-ri-yar'ban), n. reserve force of the French National Guard. arris (ar'is), n. the line or edge in which two curved or straight sur- faces of a body, forming an exterior angle, meet each other. arris-wise (-wiz), adv. diagonally laid, like tiles; ridge-wise. arrival (ar-ri-val), n. the act of com- ing to a place, or reaching a destina- tion from a distanee; attainment of any object; the person or thing ar- riving, or which has arrived. arrive (ar-riv'), v.i. to come to or reach, as a destination; reach a point or stage; gain or compass an object; attain to a state or result [with af\. arrogance (ar'ro-gans), n. an undue degree of self-importance; an exor- bitant claim to dignity, rank, or estimation; a lordly contempt of others. arrogant (ar'ro-gant), > adj. making exorbitant claims to dignity or esti- mation, by presuming upon one's self- importance; overbearingly haughty. arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- sumptuous pride. arrogation (ar-ro-ga'shun), n. the act of arrogating. arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed missile weapon, usually feathered and barbed, made to be shot from a bow. arrow characters (kar'ak-ters) , n. pi. the arrow-headed (cuneiform or wedge-shaped) characters of the As- syrian inscriptions. arrowroot (ar'ro-root), n. a starch obtained from the rootstocks of sev- ' eral species of West Indian plants. arroyo (a-roi'd), n. [pi. arroyos (-oz) ], a watercourse or rivulet; the dry bed of a small stream. arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for the storage of arms and military stores for land or naval service, or their manufacture. arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. an element of steel-gray color and brilliant luster, and exceedingly brittle, occurring usually in combination. arsenious (ar-se'ni-us), adj. pertain- ing to or containing arsenic. arsis (ar'sis), n. that part of a foot where the metrical accent is placed. arson (ar'sn), n. the malicious firing of any building, agricultural pro.d- duce, ship, &c, belonging to anoth- er, or one's own property, with the intent to defraud an insurance office. art (art), n. the employment of means to the accomplishment of some end; the skilful adaptation and application to some purpose or use of knowledge or power acquired from Nature; a system of rules and established methods to facilitate the performance of certain actions; fa* miliarity with such principles, and skill in applying them to an end or ate, arm, ask, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, ther " ARTERIAL 59 ARTILLERY : purpose, as of a practical, useful, or technical character: opposed to sci- ence; one of the fine arts. arterial (ar-ter'i-al), adj. pertaining to an artery or the arteries; con- tained in an artery. arterialization (ar-ter-i-al-i-za'- shun), n. the process of converting venous blood into arterial blood. arterialize (ar-ter'i-al-iz), v.t. to con- vert venous blood into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs. arteriology (ar-te'ri-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of anatomy which treats of the arteries. arteriosclerosis ^ (ar-te'ri-6-skle-ro'- sis), n. thickening of the walls of the arteries, with more or less hard- ening, due to defects of assimilation or to senility. arteriotomy (ar-ter-i-ot'o-mi), n. the opening of an artery; the part of anatomy treating of the dissection of the arteries. artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (-iz)J, one of a system of tubes or vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. rtesian well (ar-te'zhan wel), n. a well formed by boring, often to great depth, through strata the na- ture and arrangement of which permit of the permeation and accum- ulation of water; on being freed from constraint, the water rises by pres- sure in the tube and overflows at the surface. artful (art 'fool), adj. cunning; crafty. arthritis (ar-thri'tis), n. any inflam- mation of the joints; the gout. artichoke (ar'ti-chok), n. a plant with thistle-like foliage, and bearing large terminal flower-heads, the low- er portion of which, consisting of a fleshy receptacle covered with thick scales, is used as food; the tuberous root of an American sunflower (Helianthits tuberosis), used as a substitute for potatoes. article (ar'ti-kl), n. a distinct portion or member; a single clause, item, or particular, as in a formal agree- ment or treaty; a concise statement. a prose composition, complete, in itself, in a newspaper, magazine, or work of reference; a material thing, as one of a class; an item; a point of duty, faith, or doctrine; one of the words (an [a before consonant- sounds], the indefinite article, and the, the definite article [see a, an, & the]) used before nouns or substan- tives to define or limit their applica- tion; a jointed segment connecting two parts of a limb or body: v.t. to bind by articles of covenant or stip- ulation; specify. articular (ar-tik'ti-lar), adj. pertain- ing to the joints or to a joint. articulate (ar-tik'ii-lat), v.t. to joint; unite by means of a joint; to form words; utter in distinct syllables; speak as a human being: v.i. to unite or form an articulation (with) ; utter articmlate sounds; speak with distinctness: adj. jointed; formed with joints; segmented; character- ized by syllabic division; uttered with distinctness. articulator (ar-tik'ti-la-ter) , n. one Who . pronounces distinctly; an in- strument to cure stammering; an apparatus attached to a telephone to secure regularity of tone; one who mounts skeletons. tifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or crafty device; an ingenious expedi- ent; a trick or stratagem; a ma- noeuvre. • artificer (ar-tif i-ser) , n. a skilled or artistic worker; a mechanic; a maker or constructor; an inventor. artificial (ar-ti-fish'al), adj. made or contrived by art; produced by hu- man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; assumed; affected; not genuine or natural. artillery (ar-tiller-i), n. cannon; great guns; ordnance of all kinds, with its equipment of carriages, men, and material; the officers and men forming the artillery division of an army; the science which treats ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARTISAN 60 ASEXUAL of the use or management of ord- nance. artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. one skilled in any art or trade; a mechanic; a handicraftsman. artist (ar'tist), n. one skilled in any branch of high art; one professing or practicing one of the fine arts. artiste (ar-tesf), n. one who is an expert in any branch of professional art other than the fine arts, as a public singer, cook, &c. artistic (ar-tis'tik), or artist ical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to art or to artists; characterized by sesthetic feelings or conformity to the princi- ples of a school of art or design. artistry (ar'tis-tri), n. the qualities - peculiar to an artist. artless (art'les), adj. lacking art; unskilful; devoid of cunning; simple; natural; undesigning; unaffected; ingenuous. Aryan (ar'yan), adj. pertaining to- the Aryans, or to their language. asafetida or asafcetida (as-a-fet'i- da), n. a fetid sap obtained from the roots of several large umbelliferous plants of Persia and Afghanistan. asbestine (as-bes'tin), adj. pertaming to or of the nature of, asbestos; incombustible. asbestos (as-bes'tos; or asbestus ('tus), n. a fibrous^ variety of horn- blende, separable into flexible fila- ments of flax-like appearance and silky luster, _ and possessing the property of being incombustible. ascend (as-send'), v.i. to take an up- ward direction; mount ) go up; rise; to proceed from an inferior to a superior; rise from a lower to a higher pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move up- ward upon; climb; go upward along. ascendable (as-sen'da-bl) or as- cendible ('di-bl), adj. capable of being climbed or navigated. ascendancy (as-sen'dan-si) or as- cendency ('den-si), n. a govern- ing or controlling power or influ- ence; domination. ascendant (as-sen'dant) or ascend- ent ('dent), adj. rising; superior; predominant; above the horizon: n. superiority or commanding influ- ence; predominance; an ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred: opposed to descendant: the particular zodiacal sign appearing above the horizon at the time of one's birth. ascension (as-sen'shun), n. the act of moving upward; a rising; the* ascent of our Lord to heaven; the rising of a star or point above the ce- lestial horizon. Ascension Day (da), n. a movable feast to commemorate Christ's as- cension into heaven, celebrated on the Thursday next but one before Whit-Sunday: also called Holy Thursday. ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; an upward movement; the act of climbing; the way or means of reaching a height; an acclivity; an upward slope. ascertain (as-ser-tan'), v.t. to make certain; find out or determine defi- nitely by test or examination. ascetic (as-set 'ik), adj. exceedingly rigid in the exercise of religious du- ties and mortification of worldly desires: n. one who renounces the world and devotes himself to re- ligious exercises; one who subjects himself to severe disciplinary meth- ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. asceticism (as-set 'i-sizm), n. the condition or mode of life adopted by one who renounces worldly matters; austerity. ascribable (a-skrl'ba-bl), adj. capa- ble of being attributed or imputed. ascribe (a-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, impute, or refer; assign; attribute. ascription (a-skrip'shun), n. the act of attributing or imputing; that which is assigned. aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the germs of disease or putrefaction; not liable to putrefy: an aseptic sub- stance. asexual (a-seks'u-al), adj. not sex- fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASHAMED 61 ASPIRE ual; produced by other than sexual ashamed (a-shamd'), p. adj. affected or touched by shame; cast down or dejected by conscious guilt; abashed by a sense of indecorum; reluctant through fear of shame (followed by an infinitive). ashen (ash'n), adj. pertaining to the ash-tree; made of ash; of the color of ashes; pale. ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the shore; on land. asinine (as'i-nm), adj. pertaining to the ass; having the nature or char- acteristics of an ass. asininity (as'i-nin'i-ti), n. the quality of being asinine; obstinate stupidity. askance (a-skans'), or askant (a- skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; awry; irom the corner of the eye; aslant. askew (a-skii'), adv. o*bliquely; awry; out of position or arrangement. asp (asp), n. a small venomous snake of Egypt; the common viper, or adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of ancient Egypt. asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. a plant having tender edible shoots. aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental appearance; look; mien; air; out- look or prospect; the relative posi- tion of the planets as viewed from the earth; appearance. aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar whose leaves have the property of trembling in the slightest breeze: adj. pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering like an aspen-leaf. asper (as'per), adj. rugged; hard; warlike: n. the mark (') in Greek, to indicate the rough breathing, or aspirate. ' asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. [pi. asperi- ties (-tiz)], roughness of surface; roughness or harshness of sound; sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- per. aspermous (a-sper'mus), adj. with- out seed; not producing seed. asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; injure in reputation by calumny; slander. aspersion (as-per'shun), n. a sprink- ling as of dust or water; injury by false and calumnious charges or re- ports; slander. asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brit- tle variety of native bitumen, em- ployed for the purpose of paving, roofing, and cementing: v.t. to lay down or cover with asphalt. asphodel (as'fo-del)^ n. the name of several plants of the liliaceous genus Asphodelus; the daffodil of the older English poets; the unfading plant of the dead, which covered the meadows of Hades. asphyxia (as-fik'si-li) or asphyxy ('si), n. the condition of lifelessness occasioned by suspension or inter- ruption of respiration. asphyxiate (as-fik'si-at), v.t. to suf- focate; deprive of oxygen, and so cause death or dangerous symptoms. aspic (as'pik), n. a venomous asp; the great lavender; a side-dish com- posed- of game, fish, &c, encased in clear, savory meat-jelly. aspirant (as-pi 'rant), adj. aspiring; ambitious: n. one who seeks to at- tain, or aspires to, a high object or position. aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce with a full breathing; to prefix the sound of the letter h: n. the sound of the letter h, as in horse; the mark or sign used to denote the sound: adj. pronounced with the audible breath. aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun), n. the act of aspirating; an aspirated sound; a breath; the yearning desire for something higher or better than that already possessed; ambition. aspiratory (as-pi'ra-to-ri), adj. per- taining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air. aspire (as-pir'), v.i. to seek after or desire with longing; yearn for that which is better or nobler; rise or ascent; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASQUINT 62 ASSETS or into; breathe forth; soar to; at- tain. asquint . (a-skwinf), adv. with a squint; to or out of the corner of the eye; obliquely. assail (as-saT), v.t. to fall upon or attack with vehemence; attack with argument or abuse. assailant (as-sa'lant), adj. assaulting; attacking: n. one who, or that which, assails. assassin (as-sas'sin), n. one who slays treacherously or by covert assault; one who kills, or attempts to kill, secretly as the agent of another or others, or for reward; formerly one of a band of Syrian fanatics. assassinate (as-sas'si-nat), v.t. to kill, or attempt to kill, by secret or treacherous means; slay suddenly or unawares; murder. assassination (as-sas-si-na'shun), n. the act of slaying in secret, or at the bidding or reward of others; murder. assault (as-sawlf), n. an attack with violence by physical means. assay (as-sa/), n. the act or process of determining by analysis the quan- tity or proportion of any one or more metals in a metallic compound, ore, or alloy, especially the standard purity of gold or silver coin or bul- lion; the substance or metal to be assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p. pr. -ing], to subject to analysis; to de- termine the quantity or proportion of one or more of the constituents of a metal. assayer (as-sa'er), n. one who as- says; an officer of the mint appoint- ed to test the purity of bullion and coin. \ assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. the act of assembling; the state of being assembled; a group or collection of persons or particular things. assemble (as-sem'bl)^ v.t. to collect or gather together in one place or body; congregate: v.i. to meet or come together; convene. * assembly (as-sem'bli), n. [pi. assem- blies (-bliz) ], a collection or com- pany of persons brought together in one place, and for a common object; a meeting; a congregation. assembly- man (-man), n. a mem- ber of a legislative assembly. assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit aa true; concede; agree to; consent: n. the act of agreeing to; consent; ac- quiescence; approval: concurrence. assentation (as-sen-ta/shun), n. com- pliance with the opinion of another, in flattery or obsequiousness. assentient (as-sen'shi-ent), adj. as- senting: n. one who assents. assert (as-sert'), v.t. to maintain; declare positively, or with assur- ance; aver; affirm; defend or vin- dicate; declare. assertion ^ (as-ser'shun), n. the act of asserting; that which is assert- ed; positive declaration; allegation; maintenance or defense. assertor (as-ser'ter), n. one who as- serts; one who maintains or defends. assertory (as-ser'to-ri), adj. affirm- ing; supporting. assess (as-sea'), v.t. to fix or deter- mine, as damages; fix, rate, or set a certain charge upon, as a tax; estimate or value officially for the purpose of taxation. assessed taxes (taks'ez), n.pl. taxes levied on income, houaea, and prop- erty. assessment (aa-aea'ment), n.the act of assessing or determining an amount to be paid; an official valua- tion of property, or income, for the purpose of taxation ; the specific sum levied as tax, or assessed for damages. assessor (as-ses'er), n. one appointed to assess property or persons for taxation? assessor ial (as-ses-so'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an aaaeasor. assets (as'sets), n.pl. the property, whether real or personal, of a de- ceased person which is subject by law to the discharge of his debts and legacies; the property or effects of an insolvent debtor which are avail- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ^ ASSEVERATE 63 ASSOCIATION able for the satisfaction of his cred- itors; the entire property of a trader or company of traders. asseverate (as-sev'er-at), v.t. to af- firm or aver positively, or with so- lemnity. asseveration (as-sev-er-a'shun), n. a solemn affirmation or declaration, as upon oath. assibilate (as-sib 'i-lat), v.t. to pro- nounce with a hissing sound; to alter to a sibilant. assibilation (as-sib-i-la'shun), n. pro- nunciation with a hissing sound; the change of a dental or guttural mute into a sibilant or a similar sound. assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. assi- duities (-tiz) ], close application or unremitting attention to; diligence; pi. studied and persevering atten- tion to please. assiduous (as-sid'ii-us), adj. constant in application; devotedly attentive; perseveringly diligent. assign (as-sln'), v.t. to appoint, mark out, apportion, make over; fix; des- ignate for a specific purpose; jDoint out exactly; to transfer or make over to another, as for the benefit of creditors: n. an appurtenance; one to whom property or interest is assigned by will or deed. assignat j (as'ig-nat, French a-se-nya'), n. a money or currency bond issued by the French Revolutionary Gov- ernment (1789-96). assignation (as-ig-na'shun), n. the act of assigning; an appointment to meet [used chiefly of love-meetings and in a bad sense]; the transfer of title, or the deed of transferment. assignee (as-si-ne), n. one to whom an assignment of anything is made, either in trust or for his own use and enjoyment. assignment (as-sin'ment), n. a set- ting apart, allotment, or appoint- ment to some particular person or use; transfer of title or interest; the deed, of writing effecting such a transfer. assignor (as-si-nor'), n. one who as- signs or transfers an interest. assimilable (as-sim'i-la-bl), adj. ca- pable of being assimilated. assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring to conformity or agreement with something else; convert or incor- porate into organic substance; ab- sorb or appropriate, as nourishment : v.i. to be converted into or become incorporated with the substance of the animal body. assimilation (as-sim-i-la'shun), n. the act or process of assimilating; the state of being assimilated. assist (as-sisf), v.t. to help; aid; give support to; attend: v.i. to lend help or aid. assistance {as-sis'tans), n. help; fur- therance; aid; succor; support. assistant (as-sis'tant), adj. helping; lending aid; auxiliary: n. one who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary. assize (as-slz'), n. [pi. assizes ('ez)], a court or session of justice for the trial by jury of civil or criminal cases; the sessions held peroidically in each county of England by judges of the Supreme Court [usually in the pi.]; the time or place of hold- ing the assize [usually in the pi.]. assizer (as-si'zer) or assizor ('zer), n. a juror. associate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; join with; connect; accompany, as a companion, friend, or confederate; v.i. to unite in company; keep com- pany; unite in action: adj. joined in interest, object, or purpose; sharing office or employment, as a colleague or partner; connected by habit, function, or sympathy: n. a companion; a confederate; an ally; one belonging to a society or insti- tution, usually of a lower grade than a Member or Fellow. association (as-so-shi-a'shun), n. the act of associating or state of being associated: union; conjunction; an associate oody of persons formed for a common object; a society. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me v merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASSONANCE 64 ASTHMA assonance (as's5-nans), n. resem- blance of sound; a species of rhyme which consists in the use of the same vowel-sound in the last sylla- ble of words having different conso- nants. assonant (as'so-nant), adj. having resemblance of sound; pertaining to, or possessing, assonance. ^ assort (as-sort'), v.t. to divide or separate into lots according to ar- rangement; to classify; arrange: v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance with. assuade (as-swad'), v.t. to present, as advice; urge persuasively. assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften; mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or ap- pease. assume (as-sum')j v.t. to take to; take in or into; take' upon one's self; arrogate or appropriate; take for granted; take in appearance; pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- gant; presume; claim more than is one's due; give a legal undertaking; pretend; usurp. assumpsit (as-sump'sit), n. a verbal or unsealed contract based on a con- sideration; an action to enforce such a contract. assumption (as-sump'shun), n. the act of assuming or taking to or upon one's self; taking for granted; the thing supposed; a postulate; the taking "up of a person to heaven; a verbal or unsealed contract. assumptive (as-sump'tiv), adj. as- sumed, or capable of assumption. assurable (a-shur'a-bl), adj. capable of being assured or insured. assurance (a-shur'ans), n. the act of assuring; an earnest or testimony intended or tending to elicit or in- spire confidence; certain expectation; confidence; self-possession; self-re- liance; impudence; a deed or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a security or contract to make good a loss, or pay oyer a sum at death or at some determinate age. assure (a-shur'), v.t. to make sure or certain; to inspire confidence by declaration or promise; secure to another; insure, or covenant for in- demnity in event of loss or death. Assyrian (as-sir'i-an), adj. pertaining to Assyria or to its inhabitants. Assyriology (as-sir-i-ord-ji), n. the science or study of the language and antiquities of Assyria. astatic (a-stat'ik), adj. without po- larity. astay (a-sta), adv. said of an anchor when on heaving it the cable makes an acute angle with the level of the water. Aster (as'ter), n. a genus of flower- ing-plants with rosette-shaped flow- ers, to which the Michaelmas-daisy belongs. asterial (as-te'ri-al), adj. connected with, or related to, the stars. aster iated (as-te'ri-a-ted), adj. ra- diated; having the form of a star. asterisk (as'ter-isk), n. the mark (*) used in printing as a reference to a marginal passage or footnote appended to the text, or to indicate letters or words omitted (***); v.t. to mark with an asterisk. aster ism (as'ter-izm), n. a group or cluster of stars; three asterisks placed in the form of a triangle [„.**„ or ***] to direct attention to a particular passage; the star-like appearance in certain crystals. astern (a-stern') adj. & adv. at or toward the hinder part of a ship; behind a ship. asternal (a-ster'nal), adj. not joined to the sternum or breastbone: said of ribs. asteroid (as'ter-oid), adj. star-like; star-shaped: n. one of the small planets whose orbits He between those of Mars and Jupiter; a minor planet. asthenia (as-the-ni'a), n. debility. asthenic (as-then-ik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, asthenia; feeble. asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASTHMATIC 65 ASTRONOMER ratory disease, chronically recurrent and attended by difficulty of breath- ing, with a wheezing cough and a sense of constriction in the chest. asthmatic • (ast-mat'ik), or asth- matical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to asthma; affected by asthma: n. a person suffering from the disease. astigmatic (as-tig-mat 'ik), adj. per- taining to, affected with, or curing astigmatism. astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm), or astigmism ('mizm), n. a defect in the structure of the eye causing variation of the focus of the crys- talline lens. astir (a-ster'), adv. or adj. on the move; active; stirring. astomatous (as-tom'a-tus), or as- tomous (as'to-mus), adj: destitute of a mouth; without breathing pores. astonish (as-ton'ish), v.t. to strike with sudden wonder ; surprise ; amaze. astonishment (as-ston'ish-ment), n. the state of being astonished; amazement. astound (as-tound'), v.t. to strike with amazement; shock; alarm; stun. astraddle (a-stradl), adv. with one leg on each side of something; astride. astragal (as'tra-gal), n. a small mold- ing or bead of semicircular form: called also a roundel; the astragalus; the circular molding near the mouth of a cannon. astragalus (as-trag'al-us), n. [pi. astragali (-11) ], the ball of the ankle-joint; the lower bone into which the tibia articulates. astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins of young lambs with curly wool, ob- tained from Astrakhan, a city in Russia; an imitation with a pile resembling this wool or fur. astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the stars; starry; star-shaped; per- taining to a super-sensible sub- stance presumed by occultists to pervade the regions of space' and to enter into the composition of all bodies. astral body (bod'i), n. a kind of ethereal body said by the occultists to be capable of projection to a dis- tance, and to possess the power of occupying two places at the same instant; a ghost or double. astral spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. spirits formerly supposed to inhabit the stars, and represented as fallen an- gels or spirits of fire. astray (a-stra/), adv. out of the right way; wandering. astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs wide apart; astraddle. astringency (as-trin'j en-si), n. the quality of being astringent; harsh- ness; severity. astringent (as-trin'j ent), adj. bind- ing; contracting, opposed to laxa- tive: n. a substance or medicine that produces contraction of the tissues and checks discharges. astrolabe (as'tro-lab), n. an instru- ment formerly employed for taking the altitude of the sun or stars; a stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the equator or a meridian. astrologer (as'trol'5-jer), n. one who professes to forecast events by means of the stars. astrological (as-tro-loj 'i-kal), adj. pertaining to astrology, or the prac- tice of astrology. astrology (as-trol'o-ji), n. predesti- nation by the stars; the art ancient- ly pursued of foretelling or fore- casting the future of mankind, by reference to the influence supposed to be exerted by the stars in their various aspects and relative posi- tions upon the course of human destiny. astrometer (as-trom'e-ter), n. an instrument for ascertaining and comparing the relative magnitude and luster of the stars. astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), n. one who studies, or is versed in, astron- omy. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASTRONOMER ROYAL ATLANTES Astronomer Royal (roi'al), to. the official title of the astronomer in charge of a royal observatory in Great Britain and Ireland. astronomical clock (klok), n. a clock which keeps sidereal time. astronomical signs (sinz), n.pl. the signs of the zodiac. astronomical year (yer), to. a year the length of which is determined by astronomical observations. astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), to. the study of the heavenly bodies; the science which treats of their mag- nitude, motions, relative positions, and all connective phenomena. astrophotography (as-tro-fo-tog'-ra- fi), to. photography apphed to the delineation of the heavenly bodies. astrophysical (as-tro-fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the physical structure of the stars. astute (as-tuf), adj. shrewd; keenly penetrating; sagacious; cunning; crafty. asunder (a-sun'der), adv. separately; apart; into parts. asylum (a-sllum), to. [pi. asylums ('lumz) ], a sanctuary or place of refuge wherein formerly criminals and debtors might find immunity from arrest; an institution for the care or relief of the aged, destitute, or afflicted. asymmetrical (as-i-met'ri-kal), adj. not symmetrical; disproportionate. asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri), to. lack of symmetry or proportion between the parts of a thing. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton), to. a figure of speech which omits connectives, as "I came, I saw, I conquered." atavism (at'a-vizm), to. the rever- sion, or tendency to revert, to the ancestral type of a species; resem- blance to a remote ancestor, ex- hibited by a certain organism; the recurrence of any peculiarity or dis- ease from which an ancestor in re- mote generations has suffered. atavistic (at-a-vis'tik), adj. of, or pertaining to, atavism. ataxia (a-tak'si-a), or ataxy ('si), n. irregularities in the functions of the body or in the course of a disease. ataxic fever (-f e'ver), w. typhus fever of a malignant type. ate (et & at), p.t. of eat. atelier (a'te-lya), w. a workshop; the studio of a painter or sculptor. atheism (a'the-izm), w. disbelief in the existence of a God. atheist (a/the-ist), to. one who dis- believes or denies the existence of a God. atheistic (a-the-is'tik), or atheis- tical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, containing, or implying atheism. Athene (a-the'ne), to. a Greek god- dess; called by the Romans, Minerva. atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne' urn), to. [pi. atheneums ('umz) & athenaea ('a) ], an institution, club, or building devoted to the purposes or study of literature, science and art. athermancy (a-ther'man-si), to. im- permeability to radiant heat. athirst (a-thersf), adj. in want of drink. athlete (athlet), to. a competitior for a prize in public games; one trained to contend in feats of physical prowess; one possessed of great physical strength. athletic (ath-let'ik), adj. pertaining to athletes, or their performances; strong; robust; vigorous; muscular. athletics (ath-let'iks), to. any sys- tem of athletic training by gymnas- tic exercises or outdoor sports; ath- letic exercises collectively. athwart (a-thwawrt'), prep, across; from side to side; adv. cross- wise; obliquely; across the course or di- rection of a ship. athwart-ships (-ships), adv. phr. across a ship from one side to the other. atilt (a-tilf), adv. & adj. in the posi- tion or witn the action of a person making a thrust; tilted. atlantes (at-lan'tez), n.pl. figures or half-figures of men, used in place of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ATLAS 67 ATTACK columns or pilasters to support an entablature. atlas (atlas), n. [pi. atlases ('ez) ], a collection of maps in a volume; a work in tabulated form; a large size of drawing-paper. atmology (at-mol'5-ji), n. the science of aqueous vapor, its laws and phenomena. atmosphere (at'mos-fer), n. the aeriform fluid surrounding the earth, composed of a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen with 21 parts of oxygen, and a trace of carbonic acid and argon, with a varying proportion of aqueous vapor, ammonia, ozone and organic matter; the gaseous envelope surrounding any of the heavenly bodies; the in- fluence, mental and moral, exerted on a person by his environments. atmospheric pressure (-presh'er), n. the pressure exerted in every di- rection upon a body by the atmos- phere; equivalent to 14 2-3 lb. on the sq. in., or 1,033 grams on the sq. centimeter. atoll (a-tol' & at'ol), n. a coral island having the form of an outer ring of coral surrounding a basin or lagoon. atom (at 'urn), n. an ultimate indi- visible particle of matter. atomic weight (a-tom'ik wat), n. the weight of the atom of any ele- ment as compared with another taken as a standard^ usually hydro- gen, taken as 1. atomicity (at-o-mis'i-ti), n. equiva- lence; the combining capacity of an element. atom is t (at'6-mist), n. one who be- lieves that the earth was formed by the coming together of atoms swirl- ing in space. atomize (at'um-Iz), v.t. to reduce to atoms or exceedingly fine particles. atonable (a-ton'a-bl), adj. capable of being atoned for. atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, p.pr. atoning], to make reparation or amends, as for injury done or im- plied; expiate; make satisfaction for; reconcile. atonement (a-ton'ment), n. reparation or satisfaction offered or made in return for injury; expiation of wrong or sin by suffering; the recompense for sin typified by the sufferings and death or Christ; reconciliation. atonic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting tone, or vital energy; unaccented: n. an unaccented word or syllable; a medi- cine to allay excitement. atony (at'o-ni), n. want of tone; de- bility: weakness of any organ. atrip (a-tripO, adv. just clear of the ground. atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria (-a) ], the square entrance-hall, lighted from above,^ constituting the chief apartment in an ancient Roman house; a hall or entrance-court; a portico; the auricular portion of the heart; a cavity. atrocious (a-tro'shus), adj. wicked in the highest degree; extremely crim- inal or cruel; outrageous; exhibiting or characterized by great atrocity; atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. atrocities (-tiz) ], enormous wickedness; abom- inable cruelty; an atrocious deed. atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or diminution in bulk, of the body, or any part of the body arising from lack of nourishment; the degenera- tion of an organ or part: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to waste away; to dwindle. atropism m (at'ro-pizm), n. poisoning by atropin or belladonna. attach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, or fix, to or on; bind; connect with or appoint to; connect by ties of affec- tion; to take, or seize, by legal authority: v.i. to adhere. attache (at-ta-sha), n. one who is attached to another, or as part of a suite or staff, as of an embassy or legation. attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; »all upon with force; assail with intent to overcome or to damage, discredit, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note. n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ATTAIN 6 or bring into ridicule; begin to af- fect or act upon, as disease: v.i. to make an onset or attack: n. the act of attacking in any sense of the word. attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; come, or arrive at. attainability (at-ta-na-bil'-i-ti), . n. attainableness. attainable (at-ta/na-bl), adj. capable of being attained. attainder (at-tan'der), n. the act of ' attainting, or the state of being at- tainted; an act, formerly in opera- tion, for the deprivation of all civil rights and of power to inherit or transmit property: applied to per- sons under sentence of death or out- lawry for treason or felony. attaint (at-tant), v.t. to taint; cor- rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. attar of roses (at'ar of roz'ez), n. an essential oil expressed < from the petals of the rose. Written also atar, ottar, and otto. , attemper (at-tem'per), v.t. to re- duce, modify, or moderate by mix- ture; regulate; temper; ^ smooth, soften, or mollify; mix in proper proportion; fit or adapt. attempt (at-tempf), v.t. to make an effort to accomplish; try; endeavor or essay to perform; try to win or seduce; attack, or invade: n. atrial, essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain a point; an attack or assault. attend (at-tend'),. v -t- [?•*• & V-V> -ed, p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; ac- company or be present with; serve or look after in any capacity; be present at; accompany or follow: v.i. to pay heed or regard to; listen; be in attendance upon. attendance (at-ten'dans), n. the act of attending; waiting on; presence; the persons attending; retinue. attendant (at-ten'dant), n. one who attends or accompanies in service or train of another; one who _ is pres- ent; that which attends or is conse- quent upon anything else: adj. ac- ATTITUDE companymg; being present: con- nected or consequent upon; depend- ing on or owing duty or service to. attention (at-ten'shun), n. the act of applying the mind to anything; consideration or regard for any per- son or thing; a mark or act of civil- ity or courtesy; care for the com- fort of others; a military command (to assume the attitude of attention). attenuant (at-ten'Q-ant), adj. mak- ing thin, as fluids; diluting; dimin- ishing in denseness; n. a medicine which thins the fluids of the body; a diluent. attenuate (at-ten'u-at), v.t. to make thin or slender; weaken or reduce; thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. to become thin, slender, or fine; les- sen: adj. made thin; dilute; rare- fied; tapering; slender. attenuation (at -ten-u- a/shun), n. the act or process of making slender, or thinning out by dilution; the state of being slender. attest (at-tesf), v.t. to bear witness to; certify as being genuine or true, especially in an official sense; give proof of; manifest. attestation (at-tes-t a/shun), n. the act of attesting; testimony or evi- dence given on oath, or by official declaration; swearing in. attestor (at-tes'ter), n. one who attests. attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room in a house immediately beneath the roof; a garret. Attic (at'tik), adj. pertaining to At- tica, in Greece; classical; elegant. Atticism (at'i-sizm) n. a peculiarity of style or idiom characterizing the Attic rendering of the Greek lan- guage; elegant manner of expression. attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; array; adorn: n. dress; clothes; habit; garb; the horns of a stag, employed as a heraldic bearing. attitude (at'ti-tud), n. bodily posi- tion or posture; the bearing as- sumed by a person or body of per- sons indicative of feeling, opinion, | &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ATTITUDINARIAN AUDIOMETER attitudinarian (at-ti-tu-di-na/ri- an), n. one who studies or affects attitudes. attorney (at-ter'ni), n. {pi. attor- neys (-nez)], one legally qualified to act for another in the transaction of private business, or in the man- agement, prosecution, or defense of actions at law. attorney-general (-jen'er-al), n. the chief law officer appointed to act for the government; the chief law officer of a state. attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw to or toward; cause to approach ; draw by moral influence; allure; entice. attractability (at-trak'ta-biTi-ti), n. the quality of being attractable; the power of attraction. attract ile (at-trak'til), adj. having the power to attract. attraction (at-trak'shun), n. the power or act of attracting; the force exerted by one body or mass upon or over the constituent par- ticles of another, by which it tends to overcome the resistance to mo- tion, and to draw them together; tendency to coherence. ttractive (at-trak'tiv), adj. having the power or tendency to attract; al- luring; inviting: n. that which at- tracts, allures, or charms. ttribu table (at-trib'ti-ta-bl), adj. capable of being attributed. ttribute (at-trib'ut), v.t. to ascribe, impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but), that which is attributed, as quality; trait; property; a characteristic; an attributive adjunct or adjective; that which may be predicated of any subject. tribution (at-tri-bu'shun), n. the act, of attributing; designation. :ributive (at-trib'u-tiv), adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or ex- pressing, an attribute: n. a word denoting an attribute; a word joined to and describing a noun; an adjec- tive or adjective phrase. attrite (at-trif), adj. worn by fric* tion; repentant through fear of pun- ishment. attrition (at-trish'un), n. the act of wearing by rubbing; abrasion; the state of being worn; grief for sin arising only from fear of punish- ment. attune _ (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; bring into accordance or harmony. atypic (a-tip'ik), or atypical ('i- kal), adj. without definite typical character; not conformable to the type. auburn (aw^burn), adj. reddish- brown. auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale of property or effects conducted on the principle of the highest bidder becoming the purchaser of any par- ticular lot put up for sale; the property or effects offered 'for sale by auction: v.t. to sell by auction. auctioneer (awk-shun-er), n. one licensed to sell property or goods by public auction: v.i. to sell by auction. auction-pool (awk'shon pool), n. a guessing contest held on ship-board in which numbers representing the probable number of miles the ship will run in a day are sold at auction, the pool going wholly or in part to the holder of the successful number. audacious (aw-da/shus), adj. bold; daring; spirited; insolent: impu- dent; characterized- by shameless effrontery. audacity (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. audac- ities (-tiz)], boldness; daring; spir- it; presumptuousness; impudence; effrontery. audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of being heard. audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of hearing; admittance to a hearing or formal interview with one of high position; an assembly of hearers. audient (aw'di-ent), adj. hearing; listening. audiometer (aw-di-om'e-ter), n. an instrument for gauging the power of hearing. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. AUDIPHONE 70 AUREOLA audi phone (aw'di-fon), n. an instru- which it is derived; opposed to di- ment constructed to assist the deaf minutive. by collecting the sound-waves and augur (aw'ger), n. one who officially conveying the vibrations to the predicted events by the observation auditory nerves through the medium and interpretation of natural signs of the teeth. or omens, the flight of birds, the in- audit (aw'dit), n. official examina- spection of the entrails of slaugh- tion and verification of claims or ac- tered victims, the occurrence of me- counts with vouchers and the at- teorological phenomena, &c. tendance of witnesses to effect a set- augury (aw'gu-ri), n. [pi. auguries tlement; a receipt of rent at stated (-riz)], the art or practice of fore- times: v.t. to examine and adjust, as telling events by reference to natural accounts or claims: v.i. to examine signs or omens; an omen; predic- an account; act as auditor. tion; presage. auditor (aw'di-ter), n. a hearer or august (aw-gusf), adj. grand; in- listener; a person appointed to ex- vested with grandeur and dignity; amine and verify accounts and majestic; of a nature to inspire awe claims; one who hears judicially, as and reverence, in an audience court. August (aw'gust), n. the eighth auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. month of the year. auditoria (-a), & auditoriums Augustan (aw-gus'tan), adj. resem- (-umz)], the space in a theater or bling the reign of the Roman Emperor other public building assigned to the Augustus; a period of munificence audience. and splendor; an age of liberality auditory (aw-di-to-ri), adj. pertain- toward literature and the fine arts, ing to hearing, or to the sense or auk (awk), n. the name given to the organs of hearing: n. an audience; members of a family of arctic diving a place or space allotted to hearers; birds. The Great Auk is now ex- an auditorium. tinct. Also spelled awk. auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring aulic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to a holes. royal court. aught (awt), n. anything; any part: aunt (ant), n. the sister of one's adv. in any way; at all. father or mother. augment (awg-menf), v.t. to in- aura (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vaporous crease; to enlarge in size or ex- streaming, or exhalation, supposed tent; to add an augment to: v.i. to to emanate from a living body or grow larger; increase in size and substance, as aroma, effluvium, or strength: n. increase; enlargement; the subtle essence of its individual a vowel prefixed, or a lengthening nature; a sensation as of a stream of the initial vowel. of air rising from a part of the body augmentation (awg-men-ta/shun), toward the head, and preceding an n. increase; the increase in time- epileptic seizure or hysteria, value of the notes of a theme; an aural (aw'ral), adj. pertaining to the additional charge to a coat of arms air or to an aura; pertaining to the bestowed as a mark of honor; the ear, or to the sense of hearing.' period of increase in a fever before aureate (aw're-at), adj. golden; gild- the crisis is reached. ed; golden-yellow. augmentative (awg-men'ta-tiv), aurelia (aw-re'lya),. n. the pupa or adj. having the quality or power of chrysalis of an insect, augmenting: n. a word or affix aureola (aw-re'o-la), or aureole which expresses with greater force % (aw're-ol), n. a halo, radiance, or the idea conveyed by the term from luminous cloud encircling the figures ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AURIC 71 AUTHORITY of Christ, the Virgin, and the saints as represented by the painters; any- thing resembling an aureola. . auric (aw'rik), adj. pertaining to gold. auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; that part of the ear which pro- jects from the head; one of two chambers of the heart which receive the blood from the^ veins and trans- mit it to the ventricle or ventricles. auricular (aw-rik'u-lar), adj. per- taining to the ear or to the sense of hearing; privately addressed, as to the priest in the confessional; per- ceived by the ear; known by report; obtained by the ear; ear-shaped; pertaining to the auricles of the heart. auriculate (aw-rik'u-lat), or auric- ulated (-ed), adj. ear-shaped; hav- ing ears or ear-like appendages. auriferous (aw-rif'er-us), adj. gold- bearing; yielding or containing gold. auriform (aw'ri-f6rm), adj. ear- shaped; having the iorm of the human ear. auriscope (aw'ri-skop), n. an in- strument for examining the ear. aurist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in the treatment of ear disorders. aurochs (aw'roks), n. the European bison, now nearly extinct. aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras - ('raz) & aurorae ('re)], the rising light or the morning; the dawn of dayspring. aurora borealis (b5-re-a'lis), n. the northern lights, a luminous meteoric phenomenon manifesting itself by streams of light ascending from the northern horizon toward the zenith, or assuming the form of an arc having its ends on the horizon. aurora australis (aw-stralis), n. a phenomenon of corresponding nature in the southern hemisphere. aurous (aw'rus), adj. pertaining to gold. auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun), n. a method of detecting chest disease by observing the sounds arising in Nthe part, either by applying the ear directly to the chest or thorax, or by means of a stethoscope. auscultatory (aws-kul'ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to auscultation. auspice (aws'pis), n. [pi. auspices (-ez)], an omen drawn from birds an omen; a prediction as to the future; protection; patronage; fa- voring influence (generally in pi.) auspicious (aws-pish/us), adj. hav- ing promise of success or happiness propitious; prosperous; fortunate. austere (aws-teV), adj. sour; harsh rough to the taste; severe; rigid in character or mode of living; severely simple. austerity (aws-ter'i-ti), n. severity of manner or life; harsh discipline; rigorous simplicity. austral (aws'tral), adj. southern. authentic (aw-then'tik), or au- thentical ('ti-kal), adj. genuine; original; duly authorized; true; trustworthy; vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. authenticate (aw-then'ti-katj, v.t. to make authentic; give authority to by accordance with legal formalities; to establish as genuine. authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti), n. the quality of being authentic; authority. author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or prime mover of anything; an ef- ficient cause; an originator; a creator; one who composes or writes a book; a composer. authoress (aw'ther-es), n. a female author. [The term author is now generally used without regard to sex.] authoritative (aw-thor'i-ta-tiv), adj. having due authority, or the air of being duly authorized; positive, dic- tatorial; magisterial; commanding. authority (aw-thor'i-ti), n. [pi. au- thorities (-tiz)], power or right to act or command; dominion; juris- diction; power derived from opinion, respect, # or reputation; influence; justification or support for state- ment or action; a person invested with power to act or command; one deserving of credit, to whom ap- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. AUTHORIZATION 72 AUTOMORPHISM peal or reference can be made; in pi. the government; the constituted authorities. authorization (aw-ther-i-za'shun), n. the act of authorizing; establish- ment by authority. authorize (aw'ther-Iz), v.t. to vest with authority; give a right to act or command; empower; legalize; establish or confirm by authority. auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; of itself. autobiography (aw-t5-bI-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. autobiographies (-fiz)], a biogra- phy, account, or character-sketch of a person written by himself. autocar (aw'to-kar), n. a carriage containing within itself the machin- ery necessary for its own propulsion. autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si), n. [pi. autocracies (-siz)], absolute, uncon- trolled authority; supremacy; gov- ernment by one invested with ab- solute and uncontrolled authority; autonomy. autocrat (aw'to-krat)^ n. an abso- lute prince or sovereign; one who rules without restriction. autocycle (aw'to-sl-kl), n. a motor bicycle. autodynamic (aw-to-dl-nam'ik), adj. operating by its own force. autogenic (aw-toj'en-ik) or autog- enous (-us), adj. self -generated; produced independently. autograph (aw'to-graf), adj. self- written; in one's own handwriting: n. a person's own handwriting; an original manuscript or signature: v.t. to reproduce by autography; to sign or write one's autograph. autographic (aw-to-graf'ik), or au- tographical fi-kal), adj. pertain- ing to an autograph or personal handwriting; relating to, or used in, the process of autography; self- recording. autography (aw-tog'ra-fi), n. the science of study of autographs; an original manuscript; a process in lithography by which copies of writings or drawings are reproduced in facsimile. autogravure (aw-to-grav-ur'), n. a process of photo-engraving. autohypnotic (aw-to-hip-not'ic), adj. producing in one's self a hypnotic state by one's own effort. auto-infection (aw'to-in-fek'shon), n. poisoning of the system through chemical changes within the body itself. auto-intoxication (aw'to-in-tok-si- ka/shon), n. a form of auto-infection usually due to imperfect digestion of food in which the waste products of digestion are absorbed into the blood, poisoning the system. autolatry (aw-tol'a-tri), n. self -wor- ship. autology (aw-tol'o-ji), n. the scien- tific study of one's self. automat (aw'to-mat), n. a earners, shutter operated by a pneumatic bulb; an apparatus for serving foods automatically in response to a coin dropped into a slot; also a res- taurant where this method- is used. automatism (aw-tom'a-tizm), n. au- tomatic action; the doctrine which assigns all animal functions to the active operation of physical laws. automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pi. automata (-ta), & automatons (-tonz), that which possesses the power of spontaneous movement without consciousness; a self-acting machine. automatous (aw-tom'a-tus), a<_ spontaneous; of the nature of an automaton. au tome try (aw-tom'e-tri), n. the es- timation, or measurement, of one's self. automobile (aw-to-mo'bil), adj. self- moving. automobile (aw-to-mo-bel' & aw-to- mo'bil), n. a self-moving vehicle; motor-carriage. automobilist (aw-to-mo^bil-ist), n. one who rides in and manages an automobile; a chauffeur. automorphism (aw-to-m6rf'ism), n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AUTOMOTOR 73 AVER the judgment of others by analogy from the knowledge of one's self. auto motor (aw'tor-mo-ter), n. a self- acting machine. autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi), n. [pi. au- tonomies (-miz) ], the power or right of self-government; the state of political independence. autonym (aw'to-nim), n. one's own name: opposed to pseudonym; a work published under the author's real name. autophon (aw'to-fon), n. a barrel- organ, the tunes of which are deter- mined by perforated mill-board. autoplasty (aw'to-plas-ti), n. the process of repairing lesions by ap- plication of tissue removed from an- other part. Called also rhinoplasty. auto-suggestion (aw-to-sug-j es'chun) n.^ self-suggestion; arising in one's mind without exterior cause. autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal ob- servation; ocular demonstration; a post-mortem examination. autotoxic (aw-to-toks'ik), adj. self- poisoning. autotruck (aw'to-truk), n. a self- moving truck; motor truck. autotype (aw'to-tip), n. a facsimile; a photo-gelatine process of producing pictures. autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- tween summer and winter, begin- ning astronomically at the autumnal equinox, about September 22nd, and ending at the winter solstice, about December 23rd; the period of de- cline or decay. autumnal (aw-tum'nal), adj. belong- ing or peculiar to autumn; pro- duced or gathered in autumn; per- taining to the period of life when middle age is past: n. a plant that flowers in autumn. autumnal equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. the time of the sun's southward passage across the equator, about September 22nd. auxiliary # (awg-zil'i-a-ri), adj. help- ing; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; n. [pi. auxiliaries (-riz) ], a helper; an assistant; a confederate or ally; aid of any kind; a verb which helps to form the moods and tenses of oth- er verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. avail (a-val'), y.i. to be of use, value, or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to profit or advantage: n. use; means towards an end; advantage to an object: pi. proceeds or profits. availability (a-va'la-bil-i-ti), n. the state or quality of being available. avalanche (av'a-lanch), n. the sud- den descent of a mass of compact snow or ice from the higher parts of a mountain; a fall of rocks or earth from the heights of a mountain; anything that overwhelms by sud- denness and irresistible force. avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or insatiable desire of gain; covet- ousness; cupidity; greediness. avaricious (av-a-rish'us), adj. im- pelled by avarice; greedy of gain; grasping. avast (a-vasf), inter j. stop! cease! hold! avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (-ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to earth in an incarnate form; a manifestation or embodiment. avaunt (a-vawnf & a-vant'), inter j. begone! depart! an exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. ave (a/ve & a/ve), inter j. hail! fare- well! n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. avenaceous (av-e-na/shus), adj. be- longing to or resembling oats. avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact pun- ishment or satisfaction for wrong or injury done to one's self or another: v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive satisfaction for injury by the pun- ishment of the offender. avenue (av'e-nu), n. a way or means of approach to a place, a passage- way, drive, or alley bordered by trees leading to a house; a broad road- way or street planted with trees. aver (a-ver), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; declare to be true; verify. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AVERAGE 74 AWN average (av'er-aj), n. any charge ad- ditional to the cost of freightage: v.t. to find the mean, as of unequal sums or quantities; reduce to a mean; assign proportionately. averse (a-vers'), adj. unwilling; un- favorable; having a repugnance or disinclination to. aversion (a-ver'shun), n. opposition or repugnance of mind; antipathy; fixed dislike; hatred; the object or cause o dislike or repugnance. avert (a-verf), v.t. to turn aside or away; turn or ward off; prevent. avertible (a-vert'i-bl), adj. capable of being o warded off, or averted. Ayesta (a-ves'ta), n. the sacred writ- ings attributed to Zoroaster; the Zend-Avesta. avian (a'vi-an), adj. pertaining to birds. aviary (a'vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (-riz) ], a house, large cage, or in- closure for the keeping and rearing of birds in confinement. aviation (a'vi-a-shun), n. the art of flying. aviator (a/vi-a-ter), n. one who op- erates a flying machine. avicularium » (a-vik'u-lar-i-um), n. [pi. avicularia (-a) ], the small pre- hensile process, resembling the head of a bird with a movable mandible, which continually snaps. aviculture (a'vi-kul-tur),^. the breed- ing and rearing of birds. avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. greediness; eagerness; strong appetite. avocation (av-o-ka'shun), n. a sub- ordinate or occasional occupation, as contradistinguished from vocation. avoid (a-void'), v.t. to keep away, shunning; the state of being vacant, make void: v.i. to become vacant or void. avoidance (a-voi'dans), n. the act of annulling or making void; the act of shunning; the state of being vacant. avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz'), a sys- tem of weights in which one pound contains 16 ounces: used generally for all commodities except precious metals, gems and drugs. avouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm open- ly; maintain; declare positively; vouch for; admit or confess. avow (a-vou'), v.t. to declare openly; acknowledge frankly; to admit and justify. avowal (a-vou'al), n. an open decla- ration; a frank acknowledgment; a confession. awabi (a-wa^e), n. an edible shell- fish found on the coast of Japan; the abalone. await (a-waf), v.t. to wait for; look for or expect; be ready for. awake (a-wak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse from sleep, or from any state resembling sleep; put into action; infuse new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; roused from sleep or in- activity; in a state of vigilance or action. award (a-wawrd'), v.t, to adjudge; assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- tration; bestow in consideration of merit; to determine or make an award: n. a judgment; a decision; a sentence; the decision of arbitrators on points submitted to them; the document containing such decision; that which is awarded or assigned. aware (a-war'), adj. on guard; vig- ilant; watchful; apprised; cognizant; conscious. awash (a-wosh'), adj. & adv. on a level with the waves. awe (aw), n. reverential fear. awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- pressing with profound fear or rev- erence; of a dreadful or appalling nature; solemn. awk. See auk. awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting dexterity; # unskilful; ungraceful or ungainly in shape, movement, or manners; clumsy. awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for piercing. awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. AWNING 75 AZZIMINA like appendage of the outer glume of wheat, barley, and numerous grasses. awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of canvas or other cloth stretched upon a frame and used as a shelter from wind or sun. awny (aw'ni), adj. having bristles; bearded. awoke, p.t. of awake. awry (a-ri'), adj. or adv. turned or twisted toward one side; erroneous. axal. See axial. axe or ax (aks), n. a tool or instru- ment of steel, or iron with a steeled edge, attached to a handle, used for the hewing of timber and chopping of wood. m axial (aks'i-al), adj. pertaining to an axis in any sense of the word. axif erous (ak-sif 'e-rus), adj. consisting of stem or axis alone without leaves. axif or m (ak 'si-form), adj. in the form of an axis. axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by the upper side of an organ or branch with the stem or trunk to which it is attached. ax ile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to the axis; situated or lying in the axis. axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillas ('e) ], the armpit, or cavity in the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axil of a leaf. axillar (ak'si-lar), or axillary (-lari), adj. pertaining to the armpit; per- taining to, springing from, or sit- uated in, the axil. axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable self-evident truth; a proposition em- bodying a truth at once obvious and incontrovertible; an established prin- ciple in an art or science. axiomatic (ak-si-o-mat'ik) or axio- matical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an axiom. axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes ('sez) ], the straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, upon or around which such body revolves, or is supposed to revolve. axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or por- tion of the axle-tree, which is in- serted in the hub of the wheel, and on which the wheel revolves. axle-box (-boks), n. a bushing in the hub of a wheel through which the axle passes. axle-tree (-tre), n. a bar connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the rounded ends of which the wheels revolve. ay or aye (a), adv. always; for ever; continually. aye or ay (a or I), adv. or inter j. yes; yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. ayes (Iz)], the affirmative votes in a parliamentary division; the mem- bers so voting. Ayrshire (ar'shir), n. a fine breed of cattle from the county of Ayr, Scot- land, noted for their rich milk. Azalea (a-za'le-a), n. [pi. azaleas (-az)], a genus of plants, belonging to the rhododendron tribe, and re- markable for their showy flowers. azarine (az'a-rin), n. a bright red dye obtained from coal-tar. azimuth (az'i-muth), n. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of a place and the vertical circle passing through the center of a celestial body. azote (az'ot), n. the old name for nitrogen. Azrael (az'-ra-el), n. name given by the Mohammedans to the Angel of Death. Aztec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to the Aztec race. Also written Aztecan. azure (azh'ur & a/zhur), adj. like the blue of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear blue of the sky; any pigment of this color; the blue tint expressed in heraldry by horizontal shading. azure-stone (azh'ur-st5n), n. the lapis lazuli, irom which genuine ul- tramarine is made. azurine (azh'ur-in), n. a greyish-blue color. azzimina (at-si-me'na), a mode of decoration by damaskeening in gold and silver, prep, between; in the space which separates. bevel (bev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to cut to a bevel-angle: v.i. to slant or incline off to a bevel- angle: n. an angle otherwise than a right angle (90°); the inclination which one surface makes with another when not at right angles; an instrument used for drawing angles: adj. having the form of a bevel; aslant. bevel-gear (ger), n. a species of wheel-work in which the axis or shaft of the driving-wheel forms an angle with the shaft of the wheel driven. bevel-wheel (hwel), n. a cog-wheel with its working face oblique to the axis. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. BEVELMENT 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY bevelment (bev'el-ment), n. the act or process of beveling. beverage (bev'er-aj), n. drink of any description; liquor for drinking. bevy (bev'i), a company or assembly of persons, especially of ladies; a flock of quails or larks. bewail (be-wal'), v.t. to mourn or weep aloud for; lament: v.i. to ex- press grief. beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's guard; be wary or cautious; take care. bewilder (be-wil'der), v.t. to lead into perplexity or confusion; puz- zle. bewitch (be-wich'), v.t. to cast a spell over; subject to witchcraft; charm beyond the powe* of resist- ance; fascinate. bewitchery (be-wich'er-i), n. witch- ery; fascination; charm. bewitching (be-wich'ing), adj. having power to fascinate; captivating; alluring. bewray (be-ra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bewrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to ex- pose, reveal. bey (ba), n. a governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions ; a Turkish title of respect; a beg. beylik (ba/lik), n. the territory ruled by a bey. beyond (be-yond'), prep, on the fur- ther side of; before; past. bezan (bez'an), n. a Bengal cotton cloth. bez-antler (bez-ant'ler), n. the sec- ond branch of a stag's horn next to the antler proper. bezel (bez'el), n. the slope at the edge of a cutting tool; the rim which encompasses and fastens a - gem in its setting; the groove in which the glass of a watch is fitted. bezetta (be-zet'ta), n. a dye obtained, by immersing coarse rags in a col- ored solution. bezique (be-zek'), n. a modern game of cards. bezoar (be'zor), n. a calcareous con- cretion found in the intestines of certain animals. bhang or b&ng (bang), n. an East- ern drug prepared from the dried leaves of the hemp plant, having strong narcotic and astringent qual- ities; hashish. biannual (bi-an'u-al), adj. occur- ring twice in a year. biarticulate (bi-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. having two joints. bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (-ez) ], a seam formed by uniting the edges of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely to the texture; a weight on the side of a bowl which causes it to turn from a straight line; prepossession or undue propensity for; prejudice: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to give a bias or particular direction to; incline to one side; influence; prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a slanting manner; obliquely. biauriculate (bi-aw-rik'u-lat) , adj. having two auricles, as the heart of the higher vertebrates; having two ear-like projections at the base, as a leaf. biaxial (bi-aks'i-al) or biaxal ('al), adj. having two axes. bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth placed under an infant's chin to protect its clothes. bibasic (bi-bas'ik) , adj. a term ap- plied to acids which combine with two equivalents of a base. bibber (bib'er), n. a tippler. Bible (bi'bl), n. the Book (or the Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- ings of the Old and New Testament, whether in the original tongue or translated. Biblical (bib'li-kal), adj. of or per- taining to the Bible; scriptural. Biblically (-li), adv. according to the Bible. Biblicist (bib'li-sist), n. one who adheres to the strict letter of the Bible. bibliographer (bib-li-og'rlt-fer), n. one who is versed in the making of books, or writes a history of their production. bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-n), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EIBLIOKLEPT 101 BICYCLING science or description of books; a list of authorities on any subject. biblioklept (bib'li-o-klept), n. a book stealer. bibliolater (bib-li-ol'a-ter) or bib- liolatrist (-trist), n. a book wor- shiper; one addicted to bibliolatry. bibliolatry (bib-li-ol'a-tri), n. book worship; excessive reverence for the letter of the Scriptures. bibliology (bib-li-ol'o-ii), n. an ac- count of books; Biblical literature or doctrine. bibliomania (bib-h-o-ma'ni-a), n. a mania for acquiring rare and curi- ous books. bibliopegy (bibTi-6-pe'ji), n. art of book-binding. bibliophile (bibli-o-fil), n. a lover of books. bibliopole (bibli-6-pol), n. a book- seller, especially one who deals in rare works. bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka), n. a library. biblus (bib'lus), n. another name for the papyrus. bibulous (bib'u-lus), adj. readily ab- sorbing or imbibing fluids; spongy; addicted to drink. bicallose (bi-kal'os) or bicallous ('us), adj. having two callosities. bicameral (bi-kam'e-ral), adj. per- taining to or consisting of two legis- lative chambers. bicarbonate (bl-kar'bon-at), n. a carbonate or salt containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base. bicarinate (bl-kar'i-nat), adj. hav- ing two keel-like projections. bicaudate (bi-kaw'dat), adj. fur- nished with or ending in two tails. bice or b'ise (bis), n. name given to two pigments used in painting, one blue and the other green, called blue bice and green bice respectively. bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri), n. the two hundredth anniversary of any event, or its celebration: adj. per- taining to a bicentenary. bicentennial (bi-sen-ten'i-al), adj. comprising two hundred years: n. the two hundredth anniversary of an event, or its celebration. bicephalous (bl-sef'a-lus), adj. hav- ing two heads. biceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle having two heads; the large flexor muscle of the arm and thigh. bichloride (bl-kl5'rid or 'rid), n. a compound of two or more atoms of chlorine combined with a base. bichord (bl'kord), adj. having two chords. bichromate (bi-kro'mat), n. a salt having two parts of chromic acid to one of the base. bicipital (bi-sip'it-al) or bicipitous (-us), adj. having two heads; pertain- ing to a biceps muscle; dividing into two parts at either extremity. bicker (bik'er), v.i. to engage in petty altercation; move rapidly with a noise; quiver; flicker: n. a noisy wrangle. biconcave (bi-kon'kav), adj. hollow on both sides. biconjugate (bl-kon'ju-gat), adj. twice paired. biconvex (bi-kon'veks) , adj. rounded on both sides. bicorn (bi-korn) or bicornus ('us), adj. having two horns. bicorporal (bi-kor'po-ral) or bicor- porate (-rat), adj. having two bodies. bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspi- date (-at), adj. having two points or prominences: n. one of the double- pointed teeth forming the first pair of molars on either side of the jaw, above and below. bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- chine of various forms, but consist- ing primarily of two wheels placed in line, connected by a fork and backbone, and supporting a saddle for the rider, the machine being propelled by means of treadles at- tached to cranks or levers: v.i. to ride on a bicycle. bicycling (bl'si-kling), or bicyclism (-klizm), n. the practice or art of riding a bicycle, (The abbreviation ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BICYCLIST 102 BILANDER cycling is now more generally though less accurately used.) bicyclist (bi'sik-list), n. one who rides a bicycle; a cyclist. biddable (bid'a-bl), adj. docile, obedient. bidder {bid'er), n. one who bids or offers a price, as at a sale or auction. biddery-ware (bid'er-i-war), n. in- laid work made from a metallic alloy. Called also bidhri-ware. bidding (bid'ing), n. an order; com- mand; proclamation; the act of offering a price at auction. biddy (bid'i), n.a fowl or chicken. bide (bid), v.i! [p.t. & p.p. bode, bided, p.pr. biding], inhabit; reside: v.t. to endure; suffer; wait for. bident (bi'dent), n. a two-pronged instrument. bidental (bl-den'tal) or bidentate ('tat), adj. having two teeth, or two tooth-like processes. bidet (bi-def, French be-da'), n. a form of night commode; a portable bath; a sitz bath. bidhri-ware. See biddery-ware. biennial (bl-en'ni-al), adj. happen- ing once in two years; continuing or existing for two years, as plants: n. a plant which produces roots and leaves in the first year, and in the second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- ward perishing; something which is held once in two years. bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on which a corpse is placed, or con- veyed to the grave; a tomb. bifacial (bl-fa'shi-al), adj. having two similar faces or the opposite surfaces alike. bifarious (bi-fa/ri-us), adj. two-fold; two-rowed; pointing in two ways. biferous (bif'er-us), adj. bearing flowers or fruit twice a year. bifid (bl'fid), adj. partially divided into two. bifilar (bl-fil'ar), adj. two-threaded; fitted with two threads. bifocal (bi-fo'kal), . adj. having two foci. bifold (bi'fold), adj. two-fold; double. bifoliate (bi-fo'li-at), adj. having two leaves. bifurcate (bi-fer'kat), v.i. to divide in two directions or branches. bifurcation (bi-fer-ka'shun), n. a forking or division into two branches. bighorn (big'horn), n. the wild sheep of the Rocky Mountains. bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the offense of contracting a second marriage during the existence of a former marriage. biga (bi'ga), n. a two-horse chariot. bigamist (big'a-mist), n. one guilty of bigamy. bigamous (big'IL-mus), adj. pertaining to and involving bigamy. bight (bit), n. a loop or bend of a rope, in distinction from the ends; a bend in a coast-line forming an open bay; a small bay between two headlands. Bignonia (big-no 'ni-a), n. a large genus of American tropical climbing plants, to which the trumpet- creeper belongs. bigot (big'ot), n. one who is unrea- sonably and blindly attached to a particular creed, church, of party; one who is intolerant of opinions which differ from his own; a fanatic; one illiberal, or hypocritically stub- born in creed. bigotry (big'ot-ri), n. [pi. _ bigotries (-riz) ], the state or condition of a narrow-minded, intolerant person; blind and obstinate attachment to a particular creed, party, or opinion; intolerance; fanaticism. bigwig (big 'wig), n. a person of importance; usually used ironically. bijou (be-zhoo'), n. [pi. bijoux (-zhooz) ], a jewel; any small and elegantly finished article. bijouterie (be-zhoo'tre), n. jewelry or other small articles of vertu. bike (bik), n. a bicycle: v.i. to ride a bicycle. bilabiate (bi-la'bi-at), adj. having two lips. bilander (bil'an- & bi'lan-der), n. a small two-masted Dutch vessel of the hoy class. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BILATERAL 103 BILL OF LADING bilateral (bi-lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, or having two sides. bilberry (bil'ber-ri), n. [pi. bilberries (-riz)], the whortleberry. bilbo (bil'bo), n. [pi. bilboes ('boz)j, a rapier or sword; pi. a long bar of iron with sliding shackles for the feet, and a lock at the end, for- mery used as fetters. bile (bil), n. a yellow bitter fluid secreted by the liver from venous blood; ill-humor. bile-stone (-ston), n. a gall-stone. bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part of a bottom, on which the vessel rests when aground: v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge: v.t. to stave, or break in, the bottom or bilge of a ship. bilge-board (-bord), n. one of the boards covering the timbers where the bilge-water accumulates. bilge-keel (-kel), n. a piece of timber secured edgewise under the bottom of a vessel to prevent heavy rolling. bilge-water (-waw-ter), n. water which accumulates in the bilge of a ship. bilge- ways (-waz), n.pl. the timber supporting the cradle of a vessel, which upholds it while being built, and in launching. biliary (bil'i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to the bile; conveying the bile. bilin (bi'lin), n. a yellow gummy substance precipitated from bile. bilingual (bi'ling'gwal), adj. written or expressed in two languages. bilious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining to the bile; having the system disorder- ed by derangement of the biliary function; choleric. biliteral (bi-lit'er-al), adj. consist- ing of two letters: n. a word, root, or syllable consisting of two letters. bilk (bilk), v.t. to spoil the score of an opponent at cribbage; deceive or defraud, as by evading a pay- ment; leave in the lurch: n. the act of spoiling the score of an opponent at cribbage; a swindler. bill-board (bill '-bord), n. a level surface on which advertisements are pasted; a projection at the bow of a vessel. bill-broker (bil'bro-ker), n. one who negotiates the discount of bills of exchange. billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in writing; a note or short letter; ticket directing soldiers at what house to lodge; a soldier's lodging: v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers: v.i. to be quartered or lodged. billet (bil'et), n. a small stick or log of wood, as for fuel; an ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood. billet-doux (bil-le-doo'), n. [pi. billets- doux (bil-le-doo') ], a love-letter. bill-hook (birhook), n. a small kind of hatchet with a hooked point. billiards (bil'yerdz), n. sl game played on a rectangular, cloth-cov- ered slate table, 5 x 10 feet in size, with ivory balls and a cue. (The sing, form billiard is used always in composition.) bil liken (bil'i-ken), n. grotesque im- age; symbol of good cheer. bill of entry (en'tri), n. a written account of goods entered at the cus- tom house. bill of exchange (eks-chanj'), n. a written order from one person or house (the drawer) to another (the acceptor) to pay to the person des- ignated a certain sum at a fixed time, in consideration of value re- ceived. bill of health (-helth), n. a certifi- cate given to the master of a ves el, under the signature of a consul or other authority, specifying the state of the health of a ship's company or passengers at the time of her clearing a port. bill of lading (la/ding), n. a docu- ment specifying the goods shipped on board a vessel, and signed by the master of such ship, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and under- taking their safe conveyal to the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book ; hue hut; think, then. BILL OF MORTALITY 104 BIOGRAPHY consignee, unforeseen perils being only excepted. , bill of mortality (mor-tal'i-ti), ft. the official return of the deaths (also births) occurring in a par- ticular district within a certain period. bill of sale (sal), ft. a formal in- strument for the transfer of goods and chattels. billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat) , n. coarse or profane language; virulent abuse. billion (biryun), n . i n the United States one thousand millions (1,- 000,000,000); ni England a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). billon (bil'on), n. an alloy of gold and silver, with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage of low value. billot (bil'ot), n. bullion in the mass or bar. billow (biro), n. a great wave of the sea swelled by the wind: v.i. to rise and roll in large waves or surges. bilobate (bi-lo'bat), or bilobed (lobd), adj. divided into two lobes or segments. bimanous (bl'ma-nus), adj. having two hands. bimetallism (bl-met'al-izm), ft. the 1 egalized adoption of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed ratio. bimetallist (bi-met'al-ist), n. an ad- vocate for the use of a double metallic standard. bimonthly (bi-munth'li), adj. oc- curring once in two months. [Some- times incorrectly employed to desig- nate semi-monthly periodicals.] bin (bin), ft. a receptacle for any commodity, as corn, coal, &c. ; a frame for bottles in a wine-cellar. binary (bi'na-ri), adj. consisting of two things or parts; twofold. binary star (star), n. a double star or sun whose members revolve round their common center of gravity. binate (bi'nat), adj. growing in couples. bind-weed (-wed), n. a common name for plants belonging to the genus Convolvulus. binding (bind'ing), ft. the act of making fast; a bandage; the cover of a book; something that secures the edges of cloth. bine (bin), ft. the slender stem of a twining plant. bing (bing), ft. a heap or pile of any- thing. binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. a turret- shaped box containing a ship's com- pass. binocle (bin'o-kl or bi'no-kl), n. a field or opera glass with two eye- tubes for the use of both eyes at once. binocular (bi-nok- or bin-ok'u-ler), adj. having two eyes; pertaining to, or suited to, the use of both eyes. Also binoculate. binomial (bi-no'mi-al), n. an expres- sion or quantity consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus ( + ) or minus ( — ) : adj. consist- ing of two terms; pertaining to bi- nomials; having two names. binomial theorem (the'o-rem), n. the celebrated theorem of Sir Isaac Newton, which expresses the law of formation of any power of a bino- mial. binoxide. Same as dioxide. bioblast. Another name for bioplast. biodynamics (bi-o-'di-nam'iks), ft. the doctrine of vital force or energy. biogenesis (bi-o-jen'e-sis), or biog- eny (-oj'e-ni), ft. the doctrine that living organisms can proceed only from, or be generated by, living parents or germs; the science of life development. biograph (bi'o-graf), ft. a device for projecting animated pictures onto a screen. biographer (bi-og'ra-fer), n. one who writes the history of a particu- lar person's life. biography (bi-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. biog- raphies (-fiz) ], the history of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BIOLOGIC 105 BISK life of a particular person; bio- graphical writings in general. >logic (bi-o-loj'ik), or biological (-al), adj. pertaining to the science of life. tlogist (bi-ol'o-jist), n. one who studies, or is skilled in, the science of living forms. biology (bl-ol'-o-ji), n. the science which deals with the origin and life- history of plants and animals. bioplasm (bi'o-plazm), n. living germinal matter or protoplasm. bioplast (bi'o-plast), n. & minute mass of protoplasm possessing forma- tive powers. biotaxy (bl'o-tak-si), n. the classifi- cation of living organisms according to their structural characters. biparous (bip'a-rus), adj. bringing forth two at a birth. bipartite (bi-par'tit), adj. divided into two similar parts; having two correspondent parts. biped (bi'ped), adj. having two feet: n. a two-footed animal. bipennate (bi-pen'nat), or bipen- nated (-ed), adj. having two wings. biplane (bi'plan), n. an aeroplane with two planes or sustaining sur- faces, as in the Wright or Farman machines. biplicate (bi'pli-kat), adj. doubly folded. biquadrate (bi-kwod'rat), or bi- quadratic (-rat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the fourth power: n. the fourth power, arising from the mul- iplication of a square number or [uantity by itself. rch (berch), n. [pi. birches ('ez) ], tree or shrub belonging to the ;enus Betula; a rod formed of birch :wigs used for punishment ; a birch- )ark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t. to chastise with a birch rod; flog. •dlime (berd'lim), n. a viscous substance prepared from holly-bark, and used for entangling small birds in bird-snaring. birdmen (berdmen), n. aviators. bird's-eye (berdz'I), adj. seen from above, or at a glance, as by a flying bird; hence, general, not minute or detailed. biretta (be-ret'ta), n. a square ec- clesiastical cap.. Also birretta, be- retta, berretta. birn (bern), n. that part of a clario- net or a similar instrument into which the mouthpiece fits. birostrate (bi-ros'trat), adj. having a double beak, or beak-like process. birth-rate ('rat), n. the increase of population as shown by the percent- age of registered births to the num- ber of inhabitants in a district within a specified period. birth-right ('rit), n. any right or privilege to which a person is en- titled by birth; the right of the first born. biscuit (bis 'kit), n. a kind of un- raised bread, baked hard and dry, and shaped in flat cakes; pottery after the first baking and previous to glazing and burning. bisection (bi-sek'shun), n. division into two equal parts. bisector (bi-sek'ter), n. one who, or that which, bisects; a straight line which bisects an angle. bisexual (bi-seks'u-al), adj. combin- ing the organs of both sexes in one individual; hermaphrodite. bishop (bish'up), n. one of the high- est orders of an Episcopal Church; below in rank to an archbishop, but above a priest; a spiritual overseer; the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, having the power of ordina- tion, confirmation, and consecra- tion; the name of one. of the pieces used in playing chess. bishop's sleeve (bish'ups-slev), n. a wide sleeve worn by women, so called from its resemblance to that worn by Anglican bishops. bishop's staff (bish'ups-staf), n. a crosier. bishopric (bish'up-rik), n. the office, dignity or jurisdiction of a bishop; diocese. • bisk or bisque (bisk), n. soup or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BISMUTH 106 BLACKEN broth composed of several kinds of meat or fish boiled together; craw- fish soup; a stroke allowed to an inferior player or side at lawn-tennis. bismuth (bis'- or biz'muth), n. one of the elements, a light reddish- colored metal of brittle texture. bison (bl'son), n. the aurochs, or European bison, still preserved in Lithuania; the American bison, in- accurately termed the buffalo, which is now practically extinct. bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. bissextile (bis-seks'til), n. leap-year: adj. pertaining to leap-year. bister (bis'ter), n. a dark brown pig- ment extracted from wood-soot. bisulphate (bl-sul'fat), n. a salt of sulphuric acid in which half of its hydrogen is replaced by a positive element. bisulphite (bi-sul'fit), n. sl salt of sulphurous acid, half the hydrogen of which is replaced by the base. bisymmetry (bi-sim'e-tri), n. corre- spondence of the right and left parts of anything. bitch (bich), n. the female of the dog, or of other canine animals. bi-telephone (bi-tel'e-fon), n. a pair of telephones arranged so that they can be applied simultaneously to both ears. bitt (bit), n. a post of wood or iron to which cables are made fast [gen- erally used in the pL] : v.t. to put round the bitts. bitter-cup (-kup), n. a cup made of quassia wood, which imparts a bit- ter taste to liquids poured into it. bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet), n. the woody nightshade, the roots and leaves of which when chewed pro- duce first a bitter, then a sweet taste. bitterish (-ish), adj. somewhat bit- ter. bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird of the^ heron family; the residual brine in salt works from which Epsom salt is prepared. bitters (bit'ers), n.-pl. liquor in which herbs or roots are steeped. bitumen (bi-tu'men), n. mineral pitch. bituminous (bi-tu'min-us), adj. hav- ing the qualities of, or containing, bitumen. bivalent (bl'va- or biv'a-lent). n. an element, one of the atoms of which can replace two atoms of hydrogenJ bivalve (bi'valv), adj. having twd valves or shells united by a liga* ment: n. a mollusk whose shell is composed of two parts or valves, connected by a ligament or hinge, which are opened or closed by muscles, as the oyster or mussei. bivouac (biv'56-ak), n. an en earn ment of soldiers in the open ai without tents: hence, any open air encampment: v.i. to encamp with out tents in the open. biwa (be'wa), n. a Japanese musical instrument similar to the mandolin. biweekly (bl-wek'li), adj. occurring or appearing every two weeks; fort- nightly [frequently confused with semi-weekly = twice in ^ a week]. bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner or appearance; fanciful; grotesque. blackamoor (blak'a-moor), n. a negro. black antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n. the black sulphide of antimony. black art, necromancy, magic. blackball (blak'bawl), v.t. to reject or exclude (as a candidate) by placing black balls in the ballot box. black-canker (blak'-kangk-er), n. a disease in root crops. black-cap (blak'-kap), n. the popu- lar name of several black-crested birds; the cap worn by a judge when pronouncing sentence of death ; the black raspberry. black-cock (blak'-kok), n. the mal of the European black grouse o black game; the heath-cock. black-currant (blak'kur-ent), n the well-known garden bush, and its fruit. blacken (blak'n), v.i. to grow black : ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLACK-FISH 107 BLARE or dark: v.t. to make black; de- fame; asperse. black-fish (blak'-fish), n. a female salmon immediately after spawn- ing; a common name for several species of English and American fish. black-flag (blak'-flag), n. the flag of a pirate with a skull and cross- bones emblazoned upon it. black-fly (blak'-fli), n. a black plant-louse; a minute beetle inju- rious to turnips. black-friar (blak'-fri-ar), n. a friar of the Dominican order; so called from the black gown adopted by members of the order. blackguard (blag'ard), n. a man of low character, and addicted to the use of foul or abusive language; a scoundrel: adj. vicious; low; vile; scurrilous; abusive: v.t. to revile in scurrilous language. black-hole (blak'-hol), n. a dun- geon or dark cell in a prison; a place of confinement for soldiers. black-jack (blak'-jak), n. a large leathern vessel or drinking-cup of old times; the ensign of a pirate; dwarf oak, quercus nigra. black-leg (blak'-leg), n. one who endeavors to obtain money by cheat- ing at races or cards; a rook; an opprobrious term for a workman who is not a member of any trade union; a disease affecting sheep and cattle. black-letter (blak'-let-er), n. the old English or Gothic letter em- ployed in the early manuscripts and the first printed books: adj. written or printed in black-letter. black-list (blak'list), n. a list of persons who are deemed to be de- serving of punishment, or whom it is desirable to exclude from busi- ness transactions: v.t. to put in a black-list. blackmail (blak'mal), n. a tax an- ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- tle, in the north of England, and in Scotland, to the agents of robbers, to secure protection from pillage: hence extortion by means of intimi- dation: v.t. to extort money or goods from by intimidation of any kind. blacksmith (blak'smith), n. a smith who works in iron and makes iron utensils, horse-shoes, &c. blackthorn (blak'thorn), n. the sloe; a stick cut from the stem of the sloe. bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic membranous bag in animals, in which a fluid is collected; any ves- icle, blister, or pustule containing fluid or air; a hollow membranous appendage to some plants: v.t. put up in a bladder, as lard. blade-bone (blad'bon), n. the scap- ula or shoulder-blade. blain (blan), n. a pustule or blister. blamable or blameable (blam'a-bl), adj. deserving of censure. blamably (-bli), adv. in a culpable manner. blame (blam), v.t. to censure; re- proach: n. an imputation of a fault; censure; responsibility for anything wrong. blanch (blanch), v.t. to take the color out; make lustrous; to remove the covering of: v.i. become white; turn pale: n. lead ore found sepa- rate in the rock. blanc-mange (bla-monzh'), n. a white jelly, composed of isinglass, &c. bland (bland), adj. mild; soft; gen- tle; affable; soothing. blandishment (blan'dish-ment), n. winning expressions or actions; art- ful caresses. blank (blangk), adj. confounded; confused; dejected; empty; free from writing or printing. blank verse (vers) , n. unrhymed verse. blanket (blang'ket), n. a soft, loose- ly woven woolen cloth for a bed or as a covering: v.t. to toss in a blanket by way of punishment or joke; pass to windward to take the wind out of the sails of. blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give forth a loud sound like a trumpet: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLARNEY 108 BLEND v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: n. a noise like the blast of a trum- pet. blarney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheedling speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t.- & p.p. blarneyed: p.pr. blarneying], to in- fluence or talk over by soft, wheedling speeches; humbug with flattery. blarney-stone, a stone in the wall of Blarney Castle, Cork, on kissing which a person is said to become an adept in flattery. blase (bla-za/), adj. exhausted by excess of pleasure. blaspheme (blas-fem'), v.t. to speak irreverently of; mock; revile: v.i. to utter blasphemy; use profane lan- guage. blasphemous (blas'fe-mus), adj. uttering, containing, or exhibiting blasphemy; profane. blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), n. [pi. blas- phemies (-miz) ], impious, profane, or mocking speech concerning God or sacred things; expressed con- tempt or contumely for the person- ality or authority of God. blast (blast), n. a violent or sudden gust of wind; a forcible stream of air from an orifice; the sound pro- duced by blowing a wind instru- ment. blastema (blas-te'ma), n. [pi. blas- temata (-ma-ta) ], the point of growth of an organ as yet unformed, from which it is developed. blastoderm (blas'to-derm), n. the germinal spot in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. blastogeriesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis), n. reproduction by gemmation or bud ding. blatant (bla'tant), adj. bawling; noisy. blather (bla^'er), n. foolish chatter. blatherskite (blaffr'er-skite), n. a foolish chatterer; a worthless fellow . blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- liant sunlight; a sudden bursting out; active display ; a white spot on the face of a horse or other quad- ruped; a white mark cut on a tree. blazer (blaz'er), n. that which shines' a bright colored striped jacket. blazon (bla/zn), n. a coat of arms; a description of armorial bearings; ostentatious display: v.t. to explain technically, according to heraldic rules; embellish; display; proclaim boastingly. blazonry (bla/zn-ri), n. a heraldic device; the art of describing and explaining coats of arms; decora- tion, as with heraldic devices. bleach (blech), v.t. to make white by removing color or dirt by the action of the sun's rays, or by a chemical process: v.i. to grow or become white. bleachery (blech'er-i), n. [pi. bleach- eries (-iz) ], a place where bleaching is carried on. bleaching-powder (-poud'er), n. chloride of lime. bleak (blek), adj. exposed to wind and cold; desolate; unsheltered; cheerless; piercing. bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, remarkable for its brilliant silvery scales. blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a watery discharge: said of the eyes: v.t. to make sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim or obscure. bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a sheep: n. a cry, as of a sheep. bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pustule; a bubble. bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, p.pr. bleeding], to emit, or lose blood; to shed one's blood. blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any defect or deformity, physical or moral ; a blemish. . blench (blench), v.i. to start back; flinch; quail. blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, so that the things mixed cannot be separated or individually distin- guished: v.i. to mingle; shade im- perceptibly into each other: .n. a mixture, as of colors, liquids, tobac- ate, arm, ask, at, me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLENDE 109 BLOCK-HOUSE cos, teas, &c; a shading of one color, &c, into another. blende (blend), n. native sulphide of zinc. blenorrhea (blen-nor-re'a), n. leucor- rhea; excessive discharge of mucus. bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, p.pr. -ing], to consecrate; in- voke a blessing upon; bestow happi- ness upon; praise or extol; esteem happy. blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in fruit: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bletted, p.pr. bletting], to become internally decayed. blew, p.t. of blow. blewits (bloo'its), n. the edible pur- ple mushroom. blight (blit), n. a disease in plants, which causes them to wither partly or wholly; smut; mildew; any- thing which serves to check, nip, or •destroy: v.t. to affect, with blight; to check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. ind (blind), adj. destitute of the sense of sight; without light, morally or intellectually; undiscriminating. blind-fish (blind'fish), n. a diminu- tive fish of pale color, with rudi- mentary eyes, inhabiting the water of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. blind shell (bllnd'shel), n. a shell which falls without exploding, or contains no charge. blind spot (blind'spot), n. that point in the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye, but is not sen- sitive to the light. blindfold (bllnd'fold), adj. having the eyes covered so as to be unable I to see; having the mental eye or understanding darkened: v.t. to cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; hinder from seeing, ind man (blind'man), n. [pi. blind- men (-men)], a man who is blind, blind man' s buff (blind'manz buf), n. a game in which one of the players is blindfolded, and tries to catch one of the others. blind worm (bluid'werm), n. a small slender, limbless lizard, so named from the popular but erroneous sup- position that it was blind. Also called slow-worm. blink (blink), v.i. to wink with or as with the eye; twinkle; to get a glimpse; glimmer. blinker (bling'ker), n. one who blinks; a leather flap placed one on each side of a horse's bridle to pre- vent him from seeing any object ex- cept in front; that which obscures the sight or mental perception: pi. colored spectacles to shield the eyes from excess of light. bliss (blis), n. the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; the perfect joy of heaven. blister (blis'ter), n. a vesicle or pus- tule on the skin containing watery matter or serum; an elevation made by the raising of an external film or skin; an application to the skin to produce a blister: v.t. to raise a blister or blisters on: v.i. to rise in blisters, or become covered with blisters. blithe (blith), adj. gay; joyous; glad; mirthful; sprightly. blithesome (bli^'sum), adj. gay; merry. blizzard (bliz'ard), n. a, furious hur- ricane of wind with fine blinding snow, and characterized by intense cold; a poser. bloat (blot), v.t. to cure or dry in smoke. bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to swell; make turgid or swollen, as with water or air; inflate; make vain: v.i, to grow turgid. bloater (blot'er), n. a herring smoked and partially dried, but not split open. blob (blob), n. a blister; a bubble. block (blok), n. any unshaped solid mass of matter, as of wood, stone, &c; a row of buildings; a square or portion of a city enclosed by streets; an obstruction; hindrance; shares bought or sold in the mass. block-head (blok'hed), n. a stupid fellow. block-house (blok'hous), n. an edi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLOCK SYSTEM 110 BLOW fice constructed of heavy timber, and finished with loopholes for musketry. block system (blok'sis-tem), n. a system of working railway traffic by which the line is divided into short sections, no train being al- lowed to leave a section until the next section is signaled clear. blockade (blok-ad'), n. the shutting up of a place, as a port, by hostile ships or troops, with a view to com- pelling a surrender by preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies: v.t. to surround and shut up; obstruct; block. blockage (blok'aj), n. an obstruction. blond or blonde (blond), adj. of a fair color; light colored: n. a per- son of very fair complexion and light hair (usually fern, blonde). , blonde-lace ('las), n. a silk lace. blood (blud), n. the fluid which cir- culates in the arteries and veins of an animal; the juice of anything, especially if red; kinship; consan- guinity; lineage; extraction; high birth; temper; a man of high spirit. blood-heat (blud'het), n. the nor- mal heat of the human blood in health (98° F.). blood-horse (blud'hors), n. a horse of pure breed or pedigree. bloodhound (blud'hound), n. a breed of large dogs remarkable for their' acuteness of smell, and em- ployed to track wounded game, or, as formerly, fugitive slaves and es- caped criminals; a blood-hunter. blood-money (blud'mun-i), n. mon- ey obtained at the cost of another's life; the reward paid for discovery or capture of a murderer; compen- sation paid to the next of kin of a person slain by another. bloodstone (blud'ston), n. a dark green variety of quartz spotted with red jasper; heliotrope; red hematite iron ore. blooded, breed. adj. of the best stock or bloody (blud'i), adj. pertaining to, containing, or resembling blood; blood-stained; cruel; murderous; attended with bloodshed; a coarse intensive expletive. bloody-flux (blud'i-fluks')* n. dys- entery. bloom (bloom), n. a blossom; the flower of a plant; the blossoming of flowers; a state or period of health and growth, promising higher per- fection, or exhibiting freshness and beauty; the blue color upon certain newly-gathered fruits. bloomer (bloom'er), n. a costume for women sought to be introduced by a Mrs. Bloomer, of New York, in 1849-50, and consisting of a short skirt, loose trowsers, fastened round the ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. [Also used as adj.]. bloomery (bloom'er-i), or bloomary ('a-ri), n. a forge in which wrought iron is made directly from the ore. blossom (blos'um), n. the flower of a plant; the state of flowering; bloom: v.t. to put forth blossoms; flower; flourish. blot (blot), n. a spot or stain; an ob- literation or erasure; a blemish; disgrace: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blotted, p.pr. blotting!, to spot or stain; mar; stain with infamy; cancel or efface [usually with out]; dry with blotting-paper; eclipse; obscure. blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, or pustule: v.t. to mark or disfigure with irregular blots or spots. blottesque (blot-esk'), adj. coarsely delineated, or marred by a heavy touch or blots. blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose over- garment; a French workman: such artisans usually wearing a blue blouse. blow (bio), n. a mass of blossoms; the state or condition of flowering: v.i. [p.t. blew,, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing!, to blossom; flower. blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand or with a weapon; a knock; an act ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLOW 111 BLUNDER of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- lamity. blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], to form or make a current of air; pant; breathe quickly; sound by being blown; spout water; boast. blow-fly (blo'fll), n. any species of fly which deposits its eggs upon flesh. blowing-mold (blo'ing-mold), n. a metal mold in which bottles and other hollow glass objects are blown. blow-pipe (blo'pip), n. a long tube of cane or reed used by South Amer- ican Indians and the Dyaks of Bor- neo to discharge arrows by the force of the breath; a tube through which a current of air or gas is driven upon a flame so as to concentrate its heat upon a substance to fuse it. blowy (blo'i), adj. windy; breezy. blowzed (blouzd') or blowzy (blou'- zi), adj. ruddy-faced; high-colored; coarse-complexioned, as by exposure to the weather. blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- lently, or so as to disfigure the face : v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the fat of whales and other cetaceans, from which train-oil is prepared; a jelly-fish or medusa. blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half- boot. bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy stick j sometimes loaded, used as a weapon. blue (blu), adj. of the color of the clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- mal; severe; pedantic. blue-bell ('bel), n. the wild hya- cinth; the harebell of Scotland. blue-book ('book), n. a governmental official report, &c: so called from the blue paper covers. blue blood Cblud), n. aristocratic lineage. bluebottle ('bot-1), n. a common field flower; a species of fly. bluebonnet ('bon-et), n. a Scotch cap of blue cloth; a name given to the Scottish troops before the Union; a Scotchman. bluebuck Cbuk), n. a name given to a small antelope, and the blauwbok of South America. blue-devils ('dev-ilz), n.pl. low spirits; mental depression; delirium tremens. blue-grass ('gras), n. a rich pasture grass. blue-gum ('gum), n. a lofty tree of Australia, valuable for its timber, and for its essential oil: used as a preventive against influenza. bluejacket (blu'jak-et), n. a sailor. bluelight (blu'lit), n. a light of that hue used as a signal; a pyrotechnic composition. blue-mold (bhYmold), n. a minute fungus which attacks bread and oth- er food-stuffs. blue-peter (blu'pe-ter), n. a small blue flag with a white square in the center used as a signal for sailing, &c. blue-ribbon (blu'rib-un), n. a priaed distinction; mark of success. blue-spar (blu'spar), n. lazulite. blue-stocking (bhYstok-ing), n. a woman of literary tastes or occupa- tion. blue-stone (blti'ston), n. sulphate of copper. blue-sky law (blu-skl-law), n. in the U. S. a law to prevent the issue of fraudulent securities. bluing (blu'ing), n. the process of imparting a blue tint; the indigo, &c, used by washerwomen. bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, flattened front; rising steeply or boldly; broad and full; rough and hearty; surly; gruff. bluffer (bluf-fer), n. one who tries to frighten another by a pretension to power or strength which he has not. bluffily (-li), adv. in a blunt, out- spoken, or off-hand manner. bluffy (bluf'i), adj. having bold steep banks, or headlands. bluish (blu'ish), adj. somewhat blue. blunder (blun'der), v.i. to make a gross mistake; err stupidly; to move ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLUNDERBUSS 112 BOB-STAY or act clumsily: n. a gross or stupid mistake. blunderbuss (blun'der-bus), n. a short gun or firearm with a large bore, now obsolete. blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or rounded edge or point; not sharp; dull in understanding; abrupt in address; plain-spoken: n. money, especially silver money: v.t. to dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of. blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, p.pr. blurring], to dim; sully; stain; blemish: n, a smudge; a moral stain or blemish; a dim confused appear- ance. blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually with out]. blush (blush), v.i. to become red in the face, as from shame or confus- ion; bloom; feel shame (for): n. the suffusion of the cheeks or face with a red color, through shame, confusion, modesty, % constructed and thrown dance; the music accompanying snch bo ^* h ^ h d ( bom , ketch) , n . astrong . a dance. meteor ly-built vessel, on which one or fi^-^S-r^ - (E , b into; 3-n i-gniy—jj - boflardVl'ard),*. a strong post of ^J" 1 * 1 ° fficer ° f ^ ^S PP (b?CtTSj, W ran n -in- Slniltnent "of the frumpet strument for me^uring mmute eta ^ „ origina!1 y quantities of radiant heat. cotton or other soft material used cushioned or padded part of a sad- zet), n. a sort or urn* *> rtoutmetallicpinorrodusedforhold- and ^bazeem ing objects together: ».«. to shoot^ ^i^fvlXfi'de) genuine, discharge; start or spring; swallow bona fide (bo . nft n ae^ . ge bolt" (bolt), .J. to sift or separate the bonbon (b6ngT>6ng), «■ a sugar- 5 te, arm, H, at, awl; me, merge, met; mtte, mit;_note, n6rth, not; boon, BOND 115 BOOMER plum; any confection of sugar; a Christmas cracker. bond (bond), n. anything that binds, fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. fetters; imprisonment; captivity: hence a cause of union; duty; obli- gation; an instrument under seal by which a person binds himself, his heirs, &c, to do, or abstain from doing, a certain act. bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue forming the skeleton of most verte- brate animals. bone-black (bon'blak), n. animal charcoal. bonfire (bon'fir), n. any large fire made in the open air to celebrate an event, or consume rubbish. bonhomie (bon-o-me'), n. goodheart- edness; a frank good-natured man- ner. boniface (bon'i-fas), n. an inn- keeper. bon-marche (bong-mar-sha/), good market. bonne (bon), n. a French nurse. bonnet (bon'et), n. a soft woolen cap worn by men in Scotland; a woman's head-covering, varying ac- cording to fashion, but distinguished from a hat by having no brim ; any- thing resembling a bonnet in shape or use: v.t. to crush the bonnet or hat over the eyes of. bonny (bon'ni), adj. handsome; beau- tiful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written also bonnie. bonspiel (bon'spel), n. in Scotland, a curling match between players of different clubs. bon-ton (bong-tong'), n. the style of persons in high life; good breeding; fashionable society; height of fash- ion. bonus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses (-ez)], a sum given, or paid, over and above what is required, or actu- ally payable; an additional dividend out of accumulated profits; a sum paid in addition to regular pay or boo (boo), inter j. an expression of aversion or contempt: n. hooting: v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t. to hoot at. booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid fellow; a species of gannet, a West Indian bird. boobyish (-ish), adj. stupid; silly. boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for votes, or undue political influence; bribe money. boodler (bood'ler), n. one who gives or accepts a bribe. boo-hoo (boo-hoo'), v.i. to cry noisily, like a baby. bookkeeping (bookTcep-ing), n. the art of recording pecuniary or busi- ness transactions in a regular and systematic manner. bookmaker (book'mak-er), n. one who writes and publishes books; a compiler; one who bets against the success of a horse in a race, and en- ters his transactions in a book; a professional betting man. bookman (book'man), n. a studious man; a scholar. bookmuslin (book'muz-lin), n. a fine kind of transparent muslin. bookworm (book'werm), n. the larva or grub of various species of insects which infest and injure books; a person closely addicted to study. booking-office (book'ing-of'fis), n. in England, an office where tickets are sold, for railway or steamship traveling, or for seats in a theater. bookish (book'ish), adj. given to reading; fond of study; better ac- quainted with books than with men; pedantic. booklet (book'let), n. a little book. boom (boom), n. a long pole or spar run out to extend the foot of certain sails; a strong chain, cable, or fine of spars bound together, extended across a river or harbor to exclude an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow sound; a sudden demand for a com- modity; a rapid rise in price. boomer (boom'er), n. one who stand or promotes a boom : the Australian ate, arm, ask, at,- awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOOMERANG 116 BOROUGH, ENGLISH name for the male of the great kan- garoo. boomerang (boom'e-rang), n. a mis- sile weapon used by the Australian aborigines, consisting of a piece of flat curved hard wood, which, when thrown by the hand in a certain manner, describes a series of curves, and finally returns to the thrower, striking the ground behind him; hence any action which may recoil on its projector. boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor; adj. gay; kind; jovial; merry, con- vivial. boon (boon), n. the refuse woody matter of flax from which the fiber has been dressed. boor (bdor), n. a rustic; a peasant; a South African colonist of Dutch descent; a rude, ill-mannered, clownish person. boorish (boor'ish), adj. like a boor; clownish; awkward in manner; il- literate. boose.. See booze. boost (bo5st), v.t. to lift by pushing from behind: n. a lift from behind. boot (boot), v.t. to profit; advantage; avail [usually with it]. booth (booth), n. a temporary struc- ture made of boards, canvas, &c. bootless ('les), adv. without advan- tage. boots (boots), n. the servant in a hotel who cleans the boots of the boot-tree (boot'tre), n. a wooden form, placed in boots or shoes to keep their shape. booty (boo'ti), n. pi. [booties ('tiz) spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. booze or boose (booz), v.i. to drink immoderately; tipple: n. liquor; drink; a carouse; spree. bora (bo'ra), n. a fierce, dry N.E. wind which blows on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea. boracic acid (as'id), n. a, compound of boron with oxygen and hydrogen. borax (bo'raks), n. a salt compound- ed of boracic acid and soda, used as a flux in soldering metals, and in the manufacture of glass, enamel, artificial gems, &c. bord (bord), n. the face of coal paral- lel to the natural fissures. bordage (bord'aj), n. planking of a ship's side; the servile tenure by which a villein of the lowest rank held his cottage. Bordeaux (bor-do'), n. red and white wines produced in the district of Bordeaux, France. border (bor'der), n. the outer part or edge of anything; a margin; brink; boundary; frontier; a nar- now flower bed: v.t. to make a bor- der about, or to adorn with a bor- der; adjoin: v.i. to touch at the edge or boundary [with on or wpori\. border-land (bor'der-land), * land forming a border or frontier; an uncertain or debatable district. bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill a hole in; form by piercing or drill- ing; to force (as a passage) with effort; weary by tedious repetition, or by dullness; annoy. bore (bor), n. a tidal wave which breaks in the estuaries of some riv- ers, and, being impeded by the nar- rowing channel, rises in a watery ridge and courses along with great force and noise. bore, p.t. of bear. borean (bo're-an) or boreal (-al), adj. northern; pertaining to the North, or to the North wind. borecole (bor'kol), n. a variety of kale. boredom (bor'dum), n. ennui; the realm of bores; bores collectively. born (born), p. adj. innate; inherited. borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. boron (bo'ron), n. a non-metallic ele- ment occurring abundantly in borax. borough (bur'o), n. a corporate town. borough, English (ing'lish), n. a cus- tom existent in some parts of Eng- land, by which an estate descends . to the youngest son instead of the H; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. BORROW 117 BOUNCE eldest, or, if there is no son, to the youngest brother. borrow (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; copy. bort (bort), n. imperfect or inferior diamonds used for polishing other stones. boscage or boskage (bos'kaj), n. grouud covered with trees and shrubs; woods; thickets; a wooded landscape. bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; utter nonsense: inter j. humbug! bosket (bos'ket), n. a grove; a thicket. bosky (bos'ki), adj. woody; bushy. bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; clothing covering the breast; the af- fections or passions; something lik- ened toa bosom, as a sustaining surface, inmost recess, &c. boss (bos), n. [pi. bosses ('ez) ], a protuberant part; a stud or knob; an ornamental projection of a ceil- ing: v.t. to ornament with studs or knobs. boss (bos), n. a master, superintend- ent; foreman; leader: adj. chief; most highly esteemed: v.t. to direct; manage. botanic (bo-tan'ik), or botanical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to botany. botanist (bot'a-nist), n. one who studies or is skilled in a knowledge of plants. botanize (bot'a-niz), v.i. to seek af- ter plants for the purpose of study- ing them: v.t. to explore botanically. botany (bot'a-ni), n. the science which treats of plants. botch (boch), v.t. to mend or patch in a clumsy manner; put together unskilfully: n. a clumsy patch; bad work. bother (bo^'er), v.t. to annoy; tease; worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble one's self; be troublesome: n. worry; annoyance; one who, or that which, bothers. botheration (bof/i-er-a'shun), n. the act of bothering, or state of being bothered. bots (bots), n.pl. the larvse of several species of gadfly, which infest horses, oxen, sheep, &c. bottle-holder (bot'l-hold'er), n. one who waits upon a pugilist in a prize- fight, administering refreshment, &c; a backer; a second. bottle-nose (bot'1-noz), n. a name given to several species of cetaceans having bottle-shaped noses. bottom (bot'um), n. the deepest part of anything; the base; foundation. bottom-lands (bot'um-lanz), n.pl. rich flat alluvial soil on the river banks of the Western States. bottomry (bot'um-ri), n. the act of borrowing money on the security of a ship. bouche or bouch (boosh), v.t. to drill a new mouth or vent in. boudoir (boo'dwar), n. a small room,, elegantly furnished for a lady's pri- vate use. bouffe (boof), n. opera-bouffe ; comic; opera. bough (bou), n. an arm or branch of a tree. bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. bougie (boo-zhe'), n. a wax taper or candle; a slender flexible tube for insertion in the urethra, rectum, &c, in cases of stricture. bouilli (boo'lye, French boo-ye'), n. meat boiled or stewed with vege- tables. bouillon (boo'lyon, French boo-yong') n. a clear soup produced from boiled meat. boulder (bol'der), n. a large stone worn or rounded by the action of water; a portion of rock which has been transported to some distance from its native bed. boule (boo'le), n. the higher popular assembly of ancient Athens; the modern Greek legislative assembly. boulevard (boo'le-vard), n. a broad street, planted with trees. bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to bound; to eject summarily; to bully: v.i. to strike against anything so as. to rebound; leap or spring suddenly ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n»/ book; hue, hut; think, then. BOUND 118 BOWSE or unceremoniously; boast or blus- ter: n. a sudden bound or spring; a heavy sudden thrust or thump; a boast; brag; an impudent lie: adv. with a spring; suddenly. bound (bound), n. a limit; confine: extent; boundary: pi. territory with- in certain boundaries: v.t. to serve as a limit to; circumscribe. bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring suddenly or in succession; leap; re- bound: n. a leap; spring; jump; rebound. bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind. bound (bound), adj. ready to go; destined. boundary (bound'a-ri), n. [pi. bound- aries (-riz) ], the extent or limit of anything. bounder (bound'er), n. an ill-bred fellow. bounteous (boun'te-us), adj. giving freely; liberal in gifts; munificent. bountiful (boun'ti-fool), adj. liberal in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- ous; ample. bounty (boun'ti), n. [pi. bounties ('tiz) ], liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; generosity; munificence; a premium offered by a government to induce men to enlist in the army or navy, or to encourage some branch of industry. bouquet (boo-ka/), n. a nosegay; a perfume or aroma characteristic of some wines. bouquetier (boo-ke-ter'), n. a bou- quet-holder. bourdon (boor'don), n. the bass drone of the bagpipe; a bass stop of an organ. bourgeois (boor-zhwa'), n. a French citizen of the mercantile class; a shopkeeper; a size of type between long primer and brevier (ber-jois') (see type) : adj. of or pertaining to the mercantile or middle class. bourgeoisie (boor-zhwa-ze'), n. the French middle classes; the middle class connected with the trade of any country. bourn (boom), n. a stream; a rivu- let; a bound; destination; goal. bourree (boor-ra/), a composition of a lively character, allied to the gavotte. bourse (boors), n. a stock exchange for the transaction of business, es- pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- change of Paris. bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a going and returning; as much as is performed at one time; a trial; essay; round; contest. boutonniere (boo-ton-nyar'),, n. a bouquet worn in the button-hole. bovine (bo'vin), adj. of, or pertain- ing to, oxen; resembling or possess- ing the characteristics of an ox or cow; stolid; dull. bow-net (bo'net), n. a conical basket for trapping lobsters and crayfish. bow-saw (bo'saw), n. a saw for cutting curves. bowdlerize (bod'ler-iz), v.t. to ex- purgate, as an editor, everything deemed offensive or indelicate. bowel (bou'el), n. one of the intes- tines of an animal; a gut [generally in the pi.]: pi. the interior part of anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor. vi. 12). bower (bou'er), n. a shelter con- structed of boughs or twining plants; an arbor. bower (bou'er), n. anchor carried at the bow of a ship; one of the two highest cards in euchre, or the second and third highest (when the joker is used). Bowery (bou'er-i), n. a street in New York City, derived from a Dutch word meaning farm. bowie-knife (b6'e-mf), n. a sheath- knife formerly used in the United States as a weapon. bowline (bo'lin), n. a rope fastened near the middle of a square-sail, to keep the ship near the wind. bowling alley (bo'ling al-i), n. a specially prepared court or "alley" for the game of bowls. bowse (bouz), v.i. to pull or haul hard. ate, arm, llsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOWSPRIT 119 BRAIL bowsprit (bo'sprit), n. a large boom or spar running out from the stem of a ship or other vessel to carry- its sails forward. bowstring (bo'string), n. string of a bow; string used by the Turks for strangling offenders: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bowstrung, p.pr. bowstringing], to strangle with a bowstring. boxhaul (boks'hawl), v.t. to veer a ship round instead of tacking. boxiana (bok-si-an'a or -a/na), n.pl. the literature of prize-fighting. boxing-glove (boks'ing-gluv), n. a padded glove. boxmetal (boks'met-al), n. an an- tifriction alloy used for journal- boxes, shafting, &c. boyar (boi'ar), n. a Russian landed proprietor; the name of the Con- servative party in Rumania. boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine against a person so as to ostracize socially, and prevent or hinder the conduct of his business or profes- sion, as a means of punishment or intimidation: n. the act or state of boycotting; a combination for such a purpose. boycottee (boi-kot-e'), n. a boycotted person. boyer (boi'er), n. a Flemish sloop with a raised structure at each end. boy-scout (boi-skout), n. one of an organization for the physical and moral development of boys. brace (bras), n. that which holds anything tightly, or supports it firm- ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair. brace-drill, (bras'dril), n. a drill for boring metals. bracelet (bras'let), n. an ornamental band or ring for the wrist. brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the arm. brachiate (bra'ki- or brak'i-at), adj. having branches in pairs, nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next. bracken (brak'en), n. the brake fern. bracket (brak'et), n. a supporting piece projecting from a wall; a single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, &c; one of two marks [], used to enclose a word or note, or to indi- cate an interpolation; a brace: v.t. to furnish with or enclose within brackets; connect by brackets; couple together. brackish (brak'ish), adj. saltish. bract (brackt), n. a modified leaf growing from the flower stem, or enveloping a head of flowers. bracteate (brak'te-at), adj. fur- nished with bracts; made of thin beaten metal. bracteolate (brak'te-o-lat), adj. furnished with bracteoles. bracteole (brak'te-ol), n. a small bract. brad (brad), n. a slender flat nail, having a projection on one side: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bradded, p.pr. bradding], to nail or secure with brads. brae (bra), n. a hillside; sloping ground. brag (brag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bragged, p.pr. bragging], to boast; speak vaingloriously: n. a boast; a thing to boast of; ostentatious pretense; a game of cards. braggadocio (brag-a-do'shio), n. a boaster; a braggart; empty boasting. braggart (brag'art), n. a boaster; a vain fellow: adj. boastful. bragger (brag'er), n. one who brags. brahma (bra'ma), n. a useful varie- ty of large domestic fowl. Brahma (bra'ma), n. the chief god of Brahminism, worshipped by the Brahmins. Brahmin (bra'min) n. [pi. Brahmins (-minz)], a member of the Hindu priestly caste. Brahminee (bra'min-e), n. a female Brahmin. braid (brad), v.t. to weave or inter- twine; plait : n. a plaited band or fillet. braidism (bra'dizm), n. hypnotism. brail (bral), n.pl. certain ropes used to gather up the foot and leeches of a sail prior to furling: v.t. to hau. in by the brails [usually with up] ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRAILLE 120 BRATTICING braille (bral), n. a system of printing for the blind, by means of raised characters. brain (bran), n. the soft whitish con- voluted mass occupying the cranium of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- ter of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition; the understanding; intellectual pow- er: v.t. dash out the brains of. brain-storm (bran'storm), n. a tem- porary abnormal condition _ of the brain, presumably causing insanity while existing. brain-wave (bran'wav), n. a tele- pathic vibration by which it is sup- posed a thought is conveyed from one mind to another. braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as meat) in a covered vessel: n. braised meat. brait (brat), n. a rough diamond. brake (brak), n. an instrument or machine to break flax; the handle of a pump; a baker's kneading trough; a sharp bit or snaffle. brake (brak), n. a place overgrown with bracken, brushwood, &c: the common fern. brake-shoe (brak'shoo), n. that part of a brake which presses against the wheel. braky (brak'i), adj. full of bracken, brushwood, &c; rough; thorny. bramble (bram'bl), n. the English blackberry; any prickly bush or shrub. bran (bran), n. the husks of wheat, rye, &c, separated from the flour by bolting. branch (branch), n. [pi. branches ('ez)], a shoot or limb from a main bough; an off-shoot; any member or part of a body or system. branchiae (brahg'ki-e), n.pl. the res- piratory organs of fishes and some amphibia; gills. branchial (brang'ki-al), adj. per- • taining to the branchiae or gills. branchiate (brang'ki-at), adj. having, permanent gills. branchlet (branch'let), n. a little branch. brand (brand), n. a burning piece of wood, any 'form of trade-mark: hence, quality or kind; a stigma or mark of infamy; a fungoid disease of plants. brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. brandling (brandling), n. a salmon of the first year; a small red worm used for bait by fresh-water anglers. brandy (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies ('diz)], an ardent alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or the husks of grapes. brand-new (brand'nu),ad;. quite new. branny (bran'i), adj. having the ap- pearance of bran; consisting chiefly of bran. brant. Same as brant-goose. brant-rfox (brant 'foks), n. a variety of fox found in Sweden. Called also brent-fox. brant-goose (brant'goos), n. the smallest species of the wild goose. brash (brash), adj. brittle, as wood. . brash (brash), n. a rash or eruption; broken, loose, and angular fragments off rock underlying alluvial deposits: small broken pieces of ice. brasque (brask), n. a paste used for lining crucibles, &c; v.t. to line with brasque. brass ' (bras), n. [pi. brasses ('ez)], an alloy of copper and zinc; a uten- sil, ornament, or other article made of brass; a monumental tablet of brass; money; impudence: pi. the brass instruments of a band: v.t. to cover with brass. brassard (bras'sard), n. an emblem denoting some particular distinction. brassie (bras'i), n. a stick or club used in the game of golf. brassy (bras'i), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, brass; impudent, brazen. brat (brat), n. a child [used con- temptuously]. brattice (brat 'is), n. a partition or separation-wall in a level or shaft to form an air passage: v.t. to divide by a brattice. bratticing (brat'is-ing), n. ornamental open-work cresting; rich open work ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRAVADO 121 BREAM in metal; a brattice; a boarded pro- tection against machinery. bravado (bra-va'do), n. [pi. brava- dos & -does ('doz)j, arrogant men- ace; defiance. brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous. bravery (bra/ver-i), n. the quality of being brave; fearlessness; mag- nificence. bravo (bra/vo), inter j. well done! good! n. a cheer. bravo (bra/vo), n. [pi. bravos or -voes ('voz)], a daring villain; a bandit; an assassin. bravura (bra-voo'rii), n. an air of florid, brilliant style, adapted to dis- play the skill of the performer, or the range and flexibility of a sing- er's voice: adj. brilliant ; florid; per- taining to a bravura. brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily and outrageously; make a noise as of water rushing over a rocky or pebbly bed: ft. a noisy quarrel; an uproar; a row. brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- cially when prepared by collaring, boiling, and pickhng; muscular strength. brawniness (-nes), n. hardness; strength. braxy (brak'si), ft. a name given to a variety of diseases of sheep; a diseased sheep, or its mutton: adj. affected with braxy. bray (bra), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of an ass. braze (braz), v.t. to solder with brass; cover or ornament with brass. brazen (bra/zn), adj. made of brass; pertaining to brass; impenetrable; impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry off or behave with insolence or ef- frontery. Brazen Age (aj), ft. the age that succeeded to the Silver Age, charac- terized by violence. brazier (bra/zher), ft. an open pan for burning charcoal. brazil-nut (bra-zil'nut), ft. the seed of a palm of tropical America. Brazil-wood (bra-zil'wood), ft. a very heavy wood of a red color from Brazil, used for dyeing red. braziletto (braz-i-let'o), ft. an in- ferior sort of brazil-wood brought from Jamaica. Brazilian pebbles (peb'lz), n.pl. lenses made from rock crystal from Brazil. brazil in (braz'i-lin), ft. the coloring substance extracted from brazil- wood. breach (brech), n. the act of break- ing; the violation of a law, contract, or any other engagement ; a gap ; a difference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to make an opening in. bread-fruit (-froot), ft. the fruit of a tree growing in the Pacific Islands, which, when roasted, is eaten as bread. bread-stuff (-stuf), ft. bread-corn; flour; meal from which bread is made. breadth (bredth), ft. the measure of any surface from side to side; free- dom from narrowness; broad effect. breakage (bra/kaj), ft. the act of breaking; allowance for accidental fracture. breakdown (brak'doun), ft. a col- lapse; failure; downfall, as of a carriage; a lively, noisy dance. breaker (bra/ker), ft. one who, or that which, breaks; a machine to crush rocks, &c; a wave broken against the shore, or a rock [usually in the pi.]; a small water cask; a trainer of horses, &c. breakfast (brek'fast), ft. the first meal in the day: v.t. to provide with or entertain at breakfast: v.i. to eat breakfast. breakneck (brak'nek), adj. excessive- ly speedy; endangering one's neck by haste. breakwater ('waw-ter), ft. any struc- ture to break the force of the waves. bream (brem), ft. a broad-shaped, fresh-water fish of the carp family; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. BREAST 122 BRIBE v.t. to clear of shells, seaweed, &c, by fire. breast (brest), n. the fore part of the body between the neck and the ab- domen; one of the organs in wom- en, and some other mammalia, for the secretion of milk; the affec- tions; the conscience; the front of anything: v.t. to present the front to; meet or oppose manfully or openly; stem. breastfast ('fast), n. a large rope or chain to secure the midship part of a ship to a dock, wharf, or to another vessel. breastplate ('plat), n. a portion of armor covering the front of the body; a part of the vestment of the Jewish high priest. breastwork ('werk), n. a hastily constructed work thrown up breast- high for defense; the parapet of a building. breath (breth), n. the air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; life; the power or capacity to breathe freely; respite; a pause; a respiration; an instant; air in gentle motion; a mere word; a trifle; an odorous ex- halation; fragrance; an aspirate. breathe (breth), v.i. to inhale air and expel it from the lungs; live; take breath; rest from action; pass, as air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to inhale and exhale; inspire; whis- per; exercise; blow into. breathing (bre'iAing), n. respiration; air in gentle motion; a gentle in- fluence; a pause; ardent desire; an accent [']. breccia (brech'ia), n. angular rock fragments united by a matrix. bree (bre), n. broth; sauce; moisture. breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the hinder part of anything; the part of a cannon or other firearm behind the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into breeches; furnish with a breech; fasten by a breeching. breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment worn by men, covering the legs from the knees to the hips; trowsers or pantaloons. breeching (brich'ing), n. the harness which passes round a horse's breech; a strong rope to check the recoil of a gun. breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; produce; train; rear: v.i. to bear young; be fruitful; be produced: n. a race or progeny from the same parents or stock. breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or horsefly; a gentle gale; a fresh soft wind; an excited quarrel or wrangle; house sweepings; sifted ashes and cinders used in burning bricks. brethren (bretfi'ren), n. plural of brother. breve (brev), n. a note of time equal to two semibreves or four minims; a mark (~) used to indicate a short vowel. brevet (bre- vet'), n. a commission to an officer in the army conferring a higher rank, but without increase of pay; a patent; a warrant; a li- cense: adj. conferred by brevet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevetted, p.pr. brevet- ting], to confer brevet rank upon. breviary (bre'vi-a-ri, or brev'i-a-ri), n. [pi. breviaries (-riz)], a book con- taining the daily offices and prayers. brevier (bre-ver), n. a size of type between bourgeois and minion. (See type.) brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. brevities (-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from malt or other materials; plot. brevium (bre'vi-um), n. new radio- active element discovered in Ger- many, 1915. brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew-house. briar-root (brl'er-root), n. the root of the white heath, used in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Also brier-root. bribe (brib), n. a gift or considera- tion in money given or promised with the object of corrupting or un- duly influencing the judgment or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRIBERY 123 BRIGHTEN conduct of the recipient: v.t. to wood between two beams to keep gain over or influence by a bribe : them apart. v.i. to practice or attempt bribery, bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, bribery (brib'er-i), n. [pi. briberies and reins by which a horse is con- (-iz)J, the act or practice of bribing. trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak), n. an- bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to tique articles of vertu; fancy ware. hold the head up, as an indication brick-kiln (-kil), n. a kiln or furnace of pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. in which bricks are baked or burnt, bridoon (bri-doon'), n. the light bricole (bri-kol'), n. harness worn snaffle and rein of a military by men for dragging guns or loads. bridle. bridal (brid'al), n. a marriage; nup- brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an wedding. abridged statement of a case for bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- the instruction of counsel; a writ; ried, or about to be married. a Papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make bridegroom ('groom), n. a man new- an abstract of. ly married, or about to be married, brier (bri'er), n. a thorny plant or brideman (brid'man), n. a man who shrub. attends a bridegroom and bride at brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- a wedding. rigged vessel. bridesmaid (-z'mad), n. a young brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision unmarried woman who attends on of an army, consisting of several a bride. regiments, squadrons, or battalions bridewell (brid'wel), n. a house of (cavalry, infantry, milita, or volun- correction for the confinement of teers), under the command of a disorderly persons. brigadier-general; an organized body bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, acting under authority: v.t. to form stone, or wood, spanning a river, into a brigade or brigades. road, valley, &c; anything resem- brigadier (brig-a-deV), n. a general bling a bridge in form or use; an officer commanding a brigade, and apparatus for measuring the resist- ranking next below a major-general. ance of a conductor, called Wheat- Also brigadier-general. stone's bridge; a game of cards: v.t. brigand (brig'and), n. a robber; a to build a bridge; make a passage; member of a gang of freebooters find a way of overcoming. infesting mountainous districts; a bridge-board ('bord), n. a notched highwayman; a bandit. board into which the ends of the brigandage (brig'and-aj), n. the life steps of wooden stairs are fastened. an( j prac tices of a brigand; organ- bridge-deck ('dek), n< a partial ized robbery. deck extending from side to side of brigantine (brig'an-tin or -tin), n. a vessel amidships. a sma ll two-masted vessel, square bridge-head ('hed), n. a covering rigged like a brig, but with fore- work to protect the end of a bridge and-aft mainsail and raking masts. nearest the enemy; a tete-de-pont . bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, bridge-rail ('ral), n. sl railroad rail superl. brightest], luminous; bril- with an arched tread and lateral liant; shining; sparkling; illustri- foot-flanges. ous; glorious; witty; clever; lively; bridge-train ('tran), n. a pontoon auspicious; alert; glowing. train. brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; bridging (brij'ing), n. a piece of clear up: v.t. to make bright or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRIGHTS DISEASE 124 BROBDINGNAGIAN luminous; make gay or cheerful; make acute. Bright's disease (brit's-diz-ez'), n. a form of kidney disease character- ized by the presence of albumin in the urine. brill (bril), n. a flat fish resembling the turbot. Also prill. brilliancy (bril'yan-si), ft. splendor. brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; lustrous; glittering; distinguished: n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- fracting qualities to the best ad- vantage; the smallest size of type. ' (See type.) brilliantine (bril'yan-tin), ft. a cos- metic preparation for imparting a gloss to the hair. brim (brim), n. the edge of any- thing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p. pr. brimming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be full to the brim. brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: adj. made of brimstone; of the color of sulphur. brine (brin), ft. salt water; pickle; the ocean; tears: v.t. to steep in brine. brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. briny (brl'ni), adj. very salt. briquette (bri-kef, French bre-ka'), ft. coal-dust molded into the shape of bricks. brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; vivacious; effervescing vigor- ously; sparkling; burning freely : v.i. to become brisk [generally with up]. brisket _ (bris'ket), n. that part of an animal's breast where the ribs join the breast-bone. bristle '(bris'l), ft. a short stiff, coarse hair, especially upon the back and sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle to. bristol board (bris'tol bord), n. a thick, smooth, white pasteboard. bristol paper (pa'per), n. a kind of stout drawing paper. bristol stone (ston), n. a transpar- ent rock-crystal. Called, when pol- ished, bristol diamond. brit (brit), n. the young of the her" ring and sprat; small animals upon which whales feed. britannia metal (bri-tan'i-a-met'al), n. a white metal alloy of tin, copper, antimony, and bismuth. brite (brit), v.i. to be over-ripe. British (brit'ish), adj. of, or pertaining to, Great Britain or its inhabitants; pertaining to the ancient Britons. Britisher (brit'ish-er), n. a British subject, especially one belonging to the British army or navy. Briton (brit'un), n. a native of Great Britain. brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not tough. britzska (brits'ka), ft. an open car- riage used in Russia. broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; skewer; any boring bit or drill; a stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising directly from a tower without a parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; be- gin a discussion about. broad (brawd), adj. [comp. broader, superl. broadest], wide; ample; vast; liberal ; comprehensive . broad-arrow (-ar'o), n. a British government mark to distinguish its property. broad-cloth ('klawth), n. a fine woolen cloth with a smooth finished surface. broad-seal ('sel), n. the great seal of England. broadside ('sid), n. the entire side of a ship above the water-line; a simultaneous volley from one side of a warship ; a sheet printed on one side, and containing information of a popular character, or an attack on some public person. broadsword ('sord), n. a cutting sword with a broad blade. broaden (brawd'n), v.i. to grow broad: v.t. to make broad or com- prehensive. Brobdingnagian (brob'ding-nag'i- an), ad;', resembling an inhabitant of the fabled country of Brobding- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BROCADE 125 BROOKLET nag in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," hence, gigantic: n. a giant. brocade (bro-kad') n. a silk stuff variegated with gold and silver flow- ers, &c. brocatelle (brok'a-tel), n. a beauti- fully variegated marble obtained from Italy and Spain; a figured fab- ric of silky texture. broccoli (brok'o-li), n. a variety of cabbage. broch (brok), n. a prehistoric roof- less round tower, with massive walls of unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scotland. brochure (bro-shoor'), n. a pamphlet dealing with a subject of passing interest. brock (brok), n. a badger. brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe; a dialectic pronunciation. broil (broil), v.t. to cook upon a gridiron: v.i. to be subjected to great heat; to be heated with pas- sion: n. a noisy quarrel. brokage (bro'kaj), n. the premium or commission of a broker; broker- age. broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as agent or middleman for another; a dealer in second-hand furniture. brokerage (bro'ker-aj), n. the busi- ness of a broker; his fee or commis- sion. broma (bro'ma), n. aliment; a light preparation of cocoa or chocolate. bromal (bro'ma.1), n. a colorless, oily fluid obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol. bromate (bro'mat), n. a salt of bromic acid. brome-grass (brom'gras), n. a name for the oat-like grasses of the genus Bromus. bromic acid (bro'mik as'id), n. a compound of bromine and oxygen. bromide (bro'mid Or 'mid), n. a com- pound of bromine. bromide of potassium (of po-tas'- i-um), n. a compound of bromine, used largely in medicine as a seda- tive. bromine (bro'min or 'min), n. a non- metallic element related to chlorine and iodine. bronchi, n. ; pi. of bronchus. . bronchia (brong'ki-a), n. pi. the bronchial tubes. bronchitic (brong-kit'ik), adj. of or pertaining to bronchitis. bronchitis (brong-kl'tis), n. an in- flammation, acute or chronic, of the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes. broncho (brong'ko), n. an unbroken Mexican or Calif ornian horse. broncho-busting (brong'ko-bus'ting) n. slang phrase for breaking bronchos to be ridden. bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu- mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of the lungs and bronchi. brontograph (bron'to-graf), n. an apparatus to record sound waves. bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper and tin, to which other metallic sub- stances are sometimes added ; a work of art cast or wrought in bronze; a pigment used to imitate bronze; im- pudence: adj. made of or resembling bronze: v.t. to make of the color of bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; apply bronze pigment or leaf to. Bronze Age (aj), n. the age succeed- ing the Stone Age, the ornaments and weapons of that period being made of bronze. bronze-steel (bronz'stel), n. an alloy of copper, tin and iron, sometimes used as gun-metal. bronzine (bronz'in), n. a metal re- sembling bronze. brooch (broch), n. an ornamental dress-clasp. brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch. brood-food (brood'food), n. an ar- tificial food to feed bees while im- mature. broody (brood'i), adj. inclined to sit; adapted for breeding. brook (brook), n. a small stream. brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. brooklet (brooklet), n. a small brook. ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BROOK-RUNNER 126 BUCCAL brook-runner (brook-run-er), n. pop- ular name for the bird known as the water-rail. broom (broom), n. a slirub, bearing large yellow flowers; a besom or brush . brose (broz), n. a kind of porridge, made 6y pouring boiling water, or milk, or meat liquor, on oatmeal. broth (broth), n. a kind of thin soup. brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- fame. brother-german (-jer'man), n. a brother on both the father's and the mother's side. brother-in-law (-in-law), n. the brother of one's husband or wife; sister's husband. Brother Jonathan (jon'a-then), n. a humorous personification of the United States. brother-uterine (-u'ter-in), n. one born of the same mother, but of a different father. brotherly (brui/i'er-li), adj. as be- comes a brother; affectionate. brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a close four-wheeled carriage for one or two horses. brought, p.t. & p.p. of bring. browbeat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. brow- beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. brow- beating], to depress or bear down arrogantly; bully. brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent spirit supposed to haunt old farm- houses [Scotch]. browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.t. to feed on; pasture on; graze: said of cattle, deer, &c. bruin (broo'in), n. the brown bear. bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the flesh of an animal or to a plant or other body, caused by a blow: v.t. to injure, crush, or indent by a blow or pressure without laceration; con- tuse; bray, as drugs, &c: v.i. to fight with the fists; box. bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame: v.t. to report; noise abroad. brumal (broo'mal), adj. pertaining to winter; foggy; misty. brummagem (brum'ma-jem), adj. sham; counterfeit; showy, but worth- less. brunette (broo-nef), n. a woman with a brown or dark complexion, usually with dark hair and eyes: adj. having such a color. brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a furious onslaught; a brief and sudden effort. brush-wheel ('hwel), n. a tooth- less wheel used to turn a similar wheel by means of bristles, leather, cloth, &c, attached to the circum- ference; a circular wheel for polish- ing, used on a lathe. brushwood (brush'wood), n. rough, close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; small wood, suitable for the fire. brusque (brusk), adj. abrupt in man- ner. Brussels-carpet (brus'elz-kar'pet), n. a strong kind of woollen carpet. Brussels-lace (-las), n. various kinds of expensive lace made originally at Brussels. Brussels-sprouts (-sproutz), n.pl. a variety of the common cabbage. brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or resembling a brute; savage; cruel. brutalize (broo'tal-iz), v.t.- to make brutal; sensualize. brute (broot), adj. without reason or intelligence; rough; brutal; unciv- ilized: n. a beast; an irrational, ir- responsible animal; a brutal person. bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of water or other fluid filled with air or gas; anythng unreal or unsub- stantial; a swindling specuation: v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- ble; cheat. bubo (bu'bo), n. [pi. buboes ('boz) ], an inflammatory swelling in the groin or armpit. bubonocele (bu-bon'o-sel), n. rup- ture or hernia in the groin. buccal (buk'al), adj. pertaining to the cheek. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit;. note, north, not; boon* j book; hue, hut; think, then. BUCCANEER 127 BUFFER buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), n. a pirate; a sea-robber; one of the piratical ad- venturers who, during a part of the 17th century, made depredations on the Spaniards in America: v.i. act the part of a buccaneer. buccinator (buk'si-na-ter), n. a mus- cle of the cheek called the trumpet- ers muscle from its use in blowing wind-instruments. buccinum (buk'sin-um), n. the genus of mollusks to which the whelk be- longs. bucentaur (bii-sen'tawr), n. a fabu- lous monster, half man and half bull ; the state barge of Venice used by the doge in the annual ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. buchu (bu'ku), n. the name of cer- tain species of Barosma, employed as a medicine. buck (buk), v.t. to break or pulver- ize, as ore. buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c; a gay fellow; a fop; a male Indian or negro. buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle formed by placing long boards or slats on front and rear axles and seating the driver in the front. buck-eye ('!), n. a name of the American horse-chestnut. Buckeye State (-stat), n. a popular appellation for Ohio. buck-hound ('hound), ». a stag- hound. buck- juniper ('jump'er), n. a vic- ious untrained horse that en- deavors to throw the rider by arch- ing its back and drawing its feet together. bucko (buk'o), ». a bully; a bluster- ing fellow. buck-shot ('shot), shot of a large size. buck- wheat ('hwet), n. a plant cul- tivated for its triangular seeds, which are ground into meal and used for food. bucket-shop (-shop), n. an office for gambling in stocks, grain, &c. in small amounts. buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- sisting of a frame with movable tongue or catch, used for securing straps, bands, &c.: v.t. to fasten with a buckle; twist; bend; confine; join; to prepare for action: v.i. to curl; apply one's self with vigor [withfo], buckle (buk'l), n. a bend, or kink, as in a blade; a curl of hair; the condition of being curled, as hair. buckler (buk'ler), n. a kind of an- cient shield. buckra (buk'ra), n. negro term for a white man. buckram (buk'ram), n. coarse linen cloth stiffened with dressing: adi. made of, or resembling, buckram; hence, stiff; precise. bucolic (bu-kol'ik), adj. pastoral: n. a pastoral poem; a rustic. Buddha or Boodha (bood'a), n. the founder of the Buddhistic sect, died about 500 B.C.* Buddhist (bood'ist), n. one who ac- cepts the doctrines of Buddhism: adj. pertaining to Buddha or Bud- dhism. budge (buj), v.i. to move from one's position : v.t. change the position of. budge (buj), n. lambskin dressed with the wool outwards. budget (buj'et), n. a bag with its contents: hence a stock or store; the annual financial statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. budlet (bud'let), n. a small bud. buff (buf), n. a thick leather pre- pared from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c, dressed with oil; a light yellow; the bare skin: adj. made of buff-leather; buff-colored. buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffaloes (-loz)], a ruminant mammal of the ox family; a name given to various wild oxen, especially to the North American bison. buffalo-bird (-berd), n. bird which perches on the buffalo to catch parasites. buffer (buf'er), n. any contrivance which serves to deaden the concus- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BUFFET 128 BULL'S-EYE sion caused by the impact of two bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat foolish person. buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; box; beat; contend against: v.i. to exercise or contend with blows; struggle. buffet (buf'et & boo-fa/), n. a cup- board or sideboard; a counter for refreshments. buffo (boof'o), n. the comic actor in an opera: adj. comic; burlesque. buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses others by low jests, antics, odd gestures, &c. buffoonery (buf-oon'er-i), n. [pi. buffooneries (-iz)], the arts and practices of a buffoon; vulgar tricks and postures. buffy (buf'i), adj. buff-colored. bugaboo (bug'IL-bo5), n. a bugbear. bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- ject; a vain terroR buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled carriage drawn /by one horse. bugle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; a military wind-instrument. buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for cabinet work, consisting of brass or other metal, tortoise-shell, &c, worked into scrolls or other pat- terns; the articles so ornamented. building (bild'ing), n. the act of con- structing, raising, or establishing; an edifice. buksh ish (buk'shesh) , n. See bakshish. bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; a land of leaf bud; any protuberance or expansion on a stem or tube : v.i. to project as a bulb [with out}. bulbous (bul'bus), adj. pertaining to or resembling a bulb. bulbule (bulb'ul), n. a little bulb; a bulblet. bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part of a cask; a bending outwards; the bilge of a ship: v.i. to jut out; be protuberant. bulk (bulk), n. magnitude or size; complete dimensions; the main mass or body; the cargo of a ship when stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in size; swell out. bulk-head (-hed^, n. a partition in a vessel which separates one part of it from another. bulky (bul'ki), adj. of great size or bulk. bull (bool), n. a Papal letter, edict, or rescript, having a leaden seal (bulla) affixed to it. bull (bool), n. a ludicrous inconsis- tency in language. bull-baiting (bool'bat-ing), n. the sport of baiting or attacking bulls with dogs. bulldoze (bool'doz), v.t. to bully; to attempt to intimidate. bullet (bool'et), n. a small ball or projectile. bulletin (bool'e-tin), n. an official report regarding some matter or event of public interest; a periodi- cal publication: v.t. to publish or an- nounce by bulletin. bullfinch (bool'finch), n. a common British song bird. bullfrog (bool'frog), n. a large North American species of frog abounding in marshy places, re- markable for its loud, bellowing croak. bullhead (bool'hed), n. a broad headed scaleless fish of North America: catfish. bullion (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold or silver; foreign coin; a heavy twisted fringe covered with fine gold or silver wire. bullionist (bool'yun-ist), n. an ad- vocate for an exclusive metallic cur- rency, or a metallic currency com- bined with convertible paper. bullock (bool'ok), n. an ox or cas- trated bull; a full-grown steer. bull's-eye (boolz'i), n. a boss of glass; a sweetmeat; any circular opening for light or air; a small ob- scure cloud, with a ruddy center; a lantern with a convex lens; a plano- convex lens for concentrating the light, attached to a microscope; the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. . BULL-TERRIER 129 BUNTING inter of a target; a shot that hits the bull's-eye. bull-terrier (bool'ter'i-er, ft. a cross-breed between the bulldog and bully (bool'i), ft. [pi. bullies ('iz)J, one who domineers by insolence or threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p. pr. bullying], to overbear with bluster and menaces: v.i. to be in- solently noisy and quarrelsome. bully bool'i), adj. good; fine: interj. f an exclamation of satisfaction. bullyrag (bool'i-rag), v.t. to attempt to intimidate by bluster and threat. bulrush (bool'rush), ft. a rush-like aquatic plant. bulse (buls), n. a bag or purse used in the East Indies to carry or meas- ure valuables; a packet of diamonds or gold dust. bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; |* a fortification; the boarding round the sides of a ship, above the level bunchy (bunch'i), adj. gathered into a bunch. bunco (bung'ko), n. a confidence game. buncombe or bunkum (bung'kum), n. idle or showy speech, especially if intended to secure votes or satisfy one's constituents. bund (bund), ft. an embankment to protect the land against inundation. bundesrath (boon'des-rat), ft. the federal council of the German Em- pire; bund. bundle (bun'dl), ft. a number of things bound together; a roll or package; two reams of printing or brown paper: v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle or roll; to dismiss uncere- moniously [with off or out]', v.i. to depart without ceremony [with off], bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- ping the hole in a cask; a publican: v.t. to stop with a bung; close or shut up. of the deck; any means of protec- bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a single- storied house, lightly built, and gen- erally surrounded by a veranda. bungle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; man- age awkwardly: v.t. to perform clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; a botch. bunion (bun'yun), ft. a swelling on the foot, usually over the joint of the great toe. bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess serving for a sleeping-berth in a ves- sel, sleeping-car, &c. : v.i. to sleep in a bunk. bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. bunkie, a soldier who shares a shelter with another. bunt (bunt), ft. the middle part or belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle part of a sail in furling. bunt (bunt), n. a species of fungus which produces the smut disease in S tion or defense. bumblebee (bum'bl-be), ft. a large bee. bumboat (bum'bot), ft. a boat used for the conveyance of provisions, fruit, &c, for sale to vessels lying off the shore. bummer (bum'er), ft. a loafing fel- low who sponges on others; a low politician. bumper (bump'er), ft. an overflowing cup. bumpkin (bump'kin), ft. an awk- 'ward, clumsy, rustic; a country lout. bumptious (bump'shus), adj. self- assertive. bun (bun), ft. a small light cake. bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- lection of things of the same kind growing or fastened together; a ft; a small mass of. ore: v.i. to rell out; cluster: v.t. to form into bunch; to present (a lady) with bouquet. ichiness ichy. wheat. (-nes), the state of being bunting (bunt'ing), n a bird allied to the finches and the sparrows; a ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. A BUNTLINE 130 BURNING-GLASS thin woolen stuff used for making flags; flags collectively. buntline (bunt'lln), n. one of the ropes attached to the foot-rope of a square sail to draw the sail up to the yard. buoy (boi), n. a floating body moored at a certain place to indicate the position of something beneath the water; a life-buoy: v.t. to keep afloat in a fluid [with up]; to mark with a buoy; support. buoyancy (boi'an-si), n. relative lightness; elasticity of spirits. buoyant (boi'ant), adj. having the quality of floating in a fluid; not easily depressed. bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- case of certain plants; a partially burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- tion of the rough r; the rough ridges of metal left by the graver in cutting metal. burbot (ber'bot), n. the eel-pout. burden (ber'dn), n. that which is borne or carried; a load; something grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; a ship's capacity for carrying a cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic on which one dwells: v.t. to load; lay a weight upon. burdock (ber'dok), n. a large way- side weed with rough broad leaves. bureau (bu-ro), n. [pi. bureaus or bureaux ('roz)j, a desk or writ- ing-table furnished with drawers; an office; a governmental depart- ment for the transaction of public business. bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), n. the system of centralized government by means of bureaus or departments; the officials administering such bu- reaus, as a body. bureaucrat (bu'ro-krat), n. an ad- vocate or supporter of bureaucracy. burg (berg), n. a borough. burgess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or free- man of a borough. burgher (ber'ger), n. a citizen or freeman of a burg or borough. burglar (berg'lar), n. one who breaks into a house at night with intent to commit a felony. burglarious (berg-la/ri-us), adj. per- taining to, or constituting, burglary. burglary (berg'la-ri), n. the act or crime of breaking* into a house at night with intent to commit a fel- ony. burgomaster (ber'go-mas-ter), n. the chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Ger- many. Burgundy (ber'gun-di), n. a wine, red and white, made in Burgundy in France. burgundy-pitch (-'pitch), n. spruce- fir resin. burial (ber'i-al), n. the act of bury- ing. burin (bu'rin), n. a cutting tool. burl (berl), n. a small knot or lump in thread or cloth; a knot in wood: v.t. to pick knots, &c, from, as in finishing cloth. burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric made of jute, hemp, &c, used for bagging or in upholstery [commonly in the pi.]. burlesque (ber-lesk), adj. tending to excite laughter by extravagant con- trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, grotesque representation; a literary, composition or dramatic piece com- posed in burlesque style: v.t. to ridi- cule or make ridiculous by carica- tured representation; travesty; par- ody. burletta (ber-let'a), n. a comic opera; a musical farce. burly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; cor- pulent. Burmese (ber'mez), adj. pertaining to Burma. burn (bern), n. a rivulet; a brook. burner (ber'ner), n. one who burns or sets fire to anything; the part of a lamp or gas fixture from which the flame issues. burning-glass (-glas), n. a double- convex lens used to focus the rays of the sun upon combustible sub- stances to ignite them. ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BURNISH 131 BUTT burnish (ber'nish), v.t. polish by friction; make smooth and lustrous : n. polish; gloss; brightness. b irnt offering (of'er-ing), n. some- thing offered and burnt upon an altar as a sacrifice or an atonement for sin. burrow (bur'o), n. a' hole in the ground excavated by a rabbit or other animal, as a refuge and habita- tion: v.i. to excavate; work a way into or under something; lodge in a deep or concealed place; hide. burry (bur 'i ), adj. full of burs; rough. bursa (ber'sa), n. a sac or sac-like cavity. bursar (ber'ser), n. the treasurer of a college; a university student who receives an allowance for his sup- port. bursary (ber'ser-i), n. the treasury of a college or monastery; the al- lowance paid to a student in a Scot- tish university. burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial (John xii. 7). bus (bus), n. a shortened form of omnibus. Bushman (boosh'man), n. [pi. bush- men ('men)], one of a tribe of ab- originals near the Cape of Good Hope; a Bosjesman. bushranger (boosh'ranj-er), n. one who leads a predatory life in the bush country; originally a criminal who escaped and lived a lawless life in the bush. bushwhacker (boosh'hwak-er), n. a backwoodsman; an implement for cutting brushwood. bushel (boosh'el), n. a dry measure containing eight gallons or four pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; a large quantity. bushy (boosh'i), adj. thick and spreading like a bush; overgrown with shrubs. busily (biz'i-li), adv. in a busy man- ner. business (biz'nes), n. employment; trade; profession; something to be transacted or required to be done; right of action; affair; matter: adj. pertaining to business; practical. busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible ma- terial worn in the front of corsets. buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half -boot or high shoe reaching to the middle of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) worn by ancient actors in tragedy to increase their height. buss (bus), n. a small two-masted vessel used in herring fishing. bust (bust), n. the chest or thorax; the head, shoulders, and breast of a person represented in sculpture. bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the genus Otis, of which there are many species, as the great bustard of Europe and Africa. bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a certain amount of noise;" move quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; a pad or cushion worn by women beneath the skirt. busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely employed; bustling; diligent; of- ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. busied, p.pr. busying], to keep constantly engaged; occupy one's self actively. busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. busy- bodies (-iz)], a meddling, officious person. butcher (booch'er), n. one who slaughters animals for food; one who delights in slaughter: v.t. to slaughter for food; to murder in a barbarous manner. butcher-bird (berd), n. a name given to various shrikes, from their habit of suspending their slaughtered prey upon thorns. butchery (booch'er-i), n. the busi- ness of slaughtering cattle; bar- barous murder. butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in a household who has the care of the plate, wines, &c; the chief servant in a large household. butt (but), n. a push or thrust de- livered by the head of an animal; a thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by thrusting the head against. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. \ BUTT 132 BYZANTINE butt (but), n. a large cask of 117 gals, of Lisbon wine, or 108 gals. of beer. butte (but), n. an abrupt isolated hill or ridge. butter-bird (-berd), n. the rice-bunt- ing. buttercup (-kup), n. a plant bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. butter-fingers (-fing'gerz), n.pl. one who lets a ball slip through his fingers. butterfly (but'er-fll), n. [pi. butter- flies (-fliz)], a general name for any species of diurnal lepidopterous in- sects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- fling person. butterine (-in), n. an imitation but- ter. buttermilk (but'er-milk), n. whey separated from the cream in butter- making. butternut (but'er-nut), n. the fruit of a North American tree allied to the walnut. buttery (but'er-i), n. ; [pi. butteries (-iz)], an apartment in which pro- visions, wines, &c, are kept; a room in some colleges where liquors and provisions are kept for sale. butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; a boundary. buttock (but'ok), n. the rump or pro- tuberant hinder part. of a man or animal [used usually in the pi.}; - the convex part of a ship under the stern. button-wood (-wood), n. the plane- tree. buttress (but'res), n. masonry or brickwork built on to an outside wall to afford support; a support: v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jol- ly; robust; plump and comely. buyer's option (bl'erz op'shun), n. a purchaser's privilege of taking an agreed amount of stock within a cer- tain period. buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming noise, as of bees; a confused or blended murmur, as of many voices; a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to make a low humming sound ; speak with a low humming voice: v.t. spread secretly. buzzard (buz'erd), n. the name of several species of hawks; a stupid, dull fellow. buzzer (buz'er), n. an electric push- button for summoning or calling attention, or signaling to stop or start. bye (bi), n. a run scored at cricket when the ball passes the wicket- keeper and long-stop, and has not been struck by the batsman; a goal at football. by-law (-law), n. a private law or statute framed by a corporate body. by-word (bl'werd), n. a proverb; nickname; an object of derision. Byzantine (biz-an'tin), adj. of, or pertaining to, Byzantium (Constan- tinople), the ancient capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Indicat- ing a species of architecture; also of the Fine and Industrial Arts. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. c C, usually the third letter of the al- phabet in the language of Europe. Also a symbol for the Centigrade thermometric scale; also for Carbon. cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- tion of a few persons for carrying out some specific design; an in- trigue : v.i. _ [p.t. & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite in secret with others to effect some design. cabala (kab'a-la), n. a secret science of the Jewish rabbins to interpret the hidden meaning of the Penta- teuch; esoteric doctrine. cabalist (kab'al-ist), n. one versed in the Jewish cabala; an occultist. cabal lero (ka-ba-la/ro), n. a Spanish knight or gentleman; a stately Spanish dance. cabaret (kab'a-ra), n. originally an ale house or tavern; now a place of refreshment where dancing and sing- ing are provided. cabbage (kab'aj), n. a well-known vegetable: v.t. to appropriate to one's own use. abbage-thrips (kab'aj-thrips), n. a species of insect that infests the cabbage. eza (ka-ba'tha), n. the name ven a chief in the Philippine Is- nds. in (kab'in), n. a small hut, cot- tage, or room; a room in a ship for officers or passengers: v.t. to confine in a cabin : v.i. to live in a cabin. binet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- ment; a private room; a piece of furniture to hold objects of vertu, &c; a cabinet photograph; a delib- erative committee of the principal members of the Ministry. cabinet picture (pik'tur), n. a val- uable picture of small dimensions. cable (ka'bl), n. a large strong rope or chain; a submarine telegraph line; a molding resembling a cable; a measure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms: v.t. to fasten with a cable; transmit by telegraph cable. cablegram (ka'bl-gram), n. a mes- sage sent by a submarine cable. cabochon (kab'oo-shon), n. a pre- cious stone polished but not faceted. caboose (ka-boos'), n. a ship's galley or kitchen; the trainmen's car at- tached to a freight train. cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la')> n- a covered carriage with two or four wheels drawn by one horse. cacaine (ka-ka/in), n. the essential principle of cacao. cacanthrax (ka-kan'thraks), n. a malignant disease that infects cattle and may be acquired by men. cacao (ka-ka'o), n. a small evergreen tree of tropical America and West Indies, from the seeds of which cocoa and chocolate are prepared. cache (kash), n. a place of conceal- ment for food for future use: v.t. to hide (provisions) in the ground. cachelot (kash'a-lot & -lo'), n. the sperm whale, which yields sperma- ceti. cachet (ka-sha/) cachexy (ka-kex depraved habit of thought. cachinnation (kak-i-na'shun), n. loud or unrestrained laughter. cacholong (kash'o-long), n. a milk or greyish-white variety of opal; pearl opal. n. a seal. ), n. a perverted or ;, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, *Aen. 133 CACHOU 134 CALASH ccahou (ka-shoo'), n. a pill for sweet- ening the breath. cacique (ka-sek), n. the name or title of the aboriginal chiefs of the West Indies and some parts of South America. cackle (kak'l), v.i. to cry like a hen or goose: specifically used of the cry made by a hen which has laid an egg; giggle; prattle, n. the cry of a hen or g.ose; silly talk. cacography (ka-kog'ra-fi), n. er- roneous spelling; cramped, indis- tinct writing. cacomagician (kak'o-ma-jish'an), n. a person supposed to be skilled in the black arts. cacophonous (ka-kof o-nus), adj. dis- cordant. cacotrophia (kak-o-trof'i-a), n. suf- fering from defective nutrition. cacotype (kak'o-tip), n. a bad type or defective production, literally or figuratively. cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti ('ti) & cactuses (-es) ], a spiny fleshy plant with showy flowers. cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fellow; an omnibus conductor. cadaver (ka-da'ver), n. a dead body; a corpse. cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. re- sembling a corpse; pale; ghastly. caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries golf clubs. caddy (kad'i), n. [pi. caddies {'iz) ], a small box for keeping tea. cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 500 herrings, or 1,000 sprats. cadence (ka/dens), n. the full modu- lation of the voice in reading or speaking; rhythm; a musical run or trill cadenza (ka-den'za), n. a vocal or instrumental flourish. cadet (ka-def), n. a younger son; student in a naval or military acad- emy. cadi (ka'di), n. a Mohammedan judge. Cadmean (kad-me'an), adj. of or be- longing to Cadmus; Theban. caducean (ka-du'se-an), adj. pertain- ing to the caduceus, the winged staff of Mercury, entwined with serpents. caecum (se'kum), n. [pi. caeca ('ka) ], the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- dage of the large intestine, having one end closed. Caesarian (se-za/re-an), adj. pertain- ing to Caesar. Caesarian operation (op-er-a'shun), n. a delivery of a fcetus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen. Caesar ism (se'zar-izm), n. imperial- ism; absolute rule or government. cafe (kaf-a/), n. a restaurant. cafeteria (caf-et-e're-a), n. a cafe' for self-help or quick service. caffeine (kaf'e-in), n. a bitter alka- loid extracted from coffee; theine. cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of stones erected as a monument. caisson (ka'sun), n. an ammunition- wagon or chest; a box filled with explosives for firing a mine; a water- tight box or casing used for building structures in water; a sunken panel in a ceiling; a structure for raising and floating sunken vessels. caitiff (ka'tif), n. a despicable or cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; vile; cowardly. cajole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or de- ceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat. cake-walk (kak'wawk), n. a grotesque or fantastic march or parade, usual- ly by negroes, in competition. calabash (kal'a-bash), n. the fruit of the calabash tree of tropical America, used when dried as a vessel for liquids, &c. calaboose (kal-a-boos'), n. a jail; a lockup. calamitous (ka-lam'i-tus), adj. pro- ducing, or resulting from, calamity. calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. calam- ities (-tiz) ], any cause that produces evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; distress; affliction. calamus (kal'a-mus), n. [pi. calami (-mi) ], a genus of palms producing the rattan canes; the sweet flag calash (ka-lash'), n. a light carriage with low wheels and a folding re- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, £Aen. CALCAREOUS 135 CALIPH movable top; a hood formerly worn by women. calcareous (kal-kar'e-us), adj. of the nature of, or containing, lime. calcify (karsi-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. calcified: p.pr. calcifying], to con- vert into lime: v.i. to become strong by conversion into lime. calcimine (kal'si-min), n. white or tinted wash for walls or ceilings. calcination (kal-si-na/shun), n. the act or process of reducing to powder by heat. calcium carbide (kar'bld), n. a compound of quicklime and carbon, from which acetylene is generated by subjecting it to the action of water. calcography (kal-kog'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing with colored chalks or pastels. calculary (^al'ku-ler-i), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, calculi. calculate (kal'kii-lat), v.t. to com- pute; ascertain or determine by any process of reasoning; estimate: v.i. to make a computation; suppose or think. calculation (kal-ku-la/shun), n. the art of reckoning by numbers; computa- tion; something deduced by reason- ing or inference; estimate; opinion. calculative (kal'ku-la-tiv), adj. tend- ing to calculate. calculator (kal'ku-la-ter), n. one who, or a machine that, computes or reckons. calculous (kal'kii-lus), adj. stony; gritty. calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. calculi (-li) ], a stony concretion in the body; one of the higher branches of mathematics; the differential calcu- lus. caldera (kal-da/ra), n. a deep cal- dron-like cavity on the summits of extinct volcanoes. caldron. See cauldron. calendar (kal'en-der), n. a register of the days, weeks and months of . the year, &c; a register or list; a list of criminal causes arranged for trial: v.t. to register or place on a list. calendar month (munth), n. a solar month reckoned according to the calendar, as distinguished from the lunar month. calender (kal'en-der), n. a machine consisting of heated rollers, used for smoothing and glazing paper or cloth: v.t. to press in a calender. calender-roller (kal'en-der-ro'ler), n. a roller used in the manufacture of cloth to smooth and condense the material. calends (kal'endz), n.pl. in the Ro- man calendar, the first day of each month. Also kalends. calenture (kal'en-tur), a violent fever affecting sailors in hot latitudes. calescent (ka-les'ent), adj. increasing in temperature. calesin (ka-la-sen), n. a two-wheeled vehicle used in the Philippine Islands. calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz) ], a younjr bovine quadruped .^ caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a cylindrical body; mental capacity. calibrate (kal'i-brat), v.t. to deter- mine the caliber of; graduate. calibrater (kal'i-bra-ter), n. an in- strument to determine the size or caliber of a tub; used in machinery and in medicine. calicle (kal'i-kl), n. a small cup- shaped cell. calico (kari-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & os (-koz) ], white cotton cloth, or with printed design on one side. calipash (kal'i-pash), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the upper shell, inclosing a dull greenish gelatinous substance. calipee (kal'i-pe), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the lower shell, inclosing a light yellow gelatinous substance. calipers (kal'i-perz), n.pl. compasses for measuring the diameters of cylin- drical bodies. caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of the successors of Mohammed. Also calif. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CALIPHATE 136 CAM-GEAR caliphate (kal'i-fat), n. the office, dignity or government of a caliph. calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks), n.pl. the art of promoting health by phys- ical exercise; simple gymnastics. calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive oakum into the seams of (a ship). calligraph (kal'i-graf), n. a specimen of elegant penmanship. calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-fi), n. ele- gant or beautiful writing. calling (kawl'ing), n. the act of summoning; a summons or invita- tion; a vocation, trade or profes- sion; the state of being divinely called (II Pet. i. 10). calliope (kal-li'o-pe), n. the first of the Muses; an organ with steam- whistles for pipes or reeds. call ity ping (kal'i-ti-ping), n. the process of producing plates for printing purposes by means of type- writing and photo-engraving. callosity (kal-os'i-ti), n. [pi. callosi- ties (-tiz) J, the state or quality of being hardened; a callus. callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; in- sensible. callow (kal'6), adj. unfledged. callus (kal'us), n. [pi. calli (-1) ], the hardening of the skin from pres- sure; bony matter which unites the ends of fractured bones. calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; un disturbed: n. stillness; serenity. calomel (kal'6-mel), n. mercurous chloride: used as a purgative medi- cine. caloric (ka-ior'ik), adj. pertaining to heat. caloricity (kal-o-ris'i-ti), n. the power in animals of developing and main- taining heat. calorie (kal'o-re), n. the unit of heat (metric system) to express the amount of heat required to raise one kilogramme of water from 0° to 1° centigrade. Also calory. calorific (kal-o-rif'ik), adj. heating. calorification (ka-lor-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the production of heat. calorific rays (raz), n.pl. the invisi- ble heating rays emanating from the sun and heated bodies. calorizator (kal'o-ri-za'tor), n. a heating cylinder used in the manu- facture of sugar from beets. calotte (ka-lot'), n. a plain skull-cap of satin, &c; a cap or hood on the heads of certain birds. calotype (kal'o-tlp), n. a photo- graphic process in which the image is received on paper prepared with iodide of silver. Also called Talbo- type, from the name of the inventor. calumet (kal'u-met), n. the tobacco- pipe of the North American Indians, smoked as a symbol of peace, or to ratify treaties. calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at), v.t. to accuse falsely and maliciously: v.i. to utter calumnies. calumniation (ka-lum-ni-a'shun), n. the act of calumniating. calumnious (ka-lum'ni-us), adj. slanderous; defamatory. calumny (kal'um-ni), n. [pi. calum- nies (-niz) ], a false accusation; a slander. Calvary (kal'va-ri), n. the place where Christ was crucified; in Ro- man Catholic countries a represen- tation of the crucifixion erected in the open air. calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; become detached from: said of glaciers when icebergs break off from them. Calvinism (kal'vin-izm), n. the doc- trines of John Calvin [1509-64], the French theologian and reformer, es- pecially those relating to predestina- tion and election. Calvinist (kal'vin-ist), n. one who holds the doctrines of Calvin. calyx (ka/liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka/- lik-sez), calices (kal'i-sez) ], the whorl of a flower. cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece of ma- chinery for imparting an eccentric or alternating motion. cam-gear (kam'ger), n. a gear not centered on the shaft, useful m ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAMBER 137 CANARY many forms of machinery where discontinuous action is required. camber (kam'ber), n. a convexity on an upper surface ; a piece of timber thus bent; a small dock for unload- ing timber: v.t. to curve or bend; arch. camber- window (-win'do), n. a window arched at the top. cambist (kam'bist), n. one who deals in notes or bills of exchange; a money-changer. cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cambric. camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant quadruped, of which there are two species, the Arabian camel or drome- dary, with a single hump, and the Bactrian camel, with two humps; a water-tight structure placed beneath a vessel to raise and float it over a shoal or bar. Camellia (ka-mel'i-a), n. a genus of Asiatic evergreen shrubs, cultivated for their beautiful rose-like flowers and shining foliage. camelopard (ka-mel'o-pard & kam'- el-o-pard), n. the giraffe. cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone or shell on which figures are engraved in relief. camera (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras (-az) ], a camera obscura, especially that employed in photography. camera lucida (loo'si-da), n. an optical instrument for reflecting dis- tant objects on paper by means of a solid glass prism. camera obscura (ob-sku'ra), n. a darkened chamber or box in which, by means of lenses, external objects are exhibited on paper, glass, &c. earner aph one (kam'e-ra-phon), n. sl combined phonograph and kineto- graph. camofare (Italian), to muffle and con- ceal the face. camomile (kam'o-mll), n. a plant of the genus Anthemis. Camorra (ca-mor'ra), n. an Italian secret society, ostensibly political, but largely employed for extortion and violence. camote (ka-mo-'te), n the South , American name for the sweet potato. camouflage (kam-oo-flaj), n. a cover- ing of any kind to hide or deceive. camp-meeting (-met'ing), n. an out- door religious gathering. camp-stool (-stool), n. a folding stool or seat. campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open tract of land; the period during which an army carries on active operations in the field: v.i. to serve in a campaign. campanile (kam-pa-ne'le), n. [pi. campaniles (-'lez) ], a bell-tower detached from the body of a church. campanulate (kam-pan'yu-lat), adj. bell-shaped. campeachy wood (kam-pech'i wood), n. another name for logwood. camphor (kam'f er), n. a volatile aro- matic whitish substance, obtained from various trees and plants of Eastern Asia. camphor-tree (-tre), n. a species of laurel yielding the camphor of com- merce. camwood (kam'wood), n. a red dye- wood. Canadian balsam (bawl-sum), n. a resin obtained from a species of fir. canaille (ka-naF), n. the lowest orders of the populace. canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial navi- gable waterway; a duct or tube for the passage of fluids; a channel or groove. canal-ray (kan-al' ra), n. a flight of corpuscles going in the opposite direction to the cathode rays in a vacuum bulb through which elec- tricity passes. canard (ka-nard', French ka-nar'), n. an absurd story or report; a hoax canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; . pale or bright yellow color; a small singing bird with yellow plumage, a native of the Canary Islands: adj. bright yellow. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Z/ien. CANCEL 138 CANNONADE cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface writing by drawing lines across it; annul; strike out- common factors: n. the part of a book deleted and reprinted before publication. cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- taceans, including the crabs; one of the twelve zodiacal signs, the sign of the summer solstice; a ma- lignant tumor or growth. cancerous (kan'ser-us), adj. like a cancer; affected with cancer. cancrine (kang'krin), adj. having the form or qualities of a crab. cancroid (kang'kroid), adj. resem- bling a cancer. candelabrum (kan-de-la'brum), n. [pi. candelabra ('bra) ], a lamp- stand; an ornamented branched candlestick. candent (kan'dent), adj. glowing with a white heat. candescence (kan-des'ens), n. a state of glowing. candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- spoken; sincere; free from undue bias; open; fair. candidate (kan'di-dat), n. one who offers himself, or is proposed by others, to fill some office: v.i. to become a candidate. candidature (kan'di-dat-tur), n. the state of being a candidate. candied (kan'did), p.adj. preserved or incrusted with sugar. candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body of tallow, • wax, or other fatty ma- terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, and used to furnish light. candle-power (-pou'er), n. the il- luminating power of a candle taken • as a unit in determining the lumi- nosity of any flame. Candlemas (kan'dl-mas), n. the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary (Feb. 2nd). candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- ness. cane-brake ('brak), n. a thicket of canes. canella (ka-nel'la), an aromatic and tonic bark of a West Indian tree. canine (ka-nin'), adj. pertaining to dogs; having the nature or qualities of a dog. canine teeth (teth), n.pl. two sharp- pointed teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws of most mam- mals. Also canines. canister (kan'is-ter), n. a metal box or case for tea, coffee, &c; a case containing shot which explodes when fired from a gun. canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or ulcerous disease; an eating or cor- roding agency which causes decay or rot; anything that insidiously cor- rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to corrode or corrupt; infect with poi- sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- rupt; be infected with, or become malignant. canker-worm (werm), n. a cater- pillar destructive to trees or plants; something, as sorrow, evil, &c, that insidiously destroys one's happiness. cankerous (kang'ker-us), adj. cor- roding. cannel-coal (kan'el-kol), n. a hard bituminous coal burning with a clear bright flame; candle-coal. cannery (kan'e-ri), n. [pi. canneries (-riz)], an establishment for pre- serving meat, fish, &c, in cans her- metically sealed. cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. a human be- ing who eats human flesh; any ani- mal that eats the flesh of its own kind; adj. pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, cannibalism. cannibalism (kan'i-bal-izm), n. the act or practice of eating human flesh by human beings, or of animals by those of like kind. cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons ('unz), or cannon (collectively)], a large gun; a piece of ordnance. cannonade (kan-un-ad'), n. the act of discharging cannon against a town, fort, &c; v.t. to attack with cannon or ordnance: v.i. to dis- charge cannon. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CANNONEER 139 CANTILEVER cannoneer (kan-un-er'), n. an artil- [ leryman. cannula (kan'u-la), n. a small tube for injecting or withdrawing fluids. cannular (kan'u-lar), adj. tubular. canny or cannie (kan'i), adj. shrewd; knowing; cautious; wary; artful; reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. in a canny manner. canoe (ka-noo'), n. [pi. canoes (-nooz')], a light boat of bark, hide, or the hollow trunk of a tree; any light boat propelled by paddles : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoe- ing], to sail or paddle a canoe. canon (kan'un), n. a law or rule in general; a law or rule regarding doctrine or discipline enacted by a council and confirmed; the books of the Holy Scriptures received as au- thoritative by the Christian Church (called the Sacred Canon) ; a cata- logue of saints; one of the largest kinds of type; the part by which a bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary; : a bone in a horse's foreleg. canon law (law), n. rules or laws relating to faith, morals, and disci- pline that regulate Church govern- ment, as laid down by popes and councils. canon (ka-nyon'), or canyon (kan'- yun), n. a narrow deep gorge having more or less perpendicular sides. canonic (ka-non'ik), or canonical (-al), adj. pertaining to a rule or canon; according to, or established by, ecclesiastical laws; belonging to the canon of Scripture. canonicals (ka-non'ik-alz), n.pl. the ^ dress prescribed by the canons to be worn by a clergyman when officiat- ing. canonize (kan'on-iz), v.t. to enrol in the catalogue or canon of the saints. canonry (kan'on-ri), n. [pi. canon- ries (-riz)], the benefice filled by a canon. canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies (-piz) ], a covering fixed above a bed, or suspended over a throne or dais; any similar covering; a decora- tive cover above an altar, pulpit, niche, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, p.pr. canopying], to cover with a canopy. cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whin- ing voice, or with an affected or hypocritical tone; make whining pretensions to goodness. cantaliver (kan'ta-liv-er). Same as cantilever. cantaloup (kan'ta-loop), n. a va- riety of small musk-melon of delicate flavor. cantankerous (kan-tang'ker-us), adj. ill-tempered; cross-grained; con- tentious. cantata (kan-ta/ta), n. a short choral composition in the manner of an oratorio; a poem or story set to music. cantatrice (kan'ta-tres, Italian kan- ta-tre'cha), n. a female singer, es- pecially one who sings in operas. canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop in barracks or camp where liquors and provisions are sold; a vessel used by soldiers for carrying water or liquor when on the march; a box containing mess utensils, &c, for officers when on foreign service. canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- ter. canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), n. a stand with divisions for holding music, &c. cantharides (kan-thar'i-dez), n.pl. a preparation of Spanish flies used for blistering. canthus (kan'thus), n. [pi. canthi ('thi) ], the angle made by the meet- ing of the eyelids. canticle (kan'ti-kal), n. a song; one of the non-metrical hymns of the Bible arranged for chanting in church service: pi. the Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon. cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er), n. a bracket or block projecting from the wall of a house, to support a bal- cony, cornice, &c; one of two arms projecting from opposite banks serv- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ? CANTILLATION 140 CAPILLARY ing to form a bridge: adj. construct- ed on the principle of a cantilever. cantillation (kan-ti-la-shun), n. in- toning, especially in Jewish syna- gogue worship. canting (kan'ting), p.adj. affectedly pious; whining. canto (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos ('toz) ], a part of a poem of some length ; the highest vocal part in concerted music; soprano. canto-fermo (-f er'mo), n. plain song. canton (kan'ton), n. a district or division of a territory; one of the Swiss federal states; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement ; a division of a painting or flag: v.t. to divide into districts or parts; to al- lot separate quarters to troops. cantonment (kan-ton'ment), n. a, part of a town or village allotted to a body of troops; in India, a perma- nent military station. cantor (kan'ter), n. a choir-master or leader of singing; a precentor; an official in a Hebrew synagogue who intones the psalms. Canuck (ka-nuk'), n. a Canadian. Also Kanuck. canvas (kan'vas), n. a coarse heavy cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails, &c, and also for painting on; sails in general; a painting: adj. made of canvas. canvas-back (-bak), n. a North American duck, esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- ions: v.i. to traverse a district for the purpose of soliciting votes, in- terest, orders, &c. : n. a close inspec- tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- licitation of votes, interest, orders, &c. cany (ka/ni), adj. consisting of cane; full of canes. . canyon (kan'yun). Same as canon. canzona (kan-tzo'na) or canzone ('ne), n. a song or air somewhat resembling the madrigal; an instru- mental piece in the style of a mad- rigal. canzonet (kan-tzo-nef), n. a short song. caoutchouc (koo'chook), n. an elas- tic gummy substance obtained from the milky juice of several tropical trees, and much used in the indus- trial arts; india-rubber. capability (ka-pa-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being capable: pi. intel- lectual attainments. capable (ka/pa-bl), adj. receptive; susceptible; having power, skill, or capacity; competent; legally quali- fied. capacious (ka-pa'shus), adj. roomy; spacious. capacitate (ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to make capable; enable; qualify. capacity (ka-pas'i-ti), n. [pi. ca- pacities (-tiz) ], the power of re- ceiving or containing; the power of containing a certain quantity ex- actly; cubic contents; intellectual ability; legal qualification; profes- sion; function; position. cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. from head to foot. caparison (ka-par'i-son), n. an or- namental covering for a horse; gay or rich clothing: v.t. to cover with rich clothing, as a horse; adorn with rich dress. cape (kap), n. a covering for the shoulders, worn separately or at- tached; a headland. caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip; jump: n. a frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a prank. capful (kap 'fool), n. as much as fills a cap; a small quantity; a passing gust. capias (ka'pi-as), n. a writ author- izing the arrest of the person named in it. capillary (kap'il-a-ri & ka-pil'a-ri), adj. resembling a hair; minute; slender; possessing a very small bore; pertaining to the capillary vessels of the body: n. a tube with a small bore: pi. one of the minute ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAPILLARY ATTRACTION 141 CAPSULAR blood-vessels connecting the arteries with the veins. capillary attraction (a-trak'shun), n. the power possessed by porous bodies of drawing up a fluid. capilliform (ka-piTi-form), adj. hav- ing the form of a hair. capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the head or life; punishable with death; first in importance; chief; princi- pal, good, excellent; first-rate: n. the chief city or town in a kingdom or state; a capital letter. capital (kap'i-tal), n. the sum in- vested in any particular business; stock in trade; stock or resources of any kind, moral or physical ; that part of wealth which is savei and is available for, or employed in, future production; the head or top of a column, pilaster, or pillar. capitalism (kap'it-al-izm), n. the possession of capital, especially its concentration in the hands of a few; the power of combined capital. capitalize (kap'i-tal-Iz), v.t. to con- vert into capital; compute or real- ize the present value of in money, as a periodical payment; print with a capital. capitate (kap'i-tat), adj. growing in a head. capitation (kap-i-ta'shun), n. a tax, i fee, or grant per head. Capitol (kap'i-tul), n. the temple of Jupiter at Rome, situated on the S.W. summit of the Capitoline Hill; the building occupied by the United States Congress at Washington; the legislative building of a State. capitular (ka-pit'u-lar), or capitu- iry (-lar-i), adj. _ pertaining to a ihapter; growing in a head: n. a Latute passed in a chapter, as of ights or canons: pi. the body of tatutes of a chapter or of an ec- ilesiastical council; a member of a :hapter. ritulation (ka-pit-u-la'shun), n. the ;t of capitulating; the instrument ►ntaining the terms of surrender. din (kap'lin), n. a small fish of the smelt family, largely used as bait for cod. capon (ka/pon), n. a castrated cock; a cock-chicken castrated for the purpose of improving the flesh for table. caponiere or caponniere (kap-o- ner'), n. a covered lodgment; a pas- sage from one part of a defensive work to another, protected by a par- apet. capote (ka-pot'), n. a kind of long coarse cloak; a long mantle for women. capouch (ka-poosh'), n. a monk's hood or cowl; the hood of a cloak. capric (kap'rik), adj. pertaining to a goat. capric acid (as'id), n. an acid found in the butter of cow's and goat's milk, cocoanut-oil, &c, united with glycerine, and having a smell like that of a goat. caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden im pulse of the mind; a whim; a freak. capricious (ka-prish'us), adj. char- acterized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a goat. capriole (kap'ri-ol), n. a leap of a horse made without advancing: v.i. to execute a capriole. capsicin or capsicine (kap 'si-sin), n. an alkaloid extracted from several species of Capsicum. Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. a genus of South American plants, the pods of several species of which are used as a condiment (chillies), and when dried and ground form cayenne pep- per. capsize (kap'siz), v.i. to be over- turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or upset: n: an upset or overturn. capstan (kap'stan), n. an upright drum or cylinder revolving upon a spindle, and worked by bars or levers. capsular (kap'su-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a cap- sule. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north; not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ft CAPSULE 142 CARAWAY capsule (kap'siil), n. a metallic seal by the members; a woman's cloak or cover for a bottle; a small en- and hood. velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- caput (kap'ut), n. [pi. capita ('i-ta) J, seous drug; a seed-vessel or pod the head. which at maturity opens by valves; carack or carrack (kar'ak), n. a a small shallow vessel; a membra- large round-built vessel formerly nous sac inclosing some part or or used by the Portuguese and Span- gan. iards in the East Indian and Ameri- captain (kap'tan, or 'tin), n. one can trade. who has command of, or authority caracole (kar'a-kol), n. a half turn over, others; a chief; a commander; which a horseman makes, either to in the army, the commander of a the right or left; a spiral staircase, company; in the navy, an officer Also caracol: v.i. to move in a cara- commanding a ship of war; the cole; wheel. master of a merchant vessel; the caramel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt sugar, head of a team or side; the chief used for coloring spirits, gravies, boy in a school. soups, &c; a sweetmeat; a candy. captaincy (kap 'tan-si or 'tin-si), n. carapace (kar'a-pas), n. the upper the rank, post, or commission of a shell of the tortoise, turtle, &c; captain. * the upper covering of the Crustacea. caption (kap'shun), n. a certificate carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 of arrest. grains, used for weighing precious captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth catch at faults or take offense; part, a term used to express the quibbling; sophistical; fitted to har- fineness of gold used in jewelry; ass or perplex; carping. thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 captivate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to en- parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy slave or hold captive by beauty or (copper or silver). Also spelled excellence; charm or lure; fascinate. karat. captive (kap'tiv), adj. made prisoner; caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. held in bondage; fascinated; of or a company of travelers, merchants, pertaining to bondage: n. one who or pilgrims, associated together for is taken prisoner, especially one so mutual security, especially when taken in war; one held in bondage traveling through deserts or regions or fascinated. infested by robbers; a large covered captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti), n. the state wa g° n ? r carriage for the convey- of being held in bondage or con- ance of traveling exhibitions or finement; servitude; imprisonment. passengers; a van. /, ,,_ v i caravansary (kar-a-van sa-n), n. [pi. captor (kap'ter), n. one who cap- caravan y saries ( . riz) ,/' in ft e tures or takes any person or thing East kind f ^ cons > ti of a by force or stratagem. large > unf urnished building sur ? ound . capture (kap tur), n. the act of seiz- ing a spacious court, where caravans ing or taking, as a prisoner or a rest at night. Also caravanserai. prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. caravel (kar'a-vel) or carvel (kar'- to take or seize by force, surprise, vel), n. a name given to several or stratagem; make a prisoner or kinds of ships, as a small 16th cen- prize of. tury vessel, used by the Spaniards Capuchin (kap'u-shen or -oo-shen'), and Portuguese, with broad bows, n. a Franciscan monk of the men- narrow high poop, four masts, and dicant order; so named from the lateen sails. long pointed cowl or capouch worn caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARBINE 143 CARDINAL NUMBERS plant with aromatic and pungent seeds, used medicinally and as a condiment. carbine (kar'bin), n. a short rifle adapted to the use of cavalry. Also carabine. carbineer (kar-bi-ner'), n. a soldier armed with a carbine. Also cara- bineer. carbohydrate (kar-bo-hi'drat), n. one of a group of organic com- pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. carbolated (kar 'bo-la-ted), adj. im- pregnated or treated with carbolic acid. carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, carbon or coal-tar. carbolic acid (as'id), n. an acid ob- tained from coal-tar by distillation: largely used as an antiseptic in sur- gery, and as a disinfectant. Also called phenic acid. carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary substance present in all organic compounds, and occurring in nature in two distinct forms, as the dia- mond and graphite. The action of heat on vegetable and animal tis- sues produces carbon in the form of charcoal, lampblack, coke, &c. : v.t. to place carbons in (an arc-lamp). carbon-dioxide (-di'oks-Id), n. car- bonic acid gas. carbonaceous (kar-bo-na'shus), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or con- taining carbon. trbonate (kar'bon-at), n. a com- pound of carbonic acid with a base. •bonic acid (as'id), n. (carbon- dioxide) a gaseous colorless com- pound of carbon and oxygen in the proportion of 12 parts of carbon to 32 of oxygen. It is a heavy irre- spirable gas, and acts as a narcotic poison. trboniferous (kar-bo-nif'er-us), adj. containing or yielding carbon or coal. rborundum (kar-bo-run'dum), n. an exceedingly hard abrasive made in the electric furnace through com* bination of silicon and carbon. carboy (kar'boi), n. a large globular bottle of glass, protected by a bas- ket-work, used to contain or con- vey corrosive acids. carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. a beau- tiful gem of a deep red color; an in- flammatory tumor, boil, or ulcer. carbuncular (kar-bung'ku-ler), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a car- buncle; red; inflamed. carbureter (kar-bu-ret'er), n. a de- vice which mixes vaporized oil with air and feeds it to the cylinder of a gasoline engine. carcase or carcass (kar'kas), n. [pi. carcases (-ez) ], the dead body of an animal; a corpse; the decaying re- mains of a bulky thing; the frame- work or skeleton of a building, ship, &c; a perforated shell filled with combustibles, used to set fire to buildings, ships, &c. cardamom (kar'da-mum), n. the capsule of several species of plants of the ginger family with its aro- matic seeds, used medicinally and as a "condiment. cardia (kar'di-&), n. the heart; the upper or cardiac end of the stomach where the oesophagus or gullet en- ters it. cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining to the heart; stimulating the heart's action: n. a medicine which excites action in the heart through the me- dium of the stomach, and stimulates the spirits; a cordial; stimulant. cardialgia (kar-di-al'ji-a), n. heart- burn. cardigan (kar'di-gan), n. a knitted woolen jacket or waistcoat. cardinal (kar'di-nal), adj. chief; pre- eminent; fundamental. cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- astical prince ranking in dignity next to the Pope; a woman's short cloak with a hood. cardinal numbers (num'berz), n. pi. the numbers one, two, three, &c, in distinction from first, sec- ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARDINAL POINTS 144 CAROUSE ond, third, &c, which are called ordinal numbers. cardinal points (pointz), n.pl. N., S., E., W. cardinal signs (sinz), n.pl. Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. cardinal virtues (ver'ttiz), n.pl. justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. cardinal-winds (windz), n.pl. winds which blow due N., S., E., or W. carditis (kar-di'tis) , n. inflammation of the muscular tissue of the heart. careen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a ship) on one side for the purpose of calking, cleansing, or repairing: v i. to incline on one side, as a ship under press of sail. career (ka-rer'), n. a run at full speed; general course of action; an occupation or calling: v.i. to move or run rapidly. caress (ka-res'), n. any act or ex- pression of affection; an embrace: v.t. to treat with tokens of affec- tion; bestow caresses upon. caret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. a mark (a) used in writing, or in correcting proofs, to indicate the place where something is omitted or is to be added. cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes ('goz)], the lading or freight of a ship. Carib (kar'ib) or Caribbee ('i-be), n. a native of the Caribbee Islands, or one of a tribe inhabiting certain regions of Central America and the north of South America. caribou or cariboo (kar'i-boo), n. the North American reindeer. caricature (kar'i-ka-tur), n. a pic- torial or descriptive representation of a person or thing, in which the defects or peculiarities are exag- gerated so as to produce a ludicrous effect; parody: v.t. to represent in a ridiculous or exaggerated style; parody; burlesque. caries (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of bones, teeth, or vegetable tissue. carillon (kar'i-lon), n. a chime of bells diatonically tuned and played by hand or machinery; a simple air adapted for playing on a set of bells* cariole (kar'i-ol), n. a small open carriage; a light covered cart. cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the state of being carious. cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or concerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or grief. carminative (kar-min'a-tiv), n. a medicine, which expels wind and re- lieves colic and flatulence: adj. ex- pelling wind. carmine (kar'min or 'mln) n. the essential coloring principle of coch- ineal; a rich crimson pigment. carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great destruction of life by violence; massacre. carnal (kar'nal), adj. pertaining to the body, its passions and its ap- petites; animal; fleshly; sensual, im- pure; not spiritual, but essentially human; secular. carnation (kar-na'shun) , n. a light rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of a picture in which flesh is repre- sented; a pink. carney (kar'ni), n. a disease of horses, in which the furred condition of the mouth prevents eating. carnival (kar'ni-val) n. the season of rejoicing before Lent: observed in Roman Catholic countries; feast- ing or revelry. carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus), adj. eat- 'ing or feeding on flesh. carob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen tree which yields a nutritious pod known as St. John's-bread. carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or praise, especially one in honor of the Nativity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -e,d, p.pr. -ing], to sing in joy; warble: v.t. to praise or celebrate in song. carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two principal arteries, one on either side of the neck, which convey the blood from the aorta to the head: adj. pertaining to the two great arteries of the neck. carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a feast or fes- tival; a noisy drinking bout or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARP 145 CARVE revel. Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily and with jollity; revel. carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find fault. carp (karp), n. a fresh-water fish. carpal (kar'pal), adj. pertaining to the carpus or wrist. carpel (kar'pel), n. a simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound . pistil or ovary of a flower. carpenter (kar'pen-ter), n. an artif- icer who works in timber and pre- pares the woodwork of houses, ships, &c. : v.i. to perform car- penter's work. carpentry (kar'pen-tri), n. the art of cutting, framing, and joining timber; work done by a carpenter. carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or felted fabric, with a pattern, used for covering floors or stairs; a soft covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to cover with a carpet; bring under consideration ; reprimand . carpet-bagger (-bag'er), n. sl politi- cal adventurer. carpet-knight (-nit), n. one upon whom the honor of knighthood or other distinction has been conferred for other than active service. carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of car- rying or transporting; cost of con- veyance; behavior; deportment; a wheeled vehicle; the wheeled stand support of a gun; the frame- work of a wooden staircase. *ier (kar'i-er), n. one who, or lat which, carries or conveys; one rhose business is to carry goods for hire; a portion of various ma- chines; a frame for holding photo- raphic plates or magic-lantern ides. ■rier-pigeon (-pij'un), n. a va- iety of pigeon trained to convey letters, &c. rion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putre- fying flesh; filth; garbage: adj. per- lining to, or feeding on, carrion. rrion-crow (-kro), n. the com- lon crow of Europe: also the lerican crow. carronade - (kar-on-ad'), n. a short cannon of large bore for close range, formerly used in the navy. carron-oil (kar'on-oil), n. linseed- oil and lime-water: used as a lini- ment for burns. carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known plant with an edible root; the root itself. cartage (kart'aj), n. the charge made for conveyance by a cart; the act of carting. carte (kart), n. a bill of fare. carte blanche (kart blangsh), a blank paper; a signed sheet of paper given to another to be filled up as he pleases: hence, uncondi- tional terms or authority. carte-de-visite (kart'-de-vi-zef), [pi, cartes-de-visite], a photograph of a person mounted on a card of a size formerly used as a visiting card. cartel (kar'tel), n. an agreement be- tween hostile states regarding the exchange of prisoners; a challenge to single combat. cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. elastic animal tissue, forming bone; gristle. cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj'i-nus), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, cartilage; gristly. cartoon (kar-toon'), n. a study or design executed on strong paper, and of the size to be reproduced in fresco or tapestry;, a pictorial sketch dealing with a political or social subject. cartouch- (kar-to5sh'), n. a cartridge; a Cartridge-box; an ornament in the form of an unrolled scroll; on Egyptian monuments, &c, an oval figure containing the name or title of a sovereign or deity. cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of cardboard, metal, or other material, containing the charge of a firearm. caruncle (kar'ung-kl), n. a small fleshy excrescence; the comb or wattle of a fowl; an appendage surrounding the hilum of a seed. carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; shape by cutting; cut into slices: arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARYATID 146 CASTELLATED v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculp- tor or carver; cut up meat. caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of a woman in long robes, serving to support an entablature. cascarilla (kas-ka-ril'a), n. the bark of a West Indian shrub, possessing aromatic and bitter properties; the shrub itself, from which is obtained a white bitter crystalline substance, cascarillin. case-harden (kas-har'dn), v.t. to harden the surface of (as iron) by conversion into steel. caseic (ka'se-ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from cheese. casement (kas'ment), n. a hinged window-frame made to open out- ward; a compartment between the mullions of a window. caseous (ka/se-us), adj. cheesy. cashier (kash-er'), n. one who has charge of the money, and superin- tends the payments and receipts of a bank or trading establishment: v.t. to dismiss from service or place of trust; discharge. cashmere (kash'mer), n. a soft woolen fabric for shawls, &c, orig- inally made in Cashmere, from the downy hair of the wild goat of Tibet and the Himalayas; a soft woolen dress fabric made in imita- tion of real cashmere: adj. made of cashmere. cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a machine for registering cash receipts. casing (kas'ing), r?.^ the act of cov- ering with or placing in a case; a covering. casino (ka-se'no), n. [pi. English casinos ('noz), Italian casini ('ne) ], a small country house; a public room or building used for social meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. cask (kask), n. a vessel composed of wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, for holding liquors; the quantity contained in a cask. casket (kas'ket), n. a small chest or box for jewels, &c; a costly coffin: v.t. to place or preserve in a casket. casque (k&sk), n. a helmet. cassation (kas-a'shun), n. abroga- tion. cassava (kas'a-va), n. a plant of tropical America and Africa, culti- vated for its tuberous roots, which yield a nutritious starch, from which cassava-bread and tapioca are made. casserole (kas'er-ol), n. a heat-proof earthenware vessel in which meat, etc., is cooked and served. cassia (kash'ia), n. a genus of legu- minous plants, the leaves of several species of which constitute the drug senna. cassia-oil (-oil), n. oil extracted from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. Called also oil of cinnamon. cassimere (kas'i-mer), n. a thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's garments. Also casimire, and ker- seymere. cassinette (kas-i-nef), Ti. a cloth with a cotton warp and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- fitting vestment worn by clergymen, choristers, &c. cassowary (kas'6-wa-ri), n. [pi. cas- sowaries (-riz)j, a large bird re- sembling the ostrich, inhabiting Australia and the Papuan Islands. cast-iron, or -steel (-Irn, or -stel), n. iron or steel melted and run into molds. castanets (kas'ta-nets), n.pl. small spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a pair of which is fastened to each thumb and shaken with the fingers to beat time. castaway (kast'a-wa), n. one who is cast away or lost; a person or vessel wrecked on an unfrequented coast; an outcast; reprobate (I Cor. ix. 27): adj. shipwrecked; rejected. caste (kast), one of the artificial or hereditary divisions into which Hin- dus are restricted by Brahmin re- ligious law. castellated (kas'te-la-ted), adj. fur- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CASTER 147 CATAMOUNT nished with turrets and battlements, as a castle. caster (kas'ter), n. one who, or that which casts; a computor; a cruet or small vessel for holding condiments at table; a small swiveled wheel. Also castor. castigate (kas'ti-gat), v.t. to cor- rect; chastise; punish; subject to severe criticism. Castilian (kas-til'ian), adj. of, or pertaining to, Castile. casting (kast'ing), n. the action of the verb to cast; the act or process of founding or molding; the process of taking impressions of statues, medals, &c; a worm-cast. castle (kas'l, or kas'l), n. a fortified residence; a fortress; a strong and imposing mansion of a noble or wealthy person; one of the pieces at chess, called also rook: v.i. to move the king two squares to the right or left, and bring the castle to the square the king has passed over. castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; geld; expurgate; deprive a flower of its anthers: adj. emasculated; gelded: n. one who has been emascu- lated; a eunuch. casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by chance; accidental; occasional; fortuitous: n. one who receives re- lief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong. casualty (kazh'u-al-ti), n. [pi. casu- alties (-tiz)], an accident, especially if resulting in bodily injury or death. casuist (kazh'u-ist) n. one skilled in casuistry; one who studies or re- solves cases of conscience. casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri), n. [pi. casuistries (-riz) ], the science or doctrine which deals with cases of conscience as determined by theolog- ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- tical or equivocal reasoning. cat-block (-blok), n. a two- or three- fold block used to cat the anchor. cat-boat (-bot), n. a small boat with one sail on a mast near the bows. cat-harpings (-har'pings), n.pl. short ropes or iron clamps used for tightening the shrouds. cat-o'-nine-tails, n. sl whip with nine lashes of knotted cord, former- ly used as a punishment in the English army and navy. cat's-eye (-1), n. a hard semi-trans- parent variety of quartz. catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. a downward series of changes by which complex bodies are broken down into simpler forms. Also katabolism. cataclysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a del- uge; flood; a violent or sudden physical change of the earth's sur- face. catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- raneous burial place with niches hollowed out for the dead. catacoustics (kat-a-kous'tiks), n. that part of the science of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds. catafalque (kat'a-falk), n. a tem- porary structure erected, usually in a church, to support the coffin of a distinguished person on the occasion of a ceremonious funeral. catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si), n. a sudden suspense of voluntary sensation. Also catalepsis. cataleptic (kat-a-lep'tik), adj. of, or pertaining to, catalepsy. catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an are ranged list: v.t. to enter in, or make, a catalogue of. catalysis (ka-tal'i-sis), n. [pi. ca- talyses (-sez) J, a decomposition and new combination supposed to be effected by one substance acting upon a compound body, itself re- maining unchanged. catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. a raft or float propelled by paddles, consisting usually of three or more logs lashed together, the third or middle one being longer than the rest; any vessel with twin hulls; a flat-bottomed boat; a vixen. catamount (kat'a-mouni), n. the wild cat; the puma, cougar, or mountain lion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. r/ CATAPHONICS 148 CATHOLIC cataphonics (kat-a-fon'iks), n. that branch of acoustics which treats of the theory of reflected sounds; cata- coustics. cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si), n. a sudden shock to the nerves causing paralysis. catapult (kat'a-pult), n. an ancient military engine for hurling > darts and stones; a forked stick with an elastic band by which small mis- siles are propelled. cataract (kat'a-rakt), n. a large waterfall; a furious rush or down- pour of water; a disease of the eye in which the crystalline lens becomes opaque, and the vision be- comes impaired or is lost. catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflamma- tory affection of any mucous mem- brane accompanied by increase of the mucus, especially from the nose ; a violent cold in the head. catarrhal (ka-tar'al), adj. pertain- ing to, or produced by, catarrh. catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), n. a great calamity or disaster; an event subversive of the order of things; the unfolding and winding up of a plot; a cataclysm. catawba (ka-taw'ba), n. a light-red variety of American grape; a light wine made from this grape. catcall (kat'kawl), n. a squeaking instrument used in theaters to ex- press disapproval: v.t. to express disapproval of by a catcall. catchpenny (kach'pen-i), n. [pi. catchpennies (-iz) ], an article of little value got up attractively to effect a quick sale. catchup (kach'up), n. a sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. Also catsup, ketchup. catechetical (kat-e-ket'ik-al), adj. consisting of questions and answers. catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks), n. the art or practice of instructing by means of question and answer. catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele- mentary manual of instruction in the form of question and answer, especially in the principles of the Christian religion. catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct by means of questions and answers, and offering explanations, especially to instruct on points of Christian dogma; interrogate or examine. catechumen (kat-e-ku'men), n. one who is under religious instruction prior to receiving baptism; a beginner in the first principles of knowledge. categorical (kat-e-gor'i-kal), adj. pertaining to a category; absolute; unconditional. category (kat'e-go-ri), n. [pi. cate- gories (-riz) ], one of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be re- duced, and by which they may be arranged into a system. cater (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food, " amusement, &c. [with for and to). caterpillar (kat'er-pil'er), n. the hairy worm-like larva of a butterfly or lepidopterous insect. caterwaul (kat'er-wawl), v.i. to cry, as cats at night; to utter harsh discordant sounds. cathartic (ka-thar'tik) , adj. purga- tive: n. a purgative medicine. cat-head (kat'hed), n. a beam pro- jecting from a ship's bows to which the anchor is secured. cathedral (ka-the'dral), n. the^ chief church in a diocese in which is the throne of a bishop; adj. pertaining to a cathedral. catheter (kath'e-ter), a tubular in- strument to withdraw urine from the bladder. cathode (kath'od), n. the negative pole of a current: opposed to anode. Written also kathode. cathode-ray (kath'od-ra), n. the stream of electrons in an electric bulb which generates the X-ray. catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; general; embracing all; liberal; large-hearted; free from prejudice; including all mankind. Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertain- ing to the Church of Rome: n. a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CATHOLICISM 149 CAUTION member of the Universal or Cath- olic Church, or of the Roman Church. Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm) , n. the belief of, or adherence to, the Cath- olic Church or faith, especially to that of the Roman Catholic Church. catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. catling (kat'ling), n. a little cat; kitten; the down or moss resem- bling cat's hair which grows on cer- tain trees. catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kaf- nip), n. a strong-scented perennial herb, much liked by cats. catopsis (ka-top'sis), n. morbidly keen vision. catoptric light (lit), n. form of light, used in lighthouses, in which reflectors are used in the place of prisms and lenses. catoptrics (ka-top'triks), n. that branch of optics which treats of the principles of reflected light. cattle-plague (-plag), n. a popular name for the rinderpest. Caucasian (kaw-ka'shi-an or kaw- kash'i-an), adj. of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous range between the Black and the Caspian Seas; of or pertaining to the Euro- pean Aryans. caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary meeting of representatives of a po- litical party, to decide upon a line of policy to be submitted to a con- vention or larger meeting; a party combination for influencing elec- tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a Caucus. caudal (kaw'dal), adj. pertaining to a tail. caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a tail; having a tail-like appendage. caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- ared, and mixed with bread, eggs, &c, for sick persons,or for women in childbed. caught, p.t. & p.p. of catch. caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for the head; a small net; a mem" brane covering the lower intes" tines; a part of the amnion or mem" brane of the fetus, sometimes inclos" ing a child's head at birth. cauldron (kawl'dron), n. a large kettle or boiler. cauliflower (kaw'li-flou-er), n. a garden variety of cabbage with an edible flowering head. causal (kaw'zal), adj. relating to or expressing cause; creative: n. a word that expresses a cause, or in- troduces a reason. _ causality (kaw-zal'i-ti), n. [pi. cau- salities (-tiz) ], the relation of cause to effect; the supposed faculty of tracing effects to causes. causation (kaw-za'shun), n. the act of causing or producing; relation between cause and effect. causative (kaw'za-tiv), adj. that causes; effective as a cause; ex- • pressing causation. cause (kawz), n. that which pro- duces or contributes to a result; a reason; motive; principle; subject in debate; a side or party; a suit or action; a case for judicial de- cision: v.t. to act as an agent in producing an effect; produce. causeway (kawz'wa), or causey (zi), n. a pathway raised and paved with stone; a highway. caustic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; hot; corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- gent: n. a substance which burns. caustic-potash (pot 'ash), n. potas- sium as a powerful cautery, much used in medicine, the arts, and manufactures. caustic-soda (so'da), n. sodium hy- ■ drate, a white solid substance, largely used in soap-making. cauterize (kaw'ter-iz), v.t. to burn or sear with a hot iron, or with cauterants. cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. cauteries (-iz)], a burning or searing; an in- strument or drug used for such a purpose. caution (kaw'shun), n. needfulness; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAUTIONARY 150 CELIBACY prudence in regard to danger; watchfulness; an admonition; some- thing to occasion amazement or fear: v.t. to warn. cautionary (kaw'shun-a-ri) , adj. con- taining a caution; given as a pledge or security. cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; circumspect. cavalcade (kav-al-kad'), n. a train or procession of persons, chiefly on horseback. cavalier (kav-a-ler'), n. an armed horseman, especially a knight or gentleman soldier; a gallant; a gay military man; a beau or attendant upon a lady; a partisan of Charles I. in his struggle with the Parlia- ment; an elevation for cannon with- in a bastion: adj. gay; sprightly; frank; careless; haughty; supercili- ous. cavallard (kav-al-yard'), a drove of horses or mules. cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. cavatina (kav-a-te'na), n. a short simple melody. caveat (ka've-at), n. a notice filed to stop procedure, except after warning to the caveator; notice of intention to apply for a patent. cave-bear (-bar), n. a fossil bear be- longing to the Quarternary epoch. cave-man (-man), n. a man belong- ing to the prehistoric race who inhabited caves. cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural hollow under the earth; a den; cave. cavernous (kav'er-nus), adj. hollow like a cavern; filled with small cavities. caviare (kav-i-ar'), or caviar (-i-ar'),n. the roes of certain large fish, especially the sturgeon, salted and dried. cavil (kav'il), v.i. [p.t.- & p.p. cav- iled, p.pr. caviling], to raise cap- tious or frivolous objections; carp [followed by at]: n. a captious or frivolous objection. cavity (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities (-tiz)], a hollow place or part. cavo-rilievo (ka'vo-re-lia-vo), n. a relief in which the highest surface only is level with the plane of the original stone. Also cavo-relievo. cavort (ka-vorf), v.i. to prance about, as a horse; to bustle around briskly or eagerly. cayenne (ki-en' or ka-en'), n. a kind of pepper made from the seeds and fruit of various species of the genus Capsicum. cease (ses), v.i. to come to an end; stop; desist [followed by from be- fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to; end. cedar (se'dar), n. the name of sev- eral evergreen trees, having wood of great durability and fragrance: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cedar. cede (sed), v.t. give up or surrender. cedilla (se-dil'a), n. a mark placed under c to indicate the sound of s, as in French leron. ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the inner surface of a roof; furnish with a ceiling. ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner roof of an apartment. celebrant (sel'e-brant), n. one who celebrates, especially the principal officiating priest in offering mass or celebrating the Eucharist. celebrate (sel'e-brat), v.t. to praise, extol, or honor; commemorate; dis- tinguish by solemn ceremonies. celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti), n. [pi. celeb- rities (-tiz) ], fame; renown; dis- tinction ; a renowned person. celerity (se-ler'i-ti), n. rapidity; swift- ness. celery (sel'e-ri), n. a plant cultivated for a salad and vegetable. celeste (se-lesf), n. sky-blue. celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- taining to the sky or heavens; heavenly; supremely excellent. Celestial (se-les'tial), n. an inhabi- tant of heaven; a native of China. Celestial Empire (em'pir), n. China. celibacy (sel'i-ba-si), n. the state of being unmarried; single life, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CELIBATE 151 CENTAUR cially that of a bachelor, or one bound by vows to an unmarried life. celibate (sel'i-bat), n. one who is unmarried or practices celibacy: adj. unmarried. ceil (sel), n. a small room in a mon- astery, convent, or prison; a small or mean place of residence; a small cavity; a minute mass of contractile protoplasm forming the structural unit of every organized body; a sin- gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- tery; a small religious house at- tached to a monastery or convent; the interval between the ribs of a vaulted roof. cellar (sel'ar), n. a vault for storing provisions, wine, fuel, &c. cello (chel'o), n. [pi. cellos ('oz), Italian celli (1e) L a violoncello. eel Ion (kel'on), n. transparent mate- rial designed for German aeroplane wings to render the machines in- visible. cellular (sel'u-lar), adj. formed of cells. celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- bling ivory. cellulose (sel'u-los), or celluline (-lin), n. the substance resembling and allied to starch which forms cel- lular plant tissue: adj. containing or composed of cells. celt (selt), n. an instrument or weapon of stone or metal, resembling a chisel or blade of an axe, found in ancient tumuli. Celtic (sel'tik), or Keltic (kel'-), adj. pertaining to the Kelts. Celtist (sel'tist), or Keltist (kel'-), a student of Keltic antiquities, lan- guages, &c. cement (se-menf or sem'ent), n. any adhesive substance which makes two bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of union; the bony layer which forms the outer substance of the fang of a tooth: v.t. to unite with cement; unite firmly or closely: v.i. become solid. cemetery (sem'e-ter-i), n. [pi. ceme- teries (-iz) ], a public burial ground. cenobite (sen'o-bit), n. one of a re- ligious order living in a convent or in community. cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. an empty tomb, or a monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. censer (sen'ser), n. a covered, cup- shaped vessel pierced with holes, in which incense is burned; a thurible. censor (sen'ser), n. one of two mag- istrates of ancient Rome who im- posed taxes and regulated the mor- als and manners of the community; an official appointed to examine books, manuscripts, plays, &c, prior to publication or performance to as- certain there is, nothing immoral or offensive in them ; one who censures or blames; a critic; at Cambridge University, a collegiate official sim- ilar to a dean. censorial (sen-so'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a censor; censorious. censorious (sen-so'ri-us), adj. ad- dicted to, or expressing, censure; carping; critical. censurable (sen'shur-a-bl) , adj. blam- able. censure (sen'shur), n. blame; re- proof; the act of finding fault; a sentence or penalty of an ecclesias- tical court: v.t. to find fault with or condemn; criticise adversely. census (sen'sus), n. a quinquennial registration of the numbers and property of Roman citizens for the purpose of taxation; in modern us- age, an official enumeration of the in- habitants of a country, with details of sex, age, occupation, &c, taken in the United States decennially. cent (sent), n. the 1-lOOth part of a dollar. cental (sen'tal), adj. pertaining to or consisting of a hundred: n. a weight for corn = 1001b. avoirdupois. centare (sang-tar'), n. in the metric system, one hundredth part of an are; one square meter. centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous being, half man and half horse. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CENTENARIAN 152 CENTURY centenarian (sen-te-na/ri-an), adj. of, or pertaining to, a centenary or of a person a hundred years old: n. a person of such an age or older. centenary (sen'te-na-ri), n. [pi. cen- tenaries (-riz) ], the space of a hun- dred years; the commemoration of the hundredth anniversary of an event : adj. relating to, or consisting of, a hundred; recurring once in a century. centennial (sen-ten 'i-al), adj. con- sisting of, or enduring, a hundred years; taking place once in a hun- dred years: n. the commemoration of a 100th anniversary. center (sen'ter), n. the middle point of anything; the nucleus around which things are collected ; a title of the leaders of certain organizations. center-bit (-bit), n. a carpenter's tool turning upon a center for bor- ing holes. center-board (bord), n. a keel so con- structed that it may be raised within the vessel or lowered at pleasure: it is extensively used by racing craft. center of gravity (of grav'i-ti), n. that point of a body through which the resultant of all the forces acting upon it in consequence of the earth's attraction will pass. centering (sen'ter-ing), n. the wood- work or timber framing by which vaulted work is supported during construction. centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal) , adj. hun- dredth: n. a hundredth part. centiare (sen'ti-ar, French sang-ti-ar'), n. a centare. centigrade (sen'ti-grad), adj. gradu- ated or divided into a hundred de- grees. centigram or centigramme (sen'- ti-gram), n. a measure of weight = 100th of a gramme (.15432 of a grain troy) . centiliter (sen'ti-le-tr, French sang'-), n. a measure of capacity = the hundredth part of a liter (.6102 of an inch) . centime (sang-tem'), n. a small French coin = the hundredth part of a franc. centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French sang'-), n. a measure of length = 100th of a meter (.3937 inch). centiped (sen'ti-ped), or centipede (-ped), n. the term applied to an articulated animal with numerous feet belonging to the class Myriap- oda, popularly supposed to have a hundred feet, whence the name. cento (sen'to), n. [pi. centos ('toz) ], a literary or musical composition formed by selections from various authors or composers, and arranged in a new order. central (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or situated in, the center. centralization (sen-tral-i-za'shun), n. the act of bringing all local ad- ministrations under one central gov- ernment. centralize (sen'tral-Iz), v.t. to draw or bring to a center; bring all ad- ministrations under one central gov- ernment. centre (sen'ter), n. same as center. centrifugal (sen-trif'ti-gal), adj. tend- ing or causing to fly off from the center; radiating from a central focus; expanding first at the sum- mit and later at the base. centripetal (sen-trip'e-tal), adj. tending or causing to approach the center: opposed to centrifugal; ex- panding first at the base and then at the summit. centripetal railway (ral'wa), n. a railway constructed with a single rail to support the carriage, and two side rails to steady it. centumvir (sen-tum'ver), n. [pi. centum virs (-verz); Latin centum- viri ('vi-ri) ], one of a body of 105 Roman judges, appointed annually to try civil causes. centurion (sen-tu'ri-un), n. a mili- tary officer commanding a hundred men. century (-sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. centuries (-riz) ], a hundred; a hundred years, especially of the Christian era; a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CENTURY-PLANT 153 CERVINE division of the Roman people; a sub-division of a legion. century-plant (-plant), n. a name of the American aloe, from the sup- position that it flowered once only in a hundred years. cephalalgia (sef-a-lal'ji-a), n. head- ache. cephalic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'ik), adj. pertaining to the head; forming the front or forepart of a body or organ. ceramic (se-ram'ik), or keramic (ke-), adj. of or pertaining to pot- tery or the fictile arts: n.pl. work executed wholly or partly in clay and baked; the fictile arts. cerate (se'rat), n. a thick ointment of wax, &c. ceratin (ser'a-tin), n. horny tissue. cere (ser), n. the naked skin at the base of the bill of many birds, as the parrot. cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with wax. cereal (se're-al), adj. pertaining to, or producing, wheat or edible grain; n. edible grain. cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um), n. [pi. cerebella ('&)], the hinder and low- er part of the brain in vertebrate animals; the little brain. cerebral (ser'e-bral), adj. of or per- taining to the brain. cerebral hemisphere (hem'is-fer), n. one of the two lateral halves of the cerebrum. rebration (ser-e-bra'shun), n. the conscious or unconscious action of the brain. rebric (ser'e-brik), adj. pertaining :o, or derived from, the brain. rebritis (ser-e-bri'tis), n. inflam- lation of cerebrum or brain. ibrum (ser'e-brum), n. [pi. cere- >ra (-bra)], the superior and larger >art of the brain: the seat of the mind and will. recloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- urated with wax or some gummy substance, used for wrapping em- balmed bodies in. cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. ceremonial (ser-e-mo'ni-al), adj. re- lating to, or performed with, exter- nal rites or ceremonies: n. the pre- scribed order for a ceremony or function. ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us), adj. full of ceremony; punctilious of pre- scribed formalities; according to pre- scribed form or usage; fond of using ceremony; precise. ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni), n. [pi. cere- monies (-niz)j, a sacred rite or ob- servance ; . a prescribed rite or for- mality; behavior regulated by the laws of strict etiquette. certain (ser'tin), adj. sure; beyond a doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. certainty (ser'tin-ti), n. [pi. certain- ties (-tiz)], full assurance. certes (ser'tez), adv. certainly; as- suredly. certificate (ser-tif'i-kat), n. writ- ten testimony to the truth of any fact; a testimonial as to character or ability; a statement written and signed and legally authenticated: v.t. to give a certificate to; to at- test or vouch for by certificate. certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. certified, p.pr. certifying], to testify to or to make known in writing; as- ■ sure. certiorari (ser-shi-o-ra/ri), n. a writ issuing from a superior court calling for the records of an inferior court, or to remove a case from a court below. certitude (ser'ti-tud), adj. certainty; freedom from doubt; assurance. cerulean (se-roo'le-an), adj. sky-col- ored. cerulin (se'roo-lin), n. an olive-green dye. cerumen (se-ro5'men), yellow matter secreted in the outer ear-tube. cervical (ser'vi-kal), adj. of or per- taining to the neck. cervine (ser'vin), adj. of, or per- taining to, the deer family; of a tawny or fawn color. i, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CESS 154 CHAMBERLAIN cess (ses), v.t. to impose a tax; as- sess: n. a rate or tax, especially the land tax. cessation (ses-sa/shun), n. the act of ceasing. cession (sesh/un), n. a yielding up, as of territory, property, or rights; the surrender of a benefice by an incumbent who has accepted another living. cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in the ground, or the well of a drain, for the reception of filth; any foul receptacle. cetacean (se-ta'shun), adj. pertain- ing to the Cetacea, formerly a group of marine mammalia which included the whales: n. a whale; an animal belonging to the order Cete. cetic acid (se'tik as'id), n. an acid obtained from spermaceti. chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm by friction; to wear away or make sore by rubbing; ( irritate; annoy: n. mental irritation caused by contin- ued annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be worn by friction; be irritatedjor an- noyed ; fret. chafer (cha/f er), n. the cockchafer. chaff (chaf), n. the husk of grain, especially when separated by thresh- ing, &c; straw or hay cut fine for cattle ; anything worthless. chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make game of: v.i. to use bantering lan- guage: n. banter. chaffer (ch&f'er), n. the act of bar- gaining: v.i. to haggle about a pur- chase. chaffinch (chaf 'inch), n. a bird, so named from its feeding on grain. chafing-dish (-dish), n. a small portable grate for coals; a vessel to hold live coal to keep meat, &c, hot chagrin (sha-grin' or -gren'), vexa- tion due to disappointment; ill- humor; mortification: v.t. to excite vexation in; mortify. chain (chan),_ n. a connected series of links or rings fitted into one an- other; a bond; a measure of 100 links = 66 ft. ; the warp threads of a web: v.t. to fasten, secure, or con- nect with a chain; enslave; to unite firmly ; fasten. chain-gang (-gang), n. a gang of convicts working together in chains. chain-mail (-mal), n. flexible armor formed of metal links interwoven. chain-stitch (-stich), n. an orna- mental stitch resembling a chain ; a loop-stitch made by a sewing ma- ckine. chaise (shaz), n. a light two-wheeled carriage; a carriage in general. chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni or kal-sed'- o-ni), a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, resembling diluted milk. Also calcedony. chaldron (chawl'dron), n. a measure for coke = 36 bush. (25^ cwt.). chalet (sha-la/), n. a Swiss cottage or herdsman's dwelling; a small country house built in such style. chalice (chal'is), n. a cup; a Euchar- ist cup. chalk (chawk), n. a soft limestone rock composed of carbonate of lime; prepared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, rub, or manure with chalk. challenge (chal'enj), n. an invitation to a contest ; a summons to fight ; a duel; an objection taken to a voter or juror; the demand of a soldier on sentry: v.t. to summons to a con- test; invite to a duel; defy; take exception to. challis (share), n. a light all-wool fabric. chalybeate (ka-lib'e-at), adj. im" pregnated with iron. chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- ment; especially a bedroom; a pri- vate room; a political or commercial body; a cavity; that part of a gun, &c, which contains the charge: pi. a suite of rooms; a judge's private room: v.t. to inclose; furnish with a chamber. chamberlain (cham'ber'lan), n. an officer who has charge of the private apartments of a sovereign or noble- man; a male servant who has charge ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met> mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHAMELEON 155 CHAPITER of a suite of rooms; the treasurer of a city or corporation. chameleon (ka-me'le-un), n. an in- sectivorous lizard-like reptile, pos- sessing the power of changing its color. chamfer (cham'fer), n. a small fur- row cut in wood or metal; a bevel: v.t. to groove, channel or flute. champ (champ), v.t. to bite with the teeth repeatedly and impatiently: n. the act of champing. champagne (sham-pan'), n. a light sparkling effervescent wine. champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open country: adj. level, open. champerty (eham'per-ti), n. the maintenance of a party in a suit on condition that, if successful, the property is to be shared. champion (cham'pi-un), n. one who defends the cause of another, by combat or other means; a hero; valiant warrior; a successful com- petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- fend or support a cause. chance (chans), n. an unforeseen event; an accident; a possibility; opportunity; risk: v.i. to happen; occur without design or expectation : j v.t. to risk (with it). chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a church where the altar stands; the sanctuary. chancellor (chan'sel- er), n. a judge of a court of equity or chancery; the president or highest official of a university; a vicar-general; the president of the German Federal Council. chance-medley (-med'li), n. justi- fiable homicide in self-defense. chancery (chan'ser-i), n. originally in England, next to Parliament, the highest Court of Justice, since 1873 a division of the High Court of Jus- tice; a court of Equity. chandelier (shan-de-ler'), n. a hang- ing frame with branches for lights. chandler (chand'ler), n. a maker or vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- chant. changeability (chanj-a-bil'i-ti), n. liability to change. changeling (chanj'ling), n. a child left in place of another; an idiot; a waverer. channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a stream; a watercourse; the deepest part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c; a wide arm of the sea extending in- land; a groove; a medium of con- veyance: pi. planks bolted to the outside of a ship to extend the rig- ging: v.t. to cut into a channel; groove. chant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: v.i. make melody with the voice; go in full cry, as hounds: n. a song; a solemn or monotonous song. chantey (ehan'ti), n. a song sung by sailors at work; marked by a strongly denned measure or accent. chanticleer (chan'ti-kler), n. a cock. chaos (ka'os), n. the confused matter out of which the universe was formed; confusion. chaotic (ka-ot'ik), adj. resembling chaos. chap (chap, or chop), n. one of the jaws or its fleshy covering (usually pi.); the mouth of a channel. chaparral (chap-a-ral'), n. a dense thicket. chap-book (chap 'book), n. a small book, usually of fairy tales, ro- mances, &c, formerly hawked about by chapmen. chapeau (sha'po), n. [pi. chapeaux (-poz)], a hat or head covering. chapel (chap 'el), n. a subordinate place of public worship; a place of worship in a palace, institution, &c; a nonconformist place of worship; an association of journeymen in a printing house. chaperon (shap'er-on), n. a married lady who accompanies young ladies in public: v.t. to act as a chaperon to. chapf alien (chap'faw-len), adj. de- jected. chapiter (chap'i-ter), n. the upper part or capital of a pillar. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHAPLAIN 156 CHASE chaplain (chap'lin), n. a clergyman who performs service in the army, navy, a public institution, a royal or private household. chapet (chap 'let), ft. a wreath or garland encircling the head:; a rosary; a round molding carved into beads, olives, &c. chapman (chap'man), ft. [pi. chap- men ('men)], formerly a merchant or trader; a hawker. chappie (chap'i), n. familiar for chap. chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a book; the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate church; a meeting of cer- tain organized societies or orders. char (char), ft. work by the day; a single job; a chore: v.i. to work in the house of another by the day; do odd jobs; do chores. char (char), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. charred, p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to charcoal; burn partially. character (kar'ak-ter), n. a letter, sign, or figure; distinctive qualities or traits; moral excellence; a cer- tificate as to conduct or ability. characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik) , adi. pertaining to or indicating the character. characterize (kar'ak-ter-iz), v.t. de- scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or distinguish. charade (sha-rad'), ft. an acted enigma. charcoal (char'kol), ft. wood partially burnt; impure carbon. charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- tack; load; fill up; impose; com- mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; place on the debit side. chargeable (char'ja-bl), adj. liable to be charged; ratable; burdensome. charge d'affaires (shar-zha/da-far'), ft. [pi. charges (-shar-zha-) ], a government official who acts for an ambassador in his absence, or at a court to which no ambassador is ac- credited. charger (charj 'er), n. a cavalry horse; a large dish. chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- wheeled car for war, state pro- cessions, racing, &c; a four-wheeled pleasure carriage. charioteer (char-i-o-ter'), n. one who drives a chariot. charitable (char'i-ta-bl), adj. benevo- lent in disposition; kind and liberal. charity (char'i-ti), n. [pi. charities (-tiz) ], the disposition to think well of others; liberality; alms; univer- sal love; an institution for the poor; a gift in trust for a benevolent object. charivari (shar-i-va'ri), n. a mock serenade of discordant music. charlatan (shar'la-tan), ft. a quack. charlotte russe (shar'lut rus), ft. whipped cream enclosed in sponge- cake. charm (charm), ft. a spell or en- chantment ; an allurement ; a trinket. charmeuse (shar'moos), ft. a soft, clinging satin. charnel (char'nel), adj. containing flesh or dead bodies. chart (chart), ft. a map of any part of the sea, river, &c, for the use of mariners; the representation of a ship's course; a mariner's compass; a sheet giving information in tabu- lar form: v.t. to lay down, or de- lineate on a chart; map out: v.i. to make a chart or map. charter (char'ter), ft. a document be- stowing certain rights and privi- leges: v.t. to charter-party. charter-party (-par'ti), ft. a written agreement relating to the hire of a vessel and its cargo: v.t. to let or hire by charter-party. chartography (kar-tog'ra-fi), ft. the art or business of drawing charts or maps. Chartreuse (shar-trez'), ft. a cele- brated liqueur made by the monks of La Grand Chartreuse, France. chary (char'i), adj. cautious; sparing. chase (chas), v.t. to pursue; capture or kill; hunt; drive away: v.i. to ride or hunt rapidly: ft. eager or vehement pursuit; hunting; open ground for preserving deer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. CHASE 157 CHEMICAL chase (chas), n. a groove; an iron frame for securing types; that part of a cannon in front of the trun- nions: v.t. to work or emboss (pre- cious metals); cut, as the thread of a screw. chasm (kazm), n. a deep gap or open- ing in the earth; a void space. chassepot (shas'po), n. a French breech-loading rifle. chasseur (sha-ser'), n. a domestic dressed in military or hunting cos- tume; a French light-armed foot or cavalry soldier. chassis (shas-se'), n. the mechanical parts of an automobile. chaste (chast), adj. morally pure; modest; pure in style; refined. chasten (chas'n), v.t. to punish for the purpose of reformation; purify; refine. chastise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to correct by punishment; reduce to order or obe- dience. chastity (chas'ti-ti), n. moral and sexual purity. chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, (-toz') ], a castle; a manor house or country seat; the name of various French wines. chatelaine (shat'e-lan), n. a bunch of chains to which are attached trin- kets, &c, worn at the waist by la- dies. chattel (chat'el), n. personal prop- erty except freehold (usually in pi.). chatty (chat'i), adj. talkative, uncon- ventional. chauffeur (sho-fer'), n. an operator of an automobile; an automobilist : fern, chauffeuse (sho-fez'). chauvinism (sho'vin-izm), n. blind and unreasoning attachment to a fallen cause; exaggerated political or party fanaticism. cheap (chep), adj. purchasable for a low price; common; of small value. eat (chet), n. a fraud or decep- "on; one who cheats: v.t. to deceive defraud; impose upon: v.i. to act a cheat. k (chek), n. a restraint; a re- proof; a pass, ticket, or token; a term in chess; cloth woven in squares of alternate patterns; an order or draft* on a bank or banker for money: v.t. to restrain; stop; reprove; examine by comparison; mark as having been examined; to place an opponent's king in danger at chess; mark in small squares. checker (chek'er), n. checker-board; one of the squares of a checkered pattern; piece with which to play checkers: pi. game played on a checker-board; draughts: v.t. to mark- or decorate with checkers; variegate. checker-board, n. board on which the game of checkers is played. checkmate (chek'mat), n. the win- ning move at chess when the oppo- nent's king cannot move out of check; a complete defeat from which there is no escape: v.t. to give checkmate to; defeat utterly; thwart. cheep (chep), n. a shrill noise, as that of a young chicken, or a mouse: v.i. to make such a noise. cheeper (chep'er), n. a young game bird. cheer (cher), n. temper or state of mind; a state of gladness or joy; a shout of applause; tidings; luck: v.t. to gladden; encourage; applaud cheerily (cher'i-li), adv. heartily. cheery (cher'i), adj. cheerful; gay. cheese (ches), n. the curd or casein of milk coagulated, pressed and al- lowed to dry in a mold; anything resembling cheese. cheese-cake ('kak), n. a confection of soft curds, butter, and sugar. cheese-paring (-par'ing), adj. nig- gardly. cheetah (che'ta), n. the hunting leopard of India. Also chetah. chef (shef), n. a head or professional cook. chef-d'oeuvre (sha-de'vr), n. [pi. chefs-d'oeuvre (sha-deVr) ], a mas- terpiece. chemical (kem'i-kal), adj. pertain- arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHEMICO-ELECTRIC 158 CHIEF ing to chemistry: n. a chemical sub- stance. chemico-electric (kem-i-ko-e-lek'- trik), adj. depending upon electric activity produced by chemical means. chemise (she-mez'), n. a woman's undergarment; a wall lining an earthwork. chemisette (shem-i-zef), n. a short chemise worn over the breast. chemist (kem'ist), n. one skilled in chemistry; a dealer in drugs and medicines; an analyst. chemistry (kem'is-tri), n. the sci- ence which treats of the properties of elementary and compound sub- stances and the laws which govern their molecular and atomic relations. chenille (she-neT), n. silk or worsted cord. cheque (chek), n. an order or draft on a banker or bank, payable to the bearer; check. cherish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or esteem dear; treat with tenderness; protect and aid; encourage; harbor in the mind. cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of cigar. cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 'ubz), cherubim ('oo-bim)], an angel next to a seraphim in rank; a beauti- ful child [pi. cherubs]. chess (ches), n. a game played by two persons with 16 pieces each on a checkered board divided into 64 squares. chest (chest), n. a large box; the quantity such a box contains; the breast or thorax; a certain quantity of goods. chestnut (ches'nut), n. the nut or seed of trees of the genus Castanea; the chestnut-tree with its edible fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse of such color; an old or stale joke: adj. reddish-brown. chesty (ches'ti), adj. vain; conceited; strutting with chest thrown out; supercilious. cheval-glass (she-val'glas), n. a large swing looking-glass. chevalier (shev-a-ler'), n. a knight; a horseman; a member or knight of an honorable order; the lowest title of rank of the old French nobility; a gallant. chevaux-de-frise (shev-oo-de-frez'), n.pl. a fence constructed of a bar armed with long spikes. Cheviot (chev'i-ot), n. a sheep bred , on the Cheviot Hills; a rough cloth made from its wool. chevron (shev'ron), n. a term in heraldry; the badge on the coat sleeve of a non-commissioned officer, indicative of his rank; a variety of fret ornament. chiaroscuro (ki-ar-os-ko5'ro), n. the treatment of light and shade in painting, drawing, or engraving: adj. pertaining to such treatment. chic (shek), adj. stylish: n. Parisian elegance in dress; manual dexterity. chicane (shi-kan'), n. mean or un- fair artifices to obscure the truth; sophistry. Also chicanery: v.t. to cheat: v.i. use artifices. chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, especially of the domestic hen: hence a child. chickadee (chik'a-de), n. the Ameri- can black-cap titmouse. chicken-pox (-poks), n. a mild erup- tive disease of children; varicella. chick-pea (chik'pe), n. a plant the roasted seed of which forms the pulse of the East. chickweed (chik'wed), n. a common wild plant with white blossoms. chicory (chik'o-ri), n. a perennial plant with bright blue flowers and - a tapering root, which, when roast- ed and ground, is used to mix with coffee. chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chid, chode, p.p. chidden, chid, p.pr. chid- ing], to find fault with; scold: v.i. to clamor. chief (chef), n. a commander o, leader; a head or principal person the principal or most important 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boor* book; hue, hut; think, 2Aen. CHIEFTAIN 159 CHIPMUNK part: adj. principal; most eminent; of the first order, rank, or estima- tion; leading; main. chieftain (chef 'tan), n. a captain, leader, or commander; the head of a class or tribe. chiffon (shif'un, French she-fong'), n. a kind of thin gauze fabric. chiffonier (shif-o-ner'), n. a piece of furniture fitted with drawers and shelves used as a sideboard; a rag gatherer. chignon (she-nyong'), n. a roll of natural or artificial hair worn by women over a pad at the back of the head. chigoe (chig'o), n. a species of West Indian and South American flea which burrows beneath the skin of the feet, and breeding there produces ulcers. Also jigger. chikara (chi-ka'ra), n. the four- horned antelope of Bengal. chilblain (chil'blan), n. a sore or inflammation caused by frost or cold: v.t. to afflict with chilblains. childe (child), n. a term formerly applied to the scions of knightly houses before their admission into knighthood. chiliad (kil'i-ad), n. 1,000; a thou- sand years. chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; the absence of heat in a substance; the hardened part of a casting: adj. having the sensation of cold; de- I pressing; discourteous: v.t. to make cold; blast with cold; deject; harden cast iron by sudden cooling. lilli (chil'i), n. [pi. chillies (-iz) ], the dried pod of a capsicum. Also chile, chili, liloplasty (ki'lo-plas-ti), n. the transplantation of healthy skin to a diseased lip. limera (ki-me'ra), n. an incon- gruous conception of the fancy; a cartilaginous fish of remarkable ap- pearance. chime (chim), n. the musical har- mony produced by striking a set of bells with hammers; a set of bells tuned to the musical scale and struck with hammers: v.i. to sound in consonance or harmony; be in harmony or agree with; join in: v.t. to cause to sound in harmony. chimerical (ki-mer'ik-al), adj. mere- ly imaginary; fantastic; unreal. chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys ('niz) ], the flue, vent, or passage through which smoke or heated air, &c, escapes; a glass tube for a lamp to intensify combustion. chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze), a large West Indian anthropoid ape allied to the gorilla. china (chi'na), n. a fine kind of porcelain: adj. of, or from, China; of, or made of, china. chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect destructive to corn crops; the bed- bug. chinchilla (chin-chiTa), n. a small South American rodent with a soft fine fur. chine (chin), n. the backbone or spine of an animal; a piece of the backbone of an animal with adja- cent parts cut for cooking; a rocky ravine or large fisfure in a cliff. Chinese (chi-nez'J, adj. of, or per- taining to, China. chink m (chingk), n. a small fissure opening lengthwise; a narrow aper- ture: v.i. to crack; to form into or close up cracks. chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic or jingling sound; money: v.t. to caiise to make a sharp metallic sound; jingle. chinkapin (ching'ka-pin), n. the dwarf chestnut of the United States, or its nut. chinse (chins), v.t. to force oakum or tow in (the chinks or seams be- tween the planking of a ship); calk temporarily. chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth, usually glazed, printed in various colors. chipmunk (chip'mungk), n. a small squirrel of North America, having dark and light stripes on its back. ate, arm, ask, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHIPPER 160 CHORUS chipper (chip'er), adj. active; pert. chirography (ki-rog'ra-fi), n. the art of writing or engrossing; judgment of character by the handwriting. chiromancy (kl'ro-man-si), n. palm- istry. chiropodist (ki-rop'6-dist), n. one who removes corns, bunions, &c, and is skilled in diseases of the feet and hands. chiropractic (ki-ro-prak'tik), n. a treatment to cure disease by manipu- lation of the spine. chirp (cherp), n. a short, shrill, cheer- ful note: v.i. to utter such a note. chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instru- ment of iron or steel for cutting wood, stone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel ; to take an unfair advantage of in a transaction. chit (chit), n. a child; a pert forward girl. chit-chat (-chat), n. familiar talk. chivalresque (shiv-al-resk'), adj. of, or pertaining to, chivalry; chival- rous. chivalrous (shiv'aljjrus), adj. relating to chivalry; warlike; high-spirited; gallant. chivalry (shiv'al-ri), n. the mediaeval system of knighthood; knights col- lectively: the qualifications of a knight, as bravery, nobleness, courtesy, respect for womanly dig- nity and chastity, &c; tenure of land by knight's service. chloral (klo'ral), n. a strong narcotic. chloric acid (as'id), n. an acid con- taining hydrogen, oxygen, and chlo- rine. chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish- yellow gas possessing great bleach- ing powers. chloroform (klo'ro-f6rm),, n. a vola- tile liquid used for producing in- sensibility to pain: v.t. to adminis- ter chloroform to. chlorophyll (klo'ro-fil), n. the green coloring matter in plants. chlorosis (klo-ro'sis), n. a disease affecting young women, character- ized by anemia. chocolate (chok'o-lat), n. a paste made from the roasted kernels of the cacao-nut, used in making the beverage so called: adj. having the color of, or made of, chocolate. choice (chois), n. the act of choosing; option; the thing chosen; the best or preferable part: adj. select; care- fully chosen. choir (kwir), n. a band of singers in a church; the place where they sing. choke-damp (-damp), n. carbonic acid generated in mines. choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. cholera (kol'er-a), n. a disease with violent vomiting and purging. choleric (kol'er-ik), adj. quick-tem- pered; prone to anger; bilious. choose (chooz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. chosen, p.pr. choosing!, to take by preference; select: v.i. to make a choice; prefer. chops (chops), n.pl. the sides of the mouth of a river, channel, &c. chopsticks (chop'stiks), n.pl. two small sticks used in China for eating. chop-suey (chop-soo'i), n. a favorite dish of the Chinese; made of stewed meats, flour or meal; with sauces cooked in the mixture. choral (ko'ral), adj. of, or pertaining to, a choir; chanted or sung by a choir. chorale (ko'ral), n. a simple sacred melody or hymn sung in unison. chorally (-li), adv. in the manner of a chorus. chord (kord), n. the string of a musi- cal instrument; notes in harmony; harmony of color; a straight line join- ing the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t. to string, as a musical instrument. chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light work of a farmyard or household. chorister (kor'is-ter), n. a member of a choir. chortle (chort'ul), v. to chuckle loudly. chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing in concert; that part of a musical composition in which the company ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, ' book; hue, hut; think, then. CHOUGH 161 CHUB join the singer; a concerted piece of music. chough (chuf), n. a bird like a jack- daw. chouse (chous), v.t. to cheat; swindle. chow-chow (chou'chou), adj. an East Indian mixed pickle. chowder (chou'der), n. a dish of fresh fish; clams stewed together with pork and biscuits, &c. chrism (krizm), n. consecrated oil. christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize in the name of the Holy Trinity; give a Christian name to. Christendom (kris'n-dum), n. coun- tries whose inhabitants profess the Christian faith; Christians collec- tively. Christian (kris'chan), n. a profes- sor of the religion of Christ: adj. professing the religion of Christ. Christian era (e'ra), n. the present era reckoned from the birth of Christ. Christian Science (si'ens), n. a religious system founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866; taking as its fundamental .doctrine the Scriptures and teachings of Jesus; elucidated and set forth in the text-book of the Christian Scientists, "Science and Health." Christianity (kris-chi-an'i-ti), n. the precepts and doctrines taught by Christ. hristianization (kris-chan-iz-a/- shun), n. the act or process of con- verting to Christianity. Christianize (kris'chan-iz), v.t. to convert to Christianity. Christmas (kris'mas), n. the festival (Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of . Christ. Christmas tide (-tid), n. Christmas Eve (Dec. 24) to Epiphany (Jan. 6). romascope (kro'ma-skop), n. an instrument to show the optical ef- fects of color. ir ornate (kro'mat), n. a salt of chromic acid. chromatic (kro-mat'ik), adj. relat- ing to colors; including notes not belonging to the diatonic scale: n. a note affected by an accidental; pi. that branch of optics which treats of colors. chromo (kr5'mo), n. [pi. chromos ('moz) ], a chromo-lithograph or pic- ture produced by chromo-lithog- raphy. chromosphere (kro'mo-sfer), n. the rose-colored outer envelope of the sun. chronic (kron'ik), adj. continuing a long time, or recurring; said of a disease. chronogram (kron'o-gram) , n. an inscription which includes in it the date of some event. chronograph (kron'o-graph) , n. an instrument for recording minute in- tervals of time. chronological (kron-o-lo j 'i-kal) , adj. relating to or containing an ac- count of, past events in the order of time. chronologist (kro-nol'o-jist), n. one versed in chronology. Also chronol- oger. chronologize (kro-nol'o-jiz), v.t. to arrange in historical sequence. chronology ('o-ji), n. [pi. chronol- ogies (-jiz)l, the science that treats of events and arranges their dates in proper sequence. chronometer (kro-nom'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring time with extreme accuracy. chrysalis (kris'a-lis), n. the final stage through which a lepidopterous insect, or a butterfly, passes prior to its winged state. chrysanthemum (kris-an'the-mum) , n. a composite plant with large heads of showy flowers; a flower of this plant. chrysolite (kris'o-llt), n. a green- colored and sometimes transparent gem. chrysoprase (kris'o-praz), n. a va- riety of chalcedony of apple-green color. chub (chub), n. a fresh-water fish. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ra CHUBBY 162 CINCH chubby (chub'i), adj. plump; fat and round.. chuck (chuk), v.t. to make a noise like a hen calling to her chickens: n. a hen's call. chuck (chuk), v.t. to pat in a play- ful manner; throw smartly to a short distance; hold in a chuck: n. a light blow under the chin; a short toss; an appendage to a lathe to secure the work to be turned. chuckle (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup- pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh in such a manner. chum (chum), n. one who lodges in the same apartment; a college stu- dent; an old or intimate friend: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chummed; p.pr. chum- ming], to occupy the same room. chump (chump), n. a short, thick, heavy piece of wood. chunky (chungk'i), adj. short and thick. Church (cherch), n. the collective body of Christians; a particular body of Christians; the clergy. Churchman (-man), n. an adherent of the Established Church; an Epis- copalian. churchwarden ('wawr-dn), n. in the Anglican Church, one of two officers chosen at Easter in every parish to attend to the secular af- fairs of the church, and to act as the legal representatives of the parish; a long clay pipe. churl (cherl), n. formerly one of the lowest orders of freemen; a peasant; a surly ill-bred person; a niggard. churn (chern), n. a vessel in which milk or cream is agitated to form butter: v.t. to make (butter) by agi- tating milk or cream; agitate by violent motion. chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough for sending articles down; an aquat- ic switch-back; a river-fall over which timber is floated; a stampede; a bayou. chyle (kil), n. a milk-like fluid sepa- rated from digested matter in the stomach, absorbed by the lacteal vessels, and assimilated into blood. chyme (kirn), n. the pulpy mass of digested food prior to the separa- tion of the chyle. cicada (si-ka'da), n. [pi. cicadae ('de) ], a genus of insects having the power of producing a shrill sound. cicatrix (sik'a-triks), n. [pi. cicatrices (-tri-sez) ], the scar remaining after a wound has healed. cicatrize (sik'a-triz) , v.t. to heal (a wound) by inducing the skin to form a cicatrix. cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne; Italian che-cha- ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones (-nez), cice- roni ('ne) ], a guide who explains the antiquities and chief features of a place. Cid (sid), n. a chief or commander, especially in Spanish literature; the hero, Ruy Diaz, the Christian cham- pion against the Moors; the name of a Spanish epic. cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples expressed and fermented. ci devant (se-de-vang'), adj. former: used with reference* to an office previously held. cierge (serg), n. a wax candle used in religious processions. cigar (si-gar'), n. a small roll of to- bacco-leaf used for smoking. cigarette (sig-a-ref), n. a small ci- gar made of tobacco rolled in thin paper. cilia (sil'i-a), n.pl. the hair of the eyelids; long minute hair-like ap- pendages on the margins of vege- table bodies; the very minute vibra- tile filaments lining or covering certain organs. ciliated (sil'i-a-ted), adj. covered with cilia. Cimmerian (kim- or sim-e'ri-fin), adj. pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people mentioned by Homer as living in perpetual darkness: hence intensely dark; gloomy. cinch (sinch), n. a saddle girth firm- ly fastened in place by loop and knots; a sure grip or hold. •gte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CINCHONA cinchona (sin-ko'na), n. a South American tree which yields quinine. cincture (singk'tur), n. a, belt or girdle worn round the waist; a raised or carved ring at the bottom and top of a pillar. cinder (sin'der), n. any piece of a body thoroughly burnt but not re- duced to ashes: pi. volcanic scoriae; slag. cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. a French device similar to the biograph. cinerary (sin'e-ra-ri), adj. pertaining to, or containing, ashes: applied to sepulchral urns. cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. red sulphide of mercury. cinnamon (sin'a-mun), n. the inner aromatic bark of an East Indian tree: adj. light-reddish brown. cinque (singk), n. a five. cinque-foil (-foil), n. a plant of the genus Potentilla; five fingers; an architectural ornamentation resem- bling five leaves. cipher (si'fer), n. the symbol 0: hence a person or anything without value or power; a monogram; a secret manner of writing, or the key to it; a code: v.i. to practice arith- metic; to sound independently of the player: v.i. to express in cipher. circlet (serk'let), n. a small circle. * ircuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going round anything; the space enclosed a circle; the journey of a judge m one place to another to hold izes; a district assigned to an tinerant preacher; the arrangement y which an electrical current is ept up between the two poles of a battery or machine; the path of the electric current. cuitous (ser-kQ'i-tus), adj. round- about. cular (ser'ku-lar), adj. round like a circle; ending in itself; intended for circulation: n. a printed or written letter or notice. rcularize (seVku-lar-Iz)', v.t. to make circular; send circulars to. 163 CIRCUMSCRIBE circulate (ser'ku-lat), v.t. to cause to pass from point to point or from one person to another: v.i. move round and return to the same point ; pass from hand to hand; be diffused or distributed; travel. circulation (ser-ku-la/shun), n. the act of moving round; passing or transmitting from place to place; the extent to which a thing is cir- culated; currency of money. circulator (ser'ku-la-ter), n. a cir- culating decimal. circum (ser'kum), a prefix —around, forming compounds the meaning of many of which is obvious, as cir- curapolar, around the pole, &c. circumambient (ser-kum-am'bient), adj. inclosing, or being surrounded, on all sides. circumcise (ser'kum-siz), v.t. to cut off the foreskin or prepuce; purify the heart. circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. the line that bounds a circle; a pe- riphery. circumflect (ser-kum-flekt'), v.t. to bend around. circumflection, n. Same as circum- flexion. circumflex (ser'kum-fleks), n. a mark ( ~ ~ * ) over a vowel or syllable to denote accent or contraction: adj. marked with such an accent; curved or winding: v.t. to pro- • nounce or mark with the circumflex. circumflexion (ser-kum-flek'shun), n. the act of marking with a circumflex. circumfuse (ser-kum-fuz'), v.t. to pour or spread around. circumjacent (ser-kum-j a/sent), adj. lying around; bordering on every side. circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'- shun), n. a roundabout way of speak- ing; an indirect mode of statement. circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat), v.t.. to sail round: usually the globe. circumnavigator (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- ter), n. one who circumnavigates. circumscribe (ser-kum-skrib')> v.t. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CIRCUMSPECT 164 CLAIRVOYANCE to inclose within certain lines or boundaries; restrict. circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), adj. cautious; prudent; watchful on all sides. circumspection (ser-kum-spek'- shun), n. caution; watchfulness on every side; prudence. circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. something relative or appendent to a fact; an incident: jp£. state of af- fairs: v.t. to place in a particular situation [only in p.p.). circumstantial (ser-kum-stan'shal), n. something incidental and sub- ordinate to the main subject: pi. incidentals: adj. accidental; de- tailed; proving indirectly. circumvallation (ser-kum-val-a/- shun), n. the act of throwing up walls or fortifications. circumvent (ser-kum-venf), n. to gain an advantage over by strata- gem or deception. circumvention (-ven'shun), n. the act of circumventing; a stratagem. circumvolution (ser-kum-vo-hY- shun), n. the act of rolling round; the state of being rolled round. circus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses (-ez) ], a large level oblong space for feats of horsemanship, &c, with seats for the spectators arranged in tiers; a semi-circular space. cisalpine (sis-al'pin), adj. this side . of the Alps with regard to Rome; south of the Alps. cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. cistern (sis 'tern), n. a natural or ar- tificial receptacle for storing water; a reservoir. citable (slt'a-bl), adj. capable of being cited. citadel (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, a castle. citation (si-ta/shun), n. an official summons to appear before a court, especially an ecclesiastical court; a quotation. citatory (si'ta-to-ri), adj. having the form or nature of a citation; citing. cite (sit), v.t. to summon officially to appear in court; quote. cithara (sith'a-ra), n. an ancient lyre. citizen (sit'i-zen), n. a native or in- habitant of a town or city; a free- man; a member of a state or na- tion who enjoys political rights and privileges; a tradesman. citric acid (sit'rik as'id), n. an acid found in the lemon and orange. citron (sit'run), n. a tree with a fruit like the lemon. civet (siv'et), n. a musky secretion of the anal glands of the civet cat. civic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to a city. civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs of a city or government; intestine; non-international; not military or criminal; complaisant; wellbred. civil service (ser'vis), n. the paid service of the State not exclusively naval or military. civil war (wawr), n. war between two factions of the same country. civilian (si-vil'yan), n. one engaged in the pursuits of civil life: adj. oc- cupied in civil pursuits. civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. civilities (-tiz) 1, good breeding; courtesy. civilization (siv-i-li-za'shun), n. the act or state of being civilized; culture; refinement. civilize (siv'i-liz), v.t. to reclaim from a savage state; instruct in the arts and refinements of civilized life. claim (klam), v.t. to demand as a right, or by authority: v.i. to be entitled to anything; assert or put forward a claim: n. a demand; a right or title to anything; the thing claimed; a piece of land which a miner marks out in accordance with mining law. claimant (kla'mant), n. one who demands anything as his right. clairaudience (klar-aw'di-ens), n. the supposed power of hearing in a trance sounds otherwise inaudible. clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans), n. the power attributed to persons in a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLAIRVOYANT 165 CLAVICHORD mesmeric state of seeing objects not usually perceptible. clairvoyant ('ant), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, clairvoyance : n. one who professes to have the power of clairvoyance: fern, clairvoyante. clam-bake (-bak), n. clams baked with sea-weed; a picnic at which baked clams form the chief dish. clamber (klam'ber), v.t. to ascend * or climb with difficulty. clamminess (klam'i-nes) , n. the state of being clammy. clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. clamor (klam'er),' n. a loud and con- tinued noise; popular outcry: v.t. shout with a loud voice: v.i. make importunate demands. clamorous (klam'er-us), adj. vocif- erous. clamp (klamp), n. anything that fastens or binds; a piece of wood, metal, &c, used to bring two things together: v.t. to fasten or bind with clamps. clan (Man), n. a tribe or association of families united under one chief- tain, having one common ancestor, and the same surname. clandestine (-des'tin), adj. secret; private. clangor Cger), n. a sharp clang. clank (klangk), n. a sharp, hard metallic sound: v.t. & v.i. to rattle and sound, as chains. clannish (klan'ish), adj. pertaining to a clan; closely adherent. clapboard (klab'ord), n. a thin, narrow board, used for the covering of the sides of frame houses. clapper ('er), n. one who, or that • which, claps; the tongue of a bell; the clack of a mill-hopper. claque (klak), n. an organized body of men who applaud or express dis- approval at theaters: hence inter- ested admirers. claquer (kla-ker'), n. a member of a claque. claret (klar'et), n. a light bodied wine of a dark-red color; blood: adj. claret-colored. clarification (klar-i-fi-ka'shun), W the act of clarifying. clarify (klar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clarified, p.pr. clarifying], to make clear from impurities: v.i. to be- come bright. clarinet (klar'i-net), n. a keyed reed instrument of the oboe class. Also clarionet. clarion (klar'ri-un), n. a kind of trumpet. class meeting (met'ing), n. a class, under a class-leader, for religious instruction. classic (klas'ik), adj. of, or relating to, the highest class or rank in lit- erature or art; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the Greek or Roman authors; relating to localities associated with great authors or events; pure; refined; clear-cut. Also classical: n. an author of the first rank whose works serve as a standard; one versed in Greek and Latin litera- ture: pi. ancient Greek and Latin literature. classification (klas-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the art of forming or dividing into classify (klas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. classified; p.pr. classifying], to ar- range in classes; systematize. classman (klas'man), n. [pi. class- men ('men) ], a student who has gained honors at an examination: opposed to passman. clatter (klat'er), v.i. to make a noise by knocking two sonorous bodies frequently together; talk idly and noisily: v.t. to strike anything to make a clatter: n. a continuous or confftsed noise; idle gossip. clause (klawz), n. a separate part of a written composition, or a sentence; a special proviso in a document. claustral (klaws'tral), adj. pertaining to a cloister. clavate (kla/vat), adj. club-shaped. clavichord (klav'i-kord), n. a medi- aeval stringed instrument. Also clari- chord. i) Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLAVICLE 166 CLIMB clavicle (klav'i-kal), n. the collar-bone. clavier (kla-veV), n. the key-board of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. cleanliness (-nes), n. the state of being clean. # \ cleanly (klen'li), adj. neat; pure: adv. wholly clean. cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make clean; purify from moral impurity or guilt. clearance (kler'ans), n. the act of clearing. clearing (kler'ing), n. the act of making clear; land cleared of tim- ber. clearing-house (kler'ing-hous), n. an institution by which banks ad- just their balances. cleat (klet), n. a thin piece of iron worn on boots to make them more durable; a piece of wood or iron on the yard-arm of a ship to keep the ropes from slipping; a strip of wood nailed across a board: v.t. to secure or strengthen with a cleat. cleavable (kle-va-bl), adj. divisible. cleavage (kle'vaj), n. the act of splitting; the property of some min- erals and rocks of being broken in one or more directions. cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, p.p. cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to ad- here to; be attached strongly to. cleave (klev), v.t. [p.t. cleft, clove, p.p. cleft, cloven, cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to divide with violence; part naturally. cleaver (kle'ver), n. a butcher's heavy hatchet for dividing carcasses. cleavers (kle'verz), n. goose. clef (kief), n. a figure at the begin- ning of each staff in music to indi- cate the pitch of all the notes on one particular line or space. cleft, p.t. & p.p. of cleave, to split. cleft (kleft), n. a crack; crevice. clematis (klem'a-tis), n. a perennial plant of the crowfoot family. clemency (klem'en-si), n. [pi. clem- encies (-siz) ], compassion; remis- sion. clement (klem'ent), adj. compassion- ate; forgiving; gentle; forbearing. clergy (kler'ji), n. a body of men set apart by ordination for the service of the Church. clergyman (-man), n. [pi. clergymen (-men) ], a minister. clerical (kler'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the clergy; pertaining to a clerk, writer, or copyist. clerical-error (er'er), n. an error in copying. clerk (klerk), n. a parish clerk; a scholar; one engaged in an office to conduct correspondence, keep books, or transact business generally; an assistant salesman in a store or shop: v.i. to act as clerk or salesman. clever (klev'er), adj. possessing skill or ability; dexterous; expert; good natured and obliging. clew (kloo), n. a ball of thread; one of the corners of a sail: v.t. to truss up (sails) to the yard of a ship. click (klik), v.i. to make a short sharp successive noise: v.t. to move with a clicking sound: n. a slight sharp sound; a catch for retaining a bolt. client (kll'ent), n. one who employs a lawyer; one dependent upon an- other's patronage. clientele (kli'en-tele'), n. the condi- tion of being a client; clients col- lectively. cliff (klif), n. high steep rock or bank. climacteric (kll-mak'ter-ik), n. one of the critical periods in human life when some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. climate (kli'mat), n. the temperature and meteorological conditions of a country, &c. climatic (kli-mat'ik), adj. relating to, or connected with, climate. climatize (kli'ma-tiz), v.t. to accus- tom to a new climate. climatology (-tol'o-ji), n. meteor- ology. climax (kll'maks), n. the summit; acme. climb (klim), v.i. to mount or as- cend, as by the hands and feet: v.t. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLIME 167 CLOUT ascend laboriously: n. an ascent by climbing. clime (klim), n. a country, region, or tract. clinch (klinch), v.t. to rivet; fix firmly by folding over; double up tightly, as the fingers; to hold fast: n. anything that holds both ways; a mode of fastening large ropes. cling (kling), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clung, p.pr. clinging], to adhere closely; hold fast by embracing or entwining. clinic (klin'ik), n. a medical lecture at the bedside or in the presence of patients. clink (klingk), v.t. to strike so as to make a slight sharp sound: v.i. to make a clinking noise: n. a slight sharp successive vibrating noise. clinker ('er), n. a mass of partly vitrified brick; slag. clipper ('er),_ one who, or that which, clips; an instrument for cutting the hair of horses; a sailing vessel with very sharp lines and great spread of canvas; a person or ani- mal that runs swiftly; a firstrate person or thing. clique (klek), n. a group of persons united for some common purpose (usually sinister); a coterie; a ring. cloak (klok), n. a sleeveless, loose outer garment worn by both sexes: hence, a pretext; disguise: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a cloak; cover up or conceal. clockwise (Viz), adv. in the direc- tion of the rotation of the hands of a clock. clog (klog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clogged; p.pr. clogging], to load with any- thing that may impede motion; em- barrass: v.i. to stick or cluster to- gether: n. a load or weight; a hin- drance; a kind of wooden shoe. clogginess ('i-nes), n. the state of being clogged. cloggy (klog'i), adj. clogging; ad- hesive. cloister (klois'ter), n. a place of re- ligious retirement; a monastery or nunnery: pi. an arched way or cov- ered walk running round an ecclesi- astical building or college: v.t. to confine in, or as in, a cloister or convent; seclude from the world. cloistral (klois'tr&l) , adj. pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister ; secluded. close corporation (kids kor-po-ra/- shun), n. a corporation in which vacancies are filled by its members. close-hauled (-hawld), adj. kept as near to the wind as possible. close port (port), n. a river port. close-reef (-ref), n. the last reef in a sail. close season (se'zun), n. certain months in the year in which it is il- legal to kill game, protected wild birds, fish, &c. closet (kloz'et), n. a small room for privacy or retirement; a place for storing valuable things or household requisites: adj. private; secluded: v.t. to receive in a private room for confidential consultation. closure (klo'zhur), n. the act of shut- ting up; that which closes; the end; the closing of a debate by the vote of the majority (the cloture): v.t. to end (a debate) by closure. clot (klot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clotted, p.pr. clotting], to coagulate; v.t. to make, form into, or cover with, clots: n. a concrete or coagulate mass of soft or fluid matter. clothe (kloth), v.t. to put raiment on; cover with, or as with, a gar- ment. clothes (klothz), n. pi. covering for the body; dress; bedclothes. clothier (kloth'yer), n. one who manu- factures or sells clothes. cloture. See closure. cloud-burst ('berst), n. a violent downpour of rain over a very lim- ited area. clough (kluf), n. a ravine in a rock or hillside; a gorge; a kind of sluice. clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or leather for patching; a cloth for any mean use; the center mark of an archery target; an arrow that has hit the center; a blow on the head ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLOVE 168 COASTING-TRADE with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend coarsely; strike with the hand. clove, p.t. of cleave. clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic spice. cloven (klo'ven), p. adj. divided into two parts. clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- bred fellow; a professional jester or buffoon. cloy (kloi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, p.pr. cloying], to fill to repletion; surfeit. clubbable ('a-bl), adj. having the qualities which fit a man to associ- ate in a club. club-foot ('foot), n. a deformed foot. club-haul .('hawl), v.t. to tack (a ship) by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails, bringing the ship's head to the wind. club-moss ('mos), n. thelycopodium. clue (klo5), n. a hint; a clew. clumber (klum'ber), n. a field spaniel. clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, &c; a thick sole: pi. a social game: v.t. arrange n a clump: v.i. tread clumsily. clumsily (klum'zi-li), adv. awkward- ly; heavily. clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward; heavy. clung, p.t. of cling. cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of things of the same kind growing or collected together; a bunch: v.i. to grow or gather into bunches; con- gregate. clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize [with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pi. hands; claws. clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid injected into the lower intestines by a syr- inge; an enema. co- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- gether, entering into the composi- tion of many words, the sense of which is generally self-evident, as co-trustee, a joint trustee. coach (koch), n. a large covered four- wheeled public or private carriage; a tutor who especially prepares an- other for an examination or an ath- letic contest: v.t. to instruct or train for an examination, &c. coagulate (ko-ag'Q-lat), v.t. to clot or curdle. coagulation (-ii-la'shun), n. the act of coagulating; the state of being coagulated. coagulator (-ter), n. that which causes coagulation. coagulum ('u-lum), n. [vl. coagula (-la) ], a clot of blood; a curdled mass. coal-tar ('tar), n. a thick opaque liquid distilled from bituminous coal, and from which many rich dye col- ors are obtained. coalesce (ko-a-les'), v.t. to grow to- gether; combine; unite. coalescence ('ens), n. the act of coalescing. coalition (ko-a-lish'un), n. union in a body or mass; a combination of persons. coamings (kom'ings), n.pl. the raised wood or iron borders of the hatches of a vessel. coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun), n. the adjustment or adaptation of parts to one another. coarse (kors), adj. large in texture or size; not refined; rough; rude; indelicate. coarse-grained ('grand), adj. having a coarse grain; ill-tempered. coarsely (kors'li), adv. in a coarse manner. coast (kost), n. the margin of the land next the sea; a frontier; a slide in a sledge down an incline: v.i. to sail near or along the coast; descend an incline in a sledge, or on a bicycle without working the pedals: v.t. to sail close or near to. coaster ('er), n. a home-trading ves- sel; one who coasts on a sled. coastguard ('gard), n. a member of the service for watching the sea, originally to check smuggling. coasting-trade ('ing-trad), the trade ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COASTWISE 169 CODEX carried on from port to port of the same country. coastwise ('wiz), adv. by, or along, the coast. coatee (ko-te'), n. a close-fitting coat with short tails. coat of arms (of armz), n. the em- blazonment of armorial bearings on an escutcheon. coat of mail (mal), n. chain-mail. coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole. coaxial (ko-ak'si-al), adj. having a common axis. cobble (kob'l), n. a pebble; a round medium-sized stone; clumsy work; v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely: v.i. work clumsily. cobbler ('ler), n. one who mends boots and shoes; a clumsy work- man; a cooling summer drink of ice, wine, &c. cobra-d e-capel lo (ko 'bra-de-ka-pel '- o), n. a large and most venomous hooded snake. coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a small South American shrub : a pow- erful tonic. cocaine (-in), n. a powerful alkaloid extracted from coca leaves. cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet dye obtained from the dried body of an insect. cochlea (kok'le-a), n. [pi. cochleae (-e)], the spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear. cochleate (kok'le-at), adj. screw-like. cock (kok), n. the male of birds, es- pecially the domestic fowl; the male of certain animals other than birds; a vane in the shape of a cock; a leader or chief; a turn- valve for reg- ulating the flow of a liquid or gas; a small conical heap of hay. cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set (the hat or head) jauntily on one side; erect: n. the action of the verb to cock. cock-eyed ('id), adj. having squint- ing-eyes. cockade (-ad'), n. a badge or ribbon worn on the hat. cockatoo (-a-too'), n. a crested bird of the parrot family. cockatrice ('a-tris, or -trfs), n. sl fab- ulous serpent said to have been hatched in a cock's egg, and possess- ing the power of killing by a glance of its eye. cockchafer ('cha-fer), n. the Maybug. cockcrow ('kro), n. early morning. cockerel ('er-el), n. a young cock. cockle ('1), v.t. to contract into wrinkles. cockney (kok'ni), n. a Londoner: traditionally one born within sound of the bells of Bow Church, Cheap- side. cockpit (kok'pit), n. an enclosed space for cockfighting. cockroach ('roch), n. a black beetle. cocktail (kok'tal), n. a mixed alco- holic drink, American in its origin. cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- duces the cocoanut. Also coco. cocoanut (-nut), n. the fruit of the cocoa palm. cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- long case covering the larvae of many spinning insects while in the chrysalis state. cocoonery ('er-i), n. a building where silk-worms are fed when forming cocoons. cocotte (ko-kof), n. a Parisian cour- tezan. cod (kod), n. the husk or pod of a seed; the scrotum; the narrow part of a trawl-net. cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found in the northern seas, and especially on the banks of Newfoundland. coddle (kod'l)j v.t. to make effemi- nate by pampering; treat tenderly; to stew gently: n. an over-indulged pampered person. code (kod), n. a body of* classified laws or regulations; a system of signals. codex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices ('di- sez) ], a volume of statutes; a man- uscript volume, especially of the sa- cred Scriptures. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CODGER 170 COLA-NUT codger (koj'er), n. a miser; an old man. codicil (kod'i-sil), n. an appendix to a will. codify (ko'di- or kod'i-fi)j v.t. [p.t. & p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to reduce to a code or digest. codling (kod'ling), n. a young cod; a kind of stewing apple. coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent), adj. co- operating: n. that which cooperates with another; a number or known quantity prefixed in algebra as a multiplier to a variable or an un- known quantity. coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or constrain by force, especially legally or morally; compel. coercible ('i-bl), adj. able to be coerced. coercion ('shun), n. the act of coerc- ing. coeval (ko-e'val), adj. contempora- neous. coextensive (ko-eks-ten'siv), adj. equally extensive. coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of caisson or floating dock; a sunken panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose in a coffer. cog (kog), n. the tooth, of a wheel; a trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. cogging], to furnish with cogs; weedle; to load (dice) in order to cheat. cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: v.t. to devise or plan. cogitation (-ta/shun), n. the act of cogitating. cogitative (-ta-tiv), adj. meditative. cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French brandy. cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by blood; of the same stock, nature, or quality. cognition (kog-nish'un), n. knowl- edge. cognitive (kog'ni-tiv), adj. having power of mental apprehension. cognizance (kon'i-zans), n. judicial knowledge or notice; perception. cognizant (kon'i-zant), adj. having knowledge of anything. cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- name. cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to- gether as husband and wife. cohere (ko-her'), v.i. to stick to- gether. coherence ('ens), n. the state or quality of cohering. Also coherency. coherent Cent), adj. cohering togeth- er; consistent; logical. coherer (ko-her-er), n. a device for detecting electro-magnetic waves, used in wireless telegraphy. cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. the force that unites together molecules of the same material; coherence. cohesive ('siv), n. causing to cohere. cohort (ko'hort), n. a .body of an- cient Roman soldiers, the tenth part of a legion. coif (koif), n. a close cap. coiffeur (koi'fer), n. a hairdresser. coiffure (koif'ur, French kwo-fer'), n. a head dress. coign (koin), n. a corner. coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a ring; anything resembling it : v.t. to gather or wind into a circular heap: v.i. to wind. coinage ('aj), n. the process of coin- ing; the thing coined; invention. coincide (ko-in-sid'), v.i. correspond exactly; occur at the same time; fall upon, or meet, in the same point. coincidence ^ (ko-in'si-dens), n. the act of coinciding. coincident (ko-in 'si-dent), adj. coin- ciding. coiner (koin'er), n. one who stamps coins, especially one who makes counterfeit money, coir (koir), n. the prepared fiber of the husks of cocoanuts. coition (ko-ish'un), n. copulation; conjunction: said of the moon. coke (kok), the residue of coal after the gas, &c, has been expelled: v.t. to convert into coke. colander (kul'an-der), n. a vessel with a perforated bottom. cola-nut (ko'la-nut),^ n. the large bitter seed of an African tree. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, | book; hue, hut; think, £Aen. COLCHICUM 171 COLLUSION colchicum (kol'chi-kum), n. the meadow-saffron, the seeds and bulbs of which are used in medicine. cold-blooded (-blud'ed), adj. having the blood below 90° Fahr. in tem- perature; heartless; brutal. coldish (kold'ish), adj. somewhat cold. cole (kol), n. cabbage plants in general. cole-slaw ('slaw), n. cabbage salad. Coleoptera (kol-e-op-ter-a), n.pl. an order of insects having the wings covered with a sheath; the beetles. colewort (kol'wert), n. young cabbage. colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen -or bowels : adj. per- taining to, or affecting, the bowels. coliseum. See colosseum. collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat), v.i. to work jointly, especially in literary or scientific work. collaboration (-o-ra'shun), n. united labor. collaborator (-lab'o-ra-ter), n. one who assists another, especially in lit- erary or scientific work: [more usu- ally collaborates (-ter'), the French form of the word]. collapse (kol-aps'), n. a falling in or together; sudden and complete fail- ure; general prostration of the vital powers: v.i. to fall in or together; shrink up; break down. collapsible (-ap'si-bl), adj. collapsing. collarette (-et), n. a fichu of lace, &c. collate (kol'at), v.t. compare crit- ically one thing with another of the same kind, as manuscripts or text of books; place in an ecclesiastical benefice. collateral (kol-at'er-al), adj. side by side; auxiliary; concurrent; de scended from the same stock, but in- a different line. collation (kol-a'shun) , n. compari- son;' a light repast; the presentation to a benefice by a bishop, who is the patron. collator ('ter), n. one who collates manuscripts or books; the bishop who collates. colleague (kol'eg), n. an associate in the same office, employment, or com- mission. collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- hensive prayer. collect (kol-ekf), v.t. gather togeth- er; assemble; demand and obtain payment of: v.i. to meet together; accumulate. collection ('shun), n. the act of gathering together; a mass; a crowd; an assemblage of works of art, natural objects, &c; a contribu- tion to a special object; a private college examination. collective (kol-ek'tiv), adj. accumu- lative. collectivism (-izm), n. the socialis- tic theory that land and capital should be owned by society collec- tively. collector (kol-ek'ter), n. one who collects. collegian (kol-e'ji-an), n. a member of a college. collegiate (-at), adj. pertaining to, or containing, a college; instituted like a college. collet (kol'et), n. the part of a ring in which the stone is set. collide (kol-uF), v.i. to come into col- lision. collie (kol'i), n. a Scotch sheep-dog. collier (kol'yer), n. a digger of coal; a coal-digger; a vessel in the coal trade. colliery (-i), n. [pi. collieries (-iz) ], a coal mine. collision (kol-izh'un), n. the act of striking two bodies violently to- gether ; concussion . collocation (kol-o-ka'shun), n. the act of placing; arrangement. colloquial (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. used in ordinary conversation. colloquialism (-izm), n. a colloquial form of speech; slang. colloquy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies (-kwis) ], a conversation; a dialogue. collusion (kol-u'zhun), n. a secret agreement for a fraudulent or evil purpose. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COLLUSORY 172 COMEDIAN collusory ('so-ri), adj. carrying on fraud by secret agreement. cologne water (waw'ter), n. eau-de- cologne. colon (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctua- tion [:]; the largest of the intes- tines. colonel (ker'nel), n. the chief officer of a regiment. colonial (ko-lo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a colony. colon ialize (-Iz), v.t. to render colo- nial in character. colonist (kol'o-nist), n. an inhabitant of a colony. colonization (kol'o-ni-za/shun), n. the act of colonizing or state of being colonized; the temporary settle- ment of men in a voting district to qualify them as electors. colonize (kol'o-niz), v.t. to settle or establish a colony in. colonnade (kol-On-ad'), n. a series of columns. colony (kol'o-ni), n. [pi. colonies (-niz)], a body of people from their native country who settle in another land, but are under the jurisdiction of, or connected with, the parent country; the country thus settled; a number of animals or plants liv- ing or growing together. Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra/do-bet'J ) , n. a yellowish beetle, having its back marked with ten longitudinal black stripes: it is very destructive to potato crops. colorist (-ist), n. an artist whose works are characterized by beauty of color. colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- sus; gigantic. colosseum (kol-o-se'um), n. the Fla- vian amphitheater at ancient Rome. Also coliseum. colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi (-1)], a statue of gigantic size. colportage (kol'por-taj), n. the sys- tem of distributing Bibles, religious books, &c, by colporteurs. colporteur (-ter), n. one engaged in colportage. colter (kol'ter), n. plowshare; also spelled coulter. coltish ('ish), adj. like a colt; frisky. Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an), n. a size of printing-type. (See type.) columbine (korum-bln), adj. per- taining to, or like, a dove or pigeon : n. a plant with flowers of five petals' column (korum), n. a round pillar to support or adorn a building; any body of certain dimensions pressing vertically on its base; a division of the page of a book, &c; a formation of troops in deep files. columnar (ko-lum'nar), adj. having the form or shape of a column. coma (ko'ma), n. insensibility; stu- por. coma (ko'ma), n. [pi. comas ('me)], the nebulous hair-like envelope sur- rounding the nucleus of a comet; the aggregate of branches forming the leafy head of a tree. comatose (ko'ma-tos), adj. torpid; lethargic. combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act in opposition: v.t. to fight with; oppose by force: n. a contest by force; a struggle. combatant (-ant), n. one who com- bats: adj. disposed to fight; bearing arms. combination (kom-bi-na/shun), n. the union of bodies or qualities; an association of persons for a com- mon object: pi. underclothing woven in one piece. combine (kom-bhY), v.t. to unite or join; link closely together: v.i. to unite, agree, or coalesce: n. a secret combination, generally for fraudu- lent purposes. combustible (kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. in- flammable: n. an inflammable sub- stance. combustion (-bust'yun), n. the act of burning; the state of being burnt; the union of an inflammable substance with oxygen, &c, produc- ing light and heat. comedian (ko-me'di-an), n. an actor ate, arm, ask, at, awl; mS merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMEDY 173 COMMISERATE or player in comedy: fern, comedi- enne (ko-ma-di-en'). comedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies (-diz)], dramatic representation of the humorous or ridiculous side of human life. comeliness (kumli-nes), n. grace; beauty. comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- tial body, with an eccentric orbit, consisting, when perfect, of a nu- cleus, coma, and a tail. cometary ('e-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to a comet. comfit (kum'fit), n. a' dry sweetmeat. comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- couragement; a quilted bed-cover. comfortable ('fer-ta-bl), adj. im- parting or enjoying comfort. comforter (kum'fer-ter), n. one who comforts; a long woolen scarf. comfrey (kum'fri), n. a rough hairy plant. comic (kom'ik), or comical (-al), adj. exciting mirth. comicality ('i-ti), n. the state of being comical. comique (ko-mek'), n. a comic actor or singer. comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- ness; acts of international courtesy. comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation point [,]. commandant (-ant'), n. an officer in command of a fortified place or a body of troops. commandeer (kom-man-der), v.t. to seize for the benefit of military needs without process of law. commander ('er), n. one who com- mands; a naval officer next below a captain. commandment (kom-and'ment), n. a command; a precept; a law, es- pecially any one of the Decalogue. commando ('do), n. a military ex- pedition by private individuals ; the quasi-military expeditions of the English farmers and Boers of South Africa against the natives. commemorate (kom-em'o-rat), v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn act; celebrate with honor. commemoration (-a'shun), n. the act of commemorating. commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come into existence; begin: v.t. to enter upon; perform the first act of. commencement ('ment), n. begin- ning; origin; the annual festival when degrees, &c, are conferred at colleges. commend (kom-end'), v.i. recom- mend as worthy of notice; praise; bring to mind. commendation (-en-da'shun), n. the act of commending; approval. commendatory ('a-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to commend; containing praise. commensurable (kom-en'su-ra-bl), adj. having or reducible to, a com- mon measure. commensurate ('su-rat), adj. re- ducible to a common measure; equal. comment (kom'ent), n. a spoken or written remark, especially a written note by way of explanation, &c; criticism: v.i. (kom'- or kom-ent'), to write notes or explanations on the text of an author. commentary ('en-ta-ri), n. [pi. com- mentaries (-riz)], a series of ex- planatory notes or annotations commentator (-ter), ft. one who writes notes to explain an author. commerce (kom'ers), n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale be- tween nations or individuals; inter- course. commercial (-er'shal), adj. pertain- ing to trade or commerce; mercan- tile. commercialism (-izm), ft. commer- cial habits, methods, or principles. commingle (ko-jning'gl), v.t. & v.i. to mix; blend.. comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t. to make small or fine by grinding: adj. di- vided into small parts. commiserate (kom-iz'er-at), v.t. feel ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMMISERATION 174 COMMUNICATIVE pity for; sympathize with in dis- ful; an article of commerce: pi. tress. goods; merchandise. commiseration (-er-a/shun), n. pity, commodore ('o-dor), n. a captain commiserator ('er-a-ter), n. one who commanding a squadron; the lead- pities, ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. commissariat (kom-is-a'ri-at), n. the common council (koun'sil), n. the department of an army concerned representative body of a city or mu- with the supply of transports, pro- nicipal corporation, visions, &c. common law (law), n. the unwrit- commissary ('is-a-ri), n. [pi. com- ten law of England based on imme- missaries (-riz)], one to whom some morial usage. charge is committed by a superior; commoner (-er), n. one not a peer; a delegate; an official in the com- a member of the House of Com- missariat department. mons; one who has a joint right in commission (kom-ish'un»), n. a dele- common land; at Oxford, a student gation of business to anyone; the not on the foundation, act of doing or committing; a trust; commonplace (-plas), n. a memo- a charge; the warrant by which any- randum for ready reference; an thing is done; one or more^persors obvious remark; anything ordinary: appointed to perform certain speci- adj. uninteresting; trite; common; fied duties; brokerage or allowance: common-sense (-sens), adj. charac- v.t. empower; send with authority. terized by sound practical judgment. commissioner (-ish'un-er), n. a per- commonweal (-wel), n. the public son empowered by a commission cr good. warrant; an officer in charge of seme commonwealth (-welth), n. the department of the public service. whole body of people in a state; a commission-government (kem-ish'- republic. un-guv'ern-ment), w. aformofmunic- commotion (-o'shun), n. violent agi- ipal government by a board of ex- tation. perts appointed, or of commissioners communal ('u-nal), adj. pertaining elected at large to serve under speci- to a commune. fied restrictions. communalism (-izm), n. govern- commissure ('ish-ur), n. a joint or ment by communes or corporations seam; the point of union between of towns and districts, two bodies. commune (-im/), v.t. to converse to- commit (kom-if), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gether; impart; take counsel; par- committed, p.pr. committing], to take of the Eucharist, or Holy Corn- give in charge or trust; surrender; munion. consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; communicable (u'ni-ka-bl), adj. im- send for trial, or to prison. partible. commitment (-it'ment), n. the act communicant (-ii'ni-kant), adj. of committing. Also' committal. communicating: n. a partaker, es- committee (-it'e), n. persons ap- pecially of the Eucharist. pointed to consider or manage any communicate (-kat), v.t. to impart; matter. reveal: vi. to share; partake of the commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- Eucharist. dress formerly in vogue; a chest of communication (-ka'shun), n. the drawers or bureau; a night-stool. act of communicating; means of commodious (-o'di-us), adj. useful; passing from one place to another; convenient; roomy. news; intercourse. commodity (-od'i-ti), n. [pi. com- communicative (-ka-tiv), ,adj. un- modities (-tiz)j, that which is use- reserved. ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. \ COMMUNICATORY 175 COMPENDIOUS communicatory (-to-ri), adj. im- parting knowledge. communion (-un'yun), n. inter- course; fellowship; common pos- session; a religious body; the partak- ing of the Eucharist. communism (kom'u-nizm) , n. the doctrine of having property in com- mon; socialism. communist ('u-nist), n. sl supporter of communism; a socialist; a mem- ber of the Commune of Paris (1871). communistic (-is'tik), adj. relating to communism. community (-u'ni-ti), n. [pi. com- munities (-tiz) ], a body of persons having common rights, interests, and privileges; a corporation; so- ciety generally; common character. commutable (-ut'a-bl), adj. inter- changeable. commutation (-u-ta/shun) , n. the act of commuting; change or ex- change. commutation ticket (kom-u-ta/- shun), n. a ticket issued to a frequent passenger, paid for in advance for a limited time, by which he obtains lower rates. commutative ('ta-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to exchange. commutator (kom'u-ta-ter), n. an electrical device for making an alternating current continue or dis- continue; also for increasing or diminishing the strength of the same. commute (kom-uf), v.t. to exchange; substitute; reduce the severity of; regulate the direction of an electric current: v.i. to pay in gross amount. commuter (kom-u-ter), n. the user of a commutation ticket. compact (kom'pakt), n. an agree- ment or covenant; v.t. (kom-pakt'), to press or pack closely; consolidate. companion (kom-pan'yun), n. a comrade; an associate or partner: the hut over a ship's ladder: adj. attendant. companionship (-ship), n. fellow- ship. company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- panies (-niz) 1, an assemblage of people; a body of persons associated together; society; fellowship; a firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of a regiment; v.i. associate with. comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. ca- pable of being compared; of equal regard. comparative (-par'a-tiv), adj. esti- mated by comparison; not positive: n. the comparative degree of gram- mar. compare (-par'), v.t. to make one thing the measure of another; in- flect so as to form the degrees of comparison: v.i. to bear a com- parison. comparison (-par'i-sun), n. the act of comparing; an illustration or simile. compartment (-part'ment), n. a division by a partition, as of a car- riage, &c; a panel. compass (kum'pas), v.t. to encircle; walk around; besiege: n. a circular course; a circumference; extent; grasp; an instrument indicating the magnetic meridian: pi. a mathe- matical instrument for dividing and drawing circles. compassion (kom-pash'un), n. sor- row for the sufferings of others; sympathy; pity. compassionate (-at), v.t. to have compassion for: adj. sympathetic; merciful. compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being compatible; congruity. compatible ('i-bl), adi. congruous; suitable. compatriot (-pa'tri-ot), n. a fellow countryman. compeer (kom-per'), n. an equal. compel (kom-per), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge irresistibly; force. compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- ment. compendious (-pen'di-us), adj. suc- cinct. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMPENDIUM 176 COMPOSE compendium ('di-um), n. an abridg- ment. compensate (kom'pen- or kom-pen'- sat), v.t. to recompense; make amends for: v.i. to make compensa- tion. compensating-gear (com-pen-saf- ing-ger), n. a gear that enables the two rear wheels of an automobile to rotate at different speeds for easy turning. compensation (-sa'shun), n. amends; recompense; a set-off. compensation-balance (-bal'&ns), n. a watch balance-wheel, constructed to counteract variations in tem- perature. compensative ('sa-tiv), adj. making compensation. Also compensatory. compete (kom-pef), v.i. enter into competition with another; rival. competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the state of being competent; suffi- ciency. Also competency. competent (-tent), adj. fit; able; suitable; qualified; moderate. competition (-tish'un), n. rivalry. competitive (kom-pet 'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to competition; emulous. competitor ('i-ter), n. a rival. compilation (-i-la'shun), n. the act of compiling; the thing compiled. compile (kom-pil'), v.t. to put to-, gether in fresh form existing- mate- rials. complacence (kom-pla/sens), n. in- ward satisfaction. Also compla- cency. complacent ('sent), adj. affable. complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express grief, pain, or resentment; charge formally. complainant ('ant), n. a plaintiff. complaint (-plant'), n. an accusa- tion; an expression of grief or pain; ailment. complaisance (-pla-sans'), n. cour- tesy. complaisant (-sanf), adj. courteous. complected (-plek'ted), adj. inter- woven; complexioned. complement ('ple-ment), n. full number or quantity; a complete set: v.t. to supply a deficiency. . complemental ('al), adj. completing. Also complementary. complete (kom-plet'), adj. free from deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; finish. completion (-ple'shun), n. accom- plishment. complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed of various parts of things; compos- ite; intricate. complexion (-plek'shun), n. the color of the skin, especially the face; aspect. complexity ('i-ti), n. the state of being complex. Also complexness. compliable (kom-pli'a-bl), adj. com- pliant. compliance ('ans), n. acquiescence. compliant ('lint), adj, yielding. complicacy ('pli-ka-si), n. the state of being complicate. complicate ('pli-k&t), v.t. to make intricate; involve: adj. intricate; folded together. complication (-ka'shun), n. the act of complicating; the state of being complicated. complicity (-plis'i-ti), n. partnership in crime. complier (-pli'er), n. one who complies. compliment ('pli-ment), n. a formal act or expression of courtesy; deli- cate flattery: f v.t. to flatter; con- gratulate; praise. complimentary ('ta-ri), adj. con- veying a compliment. Also com- plimental. comply (kom-pli'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. complied, p.pr. complying], to yield assent; agree to. compo (kom'po), n. a kind of con- crete; a material for printing-rollers. component (kom-po'nent), adj. con- stituent: n. an elementary part of a compound. comport (-port'), v.i. to agree: har- monize: v.t. to behave. compose (-poz'), v.t. to form by combination; write as an author; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMPOSED 177 CONCATENATION calm; adjust; arrange in proper order; put together. composed (-pozd'), adj. tranquil; quiet. composer (-poz'er), n. one who com- poses; one who calms; a musical author. composite (-poz'it), adj. compound. composition (-po-zish'un) , rC. the act of composing; the thing com- posed; a mass formed by mingling various ingredients; mutual settle- ment or agreement; a musical or literary work; the art of forming sentences. compositor (-poz'i-ter), n. one who sets types. compost ('post), n. a mixture of various substances for fertilizing the ground; builders' compost: v.t. to manure with compost; plaster or stucco. composure (-po'zhur), n. tranquillity. compote ('pot), n. stewed fruit. compound (-pound'), v.t. to mix or combine together; settle by mutual agreement; discharge a debt by pay- ing a part: adj. (kom'pound), com- posed of two or more elements or ingredients or words: n. a mixture of two or more elements or ingredi- ents. ipounder ('er), n. one who com- pounds medicines, &c; one who compounds a debt or felony; one who pays for certain charges by a fixed sum. >mprehend (kom-pre-hend') , v.t. to include or comprise; grasp with the mind; conceive. iprehension (-hen'shun), n. the act of comprehending; extent, un- derstanding. >mprehensive (-hen'siv), adj. in- cluding much; full. tpress (kom-pres'), %.t. to press together; condense: n. (kom'pres), soft pad used in surgery to main- tain pressure. ipressible (-pres'i-bl), n. con- lensable. compression (-presh'un), n. con- densation. compressor (-pres'er), n. one who, or that which, compresses. comprisal (kom-pri'zal), n. the act of comprising. comprise (-priz'), v.t. to compre- hend. compromise (kom'pro-miz), n. a set- tlement by mutual concessions: v.t. to settle by compromise; expose to risk. comptroller (kon-trol'er). See con- troller. compulsion (kom-pul'shun), n. the act of compelling; force; constraint. compulsive (-pul'siv), adj. forcible. compulsory (-pul'so-ri), adj. exer- cising compulsion; obligatory. compunction (-pungk'shun), n. con- trition. compurgation (-per-ga'shun), n. the practice of justifying one man's ve- racity by the testimony of another. computable (kom-put'a-bl), adj. that may be computed. computation (-pu-ta'shun), n. the act or process of computing; esti- mate. compute (-put), v.t. to number; reckon. Comptist (con'tist), n. a follower of Auguste Compte, a French philoso- pher; also termed a positivist, from Compte' s system of philosophy called Positivism. comrade (kom'rad), n. a companion. con (kon), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conned, p. pr. conning], to peruse carefully; fix in mind by constant repeti- tion; to direct (a helmsman) how to steer. conation (ko-na'shun), n. the fac- ulty of voluntary agency, including volition and desire. conative (ko'na- or kon'a-tiv), adj. pertaining to the faculty of cona- tion; expressing endeavor or effort. concatenation (kon-kat-e-na'shun) , n. a series of things united like links. :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONCAVE 178 CONCILIATORY concave (kon'kav), adj. hollow and curved. concave lens (lenz), n. sl lens one side of which is flat and the other slightly concave. concavity (-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. con- cavities (-tiz) ], the state of being concave; the inner surface of a rounded hollow body. concavo-concave (kon-ka/vo-kon'- kav), adj. hollow on both surfaces, as a lens. , concavo-convex (-kon'veks), adj. concave on one side, convex on the other. conceal (kon-sel'), v.t. to hide; keep secret; disguise. concede (-sed'), v.t. to yield; admit. conceit (-set'), n. an idea; an over- estimate of one's own abilities; a quaint fancy. conceivable (-sev'a-bl), adj. imag- inable. conceive (-seV), v.t. imagine*: un- derstand; develop in the womb : v.i. to think; become pregnant. concentrate (kon-sen'trat), v.t. to bring to one point or common cen- ter; intensify the action of; con- dense: adj. reduced to a pure or dense state. concentration (-sen-tra/shun) , n. the state of being concentrated; condensation. concentrator (-tra-ter), n. a pneu- matic apparatus for separating dry ores when comminuted. concentric (-sen'trik), adj. having a common center. concentricity (-sen-tris'i-ti), n. the state of being concentric. concept (kon'sept), n. an abstract general motion or conception. conceptacle (-sep'ta-kl), n. that which contains anything; a follicle. conception (-sep'shun), n. the im- pregnation of the ovum; the act or power of conceiving in the mind; an idea or notion. conceptive (-sep'tiv), adj. capable of conceiving mentally or physically. conceptualist ('tu-al-ist), n. one who holds the theory (conceptual- ism) that the mind caQ form for itself general conceptions. concern (kon-sern'), v.t. to relate or belong to; interest or engage; make uneasy: n. business; affair; inter- est; anxiety; a firm. concernment ('ment), n. solicitude; affair. concert (kon-serf), v.t. to contrive or devise together; adjust or ar- range mutually: n. (kon'sert) a mu- sical entertainment; cooperation; harmony, or mutual agreement. concerted ('ed), adj. mutually planned or agreed upon; arranged in parts. concertina (-ser-te'na), n. a musical instrument of the accordion class. concertino (-te'no), n. a small con- certo. concerto (-ser'to, Italian -char'to), n. [pi. concertos ('toz) ], a musical composition for a solo instrument, with an orchestral accompaniment. concession (kon-sesh'un), n. the act of conceding; the thing conceded; land, privileges, &c, granted by a government to a company, &c, for some specific purpose. concessionaire (-un-ar'), n. a person holding a concession. conch (kongk), n. a marine shell. concha (kong'ka), n. [pi. _ concha? (-ke) ], the outer ear; auricle; the dome of an apse. concho-grass ('ko-gras), n. a valua- ble forage grass of the southern United States. conchoid ('koid), n. a shell-like curve. conchology ('kol-o-ji), n. the branch of zoology which treats of mollusks and their shells. concierge (kong-si-arzh'), n. in France, a dbor-keeper or janitor. conciliate (kon-sil'i-at), v.t. to rec- oncile; win or gain the affections of. conciliator (-a-ter), n. one who conciliates. conciliatory (-to-ri), adj. tending ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONCISE 179 CONDOLATORY to conciliate or reconcile. Also con- ciliative. • concise (kon-sis') , adj. condensed, terse. conclave (kon'klav), n. a private meeting, as of cardinals for the election of a Pope. conclude (kon-khld'), v.t. to infer; determine; settle; end: v.i. draw an inference. conclusion (-klu'zhun), n. a final determination; result; end. conclusive (-klu'siv), adj. decisive; final. concoct (kon-kokt'),. v.t. to digest; cook; assimilate mentally; plot. concoction (-kok'shun), n. the act of concocting; a plan or plot; a compound of various ingredients. concomitance (-kom'i-tans), n. the state of being concomitant. Also concomitancy. concomitant ('i-tant), n. accom- panying; conjoined with: n. an at- tendant. concord (kong' or kon'kord), n. har- mony; union; agreement. concordance (kon-kor'dans), n. agreement; a dictionary of words or passages, with references to the places where they occur, especially in the Bible. concordant ('dant), adj. harmonious. concordat ('dat), n. a compact or agreement, especially between Church and State. concourse (kong'kors), n. arriving together; an assembly or crowd. concrete (kon'kret), adj. united .in growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. a mass formed by concretion; a compact mass of lime, sand, gravel, mortar, &c, used for building: v.i. (kon-kref), to coalesce: v.t. to form by the union of particles. concretion (kon-kre'shun), n. the act of concreting; a mass formed by the union of separate particles. concretionary (-a-ri), adj. charac- terized by concretions. concubinage (kong-ku-bi-naj), n. the act of living as man and wife without being legally married. concubine (kong'ku-bin), n. a wom- an who lives with a man without, being legally married. concupiscence (kon-ku 'pi-sens), n. illicit sexual desire; unlawful de- sire. concur (kon-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. concurred, p.pr. concurring], to agree or unite in action or opinion; coincide. concurrence (-kur'ens), n. the act of concurring; agreement; consent. concurrent (-kur'ent), adj. acting in union or conjunction; joint and equal in authority; meeting at one point: n. that which concurs; a con- tributory cause. concussion (-kush'un), n. the shock caused by, two bodies coming violent- ly together; injury by a fall. condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- sure; declare to be forfeited. condemnation (-dem-na/shun) , n. the act of condemning. condensable (-den'sa-bl), adj. capa- ble of condensation. condensation (-den-sa'shun) , n. compression. condense (-dens'), v.t. to compress; make close or thick: v.i. grow dense. condenser ('er), n. an apparatus for- reducing gases or vapors to a liquid or solid form; a device for storing electricity; a lens for concentrating light. condescend (kon-de-send'), v.i. to stoop; descend; yield; deign. condescension (-de-sen'shun), n. the act of condescending; voluntary humiliation. condign (-din'), adj. well-deserved; suitable. condiment (kon'di-ment), n. a sea- soning. condition (kon-dish'un), n. state; quality; external circumstances; stipulation or terms of a contract: v.t. to contract or stipulate; bring into and keep in bodily health; examine. condolatory (-do'la-to-ri), adj. ex- pressing condolence. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONDOLE 180 CONFIDENT condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. to express sympathy for an- other [with with}. condolence ('ens), n. sympathy. condonation (-do-na/shun), n. the act of pardoning a wrong act. condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, especially a violation of marital duty. condor (kon'der), n. a very large South American vulture. conduce (-dus'), v.i. to tend to; con- tribute. conduct (kon-dukf), v.t. to guide; direct; manage; behave: n. (kon'- dukt) personal behavior or prac- tice ; management. conductance (kon-duk'tans), n. power or capacity for conducting electricity. conductible (-duk'ti-bl), adj. ca- pable of being conducted. conduction (-duk'shun), n. trans- mission by a conductor. conductive (-duk'tiv), adj. having the quality or power of conducting. conductivity (-duk-tiv'i-ti), n. the quality of being conductive. conductor (duk'ter), n. one who, or that which, conducts; a leader or guide; one who has charge of a car or train; a substance which con- ducts or transmits certain forces. conduit (kon' or kun'dit), n. a canal or pipe for the conveyance of water, &c. cone (kon), n. a geometrical figure broad, round, and broad at the bot- tom, and lessening the circumference toward the top; the fruit of the fir, pine, &c; a storm-cone: v.t. to shape like the segment of a cone. coney (ko'ni), another form of cony. confab (kon'fab), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- fabbed, p.pr. confabbing], to chat. confection (-fek'shun), n. anything conserved or compounded with sugar; a sweetmeat. confectioner (-er), n. one who pre- pares and sells sweetmeats, &c. confectionery (-i), n. [pi. confec- tioneries (-iz) ], sweetmeats, cakes, preserves, &c. confederacy (-fed'er-a-si), n. [pi. m confederacies (-siz) ], persons, states, or nations united in a league; unlawful combination. confederate ('er-at), v.i. to unite in a league: adj. united by a league: n. a member of a confederation; an ally; an accomplice. confederation (-er-a/shun), n. the act of confederating; an alliance; an alliance of states previously in- dependent. confer (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give or bestow: v.i. to consult together; converse. conference ('fer-ens), n. the act of consulting together formally; an appointed meeting for discussing some topic or business; an ecclesias- tical assembly. confess (kon-fes'), v.t. to admit or acknowledge; avow; grant; prove; hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. disclose the state of one's conscience to a priest and receive absolution. confession (-fesh'un), n. act of con- fessing; anything disclosed or ac- knowledged. confessional (-al), n. an inclosed cabinet, in which a priest sits to hear confessions; the practice of auricular confession. confessor (kon' or kon-fes'er), n. one who makes a profession of his faith and suffers persecution; a priest who hears confessions and . grants absolution. confetto (-fet'to), n. [pi. confetti ('ti) ], a sweetmeat; a plaster pel- let used for pelting at carnivals. confidant ('fi-dant), n. a confidential or bosom friend: fern, confidante. confide (kon-fid'), v.i. have confi- dence in: v.t. to trust fully [with to], confidence (kon'fi-dens), n. trust; reliance. confidence-game (kon'fi-dens-gam), n. securing money under pretenses of friendship through false promises of gain, usually with strangers. confident (-dent), adj. full of con- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONFIDENTIAL 181 CONGESTED fidence; positive; bold; dogmatical. confidential (-den'shal), adj. spoken or written in confidence; trust- worthy. configuration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. ex- ternal form; relative position of the planets. confine (kon'fln), n. a boundary, border, or limit; a frontier [usually pi.]: v.t. (kon-fin'), to restrict within limits; imprison. confinement (kon-fin'ment), n. the act of confining; childbirth. confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to strength- en; ratify; administer the rite of confirmation. confirmation (-fer-ma/shun), n. the act of confirming; verification; evi- dence; admission to full communion after baptism. confirmatory ('a-to-ri), adj. serving to confirm. confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat), v.t. to adjudge to be forfeited to the pub- lic treasury; seize, as thus forfeited. confiscation (-ka/shun), n. the act of confiscating. confiscator ('fis-ka-ter), n. one who confiscates. conflagration (-fla-gra'shun), n. a great fire. conflict (kon-flikf), v.i. to strike or dash together; contend; fight: n. (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for the mastery; a battle; antagonism; a violent collision. confluence (kon'flu-ens), n. the junc- tion of two or more streams; an assembly. confluent (-ent), adj. flowing or run- ning together: n. a tributary river or stream. conflux ('fluks), n. the meeting to- gether of two or more streams; a crowd. conform (kon-form'), v.t. to make like; bring into harmony [usually with to]: v.i. to be in harmony with; comply with. conformable ('a-bl), adj. like; cor- responding; compliant; in parallel order. conformation (-f6r-ma'shun), n. structure; arrangement; shape. conformist ('ist), n. a member of the Established Church of England. conformity ('i-ti), n. compliance with established forms; resemblance. confound (kon-found'), v.t. to min- gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; overthrow. confraternity (-fra-ter'ni-ti), n. [pi. confraternities (-tiz) ], a brother- hood or society of men associated for a common purpose. confrere (kon-frar'), n. an associate. confront (kon-frunt'), v.t. to stand face to face [with with]; oppose; compare. confuse (kon-ftiz'), v.t. to mingle,*: jumble up; render indistinct; dis- concert; perplex. confusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act of confusing; perplexity; loss of self- possession; disorder; tumult. ( | confutation (-fu-ta'shun), n. dis- proof. confute (kon-fuf), v.t. to prove to be false or invalid; convict of error. congeal (konjel'), v.t. to freeze; to harden or make rigid by cold: v.i. to become frozen; to solidify by the agency of cold. congelation (-je-la'shun), n. the act of congealing. congener (kon'je-ner), n. a, thing or person allied in some way to another; an animal or plant of the same species or genus as another. congenial (-je'nial), adj. kindred; pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. congeniality (-ni-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being congenial. congenital (-jen'i-tal), adj. existing, or produced, at birth; constitutional. conger (kong'ger), n. a large sea-eel. congeries (kon-je'ri-ez), n. sing. & pi. a collection of particles into one mass. congest (kon-jesf), v.t. to accumu- late. congested Ced), p. adj. unduly ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONGESTION 182 CONJUNCTION crowded; containing an unnatural accumulation of blood. congestion (-jest'yun), n. an over- crowded condition, especially of the blood-vessels. congestive ('tiv), adj. implying con- gestion. conglomerate (-glom'er-at), v.t. to gather into a ball or round mass: adj. collected or clustered together: n. a rock composed of rounded or water-worn fragments of pre-existent rocks. conglomeration (-er-a/shun), n. the act of conglomerating; a miscella- neous collection. conglutinate ('ti-nat), v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together; united by an adhesive substance. conglutination (-na'shun), n. the act of gluing or joining together; coalescence. congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), v.t. to felicitate on account of some happy event [with on or upon]. congratulation (-grat-u-la/shun), n. the act of congratulating. congratulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who congratulates. congratulatory (-to-ri), adj. express- ing congratulations. congregate (kong'gre-gat), v.t. to assemble; gather together: v.i. to come together. congregation (-ga'shun), n. an as- sembly, especially of persons for religious worship. congregational^ (-al), adj. pertaining to a congregation. Congregationalism ('shun-al-izm) , n. a democratic form of church gov- ernment, each congregation being self-governed. Congregationalist (-al-ist), n. an adherent to Congregationalism : adj. pertaining to Congregationalism. congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- ence; an assembly of ambassadors, &c, for the settlement of interna- tional affairs. Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- tional legislature of the United States. congressional (kon-gresh'un-al), adj. pertaining to Congress. congressman (-man), n. a member of Congress, especially of the House of Representatives. congruence ('groo-ens), n. suitabil- ity; agreement; consistency. Also congruency. cqngruent ('ent), adj. suitable; agreeing. congruity ('i-ti), n. agreement; fit- ness. congruous ('groo-us), adj. accord- ant; fit. conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a cone. Also conical: n.pl. the branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola; conic sections. coniferous (ko-nif'er-us), adj. bearing cones. coniform (ko-ni-form), adj. cone- shaped. conjectural (kon-jek'tur-al), adj. doubtful. conjecture ('tur), n. a probable in- ference; a guess: v.t. to imagine; surmise: v.i. to form conjectures. conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join, to- gether; connect or associate: v.i. to unite. conjoint (-joint'), adj. united; co- operating. conjugal ('joo-gll), adj. of, or per- taining to, marriage; connubial. conjugality ('i-ti), n. the married state. conjugally (-li), adv. connubially. conjugate (kon'ju-gat), v.t. to in- flect (verbs): v.i. to unite in conju- gation: adj. combined in pairs; kin- dred in meaning and origin: n. a word agreeing in derivation with another word. conjugation (-ga'shun), n. the act of conjugating; the inflection of a verb; a kind of sexual union. conjunct (kon-jungkf), adj. con- joined. conjunction (-jungk'shun), n. un- ion; association; connection; the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD 183 CONSECRATION apparent meeting of two or more stars or planets; a word used to connect sentences or words. conjunctive mood (mood), n. the mood which expresses contingency or condition. conjunctively (-li), adv. in union. conjuncture ('tur), n. a combina- tion of many circumstances or causes; a critical time. conjuration (kon-ju-ra'shun), n. the act of conjuring or invoking; an in- cantation; an enchantment; solemn entreaty. conjure (kon-jur'), v.t. to summon in a sacred name; enjoin with the highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- fluence by. or as if by, magic: v.i. to practice the arts of a conjurer. conjurer (kun'j er-er) , n. one who performs tricks by sleight of hand; an enchanter: (kon-jur'er), n. one who solemnly enjoins. conjuror (kon-ju'rer), n. one bound by an oath with others. connate (kon'nat), adj. united at the base. connaught (kon'awt), a kind of cotton cloth used for embroidery. connect (kon-nekf), v.t. to bind or fasten together; unite; associate with: v.i. to be joined; cohere. connected ('ed), adj. linked together. connection or connexion (-nek'- shun), n. the state of being con- nected; relation by "marriage or blood; sexual intercourse; surround- ings; acquaintance; a religious body; one's customers, &c. connective (-nek'tiv), adj. able to connect: n. that which connects. connector ('ter), n. one who or that which connects. conning (kon'ing), n. the act of di- recting the helmsman of a vessel. conning- tower (-tou'er), n. the low shot-proof pilot-house of an armored vessel. connivance (-ni'vans), n. the act of conniving: passive cooperation in a crime or fault; collusion. connive (kon-niv'), v.i. to close the eyes upon a fault; be in secret com- plicity [with at]. connoisseur (kon-i-ser'), n. a criti- cal judge. connotation (-ta'shun), n. inference. connotative (kon-no'ta-tiv), adj. attributive. connote (kon-nof), v.t. to designate by implication; imply as an attribute. connubial (kon-u'bi-al), adj. of, or pertaining to the marriage state; nuptial. conoid (kon'oid), adj. cone-like. conoidal ('al), adj. almost conical. conquer (kong'ker), v.t. gain by con- quest; overcome; subdue: v.i. to get the victory. conqueror (-er), n. a victor. conquest ('kwest), n. the act of con- quering; subjugation; victory. ^ consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin'e- us), adj. related by blood or birth. consanguinity ('i-ti), n. blood rela- tionship. conscience (kon'shens), n. the moral sense which determines right and wrong. conscientious (-shi-en'shus), adj. in- fluenced or regulated by conscience; scrupulous. conscious ('shus), adj. aware of one's thoughts and actions; sensible. consciousness (-nes), n. the knowl- edge of that which passes in one's own mind. conscript (kon-skript'), v.t. to en- roll for compulsory military or naval service: (kon'skript) adj. registered; enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily enrolled. conscription (-skrip'shun), n. com- pulsory military or naval service; the persons enrolled. consecrate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to set apart as sacred; dedicate to the service of God; set apart to a sacred office; devote: adj. conse- crated; made sacred. consecration (-kra/shun), n. the act of consecrating; a setting apart or devoting to a sacred use or office. Ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONSECRATOR 184 CONSPICUOUS consecrator (-ter), n. one who con- considerate (-at), adj. having regard secrates. for others; prudent; thoughtful; consecutive (-sek'u-tiv), adj. succes- careful. sive. consideration (-a/shun), n. the act consensus (-sen'sus), n. general of considering; claim to notice; agreement. mature thought; an equivalent; consent _ (kon-senf), n. a yielding of regard for others. the mind or will; acquiescence; consign (kon-sin'), v.t. to deliver in sympathy: v.i. to comply; yield; a formal manner to another; yield accede; concur. in trust; to send goods. consentaneous (-ta/ne-us), adj. ac- consignee (-sin-e'), n. the person to cordant. whom goods are sent; an agent or consentient (-sen'shent), adj. agree- factor. ing. . consignor ('er), n. the person who consequence (kon'se-kwens), n. that consigns goods to another. Also which naturally follows an effect; consigner. inference; result; importance; sig- consist (kon-sisf), v.i. to be com- nificance. posed of ; co-exist; subsist [within]. consequent (-kwent), adj. following consistence (-sis'tens), n. degree of as a result or natural effect [with density or firmness; harmony. Also to] : n. a result or effect. consistency. consequential (-kwen'shal), adj. fol- consistent ('tent), adj. solid; not lowing as the effect; self-important. contradictory. conservable (-serv'a-bl), adj. that consolation (-so-la'shun), n. allevia- may be preserved from decay or in- tion of mental or physical distress; jury. solace. conservation (-va'shun), n. the act console (kon-sol'), v.t. to give com- of preserving from decay, doss, or fort to; cheer in sorrow; solace. injury. consolidate (-sol'i-dat), v.t. to make conservative (Va-tiv), adj. having solid; harden; condense: v.i. to the tendency or power to preserve: become solid. n. that which preserves; one op- consolidation (-da'shun), n. the act posed to hasty changes in the politi- of consolidating; solidification. cal, religious, or civil institutions of consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. the the country. principal British funded security: conservatoire (-va-twar'), n. a pub- abbreviation for consolidated fund. lie institution for instruction, es- consomme (kon-so-ma/), n. a strong pecially singing, music, &c. clear soup or bouillon. conservator (kon'ser-va-ter), one consonance (kon'so-n&ns), n. agree- who preserves. ment of sounds; harmony; concord. conservatory (-ser'va-to-ri),aurpose. tstable (kun'sta-bl), n. a high of- ficer of state in mediaeval courts; a policeman. constabulary (-stab'u-ler-i), adj. pertaining to constables: n. consta- bles collectively. constancy (kon'stan-si), n. firmness; stability; fidelity. constant ('stant), adj. steadfast; firm; continuous: n. in physics, that which is not subject to change, as gravity. constellation (-stel-a'shun), n. a group or cluster of fixed stars desig- nated by some name; an assemblage of splendors, &c. consternation (-ster-na'shun), n. excessive terror, wonder, or surprise; perturbation. constipate ('sti-pat), v.t. to make costive. constipation (-pa'shun), n. costive- ness. constituency (-stit'u-en-si), n. [pi. constituencies (-^jz) ], the body of electors voting for a. Member of Congress, «&c. constituent ('ii-ent), adj. necessary or essential: n. an essential or com- ponent part; an elector. constitute ('sti-tut), v.t. to compose or make up; appoint; elect; enact; establish. constituted authorities (aw-thor'- i-tiz), n.pl. government officers col- lectively. constitution (-tu'shun), n. the act of constituting; the thing consti- tuted; bodily strength; mental or c- physical temperament; the system of fundamental laws of a nation, state or society. constitutional (-al), adj. inherent in the constitution; fundamental: n. a walk taken for the benefit of the health. constitutive ('sti-tii-tiv), adj. ele- mental; essential; productive. constrain (kon-stran') , v.t. to* hold down or keep back by force; re- strain. constraint (-stranf), n. compul- sion. constrict (-strikt'), v.t. to bind; cramp. constriction ('shun), n. compres- sion; contraction. constrictor (-strik'ter), n. that which contracts or compresses; a muscle which contracts, closes, or com- presses; a large serpent, the boa- constrictor. constringent (-strin'jent), adj. con- tracting or binding. construct (kon-strukt'), v.t. to build; form; put together; compose. construction (-struk'shun), n. the „ act of building; that which is con- structed; an edifice; interpretation; the syntactical arrangement of words in a sentence. constructive ('tiv), adj. having the character of construction; inferred. constructively (-li), adv. by con- struction. constructor ('ter), n. one who con- structs. construe (kon'stroo), v.t. to put into proper order by syntactical rules; translate; interpret. consubstantial (-sub-stan'shal), adj. having the same substance, essence, or nature. consubstantiation (-shi-a/shun), n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are in a mysterious manner substantially present in the Eucharistic elements after consecra- tion. consul (kon'sul), n. the chief magis- trate of the Roman Republic, and of the French Republic (1799- arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONSUL-GENERAL 186 CONTINGENCE 1804); an officer commissioned by a government to reside in a foreign country to promote the interests of its trade, and protect its subjects. consul-general (-jen'er-al), n. a chief consul. consular (-ar), adj. pertaining to a consul. consulate ('sfi-lat), n. the office and residence of a consul. consult (kon-sulf), v.t. to ask advice of; regard; v.i. to take counsel to- gether. consultation (-sul-ta/shun), n. the act of consulting; a conference or deliberation on some special matter. consultatory (kon-sult'a-to-ri), a. that which results from consultation. consume (kon-stim'), v.t. to destroy; waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be exhausted. consummate (kon'sum-at), v.t. to complete; finish: adj. (kon-sum'at), perfect. consummation ( a'shun), n. com- pletion. consumption (-sump'shun), n. the act of consuming; a gradual wasting away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. consumptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to consumption; affected with phthisis. contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close union. contagion (kon-ta/jun), n. transmis- sion of disease by direct or indirect contact. contagious ('jus), adj. transmitted by contact. contain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, as a vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: v.i. to live in continence. contaminate (-tam'i-nat), v.t. to pollute. contamination (-na/shun), n. pol- lution. contemn (kon-tem'), v.t. to despise. contemplate ('plat), v.t. to con- sider with continued attention; meditate on; study. contemplation (-pla'shun), n. the act of contemplating; pious medita- tion; intention. contemporaneous (-po-ra'ne-us), adj. contemporary. contemporary ('po-ra-ri), adj. ex- isting or occurring at the same time: n. one living at the same time as- another. contempt (kon-tempf), n. disdain; scorn; disobedience to the orders;; &c, of a court. contemptible ('i-bl), adj. meriting scorn. contemptuous ('u-us), adj. disdain- ful. contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in opposition ; vie [with with or against] ; dispute or debate; assert. content (kon-tenf), adj. satisfied; willing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; ap- pease: n. (con'tent), generally plu- ral, that which is comprised in any- thing. contention (-ten'shun), n. contest; debate. contentious (-ten'shus), adj. causing contention; quarrelsome; litigious. conterminous (-ter'mi-nus), adj. contiguous. contest (kon-tesf), v.t. to dispute; oppose; litigate: v.i. to strive; con- tend; vie: n. (kon'test) a struggle for superiority; dispute. contestant (-tes'tant), n. one who contests, especially an election, or a will. • context (kon'tekst), n. the parts in a book or discourse immediately ad- joining the "sentence quoted. . contexture (-teks'tur), n. structure. contiguity (-ti-gu'i-ti), n. contact. contiguous (-tig'ti-us), adj. adjacent. continence (kon'ti-nens), n. chasti- ty; self-restraint; moderation. Also continency. continent ('ti-nent), adj. chaste; exercising self-restraint: n. a large extent of land forming a geograph- ical division. continental ('al), adj. pertaining to a continent. contingence (kon-tin'jens), n. [pi. ate, arm, asK, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONTINGENT 187 CONTRAVALLATION 1 contingencies ('jen-siz)], a chance or possible occurrence. Also con- tingency. contingent ('jent), adj. accidental; conditional: n. a possibility; quota of troops. continual ('ti-al), adj. proceeding without interruption; incessant; con- stant. continuance ('ti-ans), ft. perma- nence; uninterrupted succession ; duration. continuation (-ii-a/shun), ft. the act of continuing. continue (kon-tin'ti), v.t. to carry on without interruption"; persist in: v.i. to remain; abide; endure; perse- vere. continuity (-ti-nu'i-ti), ft. [pi. con- tinuities (-tiz)], uninterrupted suc- cession or connection ; cohesion. continuous (-tin'u-us), adj. uninter- rupted. contort (kon-torf), v.t to twist. contortion (-tor'shun), ft. a twist; flexure. contortionist (ist), ft. an acrobat who eontorts his body in perform- ing gymnastics. contour (kon-toor'), ft. an outline; profile: v.t. to make an outline of . contraband (kon'tra-band) , adj. pro- hibited from importation; illegal. contraband of war (wawr), n. cer- tain commodities used in warfare, and the traffic in them with belliger- ent states. contrabandist (-ist), ft. a smuggler. contrabasso (-tra-bas'so), adj. sounding an octave lower than an- other instrument of the same class: n. the largest instrument of the vio- lin class, the double-bass. ntract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw closer together; shorten; condense: v.i. to shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. (kon-trakt) a compact; a written agreement. contractile (-trak'til), adj. having the power of shortening itself. Also contractible. contractility (-trak-tiTi-ti),. ft. the power of contracting. contraction (-trak'shun), ft. the act of contracting; the state of being contracted; the reduction of two vowels or syllables into one; abbre- viation. contractor (-trak'ter), ft. one of the parties to a contract; one Who con- tracts to supply or construct for a stipulated sum. contra-dance (kon'tra-dans), ft. a dance in which the partners are ar- ranged in opposite lines ; a country- dance. Also contre-dance. contradict (kon-tra-dikf), v.t. to as- sert the contrary or opposite of; gainsay; deny. contradiction (-dik'shun) , n. the act of contradicting; denial; incon- gruity. contradictory (-dik'to-ri), adj. con- trary. contradistinction (-dis-tingk'shun) , ft. a distinction by opposite qualities. contradistinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to distinguish by opposite qualities. contralto (kon-tral to), ft. the part sung by the highest male {counter- tenor) or the lowest female voice (alto). contrariety (-tra-rl'i-ti), ft. [pi. con- trarieties (-tiz) ], opposition; in- consistency. contrarily ('tra-ri-li), adv. in a con- trary manner. contrariwise ('tra-ri-wiz), adv. con- versely. contrary ('tra-ri), adj. opposite; in an opposite direction; perverse; wayward: n. a thing of opposite qualities. contrast (kon-trasf), v.t. to place in contrast; compare: ft. (kon'trast) opposition or difference of qualities made manifest by comparison; dis- similitude. contravallation (-val-a/shun), ft. a fortification thrown up round a city by a besieging force for security against the enemy s sallies. :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut-; think, then. CONTRAVENE 188 CONVENTIONALIZE contravene (kon-tra-ven'), v.t. to ob- struct; violate. contravention (-ven'shun), n. oppo- sition; violation. contre-dance, same as contra-dance. contretemps (kong-tr-tang'), n. an unexpected event causing confusion; a hitch. contribute (kon-trib'ut), v.t. to give to some common stock; furnish as a share: v.i. to use one's influence. contribution (-tri-bu'shun),n. the act of contributing; a subscription"; tax; a writing furnished to a periodical. contributor ('u-ter), n. one who contributes. contributory ('u-t5-ri), adj. pro- moting the same end. contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. contrition (-trish'un), n. sorrow for sin. contrivance (-tri'vans), n. a device; apparatus; scheme; plan. contrive (kon-trlv'), v.t. to devise; invent; plan; scheme. control (kon-trol'), n. a check; re- straint; superintendence; authority: v.t. {p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr. controlling], to restrain; govern; regulate. controllable ('a-bl), adj. subject to control. controller ('er), n. one who con- trols; a public officer who oversees and verifies the accounts of subor- dinate officials. Less correctly comp- troller. controversial (-tro-ver'shal) , adj. polemical. controversy ('tro-v^r-si), n. [pi. controversies (-siz) ], agitation of contrary opinions; debate; disputa- tion. controvert (-tro-verf), v.t. to con- tend against; refute; disprove. controvertible (-ver'ti-bl), adj. ca- pable of being disputed. contumacious (-tQ-ma'shus), adj. perverse; obstinate. contumacy ('tu-ma-si), n. [pi. con- tumacies (-siz) ], obstinate or per- verse opposition to lawful authority. contumelious (-tu-meli-us), adj. haughtily contemptuous or offensive; supercilious. contumely ('tu-me-li), n. [pi. con- tumelies (-liz) ], haughty and con- temptuous rudeness; scornful and insolent abuse. contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or bruise without breaking the skin. contusion (-tu'zhun), n. the act of contusing; the state of being con- tused. conundrum (ko-nun'drum), n. a rid- dle. convalesce (kon-va-les'), v.i. to re- cover strength and health after ill- ness. convalescence ('ens), n. gradual re- covery after illness. Also convales- cency. convalescent Cent), adj. recovering health. convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- mon judicially. convenience (-ve'niens), n. fitness; freedom from discomfort; accommo- dation. convenient ('nient), adj. suitable; appropriate; affording accommoda- tion; handy. convent (kon'vent), n. a community of religious recluses; a nunnery; monastery. conventicle (-ven'ti-kl), n. an as- sembly for worship [usually imply- ing schism]. convention (-ven'shun), n. a polit- ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a diplomatic agreement. conventional (-al), adj. sanctioned by, or growing out of, custom or tacit agreement; based on accepted models or artistic rules. conventionalism (-al-izm), n. that which is received as established by usage, &c. conventionality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. conventionalities (-tiz) ], adherence to conventional rules or precedents; artificiality. conventionalize (kon-ven'shun-a-llz) , ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONVERGE 189 CONVULSION with ordinary tend v.i. to n. to harmonize usage or custom. converge (kon-verj') one point. convergence ('ens), n. [pi. conver- gences ('en-siz) ], tendency to one point. convergent Cent), adj. tending to one point. conversable (kon-vers'a-bl), social; inclined to converse. Also conversi- ble. conversant (kon'ver-sant), adj. ac- quainted or familiar with; profi- cient. conversation (-sa/shun), n. infor- mal or familiar talk. conversational (-al), adj. pertaining to conversation. conversazione (-ver-sat-ze-o'ne), n. [pi. conversazioni ('ne) ], a meeting for conversation, especially on lit- erary or scientific topics. converse (kon-vers'), v.i. to inter- change thoughts; talk familiarly: adj. & n. (kon-vers) reversed in order or relation; opposite; ac- quaintance; f amiliar talk. tversion (-ver'shun), n. change from one state, or from one religion, to another. mvert (kon-verf), v.t. to trans- mute; change from one religion to another; cause to undergo a moral change; apply to any use: n. (kon'- vert) one who changes from one jligion to another ; one who has un- undergone a moral change. iverter (er), n. one who con- verts; an iron retort used for con- verting pig iron into steel in the Bessemer process; a kind of electri- cal induction coil. ivertibility ('i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being convertible. ivertible (kon-ver'ti-bl), adj. trans mutable ; i nterchangeable . lvex (kon'veks), adj. curved on the exterior surface: opposed to con- cave: n. a convex body. mvexity ('i-ti), n. roundness. convexo-concave ('o-kon'kav), adj. convex on one side, concave on the other. convey (kon-va/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry or transport; transmit; impart; communicate; transfer the title to (property). conveyance ('ans), n. the act or means of conveying; a vehicle; the transference of property from one owner to another. conveyancer ('ans-er), n. a lawyer who draws up deeds, &c, transfer- ring property. convict (kon-vikf), v.t. to prove or pronounce guilty of a crime charged : n. (kon'vikt) a criminal sentenced to penal servitude. conviction (-vik'shun), n. the act of convicting; the state of being con- victed; strong belief. convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy by evidence or argument; persuade; cause to believe. convivial (kon-viv'i-al), adj. festive; jovial. convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun) , n. the act of convoking an assembly, es- pecially of bishops and beneficed clergy, or heads of a university; an assembly of clergy. convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or summon together; convene. convolute (kon'vo-lut), adj. rolled upon itself; twisted. Also convo- luted. convolution (-lu'shun), n. a rolling together. convolve (-volv'), v.i. to roll 'to- gether. convoy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. convoyed, p.pr. convoying], to ac- company on the way for protection, by sea or land: n. (kon'voi) a pro- tecting force accompanying ships, goods, persons, &c. ; an escort. convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate violently; shake; affect with convul- sions. convulsion (-vul'shun), n. an agita- tion; tumult; a violent and unnat- ural contraction of the muscles. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. CONY 190 CORAL cony or coney (ko'ni), n. [pi. conies ('niz) ], a rabbit. coolie (ko5'li), n. an East Indian porter: adj. pertaining to coolies. coolly ('li), adv. in a cool manner. coom (koom), n. matter which col- lects at the naves of wheels, &c; soot; coal-dust. cooper ('er), n. a maker of barrels, casks, &c; a beverage, half stout and half porter; vessel that sells spirits, tobacco, &c, to fishermen, especially on the North Sea. cooperage ('er-aj), n. the business or workshop of a cooper; price for cooper's work. cooperate ('er-at), v.i. to act or work jointly; concur to produce the same effect. cooperation (-a'shun), n. the act of working jointly together; concur- rence. cooperative ('er-a-tiv), adj. promot- ing jointly the same end. cooper at or ('er-a-ter), n. one who acts or labors conjointly with others. coordinate (-or'di-nat), v.t. to place in the same order, class, &c; har- monize: adj. of the same rank or authority as another: n.pl. lines or other elements by which the position of any point is determined by a fixed figure or lines. coordination (-na/shun), n. state of being coordinate. cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, p.pr. copping], to seize as a prisoner; throw underhand: n. a policeman. copperhead (-hed), n. a venomous American serpent. copal (ko-pal), n. a gum-resin: used in varnishes. coparcener (ko-par'se-ner), n. a confederate; one sharing with an- other in the same act; usually in a bad sense. cope (kop), n. sl large semi-circular ecclesiastical vestment, worn by bishops and priests over the surplice. cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend (followed by with). copeck (ko'pek), n. a Russian coin, =l-100th rouble. Also kope&k. Copernican (ko-per'ni-kan), adj. pertaining to the astronomical sys- tem of Copernicus, which conceived the sun to be its center. copier (kop'i-er), n. a transcriber; imitator. coping (ko'ping), n. the top masonry of a wall. copious ('pi-us), adj. abundant; dif- fusive. copperplate (-plat), n. a polished copper plate on which something is engraved for printing: adj. pertain- ing to the art of engraving on cop- perplate. coppice (kop 'is), n. same as copse. copse (kops), n. a thicket of brush- wood: v.t. to cut and trim as brush- wood: v.i. to preserve or plant brushwood. copula ('u-la), n. [pi. copulas, or ae (-az, -e) ], a word which joins the subject and predicate in a sentence or proposition. copulate ('u-lat), v.i. to have sexual intercourse. copulation (-la/shun), n. sexual in- tercourse. copulative (-la'tiv), adj. uniting: n. a copulative conjunction. copy (kop'i), n. [pi. copies ('iz) ], an imitation; a transcript; a writing exercise; an original work: v.t. to transcribe; reproduce: v.i. imitate. copyist (-ist), n. one who copies. copyright (-rit), n. the exclusive right of an author in his literary or artistic work for a prescribed num- ber of years. coquet (ko-kef), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. co- quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; seek to attract attention or admi- ration; trifle. coquetry (ko'ket-ri), n. [pi. coquet lies (-riz) ], the act of coquetting; flirtation. coquette (ko-kef), n. a vain woman who seeks to gain men's attention and admiration. coral (kor'al), n. the hard, calcareous ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. I CORALLINE 191 CORNUCOPIA :eleton of certain marine polyps; le unimpregnated roe of the lob- : adj. pertaining to coral, -alline ('al-in), adj. consisting of, >r like, coral; of a color like coral: an orange-red dye stuff. 'd (kdrd), n. a twisted string; a leasure of wood equal to 128 cub. . (8 ft. long 4 ft, high, 4 ft. broad) ; moral influence: v.t. to fasten or connect with a cord. rdage ('aj), n. a quantity of cords or ropes; ropes and rigging collec- tively. cordate (kor'dat), adj. heart-shaped. cordelle ('del), n. a twisted rope or tassel; a tow-rope. lial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sin- ;re; cheering: n. a medicine that lcreases the strength and restores the spirits; an aromatic and sweet- led spirit. liali ty ('i-ti) , n . sincere sympathetic miality; sincerity: heartiness. rdillera (-dil-ya'ra), n. a continu- ms ridge or chain of mountains. ling (kord'ing), n. the ribbed sur- tce of a twilled fabric. Ion (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn the badge of an order; a band; a mrse of projecting stones forming le coping of a scarf wall; a line of "itary posts. ion bleu (bloo), n. the highest stinction in any profession; a first- ilass cook. lovan ('do-van), n. a Spanish ither made of goatskin or split lorsehide tanned and dressed. Also >rdwain. luroy ('du-roi), n. a stout ribbed )r corded cotton; piled fustian: v.t. to construct (a corduroy road) . luroy road (rod), n. a roadway >rmed of logs laid side by *side icross swampy ground, &c. Iwainer (kord'wa-ner), n. a worker in leather; a shoemaker. (kor), n. the heart or innermost )art of anything, especially of fruit : i. to remove the core from; to lold or cast on a core. co-respondent (ko-re-spond'ent), n. a joint respondent in a divorce suit. coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), adj. like leather. coriander (kor-i-an'der), n. an um- belliferous plant, the seeds of which are used as a carminative. Corinthian (ko-rin'thi-an), adj. of, or pertaining to, Corinth, a cele- brated city of Greece, noted for its luxury and licentiousness; luxuri- ous ; conducted by amateurs ; noting the Corinthian order of architecture : n. a man about town; a gentleman yachtsman, or sportsman. corinthian bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of fine quality originally pro- duced at Corinth. corinthian order (or'der), n. the lightest and most ornate of the clas- sic orders of architecture, with a bell-shaped capital, and ornamented with acanthus leaves. corium (ko'ri-um), n. the innermost layer of skin of the cuticle. cormorant (kor 'mo-rant), n. a div- ing bird that preys voraciously on fish; a glutton. cornea (kor'ne-a), n. the horny circu- lar transparent membrane which forms the anterior portion of the eyeball. cornelian (-ne'lian), n. a semi-trans- parent variety of chalcedony. Also carnelian. corner the market to buy up a commodity so as to monopolize it. corner-stone (-ston), n. the princi- pal stone. cornet ('net), a kind of trumpet. cornflower ('flour), n. any wild plant growing in the cornfields, espe- cially the bluebottle. cornice ('nis), n. the highest projec- tion or border on a wall or column. cornstarch ('starch), n. starch made from meal of Indian corn; used for puddings, &c. cornucopia (kor-nii-ko'pi-a), n. [pi. cornucopias (-§), or -as (-az) ], the horn of plenty represented in sculp- arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CORNUTED 192 CORRESPONDENT ture, as overflowing with fruit, flow- sive fatness of body. Also corpu- ers, &c. lency. cornuted (-ut'ed), adj. horned. corpulent (-lent), adj. bulky; fat; corolla (ko-rol'a), n. the inner envel- having a large, fleshy body. ope of a flower composed of two or corpus ('pus), n. [pi. corpora ('po- more petals. ra) ], a body; collection; the chief corollary (kor'ol- or ko-rol'a-ri), n. part of an organ. an additional deduction or inference Corpus Christi (kris'ti), (Latin the drawn from a demonstrated propo- body of Christ), a Roman Catholic sition. festival (the first Thursday after corona (ko-ro'na), n. [pi. coronae Trinity Sunday) in honor of the ('ne) ], a crown; the flat projecting Eucharist. part of a cornice; the upper surface corpuscle ('pus-1), n. a minute par- of a molar tooth; a halo surround- tide. ing heavenly bodies ; any crown-like corpuscular (-pus'ku-lar), adj. per- appendage at the top of an organ of taining to, or composed of, corpus- a plant. cles. coronal (kor'o- or ko-ro'nal), adj. corral (kor-ral'), n. sl pen for live pertaining -to the corona: n. a crown, stock; an inclosure with wagons; a or garland. strong stockade for capturing wild coronation (kor-o-na'shun), n. the act elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. corralled, or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. ( p.pr. corralling], to drive into, or coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who ' secure in, a corral; to take posses- inquires into cases of sudden or ac- sion of, or capture; corner, cidental death. correct (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set straight: coronet ('o-net), n. an inferior rectify; punish faults; amend: adj. crown; an ornamental headdress; exact; accurate; free from error; the bone immediately beneath a conforming to a fixed rule or stand- horse's hoof. ard. corporal (kor'po-ral), adj. relating correction ('shun), n. the act of cor- to the body; opposed to the mind: n. recting; chastisement, a communion cloth; a corporale; a corrective ('tiv), adj. able to correct: npn-commissioned officer of the low- n. that which corrects; an antidote, est grade. correlate (kor-e-laf), v.i. to be re- corporate (-rat), adj. united in a ciprocaily related: adj. reciprocally body or community by legal enact- related. ment - . . , . . , , correlation (-la/shun), n. reciprocal corporation (-ra shun), n. a body relation ; similarity or parallelism of politic having a common seal, and relation or law; the interdependence legally authorized to act as one mdi- f functions, organs, natural forces, vidual; a protuberant stomach. or phenomena. ^materfa 1 ! body T physical' haVm§ & correspond (kor-elspond'), v.i. to be n - < r i /i v -. adequate to; agree; suit; answer; corps (kor), n. [pi. corps (korz) ], a communicate by letters, body ot troops; a body of persons j // n associated in a common work. correspondence ('ens), n. commum- ,. , _ ,,. . cation by letters; mutual adapta- corps diplomatique (dip-lo-ma- tion; congruity. tek ), n. the ministers accredited to j . ,, , N ,. a government. correspondent ( ent), adj. agreeing n A v , , , . with; similar: n. one with whom m- corpse (korps), n. a dead body. tercourse is maintained by letters; corpulence (kor'pu-lens), n. exces- one who sends news to a journal. — ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CORRIDOR 193 COSTUME rridor (kor'i-dor), n. a gallery or open passage in a building. rrigible (kor'ij-i-bl), adj. capable of being amended, corrected, or re- formed. rroborate (kor-rob'or-at), v.t. con- firm; strengthen; establish; verify. rroboration (-ra/shun), n. verifi- cation. •rrode (kor-od'), v.t. to eat away gradually; consume; disintegrate. corrosion (kor-6'zhun), n. the act of corroding; a corroded condition. corrosive (kor-o'-siv), adj. capable of producing corrosion; n. a substance producing corrosion. corrugate ('oo-gat), v.t. to draw, or shape, into wrinkles or folds. corrugated iron (irn), n. sheet-iron pressed into alternate parallel ridges and grooves and galvanized. corrugation (-ga/shun), n. the act of corrugating; a fold or wrinkle. corrupt (kor-upf), v.t. to turn from a sound to an unsound and putres- cent state; make impure; vitiate or deprave; seduce; bribe: v.i. to be- t come putrid: adj. depraved; putrid; spoiled; abounding in errors; open to bribery. rruptible (-up'ti-bl), adj. capable of being corrupted ; subject to decay ; susceptible of being bribed. rruption (-up'shun), n. the act of corrupting; the state of being cor- rupted; physical dissolution. rsage (kor'sazh), n. a bodice; waist. rsair ('sar), n. a pirate. rse (kors), n. poetic for corpse. set ('set), n. a bodice: pi. a pair of stays: v.t. to inclose in corsets. rslet ('let), n. light body armor. rtege (kor-tazh), n. a train of at- tendants; retinue; procession. rtes (kor'tez), n.pl. the national and legislative assembly of Spain and Portugal. cortex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices ('ti-sez)], outer bark or covering. cortical ('ti-kal), adj. consisting of, or like, bark; external. corundum (ko-run'dum), n. a min- eral of extreme hardness. coruscate (ko-rus' or kor'us-kat),y.i. to sparkle; flash. corvette (kor-vet), n. a sloop of war. corvine ('vin), adj. pertainiDg to a crow. corybants (kori-bants) , n. dancing priests. cosey, cosy (ko'zi), adj. & n. same as cozy. cosily (ko'zi-li), adv. snugly. cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj. imparting or improving beauty; n. a wash or preparation for such a purpose. cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to the universe and the laws which gov- ern it; rising or setting with the sun. Also cosmical. cosmism ('mizm), n. Herbert Spen- cer's evolutionary philosophy. cosmogony (-mog'o-ni), n. a treatise on the world's origin. cosmography (-mog'ra-fi), n. the science which treats of the constitu- tion of the whole system of' worlds, or the earth as part of the universe. cosmology (-mol'6-ji), n. the science which investigates the origin of the world. cosmopolitan (-mo-pol'i-tan), n. a citizen of the world. Also cosmopo- lite: adj. at home in any part of the world. cosmorama (-mo-ra'ma), n. an exhi- bition or views, &c, of various parts of the world realistically produced. cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or universe as an orderly system: op- posed to chaos. Cossack (kos'ak), n. one of a war- like tribe of Southern Russia, skilled as horsemen : adj. pertaining to Cos- sacks. costa (kos'ta), n. [pi. costae ('te)], a rib. costal ('tal), adj. pertaining to a rib. costate ('tat), adj. ribbed. costermonger ('ter-mung-ger), n. a hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, &c. costive ('tiv), adj. constipated. costume (kos'tum), n. dress in gen- arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COSY 194 COUNTERSEAL eral; style of dress; a walking or tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos-tum'), to dress in, or provide with, appro- priate costumes. cosy, another form of cozy. cotangent (ko-tan'jent), n. the tan- gent of the complement of an arc or angle. cote (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold. cotemporary, cotemporaneous, &c, same as contemporary, &c. coterie (ko-te-re'), n. an association or set of persons united together for social or other intercourse; a clique. coterminous. Same as contermi- nous. cotillion (-til'yun), n. a brisk, lively dance for eight or more persons: music for such a dance; a black and white woolen skirt material. Also cotillon. cotter, cottier, cottar, abbreviations for cottager: n. one who dwells in a cottage; one who lives rent free on a common; .a wedge for tightening machinery. cotton-gin (-jin), n. a machine for separating the seeds from cotton fiber. couchant ('ant), adj. in heraldry, crouching or lying down. cougar (koo'gar), n. the puma. cough (koi),v.i. to expel air from the lungs by a violent effort. coulomb (koo-lom'), n. the electrical standard unit of quantity = a cur- rent or one ampere per second. coulter (kol'ter), n. a ploughshare. council (coun'sil), n. an assembly of persons met in consultation, or to give advice; a convocation; a mu- nicipal body. councillor (-er), n. a member of a common council. councilman (-man), n. [pi. council- men (-men) ], a member of a mu- nicipal council. counsel ('sel), n. interchange of opin- ion; advice; consultation; deliberate purpose or design; a barrister: v.t. [p. I. & p.p. counseled, p.pr. coun- seling], to give advice to; advise. counselor (-er), n. one who gives ad- vice, especially legal advice ; a mem- ber of #, council. count (kount), n. a title of nobility. countenance (koun'te-nans), n. the whole form of the face; appearance; support: v.t. to support; encour- age; favor. counter ('ter), adv. contrary; ad- verse; in an opposite direction; the wrong way; used in composition, as counter-evidence, evidence opposing other evidence; cownter-balance, to weigh or act against with equal force. counteract (-akf), v.t. to act in op- position to so as to defeat or hinder; neutralize. counterfeit (koun'ter-flt), - v.t. to make a copy of without authority for fraudulent purposes; forge; imi- tate: v.i. to carry on deception: adj. feigned; spurious; forged: n. an imitation; a forgery. counterfoil (-foil), n. that part of a document, as a cheque, &c, retained by the drawer. counterfort (-fort), n. a buttress built at right angles to a wall or terrace; a spur of a mountain. counter-light (-lit), n. a light op- posite any object, causing it to ap- pear to disadvantage. countermand (-mand), v.t. to re- voke or annul, as an order or com- mand; contradict the orders of : n. a revocation of a former order or com- mand. countermark (-mark), n. an addi- tional mark placed on goods for greater security; the mark of the Goldsmiths' Company to indicate the standard quality of gold or silver: v.t. to place a countermark upon. counterpane (-pan), n. a bed cover- let. counter-parole (-pa-rol'), n. a word given in addition to the password. counterpart (-part), n. a duplicate. counterpoint (-point), n. the science of harmony. counterseal (-sel), v.t. to seal with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COUNTERSIGN 195 COVERT others: n. the reverse side of a pen- dent seal attached to a document. countersign (-sin'), v.t. to authenti- cate by an additional signature: n. (koun'ter-sm) an additional signa- ture to a document to attest it; a military watchword. countersink (-singk), v.t. to drill (a conical depression) in timber or metal to receive a screw or bolt so that the head is flush with the sur- face. countervail (-val), v.t. to compen- sate; counteract; counterbalance. countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of an earl or count. counting-house (-hous), n. the room where accounts or mercantile i transactions are carried on. coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, a master-stroke. coupe (koo-pa/), n. the front com- partment of a French stage-coach; the end of a first-class carriage. couplet (kuplet), n. two successive lines of verse which rhyme together. coupon (koo'pon), n. a certificate at- tached to transferable bonds, which is intended to be cut off and pre- sented for the payment of dividends when due; a section of a ticket en- titling the holder to some specified accommodation, &c, over a line or route to be traveled, or to a seat in a theater, &c. courage (kur'aj), n. fortitude; valor. courageous (-a/jus), adj. brave; bold. courier (koo'ri-er), n. an express messenger; a traveling attendant who makes preliminary arrange- ments. course (kors), n. a race; a path or track; career; direction or line of motion; regular sequence; the por- tion of a meal served at one time; conduct; behavior; courser ( 'er), n. a swift and spirited horse; a war-horse; one who courses, a running bird of the ostrich family. coursing ('irig), n. the sport of pur- suing hares with greyhounds. court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a small paved space surrounded by houses; a royal palace; the retinue of a sovereign; a hall of justice; the judges, &c, engaged there; ad- dress; civility; flattery: v.t. to pay court to; woo; flatter; solicit. courteous (ker'te-us), adj. polite; obliging. courtesan ('te-zan), n. a prostitute. courtesy ('te-si), n. [pi. courtesies (-siz) ], politeness combined with kindness; civility. courtier (kort'yer), n. one who fre- quents or attends court; one who solicits the favor of another; one having courtly manners. courtly ('li), adj. refined; elegant. court-martial (mar'shal), n. [pi. courts-martial], a court of justice composed of naval or military offi- cers for the trial of disciplinary offenses. court-plaster ('plas-ter), n. a supe- rior kind of sticking-plaster, origi- nally used by ladies at court for or- namental patches on the face. courtship ('ship), n. the act of wooing. courtyard ('yard), n. an inclosed space adjoining a house. cousin (kuz'in), n. the son or daugh- ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; a title of address used by a sover- eign to noblemen. cousin-german (-jerman), n. a first cousin. cove (kov), n. a small sheltered inlet or creek; a retired nook; a hollow molding; a fellow: v.i. to arch over. covenant (kuv'e-nant), n. a written agreement; deed; bargain; a free promise of God's blessing; a solemn agreement of fellowship and faith between members of a church: v.i. to enter into a formal agreement; bind one's self by contract. covenanter (-er), n. one who enters into a covenant. covert (kuv'ert), adj. concealed; cov- ered; disguised; insidious; under authority or protection; said of a married woman: n. a place that pro- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. COVERTURE 196 CRANK-PIN tects or shelters; a thicket; shelter for game. coverture ('er-tur), n. a cover; shel- ter; the status of a married woman. covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnestly; lust after: v.i. to indulge in inordi- nate desire. covetous (-us), adj. inordinately de- sirous, especially of money; avari- cious. covey (kuv'i), n. a hatch or brood of birds, especially partridges. coving (kov'ing), n. the projection of the upper stories of a house over the lower. coward Card), n. one without cour- age; a dastard; poltroon. cowardice (-is), n. dishonorable fear. cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink down through fear; tremble. cowl (koul), n. a monk's hood; a re- volving cover for a chimney pot. cowlick ('lik), n. a tuft of hair turned up or awry on the forehead. cowpox ('poks), n. a disease which affects the teats of cows, producing vesicles; from these the vaccine matter is obtained for inoculation against smallpox. cowrie ('ri), ■ n. [pi. cowries (-riz) ], a small glossy shell, used as money by some African tribes, and in Siam. Also cowry. cowslip ('slip), n. a species of prim- rose. coxcomb ('kom), n. something re- sembling a cock's comb formerly worn by licensed jesters; a vain, pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. coxswain (kok'sun), n. the steers- man of a boat, especially in a race. coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de- mure. coyote (koi-ot' or ko-yo'ta), n. the prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot') to search for gold single-handed, and as by chance. cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. crabbed ('ed), adj. morose; hard to decipher. crabby ('i), adj. crabbed. cracked (krakt), adj. split; blem- ished; broken; insane; legally im- perfect. crackle (krak'l), v.i. to make a slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. cover with a delicate network of minute cracks. cracknel ('nel), n. a hard fancy biscuit. cracksman ('s-man), n. [pi. cracks- men ('men)], a burglar. craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a trade; cunning; fraud; a small trading vessel. craftsman (krafts'man), n. [pi. craftsmen ('men)], a skilled artisan; a member of a particular trade. crafty (craf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. crag (krag), n. a steep, rugged rock; shelly deposits in Pliocene strata. cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular piece of iron with a tightening screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- cular contraction of the limbs; a piece of iron bent at both ends for holding: v.t. to affect with muscular spasms; confine; secure with a cramp. crampit (kram'pit), n. the metal tip of a scabbard, or staff. crampoons ('poonz), n.pl. an ap- paratus like double calipers for rais- ing heavy weights. cranberry ('ber-ri), n. [pi. cranber- ries (-riz)], the marsh whortleberry, with red acid berries. crane (kran), n. a large wading bird with very long legs and neck, and a long straight bill; a machine for raising heavy weights: v.t. to stretch or bend (the neck) like a crane: v.i. hesitate at a dangerous jump. cranial (kra'ni-al), adj. pertaining to the skull. craniology (-ni-ol'o-ji), n. the scien- tific study of skulls and their char- acteristics. cranium ('ni-um), n. [pi. crania], the skull. crank-case (krank'-kas), n. the metal casing in an automobile that holds the piston rod. crank-pin (krank'-pin) , n. a pin at ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CRANK-SHAFT 197 CREDULITY the end of the crank in any piece of machinery. crank-shaft (krank'-shaft), n. the shaft or rod that bears the crank in machinery. cranky ('i), adj. full of crotchets or cranks; liable to be upset; in a - shaky or loose condition. crannied (kran'id), adj. full of chinks. crape (krap), n. a thin black gauze made of raw silk and gummed : v.t. to cover or drape with crape. crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; obtuse. crate (krat), n. sl wicker hamper. crater (kra/ter), n. the cup-shaped cavity of a volcano; an ancient goblet. craunch. See crunch. cravat (kra-vaf), n. a neckcloth. craven (kra/vn), adj. cowardly; base; n. a coward; recreant. raving ('ving), n. a strong desire. :raw (kraw), n. a bird's crop. crawfish (kraw'fish) or crayfish (kra/) n. the common name of a fresh-water lobster-like crustacean; the spiny lobster. crayon (kra'un), n. a kind of chalk pencil; a drawing done with cray- ons; one of the carbon points of an arc-light: adj. drawn with crayons: v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. :raze (kraz), v.i. to become demented ; Open in slight cracks: v.t. to pro- duce cracks; render insane: n. a passing fashion or infatuation; a crack in pottery glaze. :razily (-li), adv. in a crazy manner. :razy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- dated; foolishly eager. crazy-work (-werk), n. patchwork of irregular sized pieces of silk, &c. :reak (krek), v. i. to make a sharp, harsh, grating sound: n. such a sound. :ream of tartar (of tar'tar), n. purified tartar or argol. :reamery ('er-i), n. [pi. creameries (-iz) ], a place where butter and cheese are made, or where cream, &c, are sold. cream-laid, adj. noting a paper of a creamy-white color, showing the lines of the mold impressed on it: opposed to cream-wove, which has no such lines. crease (kres), n. a mark made by folding or doubling anything; a line drawn to define the limits of bowler and batsman: v.t. make a crease in. creatable (kre-at'a-bl), adj. * that may be created. create (kre-af), v. t. to cause to come into existence; form out of nothing; invest with a new rank, office, or function: v.i. to originate. creatine ('a-tin), n. a white crystal- line substance in muscular tissue. Also kreatine. creation (-a'shun), n. the act of creating; the thing created; the . universe. creator ('ter), n. one who creates. Creator, n. the Supreme Being. creature (kre'tur), n. anything cre- ated, especially a living being; one dependent on the influence of an- other: adj. of, or belonging to, the body. creche (krash), n. a public nursery. credence (kre'dens), n. belief; trust. credenda (-den'da), n. pi. articles of faith. credential (-den'shal), adj. giving a claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters or certificates given to a person to show he has a right to confidence or the exercise of authority. credibility (kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being credible. credible ('i-bl), adj. worthy of cred- it; probable. credit (kred'it), v.t. to believe; trust; have confidence in; enter on the credit side of an account: n. belief; honor; trust reposed; sale on trust; time allowed for payment of goods sold. creditor (-er), n. one to whom an- other is indebted for money or goods. credulity (-du'li-ti), n. ready belief. ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CREDULOUS 198 CRIMINATE credulous (kred'u-lus), adj. easily taining fire, used as a torch; a imposed upon. cooper's implement. creed (kred), n. a brief statement of crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers belief. on the head of a bird, helmet, &c; creek (krek), n. a small bay; cove. the ridge of a wave; summit of a creel (krel), n. a wicker fishing bas- hill; courage; pride ; spirit; v.t. to ket; a wickerwork cage: v.t. to put furnish or adorn with a crest; mark in a creel; catch. with lines or streaks: v.i. to take creepy ('i), adj. shivering; chilled. the form of a crest or ridge. cremate (kre'mat), v.t. to reduce to crestfallen ('fawl-n), adj. dejected, ashes by heat, especially dead bodies, cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), adj. corn- cremation (-ma'shun)/n. the act of posed of, or like, chalk; chalky, cremating. cretin (kret'ang) _ n. a person af- cremator (-ma'ter), n. a furnace for flicted with cretinism. consuming dead bodies, refuse, &c. cretinism (kre'tan-ism), n. an en- crematory ('ma-to-ri), adj. pertain- demic disease, usually found only in ing to cremation : n. [pi. crematories the high altitudes of mountainous (-riz) ], a place for burning the districts, sometimes attributed to dead. the drinking of snow-water. crenate ('nat), adj. notched. cretonne (kre-ton'), n. an unglazed crenellated (kren'el-a-ted), adj. dec- cotton fabric printed on one side, orated with indented moldings (ere- crevasse (krev-as'), n. a deep fissure nelles). in a glacier ice; a breach in a levee creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- or embankment of a river. ish America or the West Indies, de- crevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure, scended from European (originally crew, p.t. of crow. Spanish) ancestors: adj. pertaining crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- to a Creole. pany; a crowd or company of peo- creosol ('o-sol), n. an oily liquid re- pie. sembling phenol. crewel ('el), n. fine twisted worsted, creosote ('o-sot), n. a heavy oily &c, used in fancy work. liquid with a smoky smell, prepared crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; a from wood-tar: used as an antisep- stall for horses or cattle; a child's tic: v.t. to impregnate with creosote. bed; a small lodging; a situation; crepitate (krep'i-tat), v.i. to make a a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- slight, sharp, crackling noise. eral translation: v.t. [p.t. &. p.p. crepitation (-i-ta'shun), n. a low cribbed, p.pr. cribbing], to confine; crackling noise. _ steal; plagiarize: v.i. make notes crepon (kre'pon), n. a thin crape- for dishonest use in an examination, like material of wool, silk, or cotton, cribbage ('aj), n. a card game. crept, p.t. & p.p. of creep. crick (krik), n. a painful stiffness of the crescent (kres'ent), adj. growing: n. muscles of the neck, or local spasm. an increasing or new moon; a figure crick et ('et), n. the well-known game like a new moon; the Moslem played with wickets , bats, and a power v.t to form into a crescent ball bv eleven players on each side; cresol (kre sol), n. a phenol obtained a cnir pi ng i nsec t. from coal and wood-tar. . . . & , . N , , . , - cress (kres), n. a name for various cr V cke . tm 1 ? s J i" mgz 1 ) ' n ' vL a kmd of cruciferous plants, as the water- fine twilled flannel, cress. criminal ('i-nal), adj. pertaining to cresset ('et), n. a light set on a crime: n. one guilty of a crime, beacon; an open frame of iron con- criminate ('i-nat), v.t. to accuse, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. CRIMINATION 199 CRONY or declare guilty, of crime; involve in a crime. crimination (-i-na'shun), n. accusa- tion. criminology (-i-nol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific investigation of crimes and criminals. crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist in regular undulations; to cause to contract, as the flesh of live fish; decoy for enlistment: n. formerly one who entrapped men for the En- glish navy or army, or the merchant service; one who keeps a low lodging- house for seamen. crimson (krim'zn), n. a deep red color inclining to purple: adj. crim- son-colored: v.t. to dye with crim- son: v.i. to blush. cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch from fear or with servility: n. a servile bow. crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; corrugate: v.i. to be corrugated or crimped : n . a wrinkle ; bend. crinoline (krin'o-lin) , n. a hoop- skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a garment. cripple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive of the use of a limb; disable: n. one who is lame. ^ crippling (ling), n. spars or tim- bers used to support the sides of a building. crisis (kri'sis) n. [pi. crises (-sez)], a turning point; a critical turn in a disease; emergency; conjuncture. crisp (krisp), a'dj. wavy; curled; brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling; v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form little curls ; become friable. crispate ('at), adj. curled. i Crispin ('in), n. a shoemaker: in allusion to St. Crispin, the patron saint of shoemakers. criss-cross ('kros), n. an, intersec- tion; a child's game played with O's and X's: adj. going backwards 1 forwards. iter ion (kri-te'ri-on), n. [pi. cri- teria (-a)], a standard, law. or rule by which a correct judgment can be formed. crith (krith), n. a unit of mass, used for gases = 1 liter of hydrogen. critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- cism; one who judges captiously. critical (-al), adj. nicely exact; skilled in criticism; censorious; per- taining to the turning point of a disease. criticise ('i-siz), v.t. to examine or judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to review. criticism ('i-sizm), n. the art of judg- ing and defining the merits of a literary or artistic work; censure. critique (kri-tek'), n. a careful an- alysis of a literary or artistic pro- duction. croak (krok), v.i. to make a sound like a raven &c; grumble: n. the low, hoarse sound of the raven or frog. crochet (kro-sha'), n. a kind of knit- ting with a hooked needle, in cotton, wool, &c: v.t. to work in crochet. crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, &c; an earthenware pot or vessel: v.t. to blacken with soot; smudge. crocket ('et), n. an ornament em- ployed to decorate the angles of spires, canopies, &c; one of the ends of a stag's horn. crocodile ( '6-dil, or -dil), n. a large lizard-like amphibian reptile, with hard square scales on its back and tail. crocus (kro'kus), n. a genus of irida- ceous plants, from one species of which saffron is obtained. croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- closed field. crofter ('er), n. a small farmer of Western Scotland, who rents and tills a small farm. cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient monument of rough stones with one huge flat stone resting horizontally upon others. crone (kron), n. an old woman. crony ('ni), n. [pi. cronies ('niz) ], a familiar friend. , arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CROON 200 CRUISE croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow sides at a gaming table and collects continued moan; sing in a soft, or pays out the money won or lost; plaintive tone. a vice-chairman. cropper (krop'er), n. a fall, usually crowbar ('bar), n. an iron lever, from a horse. crown (kroun), n. a royal headdress croquet (kro-ka'), n. a lawn game worn as the insignia of sovereignty; played with mallets, balls, and regal power; a wreath; the top; an hoops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- English silver coin (5s); the cor- ponent's ball after placing one's own ona of a flower; the upper part of a in contact with it. tooth; a size of printing paper (15 croquette (-ket/), n. ball of mince- x 20 in.): v.t. to invest with a meat, fish, or fowl, seasoned and crown; adorn or dignify; complete; fried brown. reward. crosier (kro'zher), n. a bishop's staff, crow's-nest ('z-nest), n. a look-out, cross-bill ('bil), n. a bill brought by or watch-tower, on the main-top- a defendant against a plaintiff pray- mast crosstrees of a whaling vessel, ing for relief; a bird with a cross- croy (kroi), n. marsh land; an in- shaped bill. closure for taking fish. crossbow ('bo), n. a shooting weap- crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; on, having a bow across the stock. intersecting; severe; searching. cross-breed ('bred), n. an animal crucible ('si-bl), n. a melting-pot. produced by a male and female of crucifier ('si-fi-er), n. one who cru- different varieties. cifies. cross-examination (-eg-zam-i-na'- crucifix ('si-fiks), n. [pi. crucifixes shun), n. the questioning of a wit- (-ez)'j, a cross with the sculptured ness by his own, or the opposing, figure of Christ, counsel. crucifixion (-si-fik'shun), n. the act cross-grained ('grand), adj. with of crucifying, especially the cruci- an irregular grain or fiber; con- fixion of Christ upon the cross; trary or awkward in temper. great mental trial, or suffering. cross-question (-kwes'chun), v.t. to cruciform ('si-form), n. cross-shaped, cross-examine. crucify ('si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- cross-stitch ('stich), n. a stitch cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to formed of two stitches of the same death by nailing the hands and feet length, the one crossing the other. to a cross; torture; destroy the cross-tie ('ti), n. a railroad sleeper. power of (Gal. v. 24). crotch (kroch),n. a hook or fork. crude (krood), adj. in a natural crotchet ('et), n. a musical note = state; unripe; raw; immature; un- l-4th a semibreve; a bracket; a cultured; harsh in color, whim or fancy. crudity ('i-ti), n. [pi. crudities (-tiz) J, crotchety ( et-i), adj. whimsical; odd. the state or condition of being crude. croton-oil (-oil), n. a viscid vege- cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give table oil expressed from the seeds pain to others; merciless; hard- a , tro P lcal p ^ nt - hearted; fierce; painful; unrelent- crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low: ing: adv. very. r»i. rt ,,« n^RSr^ +u u x cruelty ('el-ti), n. [pi. cruelties behind the saddle; inflammation of cruet ( et )> n ' a sma11 S lass viaL the trachea and larynx, with a hoarse cruise. Same as cruse, cough and difficult breathing. cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; croupier ( pi-er), n. one who pr e- wander about: n. a voyage from ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CRUISER 201 CUBO-CUBE place to place for warlike purposes, or for pleasure. cruiser ('er), n. a person, or ship, that cruises; fast warship. crumb (krum), n. the soft inner part of bread; a fragment of bread; a little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs. crumble ('bl), v.t. to break into crumbs; cause to fall into pieces: v.i. to disappear gradually. crummy ('i), adj. having crumbs; soft. crumpet ('pet), n. a soft tea-cake. crumple Cpl), v.t. to press into wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become rumpled. crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with the teeth; grind violently : v.i. to chew audibly: n. the act of crunching. crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of a horse; the looped leather band passing round a horse's tail: v.t. to put a crupper on. crural (kroo'r&l), adj. pertaining to the leg or thigh; leg-shaped. crusade (kroo-sad'), n. a mediaeval military expedition under the ban- ner of the cross by any one of the Christian powers to recover the Holy Land; vigorous concerted ac- tion for the defense of some cause, or the advancement of some idea: v.i. to engage in a crusade. cruse (kroos), n. an earthen pot or dish; a small vessel for holding liquids. Crustacea (krus'ta'shi-a), n.pl. a prime division of the Orthropoda, comprising crabs and lobsters. crustaceous (-ta'shi-us), adj. shelly. crusty (krus'ti), adj. like a crust; rough in manner; surly; snappish. crutch (kruch), n. a support for cripples; any mechanical device like a crutch; the forked rest on a woman's saddle. crypt (kript), n. a subterranean cell or vault, usually under a church: sometimes used as a chapel or shrine. cryptic ('ik), adj. hidden; secret. cryptogram ('t5-gram), n. a writing, or a system of writing, in cipher. crypton (krip'ton), n. an element of the atmosphere, recently discovered. cryptonym ('to-nim), n. a secret name. crystal (kris'tal), n. an inorganic body having a definite geometrical form; a glass of superior clearness; anything transparent and clear: adj. consisting of crystal; clear; trans- parent. crystalline ('ta-lm), adj. pertaining to, or having the form of, a crystal; clear; transparent. crystallization (-li-za/shun), n. the act of crystallizing. crystallize ('tal-Iz), v.t. to cause to form crystals or a crystalline struc- ture: v.i. to be converted into crys- tals; assume a definite shape. cubage (ku'baj), n. the act of de- termining the contents of a solid; the contents so measured. cubby-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a snug place. cube (kub), n. a regular solid body with six equal square sides or faces; the product obtained by multiplying the square of a quantity by the quantity itself, as 5 X 5 X 5 = 125, cube of 5: v.t. to raise to the third power, or cube. cube root ('root), n. the first power of a cube, as 5 of 125. cubeb (ku'beb), n. the small spicy berry of a species of pepper; Java pepper. cubic ('bik), adj. having the form of properties of a cube. Also cubical. cubist (ku'bist), n. one of a new errat- ic school of painters, which holds that art shall be nothing but an expression of the individual or the "soul" of the painter, and denies any representation of nature or form of decoration. cubit Chit), n. an ancient measure of about 18 inches; the forearm from the elbow to the wrist. cubo-cube ('bo-kub), n. the square ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUCKING-STOOL 202 CUMULATIVE VOTE of the cube, or the sixth power of a number, as 729 = 3 6 . cucking-stool (kuk'ing-stool), n. a kind of chair in which disorderly females, scolds, &c, were placed and exposed to the public. cuckold (kuk'old), n. the husband of an adulteress; the burdock. cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine bird with a dark plumage and curved bill: so named from its character- istic note. cucumber (ku'kum-ber), n. a creep- ing plant, the elongated fruit of which is used as a salad, and as a pickle. cud (kud), n. food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating ani- . mal back into the mouth and chewed again. cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a close embrace. cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a cudgel. cue (ku), n. the tail or end of a thing; a queue; a hit; the last word of an actor's speech; the part one has to play; a number of persons waiting ranged in a line; the tapering rod used in billiards. cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate. cuirassier (-eV), n. a cavalry soldier armed with a cuirass. cuisine (kwe-zen'), n. the kitchen of a hotel, &c; style or quality of cooking. cul-de-sac (koo'de-sak), n. [pi. culs- de-sac], a passage open only at one end; a position in which an army finds itself when hemmed in and no exit but in front. culinary ^ (ku'li-na-ri) adj. pertaining to the kitchen, or the art or process of cooking. cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; gather. culminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to reach the highest point of altitude, rank, power, &c; come to the meridian. culmination (-na/shun), the at- tainment of the highest point; the transit of a planet through the me- ridian. culpability (-pa-bil'i-ti), n. liability to blame. culpable ('pa-bl), adj. deserving cen- sure; criminal; blameworthy. culpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. censuring. culprit Cprit), n. one arraigned be- fore a judge; one accused of a crime or fault. cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or system of worship; a subject of special study; devoted or extrava- gant homage or adoration. cultch (kulch), n. materials forming a spawning bed for oysters; oyster- spawn. cultivate (kul'ti-vat), Pi. to till; im- prove by care, labor, or study; seek the society of. cultivation (-va'shun), n. the act of cultivating; tillage; culture. cultivator ('ti-va-ter), n. one who, or that which, cultivates; a farmer; an agricultural implement. cultural ('tur-al), adj. pertaining to culture. culture ('tur), n. tillage; the train- ing or refining of the moral or in- tellectual faculties; care given to the growth and development of ani- mals and plants; the propagation of bacteria for scientific study. culverin ('ver-in), n. a long cannon of the 16th century with serpent- shaped handles. culvert (Vert), n. a drain or water- way of masonry or brickwork under a road, &c. cumber (kum'ber), v.t. to hinder; embarrass; oppress; perplex. cumbrous ('brus), adj. troublesome; vexatious; heavy; obstructing. cumin (kum'in), n. a plant, with warm aromatic bitterish seeds. Also cummin. cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv), adj. aug- menting or giving force; increasing by successive additions* cumulative vote (vot), n. a system of voting by which a voter votes for ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUMULUS 203 CURLY ich candidate, or gives all his votes one. iulus (kum'u-lus), n. [pi. cumuli -li) ], a cloud in round woolly leate (kti'ne-at), adj. wedge- shaped. ineiform (-i-form), adj. having the form of a wedge : said of the wedge- shaped characters of the Assyrian and ancient Persian inscriptions. Also arrowhead. cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- ness; the natural instinct of an animal. cupel (kti'pel), n. a shallow porous vessel in which gold and silver are jfined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cupeled, p.pr. cupeling], to refine (precious metals) from lead in a cupel. >ful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cupfuls /foolz) ], as much as a cup will 3ontain. ipidity (kti-pid'i-ti), n. covetous- less. ipoia ('po-la), n. [pi. cupolas (-laz) ], spherical cup-shaped roof; a evolving shot-proof turret. ipreous ('pre-us), adj. coppery. >ric ('prik), adj. pertaining to cop- >r. >riferous (-prif'er-us), adj. yield- ing copper. ►ule Cpul), n. a little cup, as of le acorn; a small cup-shaped able (kiir'a-bl), adj. remediable. acy (kti'ra-si), n. the office or dis- ct of a curate. ari (-ra'ri), n. a black resinous bstance prepared from the bark )f a South American tree, used by e natives for poisoning their ar- ows: it is a powerful anaesthetic. arine ('rin), n. an alkaloid ex- act of curari of a more deadly ature. arize ('rlz), v.t. to poison by curari. assow (-ras'o), n. a large galli- ceous South American bird. curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who assists a vicar or incumbent. . curative ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining to the cure of diseases; promoting cure: n. that which cures or serves to cure. curator (-ra'ter), n. the superintend- ent of a museum, art gallery, &c. curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in subjection; furnish with, or- as with, a curb: n. that which checks, restrains, or subdues; a part of a horse's bridle; a curbstone. curbing (kerb'ing), n. curbstones collectively; material for curbstones. curbstone ('ston), n. the stone-edge of a path. curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause to curdle. curdle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken into curd: v.i. to coagulate. curdy ('di), adj. like, or full of, curd. cure (ku-ra/), n. in France, a Roman Catholic parish priest. curfew (ker'fti), n. a bell originally rung at 8 p. m. as an intimation that fires and lights were to be ex- tinguished. curia (ku'ri-a), n. the court of the Pope at Rome. curio ('ri-o), n. [pi. curios (-oz) ], bric-a-brac; a curiosity. curiosity (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. curiosities (-tiz) ], the quality of being curious; inquisitiveness; something strange or rare. curioso (-o'so), n. [pi. curiosi ('si) ],• a virtuoso. curious ('ri-us), adj. desirous to see or know something new or strange; inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- traordinary. curlew ('lu), n. migratory short- tailed wading bird with a long curved bill. curling (ling), n. a popular Scottish game played on the ice with smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with handles. curly (li), adj. having curls; wavy. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CURMUDGEON curmudgeon (-mud'jun), n. a grasp- ing, churlish fellow; a niggard. currant ('ant), n. a small variety of dried grape 1 ; the well-known shrub and its berry. currency ('en-si), n. a continual passing from hand to hand; unin- terrupted course; the circulating monetary medium of a nation used by authority. current Cent), adj. widely circu- lated; passing from hand to hand; now passing, as time; generally ac- cepted or credited; prevalent; com- mon: n. a flow or passing: said of fluids; body of air or water flowing in a certain direction; general tend- ency. curriculum (-ik'u-lum), n. [pi. cur- ricula (-la) ], a course; a prescribed course of study in a university, school, &c. currier ('i-er), n. a leather dresser. currish ('ish), adj. snappish; quar- relsome. curry (kur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or clean (a horse). curry (kur'i), n. [pi. curries ('iz) ], a highly-cpiced East Indian sauce; a stew of rice, fowl, &c, flavored with curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to cook or flavor with curry. cursorial (-so'ri-al), adj. adapted for running or walking. cursorily ('so-ri-li), adv. hastily. cursory ('so-ri), adj. hasty; superficial. curst, p.p. of curse. curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut shprt; reduce. curtain ('tin), n. a textile hanging screen which can be drawn up or set aside at pleasure; the part of the rampart and parapet between two bastions or gates: v.t. to in- close in, or as witH, curtains. curtain-lecture (ker'tin-lek'tur), n. scolding or reproachful talks sup- 204 CUSTOM-HOUSE posed' to be given by wives to their husbands after retiring for the night. curtsy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies ('siz) ], a salutation made by bending the knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to make a curtsy. [See courtesy.] curvate (ker'vat), adj. bent, curved. curvation (-va'shun), n. the act of bending. curvature ('va-tur), n. a bending. curve (kerv), adj. bent without angles: n. a bending without angles; a draughtsman's instrument for forming curves: v.t. to bend. curvet (ker' or ker-vet'), n. a partic- ular leap of a horse; a frisk or bound: v.i. to leap as a horse; frisk or bound. curvilineal (-vi-lin'e-al), or curvi- linear (-ar), adj. consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines. cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or soft pad for sitting or reclining upon; a pillow used in lace-making; the elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. to seat upon a cushion ; furnish with a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball strike against the cushion. cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a cres- cent; a sharp rigid point; a spear- shaped architectural ornament. cuspidal (kus'pi-dal), adj. ending in a point. ■ cuspidate ('pi-dat), adj. furnished with a sharp, spear-like point. cuspidor ('pi-dor), n. a spittoon. custard ('terd), n. a composition of eggs and milk, &c, baked or boiled. custodian (-to'di-an), n. one who has the care of anything. custody ('to-di), n. guardianship; imprisonment; security. custom ('turn), n. frequent or habit- ual repetition of the same act; es- tablished usage; business support; unwritten law; duties on imported or exported goods: v.i. to be ac- customed. custom-house (hous), n. a building where duties are paid on exported la ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUSTOMARY 205 CYMBAL or imported goods, and vessels are entered and cleared. customary (-a-ri), adj. habitual; conventional; common. customer (-er), n. a purchaser. cutaneous (ku-ta/ne-us), adj. per- taining to the skin. cutaway (kut'a-wa), adj. cut back from the waist: n. a coat, the skirts of which slope from the waist. cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; couch- or quick-grass; cultch. cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. cuticle (kut'i-kl), n. the scarf-skin; the thin exterior bark of a plant. cutify (1-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cuti- fied, p.pr. cutifying], to form, or be- come covered with, skin. cutlass ('las), n. a broad cutting sword. cutler (ler), n. one who makes or, sells knives or other cutting instru- ments. cutlery (-ri), n. edged or cutting in- struments. .cutlet (let), n. a slice of meat. cuttle (kutl), n. the cuttle-fish, a cephalopod with an internal shell, the arms, furnished with suckers, two large eyes, and an ink-bag contain- ing a dark fluid. cutwater ('waw-ter) , n. the fore part of a ship's prow; the angular edge of a pier of a b-idge. cutweed ('wed) , n. a coarse marine alga. cutworm (Verm), n. a destructive larval moth. cyanic acid (as'id), n. a strong acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. cyanogen (-an'o-jen), n. a colorless poisonous gas burning with a purple name, with the odor of peach blos- soms. cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- tain period of time, which recurs again in the same order; an imagin- ary circle in the heavens; the ag- gregate of traditional or legendary • matter connected with a mytholog- ical personage or event; a bicycle or tricycle: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cycled, p.pf. cycling], to occur, or recur, in cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. cyclic (sik' or siklik), adj. pertain- ing to, or moving in, a cycle; belong- ing to the literary cycle of Greek poets who wrote on the Trojan war and its heroes. Also cyclical. cycloid (sl'kloid), n. a geometrical curve traced out by any point of a circle rolling along a straight line until it has completed a revolution. cyclometer (si-klom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for registering the revolu- tions of a wheel. cy clonal ('klo-nal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a cyclone. Also cyclonic. cyclone ('klon), n. a violent storm; an atmospheric movement in which the wind blows spirally round to- ward a center. cyclopaedia or cyclopedia (si^klo- pe'di-a), abbreviation of encyclopae- dia. Cyclopean (-klo-pe'an), adj. pertain- ing to the Cyclops: hence huge and rough; terrific; vast; massive. cyclorama (-klo-ra'ma) , n. a series of related pictures extended cir- cularly so as to appear in natural perspective to the spectator standing in the center. cyclostyle ('klo-stil), n. an apparatus for producing manifold copies by means of a small toothed wheel. cygnet (sig'net), n. a young swan. cylinder (sil'in-der), n. a long cir- cular body, solid or hollow, of uni- form diameter; a chamber in which force is exerted on the piston of a steam engine; the barrel of a pump; a hollow roller for printing; a roller- shaped stone with cuneiform in- scriptions, cylindric ('drik), adj. having the form, or properties, of a cylinder. Also cylindrical. cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair of circular dish-shaped brass plates, which when struck produce a clash- ing sound. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, . book; hue, hut; think, then. CYME 206 CZECH cyme (sim), n. a convex or flattened flower cluster. cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or sarcastic person; one of a sect of ancient Greek philosophers. cynical ('i-k&l), adj. like a cynic. cynicism ('i-sizm), n. the temper and practice of a cynic. cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an object of general attraction. cypress (si'pres), n. a coniferous tree, the emblem of mourning: adj. belonging to, or made of, cypress. cyprian (sip'ri-an), adj. pertaining to Venus: hence wanton; lascivi- ous. cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usually membranous, containing morbid matter. cystic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; vesicular. cystocele ('to-sel) , n. hernia occasioned by protrusion of the bladder. cystoplast (sis'to-plast), n. a cell that envelopes a nucleus. cystotaenia (sis-to-te-ni-a), n. a tape- worm. cystotomy (-tot'o-mi), n. the open- ing of the human bladder for the extraction of stone. cytula (si-tu'la), n. a parent cell; an ovum that has been impregnated. Czar (zar), or Tzar (tsar), n. the title of the Russian emperor. Czarevitch (zar'e-vich), or Tsare- vitch (tzar'-), n. the eldest son of the czar. Also Czarewitch^ Caesare- witch. Czarevna (za-rev'na), or Tzarevna (tza-), n. a Russian princess (im- perial): applied to the wife of the Czarevitch. Czarina (za-re'na), or Tsarina (tsa-), n. an empress of Russia; the wife of the Czar. Czech (chek), n. a member of the most westerly branches of the Sla- vonic family, including Bohemians, Moravians and Slovaks. ate, arm. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. D D, the fourth letter in European alphabets; an abbreviation for the English penny. da capo (da ka'po), a term in music, meaning to repeat from the begin- ning. Abbreviated "D.C." dacoit (da-koif), n. a bandit of India; name given to guerillas in Burma by the English troops. dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of three syllables, one long and two short ( -ww ). dactylology (-ol'o-ji), n. the art of communicating ideas with the fin- gers. daddle (dad'l), v.t to walk unstead- ily like a child; waddle; trifle. dado (da/do), n. the solid block form- ing the body of a pedestal; an ornamental border around the lower part of the wall of a room, &c. : v.t. to ornament with a dado. daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcissus. daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. daffy (daf'i), a. like a person of un- sound mind. dagger (dag'er), n r a short edged and pointed weapon, used for stab- bing; a reference mark in printing (t). dago (da/go), n. [pi. dagos Cgoz) ], a nickname for a dark-complexioned person, especially of Spanish, Portu- guese, or Italian descent; a sailor's name for a person speaking Portu- guese or Spanish. dagon (da'gon), n. a deity of the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians, described as half man and half fish. Daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tip), n. a picture produced on a silvered plate. dahlia (dal'ya), n. [pi. dahlias Cyaz) ], a composite plant, with large bright- colored flowers. daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies ('liz) ], a newspaper or periodical published each week-day: adi. occurring or recurring each successive day; diur- nal: adv. day by day. daintiness (-nes), n. the quality of being dainty. dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties ('tiz) 1 something choice or delicious: adj. refined as regards taste; fastidious; delicious; elegant; sensitive; choice. dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies ('riz) J, a place where milk is kept and con- verted into butter and cheese, &c; the shop where dairy produce is sold. dais (da/is), n. a raised platform. daisied (da/zid), adj. full of, or adorned with, daisies. daisy (da'zi), n. [pi. daisies ('ziz) ], a low composite herb with a yellow disk, and white or rose-colored rays. dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. the act of dallying. dally (dal'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dallied, p.pr. dallying], to trifle away time; loiter; procrastinate; exchange ca- resses. Daltonism (dawl'tun-izm), n. color- blindness. damage ('aj), n. injury or harm; harm willfully done to a person's character, person, or estate: pi. money recovered for loss suffered: v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive injury. _ damask ('ask), n. a rich silk fabric woven with elaborate patterns; a fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c, with a flowered or variegated de- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. [207] DAMASKEEN 208 DARWINIAN sign; Damascus steel or work; deep pink : adj. pertaining to, or made of, damask: v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament (metals) with wavy, sil- very devices. damaskeen (-as-ken'), v.t. to apply decorative metallic designs to (a sur- face of steel, &c). damasse (da-ma-sa/), adj. woven with a rich pattern to imitate dam- ask; decorated with white on a white ground: said of porcelain. dame (dam), n. a title formerly used instead of mistress, written Mrs.; the mistress of an elementary school; an elderly woman. damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- ishment judicially; consign to a cer- tain fate; condemn as bad or as a failure; to invoke a malediction upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. damnation (-na'shun), n. the state of being damned; ruination by ad- verse criticism; punishment in a future state. damnatory ('na-to-ri'), adj. assign- ing to, or containing a threat of, damnation. damnify (dam'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. damnified, p.pr. damnifying], to cause loss or damage to. damnum ('num), n. loss or damage capable of assessment by a jury. damosel ('o-zel), n. formerly a dam- sel, or the wife of a squire. damper ('er), n. something which depresses or discourages; a contri- vance for deadening the vibrations of a musical instrument. damping-off (dam'ping-6f), n. the decay of seedling plants from the attacks of a fungus. damsel ('zel), n. a maiden. damson (dam'zn), n. a small purple oval-shaped plum. dandelion (dan'de-li-un), n. a bien- nial composite plant with large yel- low flowers and deeply notched leaves. dander ('der), n. dandruff; anger. dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and down on the knee or in the arms in affectionate play; fondle. dandruff ('druf), n. scurf on the scalp. dandy ('di), n. [pi. dandies ('diz) ], a fop; coxcomb; something very neat and trim. danger ('jer), n. hazard; peril. dangerous (-us), adj. involving, or beset with, danger; ready to do harm or injury; perilous; hazardous. dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang or swing loosely; follow: v.t. to cause to dangle. dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. danseuse (dang-sez'), n. a female professional dancer; a ballet-dancer. dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- tive; trim and neat in appearance. dapple (dap'l), adj. spotted; varie- gated: v.t. to variegate with spots. darbies (dar'bez), n. English word for handcuffs. Dardanelles (dar'dan-els), n. a forti- fied strait connecting Marmora and iEgean seas. dark ages (a'jez), n.pl. the mediaeval period. darken ('en), v.t. to make dark; ob- scure; render unintelligible: v.i. to become dark. darkly ('li), adv. with imperfect . light; not clearly; mysteriously. darksome ('sum), adj. gloomy. darky ('i), n. [pi. darkies ('iz) ], a negro. darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) • by filling in the whole with yarn or thread by means of a needle: n. a patch made by darning. darnel ('nel), the popular name of a grass, Lolium tremulentum, formerly supposed to be poisonous. dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a blow-gun; a swift, sudden movement; the dace: v.t. throw; give out or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; start sud- denly and run quickly. Darwinian (dar-win'i-an), adj. per- taining to Charles Darwin, the natu- ute, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DARWINISM 209 DEAD-CENTER ralist (1809-1882), or Darwinism: n. an evolutionist. Darwinism ('izm), n. the theory of natural selection advocated by Dar- win. dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently or hastily; break by collision; hurl; shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush with violence; fly off the surface with a violent noisy motion: n. a collision; a slight addition; ostenta- tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writ- ing or printing. dash-board (-bord), n, a splash- board; a paddle-wheel float. dastard (das'tard), n. a coward: adj. meanly shrinldng from danger; cowardly. dastardly (-H), adv. cowardly. data, pi. of datum (q.v.). date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or transaction; the inscription which specifies when a writing or inscrip- tion was executed; duration; the edible oval fruit of the date-palm: v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have a date; reckon. date-tree (-tre), n. a species of palm. dative (da'tiv), adj. denoting the case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective which expresses the remoter object: usually indicated in English by to or for with the objective case: n. the dative case. datum ('turn), n. [pi. data ('ta) ], something assumed, known, or con- ceded for the basis of an argument or inference [usually in pi.]. lub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear with adhesive matter; paint coarse- ly or unskilfully; plaster; flatter grossly: n. a coarse or rudely exe- cuted painting; a smear; a cheap kind of mortar. luby ('i), adj. viscous, sticky; like a daub. iughter-in-law (-in-law), n. a son's wife. lunt (dant), v.t. to intimidate; dis- hearten, mntless ('les), adj. fearless. dauphin (daw'fin), n. the title of the eldest son of the King of France from 1349 to 1830. davenport (dav'en-p5rt), n. a writing- desk or high-backed lounge. davit (dav'it), n. one of a pair of f -shaped uprights projecting over the side of a vessel for suspending or lowering a boat. Davy (da'vi), n. [pi. davies ('viz)], a miner's safety-lamp surrounded by fine gauze wire, invented by Sir H. Davy, as a protection against fire- Davy Jones (jonz), n. a humorous name for the spirit of the sea; a sea- devil. daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow family; a jackdaw. dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a dawdler. dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow light; glimmer; break as the day: n. the first appearance of light in the morning; beginning. days of grace (gras), n.pl. a period, usually three days, allowed in some states for payment of certain com- mercial paper after maturity. daysman (daz'man), n. [pi. daysmen ('men) ], an umpire; a mediator. dayspring ('spring), n. the dawn (Luke i. 78). daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state of being dazed. dazzle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower by a glare of light; dim by excess of light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to be overpowered by light: n. excess of light. deacon (deTm), n. the lowest order of the clergy in the Anglican Church; in non-episcopal churches, a lay- man appointed to assist the minister and manage the temporal affairs of a church. dead-beat ('bet), adj. making suc- cessive movements with intervals of rest and no recoil; thoroughly ex- hausted: n. a dead-beat escapement. dead-center (-sen'ter),_ n. that posi- tion of a crank in which the crank- }, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEAD-COLORING 210 DEATH axle, crank-pin, and the connecting dead-weight ('wat), n. the weight rod are all in a straight line. dead-coloring (-kul'er-ing), n. the first broad outlines of a picture. deaden (ded'n), v.t. to diminish the acuteness, intensity, or vigor of; re- tard; blunt; render non-conductive; make insipid or stale; deprive of gloss or brilliancy; kill (trees) by girdling. deadeye (ded'i), n. a round, flat block of wood eucircled with an iron band and pierced with three holes to re- ceive lanyards: used for setting up rigging. deadhead ('hed), n. a person who has a free pass on railways or to places of amusement, &c; a wooden buoy: v.t. to furuish free admission to: v.i. to travel or gain admission without payment. dead letter (let'er), n. an unclaimed letter, the owner for which cannot be found; that which has lost its authority. dead-lift ('lift), n. a heavy weight; the last extremity. dead-lights ('Hts), n.pl. strong wooden shutters placed over the cabin windows in stormy weather. dead-load ('lod), n. a constant mo- tionless load. deadlock ('lok), n. a lock worked on one side by a handle, and on the other side by a key; a situation in which progress is impossible. deadly ('li), adj. causing death; de- structive; fatal; implacable: adv. implacably. dead-neap ('nep), n. the lowest stage of the tide. dead-reckoning (-rek'un-ing), n. the calculation of a ship's place at sea by the log and the compass courses, allowing for drift, leeway, &c. dead-set ('set), n. the fixed position of a dog in pointing game; a deter- mined effort or attack: adj. deter- mined to do something. dead-water (-waw'ter), n. the water that closes in under the stern of a ship; eddy-water. of the vehicle in addition to the load to be carried ; freight charged for by weight instead of by bulk; the heav- iest part of a ship's cargo. dead-wind ('wind), n. a wind blow- ing directly opposite to a ship's course. dead-work ('werk), n. work at first unprofitable, but which leads the way to profitable production, as in opening a mine. . deaf (def), adj. deprived of hearing; unwilling to hear or pay regard to. deafen (def'n), v.t. to make deaf; render impervious to sound. deafness ('nes), n. the state of being deaf. deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; a division of cards to the players; a mercantile com- bination; the wood of the fir or pine tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dealt; p.pr. dealing], to distribute, apportion, or divide; throw about; scatter: v.i. to have business; make a private arrange- ment. dealer ('er), n. one who deals; a trader. dealt, p.t. of deal. dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- tical dignitary in cathedral and col- legiate churches; the president of a faculty in a college; the oldest mem- ber, by reason of service, in a consti- tuted body of which he acts as pres- ident. dean and chapter (chap'ter), the governing body of a cathedral, com- prising the dean, canons, or preben- daries. deanery (den'er-i), n. [pi. deaneries (-iz) ], the office, jurisdiction, or res- idence of a dean. dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; famine. deary (der'i), n. a darling. Also dearie. death (deth), n. extinction of life or feeling; the state of the dead; a general mortality; decay; destruc- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEATH-BELL 211 DECAGRAMME tion; spiritual ruin after physical debauchery (de-baw'cher-i), . n. [pi. death (Rom. viii. 6). debaucheries (-iz) ], excessive intem- death-bell Cbel), n. a passing bell. perance; seduction from purity or death-point ('point), n. the degree virtue; corruption of fidelity. of heat or cold which destroys an debenture (de-ben'tur, n. a written animal organism. acknowledgment of a debt. death-rate ('rat), n. the percentage debilitant (de-bil'i-tant), adj. weak- of deaths, usually reckoned at per ening. thousand, among the population of debilitate ('i-tat), v.t. to enfeeble; a country, city, &c, for a given enervate. period. debilitation (-i-ta'shun), n. enerva- death's-head (s'hed), n. a skull, or tion. representation of a skull, emblematic debility (-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. debilities of death. (-tiz)], abnormal functional weak- death-watch ('woch), n. a vigil be- ness; languor. side the dying person; a guard set debit (deb'it), n. that which is ow- over a criminal prior to his execu- ing, entered on the debtor side of a tion; a small beetle which makes a ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- ticking sound, superstitiously sup-- lating to debts: v.t. to charge with posed to forebode death. debt; enter on the debtor's side of deathly ('li), adj. mortal; fatal. an account. debacle (de-bak'l), n. the breaking debonair (deb-o-nar'), adj. of gentle up of ice on a river; a stampede; a manners or breeding; elegant. violent flood carrying with it debris debouch (de-boosh'), v.i. to march in great masses. out of a confined space into open debar (de-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- ground. barred, p.pr. debarring], to shut debouche (da-boo-sha/), an opening; out; exclude; hinder from approach, a market for goods; an opening in enjoyment, or action; preclude [with military works for troops. from]. debris (da-bre'), n. fragments; bro- debark (de-bark'), v.i. to disembark. ken rubbish; loose pieces of rock, debarkation (-bar-ka'shun), n. the &c, at the base of a mountain. act of disembarking. debt (det) n. that which is due from debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from one person to another; obligation; a higher to a lower state; lower in trespass. character, virtue, purity, or quality, debtor ('er), n. one who owes some- debasement ('ment), n. act of de- thing to another ; one who is in debt. basing. debut (da-boo'), n. a first appearance debatable (de-ba'ta-bl), adj. admit- in society, or before the public. ting of question or debate. debutant (-boo-tang'), n. one who debate (de-bat'), v.t. to contend for makes a debut: fern, debutante. in words or arguments; meditate decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; upon; deliberate together: v.i. to ar- ten consecutive years. Also decad. gue or discuss a point; reflect: n. decadence (de-ka'dens), n. a state of contention in words or argument; decay. Also decadency. controversy; discussion. decadent ('dent), adj. deteriorating. debauch (de-bawch'), v.t. to cor- decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure rupt in morals or principles; seduce; having ten sides and ten angles. pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage in decagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. pertain- debauchery or riot: n. excess in eat- ing to a decagon. ing and drinking; lewdness. decagramme ('a-gram), n. a weight debauchee (deb 'o-sh e ), n. a drunkard, of ten grammes. Also decagram. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. ate,, DECAHEDRON 212 DECILLION decahedron (-he'dron), n. [pi. deca- hedra ('dra)], a solid bounded by ten plane faces. decaliter ('a-le-tr), n. a measure of capacity containing 10 liters = 2 1-5 imperial gallons. decalogue ('a-log), n. the ten com- mandments (Ex. xx.); the moral law. decameter ('a-me-tr), n. a measure of length of 10 meters = 32.8 feet. decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart speedily; go away secretly or un- ceremoniously. decant (de-kanf), v.t. to pour off gently. decanter ('er), n. an ornamental glass bottle for holding wines, &c. decapitate (de-kap'i-tat), v.t. to be- head. decapitation (-i-ta/shun), n. behead- ing. decapod (dek'a-pod), adj. having ten feet or ten arms: n. a ten-footed crustacean, or ten-armed cephalopod. Decapoda (de-kap'o-da), n.pl. the or- der of Crustacea which includes those having ten feet, as lobsters, crabs, shrimps, &c, and cephalopods with ten arms. decare (dek-ar'), a superficial meas- ure of 1,000 sq. meters = % acre (nearly) . decarnate (de-kar'nat), adj. divested of flesh. decastere ('a-ster), n. a solid meas- ure, ten times a cubic meter = 13 cubic yards (nearly) . decay (de-ka/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become impaired; rot; declined or fall: n. deterioration; decline; rottenness; corruption. decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. death. deceit (de-set'), n. deception; false- hood. deceitful ('fool), adj. full of deceit. deceivable (-sev'a-bl), adj. capable of being, or liable to be, deceived. deceive (-sev'), ' v.t. to mislead or cause to err; delude; impose upon; disappoint. decelerate (de-sel'e-rat), v.i. to go more slowly: the opposite of ac- celerate. December (de-sem'ber), n. the twelfth month of the year. decemvir ('ver), n. [pi. decemviri ('vi-ri) ], one of ten Roman magis- trates, especially one of those who possessed absolute authority in an- cient Rome (451-449 B. C), and ed- ited the laws known as the Twelve Tables. decemviral ('vi-ral), adj. pertaining to the decemviri. decemvirate (-rat), n. a body of ten men in authority; their office, or term of office. decency (de'sen-si), n. [pi. decencies (-siz) ], the state of being decent, or modest. decennial ('i-al), adj. lasting for or occurring every ten years. decent ('sent), adj. decorous; becom- ing; respectable; modest; passable. deception (-sep'shun), n. the act of deceiving; the state of being de- ceived; fraud. deceptive ('tiv), adj. tending to de- ceive. deciare (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of super- ficial measurement, the tenth part of an are, = 107.6 square feet. decidable (de-sid'a-bl), adj. capable of being decided. decide (de-sid'), v.t. to bring to an issue or conclusion; fix the end of; resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or decision; arbitrate. deciduous (-sid'u-us), adj. falling off at maturity, or in seasdn; shed peri- odically. decigramme (des'i-gram), n. a met- ric weight, l-10th of a gramme = 1.54 grains troy (nearly). Also decigram. deciliter ('i-le-tr), n. a measure of capacity, l-10th of a liter = 3.52 fluid ounces. decillion (de-sil'yun), n. in France and the United States a unit fol- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ihen. DECILUX 213 DECLIVITY lowed by 33 ciphers; in England a unit followed by 60 ciphers. decilux (des'i-luks), n. l-10th of a lux. decimal ('i-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based upon, the number 10: n. a decimal fraction. decimal place (plas), n. the place of a figure after the decimal point. decimal point (point), n. a dot sep- arating a decimal fraction from a whole number, also indicating when standing alone its fractional charac- ter. decimal system (sis'tem), n. a sys- tem of reckoning or measuring by 10, or powers of 10. decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select by lot and put to death, or punish, every tenth man; destroy a large proportion of. decimation '(-ma'shun), n. the act of -decimating; destruction on a large scale. decimeter ('i-me-tr), n. a measure of length, l-10th of a meter = 3.937 inches. decipher (de-sl'fer), v.t. to read (se- cret writing); discover or make out the meaning of ; solve ; unravel. decision (-sizh'un), n. the act of de- ciding; determination; judgment; settlement. decisive (-si'siv), adj. final; conclusive. decistere (des-i-star'), n. a cubic measure, l-10th of a stere = 3.532 cubic feet. deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or ornaments; adorn; to furnish with a deck: n. the plank flooring of a ship. decker ('er), n. one who, or that which, decks; a ship having decks. deckle-edged (dek'1-ejd), adj. hav- ing the edges rough and uncut; said of books. declaim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak in a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- cise in elocution; harangue. declamation (dek-la-ma'shun), n. the art of declaiming according to rhe- torical rules; impassioned oratory; distinct and correct enunciation of words in vocal music. declamatory (de-klam'a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, declamation; noisy in style; appeal- ing to the passions. declaration (dek-la-ra'shun), n. the act of declaring or proclaiming; that which is declared; an assertion; publication; a statement reduced to writing. declaratory ('a-to-ri), adj. affirma- tive. declare (de-klaV), v.t. to make known; tell openly or publicly; proclaim formally; publish; make a solemn affirmation before witnesses; make a full statement as to goods, &c: v.i. to make a declaration; avow [with for or against]. declension (-klen'shun), n. decline; a falling off, or away; deterioration; the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. declinable (-klm'a-bl), adj. capable of being declined. declinal ('al), adj. sloping downward'. declinate (dek'h-nat), adj. curved downward. declination (dek-li-na'shun), n. the act or state of bending, or moving, downward; oblique variation from some definite direction; deteriora- tion; decay; the angular distance of a heavenly body N. or S. of the equator; non-acceptance. declinator ('li-na-ter), n. an instru- ' ment for determinating the declina- tion and inclination of a plane. decline (de-klin'), v.i. to incline from a right line; bend or lean down- ward; droop; draw to a close; be- come weak; deviate from rectitude: v.t. to refuse; bend downward; de- press; inflect: n. diminution; decay; deterioration ; consumption. declivitous (de-kliv'i-tus), adj. mod- . erately steep. declivity (-khVi-ti), n. [pi. declivities (-tiz) ], a gradual descent; deviation from a horizontal line: opposed to acclivity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DECOCT 214 DECUPLE decoct (de-kokf), v.t. the act of boil- ing anything to extract its essence. decoction (-kok'shun), n. an extract obtained by boiling or digesting in hot water. decollate (-kol'at), v.t. to behead. decollation (-a/shun), n. the act of beheading. decollete (da-kol-e-ta/), adj. cut low in the neck so as to expose the neck and shoulders: said of a dress. De- colletee, fern, wearing a low-necked dress. decomposable (de-com-poz'a-bl), adj. capable of being decomposed. decompose (de-com-poz'), v.t. to re- solve into constituent elements; cause to decay or rot: v.i. to become decomposed; putrefy. decomposite (-poz'It),ad;. com- pounded a second time. decomposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of resolving into constituent ele- ments; analysis; disintegration. decompound (-pound'), v.t. to com- pound things already compounded: adj. compounded more than once. decorate (dek'o-rat), v.t. to orna- ment, embellish, adorn, or beautify ; confer a badge of honor upon; grace. decoration (-ra'shun), n. the art of decorating; an ornament or embel- lishment; a badge of honor. Decoration Day (da), n. the day (May 30) on which the graves of those who fell in the Civil War (1861-65) are decorated. Also Me- morial Day (April 26). decorative ('o-ra-tiv), adj. tending to decoration. decorator (-ter), n. one who deco- rates; an artist or artisan who deco- rates rooms, &c. decorous (de-k5' or dek'er-us), adj. marked by propriety; decent; fit; proper. decorticate (de-kor'ti-kat), v.t. to remove the bark, husk, or peel from. decorum (de-ko'rum), n. propriety and decency of words, dress, and conduct. decostate (-kos'tat), adj. without ribs. decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or al- lure into danger by artifice: v.i. to be allured by means of decoy: n. a deceptive stratagem; a lure; a piece of enclosed water into which wild fowl are decoyed. decoy-duck (-duk), n. a tame, or imitation, duck used to allure wild fowl: hence a person who entraps others. decrease (de-kres'), v.i. to become less; diminish; abate; wane; fail; v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce gradually in size or extent; dwindle; n. gradual diminution, or decay; the amount or degree of lessening; the wane of the moon. decree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, law, or edict; a judicial decision; the award of an umpire or arbitra- tor; the predetermined purpose of God: v.t. to determine by a decree; ordain; constitute by edict; assign; v.i. to make a decree; determine. decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn out. decrepitate ('i-tat), v.t. to calcine (as salt) in a strong heat, causing a crackling sound. decrepitude ('i-tud), n. physical in- firmity caused by old age. decrescent (-kres'ent), adj. growing less. decretal (-kre'tal), n. a Papal de- cree; a book of edicts. decretive ('tiv), adj. having the au- thority of a decree. decretory (dek're-to-ri), adj. judi- cial; settled. decrial (de-kri'al), n. clamorous cen- sure. decrier ('er),~n. one who censures. decry (de-kri'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. decried, p.pr. decrying], to blame clamorous- ly;cry down; censure; disparage^ decumbent (-kum'bent), adj. lying down; prostrate; reclining. decuple (dek'u-pl), adj. tenfold: n. a number repeated 10 times: v.t. in- crease tenfold. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DECURRENT 215 DEFEND decurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running, or extending, downward: said of a plant. decursive ('siv), adj. running down. decussate (-kus'at), v.i. to intersect or cross at an acute angle: adj. in- tersected. dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart by a solemn act or religious cere- mony; devote or set apart to some work or duty; inscribe, as a literary work. dedication (-i-ka'shun), n. the act of dedicating; an inscription or ad- dress. dedicator ('i-ka-ter), n. one who dedicates. dedicatory (-to-ri), adj. pertaining to composing, or constituting, a ded- ication. deduce (de-dus'), v.t. to gather by reasoning; infer; derive [with from or out of]. deduct (de-dukt/), v.t. to take away. deduction (-duk'shun), n. the act or process of deducting; subtraction. deductive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to deduction. deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; judge. deemanate (de-em'a-nat), -v.t. to treat a radioactive _ substance in such a way that it gives off emana- tion less rapidly or not at all. deemanation (de-em-a-na/shun), n. the process of deemanating a radio- active substance. deemster (dem'ster), n. a judge or umpire: the title of either of the two chief judges of the Isle of Man. Also dempster. jer-lick ('lik), a spot of salt ground, resorted to by deer to lick the earth. jer-stalking ('stawk-ing), n. the hunting of deer by stealing upon them unawares. jface (de-fas), v.t. to mar or de- stroy the surface of; disfigure; im- pair the legibility of; injure; spoil. jfacement ('ment), n. the act of de- facing; the condition of being de- faced ; injury. defalcation (-fal-ka/shun), n. a def- icit of funds through a breach of trust; embezzlement; diminution. defalcator (def'al-ka-ter), n. an em- bezzler. defamation (def-a-ma'shun), n. the act of injuring one's good name or reputation without justification, either orally, or by a written com- munication. defamatory (de-fam'a-to-ri), adj. containing that which is injurious to the character or reputation. defame (de-fam), v.t. to injure or destroy the good reputation of; ac- cuse falsely; asperse; vilify. default (de-fawlf), n. failure or omission to do any act; failure to satisfy the acts required in a law- suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- lect: v.i. to make a default. defaulter ('er), n. one who makes a default; one who fails to make a proper account of money or prop- erty intrusted to his charge. defeasance (de-fez'ans), n. the an- nulment of a contract or deed. defeat (de-fef), v.t. to overcome or vanquish; frustrate; baffle: n. the act of defeating; frustration; over- throw. defecate (def'e-kat), v.t. to clarify; v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- crementous matter from the bowels. defecation (-ka/shun), n. clarifica- tion; evacuation from the bowels. defecator (def'e-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, purifies or cleanses; an apparatus for removing feculent matter from juices, &c. defect (de-fekf), n. an imperfection, moral or physical; insufficiency; fault; error. defection (-fek'shun), n. a falling away from duty or allegiance; desertion. defective ('tiv), adj. having a defect or flaw of any kind; incomplete; faulty; wanting some of the usual grammatical forms. defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or ,~arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEFENDANT 216 DEFORMITY protect; maintain; vindicate one's legal rights by force of argument or 'evidence: v.i. to formally enter a de- fense to an action. defendant ('ant), n. a person who is sued or accused in a civil or crim- inal court. defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state of defending or being defended; pro- tection ; vindication by force or argu- ment ; a defendant's plea or answer. defensible ('si-bl), adj. capable of being defended. defensive (-fen'siv), adj. serving to defend or protect; carried on in de- fense. defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to a future time; delay: v.i. to pro- crastinate. deference (def'er-ens), n. a yielding to the opinions or wishes of anoth- er; regard. deferent ('er-ent), adj. conveying: n. that which conveys or carries; a duct or vessel in the body which con- veys fluids. deferential (-er-en'shal), adj. char- acterized by, or expressing, defer- ence. deferment (de-fer'ment), n. delay. defiance (-fl'ans), n. contemptuous disregard; a challenge. \ defiant ('ant), adj. characterized by defiance. deficiency (-fish'en-si), n. [pi. defi- ciencies (-siz)], the state of being deficient: incompleteness; insuffi- ciency; scarcity. deficient Cent), adj. wanting; in- complete. deficit (def'i-sit), n. a falling off, or deficiency, in amount or quantity, especially of receipts. defier (de-fl'er), n. one who defies. defilade (def-i-lad), v.t. to raise, as a rampart, so as to protect the lines of the defending parts from guns placed in a high position. defile (de-fil'), v.t. to make foul or impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. a long narrow mountainous pass; a marching in file. defilement ('ment), n. moral or physical pollution. definable (-fln'a-bl), adj. capable of being defined. define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the limits of; describe the nature or properties of. definite _ (def'i-nit), adj. having fixed or distinct limits; certain; pointing out. definition (-nish'un), n. a brief de- scription or explanation of the pre- cise meaning of a term, phrase, &c; a concise statement. definitive (de-fin'i-tiv), adj. deter- mining; conclusive: n. a word used in grammar to define the significa- tion of a noun. deflagrate (def 'la-grat) , v.t. to set fire to: v.i. to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion. deflagrator ('la-gra-ter), n. an in- strument for producing combustion of metallic substances by electricity. deflect (de-flekf), v.t. to bend from a straight line: v.i. to swerve; bend or turn aside. deflection (-flek'shun), n. a bending. deflective ('tiv), adj. causing deflec- tion. ' deflector ('ter), n. a plate or cone in a furnace or lamp to bring flames or gases into close contact, and thus increase combustion. deflexure (-flek'shur), n. a bending down. deflower (-de-flour'), v.t. to deprive of flowers or bloom; despoil of pristine grace or beauty; deprive of virginity. defluent (def'lu-ent), adj. _ running downward: n. a river rising in a lake. deforest (de-for'est), v.t. to clear of forest; cut down, clear away, or de- stroy the trees of.. deform (-form'), v.t. to render ugly or unshapely; disfigure; mar. deformity ('i-ti), n. [pi. deformi- ties (-tiz)], physical malformation; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEFRAUD 217 DELE disfigurement; want of beauty or harmony. defraud (-frawcT), v.t. to deprive of some right or interest by deception; cheat; withhold wrongfully. defray (de-fra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- frayed, p.pr. defraying], to discharge (the expenses of anything); pay; settle. defrayal ('al), n. the act of defray- ing. deft (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; clever. defunct (de-fungkt'), adj. dead; ex- tinct: n. a dead person; the dead (collectively) . defy (-fi')j v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied, p. pr. defying], to challenge or pro- voke to strife; set at defiance; re- sist openly. degeneracy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. the state of being degenerate. degenerate ('er-at), v.i. to become inferior in goodness or quality; be- come of a lower type; pass to an inferior or worse state; deteriorate: adj. deteriorated; degraded; n. a degenerate person or organism. degeneration (-a/shun), n. the act, state, or process of growing worse; degeneracy; decline; the morbid impairment of any structural tis- sue or organ. deglutition (deg-loo-tish'un), n. swallowing. degote (de-got'), n. oil distilled from the white birch: used for Russian leather. degradation (deg-ra-da'shun), n. the act of degrading. degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in grade or rank; deprive of honors, office, or dignity; lower physically or morally; tone down; diminish; wear away. degree (de-gre'), n. a step or grade; rank or station; relationship be- tween a person and the next in, line of descent; rank conferred by a diploma after examination; one of three degrees in the comparison of an adjective or adverb; a certain amount of interval; the 360th part of the circumference of a circle; 60 geographical miles; one of the divisions on mathematical and other instruments. dehisce (de-his'), v.i. to gape open. dehiscence ('ens), n. the opening of a capsule for the discharge of seeds, or of anthers for the discharge of pollen. dehiscent Cent), adj. opening. dehorn (-horn'), v.t. to deprive of horns. dehypnotize (-hip'no-tiz), v.t. to awaken from hypnotism. deification (de-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of defying; apotheosis. deify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt to the rank of, a deity; idolize. deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; vouchsafe: v.t. to permit. deism (de'izm), n. the creed of a deist. deist ('ist), n. one who believes in the existence of a personal God, but not in revealed religion. deistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to deism, or deists. deity ('ti), n. [pi. deities (-tiz) ], a god, goddess, or person worshipped as a divine being. Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- ter, nature, or attributes of God; the Godhead. deject (de-jekf), v.t. to depress the spirits of; dishearten; sadden. dejection (-jek'shun), n. lowness of spirits; melancholy; depression; evacuation. dejeuner (da-zhu-na'), n. the first formal meal of the day. delaine (de-lan'), n. a light textile fabric of wool and cotton. delay (de-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- layed, p.pr. delaying], to postpone; hinder for a time: v.i. to act or pro- ceed slowly: n. postponement; pro- crastination. dele (de'le), v.t. to take out (a letter, &c.) in proofreading: n. a mark (§) that a letter, &c, is to be deleted. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DELECTABILITY 218 DELPHIC delegability (de-lek-ta-bil'i»-ti), n. the quality of being delectable. delect ably (-li), adv. delightfully. delectation (-ta'shun), n. delight: pleasure. delegate (del'e-gat), v.t. to send as a representative with authority to act; entrust; commit: n. one sent to represent and act for others. delegation (-ga'shun), n. the act of delegating; a person or body of per- sons chosen to act for others. delete (de-let'), v.t. to blot out; erase. deleterious (-ter'i-us), adj. harmful, morally or physically; poisonous. deletion (-le'shun), n. the act of de- leting. delf (delf), n. glazed earthenware. deliberate (de-lib' er-at), v.t. to think upon or consider; weigh in the mind; ponder: v.i. to take counsel with one's self or others: adj. cir- cumspect; slow in determining or in action; well-considered. deliberateness (-nes), n. circum- spection. deliberation (-er-a'shun), n. calm and careful consideration; slowness in action. deliberative (-tiv), adj. character- ized by, or acting with, deliberation. delicacy _ (del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. delica- cies (-siz) ], the state or quality of being delicate; agreeableness to the taste or other senses; grace; sensi- tiveness; refinement; sensibility; .consideration for the feelings of others; susceptibility to disease. delicatessen (-ka-tes'en), n.pl. table delicacies. delicious (de-lish'us), adj. highly pleasing to the senses, taste, or mind; exquisite. delight (de-lit'), v.t. to gratify or please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- ly gratified or pleased (with in) : n. an extreme degree of pleasure; high satisfaction; joy. delightful ('fool), adj. affording de- light. delimit (-lim'it), v.t. to mark out or fix the limits of, as territory; bound. delineate (-lin'e-at), v.t. to mark out with lines; sketch; portray; describe minutely and accurately in words. delineation (-e-a'shun), n. the act or art of delineating; a sketch, de- scription, &c. delineator ('e-a-ter), n. one who de- lineates. delineatory (-to-ri), adj. delineating. delinquency (-Ung'kwen-si), n. [pi. delinquencies (-siz) ], neglect of, or failure in, duty; a misdeed; fault. delinquent ('kwent), adj. falling short of duty : n. one who neglects, or fails to perform, a duty; an offender. deliquesce (del-i-kwes'), v.i. to melt and become liquid by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. deliquescence ('ens), n. the act, property, or state of deliquescing. deliquescent Cent), adj. liquefying or melting on exposure to the at- mosphere. delirious (de-lir'i-us), adj. light- headed; insane; frantic with de- light. delirium ('i-um), n. excitement anc aberration of the mind, caused bj fever, &c. delirium tremens (tre'mens), n. disease of the brain caused by the excessive and prolonged use of in- toxicating liquors. deliver (de-liv'er), v.t. to set free; save; yield possession or control of; send forth vigorously; _ discharge; communicate; speak; disburden of a child. deliverance ('er-ans), n. the act of delivering; rescue; an authoritative utterance by an official or judge on some technical point. delivery ('er-i), n. \pl. deliveries (-riz) ], the act of delivering; a set- ting free; a surrender; transfer; manner of utterance; a distribution of letters, &c. ; the act or manner of delivering a ball; parturition. dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. Delphic (del'fik), adj. pertaining to Delphi, or to the famous sanctuary of Apollo with its priestess, or the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DELTA 219 DEMOCRAT games celebrated there in honor of Apollo. Also Delphian. delta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas ('taz) ], an alluvial deposit, shaped like the Greek letter A formed at the mouth of a river; any triangular surface. deltaic (-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to a delta. deltoid ('toid), adj. shaped like a delta (A); pertaining to the deltoid muscle of the shoulder. delude (de-lud), v.t. to impose upon the mind or judgment of; beguile; deceive. deluge (del'uj), n. an inundation; a great overflowing of the land by water, especially that of the time of Noah (Genesis vii.); a sudden and resistless calamity: v.t. to over- whelm. delul (de-lool'), n. & female drome- dary. delusion (-lu'zhun), n. the act of deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- sion. delusive (-lu'siv), delude or deceive ; delusory. delve (delv), v.t. I spade; fathom; penetrate. Sdemagnetize (de-mag 'net-iz) . v.t. to t deprive of magnetic properties. 'demagogic (dem-a-gog'ik), adj. char- acteristic of a demagogue. Also ■ demagogical. demagogisrn principles or gogue. demagogue ('a-gog), n. a popular and factious orator, especially one who inveighs against constituted au- thority. demand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim as right or authority; ask in a per- iptory manner; summon: n. an ithoritative claim; a peremptory jquest; the state of being much )ught after. lemandant ('lint), n. a plaintiff. demantoid (-man'toid), n. an em- erald green garnet: used as a gem. demarcation (-mar-ka'shun), n. the adj. tending to deceptive. Also to open with a ('a-gog-izm), practice of n. the dema- dema I by emj autl reqi SOU| dema act of defining, or marking, the bounds of. demarch (de'mark), n. the ruler of a deme or district in Greece. demean (de-men'), v.t. to behave (with self) . demeanor ('er), n. behavior; de- portment. dement (-menf), v.t. to make insane. dementia (-men'shi-a), n. insanity. demesne (de-men'), n. landed estate attached to a manor: adj. pertaining to a demesne. demi (dem'i), a prefix signifying half, used in composition, as Semi- quaver, a note equal in duration to half a quaver. demi. Same as demy. demigod (dem'i-god), n. an inferior deity; one whose nature is partly divine; the offspring of a god and a human being; a deified hero. demijohn (-jon), n. a large glass bottle with a small neck and large body, usually incased in wickerwork. demisable (-miz'a-bl), adj. capable of being demised. demise (-miz') , n. the transfer of a right to, or of a title in, an estate through death or forfeiture; death, especially of a royal personage; the conveyance or transfer of an estate by will or lease for a term of years or in fee simple: v.t. to give or grant by will: v.i. to pass by bequest or inheritance. demobilize (-m5'bi-liz), v.t. to dis- band or dismiss (troops that have been mobilized) ; change from a war to a peace footing. democracy (-mok'ra-si), n. [pi. de- mocracies (-siz) ], government by the people collectively by elected representatives; political or social equality. Democracy, n. the Democratic party or its principles. democrat (dem'o-krat), n. one who advocates and upholds the principles of democracy. Democrat, n. a member of the Demo- cratic party. * arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, DEMOCRATIC 220 DENATURED democratic (-krat'ik), or demo- cratical (-al), adj. pertaining to democracy. demogenic (dem-o-jen'ik), a. relat- ing to a people organized on a civic basis instead of on a basis of kinship. demography (de-mog'ra-fi), n. the science that deals with the vital and social conditions of a people. demoiselle (dem-wa-zel') n. a young lady, or unmarried woman; the Nu- midian crane; a handsome small dragon-fly. demolish (de-mol'ish), v.t. to throw down; reduce to ruins; destroy; annihilate. demolition (dem-o-lish'un), n. the act or process of demolishing; de- struction. demological (dem-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the study of vital statistics and social conditions of a people. demology (de-mol'o-ji), n. the statis- tical study of populations and social conditions ; demography. demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; devil;* a guardian spirit or genius. demonetize (-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to de- prive of standard value, as currency ; withdraw from use as money. demoniac (-mo'ni-ak), adj. pertain- ing to, or influenced by, demons; characteristic of a demon or evil spirit. Also demoniacal : n. a lunatic. demonism ('mon-izm), n. belief in demons; the nature of a demon. demonolatry (-ol'a-tri), n. devil worship demonology (-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on demons or evil spirits, as con- nected with the science of religion, or popular superstitions. demonstrable (de-mon'stra-bl), adj. capable of being demonstrated. demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- strat), v.t to prove beyond the pos- sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- ples: v.i.'to organize, or take part in, a party demonstration. demonstration (dem-on-stra/shun) , n. the act of demonstrating; a proof beyond the possibility of a doubt; manifestation; a public exhibition of sympathy with some political or social movement; the exhibition and description of examples in art and science teaching, especially anatomy. demonstrative ('stra-tiv), adj. hav- ing the power of demonstration; conclusive; manifesting the feelings openly and strongly: n. a demon- strative pronoun. demonstrator ('on-stra-ter), n. one who demonstrates; a teacher of prac- tical anatomy, or physical science. demoralize ('al-Iz), v.t. to corrupt, or undermine, the morals of; de- prive of spirit or energy; throw into confusion. demountable (de-mount 'a-bl), adj. capable of being taken off or re- moved; recently in use as applicable to automobile rims and tires. demulcent (-muTsent), adj. soften- ing; lenitive: n. a medicine which allays irritation. demur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- murred, p.pr. demurring], to hesi- tate; raise objections; to interpose a demurrer: n. an objection or ex- ception. demure (-mur'), adj. grave; sober; decorous in bearing; affectedly modest or grave. demurrage (-mur'aj), n. the com- pensation paid by the freighter for the detention of a vessel in port beyond the stipulated time. demurrer er), n. an issue on a point of Jaw. demy (de-mi), n. [pi. demies- (-miz') ], a particular size of writing and printing paper, 15 x 20 inches, and 173^ x - 2 inches respectively. denationalize (de-nash'un-al-Iz), v.t. to deprive of national rights or character; render local. denaturalize (-nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make unnatural; divest of the ac- quired rights of citizenship in a foreign country. denatured (de-na/turd), adj. a sub- ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, th%n. DENDRITE 221 DENUCLEATE stance altered in character for special act of unraveling or solving a plot; uses, as "denatured alcohol" (1907). outcome. dendrite (den'drit), n. a stone or denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to threat- mineral with tree-like markings. en or accuse publicly; censure; dendroid ('droid), adj. resembling a stigmatize; lay claim to (a new, or tree in appearance; arborescent. an abandoned, mine). dendrology (-drol'o-ji), n. the nat- dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; ural history of trees; a treatise on intense, trees. density (den'si-ti), n. compactness; dendrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an mass of matter per unit of volume; apparatus for taking the heights depth of shade, and diameters of trees to ascertain dent (dent), n. a slight depression their contents. caused by a blow or pressure; the denial (de-ni'al), n. the act of deny- tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, ing; refusal; contradiction; non- or metallic brush: v.t. to make a compliance. dent in. denizen (den 'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; dental (den'tal), adj. pertaining to citizen; an alien who has received the teeth; pronounced by the aid of letters patent admitting him to the the teeth : n. a letter pronounced by rights of citizenship. the aid of the teeth. denominate (de-nom'i-nat), v.t. to dentary ('ta-ri), adj. pertaining to designate; characterized by an •epi- teeth. thet; name: adj. made up of units dentate ('tat), adj. toothed. Also of a specified kind. dentated. denomination (-i-na'shun), n. the denticulate (-tik'u-lat), adj. fur- act of designating; a sect, class, or nished with small teeth. Also den- division. • ticulated. denominationalism (-al-izm), n. a dentiform ('ti-form), adj. tooth- | denominational or class spirit, or shaped. policy; the opinion that education dentifrice ('ti-fris), n. tooth-powder, should be carried out through reli- dentil ('til), n. one of the_ small ; gious bodies. square blocks or projections in cor- denominative ('i-na-tiv), adj. giv- nices. Also dentel. ing a name; formed from a sub- dentilabial (-ti-la'bi-al), adj. artic- stantive or adjectival stem; conno- ulated between the teeth and the f tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- lips. stantive or adjectival stem. dentilingual (-ling'gwal), adj. formed denominator ('i-na-ter), n. one who, between the teeth and the tongue. or that which, denominates; the ex- Dentolingual. pression of a fraction which, when dentine (den'tin), n. the hard, dense, placed below the line,^ gives the calcified tissue which forms the name or value to the unit. body of a tooth. denotable (de-not'a-bl), adj. that dentiphone ,('ti-fon), n. an audi- may be denoted. phone. denotative (-no'ta-tiv), adj. having dentist '<' tist >' n ' a dental ™*&®*> the power to denote or point out; dentistry ('tis-tn), n. dental surgery, 'gnificant. dentition (-tish'un), n. the process, ote (de-nof), v.t. to signify or or period, of cutting the teeth; ar- dentify by a visible sign; indicate; rangement of the teeth, etoken. dentoid ('toid), adj. tooth-shaped, ouement (da-noo-mang'), n. the denucleate (de-nu'kle-at), v.t. to arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DENUDATION 222 DEPOT deprive a cell of its nucleus; more commonly written enucleate. denudation (de-nu- or den-u-da/shun ) , n. the act of stripping or making bare. denude (de-nud 7 ), v.t. to make bare or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- sive action. denunciation (-nun-si-a'shun), n. the act of denouncing; a threat; menace. denunciator (-nun'si-a-ter), n. a de- nouncer. denunciatory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or containing, a denunciation. Denunciative. deodand (de'd-dand), n. any per- sonal chattel which has caused death, and for that reason has been given to God (forfeited to the Crown) for pious uses. deodorant (-o'der-ant), n. a deodor- izer. deodorize ('der-iz), v.t. to disinfect. depart (de-part'), v.i. to go or move away; leave; die; desist. department ('ment), n. a separate room or office for business; a branch of business, study, or science; a territorial administrative division. departmental ('al), adj. pertaining to a department; governed by de- partments. departure (par'chur), n. the act of departing; a going away; deviation; death. depend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely for support; trust; hang down. dependence ('ens), n. the state of being dependent; connection; reli- ance; trust. Also dependency (-si), [pi. dependencies (-siz) ], a colony. dependent Cent), adj. hanging down; contingent ; conditional ; subordinate : n. one dependent upon another; a retainer; consequence. depict (de-pikf), v.t. to paint or portray; describe or represent vivid- i ly - depilatory (de-pil'a-to-ri), adj. hav- ing the power of removing hair: n. an application for removing super- fluous hairs. depletion (-ple'shun), n. the act of emptying or exhuasting; blood-let- ting. deplorable (-plor'a-bl), adj. worthy to be deplored; sad; calamitous;! grievous. deplore (-plor'), v.t. to lament; grieve for. deploy (-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. deployed, p.pr. deploying], to open out; extend in line so as to present a wider front: n. the act of deploy- ing. Also deployment. depolarize (-po'lar-iz), v.t. to de- prive of polarity. deponent (-pon'ent), adj. denoting a Latin verb with a passive form and an active meaning: n. a witness i who makes an affidavit to a state- >_ ment of fact. f e depopulate (-pop'u-lat), v.t. to deprive of inhabitants; devastate; lay waste. n - deport (-port'), v.t. to carry from^h one country to another; banish; be- have (one's self). deportment ('ment), n. conduct; behavior. depose (-poz), v.t. to remove from a throne, or other high station; de- prive of office: v.i. testify on oath. deposit (-poz'it), v.t. to put or set down; place; intrust to another for security: n. anything deposited; something committed to the care of another; a pledge; rocks produced by denudation or by the laying down of other formations. \ depositary ('i-ta-ri), n. one with whom something is intrusted; a< guardian. deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. the act of depositing or deposing; that which is deposited or deposed; an affidavit. depositor (de-poz'i-ter), n. one who deposits. depository ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. deposi- tories (-riz)], the place where any- thing is deposited for security; a depot for the sale of publications. depot (de'po, or dep'6), n. a ware- house; a magazine for military ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, DEPRAVATION 223 DERIVATIVE stores, &c; the headquarters of a regiment; a railway station. depravation (dep-ra-va/shun), n. the act of depraving; deterioration. I deprave (de-prav'), v.t. to make bad. ' depraved (-pravd'), p.adj. morally de- based; corrupt; made bad or worse. depravity (-prav'i-ti), n. the state of being depraved or corrupt; wicked- ness. deprecable (dep're-ka-bl), adj. that which is, or should be, deprecated. deprecate ('re-kat), v.t. to pray against; disapprove strongly; ex- press regret for. deprecation (-ka'shun), the act of deprecating; in litanies, a petition to be delivered from some spiritual or temporal evil. deprecatory (dep're-ka-to-ri), adj. apologetic. depreciate (de-pre'shi-at), v.t. to lower the value, or rate, of; dis- parage: v.i. to fall in value. depreciation (-a/shun), n. the act of lessening the value or worth of; fall in value. depredate (dep're-dat), v.i. to pil- lage; rob; lay waste; prey upon. depredation (-da/shun), n. the act of depredating. depredator (dep're-da-ter), n. a plunderer. depredatory (-to-ri), adj. plundering. depress (de-pres'), v.t. to press or t thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower or cheapen. spression (-presh'un), n. the act of depressing; the sinking or falling in of a surface; abasement; dejection. ^pressor (-pres'er), n. one who, or that which, depresses; a muscle that draws down an organ or part. iprivation (dep-ri-va'shun), n. the act of taking away; destitution; loss. jprive (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; dispossess; debar; depose from office. depth (depth), n. the state or degree of being deep; profoundness. depth bomb; depth charge, a steel container filled with a powerful ex- plosive, to be lowered from a de- stroyer or other vessel. At a regu- lated depth its mechanism causes it to -explode with terrific force, shat- tering everything above it. deputation (dep-u-ta/shun), n. the act of deputing; the persons deputed. depute (de-put'), v.t. to appoint as an agent or deputy; send with au- thority to act on behalf of the prin- cipal. deputize (dep'pu-tiz), v.t. to appoint as a deputy. deputy ('ti-ti), n. [pi. deputies (-tiz) ], one appointed to act for another; a delegate. derail (de-ral'), v.i. to run off the rails: v.t. to cause to leave the rails. derange (-ranj 7 ), v.t. to throw into confusion; disturb the normal func- tions of; displace. Derby (der'bi), n. [pi. derbies ('biz) ], a race, founded, 1780, for three-year- old horses, run annually at Epsom, England. derby (der'bi), n. a kind of stiff felt hat, with convex crown and curved brim. derelict (der'e-likt), adj. abandoned; adrift: n. anything left, forsaken, or cast away intentionally, as at sea : pi. abandoned goods found at sea. dereliction (-lik'shun), n. omission, as of obligation or duty; the gain- ing of land by the permanent retire- ment of the sea. deride (-rid'), v.t. to mock; laugh at: v.i. to indulge in mockery, scorn, or ridicule. derisible (-riz'i-bl), adj. open to de- rision. derision riding; derisive (-rizh'un), n. the act of de- ridicule; scorn; contempt, (-ris'iv), adj. expressing de- rision. derivable (-riv'a-bl), adj. capable of being derived; deducible. derivation (der-i-va'shun) , n. the act of deriving, or the condition of being derived; the process of trac- ing a word from its original source; evolution; deduction. derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), adj. deiived ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DERIVE 224 DESICCATION or taken from another; deducible; lineally descended from an ancestor; secondary : n . a word obtained from offspring. some other by a prefix or suffh:, or descendent Cent), adj. descending; other modification. sinking. derive (-riv'), v.t. to draw from an descendible ('i-bl), adj. that may be original source; obtain by trans- descended; transmissible. mission or descent; trace (a word) descension ('shun), n. the act of to its original root or stem; deduce; descending; a falling; declension; infer. sinking downwards, derma (der'ma), n. the true skin. descent (-sent'), n. change from a dermal ('mal), adj. pertaining to the? higher to a lower place; a sudden or consisting of, skin. Also dermic. hostile invasion or attack; moral or dermatoid ('ma-toid), adj. like skin. social declension; transmission of an dermatology (-tol'o-ji), n. the sci- estate; derivation from a common ence which treats of the skin and its ancestor: birth; a passage from a diseases. higher to a lower pitch. dermatozoa (der'ma-to-zo'a), n. pi. describable (de-skrlb'a-bl), adj. ca- parasites, mostly microscopic, that pable of description. live in or on the skin. describe (-skrib'), v.t. to delineate or dermic, another form of dermal. trace out; narrate; set forth. dernier ressort (der'ni-er re-zor'), description (-skrip'shun), n. the act n. the last resort or expedient. of describing; delineation by marks derogate ('o-gat), v.t. to take away; or signs; an account of anything in annul partially: v.i. detract (with words or writing. from). descriptive ('tiv), adj. tending to, derogation (-ga'shun), n. the act of or serving to, describe; containing derogating; detraction; depreciation. description. derogatory (de-rog'a-to-ri),'ac(/. tend- desecrate (des'e-krat), v.t. to divert ing to derogate from honor, char- from a sacred to a secular use; pro- acter, or value (with to, from). fane. derrick ('ik), n. an apparatus for desecration (-kra'shun), n. prof ana- hoisting heavy weights. tion. derringer ('in-jer), n. a pocket pis- desert (de-zerf), v.t. to forsake; tol with a short barrel of very large abandon: v.i. abscond from duty. caliber. _ desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract dervish ('vish), n. a Mohammedan incapable of supporting life or vege- monk who professes extreme pov- tation; a solitude: adj. pertaining to erty, chastity, and humility, and a desert. I eads a very austere life; a Sou- desert (de-zerf), n. a reward or pun- danese adherent of the Mahdi. ishment deserved; merit. descant (des'kant), n. a varied song deserve (-zerv'), v.t. to earn by serv- or melody; a disquisition or com- i ce; b e justly entitled to, or worthy ment: des-kant ) v.%. to comment G f ; merit: v.i. to be worthy or de- freely; discourse at length. serving (usual with well or ill). descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from , , u .„ -,• , ,.„ a higher to a lower position; fall deshabllI «, same as dishabille. upon or invade; be derived from; desiccate (des'i-kat), v.t. to dry thor- f all in order of inheritance, or from oughly; dry up; preserve by ex- one generation to another; move to- hausting the moisture from: v.i. to ward the south: said of a star: v.t. become dry. to move or pass along downwards, desiccation (-ka'shun), n. the act of descendant ('ant), n. one who is drying. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. DESICCATIVE 225 DESTROY desiccative (des'i-ka-tiv), adj. tending to dry. desiccator (-ter), n. an apparatus for drying foods and other substances. desiderate (de-sid'er-at), v.t. to be in want or need of; desire to have. desiderative (-iv), adj. having desire. desideratum (-ra/tum), n. [pi. de- siderata ('ta) ], anything desired; a want or desire generally felt and recognized. design (-zln'), v.t. to draw, mark, or plan out; project; set apart mental- ly: v.i.'to formulate designs or exe- cute original work: n. an outline, plan, or drawing; project; intention. designate (des'ig-nat), v.t. to indicate by marks, lines, or a description the limits of; point out; distinguish; name: adj. designated; selected. designation (-na/shun), n. the act of designating; nomination; ap- pointment. designedly (de-zin'ed-li), adv. inten- tionally. designing (-zin'ing), adj. scheming; artful; cunning; insidious; wily. desirability (-zlr-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being desirable. isirable ('a-bl), adj. pleasing; agreeable. desirous ('us), adj. full of desire. ~ isist ('sist), v.i. to cease from. >late (des'o-lat), v.t. to lay waste; leprive of inhabitants; overwhelm rith sorrow: adj. deprived of in- labitants; solitary; laid waste; aban- loned; miserable. tlation (-la/shun), n. the act of lesolating; the state of being deso- ited; a solitude; ruin; destruction; iction; misery. spair (-par'), v.i. to abandon all lope, or expectation; become hope- 3s; v.t. to lose hope or confidence n. loss of hope or confidence; lopelessness; desperation. spatch (des-pach'), or dispatch (dis-), v.t. to send off; expedite; )ut to death; finish quickly: n. >eedy performance; celerity; an express; an official document sent to a minister abroad. desperado (-per-a'do), n. a man reckless of danger; a wild ruffian. desperate ('per-at), adj. regardless of danger or consequences; reckless; hopeless. despicable ('pi-ka-bl), adj. contempt- ible. despise (-spiz'), v.t. to look down upon with scorn or contempt; dis- dain. despite (-spit'), n. extreme contempt; malicious anger; scorn; hatred: prep. notwithstanding. despoil (-spoil'), v.t. to rob; deprive. despond (-spond'), v.i. to be cast down in spirits; give way to de- spondency. despondency ('en-si), n. absence of hope or courage; deep mental de- pression. despot (des'pot), n. an absolute ir- responsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. despotic (-pot'ik), adj. absolute in power; autocratic; irresponsible; arbitrary; tyrannical. Also despot- ical. despotism ('pot-izm), n. absolute power or government; tyranny. dessert (dez-erf), n. a course of fruits, sweets, &c, usually served last at dinner. destination (des-ti-na'shun), n. pur- pose or end for which anything is appointed; ultimate design; goal; termination. destine (des'tin), v.t. to appoint to any use or purpose; fix unalterably; doom. destiny ('ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies (-niz) ], premeditated lot; fate; inevitable necessity. destitute ('ti-tut), adj. without means of existence; forsaken; poor; penniless. destitution (-tu'shun), n. poverty; want. destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull down; overturn; lay waste; render arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DESTRUCTIBILITY 226 DETERMINATIVE desolate; kill; put an end to; dis- prove. destructibility (-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being destructible. destructible ('ti-bl); adj. that may- be destroyed. destruction (-struk'shun), n. the act or process of destroying; sub- version; overthrow; ruin; death. destructive ('tiv), adj. tending to, or causing, destruction; ruinous; hurtful. destructiveness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being destructive; a propen- sity to destroy. desudation (des-u-da'shun), n. pro- fuse sweating. desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing from one thing to another without order or method; cursory; erratic. desultorily (-ri-li), adv. in a desul- tory manner. detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; detail for a specific purpose; send away from. detaching-roller (de-tach'ing-ro'ler) n. a roller on a cotton-combing machine for detaching a tuft of cot- ton after _t is combed. detachment ('ment), n. the act of detaching; the thing detached; a body of troops, or certain ships, de- tached from the main body and sent on special service. detail (de-tal'), v.t. to relate minute- ly; enumerate; tell off for a given duty: v.i. to give details of: n. an item; a particular or minute ac- count; a small detachment for spe- cial service: pi. minute parts of a picture, statue, &c. detain _ (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back; restrain from departure; retain in custody. detainer ('er), n. one who detains; a writ for holding a person in cus- tody. detainment ('ment), n. detention. detect (de-tekf), v.t. to discover; bring to light; expose; find out; as- certain the character of. detectable (-tek'ta-bl), adj. that may be detected. Also detectible. detection ('shun), n. the act of de- tecting or its result; discovery. detective ('tiv), adj. employed in de- tecting; pertaining to detectives, or detection: n. one whose business it is to trace wrong-doers. detector ('ter), n. one who, or that which, detects; an apparatus or de- vice for indicating the presence of anything. detent (de-tenf), n. a pin, lever, or stud forming a stop in a clock, lock, &c. detention (-ten'shun), n. the act of detaining or withholding; restraint; delay. detentive ('tiv), adj. employed in detaining. deter (de-ter), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- terred, p.pr. deterringl, to discourage or hinder, by fear; restrain; dis- hearten. deterge (-terj'), v.t. to cleanse, as a wound. deteriorate (-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. to re- duce to an inferior quality or value; impair: v.i. to grow worse. deterioration (-ra'shun), n. deg eracy. determinable (-ter'mi-na-bl), adj. capable of being definitely ascer- tained; denned with clearness; ter- minable. determinant ('mi-nant), adj. caus- ing determination: n. that which determines, decides, or establishes something. determinate ('mi-nat), adj. having definite or fixed limits; clearly de- fined;* specific. determination (-na/shun), n. the act of determining; purpose; reso- lution. determinative ('min-ll-tiv), adj. de- termining, limiting, or defining; tending to define the genus or species: n. that which serves to de- termine the quality or character of something else; a demonstrative pronoun; an ideograph. ' — . — _____________ _ — _ . ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DETERMINE 227 DEVIATION determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the bounds of; put an end to; restrict. determined ('mind), p. adj. reso- lute; inflexible; fixed; circumscribed; limited. determinism (de-ter'min-izm), n. the doctrine in philosophy that all acts are pre-determined by some efficient cause. deterrent (-ter'ent), adj. serving, or tending, to detei: n. that which deters. detest (-test'), v.t. to hate intensely. detestation (de-tes- or det-es-ta'- shun), n. extreme dislike or abhor- rence; loathing. dethrone (-thron'), v.t. to remove from a throne; deprive of authority. detinue (det'i-nu), n. a writ for the recovery of chattels unlawfully de- tained. detonate (det'o-nat), v.t. to cause to explode with a loud and sudden report: v.i. to explode loudly and suddenly. detonation (-o-na'shun), n. a sudden explosion with a loud report. detonator ('o-na-ter), n. a substance that detonates; a percussion-cap. detour (de-toor'), n. a circuitous way. detract (-trakf), v.t. to draw or take away (with from): v.i. take away the reputation. detraction (-trak'shun), n. depre- ciation; defamation; slander. detractor ('ter), n. one who de- tracts; a muscle that draws away some part. detrain (de-tran'), v.t. to remove from a train, as troops: v.i. alight from a train. detriment (det'ri-ment), n. that which injures, reduces in value, or causes damage. detrimental ('al), adj. injurious. detrital (de-tri'tal), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, detritus. detritus ('tus), n. accumulations arising from fragments of rocks broken off or worn away; debris; waste. de trop (de-tro'), too much; out of place; not wanted: said of a per- son whose presence is not desired. deuce (dus), n. the devil; a card or dice with two spots; a term used in scoring at lawn tennis. deuce-ace ('as), n. the one and two thrown at dice. deutoplasm (du'to-plazm), n. the secondary or nutritive plasm or albu- minous part of the yolk, which pro- vides food for the embryo. Deutzia (dut'zi-a), n. a small genus of handsome Chinese and Japanese shrubs. dev (dav), n. one of the high powers or gods in nature. Also deva. devachan (da'va-kan), n. in occultism, a state into which the higher spiritual life of man passes after death. devachanee (-e'), n. one who is in the enjoyment of the devachan. devaporation (de-vap-o-ra'shun) , n. the change of vapor into water. devastate (dev'as-tat), v.t. to lay waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. devastation (-ta-shun), n. the act of devastating; desolation; waste; destruction. devastator ('as-ta-ter), n. one who devastates. develop (de-vel'op), v.t. to unfold gradually; make known in detail; complete; to cause to go from a lower to a higher state; bring to view by inducing changes on a sen- sitized plate: v.i. to advance from one stage to another; become grad- ually apparent. development (-ment), n. the act of developing. devest (de-vest'), v.t. to alienate or annul, as right or title: v.i. to be lost or alienated. deviate (de'vi-at), v.i. to turn aside from a certain course; diverge; err: v.t. to change the direction or posi- tion of. deviation (-a/shun), n. the act of deviating; digression; wandering; variation from established rule; er- ror. i, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. f DEVIATOR 228 DIACRITICAL MARK deviator (-ter), n. one who deviates. device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; invention; a stratagem; a fanciful design or pattern; a heraldic em- blem. devilish (-ish), adj. diabolical; ex- tremely wicked; infernal; excessive. devilkin (-kin), n. a little devil. devilment (-ment), n. roguishness. devilry (-ri), malicious mischief; dia- bolical wickedness. devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; circuitous. devisable (-vis'a-bl), adj. capable of being imagined or bequeathed. devise (-viz'), v.t. to imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath by will: n. a gift of real property by will; a will. devisee (dev-i-ze'), n. the person to whom a bequest has been made. deviser (de-viz'er), n. one who de- vises or invents. devisor ('er), n. one who bequeaths by will. devoid (-void'), adj. destitute of. devoir (dev-war'), n. a service or duty owed; an act of courtesy or respect (usual -pi.). devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer from one to another; transmit: v.i. to be transferred or transmitted. devote (de-vot')^ v.t. to dedicate or consecrate; consign to evil; give up wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to some object. devotee (dev-o-te'), n. a votary; en- thusiast. devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of devoting or consecrating; the state of being devoted; strong affection; ardent love; religious worship; prayer (usually pi.). devotional (-al), adj. devout. devour, (de-vour') v.t. to swallow greedily or ravenously; consume or destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjoy with avidity. devout (-vouf), adj. devoted to religi- ous thoughts and exercises; heartfelt. dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- densed from the atmosphere and de- posited in small drops at evening; that which falls lightly and in a re- freshing manner. dew-claw ('claw), n. the little claw behind a dog's foot; the false hoof of a deer. dewlap ('lap), n. the loose skin that hangs from the neck of an ox or cow. dexter (deks'ter), adj. right: opposed to left. dexterity ('i-ti), n. manual skill; mental or physical adroitness; clev- erness. dexterous (-us), adj. possessing manual skill; quick, mentally or physically; adroit; clever. Also dextrous. dextrine ('trin), n. a white gummy substance found in plant sap, &c: used as gum. dextrose ^ ('tros), n. a white crystal- line variety of sugar found in sweet fruits: as the grape, cherry, &c, and in diabetic urine. diabetes (-a-be'tez), n. a disease characterized by a morbid and ex- cessive discharge of urine. diabetic (-bet'ik), adj. pertaining to diabetes. diablerie (di-ab'le-re), n. impish mischief; deviltry. diabolic (di-a-bol'ik), or diabolic- al (-al), adj. devilish; outrageously wicked; impious. diacaustic (-a-kaws'tik), adj. denot- ing a caustic curve formed by re- fracted rays: n. a diacaustic curve. diaconal (-ak'o-nal), adj. pertaining to a deacon. diaconate (-ak'o-nat), n. the office or dignity of a deacon; deacons col- lectively. diacoustics (di-a-kous' or -koos'- tiks), n.pl. the science of refracted sounds; diaphonics. diacritical (-krit'i-kal), adj. serving to separate or distinguish; sufficient to magnetize an iron core to one- half its saturation. Also diacritic. diacritical mark (mark), n. a mark employed to distinguish letters or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ! DIADEM 229 DIAPHYLACTIC sounds which resemble each other, and to indicate their true pronun- ciation, as a, o. diadem ('a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. diaeresis, same as dieresis. diaglyphic (-glif'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an intaglio: sunk into the general surface. diagnose (-ag-nos'), v.t. to ascer- tain, as a disease, by its general symptoms. diagnosis (-no'sis), n. [-pi. diagnoses ('sez) ], scientific discrimination; the recognition of a disease by its symp- toms. diagnostic (-nos'tik), adj. charac- teristic: n. a symptom distinguish- ing a disease. liagometer (-gom'e-ter), n. a kind of electroscope for measuring and determining relative conductivity. liagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. extending from one angle to another: n. a straight oblique line dividing a rec- tangular figure into equal parts. [iagram ('a-gram), n. a geometrical figure; a mechanical plan; an out- line, drawing, or figure. tiagraph ('a-graf), n. an instrument for drawing figures or objects me- chanically. lial (dl'al), n. an instrument for showing the time by the sun's shad- ow; the face of a timepiece; any plate on which an index finger marks revolutions, pressure, &c; an insulated fixed wheel used in> telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- dicate by a dial; survey with a miner's compass. lialect ('a-lekt), n. the peculiar manner in which a language is spoken in a province or district of a country; idiom; a sub-division of a language. lialectic T'ik), adj. pertaining to a dialect, or to logic. Also dialectical. lialectics ('iks), n.pl. the art of rea- soning. lialect ici an (-tish'an), n. a logician. tialing ('al-ing), n. the art of con- structing dials. dialogue ('a-log), n. a conversation between two or more persons; a literary composition in which per- sons are represented as reasoning on, or discussing, a subject. dialysis (-al'i-sis), n. the breaking up, or division, of one syllable into two; in Latin grammar, the change of j and v into i and u ; the separa- tion of different substances in solu- tion by diffusion through a moist membrane or septum. diameter (di-am'e-ter), n. the length of a line passing through the center of any object from one side to the other; the distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column. diametrical (-a-met'ri-kal), adj. per- taining to a diameter; directly ad- verse or opposite. diamond (di'a-mund), n. a gem of extreme hardness and . refractive power: a rhomboidal figure; a play- ing card with one or more lozenge- shaped figures; a glass cutter's tool; the smallest kind of type generally used (see type): adj. resembling a diamond. diapason (-a-pa'zon), n. the entire compass of a voice or instrument ; a recognized musical standard of pitch; the foundation stops of an organ. diaper ('a-per), n. linen cloth woven in geometric patterns; a napkin; surface decoration of one or more simple, figures repeated: v.t. to varie- gate or embroider; work in diaper. diaphane (-af'a-ne), n. the art of imitating stained glass by trans- parencies on plain glass. diaphanous (-af'a-nus), adj. trans- parent. diaphoretic (-fo-ret'ik), adj. pro- ducing perspiration: n. a sudorific medicine. diaphragm ('a-fram), n. the mid- riff, which divides the chest from the abdomen ; any substance that in- tercepts or divides. diaphylactic (-fi-lak'tik), n. a pre- ventive against disease. ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIARIST 230 DIDODECAHEDRAL diarist ('a-rist), n. one who keeps a dicrotic (di-krot'ik), adj. having a diary. double or secondary pulse-beat. diarrhoea (dl-a-re'a), n. a morbidly dictate (dik'tat), v.t. declare with persistent purging or looseness of authority; express orally so that the bowels. another may take words down in diary ('a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (-riz) ], writing: v.i. to speak with final au- a register of daily occurrences or thority; prescribe: n. an injunction; duties; a book for daily memoranda. command; a controlling principle. diascope ('as-kop), n. machine for dictation (-ta/shun), n. the act of showing motion pictures in daylight. dictating; the thing dictated; au- diastase ('a-stas), n. a soluble nitrog- thoritative utterance. enous ferment formed in germinat- dictator ('ter), n. one who dictates; ing grain and animal fluids. one invested with absolute powers of diastole (-as'to-le), n. the rhythmical government; an ancient Roman expansion and dilatation of the magistrate^ with supreme authority, heart and arteries in beating; the appointed in times of emergency, lengthening of a syllable naturally dictatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining short. to a dictator; absolute; imperious. diastyle ('a-stil), n. an arrangement diction (dik'shun), n. manner of of columns in which the interspace speaking or expression; choice of between each measures 3 or 4 diam- words; style, eters of the shaft. dictograph (dic'to-graf), n. an adap- diatonic (-a-ton'ik), adj. designating tation of the interior telephone, the regular tones of a key or scale. much used by detectives. diatribe ('a-trib), n. a continued dis- dictionary (-a-ri), n. [pi. diction- course or disputation; a strain of aries (-riz) ], a book containing all, violent abuse; bitter criticism. or the principal, words in a lan- dibber (dib'er), n. an instrument guage, arranged alphabetically, with with a sharp steel point: used by their meanings, derivations, &c; a gardeners, miners, &c. lexicon; vocabulary; wordbook. dibble (dib'l), n. a gardening tool dictum ('turn), n. [pi. dicta ('ta) ], a for making holes in the earth: v.t. dogmatic or authoritative assertion; plant with a dibble: v.i. dip bait aphorism, gently into the water. didactic (di-dak'tik), adj. teaching; dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes marked instructing; explanatory. Also di- on the sides with one to six spots: dactical. used in games of chance: v.i. to didactics ('tiks), n.pl. the art of play with dice: v.t. to decorate with teaching. woven patterns to resemble cubes; didactyl (-dak'til), adj. having two cut into cubes. digits, as fingers or toes: n. an ani- dichromism (-mizm), n. color blind- mal ^a onl y two toes on each foot - ness characterized by inability to see diddle (did'l), v.t. to overreach or more than one of the three primary cheat: v.i. to totter like a child; colors. trifle. dicky (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies ('iz) ] didecahedral (di-dek-a-he'dral), adj. a small separate shirt front; a seat having the form of a ten-sided prism at the back of a coach; a child's bib wi tn a five-sided base, or pinafore; a donkey. dido (di'do), n. a caper. dicotyledon (drtio-ty-le-don), n. a didodecahedral (-do-dek-a-he'dr&l), plant which has two cotyledons with adj. having the form of a prism with two stems. 12 sides and a 6-sided base. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIDYMOUS 231 DIGEST didymous (did'i-mus), adj. growing in pairs; paireci or double. dielectric (dl-e-lek'trik), adj. non- conducting: n. any medium, as glass, &c, that transmits electric force by induction. dieresis (-er'e-sis), n. a sign (•■) placed over the second of two sepa- rate vowels to show that each has a separate sound in pronunciation, as aerated; a division in a line or verse; cell-division. Also diaeresis. Diesel engine (de'sel-en'gin), n. an internal combustion engine that uses crude oil injected under high pressure. diesis (dl'e-sis), n. the double dagger {%) used in printing; the difference between a greater and less semitone. diet (di'et), n. solid or liquid food; manner of living, with special refer- ence to food; a deliberative conven- tion; a national or legislative assem- bly. dietary (dl'e-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to the rules of diet: n.pl. dietaries (-riz) ], a certain fixed allowance of food; system of diet. dietetic (di-e-tet-ik), adj. regulating food or diet. Also dieterical: n.pl. that branch of hygiene which relates to rules of diet. difference ('er-ens), n. the act or state of being unlike; disparity; distinction; controversy; quarrel; on the Stock Exchange, the margin payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- guish between; discriminate; take the difference of. different ('er-ent), adj. unlike; dis- tinct. differentia (-en'shi-a), n. [pi. dif- ferentiae (-e) ], that which distin- guishes one species from another of the same genus. differential ('shal), adj. indicating a difference; having different veloci- ties. differential calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. the method of finding an infinite- ly small quantity which shall equal a given quantity when taken in- finite times. differential duties (du'tiz), n.pl. duties levied unequally on similar produce from foreign countries. differentiate (-en / shi 7 at), v.t. to con- stitute a difference between; spe- cialize in structure or functions: v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- rate character. differentiation (-a'shun), n. the act of differentiating; specialization. difficult ('i-kult), adj. not easy; arduous; perplexing; not easily managed. difficulty (-kul-ti), n. [pi. difficulties (-tiz) ], something that requires la- bor or skill to overcome; scruple; objection; controversy: pi. compli- cation of affairs; embarrassment; perplexity. diffidence ('i-dens), n. lack of self- reliance; modest reserve. diffident ('i-dent), adj. lacking self- reliance; shy; modest. diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'shun), n. the act of turning aside a ray of light when passing the edge of an opaque body. diffractive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to diffraction. diffuse (dif-uz'), v.t. to pour out and spread all around; scatter; circu- late: adj. (dif-us) widely spread; verbose; redundant. diffusible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing diffused.. diffusion (dif-ii'zhun), n. the act of diffusing; a spreading abroad; the passing by osmosis through animal membranes. diffusive (-us'iv), adj. capable of dif- fusing; spreading every way ; widely reaching. digamma (dl-gam'a), n. one of the letters of the early alphabet of the Greeks, with a sound between the English V and W. digest (dl'jest), n. any compilation, abridgment, or summary of laws ar- ranged methodically under proper heads, or titles: the Pandects of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIGESTER 232 DILEMMA Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. dignity or honor; # an ecclesiastic who (di-jesf), to arrange methodically un- holds rank above a priest or canon, der proper heads or titles; classify; dignity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. dignities (-tiz)J, dissolve in the stomach by the action elevation of rank ; degree of excel- of digestive juices; think over and lence; moral worth; qualities suited arrange in tfye mind ; soften and pre- to inspire or command respect and pare by heat: v.i. to be digested, or reverence, prepared by heat. digraph (di'graf), n. combination of digester ('er), n. an apparatus for two sounds or characters to repre- extracting the essence of a substance sent one simple sound, as read, by heat. Also digram. digestibility (-jes-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the digress (di- or dl-gres'), v.i. to turn quality of being digestible. aside; deviate from the main sub- digestible ('ti-bl), adj. capable of ject or line of argument; wander, being digested. digression (-gresh'un), n. the act of digestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of digressing; the angular distance of digesting; the conversion of food by the planets Mercury and Venus from the action of the gastric juices into the sun. soluble products; mental or physical digressive (-gres'iv), adj. character- assimilation, ized by digression. digestive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to dihedral (-he'dral), adj. having two digestion. plane faces or sides. digger (dig'er), n. one who digs. dike (dik), n. an embankment or cut- Digger, n. a name of a class of Cali- ting of earth, especially one thrown fornian Indians who subsist chiefly up as a protection against the sea, on roots. floods, &c; a mass of igneous intru- digging ('ing), n. the act of excavat- sive rock. Also dyke: v.t. to sur- ing: pi. a locality where mining op- round, protect, or inclose with a erations, especially for gold, are car- dike; drain by ditching, ried on; residence. dilapidate (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. to bring digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a into partial ruin by neglect or mis- measure (%inch); l-12th of the di- use: v.i. to become dilapidated, ameterof the sun or moon; anyone dilapidation ('i-da/shun), n. a state of the Arabic numerals. of partial ruin, especially through digital ('i-tal), adj. pertaining to a neglect or misuse. digit. dilatation (-ta'shun), n. expansion. Digitalis (-i-ta'lis), n. a genus of tall dilate (.^t'), v.t. to enlarge or ex- plants, the ngworts,imcludmg the pand in all directions; distend: v.i. toxglove. to be extended or enlarged; speak digitate ( i-tat), adj. finger-shaped. f u n y and copiously. digitigrade ('i-ti-grad) , adj. walk- dii at0 r ( r er), n. one who, or that ing on the toes, as cats, dogs; &c. which) dilates; a surgical instrument dignified (dig'ni-fld), adj. invested, for opening or expanding an orifice, or marked, with dignity; noble; &c; a muscle that dilates the parts stately. on which it acts. dignify ('ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dig- dilatory (dil'a-to-ri), adj. causing, or mfied, p.pr. dignifying], to invest tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; tive. confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble, dilemma (di- or dl-lem'a), n. an dignitary (-ta-ri), n. [pi. dignitaries awkward or vexatious situation; an (-riz)], one who holds a position of argument which presents an antag- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DILETTANTE 233 DIPLOMACY onist with alternatives, each of which is fatal to his cause. dilettante (-e-tan'te), n. [pi. dilet- tanti (-ti)J, one who pursues the fine arts, literature, or science, only for amusement; an amateur: op- posed to connoisseur: adj. pertain- ing to dilettanti, or dilettantism. dilettantism ('tizm), n. the charac- teristics of dilettanti; amateurish pursuit of art, literature, &c. (used in a disparaging sense). diligence _('i-jens), n. careful atten- tion; assiduity; industry; a French stage-coach (de-la-zhans')- dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the >arsley family, with an aromatic fruit. lute (di- or di-lut'), v.t. to thin or weaken by the admixture of another fluid, especially water: weaken: v.i. to become thinner. lution (-hi 'shun), n. the act of di- luting; a weak liquid. luvial (-lu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or resulting from, a deluge or flood. tension (di-men'shun), n. the size or measured extent of a body; cubic capacity; the literal factor of an algebraic product or term: pi. mag- nitude or importance. lensional (-al), pertaining to di- mension. tinish (di-min'ish), v.t. to make less ; reduce in bulk or amount; weaken; "mpair; detract from; reduce by a semitone: v.i. to lessen; dwindle. linuendo (dim-in-u-en'do), adv. a musical term meaning to gradually decrease in loudness. dnution _ (dim-i-nu'shun), n. the act of making less; reduction; les- sening. unutive (di-min'ti-tiv), adj. be- low the average size; little; con- tracted; narrow: n. a word formed from another to express the sense of 'ittleness. imissory (dim'is-o-ri), adj. sending to the jurisdiction of another; giv- ing leave to depart. dimity ('i-ti), n. [pi. dimities (-tiz)J, a cotton cloth of thick texture with a ridged surface. dimorphism (di-mor'fizm), n. the quality of assuming, cristallizing, or existing in, two forms. dimorphous ('fus), adj. existing in two forms. Also dimorphic. dimple (dim'pl), n. a small depres- sion or hollow in the cheek or chin; ah indentation: v.i. to form dim- ples; sink in slight depressions: v.t. to mark with dimples. dimply ('pli), adj. full of, or marked with, dimples. Also dimpled. dingle (ding'gl), n. a narrow hollow between hills; the enclosed weather- porch of a house. dingy (din'ji), adj. dark-colored; dirty. dint (dint), n. a mark left by a blow or pressure; force or power (with of) : v.t. to make a mark on or in. diocesan (di-os'e-san, or dl'o-se-san), adj. of, or pertaining to, a diocese: n. a bishop. diocese ('o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (-se- sez) J, a bishop's see; a bishopric. dioptric ('trik), adj. assisting vision by means of the refraction of light in viewing distant objects. Also dioptrical. diorama (-ra'mll), n. an exhibition of pictures on movable screens, viewed through a large opening in a darkened room. dioxide (-oks'id), n. an oxide con- sisting of 2 atoms of oxygen and 1 atom of a metal. diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-a), n. a contagious throat-disease charac- terized by the formation of a false membrane in the air-passages. Also diphtheritis. diphthong ('thong), n. the union of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable. diploma (di-plo'ma), n. a writing on parchment or paper under sign and seal, conferring some honor, author- ity, &c. diplomacy ( r ma-si), or -plom'a-si), n. [pi. diplomacies (-siz) ], the art of ;, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIPLOMAT 234 DISARMAMENT conducting negotiations between two states or nations^ or of transacting international business; skill in con- ducting negotiations. diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. a diplo- matist. diplomatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to diplomacy; characterized by spe- cial tact in the management of affairs. diplomatic corps (kor), n. all the diplomatic officers accredited to one sovereign government by others. diplomatist ('ma-tist), n. one who is skilled in diplomacy. dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or that which, dips; a water-fowl. dipsomania (-so-ma/ni-a), n. a mor- bid and uncontrollable craving for alcoholic drinks. dipsomaniac ('ni-ak), n. one who suffers from dipsomania: adj. pert. to dipsomania. dipteral ('te-ral), adj. furnished with a double row of columns, as in tem- ples; dipterous. dipterous ('te-rus), adj. two- winged. dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful. direct _ (di-rekt'), adj. straight; not circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- ward; not- of collateral descent; not retrograde: v.t. to aim or drive in a straight line; guide or show; point out or determine with authority: v.i. to act as a guide. direction (-rek'shun), n. relative po- sition; a command; order; guidance; the address of a person on a package, &c. directly ('li), adv. in a direct or straight line; immediately; openly. director ('ter), n. one who directs or superintends; one appointed to transact the affairs of a company, &c; a spiritual guide or adviser; a surgical instrument. directorate ('to-rat), n. the office of a director; a body or board of direc- tors. directory ('to-ri), n. [pi. directories (-riz) ], a book containing the names, addresses, and occupations of the residents of a place; a body of directors; a book of ecclesiastical rules or directions for divine wor- ship: adj. guiding; commanding. direct primary (di-rekt 7 pri'ma-ri), n. method of . making nominations for political elective offices; the people vote for persons they favor for candidates, and winners in the primary become the nominees in a regular election. direful (dir 'fool), adj. dreadful; dismal. dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn. dirigible (dir'i-ji-ble), adj. that may be guided or steered: as, a dirigible balloon. dirk (derk), n. a dagger. dirtily ('ti-li), adv. filthily; meanly. dis-, prefix, signifies separation, pri- vation or negation. disability (dis-a-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. dis- abilities (-tiz) ], lack of physical, intellectual, or social fitness; legal incapacity. disable (-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of power; disqualify; impoverish; in- capacitate. disabuse (-buz'), v.t. to clear from mistakes or false conceptions; set right. disaffect (-a-fekf), v.t. to fill with discontent; alienate the affections from; disturb the functions of. disaffection (-fek'shun), n. aliena- tion of affection; disloyalty; ill-will. disagreeable (-a'bl), adj. exciting repugnance or displeasure : n. > that which is displeasing or unsatisfac- tory. disappear (-a-per'), v.i. to pass away; vanish. disappearance ('ans), n. removal from sight. disappoint (-point'), v.t. to thwart or frustrate the hopes of; fail to keep an appointment with. disappointment ('ment), n. defeat or failure of expectation; state of depression caused by failure, &c. disarm (-arm'), v.t. to deprive of arms; reduce to a peace footing; render harmless; subdue. disarmament (-arm'a-ment), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISARRAY 235 DISCOUNT act of disarming; reduction to a disciplinable (dis'i-plin-a-bl), adj' peace footing. capable of instruction, or liable to disarray (-ra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- disciplinary punishment. arrayed, p.pr. disarraying], throw disciplinarian (-pli-na'ri-an) , adj. into disorder; rout: n. negligent or pertaining to discipline: n. one who insufficient dress; confusion. advocates, or enforces, strict dis- disaster (-as'ter), n. a sudden or un- cipline. expected misfortune; a serious acci- disciplinary ('i-plin-a-ri), adj. per- dent. taining to discipline. disastrous ('trus), adj. occasioning discipline ('i-plm), n. _ mental _ or loss or misfortune; unfortunate; ca- moral training; education; subjec- lamitous. tion to control; military regulation; disavow (dis-a-vow'), v.t. to deny; chastisement; an instrument of pun- to repudiate. ishment: v.t. to train to obedience disband (-band'), v.t. to dismiss from or efficiency; regulate; chastise, military service; break up: v.i. to disclaim (-klam'), v.t. to disown; re- be dismissed. pudiate. disbar (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- disclose (4d5z'), v.t. to uncover; re- barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive veal. a lawyer of his right to practice. disclosure ('ur), the act of revealing disburden (-ber'dn), v.t. to remove anything secret; discovery; uncov- a burden from; relieve of anything ering. annoying or oppressive: v.i. to ease discoid Ckoid), adj. disk-shaped, one's mind. discolor (-kul'er), v.t. to change from disburse (-bers'), v.t. to expend. the natural color; give a false corn- disc, another form of disk. plexion to; stain. discard (-kiird'), v.t. to cast off as discomfit (-kum'fit), v.t. to defeat; useless; dismiss from service; reject rout; frustrate; thwart, as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to discomfiture ('fi-tur), n. defeat; throw out cards not required. disappointment. discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish discommode (-kom-od'), v.t. to in- mentally, or with the eye; judge or convenience. decide between: v.i. to make distinc- discompose (-kom-poz'), v.t. disar- tion. range; vex; ruffle. discernible ('i-bl), adj. perceptible. disconcert (-kon-serf), v.t. to disturb discernment ('ment), n. acuteness the composure or self-possession of; in judgment; penetration; discrimi- frustrate. nation. ■ disconsolate ('so-lat), adj. hopeless; discharge (-cnarj), v.t. unload; dis- g^ embark; free from any burden, im- ,. ' - , n a j\ j- .. pediment, or obligation; exonerate dlsco ' d } kor V> n ' disagreement; a or acquit; free from restraint or confused noise; a combination of custody; let fly; explode; perform discordant sounds; disagreement in (a trust or duty): v.i. to send out colorm S or P arts « liquid matter: n. the act of dis- discordant ('ant), adj. at variance; charging; that which is discharged; inharmonious; jarring; incongruous, an explosion; a flowing or issuing discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- out; dismission from office or em- ducted or allowed for prompt pay- ployment; liberation. ment of an account; a deduction disciple (di-sl'pl), n. one who re- made according to the current rate ceives the teaching of another; a of interest: v.i. (dis-kounf) to allow scholar; a follower. a discount on; advance money, ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISCOURAGE 236 DISHONOR deducting a certain rate per cent.; make a deduction from; anticipate. discourage (-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive or lessen the courage of; dishearten; deter. discourse (-kors'), n. speech or lan- guage; conversation; a treatise or dissertation; sermon: v.t. & v.i. to talk or converse; utter; communi- cate ideas orally. discover (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to light; reveal; find (something pre- viously unknown). discovery (-i), n. [pi. discoveries (-iz) ], a bringing to light or making known, especially for the first time; disclosure. discreet (-kref), adj. prudent; cir- • cumspect. discrepancy (-krep'an-si), n. inconsist- ency; difference. Also discrepance. discrepant ('ant), adj. disagreeing; different. discrete (-kref), adj. separate from others; distinct; not continuous. discretion (-kresh'un), n. prudence; Judgment; sagacity; skill. discriminate (-krim'i-nat), v.t. to observe or mark the differences be- tween; seiect: v.i. to make a differ- ence or distinction. discrimination (-i-na/shun), n. pow- er of penetration; faculty of nice discernment. discriminative ('i-na-tiv), adj. char- acteristic. discriminator ('-na-ter), n. one who discriminates. discursive (-ker'siv), adj. desultory. discuss (dis-kus'), v.t. to debate; agi- tate; reason upon; test (viands). discussion (-kush'un), n. argument; ^ debate; ventilation of a question. disdain (-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- thy; deem unsuitable; look upon with contempt or scorn: n. con- tempt; haughty, or indignant scorn. disdainful ('fool), adj. contemptuous. disease (di-zez'), n. any mental, moral, or physical disorder; mal- ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; derange. disembogue (dis-em-b5g'), v.t. to pour out or discharge at the mouth, said of a river: v.i. to find a vent: pass across, or out, at the mouth of a river. disembowel (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disembowel- ing!, to deprive of bowels; wound in the abdomen, so that the bowels protrude. disfiguration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. de- formity. disfranchise (-fran'chiz), v.t. to de- prive of electoral or municipal priv- ileges, especially _ to withdraw the power of voting in elections. disgorge (-gorj'), v.t. to force out of the mouth or stomach with violence; surrender what has been unlawfully obtained; make restitution of. disgrace (-gras'), n. the state of be- ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; dishonor: v.t. to bring shame, re- proval, or dishonor upon; dismiss with dishonor. disgraceful ('fool), adj. character- ized by, or occasioning, disgrace. disguise (-giz'), v.t. to change the appearance of, as by an unusual dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a dress designed to conceal the iden- tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- pearance; false pretense. disgust (-gust'), v.t. to cause aver- sion in, or repugnance to; offend the moral sense of: n. strong aversion or repugnance. dishabille (dis-a-bil'), n. undress or negligent attire. Also deshabille. dishearten (-har'tn), v.t. to discour- age. dishevel (-shev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- order (the hair) or cause it to hang negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- order. dishonor (-on'er), v.t. to deprive of honor; bring shame upon the char- acter of; lessen the reputation of; violate the chastity of; refuse, or fail, to pay (a bill or note when due and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISINFECT 237 DISPENSATION presented): n. disgrace; ignominy; shame; violation of dignity. disinfect (dis-in-fekf), v.t. to destroy or remove disease-producing germs. disingenuous (dis-in-jen'u-us), adj. wanting in sincerity or frankness. disintegrate (-in'te-grat), v.t. to break up into component parts by mechanical or atmospheric agency: v.i. separate. disintegration (-gra'shun), n. the act of disintegrating; wearing down of rocks by atmospheric influences; separation. disjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj. serv- ing, or tending to, disjoin or sepa- rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction which connects grammatically two words or clauses disjoined in mean- disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a flat circular plate, or anything re- sembling it; the whole surface of a leaf. Also disc. disk-plow (disk'plou), n. a plow the action of which depends upon re- volving disks instead of ordinary plowshares. dislocate ('lo-kat), v.t. to put out of joint; interrupt the continuity of. dislodge (-loj'), v.t. to remove or drive out from a place of lodgment; drive from a hiding-place or chosen station. disloyal (dis-loi'al), adj. untrue to one's obligations or duties. dismal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; de- pressing; dark; horrid; sorrowful. dismantle (dis-mant'l), v.t. to strip or divest of furniture, equipment, or means of defense; raze; demolish. dismay (-ma'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- mayed, p.pr. dismaying], to terrify; dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n. loss of courage through fear; a con- dition of terror. dismember (-mem'ber), v.t. to cut or tear limb from limb; sever into parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- er; divide. dismiss (-mis') v.t. to send away; per- mit to depart; discharge from office or employment; efface from memory. dismissal ('al), n. the act of dis- missing; removal from office, &c. dismount (dis-mounf), v.i. to get down; to alight: v.t. to take down. disobedience (dis-o-be'di-ens), n. re- fusal to obey authority. disorder (-or'der), n. want of order or arrangement; lack of system; ir- regularity; breach of public order; riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. to throw into confusion; disturb the regular mental or physical functions; derange; ruffle. disorganize (dis-or'gan-iz), v-.t. to disarrange; to throw into confusion. disown (dis-on'), v.t. to deny relation- ship; to cast off. disparage (-par'aj), v.t. treat with contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- ciate; belittle. disparagement (-ment), n. the act of disparaging; depreciation; re- proach; disgrace (often with to). disparity (-par'i-ti), n. [pi. disparities (tiz) ], inequality of rank, station, degree, or excellence; disproportion. dispart (-part'), n. the difference be- tween the thickness of the muzzle of a piece of ordnance and its breech. dispassionate (-pash'un-at), adj. free from passion; calm; unprejudiced; impartial. dispatch, same as despatch. dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive away by, or as by, scattering; dis- perse; dissipate. dispensable (-pen'sa-bl) , adj. that \ior which a dispensation may be granted. dispensary ('sa-ri), n. [pi. dispen- saries (-riz) ], a place where med- icines are kept and made up; a charitable institution for providing the poor with medical advice and medicines. dispensation (-sa'shun), n. the act of dispensing; distribution; that which is appointed or bestowed by a higher power; the particular way by ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISPENSE 238 DISSENTING which, at different periods, God has made known His dealings with man- kind; the suspending of a rule or law in some particular case; a li- cense granted from the Pope, or by a bishop. dispense (dis-pens'), v.t. to deal out in portions; distribute; give forth effusively; excuse: v.i. to give dis- pensation; distribute medicines. dispermous (di-sper'mus), adj. two- seeded. disperse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scatter in different directions or parts; dif- fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i' to separate; go to different parts; vanish out of sight. dispersion (-per 'shun), n. the act of dispersing; the separation of light into different coV .ed rays in passing through a prism. dispirit (-pir'it), v.t. to depress the spirits of; dishearten; render cheer- less. displacement ('ment), n. the act of displacing; substitution; apparent change of position; the weight of water displaced by a solid body im- mersed in it. display (-pla/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- played, p.vr. displaying], to spread out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- tice; manifest mentally or physical- ly: v.i. to make a display. displeasure (dis-plezh'ur), n. annoy- ance; vexation; distaste; pique. disport (-port'), v.t. to amuse or di- vert (with self); to display gaily; v.i. to play. disposable (-poz'a-bl), adj. free to be employed; subject to disposal. disposal ('al), n. arrangement; order; control; right of bestowing. dispose (-poz'), v.t. to place, arrange; order; distribute; adapt; incline. disposition (-izh-un), n. the act of disposing; order; method; arrange- ment; tendency; natural tempera- ment. disputable ('pu-ta-bl), adj. liable to be disputed; called in question. disputation (-ta/shun), n. a verbal controversy; an altercation. disputatious ('shus), adj. conten- tious. dispute (dis-put'), v.i. to debate; argue: v.t. contend for by words or actions; express doubt of; contro- vert: n. a controversy; altercation; quarrel; contest. disquisition (-kwi-zish'un), n. a sys- tematic investigation or discussion of some subject; an elaborate essay. disrate ^ (-rat), v.t. to degrade or 1 ower in rank, as a petty officer. disruption (-rup'shun), n. forcible separation; breach. dissatisfaction (-sat-is-fak'shun), n. state of being discontented; dis- pleasure. dissatisfy ('is-fi), v.t. to render dis- contented; to displease. dissect (-sekf) v.t. to cut in pieces; anatomize; divide and examine mi- nutely. dissection (-sek'shun), n. the act of dissecting for critical examination. disseize (-seV), v.t. to deprive of seizin or possession; dispossess un- lawfully. disseizin ('in), n. the act of unlaw- fully dispossessing a person of an estate. dissemble (-sem'bl), v.t. to hide un- der a false appearance; give the semblance of something else to. disseminate (-sem'i-nat), v.t. to scatter abroad, like seed; propagate; diffuse. disseminator ('ter), n. one who,' or that which, disseminates. dissension (dis-sen'shun), n. strife; disagreement; breach of union. dissent (-sent'), v.i. to disagree in opinion (with from); refuse adher- ence to an Established Church : n. difference of opinion; refusal to ac- knowledge or conform to an Estab- lished Church. dissentient ('shent), adj. dissenting: n. one who disagrees. dissenting (-sent'ing), p.adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, dis- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISSERTATION 239 DISTINCT sent; separating from an Established Church; pertaining to dissenters. dissertation (-er-ta/shun), n. a formal argumentative discourse; treatise. disservice (dis-ser'vis), n. injurious help. dissever (-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two; disjoin; divide; separate. dissidence ('i-dens), ■ n. disagree- ment. dissident ('i-dent), adj. not agree- ing, or conforming: n. one who dis- agrees, or dissents. dissilient (-siTi-ent), adj. springing asunder, or bursting open with force. dissimulate (-sim'u-lat), v.i. & v.t. to dissemble; feign; disguise. dissipate ('i-pat), v.t. to scatter com- pletely; drive in different directions; squander: v.i. to engage in dissipa- tion. dissipated (-ed), p. adj. scattered; dispersed; characterized by dissipa- tion. dissipation (-pa/shun), n. the act or state of being dissipated ; mental dis- traction; excessive indulgence in luxury, especially drink or vicious pleasures. dissociate (-so'shi-at), v.t. to sepa- rate. dissolubility (-sol-u-bil 'i-ti ) , n. the capacity of being dissolved. dissoluble ('ol-u-bl), adj. capable of being dissolved or converted into a fluid. dissolute ('o-lut), adj. given to vice or dissipation; loose in morals or conduct. dissolution (-lti'shun), n. the act of dissolving or liquefying; separation of component parts; separation of the soul from the body; death; a breaking up of a union of persons, !as a society, &c. dissolutionism (-izm), n. the social theory of anarchism or nihilism. S dissolvable (diz-'ol'vfi-bl), adj. that may be dissolved. Also dissolvible. dissolve (-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; melt; terminate; annul: v.i. to become liquefied; waste away; separate. dissonance ('o-nans), n. discord. dissonant (-nant), adj. discordant dissuade (-wad'), v.t. to advise or counsel against; divert by argument or persuasion. dissuasion (-swa/zhun), n. the act of dissuading; advice or persuasion against a purpose or action. dissyllable (-sil'a-bl), n. a word of two syllables. distaff (dis'taf), n. [pi. distaffs ('tafs)], the staff from which flax is drawn in spinning. distance ('tans), n. the space or in- terval between two objects or points; remoteness of time, rank, re- lationship or place; interval be- tween two notes; reserve of man- ner; alienation: v.t. to place re- motely; leave behind in a race. distaste (-tast), n. aversion of the palate; dislike; disinclination. distemper (-tern 'per), v.t. to disor- der or disease; derange the func- tions of ; compound (colors) for use in distemper painting: n. a disease; a catarrhal disease affecting young dogs; a method of painting in spe- cially prepared opaque colors mixed with a binding medium soluble in water: used for mural decoration, &c. distend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch out in all directions; expand: v.i. to swell. distention (-ten'shun), n. a swelling out. distich ('tik), n. a couplet. distil (-til'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dis- tilled, p.pr. distilling], to fall in drops; flow gently; trickle forth; practice the art of distillation: v.t. to let fall in drops; obtain by dis- tillation; rectify. distillate ('at), n. the product of distillation found in the receiver of a distilling apparatus. distillation (-a'shun), n. the process of distilling; the substance drawn by the still. distinct (-tingkt'), adj. separate ; dif- ferent; clear; plain; unconfused. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISTINCTION 240 DIVERSIFY distinction (-tingk'shun), n. mark of difference or superiority; emi- nence of rank or conduct; fame; discrimination. distingue (dis-stan-ga/), adj. distin- guished. distinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to separate from others by some mark of honor or preference; designate by special characteristics; discrim- inate; make known: v.i. to make a distinction (with between). distinguished ('gwisht), p.adj. emi- nent; celebrated; conspicuous; noted. distort (-tort'), v.t. to twist or turn from the natural shape or figure; twist; pervert from the true mean- ing; misrepresent. distortion (-tor 'shun), n. the act of distorting; perversion; a deformity. distract (-trakf), v.t. to perplex; harass; confuse the mind; bewilder; derange. distractile ('il), adj. widely separated. distraction (-trak'shun), n. per- plexity; embarrassment; perturba- tion or mental distress; insanity. distractive ('tiv), adj. causing dis- traction. distrain (-tran), v.t. to seize and hold (goods or chattels) as security for payment of a debt: v.i. to levy a distress. distraint (-tranf), n. the act of dis- training for debt. distrait (dis-tra'), adj. absent-minded. distraught (dis-trawf), adj. bewil- dered or harassed. distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain or suffering upon; grieve; harass; perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. physical or mental anguish; the act of distraining; goods taken in dis- traint. distribute (-trib'ut), v.t. to deal out or divide; allot; apportion; arrange according to classification; dispose of separately; separate and return (as types) to their respective cases. distribution (-tri-bu'shun), n. the act of distributing; apportionment; arrangement; classification. distributive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to distribution: n. a distributive word. district ('trikt), n. a territorial di- vision; circuit; region or tract of country. distrust (-trust'), n. want of confi- dence, faith, or reliance; suspicion; discredit: v.t. to have no confidence or trust in; doubt; suspect. disturb (-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; throw into confusion; agitate; dis- place. disturbance ('ans), n. the interrup- tion of a settled state; uproar; men- tal agitation. distyle ('til), n. a two-columned por- tico. ditto ('to), n. that which has been said; a duplicate: adv. as before; likewise. ditty ('i), n. [pi. ditties ('iz)j, a lit- tle song. diuretic (di-u-ret'ik), adj. promoting the secretion and flow of urine. diurnal (er'nal), adj. pertaining to a day; daily; performed in 24 hours; active during the day-time : n. a day- book; journal. diva (de'va), n. a prima donna. divan (di-van'), n. a court of jus- tice; a council of state in Turkey; a council-hall; a smoking-room; cafe; couch. dive (div), n. a low resort frequented by persons of dissolute character. diverge (dl-verj'), v.i. to spread out from one point; recede from. divergence (-ver'jens), n. a receding from each other; a tending apart. • divergent ('jent), adj. tending to di- verge. • divers (di'verz), adj. various; sun- dry. diverse ('vers, or di-verz'), adj. es- sentially different; dissimilar; sep- arate. diversification (-i-fi-ka/shun), 11. vari- ation. diversify (di-ver'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. diversified, p.pr. diversifying], to make different from another; give variety to; discriminate; variegate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo book; hue, hut; think, then. DIVERSION 241 DOCK diversion ('shun), n. variation; al- teration; pastime; the act of di- verting the attention of an enemy from the real point of attack. divert (di- or di-vert'), v.t. to turn aside from any direction or course; draw away from ; entertain; amuse. divertimento (di-vert-i-men'to), n. a light pleasant vocal or instru- mental composition. divertissement ('tiz-mang), n. amusement; recreation; an entr'- acte, as a ballet, &c. divest (di-vesf), v.t. to strip or de- prive of anything; despoil; make bare. divestiture ('i-tur), n. surrender of property. divide (di-vld'), v.t. to cut into two or more parts; separate; keep apart; disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. to be separated; cleave; diverge; have a share; vote by division: n. a watershed. divided skirt ('ed skert), n. a skirt made so as to combine both skirt and knickerbockers. dividend (div'i-dend), n. a share of the profits of a public company or business; a sum paid pro rata out of a bankrupt's estate; interest pay- able on money invested in the pub- lic funds; a number or quantity to be divided. divination (-i-na/shun), n. the act v of divining; the pretended art of foreseeing future events by super- natural or magical agency. divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the nature of God; excellent in the highest degree; godlike; sacred; holy; pertaining to theology: n. a theologian; clergymen: v.t. to fore- tell by, or as by, divination; pre- sage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. diving-bell (-bel), n. a hollow ap- paratus supplied with air, used for various purposes below the surface of the water. divining-rod (-rod), n. a forked rod or branch, as of witch-hazel, which, when held loosely in the hand, is said to be drawn down to the ground where water or minerals are situ- ated. divinity (di-vin'i-ti), n. [pi. divini- ties (-tiz)], the state or quality of being divine; Godhead; a pagan or heathen deity; theology. divisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being divisible. divisible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing divided; capable of division with- out a remainder. division (-vizh'un), n. the act or state of being divided; separation; a partition; section; discord; dif- ference; the separating of the mem- bers of a legislative or municipal assembly in order to take a vote; two or more brigades under the com- mand of a general officer; a section of a fleet under one commander; the process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another. divisor (di-vi'zor), n. the number by which another (the dividend) is divided. divorce (-vors'), n. a dissolution of the marriage contract by legal au- thority; disunion: v.t. to dissolve the marriage contract between by. legal authority; release from close union. divorcement ('ment), n. the act or process of divorcing (Deut. xxiv. 1). divulge (di-vulj'), v.t. to make known, as something previously kept secret; disclose. dizen (dl'zn), v.t. to deck out; dress. dizziness ('i-nes), n. giddiness. dizzy (diz'i), adj. giddy. docile (do'sil or dos'il), adj. easy to teach; tractable; easily managed. docility (do-sil'i-ti), n. the quality of being docile. dock (dok), n. a place for construct- ing and laying up ships; the place where a prisoner stands m a court to be tried; a coarse weed with broad leaves; the tail of a horse after it has been docked; v.t. to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, DOCKAGE 242 DOG-STAR cut off or curtail; deduct from; di- dodo (do'do), n. [pi. dodos ('doz) ], mm ish. a large extinct bird with a short dockage ('aj), n. reduction; provi- neck, a large hooked bill, short sion or accommodation for the dock- wingsand legs. ing of vessels; money paid for the doe (do), n. the female of a buck or use of a dock. fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- docket ('et), v.t. to mark the con- bit, or hare. tents or titles of papers on the back doeskin ('skin), n. the skin of a doe; of them; indorse: n. a directed label a fine, woolen cloth with a smooth finish. doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, as clothes : v . i . remove the hat in saluting . dogcart ('kart), n. a light cart with two transverse seats back to back. dog-days ('daz), n. pi. a period in July and August when the dog star or Sirius rises and sets with the sun: usually the hottest part of the summer. Doge (doj), n. the title of the chief magistrates of the ancient republics of Venice and Genoa. dogged ('ed), adj. stubborn; perti- nacious. dogger ('er), n. a two-masted vessel with a broad beam; used in the cod and herring fisheries by the Dutch in the North Sea. doggerel (-el), n. a kind of verse devoid of sense or rhythm : adj. weak and absurd in construction: said of verse or poetry. dogma ('ma), n. [pi. dogmas ('maz) ], or dogmata ('ma-ta) ], an estab- lished principle, tenet, or doctrine; a doctrine stated in a formal man- ner and received by the Church as authoritative. dogmatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, dogma; posi- tive; authoritative; dogmatical: n. pi. doctrinal theology. dodecagon (do-dek'a-gon), n. a figure dogmatism (-tizm), n. dogmatic or or ticket tied on goods; a summary of a larger writing; a digest. dockyard ('yard), n. a place where ships are built and naval stores are kept. doctor ('ter), n. one skilled in any particular branch of knowledge; an academical degree _ denoting the highest proficiency in a faculty of a university; a learned man; a medical practitioner: v.t. to treat medically; tamper with or give a false appearance to: v.i. to practice medicine; undergo medical treat- ment. doctorate (-at), n. the degree of doctor. doctrinaire (-tri-nar'), n. one who theorizes on political or other mat- ters, disregarding practical consid- erations: adj. visionary. doctrine ('tr:n), n. that which is taught; the principles, belief, or dogma of any church, sect, or party. document ('u-ment), n. a printed or written paper relied upon to estab- lish some fact or assertion, or con- veying information. documentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, derived from, or consist- ing of, documents. dodder (dod'er), n. a parasitical plant. with twelve sides and twelve angles dodecahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid having twelve faces. dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift about; evade by craft; avoid; practice tricky devices: v.t. to es- cape by starting aside: n. the act of dodging; a trick. positive assertion of opinion. dogmatize ('ma-tiz), v.i. to make dogmatic assertions; utter positive assertions without adducing proof: v.t. to treat dogmatically. dog-star (dog'-star), n. brightest of the stars; rises and sets with the sun in summer; called by astrono- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; book; hue, hut; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, think, then. DOG-TROT 243 DOMINICAL LETTER mers Canicula ('little dog"); best known as Sinus. dog- trot ('trot), n. a gentle trot. dog-watch ('woch), n. one of two watches on board ship of two hours each, between 4 and 8 p.m. dogwood ('wood), n. the wild cornel. doily (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies ('Hz)], a small mat or napkin; used on dessert plates, &c. doldrums ('drumz), n.pl. a sailor's term for the tropical zones of calms and variable winds; depression of spirits; the dumps. dole (dol), n. that which is dealt out sparingly; a charitable gift of mon- ey or food; alms: v.t. to deal out sparingly. dolerite (dol'er-it), n. a dark-col- ored bassic igneous rock; basaltic greenstone. dolesome (dol'sum), adj. melancholy. dollar (-'ar), n. monetary unit of the United States and some other coun- tries on a gold standard, equal to 100 cents. dollar-diplomacy (dol'ar-di-plo'ma- si), n. diplomacy that aims more at commerce than amity. dolman ('man), n. a long outer gar- ment worn by the Turks ; a hussar's uniform jacket; a woman's sleeve- less mantle. dolmen ('men), n. a sepulchral mon- ument, consisting of a large unhewn stone resting on two or more un- hewn stones. dolomite ('o-mit), n. a crystalline variety of magnesian limestone. dolorific (-rif'ik), adj. causing grief. dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful. dolour (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain. dolphin (dol'fin), n. the name of a cetaceous mammal of the genus Delphinus and allied genera. dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fellow. dom (dom), n. & title of respect ap- plied to gentlemen in Portugal and Brazil; in Portugal a title formerly of the king and royal family. domain (do-man'), n. lordship; au- thority; .empire; landed property; demesne. dome (dom), n. a hemispherical roof. domestic (do-mes'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the house or household af- fairs; private; home-made: n. a household servant: pi. ^ articles of home manufacture, especially cotton- cloths. domestic economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. the art of managing household af- fairs in the best and thriftiest man- ner. domesticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to make domestic; familiarize with domestic life; tame: v.i. to become domestic. domesticity (-tis'i-ti), n. [pi. domes- ticities (-tiz) ], the state of being domestic; domestic character. domicile (dom'i-sil), n. a permanent residence or place of abode; home: v.t. to establish in a fixed residence. domiciliary ('i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to the residence of a person or fam- ily. dominant ('i-nant), adj. exercising chief authority; ruling; predomi- nant; ascending: n. the recitative note in Gregorian scales; the fifth tone of a musical scale in any as- cending key. dominant characters (dom'i-nant- kar'ak-ters), n. in Mendelian hered- ity, the characters that dominate in the first generation. See Men- delism. dominate ('i-nat), v.t.- to govern; rule; predominate over: v.i. to be dominant. domination (-na'shun), n. the act of dominating; absolute authority; • power. domineer (-i-ner'), v.i. to exercise authority arrogantly or tyrannical- ly; bluster. dominical (do-min'i-kal), adj. per- taining to Christ as Lord, or to Sun- day: n. a dominical letter. dominical letter (let'er), n. one of the letters (A B C D E F G) used in the calendar of the Prayer Book to denote Sunday throughout the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 'jr DOMINIE 244 DOSAGE year, and to determine the date of Easter Day. dominie (dom'i-ne), n. a schoolmas- ter; a clergyman of the Dutch Re- formed Church. dominion (do-min'yun), n. supreme authority; sovereignty; independent right or possession; a territory or country subject to the control of one government. domino (dom'i-no), n. [pi. dominos (-noz) ], a large loose silk cape or cloak with large sleeves and a hood used as a masquerade garment; an ecclesiastical hood: pi. a game played with 28 oblong dotted pieces of bone or wood (dominoes). dom-pedro (-pe'dro), n. the name of the game of sancho-pedro when played with the joker. don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, p.pr. donning], to put on; invest with; assume: n. a Spanish title [Fern, dona]; a fellow or collegiate dignitary. donate (do'nat), v.t. to contribute, especially to some religious or phil- anthropic object. • donation (-na'shun), n. a charitable gift; benefaction; present. donative (don'a-tiv), adj. vested or vesting by donation: n. a gift. donator (do-na'ter), n. a giver. donee (do-ne'), n. a person to whom a gift or donation is made. dongola (don'go-la), n. a goatskin, or sheepskin tanned to resemble kid. doni (do'ni), n. a single-masted Cey- lonese coasting vessel with a long sail. donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the principal tower or keep of a mediae- val castle, containing the prison, ('kiz) ], an ass; a stupid or obsti- nate fellow. donna (don'na), n, a lady (Italian). donnish (don'ish), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a don. donnism ('izm), n. academic self- importance. donor (do'ner), n. a giver.> doom (doom), n. a judicial sentence of condemnation; the infliction of a sentence; irrevocable destiny; fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment; v.t. to pronounce condemnation upon; sentence to punishment; -or- dain as a penalty. doomsday (doomz'da), n. the day of final and universal judgment. Doomsday Book (dtimz'da-buk) or Domesday Book (domz'da) a huge book kept by the early Norman monarchs of England, listing the estates for taxation or confiscation. dor (dor), n. a large black dung bee- tle with a characteristic droning sound in flight. Dorian (do'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Doris, a small district of ancient Greece: n. a member of the Doric or Dorian race, one of the four great divisions of the ancient Greeks. Doric (dor'ik), adj. Dorian: n. the broad hard dialect of the Dorians. Doric order (or'der), the oldest and simplest of the three orders of Greek architecture. Doricism .('i-sizm), n. a Doric idiom, phrase or peculiarity. dorking (dor'king), n. one of a breed of domestic fowls. dormancy ('man-si), n. quiescence dormant ('mant), adj. sleeping; quiet; in abeyance. dormer ('mer), n. a bedroom; a win dow pierced vertically in the side a roof. dormitory ('mi-to-ri), n. [pi. dormi- tories (-riz) ], a large apartment ca- pable of holding several beds. dormouse ('mous), n. [pi. dormice ('mis) ], a small European squirrel- like rodent. dorsal ('sal), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, the back. dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories ('riz) ], a popular name for a golden-colored fish much esteemed for the table; the wall-eyed pike-perch; John Dory; a small flat-bottomed skiff with a sharp prow. dosage ('saj), n. the operation of 3d ; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DOTAGE 245 DRAB putting into sparkling wines some- thing to give them a distinctive taste. dotage (d5'taj), n. imbecility of mind; foolish or excessive affection. dotard ('tard), n. one whose intellect is impaired by age; one who is foolishly affectionate: adj. imbecile. dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the weak- ness of age; bestow excessive love. dotterel ('er-el), n. a small plover. double-bass (-bas), n. the largest violin. double-dagger (-dag'er), n. a refer- ence mark (J). double entendre (doobl ang-tang'- dr), n. a word or phrase with a double meaning, one of which is usually indelicate. doubleness (dub'1-nes), n. the state of being double; duplicity. doublet (dub 'let), n. a duplicate; pair; a kind of close-fitting man's garment. doubloon ('loon), n. a Spanish gold coin. doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in opinion; hesitate; be in suspense: v.t. to suspect; distrust; question: n. un- certainty of mind; suspense; scruple; perplexity; apprehension; fear; dis- belief. doubtful ('fool), adj. of uncertain issue; questionable; hazardous; in-i secure. douche (doosh), n. a jet or current of water directed upon some part of the body. dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- tened flour yet unbaked. doughboy, an infantryman. doughty (dou'ti), adj. valiant; strong. doughy (do'i), adj. soft like dough. Douma (doo'ma), n. the lower branch of the Russian National parliament. douse (dous), v.t. to plunge suddenly into a liquid; drench; extinguish; strike; slacken or lower suddenly, as sails: v.i. to fall suddenly into water; search for water or ores by a divining rod. dovecote ('kot), n. a small house or box with compartments for doves. Dovecot. dovetail ('tal), v.t. to join by a joint resembling a dove's tail spread out; fit closely and exactly. dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow of a king, prince, or person of rank; a widow with a jointure. dowdily ('di-li), adv. in a dowdy manner. dowdy ('di), n. [pi. dowdies ('diz) ], a slatternly woman who affects finery: adj. slovenly or ill-dressed; shabby. dowel (dou'el), n. a pin to connect two pieces of wood by being sunk in the edges of each; a piece of wood driven into a wall to secure something else: v.t. to fasten by dowels. dower ('er), n. that part of a hus- band's property which his widow enjoys during her life; jointure;; personal endowment. _ dowlas ('las), n. a kind of coarse linen cloth. downright ('rlt), adj. straight to the point; blunt; unceremonious: adv, perpendicularly; completely; thor- oughly. downward ('ward), adj. tending to the ground; moving from a higher to a lower place, grade, or direc- tion; descending: adv. from a higher to a lower condition, state, or place; from the source. Also downwards. downy ('i), adj. covered with, or made of, down; soft; restful; cun- ning; artful. dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries ('riz) ], the property a woman brings to her husband at marriage; gift or pos- session. doxology (doks-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. dox- ologies (-jiz) ], an ascription or short hymn of praise to God. doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or fit- fully: n. a light sleep, or nap. drab (drab), n. a kind of thick dull brown or yellowish-gray woolen cloth; a tint of such a color: adj*. of a drab color. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2/ien. DRABBLE 246 DRAY drabble (f'), v.i. to make wet or dirty by dragging through mud or water: v.i. to fish with a long line and rod. drachma (drak'ma), n. [pi. drachma ('me), drachmas ('maz) ], a Greek silver coin. Also drachm. draff (draf), n. refuse from malt breweries; hog's-wash; dregs. draft (draft), n. a sketch or outline; bill of exchange; an order for money detachment of soldiers; the act -of drawing a load; the state of being drawn; the act of drinking or £he amount drunk at once. draggle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or soil by dragging in the mud or along the ground: v.i. to become dirty or 'wet by dragging. dragoman (drag'o-man), n. [pi. dragomans (-manz) ], in the East- an interpreter, guide, or agent for travelers, especially an interpreter attached to an embassy, &c. dragon ('un), n. a fabulous animal represented as a winged serpent or lizard; a fierce person; a winged heraldic beast: adj. fierce; destruc- tive. dragon-fly (-fii), n. an insect with a long slendor abdomen, large eyes and wings. dragon's-blood (-z-blud), n. the red juice and gum of several South American and East Indian trees. dragoon (dra-goon'), n. originally a kind of mounted infantry, now cav- alry, either light or heavy, wearing helmets: v.t. to harass or reduce to submission by military force. drain (dran), v.t. to draw off gradu- ally; exhaust: v.i. to become dry: n. a channel or pipe or superfluous water; a sewer; the act of exhaust- ing. drainage ('aj), n. the. act or means of draining; that which is drained off. drake (drak), n. a male duck. dram (dram), n. l-8th of an ounce troy, and l-16th of an ounce avoir- dupois; a small quantity of spiritu- our liquor. drama (dra'ma), n. a prose or poeti- cal composition depicting a story of human life in character, &c, on the stage; theatrical entertainment; dra- matic literature or art. dramatic (dra-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or appropriate to, the drama. Dramatical. dramatis personae (dram'a-tis per- so'ne), the characters in a play or drama. dramatize (dram'a-ti'z), v.t. to com- pose in the form of a drama ;adapt for stage representation. dramaturgy ('a-ter-ji), n. the .art of dramatic composition; represen- tation and stage effect. drape (drap), v.t. to cover with cloth; arrange in folds or hangings. draper (dra/per), n. a dealer in woolen or cotton cloth, &c. draperied (-id), adj. furnished or covered with drapery. drapery (-i), n. [pi. draperies (-iz) ], textile cloths or fabrics used for garments or hangings; costumes represented in sculpture or painting. drastic (dras,tik), adj. powerful; vigorous. draught (draft), n. Same as draft. draughts (drafts), n. the game of checkers. drawbridge ('brij), n. a bridge which may be wholly or partially lifted up. drawee (-e'), n. one on whom an order, bill of exchange, or a draft is drawn. drawing-room (-room), n. a room for the reception of company; a formal reception by the sovereign, or a distinguished official; the com- pany assembled in a drawing-room. drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a slow, lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of speaking. drawn (drawn), p. adj. left undecided; disemboweled; contracted. dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built cart used for heavy loads. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DREAD 247 DROWN dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; an- ticipate with shrinking or terror; venerate: v.i.^ to be in great fear: n. apprehensive terror; reverential awe: adj. awful; solemn. dreadnaught ('nawt), n. a fearless person; an advanced type of battle- ship; a thick woolen felted cloth. dredge (drej), n. a drag or instru- ment for sweeping the bottoms of rivers to bring up something: v.t. to clean out and deepen by a dredge ; gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour upon. dregs (dregz), n.pl. the sediment of liquor; lees; worthless matter. Dreibund (dri'bunt), n. a triple al- liance, especially that (1883) be- tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for mutual defense. drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- minister a draft to: n. a large draft; a dose of medicine for a horse or cattle. Dresden (dres'den), n. a fine porce- lain. driblet (driblet), n. a small piece, part, or sum. drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that which, dries; a substance added to paint, &c, causing it to dry quick- ly,^ an apparatus for drying off moisture. drift (drift), n. the direction in which anything is driven; an im- pellent force; overbearing influence; an accumulation heaped up by sea or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- zontal passage of a mine. driftage ('aj), n. that which is drifted; leeway caused by wind or sea currents. drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- oughly in the rudiments of any busi- ness, &c; train; sow in lines or rows. drilling ('ing), n. the act of using a drill; a heavy, firm twilled cloth. Irivel (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; be weak or foolish; talk or act like a fool or dotard. drizzle (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly or in misty drops : n. a fine misty rain. droit (droit or drwa), n. equity; right of ownership, especially in land; custom; duty. drole (drol'), n. a funny fellow; buf- foon. droll (drol'), adj. ridiculous; queer. drollery ('er-i), n. [pi. drolleries (-riz) ], the quality of being droll; buffoonery. drolling ('ing), n. burlesque. dromedary (drum'e-da-ri), n. [pi. dromedaries (-riz) ], one of a do- mesticated breed of camels distin- guished for its speed and by having one hump. drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- notonous tone or sound; live in idle- ness: v.t. to read in a monotonous tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the male of the honey-bee which pro- duces no honey; a lazy fellow. drony (dro'ni), adj. like a drone. drool (drool), v.i. to drip saliva from the mouth like a baby; to talk non- sense; to drivel. droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang down; languish; bend down gradu- ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n. the act of. drooping. dropsical- ('si-kal), adj. affected with dropsy. dropsy ('si), n. an unnatural accu- mulation of serous fluid in any cavity of the body or its tissues; a disease affecting the food-sac of young trout; blue swelling. dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop. dross (dros), n. the scum or slag of melted metal; sediment; refuse. drought (drout), n. continued ab- sence of rain or moisture; dryness. drove, p.t. of drive: n. a collection of cattle or sheep driven in a body; a crowd; sprats caught early in the season. drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- focation in water: v.t. to suffocate ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. r i DROWSE 248 DUCTILE by immersion in water; overwhelm; form of the noun or verb connoting inundate; deluge. two persons or things. drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with dualism (-izm), n. a twofold divi- sleepiness; be half -asleep: n. a light sion; the doctrine of two indepen- sleep. dent and separate principles in man, drowsy ('i), adj. sleepy; sluggish. the spiritual and the corporeal; the drub (drub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drubbed, Gnostic theory that there are two p.pr. drubbing], to beat vigorously: independent eternal principles, one n. a thump. evil and the other good. drudge (druj), v.i. to labor hard at dualist ('a-list), n. one who holds mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: any of the theories of dualism. v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. duality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or one employed in menial work who quality of being twofold; division works hard for insufficient remu- into two. neration. dual alliance (du'al al-i'ans), n. the drudgery ('er-i), n. the work of a compact between Austria-Hungary drudge; mean servile labor. and Germany after Italy withdrew drug (drug), n. an ingredient used from the original triple alliance at in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- the outbreak of the European war able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- of 1914. ged, p.pr. drugging], to mix drugs dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dubbed, with; render stupid by a narcotic p.pr. dubbing], to invest with drug: v.i. to take drugs habitually. knighthood by striking the shoulder druggist ('ist), n. a dealer in drugs. with a sword; confer any rank, dig- Druid (droo'id), n. a priest of the nity, character, or name upon; rub, ancient Kelts of Britain, Gaul, and dress, or smooth: v.i. make a brisk Germany. noise: n. a tap or blow. Drummond-light ('und-lit), n. an- dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful. other name for the limelight. ducal ('kal), adj. pertaining to a drunkard Card), n. one habitually duke. drunk. ducat (duk'at), n. a gold or silver drunken ('en), p. adj. habitually in- coin formerly in use in Europe: value temperate. $2.28 in U.S. money. drunkenness (-nes), n. the state of duchess (duch'es), n. the consort or being drunk; habitual intemperance; widow of a duke. frenzy. duchy (T), n. [pi. duchies ('iz) ], the dryad (dri'ad), n. a wood nymph. territory, dominions, or jurisdiction dry battery (drl bat'te-ri), n. a bat- of a duke. tery for generating electricity by ducking ('ing), n. the act of putting means of dry chemicals. under water; the sport of shooting dry dock (dri'dok), n. a repair dock wild ducks. for ships. ducking-stool (-stool), n. a stool dryly ('li), adv. without moisture; in j n which female scolds were ducked a dry manner; coldly; sarcastically. * n tne water. Also drily. duckling ('ling), n. a young duck. dry-nurse ('ners), v.L to rear with- duckweed ('wed), n. a common out the breast. fresh-water plant eaten by ducks. drysalt ('sawlt), v.L to cure by salt- duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or ing and drying, as meat. canal by which a fluid or secretion dual (du'al), adj. expressing, or com- is conveyed. posed of, the n umber 2; n. the ductile ('til), adj. capable of being ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DUCTILITY 249 DUMP drawn out into threads or wire; tractable. ductility ('i-ti), n. flexibility. ductless glands (dukt-les-glands), n. glands that discharge their secretion into the blood stream, now known to have great importance in the bod- ily economy. dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, characterized by over-affectedness in manners, dress, &c. dudeen (du-den'), n. a short clay pipe. dudgeon (duj'un), n. sullen anger; resentment; ill-will. ■ duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes. due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- able; fulfilling obligation; suitable to a case; ascribable; proper: adv. exactly; directly: n. that which is owed or required by an obligation; a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. duel ('el), n. a combat between two persons with deadly weapons: v.i. to fxght in a duel. dueling (-ing), n. the fighting a duel. duena (doo-a/nya), n. an elderly Spanish or Portuguese lady who acts as a guardian to a younger one; a governess. Also duenna. duet (dti-et')* n. a vocal or instru- mental composition for two per- formers. Also duetto. duetino (doo-a-te'no), n. a short duet. duff (duf),-w. pudding of flour, &c; boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth accumulated in forest ground. luffer ('er), n. a peddler or hawker of feminine articles ' of attire, flash jewelry, &c; a dull, stupid, ineffi- cient person; a fogy; a spurious coin. iffing ('ing), adj. worthless; coun- terfeit. ig, pi. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. igong (du'gong), n. an aquatic herbivorous mammal resembling the seal and walrus; the sea-cow. lugout (dug'out), n. a canoe hol- lowed out from a log; a rough kind of shelter excavated in the side of a hill or bank. luke (duk), n. the highest order of English nobility and ranking next below an archbishop and the princes of the blood; a continental prince or noble. dukedom ('dum), n. a duchy. dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- ant to the ear; harmonious. dulciana (si-a'na), n. a soft-toned stop. dulcimer ('si-mer), n. an instrument with wire strings which are struck with a rod. dullard Card), n. a stupid person; blockhead. duly (duli), adv. in a fit and becom- ing manner; fitly; regularly! dumb (dum), adj. incapable of speech. dumb-bell ('bel), n. one of a pair of heavy weights used for muscular exercise. dumb-show ('sho), n. gesture without speech. dumb-waiter (wa'ter), n. a. movable framework for lifting groceries. dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), n. the bumble-bee; the brown cock- chafer. Dumdum bullet (dum'dum bul'let), n. a bullet with an incomplete steel jacket which expands on striking, owing to its soft core; so named from the town of Dumdum in India, where British military supplies are made. A majority of the International Peace Conference of 1899 decided against the use of this form of bullet in warfare. dummy (dum'i), n. [pi. dummies ('iz) ], one who is mute or silent; that which imitates a reality; an exposed hand at whist when three persons are playing: adj. fictitious. dunnite (dun'nit), n. a picric acid explosive for projectiles. dump (dump), n. a thud or heavy sound; anything snort, thick, and heavy; a place to discharge rub- bish in: pi. low spirits : v.t. to throw down and empty, especially abrupt- ly; unload from a cart: v.i. to un- load by tilting. :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. DUMPLING 250 DUUMVIR dumpling (dump 'ling), n. a covering of dough, sometimes containing meat, or fruit; dough cooked in gravy. dumpy ('i), adj. short and thick; discontented; sulky. dunderhead ('der-hed), n. a dolt; a numskull. dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand piled up on the sea-shore by the action of the wind. dunfish ('fish), n. codfish cured by dunning. dungeon Cjun), n. the principal keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark underground cell; a prison. Dunkers ('kerz), n. pi. a sect of Ger- man-American Baptists, properly termed Brethren. dunnage ('aj), n. loose wood, fagots, &c, stowed in the hold of a vessel to protect the cargo from injury. dunnish ('ish), adj. inclined to dun color. duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), adj. consisting of, or computing by, twelves or any power of 12: n. a twelfth power of anything: pi. a system of computing by twelves the number of square feet and inches in a rectangular area. duodecimo ('i-mo), n. a sheet folded into 12 leaves (12mo): said of a book. duodenum (-de'num), n. [pi. duo- dena ('na) ], the first portion of the small intestine. dupable (dup'a-bl), adj. capable of being duped. dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can be, easily tricked; a credulous person; v.t. to deceive by trickery; cheat. duplex (du'pleks), adj. double; com- pound: applied to the transmission of two telegraphic messages over a single wire at the same time: v.i. to transmit telegraphic messages by the duplex system. duplicate ('pli-kat), v.t. to make or render double; make a copy or copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or receive the Eucharist twice in one day: adj. corresponding exactly with another; twofold; double; growing in pairs: n. facsimile; counterpart; an exact copy. duplication (-ka'shun), n. the act of duplicating; a fold; multiplication by 2. duplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; hypocrisy. durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. endur- ance. . durable ('ra-bl), adj. not perishing; permanent; stable; lasting. durably (-li), adv. in a durable man- ner. dura mater ('ra ma'ter), n. the tough covering which envelops the brain and spinal cord. duramen (-ra'men), n. the inner or heart wood of an exogenous tree. durance ('rans), n. imprisonment. duration (-ra'shun), n. continuance in time; permanency. duress (du-res' or du'res), n. re- straint of personal liberty by fear or physical force, compelling a per- son to do some act; imprisonment. durometer (dii-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for testing the hardness of steel rails. durst, p.t. of dare. duskily ('i-li), adv. with a tendency to darkness or blackness. Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Dutch or Low Germans of Holland, or their lan- guage. duteous ('ti-us), adj. fulfilling duty; obedient. dutiable (dti'ti-a-bl), adj. subject to duty. dutiful (-fool), adj. respectful; obe- dient to parents. duty ('ti), n. [pi. duties ( r tiz) ], ob- ligatory service; tax, impost, or toll levied by Government on certain articles. duumvir (-um'ver), n. [pi. duumviri ('vi-ri), duumvirs (Verz) ], two an- cient Roman officers of high rank acting together in one capacity or public function. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DUUMVIRATE 251 DYSPEPSIA duumvirate (Ver-at), n. the joint office of the duumviri. dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human being, animal, or plant much below the average height: adj. of smaller size or height than the average: v.t. hin- der from growing to the natural size: v.i. become stunted; grow smaller. dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dwelt, p.pr. dwelling], to reside for a length of time; have a fixed abode; continue; linger: v.t. to inhabit. dwelling ('ing), n. sl house or place of abode. dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to become gradually less; diminish; decrease. Dyak (di'ak), adj. pertaining to the natives of the Malay race inhabiting Borneo. dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed, p.pr. dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- oring liquid or stain. dynamic ('ik), adj. pertaining to mechanical forces not in equilibrium; effective. Also dynamical: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the effects of force in producing motion. Also kinetics. dynamitard ('na-mi-tard), n. one who advocates the use of dynamite as a revolutionary agent. Also dynamiter. dynamite ('na-mlt), n. a highly ex- plosive compound of nitro-glycerine mixed with sawdust or infusorial silica: v.t. to destroy by dynamite. dynamo' ('na-mo), n. an electric ma- chine for converting mechanical into electric energy. dynastic (-nas'tik), adj. pertaining to a dynasty. dynasty ('nas-ti), n. [pi. dynasties (-tiz) ], a line or succession of sov- ereigns of a particular family; the length of time during which a cer- tain family reigns. dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. a tropical disease akin to diarrhoea, attended with fever. dysgenic (dis'gen-ik), n. militating against the improvement of the race through breeding; the opposite of eugenic. dyspepsia (-pep'si-a), n. indigestion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl* me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. E E, the fifth letter of the English alpha- earthly (-li), adj. pertaining to the bet, said to be the most frequent in earth; sensual; worldly; possible; occurrence of all the letters. conceivable. eager (e'ger), adj. impetuous; vehe- earthquake ('kwak), n. a shaking ment; earnest; keen; enthusiastic. or trembling of the earth produced eagle ('gl), n. a bird of prey, genus by subterranean volcanic forces. Aquila, noted for its strength, size, earthwork (-werk), n. a cutting and keenness of vision; a gold coin or embankment; an offensive or of the United States = 10 dollars ; the defensive fortification constructed military standard of ancient Rome. chiefly of earth. eagle-wood (-wood), n. a highly earthworm (Venn), n. a common fragrant resinous wood. Also agal- name for worms that live in the lochum. ground. _ eaglet ('glet), n. a young eagle. earthy ('i), adj. pertaining to, com- earing (er'ing), n. a small rope for posed of, or resembling, the earth; fastening the upper corner of a sail dull; coarse, to a yard or stanchion; a plowing earwax (er'waks), n. cerumen, of land; the formation of ears, as earwig (er'wig), n. a well-known in wheat. insect with a pair of curved forceps earl (erl), n. nobleman next in rank at its tail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. earwig- below a marquis. ged, p.pr. earwigging], to gain the earldom ^ (fcum), n. the possessions ear of and influence by whispered or or dignity of an earl. covert statements. earmark (er'mark), n. a mark for ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, dis- identification : v.t. to set a distinc- turbance, labor, or affectation; tive mark upon. quiet; repose; f acuity: v.t. to free ear-minded (er'mln'ded), adj. tend- from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give ing to learn and remember and think rest or relief. in terms of auditory images; opposed easel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame or to eye-minded. tripod for supporting a canvas, earnest ('est), adj. in serious reality; blackboard, &c. serious in speech or action; ardent; East (est), n. the Orient; eastern part zealous; eager: n. a portion of of the United States, something given or done in advance Easter (es'ter), n. a festival of the as a pledge. Christian Church to commemorate earnings ('ingz), n.pl. wages; reward. . the resurrection of Jesus Christ: earring (er'ring), n. an ear ornament. adj. pertaining to Easter. ear-splitting (er'split'ing), a. deafen- easterly (-li), adv. situated, or mov- ing and overpoweringly noisy. ing toward, the east: adj. in the earthenware (-war), n. vessels or direction of the east. other objects made of clay or a eastern (est'ern), adj. situated to- similar earthy substance. ward, or lying in, the east. ate, arm, ask, at, awl* me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. [2521 EASTERN CHURCH 253 ESCHINATE Eastern Church (cherch), n. the Orthodox Oriental or Greek Church. Eastern Empire (em'pir), n. that part of the later Roman Empire which had its capital at Byzantium (Constantinople) . Easterner (-er), n. a person who resides in the eastern part of the United States. Eastern question (kwes'chun), n. the term applied to the complicated inter- nal problems arising out of the posses- sion by the Turks of the southeast of Europe, and their relations to Russia and adjoining states. easting ('ing), n. the distance trav- ersed by a vessel eastward from a given meridian. eastward ('ward), adv. toward, or in the direction of, the east. Also eastwards. eau (o), n. [pi. eaux (oz), (French)], water, especially as applied to per- fumes, cordials, spirituous waters, &c, as eau de cologne. eaves (evz), n.pl. the edges of the roof which overhang a building. eavesdrop ('drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. eavesdropped, p.pr. eavesdropping], to listen to the private conversa- tion of others. ebauchoir (a-bo-shwaV), n. a large broad hewing chisel used by statu- aries. ebb (eb), n. the flowing back of the tide; ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow back or return, as the tide to the sea; decline; recede. Eblis (eb'lis), n. the Mohammedan Devil; in Mohammedan mythology, the chief evil spirit. ebonite ('un-it), n. a hard dark va- riety of vulcanite. ebonize (-Iz), v.t. to make black by staining like ebony. ebony ('un-i), n. a hard, heavy, dur- able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies (-iz)], negroes: adj. made of, or like, ebony. eboulement (a-bool'mang), n. the crumbling of a wall or fortification; a landslip; avalanche. ebullition (eb-u-lish'un), n. the act of boiling; effervescence; a sudden outburst of feeling. eburine (eb'u-rin),n. an artificial ivory. ecarte (a-kar-ta'), n. a game of cards played by two persons with 32 cards, from which those from two to six have been cast out. ecaudate (e-kaw'dat), adj. tailless. ecbatic (ek-bat'ik), adj. denoting the relation of cause and effect. eccentric ('sen-trik), adj. not sit- uated in, or deviating from the cen- ter; peculiar in manner or char- acter; erratic; not having the same center: opposed to concentric: n. sl circle or sphere not having the same center as another circle; a mechanic- al device for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion. eccentricity (-tris'i-ti), n. _ [pi. ec- centricities (-tiz)], deviation from a center; peculiarity of manner or character; idiosyncrasy. ecchymosis (-i-mo'sis), n. a livid spot on the skin, caused by extrav- asated blood. ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), n. a person in holy orders; a clergyman. ecclesiastical (-al), adj. pertaining to the Church and its organization or government. ecclesiasticism (-as'ti-sizm), n. strong attachment to the forms, usages, organization, and privileges of the Church. ecclesiology (-zi-ol'o-ji), n. the science which treats of the Church as an organized society, and of its development. eschalot (esh-a-lot'), n. a kind of onion resembling garlic. echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an arrange- ment of a body of troops in the form of steps; an arrangement of the vessels of a fleet in V form. echinate (ek'i-nat), v.t. and v.i. to pro- ject at such an angle as to have a feathery or plumed appearance, as in case of. the spicules of certain sponges. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. ECHO 254 EDDY echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes ('oz)], the repetition of a sound caused by reflection; the repetition of the words or opinions of others: v.i. [pt. & p.p. echoed; p.pr. echoing], to emit an echo; give, or reflect back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the sound of; repeat closely (the words, &c, of others). echometry (e-kom'e-tri), n. the art of measuring the duration of sounds. eclair (a-klar'), n. a small oblong cake containing flavored cream, &c, covered on the top with sugar or chocolate. eclaircissement (-ses'mang), n. an explanation or clearing up of some- thing previously obscure or misun- derstood. eclat (a-kla'), n. a bursting forth, as of applause or admiration; renown; striking effect; splendor. eclectic (ek-lek'tik), adj. selecting or choosing from different systems, doc- trines, or sources; liberal and broad in taste or belief: n. one of a class of ancient philosophers. eclecticism ('ti-sizm), n. the eclectic system of philosophy. eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- tial obscuration of the light of a heavenly body caused by its entering the shadow of another body: hence diminution: obscuration; temporary failure: adj. pertaining to an eclipse: v.t. to cover or obscure by an eclipse; darken or conceal; over- shadow. ecliptic (-klip'tik), n. the apparent path of the sun, or real path of the earth, in the heavens during a year. eclogue (ek'log), n. a pastoral poem. economic (ek-o, or e-ko-nom'ik), adj. frugal; saving; pertaining to do- mestic economy. Also economical: n.pl. political economy. economist (-kon'o-mist), n. one pru- dent in expenditure; a student of political economy. economize ('o-miz), v.t. to manage with care or frugality: v.i. to be careful in outlay. economy ('o-mi), n. [pi. economies (-miz)], the regulation of household affairs; frugality in expenditure; _,any system of religious laws, rites, or ceremonies. ecorche (a-kor-sha/), n. an anatom- ical model, represented as deprived of the skin; to exhibit for study the muscular system. ecrevisse (a-kre-ves'), n. a piece of armor formed of overlapping splints resembling the tail of the crawfish. ecru (a-kroo'), adj. unbleached: said of the color of textile fabrics. ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [pi. ecstasies (-siz)], the state of being beside one's self; excessive joy; a kind of cataleptic trance. ecstatic (-stat'ik), adj. overpower- ing; rapturous; entrancing. Also ecstatical. ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pronuncia- tion of a vowel as long, or its length- ening if short. ectoblast ( to-blast), n. an outer cell wall. ectogenesis (ek-to-jen'e-sis), n. pro- ducing structures from without in- stead of from within. ectopic gestation (ek-top'ik ges-ta- shon), n. bearing the embryo outside the uterus in the abdominal cavity. ectoplasm (-plazm), n. the exterior protoplasm or sarcode of a cell. ectype (ek'tlp), n. a reproduction or imitation of an original design. ectypography (-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. method of etching in relief . ecu (a-koo'), n. a mediaeval shield; the name of various gold and silver coins formerly current in France. ecumenic (ek-u-men'ik), adj. gen- eral; universal, pertaining to the Christian Church throughout the world: said of certain councils of the Church. Also ecumenical. eczema ('ze-ma), n. an inflammatory disease of the skin. eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies ('iz)], contrary current of air or water causing a circular motion; a small ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EDEN 255 EFFICACIOUS whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- lar motion; whirl. Eden (e'dn), n. paradise; any partic- ularly delightful region or residence. edged ('d), p.adj. furnished with an edge, border, or fringe. edge-tool (tool), n. any sharp tool. edging ('ing), n. that which forms an edge or border; narrow lace or embroidery for a garment; the oper- ation of shaping or ornamenting anything. edible Ci-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as food: n. something fit to be eaten (usually in pi). edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- tion or decree issued by a sovereign and having the force of a law. edification (ed-i-fi-ka/shun), n. a building up in a moral or religious sense; instruction. edify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, p.pr. edifying], to build up or strengthen, especially in faith or morals; impart instruction to. edit ('it), v.t. to revise and prepare for publication; direct, select, and adapt literary matter for the press; make a revision of. edition (e-dish'un), n. the published form of a literary work; the number of copies of a book, magazine, or newspaper published at one time; reproduction. editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- tends, revises, or prepares a literary work for publication; one who con- ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. editorial (-tor'i-al), adj. pertaining to an editor, or his duties: n. a leading article. educate ('u-kat), # v.t. to impart knowledge to; cultivate the moral or intellectual faculties of; instruct; train. education (-ka'shun), n. the act, pro- cess, or result of educating; the sys- tematic training of the moral and intellectual faculties; the rearing of animals. educationist ('shun-ist), n. one versed in the art, theory, and meth- ods of education; one who advocates the promotion and extension of edu- cation. educator (-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, educates; a tutor; an educationist. educe (e-dus r ), v.t. to draw out; evolve; bring to light. eduction (e-duk'shun), n. the act of exhausting, as steam. eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute of ventral fins, having a slippery mucous skin. eerie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; gloomy; mysterious. Also eery.. efface (ef-fas'), v.t. to obliterate; render indistinguishable; destroy. effaceable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being effaced. effacement ('ment), n. obliteration. effect (ef-fekt'), v.t. to produce as a cause, consequence, or result; ac- complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; realization; efficiency; purport: pL goods; personal estate : effective ('iv), adj. having the power to effect; operative; efficient; pow- erful : n. a soldier fit for duty. effectual ('u-al), adj. producing, or having, effect; completely operative; efficient. effeminacy (-fem'i-na-si), n. the quality of being effeminate; woman- ish softness or delicacy; unmanli- ness. effeminate ('i-nat), v.t. to make womanish or delicate; unman: v.i. become womanish: adj. having the qualities or characteristics of a woman; delicate or unmanly. efferent ('fer-ent), adj. conveying or discharging outwards. effervesce (-ves'), v.i. to be in a state of natural ebullition; bubble or hiss. effervescence ('ens), n. the state or condition of effervescing; irrepressi- ble excitement; a display of feeling. effete (-fef), adj. worn out; barren; exhausted. efficacious (-i-ka'shus), adj. produc- ing, or capable of producing, a de- sired effect. ate, Snn, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. EFFICACY 256 EIKON efficacy (-ka-si), n. power to produce the escape of a fluid from the vessel results or effects; ability. inclosing it. efficiency (-fish'en-si), n. effectual effusive ('siv), adj. pouring forth agency or power; the state of being freely or widely. efficient. egging ('ing), n. incitement. efficient Cent), adj. producing or egis, same as aegis. causing effects or results; powerful; eglantine ('lan-tin), n. the dog-rose. ready: n. an agent or cause; a qual- ego (e'go), n. self; personality. ified person. egoism (-izm), n. the habit of re- effigy ('i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (-jiz)], garding self as the center of every- an image; a likeness or figure in thing; the^ doctrine that everything sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. is uncertain but the fact of one's effloresce (fid-res'), v.i. to blossom; existence. become covered with a whitish crust egoist (-ist), n. an adherent of egoism. or fine white crystals. ego-maniac (eg-o-ma/ni-ak), n. one efflorescence ('ens), n. the time or whose self-love is so excessive as to state of flowering; the production of become a disease. flowers; redness of the skin; the egotism _ (e'go-, or eg'o-tizm), n. self- formation of fine white crystals on exaltation in thought, speech, or the surface of efflorescing substances. writing; vanity. effluence ('flu-ens), n. an issuing out. egotist (-tist), n. one characterized effluent (-ent), adj. flowing or issu- by egotism. ing forth: n. a stream which flows egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- out of another or forms the outlet of nary. a lake. egress Cgres), n. departure. effluvial ('vi-al), adj. pertaining to egret Cgret), n. a species of heron; a effluvia. heron's plume; the feathery down of effluviography (e-flo-vi-og'ra-fi), n. seeds. the action of the silent electric dis- Egyptology ('o-ji), n. the science or charge upon a photographic plate. scientific investigation of Egyptian effluvium < ('vi-um), n. [pi. effluvia antiquities and hieroglyphics. (-a)], an invisible subtle emanation; eider (I'der), n. a large marine duck, disagreeable exhalations arising from the down of which is an article of decaying matter. commercial value. efflux ('fluks), n. the act of flowing eidograph ('do-graf), n. an appara- out; effluence; emanation; a passing tus for copying drawings, &c. away.^ eidoscope (-skop), n. an instrument effoiiation (-fol-i-a'shun), n. the de- for producing an infinite variety of priving of leaves: said of a plant. geometrical figures. effort ('fort), n. strenuous exertion, eighteenmo (-mo), n. a book whose physical *or mental; struggle; at- sheets are folded into 18 leaves. Oc- tempt. todecimo. effractor (e-frak'tor), n. one who il- eighteenth ('tenth), adj. next in or- legally enters a house, as a burglar. der after 17th: an ordinal numeral. effrontery (-frunt'er-i), n. impu- eighth (at'th), adj. next after sev- dence. enth; an ordinal numeral: n. an in- effulgence (-ful'jens), n. a great lus- terval of an octave - ter, brightness, or splendor. eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to effusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act of 79thl pounngout, or shedding forth; an eighty ('ti), adj. 8 times 10. outpouring of thought o r sentiment; eikon (I'kon), n. [pi. eikones ('ko- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. EIKONOMETER 257 ELECTORAL COLLEGE nez)], a holy image; a sacred pic- ture used in the Greek Church. eikonometer (i-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a device for measuring microscopic objects or determining the magnify- ing power of a microscope. eis-wool (Is'wool), ft. a fine kind of worsted. either (e' or i'^er), adj. one or the other of two; both: pron. one of two : conj. the correlative to or. ejaculate (e-jak'ti-lat), v.t. to utter suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculatipns. ejaculation (-la/shun), n. the act of uttering suddenly ; an exclamation. ejaculatory ('u-la-to-ri), adj. uttered suddenly or sharply. eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- miss from office ; evict. ejecta ('a), n.pl. refuse. ejection (-jek'shun), n. expulsion. ejector ('ter), n. one who, or that which, ejects. ejoo-fiber (ej'oo-fi'ber), n. a strong black fiber, used in commerce. eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen (with out): adv. also; likewise [poet.]. elaborate (e-lab'o-rat), v.t. to pro- duce with labor; improve or refine with study or labor: adj. highly-fin- ished; complicated. elaborator (-ra-ter), n. one who, or that which, elaborates. elan (a-lang'), n. dash. eland (e'land), n. the Cape elk. elapse (-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide away; run out without notice. elastic (-las'tik), adj. springing back; having the power of returning to its >riginalform; rebounding; springy; ipable of extension: n. an elastic roven fabric made in part of india- lbber. sticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the quality of lg elastic; power to recover from depression. elastic-tissue (-tish'u), n. elastic light yellow tissue in the ligaments of the vertebrae. elate (-laf), v.t. to raise the spirits of; cause to feel exultant; excite; puff up. elation (-la'shun), n. the state of be- ing elated; joyful elevation of mind. elder ('der), adj. older; exceeding an- other in age; prior in time, origin, or appointment: n. one older in age, rank, or station; a lay member of the Jewish Sanhedrim; one of a body of laymen, in certain churches, authorized to superintend its spir- itual interests, and to assist the minister; a shrub or tree with a spongy pith and purple berries. eldest ('est), adj. oldest; firstborn. El Dorado (do-ra'do), n. an imagin- ary country in South America, fa- bled to be very rich in gold and precious stones: hence an inexhaus- tible treasure. elect (e-lekf), v.t. to choose for any office or use; choose by ballot; select from a number: ad;', taken in prefer- ence; chosen to an office but not yet invested with the dignity: n.pl. those chosen to eternal life by Di- vine Sovereignty. election (-lek'shun), n. the act of electing; voluntary preference; the act of choosing a person for some of- fice or function by show of hands, or ballot; the selection by Divine Sov- ereignty of certain individuals to eternal life; one of the five points of Calvinism. electioneer (-shun-er'), v.i. to em- ploy means for influencing the result of an election. elective (-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by choice; exerting the power of choice: opposed to hereditary; having the tendency to attract, or combine with. elector ('ter), n. one legally qualified to vote; a member of a United States electoral college; one of the German princes who formerly pos- sessed the power of electing the Emperor. electoral (-al), adj. pertaining to elections or electors; having the rights of an elector. Electoral college (kol'ej), n. body of representatives elected by the vot- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELECTORATE 258 ELEGANCE ers of the several states to choose a president of the United States. electorate ('to-rat) , n. the whole body of persons entitled to vote; the dig- nity or territory of an elector of the old German empire. electric ('trik), adj. pertaining to, containing, generated by, or pro- duced by, electricity; magnetic. Also electrical. electrician (-trish'un), n. one who is skilled in the science of electricity; the maker or vendor of electrical appliances. electricity (-tris'i-ti), n. an impon- derable and invisible agent producing light, heat, chemical decomposition, and other physical phenomena; the science of the laws and phenomena which characterize electricity. electricute (-kut), v.t. same as elec- trocute. electrify ('tri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. electrified, p.pr. electrifying], to charge with, or act upon, by elec- tricity; pass an electric current through. Also electrize. electro, a prefix denoting electricity as the motive power, or operating agent, used in many words, the meaning of which is self-evident, as eZecfro-engrave, electro-gild, &c. electro-biology (-bl-ol'o-ji), n. mes- merism. electrocute ('tro-kut), v.t. to put to death (a criminal) by an electric current. electrocution (-ku'shun), n. the act of electrocuting. electrode (e-lek'trod), n. either of the terminals of an electric source; anode or cathode. electro-dynamics (-di-nam'iks), n. that branch of physics which treats of electric currents. electrokinetics (-ki-net'iks), n. that branch of electrical science which treats of electric currents, or elec- tricity in motion, as distinguished from electrostatics. electrolysis (-trol'i-sis), n. the de- composition of a chemical com- pound by electricity into its compo- nent parts. electrolyze ('tro-llz), v.t. to decom- pose by the direct action of elec- tricity or galvanism. electro-magnet (-mag'net), n. a coil of soft iron rendered magnetic by the passage of an electric current through it. electrometer (-trom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the amount of electrical force. electromobile (e-lek-tro-mo'bil), n. an automobile driven by electric storage-batteries. electromotor (-mo'ter), n. any ar- rangement, or apparatus, which pro- duces or excites an electric current; a dynamo. electron (e-lek'tron), n. an electrical unit. electropathy (-trop'a-thi), n. the treatment of diseases by electricity. electrophorus (-trof'o-rus), n. an instrument for generating statical electricity oy induction. electrophysiology (-fiz-i-oro-ji), n. that branch of electricity which in- vestigates the electric phenomena of living organisms. electroplate ('tro-plat), v.t. to cover or give a coating of metal to by means of a current of electricity: n. an article thus coated: generally ap- plied to silver plate. electrotherapeutics. See electropa- thy. electrotechnics (-tek'niks), n. the science of the processes or methods in which electricity is applied to the industrial arts. electrotype ('tro-tlp), n. a facsimile in metal of any object made by cov- ering a mold, plate, &c, with a coat ing of copper by the action of a g£ vanic electric current: v.t. to take copy of by electrical deposition. eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri), adj. pertaining to alms; devoted to char table purposes; dependent upoi charity: n. one who lives on alms. elegance ('e-gans), n. [pi. elegance ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELEGANT 259 ELLIPSE (-gan-siz) ], the state or quality of being elegant; polish; refinement; symmetry. elegant (-gant), adj. characterized by refinement and good taste; refined; polished; beautiful in form, color, or design. elegiac (el-e-ji'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an elegy ; plaintive ; mournful : n . a song e 'pressing sorrow; a funeral song. elegit (e-le'jit), n. a writ of execu- tion under which a creditor can hold a debtor's goods until his claim is satisfied. elegy (ere-ji), n. [pi. elegies (-jiz) ], a funeral song or ode; dirge; requiem. element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- stituent principle; a component or essential part; a substance which cannot be decomposed by any known method; natural environment; in- gredient: pi. the letters or sounds of the alphabet; the Eucharistic bread and wine. omental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, an element; fun- lamental. Also elementary. sphant ('e-fant), n. a large five- >ed proboscidian mammal with a lexible trunk and large tusks. jphantiasis (-ti'a-sis), n. a cuta- leous disease resembling leprosy. jphantine ('tin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, an elephant; "luge; unwieldy. rate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from lower to a higher position; enno- )le; animate; inspire; raise by raining or education; to intoxicate, ightly. ration (-va'shun), n. the act of levating; the state of being ele- vated; a sketch plan of the front or principal side of a building; the alti- tude of a heavenly body above the lorizon; raising of the land by seis- tic or other agency; slight intoxi- ttion. rator (-ter), n. that which raises ip or exalts; a hoisting machine or lift; a warehouse for the storage of grain. elevatory (-to-ri), adj. tending to elevate. elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz) ], a di- minutive mischievous sprite sup- posed to haunt hills and wild places; a dwarf; fairy. elf-child ('child), n. a child believed to have been left by the fairies in the place of one stolen by them; a changeling. elfin ('fin), n. an inhabitant of fairy- land; a sportive child : adj. pertain- ing to elves. elf-fire (elf 'fir), n. will-o'-the-wisp. elf-lock ('lok), n. a knot of hair twisted in an intricate manner. elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. elide (-lid'), v.t. to slur over, or cut off, as a final vowel. eligibility (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being eligible. eligible (el'i-ji-bl), adj. capable of being, or fit to be, chosen; legally qualified. eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave out of consideration, or cast aside. eliquate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to separate or melt out, as metal from ore. elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off of a vowel or syllable for the sake of euphony, as o'er for over. elite (a-lef), n. the choicest part, as of society, a profession, an army, &c. elixir (-lik'ser), n. _ an imaginary liquid of the alchemists supposed to be capable of prolonging life indefi- nitely, and of changing baser metals into gold ; a tincture, essence, or cordial. elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North America and Northern Europe; the moose-deer. elkwood ('wood), n. the wood of the umbrella-tree. ell (el), n. a measure formerly used for cloth, varying in different coun- tries, an English ell being 45 inches. ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- tions of a cone; the elliptical orbit of a planet. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELLIPSIS 260 EMBITTER ellipsis ('is), n. the omission of a word or words in a sentence, the sense of which is obvious. ellipticity (-lip-tis'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being elliptic; the extent of any divergence of any ellipse from the circle. elocution (el-o-kii'shun), n. the art, manner, or style of speaking in pub- lic; delivery. elocutionist (-ist), n. one skilled in, or a teacher of, the art of elocution. eloge (a-lozh'), n. a funeral oration, especially one pronounced on the death of a member of the French Academy. Elohim (el'o-him), n. one of the Old Testament names of God. • elongate (e-16ng'gat), v.t., to stretch out; extend; lengthen. elongation (-ga/shun), n. extension. elope (e-lop'), v.i. to escape privately; run away with a lover or paramour. elopement ('ment), n. running away. eloquence (el'6-kwens), n. the art of speaking with fluency and elegance. eloquent (-kwent), adj. having the power of fluent and elegant oratory. else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. elucidate 'e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make clear; render intelligible; illustrate. elucidator ('i-da-ter), n. one who elucidates; an expositor. elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice or dexterity; shun; escape. elusion (-lu'zhun), n. evasion; artifice. elusive ('siv), adj. deceptive; falla- cious. elusory ('so-ri), adj. evasive; decep- tive. elvan ('van), adj. pertaining to elves. elves, pi. of elf. elysian (-liz'i-an), adj. pertaining to elysium; yielding the highest enjoy- ment. Elysium ('i-um), n. the Greek Para- dise or residence of the blessed after death; a condition of perfect happi- ness. em (em), n. the square body of any size of type, serving as a unit of measurement. emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to lose flesh gradually; pine away: v.t. to make thin. emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, issue, or proceed, as from a source. emancipate (e-man'si-pat), v.t. to liberate from servitude or bondage; set free; enfranchise. emancipator (-pa-ter), n. & liberator. emarginate (-mar'gin-at), adj. in- dented at the edges; having the apex notched. emasculate (-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to castrate; deprive of virility; weaken by expurgation: adj. castrated; de- prived of vigor. embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve from decay by balsams or aromatic spices; keep from putrefaction by antiseptics. embank (-bangk'), v.t. to inclose with a bank; protect by a bank. embargo (-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- goes Cgoz) ], an order by authority prohibiting the departure of vessels from a port. embark (-bark'), v.t. to put on board ship; venture or invest: v.i. to go on board a vessel; engage in any affairs. embarrass (-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; perplex; involve in pecuniary diffi- culties; distress. embassy ('ba-si), n. [pi. embassies (-iz) ], the public function, mission, or official residence of an ambassa- dor; a legation. embattled (-batld), p. adj. furnished with battlements; drawn up in battle array. embed (-bed'), v.t. to'lay in, or as in, a bed; set in surrounding matter. embellish (-bel'ish), v.t. to make beautiful; set off by ornamentation. ember Cber), n. a small live coal or unextinguished smoldering ashes. embezzle (-bez'l), v.t. to appropriate fraudulently, as property entrusted to one's care. embitter (-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- ter, or more bitter; exasperate. Also imbitter. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, EMBLAZON 261 EMENDATION emblazon (-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- rate; celebrate the praises of. emblem ('blem), n. a symbolical fig- ure or design; a visible sign of an idea. emblemata (-ble'ma-ta), n.pl. de- tachable figures with which the an- cients ornamented gold, silver, or other metallic vessels. emblematic (-blem-at'ik), adj. per- taining to an emblem; symbolical. Also emblematical. emblements ('ble-ments), n.pl. an- nual crops produced by the labor of the cultivator. embodier (-bod'i-er), n. one who em- bodies. embodiment ('i-ment), n. the act of embodying, or uniting in a whole. embody (-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- bodied, p.pr. embodying], to collect into one mass or united whole; in- vest with, or as with, a material body: v.i. to coalesce. embolden (em-bold'en), v.t. to en- courage. embolism ('bo-lizm), n. an intercala- tion; the insertion of days, months, or years into the calendar to pro- duce regularity of time ; the presence of obstructing clots in the blood vessels. embolus Cb6-lus), n. [pi. emboli (-11) ], something inserted and acting in another thing, as a piston rod. embonpoint (ang-bong-pwang'), n. plumpness of figure, especially of the bust. embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold in the bosom; inclose in the midst; shelter. emboss (-bos'), v.t. to cover with bosses or studs; raise in relief from the surface. embouchure (ang-boo-shur'), n. the mouth of a river, a cannon, &c; the mouthpiece of a musical wind strument. ibowel (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emboweled, p.pr.. emboweling], to remove the intestines from; disem- bowel. embower (-bou'er), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a bower: v.i. to rest, as in a bower; form a bower. embrace (-bras'), v.t. to take in close, or press to the bosom with affection; hug; cling to^ receive with willingness; in law, to attempt to influence by threats or bribes : v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act of embracing; a clasping in the arms; a hug. embracery (-bra'ser-i), n. the act of attempting to corrupt or influence a jury. embrasure ('zhur), n. an opening in a wall or parapet from which to fire guns; a window or door having its sides slanted on the inside. embrocate Cbro-kat), v.t. to mois- ten and rub, as a diseased or injured part, with a lotion. embrocation (-ka'shun), n. a lini- ment for applying to, or rubbing, an injured part of the body. embroider (-broid'er), v.t. to deco- rate with needlework; embellish with additions. embroidery (-i), n. pi. embroider- ies (-iz) ], ornamental work of gold, silver, silk, &c, executed with the needle; embellishment. embroil (-broil'), v.t. to throw into confusion; involve in contention; mix up; entangle. embryo ('bri-o), n. [pi. ' embryos (-oz) ], the first germ or rudiment of an organism; the first or unde- veloped state of anything. embryogeny (-oj'e-ni), n. the devel- opment of the embryo in the ovule. embryology ('o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of the de- velopment of embryos. embryoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. per- taining to the formation and devel- opment of an embryo. embryotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the ex- traction of an embryo or foetus b3 r cutting. emendation (e-men-da'shun), n. the arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EMENDATOR 262 EMPLOY alteration or correction of a text, so as to give an improved reading. emendator (-ter), n. one who cor- rects or improves the text of a work. emerald (em'e-rald), n. a precious stone of a rich, deep green color; a variety of beryl; a size of type: adj. of a color like the emerald. emeraldine (-din), n. a dye of a dark green color. emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or come forth, from anything which conceals; become apparent. emergency (-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. emergencies (-siz) ], a sudden occa- sion; pressing necessity; strait; cri- sis: adj. pertaining to, or used in, an emergency. emeritus (-mer'i-tus), adj. retired from service with honor: said of a university or college professor. emersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of emerging; the reappearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse. emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- riety of corundum; used when pow- dered for grinding or polishing. emetic (e-met'ik), adj. inducing vom- iting: n. a medicine possessing emetic properties. emeute ^ (a-muf), n. a seditious or revolutionary outbreak; riot. emigrant (em'i-grant), n. one who quits his own country to settle in another : adj. moving from one coun- try to another; pertaining to or used by, emigrants. emigrate ('i-grat), v.i. to leave one's country to settle in another. eminence (em'i-nens), n. that which is lofty; elevation; height; exalted rank, station, celebrity, or repute; a title given to cardinals. eminent (-nent), adj. high in office, rank, or reputation; distinguished; exalted; conspicuous. emir (e-meV), n. a prince: a title of dignity given to a Mohammedan prince or chieftain. Also ameer, amir. emissary (em'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. emis- saries (-riz) ], a person, or agent, sent on a mission, especially of a secret nature. emission (e-mish'un), n. the act of sending out ; that which is issued at the time, as bank notes. emit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, p.pr. emitting], to send or give forth; issue, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as bank notes. emmet ('et), n. an ant. emollient (e-mol'yent), adj. softening: n. a medicine that has a softening effect on living tissues. emolument ('u-ment), n. profit; re- muneration; income; pecuniary gain emotion (-mo'shun), n. mental agita' tion; excited feeling; passion. emotive (-mo'tiv), adj. producing emotion. empale. Same as impale. emperor (em'per-er), n. the sover- eign or supreme ruler of an empire. emphasis ('fa-sis), n. a particular stress of the voice on a word or words in reading or speaking; spe- cial force of language or thought. emphasize ('fa-siz), v.t. to pronounce with emphasis; bring out clearly and distinctly. emphatic (-fat'ik), adj. uttered with emphasis; forcibly significant; im- pressive; earnest. Also emphatical. empire ('pir), n. supreme power or dominion; imperial rule or sover- eignty; the region ruled over by an emperor or sovereign; sway; con- trol. empiric (-pir'ik), adj. pertaining to, founded upon, or derived from, ex- perience. Also empirical. empiricism ('i-sizm), n. observation, or practical experience apart from scientific knowledge; the practice of medicine without the usual medical training or qualification; quackery, j employ (-ploi'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. em- ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- cupation to; keep busy; exercise; make use of; apply or devote to an object: n. occupation. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EMPLOYEE 263 ENCORE employee (-e'), n. one who works for another [French employ 6 (-a) ]. emporium (-po'ri-um) , n. a commer- cial center or place of trade; a large shop. empower (-pou'er), v.t. to authorize; enable. empress ('pres), n. a woman invested with sovereign sway over an empire ; the consort or widow of an emperor. empressement (an-pres-mang'), n. an animated and vivacious deport- ment; a cordial manifestation of interest. empresario (-pres-a/ri-o), n. a con- tractor who introduces foreign set- tlers to Mexico by arrangement with the government. emptiness (emp'ti-nes), n. the state of being empty; want of knowledge or sense. emptying (-ing), n. the act of mak- ing empty: pi. the lees of beer or cider, used as yeast (pronounced emptins) . empyrean (em-pir'e-an) , adj. per- taining to the highest and purest re- gion of heaven, or the region of pure fire; ethereal. Also empyreal. emu _ (e'mu), n. a large Australian ostrich-like bird. emulate (em'ti-lat), v.t. to strive to equal or excel; vie with; rival. emulator (-la-ter), n. a rival; com- petitor. emulgent (e-mul'jent), adj. draining out: applied to the arteries and veins : n. an emulgent vessel ; a med- icine that promotes a flow of bile. emulous (em'u-lus), adj. desirous to excel; rivaling; competitive. emulsion (e-mul 'shun), n. any liquid preparation resembling milk; a sub- stance suspended in gelatine or col- lodion, used in the preparation of dry photographic plates. iable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; furnish with adequate means or power; empower. lact (-akf), v.t. to decree; pass into law; act the part of. tacting clause (klawz), n. the in- troductory clause of a bill or act, usually commencing "Be it enact- ed." enactor ('ter), n. one who enacts. enamel (-am 'el), n. an opaque, semi- transparent, or colored substance, or glass, used in coating the surface of metals or porcelain, and afterwards fired; anything enameled; any smooth hard coating, especially the dense white substance of the teeth:' v.t. [p.t. & p.p. enameled, p.pr. en- ameling], to lay on, cover, or deco- rate with enamel. enamor (-am'er), v.t. to captivate. encamp (-kamp'), v.i. to form a camp; halt on the march; go into camp or settle in temporary quar- ters: v.t. to form into a camp. encase (en-kas'), n. to inqlose in a covering. encaustic (-kaws'tik), adj. pertaining to the art of painting in burnt wax. encaustic-tile (-til), n. a variegated paving-tile inlaid on ground of an- other color. enceinte (ang-sangf), n. the line of works which forms the main in- closure of a fortress or place; a close or precinct: adj. with child; pregnant. enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast with, or as with, a chain. enchant (-chant), v.t. to charm or subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- witch ; fill with delight. encircle (-ser'kl), v.t. to form, or in- close, in a circle ; enclasp ; embrace. enclitic (en-klit'ik), adj. relating in Greek and Latin grammar to par- ticles that have their accent sub- merged in another word. encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), adj. bestowing praise; eulogistic. encomium ('mi-um), n. [pi. encomi- ums (-umz) ], formal praise; eulogy. encompass (-kum'pas), v.t. to sur- round. encore (ang-kor'), adv. once more; again: n. a repetition in response to a call by an audience: v.t. to call }, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ENCOUNTER 264 ENERGETIC for a repetition of (any particular part of a performance). encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come upon suddenly; meet face to face: v.i. to come into collision; meet in combat: n. a sudden or accidental meeting; conflict; battle. encourage (-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or inspire with, courage; stimulate. encroach (-kroch'), v.i. to invade gradually or by stealth; infringe; intrude (usually with on or upon). encumber (-kum'ber), v.t. to im- pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load with debt or other legal liabilities. encumbrance ('brans), n. that which encumbers; a lien or liability attached to real property. encyclical (-sik'lik-al), adj. sent to all members of a class or commu- nity; intended for general circula- tion. Also encyclic: n. a circular letter sent by the Pope to the bish- ops, treating of topics of general ec- clesiastical interest. encyclopaedia or encyclopedia (-si- klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle of the arts and sciences; a dictionary of the arts, sciences, and literature; a comprehensive summary of knowl- edge; a cyclopaedia. encyclopaedic (-pe'dik), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, an ency- clopaedia. Also encyclopedic. encyst (-sisf), v.U & v.i. to inclose, or become inclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. endanger (en-dan'jer), v.t. expose to, or bring into, danger; hazard. endear (-der'), v.t. to make dear or beloved; attach to one's self. endearment ('ment), n. affection. endeavor (-dev'er), v.i. to strive for the attainment of some object; at- tempt: n. an effort or attempt; physical or intellectual exertion to- ward the attainment of some object. endemic (-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to a nation, people, or locality: ap- plied to a disease. endive (en'div), n. an herb whose leaves are blanched and used for salads. endo and endon, a prefix used in many scientific, words, meaning within, denoting internal growth, as entoderm, endoplasm. endocarp (en'do-karp), n. the inner coat or shell of a fruit. endogen ('do-jen), n. an endogenous plant: pi. one of the primary classes of the vegetable kingdom, in which the plants increase by in- ternal growth and elongation at the summit, and have a distinct pith. endoscope ('do-skop), n. an instru- ment used for examining some in- ternal part of the body, as the urethra. endosmosis (-dos-mo'sis), n. the transmission of a fluid inward from outside when two fluids are sepa- rated by a porous septum. endosperm ('do-sperm), n. the albu- men of a seed. endow (-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund or income upon; settle upon; fur- nish, as with some gift or quality (with with). endowment ('ment), n. the act of endowing; that which is bestowed, settled, or appropriated to any ob- ject; that which is given or be- stowed on the person or mind: pi. natural gifts. endue (-du'), to clothe; invest; as- sume; furnish with some moral or spiritual gift. Also indue. endurability (-dur-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being endurable. endurable ('a-bl), adj. bearable. endurance (-dtir'ans), n. the capac- ity to endure; power of suffering without succumbing; continuance; fortitude. endure (-dur), v.t. to support with- out breaking or yielding; put up with; remain in: v.i. to harden; re- main in the same state. enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection thrown into the rectum as. a medi- cine. enemy ('e-mi), n. [pi. enemies (-miz)], one hostile to another; foe; an- tagonist; a hostile army. energetic (-er-jet'ik), adj. possess- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ENERGICO 265 ENGRAVING ing, or displaying, energy; vigorous in action; forcible: n.pl. physical, as distinguished from vital dynamics. energico (-er'je-ko), adj. with energy, force, and strong accentuation [mus.]. energize ('er-jiz), v.t. to endow with energy: v.i. to act with energy. energy ('er-ji), n. [pi. energies (-jiz)], internal or inherent power; vigor- ous operation; power efficiently and forcibly exerted; capacity for per- forming work; emphasis. enervate (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; to render effeminate or feeble; de- bilitate. en famille (ang fa-mel), with one's family; at home; in domestic fash- ion, without formality. enfeeble (en-fe'bl),, v.t. to weaken; relax. enfeoff (-fef), v.t. to invest with a feud, fief, or fee; give, sell or con- vey lands in fee to. enfilade (-fi-lad'), n. a straight line or passage; the situation of a place or a body of men liable to be raked with shot through its whole extent: I v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a \ straight line. enforce (-fors'), v.t. to put into exe- [' cution with vigor; compel; make « clear or intelligible. enfranchise (-fran'chiz), v.t. to lib- erate or set free ; make free of a state, ity, or corporation; confer the lectoral franchise upon; admit the right of voting in public ections. age (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or d by oath or contract; make lia- e for a debt; secure for aid or em- oyment; encounter in battle; oc- py the time or attention of ; inter- im: v.i. to promise or assume an ligation; occupy one's self; enter conflict. aged (-gajd'), p.p. adj. busy or cupied; affianced. agement (-gaj'ment), n. the act engaging; the state or condition being engaged; betrothal; occu- pation; a conflict between armies or fleets. engaging ('ing), adj. winning; pleas- ing. engender (-jen'der), v.t. to beget; excite: v.t. to come into existence. engine (-jin), n. anything used to effect a purpose ; a machine by which power is applied for the perform- ance of work; an apparatus for pro- ducing some mechanical effect: v.t. to furnish or fit up a vessel with engines. engineer (-ji-neV), n. one who is skilled in the principles or practice of any branch of engineering; one who has charge of and manages an engine; one who carries through a scheme or undertaking by skill or astuteness: v.t. to plan, lay out, or direct, as an engineer, the forma- tion or execution of, as a road or work. engineering ('ing), n. the art of constructing and using machinery; the art and science by which natu- ral forces and materials are utilized in structures or machines. English (ing'glish), adj. belonging to, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the language or the people of England, or those descended from them: n. the English people or the language spoken by them; a size of printing-type (see type) : v.t. to give a twisting or spinning motion to, as a ball at billiards so as to deflect it from its course. engrailment (-gral'ment) , n. a ring of dots round the edge of a coin or medal. engrain, another form of ingrain. engrave _ (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or carve in sunken patterns; incise with figures or lines; impress deeply or indelibly. engraving ('ing), n. the act, process, or art of producing designs, &c, in- cised or relief, on metal, stone, or hard wood ; that which is engraved ; an impression from an engraved plate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ENGROSS 266 ENSILAGE engross (-gros'), v.t. to purchase in the gross or bulk; monopolize; write in a large distinct round hand. engulf, same as ingulf. enhance (-nans'), v.t. to raise in esteem; advance; heighten in price or value. enharmonic (-har-mon'ik), adj. pro- ceeding by smaller intervals than a semitone. Also enharmonical. enharmonic scale (skal), n. a mus- ical scale having more than 12 tones to the octave. enhydrite (-hi'drit), n. any mineral containing water. enigma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle. enigmatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to an enigma; obscure or puzzling. Also enigmatical. enjoin (-join'), v.t. to direct with authority or urgency ; enforce; pro- hibit or restrain by an injunction. enjoy (-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive with pleasure; have the use or pos- session of. enkindle (-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; rouse. enlarge (-larj'), v.t. to make larger; extend in limits or dimensions; am- plify; extend to more purposes or uses; release from confinement; di- late upon: v.i. to become larger; expatiate. enlighten (-llt'n), v.t. to illuminate; make clear to the mind; furnish with increased knowledge; elevate morally or spiritually. enlist (-list 7 ), v.t. to enroll, as for military service; register; gain over, or employ in some cause: v.i. to engage one's self for military service. enliven (-liv'n), v.t. to make vigor- ous, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; inspirit. en masse (ang mas'), collectively; altogether. enmity (-mi'ti), n. [pi. enmities (-tiz) ], animosity; hatred; hostility; ill-will. ennoble (-no'bl), v.t. to make noble; dignify; exalt; make famous or il- lustrious. ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; listlessness. enormity (e-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. enor- mities (-tiz) ], something outrageous or extremely immoderate; an atroc- ity. enormous ('mus), adj. excessive; very great; immense; huge; . ex- tremely wicked. en passant (ang pas-sang'-), by the way. enough (e-nuf), adj. sufficient: n. a sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- cient; very; quite: inter j. stop! enquire, same as inquire. enrage (en-raj'), v.t. to throw into a rage. enrail (-ral'), v.t. to place a car upon rails: opposed to derail. en rapport (ang rap-por'), in sym- pathy with (with with). enrapt (-rapt'), adj. enraptured. enrapture (-rap'tur), v.t. to trans- port with delight; please intensely; charm. en regie (ang ra'gl), in due order. enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; fertilize; store; adorn. enrobe (-rob'), v.t. to clothe; invest. enroll (-rol'), v.i. to insert in a reg- ister; enlist; record. Also enrol. en route (ang root'), on the way. ens (enz), n. [pi. entia (en'shi-a) ], an entity; existence; being. ensanguine (en-sang'gwin), v.t. \ smear or cover with blood. ensconce (-skons'), v.t. to hide; fix securely or comfortably; settle. ensemble (ang-sang'bl), the whole. enshrine (en-shrm'), v.t. to place in a shrine; keep sacred, ensheathe (sheth'), v.t. to sheathe. enshroud (-shroud'), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a shroud; conceal. ensiform ('si-form), adj. sword- shaped. ensign ('sin), n. a flag; badge; the lowest rank in the navy. ensilage ('si-laj), n. fodder or vege- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ENSLAVE 267 ENTAILS table produce stored in a silo: v.t. to preserve in a silo. enslave (-slav'), v.t. to bring into, or reduce to, slavery; enthrall. ensnare (-snar'), v.t. to take in, or as in, a snare; take by craft; allure. ensue (-sii'), v.i. to follow as a con- sequence; succeed. en suite (ang swet'), in a series. ensure, same as insure. entablature (-tab'la-tur), n. the whole parts on the top of a pillar or column, composed of architrave, frieze, and cornice. entail (en-taT), n. an estate in fee limited to a particular heir or heirs: v.t. to leave or settle, as if by en- tail; involve; necessitate. entangle (tang'gl), v.t. to involve; tangle; ensnare; perplex; bewilder. entente (an-tanf), n. (Fr.), an understanding, politically, between nations. enteric (-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, the intestines. enteritis (-I'tis), n. inflammation of the small intestines. enterozoa (-ter-6-zo'a), n.pl. intes- tinal parasites. enterprise ('ter-priz), n. an un- dertaking of importance or risk; boldness; energy and invention. enterprising (-ing), n. adventurous, energetic, and progressive. entertain (-tan'), v.t. to receive and treat hospitably; afford diversion to; keep in the mind; take into con- sideration: v.i. to receive guests hospitably. entertainment ('ment), n. the act of entertaining; hospitality at table; a feast or banquet ; a diverting per- formance; amusement. enthrall (-thrawl'), v.t. to enslave; bring or hold under some overmas- tering influence. enthrone (-thron'), v.t. to place on a throne; invest with sovereign power and authority. enthuse (-thuz'), v.t. to render en- thusiastic: v.i. manifest enthusiasm. enthusiasm (-thu'zi-azm), n. eleva- tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- vent zeal; fanaticism. enthusiast ('zi-a£t), n. one who is filled with enthusiasm; one who thinks himself to be inspired; a visionary ; fanatic . enthusiastic (-as'tik), adj. given to, or characterized by, enthusiasm; ar- dent; zealous. entice (-tis'), v.t. to attract or allure; tempt. entire (-tir'), adj. complete in all parts; whole; undivided or un- broken; unalloyed; consisting of one piece: adv. entirely; wholly: n. the whole; entire beer. entirety ('ti), n. completeness; the whole. entitle (en-ti'tl), v.t. to give a title, name, or designation to; style; give a right to. entity ('ti-ti), n. [pi. entities (-tiz) ], anything that exists, Or is supposed to exist; being. ento, ent, a prefix forming many compounds with scientific words, meaning within, interior. entomb (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, or as in, a tomb. entombment ('ment), n. the act of placing in a tomb. entomoid ('to-moid), adj. resembling an insect. entomology (-to-mol'o-ji), n. that branch of zooolgy which treats of insects and their habits. i entomologist (-jist), n. a student of entomology. entomophagus (-mof'a-gus), adj. insect-eating. entonic (-ton'ik), adj. having great tension; strained. entourage (ang-too-razh'), n. asso- ciates, surroundings. entr'acte (ang'tr-akt), n. the interval between the acts of a play or opera; a musical interlude. entozoon (-to-zo'on), n. [pi. entozoa ('a) ], a parasite living in the in- testines of another animal. entrails ('tralz), n.pl. the intestines. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2Aen. ENTRAIN 268 EPENTHESIS entrain (-tran'), v.t. to dispatch enunciator ('shi-a-ter), one who (troops) by train. enunciates or declares. entrance ('trans), n. the act of envelop (-vel'up), v.t. to surround entering; a passage; avenue; the with, or as with, a wrapper; hide; entry of a ship, or goods, at the cover, custom house of a port. envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or entrap (-trap'), v.t. to take in, or wrapper, usually gummed, for safe as in, a trap; inveigle; ensnare. conveyance of a letter by post, &c; entreat (-tret), v.t. to solicit ear- covering; wrapper; an investing in- nestly; importune; beseech. tegument; exterior fortified works. entreaty (-tret'i), n. [pi. entreaties envelopment (-vel'up-ment), n. the ('iz) ], an earnest petition or request; act of enveloping; a covering; wrap- prayer, per. entree (ang-tra'), n. entrance; ad- envenom (-ven'um), v.t. make poison- mission; a subordinate or side dish. ous; infuse venom into; embitter. entremets (ang-tr-ma/), n. pi. side enviable ('vi-a-bl), adj. exciting envy; dishes; a made dish. capable of awakening the desire to entrench, same as intrench. possess. entre nous (ang'tr noo), confiden- envious ('vi-us), adj. feeling, or tially. characterized by, envy; jealous. entre pas (pa), n. an amble. environ (-vi'run), v.t. to surround or entre-pot (ang'tr-po), n. a commer- inclose; encompass; hem in: n.pl. cial center for the distribution of places near a town or city ; suburbs, goods; a free port where foreign environment (-ment), n. that which merchandise is kept in bond. surrounds; external circumstances entrust, same as intrust. of an organism. entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries ('triz) ], envoy ('voi), n. a diplomatic repre- an entrance; passage; entree; the sentative, second in rank to an am- act of entering and inscribing in a bassador; one sent on a special mis- book; item; the act of taking right- sion. ful possession of lands or tenements, envy ('vi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, or feloniously entering another's p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel dis- premises. pleasure at the excellence or prosperi- entwine (-twin'), v.L to twine around; ty of; covet: v.i. to feel or exhibit twist together. envy: n. malice, ill-will; displeasure enumerate (e-nti'mer-at), v.t. to felt at the excellence of another; reckon or name singly; count; go object of envy, over in detail. enwrap (-rap'), v.t. to wrap up. enumeration (-a'shun), n. the act enzootic (-zo-ot'ik), adj. pertaining of numbering; counting up; a cata- to a disease which affects animals of logue; list. a particular district. enunciable (-nun'shi-a-bl), adj. car epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the pable of being enunciated. solar over the lunar month, about enunciate ('shi-at), v.t. to declare U ? a ^ s in * he y ea ^- or proclaim; utter; express; speak. ©Payment (e-pawl ment), n. a side- .. / -/ u \ j n -j. work to protect troops m flank. Cn £T a V° n J" a + Shun) + ' U ' ? ef Ti? ° r *Paulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornamental tt Ztfl^t vT nt; artlcu l atlor ?; badge sometimes worn on the shoul- ttZ^A a P r °P° sltlon 1S der by naval and military officers, expressea. epenthesis (-en'the-sis), n. the in- enunciative ( shi-a-tiv), adj. declar- sertion of a letter or syllable in the atory. middle of a word. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. . EPERGNE 269 EPISPERM epergne (e-pern'), n. an ornamental epigenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. the hypoth- stand with a dish and branches for esis that the germ is created by the holding flowers, &c. division or segmentation of a fecun- ephemera (ef-em'e-ra), n. [pi. eph- dated egg-cell. emerse (-re) ], that which exists but epiglottis (-glot'is), n. the leaf- for a day; a May-fly. shaped cartilage which covers the ephemeral ('er-"al), adj. existing upper part of the larynx in the act only for a day; short-lived. of swallowing. ephemeris ('er-is), n. [pi. ephemer- epigram ('i-gram), n. a verse or ides (-mer'i-dez) ], an astronomical short poem ending in some ingenious almanac showing the daily positions or witty turn; a pithy phrase. of the sun, moon, and planets. epigrammatic (-at'ik), adj. pertain- ephod (ef'od), n. a priestly vestment ing to, or of the nature of, an epi- worn by the Jewish high priest. gram ; pointed. Also epigrammatical. ephor (ef'er), n. [pi. ephori (-1), epigraph ('i-graf), n. an inscription ephors ('erz) ], one of the five Spar- on a building, monument, &c; a tan magistrates. motto or quotation prefixed to a epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; literary work. said of a poem: n. a narrative poem epilepsy ('i-lep-si), n. a chronic ner- of some heroic deed or event. vous disease accompanied by loss of epicarp ('i-karp), n. the outer layer consciousness and convulsions. or skin of a fruit. epileptic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, epicene ('i-sen), adj. of common or affected with, epilepsy: n. one af- gender : n. a noun common to both fected with epilepsy. genders. epilogue ('i-log), n. a poem or epicranium (-i-kra'ni-um), n. the speech at the conclusion of a play. scalp of the cranium or skull. epiornis (-or'nis), n. a gigantic fos- epicure ('i-kur), n. one devoted to sil bird. luxury, especially of a dainty kind. Epiphany (e-pif'a-ni), n. a Church epicurean (-ku-re'an), adj. luxu- festival (Jan. 6) to commemorate rious; devoted to the pleasures of the visit of the Magi to Bethlehem, the table: n. a voluptuary; gormand; and the manifestation of Christ to epicure. the Gentiles. epicycle ('i-si-kl), n. a small circle episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church whose center is situated on the cir- government by bishops; prelacy. cumference of a greater circle. episcopal ('ko-pal), adj. pertaining epidemic (-i-dem'ik), adj. attacking to, or characterized by, episcopacy; many at the same time: said of a vested in a bishop. disease: n. a disease having this episcopalian (-pa/lian), adj. per- characteristic. taining to episcopacy. epidermal (-der'mal), adj. pertaining Episcopalian adj. pertaining to the to the epidermis. Also epidermic. Protestant Episcopal Church : n. a epidermis ('mis), n. the cuticle or member o T supporter of such Church. scarf skin; the outer coating or episcopate (ko-pat), n. the office bark of a plant. and dignity of a bishop; bishopric. , . ... N ,. , A . episode (epi-sod), n. an incident; a epigamic (ep-i-gam ik), adj. relating digression, or incidental narrative. to the efforts among animals to at- episodic (-sod'ik), adj. pertaining to tract mates in the pairing season. an episode; adventitious. Also epi- epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um), n. a sodical. portion of the abdomen; the walls episperm (-sperm), n. the outer cov- of the stomach and the stomach. ering of a seed. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EPISTLE 270 EQUIPAGE die of the earth and divides it into two equal parts.^ equatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to the equator: n. a telescope mounted on two axes, one axis being parallel to the axis of the earth's rotation: used for keeping any star constantly in the field independent \y of the earth's rotation. equerry (ek'wer-i), n. [pi. equerries (-iz) ], an officer in the house of a prince or nobleman, who attends him in public, and has the super- vision of his horses. equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an), adj. per- taining to horses or horsemanship; performing with horses: n. one skilled in horsemanship. equestrienne (-kwes-tri-en'), n. a skillful horsewoman. equi, a prefix meaning equal, equally, same, found in many words, the sense of which is usually self-evi- dent, as egmangular, equidistant, egmform, &c. equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), adj. having all the sides equal: n. a fig- ure with equal sides. equilibrator (e-kwi-li'bra-ter), n. that which conduces to equilibrium. Tail of a flying machine. equilibrium (-lib'ri-um), n. equali- ty of weight, power, force, &c.; equipoise equine (e'kwin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a horse or horses. equinoctial (-kwi-nok'shal), adj. per- taining to the equinoxes: n, the equinoctial line. equinox ('kwi-noks), n. the point of intersection of the ecliptic and the equator; the time the sun enters one of the two equinoctial points when the days and nights are of equal duration, matics, a proposition expressing the equip (e-kwip'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. epistle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a writ- ten communication or message. epistolary ('to-la-ri), adj. pertaining to letters. epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. a memorial in- scription on a tomb or monument. epithet ('i-thet), n. an adjective de- noting any quality either good or bad; appellation. epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. a summary; abridgment; compendium. epitomize ('o-miz), v.t. to describe briefly; condense. epizoan (ep-i-zo'an), n. [pi. epizoa ('a) ], a parasitic animal which lives on the exterior of another ani- mal. epizootic (ep-i-zo-ot'ik), adj. parasit- ic on animals; prevailing among animals. epoch (e'pok), n. a point of time from which succeeding years are reckoned; era; date. epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an ode; a burden or refrain in music. eponym ('o-nim), n. the presumed ancestor or founder of a race, tribe, city, nation, &c. ; surname. epsom salts ('sum sawltz), n.pl. sul- phate of magnesia. equability (e-kwa-bil'i-ti), adj. even- equable ('kwa-bl), adj. uniform; consistently equal; proportionate. equality (-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. equalities (-tiz) ], the state of being equal; uniformity; evenness; equability. equalize ('kwa-liz), v.t. to make equal; render uniform. equanimity (-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. even- ness of temper or mind; calmness. equate (-kwaf), v.t. to reduce to an average; put in the form of an equa- tion. equation (-kwa'shun), n. in mathe- equality of two quantities, the sign = being placed between them; a representation of a chemical reac- tion expressed by symbols. equator (-kwa'ter), n. the imaginary circle which passes round the mid- equipped, p.pr. equipping], to fur- nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or qualify. equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- eler, &c. ; the carriage, horse, liver- at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EQUIPMENT 271 EROTICISM ied servants of a person of rank or gentleman. equipment (e-kwip'ment), n. arti- cles or supplies necessary for any- particular service; arms, horses, &c, required for military service; roll- ing-stock or plant of a railway. equipoise (e'kwi-poiz), n. equilibri- um; equality of weight. equiponderant (-pon'der-ant), adj. of the same weight. equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. impar- tial; just. equity ('wi-ti), n. [pi. equities (-tiz) ], justice; ; just regard to right or claim; impartiality; the adminis- tration of law according to its spirit and not according to the letter. equivalence (e-kwiv'a-lens), n. equal- ity of value or power; in chemistry, the property of having equal valency. Equivalency. equivalent ('a-lent), adj. equal in value or power; the same in signifi- cance or effect; commensurate: n. a thing of the same value, . weight, power, effect, &c. equivocal ('o-kal), adj. of a doubt- ful or double significance; ambigu- ous; open to suspicion or doubt; uncertain. [uivocate ('o-kat), v.i. to use words of double meaning; prevaricate. (e'ra), n. the point of time from which a series of years is reckoned; jriod; the beginning of a new geo- )gical system or formation. licate (e-rad'i-kat), v.t. to de- :roy thoroughly; exterminate. se (-ras'), v.t. to obliterate by, or by, scratching, or blotting out; mnge. jer (-ra'ser), n. a knife or pre- ired india-rubber for rubbing out )encil-marks, &c. jure ('zhur), n. the act of erasing. erbium (er'bi-um), n. a rare metal; one of the elements. ere (ar), conj. & -prep, before; sooner than. Erebus (er'e-bus), n. a place of utter darkness; Hades. erect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise upjsighfr; construct; build; raises establish; distend or* stiffen: adj. upright; firmly uplifted; bold or unshaken. erectile (-rek'til), adj. having the property of, or susceptible to, erec- tion. erection ('shun), n. the act of con- structing or raising edifices; a struc- ture or building. erective ('tiv), adj. tending, or serv- ing, to erect, or to build up erector ('ter), n. one who erects; a muscle that erects any part. eremite, another form of hermit. erethism (er'e-thizm), n. unnatural excitation of some organ or tissue of the body. erg (erg), n. a unit of work in the centimeter-gram-second system. Also ergon. # ergmeter ('me-ter)fn. an instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current in ergs. ergo (er'go), adv. therefore; conse- quently. ergometer (-gom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring work per- formed or force produced. ergot ('got), n. a black horn-like fungus, growing upon rye, &c. erinite ('in-it), *n. a rich emerald- green arseniate of copper. ermine (er'min), n. a weasel-like animal, much valued for_ its fur, which becomes white in winter, .ex- cept the tip of the tail, which re- mains black; the emblem, dignity, . or office of a judge. ern (ern), n. an eagle. Also erne. erode (e-rod'), v.t. to eat away; cor- rode. erose (-ros'), adj. toothed irregularly, as if gnawed away: said of a leaf. erosion (-ro'zhun), n. the act of eroding; gradual destruction or eat- ing away; an eroded part. erostrate (-ros'trat), adj. beakless. erotic (-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or caused by, love; amorous: n. an amatory poem or composition. eroticism (e-rot'i-sizm), n. an ab- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ERR 272 ESPERANTO normal emphasis of sex and sexual relations. err (er), v.i. to commit an error or mistake; wander; deviate from the path of rectitude. errand (er'and), n. a message; com- mission. errant ('rant), adj. roving; wandering. errantry (-ri), n. knight-errantry. erratic (-rat'ik), adj. wandering; irregular; eccentric: n.pl. boulders transported by natural agencies from their original site. erratum (-ra'tum), n. [pi. errata ('ta) ], an error in printing or writing. erroneous (-ro'ne-us), adj. character- ized by error; incorrect; mistaken; wrong. error ('er), n. deviation from the truth ; mistake; blunder; an irregularity. Erse (ers), adj. pertaining to the Kelts of Ireland or Scotland, or to their language. erst (erst), adv. formerly. eructation (e-ruk-ta'shun), n. the act of throwing off wind from the stomach. erudite (er'u-dlt), learned. erudition (-dish'un), n. knowledge obtained by the study of books; learning. erupted (e-rupt'ed), adj. violently ejected. eruptive (-rup'tiv), adj. bursting forth. erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. an in- flammation of the skin, accompanied with fever. escadrille (es-ka-dril), n. French, a- small squadron; applied to a group of aeroplanes. escalade (es-ka-lad'), n. the act of scaling the walls of a fortified place by means of scaling-ladders. escalator (es-ka-la-ter), n. a stairway which moves, carrying the person ascending, constructed on the end- less chain principle. escallop. Same as scallop. escapade (-pad'), n. a breach of pro- priety; misdeed; freak. escape (-kap'), v.t. to flee from; get out of the way of; avoid; enjojr immunity from: v.i. to get out of danger; fly: n. getting away from danger; flight; deliverance escapement ('ment), n. a mechani- cal device for securing regularity of movement. escarp (-karp'), v.t. to give a steep slope to: n. the side of the ditch next the rampart forming a steep slope. escarpment ('ment), n. the precipi- tous face of a ridge of high land. escheat (-chet), v.t. to forfeit through failure of heirs: v.i. to revert to the crown or lord of the manor by reason of forfeiture of heirs. eschew (-chu'), v.t. to shun; avoid. escorial (es-ko'ri-al), n. a worked- out mine. escort (es'kdrt), n. a body of armed men. acting as a guard; a retinue: v.t. (es-kort') to accompany; con- voy. escritoire (-kri-twar'), n. a writing desk, table, or bureau. esculent ('ku-lent), adj. eatable. Escurial (es-koo'ri-al), n. a notable palace near Madrid, Spain. Built in the form of a gridiron, on which St. Lawrence suffered martyrdom. escutcheon (-kuch'un), n. a shield on which the heraldic arms of a family are emblazoned. Eskimo ('ki-mo), adj. pertaining to one of a tribe of diminutive people inhabiting Greenland and adjacent parts. Also Esquimau. esophagus (e-sof'a-gus), n. the gul- let or canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach. Also oesophagus. esoteric (es-6-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to doctrines taught privately; se- cret; confidential. espaliers (-pal'yerz), n.pl. fruit trees trained on a trellis. especial (-pesh'al), adj. particular; chief. Esperanto (es-per-an'to), n. an ec- lectic, artificial language, based on root-words from several languages, chiefly those derived from the Latin ate, arm, ask, atj awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ESPIONAGE 273 ETCH tongue. Designed for international usage. espionage ('pi-o-aaj), n. the act or practice of spying to detect wrong- doing, or of employing spies or se- cret agents. esplanade (-pla-nad'), n. a level walk or drive, especially by the sea- side ; a lawn ; glacis. espousal (-pouz'al), adj. pertaining to the act of espousing: n. the act of espousing or betrothing: pi. the ceremony of contracting a man and woman to each other in marriage. espouse (-pouz'), v.t. to promise, en- gage, or give in marriage; wed; adopt; advocate or defend, as a cause. esprit de corps (-pre' de kor'), a spirit of common devotion, honor, interest, binding together men of the same profession, society, &c. espy (-pi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, p.pr. espying], to see at a distance; discover (something intended to be hid); see unexpectedly. esquimau, same as Eskimo. Esquire (-kwir'), n. originally the ar- mor-bearer or attendant on a knight; a title next below a knight; a title applied to professional men, justices of the peace, and often used instead of Mr. in the address of a letter. essay ('sa), n. a short written com- position or treatise; an attempt; experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), [p.t. & p.p. essayed, p.pr. essaying], to try or attempt. essence ('ens), n. the concentrated preparation of any substance; vola- tile matter; perfume; that in which the real character of a thing con- sists. essential (-sen'shal), adj. necessary to the existence of a thing; most important; indispensable; pure; volatile; highly rectified. establish (-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- ly; settle; prove legally; strengthen; restore. establishment (-ment), n. the act of establishing; ratification; settle- ment; a place of residence or busi- ness; household; income; a form of religion connected with the state. estate (-tat'), n. condition of life; rank, position, or quality; the title or interest one has in lands or tene- ments; property in general: pi. or- ders or classes of men in a country; a legislative assembly composed of these classes. esteem (-tern'), v.t. to set a high value upon; respect; prize; con- sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- tion; respect; reverence. esthetics, same as aesthetics. estimable ('ti-ma-bl), adj. worthy of regard, esteem, or honor; calculable. estimate ('ti-mat), v.t. to compute; determine the value of: n. the com- puted cost or value of anything; appraisement. estimation (-ma/shun), n. calcula- tion; appraisement; honor, respect, or esteem; conjecture. estop (-top'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- topped, p.pr. estopping], to place under estoppel; bar. estoppel ('el), n. a legal impediment. estovers (-to'verz), n.pl. alimony ; wood taken for his own use by a tenant. estrade (-trad'), n. a level place; a slightly raised platform. estrange (-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; keep at a distance; turn from kind- ness to indifference or enmity (with from). estrapade (-tra-pad'), n. the effort of a horse in trying to throw his rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. estrich ('trich), n. a trade name for fine ostrich down. estuarial (-tu-a'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in, an estuary. Also estuarine. estuary ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. estuaries (-riz) ], the mouth of a tidal river. et caetera (et set'er-a), and others of the same kind ; and so forth. Also et cetera. etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting out with an acid the design previous- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ETERNAL 274 EUPHEMISM ly drawn with an etching needle: v.i. to practice etching. eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- ginning or end; everlasting; per- petual; incessant. Eternal, n. an appellation of God (with the). eternity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. eternities (-tiz) ], infinite duration; unending existence. etesian (e-te'zhi-an), adj. noting the north or northeast wind which in early spring prevails over Europe. ether (e'ther), n. an extremely fine fluid, lighter than air, supposed to pervade all space beyond the atmos- phere of the earth; a volatile in- flammable liquid produced by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. ethereal (-the're-al), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, ether; airy; ex- quisite; heavenly. ethical (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ethics; moral. Also ethic. ethics ('iks), n.pl. the science that treats of the principles of human morality and duty; moral philoso- phy; morals. Ethiopian (-thi-o'pi-an), adj. per- taining to Ethiopia: n. a native of Ethiopia. ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, spongy, sieve-like bone, which forms the roof of the nose. ethnic ('nik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, races or peoples. Also ethnical. ethnography (-nog'ra-fi), n. the sci- entific description of races and na- tions of mankind. ethology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of ethics. ethos (e'thos), n. the characteristic genius of a people, institution, or system. etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to blanch or whiten by exclusion from sun- light. etiquette (et'i-ket), n. the conven- tional rules or ceremonial observed in polite society; good breeding. etymological (et-i-mo-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to etymology. etymologist ^ (-niol'o-jist), n. one who i s proficient in etymology . Also etymologer. etymologize (-mol'o-jiz), v.i. to in- vestigate the origin and primary meaning of words. etymology ('o-ji), n. [pi. etymolo- gies (-jiz) ], that branch of philolo- gy which treats of the origin and derivation of words; that part of grammar which treats of the parts of speech and their inflections. etymon ('i-mon), n. the root of a word or its primitive signification. Eucalyptus ('tus), n. [pi. Eucalypti ('ti) ], a genus of Australian ever- green trees, some species of which furnish gum and a valuable medi- cine. Eucharist > (u'ka-rist), n. the Holy Communion; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; the elements, bread and wine, used in that sacrament. euchre ('ker), n. a particular game of cards, those between seven and ace being discarded: v.t. to prevent (an opponent at euchre) from tak- ing three of the five tricks: hence to outwit. eudiometer (-di-om'e-ter) , n. a grad- uated instrument for measuring the volume of a gas. eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science relating to the betterment of the human race by improving conditions as to conception, gestation and birth. eulogist (-iist), n. one who eulogizes. eulogize ('lo-jiz), v.t. to praise high- ly; commend. eulogy (-ji), n. [pi. eulogies (-jiz) ], the praise of anyone spoken or writ- ten; panegyric. eunuch ('nuk), n. a castrated per- son, especially an attendant in a harem. euphemism ('fem-izm), n. the sub- stitution of a delicate or pleasing expression in place of that which is offensive or indelicate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b53n, book; hue, hut; think, then. EUPHEMISTIC 275 EVERGREEN euphemistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, euphemism. euphonic (-fon'ik), adj. sounding pleasantly to the e r. Also euphoni- cal, euphonious. euphonium (-fo'ni-um), n. a bass brass instrument; a musical instru- ment consisting of glass tubes unit- ed by metal bars. euphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies (-niz) ], an agreeable sound, or pro- nunciation. euphuism ('fu-izm), n. the pedantic or affected use of words or language. Eurasian (ii-ra/zhan), adj. pertaining to a person whose parentage is partly European and partly Asiatic. eureka (ii-re'ka), n. originally a Greek word meaning "I have found it." eurhythmies (u-rith'miks), n. physi- cal expression of music; rhythmic training of the body in response to musical values. European (-ro-pe'an), adj. pertain- ing to Europe. eustachian (-staTd-an), adj. noting a tube which leads from the cavity of the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. ' eutectic (-tek'tik), adj. melting at a low temperature. euthanasia (-than-a/zhi-a), n. a painless, easy death. Also euthanasy. euthenics (u-then'iks), n. the study of environmental conditions that tend to improve the race; comple- mentary to eugenics. evacuate (e-vak'u-at), v.t. to make void or empty; discharge through the excretory passages; abandon possession, or withdraw from. evade (-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape by artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. evadible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing evaded. Also evadable. evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. dis- appearing gradually from sight; vanishing. evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, especially that of the Gospel. evangelical ('ik-al', adj. pertaining to the Gospel, or the four Gospels; maintaining the fundamental doc- trines of the Protestant faith; spir- itually minded. Also evangelic: n, one who holds evangelical doctrines* evangelism ('jel-izm), n. the doctrine and preaching of evangelical princi- ples. Also evangelicalism. evangelist (-ist), n. one of the four writers of the Gospel; an itinerant preacher. evangelize ('jel-iz), v.t. to instruct in the Gospel; convert to Christianity. evaporate (-vap'o-rat), v.i. to dis- perse in vapor; pass away with«Mtffr effect: v.t. to convert into vapor. evaporation (-ra'shun), n. the slow conversion of a fluid into vapor. evasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of evading; an excuse; equivocation; subterfuge. eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a church festival, or saint's day; the period immediately preceding some important event; evening [poet.]. evection (-vek'shun), n. a periodical irregularity of the moon's motion. evening ('vn-ing), n. the close of the day and beginning of the night; the latter end of life. evenly (-li), adv. in an even man- ner; smoothly; uniformly; impar- tially. event (-vent'), n. an occurrence; in- cident; consequence of an action; any single item in a program of sports or games. eventide (Vn-tid), n. evening. eventual (-ven'tii-al), adj. happening as a result; ultimate; contingent. eventuality C-ti), n. [pi. eventual- ities (-tiz) ], a possible occurrence; a propensity to take cognizance of events or facts. eventuate ('tu-at), v.i. to happen; terminate; result. everglade (-glad), n. a low, swampy tract of land, with patches of tall! evergreen (-gren), n. a tree or plant which retains its foliage throughout ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, Z&en. EVERLASTING 276 EXCEL the year: adj. always green, or fresh. everlasting (-last'ing), adj. perpet- ual: n. eternity; a plant whose flow- ers retain their color when dried; a kind of stout woolen material. evert (e-verf), v.t. to destroy; over- throw; turn outwards. evict (e-vikt'), v.t. to expel or dis- possess by legal process. eviction (-vik'shun), n. the act of evicting. evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to prove; make evident or plain. evident (-dent), adj. plain; obvious. evil-eye (-1), n. an influence for in- jury, supposed to be exerted by cer- tain persons who cast a malignant glance at anyone. evince (e-vins'), v.t. to manifest or make evident; demonstrate. evincible (-vin'si-bl), adj. capable of proof or demonstration. eviscerate (-vis'er-at), v.t. to dis- embowel. evoke (-vok'), v.t. to call forth. evolution (ev-o-lu'shun), n. devel- opment or growth; the movements of troops in marching or on the bat- tlefield; the extraction of roots of any arithmetical or algebraical pow- er; the gradual development or de- scent of forms of life from simple or low organized types consisting of a single cell. evolutionist (-ist), adj. pertaining to evolution: n. one who maintains the doctrine of evolution; tactician. evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- fold; expand; work out. ewe (u), n. a female sheep. ewer ('er), n. a large water jug, used in the toilet. ex, prefix, meaning out of, beyond, from; before words denoting occu- pation or office, it indicates previous occupancy. exact (egz-akf), adj. very correct or accurate; precise; methodical; strict; particular: v.t. require or claim authoritatively; compel to be paid; insist upon as a right. exacting ('ing), p. adj. making un- reasonable demands; oppressive; severe; arduous. exaction (-ak'shun), n. the aet of exacting; extortion. exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- large or heighten by overstatement; color highly. exalt (-awlf), v.t. to elevate in rank, station, or dignity; raise on high; glorify or extol. examine (-am 'in), v.t. to scrutinize or investigate^ carefully; search or inquire into; interrogate as a wit- ness; test orally or by papers the knowledge, qualifications, &c, of, as a candidate for a degree or office; experiment; analyze; test. examinee (-i-ne'), n. one who is ex- amined. example (-am'pl), n. a pattern; a model or copy; an illustration of a rule or precept; sample; specimen; one punished for the admonition of others. exasperate (egz-as'per-at), v.t. to irritate exceedingly; enrage great- ly; embitter; intensify: adj. cov- ered with hard, stiff points: said of a plant. ex cathedra (eks ka-the'dra), adv. with an air of official authority; dogmatically. excavate (eks'ka-vat), v.t. to dig or hollow out; scoop or cut out. excavation (-va/shun), n. a hollow cavity formed by cutting or digging out earth; an open earth-cutting. excavator (-va-ter), n. one who, or that which, excavates; a digging machine. exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the limit or measure of; surpass; excel; transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- yond bounds. excel (-sel'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, p.pr. excelling], to possess good qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- pass; outdo in comparison; to be superior to. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. _ EXCELLENCE 277 EXCLUSIVE ccellence (-ens), n. the state of ex- excisable (ek-siz'a-bl), adj. dutiable. excise (-siz'), v.t. to levy an excise duty upon: n. an inland tax levied on commodities of home production and consumption. excision (-sizh'un), n. the act of cut- ting out, or off; the state of being cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- tion. desirable; eminently distinguished excitability (-sit-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [pi, for goodness, or ability. excitabilities (-tiz) ], the state or celsior ('si-er), adj. yet higher: n. quality of being excitable or easily long wood shavings used chiefly for stirred up ; sensitiveness to irritation, packing or stuffing. excitant (-si'tant), n. a stimulant. xcept (-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave excitation (-ta/shun), n. the act of out; exclude: v.i. to object (with exciting; the excitement produced. to): prep, omitting; without inclu- excite (-sit'), v.t. to animate; rouse sion of) besides: conj. unless. cception ('shun), n. the state of being excepted; omission; exclu- sion; objection; offense taken (with to) ; a formal objection to a decision of a court during trial, cceptionable (-a-bl), adj. objec- tionable. excerpt (-serpf), v.t. to take out or select from, as a book; quote: n. a selection or extract from a book or writing. access (-ses'), n. that which exceeds the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- perience; overplus; superfluity; in- temperance. excessive ('iv), adj. extreme; un- reasonable. exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in return for an equivalent; barter, give, resign, or abandon: n % the act of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; the act of resigning one thing for another; a place where merchants meet (often 'change). «change-broker (-bro'ker), n. a broker who negotiates foreign bills. (changeable ('a-bl), adj. that may be exchanged; ratable. cchanger ('er), n. a money-changer, cchequer (-chek'er), n. a treasury; cash or funds; formerly an English up; encourage; put into motion or action. excitement ('ment), n. the state of being excited; commotion; sensation; stimulation; warmth of temper. excito-motor (ek-si-to-mo'ter), adj. pertaining to that which induces nutrition by reflex action. exclaim (eks-klam'), v.i. & v.t. to cry- out abruptly and passionately; to vociferate. exclamation (-kla-ma'shun), n. an abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- pression of surprise, pain, &c; a mark (!) in writing or printing to denote emotion, surprise, &c. exclamatory (-klam'a-to-ri), adj. containing, expressing, or using, ex- clamation. exclave ('klav), n. a small part of a country lying within the territory of another power. exclude (-klud'), v.t. to shut out; hindsr from entrance or admission; prohibit; debar; except. exclusion (-klu'zhun), n. the act of excluding; the state of being ex- cluded; omission. exclusionist (-ist), n. one who would debar another from any privilege or right. court of law, now merged into the exclusive ('siv), adj. tending to ex- Queen's Bench division of the High elude; illiberal; shutting out from Court of Justice. limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- i, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXCOGITATE 278 EXEMPLAR eludes all but a few from his society or fellowship. excogitate (-koj'i-tat), v.t. to invent; discover by thinking. ex communicable (-kom-mu'ni-ka- bl), adj. deserving, or punishable by, excommunication. excommunicate ('ni-kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off from the mem- bership and communication of the church. excoriate (-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off the skin; rub or gall; abrade. excortication (-kor-ti-ka/shun), n. the act of stripping off bark. excrement ('kre-ment), n. matter discharged from the body of an ani- mal after digestion. excrementitious (tish'us), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, excre- ment. excrescence (-kres'ens), n. an un- natural or disfiguring outgrowth. excrescent ('ent), adj. pertaining to an excrescence; superfluous. excreta (-kre'ta), n.pl. useless mat- ter eliminated from the body. excretion ('shun), n. the throwing off or ejection of waste matter from the body. excretory ('to-ri), adj. pertaining to excretion: n. [pi. excretories (-riz) ], a duct or vessel that transmits ex- creted matter. excruciate (-kru'shi-at), v.t. to in- flict severe pains upon; torture. excruciation (-a/shun), n. agony; torture. exculpate (-kul'pat), v.t. to clear from the imputation of a fault; exonerate exculpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. vindi- catory. excurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running out beyond the edge: said of trees or leaves. excursion (-ker'shun), n. a pleasure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- gression. excursus ('sus), n. a dissertation supplemental to a work, giving ad- ditional information on certain points; a digression. excusable (-kuz'a-bl), adv. pardonable. excuse (-kuz'), v.t. to extenuate by apology; pardon; free from obliga- tion or duty; remit; justify: n. (-kus') a plea offered in extenua- tion of some fault or neglect of duty; apology; pretext. exeat ('e-at), n. leave of absence from a college; permission granted by a bishop to a priest to depart from his diocese. execrate ('e-krat), v.t. to imprecate evil upon; detest; abhor. execration (-kra/shun), n. the act of execrating: imprecation; detesta- tion. execute ('e-ktit), v.t. to perform; carry into effect; put to death; pur- sue to the end; make valid or legal by signing or sealing: v.i. to per- form any act or office; play some piece of music. execution (-ku'shun), n. the act of executing; performance; manner of carrying anything into effect; com- pletion; a legal warrant or order; the act of giving validity to a legal instrument; capital punishment; destruction; effective work or oper- ation. executive (egs-ek'ti-tiv), adj. per- taining to the governing body; ad- ministrative; active: n. an official, or body, charged with carrying the laws into effect; the administrative branch of a government. executor ('ti-ter), n. a person ap- pointed by a testator to see that the terms of his will are duly carried out. Fern, executrix. executory ('u-to-ri), adj. pertaining to the execution of laws; carrying out official duties: to be performed at a future period. exegesis (eks-e-je'sis), n. explana- tion or interpretation of a text or passage, especially of the Bible. exegetic (-jet'ik), adj. expository; interpretative. Also exegetical: n. pl. the science which deals with the interpretation of Scripture. exemplar (egz-em'plar), n. some- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 1 EXEMPLARY 279 EXOGENOUS thing to be copied, or serving as a model; example. exemplary (-em'pla-ri), adj. serving as a copy or model; commendable. exemplification (-pli-fi-ka'shun), n. illustration by example. exemplify ('pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], to illustrate by example; transcribe. exempt (-empt'), v.t. to free from some duty or obligation; grant im- munity to : adj. free from some duty or obligation (with from): n. a person thus set free; an exon. exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter), n. a written recognition of a consul or commercial agent given by the for- eign government to which he is accredited, authorizing him to exer- cise his authority in the place where he is stationed. exercise ('er-siz), v.t. to train by use; exert; practice; employ ac- tively; make anxious; harass: v.i. to undergo training: n. bodily exer- tion; mental or physical develop- ment; labor; practice; a lesson or example for practice. exercitor (egz-er'si-ter), n. the person to whom the profits of a ship belong. exergue (-erg'), n. the small space beneath the principal design on a coin or medal for the insertion of a date, &c. exert (-erf), v.t. to put forth; use with an effort. exeunt (eks'e-unt), they go out: a word used in plays to denote that the actors retire from the stage. exfoliation (-fo-li-a'shun), n. the act of scaling or peeling off. exhalation (eks-ha-la/shun), n. the act of exhaling; emanation. exhale (-hal'), v.t. to breathe forth; emit or send out; cause to evapo- rate; v.i. to rise in vapor. exhaust ^ (egz-awsf), v.t. to empty by drawing off the contents; drain; weaken ; wear out by exertion ; dis- cuss or treat thoroughly: adj. whol- ly or partially deprived of strength. exhaustible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being exhausted. exhibit (egz-ib'it and eks-hib'it), v.t. to present to view; display; show; manifest publicly; present formally or officially; administer: n. a legal document presented in proof of facts; an object offered for public view. exhibition (-hi-bish'un), n. the act of exhibiting; a pub he show; a pri- vate benefaction for the support of a scholar at a university. exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-hil'- a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, glad, or cheerful; enliven. exhort (egz-ort and eks-hort'), v.t. to incite by appeal or argument to good deeds; caution; admonish. exhortative ('a-tiv), adj. containing exhortation. exhort at ory ('a-to-ri), adj. tending to exhort. exhume (eks-htim'), v.t. to disinter. exigency (eks'i-j en-si), n. [pZ.j exi- gencies (-siz) ], pressing necessity or demand; urgency. exigent ('i-jent), adj. urgent; pressing. exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's native country: n. the state of being banished from one's native country; the condition of living away from one's home or friends. exist (egz-isf), v.i.. to have existence; live. existence ('ens), n. the state of being; life; duration; occurrence. existent ('tent), n. having being. exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; egress; the departure of an actor from the stage. exo, a prefix, meaning on the outside, occurring in many scientific words. exode (eks'od), n. an interlude, &c, at the conclusion of a play. ex officio (of-fish'i-o), by virtue of office. e*£Ogen ('o-jen), n. a plant which increases year by year by the addi- tion of layers outside the previous bark : opposed to endogen. exogenous (-oj'en-us), adj. pertain- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXONERATE 280 EXPERIMENTAL ing to exogens or their method of growth. exonerate (egz-on'er-at), v.t. to free from the imputation of a fault; acquit; justify; relieve or dis- charge from a responsibility, duty, &c. exophthalmia (eks-of-thal'mia), n. abnormal prominence of the eyeball. exorbitance (egz'or-bi-tans), n. go- ing beyond due limits; excess. Also exorbitancy. exorcise (eks'or-siz), v.t. to expel (an evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- tions; pronounce exorcisms over. exorcism (-sizm), n. the act of ex- pelling evil spirits. exorcist (-sist), n. one who exor- cises; one of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. exordium (egz-or'di-um), n. the opening part of a speech or compo- sition. exosmose (eks'os-mos), n. the pas- sage outwards through a membrane of gases and liquids. exoteric (-6-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to the uninitiated public: opposed to esoteric. exotic (-ot'ik), adj. foreign. expand (-pand'), v.t. to distend; di- late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. expanse (-pans'), n. a continuous area; the firmament; extent. expansible (-pan'si-bl), adj. capable of, or permitting, expansion. expansion (-pan'shun), n. the state of being expanded. ex parte (par'te), adj. one-sided. expatiate (-pa'shi-at), v.i. to en- large in statement or language; be copious in discussion. expatriate (-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive from one's native country. expect (-pekf), v.t. to wait for; look for with an apprehension of something good or evil. expectance ('ans), n. the act or state of expecting. Also expectancy. expectant ('ant), adj. waiting in ex- pectation; presumptive. expectation (-ta'shun), n. the act of looking forward to; anticipation; contingent prospect of wealth. expectorant ('to-rant), n. a medi- cine that promotes expectoration. expectorate ('to-rat), v.t. to eject from the lungs by coughing, &c. ; spit. expectoration (-to-ra'shun), n. the act of expectorating; the mucous matter expectorated. expediency (-pe'di-en-si), n. [pi. ex- pediencies (-siz) ], suitability to an end or purpose; fitness; propriety. Also expedience. expedient ('di-ent), adj. fit; con- venient; suitable; proper: n. that which aids as a means to an end; device. expedite ('pe-dit), v.t. to hasten; facilitate. expedition (-dish'un), n. haste; des- patch; promptness; a march, voy- age, &c, by an army or several per- sons for some particular purpose. expeditionary (-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or constituting, an expedition. expeditious ('us), adj. quick; speedy. expel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. expelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive away; force out; send away by authority; exclude. expend (-pend'), v.t. to lay out; spend. expenditure ('i-tur), n. a laying out, as money, time, labor, &c. ; disburse- ment. expense (-pens'), n. expenditure; drain on resources; detriment; cost. experience (-pe'ri-ens), n. knowledge gained by trial and practice; test; practice; spiritual exercise of mind. experientialism (-en'shal-izm), n. the theory that all knowledge is based upon experience. experiment (-per'i-ment), n. a trial or operation to discover something or to verify something; proof; trial: v.i. to search out by trial. Also experi- mentalize. experimental (-al), adj. pertaining to, or founded on, experiment; guided, or learned by experience. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXPERT 281 EXPRESS expert (-pert'), adj. skilful, through (practice or experience; adroit; dex- terous. expiate ('pi-at), v.t. to atone for. expiatory (-a-to-ri), adj. having the power or nature of atonement. expiration (-pi-ra/shun) , n. termi nation. xpire (-pir'), v.t. to breathe out from the lungs: v.t. to die. xpire ('pi-ri), n. the end. xpiry (-plan'), v.t. to make in- telligible or clear; expound or in- terpret. xplanation (-pla-na'shun), n. the act of explaining; elucidation; in- terpretation; a mutual clearing up of a misunderstanding. explanatory (-plan'a-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to explain. expletive ('ple-tiv), n. a word not necessary for the sense inserted in a sentence for ornament or to fill up a verse: adj. filling up; added or inserted for emphasis, &c. explicable ('pli-ka-bl), adj. that may be explained or interpreted. explicit (-plis'it), adj. plain; definite. xplode (-plod'), v.i. to burst forth with sudden noise and violence; col- lapse: v.t. to cause to pass from a lid to a gaseous state; refute; demolish. loit (-ploit), v.t. to make use of or one's own profit; put to use; xplore in search of; explain at ength: n. a remarkable deed or eroic act. loitation (-ploi-ta/shun), n. the ct of exploiting; the improvement f lands, working of mines, &c; an xamination to utilize natural re- urces previously neglected; sel- fish utilization. loration (-plo-ra/shun) , n. the ct of exploring; careful investiga- ion or search, especially geographi- cal research. lore (-plor'), v.t. to search into or examine thoroughly; travel in or over (a country) to discover its haracteristic features, &e. explosion (-plo'zhun), n. the act of exploding; a sudden bursting with a loud report; a sudden and violent outbreak. explosive ('siv), adj. pertaining to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- stance that causes an explosion; a mute consonant. exponent (-po'nent), n. the index of an algebraical power; one who ex- plains or interprets the principles of something. exponential (-nen'shal), adj. per- taining to an exponent. export (-port'), v.t. to send or carry out of a country, as merchandise: v.i. to send goods to a foreign country: (eks'port), n. a commodity carried to a foreign country. expose (-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put forward for sale; leave to the ac- tion of any force or circumstance; disclose; place in peril; lay open to censure or ridicule. expose (-po-za/), n. an exposure. exposition (-zish'un), n. an expla- nation or interpretation; an exhi- bition. expositor (-poz'i-ter), n. one who ex- pounds or interprets. expository ('i-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or conveying exposition. Also expositive. ex post facto (post fak'to), (Latin, after the deed is done), a law en- acted with retrospective effect. expostulate (-pos'tu-lat) , v.i. to reason earnestly or remonstrate (followed by with, on or upon). expostulatory ('tfi-la-to-ri), adj. per- taining to, containing, or of the nature of, expostulation. exposure (-po'shur), n. the act of exposing; situation; aspect. expound (-pound'), v.t. to set forth, explain, or interpret; make clear. express (-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by language; utter; show; represent: squeeze out; despatch by express; adj. plainly stated; exact; resem- bling precisely; not implied; special- ;, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; h.e, hut; think, then. EXPRESSIBLE 282 EXTIRPATOR ly prepared; pertaining to quick or direct conveyance. expressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being expressed, in any sense of the word. expression (-presh'un), n. the act or power of representing anything; a saying; mode of speech; transient change of the countenance; modu- lation of the voice. expressman ('man), n. the person who takes charge of express matter and attends to its delivery; the driver of an express wagon. expropriation (-pro-pri-a/shun) , n. the exclusion of a small owner from the ownership of land, &c. expulsion (-pul'shun), n. forcible ejection. expunge (-punj'), v.t. to blot out; erase; destroy; obliterate. expurgate ('per-gat), v.t. to remove whatever is offensive to good taste or morality from: said of books. expurgator (-ga-ter), n. one who expurgates. expurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. serving to expurgate. exquisite ('kwi-zit), adj. refined; delicate; nice; accurate choice; ex- cellent; highly finished; very sen- sibly felt; extreme : n. a person over refined in dress; a dandy. extant ('tant), adj. still existing. extemporaneous (-tem-po-ra'ne-us) , adj. unpremeditated; without pre- vious notes cr study; off-hand. Also extemporary. extempore ('po-re), adj. without study or premeditation. extemporize Cpo-rlz), v.t. to com- pose on the spur of the moment : v.i. to discourse, &c, without notes or previous study. extend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; communicate^ disseminate; v.i. to reach to any distance; be prolonged. extension ('shun), n. the act of ex- tending; the state of being ex- tended; a branch line of railway, &c; space regarded as having di- mensions. extensor (-ten'ser), n. a muscle that extends, or straightens, a limb. extent (-tent'), n. the space or de- gree to which a thing is extended; size; compass; reach; a writ of execution. extenuate (-ten'u-at), v.t. to offer excuses for; palliate; mitigate. extenuator (-a-ter), n. one who ex- tenuates. extenuatory (-to-ri), adj. palliative. exterior (-te'ri-er), adj. outward; external: n. that which is outside; outer surface. exterminate (-ter'mi-nat), v.t. to destroy utterly; annihilate; root out. exterminator (-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, exterminates. exterminatory (-to-ri), adj. per- taining to extermination; serving to exterminate. extern (-tern'), n. a non-resident scholar: adj. external; visible. external (-ter'nal), adj. outside; ex- terior; superficial; objective; for- eign: n. an exterior or outward part; an outward form, rite, or ceremony. exterritoriality (-ter-ri-to-ri-al'i-ti), n. the right possessed by am- bassadors to live under the laws of their own country. extinct (-tingkt'), adj. extinguished; put out; quenched; worn out; in- active. extinguish (-ting'gwish) , v.t. to put out; pay off and satisfy in full; eclipse. extinguisher (-er), n. one who, or that which, extinguishes; a hollow cone for extinguishing a light. extirpate ('ter-pat), v.t. to eradi- cate; destroy; exterminate. extirpative (-tiv), adj. capable of, or tending to, extirpate. Also ex- tirpatory. extirpator (-ter), n. one who, or that which, extirpates. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon ; book; hue, hut; think, then. EXTOL 283 EXTRICATE extol (tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- tolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. extorsive (-tor'siv), adj. tending to extort. extort (-tort'), v.t. to obtain by threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. to practice extortion. extortion (-tor'shun), n. the act or practice of extorting; oppressive or unjust exaction. extortionate ('shun-at), adj. char- acterized by extortion; unjust. extortioner ('shun-er), n. one who practices extortion. Also extortion- ist. extra, a prefix meaning over and above; beyond; besides, found in numerous words, the sense of which is self-evident, as exfra-omcial, ex- ira-parochial, e:rira-judicial, extra- mural, &c. extra ('tra), adj. additional: n. something not included in the usual fee or charge; an edition of a news- paper issued in addition to the reg- ular edition, or for some particular object. extract (-trakf), v.t. to draw out of; pull out; select from a larger literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a sub- stance extracted by distillation, so- lution, &c; an abstract or excerpt from a book; quotation. xtractible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being extracted. Also extractable. xtraction (-trak'shun), n. the act of extracting; lineage, birth, or de- scent. tractor , ('ter), n. one who, or that which, extracts. xtradite ('tra-dit), v.t. to surrender (a person) to another government underthe terms of a treaty of ex- tradition. xtradition (-dish'un), n. the sur- render by the government of one nation to another of a person guilty of a crime, in accordance with the terms of a treaty existing between the two nations. extrados ('dos), n. the exterior curve of an arch. extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), adj. out- side of the walls. extrane (eks-tran'), adj. foreign; not in accord with the hypnotized subject: n. one who is extreme. extraneity (eks-tra-ne'i-ti), n. ex- ternality. extraneous ('ne-us), adj. external; foreign. extraordinary (-tror'di-na-ri, or -tra- or'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or out of the usual course; uncommon; un- usual; remarkable; rare; eminent; special. extravagance (-trav'a-gans), n. excess in anything, expecially expenditure; profusion. extravagant ('a-gant), adj. exceeding reasonable limits ; wasteful ; prodigal ; irregular; needlessly lavish in expen- diture; visionary. extravaganza (-gan'za), n. a stage burlesque; an irregular piece of music; a wild flight of language or feeling. extravasate ('a-sat), v.t. to force out of a duct or vessel, as blood: v.i. to escape out of the proper vessel. extreme (-trem'), adj. of the highest degree; last; utmost; furthest; final; most severe or strict; uncompro- mising: n. the utmost degree of any- thing; extremity; excess; end: pi. points at the greatest distance from each other. extremist ('ist), n. a supporter of extreme views or practice. extremity (-trem'i-ti), n. [pi. ex- tremities (-tiz) J, the utmost point or degree; remotest part; utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; end: pi. the limbs. extricate ('tri-kat), v.t. to free from difficulties, complications, or perplexity; disembarrass. ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXTRICABLE £84 EYRIE extricable ('tri-ka-bl), adj. capable of being extricated. extrinsic (-trin'sik), adj. external; not inherent or essential; foreign. extroversion (-tro-yer'shun), n. the turning of an inner part out- ward. extrude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust out. exuberance (-u'ber-ans), n. super- abundance. exuberant (-ant), adj. copious. exude (-Od'), v.t. to discharge grad- ually through pores: v.i. to flow out slowly. exult (egz-ulf), v.i. to rejoice in tri- umph 1 ; be glad above measure. exultant ('ant), adj. rejoicing tri- umphantly. exuviae (eks-u'vi-e), n.pl. the cast-off skins, shells, &c, of animals; fossil remains of animals. eye-minded (I-mln'ded), n. having the tendency to acquire knowledge through the eye and to conduct mental processes in association with visual images. eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river or lake. Also ait. eyra ('ra), n. the wild cat of Texas. eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant judges. eyrie (e' or a/ri), n. the nest of a predatory bird. Also eyry. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. F \ the sixth letter of the alphabet. Fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol-fa musical notation = F. Fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious nar- rative intended to convey some moral; an idle story or falsehood: v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak falsely or untruthfully. Fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or buidling; a woven, felted, or knitted material. fabricate ('ri-kat), v.t. to construct; form by manufacture or art; invent falsely. fabricator (-ka-ter), n. one who fabricates. fabulist ('u-list), n. a writer of fa-, bles; a liar. fabulize ('u-liz), v.i. to compose, write, or relate fables. Fabulous ('u-lus), adj. fictitious; mythical. Facade (fa-sad'), n. front elevation. Facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or face; one of the minute planes into which the surface of a diamond is cut :v.t. to cut or work a facet upon. Facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), n.pl. witty say- ings; books characterized by coarse wit. Facetious ('shus), adj. humorous; jocular. Facial ('shal) , adj. pertaining to the face. Facial angle (ang'gl), n. the angle formed by the two lines drawn re- spectively from the nostrils to the ear, and from the nose to the fore- head: used in craniometrical calcu- lations. facies ('shi-ez), n. the face; the gen- eral resemblance or aspect of any group of organisms or rocks. facile (fas'il), adj. yielding; pliant; affable. facile princeps (prin'seps), easily first. facilitate (fa-sil'i-tat), v.t. to make easy or less difficult; lessen the labor of. facility ('i-ti), n. [pi. facilities (-tiz) ], freedom from difficulty; dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready compliance: pi. the means by which the per- formance of any act may be more easily accomplished. facing (fa'sing), n. a covering in front for ornamental or other pur- poses; a method of coloring tea, &c: pi. military movements in drill in turning to the right, left, &c; the collars, cuffs, &c, of different color to the coat on a military uni- form. fac-simile (fak-sim'i-le), n. an ex- act reproduction, counterpart, or likeness of an original. fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; reality ; event ; truth . faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- loyal opposition; dissension. factious ('shus), adj. given to, or characterized by, faction; turbulent. factitious (-tish'us), adj. artificial; sham. factitive ('ti-tiv), adj. causative. factor ('ter), n. an agent who trans- acts business for another; one of two or more quantities (multiplier Lte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; h.e, hut; think, then. 285 FACTOR 286 FAITH and multiplicand) which, multiplied together, give a product; any cir- cumstance, &c, which produces a result: v.t. to manage or act as a factor for; resolve into mathemat- ical factors. factor (fak'tor), n. in heredity, the hypothetical element in the germ- plasm that transmits a character. factorage (-aj), n. a factor's com- mission. factory ('to-ri), n. [pi. factories (-riz) ], a manufactory; a trading settlement. factotum (-to'tum), n. a man of all work. faculae ( r u-le) , n.pl. luminous spots on the sun's surface. facultative ('ul-ta-tiv), adl. ena- bling; permissive. faculty ('ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties (-tiz) ], any mental or physical power; mental capacity; skill ob- tained by practice; ability; ease; readiness; the members collectively of any one of the learned profes- sions, especially the medical; the masters and professors of a depart- ment in a university. fad (fad), n. a crotchet; a pet idea or hobby; a passing fasion. fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- tinctness; languish; wither; droop; die away. faecal (fe'kal), adj. pertaining to ex- crement or sediment. faeces ('sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- ment. faecula, same as fecula. fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, p.pr. fagging], to work hard; grow weary; drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or exhaust; to compel to drudge for another: n. one who drudges for another; a schoolboy who performs menial duties for an- other in a higher class; fatigue or weariness; drudgery. fag-end ('end), n. the latter or meaner part of anything ; the frayed end of a piece of cloth, rope, &c. fagot ('ot), n. a bundle of sticks bound together; a bundle of fish laid up for drying; a bundle of scrap- or wrought-iron or steel to be worked over ; a kind of meat-cake of pork: v.t. to form into fagots. fagoting (-ing), n. a method of ornamenting textile fabrics. Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hlt), n. the name of a thermometer-scale, having 32° as its freezing point, and 212° as the boiling point of water. faience (fa-yangs'), n. a variety of decorated majolica ware. failing ('ing), n. a fault; weakness; imperfection; the act of becoming bankrupt. faille (fal, or f&'ye), n. a soft un- twilled silk used for dresses or bon- net trimmings, &c. failure (fal'ur), n. the act of fail- ing; omission; neglect or non-per- formance; want of success; lapse; the act of becoming bankrupt. fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. faint (fant),y.^. to become feeble; lose consciousness; swoon; lose courage and hope: adj. feeble; lan- guid ; depressed ; spiritless; not bright or vivid in color; not loud or clear: n. a sudden loss of consciousness: pi. the impure spirit which distils over first and last in making whisky. fairness ('nes), n. the quality of being fair: beauty; equity; clear- ness; candor. fairy (far'i), n. [pi. fairies (-iz) ], an imaginary being of graceful and diminutive human form, supposed to interfere in human affairs for good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; browne: adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, fairies. fairy ring (ring) n. a small circle of grass greener than the turf sur- rounding it, -caused by an under- ground fungus. fait accompli fat a-kang-ple'), something already done. faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the honesty and truth of another; the assent of the mind to Divine revela- tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; lL ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; h.e, hut; think, then. FAITHFUL 287 FAMINE honesty; a system of doctrines or faithful ('fool), adj. full of faith; trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- al: n. Christians in full communion (with the). fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover up imperfections of, or fabri- cate with the view to deception; steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; a cheat or dodge; canard; hoax; a swindler or trickster. faker ('er), n. one who fakes; a swindler ; pickpocket. fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- cetic or mendicant priest. falcate (fal'kat), adj. sickle-shaped. Also falciform. falchion (fawl'shun), n. a short, slightly curved sword, with a broad blade. falcon ('kn or faw'kn), n. a predatory bird with a hooked beak, trained for hunting. falconer (faw'kn-er), n. one who trains or sports with falcons. falconry (faw'kn-ri), n. the art of training hawks to pursue other birds. faldstool (fawld'stool), n. a litany- stool, or -desk; the bishop's chair near the altar. fallacious (fal-la'shus), adj. decep- tive. fallacy ('a-si), n. [pi. fallacies (-siz)j, a deceptive or false appearance ; mistake; an unsound method of reasoning; sophism. fallen (fawl'n), p. adj. sunk to a low- er state or condition; degraded; ruined; outcast; overthrown; dead. fallibility (f al-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the' state of being fallible; liability to err. fallible C'i-bl), adj. liable to be de- ceived, mislead, err, or fail. fallopian (fal-o'pi-an), adj. pertaining to the ducts which convey the ova to the uterus. fallow ('o), v.t. to make or keep fal- low: adj. plowed but not sown for the season; untilled; neglected; of a pale yellow or reddish-yellow col- or: n. land plowed but left un- seeded. fallow-deer (-der), n. a species of deer of yellowish-brown color, with branched and recurved horns. false (fawls), adj. untrue; dishonest; disloyal; perfidious; counterfeit; not well founded; unreliable; made for temporary use; not in harmony : adv. falsely. false-keel (-kel), n. the timber below the main keel. falsetto (f awl-set '5), n. an artificial tone higher in key than the natural compass of the voice. falsify ('si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. falsi- fied, p.pr. falsifying], to make, or prove to be false; counterfeit; forge; v.i. to lie. falsity ('si-ti), n. [pi. falsities (-tiz) ], the quality of being false; an un- truth; false statement. Falstaffian (fawl'staf-i-an), adj. re- sembling Falstaff: hence boasting; coarsely jovial, etc. falter ('ter), v.t. to utter in a weak, trembling manner (with out): v.i. to exhibit moral or physical^ hesi- tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- terance. fame (fam), n. public report;, rumor; celebrity; renown. « familiar (fa-mil'yer), adj. well ac- quainted, or intimate, with; domes- tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; unceremonious; habituated by cus- tom: n. a spirit or demon supposed to attend at the call of a necroman- cer; a domestic of the papal house- hold. familiarize ('yer-iz), v.t. to make familiar; habituate. family (fam'i-li), n. [pi. families (-liz) ], a household; children as dis- tinguished from the parent ; a body of persons descended from a common ancestor; tribe; race; genealogy; noble lineage; class; a group of ani- mals larger than a genus, but less than an order; an order [Bot.]. famine (fam 'in), n. extreme dearth; great scarcity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FAMISH 288 FASCICULATE famish ('ish), v.t. & v.i. to starve. famous (fa/mus), adj. renowned; conspicuous; noted. famulus ('u-lus), n. the familiar spirit of a magician; an assistant. fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- temperately zealous, or wildly ex- travagant, especially on religious subjects: adj. characterized by fa- naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. fanaticism ('i-sizm), n. extravagant or frenzied zeal; wild enthusiasm. fancied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary. fancier ('si-er), n. one who breeds or sells animals and birds; an ama- teur. fancy ('si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fancied, p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a liking to; be pleased with: v.i. to imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; elegant; imaginary. fandango (-dang'go), n. a lively Spanish dance; a lively ball. fane (fan), n. a temple; church. fanfare (fan 'far), n. a flourish of trumpets; noisy ostentatious parade. fanfaronade (-o-nad'), n. blustering talk or swagger: v.i. to make a noisy parade. fang (fang), n. the lower part of a tooth set in the socket; the poison- tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, talon, or pointed tooth. f anion (fan'yun), n. a small banner. fantail ('tal), n. a variety of pigeon. fantan ('tan), n. a Chinese gambling game. fantasia (-ta or ta'zhi-a), n. a mu- sical composition not restricted by the usual laws of form or time. fantastic (-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. Also fantastical. fantasy. See phantasy. farad (far'ad), n. a unit of electric capacity. farce (tars), n. a short comedy in which qualities and actions are much exaggerated; ridiculous or empty parade. farcical (far'si-kal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a farce; ludicrous. farcy ('si), n. a disease of horses, closely allied to glanders. fardage ('daj), n. loose wood, &c, stowed among the cargo to prevent it from moving, or to protect it from bilge water. fare (far), v.i. to be in any state, either good or ill; be entertained with food; live; succeed; result. farina (fa-re' or fa-ri'na), n. starch; flour or meal obtained by grinding the seeds of cereals and leguminous plants. farinaceous (na'shus), adj. consisting of, or made from, farina; like meal. farinose (far'i-nos), adj. producing, or covered with, farina; mealy. faro (fa' or fa'ro), n. a game of chance, played with cards: so called from the picture of Pharaoh, which formerly was printed on one of the cards. farrago (far-ra'go), n. a medley; hotch-potch. farrier ('i-er), n. one who shoes horses; a veterinary surgeon. farriery (-i), n. the occupation of shoeing horses; veterinary surgery. farrow ('o), v.t. to give birth to: said of pigs: n. a litter of pigs: adj. noting a cow not calving in a given season. farther (farmer), adj., comp. of far; more distant or remote; addi- tional: adv. more remotely: conj. moreover. farthing ('^ing), n. l-4th of an English penny. fasces (fas'ez), n.pl. a bundle of rods containing an axe, carried by the lictors before the magistrates of an- cient Rome as a symbol of authority fascia (fash'i-a), n. [pi. fasciae (-e) ], a filet or belt; a broad volute; a jutting brick course beyond the windows; a ligature; the board over the top of the window of a shop, on which the owner's name, &c, are in- scribed. fasciculate (fas-ik'u-lat), adj. formed ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo6n, book; hue, hut; think, then. FASCICLE 289 FAULT of, or growing in, bundles. Also fas- ciculated. fascicle ('i-kl), n. a small collection, group, or bundle; a serial division of a book. fascinate ('i-nat), v.t. to influence the mind or will of as if by enchant- ment; bewiteh; captivate: v.i. to exercise a bewitching or captivating power. fascination (-na'shun), n. the act of fascinating; the state of being fas- cinated; any invisible influence that overpowers the mind or will;, be- witchment; charm. fascine (-en'), n. a cylindrical bundle of sticks or fagots bound together, used for fortifying ditches, building earthworks, &c. fashion ('un), n. the shape or form of anything; conventional custom or usage, especially in dress; compli- ance with the rules of good society; method; general practice: v.t. to mold, shape, or form; accommodate. fashionable (-a-bl), adj. according to the prevailing mode; made in ac- cordance with the fashion of the day; observant of the rules of polite society and its usages; well-bred. fashion-plate (fash'un-plat), n. a drawing representing the current fashions in dress. fast-fur (fast'-fur), adj. having refer- ence to the young of the harp-seal at a time when its fur is soft and woolly. fastening (-ing), n. the act of mak- ing fast; a bolt or clasp. fastidious (-tid'i-us), adj. squeamish; ovemice. fasting (fast'ing), n. abstinence from food, especially as a religious ob- servance. fasti and (land), n. upland. fastness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being fast; a fortress or nat- ural stronghold. fatal (fa/tal), adj. causing death or destruction; mortal; fateful fatalism (-izm), n. the doctrine that all things happen by irresistible ne- cessity overruling all things. fatalist (-ist), n. a believer in the doctrine of fatalism. fatality ('i-ti), n. [pi. fatalities (-tiz) ], predetermined order or series of events; destiny; a calamity; fatal occurrence. fata morgana (fa'ta mor-ga'na), n. a name for the mirage sometimes seen near the straits of Messina. fate (fat), n. destiny; inevitable ne- cessity; death or destruction; pre- destined lot: pi. the three classic goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who presided over the des- tinies of mankind. fated (fa/ted), p. adj. decreed by fate; destined. fatherly (-li), adj. pertaining to a father; kind, affectionate, as a fa- ther: adv. like a father. fathom (fa^/i'um), n. a measure of length = 6 ft. : v.t. to reach; ascer- tain the depth of. fatigue (fa-teg'), n. weariness; toil; bodily or mental exhaustion: v.t. to weary with bodily or mental exer- tion; tire ; harass. fatigue-duty (dii'ti), n. labor a sol- dier is employed in distinct from the practice of arms. fatling ('ling), n. a young animal fattened for slaughter. fatten ('n), v.t. to make fat, plump, or stout; feed for the table; make fertile or abundant. fatty ('i), adj. consisting, or having the qualities of, fat; greasy; oily. fatuity (fa-tu'i-ti), n. weakness of intellect; obstinate folly. fatuous ('ti-us), adj. weak' in intel- lect; silly; obstinately foolish; illu- sory. faubourg (fo'boorg), n. a suburb. fauces (faw'sez), n.pl. the upper part of the throat and entrance to the gullet. faucet ('set), n. a short pipe with a valve, used for drawing out liquor. faugh (faw), inter j. an exclamation expressive of disgust or abhorrence. fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; I me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FAUN 290 FEDERAL offense; blemish; defect; omission; fearful ('fool), adj. affected with fear; the loss of scent in hunting: said of timorous; apprehensive; inspiring a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- fear. cidental leak in an electric circuit; fearsome (fer'sum), adj. fearful; an improper service in lawn-tennis. terrible. faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland feasibility (-bil'i-ti), n. practicability. deity, resembling the satyrs in ap- feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. pearance. feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, fauna (faw'na), n. [pi. faunae ('ne) especially in commemoration of some faunas ('naz)j, the animals charac- event, &c; a festival, especially of teristic of any particular region, or the Church; anything affording geological period. pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. to fauteuil (fo-tal' or -tul'), n. an up- entertain sumptuously ; > delight : v.i. holstered arm chair; membership in to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's self. the French Academy; the seat of a feat (fet), n. sl notable achievement, president, &c. deed, or performance. faux pas (fo pa'), n. an error or slip, feathery (-i), adj. covered with, or especially in respect of good man- resembling, feathers; very light. ners or morality. feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the Favonian (fa-vo'ni-an), adj. pertain- face; lineament; ^ principal part ing to Favonius, the west wind: outline; characteristic; appearance. hence auspicious. feaze (fez), v.t. to disturb; discon- favor (fa/ver), n. kindness; support; cert; frighten. patronage; good will; facility; par- febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a medicine tiality; bias; a love token; a bunch that lessens or dispels fever. of ribbons worn on some special oc- febrile (feb' or f e'bril), adj. pertaining casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with to, accompanied by, or indicating favor; befriend; facilitate; resemble fever. in features; spare. fecal, same as faecal. ' favorite > (-it), n. one who, or that feces, same as faeces. wfrich, is particularly esteemed; one feckless (fek'-less), adj. trifling; shift- regarded with undue preference; a less. person or animal considered to have fecula (fek'fi-la), n. farina; starch; the best chance of winning in a con- chlorophyll. test: adj. preferred; esteemed. feculence ('lens), n. the quality of fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & being feculent; dregs. Also fecu- v.t. to court servilely (with on or lency. upon); to exhibit affection by leap- feculent '('lent), adj. containing, or ing upon, cringing,, or licking the full of, dregs or sediment; turbid; hand of a person : said of a dog. muddy. fawning ('ing), n. gross, or servile, fecund (fek' or fe-kund'), adj. fruit- flattery, ful; prolific. fay (fa) ; n. ah elf; fairy: v.t. to fit fecundate (fek'un-dat), v.t. to make (two pieces of wood) flush together: fruitful or prolhjc; fertilize; im- v i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead pregnate. [Scotch]. fecundity ('di-ti), n. fruitfulness; faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; prolificness; fertility of invention; frighten; disturb; produce an effect germination.' on. . > • federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a to, constituting, or founded upon, a vassal or tenant to his feudal su- league or treaty; consisting in a perior ; loyalty. union or compact between the states, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. , UUUIl, FEDERAL 291 FEMALE especially of the United States or Switzerland ; confederated : n. a sup- porter of federalism. Federal, adj. supporting the cause of the Union in the American civil war (1861-'65) : n. one who favored the Union cause in that war,. federalism (-izm), n. the doctrine of federal union, and the support of the central government of the United States. federalize (-iz), v.t. to bring together in a political federacy: v.i. to unite under a federal form of gov- ernment. Also federate. federate (-at), adj. united by com- pact. federation (-a/shun), n. a' league; federal government. fee (fe), n. a compensation or pay- ment for service rendered, especially professional service; a gratuity; an heritable or inherited estate; land held from a superior; feud: v.t. to pay or give a fee to. feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in physical strength or mental vigor; infirm: v.t. to weaken. -feeling ('ing), p.adj. easily affected; sympathetic; of great sensibility; perceptible by touch: n. sense of touch ; physical or mental sensation ; perception; tenderness. fee-simple (-sim'pl), n. an estate in land or tenement, ^ held by a person in Ins own right, without restrictions. feign (fan), v.t. to pretend; invent. feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock at- tack. feldspar (feld'spar), n. a name for various crystalline minerals occur- ring in igneous rocks, composed principally of silicate of aluminia. Also felspar. felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat), v.t. to con- gratulate. felicitous ('i-tus), adj. characterized by, or causing, happiness; appropri- ate. felicitously (-li), adv. happily; suit- ably. felicity ('i-ti), n. [pi. felicities (-tiz) ], a condition of supreme happiness; blissfulness; prosperity ; appro- priateness; a neat or well-chosen expression. feline ('hn), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- erous. fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock down; cause to fall; turn down (a seam)^ adj. cruel; savage; barbar- ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin of an animal; a hem laid level with the material; a rocky or barren hill; small pieces of ore. fellah ('a), n. [pi. fellahs ('az), fel- laheen (-hen') ], in Egypt and Syria, a peasant or laboring man. felloe, same as felly. fellow ('5), n. a companion or asso- ciate; one of the same kind; com- peer; one of a pair; an individual; one held in slight esteem; a member of an incorporated society; a gradu- ate member of a college who holds a fellowship; the trustee of a college; adj. associated or joined with (used in composition.) felly ('i), n. [pi. fellies ('iz) ], one of the curved pieces of wood which form the rim of a wheel; the rim. Also felloe. felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se), n. a suicide. felon (fel'un), n. one guilty of fel- ony; a whitlow: adj. malignant; traitorous. felonious (fe-lo'ni-us), adj. done with the intention of committing crime; malignant. felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies (-niz) ], a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in a state prison. felting ('ing), n. the material of which felt is made, or the process of manufacturing it. female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex which conceives and produces young; the plant or flower which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the male flower: adj. pertaining to that sex which produces young; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FEME COVERTE 292 ERRATE feminine; womanly; having pistils but destitute of stamens; noting, in mechanics, something, as a hol- low, into which another part fits. feme coverte (fern or fam kuv'ert), n. a married woman. Also femme coverte. feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried woman. Also femme sole. feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, women ; deli- cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in manly characteristics; effeminate: n. a woman. femininity (-i-ti), n. the state or quality of being feminine; woman- kind. feminism (fem'in-izm), n. a condition ascribed to men apparently lacking in the chief masculine traits. femme de chambre (fam'de shang'- br), n. a lady's-maid; chambermaid. femoral (fem'o-ral), adj. pertaining to the thigh. femur (f e'mer), n. the thigh-bone. fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, covered with sedges, &c; a kind of mold or moss causing disease in hops. f encible (f en'si-bl) , adj. capable of de- fense, or being defended : n. a soldier enlisted for home service. fencing ('ing), n. the art of skilfully using a foil or sword for attack or defense; materials used for con- structing a fence; a collection of fences; guard; skilful debate. fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect with a fender. fender ('er), n. a cushion of rope, or piece of wood hung over the side of a vessel to prevent injury by con- tact with a landing-stage, &c; a metal guard in front of a fireplace to prevent the hot coal falling upon the floor; a device affixed to the front of a street car to prevent in- jury to pedestrians. fender-rail (fen'der-ral), n. a rail to protect street cars against injury from the wheels of other vehicles. fender-skid (fen'der-skid), n. a skid used by lumber men to hold the logs on a trail, when skidded or slid on a hillside. fennec ( ; ek), n. small African fox. fennel (fen'el), n. an aromatic bien- nial herb of the parsley family, with yellow flowers. fenny {'i) r adj. full of fens; marshy. fent (fent), n. a slit in a garment for convenience in putting it on; placket; remnant. ferae naturae (-na-tu're), in law, wild animals as distinguished from those domesticated. feral (fe'ral), adj. wild; undomesti- cated. ferial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to week days, especially those which are not festivals or fasts; pertaining to holidays. fer-de-lance (fer-de-lans'), n. a poi- sonous crotaloid snake inhabiting certain of the West Indies and the South American countries. Its name is derived from the shape of its head like a lance. ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic fungus which produces fermenta- tion; internal commotion; tumult: v.t. (fer-menf), to produce ferment tation in; excite: v.i. to be in a state of fermentation; effervesce; be ex- cited. fermentation (-men-ta/shun), n. the chemical decomposition which takes place in an organic substance ex- posed to the air, due to the action of microscopic organisms, or to un- organized ferments; excitement. fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or flowerless plant with broad and feathery fronds or leaves, on the under surface of which the repro- ductive seeds are situated. fernery ('er-i), n. [pi. ferneries (-iz) ], a place where ferns are cultivated. ferocious (fe-ro'shus), adj. savage; fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. ferocity (-ros'i-ti), n. [pi. ferocities (-tiz) ], ^ savageness or cruelty of disposition; inhumaji cruelty. ferrate (fer'at), n. a salt of ferric acid. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FERRET 293 FETCH ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- riety of polecat, employed to hunt rats and rabbits from their holes; a kind of binding; an iron rod used for making the rings at the mouths of bottles, or trying melted glass: v.t. to search minutely or discover by cunning methods (with out). ferreter ('er), n. one who ferrets. ferretto (-ret'to), n. a preparation of copper with sulphuric acid: used in coloring glass. ferriage ('i-aj), n. money paid for conveyance by ferry. ferric ('ik), adj. pertaining to, con- taining, or extracted from, iron. ferric acid (as'id), n. an acid com- posed of 3 atoms of oxygen and 1 of iron. ferro-bronze (fer'ro-bronz), n. an alloy composed of iron, copper and zinc. ferrotype (-tip), n. a photograph taken upon a sensitized iron plate. ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, iron. ferrous oxide (oks'id), n. monoxide of iron. ferruginous (-ru'ji-nus), adj. con- taining, or impregnated with, iron; rust-colored. ferrule ('ril), n. a metal ring placed at the end of a stick, &c, to strength- en it. ferry ('i), n. [pi. ferries ('iz) ], a passage across a river, &c. ; a ferry- boat; the place where a ferry-boat lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- vey across a river, &c, in a boat: v.i. go across water in a boat. fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- dantly; fruitful; reproductive; rich in resources or invention. fertilization (-i-za'shun), n. the act or process of making fertile; im- pregnation. fertilize ('til-iz), v.t. to make fer- tile; render fruitful; impregnate. fertilizer (-er), n. any material used as a manure for the land. fertilizing-pouch (fer'ti-li-zing- pouch), n. the sperm-receptical of the queen bee. fertility ('i-ti), n. the state or quali- ty of being fertile; abundance; fe- cundity; richness of resources or invention. ferule ('ul), n. a rod or flat stick used for chastisement: v.t. to chastise with a ferule. fervency (fer'ven-si), n. earnestness; ardor. fervent (Vent), adj. zealous; earnest; vehement; very hot. fervid ('vid), adj. burning; ardent; fiery; intense; eager; vehement. fervor ('ver), n. intensity of feeling; zeal; warmth. festal ('tal), adj. pertaining to a feast; joyous; festive; hilarious. fester ('ter), v.t. to cause to fester or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; suppurate; rankle; become putrid; rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore; act -of festering or rankling. festival ('ti-val), n. a joyful cele- bration in commemoration of some event, religious or civil; an enter- tainment on behalf of some charity at which fruit, &c, is sold. festive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to a feast; gay; joyous; merry. festivity (-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. festivi- ties (-tiz) ], social gaiety at an en- tertainment or feast; merrymaking; joyfulness; a festival. festoon (-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- land suspended at the extremities and hanging in a curve; an archi- tectural ornament of such form: v.t. to decorate with, or form into, fes- toons. fetal, same as foetal. fetch (fech), v.t. to go after and bring; obtain as its price; call for and ac- company; heave, as a sigh; fascin- ate: v.i. to move and turn; reach or get : 7i. an artifice or trick ; the deep long breath, as of a person dying; a wraith; the appearance at night of a light resembling a candle, supposed to portend death (fetch-light). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FETE 294 FIBRIL fete (fat), h. a festival or holiday: v.t. to entertain, or honor, with fes- tivities. fete champetre (shang-pa/tr), n. a rural or open-air festival. fete day (da), n. a birthday celebra- tion, especially the day of the saint whose name one bears [French]. feticide, same as foeticide. fetid (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giving forth an offensive smell; stinking. fetish (fe'tish, or fet'ish), n. any material object, as a stone, weapon, feather, &c, supposed by the ne- groes of Western Africa to be the abode of a spirit, and to give to its possessor power over such a deity: hence any objectof unreasoning de- votion; image or idol. Also fetich. fetishism (-izm), n. the worship of, or belief in, fetishes; unreasoning or superstitious devotion. Also fet- ichism. fetish-man (-man), n. a medicine- man. fetlock ('lok), n. a tuft of hair be- hind a horse's pastern joint; the pastern joint. fetter ('er), n. a chain or shackle for the feet (usually pi.); a restraint; hindrance, v.t. to place fetters upon; chain; bind; hinder; restrain. fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work with activity; clean up: v.t. to put in order; cover or line; fasten: n. good condition or repair; fuss. fetus, same as foetus. feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarrel between clans or families; blood- feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. feud (fud), n. a fief, or land held from a lord on condition of render- ing him feudal service. Also feod. feudal ('al), adj. pertaining to a feud or quarrel ; pertaining to, or founded upon, a feud or fief. feudalist (-ist), n. one skilled in feudal law. Also feudist; an upholder of feudalism. feudality (-al'i-ti), n. the state of being feudal; feudal principles or constitution. feudal system (sis' tern), n. the po- litico-social system formerly preva- lent in Europe during the Middle Ages of holding lands on condition of military service. Feudalism. feudatory < (-da-to-ri), n. [pi. feuda- tories (-riz)], one holding land by feudal tenure; a vassal: adj. per- taining to, or held by, feudal tenure. Also feudary. feu de joie (foo'de zhwa'), n. an ex- pression of public rejoicing, as the firing of guns, or burning of bonfires. feudist, same as feudalist. feuilleton (foo-i-tang'), n. that sec- tion of a French newspaper which is devoted to light literature, criti- cal notices, fiction, &c; a newspaper serial. fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- terized by marked increase of heat of the skin, quickened pulse, great debility, thirst, &c; a condition of extreme nervous excitement: v.t. to put into a fever. feverish ^ (-ish), adj. affected with, indicating, or resembling, fever. fez (fez) n. a brimless, close-fitting, felt hat, usually red, with a black tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, &c. fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. a hackney-coach [French]. fiance (fe-ang-sa/), n. one who is be- trothed or affianced. Fern, fiancee. fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- dicrous failure, as of some enter- prise of which high hopes were en- tertained, as a musical performance, &c. ; a flask or bottle. fiat (fl'at), n. a peremptory order or decree; an order of a court authoriz- ing certain proceedings, as in bank- ruptcy. fiber (fi'ber), n. a slender, thread- like substance, or filament; raw material which can be separated into threads for making up textile fab- rics. fibriform Cbri-form'), adj. fiber-like. fibril ('bril), n. a small fiber. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; bodn, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIBRILIFEROUS 295 FIERILY fibriliferous (if'er-us), adj. bearing fibres or the fibrillae in bundles. fibrillae ('e), n.pl. minute subdivi- sions of a root, as of the lichens. fibrillose (-os), adj. composed of, or covered with, fibrils. fibrin (fl'brin), n. a white albumi- noid substance which forms the clot of blood; the fibrous part of flesh; gluten obtained from corn, &c. Also fibrine. fibrinous (-us), adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibrin. fibroid ('broid), adj. of the struc- ture of, or containing, fiber. fibroin Cbro-in), n. the principal constituent of raw silk, cobwebs, and horny sponge-tissue. fibrous ('brus), adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibres. fibula ('u-la), n. [pi. fibulae (-le) ], the outer and smaller of the two bones which form the lower leg; and ancient ornamental brooch or safe- ty-pin. fichu (fe-shooQ n. a light three-cor- nered article of ladies' dress worn on, the neck, or over the neck and shoulders. fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- stant. fictile (fik'til), adj. pertaining to pot- tery; readily molded; plastic. fiction ('shun), n. the act of feign- ing or inventing; that which is feigned or invented; a literary pro- duction of the imagination in prose form, as a novel, romance, &c; a legal assumption for the purpose of convenience, the furtherance of justice, &c. fictitious (-tish'us), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, fiction; false; unreal. fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to support a topmast ; a large tapering wooden pin for opening the strands of a rope; v.t. to put into place and secure by a fid. Also fidd. fidalgo (fi-dal'go), n. a Portuguese nobleman; hidalgo. fiddler (fid'ler), n. a violinist; a name of the common sandpiper; sixpence; one who is fussy about trifles. fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. [pi. fidelities (-tiz) ], integrity; faithful adher- ence to obligation or duty ; honesty ; loyalty; reliability. fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; nervous restlessness (often in pl.)\ v.t. to put in a fidget; worry; v.i. to move about uneasily or restlessly. fidgety ('et-i), adj. restless; impatient. fiducial (fi-au'shal), adj. of the na- ture of a trust; practical confidence. fiduciary ('shi-a-ri), n. [pi. fiducia- ries (-riz)], a trustee; one who de- pends for salvation on- faith without works: adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a trust; confident; unwa- vering. fie (fi), inter j. for shame! Also fy, fye. fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed estate or manor held under a feudal superior. field-allowance (-a-lou'ans), n. ex- tra pay given to officers on active service. field-book (-book), n. a surveyor's note-book. field-day (-da), n. a military review; a day of unusual excitement or dis- play; a day devoted to outdoor sci- entific research. field-marshal (-mar'shal), n. the highest rank in the British army. field-officer (-of'i-ser), n. a major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. field-sports (-sportz), n.pl. outdoor diversions, especially shooting, hunt- ing, &c. fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; demon; one who is intensely mali- cious or wicked; a monomaniac. fiendish ('ish), adj. like a fiend. fierce ^ (fers), adj. savage; violent; merciless; ferocious; unrestrained. fieri facias (fl'e-ri fa/shi-as), (Latin, cause it to be done), a writ of exe- cution authorizing a levy on the goods and chattels of the person against' whom it is issued. fierily (ffr'i-li), adv. in a fiery manner. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIERINES< 296 FILLING fieri ness (-nes), n. the quality of be- ing fiery; heat of temper. fiery ('ri), adj. [comp. fierier, superl. fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting of, fire; passionate; easily roused; fervent; ardent. fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument of the flute class: v.t. to play (a tune) on a fife. fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. figment ('ment), n. an invention; fiction. figuline ('u-lin), n. potter's clay. figurant ('u-rant), n. an opera dancer who performs as one of the group. Fern, figurante. figurative ('u-ra-tiv), adj. repre- senting by figure; symbolical; un- real ; metaphorical. figured ('iird), adj. covered or adorned with figures; syrnbolized; pictured; indicated by figures [mus.]. figure-head (-hed), n. a carved rep- resentation of a human or other fig- ure placed at the prow of a ship; a person who is only nominally im- portant. figure-painting (fig'uf-pan'ting), n. painting concerned largely with the presentation of the human figure. figure-skating (fig 'tir-ska 'ting) , n. skating in which geometrica ] figures are cut on the ice by the skates. figuring (fig'ur-ing), n. computation. figwort (fig'wert), n. a plant used as a specific for piles. filament ('a-ment), n. a fine thread, or thread-like process or appendage ; the stalk of an anther. filamentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. con- sisting of, or resembling, a filament. filar (fl'lar), adj. pertaining to, or furnished with, threads; having fine threads stretched across the field of view: said of a microscope, &c. filator (fi-la/tor), n. the spinning mechanism of a silk-worm. filbert (fil'bert), n. the edible nut of the cultivated hazel. filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. file (fil), n. a wire, &c, on which pa- pers are strung for preservation or reference; a bundle of papers fas- tened together and endorsed with the date, contents, &c, of each; a line of soldiers ranged one behind the other; a tool of hard steel with small grooves on the surface, used for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut or smooth with a file; string (papers, &c.) on a file, or place them away, endorsed, for future reference; place among the records of a court or house of legislature: v.i. to march in a file or line. filial (fiTi-al), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a son or daughter; due to a father. filiation (-a/shun), n. affiliation. filibuster (-i-bus'ter), n. a freebooter; buccaneer; a lawless military adven- turer who invades a foreign country: v.i. to act as a filibuster; to delay legislation by obstructive tactics. filiform (fiTi-form), adj. thread-like. filigree ('i-gre), adj. made of, or re- lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- mental work, resembling lace, in gold or silver wire; something deli- cate and ornamental, but not lasting. filing (fi'ling), n. the act of using a file: pi. fine fragments rubbed off by the action of a file. Filipino _ (fil-i-pe'no), n. a native of the Philippine Islands. filler ('er), n. one who, or that which, fills; a funnel for filling bottles, &c; composition for stopping up holes or pores in a material before painting it; the body of a cigar. fillet ('et), n. a narrow band of metal, linen, silk, &c, worn around the forehead, for securing the hair; the fleshy part of the thigh: said of veal; a boneless lump of meat or fish served flat or rolled together and tied round; a raised rim, nar- row ornament, or molding; a plain line or band; the loins of a horse: v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament with a fillet; make into fillets, as veal, &c. filling (fil'ing), p. adj. serving to fill; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FILLIP 297 FINEDRAW occupying the whole space; satiat- ing: n. something that serves to fill up a vacant space, cavity, or pore: pi. prepared wort. fillip ('ip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or stroke with the finger; an incite- ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden movement; project: v.i. to aim a fillip. fillister ('is-ter), n. a rabbet-plane; a groove or rabbet on the outer edge of a window-sash to receive glass. filly ('i), n. [pi. fillies ('iz) ], a young mare; a bold, lively girl. film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; a thin covering of some sensitized substance to receive a photographic impression: v.i. to become covered with a film. filmy ('i), adj. composed of, or re- sembling, films. filo-flcss (fi'lo-flos), n. sl fine soft thread, used in embroidery. filo-plume (-pltim), n. a long slender feather with a delicate shaft. filose ('los), adj. thread-like. filoselle ('lo-zel), n. a kind of floss- silk. filter (fil'teiO, n. any material or ap- paratus by which water or any- other liquid is purified; a contri- vance for arresting particles of steel, dust~&c, in the air; a strainer: v.t . to purity, as a liquid. filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- filement, moral or physical. filthy ('i), adj. [comp. filthier, superl. filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, moral- ly or physically; obscene. filtrate (fiTtrat), n. a liquid which has been filtered: v.t. to filter. fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- motion of a fish. finable (fin'a-bl), adj. liable to a fine; capable of being refined. final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the end; ultimate; finishing; decisive: n. that which is last, or makes an end; the deciding heat of an ath- letic contest. final cause (kawz), n. the end for which a thing is done. finale (fe-na'la), n. the last passage in a musical composition; the final act, &c, of a scene or performance; termination; end. finality (fi-nal'i-ti), n. completeness. finance (fi-nans'), n. the public revenue of a government or state; the science of the profitable manage- ment of monetary affairs: v.t. to manage the financial arrangement of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- cial object. financial »(-nan'shal), adj. pertaining to finance. financier (fin-an-ser'), n. one who is skilled in the principles of banking, or conducts private or public finan- cial affairs. finback (fin'bak), n. a variety of whale, having Jhe dorsal fin promi- nent. Also firmer, razorback. finch (finch), n. the common name for various small birds, as the chaf- finch, canary, &c. finder ('er), n. one who, or that which, finds; a small telescope at- tached to a larger one to locate some particular star, &c. , to be ex- amined by the larger instrument. fin de siecle (fang de sia'kl) [French], at the end of the century. finding (finding), n. discovery; the verdict of a jury, or court: pi. the tools, &c, which a workman himself supplies. fine (fin), n. money paid as a pen- alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a monetary penalty upon; purify; re- fine; clarify. fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; pure; refined; subtle; delicate; ele- gant; of small diameter; very hand- some; noble; showy; admirable; splendid; beautiful in thought or language; free from clouds or rain; dexterous; discriminating; artful: adv. very much; finely. finedraw ('draw), v.t. to sew up neatly, as a rent, so that it is im- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FINEDRAWN 298 FIRE-KILN perceptible; draw out to extreme tenuity, as wire. finedrawn ('drawn), adj. spun very fine; over-subtle; far-fetched. finery (fl'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries (-iz) ], personal adornment, as fine or showy clothes, &c; outward show. finesse (fi-nes'), n- artifice or strat- agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to accomplish some end; in playing whist, to endeavor to take a trick with a lower card than that held by an opponent, while holding a higher card. finger-bowl (fing'-ger-bol), n. a bowl used at the end of a meal for moisten- ing the fingers. fingering (-ing), n. the act of touch- ing with the fingers; the act of manipulating the fingers on a fin- gered instrument* fine work exe- cuted by the fingers; a loose-twisted woolen yarn, used for knitting stockings, &c. fingerling ('ling), n. a young trout. finger-print (print), n. an impres- sion of the markings on the fingers, used by the police to identify crimi- nals. fingerstall (-stawl), n. a protective covering for an injured finger. . finial (fin'i-al), n. a pointed orna- ment at the top of a spire, gable, &c. finical ('i-kal), adj. fastidious; over particular. finicality ('i-ti), n. the characteris- tic of being finical. finikin ('i-kin), adj. fussy or affect- edly precise in trifles, as in dress, manner, &c; a variety of pigeon. Also finicking. fining (fin 'ing), n. the act or process of purifying or refining; clarifica- tion. finis (fi'nis), n. the end. finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to an end; complete; put an end to; con- clude; make perfect; polish; kill or render powerless: v.i. to come to an end; expire: n. completion; careful elaboration; the final touches given to a work. finite (fl'nit), adj. having limits: n. that which is finite (with the). fin-keel (fin'kel), n. a type of keel resembling the fin of a fish, and used to ballast boats carrying a relatively large expanse of sails. finlet (fin let), n. a small fin. finny ('ni), adj. having fins; resem- bling, or abounding in, fish. finos (fe'nos), n. wool of the merino sheep of the second best quality. Finsen lamp (fin-sen-lamp), ii. a light for developing rays of ultra- violet light, used particularly in the treatment of lupus and other super- ficial diseases. fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet or arm of the sea between high rocks or banks. fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- bearing trees of the genus Abies, and allied genera; a fir-tree. fire-ball ('bawl), n. a grenade; meteor. fire-balloon ('bal-loon), n. a bal- loon inflated by hot air; a balloon sent up with fireworks, which be- come ignited when at a certain height. fire-box ('boks), n. in a locomotive engine, the receptacle for the fire. fire-brigade (fir'bri-gad), n. the members of a fire department. firebug ('bug), n. an incendiary. fire-clay ('kla), n. a kind of clay capable of resisting intense heat. firecracker ('krak-er), n. a small explosive firework. fire-damp ('damp), n. carburetted hydrogen. fire-dog ('dog), n. an andiron. fire-drill (fir'dril), n. the drill of school pupils or inmates of any in- stitution preparing them for quick exit in case of fire. fire-escape ('es-kap), n. a kind of ladder for rescuing persons from the upper parts of a building on fire. firefly ('fli), n. a winged insect which emits fight at night. fire-kiln ('kil), n. an oven. s **-- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIREMAN 299 FISSI fireman ('man), n. [pi. firemen ('men)], one trained to extinguish fires; a stoker. fire-ship ('ship), n. a ship filled with combustibles, set fire to, and floated among the vessels of an enemy. fireside ('sid), n. the hearth: hence domestic life and comfort. fire-water _ ('waw-ter), n. ardent spir- its [American Indian]. firework ('werk), n. a preparation of gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, &c, inclosed in a cardboard or paper case, which, when ignited, scintil- lates and explodes: pi. a pyrotechnic display. fire-worship ('wer-ship), n. the wor- ship or veneration of fire as a deity. firing ('ing), n. the act of discharging firearms^ the application of intense heat, as in baking, &c; fuel; cauter- ization. firkin (fer'kin), n. a small wooden vessel for holding butter, lard, &c. ; a measure of capacity = l-4th of a barrel; 9 gals. firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; solid; closely compressed; unyield- ing; not easily moved; rigorous; staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. the title or style under which a mer- cantile house transacts its business; a mercantile partnership. firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. the sky. firman ('man, or 'man), n. a spe- cial decree, edict, or license of an oriental potentate, as of the Turk- ish Sultan. first-aid (first-ad), a. surgical or med- ical treatment given by a layman while waiting for a physician, or by an ambulance surgeon at the place of injury or by a soldier on the battle- field. Efficient first-aid treatment khas materially lessened the mortality in modern warfare. rst-chop ('chop), adj. of the first quality. rst-class ('klas), adj. of the high- est excellence, rank, or quality. First-day ('da), n. the name given to Sunday by the Society of Friends. first-fruits (-fruits), n.pl. the first gatherings of the produce of the season ; the first profits of any office or undertaking. first-hand ('hand), n. the mate of a fishing-smack: adj. obtained direct from the producer or grower. firstling ('ling), n. the first-born; first produced. first-mate ('mat), n. in the mer- chant service, the officer next in rank to the captain. first-rate ('rat), adj. of the highest excellence; having the highest qual- ity or character: n. a warship of the first class: adv. excellently. firth, same as frith. fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the exchequer or public revenues ; finan- cial: n. a state treasurer [Spanish]. fishery ('er-i), n. [pi. fisheries (-iz) ], the business of catching fish; a fishing-ground; the right to fish at a particular time or ground. fishgarth ('garth), n. a fish-weir. fish gig ('gig), n. a pronged instru- ment for spearing fish. Also fizgig. fish-glue ('gloo), n. isinglass. fish-hawk ('hawk), n. the osprey. fishiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being fishy. fish-joint ('joint), n. a pair of iron plates for fastening the ends of two rails together. fish-maw ('maw), n. the sound of a fish. fishmonger ('mung-ger), n. one who sells fish. fish-sound ('sound), n. the swimming or air-bladder of a fish. fish-weir ('wer), n. a dam for stop- ping or preserving fish. fish- wife ('wif), n. a woman who retails fish. Also fishwoman. fishy ('i), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, abounding in, or like, fish; dull; Vacant; questionable; incredible. fissi, prefix, meaning cleft, occurring in various scientific words, as fissi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FISSILE 300 FLAG Earous, propagating or multiplying y fission. fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being split : said of rocks. fission (fish'un), n. the act of cleav- ing or splitting up into parts; the spontaneous division of a simple organism into two parts, each of which becomes a new individual. fissiparous. See fissi. fissiped (fis'i-ped), adj. having the toes separated: n. an animal belong- ing to the Fissipedia, a division of carnivorous mammals, including the dogs, cats, &c. fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack; a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to make a fissure: v.i. to crack. fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- gilism. fisticuffs ('ti-kufs), n. a combat with the fists ; boxing. fistula ('tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like ulcer. fistulose (-los), adj. of the nature of a fistula; hollow like a pipe. Also fistulous. fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. fitting], to make fit or suitable; adapt; accommodate to anj'thing; qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. to be proper or suitable: n. adapta-' tion of one thing to another; suit- ability: adj. [comp. fitter, superl. fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- pared; qualified. fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease attended with convulsions, and often with loss of consciousness; a tem- porary mental paroxysm, or attack of pain or illness; caprice. fitch (fitsh), n. the pole-cat. fitful (fit 'fool), adj. capricious; spas- modic. fitter ('er), n. one who adjusts pipes, or puts the parts of a machine to- gether; one who fits on and shapes an article of dress; a coal-broker. fixation (-a/shun), n. the act of fix- ing; stability; absence of volatility ; reduction from a fluid to a solid state. fixative ('a-tiv), n. something that serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. fixed (fikst), p. adj. firm; lasting; settled; permanent; stable; estab- lished ; resolute ; not volatile. fixed body (bod'i), n. a substance not readily volatilized, as a fixed oil. fixed star (star), n. a star which retains relatively the same position in the heavens. fixing (fiks'ing), n. the act' of making firm, or rendering permanent; the act of adjusting or- amending; a cast to carry a shaft-bearing: pi. ornaments, outfit, apparatus, &c. fixity ('i-ti), n. stability; perma- nence. fixture (fiks'ttir), n. that which is firmly fixed; an article of furni- ture fixed to a house and regarded as part of it. fizgig (fiz'gig), n. a firework made of damp powder; a flirting, giddy girl. fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an ef- fervescent beverage, as sparkling champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing noise. fizzle (fiz'l), v.i. to burn with a fizz and soon go out. t jeld (fyeld), n. a lofty barren table- land [Norwegian]. fjord. Same as fiord. flabbily (flab'i-li), adv. in a flabby manner. flabby ('i), adj. easily shaking or yielding to the touch; lacking mus- cle; mentally or physically feeble. flabellate (-bel'at), adj. fan-shaped. flabellum (fla-bel'um), n. [pi. flabel- la ('a) ], a large fan carried by the Pope's attendants; in the Greek Church, a fan used to drive away flies from the chalice during the cele- bration of the eucharist. flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; weak. flaccidity ('i-ti), n. the state of being flaccid. flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or bunting on which usually some de- vice is wrought, used as a standard, ensign, signal, &c; a plant of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLAGELLANT 301 FLAP-JACK gemis Iris; a flagstone: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, p.pr. flagging], to be- come weary; lose vigor; hang down: v.t. signal with a flag; pave with flagstones. flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adj. using a whip or scourge: n. one who scourges himself for religious disci- pline. nagellata (-a/ta), n.pl. a class of in- fusorians with whip-like append- flagellate ('el-at), v.t. to whip: adj. having whip-like processes. flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. a musical instrument of the flute class. flagging (flag'ing), n. pavement of flagstones. flagitious (fla-jish'us), adj. atrocious; wicked ; highly criminal. flag-officer (-of'i-ser), n. an admiral. flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking vessel with a narrow mouth. flagrant (fla'grant), adj. openly wicked; heinous; glaring; notorious. flagrante delicto (-gran'te de-lik'- to) [Latin], in the very act. flagstone ('ston), n. a large flat pav- ing stone. flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument for threshing wheat, &c, by hand. flake (flak), n. a small film of any- thing loosely held together, as snow; a thin scaly piece of any- thing; a carnation with a single color in stripes on a white ground: v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale or peel off. flake- white ('whit), n. pure white lead. flaky ('i), adj. consisting of flakes or layers. flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; blarney ; false pretense. flambage (flam-bazh'), n. a process of sterilization with the aid of a flame or red hot plate. flambeau ('bo), n. [pi. flambeaux ('boz) ], a lighted torch; a large or- namental candlestick. flamboyant (-boi'&nt), adj. denoting a florid or showy style, especially as deficient in good taste; denoting the French Pointed Gothic, character- ized by flame-like tracery. flamen (fla'men), n. one of fifteen priests in ancient Rome devoted to the service of a special deity. flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. a long- legged, web-footed, red-colored bird. flammule (flam'ul), n. a little flame, especially the small flame symboliz- ing Chinese and Japanese deities. flange (flanj), n. a raised or project- ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- ping, or as an attachment: v.t. to attach a flange to. flange-steel (flanj '-stel), n. steel that is soft enough to be bent at right angles without cracking or being overstrained. flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of an animal between the ribs and hip; the side of an army, regiment, or building; that part of a fortifica- tion constructed to defend another: v.t. to attack or turn the flank or side of (an army); guard on the flank: v.i. to border or touch (with on) : adj. pertaining to, or cut from, the flank. flanker ('er), n. one of a body of troops thrown out to protect a line of march; a man who walks on the flank of grouse-drivers to keep the birds in the line required. flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, loosely-worn cloth with a light nap. flannel-cake (flan 'el-cake), n. a grid- dle cake of wheat flour, raised with baking-powder or yeast. flannelet (-et), n. a soft cotton ma- terial resembling flannel. flap (flap), n. anything broad and flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- tened on one side; the motion or noise of anything broad and flat; a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flapped], to strike with, or as with, a flap; let fall; move back- wards and forwards rapidly: v.i. to move, as wings, with noise. flap- jack (flap'jak), n. a pancake that is turned in the air permitting the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLAPPER 302 FLEECE reverse side to be cooked on the griddle. flapper ('er), n. one who, or that which, flaps; a flipper. flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady, glaring light: v.i. to burn with a broad, unsteady light; be offensive- ly showy in dress. flash-boiler (flash-boil'er), n. type of steam generator for automobiles. flash-light (-lit), n, a momentary brilliant light for taking photo- graphs. flashing ('ing), n. a name for va- rious operations in glass-making: pi. pieces of lead or other metal used as a cap-joint to keep roofs, &c, watertight: adj. emitting flashes. flashing-point (-point), n. the tem- perature, below the burning-point, at which the vapor of a volatile liquid will ignite and explode: used as a test for illuminants. flashy ('i), adj. brilliant, but empty; gaudy. flask (flask), n. a small bottle; a ves- sel, usually metal or leather, for holding powder or shot. flatten ('n), v.t. to lay flat; make level or even; beat down; depress; make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower in tone: v.i. to become flat or level; become insipid. flatter (er), v.t. to gain over or please by complimentary speech; soothe; persuade; raise false hopes or expec- tations: v.i. to employ flattery. flattery ('er-i), n. [pi. flatteries (-iz)], insincere complimentary speech; ad- ulation; false praise. flatting ('ing), n. the act or process of making flat or smooth; the pro- cess of rolling metal into sheets by cylindrical pressure; the sounding of a note below the true pitch; a method of house painting by which the paint appears lusterless; a coat of size laid over gilding to protect it. flatulence ('u-lens), n. distension of the stomach, caused by gases generated within it; emptiness; con- ceit. Also flatulency. flatulent ('u-lent), adj. affected with, or tending to produce, flatulence; pretentious; conceited. flatwise ('wiz), adv. with the flat side downwards. flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. to make an . ostentatious display in dress: v.t. behave or exhibit pertly or impudently: n. the act of flaunt- ing; a boast; brag. flav, prefix, occurring in various sci- entific compound words, meaning yellow. Also flavi, flavo. flavor ('ver), n. a particular smell or taste: v.t. to impart a flavor to. flavoring (-ing), n. an essence or extract for giving a flavor to any- thing. flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent defect; crack: v.t. to make a flaw in; crack. flaxen ('en), adj. resembling, or made of, flax; of golden color: said of the hair. Also flaxy. flaxseed ('sed), n. linseed. flay (fla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. flaying], to strip off, skin, torture. flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking insect of the genus Pulex, remark- able for its agility and irritating bite. fleabane ('ban), n. a plant of the aster family. flea-bite ('bit), n. the bite of a flea; the red spot it causes; a trifling wound or trouble; a very small quantity. fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: v.t. to streak or spot; variegate. flection. Same as flexion. fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the full j plumage or feathers necessary for j flight. fledgling ('ling), n. a young bird just fledged. flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeing], to run away from; avoid: v.i. to hasten away from danger; scatter; disappear. fleece (fles), n. the whole wool shorn from a sheep at one time: v.t. to deprive of the wool or fleece; strip; ate, arm, ask, a.t, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLEECE-WOOL 303 FLITTER-MOUSE plunder by injustice or fraud; cover withy or as with, a fleece. fleece-wool ('wool), n. wool cut from a living animal. fleecy ('i), adj. resembling a fleece; woolly. fleer (fler), n. mockery or contempt ex- pressed in words or gesture: v.i. to mock or sneer; grin contemptuously. fleet (flet), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: n. a company of warships or mer- chant vessels; a creek or inlet: v.t. to move or pass rapidly over; skim. -fleshings ('ingz), n.pl. flesh-colored tights. fleshliness ('li-nes), n. carnality. fleshly (li), adj. pertaining to the body; corporeal; human; carnal; lascivious: adv. carnally. fleshy ('i), adj. [comp. fleshier, superl. fleshiest], full of flesh; plump; corpulent; succulent; gross. Fletcherism (fletch'-er-izm), n. sl method of diet based on thorough mastication of food. fleur-de-lis (floor-de-le'), n. [pi. fleurs-de-lis], the royal bearing or emblem of France; the name for various species of iris. flew, p.t. of fly. flexibility (fleks-i-biri-ti), n. the state or quality of being flexible. Also flexibleness. flexible ('i-bl), adj. easily bent; pli- ant; yielding to persuasion. Also flexile. flexion (flek'shun), n. the act or pro- cess of bending; a curve; in gram- mar, inflection. flexor ^ (fleks'er), n. a muscle that acts in bending the joints: opposed to extensor. flexure Cur), n. the act of bending; the part bent; a curve or fold; joint. flick (flik), n. a light, quick stroke, as with a whip: v.t. to whip lightly. flicker ('er), v.i. to move with an un- steady and quick motion ; flutter with the wdngs: n. an unsteady light • or movement; the golden- winged woodpecker of North America. flier (fll'er), n. one who flies, or flees; a fugitive; that part of a machine that regulates and equalizes motion; an essay or feeler: pL a straight flight of steps. flies, pi. of fly. flightily ('i-li), adv. capriciously. flighty ('i), adj. changeful; capri- cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; giddy. flimsily (fliro/zi-li), adv. in a flimsy manner. flimsy ('zi), n. [pi. flimsies ('ziz) ], a thin manifold paper, especially that used for making reporting copies; a bank-note: adj. unsub- stantial; thin; w T eak; ineffective. flinch (flinch), v.i. to shrink or draw back, as from pain, danger, &c: n. the act of flinching. flinder (flin'der), n. a splinter; frag- ment. flint (flint), n. a variety of quartz; a flint implement; anything pro- verbially hard. flip-flap (-flap), n. the noise caused by something flapping: adv. with a flapping sound. flippancy (flip'an-si), n. pertness; thoughtless fluency of speech. flippant ('ant), adj. characterized by thoughtless levity of speech, or pertness. flipper ('er), n. a broad fin, arm, or paddle used in swimming, as that of the whale, seal, or turtle. flirt (flert), v.t. move to and fro with a short rapid action; throw with a quick elastic motion: v.i. make love from mere amusement; coquette: n. a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. flirtation (fler-ta'shun), n. the act of flirting. flirtatious ('shus), adj. inclined to flirt. flit (flit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 'flitted: , p.pr. flitting], to remove (a thing) from one house to another [Scotch]: v.i. to pass lightly and swiftly along; fly away; skim; migrate. flitch (flich), n. the side of a hog salted and cured. flitter-mouse (flit'er-mous), n. a bat. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. FLITTING 304 FLOSS flitting (flit'ing), n. the act of flying or moving lightly and swiftly; a removal. flix (fliks), n. soft fur. float (not), v.t . to cause to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a liquid; convey without effort or will; to start, sell, or dispose of. float-valve (flot'-valv), n. a floating valve operated by the rise or fall of the liquid on which it rests. floccillation (flok-sil-a'shun), n. the picking of bed-clothes by a delirious patient: regarded as a serious symptom. floccose (flok'os), adj. covered with soft hair or wool; woolly. flocculence ('Q-lens), n. the state of being flocculent. flocculent ('Q-lent), adj. woolly. flocculus ('u-lus), n. [pi. flocculi (-11) ], a small flake; a small tuft of down or wool-like hair. floccus ('us), n. [pi. flocci ('si) ], the long tuft of hair which terminates the tail of certain quadrupeds, as the lion; the down on an unfledged bird. flock (flok), n. a company or collec- tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous material used for stuffing uphol- stery, &c: v.i. to come together in a flock; assemble. floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of float- ing ice. floe-rat ('rat), n. the ringed seal. flog (flog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, p.pr. flogging], to whip; chastise; to lash (the water) with the line in angling. flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; inundation; the deluge; high tide; the sea; an abundant supply or out- pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; inundate; overflow. flood-gate ('gat), n. a gate in a water-way, which when opened al- lows the water to escape when at a certain height. flood-tide ('tid), n. the rising tide. floor age ( ; aj), n. the area of a floor. floorer ('er), n. a knock-down blow; an unanswerable question or argument. flooring ('ing), n. materials for floors; floors collectively; pavement. flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; unfold with a jerk: v.i. to plump down; fall loosely and flatly: n. the sound caused by a soft flat body coming suddenly in contact with the ground: adv. suddenly. flora (fl5'ra), n. the wild plants of a particular region, district, or geo- logical period; a description of such plants. floral ('ral), adj. pertaining to, re- sembling, or consisting of, flowers. floral envelope (en'vel-op), n. the corolla and calyx of a flower. floran ('ran), n. fine-grained tin ore. floreated ('re-a-ted), adj. ornamented with floral decorations. Also flori- ated. florescence (flo-res'ens), n. the flow- ering of a plant. floret ('ret), n. a little flower. floretum ('re-tum), n. a botanical garden specially devoted to flowers. Agricultural (-ri-kul'tur-al), adj. per- taining to floriculture. floriculture ('ri-kul-tur), n. the cul- ture of flowers. floriculturist ('tur-ist), n. is skilled in floriculture. florid (flor'id), adj. bright brilliant with decorations; ly embellished. florin ('in), n. a European silver coin, ranging in value in different countries from 40 to 50 cents. florist (flo'rist), n. one who culti- vates flowers for pleasure, or sells them for profit. flory-boat (flo'ri-bot), n. a small boat for conveying passengers be- tween a steamboat and the shore at low tide. flosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into which ore is put for stamping. floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, downy, silken substance in the husks of certain plants; the slag on the one who in color; profuse- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLOSSY 305 FLUORESCENCE surface of molten iron in a puddling- furnace; a small stream. flossy ('i), adj. like floss; downy.' flotation (flo-ta'shun), n. the act or state of floating; the science of float- ing bodies. flotilla (-til 'a), n. a fleet of small vessels. flotsam (not'sam), n. goods lost in shipwreck, and found floating upon the sea. Also flotson. flounce (flouns), n. a narrow piece of cloth sewed to the skirt of a dress or petticoat, with the lower border loose and spreading; a sud- den jerk or movement of the body, indicative of impatience : v.t. to fur- nish or trim with flounces: v.i. to throw about the limbs and body. flounder (flound'der), v.i. to strug- gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, as an animal in the mire: n. a flat- sea-fish; a bootmaker's tool. flour (flour), n. the fine meal of ground wheat; a fine soft powder: v.t. to sprinkle flour upon. flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or thrive; be vigorous; be copious or flowery in language; embellish: v.t. swing about or brandish; give flour- ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines or strokes fancifully drawn; the act of brandishing; a musical passage intended only for display; ostenta- tious parade. floury (flour'i), adj. resembling, con- sisting of, or covered with, flour. flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat con- temptuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; sneer: n. an insult; scoff. flower (flou'er), n. that part of a plant which contains the reproduc- tive organs; blossom; the best, or choicest, part of anything; the prime; a figure or ornamental ex- pression. floweret (-et), n. a little flower. flowering-fern ('er-ing-fern), n. the Osmunda regalis. flowery ('er-i), adj. abounding, or adorned, with flowers; highly figu- rative or embellished. flowing (flo'ing), p.adj. moving, or pouring forth, as a stream; copious; fluent; hanging loosely or swaying. fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise and fall; be irresolute or wavering. flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage to con- vey away smoke, hot air, &c; soft downy matter; fluff. fluency (fiu'en-si), n. the quality of being fluent. fluent Cent), adj. possessing readiness and ease of speech; voluble; eloquent. fluey ('i), adj. like flue; fluffy. fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur nap: v.t. to spread out, as feathers: n. a flash. flufnness ('nes), n. the quality of be- ing fluffy. fluffy ('i), adj. consisting of, or cov- ered with, fluff; feathery. fluid (flu 'id), adj. liquid or gaseous; n. a substance the particles of which are readily separable. fluidity (-id'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being fluid. fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an anchor which is fixed into the ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- ease in sheep; a variety of potato; one of the two lobes of a whale's tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. to score by a lucky stroke; use the flukes in swimming: said of a whale. flume (flum), n. a channel for the conveyance of water. flummery (flum 'er-i), n. a jelly made of flour; blanc-mange; insipidity; humbug. flunk (flungk), n. a complete failure: v.i. to fail completely; retire through fear. flunky ('i), n. [pi. flunkies ('iz)], a liveried servant; a toady; snob; a foolish, incautious speculator. Also flunkey. fluorescence ('ens), n. the quality existing in certain transparent bodies of giving off under the action of light a color differing from their own; the property possessed by cer- tain substances of becoming lumi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLURRY 306 FOCIMETRY nous when exposed to X-rays or oth- er forms of radiant energy. flurry (flur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flur- ried, p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, confuse, or bewilder: n. sudden com- motion or excitement; hurry; a sudden gust. flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; excite; clean out with a rush of water; drive from cover: said of game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: n. a sudden rush of water; flow of blood to the face; sudden ex- citement or impulse; a flock of game birds suddenly started; abun- dance; bloom; growth; a hand of cards all of the same suit: said of cribbage; a bog or morass: adj. level with the surface; quite full; abun- dant; plentifully supplied with mon- ey; vigorous: adv. so as to be level. flush deck (dek), n. a deck level from stem to stern. flushing ('ing), n. the act of cleans- ing out by a copious flow of water; a glow of red in the face. fluster (flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or agitate;, hurry: n. agitation or con- fusion; excitement. flute (flut), n. a tubular wind-instru- ment furnished with finger-holes and keys; a long channel or groove cut in the shaft of a column; crimping or furrowing: v.t. to , sound as a flute; form parallel grooves or chan- nel in; crimp or furrow. flutina (-te'na), a kind of accordion. fluting (flu'ting), n. a channel or groove; fluted work; a flute-shaped crimp. flutist ('tist), n. a performer on the flute. flutter (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap the wings rapidly; move rapidly and irregularly; be in agitation or un- certainty: v.t. to throw into con- fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- tion; vibration; state of excitement or anxiety. flutter-wheel (-hwel), n. a water- wheel connected with a chute. fluvial (flu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, growing or living in, or caused by, rivers. Also fluvatile. flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of matter; flow of the tide; a substance added to assist in the reduction of a metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. fluxion (fluk'shun), n. the act of flowing or melting; matter that flows : pi. in mathematics, the analy- sis of infinitely small variable quan- tities. flyblow ('bid), n. the egg or larva of a fly: v.t. & v.i. [p.p. flyblown, p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in meat, &c, and taint it. flying-bridge (-brij), n. a tempo- rary bridge. flying-buttress (-but'res), n. an arched brace for strengthening and supporting a part of a building which rises above the rest. flying-fish (-fish), n. a fish with long pectoral fins, which has the power of sustaining itself in the air for a short time. flying- jib (-jib), n. a sail beyond the jib. flying-squirrel (fli'ing-skwer'el), n. a squirrel having elastic folds of skin attached to the legs and body, permitting it to make long, flying leaps. fly-wheel (fll'hwel), n. a heavy wheel in a machine which regulates its motion. foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, ass, or camel; v.i. to bring forth young: said of a mare, &c. foam (fom), n. the white ' substance formed on a liquid by violent agita- tion or fermentation; spume; v.t. to cause to foam : v.i. to gather foam; be enraged; froth, fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especially for a watch: v.t. to cheat. focal (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, or placed at, a focus. focal distance (dis'tans), n. the dis- tance between the optical center of a lens or mirror and the point where the rays converge. focimetry (fo-sim'e-tri), n. measur- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOCOMETRY 307 FOLK ing the focal distance of mirrors, or lenses. focometry (fo-kom'e-tri), n. measur- ing the focal. length of optical in- struments; same as focimetry. focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses, (-ez), foci ('si) ] the point where a sys- tem of rays of light or heat meet after being reflected or refracted; any central point: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to a focus or center. Also focalize (-la). fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, cattle, or sheep ; a weight for lead = 21 cwt. (Also fother): v.t. to feed with fodder. foe _ (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- wisher; an adversary in war. foehn (fon), n. a warm, dry Alpine wind, prevalent in Switzerland. foeman (fo'man), n. [pi. foemen ('men) ], an adversary in war. fcetal (fe'tal), adj. pertaining to the foetus. foeticide ('ti-sld), n. the destruction of a foetus in the womb; criminal abortion. foetus ('tus), n. the young of vivipa- rous animals in the uterus. fog-bank ('bangk), n. a dense mass of fog at sea, appearing like land in the distance. foggily (fog'i-li), adv. in a foggy manner; dimly. foggy ('i), adj. abounding in, or filled with, fog; bewildered; obscure; ob- tuse. fogy (fo'gi), n. [pi. fogies ('giz) ], a person of old-fashioned or eccentric habits. Also fogey, fogie. fohat (fo'at), n. a term used in oc- cultism to denote the connecting link between mind and matter. foible (foi'bl), n. a failing or. imper- fection in character; the weakest part of the blade in a sword. foil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frustrate; defeat: n. a long thin fencing weapon with a button on the end; the trail of hunted game; a thin plate, or sheet of metal; a contrast to set something off to advantage; a small arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- dow, &c. foist (foist) v.t. to place in wrong- fully or surreptitiously; palm off slyly (with in, into, upon). fokker (fok'er), n. 1916 type of Ger- man war-planes. fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over another; inclose; wrap up; shut up in a pen or fold: n. a part bent or doubled over another; a plait. folder ('er), n. one who, or that which, folds; a name for various instruments or contrivances for folding. folderol (fol'de-rol), n. mere non- sense; an idle fancy or conceit; a silly trifle. folding-doors (-dorz), n.pl. a pair of doors hung on opposite side-posts and meeting in the middle. foliaceous (fo'li-a'shus), adj. resem- bling, shaped like, or having, leaves; consisting of thin plates or laminae. foliage ('li-aj), n. leaves collectively; the artistic representation of leaves, flowers, &c, as in architectural decoration. foliated ('li-a-ted), p.adj. beaten, formed into, or covered with, thin plates; splitting into lamina?; deco- rated with leaf -like ornamentation. foliation (-a 'shun), n. the act of leafing; the act or process of beating a metal into thin plates; lamina- tion: said of a mineral; the number of the leaves of a book. folio (fo'li-o), n. a book of the larg- est size formed by folding a sheet of paper once; a page of MS. or print- ed matter; the right and left hand pages of a ledger, &c. ; in legal doc- uments 72 words of MS., 100 words in Congressional proceedings; a case for music, &c; adj. having a sheet of paper folded once: v.t. to page. foliole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet. foliose ('li-os), adj. resembling a leaf; covered with leaves. folk (folk or fok), n. people in gen- eral; nation or race; one's relatives. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOLK-LORE 308 FOOT-POUND folk-lore ('lor), n. popular tradi- tions, customs, beliefs, &c. folk-song ('song), n. a popular song or ballad, illustrative of the common life of the people. follia (fol-le'a), n. a kind of musical composition consisting of varieties on a given air. follicle (fol'i-kl), n. a seed-vessel; a very small tube or cavity; a sim- ple gland. follicular (-ik'ti-lar), adj. like a fol- licle. follow (fol'o), v.t. to go or come after; pursue; succeed in order; ac- company; attend; espouse the opin- ions or cause of; imitate or conform to; watch or attend to closely; to practice: v.i. to go or come after an- other; result: n. a particular stroke in billiards or croquet. folly (fol'i), n. [pi. follies ('iz) ], want of understanding; foolishness; unbecoming conduct ; criminal weak- ness; sin. foment (fo-menf), v.t. to bathe with warm or medicated liquids; excite; stir up or instigate. fomentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the act of fomenting; warm or medi- cated liquids applied to a diseased part; incitement. fomes (fo'mez), n. [pi. fomites ('mi- tez) ], a porous substance, as wool, &c, capable of retaining germs, and thus communicating contagion. fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- ing; ardently attached or devoted; partial to; injudiciously, foolishly indulgent (with of). fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat with tenderness; handle tenderly: v.t. to exhibit fondness. fondling ('dling), n. one who, or that which, is fondled. fondu (fong-doo'), adj. in calico printing and paper hangings, the gradual blending of one color into another. font (font), n. a stone receptacle to hold the water used in baptizing; a complete assortment of a particular kind of type. fontal ('al), adj. pertaining to a font. fontanel (fon'ta-nel), n. one of the six open spaces in the skull of an infant; a seton. foolhardy ('har-di), adj. foolishly bold; daringly rash; regardless of consequences. fooling ('ing), n. foolish speech or conduct; buffoonery; banter; idle interference. foolish ('ish), adj. acting without reason or judgment; weak-minded; silly; ridiculous; trifling; contempt- ible. foolscap (foolz'kap), n. a size of pa- per about 17 in. by 14 in.: origin- ally water-marked with the cap and bells formerly worn by professional jesters. foot (foot), n. [pi. feet (fet) ], that part of the leg on which an animal walks or stands; the lower part, base, foundation, or end of any- thing; that part of a boot or stock- ing which receives the foot; a meas- ure equal to 12 in.; infantry soldiers; a certain number of. syllables consti- tuting part of a verse: v.t. to add a foot to, as a stocking; add fig- ures in a column, and place the total at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on foot. football ('bawl), n. a large india- rubber ball encased in leather, used in the game of football. footing .('ing), n. ground or support for the feet; tread; a firm or as- sured position; dance; an entertain- ment given by a new employe, &c, to his fellow-workmen; state or con- dition. footman ('man), n. [pi. footmen ('men) ], a livery servant who at- tends a carriage, waits at table, &c. footpad ('pad), n. a highwayman who robs on foot. foot-pound ('pound), n. the unit of energy equal to work required to raise 1 lb. through a space of 1 ft. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boo book; hue, hut; think, then. ' FOPPERY 309 FORELAND foppery ('er-i), n. [pi. fopperies (-iz) ], dandyism. foppish ('ish), adj. affected in dress and manners. forage (for'aj), n. food for horses and cattle; a search for provisions: v.i. to wander about in search of provisions: v.t. to supply with for- age. foraging (-ing), n. the act of search- ing for forage. foramen (fo-ra/men), n. [pi. foram- ina (ram'i-na) ], a short passage or opening, as in a bone, or ovule. foraminated (-ram'i-na 'ted), adj. furnished with small holes or fo- ramina. Also foraminate. foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi- tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun- der or ravage. forbade p.t. of forbid. forbear (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. forbore, p.p. forborne, p.pr. forbearing], to abstain from; excuse; spare: v.i. to restrain one's self; be patient: n. an ancestor. Also forebear. [Scotch.] forbearance ('ans), n patience; in- dulgence; self-command. forbid (-bid'), v.t. [p.t. forbade, p.p. forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], to prohibit; command not to do; op- pose. force (fors), n. active power; vigor; strength; energy; violence; power to persuade or convince; validity; legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; armament; a trained or organized body; unlawful violence to property r person; any cause that produces, r tends to produce, motion, or a hange of motion, in a body; a wa- r fall: v.t. to compel; overpower y strength; impel; push; press; ain; cause to grow or ripen by ificial means: v.i. to endeavor, orcemeat (fors'met), n. meat chopped fine and seasoned. forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pliers for seizing and extracting anything. forcible (for'si-bl), adj. ^ character- ized by mental or physical power; vigorous; violent. forcibly ('si-bli), adv. in a forcible manner; vigorously; violently. ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a stream, &c, which can be crossed by men or animals: v.t. to wade through, or pass over without swim- ming. fore, a prejix meaning before, in front, much used on composition: its mean- ing is usually self-evident. fore and aft (aft), the entire length of a ship. forebear. See under forbear. forebode (-bod'), v.t. to presage, es- pecially evil; feel a presentiment of: v.i. to foretell (evil). forebow ('bo), n. the pommel of a saddle. forecast ('kast), n. a previous con- trivance; foresight; prediction of the weather: v.t. (for-kast'), to plan or calculate beforehand; foresee; predict. forecastle (fok'sl), n. the part of a vessel forward of the foremast, where the seamen take their meals and sleep. foreclose (for-kloz'), v.t. to cut off from the right of redemption: said of a mortgage. forefather ('fa' ?' [P*.foundnes (nz) J, tiquated in his ideas: adj. pertain- the P lace where metal castm S ls ing to, of the nature of, or converted , carried on. into, a fossil; dug from the earth; foun * ( fo ™t), n. a fountain or antiquated. ' s P rm ?; origma source. - ..., . .,._ . 7 . fountain (foun'tan), n. a natural or fossihferous (-if er-us), adj. con- artificial spring of water; the head taming fossils. or gource of a river; a - et or gpout fossilize (-Iz), v.t. to petrify: v.i. to of water; the first cause or origin, become antiquated. fountain-head (-hed), n. the spring ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOUNTAIN-PEN 313 FRANC from which a stream flows; the first source. fountain-pen n. a pen having a reservoir of ink in the holder. fourchette (foor-shef), n. a forked surgical instrument; the wish-bone of a bird; the frog of a horse's foot. fourgon (foor-gong'), n. a military ammunition wagon, or baggage car- riage. Fourierism (foo'ri-er-izm), n. the socialistic and cooperative system advocated by Fourier, the French socialist. four-in-hand (for 'in-hand), n. a coach drawn by four horses and driven by one person; a necktie, worn tied in a knot so as to leave the ends hanging vertically: adv. with a team of four horses. fourneau (foor-no'), n. the chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed. four-o'clock ('o-klok), n. a flower, the Marvel of Peru. Fourth, n. the fourth day of July. Independence Day. fo villa (fo-vil'a), n. the gummy fer- tilizing protoplasmic liquid of pollen grain. fowl (foul), n. a gallinaceous bird, especially the domestic cock or hen; poultry; birds collectively : v.i. to catch or kill wild birds for sport or food. fowler ('er), n. one who catches or kills wild birds for sport or food. fowling ('ing), n. the act or practice of catching or shooting wild birds. fox-brush ('brush), n. the tail of a fox. foxed (fokst), p.adj. stained, as tim- ber, or spotted, as prints, books, &c, with a reddish discoloration; re- paired with leather: said of a boot. foxglove ('gluv), n. a plant of the genus Digitalis, especially the purple foxglove, the leaves of which are used medicinally. fox-grape ('grap), n. a variety of grape. foxhound ('hound), n. one of a breed of dogs used for fox-hunting. foxiness ('i-nes), n. sly cunning, or shrewdness; the state of being de- cayed, or sour. foxtail ('tal), n. the name of various species of grass ; the tail of a fox. foxy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; reddish-brown; soured; discolored. foyer (fwa-ya'), n. the lobby of a theater. fracas (fra'kas), n. a noisy quarrel. fraction (frak'shun), n. a part bro- ken off; act of breaking; the state of being broken; a part of a unit, as %. fractional (-al), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, a fraction; very small. fractious ('shus), adj. unruly; cross. fracture ('tur), n. a part broken; a break caused by violence; separa- tion; the direction in which a min- eral breaks so as to show its texture: v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. fragile (fraj'il), adj. easily broken; weak; delicate. fragment (frag'ment), n. a part broken off from a whole; an imper- fect part. f ragmen tal (-al), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, fragments, discon- nected; made of parts of pre existent rock; conglomerate. Also fragmen- tary. fragmentation (-ta'shun), n. fission. fragrance (fra'grans), n. the state or quality of being fragrant. Also fragrancy. fragrant ('grant), adj. sweet-smell- ing. frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; weak, physically or morally; infirm: n. a basket made of rushes. f raise (fraz), n. palisading formed of inclined or horizontal stakes. framable (fram'a-bl), adj. capable of being framed. framework ('werk), n. that which incloses or supports something else. franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRANCHISE 314 FREE-LANCE unit of monetary value equal to 19.3 cents. franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- tutional right of suffrage; a particu- lar privilege or right granted by a • sovereign or by a legislative body to an individual, or to a corporation the district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends. Franco, a form used in composition to denote France, or French, as the Franco-German war. francolin (frang'ko-lin), n. a bird al- lied to the partridge. frangibility (franj-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being frangible. frangible ('i-bl), adj. easily broken. frank (frangk), adj. open or ingenu- ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: n. a signature that exempts mail- matter from payment of postage : a letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. to send or have conveyed free of charge. Frank (frangk), n. name by which the Christian Europeans were known to the Mohammedans during the period of the Crusades. frankincense ('in-sens), n. a fra- grant inflammable resin burnt as in- cense. frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad or distracted; outrageous; trans- ported by passion. frap (frap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. frapped, p.pr. frapping], to strengthen or draw together by ropes crossing each other; undergird. frappe (-pa/), adj. chilled with ice. fraternal (fra-ter'nal), adj. pertain- ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. fraternize (frat'er-niz), v.i. to asso- ciate or hold fellowship as brothers. fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. [pi. fra- ternities (-tiz) ], brotherly relation- ship; a body of men associated to- gether by a common bond of interest, especially of a religious character; men of the same profession or class. fratricide (frat'ri-sid), n. the crime of killing a brother; one who kills a brother. fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; trick; cheat; a humbug. fraudulence ('u-lens), n. deceitful- ness; trickery; unfairness. fraudulent ('ii-lent), adj. character- ized by, founded on, or obtained by, fraud. fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged. fray (fra), n. a riot; quarrel; a chafe or rub: v.t. to chafe or wear away. fraying ('ing), n. the act of wearing away by friction; the peeling off of the velvet of a deer's horn. frazzle (fra'zl), n. worn-out woven stuff, rope etc.: v.i. to become frayed. freak (frek), n. sudden or capricious change of mind, or whim; a prank; an abnormal animal or plant: v.t. to variegate; spot or streak. freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- les: v.i. to become freckled. freckly ('li), adj. marked with freck- les. freebooter ('boot-er), n. one who roves about for plunder or pillage; buccaneer. free city (sit'i), n. a city having an independent franchise and govern- ment. freedman (fred'man), n. [pi. f reed- men ('men) ], a slave who has been legally emancipated. freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of being free; liberty; independence; ease in performance; particular privilege; absence of conventionali- ty; undue familiarity. free-hand ('hand), adj. drawn by the hand without the aid of instru- ments. free-handed (-ed), adj. generous; liberal. freehold ('hold), n. an estate or ten- ement held by fee-simple, fee-tail, or for life. free-lance ('lans), n. one of a class of mediaeval soldiers who sold their services to fight for the highest bid- der; one who acts, speaks, or writes irrespective of any party. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FREEMAN 315 FRET-SAW freeman ('man), n. [pi. freemen ('men) ], one in the enjoyment of liberty; one possessed of certain franchises or municipal privileges. Freemason ('ma-sn), n. a member of a secret society in the Middle Ages, consisting formerly of skilled crafts- men, now a social association pro- fessing principles of brotherly love, charity, and mutual aid. free port (port), n. a port where no duties are levied on merchandise. Free-soil ('soil), adj. opposed to the extension of slavery: said of the party formed at Boston, United States, 1848, to restrict slavery. freestone ('ston), n. a sandstone suitable for working. freethinker ('thingk-er), n. one who forms his opinions independently of others; one who rejects revelation in religion, and dogmatic belief; a latitudinarian. free trade (trad), n. trade with other countries unrestricted by tariffs or customs duties. free-will ('wil), adj, voluntary; hold- ing the theological doctrine that man is free to exercise his will for good or evil. freezable (frez'a-bl), adj. that may be frozen. freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. frozen, p. pr. freezing], to congeal or harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. to be congealed with cold; be chilled with cold; be at or below the tem- perature of 32°. freezing-point ('ing-point), n. 32° above 0° in the Fahrenheit scale (0° Centigrade), at which water freezes. freight (frat), n. the goods with which a vessel is loaded; cargo; goods carried by rail; the sum paid or charged for the conveyance of goods: adj. used for conveying goods: v.t. to load with goods for conveyance; hire or charter. freightage ('aj), n. charge for freight; cargo. freight-car ('kar), n. a railway car for transporting freight. freighter ('er), n. one who freights a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for conveying freight. French (french), adj. pertaining to France, its inhabitants, or language. french leave (-lev), n. departure without ceremony or notice. frenzied (fren'zid), p. adj. affected with frenzy; delirious. frenzy ('zi), n. [pi. frenzies ('ziz) ], violent agitation; temporary mad- ness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into a frenzy; render mad. frequency (fre'kwen-si), n. the re- peated occurrence of a thing at short intervals. frequent , ('kwent), adj. recurring often: v.t. (fre-kwent') to resort to, t or visit often. frequentative ('ta-tiv), adj. in grammar, noting repetition, as cer- tain verbs. fresco (fres'kd), n. [pi. frescos, fres- coes ('koz) ], a method of wall- painting in water-colors on fresh plaster:* v.t. to decorate or paint in fresco. freshet ('et), n. a flood caused by melting snow or heavy rain. freshman ('man), n. [pi. freshmen ('men) ], a college student in his first year. fresh-water ('waw-ter), adj. per- taining to, living in, found in, or formed in, fresh water; accustomed to river navigation or the coasting trade. fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, p.pr. fretting], to wear away by fric- tion; injure by rubbing; corrode; agitate; vex; irritate; make rough on the surface; ornament with raised or interlaced work; •varie- gate: v.i. to be worn away by fric- tion or corrosion; be agitated or irritated; utter peevish complaints. fretful ('fool), adj. peevish: irritated. fret-saw ('saw), n. a long, thin, nar- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRETTE 316 FRISK row saw with fine teeth, used for cutting frets. frette (-ta/), adj. decorated with fret- work. Also fretted. fretwork ('werk), n. carved, raised, or open ornamental work. friability (fri-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being friable. Also friableness. friable ('a-bl), adj. readily crum- bled, or reduced to powder. friar ('er), n. one of a mendicant order of monks in the Roman Cath- olic Church. friary (-ri), n. a monastery. fricassee (frik-a-se'), n. a dish of chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut into small pieces, stewed and fried with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make into, or dress like, a fricassee. fricative ('a-tiv), n. a name for cer- tain letters, as th, sh, zh, produced by the friction of the breath issuing through the narrow aperture of the organs of articulation. friction ('shun), n. the act of rub- bing; attrition; resistance to the motion of a body, caused by contact with the surface upon which it moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- late the circulation of the blood ves- sels; irritation or disagreement caused by divergence of opinion. frictional (-al), adj. pertaining to or produced by, friction. Friday (fri'da), n. the sixth day of the week: named from the Scandi- navian deity Frigga, the goddess of love. Friend, n. a member of the Society of Friends. friendliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being friendly. friendly ('li), adj. pertaining to a friend; having the characteristics of a friend; amicable; affable; genial; convenient; f avorable : adv. amicably. friendship ('ship), n. intimacy; united with affection or esteem; mutual attachment; good-will. Friesian (fre'zian), adj. pertaining to Friesland, its inhabitants, or its language. Also Frisian. frieze (frez), n. the middle part of the entablature of a column between the architrave and cornice: usually ornamented with sculpture, &c; a coarse woolen cloth with a rough" shaggy nap on one side. frigate (frig'at), n. formerly a war- ship with an upper flush deck, car- rying from 24 to 50 guns. frigate-bird (-berd), n. a swift rap- torial bird allied to the pelican. frigeratory (frij'er-a-to-ri), n. a cool- ing or refrigerating chamber. fright (frit), n. a sudden and violent fear; alarm; a person whose dress or appearance is ridiculous. frighten ('n), v.t. to terrify. frightful ('fool), adj. terrible; dread- ful; alarming; shocking; grotesque. frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; wintery; cold in temperament; stiff; formal; dull. frigidity (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of being frigid; coldness. frijole (fre-hol'), n. a bean much cultivated in Mexico as an article of food. frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped edging of fine linen to a garment, as a shirt front, &c; ruffle: -pi. af- fectation of manner; ornamentation of dress, &c: v.i. to ruffle or shiver the feathers with cold: said of a • hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. Frimaire (fre-mar'), n. one of the months of the calendar of the French people during the Revolution, from November 21st to December 20th. fringe (frinj), n. an ornamental bor- der of hanging cords, &c; any border or edging resembling a fringe : v.t. to border with, or as with, a fringe. frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes or furniture; the place where old clothes are sold; trade in second- hand clothes; adj. trumpery: con- temptible. frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or dance ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRISKET 317 FROWZY in frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or frolic. frisket (fris'ket), n. a light frame for holding down the sheet while the impression is being printed. f riskiness ('ki-nes), n. the state or quality of being frisky. frit (frit), n. the mixture of 'sand and fluxes from which glass is made after being calcined and baked in a furnace prior to fusion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fritted, p.pr. fritting], to decom- pose and melt partially. frit-fly ('fli), n. a small fly injurious to wheat. frith (frith), n. an inlet of the sea at the mouth of a river; estuary [Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir for capturing fish. fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- grees; cut up as meat into small pieces for frying: n. a small piece of meat cut for frying; a small cake with meat or fruit in it. frivolity (fri-vori-ti), n. [pi. frivoli- ties (-tiz) ], levity; a trifling act, thought, or action. frivolous (friv'o-lus), adj. trifling; trivial; petty; silly; inclined to levity. frizette (fri-zef), n. a small piece of hair worn as a bang. Also frisette. frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; form into little hard burrs: said of the nap of cloth: n. that which is frizzed, as hair. frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot coals; curl or frizz: n. a crisped lock of hair. fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. frock (frok), n. a loose upper gar- tment worn by children and women; dress; a monk's habit; a coarse over-garment worn by laborers, &c. ; an undress regimental coat. frolic (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- making or gaiety; a sportive out- burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in tricks of mirth and levity; play wild pranks. frolicsome (-sum), adj. full of frolic. frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf and a branch; the leaf of a fern, palm, or seaweed. frons (fronz), n. [pi. frontes (fron'- tez) ], the forehead. frontage ('aj), n. the front part of a building or its area. frontal (fron'tal), adj. pertaining to the front or forehead: n. something worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- tical hanging in front of an altar; a small pediment over a window or door. frontier (fron'ter), n. the boundary or limits of a country: adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the boun- dary of a country; contiguous. frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. an illustration facing the front page of a book. frontlet (frunt'let), n. a fillet or band worn on the forehead; a Jew- ish phylactery; the margin of the head of a bird behind the bill. fronton (fron'ton), n. the entrance to a building ornamented. frosting ('ing), n. a preparation of fine sugar and white of egg for cov- ering cakes; rough powdered glass used in decorative work. froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid by agitation, or fermentation; foam; superficial knowledge; vapid elo- quence. frothy ('i), adj. [comp. frothier, su- perl. frothiest], full of, or composed of, froth; empty; frivolous; unsub- stantial. f rousy. Same as frowsy. frow (frou), n. a German or Dutch woman; slattern; (fro), potato-flour; a tool used for cleaving shingles, staves, &c. froward (fro'werd), adj. perverse; wayward. frown (froun), n. a contraction of the brows indicative of displeasure, &c: v.i. to contract the brows to indicate displeasure, &c; scowl; lower. frowzy (frou'zi), adj. musty; untidy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, Men. FROZEN 318 FULLER'S-EARTH frozen (froz'en), p.adj. congeaeld, benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; wanting in warmth of feeling or sympathy. fructify (fruk'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to make productive; fertilize: v.i. to bear fruit. fructidor (fruk-ti-dor'), n. one of the months of the calendar of the French people during the Revolu- tion, from August 18th to Septem- ber 16th. fructose ('tos), n. sugar in ripe fruit cr honey. frugal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; eco- nomical. frugality ('i-ti), n. thrift; economy. frugivorous (frti-jiv'6-rus), adj. fruit- eating. fruitage ('aj), n. fruit collectively; product. fruiterer ('er-er), n. one who deals in fruit. fruiting ('ing), p.adj. bearing fruit. fruition (fru-ish'un), n. the bearing of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- rived from use or possession. fruity (frut'i), adj. full-flavored; rich. frumenty (fru'men-ti), n. food made of wheat and boiled milk. frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. vain; useless; void. frustrum ('trum), n. [pi. frustra ('tra) ], that part of a solid next the base, as a cone, pyramid, &c, which is left after cutting off the top. fuchsia (fu'shi-a), n. a garden plant with handsome pendulous elongated flowers. fuddle (fud'l), v.t. to stupefy with drink; intoxicate: v.i. to become in- toxicated. fudge (fuj), n. a made-up story; inter j. nonsense!: v.t. to make or do in a bungling, careless manner: v.i. to contrive by imperfect or impro- vised means: n a candy. fuel (fu'el), n. combustible material for supplying a fire; anything that serves to inflame or sustain passion or excitement. fugacious (fu-ga'shus), adj. fleeting; volatile; falling off very early. fugal ('gal), adj. pertaining to a fugue. fugh (foo), interj. an exclamation of disgust. fugitive (fti-ji-tiv), adj. unstable; volatile; fleeting; not permanent; fleeing from danger, pursuit, or duty: n. one who flees from danger, pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- serter; one who takes shelter with another power to escape punish- ment. fugleman (fu'gl-man), n. [pi. fugle- men (-men) ], a trained soldier who stands in front of a line • of men and leads them by his movements in their drill. fugue < (fug), n. a musical composi- tion in which the parts follow each other with repetitions at certain intervals. fuguist ('ist), n. a composer or per- former of fugues. fulcrum (fuTkrum), n. [pi. fulcra ('kra), fulcrums ('krumz) ], that part of a lever on which it rests. fulfill (fool'fil), v.t. to complete or accomplish; execute; perform or carry out, as that which is prom- ised, foretold, or anticipated. fulgency (furjen-si), n. brightness; splendor. fuliginous (ful-ig'i-nus), adj. resemb- ling soot; dark shade of brown, or black. full-back Cbak), n. in football, the player furthest from the goal of the opposing side. full-butt ('but), adv. meeting di- rectly and violently. full-dress ('dres), n. dress required for formal or ceremonial occasions. full-drive ('driv), adv. with full speed or vigor. fuller ('er), n. one who fulls cloth. fullers-earth ('erz-erth), n. a soft ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. FULMINATE 319 FUNICULUS clay used for fulling cloth and the removal of grease. fulminate (ful'mi-nat), v.t. to cause to explode; send out or utter (a threat or denunciation, as a Papal bull): v.i. to thunder; make a loud sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- tonating compound formed of a salt of fulminic acid. fulsome (ful'sum), adj. offensive; gross. fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; saf- fron-colored. fulwa (ful'wa), n. the butter-tree of India; the butter obtained from it. fumarole (fu'ma-rol), n. a small hole from which volcanic smoke issues. fumble Cbl), v.i. to grope or feel about; handle or attempt something in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- age awkwardly. fume (fum), n. vapor or exhalation, especially of a narcotic or suffocat- ing nature; mental irritation or agi- tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. fumigate ('i-gat), v.t. smoke; per- fume; disinfect by the action of smoke or vapor. fumitory ('i-to-ri), n. a plant, the leaves of which were formerly used as a specific for skin diseases. function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- charge or performance of any duty, office, or business; faculty; power; the office of any organ, animal or vegetable; public or official cere- mony; any mathematical quantity considered as formed from another quantity, the change in the one af- fecting the other correspondingly: v.i. to perform a function; act. nctionary < (-a-ri)^ n. [pi. func- tionaries (-riz) ], one who holds an office, or discharges some trust; an official. id (fund), n. established stock or apital; money set apart for carry- ng out some permanent or tempo- ary object; a permanent debt due by a government on which interest is paid at a ceratin rate per cent.; a stock in reserve: pi. money: v.t. to place in, or convert into, a fund. fundament ('a-ment), n. the base of the body; anus; foundation. fundamental ('al), adj. pertaining to a foundation or basis; essential; primary: n. a primary or essential principle; basis; the note on which a chord is formed [mus.]. fundamental bass (bas), n. that part in musical harmony which contains the fundamental notes of chords. funded (fund'ed), p.adj.^ converted into a permanent loan; invested in the public funds. funded debt (det), n. that part of a public debt for the payment of the interest of which certain fund 3 are appropriated. funding ('ing), n. he act or proc- ess of converting money lent to the government into a permanent fund bearing a fixed rate of interest; in- vestment in government stocks or funds. fundus (fun'dus), n. the base or depth of anything. funeral (fu'ner-al), n. the ceremony of burying a dead human body and the procession of mourners accom- panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- fitting, or used at, a funeral. funereal (-ne're-al), adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- ful; sad. fungous (fung'gus), adj. pertaining to the nature of fungi; spongy; ex- crescent; growing up suddenly. . fungus Cgus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), funguses (-ez) ], a cryptogamous plant not containing chlorophyll, as a. mushroom, toadstool, &c; a spongy excrescence. • funicle (fti'ni-kl), n a small cord, ligature, or fiber. funicular (-nik'u-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, composed of, or resembling, a funicle or funiculus; rope-shaped. funiculus ('u-lus), n. [pi. funiculi 5, arm, ask, at, awl; me merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FUNK 320 FUSILEER (-li) ], a small cord, ligatur?, or trade; outfit; equipage; trappings fiber; a little stalk or cord-like ap- of a horse. pendage uniting a seed with the furore (fQ'ror or fu-ro're), n. a placenta. great outburst of excitement or en- funk (fungk), n. an overpowering or thusiasm. offensive odor; cowardice; a kick; furrier (fur'i-er), n. one who pre- ill-temper [Scotch]; fright: v.i. to pares or sells furs; fur-dresser. be in a state of cowardly fear; to furrow (fur '6), n. a trench made in kick backwards [Scotch]. the ground by a plow; a groove; funnel (fun 'el), n. a wide-mouthed, wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves conical vessel terminating in a or wrinkles in. spout for pouring liquids into close furry (fur'i), adj. covered with, or vessels; the chimney of a steam- consisting of, fur. ship or steam-engine. further (fur'^er), adj. more dis- funneled ('eld), adj. having, or re- tant; additional: adv. to a greater sembling, a funnel. distance or degree; moreover; also: funny ('i), adj. [comp. funnier, su- v.t. to promote; help forward. perl, funniest], comical; droll; pro- furtherance (-ans), n. advancement. voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; furthermost (-most), adj. most remote. curious; strange: n. a long narrow furthest ('2/iest), adj. most distant clinker-built pleasure boat rowed in time ©r degree: adv. at, or to, the with sculls. greatest distance. funny-bone 4 (-bon), n. the lower furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; part of the elbow over which the stealthy. nerve of the ulna passes. fury (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies ('riz) ], furbelow ('be-lo), n. an ornament of violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- feminine attire. ness; one of the three avenging dei- furbish ('bish), v.t. to make bright ties of Greek mythology; a terma- by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- gant woman. ing; renovate. furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, furcate ('kat), adj. forked. belonging to the bean family. furious (fu'ri-us), adj. full of fury; furzy ('i), adj. covered with furze. frenzied; mad, tempestuous. fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by heat; furl (ferl), v.t, to roll up and secure melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; to something, as a sail, flag, &c. blend, as if melted: n. a small tube furlong (fer'long), n. l-8th of a filled with an inflammable material, mile. or a cord impregnated with such furlough ('lo), n. leave of absence: -material, used for exploding gun- v.t. to grant leave of absence to. powder, &c. furnace ('nas), n. a chamber or ap- fusee (fii-ze'), n. a kind of match, paratus for producing a violent heat used ? or igniting tobacco; a grooved to reduce ores, metals, &c; severe cone m a watch, &c, around which trial. the chain is wound. furnish ('nish), v.i. to supply with fusel-oil ('zel-oil), n. an oily poi- what is requisite; fit out; equip: sonous product produced in rectify- v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- in S grape-, potato-, or corn-spirit. tion: said of a racehorse. fusible (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of be- furnishing (-ing), n. the act of pro- m g fused. viding with furniture. fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock furniture ('iii-tur), n. the necessary musket. equipments of a house, shid, or a fusileer ('zi-ler), n. the name of sev- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. FUSILLADE 321 FYKE eral # British line regiments. Also fusilier. fusillade _ (-zi-lad'), n. a simulta- neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to shoot down or kill by a fusillade. fusinist ('zin-ist), n. an artist who draws with charcoal crayons. fusion ('zhun), n. the act or process of melting by heat; the state of be- ing fused or melted; union by, or as by, melting. fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irritat- ing activity, especially in small mat- ' ters; disorderly bustling about; con- fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. fustanelle (-ta-nel'), n. the short white skirt worn by modern Greeks. fustian ('chan), n. a kind of coarse twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, velveteen, &c; an inflated or pre- tentious style in writing or speak- ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; bombastic. fustiness ('ti-nes), n. the state or quality of being fusty. fusty ('ti), adj. [comp. fustier, su- perl. fustiest], ill-smellingj moldy; meddlesome; officious. futile ('til), adj. vain; useless. futility (*til'i-ti), n. the quality of being futile. futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright curved ribs of a ship springing from the keel. futtock-shrouds ('ok-shrouds), n. pi. the short shrouds which go to the shrouds above. future ('tur), adj. that will be here- after: n. time to come yet; a tense in grammar; a commodity, &c, sold or bought for future delivery. futurist (fu-tur'ist), n. one of a new school of painters which seeks to present the individuality of the artist without considering naturalism. futurity ('i-ti), n. [pi. futurities (-tiz) ], time to come; future events. fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles of down, wool, &c: v.i. to fly off in fuzz. fuzzy ('i), adj. covered with, or like, fuzz. fy. Same as fie. fyce or fice (fis), n. a diminutive cur dog. fyke (fik), n. a kind of fish-trap. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon t book; hue, hut; think, then. G G, seventh letter of the English alphabet. gabardine (-er-den'), • n. a coarse smock frock. gabble (gab'l), v.t. to utter rapidly without sense: v.i. to chatter inco- herently: n. rapid incoherent talk. gabion (ga/bi-un), n. a large cylin- drical bottomless basket filled with earth: used for purposes of military defense, &c. gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end of a building. gablet (ga/blet), n. a small ornamen- tal gable: used for the summit of niches, &c. gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a purposeless manner: n. the ?ct of roaming about without an object; an iron or steel pointed mining tool; a gadfly. gadfly ('fli), n. [pi. gadflies ('fliz)], a fly that stings cattle. gadolinite ('o-li-mt), n. a silicate of yttrium. gaduin (gad'u-in), n. a substance derived from cod-liver oil. gad wall ('wawl), n. a large fresh- water duck, esteemed as game. Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander. Gaelic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or be~ longing to, the Keltic inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands, or to their language: n. the language of the Gaels. Also Gadhelic, Galic. gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for land- ing salmon, &c; a boom or yard to extend the upper edge of a fore-and- aft sail; a low-class theater, &c., admission to which is a penny: v.t. to seize or land with a gaff. gaffer (gaf'er), n. a man of old age. gaff- topsail ('top-sl), n. a light sail set above a gaff. gag (gag), n. something placed in the mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop the mouth of, with, or as with, a gag; silence by force; introduce one's own words, &c, into: said of an actor, &c. gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard of measure; the number of feet a ves- sel sinks in the water; position of one ship to another and the wind; a measuring rod; the distance be- tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. , to ascertain the capacity or contents of; estimate. gageable (gaj'a-bl), adj. that may be gaged. gager (gaj'er), n. one who gages. See gauger. gage-rod (gaj 'rod), n. a tapering steel rod to measure the internal bore of a tube. gage-weir (gaj'wer), n. a dam having moveable wickets to regulate the height of the water. gagger ('er), n. one who gags; a T shaped piece of iron used by foun- ders. gaiety (ga'e-ti), n. [pi. gaieties (-tiz)], the state or quality of being gay; merriment; pleasure; finery. gaily (ga'li), adv. merrily; finely. gain (gan), n. advantage; profit, a mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit or advantage; earn; win; arrive at; v.i. to improve or make progress; increase ; advance . gainsay ('sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gain- said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- dict; speak against; oppose. gairish, same as garish. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. (322) GAIT 323 GALLICAN gait (gat), n. manner of walking; way or course. gaiter ('er), n. a covering of cloth for the ankle, fitting over the top of the boot; a shoe with a cloth top. gala ('la), n. a festive show; pomp. galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining to the secretion or flow of milk; per- taining to the Milky Way. galacto, a prefix meaning milk, form- ing compound words, as galactopha,- gus, feeding on milk. galanga (-lang'ga), n. the name for various species of Alpinia, from the rootstocks of which an aromatic medicine, used in China, is obtained. galantine (gal'an-tin), n. a dish composed of chickens, veal, or other white meat, boned, seasoned, tied up, boiled, and served cold in its own jelly. galatea (-a-te'a), n. a cotton fabric with blue and white stripes. Galaxy ('aks-i), n. the Milky Way. galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid persons or things. gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less vio- lent than a tempest; a quarrel; , -noisy merriment; bog myrtle. galeate (ga/le-at), adj. wearing, cov- ered with, or shaped like, a helmet. galena (ga-le'na), n. sulphide of lead. galiot (gal'i-ot), n. a heavily-built . two-masted trading vessel. galipot ('i-pot), n. a white resinous juice which exudes from pine trees. gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything very bitter; malignant feeling; ran- cor; the gall-blader; the morbid excrescence of plants caused by in- sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by friction; low-lying marshland with rank vegetation: v.t. to break the skin of by friction; wear away; vex; fret; harass; impregnate with an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret; be vexed, &c. gallant (gal 'ant), adj. brave; high- spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of sprightly and gay manners; a beau. gallant (gal-anf), adj. showing court- esy and respectful deference to women: n. a man who is attentive to women (used either in a good or bad sense): v.t. to pay court to; accompany or escort. gallantly (gal'ant-li), adv. bravely; (gal-ant'li) politely. gallantry ('ant-ri), n. [pi. gallant- ries (-riz)], bravery; heroic cour- age; polite and deferential attention to women; court paid to women for immoral purposes; intrigue. gallate ('at), n. a salt of gallic acid. gallatin ('a-tin), n. coal tar oil used in the Bethell process for preserving timber. galleass ('e-as), n. a large low-built three-masted vessel propelled by sails and oars, and carrying twenty or more guns. galleon ('e-on), n. a large Spanish three-decked vessel, formerly used as a warship, or as a merchantman for trading to South America. galleried ('er-id), adj. furnished with galleries. gallery ('er-i), n. [pi. galleries (-iz)], a long apartment serving as a means of communication to others; corridor; the upper seats of a theater, church, assembly-room, &c; a building, or room, used for the exhibition of works of art, &c; a covered passage in a work for de- fense, or for communication; a bal- cony at the stern of a large ship. galley ('li), n. [pi. galleys ('Hz)], a low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- pelled by oars, and sometimes with sails, formerly rowed by slaves or convicts; an open boat used by British men-of-war, river police, and customs officers; the cook-house of a ship; a flat, oblong frame for hold- ing composed type. Gallic ('ik), adj. pertaining to an- cient Gaul, or modern France. gallic acid (as'id), n. an organic crystalline compound found in gall- nuts, tea, &c. Gallican ('i-kan), adj. pertaining to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GALLICISM 324 GAMMON Gaul, or France, or the Roman Catholic Church in France. Gallicism ('i-sizm), n. a French idiom. galling (gawl'ing), p.adj. chafing; irritating. gallinipper (gal'i-nip-er), n. a large mosquito. gallipot ('i-pot), n. a small glazed earthenware jar. gallivant ('i-vant), v.i. to flirt; idle or gad about with women. gallnut (gawl'nut), n. a round ex- crescence produced on the oak by the puncturing of the leaf-buds by an insect, the gall-beetle. The gall contains tannin, and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, &c. ' gallon (gal'un), n. a liquid measure == 4 quarts; a dry measure = l-8th of a bushel. galloon (-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or worsted fabric used for dress trim- mings; a thin tape made of metal woven in silk, worsted, &c, used for uniforms. gallop ('up), n. the rapid forward springing movement of a horse; the act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run with leaps, like a horse; ride a horse at a gallop; hasten. gallopade (-Id-pad'), n. a lively dance; music appropriate to it; a curvetting or sidelong gallop. gallows _ ('5z), n. a wooden structure consisting of two uprights with a cross bar on the top; used for hang- ing criminals; execution by hanging. gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- tion formed in the gall bladder or biliary duct. galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of india-rubber. Also goloshe. galvanic (gal-van'ik), adj. pertain- ing to galvanism; voltaic; spas- modic. galvanism (-izm), n. that branch of electric science which treats of currents arising from the chemical action of certain bodies placed in contact, or an acid on a metal. galvanize (-iz), v.t. to affect with galvanism; to imbue with fictitious animation; to electrotype. gambit ('bit), n. an opening in chess in which a pawn, or piece, is sacri- ficed to obtain a favorable position for the action of the more important pieces. gamble ('bl), v.i. to practice gam- ing; play for money; risk money on an event or contingency: v.t. to squander in gaming (with away). gambler ('bier), n. one who gambles, especially one who gambles as a business. gamboge (-booj'), n. a yellow gum- resin obtained from Cambodia, used as a pigment, and as a drastic pur- gative. gamboised ('boizd), adj. quilted or padded. gambol ('bol), n. a dancing or skip- ping about for joy or sport; frolic: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, p.pr. gamboling], to skip about sportively; frolic. gambolier (gam-bo-ler'), n. a gay, sportive person. gambrel ('brel), n. the hock of a horse; a bent stick, resembling a horse's leg, used by butchers. gambrel -roof (-roof), n. a curved roof. gambroon (-broon'), n. a twilled linen fabric used for linings. gamin ('in;, n. a precocious street child; street Arab. gaming (gam'ing), n. the act of playing games for stakes; gambling. Gamma rays (gam '-ma ras), n. the most penetrating rays given off by radio-active substances, having the properties of the X-ray. gammon ('un), v.t. to impose upon (a person by inducing him to believe improbable stories); hoax; to de- feat at the game of backgammon; cure by salting and smoking; at- tach or fix a bowsprit to (a ship) : n. a hoax; imposition; the buttock of a hog salted and smoked: inter j. nonsense! ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. GAMUT 325 GARNISH gamut (gam 'lit), n. the lines and spaces upon which musical notes are written or printed: hence entire range or extent. gamy (gam'i), adj. having the flavor of game. gander (gan'der), n. a male goose. gang (gang), n. a number of persons associated together for a particular purpose; a selected number of a ship's company for special duty; a lode of course; the matrix in which an ore is embedded. Also gangue. gangboard ('bord), n. a plank with pieces of wood fastened on it for going on board a vessel. ganger (-er), n. the foreman of a gang of workmen, especially of nav- vies or platelayers. ganglion ('gli-on), n. [pi. ganglia (-a), ganglions (-onz) ], an enlarge- ment in the course of a nerve; an encysted tumor on a tendon. ganglionic (-gli-on-ik), adj. pertain- ing to a ganglion. gangrene ('grene), n. the first state of mortification: v.t. to mortify. gangster (gang'ster), n. one of a gang of desperate characters. gangue (gang), n. superfluous mineral matter in vein or smelting furnace. gangway (gang'wa), n. a narrow platform of horizontal planks used as a temporary passageway, or to enter a ship ; a passageway between two rows of seats; that part of a ship's side, within or without, by which persons enter or depart; the waist of a vessel or clear way by the side of the bulwarks; the main level in a mine. gannet ('et), n. the solon goose. gantlet, sameas gauntlet. gaol, same as jail. gap (gap), n. an opening; cleft; passage; hiatus; breach: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to make a gap in. gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, &c; yawn; open as a fissure or chasm. gar (gar), n. a garfish. garage (ga-raj'), n. a shed, shelter or stable for automobiles. garb (garb), n. a dress; external form: v.t. to clothe. garbage ('aj), n. offal; refuse. garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by sifting; select such parts of as are wanted or may serve some partic- ular purpose. garboard ('bord), n. the first plank fastened to the keel on the outside. garcon (-song'), n. a boy; waiter [French]. garfish (gar'fish), n. a marine fish with a long body and spear-like snout. Gargantuan (gar-gan'tu-an) , adj. with huge appetites; from the chief character in a work by Rabelais. garget ('get), n. a disease in cattle. gargle Cgl), n. a medicinal liquid for washing the throat and mouth: v.i. to wash the throat and mouth with a gargle. gargoyle ('goil), n. in Gothic archi- tecture, a projecting stone water- spout, often in the form of a gro- tesquely-shaped man or animal. Garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di), n. a loose blouse-shaped shirt, usually red. garish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy, dazzling. garland (gar'land), n. sl chaplet or wreath made of flowers, &c. ; a col- lection of choice extracts of prose or poetry; a netted provision-bag used by sailors; in heraldry, a wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves and acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with a garland. garlic ('lik), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the lily family, with a strong pungent taste and unpleasant smell. garment ('ment), n. any article of clothing: pi. clothing collectively. garner ('ner), n. a granary: v.t. to store for preservation in, or as in, a granary; gather up. garnet ('net), n. a precious stone. garnish ('nish), v.t. to adorn; em- bellish with something laid round a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GARNISHEE 326 GASTEROPODA dish: n. an ornament or decoration ; something laid round a dish as an embellishment. garnishee (-e'), n. the person in whose hands the property of an- other is attached pending the satis- faction of the claims of a third party. garnishment (-ment), n. an embel- lishment; a warning or summons; especially a notice to a party not to pay money, &c, to a defendant, but to appear in court. garniture ('ni-tur), n. embellishment. garpike Cpik), n. the garfish. garret (gar'et), n. the .uppermost room of a house. * garrison ('i-sn), n. a body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified place; a fortified place with troops, guns, &c: v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) with troops. garrot Cot), n. a kind of torniquet; a sea-duck. garrote (-rot'), n. an instrument for strangling a criminal: used in Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- cute with a garrote or by stran- gling; seize by the throat so as to render a person helpless and then to rob him. garroter ('er), n. one who is guilty of the crime of garroting. garrulity (-roo'li-ti), n. incessant and inconsequent loquacity. garrulous (-lus), adj. characterized by garrulity; verbose. garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, &c, by which a stocking is held up on the leg; the distinctive badge of the Order of the Garter, the highest order of British knighthood (insti- tuted about 1348 by Edward III.): v.t. to bind or fasten with a gar- ter; invest with the Order of the Garter. garter-fish (-fish), n. a long thin- bodied fish. garter-snake (-snak), an innocuous yellow striped snake, common in America. garth (garth), n. a fish-weir. gas (gas), n. [pi. gases ('ez) 1, mat- ter in its most rarefied state: op- posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- ted hydrogen used for lighting and cooking; empty talk: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassingl, to im- pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to boast or indulge in empty talk. gasconade (-kun-ad') n. boastful or blustering talk : v.i. to bluster ; boast. gaselier ('e-ler), n. a gas-burning chandelier. gaseous ('e-us), adj. having the na- ture or form of gas. gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping wound: v.t. to cut deep. gasket ('ket), n. a flat plaited cord by which the sails are furled or tied to the yard; hemp, &c, used for pack- ing the piston of a steam-engine, &c; a thin round piece of rubber, metal, &c, placed between two flat surfaces to make a water-tight joint. gaslog (gas'log), n. an imitation of a wood or log fire in a fireplace, made of hollow, perforated metal and lighted by illuminating gas. gasogene ('o-jen), n. an apparatus for making aerated beverages. gasolier, another form of gaselier. ^ gasoline ('o-len), n. a volatile in- flammable colorless product of petro- leum: used for heating purposes, &c. gasometer (-om'e-ter), n. a circular hollow reservoir for storing gas, open at the bottom and closed at the top; an apparatus for measuring gases. gassy ('i), adj. impregnated with gas ; given to pretentious talk; inflated. gastero, a prefix, meaning the stom- ach: found in various compound scientific words, as gasteropod, one of the gasteropoda. Also gastro. gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), n.pl. a division of univalve mollusks, which move by means of a broad muscular foot under the belly, in- cluding the snails and slugs. Also gastropoda. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GASTRALGIA Iistralgia (-tral'ji-a), n. neuralgia of the stomach; stomachache. istric ('trik), adj. pertaining to the stomach. gastric juice (jus), n. a thin acid fluid secreted in the mucous mem- brane of the stomach: the chief agent in digestion. gastritis (-trl'tis), n. inflammation of the stomach. gastrology (gas-trol'o-ji), n. the art of cooking foods; also the study of diseases of the stomach. gastronomic (-tro-nom'ik), adj. per- taining to gastronomy. Also gastro- nomical. gastronomist (-tron'o-mist), n. an epicure. gastronomy (-tron'o-mi), n. the art of good eating, or the preparation of food. gastropoda, same as gasteropoda. gatch (gach), n. plaster. Gatling gun (gat 'ling-gun), n. a cannon with numerous small barrels, which are discharged in succession by turning a handle. gaud (gawd), n. finery; ornament. Also gaudery. gaudy ('i), adj. [comp. gaudier, superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly gay or fine. — gauge (gaj), same as gage. gauger ('er), n. one who gauges; an officer of excise who ascertains the contents of casks. 327 GELATION colored ox found in Indian jungles; Bengal bison. Gautama (gou-ta-ma/), n. one of the names of Buddha; the name of the tribe from which descended. gauze (giwz), n. a very thin light transparent silk or cotton fabric; light open-work material, as wire gauze. gauzy (1), adj. thin and semi-trans- parent, like gauze. gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a small unbound sheaf; toll or cus- tom: v.t. to bind into sheaves. gavotte (ga-vof), n. a lively, but dignified, dance of the minuet class; a dance-tune in common time. gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton; cuckoo. gawky ('i), adj. awkward; ungainly: n. a tall, awkward, stupid perion. gaze (gaz), v.i. to look earnestly and fixedly: n. a steady, fixed look. gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, swift-footed antelope, with large, soft, black eyes. gazette (-zef), n. English govern- ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- ing official announcements; news- paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. gazeteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a dictionary of geographical names. gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- paratus; tackle; harness; dress; the moving parts of machinery: v.t. to put gear on; harness; dress. gauging ('ing), n. the art or science gecko (gek'o), n. the wall-lizard. gau of measuring the contents of ves- sels of capacity. Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of an- cient Gaul or France. gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. gauntlet (gant 'let), n. a military or naval punishment, formerly prac- ticed, by which the culprit was compelled to run between two lines »of soldiers or sailors, who chastised him with rods, ropes, &c; a series of unpleasant events; a mailed glove, or one with a long wrist-ex- tension. Also ganlet, gantlope. gaur (gawr), n. a large fierce, dark- gelatinate (jera-ti-nat), v.t. to con- vert into gelatine or a jelly-like sub- stance: v.i. to b3 converted into gelatine. Also gelatinize. gelatine ('a-tin), n. a transparent nitrogenous animal substance found in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, &c, from which it is extracted by boiling, &c; animal jelly. Also gelatin. gelatine process (pro'ses), n. a method of photo-engraving by tak- ing a negative on a gelatine film im- pregnated with a bichromate. gelation (-a'shun), n. solidification. " arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, book; hue, met: hut; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, think, then. GELD 328 GENEROUS geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of horses; deprive of any essential part. gelding ('ing), n. castration; a young horse which has been castrated. gelid (jel'id), adj. intensely cold; icy. gelidity ('i-ti), n. intense cold; iciness. gelogenic (jel-o-jen'ik), adj. tending to produce laughter. gelose (jel'os), n. a vegetable gummy isinglass prepared from seaweed and Chinese moss. gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- bud; any perfect or rare object; jewel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. gemmingj, to adorn with, or as with, gems. gemel-window (-win'do), n. a win- dow with two bays. geminate ('i-nat), adj. growing or occurring in pairs. gemination (-i-na'shun), n. duplica- tion. Gemini ('i-ni), n.pl. one of the signs in the zodiac (Castor and Pollux); the Twins. gemmule ('iil), n. a small bud; an ovule; a kind of cell produced by certain molds. gemmy ('i), adj. full of, set with, or resembling, a gem; spruce. gemote (ge-mof), n. an assembly; the court of the hundred, or local court. genappe (je-nap'), n. & smooth worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. [pi. gendarmes], in France and Belgium an armed policeman. gendarmerie ('e-re), n. gendarmes collectively. gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical distinction of sex, expressed by suf- fixes, prefixes, or by a different word: v.t. to produce. genealogical (je-ne or jen-e-a-loj'i- kal), adj. pertaining to genealogy; exhibiting descent. genealogist (-ard-jist), n. one skilled in tracing pedigrees or genealogy. genealogy ('o-ji), n. [pi. genealogies (-jiz)], family pedigree; lineage; the science that treats of tracing pedigrees. geneclexis (jen-e-klek'sis), n. natural selection in the organic world as distinguished from artificial selection through man's influence, the latter being sometimes termed teleclexis. genera, pi. of genus. general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a whole genus, kind, class, order, or race; not special or particular; per- taining to the majority; not restrict- ed; usual; ordinary; common; ex- tensive but not universal. generalissimo (-is'i-mo), n. a com- mander-in-chief . generality ('i-ti), n. [pi. generalities (-tiz)], the state of being general: opposed to specific; bulk; majority. generalization ('i-za/shun), n. the act or result of generalizing; an in- duction. generalize ('er-al-iz), v.t. to reduce to, or arrange in, a genus or genera; infer inductively, as a general prin- ciple from particular instances. generate ('er-at), v.t. to produce; procreate; originate; trace out or form by motion. generation (-a/shun), n. the act or process of generating; a single suc- cession in natural descent; people of the same period; progeny. generative ('er-a-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to generation; having the power to generate. generator ('er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, generates; a machine in which steam or gas is produced; the principal sound or sounds by which other musical sounds are pro- duced. generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining to a genus, kind, or class: opposed to specific; comprehensive. Also ge- nerical. generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. [pi. generosities (-tiz)], the quality of being generous; liberality; magna- nimity; munificence. generous (-er-us), adj. characterized by liberality; munificent; bounti- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GENESIS 329 GEODESY ful; high-minded; honorable; strong; stimulating. genesis ('e-sis), n. the act or process of producing or originating; begin- ning. genet (-ef), n. an animal allied to the civet, valued for its fur; the fur of a cat made in imitation of genet. Also genette. genet ('et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also jennet. genial (jen'i-al), adj. kindly and sympathetic in disposition; cordial; contributing to cheerfulness and life; agreeably warm and cheerful. geniality ('i-ti), n. the quality of being genial; cheerfulness. geniculate ^ (je-nik'O-lat), adj. having knee-like joints. genie. Same as jinn. genii, pi. of genius. genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to generation. • genitive ('i-tiv), n. a grammatical case, indicating origin, possession, or relation. genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of mind or disposition; remarkable aptitude or natural endowment for some special pursuit, &c; character or essential principle; embodiment; a person possessed of high mental powers or faculties (pi. geniuses): a good or evil spirit supposed to preside over the destinies of men (pi. genii). _ genoblast (jen'o-blast), n. the nu- , cleus of an impregnated ovum. Genoese (-o-ez'), adj. pertaining to Genoa, or to its inhabitants. Also Genovese. genre (zhang'r), n. a style of paint- ing or sculpture representing some scene of common life. gens (jenz), n. [pi. gentes (jen'tez)], among the ancient Romans, a clan, house, or subdivision of a curia. enteel (jen-teT), adj. graceful or elegant in manners or dress; polite; well bred. tian ('shian), n. a bitter herb ith tonic roots. Gentile ('til), adj. belonging to a non-Jewish people: n. one who is not a Jew. gentility (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gentilities (-tiz)J, high or gentle birth; good breeding; social status and refine- ment. gentle ('tl), adj. mild and refined in manner and disposition; kindly; moderate in action; peaceful; docile; easy; well born or descended: n. the larva of the flesh-fly; a rained fal- con. gentleman (-man), n. [pi. gentle- men (-men)], one who is entitled to bear a coat of arms; a well-bred and honorable man; a person of in- dependent income; a term of polite- ness, used in addressing an assem- bly. gentlewoman (-woSm/an), n. [pi. gentlewomen (-wim'en)], a woman of good birth and breeding; lady. gentry ('tri), n. the upper class of society. genuflection (-u-flek'shun) , n. bend- ing of the knee, especially in wor- ship. AlsO genuflexion. genuine ('u-in), adj. real; unadul- terated; belonging to, or derived from, the original or true stock; not hypocritical; open. genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera^ (jen'- er-a)], that which has under it sev- eral species or sub-genera, having certain common characteristics; in logic, a class made up of two or more species or subordinate classes. geo, a prefix, meaning earth, forming the first element of many scientific words, as g»eobotanical, pertaining to geographical botany. geocentri (je-o-sen'trik), adj. per- taining to the center of the earth; having the earth as the center; viewed from the earth as a center. . geode ('od), n. a rounded nodule of stone, usually hollow and lined with crystals. geodesy (-od'e-si), n. the science of measuring large portions of the arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GEODETIC 330 GESTICULATE earth's surface; the determ nation of the earth's figure and size. geodetic (je-o-det'ik), adj. pertaining to, determined by, or carried out by, geodesy. Also geodetical. geodetic survey (ge-o-det'ik-ser'va), n. a determination of the figure, &c, of portions of the earth by geodetic ■ processes. geodetic line (lin), n. the shortest line between any two points on the earth's surface. geographer (-og'ra-fer), n. one who is versed in, or a writer on, geog- raphy. geographical (-o-graf'i-kal), adj. per- taining to geography. geography (-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. geog- raphies (-fiz)], the science that describes the surface of the earth, and its division into continents, kingdoms, &c. geological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to geology. geologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one versed in geology. geology ('o-ji), n. the science that investigates the structure of the earth, the successive physical changes it has undergone, and the causes which have operated in pro- ducing such alterations in the crust of the globe. geometer (-om'e-ter),?2. a geometrician. geometric (-o-met'rik), adj. pertain- ing to, or done by, geometry. Also geometrical. geometrician (-om-e-trish'an), n. one who is skilled in geometry. geometry (-om'e-tri), n. [pi. geom- etries (-triz) ], that branch of mathematics that treats of the meas- urement of lines, angles, _ surfaces, and solids, with their various rela- tions; a text-book on geometry. georgic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining to husbandry or rwal: n. a poem on agriculture. geotropism (je-ot'ro-pizm), n. a tendency in the roots of certain plants to turn in the direction of the earth. geranium (-ra'ni-um), n. a plant of various species, cultivated for its handsome scarlet or white flowers. germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary form of an organism; origin; first principle. German (jer'man), adj. pertaining to Germany, its inhabitants, or lan- guage; of the same stock or parent- age; germane. germander (-man'der), n. a wild plant of the mint family with a blue flower, used sometimes as a substi- tute for hops. germane (jer-maxi'), adj. related; akin; relevant; appropriate. German-silver (-sil-ver), n. a white alloy of zinc, nickel, and copper. German- text (-tekts), n. a black letter type similar to Old English and modern German. germicide (jer'mi-sld), n. a substance used to destroy disease germs. germinal ('mi-nal), adj. pertaining to a germ or seed-bud. germinant ('mi-nant), adj. sprouting; gradually developing. germinate ('mi-nat), v.i. to sprout or bud; begin to develop into a higher form. germination (-na/shun), n. the first act of growth in a seed, bud, or germ. germ-plasm (jerm'-plazm), n. the essential substance through which the traits of the parents, either male or female, are transmitted to the offspring. germule (jerm'ul), n. a small or in- cipient germ. gerrymander (ger'i-man-der), v.t.to divide, as a state, voting district, &c, so as to give an unfair advan- tage to a particular political party; . misrepresent; garble. gerund (jer'und), n. a kind of verbal noun. gestation (jes-ta'shun), n. pregnancy. gestatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to gestation. gesticulate (-tik'u-lat) , v.i. to make ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GESTICULATOR 331 GILL gestures or motions, as in speaking or attracting attention. gesticulator (-la-ter), n. one who gesticulates. gesture ('tur), n. a movement of the face, body, or limbs, to express ideas, emotions, &c. geyser (gi'ser), n. an intermittent hot or boiling spring from which water or mud is ejected. Also gey- sir. ghastliness (gast'li-nes), n. the qual- ity or state of being ghastly. ghastly ('li), adj. death-like; pale; haggard; cadaverous; horrible. ghaut (gawt), n. in India, a moun- tain pass; chain of mountains; a flight of steps to a river, or to a temple; approach; a wharf. Ghat. gherkin (ger'kin), n. a small cucum- ber used for pickling. Ghetto (get'o), n. [pi. ghettos ('oz)], ghetti ('i)Ji the Jews' quarter. ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- ceased person; apparition; the soul; breath of life; shadow ; remotest likelihood; a false image due to some defect in a lens. ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon who robs graves and feeds on the flesh of the dead. giant (ji'ant), n. a man of extraor- dinary bulk or stature; one pos- sessed of great physical or intellec- tual power; one of a race of mon- strous size who, according to classic mythology, assailed the gods: adj. like a giant; huge. giaour (jour), n. the term applied by Mohammedans to unbelievers, especially Christians. gibber (gib'er), v.i. to speak inco- herently. gibberish (-ish), n. rapid incoherent talk; adj. incoherent. gibbet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t. to hang on a gibbet; expose to public scorn or ridicule. gibbon (gib'un), n. a long armed anthropoid ape of Southern Asia. gibbosity (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gibbosi- ties (-tiz) ], a round or swelling prominence. gibbous ('us), adj. protuberant; ir- regularly rounded; between full and half -full: said of the moon; hump- backed. Also gibbose. gibe (jib), n. a scoff; taunt; sneering or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer at; taunt; v.i. to use gibes; cast re- proaches; sneer; scoff. giblet (jib'let), n. one of the edible internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c. gid (gid), n. a disease in sheep. giddiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being giddy. giddy ('i), adj. [comp. giddier, su- perl. giddiest], having a confused whirling sensation in the head; friv- olous; fickle. gifted fed), adj. talented. gig (gig), n. a two-wheeled open chaise drawn by one horse; a rotary machine for raising nap on cloth; a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- nate oars, and usually reserved for the commanding officer; a racing boat; a whirligig; a fish-gig: v.i. [p.t, & p.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], to fish with a fish-gig. gigantic (ji-gan'tik), adj. huge; co- gigantize (ji-gan'tiz), v.t. to cause to appear of relatively gigantic size. gigantoblast (ji-gan'to-blast), n. a type of large red blood-corpuscle. giggle (gig'l), v.i. to laugh in a ner- vous, foolish, tittering manner: n. a nervous, silly laugh. gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, gilt, p.pr. gilding], to overlay or wash with gold; give a fair external appearance to; illuminate; n. an- other form of guild. gilding ('ing), n. the art or process of overlaying or covering with gold; gold leaf, powder, &c, applied to a surface; a superficial covering de- signed to give a fair external ap- pearance. gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of aquatic animals, especially fishes; the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, ** book; hue, hut; think, Z/&en. GILL 332 GIZZARD now glen through which a rivulet flows; pi. the thin, spore-bearing lamellae, or plates, under a cap of certain fungi, as a mushroom. gill (jil), n. l /i of a pint; ground- ivy; a wanton girl; sweetheart. gilling (gil'ing), n. a salmon of the second year. gillyflower (jil'i-flou-er), n. one of various plants of the mustard fam- ily, as the wall-flower, stock, &c. gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or yel- low like, gold: n. gilding. gimbal (jim'bal), n. one of two brass rings moving within each other at right angles: used for suspending a mariner's compass, chronometer, &c. gimcrack ('krak), adj. showy, but of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, useless thing; toy. gimlet (gim'let), n. a small boring- tool with a pointed screw at the end: v.t. to make a hole in with a gimlet. gimp (gimp), n. a kind of interlaced silk twist or trimming interwoven with wire or cord; used for furni- ture, dresses, &c: v.t. to border with gimp. gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic liquid flavored with juniper berries; a trap or snare; a machine for clear- ing cotton fibers from the seeds; a portable hoisting-machine; a pile- driving machine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ginned, p.pr. gkming], to catch in a trap; clear cotton. ginger ('jer), n. the scraped and dried root of a pungent aromatic East & West Indian plant. gingerade (-ad'), n. an a?rated bev- erage flavored with ginger. ginger-beer (-ber), n. an efferves- cent beverage made from ginger, yeast, cream of tartar, and sugar. gingerbread (-bred), n. a dark col- ored cake made of flour, ginger, molasses, sugar, &c. gingham (ging'am), n. a cotton dress-cloth dyed in the yarn before weaving; an umbrella. gingioal (jin-ji'oal), adj. relating to the gums. gingko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese tree with handsome foliage; the maiden- hair tree. ' ginn, same as jinn. ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with an aromatic root, much valued in China. Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies ('siz) ], one of a wandering, dark-skinned, and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, prob- ably Hindu, origin; the language of the Gipsies (Romany); a person of clark complexion; a hoydenish girl: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gipsied, p.pr. gipsy- ing], to picnic or camp out in the woods. Also Gypsy. giraffe, (ji-raf), n. the camelopard. girandole (jir'an-dol), n. a branch- ing chandelier; a kind of rotating firework. girasol ('a-sol), n. a variety of opal; the fire-opal. Also girasole. girba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather water vessel, used in Africa. gird (gerd), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. girded, girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with a flexible substance; bind; encircle; gibe; taunt. girder ('er), n. the main beam in a floor. girdle (ger'dl), n. a belt or zone for the waist; anything that encompass- es like a girdle; a circular band round the shaft of a column: v.t. to bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- close; to make a cut round the bark of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. girt (gert), p.t. of gird: p. adj. moored so taut by two cables as not to swing to the wind or tide. girth (gerth), n. the band by which the saddle is kept secured on a horse; the circumference of a tree, animal, &c; anything that binds or encircles. gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- ter; main point; object. gittern (git'ern), n. a cithern. gizzard (giz'ard), n. the muscular ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. boor GLABROUS 333 GLEAM part of the intestinal canal in cer- tain birds. glabrous (gla/brus), adj. bald; smooth. glace (-sa/), adj. iced or cooled: n. a thin shiny silk. glacial ('shi-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or caused by, ice. glaciate ('shi-at), v.t. to cover over with, or transform into, ice. glacier (gla/shi-er or glas'i-er), n. a vast accumulation of ice and snow found in the valleys and ravines of lofty mountains which moves slowly down the slopes till it melts or breaks off into icebergs. glacis (gla'sis), n. a sloping bank of earth directly in front of a fortifica- tion and designed for its defense; a protective slope on an ironclad to throw off hostile shot. glacure (-stir'), n. a thin glaze on the finer sorts of pottery. glade (glad), n. an open space or passage in a wood or forest; an open space surrounded by ice. gladiate (glad'i-at), adj. sword- shaped. gladiator ('i-a-ter), n. in ancient Rome a professional swordsman who fought in the arena with other men or animals; a combatant. gladiatorial (-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to gladiators or their com- bats. gladiolus (gla-di'5-lus), n. the sword- lily. gladsome (glad'sum), adj. joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful. Gladstone ('ston or 'stun), n. a four- wheeled pleasure-carriage carrying two passengers; a long narrow trav- eling bag with a wide mouth. glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used as size or varnish; any sticky or glairy matter. glairy ('i), adj. consisting of glair. glaive. Same as glave. glamour (glam'er), n. a charm on the eyes causing them to see things differently from what they are in reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. to fascinate. Glamer. glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot of light; quick passing look of the eye; a quick momentary view ; a lustrous ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view with quick movement of the eye: v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- liquely; allude to in passing. gland (gland), n. a bodily organ by which secretion is carried on; small secreting organ for sap in plants; an acorn; a name for various me- chanical contrivances. glanders (erz), n.pl. a contagious disease in horses, in which mucus is discharged profusely from the nos- trils. glandular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or having glands; covered with hairs tipped with glands: said of a plant. glandule ('til), n. a small gland. glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling light; overpowering luster; a fierce piercing look. glaring ('ing), p. adj. emitting or re- flecting a dazzling light; gaudy. glasswort (Vert), n. a plant from which a soda is obtained; used in glass-making. glauber's-salt ('berz-sawlt), n. sul- phate of soda, used medicinally as a strong purgative. glaucous (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- - ered with bloom of a bluish-white color. glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon . fixed to a pole, somewhat resembling a halbert, formerly used by foot sol- diers. Also glaive. glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with glass; overlay with a transparent substance resembling glass: v.i. to become glassy or glazed: n. the vitreous or glassy coating on potter's ware. glazier ('zher), n. one whose business is to set glass in windows, &c. gleam (glem), n. a stream or shoot of light; brightness: v.i. to emit ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLEAN 334 GLOBULIN brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays of light. glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain that the reapers have left; collect little by little, or piece by piece; infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: to. a collection made by gleaning; a col- lection, as of herrings. glebe (gleb), to. land belonging to a parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- fice; in mining, a plot of land con- taining ore. glede (gled), to. the kite. glee (gle), to. gaiety; mirth; exhila- ration; a musical composition for voices in harmony. gleet (glet), to. a thin mucous discharge resulting from gonorrheal disease. glen (glen), to. a narrow valley; a secluded hollow between hills. glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: to. the tongue; smooth talk. gliddery (glid'er-i), adj. slippery. glide (glid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, p.pr. gliding], flow or move along smoothly and noiselessly; to slur [music]: to. the act of gliding; a gliding movement; a slur [music]. glider (glid'er), to. an aeroplane without motor power on which the operator descends or glides from a height to the ground. gliff (glif), to. a glimpse; brief inter- val; sudden fear. glim (glim), to. a light or candle. glimmer ('er), v.i. to shine faintly and intermittently: to. a faint inter- mittent light : sheen. glimpse (glimps), to. a weak, faint light; transient view; slight trace: v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. to glance; appear for the moment. glin (glin), to. a haze on the horizon at sea, indicative of a storm. glint (glint), to. a gleam of light; sly glance: v.i. to gleam or flash out. glioma (gli-o'ma), to. a tumor of rapid growth on the brain, spinal cord, or auditory nerve. glissade (glis-ad'), to. the act of slid- ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- ing: v.i. to slide, especially down a glacier. glissando (-san'do), to. in pianoforte playing, a run by sliding the fingers over the keys; in violin-playing, a quick slur. glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkel with light; shine: to. a glitter. glitter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle with light; gleam; be showy, attractive, or specious: to. brilliancy; specious luster. glizade (gli-zad'), to. a sliding move- ment of the foil in fencing. gloam (glom), v.i. to begin to grow dark, like twilight; exhibit sullen- ness or gloom. gloaming ('ing), to. twilight: adj. pertaining to twilight. gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze earn- estly or with admiration, often in a bad sense with feelings of lust and cruelty. global (glo'bal), adj. pertaining to a globe; world-wide. globate ('bat), adj. globe-shaped. globe (glob), to. a spherical body; ball; the terraqueous earth (with the); a sphere on which are repre- sented the divisions of the earth, &c. (terrestrial globe), or the heavenly bodies (celestial globe) . globe-fish ('fish), to. a fish capable of inflating itself to a globular shape. globeflower ('flou-er), to. a plant of the crowfoot family with globular- shaped flowers. globe-trotter ('trot-er), to. an ex- tensive traveler. globi, a prefix in various scientific words, meaning a ball, or ball- shaped. Globo. globin ('bin), to. a constituent of red blood corpuscles. globular (glob'u-lar), adj. globe-like; spherical. Also globose. globule ('til), to. a small spherical particle; a minute homoeopathic pill; a blood- or lymph- corpuscle. globulin ('ti-lin), to. an albuminous proteid substance forming one of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLOME 335 GLOWWORM constituents of the blood and cellu- lar tissue of plants. glome (glom), n. a roundish head of flowers. glomerate (glom'er-at), adj. gath- ered into a roundish head or mass. glonoin (glon'6-in), n. a pure nitro- gycerine. gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; obscurity; melancholy; depression; sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be, or become, cloudy or partially dark; present a. gloomy aspect: v.t. to make gloomy; deject or sadden. gloominess ('i-nes), n. the state of being gloomy. gloomy ('i), adj. [comp. gloomier, superl. gloomiest], overspread with, or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; melancholy; dispirited; cheerless; morose. gloria (glo'ri-a), n. an ascription of praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical setting of these. glorification (-ri-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of glorifying; exaltation to honor and dignity; a jollification. glorify ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in honor and dignity; magnify and honor in worship; adore; beautify. gloriole ('ri-ol), n. a circle of light. gloriosa (-ri-o'sa), n. a genus of plants of the lily family, with bright red or yellow flowers. glorious ('ri-us), adj. full of glory; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; exalted. glory ('ri), n. [pi. glories ('riz) ], splendor; magnificence; brightness; praise ascribed in adoration ; distinc- tion; renown; honor; the Divine perfection or presence;, the felicity of heaven; in art, a circle of rays surrounding the head of a saint: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], to rejoice or exult (with in). gloss (glos), n. luster from a polished surface; specious show; an explana- tion or comment to elucidate some difficulty or obscurity in the text ; a plausible, specious representation : v.t. to explain by notes or com- ments; palliate by plausible repre- sentation; varnish; make glossy: v.i. to annotate. glossa ('a), n. [pi. glossae ('e) ], the . tongue, especially of insects. glossarial (-a/ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a glossary. glossary ('a-ri), n. [pi. glossaries (-riz) ], a dictionary of obsolete, ob- scure, or technical words. glossily ('i-li), adv. in a glossy man- ner. glossiness ('i-nes), n. superficial lus- ter. glossitis (-I'tis), n. inflammation of the tongue. glosso, a prefix in scientific words meaning tongue, or tongue-like, as glossocele, protrusion of the tongue due to inflammation. glossograph (glos'o-graf), n. an in- strument for recording the vibra- tions of the tongue in speaking. * glossology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of anthropology which treats of the classification of languages; compar- ative philology. glossy ('i), adj. [comp. glossier, superl. glossiest], having a lustrous smooth surface; smooth and plausi- ble. glottal (glot'al), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis. glottic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the tongue. glottis ('is), n. the small elastic ob- long opening at the top of the wind- pipe. glow (glo), v.i. to shine with intense heat; radiate heat and light; be in- candescent; be red or flushed; be animated with passion, love, zeal, &c: n. intense or shining heat; in- candescence; redness, or brightness of color; passion; ardor. glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a threatening or angry countenance; frown. glowworm (glo'werm), n. a beetle, ate, arm, ask, at, awl? me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLOZE 336 GNOMON the wingless female of which emits a shining green light at night. gloze (gloz), v.t . to gloss over. glucic acid (gloo'sik as'id), n. a col- orless honey-like compound obtained by the action of acids from cane- sugar. glucinum (-si'num), n. a metallic element resembling magnesium. glucose '('kos), n. the particular form of sugar existing in many animal and vegetable organisms: it is pro- duced for commercial use by the ac- tion of sulphuric acid on starch. glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- ment made by boiling some animal substance to a jelly: v.t. to unite or cement with glue. gluey ('i), adj. like glue; sticky. glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody; sullen. glume (gloom), n. the husk of corn or grasses. glut (glut), n. a superabundance: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting], to fill to repletion; oversupply. gluten (gloo'ten), n. a tough grey al- buminous substance obtained from wheat and other grains. glutinous ('ti-nus), adj. viscid: gluey. ■ glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to excess; a carnivorous animal, the wolverine. gluttonize (-Iz), v.i. to act as a glutton. gluttonous (-us), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, gluttony. gluttony (-i), n. pi. gluttonies (-iz)], the act or habit of eating to ex- cess. glycerine (glis'er-in), n. a sweet col- orless viscid liquid obtained from oils, fat, &c: used extensively in various manufactures and medicine. Also glycerin. glycerol, another name for glycerine. glycogen (gli'ko-jen), n. a white in- soluble starch-like substance ob- tained from the livers of animals. glycol (gll'kol, or 'kol), n. a viscid liquid, intermediate between glycer- ine and alcohol. glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular fluting. glyphic ('ik), adj. pertaining to carving or sculpture: n. a hiero- glyphic. glyphography (-og'ra-fi), n. a meth- od of producing engravings in re- lief for printing, similar to electro- typy, after etching the picture on a copperplate covered thinly with wax. , glyptic (glip'tik), adj. pertaining to engraving on gems; figured: n.pl. the art of engraving designs on pre- cious stones, ivory, &c. glyptograph ('to-graf), n. a design cut or engraved on a gem. gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the trunk or branch of a tree. gnarled ('d), adj. full of knots; dis- torted. gnash (nash), v.t. to strike together, as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth in anger or agony/ gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged insect of several species, allied to the mosquito. gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or eat away, by degrees; corrode; bite in agony, rage, or despair; fret; v.i. to exercise the teeth in biting re- peatedly; act as if by continual biting. gneiss (ms), n. a crystallized rock composed of quartz, mica, and feld- spar. gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell in the earth or to be the guardian spirit of miners; a pithy or sen- tentious saying. gnomic ('mik), adj. dealing in, or containing, pithy or sententious say- ings; didactic. Also gnomical. • gnomide ('mid), n. a female gnome, supposed to keep* guard over dia- monds. gnomon ('mon), n. the style which by its shadow on a dial shows the time of day; the figures made up of the two complements of a parallelo- I ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon. book; hue, hut; think, then. ; GNOSIOLOGY 337 GOLDEN NUMBER gram, together with either of the cupant of the upper gallery of a parallelograms about the diameter. theater. gnosiology (no-si-ol'o-ji), n. that godchild ('child), n. one for whom branch of philosophy that treats of one is sponsor at baptism. the principles of cognition. goddess ('des), n. a female deity; a gnosis ('sis), n. higher knowledge or woman of superior charms or excel- insight. lence. gnostic, adj. knowing; shrewd. godfather ('fMAer), n. one who Gnosticism ('ti-sizm), n. a system acts as sponsor to another at bap- of religion and Greek and Oriental tism: v.t. to act as godfather to. philosophy (lst-6th century A.D.) Godhead ('hed), n. the Divine es- intermediate between Christianity sence, nature, and attributes; the and paganism. Supreme Deity. gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned ani- godmother {'muth-ev), n. a female mal with a head resembling a buf- sponsor at baptism. falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- godroon (go-droon'), n. fluting or ing South Africa. beading of olive shape. goad (god), n. a pointed stick to urge God's-acre (godz'a-ker), n. a church- on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as yard. with, a goad; stimulate: v.i. to act goffer (gofer), v.t. to form flutes as a goad. in; crimp. goaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves (govz) ], goffering (-ing), n. fluting for frills, a place left in the old workings of a &c; indented ornamentation on the coal mine; the coal-waste left there. edge of a book. goal (gol), n. the winning post at a goggle (gog'l), v.i. to strain or roll race or at football: hence, the end the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: aimed at. n. a strained or affected rolling of goat (got), n. a ruminating horned the eyes: pi. a particular kind of quadruped with long hair. spectacles for protecting the eyes goatee (go-te'), n. a goat-like beard. from dust, excessive light, &c. gobble (gob'l), v.t. to swallow hasti- goiter (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the ly or greedily: v.i. to utter a cry like glands in the front part and side of a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; the neck; prevalent in mountainous a quick straight stroke in putting at districts. golf. goitrous ('rus), adj. affected with gobelin (go'be-lin, go'blin, go-be- goiter. lang'), n. a superior kind of French Golconda (gol-kon'da), n. a mine of tapestry. wealth. goblet (gob'let), n. a drinking-vessel gold (gold), n. a metallic element, with a stem and without a handle. soft, ductile, and of a bright yellow goblin ('lin), n. an evil, mischievous color when Pure; money; wealth; spirit; gnome; fairy. precious or pure quality; in archery, goby (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies ('biz) ], ft e buirs -fy e : , ., . ,. , a fish of peculiar shape. gold-carp _ 'karp), n. the goldfish. i-* j / j\ ±-l o ta -^ golden (gold'n), adj. formed of, con- God (god), n the Supreme Deity, sistmg of or res embling, gold; shin- and self-existenu Creator or Up- ing; lustrous like gold ; bright most holder of the Umverse. valuable; excellent. god, n. a supernatural being conceived golden age, n. the fabled primeval of as possessing divine powers or age of perfect human happiness and attributes; idol; a person or thing innocency. deified or honored to excess; an oc- golden number (num'ber), n. a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north,, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GOLDEN-PHEASANT 338 GORE number which shows the year of the moon's cycle. golden-pheasant (-fez-ant), n. a handsome Chinese pheasant. golden rod (-rod), n. a tall plant of the aster family with yellow flowers. Golden Rule (r5ol), n. the rule to treat others as we ourselves wish to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12). goldsmith ('smith), n. a worker in gold, or dealer in gold-plate. goldylocks (-loks), n. a common name for various plants with yellow flowers, as the buttercup. golf (golf), n. a game played with a small gutta-percha ball and club- headed sticks, the object being to drive the ball into a series of small holes with the fewest possible strokes: v.i. to play golf. Golgotha (gol'go-tha), n. (Hebrew the place of a skull) the place where Jesus Christ was crucified. golgotha, n. a burial place. gommer (gom'er), n. milled amel- corn < (an inferior wheat): much used in parts of Germany as an in- gredient in soups. gomphiasis (-fl'a-sis), n. looseness of the teeth. gomuti (go-moo'ti), n. a tough hair- like fiber obtained from the sago- palm: used for cordage; ejoo. gonad (gon'ad), n. a germ-gland. gonagra (go-nag'ra), n. gout in the knee. gondola (gon'do-la), n. a long nat- row Venetian pleasure boat pro- pelled by one oar; a flat-bottomed boat or railway car used for carry- ing coal, produce, &c. gondolier (-do-ler'), n. the rower of a gondola. gondolino (-le'no), n. a racing gon- dola. gonfalon ('fa-Ion), n. standard or ensign, usually with streamers. gong (gong), n. a tambourine-shaped musical instrument of bronze, which is struck by a padded stick. goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring angles. gono, a prefix in many scientific words, meaning generation, repro- duction, as gronoblast, a reproduc- tive cell or bud. gonorrhoea (-rea), n. a venereal dis- good-bye (good-bi'), n. salutation at parting; farewell greeting; con- traction of "God be with you": adj. relating to parting. Good Friday (fri'da), n. a fast held in commemoration of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ on the Friday be- fore Easter Day. goodly ('li), adj. [comp. goodlier, superl. goodliest], good-looking; no- ble; considerable; pleasant. goods and chattels (chat'lz), n. per- sonal property. gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- berries (-iz)], the fruit of a shrub of the genus Ribes; the shrub itself: adj. made of gooseberries. goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a pimpled condition of the skin resembling a plucked goose, caused by terror or cold. gooseneck (goos'nek), n. a bent iron fitted to the extremity of a boom or yard. goosestep ('step), n. the peculiar parade-step of the German soldier. goosewing ('wing), n. a studding- sail; the lower corner of a fore-sail or square main-sail when the body of the sail is furled. gopher (go'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- tematically: n. a North American burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood mentioned in the Old Testament (Gen.vi. 14). Gordian (gor'di-an), adj. pertaining to the Phrygian King Gordius, or to the intricate knot tied by him in his harness, which Alexander the Great cut with his sword. gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted blood; a triangular piece sewn into ' a dress, sail, &c. ; a narrow or tri- angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce as with a horn; furnish with gores: said of a garment, &c. I ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut think, then. GORGE 339 GOVERNESS gorge (gorj), n. the throat; gullet; that which is gorged or swallowed; a narrow passage between moun- tains or hills: v.t. to swallow with greediness or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. to feed greedily. gorgeous ('jus), adj. glittering in various colors; splendid; showy; in- clined to magnificence. gorget ('jet), n. a protective piece of armor for the throat or neck; a crescent-shaped breast-plate. Gorgon ('gun), n. one of three sis- ters in Greek mythology whose as- pect was so terrible that anyone who beheld them was turned to stone. gorgoneia (-go-ni'a), n.pl. masks carried in the form of Gorgons' heads: used as keystones in arches. gorilla (go-ril'a), n. an African an- thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height with powerful limbs; the largest ape known. gormand (gor'mand), n. a greedy or ravenous eater; glutton; a connois- seur in table delicacies. gormandize (-Iz), v.i. to eat greedily or voraciously. gorse (gors), n. the common furze; whin. gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained with gore. goshawk (gos'hawk), n. a raptorial bird of the hawk family. gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; a catkin. Gospel (gos'pel), n. the announce- ment of the salvation of mankind by Jesus Christ; the history of the life and doctrines of Jesus Christ, con- tained in the four canonical books of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; a selection from these in ths Church service; the general doc- trines of the New Testament; some- thing received as infallibly true: adj. pertaining to the gospel. gospeler (-er), n. an evangelist; the priest who reads the gospel at the altar. gossamer ('a-mer), n. a very fine spider's web which floats in the air; a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: adj. very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. gossip ('ip), n. familiar or idle talk; scandal; a babbler; formerly a sponsor, neighbor, or friend : v.i. to tell idle tales about others; tattle; chat. gossoon (gos-soon'), n. a young lad. Goth (goth), n. one of an ancient Teutonic tribe that overran the Ro- man Empire (3rd and 4th centuries A.D;); an uncivilized person, espe- cially one who is destitute of artis- tic taste. Gothic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the Goths or their language; denoting the style of architecture character- ized by high and pointed arches, clustered columns, &c: n. the lan- guage of the Goths; the Gothic or pointed style of architecture. gouge (gouj), n. a rounded hollow chisel for cutting grooves or holes; a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a gouge: v.i. force out the eye with the thumb or finger. gouger ('er), n. one who, and that which, gouges; a swindler. goulash (goo'lash), n. a Hungarian meat stew, richly seasoned. gourami (goo'ra-mi), n. an Oriental fish, cultivated for food. Also go- ramy. gourd (gord), n. a plant and fruit of various species of the genus Cu- curbita, the shell of which is used for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped vessel. gourmand (goor-mang'), n. one who has a gluttonous appetite. gourmet (goor'ma'), n. an epicure. gout (gout), n. a painful inflamma- tory disease of the joints or extremi- ties, especially of the great toe. govern (guv'ern), v.t. to control by authority; regulate; direct; man- age; steer; restrain; require to be in a particular mood, case, &c: v.i. to exercise authority; administer the law. governance (-ans), n. government; control. governess (-es), n. a lady who trains ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GOVERNMENT 340 GRADUATOR and instructs children; an instruc- tress; teacher. government (-ment), n. the act of governing; administration of pub- lic affairs; established state of le- gal authority; executive power; self-control; relation between two words by which one determines the case or mood of another. governor ('ern-er), n. one who is invested with supreme authority; chief ruler; tutor; a mechanical de- vice for regulating the speed of an engine, &c. gown (goun), n. a woman's outer garment, or dress; a long loose robe worn by university or professional men.: the emblem of peace; a long loose outer covering or wrapper, as a dressing-gown, &c. gownsman (z'man), n. one who wears a gown professionally; a ci- vilian. gowt (gout), n. a sluice in an em- bankment for letting out water. grabble ('1), v.i. to feel about; grope. grace (gras), n. any excellence, char- acteristic attraction, or endowment, natural or acquired; elegance of action or language; beauty; embel- lishment; the unmerited favor and love of God toward man in Christ; divine sanctifying, regenerating, and preserving influence; spiritual excellence; virtue; a brief prayer before or after meals; a respectful title of address applied to an arch- bishop or duke; behavior or de- meanor; indulgence or privilege; in music, an ornamental note or pas- sage; , an act, vote, or decree of the governing body of a university or college: v.t. to adorn or embellish; honor; dignify; favor. grace-note ('not), n. an ornamental note. gracious (gra/shus), adj. . showing or bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- cy; affable; polite. gradate (gra'dat), v.t. to produce in .-grades; blend by gradation. gradatim (gra-da/tim), adv. by de- grees. gradation (gra-da'shun), n. at regu- lar advance or progress, sa"ep by step; regular arrangement; in grad- ual blending of one tint into an- other; series; order. gradatory (grad'a-to-ri), adtj pro- ceeding by gradations; suied for walking: n.pl. (gradatories) .a se- ries of steps leading from a cloister into a church. grade (grad), n. a step or degree in rank, dignity, quality, order, &c; the rise or descent of a railroad, &c. : v.t. to level and prepare (ground) for laying the rails of a railway; arrange in a regular series: v.i. to take rank. gradely ('li), adv. decently; properly. gradient (gra'di-ent), adj. advancing by steps; walking or running on legs; ascending or descending in a certain proportion: n. the incline of a railway or road; in meteorology, the rate of atmospheric pressure or temperature. gradine (-den), n. a sculptor's toothed chisel; a tier of seats (gra-dang'). gradual (grad'ii-al), adj. proceeding by degrees; step by step; regular and slow: n. a response sung after the Epistle; an ancient book of an- thems or scripture sentences: so called because some were chanted on the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- uale, grail. graduate ('u-at), n. one on whom an academical degree has been con- ferred: v.t. to mark with degrees or a scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- ceive an academical degree; change by degrees: adj. having been gradu- ated. graduation (-a/shun), n. the con- ferring or reception of an academi- cal degree; regular progression; a marking into degrees or parts. graduator ('u-a-ter), n. an nstru- ment for dividing lines into equal minute parts; an electro-magnet for ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRADUS 341 GRANDEUR making and breaking gradually a telegraphic circuit. gradus (gra/dus), n. a dictionary of Greek and Latin prosody (Gradus ad Parnassum). graffito (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. graffiti ('te) ], rude writing, or sketching, on the wall of an ancient building, as at Rome. graft (graft), n. a small shoot of a tree inserted into another tree: hence something incorporated with a foreign stock; an unlawful or ir- regular perquisite; a bribe; v.t. to insert as a shoot in another tree; join so as to receive support from anothing thing; in surgery, to trans- plant (tissue): v.i. to practice graft- ing; to accept bribe money. grafter (grafter), n. an office holder, employe or any person under pay who uses the office to acquire per- quisites dishonestly. grail (gral), n. a dish or chalice, es- pecially the Holy Grail (Sangreal), the cup used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, said to have been pre- served by Joseph of Arimathea, who collected in it some of the blood which flowed from our Lord on His crucifixion; a gradual. Also graal. grain (gran), n. any minute hard mass; a single seed of corn; the smallest particle or amount; a unit of weight = l-20th of a scruple, l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- rangement of particles in a body; texture; >a red dye obtained from cochineal insects: pi. the refuse of malted barley: v.t. form into grains; to paint in imitation of the grain of wood. graining ('ing), n. painting in imi- tation of the grain or texture of wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- bling of paper or leather in book- binding. gram, see gramme. grama-grass (gra'ma-gras), n. a low pasture grass of the West and Southwest United States. gramercy (gra-mer'si), inter j. great thanks! graminivorous (gram-i-niv'o-rus), adj. feeding on grasses. grammalogue ('a-log), n. in pho- nography, a word represented by a single sign. grammar ('er), n. the art of speak- ing or writing a language correct- ly; the science that treats of the principles that govern the correct use of language; an elementary treatise. grammarian (-ma/ri-an), n. one who is versed in grammar; a phi- lologist. gramme _ (gram), n. the unit of weight in the metric system, 15.43 grains troy. Also gram. grammopetalous (-o-pet'&-lus), adj. having the petals very narrow. gramophone ('o-fon), n. an instru- ment for recording and reproducing speech. grampus ('pus), n. a large cetacean, akin to the porpoise; a corpulent person. granadilla (gran-a-dil'a), n. the edi- ble fruit of a species of passion- flower. granary ('a-ri), n. [pi. granaries (-riz) J, a store-house for grain: a country where grain is the chief product. grand (grand), adj. high in dignity or power; illustrious; chief; great; magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- ble; of striking, excellence or im- pressive dignity; conceived or ex- pressed in dignified language; com- prehensive; complete; the second degree of parentage or descent: n. a grand piano. grandam (gran'dam), n. a grand- mother; an old woman. grandchild (grand 'child), n. the child of one's son or daughter. granddaughter ('daw-ter), n. the daughter of one's son or daughter. grandee (gran-de'), n. a Spanish no- bleman of the highest rank. grandeur ('jur), n. greatness; vast- ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRANDFATHER 342 GRASS-WIDOW ness; sublimity; splendor of a ap- pearance; social distinction and display; elevation of thought, sen- iment or demeanor. grandfather (grand 'fa-ther), n. the father of one's father or mother. grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) , adj. speaking in, or characterized by, a lofty or bombastic style. grandiose ('di-os), adj. really or af- fectedly grand or impressive. grandparent ('par-ent), n. the par- ent of one's parent. grandsire ('sir), n. a grandfather; male ancestor. grandson ('sun), n. the son of one's son or daughter. grand vizier (viz'er), n. the chief minister of the Turkish Empire. grange (granj), n. a farm with its dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c; a local lodge of the Patrons of Hus- bandry, a powerful agricultural as- sociation, in the United States. granite (gran'it), n. a massive crys- talline rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. granitic (-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, granite. granitoid (gran'i-toid), adj. resem- bling granite. granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- ing grain ; living on seeds. granny, abbreviation of grand-, mother. grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer especially in response to a request; admit as true (what has not been proved); concede; transfer the title of, for any good consideration: n. the act of granting; a gift; a be- stowing; an allowance; the thing conveyed; an admission or conces- sion. grantee (-e'), n. the person to whom property is transferred by deed, &c. granter ('er), n. one who g ants. grantor ('er), n. one who transfers property by deed, &c. granular (gran'u-lar), adj. composed of, or resembling, grains or granules. granulate ('ti-lat), v.t. to form into grains or small masses; roughen the surface of: v.i. to become granu- lar. granule ('ul), n. a small grain or particle. granulose ('u-los), n. the more solu- ble part of starch g ains in plants, capable of being formed into sugar. grape (grap), n. the fruit of the g ape- vine; a vine of the genus Vitis; grape-shot. grape-shot ('shot), n. a cluster of small shot arranged in tiers of three shots each between plates, so as to disperse when fired. graphic (rgaf'ik), adj. pertaining to the art of writing or delineating; vividly described; well delineated; life-like. Also graphical. graphite ('it), n. a metallic variety of carbon. graphitic (gra-fit'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, graphite. grapho, a prefix meaning writing or delineation, as grapho-phone, an in- strument resembling the phono- graph, but having a rubber cylinder instead of one of wax. Also graph. graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. the art of describing character by the hand- writing. graphophone. See under grapho. graphotype ('o-tip), n. a chemical process for producing surface-blocks speedily; the chalk process. grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small anchor usually with flukes; heavy tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold of: v.i. struggle or contend in close fight: n. a close fight; a seizing; close hold, as in wrestling, &c; a mechanical device for taking hold of anything. grasping ('ing), -p. adj. avaricious. grasshopper ('hop-er), n. a large nimble insect of the locust kind. grassiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being grassy. grass- widow ('wid-o), n. a wife whose husband is away, or divorced. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; met, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not, boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRASSY 343 GREASE rassy ('i), adj. abounding in, cov- ered with, or like, grass. rate (grat), n. a framework of iron bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.t. to rub or wear away. by the friction of a rough body; produce a sound of by the friction of rough or hard surfaces; grind down; furnish with a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; produce mental irritation. grateful ('fool), adj. thankful; pleasurable. graticulation (gra-tik-u-la'shun), n. the art of dividing a plan, &c, into small squares for reduction or en- largement. gratification (grat-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of gratifying; satisfaction; pleasure; reward or recompense. gratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gratified, p.pr gratifying], to afford pleasure to; indulge; delight; humor, gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with gravel; run aground on a beach: said of a vessel; embarrass; lame a horse by gravel under the shoe: n. fragments of rock coarser than sand, and frequently _ intermixed with it; a disease occasioned by the presence of calculi in the bladder and kidneys. gravely (grav'li), adv. in a grave manlier. graver ('er), n. a cutting tool used by engravers and sculptors; an en* graver, or carver in stone. gravid (grav'id), adj. pregnant. gravied (gra'vid), adj. covered, or served with, gravy. gravimeter (gra-vim'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the spe- cific gravity of liquid or solid bodies. gravimetric (grav-i-met'rik) , adj. de- termined by weight. grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- graving (grav'ing), n. the act of en- graving or incising; the clearing of the bottom of a ship. gravitate (grav'i-tat), v.i. to* be acted upon or attracted by the force of gravity; be naturally attracted. gravitation (-i-ta'shun) , n. the force which attracts material bodies to each other. gravity ('i-ti), n. that force which tends to draw all bodies toward the center of the earth; weight; im- portance; seriousness; solemnity; weight of guilt; lowness of a tone or note [mus.j. gravy (gra/vi), n. [pi. gravies (Viz) ], the fatty juice from roasting flesh. gray, another form of grey. graybook, n. official name of a col- lection of diplomatic messages issued by Belgium just before the European War of 1914. graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat grass; move along while grazing: n. a slight rub or touch. grazier (gra/zher), n. one who pas- tures cattle or breeds them for the market. grease (grez), n. soft animal fat; work or lattice of bars: p.adj. harsh; irritating. gratis (gra/tis), adv. gratuitously. gratitude (grat'i-tud), n. the state of being grateful; appreciation of favors received; thankfulness. grattoir (grat-twar'), n. a chipped stone or flint implement. gratuitous (gra-tii'i-tus) , adj. free- ly bestowed; voluntary; without cause or provocation ; granted with- out merit or claim. ratuity ('i-ti), n. [pi. gratuities (-tiz) ], a donation or present; free gift. ravamen _ (gra-va/men), n. cause- of complaint or action. rave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; thoughtful; sedate; important; in grammar, the grave, or long-sound- ing accent; plain; slow in move- ment; very deep in pitch [mus.]: n. an excavation in the earth for the reception of a dead body; place of interment; place of great slaugh- ter or mortality; the place of the dead (Hades): v.t. to shape or carve by cutting with a chisel; en- grave. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GREASER 344 GREWADIER oily matter.; inflammation of the hoof and fetlock in horses, with' a fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or rub with grease; eause to move easi- ly; bribe. greaser ('er), n. one who, or that which, greases; a Mexican, or Mex- ican creoie. greasiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being greasy. greasy ('i), adj. [comp. greasier, su- perl. greasiest], resembling, smeared, or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- ous ; foggy ; muddy. great primer (grat prim'er), n. a size of type (see type). great seal (sel), n. the chief official seal of a kingdom, government, state, &c. Great Spirit (spir'it), n. the title applied to the Supreme Being by the Red Indians. greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- tect the legs from the ankle to the knee; the sediment of melted tallow. grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tailless diving bird. Grecian (gre'shan), adj. pertaining to Greece; a native or inhabitant of Greece; a Greek scholar. Grecism ('sizm), n. a Greek idiom. Grecize (gre'siz), v.t. to make Gre- cian; translate into Greek: v.i. to imitate the Greeks in language, man- ner, &c. Greco, a prefix meaning Greek. greed (gred), n. avarice; greediness. greediness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being greedy. greedy ('i), adj. [comp. greedier, superl. greediest], voracious; glut- tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Greece or the Greeks; Hellenic: n. a Grecian; the lan- guage of ancient and modern Greece ; something 1 unintelligible. Greek Church (cherch), n. the East- ern or Oriental Church. Greek-cross ('kros), n. a cross with four equal arms. Greek-fire ('fir), n. an inflammable materialised by the ancient Greeks in warfare: said to have been inex- tinguishable in water. Greek orders (or'derz), n.pl. in architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. greenback ('bak), n. a paper money (U. S. legal-tender note) with a green back, first issued in 1862. greencorn ('korn), n. immature maize used in cooking. green goods (gren' goodz), n. term used by counterfeiters for counter- feit paper money. greenhorn ('horn), n. a simpleton; novice. greenhouse ('hous), n. a conservatory. greenroom ('room), n. the actors' retiring-room in a theater. green sickness ('sik-nes), n. chloro- sis. greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- ness or respect; # congratulate: v.i. to exchange greetings. greeting ('ing), n. salutation; wel- come. gregarian (gre-ga'ri-an) , adj. liv- ing in herds; common. • gregarina (greg-a-rl'na), n. a very minute parasite belonging to the Protozoa. gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), adj. asso- ciating or going together in herds. grege (grej), n. raw silk. Gregorian calendar (kal'en-der), n. the reformed calendar introduced, 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. Gregorian chant (chant), n. the mediaeval system of choral music, in- troduced by Pope Gregory the Great; plain song. gremial (gre'mi-al), an ecclesias- tical vestment worn by a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive shell fired by a fuse and thrown by hand. grenadier (gren-a-der'), n. originally a foot soldier who threw grenades, now a soldier of the Grenadier Guards. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRENADINE 345 GRISETTE grenadine (-a-den'), n. a dress fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; a dyestuff. gressorial, n. suitable for walking. grey (gra), adj. of a white color with a mixture of black; hoary; ma- ture: n. a grey horse. greybeard ('berd), n. an old man. greyhound ('hound), n. a slender swift hound used for coursing. griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow pan, used for cooking cakes; a large sieve for sifting ore. gride (grid), v.t. to jar harshly. gridelin (grid'e-lin), n. a color mixed of white and red, or a grey violet. gridiron ('Irn), n. a grated iron utensil for broiling meat or fish; a contrivance for examining and re- pairing the hulls of ships. grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac- count of present or past trouble; that which causes sorrow or sad- ness; physical pain. grievance (grev'ans), n. a sense of wrong or oppression; just or sup- posed ground of complaint; an in- justice; cause of annoyance. grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to ex- perience grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to be in sorrow; lament. grievous ('us), adj. causing grief or sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- atious. griffin ('in), n. a fabulous animal with the body and legs of a lion, the wings and beak of an eagle, and with listening ears; a watchful chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; crick- et; the sand-ell; heather. grill _ (gril), v.t. to broil; torment, as if by grilling: v.i. to be broiled: n. a gridiron; grilled meat. - grillade (-ad'), n. the act of grill- ing; grilled meat. :: grillage ('aj), n. an arrangement of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in loose or marshy soil for erections. grille (gre-la), n. lace with a back- ground of parallel bars. grille (gril), n. an open grating or screen of wrought metal; a kind of frame for hatching fish. grim (grim), adj. [comp, grimmer, superl. grimmest], of a forbidding aspect; stern and surly; hideous; frightful; cruel; unyielding. grimace, (gri-mas'), n. a distortion of the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make grimaces. grimalkin (-mawl'kin), n. an old cat. grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty or grimy. grimy ('i), adj. full of grime. grind (grind), v.t. [p.t. p.p. & ground, p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or reduce to powder by friction; sharpen or smooth by friction; grate; oppress; harass; prepare for examination. grinder ('er), n. one who, or that which, grinds; a molar tooth; one who coaches pupils for an examina- tion. grindstone ('ston), n. a flat, circu- lar stone for sharpening tools, &c. gringo, n. Sp. Amer. term for for- eigner, from Griego (Greek). grinningly (grin'ing-li), adv. with a grin. grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; a holding fast; that by which any- thing is held firmly. gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the hand or arms; a squeeze; pressure; pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to hold with closed fingers; grasp; hold tightly; seize; , clutch; op- press; pinch; v.i. to take firm hold. griping ('ing), adj. avaricious. grippe (grip, or grep), n. influenza. Also grip. gripper (grip'er), n. one who, or that which, "grips; a mechanical de- vice for seizing and holding. grisaille (gri-zal' or gri-za'ya), n. a method of painting in grey tints, so as to represent a solid body in bas-relief. grisette (gre-zef) n. a Parisian shop-girl; a French girl of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRISKIN 346 GROUND-HOG operative class who dresses coquet- of the human body between the tishly; a moth. thigh and the belly; the angular griskin (gris'kin), n. a hog's spine. curve made by the intersection of grisly (griz'li), adfi terrible; savage- two arches: v.t. to build or form looking. into groins. grisly. Same as grizzly. , grommet (grom'et), n. a ring formed grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; of a strand of rope laid round; an ground corn; provision or supply. eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made gristle (gris'J), n. cartilage. of rope, and rammed between the gristly ('li), adj. cartilaginous. powder and the ball. grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, groom (groom), n. a man or boy who as sand, &c, a hard sandstone com- has charge of horses; a bridegroom; posed of sharp silicious grains; the the title of several officers of the coarse part of meal; firmness of royal household: v.t. to feed and character; courage: pi. oats hulled take care of, as a groom does a and coarsely ground. horse; curry and brush. grittiness ('i-nes), n. the state of groomsman (groomz'man), n. one being gritty. who attends a bridegroom; best man. gritty ('i), adj. composed of, con- groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- taining, or resembling, grit; cour- row , especially as cut by a tool; set- ageous. tied habit or routine: v.t. to form grizzly (Ti), adj. somewhat grey: or cut a groove in. n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way bear of North America. with the hands, as in the dark; seek groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound blindly: v.t. to search out, as in uttered in pam or sorrow; a deep, the dark, by feeling with the hands, rumbling sound expressive of dis- grosbeak (gros'bek), n. the name of approbation or ridicule; a low, various warblers with a large stout aismal sound, as of the wind: v.i. beak, allied to the finches, to utter a groan; lament; be bur- g r0 sgrain (gro'gran), n. a stout dened: v.i. to express disapproval of double-corded silk, by groans. gross (gros), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; groat (grot), n. formerly a silver rude; indelicate; flagrant'; dull; com current in England, value 4d.; heavy; corpulent; dense; whole: n. a trifling sum: pi. hulled oats. i2 dozen; main body; mass; entire grocer (gro'ser), n. one who sells amount. groceries. ^ grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- grocery (-1), n. [pi. groceries (-iz) ], tically or oddly formed; extrava- tea, coffee, sugar, spices, &c. (usu- gant; whimsical; ridiculous :n. whim- ally pl.)\ a grocers shop; a grog- sical ornamentation, figures, or sno P- . .' „ scenery; the incongruous or uncouth grog (grog), n. a mixture of spirits in art and water; spirituous liquor : v.t. tto "(grot's), n. a natural or arti- to make into grog by the addition ficial. cavern in the earth. ot water. , . , . grotto-work (-werk), n. ornamental groggery ( er-i) n. a low drinking work in im i t ation of grottos, place; a grog-shop. grouch (grouch), n. a sulky mood. groggy ('i), adj. tipsy; moving with 5 . Vo . '' .. ,. J „ .„ an unsteady gait: said of horses; grouchy (grouch 1), adj. sullen; ill- staggering as if dazed: said of a tempered. pugilist. . ground-hog ('hog), n. the wood- groin (groin), n. the depressed part chuck; the aardvark. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. GROUNDSEL 347 GUARDIAN groundsel ('sel), n. a weed of the envy or discontent; give or take aster family with yellow flowers. with reluctance: n. secret malice or >und-swell (Wei), n. a broad, ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel leep heavy, rolling sea, caused by a gruel (groo'el), n. a light semi-liquid "stant storm or earthquake, food made of oatmeal, &c, for in- >up (groop), n. a small crowd or valids. semblage; a cluster; an assem- gruesome (groS'sum), adj. )lage of figures or objects forming artistic whole; a division of >rganisms with certain characteris- horrible of aspect; inspiring gloom or horror. gruff (gruf), adj. rough or surly in voice or manner; harsh; hoarse. cs; the chief division of a geological gru-gru (groo'groo), n. the larva of system : v.t. to form into a group »use (grous), n. red and black leath-game; partridge; pheasant; >rairie-hen. >ut (grout), n. mortar or cement ixed with gravel, used for founda- ions and joints of masonry; a fine piaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. bo surround or fill in with grout. >uty (grout'i), cross; sulky; dreg- >ve (grov), n. a small wood; a row )f trees shading an avenue. rovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; move with the body prostrate on the ground; be mean or debased. >veling (-ing), p.adj: lying pros- trate; mean; undignified. >wl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl *r murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur ike a dog; grumble. >wler ('er), n. one who, and that >hich, growls; a North American )erch; a four-wheeled cab )r pail of beer. >wth (groth), n. the progressive increase of animal or vegetable bod- ies; advancement; increase; progress; result; effect. ib (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grub- a South American weevil, cooked for food as a delicacy. grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur discontentedly; find fault. grumbling ('bling), n. the act of murmuring discontentedly. grumous (gr5o'mus), adj. consisting of clustered grains; thick or clotted. grumpily (grump'i-li), adv. in a grumpy manner. grumpy ('i), adj. surly; cross; low- spirited. grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a hog. gruyere (groo-yar'), n. a Swiss or French cheese made from skim-milk. gryposis (gri-po'sis), n. an ingrow- ing of the nails. Also gryphosis. guaco (gwa'ko), n. a tropical Ameri- can plant, used as a specific for snake-bites, pitcher Guaiacum (gwi'a-kum), n. a genus of tropical American and West In- dian shrubs and trees from which a resin, extensively used in medicine, is obtained. guan (gwan), n. sl gallinaceous bird of South America. >ed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root guanaco (gwa-na'ko), n. the wild mt of the ground; provide with Food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- form dirty work: n. the larva of a jetle, moth or other insect; food; sloven or dirty person. ib-stake (grub'-stak), n. outfit ^ven to a miner for exploration. ide (grud), n. a person with an extreme grouch. grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with llama of the Andes. guaniferous (gwa-nif'er-us), adj. yielding guano. guanine ('nin), n. a principle found in guano, pancreatic juice, &c. guano ('no), n. the dung of sea-birds found in thick layers in South America and Africa, yielding a valu- able manure, guardian ('i-an), n. one who has the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. I GUARD-SHIP 348 GULF •are of the person or property of guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora another; a warden: adj. protecting; tion; association. Also gild c a & n u- ^ guilder ('er), n. the Dutch fto™ guard-ship (ship), n. a warship value about 40.2 cents n stationed at a port or harbor for its guile (gll), n . deceit; cunning- di"' protection. plicity. guardsman (z'manX n. [pi. guards- guillemot (gil'e-mot), n. a species r men ('men) ], an officer or soldier of auk. ' b P ecie s ? the guards guilloche (gil-losh'), n. a series S> gU A a ^W (gWa ?§■ a tPee ° f tr e pica i interwoven or twisted ornaments America yielding a pear-shaped guillotine ('o-ten), n. an apparatus fruit, from which a jelly is made. for beheading a criminal by mean* gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-t5'ri-al)> of a heavy knife sliding in twTut hffoffic 1 , mg t0 a g0Vern ° r ° r t0 t igh l grooves: *•«■ ("O-tenO to be- nis omce. head with the guillotine guerdon (g er 'dim i), n. a reward. guilty ('i), adj. [comv guiltier m regular force engaged in harassing a crime; wicked; criminal fnot inTo- an enemy in small bands; petty war- cent fare; ^.belonging to, or consisting guimpe (gamp), n chemisette used of, guerillas; pertaining to irregular with low-necked gown G«y (gern'si), , a breed of ^erfy ^tVl&Whle dairy cattle from the island of 21s. or about $5. ^ n g land > v alue guess^t^ato^ecture; the act gXtpT^ W Entail do d^b^^^. U 5ft at ^ T St i Ca 4 Sou&'AmeHcrJodett uom, oeneve or think, v.i. to con- allied to the cavy gu J estTgest),n. one who is entertained ^Tgnnp ^^ * * ^ ° f l ™ Jdlhl r U -^a°U able , 0f + r 0ther - gU J SC (gIz) ' n - exteraal appearance; guidable (gid'a-bl), adj. that may be dress; mien. gmded - guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- guidance ('ans), n. direction; lead- strument, on the principle of the mg. violin, played with the fingers. guide (gld), n. one who leads or ^iSi?' ^ gUl&3 ( ^ )] ' * the directs; conductor : director; a soldier Jfcr ' n ' a term in heraldry, guidon (gi'dun^ n th* f^v'^ a * meaning a blazon in perpendicular TtZnofSt «:, f K ed I ag °? I 11168 Wlth eut color; a tincture red. ate, , rm , «, at , awI; ^^ ^ ^ n5te) n6rth> not; b66nj j, GULF STREAM 349 GUTTERING in size between a bay and sea; a deep place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- pool; something insatiable. gulf stream (strem), n. a vast and important warm ocean-current flow- ing out from the Gulf of Mexico. ' gull (gul), n. a web-footed sea-fowl with long wings; one who is easily cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- pose upon. gullet ('et), n. the throat; oesophagus. gullibility (gul-i-bil'i-ti), n. capac- ity for being gulled. gullible {gul'i-bl), adj. capable of being easily deceived. gully ('i), n. [pi. gullies ('iz) ], a channel or hollow worn by water; narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or 1 -plate. gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down eagerly or in large draughts: n. the act of gulping; swallow. gum arabic (ar'a-bik), n. a gum ob- I tained from various species of acacia. gumbo ('bo), n. a dish or soup made from the gummy pods of the okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. gumminess ('i-nes), n. the state or ^ quality of being gummy. gummy ('i), adj. like gum. gumption (gump'shun), n. quickness of perception; common sense; in the fine arts, the art of preparing colors. gumptious ('shus), adj. shrewd; . smart. guncotton ('kot-n), n. a highly ex- plosive substance formed by the ac- tion of nitric and sulphuric acid upon cotton, or some other vegetable fibre. gun-metal ('met-al), n. an alloy of copper and tin. gunnel, same as gunwale. gunner ('er), n. one who works a gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- officer in the navy who has charge of the ordnance of a war-vessel and ordnance-stores. gunnery ('er-i), n. the science of artillery. gunman (gun'man), n. a desperate character, armed, and ready to shoot another for hire or revenge. gunny ('i), n. [pi. gunnies < ('iz) ], a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute or hemp. gunpowder ('pou-der), n. an explo- sive substance composed of sulphur, niter and charcoal; a fine kind of green tea. Gunter's chain (gun'terz chan), n. a surveyor's chain used in measur- ing land, 66 ft. long, and divided in 100 links of 7.92 in. each. Gunter's scale (skal), n. a large plane scale, with various lines of numbers engraved upon it, by means of which surveyors' and navigators' calculations are determined. gunwale (gun'l), n. the upper edge of the side of a ship next to the bulwarks. gurgitation (ger-ji-ta'shun), n. a state of boiling, or whirling round. gurgle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or run with a purling, bubbling sound: n. a purling, bubbling noise. gurglet ('glet), n. a porous earthen vessel for cooling water. gusher ('er), n. one who, or that which, gushes; an oil well that dis- charges its contents without the aid of machinery. gusset (gus'et), n. a small triangular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen or enlarge a part. gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a sudden and violent outburst of pas- sion. gustatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. pertaimng to the taste. gusto ('to), n. zest; relish. gusty ('i), adj. characterized by gusts. gutta-percha (-per'cha), n. a red- dish-brown horn-like substance; the inspissated juice of the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra gutta) of the Malay Archipelago. . gutter ('er), n. a channel for carry- ing away water: v.t. to cut into small channels; furnish with gut- ters: v.i. to run in drops. ^ guttering (-ing), n. a making into ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GUTTURAL 350 GYROSTAT hollows; the act of falling in drops; material for making gutters. guttural ('er-al), adj. pertaining to, or produced in, the throat: n. a letter produced in the throat. guy f (gl), n. a rope, chain, &c, to swing and keep steady a heavy body : an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes; a person oddly or dowdily dressed: v.t. to steady or guide with a guy; ridicule ', delude. guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily and immoderately: n. intoxicating liquor; a drunken debauch. guzzy ('i), n. an East Indian cotton cloth. gwiniad (gwin'i-ad), n. a WelsL trout; the powan. Also guiniad. gymn, a 'prefix meaning naked, desti- tute of, occurring in many com- pound words. Also gymno. gymnanthous (jim-nan'thus), adj. without calyx or corolla. gymnasium (-na'zi-um), n. [pi. gym- nasia (-a) ], a building where gym- nastic exercises are practiced; a school for the higher branches of literature and art; in ancient Greece, a _ place for athletic exer- cises, provided with baths, &c, also, in connection with it, apartments in which philosophic discussions were carried on. gymnast ('nast), n. one who prac- tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. gymnastics ('iks), n.pl. athletic ex- ercises; the art of developing the physical powers by athletic exer- cises. gymno, prefix see gymn. gymnogens (jim'no-jens), n.pl. plants having naked seeds, or not inclosed in an ovary. gymnotus (jim-no'tus), n. the elec- tric eel of South America. gynarchy (jin'ar-ki), n. government by a woman ; female rule. gyne, a prefix meaning woman, fe- male. Also gyneco. gynecocracy (jin-e-kok'ra-si), n. fe- male rule or supremacy. Also gyne- ocracy. gynecology (jin-e-kol'6-ji), n. that branch of medical science which treats of the functions and diseases of women. gyneolatry ('ol'a-tri), n. excessive homage paid to women. gyno, prefix meaning ovary or pistil, occurring in various botanical t arms, as gynophore, the long stalk upon which some ovaria are situated, as in the passion flower. gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of lime; plaster of paris. Gypsy, same as Gipsy. gyral (ji'ral), adj. rotatory; whirl- ing. gyrate ('rat), v.i. to revolve round a central point; rotate; wheel. gyratory ('ra-to-ri), adj. revolving in a circle. gyre (jir), n. a fetter for the legs: v.t. to fetter. gyro, a prefix in various scientific words meaning a circle, round. gyro-compass (ji'ro-kom'pas), n a compass operated by a gyroscope and uninfluenced by the earth's magnetism. gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), n. an instru- ment for demonstrating the laws of rotation. gyroscope-railway (ji'ro-skop-ral'- wa), n. a railway with a single rail, on which the cars are kept upright b) r two gyroscopes whirling in opposite directions. gyrostat (-stat), .n. an instrument for demonstrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. H H, eighth letter in the English alpha- bet; symbol in chemistry for Hy- drogen. habeas corpus (ha/be-as kor'pus, Latin have the body), a writ to pro- duce a prisoner at a stated time and place to declare the cause of his de- tention. haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. a dealer in small wares, as ribbons, lace, tapes, needles, &c. haberdashery (-i), n. the wares sold by a haberdasher; a haber- dasher's shop. habergeon ('er-jun), n. a coat of mail covering the neck and breast. habiliment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. an article of clothing: pi. dress. habilitate ('i-tat), v.i. to become qualified. habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of conduct; general condition or tend- ency; disposition; established cus- tom; dress; a woman's riding-dress; the distinctive dress worn by mem- bers of a religious order: v.t. to dress; furnish with a habit. habitable ('it-a-bl), adj. fit to be dwelt in. habitant ('it-ant), n. a dweller; per- manent resident ; a farmer of French descent, in Canada and Louisiana. habitat ('i-tat), n. the natural lo- cality of animals, plants, &c, in their wild state; geographical range. habitation (-i-ta'shun), n. residence or place of abode; natural locality; a Primrose League lodge. habited ('i-ted), p.adj. wearing a habit or dress. habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed or acquired by use; customary; in- veterate. habituate ('u-at), v.t. to make fa- miliar by use or custom; familiarize. habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- tomary manner or mode ; f amiliarity. habitue (ha-bit'u-a), n. one who habitually frequents a place of amusement, &c. hacienda (a-the-en'd&, or has-i-en'- da), n. in Spanish America, a large plantation on which the owner is resident; an isolated farm; an es- tablishment for raising stock, farm produce, &c. hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly and into small pieces; injure by cutting; notch; let out for hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick on the shins at football; a carriage let out for hire; a hackney coach; a literary drudge; a drying frame for fish; a place where green bricks are dried; a feeding rack. hackamore, n. a halter. hackberry ('ber-ri), n. a large North American forest-tree, with an edible fruit. hackle (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb, as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; mangle in cutting: n. an implement with sharp spikes for cleansing flax or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- row feather in the neck of a cock, used for making artificial flies for angling; a feather fly for angling. hackman (hak'man), n. the driver of a hack or coach for hire. hackmatack ('ma-tak), n. the red American larch, or tamarack. hackney ('ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hack- neyed, p.pr. hackneying], to wear out by constant use; make common- place: adj. let out for hire; corn- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (351) HACKNEY-COACH 352 HALF-TONE mon or trite; n. a hackney-coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. hackney-coach (-koch), n. a li- censed carriage that plies for hire. had, p.t. of have. haddock ('ok), n. a sea-fish of the cod family. Hadean (ha-de'an), adj. pertaining to Hades. Hades ('dez), n. the abode and state of the dead. hading (had'ing), n. the deviation from the vertical of a vein or stra- tum; underlay. hadji (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan pilgrim who has been to Mecca, and therefore looked upon as a holy man. (Also Howadji). Haeckelism (hek'el-izm), n. theories of Ernst Hseckel, the German scientist; more particularly his the- ory that the embryo passes through successive stages that recapitulate the evolutionary history of its race. haema, a prefix meaning blood, occur- ring in many scientific words. Also haem, hsemat, hsemo, hemo. haemachrome (hem'a-krdm), n. the coloring matter of the blood. haemal (he'mal), adj. pertaining to the blood. haematemesis (-a-tem'e-sis), n. vom- iting of blood from the stomach. haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to the blood: n.pl. that branch of physiology that treats of the blood. haematoid (hem'a-toid), adj. blood- like. haft (haft), n. a handle of a tool or knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or handle. hag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- sitic in the bodies of other fish. haggard Card), adj. worn and anx- ious in appearance; lean and hollow- eyed. haggle ('1), v.i. to higgle. Hahnemanism (ha'ne-man-izm), n. the system in medicine called homoe- opathy, founded by Samuel Hahne- hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: v.U to pour down or out like hail; call to or salute. hairsplitting ('split-ing), adj. mak- ing oversubtle or very minute dis- tinctions, in reasoning or statement. hairspring ('spring), n. a very fine spring to regulate the balance wheel of a watch. hair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. a sec- ondary trigger of a gun. hairy ('i), adj. covered with, abound- ing in, or resembling, hair. hake (hak), n. an edible seafish al- lied to the cod. halation (ha-la'shun), n. a halo on a photographic plate. halberd (hal'berd), n. a mediaeval weapon consisting of a long staff to which an axe was affixed with a spear-like point. Also halbert. halcyon ('si-un), adj. pertaining to the kingfisher; peaceful; happy; calm: n. the kingfisher: from the fable that its hatching season was in calm weather. hale (hal), adj. sound bodily; healthy; hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- lence. half-and-half, n. a mixture of ale and. porter, or of old and new ale. halfback (haf'bak), n. one of the two positions in football, back of the main or rush line, between the quarter-back and full-back. half-blood ('blud), n. one whose parents are of different races; rela- tionship between persons who have one parent in common, half-breed ('bred), n. a person of mixed blood: as, in Indian half- breed. half-caste ('kast), n. a person of an East Indian parent on one side and of a European on the other. half-tone (haf'ton), n. a plate photo- engraved with the aid of a screen of netting, or the picture printed from such a plate. The half-tone process is very extensively used in illustrat- ing modern periodicals and books. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, rn?rge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HALIBUT 353 HAMSHACKLE halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large 'edible flat fish. halicore ('i-kor), n. the dugong. hall (hawl), n. a large room for the transaction of public business, entertainments, &c; a court of jus- tice; the first large room of a house; a manor-house; a college dining- room; the dinner served there; the public room of a corporation or guild; a minor college. hallelujah (hal-e-loo'ya), n. (He- brew, Praise ye Jehovah) an ascrip- tion of praise to God; a musical composition having as its theme such an ascription of praise: adj. singing, or containing, hallelujah. Also al- leluiah. halliard, same as halyard. hall-mark (hawl'mark), n. the offi- cial mark of the Goldsmiths' Compa- ny and other English assay offices, attesting the quality of the gold and silver articles on which it is im- pressed: hence a mark or proof of genuineness. halloo (ha-lo'), inter j. an exclama- tion to call attention to or cheer one; a shout to attract attention, or to cheer or urge on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. Also holloa. hallow (hal'o), v.t. to consecrate; devote to sacred purposes; revere. ( Halloween (-en'), n. the Eve of All Saints or All Hallows, Oct. 31. hallucination (hal-loo-si-na/shun), n. belief in something imaginary; de- lusion; error. halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light round the sun or moon, caused by refraction; a ring of light or nimbus. N haloid ('oid), adj. resembling salt. halt (hawlt), ri. the act of limping; a stop in marching: adj. crippled or lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- bious or hesitate; to stop in march- ins. halter ('er), n. one who halts; a rope for hanging criminals; a rope for leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put on, or secure with, a halter. halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two equal parts; fasten together, as tim- bers. . „ , . halved (half'ed), a. in golf, having equal scores; said of a hole which each side has made in the same number of strokes, or of a match that is tied. halves, pi. of half. halyard (hal'yard), n. a rope or tackle for hoisting a sail, flag, endecahedron, a solid figure having eleven plane faces. idecagon (hen-dek'a-gon), n. a dane figure having eleven sides and sleven angles. idecasyllable (-sil'a-bl), n. a etrical fine or verse of eleven syl- ables. na ('a), n. a tropical shrub from ie powdered leaves of which a cos- tetic paste is made: used in the last to dye the nails, hair, &c, a sddish-orange color. >at, a prefix meaning the liver. lso hepato, as hepatocele, hernia f the liver. iatic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertaining the liver. iepatocele. See under hepat. hepatogastric (h e-pat-6-gas'trik) , adj. pertaining to the liver and the stomach. hept, a prefix meaning seven. Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- cal instrument. heptaglot ('ta-glot), adj. written in seven languages. heptagon ('ta-gon), n. a plane figure having seven sides and seven angles. heptagonal (-tag'o-nal), adj. having seven sides or seven angles. heptahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid figure with seven sides. heptahexahedral (-heks-a-he'dral), adj. having seven ranges of faces one above the other, each range containing six faces. heptarchy ('tark-i), n. [pi. hep- tarchies (-iz) ], a government by seven rulers, especially the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in England. herald (her'ald), n. formerly an offi- cial who proclaimed peace and war, bore messages from a sovereign to a commander, superintended coro- nations and other public ceremonial functions, &c; an official whose duty it is to grant, record, and bla- zon arms, trace pedigrees, &c; a precursor: v.t. to introduce; pro- claim; usher in. heraldic (he-ral'dik), adj. pertaining to heralds or heraldry. heraldry (her'ald-ri) , n. the science that treats of armorial bearings, and of determining pedigrees, &c. herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a soft and succulent stem that, after flowering, withers away. herbaceous (-a'shus), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, or feed- ing upon, herbs. herbage ('aj), n. herbs collectively; grass; pasturage; the right of pas- ture on the lands of another. herbal ('al), adj. pertaining to herbs: n. a book descriptive of plants. herbarium (-ba'ri-um), n. [pi. her- baria (-&)], a systematic collection of dried plants for purposes of study; a building where such a collection is kept. herbivora (-biv'o-ra), n.pl. mam- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HERBIVOROUS 364 HEROIC VERSE mals that feed on herbs or vegeta- bles. herbivorous ('o-rus), adj. feeding on herbs. Herculean (-ku'le-an), adj. pertain- ing to Hercules, the hero of Grecian mythology, possessed of superhuman strength : hence of exceeding strength and power; huge; vast; very difficult. herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts or cattle feeding or driven together; crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to unite or associate, as beasts; crowd together. heredi table (he-red 'it-a-bl), adj. that may be inherited. Also heritable. hereditably (-bli), adv. by way of inheritance. hereditament (her-e-dit'a-ment), n. property inherited. hereditarily (he-red'i-ta-ri-li), adv. by way of inheritance. hereditary ('i-ta-ri), adj. passing from an ancestor to a descendant; transmitted from parent to offspring. heredity ('i-ti), n. the transmission of physical or mental characteris- tics or qualities from parent to off- spring; the tendency of an organism to reproduce the characteristics of the progenitor. heresy (her'e-si), n. [pi. heresies (-siz)], an opinion or doctrine at variance 'with fundamental truths commonly received as orthodox, es- pecially if leading to division. heretic ('e-tik), n. one who holds, or maintains, heretical opinions. heretical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, heresy; sub- versive of, or contrary to, orthodox belief. heritable, same as hereditable. heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that passes from an ancestor to a de- scendant; a birthright or irherit- ance; the people of God. hermaphrodite (her-maf'ro-dit), adj. having the sexual characteristics of both male and female in the same inclividual: n. an animal with both the male and female sexual organs; a plant having stamens and pistils in the same floral envelope; a brig square-rigged forward and schooner- rigged aft. hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks), n. the science of explaining and in- terpreting. hermetic (her-met'ik), adj. perfect- ly closed and air-tight. Also her- metical. hermit ('mit), n. one who retires from society and lives in solitude, especially for devotional contempla- tion; an anchorite. hermitage (-aj), n. the abode of a hermit; a variety of red and white French wine. hermit-crab ('krab), n. one of a genus of crabs that live in the empty shells of univalve mollusks. hermitical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit; solitary. hern (hern), n. the heron. Also hernshaw. hernani (her-na'ni), n. a woolen or silk dress fabric. hernia ('ni-a), n. a protrusion of some part of the intestine, or of some other internal organ; rupture. hernial ('ni-al), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, hernia. herniotomy (-ni-ot'6-mi), n. the operation of cutting for strangu- lated hernia. hernshaw. See hern. hero (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes ('roz) ], a demigod; a man of distinguished courage, moral or physical; the chief character in a play, novel, poem, &c. heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the qualities of a hero; producing he- roes; larger than life; venturesome; drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- travagant or boastful language. heroic age (aj), n. the age in which the demigods or heroes of Greek antiquity are fabled to have lived. heroic verse (vers), n. epic poetry; the hexameter verse in Greek and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. HEROINE 365 HEXAMETER Latin poetry; in English, an iambic measure of ten syllables. heroine (her'o-in), n. a female hero; the female character in a play, novel, &c. heroism (her'o-izm), n. the qualities of a hero. heron ('un), n. a wading bird with a long neck and long legs. herperto, a prefix meaning lizard. herpes (her'pez), n. a skin disease, characterized by small clusters of vesicles on inflamed surfaces. herpetology (her-pe-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology that treats of rep- tiles and amphibians. Herr (her) n. mister, or sir [Ger- man]. herring ('ing), n. an edible sea-fish moving in shoals. herring-bone (-bon), n. & kind of cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work in such a stitch. Herschel (her'shel), n. the planet Uranus. herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the form of a narrow set with spikes. hesitancy (hez'i-tan-si), n. hesita- tion; suspense. hesitate ('i-tat), v.i. to be in sus- pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- late; stammer. Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, especially Venus. Also Hesperus. Hesper ides ('i-dez), n.pl. in Grecian mythology, the four daughters of Nox (Night) and granddaughters of Hesperus, who guarded the golden apples given by Gaia to Hera on her marriage with Zeus (Jupi- ter); the garden containing the golden apples protected by an en- chanted dragon. Hesperus. Same as Hesper. Hessian _ (hesh'an), adj. pertaining to Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- ants; a venal politician: pi. top- boots with tassels in front. Hessian-fly (-fli), n. a small fly the larvse of which are very destructive to corn crops. hest (hest), n. a behest; command. hetaerism (he-te'rizm), n. open con- cubinage; a system of communal marriage among certain tribes. hetero a prefix meaning another, ab- normal, different, unequal. Also heter, as heterocercal, having the upper lobe of the tail longer than the lower lobe: said of certain fish. heterodox ('er-o-doks), adj. deviat- ing from an accepted doctrine or standard of faith, &c; heretical: opposed to orthodox. heterogeneity _ (-je-ne'i-ti), n. dif- ference in kind; dissimilarity. heterogeneous (-o-j e'ne-us) , adj. opposite or dissimilar in character, quality, structure, &c, not homo- geneous. heterogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. the doctrine that certain organisms can produce offspring differing in struc- ture and habit from the parent, but reverting in subsequent generations to the original type. heterologous (-ol'o-gus), adj. ab- normal in type or structure; con- sisting of different elements, or of the same elements in varying pro- portions. heteromorphism (-mor'fizm) , n. deviation from the natural form or structure. heter onomous (-on'o-mus), adj. dif- fering from the normal type. heteroscopy (het-e-ros'ko-pi), n. dif- ference of vision in the two eyes, a very common defect. hexa a prefix meaning six. Also hex, as _ hexachord, a six-stringed musical instrument. hexad (heks'ad), n. a chemical ele- ment, atom, or radical that can be combined with, or replaced by, six atoms of hydrogen. hexagon ('a-gon), n. a plane figure having six angles and six sides. hexagonal (-al), adj. six-sided. hexahedron (-a-he'dron), n. [pi. hexahedra ('dra) ], a solid bounded by six plane faces. hexameter (-am'e-ter), n. in Greek and Latin verse, a line consisting ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEXAPOD 366 HIGH MASS of six feet, the last being usually a spondee. hexapod ('a-pod), n. an animal with six legs, as insects. hexiology (-i-ol'o-ji), n. the science of habits and environment. hiatus (hl-a/tus), n. a break; vacan- cy; gap; the concurrence of two vowels in two successive syllables. hibernaculum (-ber-nak'u-lum), n. [pi. -la], the winter quarters of a hibernating animal; the bud-scales ). of a winter bud. hibernal (-ber'nal), adj. wintry. hibernate ('ber-nat), v.i. to pass the winter in a state of torpor, as certain animals; to winter. Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-a), n. the name given by the Romans to Ireland, now mostly used in poetry and romantic writing. Hibernian ('ni-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Hibernia or Ireland. Hiberno-Celtic ('no-sel'tik), adj. pertaining to the Kelts of Ireland or their language: n. native Irish. Also Hiberno-Keltic. hiccough ('up), n. a short convulsive cough: v.i. to utter a short convul- sive cough. Also hiccup. hie jacet (ja/set), (Latin: here lies) an inscription on tombstones hickory ('o-ri), n. [pi. hickories -riz) ], an American nut-bearing tree of the genus Carya. hidalgo (hi-dal'go), n. in Spain, a nobleman of the lowest rank. Fern. hidalga. hidebound ('bound), adj. having the skin close or contracted; preju- diced; bigoted. hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; dreadful; horrible. hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a beating. hie (hi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to hasten. hierarch ('er-ark), n. the chief ruler of an ecclesiastical body; the leader of an angelic host ; in ancient Greece, an officer who had charge of votive offerings. hierarchism (-izm), n. church gov- ernment by a hierarchy. hierarchy (-i), n. [pi. hierarchies (-iz) ], the higher and lower clergy of a church; priesthood; rank of holy beings, as angels; in biology, a series of systematic groups. hieratic (-e-rat'ik), adj. pertaining to priests; sacred; consecrated. Also hieratical. hiero, a prefix meaning sacred, as hierophant, a priest who, in ancient Greece, initiated novices into the sacred mysteries. hieroglyphic (hi-er-o-glif'ik), n. a sacred character or symbol: pi. the picture writings of the ancient Egyptians, &c: adj. pertaining to hieroglyphics; emblematic. hierology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of hieroglyphics. higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- pute about trifles. higgledy-piggledy (-di-pig'1-di), adv. in confusion; topsy-turvy. high-church ('cherch), adj. attach- ing great importance to the prerog- ative and authority of the Church, its sacraments and priesthood. high-colored ('kul-erd), adj. having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed; vivid; exaggerated. highfalutin (-fa-lu'tin), adj. bom- bastic: n. bombastic speech. high-farming ('farm-ing), adj. using fertilizing manures extensively. high-flown ('flon), adj. elevated; proud; extravagant; inflated. high-handed ('hand'ed), adj. vio- lent; arbitrary. high- jinks ('jingks), n. sportive jol- lification. highland ('land), n. a mountainous region: pi. the mountainous dis- tricts of Scotland. high mass (mas), n. a mass, usually at the high altar, at which a dea- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, •book; hue, hut; think, then. HIGHNESS 367 HIRCINE con and a subdeacon assist the cele- brant. highness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being high; a title of honor applied to persons of princely rank (with a possessive pronoun). high priest (prest), n. a chief ptfiest, especially the principal priest of the Jewish hierarchy. highroad ('rod), n. a chief road; highway; an easy course or method. high-roller (hl-rol'er), n. one who lives extravagantly and luxuriously. highstrung ('strung), adj. strung to a high pitch; extremely sensitive. high-toned ('tond), adj. high pitched; high principled; fashionable. high water ('waw-ter), adj. pertain- ing to high tide. highway ('wa), n. a public road; a course or path. highwayman (-man), n. [pi. high- waymen (-men) ], one who robs on the public road. high wine (win), n. a distillage of wine; brandy containing a large percentage of alcohol. hike (hik), n. to tramp or march over a given course. hilarious (hi-la/ri-us), adj. merry; exhilarated. hilarity (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. hilarities (-tiz) ], noisy merriment. hilliness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing hilly. hillock ('ok), n. a small hill. hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of a sword. hinder (hind'er), adj. belonging to, or constituting, the back or rear of anything. hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or impede: v.i. to impose obstructions or impediments. hindermost (hind'er-most), adj. same as hindmost. hindmost (hind'most), adj. farthest from the front; in the extreme rear. Hindoo. Same as Hindu. hindrance (hin'drans), n. obstruc- tion. Hindu ('doo), n. a native of Hin- dustan belonging to the Aryan race; Brahman: adj. pertaining to the Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- doo. Hinduism (-izm), n. Brahmanism, more or less modified from the orig- inal cult. Hindustani (-sta'ne), n. the official and common language of India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook on which a door, &c, turn or swing; the joint of a bivalve shell; tha' on which anything ^ depends or turns: v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. hinny (hin'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hin- nied, p.pr. hinnying], to neigh: n. the offspring of a horse and a she ass. hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention casually: n. a suggestion; distant allusion. hipp, a prefix meaning horse. Also hippo, as hippoph&gy, the practice of eating horse-flesh. Hippocampus (-o-kam'pus), n. [pi. Hippocampi (-pi)], a genus of small osseous fishes, having the head and shoulders somewhat resembling that of a horse. hippodrome ('o-drom), n. an an- cient Greek race-course for eques- trian games and chariots; a circus; a fraudulent contest or race, the result of which has been previously arranged. hippogriff ('o-grif), n. a fabulous winged monster, half horse, half griffin. hippology (-ol'o-ji), n. the study of the horse, its structure, habits, &c. hippophagy (hip-pof'a-ji), n. the eat- ing of horse flesh. hippopotamus (-pot'a-mus), n. [pi. hippopotami (-mi), -muses (-ez)], a large pachydermatous aquatic ani- mal of Africa; the river-horse. hircine (her 'sin), adj. resembling a goat; smelling like a goat: n. an oily product with a foetid smell found in the fat of goats and sheep. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. HIRE 368 HOBNOB hire (hir), v.t. to engage for tem- porary service at a certain price; bribe; let or lease: n. recompense or consideration paid for the use of anything; wages; bribe. hireling (hir-ling), n. one who serves for hire: adj. mercenary. hirsute (her'sfit), adj. hairy; shaggy. Hispanic (his-pan'ik), adj. pertain- ing to Hispania or Spain. hispid ('pid), adj. bristly. hist (hist), inter j. silence! hark! histo, a prefix meaning tissue, as /Myography, a description of or- ganic tissues. histology (-tol'o-ji), n. the science of animal tissues; microscopic anat- omy. historian (-to'ri-an), n. a writer or student of history. historic (-tor'ik), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or celebrated in, his- tory; relating to the past. Also his- torical. historiette (-to-ri-ef), n. a short history. historiographer (-og'ra-fer), n. a writer of history, especially an offi- cial historian. history ('to-ri), n. [pi. histories (-riz)], a narration of facts and events arranged chronologically with their causes and effects; knowledge of facts. histrionic (-tri-on'ik), adj. pertain- ing to actors or the stage; theatri- cal; also historical: n.pl. the art of theatrical representation. hist r ion ism (-izm), n. stage repre- sentation ; affectation . hitch (hicn), n. a catch; that which acts like a catch; impediment; a pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to become entangled or caught; move by jerks; strike the feet together, as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull up with a jerk. hither (hi^'er), adv. to this place: adj. on the side nearest to the speaker. hive (hiv), n. an artificial receptacle or house for bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting a hive; a busy assem- blage or society: v.t. to gather or put into a hive; harbor: v.i. to live or take shelter together. hives (hivz), n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with age; ancient. hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure laid up secretly; an accumulation of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: v.i. to lay up store. hoar-frost (hor'frost) n. white par- ticles of frozen dew or moisture. hoarhound ('hound),* n. a white woolly aromatic herb. hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh in sound, as the voice when affected by a cold. hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, or delude, by a hoax. hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate ' on which things are placed to be kept warm; a sprite or fairy. hobble ('1), v.i. to walk with a limp or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- ward step. hobble-de-hoy (-de-hoi'), n. a lad between boyhood and manhood; an inexperienced, awkward youth. hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a skirt closely draped to the figure of the wearer; tightened by bands be- tween the ankles and knees, render- ing locomotion difficult. hobby (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies ('iz)], a favorite pursuit or object; an ambling nag; a hobby-horse; a kind of falcon. hobby-horse (-hors), n. a stick with a horse's head, across which children sit; a wooden or rocking-horse; a character in old morris dances. hobgoblin (-gob'lin), n. a goblin, sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- ful appearance: hence an alarming apparition. hobnail ('nal), n. a short thick nail with a large head : used for protect- ing the soles of heavy boots. hobnob ('nob), v.i. to drink famil- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue,. hut; think, then. I HOBO 369 HOLY SPIRIT iarly with; associate intimately to- gether. hobo (ho'bS), n. an idle itinerant workman; a tramp. hock (hok), n. the joint between the knee and the fetlock; the back part of the human knee-joint; any white Rhine wine; pawn. hockey ('i), n. an outdoor game played with a ball and clubs curved at one end. hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ho- cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or trick; to stupefy or render insensi- ble by means of drugged liquor in order to cheat or rob: n. a trick or juggle; drugged liquor. hocus-pocus (po'kus), n. a juggler's trick; a juggler. hodge-podge ('poj), n. a medley of ingredients, as in a hodge-podge pud- ding. hodman (hod'man) , n. a bricklayer's laborer; a hod-carrier. hogshead (z'hed), n. a measure of capacity = 523^ imperial gals, or 63 wine gals.; a large barrel or cask. hoiden (hoi'dn), n. a rude, rustic girl; romp: adj. inelegant; rustic; ill-mannered: v.i. to romp roughly or indelicately. Also hoyden. hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for lifting goods from a lower to a higher floor, &c; a lift. hoity-toity (hoi'ti-toi'ti), inter j. an exclamation of surprise, rebuke, &c. hoki ('ki), n. a New Zealand fish. hoky-poky (ho'ki-po'ki) , n. a com- mon kind of ice-cream sold in slabs. holdfast ('fast), w. a hook or sup- port: adj. tenacious. holding ('ing), n. anything held; tenure or right of possession; a farm held of a superior. holiday (hol'i-da), n. a day of gaiety and joy in celebration of some event, &c; a day of freedom from labor: adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; _ gay. holily (ho'li-li), adv. piously. holiness (li-nes), n. the state or quality of being holy; freedom from sin; moral and spiritual purity; sacredness; a title of the Pope. Holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached linen, glazed or unglazed: pi. a kind of gin. holloa (hol'o), v.i. to shout to one at a distance: n. a shout. hollow- ware (-war), n. cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, &c. holly ('ti)) n. a shrub or tree of the genus Ilex, with _ glossy, prickly leaves and red berries. hollyhock (hol'i-hok), n. a tall bien- nial plant of the mallow family with large flowers. holm (horn), n. an evergreen oak; low flat land by the side of a river; a small river island. holo, a prefix meaning whole, entire, as ftoZocryptic, undecipherable. holoblastic (hol-o-blas'tik) , adj. wholly germinal. holocaust ('o-kawst), n. a sacrifice wholly consumed by fire. holocryptic. See under holo. holograph ('o-graf), n. a document entirely in the handwriting of the author. holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- case usually carried at the saddle- bow. holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a bur- row or hiding place. holy (ho'li), adj. [comp. holier, su- perl. holiest], pure; morally and spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi-* nently good; pious; sacred; conse- crated. Holy Ghost. Same as Holy Spirit. Holy Land (land), n. Palestine. Holy of Holies (ho'li of ho'liz), n. the inmost > room of the tabernacle, containing the Ark of the Covenant. Only the High Priest was permitted to enter it, and only on the Day of Atonement. Holy Rood (rood), n. a cross or crucifix, especially one over the en- trance to the chancel. Holy Spirit (spir'it), n. God; the third person of the Trinity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOLYSTONE 370 HOMOSEXUAL holystone (-ston), n. a large flat piece of stone used for scouring the snip's decks: v.t. to scrub {a deck) with a holystone. homage (hom'aj), n. respect paid by external action; deference; rever- ence; the ceremony ^ by which a tenant or vassal promised fealty and service to his feudal lord. homalo, a prefix, meaning even, plane, as homaloid&l, flat; plane. homeopathic (ho-me-6-path'ik), adj. of or pertaining to homeopathy; extremely small in quantity. homeopathy (op'a-thi), n. the medi- cal system introduced by Hahne- mann (1755-1843), which seeks to cure diseases by the administration of medicines in minute quantities to produce in the patient symptoms similar to those the same medicine would produce in a healthy person. Homeridae (h5-mer'i-de), n.pl. the poetical descendants of Homer; the rhapsodists who recited the Homeric poems. home rule (hom rool), n. local self- government, especially that form of government for Ireland advocated by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish Party. homespun (hom 'spun), n. a coarse woolen cloth, formerly spun at home. homestead ('sted), n. a dwelling- -house with the adjacent land; orig- inal abode. homicidal (hom'i-sl-dal), adj. per- taining to, or having a tendency to, homicide. homicide ('i-sld), n. the killing of a human being; one who kills another. homiletic (-i-let'ik), adj. pertaining to homiletics. Also homiletical. homiletics ('iks), n.pl. that branch of theology which treats of ser- mons and their composition. homilist ('i-list), n. a preacher. homily ('i-li), n. [pi. homilies (-liz) ], a plain religious discourse or sermon. homing (hom'ing), adj. returning home: said of carrier pigeons. hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Indian-corn soaked so as to remove the hull, and then coarsely ground. homo, a prefix meaning like, same, similar, as Ziomocercal, lobed alike, as the tail of a mackerel. homocentric. Same as concentric. homodoxia (ho-m5-dok'si-a), adj. holding the same opinions. homoeopathy. Same as homeopathy. homogamy (h5-mog'a-mi), n. the assortive mating of animals or hu- man beings in the widest sense. homogeneity (ho-mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. similarity. homogeneous (-je'ne-us), adj. uni- form; composed of similar parts or elements. homogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. a mode of reproduction in which the off- spring of a higher organism passes through the same cycle of existence as the parent. homogenous (-mo j 'e-nus) , adj . of the same origin. Also homogenetic. homograph ('mo-graf), n. a word spelled the same way as another word, but having a different mean- ing, and derived from a different root, as grave, a tomb; grave, serious. homologous (-mol'o-gus), adj. iden- tical. homologue ('mo-log), n. the same organ or part in different animals, but varying in form and functions, as a hand, fin, &c. homology ('o-ji), n. affinity of struc- ture. homomorph ('mo-m6rf), n. a sim- ilar character or mark. homonym ('mo-nim), n. a word alike in sound, but differing in meaning, as pair, pare, pear. homophone (ho'mo-fon), n. a letter representing the same sound as an- other. homophonous (-mof'o-nus), adj. alike in sound, but differing in mean- ing. homosexual (ho'mo-sex'u-al), n. per- taining to the same sex. ate, arm, ask, at, awl,' me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOMOTYPE 371 HOPPER homotype ('mo-tfp), n. that part of an animal which corresponds to another part. hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. honest (on'est), adj. upright; just; sincere; honorable; equitable; fair; righteous; chaste; frank or open. honesty (-i), n. the quality of being honest. honeydew (-du), a saccharine secre- tion from the leaves of certain plants ; a sweet substance secreted by aphids; a variety of tobacco. honey-locust (-lo-kust), n. a large American tree of the bean family. honeymoon (-moon), n. the first month after marriage. honeysuckle (-suk'l), n. a climbing plant with fragrant flowers. honk (honk), inter j. the cry of wild geese in flight. honorarium (on-o-ra'ri-um), n. a fee paid to a professional man. honorary ('er-a-ri), adj. done, or conferred, as an honor. honor ('er), n. respectful regard; esteem; worship; reputation; ex- alted rank; fame; magnanimity; scorn of meanness; self-respect; chastity; an outward mark of high esteem; glory; a title used in ad- dressing certain officials; one of the four highest trump cards in whist: pi. in a university examination, the highest class: v.t. to treat with re- spect, deference, or civility; revere or worship; bestow marks of honor upon (with with); dignity; ac- knowledge; accept and pay when due. hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or covering for the head; a monk's, woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- ing-cover for a carriage; an orna- mental fold hanging down the back denoting a university degree; some- thing resembling a hood; a cowl: v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as with, a hood: suffix = state, con- dition, or quality, as manhood, hardihood. hoodlum (hood'lum), n. originally a Calif ornian rough or bully; a rowdy. hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or thing that causes ill-luck: v.t. to bring ill-luck upon. hoodwink (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- ceive; blindfold. hookah (hoo'kah), n. a pipe with a long flexible tube which draws the smoke through a vase containing water. Also hooka. hooked (hookt), p. adj. curved like a hook. hooker (hook'er), n. one who, or that which, hooks; a fishing-smack; a small Dutch vessel; any clumsy, ill-fitted, old craft. hook-worm (hook-werm), n. a parasite which enters the human body by the feet, and, by sucking the blood, produces inanition. hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a rowdy; a tough. hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal or wooden band to hold together the staves of a cask, &c; the band of a finger-ring; a kind of crinoline. hooping-cough. Same as whooping- cough. hoopoe (hoo'po), n. a bird with an erect crest and handsome plumage. hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout: v.t. to jeer or drive with contemptuous snouts: v.i. to utter a hoot. hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, in which the abdomen is distended. hope (hop), n. the desire of good accompanied by expectation: antic- ipation; confidence; the cfoject of hope: v.t. to expect with confidence or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire for good; trust confidently. hopper (hop'er), n. one who, or that which, hops; a name for various leaping insects; a wooden trough or funnel through which grain passes into a mill; mechanism in a piano for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- ket used in sowing grain; a hop- picker; the basin of a water-closet. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite/mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOPPET 372 HORTICULTURAL hoppet ('et), n. a hand-basket; a dish for measuring ore. hopple ('1), v.t. to hobble. hoppy ('i), adj. full of, or tasting like, hops. hopscotch ('skoch), n. a children's game, in which a flat stone is driven from one numbered compartment to another by the player while he hops. horal (ho'ral), adj. pertaining to, or lasting, an hour; hourly. Also horary. horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe or clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act together, in hordes. horehound. Same as hoarhound. horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular line where the sky and earth, or sea, appear to meet : m hence, the limit of one's mental vision. horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- lel to, or situated near, the horizon; level: opposed to vertical. hormone (hor'mon), n. the active principle of one of the internal secretions in the body, recently dis- covered to have great importance in controlling bodily functions. hornbill ('bil), n. a bird with a large horn-crested bill, allied to the kingfishers. hornblende ('blend), n. a dark- green or black-colored mineral with a horn-like cleavage. hornet (hor'net), n. a social wasp which inflicts a severe sting: hence a waspish, disagreeable person. horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- ance of the moon at her first and last quarter. hornpipe (h6rn'pip), n. a lively dance, especially by sailors; an ob- solete wind instrument. horny ('i), adj. like|horn. horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechan- ism, as a clock, &c, for marking the hours. horology (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the art of measuring time, or of constructing timepieces. horometer (ho-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring time. horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. a repre- sentation of the heavens at any time, especially at one's birth. horoscopy (ho-ros'ko-pi), n. the art of casting horoscopes and determin- ing the destiny of persons from them; a horoscope. horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bris- tling. horrible ('i-bl), adj. terriHe; dread- ful. horrid ('id), adj. dreadful; terrible; hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. horrific (-if 'ik) , adj. causing horror. horrify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- fied!, to fill or strike with horror. horripilation (-ip-i-la/shun), n. a shuddering sensation as of the hair standing on end, or goose-flesh. horror ('er) , n. excessive fear accompan- ied with shuddering; extreme dread; great disgust: pi. extreme depression; delirium tremens (with the). hors de combat (or de c6ng-ba'), prep. phr. out of the fight; dis- abled [French]. hors-d'oeuvre (-doovr'), n. a side dish [Wench]. horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. a chestnut tree bearing a nut resemb- ling the ordinary^ chestnut; grows to a considerable height; nut not edible. horse-laugh ('laf), n. a coarse noisy laugh. horse-power ('pou-er), n. the theo- retical unit of work of a steam- engine = 33,000 lbs. raised 1 ft. in 1 minute. horseradish ('rad-ish), n. a plant with a long root having an acrid pungent taste. horseshoe ('shoo), n. a U-shaped metal shoe to protect the hoof of a horse; anything U-shaped; the king crab. hortative (hor'ta-tiv), adj. inciting; giving exhortation. Also hortatory. hortensial (-ten'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or fitted for, a garden. horticultural (-ti-kul'tu-ral), adj. pertaining to horticulture. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 1 HORTICULTURE 373 HOURI horticulture (-ti-kul'tur), n. the art of cultivating gardens. horticulturist (-ist) , n. one who is skilled in horticulture. hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an excla- mation of praise and glory to God. hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for the legs; stockings; flexible tub- ing for conveying water, &c. hosier ('zher), n. one who deals in hosiery. hosiery (-i), n. stockings, undercloth- ing, &c; a manufactory for such goods. hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- vent for the reception and enter- tainment of travelers. hospitable ('pit-a-bl), adj. receiv- ing and entertaining friends or strangers. hospital ('pi-tal), n. an institution for the medical treatment and care of the sick. hospitality ('i-ti), n. [pi. hospital- ities (-tiz) ], the practice of enter- taining friends and strangers with kindness and liberality. host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; army; one who entertains another in public or private; a landlord of a hotel or inn; an organism on which another is parasitic; the con- secrated bread or wafer of the Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran Churches. hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who remains in the hands of another as a pledge for the fulfillment of cer- tain conditions; a pledge. hostel ('tel), n. a hostelry; at Ox- ford and Cambridge, a small unen- dowed college. hostelry (-ri), n. an inn or lodging- house. hostess (host'es), n. a female host. hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- nant: n. a hostile Indian. hostility (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. hostilities (-tiz) ], the state of being hostile; antagonism; enmity; animosity: pi. acts of warfare. hostler ('ler), n. one who takes charge of horses at an inn. Also ostler. hotbed ('bed), n. a bed of earth cov- ered with glass and made warm by the fermentation of manure, for rearing plants. hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- ture of various ingredients; a thick broth of meat and vegetables [Scotch]; a commixture of property for division. hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or lodging-house. hothead (hot'hed), n. one easily aroused to anger; one choleric and high-tempered. hothouse (hot'hous), n. a glazed] building artificially heated for rear- ing tender plants; a drying-room. hot-mouthed ('mouth't), adj. head- strong. hotpress ('pres), v.t. to gloss paper or linen by passing it between heated rollers. hotspur (hot'sper), n. a man of hasty and precipitate valor: adj. hot-headed. Hottentot ('en-tot), n. one of an aboriginal South African race in Cape Colony; the language spoken by the Hottentots, characterized by a peculiar click. houdah. Same as howdah. hough. Same as hock. hound (hound), n. sl particular breed of hunting dog; a despicable, mean fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as with, hounds; incite; set upon. hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a day; 60 minutes; particular time: pi. life; in the Roman Catholic Church, prayers repeated at stated times during the day ; the book con- taining such devotional exercises. Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, god- desses of the hours and seasons. hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device for measuring time by running sand through a narrow neck of a glass vessel. houri (hou' or hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOUSE-BOAT 374 HUMANITARIAN ('riz) ], one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the Mohammedan paradise. house-boat ('bot), n. a covered boat fitted up as a river residence. household ('hold), n. a family liv- ing together: adj. domestic; pertain- ing to a family or home. housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of a horse. hovel (hovl), n. a mean habitation; hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a hovel. hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over or about; stand in suspense or ex- pectation; move about in a neigh- borhood. howdah (hou'da), n. a protected seat for riding on an elephant or camel. Also houdah. howel ('el), n. a •cooper's smoothing plane. howitzer ('itz-er), n. a short can- non, formerly used for throwing shells. howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of a dog or wolf; the cry of one in pain or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain or distress; roar, like the wind; cry down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a loud wailing tone. hoyden. Same as hoiden. huckaback ('a-bak), n. a rough kind of linen or cotton cloth: used for toweling. huckle ('1), n. the hip; a haunch. hucklebacked ('bakt), adj. round- shouldered. huckleberry (-ber-i), n. [pi. huckle- berries (-iz) ], the edible berry of any species of Gaylussacia; the whor- tleberry. huckster ('ster), n. one who retails small articles; a mean tricky fellow. huckstress ('stres), n. a female huckster. huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd to- gether in a disorderly manner; col- lect closely; place or perform in haste or disorder: v.i. to Come in a crowd or haste (with on, up, over): n. confusion; crowd. hue (hu), n. color tint; a shouting; clamor. hue and cry (krl), n. in law, the common process of pursuing a felon. huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; treat with insolence; bully; remove (a piece at checkers) when one's opponent fails to take with it: n. fit of petulance; sudden offense taken. huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. hugger-mugger (hug'er-mug'er), adj. secret; sloven: confused. Huguenot (hii'ge-not or no), n. a name formerly applied to French Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries. hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, especially if old or dismantled: pi. old dismasted ships formerly used as convict prisons (with the). hulking ('ing), n. unwieldy; bulky. hull (hul), n. outer covering, especial- ly of grain or nuts ; the body or frame of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or husk of; strike or pierce (the hull of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. to drift to and fro upon- the sea, like a ship without sails. hullabaloo (-a-ba-lo5'), n. uproar; noisy contention. human (hti'man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, man or man- kind; having the qualities of a man; not divine. humane (-man'), adj. having the feelings proper to man; benevolent; kind; compassionate; elevating. humanize ('man-iz), v.t. to render human; soften. humanism (-izm), n. culture derived from classical training; human na- ture. humanist (-ist), n. a student of the humanities; one versed in the knowl- edge of human nature. humanitarian (-i-ta'ri-an), n. a phi- lanthropist; an anti-Trinitarian; one who believes that the duty of man consists of acting rightly to others; a perfectionist: adj. philanthropic. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. HUMANITY 375 HUNGER-STRIKE humanity ('i-ti), n. [pi. humanities (-tiz) ], mankind; the state or qual- ity of being human or humane; phi- lanthropy; kindness; benevolence: pi. classical learning and literature. humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low estimate of one's self; modest; meek; submissive; lowly; mean; obscure: v.t. to make submissive; subdue; bring low; mortify; hu- miliate. humble-bee (-be), n. a bumble-bee. humble-pie (-pi), n. a pie made of the humbles, or entrails, of a deer. humbles ('biz), n.pl. entrails, es- pecially of a deer. humbug ('bug), n. a fraud or impo- sition under fair pretenses ; sham ; a plausible deceiver; a spirit of trick- ery or deception: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbugging], to cheat or impose upon; hoax. humdrum ('drum), adj. dull; mo- notonous; commonplace. humeral (hu'mer-al), adj. pertaining to the shoulder. humero, a prejix meaning shoulder. humerus ('mer-us), n. [pi. humeri (-ri) ], the arm from the shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylindrical bone of that part. humhum (hum'hum), n. a coarse In- dian cotton cloth. humid (hu'mid), adj. damp; moist. humidity ('i-ti), n. dampness; mois- ture. humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a chest or jar to keep cigars or tobacco in a moist condition; generally supplied with a sponge or cloth to be damp- ened for that purpose. humiliate (-mn"i-at), v.t. to humble; abase. humiliation (-a/shun), n. the act of humiliating; the state of being hu- miliated; mortification; abasement. humility (-mil 'i-ti), n. [pi. humili- ties (-tiz)], the state or quality of being humble; modesty; self-abase- ment. humming-bird ('ing-berd), n. a very small bird of the family Tro- chilidse, with brilliant metallic plu- mage. hummock ('ok), n. a large mass of floating ice; a hillock or mound. humor (hti' or u'mer), n. wit; merri- ment ; the tendency to look at things from the mirthful or incongruous side; caprice; proud conceit; temper; petulance; peevishness; moisture of the body and eye; disease: v.t. to indulge; yield to a particular desire of. humorist (-ist), n. one who gratifies his own humor; a droll person; one whose writing or conversation is characterized by humor. humorous (-us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, humor; comical; di- verting. humorsome (-sum), adj. character- ized by humor; laughable; capri- cious. hump (hump), n. a protuberance on the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- ert (one's self). humpty-dumpty ('ti-dump'ti), adj. characterized by short limbs and a round body. humus ('mus), n. vegetable mold. Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient Tartar race, which in the 5th cen- tury, A. D., overran and devastated Europe. hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to push with the fist or elbow; push with a sudden jerk. hunch-back (hunch'bak), n. one with a hump on his back between his shoulders, generally dwarfed in size. hundredweight ('dred-wat), n. the l-20th part of a ton. Hungarian (hung-ga'ri-an), adj. per- taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, or language. hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of appetite; pain or uneasiness caused by want of food; strong desire: v.i. to feel the pain of hunger; to have a longing or earnest desire. hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik), n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HUNGRILY 376 HUSTLE the refusal of imprisoned militant suffragettes to take food. hungrily ('gri-li), adj. in a hungry manner. hungry ('gri), adj. [comp. hungrier, superl. hungriest], having a keen appetite; feeling pain or uneasiness for want of food 5 emaciated; eager- ly desirous; unfertile: said of land. hunk (hungk), n. a lump or large piece. hunky ('i), adj. well done; in good trim. hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue, or chase, as game or wild animals; follow closely; search after: v.i. to follow the chase: n. pursuit of game or wild animals; pack of hounds; an association of huntsmen; district hunted over by hounds; a search. hunting-box (-boks), n. a tempo- rary residence while hunting. hunting-watch (woch), n. a watch having its face protected with a metal cover. huntress ('res), n. a female hunter. huntsman ('z-man), n. {pi. hunts- men ('men)], a hunter; one who has the management of a pack of hounds. hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence of osiers or branches; a fence to be leaped over in steeplechasing; a rude frame on which criminals were formerly dragged to execution: v.t. to cover or inclose with hurdles. hurdy-gurdy ('di-ger'di), n. a string- ed instrument somewhat resembling a violin, played by a wheel ; a barrel organ; a miner's camp. hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- hemence: n. the act of throwing. hurly-burly (her'li-ber'li), n. tu- mult; great commotion. hurrah _(hoo-ra'), inter j. a shout of joy, triumph, ^applause, &c: v.i. to utter such a shout in applause, &c. Also hurra. hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of extreme violence characterized by fitful changes of the wind. hurricane-deck (-dek), n. the bridge- deck of a steamship; the upper deck of a river steamer. hurried ('id), p. adj. exhibiting, or characterized by, haste; hasty. hurry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to act or move with haste: n. haste; urgency; precipitation; confusion; a coaling stage for loading vessels. hurry-scurry (-skur'i), n. confused bustle. hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violently; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash in collision. hurtleberry. Same as whortleberry. husband (huz'band), n. a married man: v.t. to manage or use with economy. husbandman (-man), n. [pi. hus- bandmen (-men)], a tiller of the soil; farmer. husbandry (-ri), n. agriculture; fru- gality. hush (hush), interj. be still! silence! adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. to remove husks from. huskily ('ki-li), adj. hoarsely. husking-bee ('ing-be), n. a social gathering to assist in husking corn. husky ('ki), adj. [comp. huskier, superl. huskiest], consisting of, or like, husks; worthless; rough or hoarse: said of the voice: n. an American Indian sledge-dog. hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed cavalry soldier. hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies ('iz)], a fast girl; worthless woman. hustings (hust'ings), n.pl. a court held in the Guildhall before the Lord Mayor, Recorder and sheriffs of London; formerly the stand from which Parliamentary candidates, when nominated, addressed the elec- tors. hustle (hus'l), v.t. to push roughly; jostle; mob; shake together in con- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HUTCH 377 HYDRODYNAMIC fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- rity. hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; a coop or pen; a mining trough for washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash (ore) in a hutch. huzzah. Same as hurrah. hyacinth (hia-sinth), n. a handsome bulbous flowering plant of the genus Hyacinthus; a variety of zircon, used as a jewel. hyacinthine ('in), adj. pertaining to the hyacinth; like Hyacinthus, the handsome youth beloved by Apollo and transformed into the hyacinth: hence handsome; beautiful. Hyades ('a-dez), n.pl. the five stars in the face of the constellation Tau- rus, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. Also Hyads. hyaena (hi-e'na), n. same as hyena. hyal, a prefix meaning glass, as hyal- ine, like glass: also hyalo: hyalo- graphy, the art of writing or en- graving upon glass. hyaline (hl'a-lin), adj. glassy; trans- parent. hybrid (hi'brid), n. a mongrel; an animal or plant produced by inter- breeding different species or varie- ties; a compound word the elements of which are derived from different languages. hybridize (-iz), v.t. to cause to in- terbreed and thus produce hybrids. hydatoid ('da-toid), adj. watery: n. the membrane around the aqueous humor of the eye; the aqueous hu- mor itself. hydr, a prefix meaning water, also the presence of hydrogen. Also hydro, as hydr&cid, an acid contain- ing hydrogen but no oxygen; hydro- pathy, the cure of disease by water treatment, externally or internally. Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- thology, the water serpent with nine heads slain by Hercules; each of these on being cut off became two: hence any evil which, when grappled with, appears to intensify; a genus of fresh-water polyps which multi- ply on division. hydracid. See under hydr. Hydrangea (-dran'je-a), n. sl genus of shrubs of the saxifrage family with showy flowers. hydrant ('drant), n. a plug with a valve connected with a water main for extinguishing fires. hydrate ('drat), n. a chemical com- pound containing a definite quantity of water: v.t. to combine with water to form a hydrate. hydraulic (-draw'lik), adj. pertain- ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the science of liquids in motion and the application of the forces which in- fluence the motions of water for practical purposes, as raising water, &c. hydric ('drik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen in combina- tion; pertaining to water. hydride ('drid), n a chemical com- bination of hydrogen with another element. hydr iodic (-dri-od'ik), adj. composed of hydrogen and iodine. hydro. See hydr. hydroaeroplane (hi'dro-a-er'o-plan) , n. an aeroplane with a boat-like body or with floats enabling it to alight on the water. hydrocarbons (-kar'bonz), n.pl. a general name for bitumens, mineral resins, and fats which are composed of hydrogen and carbon. hydrocele ('dro-sel), n. dropsy of the scrotum. hydrocephalus (-sef'a-lus), n. dropsy of the brain. hydrochloric ('rik), adj. composed of hydrogen and chlorine. hydrocyanic (-si-an'ik), adj. com- posed of hydrogen and cyanogen. hydrocyanic acid (as 'id), n. prussic acid. hydrodynamic (-di-nam'ik), adj. per" taining to, or derived from, the pressure of water: n.pl. the science that treats of water pressure. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HYDROFLUORIC 378 HYP hydrofluoric (-fiu-or'ik), adj. com- hydrothermal (-ther'mal), adj. per- posed of hydrogen and fluorine. taining to the action of hot water. hydrofluoric acid (as'id), n. a vola- hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned, tile fuming acid used in etching wolf-like carnivorous quadruped. glass. hyetal ('et-al), adj. pertaining to hydrogen ('dro-jen), n. a colorless, rain, or rainfall. gaseous, inflammable substance, hyetograph (-o-gr&f), n. a chart which liquefies under great pressure, showing the rainfall over various and is the lightest element yet areas. known: when combined with oxygen hyetology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch it produces water. Hydrogen is the of meteorology treating of rainfall, standard unit for the estimation of its distribution, representation on atomic weights and volumes. charts, &c. hydrography (-drog'ra-fi), n. the art Hygeian (-je'an), adj. pertaining to of measuring and mapping the water Hygeia, the goddess of health. surface of the earth, as oceans, lakes, hygiene ('jen), n. the science of coast-lines, &c.,'with relative data as health, its preservation, and the laws to their depth, tides, beds, &c. of sanitation. hydrokinetics (-dro-ki-net'iks), n.pl. hygienic (-ji-en'ik), adj. pertaining that branch of physics which treats to hygiene. of fluids in motion. # hygiology (-ji-ol'o-ji), n. the science hydrology (-drol'o-ji), n. the science of hygiene; a treatise on hygiene. of water, its property, laws, phe- hygro, a prefix meaning moist, wet, nomena, &c. as hygrometer, an instrument for hydrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an in- measuring the amount of moisture strument for determining the specific contained in the atmosphere. gravity, strength, &c, of fluids. hygrometer (hi-grom'e-ter). See un- hydropathy. See under hydr. der hygro. hydrophane ('dro-fan), n. an opaque hygrometry (-grom'e-tri), n. that variety of opal which when wet be- branch of physics that treats of the comes translucent. moisture of the atmosphere. hydrophobia (-fo'bi-a), n. a disease hygroscope ('gro-skop), n. an appa- caused by the virus from the saliva ratus for indicating atmospheric of a mad dog accompanied by con- moisture. vulsions and unnatural dread of hymen ('men), n. marriage, from Hy- water. men, the Grecian god of marriage; hydroplane ('dro-plan), n. an at- , the virginal membrane. tachment to a boat, lessening fric- hymeneal (-eal), p.adj. pertaining tion, causing it to glide when , to marriage; nuptial. speeded. hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- u j *. * ca„- c4- ^ „ „~™,.„ sive of praise or adoration: v.t. to hydrostat ('dro-stat), n. an appara- • hvT £ nq to . adorp or nraisp bv tus for the prevention of boiler ex- |vmns plosions; an electrical contrivance ^ ' . for indicating the leakage or over- hymnal ( nal), n. a collection of flow of water. hymns for public worship. hydrostatic (-stat'ik), adj. pertaining hymnology (-nol'o-ji), n. the study to hydrestatics: n.pl. that branch of hymns, their origin, use, lore, &c. of physics that treats of the pres- hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the sure and equilibrium of fluids. Greek letter Y, v : n. a U-shaped hydrotherapy (-ther'a-pi), n. treat- bone supporting the tongue. mentof disease by water; water-cure. hyp. See hypo. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HYPER 379 HYSTEROTOMY hyper, a prefix meaning over, beyond, excess, and in chemistry highest. hyperbola (-per'bo-la), n. a curve formed by the section of a cone when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. hyperbole ('bo-le), n. a figure of speech which expresses more or less than the truth. hyperbolic (-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to or containing, hyperbole; exag- gerated; pertaining to, or of the nature of, a hyperbola. hyperborean (-bd're-an), adj. arctic. hyperdulia (-doo'li-a), n. veneration of the Virgin Mary. hyphen (hi'fen), n. a mark (-) join- ing two words or syllables: v.t. to join by such a mark. hypno, a prefix meaning sleep, as hypnosis, a hypnotic state or trance. hypnosis (hip-no 'sis). See hypno. hypnotic (hip-not'ik), adj. pertaining to, or producing hypnotism. hypnotize ('no-tiz), v.t. to produce, or subject to, hypnotism. hypnotism ('no-tism), n. a method . of inducing a trance-like sleep : a method of medical treatment by hypnotism. hypo, hyp, a prefix meaning under, beneath. hypoblast (hi'po-blast), n. the under layer of the blastoderm. hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a), n. a disease attended with extreme mel- ancholy, and anxiety respecting one's state of health. Also hypochondri- asis. hypocrisy (-ok'ri-si), n. a feigning to be what one is not; dissimulation; false profession. hypocrite ('o-krit), n. one who prac- tices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik), adj. in- serted under the skin: n. a medicine thus injected. hypogastric (hi-po-gas'trik), ajd. pertaining to the hypogastrium. hypogastrium ('tri-um), n. [pi. hypo- gastria (-a) ], the middle part of the lower region of the abdomen. hypostyle ('o-stll), n. a roof sup- ported by columns ; a covered colon- nade; pillared hall or court. hypotenuse (-pot'e-niis), n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite the right angle. Also hypothenuse. hypothesis (-poth'e-sis), n. [pi. hy- potheses (-sez) ], something assumed for the purpose of argument; a the- ory to explain some fact which may or may not prove to be true; suppo- sition; conjecture. hypothetic (-po-thet'ik), adj. based on hypothesis; conjectural. Also hypothetical. hypsi, a prefix meaning high, excep- tionally high, as %ps£brachycephal- ic: adj. having a high broad skull, as certain races. Also hypso. hypsometer (hip-som'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring altitudes by atmospheric pressure. hypsometry ('e-tri), n. the art of de- termining altitudes by atmospheric pressure. hyrax (hi'raks), n. a small hare-like mammal, the coney of the Bible. hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant with blue flowers; an unidentified plant mentioned in the Bible. hysteria (his-te'ri-a), n. a nervous affection of women characterized by choking sensations, paroxysms of laughter or weeping, and frequently simulating other diseases. hysterical (-ter'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- lently emotional. hysterics (his-ter'iks), n.pl. hysteria. hysteroid ('oid), adj. resembling hysteria. hysterotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the opera- tion of cutting out, or into, the womb. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. I I, the ninth letter of the alphabets of Western Europe. iambic (I-am'bik), adj. consisting of, or employing, iambics: n. an iam- bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse . iambus ('bus), n. a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, of which the first is short and the second is long (~0, or, in accentual versi- fication, a foot of two syllables, in which the stress accent falls on the second syllable. ibex ('beks), n. a genus of wild goats having very large recurved horns, the best known species of which is the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. ibis ('bis), n. a genus of large wad- ing birds, having a long, curved beak, of which the most notable spe- cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians. Ice Age (aj), n. the glacial epoch. iceberg ('berg), n. a large mass of ice detached from a glacier, and floating in the sea. ice boat (bot), n. a strong steam boat used to break a channel through ice ; a boat mounted on runners and propelled by sails on ice. ice-cream (is-krem'), n. cream, . sweetened and flavored, and frozen in a contrivance for the purpose. ice-floe ('flo), n. a small sheet of floating ice. ice-hockey (Is'hok'i), n. a game similar to field-hockey, but played on the ice. ice-pack ('pak), n. a field of broken and drifting ice, consisting of great masses packed together. ichneumon (ik-nti'mun), n. an ani- mal of the weasel kind, found in Egypt, where it was anciently wori shipped; it tracks out and devours the eggs of the crocodile . ichneumon-fly (-fli), n. an insect which lays its eggs in the bodies of other insects. ichnology (-nol'o-ji), n. that branch of science which treats of fossil foot- prints. ichor (i'kor), n. in classical mythol- ogy, the ethereal fluid which ran, in- stead of blood, in the veins of the gods; a thin, watery, acrid serum from an ulcer or wound. ichthyic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish-like. ichthyo, a prefix meaning a fish, as ichthyolite, a fossil fish; the impres- sion of a fossil fish. Also ichthy. ichthyography (ik-thi-og'ra-fi), n. a treatise on fishes. ichthyolite. See under ichthyo. ichthyology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology which treats of fishes, their structure, classification, &c. Ichthyosaurus (-saw'rus), n. a genus of huge fossil fish-lizards. ichthyosis (-o'sis), n. a disease in which the skin presents the form of hard dry scales and plates. icicle (i'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of ice formed by the freezing of drip- ping water. icily ('si-li), adv. in an icy manner; coldly. icing ('sing), n. a coating of concrete sugar. icon (i'kon), n. [pi. icons ('konz), icones ('kon-ez)j, in the Greek • Church, a sacred image or picture. Also eikon, ikon. icono, a prefix meaning image, as iconocl&sm, image breaking. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. (380) ICONOCLAST 381 IDIOPATHY iconoclast (i-kon'o-klast), n. an im- age breaker; one who attacks super- - stitions or shams. iconometer (i-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a measuring instrument to determine the actual position of unknown points from observation of two drawings or photographs. • icos, a prefix meaning twenty, as icos- ahedral, having twenty plane faces. icosahedron (-kos-a-he'dron), n. a solid bounded by twenty plane faces. ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in prosody and music, rhythmical or metrical accent or stress. idea (-de'a), n. a mental image or picture; a conception of what ought to be; an abstract principle; opin- ion; belief; plan. ideal (-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- nation only; visionary; conforming to a standard of perfection; per- fect: n. a mental conception, or an individual regarded as the standard of perfection. idealism (-izm), n. in art, the effort to realize, by elimination and com- bination, the highest type of any natural object; the doctrine that all our knowledge of objects is a knowl- edge of ideas. idealist (-ist), n. one who pursues the ideal; one who holds the doc- trine of idealism; a visionary. ideality ('i-ti), n. the quality of be- ing ideal; the faculty to form ideals.! idealize (-Iz), v.t. to make ideal; embody in an ideal form; represent (natural objects) so as to show their most important characteristics only: v.i. to form ideals. idem (i'dem), n. the same; used as a prefix in words defining similar ideas. identical (i-den'tik-al), adj. express- ing sameness; differing in no essen- tial point. identical note (not), n. a note in terms agreed upon by two or more powers, intended to influence anoth- er power. identifiable (-ti-fl'a-bl), adj. that may be identified. identify (-den'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, prove to be, or consider as, the same. identity ('ti-ti), n. essential or prac- tical sameness. ideograph (id'e-o-graf), n. a symbol, figure, or hieroglyph, not naming but suggesting the idea of an object. Also ideogram. ideographic ('ik), adj. representing ideas by symbols independently of sounds. Also ideographical. ideography (-e-og'ra-fi), n. the direct representation of ideas by symbols. ideology ('o-ji), n. the science of ideas; the system of philosophy which derives ideas exclusively from sensation. ideomotion (-6-mo'shun), n. uncon- scious muscular motion arising from a dominant idea. ides (Idz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman calendar, the eighth day after the nones — the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months. idio, a prefix meaning one's own, pe- culiar, as idiograph, a private or trade mark. idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. the state of be- ing an idiot; mental imbecility. Also idiotcy. idiogenesis (i-di-o-jen'e-sis), n. orig- inating spontaneously or without determinable cause. idiograph. See under idio. idiom ('i-um), n. a turn of expression peculiar to a language; the distinc- tive characteristics of a language. idiomatic (-o-mat'ik), adj. peculiar to a language; given to, or marked by, the use of idioms. Also idio- matical. idiometer (id-i-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument to determine the personal equation of a person using a tele- scope to note the precise time when a star crosses the meridian. idiopathy (-op'a-thi), n. an individ- 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. IDIOSOME 382 IGUANA ual or personal affection; a primary- disease not arising from another. idiosome (id'io-som), n. a theoreti- cal ultimate element of living mat- ter. idiosyncrasy (-i-6-sin'kra-si), n. [pi. idiosyncrasies (-siz) ], peculiarity of constitution or temperament: a characteristic peculiar to an indi- vidual. idiot ('i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; a foolish person. idiotic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. Also idiotical. idiotrophic (id'i-o-trof'ik), n. capable of selecting suitable nourishment: said of living cells. idle-wheel ('hwel), n. a wheel placed between two others to transfer motion without change of direction. idol (I-dol), n. an image of a divinity, employed as an object of worship; a person or thing loved to excess. idolater ('a-ter), n. an idol-wor- shipper; one who pays divine honors to images, &c; one who loves a per- son or thing to excess. idolatress ('a-tres), n. a female idolater. idolatrous ('a-trus), adj. pertaining to, or practicing, idolatry; marked by undue reverence or affection. idolatry ('a-tri), n. [pi. idolatries (-triz) ], the paying of Divine honors to idols, images, or any created ob- ject; the ascription of Divine pow- er to natural agencies; excessive ad- miration, veneration, or love for any person or thing. idolize (-iz), v.t. to make an idol of; love or admire to excess. idyl (I'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought pastoral poem; applied also to de- scriptive and narrative poems > of greater length; a description of sim- ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also idyll. idylist (I'dil-ist), n. a pastoral poet or painter. idyllic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of an idyl; pastoral. igneous ('ne-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling fire, or produced by fire. ignis fat u us ('nis-fat-ii'us), n. a me- teoric light seen to flit above the ground in marshy places, &c. ; a misleading influence. Popularly known as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'- Lantern, Corpse-candle. ignite ('nit), v.t. to set on fire; to make incandescent with heat; sub- ject to the action of intense heat: v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. igniter ('er), n. one who, or that which, ignites; a time exploder for igniting the powder of a torpedo. ignitible (ig-ni'ti-bl), adj. capable of being ignited; easily kindled. ignition (-nish'un), n. the act of ig- niting; the state of being ignited. ignition-box (ig-nish'on-boks), n. the explosion-chamber of an in- ternal combustion engine. ignoble (-no'bl), adj. of low birth or station; of mean character or qual- ity; of little value; characterizing a short-winged hawk, as distinguished from a long-winged falcon. ignominious (-no-min'i-us), adj. \ marked with ignominy or public dis- grace; shameful; deserving disgrace; despicable. ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. igno- minies (-iz) ], loss of one]s good name; public disgrace or dishonor; cause or source of disgrace. ignoramus (-ra/mus), n. an ignorant person, especially an ignorant pre- tender to knowledge. ignorance (-rans), n. the state of be- ing ignorant; want of knowledge. ignorant (-rant), adj. destitute of knowledge; uninstructed; illiterate. ignore (-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant of; treat as unknown; disregard; throw out as false or unsupported by sufficient evidence: said of a grand jury rejecting a bill. Igorrote (i'gor-ro'te), n. one of a tribe of head hunters in Luzon, Philippine Islands. iguana (i-gwa'na), n. a large trop- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. IL 383 IMAGERY ical American lizard, having a dew- lap under the throat. il, a prefix, another form of in when followed by I, meaning not, as ^lit- erate, uneducated. ileum (il'e-um), n. the lower part of the small intestine. Ilex (I'leks), n. a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs represented by the holly. iliac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to the ileum, or to the ilium, or flank bone. ilium (iri-um), n. the dorsal or up- per part of the hip-bone. illapse (-laps'), n. a gliding in or into, especially a divine influx; inspiration. illation (-la 'shun), n. an inference, deduction, or conclusion. illegal (il-le'gal), adj. contrary, to law; unlawful. illegible (il-lej'i-bl), adj. hard to read; not plain or clear. illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), adj. born cut of wedlock. illicit (-lis 'it), adj. not authorized or allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. illimitable (-lim'it-a-bl), adj. im- measurable; vast; infinite. illimitably (-bli), adv. without pos- sibility of being bounded. illision .(-lizh'un), n. the act of strik- ing into or against. illiteracy (-lit'er-a-si), n. ignorance of letters. illness ('nes), n. the condition of be- ing ill; disease; sickness. illude (-hid'), v.t. to mock; deceive; delude. illuminant (-lum'i-nant), adj. per- taining to illumination: n. anything which illuminates or affords light. illuminate ('i-nat), v.t. to give light to; decorate with lights, in token of rejoicing; enlighten; throw light upon; make plain; elucidate; adorn, as a manuscript, with miniature pic- tures in colors and gold: v.i. to dis- play lights in token of rejoicing. illumination (-na'shun), n. supply of light f the act of illuminating, or state of being illuminated, especially the festive decoration of houses or cities with lights : the art of illumin- ing books or manuscripts; a design in an illuminated work; intellectual light; inspiration. illuminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, gives light; one who illuminates books, manuscripts, &c; a condenser or reflector; an il- luminant. illusion ('zhun), n. deceptive ap- pearance; false show; hallucination. illusionist (-ist), n. one subject to illusion; a sleight-of-hand performer. illusive ('siv), adj. deceiving by il- lusion; deceptive; illusory. illusory ('so-ri), adj. causing illu- sion; fallacious; deceptive. illustrate (-us'trat), v.t. to make clear or intelligible; explain by ex- amples; elucidate by means of pic- tures, &c. illustration _ (-tra'shun), n. the act of illustrating; the state of being illustrated; that which illustrates; a comparison or example which ex- plains or corroborates; a picture designed to elucidate the text. illustrative ('tra-tiv), adj. tending to illustrate, elucidate, or exemplify. illustrator ('us-tra-ter), n. one who illustrates; one who exemplifies something in his own person; _ one who draws pictorial representations. illustrious ('tri-us), adj. distin- guished by luster or greatness; emi- nent; renowned; conferring luster or honor; glorious; famous; hon-. ored. im, a prefix representing in when fol- lowed by b, m, or p. image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any person or thing; a statue, effigy, or bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- ness; a mental picture, conception, or idea; an extended metaphor; the figure of an object formed by rays of light: v.t. to form, or reflect, an image of; represent to the mental vision; imagine. imagery ('aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries (-riz)], representation by images; ate, arm, ask, at, awl me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMAGINABLE 384 IMMEDIATE images collectively; figures in dis- course; forms of the fancy. imaginable (-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that may be imagined or conceived. imaginary ('i-na-ri), adj. existing only in imagination; unreal; Uto- pian. imagination (-na/shun), n. the im- age-forming power of the mind, or the power of the mind which modi- fies the conceptions, especially the higher forms of this power exercised in art and poetry, usually termed the plastic or creative power; a con- ception or idea; fanciful opinion; fancy; invention. imaginative ('i-na-tiv), adj. pro- ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- dowed with, imagination; inventive; fanciful. imagine (-aj'in), v.t. to form a men- tal picture of; produce by the im- agination; conceive; conjecture; think; suppose; v.i. to form a men- tal image; fancy; to surmise. imbecile (im'be-sil), adj. without strength, especially of mind; feeble- minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble mind. imbecility (-sil'i-ti), n. [pi. imbe- cilities (-tiz)], mental or physical weakness. imbibe ('bib), v.t. to drink in; ab- sorb, as if by drinking; receive or absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; absorb moisture. imbricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to lay in order, one lapping over another, like tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a gutter tile or pantile; overlapping like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or the leaf -buds of plants; decorated with a pattern resembling lapping tiles or scales. imbroglio (-bro'lyo), n. a confused mass of things; intricate and per- plexing state of affairs; misunder- standing; entanglement; strife; per- plexity; complicated plot. imbrue ('broo), v.t. to wet or mois- ten; soak; drench, especially in blood. imbue ('bu), v.t. to cause to absorb; tinge deeply; dye; to tincture deep- ly, as the mind with certain princi- ples. imi table ('i-ta-bl), adj. capable of, or worthy of, imitation. imitate ('i-tat), v.t. to produce a semblance of, in form, color, quali- ties, conduct, and the like; use as a model or pattern; to take example by; to counterfeit; copy. imitation (-ta'shun),- n. the act of imitating; that which is produced by imitating; the repetition of the same melodic theme or phrase, either in a different key, or in another voice or part: adj. made in imita- tion; not genuine. imitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. inclined to, or aiming at, imitation; formed after a model. imitator ('i-ta-ter), n. one who imi- tates. immaculate (-mak'u-lat), adj. with- out blemish; unspotted; undefiled; pure. Immanuel, another form of Em- manuel. immaterial (-ma-te'ri-al), adj. not consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- embodied, unimportant. immaterialism (-izm), n. idealism; spiritualism. immature (-ma-tur'), adj. not ripe; not fully grown or developed; not finished or perfected; crude. immaturity (-tur'i-ti), n. unripe- ness; incompleteness. immeasurability (-mezh-ur-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of not being meas- urable. immeasurable ('ur-a-bl), adj. not to be measured; immense; limitless; vast. immeasurableness (-nes), n. bound- less extent. immediate (-me'di-at), adj. directly related without an intervening me- dium; next; direct; approximate; instant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMMEMORIAL 385 IMMUNIFY immemorial (-me-mor'i-al), adj. ex- tending beyond the reach of mem- ory, record, or tradition: as imme- morial usage or custom. immense (-mens'), adj. immeasura- ble; boundless; vast; very great or large; very good or fine: n. infinite space; immensity. immensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. immensi- ties (-tiz) ], the character of being immense; immeasurableness ; infi- nite space; vastness in extent or bulk. immerge (-merj'), v.t. to plunge into or under anything, especially a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear by entering into any medium, as the moon into the shadow of the earth. immerse (-mers'), v.t. to plunge into or _ under anything, especially a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an occupation; baptize by immersion. immersed (-rnersf), p.adj. deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid; deeply occupied, engrossed, or involved; growing wholly under water: said of a plant. immersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of immersing; the state of being immersed; baptism by dipping the whole person into water. immigrant = ('i-grant), adi. passing or coming into, as a new habitat or place of residence: n. one who, or that which, immigrates. immigrate ('i-grat), v.i. to come into a new habitat or place of residence, especially to come into a country to settle. imminence ('i-nens), n. the condi- tion of being imminent; nearness; impending evil or danger. imminent ('i-nent), adj. threatening or about to fall or occur immediately : said especially of misfortune or peril. immixture (i-miks'tur), n. the action of mixing or combining, particularly with reference to social matters. immobility (-mo-bil'i-ti), n. fixed- * ness in place or state. immoderate (-mod'er-at), adj. not moderate; not confined to custom- ary or just or reasonable limits; extravagant ; intemperate . immodest (-mod'est), adj. forward; arrogant; wanting in the restraint required by decency; indelicate; un- chaste. immodesty (-mod'est-i), n. want of modesty, delicacy, or proper re- serve; arrogance; unchastity. immolate ('o-lat), v.t. to kill as a sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; make a sacrifice of. immoral (-mor'al), adj. contrary to the moral law, or to the public good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; un- principled. immorality (-mo-ral'i-ti), n. the quality of being immoral; an im- moral act or practice. immortal (-mor'tal), adj. not mortal or subject to death; imperishable; ever-living: n. one who is immor- tal; pi. the gods of classical my- thology. immortalize ('tal-Iz), v.t. to render immortal; bestow lasting fame upon. immortality (-tal'i-ti), n. exemption from death or oblivion; unending existence. immortelle (-mor-tel'), n. [pi. im- mortelles (telz') ], a plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color; an everlasting; a wreath made of everlastings. # immovability (-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. fixedness. immovable ('a-bl), adj. incapable of being moved; fixed; steadfast; un- changing; unfeeling: n.pl. land, or things fixed to, or running with, land, as trees, buildings. immune (-mun'), adj. exempt, as from a disease: n. one who is ex- empt from any particular disease by reason of having had it. immune serum (im-mun' se-rum), n. serum of an immunized animal that may be used as an antidote to a bacterial poison. immunify (i-mu'ni-fi), v.t. to make immune to a bacterial or other dis- ease or toxic condition. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMMUNITY 386 IMPEDIMENTA immunity (-mun'i-ti), n. [pi. im- munities (-tiz) ], exemption from any duty, office, or tax; freedom from natural or usual liability; spe- cial privilege (usually in pi.). immunize (-mun'iz), v.t. to render immune. immure (-mur'), v.t. to enclose with- in walls; shut up in prison^ confine. immutability (-mut-a-bil'i-ti), n. unchangeableness. immutable (-mut'a-bl), adj. un- changeable; invariable; unaltera- ble; permanent. imp (imp), n. a young, little, or in- ferior devil; a hobgoblin; sprite; a pert or mischievous child. impact (im'pakt), n. collision. impair (-par), v.t. to make worse; lessen in quantity, value, excellence, or strength: v.i. to become worse; deteriorate. impale (-pal'), v.t. to fix on a stake; put to death by spitting on a sharp stake fixed upright; surround, with or as with, a pale or palisade; in heraldry, to join (two coats of arms) on one shield, palewise. impalpable (-pal'pa-bl), adj. not to be perceived by touch; not material; incorporeal; not (readily) appre- hensible by the mind; intangible; unreal. impanel (-pan'el), v.t. to enter the names of (jurors) on a piece of parchment called a panel; summon to serve on a jury; draw from the panel and swear in. imparity (-par'i-ti), n. inequality; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, quantity, &c. ; want of correspondence. impart (-part'), v.t. to bestow a share or portion of; give; to communi- cate knowledge of; make known: v.i. to give a share. impartial (-par'shal), adj. free from partiality; equitable; fair; just; unprejudiced. impartiality (-shi-al'-i-ti), n. free- dom from bias; fairness. impartible ('ti-bl), adj. capable of being imparted or communicated; indivisible. impassable (-pas'a-bl), adj. not to be passed; not admitting passage; impervious. impassably (-bli), adv. in an impas- sable manner; in a manner inca- pable of suffering from external causes; exempt from harm or pain; not to be moved to passion, sym- pathy, or any sign of emotion. impassioned (-pash'und), p. adj. moved to strong feeling; animated; excited. impassive (-pas'iv), adj. apathetic. impatience (-pa'shens), n. the state of being impatient. impatient ('shent), adj. intolerant of pain, delay, opposition, control, or circumstances; exhibiting or ex- pressing impatience (with at) ; eager (with for) . • impawn (-pawn'), v.t. to put in pawn; deposit as security; pledge. impeach (-pech'), v.t. to call in question; accuse before a tribunal of official misconduct; challenge the credibility or validity of: as a wit- ness or a document. impeachment ('ment), n. the ar- raignment of a public officer for malfeasance in office; a discrediting or calling in question. impeccability (-pek-a-bil'i-ti), n. ex- emption from sin, error, or wrong- doing. impeccable (-pek'a-bl), adj. not lia- ble to sin; faultless. impecuniosity (-pe-ku-ni-os'i-ti), n. want of money; poverty. impecunious ('ni-us), adj. without money; poor. impede (-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- der. impediment (-ped'i-ment), n. that which impedes progress or activity; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. impedimenta (-ped-i-men'ta), n.pl. encumbrances; traveling equipage; baggage, especially military bag- gage; military supplies. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPEDIMENTAL 387 IMPERSONAL impedimental ('tal), adj. of the na- ture of an impediment; impeding. impel (-pel/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or urge forward or on; constrain to any kind of motion or action. impellent Cent), adj. having the quality of impelling: n. a motive or impelling power. impend (-pend'), v.i. to hang over; be ready to fall; be at hand. impendent ('ent), adj. impending. impending ('ing), p.adj. overhang- ing; suspended so as to menace; close at hand. impenetrability (-pen-e-tra-bil'i-ti) , n. incapability of being penetrated; that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time. impenetrable ('e-tra-bl), adj. not penetrable; not admitting entrance; having the property of being im- penetrable; impervious. impenitence (-pen'i-tens), n. the state of being impenitent; hardness of heart ; stubborn wickedness. Also impenitency. impenitent ('i-tent), adj. not con- trite; finally negligent of the duty of repentance; obdurate: n. one who finally neglects the duty of re- pentance; a hardened sinner. imperative (-per'a-tiv), adj. express- ing command; peremptory; obliga- tory: n. that mood of a verb that expresses command, entreaty, or exhortation. imperatively (-li), adv. perempto- rily. imperceptibility (-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being imperceptible. imperceptible (-sep'ti-bl), ad;', "that cannot be immediately perceived by the senses, or easily apprehended by the mind. imperfect ('fekt), adj. wanting in completeness, correctness, or excel- lence; wanting in some organ es- sential to normal activity; incom- plete; defective; faulty. imperfection (-fek'shun), n. incom.- pleteness; faultiness; a defect or blemish, physical, mental, or moral; failing. imperforate ('fo-rat), adj. having no perforations or pores. imperial (-pe'ri-al), adj. pertaining to an empire or emperor; fit or suit- able for one who wields supreme au- thority; of superior size or excel- lence; royal; sovereign: n. the top of a diligence or coach; a baggage-case on a traveling carriage; a size of paper, 30 m. x 22 in.; a tuft of hair left unshaven on the lower lip and chin (so called from Napoleon III., who set this fashion). imperialism (-izm), n. the system of imperial government; the policy of imperial federation; policy of territorial expansion. imperialist (-ist), n. one who fa- vors or upholds imperialism. imperialization (-i-za'shun), n. the establishment or extension of im- perial power. ; imperialize ('ri-al-iz), v.t. to invest with imperial character, style, or power; bring to the form of an em- pire. imperially ('ri-al-li), adv. in an im- perial manner. imperil (-per'il), v.t. to put in peril; endanger; jeopardize. imperious (-pe'ri-us), adj. domineer- ing, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- gent; imperative. imperishable (-per'ish-a-bl), adj. in- destructible; not subject to decay; permanently enduring. impermeability (-per-me-a-bil'i-ti), n. the property of being impermea- ble. impermeable ('me-a-bl), adj. not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance; impervious; impenetrable. impermeator ('me-a-ter), n. a con- trivance for uniformly supplying oil to the cylinder of a steam-engine. impersonal ('sun-al), adj. wanting personality or conscious individuali- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPERSONALITY 388 IMPLY ty; not referring to a particular person: n. an impersonal verb. impersonality ('i-ti), n. absence of personality. impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb used without a subject, or (in Eng- glish) with only the impersonal it. impersonate ('sun-at), v.t. to invest with personality; embody as a per- son; represent as a personality; to represent the person or character of, especially on the stage. impersonator (-a-ter), n. one who impersonates; an actor. impertinence ('tin-ens), n. that which is impertinent or irrelevant, as in speech or manners; a thing of no value; a trifle; forwardness; rudeness; in law, matter which is immaterial in substance. impertinent ('tin-ent), adj. non- pertinent; of no relation to the mat- ter in hand; not to the point; in- apposite; inapplicable; rude; un- civil, or offensive in behavior: n. one who interferes in things which do not concern him; a forward, ill- mannered person. imperturbability (-ter-ba-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being imperturba- ble. imperturbable ('ba-bl), adj. not easily disturbed, agitated, or dis- concerted; self-contained, cool, calm. impervious ('vi-us), adj. not to be passed through or penetrated; im- penetrable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance. impetuosity (-ii-os'i-ti), n. vehe- mence; violence; force. impetuous ('u-us), adj. rushing with force and violence; vehement in feeling; acting with sudden energy; precipitate. impetus ('pe-tus), n. the force with which any body is driven or im- pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- mentum. impiety (-pi 'i-ti), n. [pi. impieties (-tiz) ], want of piety; disregard of thd Supreme Being; ungodliness; an act of irreverence or wicked- ness; violation of natural duty to- ward others, as disobedience to parents. impinge (-pinj'), v.i. strike or dash; clash; come in collision (with on, upon, or against). impingent ('pin-jent), adj. imping- ing. impious ('pi-us), adj. irreligious; wicked; profane. impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mischievous character of an imp. implacability (-pla-ka-bil'i-ti), n. a state of irreconcilable enmity or un- appeasable anger. Also implacable- ness. implacable (-pla'ka-bl), adj. not to be pacified or appeased; constant in anger or enmity; relentless. implant (-plant'), v.t to infix for growth; cause to take root; ingraft. implead (-pled'), v.t. to sue or prose- cute; accuse; impeach. implement ^ ('ple-ment), n. that which supplies a want, or is a requi- site to an end, especially an instru- ment, tool, or utensil: pi. the tools and weapons of prehistoric man! implemental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, the use of implements. implicate ('pli-kat), v.t. to infold; involve; entangle; bring info con- nection with. implication (-ka'shun), n. entangle- ment; that which is implied; an inference not expressed but under- stood; deduction. implicit (-plis'it), adj. implied; rest- ing on implication or inference; trusting in the word or authority of another; submissive; blind; tacit; unreserved. implore (-plor'), v.t. to entreat (a person, or for a thing) earnestly, humbly, and importunately: v.i. to beg ; pray ; supplicate. imply (-pli'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p.^ im- plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by implication; mean or signify by fair inference; express indirectly; in- sinuate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPOLICY 389 IMPOTENT impolicy (-pol'i-si), n. the quality of being impolitic; want of policy; in- expediency. impolite (-po-lit'), adj. wanting in good manners; boorish; coarse. impolitic (-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary to good policy; unwise; injudicious; indiscreet. imponderable (-pon'der-a-bl), adj. not capable of being weighed; with- out (sensible) weight: n. a term applied to the hypothetical universal medium, ether. imporosity (-po-ros'i-ti), n. absence of pores; compactness. imporous (-po'rus), adj. without pores; solid. import (-port'), v.t. to bring into a country from abroad: opposed to ex- port; bring in from without, as ir- relevant matter into a discussion; bear in meaning; imply; signify; betoken; be of interest or conse- quence to; concern: v.i. to be of moment: n. (im'port) merchandise brought into a country from abroad (usually in pi.) ; meaning; purport; significance; importance. importance (-por'tans), n. the qual- ity of being important; high place in public estimation; high self-es- teem. important ('t&t), adj. of much im- port ^ or significance; momentous; bearing weight or consequence; of high standing; pompous. importation (-ta/shun), n. the act or practice of bringing merchandise into a country from aroad; that which is imported; one who, or that which, is recently introduced. importunate (-por'tu-nat), adj. per- sistent; unreasonable or troublesome in solicitation; not to be repulsed; urgent. importune (-por-tun'), v.t. to harass with perpetual petitions or de- mands: v.i. to beg persistently or urgently. importunity (-tu'ni-ti), n. [pi. im- portunities (-tiz) ], persistent so- licitation or demand; incessant in- sistence; urgency. impose (-poz'), v.t. to place upon: as, to impose the hands in confirma- tion or ordination; lay upon, as a burden, punishment, or charge; to palm off; lay (pages of type) on an imposing-stone or the bed of a press, and secure them in a chase: v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- tice deception (with upon). i imposing ('ing), p.adj. adapted to im- press forcibly ; commanding ; stately ; grand; impressive: n. in printing, the arrangement of pages or columns into forms. imposition (-po-zish'un), n. a laying upon, especially of hands in ordina- tion or confirmation; the fixing of a meaning upon the terms of a proposi- tion; that which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; an extra exercise im- posed on a student as a punishment," a trick, fraud, or deception; a duty formerly imposed at the pleasure of the British king on imports and exports. impossibility (-pos-i-1jil'i-ti) , n. char- acter of being impossible; that which cannot be, or be supposed to be, done. impossible (-pos'i-bl), adj. that can- not be done ; inconceivable. impost ('post), n. that which is im- posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty, especially a customs-duty lev- ied by government on imports; the top member of a pillar on which the arch rests. impostor (-pos'ter), n. one who im- poses upon others by an assumed character or false pretensions. imposture ('pos-tur), n. deception, especially that which is practiced under an assumed chaacter or by false pretensions. impotence ('po-tens), n. the state of being impotent in body or mind; feebleness; want of capacity; de- ficiency of means to achieve an end. impotent ('po-tent), adj. wanting in physical, intellectual, or moral ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPOUND 390 IMPRIMIS power; weak; deficient in capacity; lacking self-restraint. impound (-pound'), v.t. to shut up in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; confine; hold in the custody of a court. impoverish (-pov'er-ish), v.t. to make poor reduce to poverty; cause to deteriorate in quality or productive- ness. impoverishment (-ment), n. the act of impoverishing; the state of being impoverished; indigence; deteriora- tion. impraticability (-prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti),- n. the quality of being impractic- able. impracticable ('ti-ka-bl), adj. not to be effected by the means em- ployed, or at command; not easily dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- ble; intractable. imprecate ('pre-kat), v.t. to invoke, especially an evil or curse, upon; curse ; wish evil to. imprecatory ('pre-ka-to-ri), adj. in- voking evil or a curse. impregnability (-preg-na-biTi-ti), n. the quality of being unconquerable. impregnable ('na-bl), adj. not to be captured, as a fortress; not to be overcome, as virtue- impregnate (-preg'nat), v.t. to make pregnant; fecundate; fertilize; in- fuse an active principle, or the par- ticles of another substance, into; imbue; saturate. impresario (-pra-sa're-o), n. the manager of an opera or concert company; one who engages singers and brings them before the public. imprescriptible (-pre-skrip'ti-bl), adj. not founded on prescription; not to be alienated or lost by lapse of time; independent of external authority; inalienable; self -evidenc- ing. impress (-pres'), v.t. to mark, stamp, or print by pressure; to affect for- cibly, or stamp deeply on, the mind; to imprint; inculcate; compel to enter the public service as soldiers or sailors, especially to carry off forcibly to serve in the navy; seize for the public service, as money or provisions: n. (im'pres) a mark made by pressure; an image or fig- ure; a mark of distinction; char- acteristic; stamp; an impression or image fixed in the mind. impressibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being impressible. impressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being impressed; susceptible of im- pressions. impression (-presh'un), n. the mark made by a stamp or mold; style of character formed by external force or influence; the mark or stamp which is the result of external force or influence; an image in the mind caused by something external to it; the immediate effect produced upon the mind by a sensation, passion, or emotion; an indistinct or vague notion, remembrance, or belief; a copy taken by pressure from type; number of copies printed at once; edition. impressionable ('a-bl), adj. capable of receiving impressions; susceptible. impressional ('un-al), adj. pertain- ing to impressions. impressionism ('un-izm), n. the doctrine that natural objects should be painted — in literature described — so as to reproduce only their larger and more immediate effect or impressions, without selection or elaboration of details. impressionist ('un-ist), n. one who, in art or in literature, adheres to the theory of impressionism. impressive (-pres'iv), adj. capable of making impression. impressment (-pres'ment), n. the act of seizing for public use, or of compelling to enter the public serv- ice. imprimatur (im-pri-ma'ter), n. a license given to print; approval or sanction from authorized sources. imprimis (-pri'mis), adv. in the first place; a word introducing the first ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPRINT 391 IMPULSION of a series of particulars in an enumeration. imprint (-print'), v.i. to mark by pressure; to stamp, as letters and words on paper, by means of inked types; print; impress deeply, as on the mind or memory: n. (im 'print) an impression, impress, or mark left by something; the publisher's or printer's name, usually with time and place of issue, on the title-page or at the end of a book or other pub- lication. imprison (-priz'n), v.t. to put into a prison; detain in custody; re- strain or confine in any way; in- carcerate. imprisonment (-ment), n. state of being shut in, or as in, prison; con- finement. improbability (-prob-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. improbabilities (-tiz) J, unlike- lihood; an improbable' event. improbable ('a-bl), adj. unlikely; not to be expected. improbity (-prob'i-ti), n. want of probity or rectitude; dishonesty. impromptu (-promp'tu), adv. with- out preparation; offhand; extem- pore; adj. extemporaneous; thrown off on the spur of the moment: n. an extemporaneous speech or effort. improper (-prop'er), adj. not well adapted or suited to the purpose; not according to nature, usage, &c. ; erroneous; unseemly. improper fraction (frak'shun), n. a fraction whose numerator is equal to, or greater than, its denominator. impropriety (-pri'e-ti), n . [pi. im- proprieties (-tiz) 1, the quality of being improper ; unsuitableness; that which is improper in act, expres- sion, &c. improvable (-proov'a-bl), adj. capa- ble of being improved. improve (-proov'), v.t. to make bet- ter; turn to account ; intensify: v.i. to grow better. improvement ('ment), n. advance- ment of anything from good to bet- ter; profitable use or application of anything; that by which the value of anything, especially prop- erty, is advanced: pi. betterments. improver ('er), n. one who, or that which, improves. improvidence (-prov'i-dens), want of foresight or thrift. improvident ('i-dent), adj. lacking foresight or thrift; wanting care to provide for the future ; careless. improvisation (-i-sa'shun), n. the act of improvising; the act of com- posing poetry or music extempora- neously; an impromptu. improvisator ('i-sa-ter), n. an im- proviser. Also improvisatore. improvisatrice (-ve-za-tre'cha), n. a female improvisatore. improvise (-pro-viz'), v.t. to com- pose extemporaneously, especially verse or music; bring about on a sudden, or without previous prepa- ration; devise on the spur of the moment, or for a special occasion: v.i. to compose extemporaneously; do a thing in an offhand way. imprudence (-proo'dens), n. want of prudence; carelessness of conse- quences; inattention to one's in- terest. imprudent ('dent), adj. wanting prudence; not attentive to conse- quences or interest; indiscreet; in- judicious. impudence ('pu-dens), n. want of modesty; shamelessness; rudeness; forwardness. impudent ('pti-dent), adj. shame- less; immodest; offensively forward; intentionally disrespectful. impugn (-pun'), v.t. to attack by arguments; contradict; gainsay. impugnable ('a-bl), adj. that may be impugned or gainsaid. impulse ('puis), n. force communi- cated suddenly; the result of an impelling force; a mental force di- rectly urging to action ; a sudden de- termination not arising from reflec- tion. impulsion- (-pul'shun), n. the act of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPULSIVE 392 INCA impelling; the state of being im- pelled; instigation. impulsive ('siv), adj. having the power of impelling; actuated by, or resulting from, impulse; passion- ate; acting by momentary impulse, not continuously. impunity (-pun'i-ti), n. freedom from punishment, injury, or loss. impure (-pur'), adj. mixed with ex- traneous matter; unchaste; un- clean; dirty; not accurate or idio- matic: said of a language or style. impurity ('ti), n. [pi. impurities (-tiz) ], uncleanness; a physical or moral blemish. imputable (-put'a-bl), adj. that may be imputed, charged, or ascribed. imputation (-ta/shun), n. the act of imputing or charging; anything im- puted or charged, especially in the way of discredit; censure; reproach; insinuation; the doctrine that the sin of Adam is attributed to his posterity, and the righteousness of Christ to the believer. impute (-put'), v.t. to charge, at- tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; attribute (sin or righteousness) as derived from another. inadvertence (in-ad-vert'ens), n. want of attention; oversight; mis- take. Also inadvertency. inadvertent Cent), adj. inatten- tive; heedless; careless; uncon- scious. inalienability (-al-yen-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being inalienable. inalienable (-a-bl), adj. that cannot, or should not, be alienated, surren- dered, or transferred to another. inamorata (-a-mo-ra'ta), n. a wom- an with whom one is in love; sweet- heart; mistress [Italian]. inamorato ('to), n. a man who is in love; a lover [Italian]. inane (-an'), adj. empty; void; senseless; silly; pointless; frivo- lous: n. infinite void; space. inanimate (in-an'i-mat), adj. not animate or animated; dead; spirit- less; lifeless. inanition (-a-nish'un), n. empti- ness; exhaustion from lack of nour- ishment. inanity (-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities (-tiz)], emptiness; mental vacuity; frivolity: pi. vanities. inappreciable (-pre'shi-a-bl), adj. not to be appreciated or estimated; of no consequence. inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by uniting (a scion) to a stock without separating the scion from its parent tree. inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat) , adj. not uttered with intelligible distinctness; incapable of speech; not articulated; not jointed, segmented, or valved. inaugural (-aw'gti-ral), adj. pertain- ing to an inauguration: n. an inau- gural address. inaugurate ('gu-rat), v.t. to induct into office with appropriate cere- monies; mvest with office in a for- mal manner; consecrate; make a formal beginning of; initiate, as a new policy; celebrate the first pub- lic use of by some opening cere- mony;, dedicate, as a public building. inaugurator (-rat-er), n. one who inaugurates, or initiates. inauguratory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to inauguration. inauguratrix (-triks), n. a female who inaugurates. inauspicious (-spish'us), adj. ill- omened; unlucky; unfavorable; un- fortunate. inbeing ('be-ing), n. inherent exist- ence; inherence; inseparableness. inboard ('bord), adv. and adj. with- in the ship; not projecting over the bulwarks. inbond ('bond), adj. a term applied to a brick or stone laid lengthwise across a wall. inbreed (-bred'), v.t. to breed or de- velop within; breed from animals closely related. Inca (ing'ka), n. the Peruvian em- peror, or a member of the royal race in Peru (which claimed descent from the sun) previous to the Spanish ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCALCULABLE 393 INCIDENT conquest under Pizarro, 1531; the aboriginal Peruvian race, whose lan- guage, called Quichua, is still spoken in the Sierra. incalculable (in-kal'ku-la-bl), adj. beyond calculation. incalescence (-kal-es'ens), the state of growing warm. Also incalescency. incalescent (-es'ent), adj. increas- ing in heat. ■incandesce (-kan-des'), v.t. to cause to glow with heat: v.t. to glow with heat. incandescence ('ens), n. white heat. Also incandescency. incandescent lamp (lamp), n. a lamp in which the light is produced by a thin strip of non-conducting material contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an elec- tric current. incantation (-kan-ta'shun), n. a magical charm said or sung; en- chantment. incapacitate (-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to deprive of capacity or natural pow- er; render incapable or unfit; dis- qualify; disable. incapacity (-ti), n. lack of power, physical or mental; legal disqualifi- cation. incarcerate (-kar'ser-at), v.t. to im- prison; confine. incarceration (-ra'shun), n. im- prisonment; confinement; constric- tion, as of a hernia. incarcerator ('ser-a-ter), n. one who incarcerates. incarnate ('nat), v.t. to clothe with flesh; embody in flesh: p. adj. em- bodied in flesh; flesh-colored. incarnation (-na'shun), n. the act of clothing with, or of assuming, flesh; embodiment in human form; a striking exemplification or personi- fication; the assumption of human nature by the Son of God; the pro- cess by which a wound heals by being filled with new flesh. incase. Same as encase. incastellate (in-kas'te-lat), v.t. to confine in a dungeon; to imprison. incautious (-kaw'shus), adj. want- ing in caution; not circumspect; unwary. incendiarism (-sen'di-a-rizm), the act of an incendiary; burning; arson. incendiary ('di-a-ri), adj. pertaining to arson or the malicious burning of property; tending to excite passion or violence; inflammatory; sedi- tious: n. one guilty of arson; one who excites passion or violence; a seditious agitator. incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in- flame with anger; provoke; irritate; (in'sens), perfume with incense: n. any aromatic material which ex- hales perfume when burned, especial- ly olibanum, the frankincense of the Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks and Romans; any gratifying odor, as of flowers; homage; odor of spices and gums burned in religious rites. incentive (sen'tiv), adj. inciting; encouraging: n. incitement; en- couragement; motive; spur; stimu- lus. inception (-sep'shun), n. reception; beginning; the formal qualification of a master of arts, previous to tak- ing his degree. incessant (ses'ant), adj. unceasing; ceaseless; continuous. incest ('sest), n. sexual commerce between persons related within the prohibited degrees of marriage. incestuous (-ses'tu-us), adj. guilty of, or involving, incest. inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a small quantity or degree; a critical moment: v.t. to drive by small de- grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move slowly. inchoate ('ko-at), adj. just begun; incipient; elementary; incomplete. incidence ('si-dens), n. the direction in which a ray of light or heat falls upon a surface. incident ('si-dent), adj. falling upon, as a ray of fight on a reflecting sur- face; apt to occur; appertaining; occurring accidentally; casual; sub- ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCIDENTAL 394 INCOERCIBLE ordinate: n. occurrence; that which happens beside the main design; casualty; episode; event; accident. incidental ('al), adj. casual; sub- ordinate: n. something casual or subordinate: pi. minor expenses. incinerate (-sin'er-at), v.t. to burn to ashes. incineration (-er-a/shun), n. crema- tion. incinerator ('er-a-ter), n. a furnace or retort for reducing substances to ashes. incipience (-sip'i-ens), n. incipient state; beginning; commencement. Also incipiency. incipient ('i-ent), adj. beginning to be or to appear; initial. incise (in-slz'), v.t. to cut, to make a gash. incision (-sizh'un), n. a cut made with a sharp instrument; notch. incisive (-si'siv), adj. having the quality of cutting into; sharp; trenchant; pertaining to the incisor teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive edge or tooth of the mandible of a beetle. incisor ('ser), n. a cutting tooth; one of the teeth in front of the ca- nines in both jaws. incisorial (-sor'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, an in- cisor tooth. incisory ('so-ri), adj. cutting. incite (-sit'), v.t. to move to action; stir up; spur on; encourage; impel. incitable (in-si'ta-bl), adj. capable of being incited to action. incitement ('ment), n. an inciting cause; incentive; impulse; encour- agement. incivic (in-siv'ik), adj. deficient in the qualities that make for good citizen- ship. incivility (-si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. inci- vilities (-tiz) ], lack of civility or courtesy; impoliteness. inclemency (-klem 'en-si), n. [pi. in- clemencies (-siz) ], want of- clem- ency; severity of temper; stormi- ness; adversity. inclement Cent), adj. not clement; unmerciful; tempestuous. inclination (-cli-na/shun) , n. a lean- ing; deviation from normal direc- tion or position; tendency of the mind; disposition; a slope or de- . clivity; slant; propensity. incline (-kiln'), v.i. to deviate from the normal direction or position; lean; bow; have a mental bent or tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause to lean; direct; bow (as in rever- ence or civility); give a tendency to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an inclined plane; gradient. inclined plane (plan) , n. a plane that makes an angle with the plane of the horizon; one of the mechanical powers. inclinometer (-kli-nom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for determining the mag- netic inclination or dip; a dipping needle; clinometer. inclose (-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- compass; surround; put into an envelope; put into the same envel- ope (with another letter) ; separate from common lands by a fence. inclosure ('zhtir), n. the act of in- , closing, or state of being inclosed, especially the act of separating land from a common by a fence; that which is inclosed; that which in- closes, as a fence; something in- closed with a letter in an envelope, as a bill, check, &c. include (-klood'), v.t. to inclose; hold as in an enclosure; confine within something; comprise or compre- hend, as a genus the species. inclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. the act of including; the state of being in- cluded; that which is included. inclusive ('siv), adj. inclosing; in- cluding; comprehending the ex- tremes in the sum, as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in both Monday and Saturday. incoercible (in-ko-er'si-bl), adj. in- capable of being forced or coerced; applied also to gases supposed to be incapable of liquefaction. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCOGNITO 395 INCONSEQUENCE incognito (-kog'ni-t5), adj. unknown or disguised: adv. in disguise; under an assumed name: n. a great personage who travels under an assumed style; the assumption of a character or title to avoid recog- nition; state of being unrecognized. Fern, incognita. incoherence (-ko-her'ens), n. want of cohesion; looseness; want of con- nection; incongruity; inconsequence. Incoherency. incohesion (-he'zhun), n. want of cohesion. incombustible (-kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. that cannot be consumed by fire: n. an incombustible substance. income ('kum), n. the gain which proceeds from labor, business, prop- erty, or capital; annual receipts of a person or corporation. incommensurability (-kom-men-su- ra-bil'j-ti), n. the quality or state of being* incommensurable. Also in- commensurableness . incommensurable ('su-ra-bl), adj. having no common measure; having no common divisor except unity: n. one of two (or more) quantities that have no common measure. incommensurate (-rat), adj. not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable; not sufficient in measure; inadequate. incommode (-kom-od), v.t. to give inconvenience or trouble to; dis- turb. incommiscible (in-kom-mis'i-bl), adj. incapable of being mixed. incommodious ('i-us), adj. tending to incommode; troublesome; incon- venient. incommunicable (-mu'ni-ka-bl), adj. that cannot be communicated or told. incomparable (-kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. not admitting of comparison; un- equaled; transcendent; peerless. incompatibility (-pat-i-biri-ti), n. irreconcilableness. Also incompat- ibleness. incompatible ('i-bl), adj. incapable of harmonious subsistence or com- bination; inconsistent; incongruous: n.pl. persons or things irreconcilably disagreeing with each other. incompetence (-kom'pe-tens), n. in- ability, physical, intellectual, or moral," insufficiency; inadequacy; lack of qualification or jurisdiction. Also incompetency. incompetent ('pe-tent), adj. want- ing ability; inadequate; wanting qualification or fitness; incapaci- tated; inadmissible. incomplete (-plef), adj. not fully finished or developed; not having all its parts; imperfect; defective. incomprehensible (-pre-hen'si-bl), adj. illimitable; not to be under- stood or grasped by the mind; in- conceivable. incompressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. in- capable of being reduced in volume by pressure ; resisting pressure. inconceivability (-kon-sev-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of being incon- ceivable. inconceivable ('a-bl), adj. incapable of being conceived or imagined; in- credible. inconclusive (-kloo'siv), adj. lead- ing to no conclusion in evidence or argument; unconvincing; reaching no definite result in action; ineffec- tive; inefficient. inconclusively (-li), adv. in an in- conclusive manner. incondensible (-den'si-bl), adj. in- capable of being made more dense or compact, or of being reduced to liquid form. incongruity (-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. in- congruities (-tiz)], want of mutual fitness; unsuitableness of one thing to another. incongruous (-kong'groo-us), adj. reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to one another; inharmonious; inap- propriate. inconnu (-kon-nu'), adj. unknown: n. an unknown person. Feminine inconnue [French]. inconsequence ('se-kwens), n. the fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCONSEQUENT 396 INCORRUPTIBLE quality of being inconsequent; want of logical sequence; inconclusiveness. inconsequent (-kwent), adj. not fol- lowing from the premises; illogical; out of proper relation; irrelevant. inconsiderable (-sid'er-a-bl), adj. not deserving consideration; unim- portant. inconsiderate (-sid'er-at), adj. with- out consideration; thoughtless. inconsiderately (-li), adv. thought- lessly. inconsistency (-sis'ten-si), n. [pi. inconsistencies (-siz)], the quality of being inconsistent; incongruity. inconsistent ('tent), adj. lacking coherence or agreement; discrepant; lacking uniformity; self-contradict- ing; incongruous. inconsolable (-sol'a-bl), adj. not to be consoled or comforted. inconspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. not easily perceived; so small as to es- cape notice; hardly discernible. inconstancy ('stan-si), n. change- ableness. inconstant ('stant), adj. subject to change; unstable; variable; fickle; capricious. incontestable (-test'a-bl), adj. not admitting of question or dispute; incontrovertible . incontinence ('ti-nens), n. lack of restraint, especially undue indul- gence of the sexual passions; licen- tiousness; involuntary discharge. Also incontinency. incontinent ('ti-nent), adj. unre- strained; unchaste: n. an unchaste person. incontrovertibility (-tro-ver-ti-bh"- i-ti), n. the state or quality of being incontrovertible . incontrovertible (' ti-bl) , adj . not admitting of controversy; indis- putable. inconvenience (-ven'iens), n. want of convenience; unfitness; trouble- someness; that which incommodes; disadvantage. Also inconveniency ; v.t. to put to inconvenience; incom- mode; annoy; molest. inconvenient ('ient), adj. disadvant- ageous; inopportune; unfit; inex- pedient. inconvertibility (-ver-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being inconvertible. inconvertible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- ble of being converted into, or ex- changed for, something else. incorporate (-kor'po-rat), v.t. to combine into one body; give a body to; embody; unite; associate; unite intimately; assimilate; blend; form into a corporation recognized by law: v.i. to unite with another body so as to form a part of it; be mixed or blended with: p. adj. incorpo- rated; united in one body. incorporation (-po-ra'shun), n. com- bination; assimilation; mixture; formation of a body corporate; a corporation. incorporator (-ra-ter), n. one who incorporates; an original member of an incorporated society. incorporeal (-po're-al), adj. not cor- poreal; immaterial; intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law. incorrect (-kor-ekf), adj. not accord- ing to model or rule; faulty; not according to fact; inaccurate; not in accordance with morality or good manners; improper. incorrigible ('ri-ji-bl), adj. bad be- yond correction or amendment; ir- . reclaimable. incorrigibleness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being incorrigible. Also in- corrigibility. incorrodible (-rdd'i-bl), adj. incap- able of being corroded. incorrupt (-kor-upt'), adj. free from physical or moral taint; unim- paired; upright; especially above the influence of corruption or bribery; honest. incorruptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. in- capability of corruption. incorruptible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- ble of physical corruption, decay or dissolution; not liable to moral per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book hue hut think then. INCORRUPTIBLY 397 INDECISION version or contamination; especially- incapable of being bribed. incorruptibly (-bli), adv. in an in- corruptible manner. incorruption (-nip 'shun), n. ex- emption from corruption. . increase (-kres'), v.i. to become greater in any respect; augment; multiply; grow; wax, as the moon : v.t. to make greater in any respect; enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. (in'kres), a growing larger; that which is added to the original stock ; increment; produce; profit; issue; offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. incredibility (-kred-i-biri-ti), n. the quality of being incredible. Also in- credibleness. . incredible ('i-bl), adj. surpassing belief; hard to believe; unimagin- able; inconceivable. incredibly (-bli), adv. in an incred- ible manner. incredulity (kre-du'li-ti), n. the quality of being incredulous; scep- ticism; disbelief. incredulous (-kred'u-lus), adj. hard of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. increment ^('kre-ment), n. increase; augmentation; produce. increscent # (-kres'ent), p. adj. in- creasing; in heraldry, denoting the new moon, with the horns toward the dexter side. incriminate (-krim'i-nat), v.t. to charge with a crime; criminate; ac- cuse. incrust (in-krusf), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form a decorative covering. Also encrust. incrustate ('at), adj. covered with earthy ^ matter;^ growing firmly to the pericarp r said of seeds. incrustation (-krus-ta'shun), n. a crust; covering; an incrusted or in- laid object or substance; a covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c, attached to the masonry. incubate ('ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon (eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go through the stage of incubation. incubator ('ku-ba-ter), n. one who, or that, which, incubates; especially an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- ficially. incubus ('ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses (^ez) incubi (-bi)], the nightmare; in the superstition of the middle ages, a demon believed to cause nightmare, and the birth of de- formed children; a heavy weight or burden. inculcate (-kul'kat), v.t. to impress upon the mind by frequent admoni- tions. inculcator ('ka-ter), n. one who in- culcates. incumbency (-kum 'ben-si), n. [pi. incumbencies (-siz)], the act or state of being incumbent; full pos- session and exercise of any office; state of holding a benefice. incumbent ('bent), adj. lying upon; imposed as a duty: n. the holder of an office; a clergyman in posses- sion of a benefice. incur (-ker'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- curred, p.pr. incurring], to become liable to, by one's own action; con- tract, as a debt. incurable (-kur'a-bl), adj. incapable of being cured ; beyond the power of skill or medicine; irremediable; in- corrigible: n. a person diseased be- yond cure. incursion (in-ker'shun), n. an in- road; raid; invasion. incurvate (Vat), p.adj. bent inward; curved. indebted ' (-det'ed), p.adj. being in debt; lying under an obligation. indecency (-de'sen-si), n. [pi. in- decencies (-siz)], want of decency, modesty^ or good manners; that which is indecent, grossly vulgar, or obscene; in law, the public exhibi- tion of something indecent. indecent < ('sent), adj. violating pro- priety in language; behavior, &c; immodest ; indelicate; obscene. indecision (-de-sizh'un), n. want of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDECISIVE 398 INDETERMINATE decision; a wavering of the mind; irresolution. indecisive (-si'siv), adj. not bring- ing to a decision or final issue; in- conclusive. indeclinable (-kli'na-bl), adj. that cannot be declined, or varied by- declension: n. a word that cannot be declined. indecorous (-de-ko'rus), adj. vio- lating decorum, or any accepted rule of conduct. indecorum (-ko'rum), n. violation of decorum or propriety; breach of etiquette or civility. indef atigabili ty (-de-f at-i-ga-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being indefati- gable. indefatigable ('i-ga-bl), adj. not to be wearied out; not yielding to fatigue; unremitting in labor or ef- fort. indefeasibility (-de-fe-zi-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indefeasible. indefeasible ('zi-bl), adj. not to be defeated or made void, as a title. indefectible (-fek'ti-bl), adj. subject to no defect, failure, or decay. indefensible (-fen'si-bl), adj. that cannot be defended, maintained, or justified. indefinable (-fi'na-bl), adj. that can- not be defined. indefinite (-def'i-nit), adj. not de- fined; not precise; vague; having no particular limit; large beyond the comprehension of man, though not absolutely infinite; too numerous or variable to be easily counted; inde- terminate in logical quantity. indefinitely (-li) , adv. to an indef- inite degree; without determinate limitation. indelibility (-del-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indelible. indelible ('i-bl), adj. not to be blot- ted out, effaced, or obliterated. indelibly (-bli), adv. so as to be in- delible. indelicacy (-del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. in- delicacies (-siz) ], want of delicacy; that which is offensive to modesty or refined taste. indelicate ('i-kat), adj. offensive to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- decent. indemnification (-dem-ni-fi-ka/- shun), n. the act of securing against loss; reimbursement of loss. indemnify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnifying], to secure or insure against loss or dam- age; reimburse. indemnity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. indemni- ties (-tiz) ], security against loss, damage, or punishment; compensa- tion for loss. indent (-dent'), v.t. to make a dent or depression in; dent; cut into points like teeth; notch; bind out by indenture, as an apprentice: n. a notch in the margin; a covenant. indentation (-den-ta'shun), n. a small hollow or depression, as from a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or recess in a margin. indenture ('tiir), n. a covenant or deed, formerly in duplicate, with the edges notched so as to correspond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as an ap- prentice. independence (-de-pend'ans), n. free- dom from support or governance by others; a competency; self-reliance. Independence Day~ (da), July 4, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, observed as a na- tional holiday. independency ('en-si), n. independ- ence; the principles of the Inde- pendents. independent Cent), adj. not de- pendent, supported by, or governed by, another; having a competency; not subject to bias or influence; free; irrespective: n. one who sup- ports measures or men independent- ly of any organized party. indestructible ('ti-bl), adj. not to be destroyed. indeterminate (-teVmin-at), adj. not determinate, settled, or fixed; indefinite; not precise; having an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDEX 399 INDIGO indefinite number of values or solu- tions. index ('deks), n. [pi. indexes (-ez), indices ('di-sez) ], that which points out or indicates; an alphabetical table of the contents of a book; the figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the ex- ponent: v.t. provide with an index. index-finger (-fing'ger), n. the fore- finger. Indiaman ('di-a-man), n. [pi. In- diamen (-men)], a large vessel formerly employed in the India trade. Indian ('di-an), adj. pertaining to the Indies, to the West Indies or to the American Indians; made of maize or Indian corn: n. an East Indian, West Indian or Anglo-In- dian; one of the aborigines of Amer- ica, or a Red Indian. Indian ■ orn (korn), n. a native American plant, known as maize. Indian-file (-fil), n. single file. india-rubber ('di-a-rub'er), n. caout- chouc. Indian summer (sum'er), n. sum- mer-like weather, with calm and ab- sence of rain, occurring in autumn. Indian yellow (yel'o), n. a bright yellow pigment. indicant ('di-kant), adj. indicating: n. that which points out a remedy for a disease. indicate ('di-kat), v.t. to point but; show; suggest; hint; point out, as a remedy. indication (-ka'shun), n. the act of indicating; that which indicates; information; token; evidence; sign; symptom. indicative (-dik'a-tiv), adj. pointing out; bringing to notice; noting that mood of the verb which indicates, predicates, or affirms : n. the indica- tive mood. indicator ('di-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, indicates; the part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, especially an apparatus* for ascertaining and recording the variations of pressure or vacuum in the cylinder of a steam engine. indicatory (-ka-to-ri), adj. serving to indicate. indict (-dlf), v.t. to charge with a crime, by the presentment of a grand jury. indictable ('a-bl), adj. liable to be indicted; punishable. indicter ('er), n. one who indicts. Also indictor. indictment ('ment), n. a written accusation against a prisoner pre- sented by a grand jury to a court. indifference (-dif'er-ens)^ n. the state of being indifferent; impartial- ity; absence of preference or in- terest; unconcernedness; _ unimpor- tance; Condition of being indifferent in character or quality; mediocrity. indifferent _ ('er-ent), adj.^ uncon- cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- gardless. indigence ('di-jens), n. the state of being indigent; poverty; want. Al- so indigency. indigene ('di-jen), n. a native; aborigine. ' indigenous (-dij'e-nus), adj. born or produced in a country; not exotic; not imported; innate; inherent; native. indigent ('di-jent), adj. destitute; needy. indigestibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indigestible. indigestible (-jest'i-bl), adj. not di- gestible, physically or mentally. indigestion (-jes'chun), n. difficulty in digesting food; dyspepsia. indignant _ (-dig'nant), adj. affected with indignation; inflamed with mingled anger and disdain. indignation (-na/shun), n.- anger at what is unworthy, unjust, dishonor- able, or base; anger mingled with contempt or disgust. indignity _ (-dig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. indig- nities (-tiz) ], an action intended to lower the dignity of another; insult. indigo ('di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDIRECT 400 INDUBITABLE obtained from the indigo plant by de- composition of the glucoside indican. indirect (-di-rekf), adj. not straight or rectilinear; not directly result- ing from a cause; not reaching the end aimed at by the most direct method; not straightforward or fair. indiscreet (-dis-kret), adj. wanting in discretion; imprudent. indiscretion (-dis-kresh'un) , n. want of discretion; imprudence; an im- prudent act. indiscriminate (-krim'i-nat), adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. indispensability (-pens-a-bil'i-ti) , n. incapability of being dispensed with. indispensable ('a-bl), adj. that can- not be dispensed with; absolutely necessary. indispose (-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- cline; unfit. indisposed (-pdzd'), adj. slightly ill in health; disinclined. indisposition (-po-zish'un), n. slight illness; disinclination. indisputable ('ta-bl), adj. too evi- dent to admit of dispute; unques- tionable. indisputably (-bli), adv. unques- tionably. indissolubility (-o-lii-bil'i-ti), n. in- capability of being dissolved or lique- fied; perpetuity of obligation. indissoluble ('o-lii-bl), adj. not dis- soluble or dissolvable. indistinct (-dis-tingkt'), adj. not distinct to the senses or the mind; undefined; indefinite; confused. indistinguishable (-ting'gwish-a-bl) , adj. incapable of being distinguished, discriminated, or perceived. indite (-dit'), v.t. to compose; write. individual (-di-vij'u-al), adj. exist- ing as a single indivisible entity; pertaining to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing: n. a single person, animal, or thing. individualism (-izm), n. the qual- ity of being individual; a social system in which each individual works for himself alone; the theory of government which discounten- ances the interference of the state in the affairs of the individual. individualist (-1st), n. one who holds the theory of individualism: adj. individualistic. individuality (-al'i-ti), n. the con- dition of being individual; separate or distinct existence; distinctive character. individuate ('ii-at), v.t. to mark as distinct. indivisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. the property of being indivisible. indivisible ('i-bl), not separable into parts: n. that which is indivisible; an element, infinitely small, assumed to admit of no further division. Indo, a prefix meaning connected with India, as /ndo-Chinese, pertain- ing to Indo-China. indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- able; intractable. indocility (-do-sil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being indocile. indoctrinate (-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to imbue with learning, principles, or doctrines. Indo-European (-do-ti-ro-pe'an), adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan languages extending from India over Europe. indolence ('do-lens), n. love of ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- ness; supineness. indomitable (-dom'i-ta-bl), adj. un- tamable; irrepressible; invincible. indoor (in'dor), adj. taking place within doors; pertaining to that in a house or building. indorse (-d6rs'), v.t. to write on the back of, as a check, &c; sanction; approve. Also endorse. indorsee (-e'), n. a person to whom a check, &c, is indorsed or assigned. indorsement ('ment), n. the act of writing on the back of a check, &c. ; that which is so written; approval; sanction. indorser ('er), n. one who indorses. Also indorsor. indubitable (-du'bi-ta-bl), adj. too ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDUCE 401 INEFFICIENT evident to be doubted; unquestion- able. induce (dus r ), v.t. to lead on; in- fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- fect; cause; to infer by induction; produce by magnetic or electric in- duction. inducement (-dus'ment), ft. that which induces; motive; in pleading, an introductory statement. inducible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being induced, caused, or inferred. induct (-dukf), v.t. to introduce; install into an office; put into pos- session of a benefice. inductance ('tans), ft. the capacity for induction possessed by an active electric circuit on itself, or on neighboring circuits. induction (-duk'shun), ft. the act of inducting; the introduction of a person into an office; the introduc- tion of a clergyman into a benefice; the process of discovering and prov- ing general propositions from par- ticular cases; conclusion drawn from a process of induction; elec- trical or magnetic influence without direct contact. inductive ('tiv), adj. proceeding by induction; producing induction; operated by induction; susceptible of being acted on by induction. inductive philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), ft. the name given by Bacon to ex- perimental science, or science found- ed on induction. inductive science (si'ens), ft. any branch of science which admits of and employs, the inductive method. inductivity (-tiv'i-ti), ft. specific in- ductive capacity. inductometer (-tom'e-ter), ft. an in- strument for measuring the degree or rate of electric induction. inductor ('ter), n. one who inducts y that part of an electric apparatus which acts inductively. indue (-du')> v.t. to clothe or invest; furnish; supply; endow. indulge (-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or complaisant to; humor; give free course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. indulgence ('ens), ft. forbearance from restraint or control; permis- sion; license; gratification; excess; forbearance of present payment; toleration. indulgent Cent), adj. disposed to indulge; compliant; showing favor; kind. induline ('du-lin), n. a coal-tar dye- stuff of a dark blue color. Also in- dulin. indurate ('du-rat), v.i. to grow hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- feeling or obdurate. industrial (-dus'tri-al), adj. pertain- ing to productive industry. industrialism ('tri-al-izm), ft. a state of society marked by the pre- dominance of industrial pursuits. industrially (-li), adv. with refer- ence to industry or industrialism. industrious ('tri-us), adj. character- ized by diligence or industry; hard- working. industry ('dus-tri), n. [pi. industries (-triz) ], steady application to busi- ness or labor; productive labor; an industrial art; a particular branch of work or trade. inebriate (-e'bri-at), v.t. to make drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- tally or emotionally: n. an habitual drunkard. inebriation (-a/shun), ft. intoxication. inebriety (-brl'e-ti), ft. intoxication, especially habitual drunkenness. ineffable (-ef'a-bl), adj. unspeaka- ble; inexpressible; too sacred for utterance. ineffaceable (in-ef-fas'a-bl), adv. that which cannot be erased or obliterated. ineffective (-ef-ekt'iv), adj. not pro- ducing the desired effect; ineffectual. ineffectual (-u-al), adj. not produc- ing the desired effect; unavailing. inefficacy (-ef'i-ka-si), ft. lack of ef- ficacy. inefficiency (-ish'en-si), ft. incompe- tency. inefficient Cent), adj. not producing, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INELEGANCE 402 INFANCY or not capable of producing, the de- sired effect; incapable. inelegance (-el'e-gans), n. [pi. inele- gances (-gan-sez) ], want of any quality required by good taste; some- thing inelegant. inelegant ('e-gant), adj. offensive to good taste. inelastic (in-e-las'tik), adj. wanting in elasticity. ineligibility (-el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being ineligible. ineligible ('i-ji-bl), adj. unworthy of choice; unsuitable; legally disqual- ified for choice or election. ineligibly (-bli), adv. in an ineligi- ble manner. ineptly (-ept'li), adv. unsuitably; foolishly. inequality (-e-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. ine- qualities (-tiz) ], difference, especial- ly of rank or station; unevenness; changeableness; inadequacy; devia- tion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. inequitable (-ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. not according to equity; unjust. inequity ('wi-ti), n. lack of equity; injustice. inert (-erf), adj. having no power of motion or action; .lifeless; slug- gish. inertia (-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- ity; inertness; sluggishness; that property of matter by virtue of which it tends to remain at rest, if resting, or to move uniformly in a straight line, if moving (vis iner- tia). inestimable (-es'ti-ma-bl), adj. not to be estimated; beyond measure or price; incalculable; invaluable. inevitable (-ev'i-ta-bl), adj. not to be evaded; unavoidable. inexact " (-egz-akf), adj. not precise, correct, accurate, or punctual. inexcusable (-eks-ku'za-bl), adj. in- capable of being excused; unpardon- able. inexhaustible (-egs-awst'i-bl), adj. not to be exhausted or spent; un- failing; unwearied. inexorability (-eks-o-ra-bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being moved by prayers. Also inexorableness. inexorable ('o-ra-bl), adj. not to be moved by prayers; unyielding; un- relenting. inexpediency (-pe'di-en-si), n. un- suitableness; inadvisability. Also inexpedience. inexpedient ('di-ent), adj. unsuita- ble to circumstances; inadvisable. inexpensive (-pen'siv), adj. cheap. inexperience (-pe'ri-ens), n. want of experience, or of the knowledge that comes by experience. inexpert (-pert'), adj. unskilled; lacking the knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. inexpiable ('pi-a-bl), adj. that can- not be expiated, atoned for, or sat- isfied. inexplicable ('pli-ka-bl), adj. not to be explained, made plain, or intelli- gible; not to be interpreted or ac- counted for. inexplosive (-plo'siv), adj. not liable to explode. inexpressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. inca- pable of being expressed, uttered, or described. inexpressive (-pres'iv), adj. lackinj expression or distinct significance. inextensible ('si-bl), adj. that cai not be- extended or stretched inextinguishable (-ting'gwish-a-bl), adj. unquenchable. inextricable ('tri-ka-bl), adj. not ex- tricable; not permitting extrication; not to be freed from intricacy or perplexity. infallibility (-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being infallible. infallible (-fal'i-bl), adj. incapable of erring; unerring; certain; un- failing. infamous ('fa-mus), adj. having notoriously bad reputation; odious; scandalous. infamy ('fa-mi), n. infamous charac- ter; public disgrace; ignominy. infancy ('fan-si), n. the state of being an infant; early childhood; the first in- : ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INFANT 403 INFIDEL age of anything; in law, the period of life from birth to the age of twenty-one. infant ('fant), n. a young child; pop- ularly a child under two years; in law, a person who has not attained his, legal majority, or the age of twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in- fancy or to the legal period of infancy ; infantile; incipient. Infanta (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prin- cess of Spain, formerly also of Portugal. Infante (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prince of Spain, formerly also of Portugal; male heir of the Spanish sovereign. infanticidal ('ti-sl-dal), adj. pertain- ing to infanticide. infanticide ('ti-sld), n. the murder of an infant born alive; one who kills an infant. infantile ('fan-til), adj. pertaining to infants or infancy; child-like; childish. infantile-spinal-paralysis (in'fan- til-spi'nal-pa-rari-sis), n. common name of poliomyelitis, a disease of, as yet, unknown origin, affecting adults as well as children, and sometimes epidemic in various parts of the U. S. infantry ('fan-tri), n. foot soldiers, except engineers and men of the army service corps. infare ('far), n. a housewarming. infatuate (-fat'ti-at), v.t. to make extravagantly foolish; to inspire with fatuous passion. infatuation (-u-a'shun), n. extrava- gant folly; fatuous passion. infect (-fekf), v.t. to communicate some (especially bad) quality to; taint, especially with disease, physi- cal or moral. infection (-fek'shun), n. the act of infecting; that which infects; con- taminating; taint; communication of disease from the sick to the healthy; an infectious disease. infectious ('shus), adj. communica- ble by infection; sympathetic; com- municating infection; demoralizing. infecundity (-fe-kun'di-ti), n. bar- renness. infelicitous (-fe-lis'i-tus), adj. un- fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; ill-timed. infelicity (-lis'i-ti), n. [pi. infelici- ties (-tiz) ], misfortune; unhappi- ness; inappropriateness; an infelici- tous act or expression. infer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inferred, p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- tion or deduction; accept as a fact or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- clude. inferable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing inferred. inference ('fer-ens), n. the act of in- ferring; the conclusion; deduction; induction. inferential (-en'shal), adj. having the nature of an inference; deduced by inference. inferior ('ri-er), adj. lower in place, rank, or quality; secondary; subor- dinate; between the earth and the sun; below the horizon; growing be- low another organ: n. one who ranks below another; a subordinate. inferiority (-ri-or'i-ti), n. lower state or quality. infernal (-fer'nal), adj. pertaining to the Tartarus of the ancients, the lower regions, or regions of the dead; pertaining to or resembling hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish; outrageous. infernal machine (ma-shen'), n. an apparatus maliciously designed to explode to the destruction of life or property. inferno ('no), n. [pi. inferni ('ne) ], a place or position of torment. infest (-fesf), v.t. to attack; haunt; overrun. infidel ('fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- ligion; rejecting a religion which claims to be divinely revealed, espe- cially the Christian religion; mani- festing unbelief : n. one who rejects Christianity as a divine revelation; formerly, a Mohammedan, Jew, or heathen. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INFIDELITY 404 INFLICT infidelity (-del'i-ti), n. [pi. infideli- ties (-tiz) ], disbelief in all religion, especially disbelief in Christianity; breach of trust; violation of the marriage contract by adultery. infield ('feid), n. in baseball, the space within the base line, 30 yds. X 30 yds. infiltration (-fil-tra/shun), n. the act of infiltrating; that which infil- trates; morbid condition of an organ due to accumulation of substances introduced from without. infinite ('fi-nit), adj. indefinitely ex- tensive; immeasurable: n. the Infi- nite Being; the Absolute; the Un- conditioned; a quantity greater or less than any assignable quantity of the same kind; an indeterminate. infinitesimal (-fin-i-tes'i-mal), adj. infinitely small: n. a quantity less than any assignable quantity. infinitive (-fin'i-tiv), adj. the term applied to that verb-form which simply expresses the general sense of the verb without limitation to person or number: n. the infinitive mood; a verb in the infinitive mood. infinitude ('i-tud), n. the state of be- ing infinite ; unlimited extent ; infinity . infinity ('i-ti), n. [pi. infinities (-tiz) ] the state of being infinite; un- limited extent of time, space, or quantity; absolute perfection; an infinite quantity. infirm (-ferm'), adj. feeble in body or health; weak-minded; vacillat-' ing; insecure; debilitated; irresolute; precarious. infirmary ('ma-ri), n. [pi. infirma- ries (-riz) ], a hospital for the sick and injured. infirmity ('mi-ti), n. [pi. infirmities (-tiz) ], the state of being infirm; debility; imbecility; weakness of body or of mind; malady; failing; foible. infix (-fiks'), v.t. to fix or fasten in; implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- thing infixed; an element equivalent to a prefix or suffix inserted in the body of a word. inflame (-flam'), v.t. to set on fire; fire with passion; excite; provoke; irritate; put into a state of inflam- mation: v.i. to become inflamed. inflammability (-flam-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being inflam- mable. inflammable ('a-bl), adj. easily set on flame; combustible; easily ex- cited; excitable. inflammation (-a/shun), n. a mor- bid process, characterized, when external, by pain, redness, heat, and swellfng. inflammatory ('a-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to excite passion, tumult, or se- dition; tending to produce, accom- panied by, or indicative of, inflam- mation. inflatable (-flat 'a-bl), adj. capable of being inflated. inflate (-flat'), v.t. to swell, or distend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; expand or raise artificially, as prices. inflationist (-fla'shun-ist), n. one in favor of an increased issue of paper money. inflator ('ter), n. a mechanical appli- ance for producing inflation. inflatus (-fla/tus), n. inspiration; afflatus. inflect (flekf), v.t. bend; turn from a direct line; modulate; -vary the terminations of ; decline; conjugate: v.i. to undergo grammatical change of termination. inflection (-flek'shun), n. a bend or bending; modulation of the voice; variation of nouns, verbs, &c., by declension and conjugation; diffrac- tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. inflex (neks'), v.t. to inflect; curve inward. inflexibility (-fleks-i-bil'i-ti), n. in- capability of being bent; stiffness; obstinacy. inflexible ('i-bl), adj. not to be bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by prayers; inexorable; not to be varied or changed; unalterable; stubborn. inflict (-flikf), v.t. to cause by, or as ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. INFLORESCENCE 405 INGRATITUDE if by, striking; cause to be suffered; impose as a punishment. inflorescence (-flo-res'ens), n. the mode or principle of floral arrange- ment exhibited by any species of plant; a group of flowers arising upon a common main axis. influence ('flu-ens), n. energy or po- tency tending to produce effects in- sensibly and invisibly; power arising from character or station; electrical induction: v.t. to exercise influence on, physically or morally. influential (-flu-en 'shal), adj. having or exerting influence. influenza (-fiu-en'za), n. an epidemic catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, and nervous prostration. influx ('fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; continuous importation, the point at which a stream flows into another or into the sea. inform (-form'), v.t. to animate; mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give information. informal ('al), adj. not according to form,, custom, or rule; irregular; un- ceremonious; deficient in legal form. informality ('i-ti), n. [pi. informali- ties (-tiz) ], want of regular, custo- mary, or legal form. informant ('ant), n. one who gives information. information (-for-ma'shun), n. com- municated knowledge or intelli- gence; a suit instituted on behalf of the government; a declaration made before a magistrate to induce him to issue a summons or warrant. informer (-form'er), n. one who in- forms a magistrate of a violation of the law, or sues for a penalty under some statute. infra, a prefix, meaning below, further on, as in/ra-axillary, situated below the axil. infraction (-frak'shun), n. a viola- tion, or breach, especially of law; infringement. infrangible (-fran'ji-bl), adj. that cannot be broken, separated, or violated; inviolable. infrequence (-fre'kwens), n. the state of being infrequent; rareness. Also infrequency. infrequent ('kwent), adj. seldom occurring. infringe (-frinj'), v.t. to violate or break, as sl law: v.i. to encroach: followed by on or upon. infuriate (-fu'ri-at), v.t. to enrage; madden. infuse (-fuz'), v.t. to introduce, as by pouring; instil; make an infusion of . infusibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. capability of infusion. infusible (-fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of being infused. infusion (-fu'zhun), n. a pouring in, or something poured in or mingled; instillation, as of good principles; a liquid extract obtained by steeping a vegetable substance in hot or cold water without boiling. infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. term applied to certain classes of protozoa. ingate ('gat), n. the aperture in a mold through which the melted met- al enters. ingenious (je'nius), adj. having in- genuity or inventive skill; clever. ingenue (ang-zha-noo'), n. an artless girl or young woman; an actress who acts such a character in a play. ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- ness in contriving or inventing; skill. ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), adj. frank; open; sincere; artless; candid. inglorious (-glo'ri-us) , adj. without glory; disgraceful; shameful. ingot ('got), n. a cast mass of metal. ingrain (-gran'), v.t. to dye with grain or kermes; dye with any deep, lasting color; impregnate deeply: adj. (in 'gran), dyed prior to being manufactured: n. (in'gran), a car- pet made of cotton warps and wool filling. ingratiate (-gra'shi-at), v.t. to in- sinuate (one's self) into the favor of another; secure favorable reception for (with into). ingratitude (-grat'i-tud), n. absence of gratitude*; insensibility to kindness. ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INGREDIENT 406 INJURY ingredient (-gre'di-ent), n. a compo- nent part of a compound body; part. ingress ('gres), n. entrance. ingulf. Same as engulf. inhabit (-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; occupy as a place of residence: v.i. to reside; remain. inhabitable ('it-a-bl), adj. fit for habitation. inhabitance ('it-ans), n. occupancy; residence. Also inhabitancy. inhabitant ('it-ant), n. one who, or that which, inhabits; a permanent resident. inhabitation (-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of inhabiting; continued residence. inhalant (-ha'lant), n. an apparatus for inhaling; that which is inhaled. inhalation (-la/shun), n. the act of inhaling; inspiration. inhale (-hal'), v.t. to draw into the lungs. inharmonious (-har-mo'ni-us), adj. unmusical; discordant. inhere (-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist in something else; be an essential part of. inherence ('ens), n. the state of be- ing inherent. Also inherency. inherent Cent), adj. existing insep- arably in something else; innate. inherit (-herit), v.t. to possess from an ancestor by right of succession; receive by nature from one's ances- tors ; become divinely endowed with : v.i. to come into possession of prop- erty as the heir. inheritance (-ans), n. the act of in- heriting; that which is inherited; a possession. inhibit (-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) from exercising his spiritual func- tions. inhospitable (-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not hospitable; affording no shelter; barren; cheerless. inhuman (-hu'man), adj. cruel: un- feeling. inhumanity (-man'i-ti), n. [pi. in- humanities (-tiz) ], the quality of being inhuman; cruelty. inhume (-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. inimical (-im'i-kal), adj. hostile; ad- verse. inimitable ('i-ta-bl), adj. matchless. iniquitous (-ik'kwi-tus), adj. wicked; unjust. iniquity ('kwi-ti), n. [pi. iniquities (-tiz) ], wickedness; injustice; un- righteousness; crime; evil. initial (-ish'al), adj. placed at the beginning; incipient: n. a letter placed at the beginning of a word, &c; pi. the first letters of a per- son's name placed separately : v.t. to mark with an initial. initiate ('i-at), v.t. to instruct in the first principles of anything; set on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- teries or secrets. initiation (-i-a'shun), n. the act of initiating; formal admission. initiative ('i-a-tiv), adj. introduc- tory: n. an introductory or first step; power of commencing, espe- cially legislative projects. initiator ('i-a-ter) , n. one who initiates. initiatory ('i-a-to-ri), adj. introduc- tory. inject (-jekf), v.t. to throw or cast in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- chanical means. injecta (-jek'ta), n.pl. things injected. injection (in-jek'shun), n. that which is introduced or inserted by me- chanical means; an enema. injector ('ter), n. one who, or that which, injects, especially an appa- ratus for filling the boilers of steam- engines with water. injudicious (-ju-dish'us), adj. not j udicious ; indiscreet ; unwise . injunction (-jungk'shun), n. the act of enjoining; that which is enjoined; command, order, or precept; a writ of equity or prohibition to restrain certain proceedings. injure Cjur), v.t. to hurt; harm; damage, physically or morally. injurious (-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, physically or morally; unjust; det- rimental. injury ('joo-ri), n. [pi. injuries (-iz) ], ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INJUSTICE 407 INQUISITIVE that which occasions harm morally or physically; detriment; loss; damage. injustice (-jus'tis), n. the quality of being unjust; violation of another's rights; injury; wrong. inkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing inky. inkling (ling), n. an intimation; hint. inky, ('ki), adj. consisting of, or like, ink; discolored with ink; black. inlay (-la/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlaid, p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- face) by laying in pieces of ivory, wood, metal, &c: n. materials for inlaying. inlet (-let') i v.t. (p.t. & p.p. inlet, p.pr. inletting], to inlay; insert: n. (in'let), an- entrance; a small bay or creek. inmate (in'mat), n. one who inhabits a house or institution with others. inn (in), n. & house for the reception and entertainment of travelers; tav- ern; in England, a college of com- mon law professors and students. innate ('nat), adj. inborn; native. innervation (-er-va/shun), n. the ar- • rangement of nervous filaments in the body; special activity or stim- ulus in any part of the nervous sys- tem. innings ('ings), n.pl. the turn of a side or player to bat; lands re- claimed from the sea. innocence ('o-sens), n. freedom from guilt; purity; simplicity ^ of heart; harmlessness; mental imbecility. Also innocency. innocent ('o-sent), adj. free from guilt or wrOng-doing; blameless; pure in heart and life; weak in in- tellect. innocuous (-nok'vi-us), adj. harm- less. innovate ('o-vat), v.i. to make alter- ations or changes in something al- ready established; introduce new things. innovator ('o-va-ter), n. one who in- troduces, or seeks to introduce, new things. innoxious (-nok'shus), n. harmless. innuendo (-u-en'do), n. [pi. innuen- dos, -does (-doz) ], an oblique hint or insinuation. innumerability (-nu-mer-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being- innumerable. Also innumerableness. innumerable ('mer-a-bl), adj. that cannot be counted; very numerous. innutritious (-trish'us), adj. not af- fording nutrition or nourishment. inocarpus (-o-kar'pus), adj. having fibrous fruit. inoculate (-ok'u-lat), v.t. to commu- nicate a disease to by the insertion of infectious matter into the system; graft on by the insertion of buds: v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by the insertion of buds. inoculator ('ter), n. one who inocu- lates. inodorous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking odor; having no smell. inoffensive (in-of-fen'siv), adj. harm- less; not objectionable. ^ inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not in operation; without effect. inopportune (in-op-por-ttin'), adj. untimely; out of season; not appro- priate. inordinate (-or'di-nafc), adj. immod- erate; excessive. inorganic (-gan'ik), adj. destitute of organs; not produced by living or- ganisms. Also inorganical. inquest ('kwest), n. a coroner's in- quiry with a jury into the cause of a sudden death from any cause; a judicial inquiry. inquire (-kwir'), v.i. to seek for or after by questions; make inquiry (with for, into, after, about). inquiry (-kwlr'i), n. [pi. inquiries ('iz) ], the act of inquiring; search by question; investigation; ques- tion; research. inquisition (-kwi-zish'un), n. in- quiry; examination; a judicial in- quiry in criminal matters. inquisitive (-kwis'i-tiv) , adj. given ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. INQUISITOR 408 INSOLUBLE to asking questions; prying; curious. inquisitor ('i-ter), n. one who makes inquiries or investigates. inquisitorial (-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an inquisitor or to his office; prying. inroad ('rod)? n . a hostile incursion. insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. unhealthful. insane (-san'), adj. mentally de- ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- ish. insanity (-san'i-ti), n. derangement of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- ness. insatiability (-sa-shi-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being insatiable. insatiable ('shi-a-bl), adj. that can- not be satisfied or appeased. inscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or engrave upon; address in a formal dedication; draw (one figure within another.) inscription (-skrip'shun) , n. the act of inscribing; that which is in- scribed; a dedicatory address; entry in a roll or register. inscrutability (-skr5o-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being inscrutable. inscrutable ('ta-bl), adj. not to be penetrated by inquiry or reason; incomprehensible. Insecta (-sek'ta), n.pL a class of ar- ticulate animals having 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings, and the body divided into 3 segments — head, tho- rax, and abdomen. insecticide ('ti-sid), n. a powder for destroying insects. insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. unsafe; liable to danger or injury. insenescible (in-se-nes'i-bl), adj. in- capable of growing old. insensate (-sen 'sat), adj. destitute of sense or mental perception; soul- less; mad; brutish. insensible ('si-bl), adj. that cannot be felt or perceived mentally or physically; heedless; callous; sense- less. insert (-serf), v.t. to place in or among; introduce into. insertion (-ser'shun), n. the act of inserting; that which is inserted, as lace or embroidery in a garment, words in writing, &c. inset ('set), n. a leaf or leaves in- serted in a newspaper, magazine, &c: v.t. (in-set') to set in; im- plant. inshore ('shor), adv. near or towards the shore. insidious (sid'i-us), adj. treacher- ous; deceitful; operating secretly. insignia (-sig'ni-a), n.pl. badges of honor or office. insignificance (-nif'i-kans), n. un- importance. Also insignificancy. insincere (in-sin-ser'), adj. hypo- critical; untrustworthy; deceitful. -insinuate ('u-at), v.t. to ingratiate, as into the confidence or affections of; suggest or hint indirectly; intro- duce as by a winding motion; worm in : v.i. work one's self into the con- fidence or affection of another. insinuating (-ing), p.adj. character- ized by insinuation; gently gaining favor; hinting slyly. insinuation _ (-u-a'shun), n. the act of insinuating; an indirect or sly hint. insipid (-sip 'id), adj. without flavor; tasteless. insipidity . ('i-ti), n. the quality of being insipid. insist (-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, as a wish or command; be persistent or peremptory. insistence ('ens), n. the act of in- sisting. Also insistency. insititious (in-si-tish'us), a. inserted or ingrafted in an unnatural way, as a graft on a foreign stock. insobriety (-so-bri'i-ti), n. intemper- ance. insolence ('so-lens), n. contemptu- ous or overbearing language or man- ner; offensive impertinence; insult- ing behavior. insolubility (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being insoluble. insoluble ('u-bl), adj. that cannot ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b56n, book; hue, hut; think, then. INSOLVENCY 409 INSTRUCTOR be dissolved; not soluble; inexplica- ble. insolvency ('ven-si), n. [pi. insol- vencies t-siz)], the state of being insolvent. insomnia (-som'ni-a), n. sleepless- inspect (-spekf), v.t. to examine critically; test officially; superintend. inspection (-spek'shun), n. the act of inspecting; careful or critical scrutiny. inspector ('ter), n. one who inspects or oversees; an official who superin- tends some matter of public inter- est; a police officer ranking next below a superintendent. inspiration (-spi-ra/shun), n. the act of drawing air into the lungs; cre- ative influence of genius; elevat- ing influence derived from associa- tion with great minds, scenery, &c. ; the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit on sacred writers and teachers. inspiratory (-spir'a-to-ri), adj. per- taining to inspiration. inspire (-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) in- to the lungs; breathe into; imbue with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; communicate officially: v.i. to inhale air or any other influence. inspirit (-spir 'it), v.t. to infuse spirit into; animate; exhilarate; cheer. inspissate (-spis'at), v.t. to thicken by boiling or evaporation. instability (-sta-bil'i-ti), n. want of stability or firmness; inconstancy; fickleness. install (-stawl'), v.t. to place or in- state in an office or rank. installation (-a 'shun), n. the act of installing; induction of a minister of a non-episcopal church to a charge; introduction of machinery for use. installment ('ment), n. the act of installing; payment of part of a sum of money due ; one of a number of parts of anything produced. instance ('stans), v.t. to refer to, or offer as an example : n. something offered as an illustration or exam- ple; earnest solicitation. instant ('stant), adj. urgent; imme- diate; passing; current: n. a par- ticular moment of time; point of duration. instantaneous (-tan-ta/ne-us), adj. acting or occurring in a moment; position at a particular moment. instanter (-stan'ter), adv. immedi- ately. instate (-stat'), v.t. to put in office or rank. instigate ('sti-gat), v.t. to provoke or urge on (in a bad sense); incite. instigator (-ga'ter), n. one who in- stigates. instil (-stir), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- stilled, p.pr. instilling], to insinuate gradually, as if by drops; pour in by drops. instinct ('stingkt), adj. animated; stimulated from within: n. natural impulse in animals. instinctive (-stingk'tiv), adj. acting or prompted by instinct ; spontaneous. institute ('sti-tut), v.t. to establish; set up; fix; originate; set in opera- tion; ordain; invest with the spir- itual part of a benefice: n. estab- lished law; a maxim or principle; scientific or literary society: pi. a book of laws or principles, especially Roman laws. institution (-tu'shun), n. the act of instituting; that which is instituted or established; a corporate body or society for promoting a particular object; the building where such a society meets. institutcr ('sti-tu-ter), n. a founder; a cleric appointed by the bishop to institute a clergyman into a spir- itual benefice. instruct (-strukf), v.t. to teach; educate; furnish with orders or di- rections. instruction (-struk'shun), n. the act of instructing; education; an order, &c. instructor ('ter), n. one who in- structs. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INSTRUMENT 410 INTELLECTUALISM instrument ('stroo-ment), n. that by which anything is effected; a tool or implement; a mechanical con- trivance for producing musical sounds; agent; a writing containing the terms of a contract, as a deed. instrumentality (-tari-ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (-tiz)], a subordi- nate or auxiliary agency; means. instrumentation (-ta'shun), n. the arrangement of music for a com- bination of instruments ; music thus arranged; use or method of using an instrument. insubordinate (-sub-or'di-nat), adj. not submitting to authority; muti- nous. insubordination (-di-na/shun), n. the state of being insubordinate.^ insufferable (-suf'er-a-bl), adj. in- tolerable. insular ('sti-lar), adj. pertaining to an island, or to the inhabitants of an island, their customs, &c; iso- lated; narrow. insularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state of being insular; narrowness of opin- ions, &c. insulate ('sfi-lat), v.t. to place alone or in a detached situation; separate by a non-conductor from other con- ducting bodies. insulation (-la/shun), n. the act of insulating; the state of being in- sulated. insulator ('ter), n. one who, or that which, insulates; a non-conductor of electricity, heat, or sound. » insult ('suit), n. an affront or in- dignity; gross abuse in word or ac- tion: v.t. (in-sulf) to treat with gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, by word or act. insuperable (-sti'per-a-bl), adj. not to be overcome; invincible. insurable (-shur'a-bl), adj. capable of being insured against loss, dam- age, &c; proper to be insured. insurance ('&ns), n. the act or sys- tem of insuring against loss or dam- age; a contract entered into to se- cure against loss by fire, &c, by the payment of a specified sum; pre- mium paid. insure (-shur'), v.t. to contract on certain conditions to secure against loss or damage by fire, &c; make sure or secure. insurgent (-ser'jent), adj. rising against constituted authority: n. a rebel. insurrection (-rek'shun), n. active or open hostility to constituted au- thority; rebellion. insurrectionary (-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or engaged in, insurrec- tion; seditious. intact (-takf), adj. entire; uninjured. intaglio (en-ta/lyo), n. [pi. intaglii, -glios (lye, lyoz)], a gem or stone having a design cut in the surface; incised carving. intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken in; opposed to outgo; the point in a channel where water enters. integer* (in'te-jer), n. the whole: a whole number: opposed to fraction. integral ('te-gral), adj. constituting a whole; complete; pertaining to an integer: n. the whole made up of parts. integrant ('te-grant), adj. making part of a whole; necessary to con- stitute an entire thing. integrate ('te-grat), v.t. to bring to- gether the parts of; give the sum total of: v.i. to pass from a complex and unstable state to one relatively simple and stable. integrity (-teg'ri-ti), n. uprightness; virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- paired or -unbroken state of any- thing. integument ('u-ment), n. an exter- nal covering or skin. intellect ('tel-ekt), n. the mind or understanding ; superior intelligence ; acquired knowledge. intellectual ('tfi-al), adj. pertaining to, or apprehended by, the intellect; mental; ideal. intellectualism (-izm), n. intellec- tual power or quality; the doctrine ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTELLIGENCE 411 INTERJECTION that all knowledge is derived from pure reason. intelligence (-tel'i-jens), n. intellec- tual capacity; understanding; mind; acquired knowledge; notification; news. intelligent ('i-jent), adj. endowed with intelligence or understanding; exhibiting knowledge; clever; acute; discerning. intelligible ('i-ji-bl), adj. capable of being understood; clear. intemperance (-tem'per-ans), n. want of moderation or self-restraint; excess, especially in the use of al- coholic liquors. intemperate ('per-at), adj. charac- terized by want of moderation or self-restraint; excessive; addicted to alcoholic liquors. intend (-tend'), v.t. to purpose; mean. intendant ('ant), n. a superintend- ent. intended ('ed), n. an affianced lover. intense (-tens'), adj. increased to ex- cess; strained; forced; ardent; ve- hement. intensify (-ten'si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. intensified, p.pr. intensifying], to render more intense; heighten. intensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. intensities (-tiz)l, the state or quality of being intense; density, as of a negative plate; the force or energy of any physical agent. intensive ('siv), adj. serving to in- tensify; giving force or emphasis to. intent (-tent'), adj. having the mind strained or closely fixed on a sub- ject; anxiously diligent; constantly or assiduously directed (with on): n. purpose; aim. intention (-ten'shun), n. purpose; fixed design; end or aim; project. inter (-ter)', v.t. [p.t. & p.p. interred, p.pr. interring], to bury. inter, a prefix meaning between, among. interborough (in'ter-bu'ro), adj. exist- ing or carried on between boroughs. intercalary (-ter'ka-la-ri), adj. in- serted in the calendar, as Feb. 29 in leap-year. intercalate ('ka-lat), v.t. to insert between or among. intercede (-sed'), v.i. to mediate as a friend between persons at vari- ance; plead for another; interpose. intercept (-sept'), v.t. to stop and seize in the way; cut off; obstruct; include between two points of a line. intercession (-sesh'un), n. the act of interceding; mediation; a prayer for persons of different conditions. intercessor (-ses'er), n. a mediator. intercity (in'ter-si'ti), adj. existing or carried on between cities. intercollegiate (in'ter-kol-le'ji-at), adj. between or among colleges; as intercollegiate contests, football, etc. intercourse ('ter-kors), n. connec- tion, correspondence, or communica- tion between individuals, nations, &c; mutual exchange; familiarity; fellowship. interdict (-clikf), v.t. to restrain or forbid; cut off from the spiritual services of the Church. interest ('ter-est), v.t. to engage the attention; awaken concern in; cause to take a share in: n. advan- tage; influence; personal concern; benefit; profit; premium paid for- the use of money. interesting (-ing), p. adj. engaging the attention or curiosity; exciting the feelings or emotions. interfere _ (-feV), v.i. to interpose or meddle in the affairs of others; op- pose; come into collision; act recip- rocally so as to modify the result; injure the fetlock by striking it with the opposite hoof. interference ('ens), n. the act of interfering. interim ('ter-im), n. intervening time or perod: adv. in the meanwhile. interior (-te'ri-6r), adj. not exterior; inner; internal; remote from the coast or frontier: n. the inside; the inland; home department of a gov- ernment. interjection (-ter-jek'shun), n. an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTERLARD 412 INTERSECTION exclamation; a word thrown in to express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. interlard (in-ter-lard'), v.t. to insert or inject matter in a discourse not exactly germane, but explicatory and apropos. interleave (-lev), v.t. to insert a leaf in: as to interleave a book with blank leaves or illustrations. interlinear (-lin'e-ar), adj. written or printed between other lines, as a translation. interlocutory (-lok'u-to-ri), adj. con- versational; intermediate; not final. interloper ('ter-ld-per), n. an in- truder. interlude ('ter-lud), ft. a short en- tertainment given between acts of a play, &c; a short instrumental passage played between the stanzas of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. intermediary (-me'di-a-ri), adj. in- tervening: n. an agent; go-between; medium. intermediate ('di-at), adj. existing or lying in the middle; intervening. interment ('ment), ft. burial. intermezzo (-met'zo), ft. an inter- lude. intermingle (in-ter-ming'gl), v.t. to mix together or among. intermission (-mish'un), ft. inter- ruption; pause; temporary cessation between paroxysms of a disease. intermit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to cause to cease for a time; interrupt; suspend. intern (-tern'), v.t. to confine within a town or fortress, or in the inte- rior of a country; place under ar- rest. internal (-ter'nal), adj. pertaining to the center; interior; inward; not foreign; domestic. international (-nash'un-al), adj. pertaining to two or more nations in common. internecine (-ne'sin), adj. mutually destructive; deadly. interne (in'tern), n. a physician liv- ing in a hospital. interpellate (-pel'at), v.t. to ques- tion. interpleader (-pled'er), ft. the dis- cussion of a point incidentally oc- curring in law. interpolate ('po-lat), v.t. to insert in a book or writing new or spurious matter; corrupt by insertions. interpose (-poz'), ■ v.t. to place be- tween; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. to intercede; come between. interpret ^ Cpret), v.t. to explain the meaning of; expound; construe. interpretation (-ta/shun), n. the act of interpreting; explanation. interregnum (-reg'num), n. the pe- riod between two reigns, govern- ments, or ministries; time of abey- ance. interrogate ('o-gat), _ v.t. to ques- tion: v.i. to ask questions. interrogation (-ga'shun), ft. the act of interrogating; a question; in- quiry; a mark (?) denoting a ques- tion. interrogative (-rog'a-tiv), adj. de- noting or containing a question or inquiry: ft. a word used in asking a question. interrogator ('o-ga-ter), ft. one who interrogates. interrogatory (-rog'a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or expressing, a ques- tion: n. a question in writing put to a party to a suit. interrupt (-rupf), v.t. to stop or hinder by breaking in upon; break the continuity of; cause to be de- layed; end suddenly. interruption ('shun), ft. the act of interrupting; hindrance; obstruc- tion; intervention; sudden cessa- tion. intersect , (-sekt'), v.t. to cut or di- vide mutually: v.i. to cross each other. intersection (-sek'shun), ft. the act or state of intersecting; place of crossing; the point or line in which two lines or two planes cut each other. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTERSPERSE 413 INTRICACY intersperse (in-ter-spers'), v.t. to scatter between or among. interstellar (-stel'ar), adj. pertain- ing to, or situated in, space be- tween the stars. interstate ('ter-stat), adj. between the states. interstice ('ter-stis, or -ter'stis), n. a narrow space between things close- ly set; crevice. intertidal (-ti'dal), adj. living be- tween high- and low-water mark. interurban (in-ter-er'ban), adj. be- tween or uniting two or more towns or cities. interval ('ter-val), n. time or space between; distance between two given musical sounds. intervale ('ter-val), n. a tract of low ground situated between hills, or by the banks of a river. intervene (-ven'), v.i. to come, or be situated, between; interpose; in- terfere. intervention (-ven'shun), n. the act of intervening; interposition; medi- ation. interview ('ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as a notable personage, to obtain par- ticulars respecting himself or his opinions: n. a personal conference or meeting. intestacy (-tes'ta-si), n. the state of dying without a will. intestate ('tat), adj. dying without having made a valid will: n. one who dies without having made a will. intestinal ('ti-nal), adj. pertaining to, or found in, the intestines. intestine ('tin), adj: internal; not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; entrails. intimacy ('ti-ma-si), n. [pi. intima- cies (-siz) ], close or confidential friendship. intimate ('ti-mat), adf. close in friendship; well acquainted; famil- iar; confidential; complete: v.t. to indicate; make known. intimation (-ma/shun), n. an indi- rect suggestion or hint; announce- ment. intimidate (-tim'i-dat), v.t. to make afraid. intolerable (-tol'er-a-bl), adj. un- bearable. intolerance ('er-ans), n. want of toleration of the opinions or prac- tices of others; inability to bear or endure. intolerant ('er-ant), adj. bigoted; unable to bear or endure (with of). intonation (-to-na'shun), n. the act or manner of sounding musical notes; modulation of the voice; act of intoning. intone (-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- tone. in toto (in to'to), adv. entirely; com- pletely. intoxicant (-toks'i-kant), n. that which intoxicates. intoxicate ('i-kat), 'v.t. to make drunk by spirituous liquors; excite unduly. intoxication (-ka'shun), n. the act of intoxicating; extreme excitement. intra, a prefix meaning within, _ as intramural, within the walls of a city. intracellular (in-tra-sel'u-lar), adj. within and around a cell. intractable (-trak'ta-bl), adj. un- manageable. intractile ('til), adj. incapable of being drawn out; not extensible. _ intrados (-tra'dos), n. the interior and lower line or curve of an arch. intramural. See under intra. intransigeant (in-tran-se'ja-ant)^ n. a person who is opposed to the exist- ing order. intransitive ('si-tiv), adj. not pass- ing over to or requiring an object: said of certain verbs. in transitu (-tran'si-tti), on the way. intrastate ('tra-stat), adj. within a state. intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify and protect by means of ditches or walls. intrepid (-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- less. intricacy ('tri-ka-si), n. [pi. intrica- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTRICATE 414 INVERSE cies (-siz) ], the quality of being in- inundation tricate; perplexity. intricate ('tri-kat)f adj. entangled or involved. intrigant (in-tri-ganf), n. one who intrigues or plots; a person who mixes in private or secret affairs. intrigue (in-treg'), v.i. to carry on (-da'shun), n. overflow; flood. inure (-Qr'), v.t. to habituate, or ac- custom; toughen. in vacuo (vak'u-o), in a vacuum. invade (-vad'), v.t. to enter (a coun- try) with a hostile army; infringe upon; violate. a secret plot; engage in clandestine invalid (-varid), adj..oi no force or love affairs: n. a secret plot; clan destine love affair. intrinsic (-trin'sik), adj. pertaining to that which is inherent; real; genuine. intro, a prefix meaning within, into, as •m*!rocession, a depression, or sink- ing of parts inwards. introduce (-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- duct or bring in; bring into use or notice; bring into acquaintance; in- sert. introduction (-duk'shun),n.the act of introducing; presentation; a preface. introductory ('to-ri), adj. serving to introduce. Also introductive. intronexed (-fleksf) adj. bent in- wards. intromission (-tro-mish'un), n. in- sertion; introduction. intromit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- tromited, p.pr. intromiting], to ad- mit; insert. introspection (in-tro-spek'shun), n. looking inward; examination of one's thoughts or motives. intrude (-trud'), v.i. to thrust one's self in without invitation or wel- come: v.t. force in. intrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act of intruding; encroachment; unlawful entry into vacant lands or tene- ments. intuition (-tu-ish'un), n. instinctive knowledge or feeling; immediate per- ception. intuitional (-al), adj. pertaining to intuition. intuitive ('i-tiv), adj. perceived im- mediately by the mind. inundate (-un'dat), v.t. to fill with an overflowing abundance; flood. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. authority; null and void: n. (in'va- lid), one who is weak or infirm in health; a disabled soldier or sailor: v.t. to register as an invalid; affect with disease. invalidate (-val'i-dat), v.t. to weak- en or destroy the force or validity of. invalidity (-id'i-ti), n. want of legal force or argument. invaluable (-val'ii-a-bl), adj. price- less. invariable (-var'i-a-bl), adj. con- stant. invariably (-bli), adv. constantly. invasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of in- vading; hostile incursion; encroach- ment. invective (-vek'tiv), n. a violent ut- terance of censure, sarcasm, or abuse: adj. abusive. inveigh (-va/), v.i. to rail against persons or things with vehemence; utter censure or reproach; declaim. inveigle (-ve'gl), pd. to entice; seduce. invent (-vent'), v.t. to find. out by original study or contrivance; devise or contrive; originate. invention (-ven'shun), n. the act of inventing; the thing invented; dis- covery; creative faculty; concoc- tion; fabrication. inventive ('tiv), adj. able to invent; quick at contriving; ready in ex- pedients. inventor f'ter), n. one who invents. inventory (Ven-to-ri), n. [pi. in- ventories (-riz) ], a catalogue or list of goods, • furniture, &c. ; ac- count: v.t. to draw up an inventory or catalogue of. inverse (-vers'), adj. contrary in INVERSION 415 IOD •, tendency, direction, or effect; recip- rocal; inverted. inversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of inverting; the state of being in- verted; contrary change of order or position. invert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside down. Invertebrata (-ver-te-bra/ta), n.pl. one of the sub-divisions of the ani- mal kingdom, including those ani- mals which have no vertebrae or spinal column. invertebrate ('te-brat), n. one of the Invertebrata: adj. having no back- bone; having no force of character; weak. invest (-vest'), v.t. to place or lay out, as money; clothe, as with office, authority, or dignity; surround: v.i. to make an investment. investigate ('i-gat), v.t. to ascertain by careful inquiry; search; examine. investigation (-ga'shun), n. the act of investigating; inquny; search. investigator ('ter), n. one who in- vestigates. investiture ( r ti-tur), n. the act or right of giving legal possession; the ceremony of inducting a bishop into his office. investment (-vest'ment), n. the act of laying out money productively; money so invested; the act of be- sieging or blockading. investor (-ves'ter), n. one who in- vests. inveteracy (-vet'er-a-si), n. the state of being inveterate. inveterate ('er-at), adj. deep-rooted; habitual. invidious (-vid'i-us), adj. likely to provoke ill-will or envy; unpleasant. invigorate (-vig'o-rat), v.t. to give vigor to; strengthen; animate. invincible ('si-bl), adj. unconquer- able. inviolability (-vl-o-la-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being inviolable. inviolable ('o-la-bl), adj. that can- not be profaned or injured; un- broken. Inviolate. invisible ('i-bl), adj. that cannot be seen. invitation (-vi-ta/shun), n. the act of inviting; polite solicitation; the words or document by which one is invited. invitatory (-vl'ta-to-ri), adj. con- taining, or using invitation. invite (-vlt'), v.t. to ask, solicit, or summon; request the presence of; persuade; allure. inviting ('ing), p.adj. tempting; se- ductive. invocation (-vo-ka'shun), n. the act or form of invoking. invoice ('vois), n. a document an- nouncing the despatch of goods with their prices, quantity, &c: v.t. to state or insert in an invoice. invoke (-vok'), v.t. to address in prayer or supplication; solicit (aid or protection). involuntary (-vol'un-ta-ri), adj. with- out will or choice; not spontaneous. involute ('vo-ltit), adj. folded or rolled inwards, as certain leaves and flowers; coiled spirally: n. a par- ticular kind of curve turned inward at the margin. involution (-lii'shun), n. the act of involving or infolding; complica- tion; return of an organ or tissue to its normal size after distention; the process of raising an arithmetical or algebraical quantity to a given power, as 3 4 = 81. involve (-volv'), v.t. to complicate; entangle; surround; embroil; result as a logical consequence; multiply a quantity into itself any given number of times. invulnerability (-vul-ner-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being invulnerable. invulnerable (-vul'ner-a-bl), adj. that cannot be wounded or injured; without any weak point. inwrought (-rawf), p.adj. worked in; adorned with figures or patterns. io (i'o), n. the peacock butterfly. iod, a prefix, indicating the presence of iodine. Also iodo. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. IODIC 416 IRREPRESSIBLE iodic (-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, iodine. iodine ('o-din), n. a non-metallic ele- ment, which, when heated, gives off a rich violet vapor. ion ('on), n. a substance resulting from the decomposition of a body by electrolysis. Ionian ('o-ni-an), adj. pertaining to Ionia, or its inhabitants. Also Ionic. Ionic order ('ik 6r'der), n. an order of classic architecture, characterized by the volute, or ram's-horn scroll, of its capital. iota _ (-o't&), n. the Greek letter (l), which from its being used under the vowels a, n, w {iota subscriptum) , denotes anything small or insignifi- cant. ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacuanha. ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a), n. the root of a South American plant; used in medicine. ir, prefix meaning not. irade (i-ra'de), n. an imperial decree [Turkish]. Iran (I-ran), n. the official name for Persia. Iranian (I-ra/ni-an), n. a Persian; pertaining to Persia; Iranian lan- guages, descriptive of a group of kindred languages, such as the Zend, Palatine, and Persian. irascibility (I-ras-i-bil'Hi), n. qual- ity,, of being irascible. irascible ('i-bl), n. easily excited to anger. irate (-rat'), adj. angry; enraged. ire (Ir), n. anger; wrath. irid, a prefix meaning eye. Also irido. iridescence (ir-i-des'ens), n. the ex- hibition of colors like those of the rainbow. iridescent ('ent), adj. exhibiting iri- descence. iridium (I-rid'i-um), n. a metallic element. iris ('ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (-sez, 'ri-dez) ], the pupil of the eye; the rainbow. iriscope ('ri-skop), n. an apparatus for showing the prismatic colors. Irish ('rish), adj. pertaining to Ire- land, its inhabitants, or language. irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to become tired. irksome ('sum), adj. tedious; weari- some. Iron Age (aj), n. the last prehistoric age, characterized by the use of iron for weapons, &c; the last of the four ages of classic mythology. ironical (I-ron'i-kal), adj. expressing one thing and meaning another. ironwood ('ern-wood), n. a name for the timber of trees of exceptional hardness and durability. irony ('ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a mode of speech conveying the op- posite of what is meant. irradiance (ir-ra'di-ans), n. the act of sending forth luminous rays; luster. Irradiancy. irradiant (-ant), adj. emitting rays of light. irradiate ('di-at), v.t. to shed light upon; illuminate; brighten: v.i. emit rays of light. irradicate (-rad'i-kat), v.t. to root deeply. irrational (ir-rash'un-al), adj. with- out reason; absurd. irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl), adj. that which cannot be reclaimed. irredeemable (ir-re-dem'a-bl), adj. impossible of redemption. Irredentist (ir-re-den'tist), n. one of an Italian political party organized about 1877 with the view of re- covering the Italian provinces lost to Austria. From the phrase Italia Irredenta, or "Italy Unredeemed." irregular (ir-reg'ti-lar), adj. not con- forming to rule; variable. irrelevant (ir-rel'e-vant), adj. dis- connected; not pertaining to; un- related to the subject discussed. irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not capable of repair. irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. un- restrainable. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IRREPROACHABLE 417 ISOTHERM irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. without blame or reproach. irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not to be resisted. irresolute (ir-res'o-hit), adj. unde- cided; vacillating in purpose. irrespective (-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- gardless (with of). irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. with no responsibility; not account- able. irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. want- ing in reverence. irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl), adj. not to be recalled; final. irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), adj. capable of being irrigated. irrigate ('i-gat), v.t. to moisten (land) by causing water to flow over by artificial means. irritability (-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity or state of being irritable. . Ir- ritableness. irritable ('i-ta-bl), adj. easily pro- voked to anger; easily stimulated to perform some physical function. irritant ('i-tant), adj. causing irri- tation: n. anything which causes irritation. irritate ('i-tat), v.t. to provoke or make angry; excite heat and red- ness in. irritation (-ta'shun), n. the act of irritating; the state of being irri- tated; exasperation; vexation; im- patience; excitement of muscular action by external agency. irruption (-rup'shun), n. a bursting or rushing in; sudden invasion. is, prefix meaning equal. Also iso: as isanthous, having equal anthers; isothermal, having the same mean summer temperature. isagon (i'sa-gon), n. a figure with equal angles. Ishmaelite (ish'ma-el-it), n. a de- scendant of Ishmael: hence a social outcast. isinglass (i'zing-glas), n. a white semi-transparent substance prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of the sturgeon, cod, &c. Islam (is'lam), n. the Mohammedan religion; the whole body of Moham- medans and the countries where the religion of Mohammed is professed. island (i'land), n. a tract of land surrounded by water; anything re- sembling an island. isle (II), n. an island [poet.]. islet (I'let), n. a small island. ism (izm), n. a system or theory. iso, prefix. See is. isobar (I'so-bar), n. a line which connects places on the earth's sur- face having the same atmospheric pressure at the sea level. isochromatic (-kro-mat'ik), adj., hav- ing the same color. isochronous (-sok'ro-nus), adj. oc- curring in equal times. isoclinal (-so-kli'nal), adj. having the same dip or inclination. isodynamic (-di-nam'ik), adj. having equal force. isogeothermal (-je-o-ther'mal), adj. noting imaginary lines connecting places on the earth's surface which have the same mean annual tem- perature. isolate ('so-lat), v.t. to place alone; place in a detached situation; insu- late; obtain in an uncombined form. isolation (-la/shun), n. the state of being isolated. isomeric (-mer'ik), adj. having the same elements in the same propor- tions, but with different physical characteristics. isometric (-met'rik), adj. having equality of measure. isomorphism (-mor'fizm), n. the quality of having the same crystal- line form, but of varied elements. - isosceles (-sos'e-lez), adj. having equal sides. isostasist (I-so-stas'ist), n. a student of isostatics. isostatics (I-so-stat'iks), n. science dealing with theories of the earth's equilibrium. isotherm ('so-therm), n. an imag- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, £Aen. ISRAELITE 418 IZZARD inary line connecting places having the same mean temperature. Israelite (iz'ra-el-it), n. a descendant of Israel; a Jew. issue (ish'Q), n. the act of passing or flowing out; egress; that which flows or passes out; discharge; flux; publication; offspring; lineal de- scendants; produce of the earth; profits of land, &c; essential points in pleading or debate; result. isthmian (ist'mi-an), adj. pertain- ing to an isthmus. isthmus ('mus), n. a neck of land connecting two larger portions.. it (it) pr. the neuter pronoun of the third person, and having the same plural (as they, them). Italian (i-tal'ylin), adj. pertaining to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. Italic ('ik), adj. pertaining to Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind of type (italic): used for emphasis, &c: n.pl. italic type. italicize ('i-siz), v.t. to write or print in italics. Italiote ('i-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- tant of Italy. itch (ich), n. a parasitic cutaneous disease causing great irritation; a constant and teasing desire. item (I'tem), n. a separate article or particular; a newspaper paragraph: adv. also. itemize (i'tem-iz), v.t. to set forth in detail; to give the items. iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. iteration (-a/shun), repetition. itineracy (I-tin'er-a-si), n. the prac- tice of itinerating. itinerancy ('er-an-si), n. a passing from place to place, especially in the discharge of some official func- tion, as by a judge on circuit, a preacher, &c. itinerant ('er-ant), adj. passing from place to place: n. one who itinerates. itinerary ('er-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or done on, a journey; traveling from place to place: n. a traveler's guide or route-book; a diary of a journey; plan of a projected ex- cursion. itinerate ('er-at), v.i. -to travel from place to place. ivory ('vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, white dentine which forms the tusks of the elephant, walrus, &c: adj. made of, or like, ivory. ivory palm (-pam), n. the palm from which the ivory nuts used in turning as an imitation for ivory are obtained. ivorytype (-tip), n. a particular kind of phonographic picture with an ivory-like surface. izzard (iz'ard), n. ancient term for the letter *. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. J J, the tenth letter of the English alpha- bet, and its latest addition; formerly another way of writing the letter I. jabber' ('er), v.i. to talk rapidly and indistinctly; chatter. jacal (ha-kal'), n. a native Mexican dwelling made of thin poles covered with mud. jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red variety of zircon. jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a small ball serving as a mark to be aimed at; the male of some animals; a leather cup or jug; timber cut short of its usual length; a flag used for signaling; the knave of cards; a leathern coat of mail; a name applied to various kinds of levers or mechanical labor-saving appliances, as a jack-screw, roast- ing-jack, &c: v.t. to lift with a jack; give up. jackal ('awl), n. a dog-like carniv- orous animal which hunts in packs; one who does base work for an- other. jackanapes ('a-naps), n. a conceited or upstart fellow. jackass ('as), n. the male ass; don- key. jackboots Cbootz), n.pl. large boots reaching above the knee. jackdaw ('daw), n. a glossy species of crow. jacket ('et), n. a short tailless coat: a covering to prevent radiation of heat: v.t. to clothe with a jacket; beat. Jack Ketch (jak-ketch'), n. a public hangman, from an individual of that name who occupied that office under James II. jackknife (jak'nff), n. a large pocket knife, commonly a boy's knife. jack-snipe (jak'snip), n. a small snipe, also called sandpiper. Jacobite (jak'o-bit), n. one of the adherents to the cause of James II. and his descendants. Jacquard ('kard), n. a loom for weaving patterns invented by Jac- quard, a Frenchman. jade (jad), n. a tired or worn-out horse; a vicious woman: a young woman (contemptuously or humor- ously); a silicate of magnesia and lime of green color: formerly much used for ornaments. jag (jag), n. a notch; projecting point; denticulation ; a small load; a condition of partial intoxication. jager, n. German light infantryman. jaguar (-gwar'), n. a fierce animal of South America, resembling the leopard; the American tiger. jail (jal), n. a prison; a bridewell. jammer (jam'er), n. an improved apparatus for loading logs on sleds and cars by horse power. jamb (jam), n. one of the upright sides of a doorway, window-opening, or fireplace. jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- tion; chatter. janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. janis- saries (-riz) ], formerly the foot- guard of the Turkish sultans. Also janizary. janitor ('i-ter), n. a door-keeper. January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month in the year, from the Latin god, Janus. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (419) ' ■■■■ JAPAN 420 JEREMIAD Japan (ja-pan'), n. an empire com- prising several large islands off the coast of China, part of Manchuria, Korea, and the island of Formosa. Japan is the name given by the Chinese, Nippon being the Japanese word. japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished and lacquered after the Japanese style of ornamentation; a kind of varnish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. japanned, p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, or lacquer, with japan; make black and glossy. Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. Japanesque (-nesk'), adj. resembling the Japanese style of art. japonica (-pon'i-ka), n. the name of various species of Japanese plants. jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'), n. an or- namental flower-stand of porcelain or metal. jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- telligible talk; a mixture of two or more languages; the peculiar phrase- ology of a party, sect, &c. jashawk (jas'hawk), n. a young, or eyas, hawk. jasmine ('min), n._ a plant of the genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- ers. jasper ('per), n. an opaque, many- shaded variety of quartz : when pol- ished it is made into a variety of ornamental articles. jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- acterized by yellowness of the eye- balls, skin, &c, caused by biliary de- rangement: hence a mental condi- tion in which everything appears in a prejudiced form. jaunt (jant; jont), n. a short excursion or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take a short excursion. jaunty ('i), adj. airy; gay; showy. Java (ja'va), n. the largest island of the Dutch East Indies. Javanese (jav'a-nez), adj. pertaining to Java, its inhabitants, or language. javelin (lin), n. a light spear. jazz (v. or adj.), negro term for speed- ing up, as in music. jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, jealousy; anxiously suspicious or watchful. jealousy (-i), n. suspicious fear or watchfulness, especially the fear of being supplanted by a rival. jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- ton cloth. jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridicule: v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. tackle by which the lower yards of a vessel are hoisted or lowered. Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord God of the Hebrews. jehu ('hii), n. one fond of driving, especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 20); coachman. jejune (-jun'), adj. empty; void of interest. jejunum (-ju'num), n. [pi. jejuna ('na) ], that portion of the small in- testines between the duodenum and ileum. jelly ('i), n. [pi. jellies ('iz) ], the stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, meat, &c, after boiling; any semi- transparent soft gluey substance: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. jemmy ('i), n. [pi. jemmies ('iz) ], a short crowbar used by burglars. Also jimmy. jennet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also genet. jenny ('i), n. a machine for spinning; used in composition for female, as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to loss or injury; hazard. Also jeopar- dize. jeopardy (-i), n. hazard; peril. jeered (-ed'), n. a javelin, used in Turkey and Persia in mock battles; a game played with jereeds. Also jerid. jeremiad (-e-mi'ad), n. lamentation, especially over modern degeneracy: from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. I JERK 421 JINGO jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, twist, or push to; throw with a sudden quick movement; cut into long strips and dry in the sun, as beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist or push; spasmodic movement; jerked beef; charqui. jerkin ('in), n. a short coat or jack- et; close waistcoat; gyrfalcon; young salmon. jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, and of bad materials, as a jerry-built house. Jersey (jer-zi), adj. pertaining to the Isle of Jersey, or to its breed of cat- tle: n. a close-fitting thick woolen shirt; fine yarn wool; of or pertain- ing to New Jersey. jess (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened to the leg of a hawk, to which the leash is attached. jesse (jes'e), n. a large branched can- dlestick used in churches; symboliz- ing the genealogical tree of Jesse and of Jesus Christ. jester (er), n. a person given to jest- ing, sportive talk and merry pranks; a joker; a buffoon; a merry-an- drew; a person formerly retained by princes to make sport for them. Jesuit (jez'ti-it), n. a member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. Jesuitic (-ti-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, the Jesuits, their principles and practices. Jesuit's bark (bark), n. cinchona. jetsam ('sam), n. that part of a ship's cargo which is thrown into the sea to lighten the vessel in case of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also jetsom, jetson. jettison ('i-sun), n. the act of throw- ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw overboard to lighten a vessel. jetty ('i), n. [pi. jetties ('iz) ], a structure extending into the water, used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- strain or direct currents; projection of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, p.pr. jetting], to put out or project. Jew (joo), n. an Israelite; Hebrew. Fern. Jewess. jewel ('el), n. a valuable ornament; gem; previous stone; anything of great value or dear to one: v.i. to adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- nish with jewels. jeweler ('er), n. one who makes or deals in jewels. jewelry ~ ('ri), n. jewels collectively; the art or trade of a jeweler. Jewish ('ish) adj. pertaining to the Jews, their language, customs, &c. Jewry ('ri), n. Judaea; a district in a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail projecting beyond the bowsprit; the projecting arm or beam of a crane; a jibbing horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- lessly backwards or sideways: said of a horse. jib-boom ('boom), n. a spar beyond the bowsprit, on which the jib is set. jibe. Another form of gibe. jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. jigger ('er), n. one who jigs; a name for various mechanical contrivances and appliances; another form of chigoe. jig-jog ('jog), n. a jolting motion. jill (jil), n. a young woman; sweet- heart; the female of a ferret. jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. to encourage (a lover) and then dis- card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- tice deception in love. jimmy (jim'i), n. a burglar's tool. See jemmy. jimson-weed (jim 'sun-wed), n. stra- monium. jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling metallic sound; a little bell or rat- tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound with a jingle. jingo ('go), n. [pi. jingoes Cgoz) ], one of a party of Conservatives who at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, wished Great Brit- ain to go to war with Russia : named from a popular song of the day. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JINGOISM 422 JOKER jingoism (-izm), n. the jingo mili- tary spirit. jinn, n. pi. spirits taking earthly forms. jinnee (jin'e), n. [pi. jinn (jin) ], the good and evil spirits of Mohamme- dan mythology which sometimes as- sume human shape. Also genie, jin, jinn, djinnee. jinrikisha (-rik'i-sha), n. a small Japanese two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one or more men. Also jinriksha. jitney n. an Americanism, meaning five cents; a nickel. jitney-bus n. an automobile convey- ing passengers over established routes for which a low fare is charged ; gen- erally five cents. jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'soo), n. a system of wrestling among the Japanese; lit- erally, "muscle-breaking." jobber (job'er), n. a middleman, es- pecially one who acts as agent be- tween a stock-broker and the public; one who transacts public business for his own private interests. jobbery ('er-i), n. [pi. jobberies (-iz) 1, low intriguing for private ad- vantage or political ends. job-lot (job-lot'), n. a collection of various articles thrown together for sale in one lot. jockey (jok'i), n. [pi. jockeys ('iz) ], one who rides a horse in a race; groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jockeyed, p.pr. jock- eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle against by riding unfairly. jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- morous. jocosity (-kos'i-ti), n. the quality of being jocose. jocular (jok'u-lar), adj. making jokes. jocund ('und), adj. jovial; sportive; gay- jocundity (-un'di-ti), n. the state or quality of being jocund. jodel, v.t. to warble. John Bull (jon bool'), n. a popular - name for an Englishman. John Chinaman (jon chi'na-man), n. name applied^by Americans to a Chinese. John Doe (jon do'), n. a term used in law forms prior to the discovery of the true name; the feminine term corresponding being "Jane Doe." johnny-cake (-kak), n. a flat maize cake, mixed with milk or water, quickly prepared at an ordinary fire. join (join), v.t. to unite; connect; associate; add or annex; to unite in marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- tact; be associated or in unity with: n. a joint or union. joinder ('der), n. in law, the coupling of two or more causes of action into the same declaration. joiner ('er), n. one who, or that which, joins, especially an artisan who finishes the woodwork for houses, &c. joinery ('er-i), n. joiner's work. joint (joint) n. the place where two or more things join; articulation of limbs; node or internode; hinge; a fissure dividing rock masses into blocks; one of the larger pieces into which a carcass is cut up; a place of low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. produced by the action of two or more; united in or sharing: v.t. to form with, or unite by, joints; cut or divide into joints, as meat. joint-runner (joint'run'er), n. a piece of rope saturated with wet clay wrapped about a joint in an iron pipe preparatory to calking. joint-stock company (-stok kum'pa- ni), n. 2b company the stock or cap- ital of which is divided into trans- ferable shares. jointure ('tur), n. landed estate or tenements settled on a woman in consideration of her marriage, to be enjoyed by her after th3 death of her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure upon. joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to whichVthe boards of a floor or laths of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- nish with joists. joker ('er), n. a jester; an extra ate, arm, ask, at, awL; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, £Aen. JOLLIFICATION 423 JUDICATURE card, the highest trump card at euchre. jollification (jol-i-fi-ka/shun), n. merry-making. jollity ('i-ti), n. the state of being jolly. .jolly-boat (-bot), n. a ship's small boat. jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: n. a sudden jerk. Jonah (jo'na), n. name of a Biblical character in proverbial bad luck. Hence a person supposed to carry bad luck with him. jonquil Ckwil), n. a bulbous plant with fragrant flowers. Also jon- quille. joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. jostle ('1), v.t. to push against; elbow. joule (joul), n. the unit of electrical force in the centimeter-gram-second system. journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news or events; diary; a book in which particular transactions are entered from the day-book; a ship's log- book; the bearing part of the shaft of a machine. journalism (-izm), n. newspaper or periodical literature; the influence exercised by such literature; the pro- fession of a journalist. journalist (-ist), n. an editor, or contributor to a journal or newspa- per; one who keeps a journal. journalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to journals, journalists, or jour- nalism. ** / journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one place to another; a day's work or travel: v.i. to travel from one place to another. journeyman (-man), n. [pi. journey- men (-men) ], a mechanic who has served his apprenticeship. joust (joost), n. a mediaeval mock combat with blunted lances between two mounted knights: v.i. to engage in such a combat. jovial (jov'i-al), adj. convivial; merry. joviality ('i-ti), n. conviviality; mirth. jowl (joul), n. the jaw or cheek; head of a fish. joyful ('fool), adj. full of joy. joy-ride ('rid), n. term for the reck- less, unauthorized use of an auto- mobile, usually by the chauffeur. jubilant (joo'bi-lant), adj. express- ing exultation; triumphant. jubilate ('bi-lat), v.i. to express ex- ultation. jubilation (-la/shun), n. a shouting for joy s ; declaration of triumph. jubilee ('bi-le), n. a Jewish festival celebrated every 50th year, to com- memorate the deliverance of the Is- raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 50th anniversary of any event; a year of special indulgence granted by the Pope every 25th year. Judaean (-de'an), adj. pertaining to Judaea, &c. Judaic (-da/ik) adj. pertaining to the Jews. Also Judaical. Judaize (-Iz), v.i. to conform to the rites and doctrines of the Jews: v.t, bring into conformity with Judaism. Judaism (da'izm), n. the religious rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- formity to Jewish rites and doc- trines. judge (juj), n. the presiding official in a court of law, having authority to hear and determine civil and criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- seur; one of the chief rulers of the Israelites from the death of Joshua to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- amine and pass sentence upon; dis- tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a conclusion by comparison and con- sideration; hear and determine a case, and pass sentence. judgment ('ment), n. the act of judging; a judicial decision; mental faculty of deciding correctly by the comparison of facts and ideas; pen- etration; intelligence; criticism; opinion; punishment inflicted by God; the final trial of mankind by God (with the)) judgment-day. judicature ('di-ka-tur), n. a court of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not' boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. w JUDICIAL 424 JURIDICAL justice; power of dispensing justice by legal trial and judgment. judicial (-dish'al), adj. pertaining to courts of justice or to the adminis- tration of justice; proceeding from, or inflicted by, a court of justice; impartial. judiciary ('i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to courts of justice; passing judgment: n. judges collectively; that branch of a government concerned with the ad- ministration of civil and criminal law. judicious ('us) , adj. prudent ; discreet. Juggernaut (jug'er-nawt),*n. a name of Krishna, a god of the Hindus, whose image was borne on a car during certain ceremonial rites, un- derneath whose wheels his devotees threw themselves to be crushed. juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- fice: v.i. to conjure: n. a trick by sleight of hand; imposture. jugglery ('lef-i), _ ni, [pi. juggleries (-iz) ], legerdemain; imposture. jugular ('ii-lar), adj. pertaining to the neck or throat or jugular vein: n. a jugular vein. juice (joos), n. sap; the fluid parts of animal bodies. jujube ('joob), n. a kind of lozenge; the edible fruit of a shrub. julep ('lep), n. a drink composed of brandy or whisky sweetened and flavored; a mixture of sugar and water serving as a vehicle for ad- ministering medicine. Julian ('lian), adj. pertaining to Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 46 B.C.: replaced by the Cregorian year (New _Style) in England, 1752. julienne (zhoo-li-en'), n. a clear meat soup with chopped carrots, &c. July (joo-li'), n. seventh calendar month, named from Julius Caesar's birth in that month. jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass; a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a confused mass; throw together with- out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- fusedly. jumble-sale (jum'bl-sal), n. a charity sale of second-hand articles; also called a rummage sale. jumbo ('bo), n. a huge person or animal. jumboism (jum'bo-izm), n. admira- tion of things on account of mere bigness. jumper ('er), n. one who, or that which, jumps; a name applied to certain religious sects who practice dancing under religious excitement; a hooded Arctic fur jacket. junction (jungk'shun), n. the act of being joined; union; a point or place of union. juncture ('tur), n. the point or line at which two bodies are joined; joint; articulation; particular or critical occasion. June (jiin), n. the sixth month of the year, so named from Juno, spouse of JoVe. jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense tropical thicket of forest trees, brushwood, tall grasses, &c. junior (joon'yer)j adj. younger; of lower standing; pertaining to youth: n. the younger of two; one of lower standing. juniority (-yor'i-ti), n. junior state. juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the berries of which are used in flavor- ing gin. junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old cable, rope, &c, used for making mats, oakum, &c; salt ship beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel. junker (jung'ker) n. German military enthusiast. junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation of curds and cream; a variety of sweetmeat; excursion; picnic: v.i. to participate in an excursion or picnic. junta (jun'ta), n. a legislative assem- bly or council. junto ('to), n. [pi. juntos ('toz)J, a secret council of state; faction; ca- bal. jupon (joo'pon), n. a petticoat. Also jupe. juridical (-rid'i-kal), adj. pertaining ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, JURISCONSULT 425 JUXTATERRESTRIAL to law, judicial proceedings, or juris- prudence. jurisconsult (-ris-kon'sult), n. a jurist. jurisdiction (dik'shun), n. legal au- thority; extent of power; district over which any authority extends. jurisprudence (-proo'dens), n. legal science; system of laws of a country. jurist ('rist), n. one skilled in legal science. juror ('rer), n. a juryman. jury ('ri), n. a body of men, usually . twelve, selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or decide on the evidence before them ; a commit- tee of experts selected to award prizes, &c, at a public exhibition, &c. jury-mast (-mast), n. a temporary mast. jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- gally enforced. justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- ing just; rectitude in dealing with others; impartiality; a judge or magistrate. justiciary (-tish'i-a-ri), n.' [pi. jus- ticiaries (-riz)l, a judge. justifiable ('ti-fi'a-bl), adj. defensible. justification (-ka/shun), n. the act of justifying; vindication or defense; the act of acceptance of a man by God as justified by the merits of Jesus Christ. justify ('ti-fi); v.t. [p.t. & p.p. justi- fied, p.pr. justifying], to show or prove to be just or right; vindicate; pardon; accept and treat as just on the ground of faith and repentance: v.i. to conform to each other by proper spacing, as lines of type. jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. jutting], project beyond the main body. Jute (joot), n. a member of one of the low Germanic tribes that in- vaded England during the fifth and sixth centuries. jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East Indian plant used for ropes, bag- ging, mats, &c. juvenescence (joo-ve-nes'ens), n. a growing young. . juvenile (Ve-nil), adj. youthful; characteristic of, or suitable to, youth: n. a young person, juxta, a prefix meaning near, as juxta- position. juxtaterrestrial (juks'ta-te-res'tri-al) , a. relating to the ocean bed not far from the land. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. K K, the eleventh letter of the English alphabet. Kaaba (ka'ba), n. the shrine at Mec- ca towards which all Mohammedans turn when praying. Kaffir (kaf'er), n. any member of one of the Bantu tribes of South Africa ; the Kaffir language; one of a non- Mohammedan race of Northern Af- ghanistan; an infidel. Also Kafir, KafTre, Caffre. kafir-corn (kaf'ir-korn), n. a form of fodde "-grass bearing a general resemblance to maize. kaiser (ki'zer), n. the title of the em- perors of Germany and Austria. kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. kaleidoscope (ka-li'do-skop), n. an optical instrument which by an ar- rangement of mirrors causes objects viewed through it to appear in a variety of symmetrical and beautiful patterns. kalendar, kalends. See calendar, &c. kali (kale), n. a species of glass- wort, the ashes of which are used in glass manufacture; caustic potash; a Persian carpel* kalif. Same as caliph. Kalmuck (kal'muk), adj. pertaining to the Western Mongols, or to their language. kami (ka'mi), n. a Japanese title equivalent to English Lord. Kanaka (ka-na'ka), n. a Sandwich Islander. kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- bivorous marsupial mammal peculiar to Australia, having short fore legs and long powerful hind legs, with which it leaps. kaolin (ka/o-lin), n. china or porce- lain clay. karat. Same as carat. karyo, a prefix meaning nucleus, oc- curring in various scientific words. katakana (kat-a-ka'na), n. the square style of writing of the Japanese. kayak (ka'yak), n. an Eskimo seal- skin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. keckle (kek'l), v.t. to preserve (a rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- ing of canvas, &c. kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in warping: v.t. to warp. keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest timber of a vessel extending from stem to stern and supporting the whole frame: hence a ship; a low, flat-bo 1 ttomed coal-barge; the lowest petals of the corolla of a papiliona- ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; give up. keel-boat ('bot), n. a large covered freight boat. keelhaul ('hawl), v.t. to drag under water beneath the bottom of a ship from one side to the other : formerly a naval punishment; reprimand sternly. keelson ('sun), n. a beam or timber laid on the middle of the floor tim- bers over the keel of a vessel to strengthen it. Kelson. keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- ing; bitter; acute: n. a shrill bitter wail [Irish]. keeping ('ing), n. care; custody; charge; subsistence; harmony; con- gruity. keepsake ('sak), n. something kept as a souvenir of the giver. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue. hut; think, then. (426) KEEVE 427 KILOGRAMME keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. keg (keg), n. a small barrel. kelep (kel'ep), n. a Guatemalan ant which feeds on insects, and which has been imported into the South- ern United States to prey on the cotton-boll- wee vil . kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of sea- weeds, from which iodine is obtained; a large coarse seaweed or wrack. kelpie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent water- sprite, supposed to take the form of a horse. Kelt. Same as Celt. kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair or wool; refuse of fur. ken (ken), n. view; knowledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], to know; descry [Scotch]. kendal ('dal), n. a coarse green cloth. kennebecker (ken-e-bek'er), n. a' hand-bag used for carrying clothes by Maine lumbermen. kennebunker (ken-e-bungk'er), n. same as kennebecker. kennel ('el), n. a house for a dog or pack of hounds; lair of a fox; street gutter; vile lodging: v.t. to confine in a kennel: v.i. to live in a kennel. keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance played with numbered balls and cards. kepi (kep'i), n. a military cap with a straight vizor. keratin (ker'a-tin), n. the principal constituent of hair, nails, and horn. keratoscope (ker'a-to-skop), n. an instrument to detect departure from normal form of the cornea of the eye. kermes (ker'mez), n. the dried bodies of a cochineal insect {Coccus ilicis), furnishing a scarlet dye; an oxysul- phide of antimony of a deep cherry - color; a festival or fair. kermess (ker'mes)^ n. a feast or banquet in the open air. kern (kern), n. the overhanging part of a type. kernel ('el), n. a grain or seed; the edible substance of a nut or fruit stone; essence. kerosene ('o-sen), ». refined petro- leum. kerosene-engine (ker'o-sen-en'jin), n. a gas ' engine using kerosene as fuel. Kerry ('i), n. an Irish breed of cattle. kersey ('zi), n. a coarse smooth-faced cloth. kerseymere (-mer), n. cassimere. ketchup ('up), n. a sauce prepared from tomatoes, mushrooms, &c. Also catsup and catchup. kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for boiling liquids. kettledrum (-drum), n. a hemi- spherical copper drum; afternoon tea party. keynote ('not), n. the fundamental note; ruling principle. keystone ('ston), n. central stone of an arch. khaki (ka'ki), n. a fight drab-col- ored cloth. khedive (ke-dev'), n. the official title of the Viceroy of Egypt. kibosh (ki-bosh', or ki-bosh'), n. a word having several rather vague meanings, applied in particular to the cement used to finish archi- tectural sculptures; and, more gen- erally, in a slang phrase implying to finish off or get the better of a person; also used as a verb. kick-out (kik'out), n. a kick made by a football player after a safety or touch-back. kickshaw ('shaw), n. something fan- ciful or out of the way; a delicacy. kidnap ('nap), v.t. to get forcible and illegal possession of (human be- ings, especially children). kidney ('ni), n. [pi. kidneys ('niz)], one of two oblong flattened organs which separate the urine from the blood; anything resembling a kid- ney; sort or kind. kilerg (kil'erg), n. a unit of energy = 1,000 ergs. kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile for burning, drying, or hardening. kilogramme ('o-gram), n. 1,000 grammes == 2.2046 lbs. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. KILOLITER 428 KNAPSACK kiloliter (4e'tr), n. 1,000 liters = 220 imperial gals, (about). kilometer (-me'tr), n. 1,000 meters = 3,280.8 feet. kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or philibeg of the Scottish Highland- ers, v.t. to form into broad, flat plaits; tuck up [Scotch]. kmono (ki-mo'no), n. thtfloose outer robe of the Japanese. kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten), n. a school for young children in which they are taught by diverting object lessons, &c. kindle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire to; in- flame. kindliness (kind'li-nes), n. kindly disposition. kindly ('li), adj. [comp. kindlier, swperl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. in a kindly manner. kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- ture or character; cognate: n. rela- tionship by birth or marriage; con- sanguinity. kinemacolor (kin'e-ma-kul'er), n. a moving picture produced in natural colors. kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. the science of pure motion. kinetic (ki-net'ik), adj. pertaining to, or imparting, motion; active: n.pl. that branch of dynamics which treats of the action of forces in causing or influencing motion. kinetograph (-ne'to-graf), n. an ap- paratus for taking photographs of moving objects and afterwards re- producing them on a screen, as if in actual motion. kinetophonograph (ki-n e-to-f o 'no- graf), n. a combination of phono- graph and kinetograph to reproduce the voices of the actors along with the moving pictures. kinetoscope (kin-et'o-skop), n. a machine for producing pictures with moving figures. kingdom ('dum), n. the territory ruled by a king or queen; royal au- thority; sphere of influence; primary division. kingfisher (-er), n. sl fish-eating bird with bright blue and green or slate- blue and white plumage. kink (kingk), n. sl twist in a rope or thread when doubled; whim: v.t. & v.i. to form kinks. kinnikinic (kin-i-ki-nik'), n. sl kind of tobacco smoked by the American Indians, made of the leaves of the sumac, willow, &c. kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. kiosk (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish open pavilion or summer house. kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a calf or small cattle. kipper ('er), n. a salmon after spawn- ing; a salmon, herring, &c, cut open, salted, and smoke-dried: v.t. to cure, as a salmon. kirk (kerk), n. sl church; the Church of Scotland (with the) [Scotch]. kirtle (ker'tl), n. an upper garment; petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. kismet (kis'met), n. fate; destiny. kit (kit), n. sl small wooden tub; a small violin; traveling necessaries, outfit, &c; set; a large bottle; a ., family or brood. kitcat (kit'kat), n. sl portrait 28 x 36 in. showing half the length. kitchen (kich'en), n. sl room set apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. pertaining to the kitchen. kitchenette (kich-en-ef), n. sl small kitchen in apartment houses or studios. kite-meteorograph (kit'me'te-o-ro- graf), n. an apparatus to be carried on a kite to secure records of meteor- ological conditions in the upper atmosphere. kith (kith), n. acquaintance. kitten (kit'n), n. sl young cat. kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni-a), n. a form of insanity manifesting itself in an irresistible propensity to steal. knack (nak), n. adroitness; dexterity. knacker ('er), n. sl horse-slaughterer; dealer in worn-out horses. knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. KNAVE 429 KNOWLEDGE cloth traveling case carried on the back. knave (nav), n. a dishonest or de- ceitful person; a court-card with the figure of a soldier or servant. knavery ('er-i), n. [pi. knaveries (-iz) ], dishonesty; fraud; deceit. knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, as dough; operate upon in massage; mold. knee-breeches Cbrich-ez), n.pl. breeches reaching just below the knee. kneecap ('kap), n. a flattened oval bone on the forepart of the knee- joint; patella. Also kneepan. kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall upon, the knees. knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell when struck, especially a funeral bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound or toll, as a funeral bell. Knickerbocker (nik'er-bok-er), n. a descendant of one of the early Dutch settlers of Manhattan. knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz), n. pi. wide breeches gathered in below the knee. knickknack ('nak), n. a little orna- mental trifle; kickshaw. knife (nlf), n. [pi. knives (-nivz) J, a cutting instrument with a sharp- edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to stab with a knife. knight (nit), n. one who holds non- hereditary rank next below a baro- net, entitling him to the prefix Sir; in mediaeval times, one of gentle birth, who, after serving as an es- quire, was admitted by certain cere- monies to military rank; a cham- pion; lover; one of the pieces of chess: v.t. to confer the honor in knighthood upon. knightage ('aj), n. knights collec- tively. knight-errant (-er'ant), n. [pi. knights-errant], in the Middle Ages, a knight who went in quest of ad- venture, to show his prowess, chivalry, &c. knight-errantry (-tri), n. the prac- tices or customs of knights-errant. knighthood ('hood), n. the charac- ter, rank, or dignity, of a knight. Knight Templar (nit-tem'plar), n. one of a military order established in the 12th century for the defense of the Temple in Jerusalem. One belonging to a certain rank or degree in Masonry. knit (nit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, p.pr. knitting], to" tie, unite, or draw together; weave together by needles; contract. knob (nob), n. the rourided handle of a door, &c; round protuberance; knoll. knobby ('i), adj. full of knobs. knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke Vith something hard or heavy; rap: v.t. to give a blow to; drive or strike against: v.i. to strike a blow with something hard or heavy. knock-out ('out), n. a mechanical de- vice for throwing out finished work; a knock-down blow ending a fight. knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; hilltop. knop (nop), n. an architectural orna- ment of clustered leaves and flowers: button. knot (not), n. an interweaving or tying of thread or cord, &c; any- thing resembling a knot; entangle- ment; difficulty; a hard part in a piece of wood; part of a tree where the branches shoot out; a division of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a nautical mile — 2,025 yds. knotting ('ing), n. a kind of lace work; a paint of red lead, &c, for protecting metal. - knotty J?i), adj. [comp. knottier, superl. knottiest], full of knots; rugged; difficult. knout (nout), n. a leathern whip formerly used as a punishment in Russia: v.t. to punish with the knout. knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- tion of a truth or fact; erudition; ate, arm, ask, at, awlf me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. KNUCKLE 430 KUTCH skill from practice; acquaintance; information. knuckle (nuk'l), n. the projecting joint of the fingers; the knee-joint of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the fingers; yield or submit. knur (ner), n. a hard. knot or pro- tuberance. Also knurl. kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin or sprite frequenting houses, mines, and caves. kodak ('dak), n. a portable camera for taking instantaneous photo- graphs: v.t. to take an instanta- neous picture of. kohl (kol), n. powdered antimony, used in the East for imparting luster to the eyes. kohlrabi ('ra-bi), n. a variety- of cabbage. koniscope (kon'i-skop), n. an appa- ratus for determining the amount of dust contained in the air. kopeck. Same as copeck. kopi (ko'pi), n. an African peasant. kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock [South Africa]. Koran. See Alcoran. kosher (ko'sher), adj. applied to meat prepared according to the Hebrew ordinances; meaning pure, clean, undefiled. koto (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical instrument, somewhat resembling the zither. koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous beverage made by the Tartars from ferinented mare's milk. Also kumiss. kowtow (ko-iou'), n. a Chinese form of salutation from an inferior to a superior by touching the ground with the forehead: v.i. salute by the kowtow. Also kotow. kraal (krawl), n. an African village consisting of a group of huts sur- rounded by a palisade; a single hut; a sheepfold, or cattle-pen. kraken (kra'ken), n. a sea-monster said to have been seen off the Nor- wegian coast. kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Russian citadel, especially that of Moscow. kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian copper coin = Yi of a cent ; former- ly a German coin = % of a cent. kriegspiel (kreg'spel), n. a military game with blocks to represent the various sections of an army as if in actual warfare. krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner ('ner) J, a coin (crown) current in Teutonic and Scandinavian countries = 27 cents. Ku-Klux-Klan (koo-kluks-klan'), n. a secret order established during the days of Reconstruction, to safe- guard person and property. kummel (kem'el), n. a German and Russian liqueur, flavored with cara- way seeds, kummeter (ko'me-ter), n. an ap- paratus for measuring the long ethereal waves used in wireless teleg- raphy. kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vellum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. I L L, the twelfth letter in the English alphabet. laager Cger), n. an extemporized camp for defense, formed with wag- ons, &c: v.t. to protect by a laager [South Africa]. label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, &c, attached to anything to indicate its destination, ownership, &c; codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to mark with, or affix, a label; classify. labial (la/bi-ai), adj. formed by the lips: n. a letter representing a sound so formed. labiate ('bi-at), adj. lipped. labile (lab'il), adj. susceptible of being readily changed or modified; also referring to a method of apply- ing electricity by moving the elec- trodes back and forth over the affec- ted part. labiodental (-o-den'tal), adj. formed by the lips and teeth. labiomental (la/bi-5-men'tal) , adj. having reference to the lips and chin. labionasal (-na/zal), adj. formed by the lips and nose. labium ('bi-um), n. [pi. labia (-a) ], a lip or lip-like organ. laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri), n. [pi. laboratories (-riz) ], a place where scientific experiments and operations are carried on. Labor Day, n. a holiday observed in the United States in recognition of the dignity of labor, falling on the first Monday in September of each year. laborious (la-bo'ri-us), adj. difficult; toilsome. labrus (la'brus), adj. thick lipped. laburnum (la-ber'num), n. an orna- mental tree with pendent yellow flowers. labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a series of intricate winding passages : from the structure made in Crete by Daeda- lus; a maze; inexplicable difficulty; the winding cavities of the internal ear ; a series of troughs through which ore slime is passed and the metallic particles deposited. lac (lak), n. a resinous^ substance formed on certain trees "by an in- sect (Carteria lacca); the inspis- sated sap of various trees: the sum of 100,000 rupees = $50,000 (about) . lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or silver, &c, curiously woven; a cord used for binding or fastening: v.t. to fasten with a lace; adorn with lace; beat. lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; wound. lachrymal ('ri-mal), adj. pertaining to tears. lachrymose ('ri-mos), adj. tearful; sad. lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.i. to be in need; to be deficient; come short: n. want; failure. lackadaisical (-a-da/zi-kal), adj. af- fectedly pensive or sentimental. lackey ('i), n. a menial attendant; footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a lackey: v.i. act servilely. laconic (-kon'ik), adj. expressing much in few words. Also laconical. lacquer (lak'er), n. a varnish con- sisting of shellac dissolved in alco- hole and variously colored: v.t. to varnish with lacquer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 431) LACROSSE 432 LAMELLI lacrosse (la-kros'), n. a Canadian game resembling football, but played with a netted bat (crosse). lact, a prefix meaning milk, as lactic, adj. pertaining to milk. Also lacti, lacto. lactarine (lak'ta-rin), n. a prepara- tion of casein or milk curds: used extensively in calico printing. lactation (-ta/shun), n. secretion of milk; the act Or period of suckling. lacteal ('te-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pl. the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the intestines to the tho- racic-duct. lactic. See under lact. lactic acid ; ('tik as'id), n. a bitter acid contained in sour milk. lacti fication _ (lak-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the production of lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria, as in curdling milk. lactigenous (lak-tij'e-nus), adj. hav- ing the property of stimulating the flow of milk. lactochrome (lak'to-krom), n. a substance obtained from milk and believed to be the source of the yellow color of butter. lactometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for ascertaining the spe- cific gravity of milk. lactoviscometer (lak-to-vis-kom'e- ter), n. an apparatus to test the quality of milk by measuring the rate of its flow through a small tube. lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae ('ne) ], a blank space; hiatus; small pit or hollow. lacustrine (-kus'trin), adj. pertain- ing to a lake'. laddie ('i), n. a lad [Scotch]. lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, p.p. laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- den ; heave or throw out. lading ('ing), n. the act of loading; freight. ladle ('1), n. a deep spoon for serving out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a ladle. ladrone (la-dron'), n. a robber; ban- dit; guerrilla. ladybird (-berd), n. a red coleop- terous insect marked with black spots. ladyship (-ship), n. the rank or title of a lady (with her or your). lager beer (la'ger ber), n. a German beer suitable for storing. laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; loiterer: adj. backward; slow. lagoon (la-goon'), n. a shallow lake formed at the mouth of a river or near the sea; marsh or fen. Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- gian Upper House of Parliament. laic (la/ik), adj. pertaining to the laity. laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked with fine parallel ribbed lines: said of paper. lain, p.p. of lie. lair.(lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. laity (la/i-ti), n. the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy. lama (la/ma), n. a Tibetan Buddhist priest, monk, or nun. lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; one who is gentle or innocent; an inexperienced speculator: v.i. to bring forth lambs. lambent ('bent), adj. playing about; flickering; touching lightly. lambkin ('kin), n. a little lamb. lambrequin (lam'bre-kin), n. a fes- tooned drapery, hanging from the upper part of a window, doorway, &c. lambskin ('skin), n. the skin of a lamb dressed with the fleece on and frequently colored. lambswool ('zwool), n. the wool of lambs; a beverage composed of ale with nutmeg, sugar, and the pulp of roasted apples. lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamellae ('e) ], a thin scale or plate. lamellar (lam'e-lar), adj. composed . of lamellae. lamelli, a prefix meaning a plate or scale, found in various scientific 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LAMENESS 433 LANTERN words, as lamellifoim: adj. scale- by means of fraud; in Ireland, one like. who buys or occupies land from leness ('nes), n. state of being which another has been evicted. lame. landlord ('lord), n. one who has len- ient (-menf), v.t. to mourn for: ants holding under him; the keeper v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- of a hotel or inn. Fern, landlady. sion of sorrow; lamentation. landlordism (-izm), n. the action of imentable (lam'en-ta-bl), adj. to be landlords collectively, especially with lamented; mournful; pitiable. respect to their landed interests. lentation (-ta'shun), n. grief landlubber ('lub-er) n. one not a audibly expressed; outcry. sailor. lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae landrail ('ral), n. the corncrake. (-ne) ], a thin plate or scale; a coat landscape ('skap), n. the general or layer lying over another; blade aspect of a country, or a picture of a leaf or petal. representing it. laminar ('i-nar), adj. composed of Landsmaal ('mal), n. new national thin plates. Also laminary. language, excluding Danish forms, laminate ('i-nat), adj. composed of, proposed in Norway in 1913. or arranged in, laminae. Landsthing (lans'ting), n. the Up- lamination (-i-na'shun) , n. divisi- per House of the Danish Parliament bility or division into thin plates. (Rigsdag). lampblack ('blak)> n. finely divided landsturm (lant'sturm), n. the last charcoal or soot : v.t. to apply lamp- reserve of the German army, only black to. called out in time of war. lampistry (lam'pis-tri), n. the work Landtag ('takh), n. the Parliament of making and decorating lamps. of one of the states comprising the lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal German Empire. written satire designed to bring the landwehr (lant'var), n. the reserve subject of it into contempt: v.t. to or militia of the German army. satirize by a lampoon. lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- lamprey ('pri), n. an eel-like fish, tween hedges, walls, &c; narrow lanate (la/nat), adj. woolly. street. lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood language (lang'gwej), n. human with a spear head; a thrust with a speech; the speech of one nation or lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; race as distinguished from that of cut open with a lancet. another; style or expression peculiar lancelet ('let), n. the amphioxus. to an individual. lanceolate (lan'se-o-lat), adj. taper- languid ('gwid), adj. wanting ener- ing to a point at either end, as cer- gy; weak. tain leaves. languish ('gwish), v.i. to become lancer (lan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier weak or spiritless; pine away; look armed with a lance: pi. a kind of with tenderness or wistfulness. quadrille.. languor (lang'gwer), n. listlessness; lancet ('set), n. a surgeon's knife; a a lack of energy; a mental condition lancet-shaped or pointed window. without ambition or spirit. lancewood ('wood), n. a tough elas- lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. tic wood used in coachbuilding, &c. lanky ('i), adj. tall and thin. lanciform ('si-form), adj. lance- lanner (lan'er), n. a species of hawk. shaped. lanolin ('o-lin), n. an unctuous sub- landau ('do), n. a kind of carriage. stance obtained from the wool of landgrabber (land'grab-er), n. one sheep, &c. who gets possession of public land lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LANTERN-JAWED 434 LATENT case for holding or carrying a light; the light-room of a lighthouse; a small tower on the roof of a building to admit light and air. lantern-jawed (jawd), adj. having a long thin face. lanyard ('yard), n. a piece of rope, cord, &c, for seizing or fastening the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. lapdog ('dog), n. a small pet dog. lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which laps over. lapid, a -prefix meaning stone. lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- daries (-riz) ], an artificer who cuts and sets precious stones; a connois- seur or dealer in gems. lapis lazuli (la/pis laz'u-li), n. a rich blue stone from which ultramarine was originally obtained. Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the lan- guage of the Lapps. lappet ('et), n. a little loose flap. lapsable (laps'a-bl), adj. capable of lapsing. lapse (laps), v.i. to gliu^ or slip slowly away; fall by degrees; com- mit a slight fault or fail in duty; pass to another proprietor by negli- gence or death; slide or fall anew into sin: n. a gliding or passing away slowly; slight fault or mis- take; omission to present to a bene- fice within a certain time. lapsus ('sus), n. a slip or mistake. lapwing (lap'wing), n. a plover-like bird. larboard (lar'bord), n. the term usdd formerly for the port or left-hand side of a ship. larcenous ('se-nus), adj. thievish. larceny ('se-ni), n. theft. larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert strips of bacon in before roasting: hence to mix. lardaceous (lar-da'shus), adj. per- taining to, or resembling, lard. Also lardy. larder ('der), n. a pantry; house- hold provisions. largess ('jes), n. a gift or bounty. lariat (lar'i-at), n. a rope or lasso, especially of horsehair. larkspur ('sper), n. a plant with showy blue spurred flowers. larmier (lar'mi-er), n. a corona or dripstone. larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or flog. larva _ (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae ('ve) ], an insect in the first stage of its metamorphosis after leaving the egg. larval ('val), adj. pertaining to a larva. larviparous (-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- ducing young in the state of larvae. laryngeal (lar-in-j e'al) , adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the larynx. laryngitis (-ji'tis), n. inflammation of the larynx. laryngo, a prefix meaning larynx; as laryngoscope, an instrument fur- nished with mirrors for inspecting the larynx. laryngotomy (-got'o-mi), n. the sur- gical operation of cutting into the windpipe. larynx ('ingks), n. the upper part of the trachea or windpipe. lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian sailor employed on a European vessel. lascivious (-siv'i-us), adj. lustful; wanton; exciting lust. lashing ('ing), n. a cord, rope, &c, to secure or bind anything; a whip- ping. lass (las), n. a young Woman; girl. lassie ('i), n. a lass [Scotch]. lassitude ('i-tud), n. weariness; lan- guor. lasso ('o), n. a rope, usually of hide, with a noose, used for catching wild horses and cattle: v.t. to qatch with a lasso. latch (lach), n. a door catch: v.t. to secure or fasten with a latch. latchet ('et), n. a shoe string. lateen (la-ten'), n. a triangular sail used on boats on the Mediterranean, &c. latency (la'ten-si), n. the state of being latent. latent ('tent), n. concealed; invisible. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not* boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LATERAL 435 LAWFUL lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, proceeding from, or acting upon, the side. Lateran ('er-an), n. the Papal palace, and the Church of St. John Lateran at Rome, the cathedral of the Pope. latero, a prefix meaning side. lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. lathe (\Mh), n. a machine for turn- ing and polishing articles of wood, metal, &c. lather (laf/i'er), n. froth made by moistened soap; profuse sweating; v.t. to cover with lather. Latin (lat'in), adj. pertaining to, written, or expressed in, Latin; per- taining to Latium, ancient Rome, its inhabitants or language, or the races and languages derived from Rome; Roman; Roman "Catholic : n. an ancient Roman; the language of ancient Rome and its literature. Latin cross (kros), n. a cross having the lowest limb longer than the two sides and top. Latinize ('in-Iz), v.t. to give Latin terminations, or characteristics, to; translate into Latin. Latinity ( 7 i-ti), ft? purity of Latin style or idiom. latitude ('i-tud), ft. distance on the' earth's surface as measured by de- grees north or south from the equa- tor; breadth; extent; freedom from rules; laxity; range or scope. latitudinarian (-di-na-ri'an), adj. wide in range or scope; tolerant in speculative religious opinions: ft. one who holds latitudinarian views. latten (lat'en), ft. metal in thin sheets. latter ('er), adj. the second of two things previously mentioned; re- cent; modern. lattice ('is),- n. crossed open work of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or cross with a lattice. laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of praise. laudable ('a-bl), adj. commendable. laudanum ('a-num), ft. a prepara- tion of opium. laudator ('a-ter), n. one who praises. laughing-gas ('ing-gas), ft. nitrous oxide. laughing-stock (-stok), n. object of laughter. laughter ('ter), ft. convulsive merri- ment. launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause to slide into the water, as a vessel; hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put to sea; expatiate in language; plunge; enter on a new career: ft. the act of launching a vessel; plunge; the largest boat of a man- of-war; large open pleasure-boat usually propelled by steam, gas, or electricity. laundress (lawn'dres), ft. a washer- woman. laundry ('dri), ft. [pi. laundries ('driz)], a place where clothes are washed and ironed. laureate (law're-at), adj. decked or invested with laurel: n. one crowned with ,*urel; poet-laureate. laurel (' re i)> ft. an evergreen shrub; crown or wreath of laurel: hence honor ; distinction . lava (la'va), n. molten volcanic matter. lavatory (lav'a-to-ri), ft. [pi. . lava- tories (-riz)], a place for washing; retiring-room. lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. lavender (lav'en-der), an aromatic plant. laver (la/ver), ft. a large vessel for washing in, especially the brazen laver of the Jewish tabernacle and temple used by the priests; an edible seaweed. lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- agant: v.t. expend or bestow with profusion; squander; waste. law (law), ft. a rule of action estab- lished by authority; edict, statute, or custom; act or enactment of a legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- dicial process; rule or axiom of science or art; established principle; the Mosaic code. lawful ('fool), adj. agreeable or com- formable to law; just; legal. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LAWN 436 LEASH lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass kept closely mown; fine cambric used for the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence the office of a bishop. lawn-tennis ('ten-is), n. an outdoor game played with rackets, balls, and * a net. lawsuit ('siit), n. an action at law. lawyer ('yer), n. one skilled in legal knowledge; one, especially a solic- itor, who practices in the law- courts; a skilled exponent of the Mosaic law. lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; weak. laxative ('a-tiv), adj. loosening; pur- gative^ laxity ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being lax. Also laxness. layer ('er), n. a stratum, row, or bed; runner of a plant fastened down and covered with earth for propagation. lay-figure ('fig-fir), n. an artist's jointed model for hanging drapery upon; a mere puppet. laying ('ing), n. a sitting of eggs; the first coat of plaster. layman ('man), n. [pi. laymen ('men)], one of the people, as dis- tinguished from a clergyman; a non- professional man. lazaretto ^laz-a-ret'o), n. a hospital for persons suffering with infectious diseases; a ship's store-room. Also lazaret. lazily (la/zi-li), adv. in a lazy man- ner. lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne), n. [pi. laz- zaroni ('ni)], a Neapolitan loafer who does casual work. lea (le), n. a meadow. leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through (ashes), to form lye. leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by leads; set in, or covered with, lead. leaden ('en), adj. made of, or colored like, lead; heavy; sluggish. leader (led'er), n. one who leads; the chief editorial article of a news- paper; tendon; the foremost horse in a vehicle. leaderette (-ef), n. a short newspa- per leader. leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one of the thin fiat parts of a plant; anything thinly beaten; something resembling a leaf; part of a book containing two pages; a valved part of a table, shutter, &c. leafage ('aj), n. leaves collectively. leaf-blotch (lef'bloch), n. a fungous disease on the leaves of roses and other plants. leaflet ('let), n. a small leaf; a tract or folding circular. leafy ('i), adj. [comp. leafier, superl. leafiest], full of leaves. league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- tual interests; confederacy; 3 geo- graphical miles: v.t. to combine for mutual interests: v.i. to confederate. leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in water: v.i. to let water in or out through a hole, &c. leakage ('aj), n. the state of a vessel that leaks; allowance for loss by leakage. leal (lei), adj. true-hearted [Scotch]. lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, leant, p.pr. leaning], to incline or deviate from an upright position: v.t. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; sterile. lean-to ('too), n. a building whose rafters rest on another building; penthouse. leap year (yer), n. a year of 366 days, when Februrary has 29 days; every year divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 but not by 400. learning ('ing), n. skill in literature, languages, or science; knowledge ac- quired. lease (les), n. a written contract for the letting of land or tenements for a specified number of years; period: v.t. to let by a written contract; take a lease of. leasehold ('hold), n. property held by lease: adj. held on lease. leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a hawk or hound is held; a brace and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LEATHER 437 LEGGINGS a half; three; a band by which anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind by a leash. leather (leth'er), n. the tanned and curried skin of an animal; anything made of, or resembling, leather. leatherback ('bak), n. the soft- shelled turtle. leatherette (-ef), n. imitation leather. leathern ('em), adj. made of, or re- sembling, leather. leave (lev), n. permission granted; departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist from; refer for decision: v.i. to de- part; go away. leaven (lev'n), v.t. to produce fer- mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- ment mixed with a body to render it light; any influence working silently and strongly that causes changes in things or opinions. lecher (lech'er), n. sl lewd man. lechery ('er-i), n. lustfulness; lewd- ness. lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading desk of a church. lection ('shun), n. reading; a por- tion of the Scriptures to be read in the church service. lectionary (-a-ri), n. a table of les- sons. lector ('ter), n. one of the minor or- ders of the Roman Catholic Church; a reader. lecture ('tur), n. a formal discourse on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. ledge (lej), n. a shelf ; ridge; layer; edge. ledger ('er), n. the principal account book of a mercantile house. ledger-line (-lin), n. the line either above or below the staff [mus.]. lee (le), n. the side or quarter to- ward which the wind blows; calm or sheltered side. leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- nished with a sucker, used in medi- cine for bleeding : formerly the name for a physician: v.t. to bleed with leeches. leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the onion family with a bulbous root. leer (ler), n. a sly, sidelong look indicative of malice, triumph, or lasciviousness: v.i. to look with a leer. lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. leeward (le'werd), n. in the direction toward which the wind blows: n. lee side. leeway (le'wa), ri. the lateral drift of a vessel to leeward of her course; arrears. left-handed ('hand-e'd), adj. using the left hand with greater strength or dexterity than the right; awk- ward; malicious; irregular. legacy ('a-si), n. [pi. legacies (-siz) }, a gift by will of money or property; bequest. legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; permitted or authorized by law; legitimate. legalize ('Iz), v.t. to make lawful; sanction. legalism (-izm), n. close adherence or conformity to law; the observ- ance of the strict letter of the law rather than its spirit. legality ('i-ti), n. conformity to law. legate (leg'at), n. a Papal ambassa- dor; envoy. legatee (-a-te'), n. a person to whom a legacy is bequeathed. legatine ('a-ten), adj. pertaining to a legate. legation (le-ga/shun), n. an embas- sy; ambassador; the official resi- dence of an ambassador. legato (le-ga'to), adv. a musical term meaning smoothly, glidingly. legend (lej 'end), n. a romantic or non-historical story; myth; fable; inscription, as on a coin, coat of arms, &c. legendary ('end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; mythical. legerdemain (-er-de-man'), n. sleight of hand. leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gaiters. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LEGHORN LEPROUS Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or hat made of finely plaited Leghorn straw; a variety of domestic fowl. legibility (lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being legible. Also legibleness. legible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being read; clear.; distinct; apparent. legion (le'jun), n. a division of the ancient Roman army; a great num- ber; host; suborder. legionary ('jun-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or consisting of, legions; in- numerable: n. a soldier of a Roman legion. legislate (lej'js-lat), v.i. to make or enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- lation. legislation (-la/shun), n. the act of making a law or laws. legislative ('is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or enacted by, legislation; having the power to legislate: n. the legislature. legislator (-la-ter), n. a lawgiver; a member of a legislative assembly. Legislature (-la-ttir), n. that body in a state which is invested with the power of enacting and repealing laws; the legislative body of a state or territory. legitimacy (le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the state of being legitimate; lawfulness of birth. legitimate ('i-mat), adj. lawful; born in wedlock; real; logically cor- ect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, awful; render legitimate. Also legitimize. legitimation (-ma'shun), n. the act. of making legitimate or lawful. legume (le-giim'), n. a two-valved seed-vessel having its seeds attached to one side only, as a pea-pod. leipoa (ll-po'a), n. the native pheas- ant of Australia. leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. free from business; unoccupied. leisured ('zhurd), adj. having leisure. lemon ('un), n. the acid fruit of Cit- rus Limonum; the color of a lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, a lemon. lemonade (-ad), n. a beverage of sweetened or aerated water flavored with lemon. lemur (le'mgr), n. a small nocturnal animal allied to the monkeys. lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated. length (length), n. the measure of anything from end to end; extent; duration; reach; forty-two lines of an actor's part. lengthily ('i-li), adv. at great length. lengthwise ('wlz), adv. in the direc- tion of the length. lengthy ('i), adj. long and tiresome. leniency (le'ni-en-si), n. clemency. lenient ('ni-ent), adj. mild; merciful. lenitive (len'i-tiv), adj. assuaging; emollient. lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- ity. lens (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, glass adapted for changing the di- rection of rays of light and thus magnifying or diminishing the ap- parent size of objects; the crystal- line humor of the eye. Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday to Easter eve. Lenten (lent'en), adj. pertaining to Lent. lenticular (len-tik'ti-lar), adj. dou- bly convex. lentil ('til), n. a leguminous plant: pi. its orbicular seeds, used for food. Leonid ('o-nid), n. one of the me- teors that fall in showers during November of certain years, their chief point being in the constellation Leo. leonine ('5-nin), adj. like a lion; powerful; kingly. leopard (lep'ard), n. a large cat-like beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- ted skin. leper ('er), n. one affected with lep- rosy. leprosy ('ro-si), n. [pi. leprosies (-siz) ], a chronic skin disease char- acterized by ulcers and white scaly scabs. leprous ('rus), adj. infected with lep- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, book; hue, hut; think, then. north, not; boon, LEPTO 439 LEVITY )sy; covered with white scales; un- clean. lepto, a prefix meaning small, slender, delicate, occurring in various scien- tific words, as leptoceph&ly, small- ness and narrowness of the skull, as in certain races. Also lept. lese-majesty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. a crime against royalty or the sover- eign power; treason. lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid change in a function or organism. lessee (-e'), n. a person to whom a lease is granted. lessen ('en), v.t. to make less; reduce. lesser ('er), adj. a double comparative of less. lessor ('er), n. the grantor of a lease. lest (lest), conj. that not; for fear that. lethal (le'thal), adj. deadly; fatal. lethalize (le'thal-Iz), v.t. to execute by placing in a death chamber. lethargic (le-thar'jik), adj. affected by lethargy; sluggish; drowsy; dull. lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. morbid drowsiness; unnatural prolonged slumber; apathy. Lethe (le'the), n. in classic mythol- ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of the under world, whose waters, when drunk, produced loss of memory: hence oblivion, forgetfulness. letheomania (le'the-o-ma'ni-a), n. having a drug habit. lethifegral (le-thif'e-ral), adj. lethal or death^dealing. lettered ('erd), adj. learned; in- scribed or marked with letters. lettergram (let'ter-gram), n. a night telegram sent at reduced rates. letter-of -delegation (-er-ov-del-e-ga' shun), n. European war substitute for issuing checks in the United States on Germany and Austria; American bank instructs German or Austrian bank to pay desired amount of money to the designated person. letters patent ('erz pat'ent), n. a written document under seal of the Government, authorizing a person to do some act or enjoy some privilege. leuco, a prefix meaning white, as leu- cocyte, a minute mass of protoplasm found in white blood corpuscles which preys upon bacteria in the blood. leucopenia (lu-ko-pe'ni-a), n. defi- ciency of white blood corpuscles in the blood. leucocy themia (lu-ko-cy-the'mi-a) , n. an excess of white corpuscles in the blood. leucoma (lu-ko'ma), n. a white opac- ity of the cornea of the eye. leucorrhoea (-re'a), n. vaginal catarrh. Levant (le-vant'«), n. the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean. levator (-va'ter), n, a muscle that serves to raise some part. levee (lev'e), n. a morning reception " held by a sovereign or personage of high rank; properly, one attended by gentlemen only; a river embank- ment: v.t. to embank. level ('el), n. a horizontal plane or line; surface without inequalities; state of equality; standard; fine of direction; an instrument for indi- cating a horizontal line or plane; section of a canal from one lock to another: adj. even; horizontal; smooth; equal to something else in importance: v.t. to make even; free from inequalities; bring to the same level; point in taking aim. lever (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar of metal, &c, turning on a support (fulcrum) for raising a weight. leverage (-aj), n. the mechanical power gained by using a lever; lever action. leveret (ley'er-et), n. a young hare. leviable ('i-a-bl), adj. that may be levied upon or seized; assessable. leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. a large unidentified aquatic animal (Job xli. 1); anything huge, as a whale, &c. levigate (lev'i-gat), v.t. to reduce to a fine, impalpable powder. levitation (lev-i-ta'shun), n. light- ness; buoyancy. levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- position, conduct, &c; inconsisten- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ^a -Tl. LEVULOSE 440 LICENSE cy; trifling gaiety; lightness of weight. levulose (lev'u-l5s), n. fruit-sugar. levy ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr. levying], to raise or collect, as an army or tax; seize in execution: v.i. to make a levy: n. the act of raising money or men; amount or number raised. lewd (hid), adj. licentious; libidinous. lexicographer (-kog'ra-fer), n. the editor or compiler of a dictionary or lexicon. lexicography ('ra-fi), n. the art or occupation of compiling dictionaries or lexicons. lexicology (-kol'o-ji), n. the science of the derivation and correct mean- ing of words and their correct appli- cation. lexicon (leks'i-kon), n. vocabulary; dictionary of words. lexo theism (leks-6'the-izm), n. the doctrine that the universe is gov- erned by natural law instead of by a personal supreme being. Leyden jar (ll'dn jar), n. a glass jar, coated outside and inside with tin foil, for accumulating electricity. liability (-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. liabilities (-tiz)], the state of being liable: pi. debts. liable ('a-bl), adj. exposed to damage, danger, expense, &c; contingently subject. liaison (le-a-zong'), n. illicit or se- cret intimacy between a man and a woman. liar (li'ar), n. one addicted to lying. libation (-ba/shun), n. the act of pouring wine or oil on the ground, as a sacrifice to some deity; the liquid so poured out. libel ('bel), n. defamation of charac- ter or reputation; any writing, print, publication, or picture calculated to injure the reputation or character of anyone and bring him into public contempt: v.t. to publish a libel against; defame the character of; ex- hibit a charge against in a court of law. libelous (-us), adj. containing, or of the nature of, a libel. liber ('ber), n. the fibrous innermost layer of the bark of exogenous plants. liberal (lib'er-al), adj. generous; mu- nificent; plentiful; free from nar- rowness in ideas or doctrines: n. an opponent of conservatism; one who advocates extension of freedom in political institutions. liberalize (-Iz), v.t. to free from nar- rowness or prejudice. liberalism (-izm), n. the principles of a liberal in politics or religion. liberality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. liberali- ties (-tiz)], the quality of being lib- eral ; generosity; magnanimity ; men- tal breadth; catholicity. liberate ('er-at), v.t. to set free. liberator (-a-ter), n. one who liber- ates. libertine ('er-tin), n. a debauchee: adj. unrestrained, morally or social- ly; licentious. libertinism (-izm), n. debauchery; extreme freedom in religious opin- ions. liberty ('er-ti), n. [pi. liberties (-tiz)], freedom; special privilege or exemp- tion; immunity; permission; un- granted or undue freedom; priv- ileged district. libidinous (li-bid'i-nus), adj. lustful. librarian (-bra'ri-an), n. the custo- dian of a library. library ('bra-ri), n. [pi. libraries (-riz)], an arranged collection of books; the building where such a collection is kept. libration (-bra'shun), n. the act of balancing; equipoise; an apparent irregularity in the moon's motion. libratory ('bra-to-ri), adj. oscillat- ing. librettist (li-bret'ist), n. the vvriter of a libretto. libretto ('to), n. a book containing the words of an opera, oratorio, &c; the text itself. lice (lis), pi. of louse. license (li'sens), n. permission; leave ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LICENTIATE 441 LIGNUM-VITAE unrestrained liberty; legal permit to do something otherwise unlawful: v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. licentiate (-sen'shi-at), n. one li- censed to preach or practice a pro- fession. licentious ('shus), adj. unrestrained morally or legally; lascivious; dis- solute. lichen (li'ken or lich'en), n. one of an order of cellular flowerless (cryp- togamic) plants of fungoid nature growing parasitic on stones, algse, &c; a kind of skin eruption. lich-gate (lich'gat), n. the roofed gate of a churchyard, under which a bier may stand. Also lych-gate. licit (lis'it), adj.- lawful. lick (lik)', v.t. to pass the tongue over; caress with the tongue; lap up; vanquish; chastise: v.i. to make a licking movement: n. the act of licking; quick or careless stroke; superficial saline deposit. lickspittle ('spit-1), n. a servile flat- terer. licorice (lik'o-ris), n. the root or in- spissated juice of the licorice-plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). lictor ('ter), n. a Roman official who attended the chief magistrates and bore the fasces. lie (ll), v.i. [p.t. lay, p.p. lain, p.pr. lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- tion; lean or press; rest or remain; be situated or placed; be maintaina- ble at law. lie (ll), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- ing], to utter a falsehood; represent falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- statement. lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather. liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- ice or tenure: n. a vassal; liege lord, or sovereign. lien (le'en, li'en or len), n. a legal claim upon property; security for payment. lieu (lu), n. place; stead. lieutenancy (-ten'an-si), n. the rank or authority of a lieutenant. lieutenant ('ant), n. an officer rank- ing next below a captain in the army and a commande*r in the navy; a deputy. lifeguard ('gard), n. a bodyguard. life-kite (lif'klt), n. a kite flown from a wrecked ship to carry a life-line to the shore. life-net (llf'net), n. a net used by firemen to break the fall of persons jumping from the windows of a burning building. ligament (lig'a-ment), n. a strong elastic tissue connecting the extrem- ities of movable bones; bond or tie. ligature (lig'a-tur), n. a narrow bandage or tie; two or more letters cast on one shank (fi, n- the fullest part of a ship's bow. lool (lool), n. a vessel for receiving the washings of ore. loom (loom), n. a frame or machine for weaving cloth; an oar handle: v.i. to rise gradually and appear larger than in reality. loon (loon), n. the great northern diver. loony ('i), adj. crazed. loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling of string, rope, &c; noose through which a cord may be run: anything resembling a loop: v.t. to form into, furnish with, or secure with, loops. loophole ('hoi), n. a narrow aper- ture for observation or defense; means of evasion. loopline ('lin), n. a railway line run- ning out of and rejoining the main line. loosen (loos'n), v.t. to free from tightness, restraint, or tension; free from costiveness. loot (loot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, especially a captured city: n. booty thus taken. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LOP 448 LOUD lop 0°p)> v -t- \V-t- & V-V- lopped, p. pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of anything), especially branches of a tree; cut off partially; trim; let fall: v.i. to hang down: n. a hang- ing down; that which is lopped, as branches. lopsided ('si-ded), n. heavier on one side. loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), adj. talk- ative. loquacity (-kwas'i-ti), n. talkative- ness. lord (lord), ft. a ruler or governor; master; one possessed of supreme power; the owner of a manor; a baron in the British peerage; the son of a duke or marquis; eldest son of an earl; title of honor given to certain' officials: v.t. to invest With authority; preside over: v.i. to dom- ineer. lordliness ('li-nes), n. lordly degree or rank; pride; haughtiness. lordling ('ling), n. a little or would- be lord. lordly (-li), adj. like a lord; noble, aristocratic ; haughty, imperious : adv. proudly, despotically. lordosis (lor-do'sis), n. in pathology, an irregular curvature of the bones; curvature of the spine forward. lords-and-ladies, n. In botany, the European wake-robin {Arum Ma- culatum). lordship ('ship), n. the state, quali- ty, or jurisdiction of a lord; title of address (with his or your) given to noblemen and judges. Lord's Supper ('z sup'er), ft. the Holy Communion or Eucharist. lore (lor), n. learning; instruction; space between the eye and bill of a bird. loret*e (lo-ref) n. a woman of the demi-monde [French]. Lorettine (lo-ret-tin), n. A nine- teenth century order of nuns found- ed in Kentucky, devoted to the edu- cation of girls and destitute orphans. Also called Sisters of Loreto and Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross. lorgnette (lor-nyef), n. a long-han- dled opera glass; a pair of eye- glasses fixed to a long handle into which they shut. lorikeet (lor-i-kef), n. a straight- billed parrot. lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. lorry (lor'i), n. [pi. lorries ('iz) ], a long four-wheeled wagon without sides; a miner's hand-cart. lory (lo'ri), ft. [pi. lories ('riz) ], a species of parrot with brilliant plumage. loss (16s), n. detriment; injury; pri- vation; failure; defeat; that which is lost- lot (lot), ft. fortune; destiny; por- tion or parcel; anything used to determine chances; great quantity; v.t. to separate into lots; assign; catalogue. Lothario (lo-tha'ri-o), ft. a gay de- ceiver or libertine, from Rowe's "The Fair Penitent." lotion ('shun), n. a medicated fluid for outward application. lottery (lot'er-i), n. [pi. lotteries (-iz) ], a distribution of prizes by chance; drawing of lots. lotto ('6), n. a parlor game played with 24 cards and wooden discs numbered 1 to 100. Lotus (lo'tus), n. a genus of the water-lily family, especially the sa- cred lotus of the ancient Nile; a name for various trees or shrubs, the fruit of which was fabled to cause forgetfulmess of care and in- duce a state of dreamy indolence. Lotus-Eater, n. one of the Lotophagi of mythology; an indolent dreamer; noted in Homer's "Odyssey." louchettes (loo-shets'), n.pl. colored spectacles for direct vision in stra- bismus. loud (loud), adj. high- or full- sound- ing; noisy; ostentatious in dress or manner; showy; having an unpleas- ant odor: adv. loudly. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LOUD-MOUTHED 449 LUCERNE loud-mouthed, adj. having a noisy, offensive manner of speaking. lough (lokh), n. a lake [Irish]. louis d'or (loo'i dor'), n. an old French coin, of varying value (about $4.). lounge (lounj), v.i. to saunter about in a lazy manner; loll; live indo- lently: n. the act of lounging; a low-backed couch. lounger, n. an idler; one who loiters away his time. * loup (loop), n. a mask or half -mask worn by masqueraders. lourd (lurd), adj. dull, stupid, fool- " ish: n. a stupid, worthless fellow. louse (lous), n. [pi. lice (lis) ], a parasitic insect of various species, especially those of the genus Pedicu- lus, parasitic on man. lousy (lou'zi), adj. infested with lice. lout Gout), n. an awkward fellow. louver (loo'ver), n. an open turret or lantern on the roof of a building. lovable (luv'a-bl), adj. worthy of love. lovability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality that attracts love. love (luv), n. a strong feeling of af- fection, especially to one of the op- posite sex; courtship; devoted af- fection for or attachment to; pa- rental care; a sweetheart: v.t. to regard with strong affection; feel devotion toward; delight in: v.i. to be in love ; have strong affection. love-apple ( r ap-l), n. the tomato. love-bird ('berd), n. a small bird of the parrot family. love-feast ('fest), n. a religious feast of commemoration. love-lies-bleeding (-llz-bled'ing), n. a species of amaranth. loving-cup (-kup), n. a wine-cup, usually with several handles, passed round from guest to guest. lowbell Cbel), n. a sheep- or cattle- bell. Low Church (cherch), adj. pertain- ing to the Evangelical section of the English Church, or to its doctrines. Low Countries (lo'kun-triz), n. term for Netherlands and Belgium. lower ('er), v.t. to lessen or bring down; reduce in price or value; weaken; humble; change to a lower pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, or threatening. lower case (kas), n. that part of a compositor's case which contains the small printing types. lowering (lou'er-ing), p.adj. over- cast with clouds; threatening a storm; gloomy. lowermost (lo'er-most), adj. lowest. lowing ('ing), n. the bellow of cattle. lowland ('land), adj. pertaining to a low or level country: n.pl. a level country. Low Latin (lat'in), n. mediseval Latin. lowliness ('li-nes), n. the state of being lowly. low mass (mas), n. mass said with- out musical accompaniment and by one priest. loxia (loks'i-a), n. wryneck. , loxo, a prefix meaning slanting. loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in allegi- ance to one T s sovereign or country; true to plighted faith or duty. loyalist (-ist), n, one who adheres to and supports the authority of his sovereign or country. lozenge (loz'enj), n. an oblique-an- gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- mond-shaped figure used in heraldry; a sweetmeat. lubber (lub'er), n. an awkward, clumsy fellow; a raw sailor. lubricant (lu'bri-kant), n. a substance for lubricating. lubricate (-kat), v.t. to make smooth or slippery. lubricator (-er), n. one who, or that which, lubricates, especially a de- vice for oiling machinery. lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti), n. lewdness; sensuality. lucernal (-ser'nal), adj. pertaining to a lamp, or to artificial lignt. lucerne (-sern'), n. a clover-like plant cultivated for fodder; alfalfa. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ■■ «___ LUCID 450 LUNATIC lucid ('sid), adj. clear; readily under- stood; shining; transparent. lucidity ('i-ti), n. the state of being lucid. Lucifer ('si-fer),' n. Venus, as the morning star; Satan. lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- tion. lucky ('i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- perl. luckiest], having good luck or fortune; successful; auspicious. lucrative (lu-kra-tiv), adj. profita- ble. lucubration (-ku-bra/shun), n. a literary composition produced as the result of protracted study. luculi ('ku-li), n.pl. bright spots on the sun's surface. luculite (-ku'Ht), n. a variety of black marble, cut and polished for ornamental purposes. ludicrous ('di-krus), adi. exciting mirth; comical; droll. luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or that part of a ship toward the wind; ^the act of sailing close to the wind; luff-tackle: v.i. to steer nearer to the wind. luff-tackle (-tak'l), n. 'a large tackle consisting of a double and a single block. lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw along: v.i. to drag; move heavily; pull laboriously: n. the act or effort of lugging; something difficult to move; a projecting; part; the ear; a lug-sail; handle of a vessel: pi. conceited airs. 'luggage ('aj), n. effects of a traveler; baggage. lugger ('er), n. a small vessel with 2 or 3 masts with a running sprit and lug-sails. lug-sail ('sal), n. a square sail, with- out boom or lower yard, bent to a yard that hangs nearly at right an- gles to the mast. lugubrious (-gu'bri-us), adj. mourn- ful. lugworm ('werm), n. a sand worm. lukewarm ('warm), adj. moderate- ly warm. lull (lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. abatement; temporary calm. - lullaby ('&-bi), n. [pi. lullabies (-biz)], a cradle-song. lumbago (-ba'go), n. rheumatism of the muscles of the loins. lumber ('ber), n. rubbish; forest timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill* with lumber or rubbish; heap to- gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down timber and prepare it for market. lumberer Cber-er), n. one who cuts forest timber and shapes it for mar- ket. lumberman ('ber-man), n. one who is engaged in the lumber trade; a foreman of lumberers. luminary ('mi-na-ri), n. [pi. lumi- naries (-riz)], a body emitting light, especially a heavenly body; one who enlightens or instructs. luminescence (lu-mi-nes'ens), n. a power of emitting light possessed by certain bodies that have been exposed to light or radiant energy. luminiferous (-nif'er-us), adj. emit- ting, or transmitting, light. luminous ('mi-nus), adj. emitting or radiating light; bright; clear; per- spicuous. lump (lump), n. a small shapeless mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling; v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; heap indiscriminately; put up with. lumper ('er), n. a docker; militiaman. lumpfish ('fish), n. a thick marine fish with horny spines. lumpy ('i), adj. full of lumps. lunacy (lu'na-si), n. [pi. lunacies (-siz)], _ mental unsoundness: adj. pertaining to lunacy, or to lunatics. lunar ('nar), adj. pertaining to, measured by, or influenced by, the . moon: n: lunar distance. lunar month (munth), n. a month measured by the complete revolution of the moon = 293^ days. lunar year (yer), n. a year of twelve lunar months = 354 1-3 days. lunate ('nat), adj. crescent-shaped. lunatic ('na-tik), adj. affected with, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boo^ book; hue, hut; think, then. LUNATION 451 LYCEUM or characteristic of, lunacy: n. one who is insane. lunation (-na'shun), n. a complete revolution of the moon. lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be- tween breakfast and dinner. Also luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. lunette (lti-net'), n. anything shaped like a half-moon, as in fortification, &c. a flattened watch-glass. lunge (lunj), n. a sudden thrust or pass with the sword; sudden lurch: v.i. to make a lunge. lungwort (lung'wert), n. a plant with dark-colored leaves spotted with white; a lichen growing on trees luni, a prefix meaning moon, as luni- solar: adj. produced by the united attraction of the moon and the sun. lunula (lu'nurla), n. [pi. lunulae (-le) ], the white crescent-shaped part of the nail near the root. lupine (lu'pin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling a wolf; wolfish. lupus ('pus), n. a chronic tubercu- lous disease which eats into the skin, especially of the face. lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to one side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- ficult or forlorn position; a losing position in cribbage: v.i. to roll suddenly to one side. lure (lur), v.t. to allure: n. any- thing used as an enticement; bait; a -long carved trumpet used in Scan- dinavia. lurid ('id), adj. greyish-orange; wan; ghastly; pale; gloomy. < - lurk (lerk), v.i. to He in wait^_be con- cealed. luscious (lush 'us), adj. sweet to ex- cess; delightful to the* taste or sense; fulsome. lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: n. intoxicating drink. lust (lust), n. strong desire to pos- sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. to desire strongly; have inordinate desires (with after). lustily ('i-li), adv. in a lusty man- lustral (lus'tral), adj. pertaining to, or used in, purification. lustration (-tra'shun), n. purifica- tion. luster ('ter), n. brightness; splen- dor; brilliancy of reflected light; re- nown; a cnandelier ornamented with cut glass pendants; a lustrous dress-cloth; the quality and intensi- ty of fight reflected from the surface of minerals. lustrous ('trus), adj. having a lus- ter. • lustwort ('wert), n. the plant sun- dew. lusty ('i), adj. [comp. lustier, superl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; healthy. lute (liit), n. a stringed' musical in- strument of the guitar family ; a composition of clay, &c, used for making the joints of vessels air- tight, or protecting them from the action of fire. Lutheran ('ther-an), adj. pertain- ing to Luther, the German reformer, or to the Lutheran Church and its doctrines: n. a member of the Lu- theran Church. lux (luks), n. [pi. luces (lu'sez) ], the. unit of intensity of electrical illumi- nation. luxuriance (lug-zu'ri-ltns), n.^ exu- berant in growth. Also luxuriancy. luxuriant ('ri-ant), adj. character- ized by luxuriance; superabundant; superfluous. luxuriate ('ri-at»), v.i. to grow ex- uberantly; live luxuriously; indulge unrestrainedly. luxurious ('ri-us), adj. pertaining to luxury; indulging in, or administer- ing to, luxury. luxury (luk'shu-ri) , n. [pi. luxuries (-viz)], extravagant indulgence, in the pleasures of the senses, dress, &c; a dainty; anything productive of enjoyment. ly, a suffix meaning like, or pertain- ing to, as womanly, &c. Lyceum (li-se'um), n. [pi. Lyceums, Lycea ('umz, 'a) ], originally the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. " i— LYCEUM 452 LYRIC POETRY grove at Athens where Aristotle taught. lyceum (-se'um), n. a literary semi- nary; an academy; a literary asso- ciation; an intermediate classical school. Lycurgan (-ker'gan), adj. pertaining to Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, noted for the severity of his code of laws: hence relentlessly severe. lyddite (lid'it), n. a powerful explo- sive, consisting chiefly of picric acid. Lydian (lid'i-an), adj. pertaining to ancient Lydia in Asia Minor, noted for its luxury, music, and purple dyes; effeminate; voluptuous. lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. lying-in (-in), adj. pertaining to childbirth: n. parturition lymph (limf), n. a colorless alkaline nutritive fluid in animal bodies. lymphatic (lim-fat'ik), cdj. pertain- ing to, conveying, or containing lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute ducts which convey lymph. lynch (linch), v.t. to judge and punish by lynch-law. lynch-law ('law), n. summary pun- ishment by private individuals with- out the usual legal f ormalities. lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like animal, proverbial for its keenness of sight. lyrate (ll'rat), adj. lyre-shaped. lyre (lir), n. a musical instrument of the harp kind: used by the ancients to accompany the voice. lyre-bird ('berd), n. an Australian bird having a tail shaped like a lyre. lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or adapted to singing to, a lyre: n. a, lyric composition. lyric poetry (po'et-ri), n. poetry expressive of the emotion of the poet. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. M M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet. Macadamize (mak-ad'am-iz), v.t. to cover (a road) with small broken stone, so as to form a smooth hard rounded surface. macaroni (-a-ro'ni), n. a paste com- posed chiefly of fine flour and made into long thin tubes; a dandy of the 18th century. macaronic (-ron'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, macaroni, or to a burlesque composition consisting of a jumble of incongruous words: n. macaronic verse. macaroon (-roon'), n. a small cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, and sugar. macaw (ma-kaw'), n. a large and handsome species of parrot with strong hooked bill. mace (mas), n. a massive staff usually surmounted with a crown; a heavy billiard cue; the second covering of the nutmeg. macerate (mas'er-at), v.t. to soften or separate the parts of by steeping in a fluid; mortify or harass. machan (ma-chan'), n. an elevated platform to protect a hunter in the jungle. machete (ma-cha'ta), n. a large heavy knife used by the inhabitants of South America for cutting through forests, &c. Machiavellian (mak-i-a-vel'i-an), adj. pertaining to Machiavelli, the Flor- entine statesman, or to his prin- ciples of political duplicity: hence crafty; double-dealing: n. a cunning, unprincipled politician. machination (-i-na'shun), n. a plot; artifice. machine (ma-shen'), n. any contri- vance to increase and regulate motive power; an engine; a light carriage or vehicle; one who acts mechanically or at the bidding of another. machinery ('er-i), n. machines col- lectively; parts of a machine; any combination by which something is kept in action or the result desired is obtained. machinist ('ist), n. a constructor of machines; one skilled in the princi- ples of machinery ; one who works, ' or attends to, a machine. mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible marine fish, mottled with green and blue. mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an india-rubber water-proof overcoat. mackle ('1), v.t. to blot or blur, so as^to produce the impression of double printing. made ('1), n. a twin-crystal. macled ('Id), ad/, spotted. macro, a prefix meaning large, long, as macrocephalous, adj. large-headed. macrocosm (mak-ro'kozm), n. the universe. macrometer (ma-krom'e-ter), n. an optical instrument for determining the distance or size of inaccessible objects. macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) over a vowel to indicate that it is long, as came. macroplasia (mak-ro-pla'si-a), n. ab- normal growth of a tissue or organ of the body. macropsia (mak-rop'si-a), n. a defect ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (453) ■im m ■ MACROSCELES 454 MAGNANIMITY of vision through which objects appear of exaggerated size. macrosceles (mak-ros'e-les), n. one who has unusually long legs. macrosmatism (mak-ros'ma-tizm) , n. having the organs of smell well developed, as is usual with lower animals. macro tia (mak-ro'ti-a), n. having unusually large ears. madarosis (-a-ro'sis), n. loss of the hair, especially that of the eye- lashes. madcap ('kap), n. a wild, thought- less, eccentric person. madden ('n), v.t. to make mad or furious : v .i . to become mad or furious. madder ('er), n. a plant of the ge- nus Rubia, from the root of which a red dye and pigment is extracted. madding ('ing), adj. raging; furious. madeira (ma-de'ra), n. a rich wine made in the island of Madeira. mademoiselle (mad-mwa-zel'), in France, a title of courtesy given to a young lady. Madonna (ma-don'na), n. [pi. ma- donnas ('naz) ], a picture of the Virgin Mary, usually with the in- fant Christ. madras (ma-dras'), n. a cotton print of which shirting is made. madreperl (mad're-perl), n. mother- of-pearl. madrepore (mad're-por), n. coral. madrigal ('ri-gal), n. a light amor- ous song; a pastoral poem^ a part song unaccompanied by music. maelstrom (mal'strum), n. a cele- brated whirlpool on the Norwegian coast. Mafia (ma'fi-a), n. a secret order in Sicily, now used in carrying out criminal purposes. Supposed to be allied with the Black Hand, or Mano N.era, a similar organization. magazine (mag-a-zen'), n. a ware- house; receptacle for military stores, as ammunition, &c; chamber in a gun; a periodical literary or scien- tific publication. magdalen ('da-len), n. a reformed prostitute, from Mary Magdalene (Luke vii. 36-50). magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. a red ani- line dye. maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- va of a fly; grub; whim. maggoty ('ot-i), adj. full of mag- gots; whimsical. Magi (ma/jl), n.pl. among the Akka- dians and ancient Persians, the sacerdotal and learned class; the wise men of the East. Magian ('ji-an), adj. pertaining to the Magi: n. one of the Magi; an adherent of the Zoroastrian re- ligion. magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art of working by the power or assist- ance of supernatural beings; sor- cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. pertaining to, produced by, or ex- ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- mantic. Also magical. magician (ma-jish'an), n. one skilled in magic. magic lantern (maj'ik lan'tern), n. an optical instrument for producing magnified objects on a screen. magic square (skwar), n. a series of numbers in parallel or equal rows so- arranged that the perpendicular, horizontal, and diagonal columns shall give the same sum. magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or suitable to, a master or magistrate; authoritative. magistracy ('is-tra-si), n. [^.mag- istracies (-siz) ], the office or dignity of a magistrate; magistrates collec- tively. magistrate ('is-trat), n. a civil of- ficer invested with certain judicial and executive powers. Magna Charta ('na kar'ta), n. the Great Charter, forming the basis of civil liberty, granted by King John of England to the Barons, 1215. Also the Great Charter granted by Henry III. and confirmed by Ed- ward I. magnanimity (-na-nim'i-ti), n. great- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, book; hue, met; hut; mite, mit; note, think, then. north, not; boo; ; Doon, f: MAGNANIMOUS 455 MAHORI ness of mind; elevation of soul; nobility. magnanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj. great of mind; elevated in soul or sentiment; generous; courageous; heroic. magnate ('nat), n. a person of rank or distinction; nobleman. magnesia (-ne'shi-a), n. a white tasteless earthy powder, the oxide of magnesium. magnesium light (lit), n. a power- ful and brilliant light produced by the conbustion of metallic magne-' sium. magnet ('net), n. the loadstone; a magnetized steel bar. magnetic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, exhibiting, or produced by, the mag- net or magnetism. magnetic poles (polz), n.pl. the two points in the north and south polar regions where the magnetic needle is vertical. magnetics (-net'iks), n. the science of magnetism. Iagnetism (-izm), n. that property possessed by various bodies, as iron or steel, of attracting or repelling each other according to certain phys- ical laws; the science that treats of such magnetic phenomena and laws. magnetize ('net-iz), v.t. to communi- cate magnetic properties to. magneto, a prefix meaning pertain- ting to, or caused by, magnetism, as ma^nefo-electricity, electric pheno- mena produced by magnetism. agnetograph ('o-graf), n. an in- strument for registering automatic- ally terrestrial magnetism. magnetometer (-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the intensity - of magnetic force. magnificable (-nif'i-ka-bl), adj. ca- pable of being magnified or extolled. magnificence ('i-sens), n. grandeur of appearance; splendor; pomp, magnifico ('i-ko), n. formerly a cour- tesy title of the noblemen of Venice; the rector of a German university. magnifier ('ni-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, magnifies. magnify ('ni-fi), v.t. [pi. & p.p. mag- nified, p.pr. magnifying], to make great or greater; increase the ap- parent dimensions of; glorify or extol. magniloquent (-nil'o-kwent), adj. pompous in style or speech; bom- bastic. magnitude ('ni-tud), n. comparative size or bulk; extent of dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness); importance. magnolia (-no'li-a), n. 'a handsome sweet-scented flowering shrub. magnum ('num), n. a large wine bottle. magpie ('pi), n. a chattering bird of the crow genus. maguey ('wa or ma-ga'e), n. the century plant, a species of agave or American aloe. Magyar Cyar), adj. pertaining to the Hungarian race or language. Maharajah (ma-ha-ra'ja), n. the title of certain Hindu princes; literally, "great prince." mahatma (ma-hat 'ma), n. a priest of the inner cult of Buddhism; a theosophist of the highest rank. Mahdi (ma'de), n. a title given to certain Mohammedan spiritual lead- ers: applied especially to the last great millennial, spiritual or tem- poral leader {imam) of the Faithful. Mahdism ('dizm) , n. the doctrine of the coming of the Mahdi. mahl-stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick used by painters as a rest for the hand while painting. Also maul- stick. mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni), n. a tree of tropical America yielding a dark reddish-brown wood, used for fur- niture; a clining-table. Mahomedan or Mahometan. See Mohammedan. mahoohoo (-hoolioo), n. the white two-horned rhinoceros of Africa. Mahori (ma'ho-re), adj. pertaining to the Eastern Polynesian race. j, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MAHOUT 456 MALADY mahout (ma-hoof), **• an elephant driver or keeper. Mahratti (-rat'e), ft. the language of the Mahrattas, spoken in the Dec- can. Also Marathi. Mahratta ('a), adj. pertaining to the Mahrattas, a people inhabiting part of West and Central India, or to their language. maidenhair (-har), ft. a handsome and delicate-leafed fern. maidenhead (-hed), n. virginity. maidenhood (-hood), ft. the state of being a maiden. mail (mal), n. defensive body armor of steel, net, or plate-work; govern- ment system for conveying letters, &c; a receptacle for the conveyance of letters, &c; letters, &c, carried by post; tribute formerly levied by freebooters: v.t. to clothe with, or as with, mail; post, or send by post. mailable ('a-bl), adj. admissible by post. mailed ('d), adj. clad in, or covered by, mail; spotted; speckled; posted. mail-chute (mal'-shoot), ft. a vertical mail tube in hotels and office build- ings, to permit the mailing o i letters on every floor and their collection in a single receptacle at the foot of the tube. mailing-tube (ma'ling-tub), ft. a pasteboard cylinder for mailing printed matter or other fragile materials. mail-order (mal'-or'der), ft. a pur- chase-order received by mail instead of through agents or salesmen. maim (mam), v.t. to deprive of the use of a limb; cripple or mutilate: ft. an injury to the body by crippling or mutilation. main (man), adj. chief; principal; leading; direct: n. the ocean. mainmast (man'mast), ft. the prin- cipal mast of a vessel. mainsail (man 'sal), ft. the principal sail. mainsheet ('shet), ft. one of the ropes by which the mainsail is ex- tended and fastened. mainstay ('sta), ft. the stay extend- | ing from the foot of the foremast to \ the main-top. maintain (-tan'), v.t. to support; ; sustain; defend; vindicate; affirm; continue. maintenance ('tS-nans), ^ ft. suste- nance; support; vindication; cham- perty. maize (maz), ft. Indian corn. majestic (ma-jes'tik), adj. having dignity of person or mien; stately; noble; sublime. majesty (maj'es-ti), ft. [pi. majesties (-tiz) ], sovereignty; grandeur; no- bility; sublimity. majolica (ma-jol'i-ka), ft. a fine soft enameled kind of pottery. major (ma'jer), adj. greater in num- ber, extent, or quality; greater by a semitone^ [mus.]: ft. a military officer next in rank above a captain; the first proposition of a regular syllogism in which the major term is contained. major-domo (-do'mo), ft. the stew- ard of a household. major-general (-jen'er-al), ft. an officer next in rank below a lieuten- ant-general. majority (ma-jor'i-ti), ft. [pi. ma- jorities (-tiz) ], the state of being greater; greater number; more than half; full legal age (21); rank, &c, of a major. major term (ma'jer term), ft. that term of a syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclusion. makeshift (mak'shift), ft. a tempo- rary expedient. make-up ('up), ft. the general com- position of anything; artificial prep- aration. makeweight ('wat), ft. anything which is added to make up weight. mal, a prefix meaning ill, evil. Also male, as, maladroit, clumsy; male- volent, malicious, spiteful, &c. maladroit. See under mal. malady ('a-di), ft. [pi. maladies (-diz) ], a disease, especially a deep- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MALAGA 457 MALTINE seated or lingering disorder, mental or physical. malaga ('a-ga), n. a variety of wine. Malagasy ('a-gas-i), n. a native of Madagascar; the language of Mada- gascar. malaise (ma-laz'), n. a vague feeling of uneasiness, often as the presursor of an attack of illness. malapert ('a-pert), adj. pert; saucy. malapropism ('a-prop-izm), n. a grotesque misuse of fine words: from Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheridan's "The Rivals." malapropos (-ap-ro-po'), adv. unsea- sonably. malar (ma/lar), adj. pertaining to the cheek or cheek-bone. malaria (ma-la/ri-a), n. noxious ex- halations from marshy land, produc- ing fevers, &c. ; disease produced by such exhalations or by the bite of malaria-infested mosquitoes; chills and fever; ague. Malay (-la/), adj. pertaining to the inhabitants of Malay, or to their language. malcontent (mal'kon-tent), adj. dis- contented, especially with estab- lished authority. malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. de- nunciation of evil; execration; curse. malefactor ('e-fak-ter), n. an evil doe?; criminal. malevolence (ma-lev'o-lens), n. spitef illness; ill-will. malevolent. See under mal. malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. an il- legal act or deed. malformation (-for-ma'shun), n. faulty or abnormal structure of an organism. malic (ma'lik), adj. derived from fruit, especially from the apple. malice (mal'is), n. evil intention to injure others; deliberate mischief; spite. malicious (ma-lish'us), adj. bearing ill-will or spite; prompted by hatred. malign (-lin), v.t. to speak evil of; slander: adj. hurtful; pestilential. malignancy (-lig'nan-si), n. the state of being malignant; virulence. malignant ('nant), adj. malicious; pernicious; intending or effecting evil; virulent. maligner (-lin'er), n. one who ma- ligns. malignity (-lig'ni-ti), n. the state of being malignant; malice; virulence. malinger (-ling'ger), v.i. to feign ill- ness in order to evade duty. malison ('i-zn), n. a curse; execra- tion. mall (mawl), n. a large heavy wooden mallet or beetle; a public walk shaded by trees, originally a place where the game of pall-mall was played. mallard (mal' ard), n. a wild duck. malleability (-e-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being malleable. malleable ('e-a-bl), adj. capable of being extended by hammering or rolling. malleolar ('e-o-lar) adj. pertaining to the ankle. mallet ('et), n. a wooden hammer. malleus ( ; e-us), n. one of the three small auditory bones of the ear. mallow ('o) n. a plant of the genus Malva. Also mallows. malmsey (mam'zi), n. a rich variety of grape; a strong, full-flavored sweet wine. mal-nutrition (mal-nu-trish'un), n. a state of health in which the food is not properly assimilated. malpractice (mal-prak'tis), n. evil practice; illegal or immoral conduct. malt (mawlt) n. barley or other grain steeped in water, fermented, and kiln dried for brewing: adj. made with malt: v.t. to make into malt: v.i. to be converted into malt. Maltese (mawl'tez), adj. pertaining to Malta, or to its inhabitants. Malthusian (mal-thu'si-an), adj. pertaining to Malthus, the political economist, or his theory of dangerous overpopulation that should be checked by social restraints. maltine (mawlt'in), n. the fermenta- ate, arm, ask, at, awl me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ■ MALT-LIQUOR 458 MANDREL tive principle of malt; a medicinal preparation in which malt forms the chief ingredient. malt-liquor (mawlt'lik-er), n. an alcoholic liquor made from malt, as beer, ale, stout. maltose Cos), n. sugar obtained from starch by the action of diastase or malt. maltreat (mal-tret), v.t. to treat ill or roughly. malversation (-ver-sa'shun), n. fraudulent practices, especially those committed in an office of trust. mama (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. famil- iar name for mother. Also mamma. Mamaluke (mam'a-luk), n. one of a body of cavalry constituting the mil- itary force of Egypt: destroyed by Mehemet Ali (1811). Also Mam- eluke. mamma (ma-ma', or ma'ma), n. a family name for mother. mammae (mam'e), n.pl. the breasts. mammal ('al), n. one of the Mam- malia. Mammalia (-a/li-a), n.pl. the highest class of the Vertebrata, containing those animals which suckle their young. mammalian ('li-an), adj. pertaining to the Mammalia. mammary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to the breasts. mammillary ('il-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or resembling, the breast or nipples. mammodis ('mo-dis), n. coarse plain Indian muslins. mammon ('un), n. wealth; worldly gain : from Mammon, the Syrian god of riches. mammoth ('moth), n. an extinct species of huge fossil elephants : adj. gigantic. manacle ('a-kl), n. a handcuff: v.t. to place handcuffs upon ; shackle. manage ('aj), v.t. to conduct or car- ry on; govern; render docile or trac- table; use cautiously; wield: v.i. to conduct affairs. manageable ('aj-a-bl), adj. easy to be managed; docile. management ('aj-ment), n. the act or art of managing; control; skill in direction; administration. manager ('a-jer), n. one who directs or conducts anything; a skilful econ- omist. managerial (-je'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a manager or to management. manakin ('a-kin), n. a dwarf. manatee (-a-te'), n. the sea-cow. Also manati. mandamus (-da'mus) (Latin : we com- mand), n. a writ issued by a superior court directing the person or in- ferior court to whom it is issued to perform some specified act. mandarin (-da-ren'), n. in China, an official or magistrate, of whom there are nine classes, each being distin- guished by a particular kind of but- ton worn on the cap; a variety of orange: v.t. to dye (silk, &c.) an orange color produced by the action of dilute nitric acid on the fiber. mandarinate ('at), n. mandarins collectively. mandarin duck (duk), n. an Asiat- ic duck with handsome plumage. mandatary ('da-ta-ri), n. a person to whom a mandate is given ; one to whom the Pope has, by his preroga- tive, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Also mandatory. mandate ('dat), n. an order; com- mand; Papal rescript. mandatory ('da-to-ri), adj. contain- ing a mandate; directory. mandible s ('di-bl), n. the jaw; in vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, both jaws: in insects and crusta- ceans, the anterior pair. mandolin ('do-lin), n. a musical in- strument of the guitar kind. mandrake ('drak), n. a plant of the nightshade family, with narcotic properties. mandrel ('drel), n. the shank of a lathe on which the work to be turned is placed ; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. Also mandril. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge/ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MANDRILL 459 MANIPULATION mandrill ('dril), n. the blue-faced baboon of Africa. mane (man), n. the long hair on the neck of certain quadrupeds, as the horse. manege (ma-nazh'), n. the art of horsemanship; the training of horses; a school for horsemanship. manes (ma'nez), n.pl. the shades of the departed; the deities of the in- fernal regions. maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-noo'- ver), n. adroit management or opera- tion in military or naval affairs ; skilful or dexterous management^ stratagem: v.i. to perform maneu- vers with troops or war vessels; manage with adroitness or address. manful (man 'fool), adj. courageous; resolute. manganate (mang'ga-nat), n. a salt of manganic acid. manganese (-nez), n. a grey-colored, hard and brittle metallic element. mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- ease of dogs, cattle, &c. manger (man'jer), n. a feeding trough for horses or cattle. mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; mutilate; hack; to smooth with a mangle: n. a machine for smoothing linen. mangier (mang'gl er), n. a meat- chopping machine; one who man- gles. mango ('go), n. [pi. mangoes Cgoz) ], the fruit of the mango tree. mango-fish (-fish), n. a handsome yellow-colored edible fish of the Ganges. mangosteen (-sten), n. a delicious fruit of the size of an orange grow- ing in Java and the Moluccas. Also mangostan. mangrove (mang'grov), n. an East and West Indian tree yielding an edible fruit: its bark is used in tanning. mangy (man'ji), adj. affected with the mange; unkept. manhood ('hood), n. human nature; manliness. mania (ma'ni-a), n. violent insanity; intense excitement; excessive or un- reasonable desire. maniac ('ni-ak), adj. affected with mania: n. a madman. manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of theiiands, nails, &c. manifest ('i-fest), adj. clear; plain; apparent: v.t. to make manifest; place beyond doubt: n. the invoice of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- tom-house officials. manifesto (-fes'to), n. [pi. manifes- toes ('toz) ], a public declaration concerning political measures or in- tentions. manifold ('i-fold), adj. various in kind or quality ; numerous ; multi- plied; complicated: adv. many times: v.t. to reduplicate by means of a manifold- writer. manif older (man'i-fol-der), n. an apparatus for duplicating docu- ments in fac-simile; also the person who uses the apparatus. manigraphy (ma-nig'ra-fi), n. a dis- cription of the various forms of mania or insanity. manifold-writer (rl'ter), n. an ap- paratus for reduplicating a writing by means of thin tracing paper. manikin ('i-kin), n. a dwarf; a model of the human body for anatomical study. manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind of cheroot manufactured at Manila in the Philippine Islands; a hemp used for ropes, matting, &c, made from the fibers of Musa tex- tiles, allied to the banana. maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf worn on the left arm by a priest at mass; a company in an ancient Roman legion. manipulate (ma-nip 'u-lat), v.t. to operate or work by means of the hands; treat; control the action of, by management; falsify: v.i. to use the hands, especially in scientific operations, or mechanical processes. manipulation (-la'shun), n. the act ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MANIPULATOR 460 MANURE or process of manipulating; manual dexterity; falsification. manipulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who manipulates. manis (ma'ni's), n. the scaly ant- eater. manism (ma/nizm), n. worship of the manes or shades of the departed. Manitou (man'i-too), n. the Great Spirit of the North American In- dians. manly ('li), adj. having the charac- teristics of a man; courageous; noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like a man. manna ('a), n. a name given by the Israelites to the food miraculously supplied in the wilderness (Ex. xvi. 15); the sweet laxative juice exuded from certain species of ash of South- ern Europe. manner ('er), n. method; mode of action; habit; custom; sort; mien; aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- ment; morals; behavior. mannerism (-izm), n. a peculiarity of style, action, or bearing, especial- ly if constrained or affected. mannerist (-ist), n. one who carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver). See maneu- ver. man-of-war (man-of-wawr), n. [pi. men-of-war], a large ship of war. manometer (ma-nom'e-ter), n. an instrument for determining the den- sity of the air or other gas from its elastic force. manor (man'er), n. the district over which a feudal lord held authority, and subject to the jurisdiction of his court-baron; the land belonging to a lord, or so much as he formerly re- served for his own use; a tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a fee-farm rent to the owner. manorial (ma-no 'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a manor. mansard roof (man'sard roof), n. a roof which has on all sides two slopes, the lower being steeper than the upper. manse (mans), n. the residence of a Presbyterian parochial minister [Scotch]. mansion (man 'shun), n. a large dwelling house. manslaughter ('slaw-ter), n. the un- lawful killing of a human being, but without malice or premeditation. mantel ('tel), n. a narrow ornamental slab above a fireplace. Also mantel- piecev mantelet (-et), n. a kind of movable parapet for the protection of the besiegers; a small mantel; a besieging party. Also mantlet. mantilla (-til 'a), n. a lady's light cloak or hood. mantle (man'tl), n. a loose cloak or cape; the external fold of the skin of the body of mollusks; a conical net-work that becomes incandescent when heated: used over a gas jet, &c, to increase the brilliancy of the light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or spread out. mantua-maker ('tu-a-ma/ker), n. a dress-maker. manual ('ii-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, the hands: n. a handy compendium; the service book of the Roman Catholic Church; the keyboard of an organ or harmonium. manufactory (-fak'to-ri), n. [pi. manufactories (-riz)], the place where goods are manufactured. manufacture ('tur), v.t. to make or fabricate from raw materials; pro- duce artificially: v.i. to be occupied in manufactures: n.. the conversion "of raw materials into articles for use; the thing manufactured. manufacturing (-ing), adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, manufacture. manumission (-u-mish'un), n. the act of liberating from slavery; emancipation. manumit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. manumitted, p.pr. manumitting], to set free from slavery. manure (ma-nur'), n. any fertilizing substance used for enriching the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met,^ mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, j book; hue, hut; 'think, then. MANUS 461 MARK soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing substances. manus (ma'nus), n. the hand. manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. written: n. a book or paper written by hand. m an u type (man'u-tip), n. hand- printed matter in which the letters are separately impressed: v.t. to print by hand. Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining to the Isle of Man, to its inhabitants, or to the old language of the island. Maori (ma'o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. per- taining to the Maoris, or aborigines of New Zealand, or to their lan- guage. maple (ma'pl), n. a tree of several species of the genus Acer, from one of which the rock-maple sugar is extracted. mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, p.pr. marring], to disfigure; injure; damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- ment; injury. marabou (mar'a-boo), n. a large Af- rican stork, with handsome feath- ers. marabout (mar'a-boot), n. a Mo- hammedan saint, who professes to cure diseases by supernatural power. marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. Marathon (mar'a-thon), n. in ath- letics, a long distance race. maraud (-rawd'), v.i. to rove in search of plunder. marble (mar'bl), n. a hard lime- stone of various colors capable of taking a fine polish; anything re- sembling marble; a small ball of marble or stone: adj. made of, or like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: v.t. to stain or vein like marble. marchioness (mar'shun-es), n. the wife or widow of a marquis. marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram), n. a message sent by Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy. Mardi Gras (mar'de gra), n. Shrove Tuesday, the last day of Carnival. mare (mar), n. the female of the horse. mare's-nest (marz'nest), n. some fancied discovery which proves to be a hoax. margarine (mar'ga-rin), n. artificial butter. margin ('jin), n. border; the part of a page at the edge, not printed upon; reserved amount; latitude: v.t. to furnish with a margin: enter on the margin of a page. marginal (-al), adj. pertaining to, or placed on, a margin. marginalia (-ji-na/li-a), n.pl. mar- ginal notes. marginate ('jin-at), adj. having a margin. Also marginated. margosa (-go'sa), n. an East Indian tree yielding a valuable oil and tonic bark. margot ('got), n. a variety of perch. margravate ('gra- vat), n. the do- main or jurisdiction of a margrave. margrave ('grav), n. sl German title of nobility. Fern, margravine. mariculture (ma'ri-kul-tur), n. de- velopment of the resources of the sea, particularly with reference to food supplies. marigold (mar'i-gold), n. a plant with showy yellow flowers of various genera. marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, living in, or formed by, the sea; naval; near to the sea; used at sea: n. a soldier who serves on a war- ship; the navy of a nation; naval affairs; collective shipping of a country. mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. marionette (mar-i-o-nef), n. a pup- pet moved by strings. marital ('i-tal), adj. pertaining ta- marriage. maritime ('i-tlm), adj. pertaining to, connected with, or bordering upon, the sea; naval. marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus of aromatic plants, containing the sweet marjoram. mark (mark), n. a visible sign by a which anything is known; impres- sion; evidence; target; a character ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MARKEDLY 462 MARSUPIALIA made as a substitute for writing; an old Scotch coin = 27^ cents; a current German coin and monetary unit = 2434 cents; a former Euro- pean unit of weight = about 8 ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- guish; take notice of; single out: v.i. to observe critically; take note. markedly ('ed-li), adv. distinctly; publicly. marker ('er), n. one who, or that which, marks; a counter in card- playing; one who registers the score at billiards. market (mar'ket), n. a, public place for the sale or purchase of commodi- ties; market .place; rate or price; v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. marksman (marks'man), n. [pi. marksmen ('men) ], one skilful in shooting. marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- gled with clay and carbonate of lime; used as a manure: v.t. to ma- nure with marl; to wind with mar- lines. marline (mar'lin), n. a two-stranded cord used for winding round ropes, splicing, &c. marline-spike (-spik), n. a pointed piece of iron used for opening the strands of a rope in splicing. Also marling-spike. marling ('ling), n. the act of winding with marlines. marly ('li), adj. containing, or like, marl. marmalade ('ma-lad), n. a confec- tion made of oranges or other fruit. marmose ('mos), n. a species of small opossum. marmoset ('mo-zet), n. a species of small American monkey. marmot ('mot), n. the Alpine rat; prairie dog. maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- gitive slave in the West Indies; one who is marooned: v.t. to place and abandon on a desert island: adj. of a brownish-crimson color. marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- trates some plan by his officious in- terference. marque (mark), n. a license granted by a state to a private vessel to make reprisals at sea on the ships of another nation. marquetry ('ket-ri), n. inlaid work. marquis ('kwis), n. a nobleman rank- ing next below a duke. Also mar- quess. Feminine marchioness. marquisate (-at), n. the seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis. marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- gally uniting a man and woman in wedlock; marriage ceremony. marriageability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being marriageable. marriageable ('aj-a-bl), adj. fit, or of an age, to be married. married ('id), p. adj. united in wed- lock; conjugal. marrow ('6), n. the medulla or oily tissue which fills the cavities of bones; the essence of anything; a vegetable marrow. marrow-bone (-bon), n a bone con- taining marrow: pi. the knees. marrow-fat (-fat), n. a late variety of pea. Mars (marz), n. one of the planets: from the Roman god of war. Marseillaise (mar-se-lya'), adj. per- taining to Marseilles or to its in- habitants: n. national anthem of the first French Revolution: com- posed by Rouget de l'lsle, 1792. marseilles (-salz'), n. a double cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of land. marshal (marshal), n. an official of high rank who superintends and regulates state ceremonies; a pur- suivant; in the French army, the highest military officer; a sheriff: v.t. to arrrange or dispose in order. marshiness ('shi-nes), n. the state of being marshy. marsupial (-su'pi-al), adj. pertain- ing to the Marsupialia: n. one of the Marsupialia. Marsupialia (-pi-a'li-a), n.pl. a sub- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MART 463 MASSEUR class of mammals that carry their young in a marsupium or external pouch, as the opossum and kangaroo. mart (mart), n. a market; purchase and sale. martagon ('ta-gon), n. a variety of lily with purple-red flowers; the Turk's cap. marten ('ten), n. a small carnivorous animal of the weasel kind. martial ('shal), adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, war; military. martial law (law), n. a code of reg- ulations enforced by the military power and applicable to civilians in time of war, insurrection, &c. martian (mar'shan), n. a supposi- tious inhabitant of the planet Mars. martin ('tin), n. one of several spe- cies of birds allied to the swallow. martinet (-et), n. a strict disciplin- arian: pi. small lines fastened to the leech of a sail. martingale (-gal), n. a broad strap passing from the nose-band to the girth of a horse, between its fore legs, to keep its head down; a lower stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- : boom. martyr ('ter), n. one who testifies by his death to his faith or principles; one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put to death for adherence to some be- lief, especially Christianity; perse- cute; torture; destroy. martyrdom (-dum), n. the death or sufferings of a martyr. martyrology (-ol'o-ji), n. a register or history of martyrs. marvel ('vel), n. something extraor- dinary and astonishing; a prodigy: v.i. to be struck with astonishment; wonder. marvelous (-us), adj. exciting wonder; incredible. mascot ('kot), n. a person or thing that brings good fortune. Feminine mascotte [French] . masculine ('ku-lin), adj. pertaining to, having the qualities of, or suita- ble for, a man; manly; powerful; robust; coarse; noting the male gen- der in grammar. mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; a mixture of bran and water for horses; bruised malt, &c, steeped in hot water for making wort: v.t. to mix with hot water (as malt) in brewing; convert into a mash or soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. masher ('er), n. one who imperti- nently endeavors to make himself attractive to, or engage the attention of, women. mask (mask), n. a cover or partial cover to conceal the face; pretext or subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to conceal with, or as with, a mask; cover or hold in check: v.i. to take part in a masquerade; be disguised. mason (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone; a Freemason. Masonic (-son'ik), adj. pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft. masonry ('sn-ri), n. the art ox occu- pation of a mason; materials used by masons; Freemasonry. masque (mask), n. a masquerade. masquerade (mas-ker'ad), n. a ball or festive gathering where masks are worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part in a masquerade. mass (mas), n. a large quantity; lump; body of things collectively; the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church; a mu- sical setting for certain parts of such a celebration: pi. common people (with the): v.t. & v.i. to collect into a mass or body. massacre ('a-ker), n. indiscriminate slaughter with unnecessary cruelty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately with unnecessary cruelty. massage ('aj or ma-sazh'), n. a method of medical treatment by rubbing or kneading the body. masseter ('e-ter), n. the short thick muscle that raises the lower jaw. masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- forms the operation of massage. Feminine masseuse [French]. :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MASSIVE 464 MATHEMATICAL massive ('iv), adj. weighty; heavy; bulky; imperfectly and irregularly crystallized. massy ('i), adj. massive. mast (mast), n. a long round piece of timber or iron tube, either entire, or formed of parts, raised vertically on the keel of a vessel to support the sails; the fruit of the oak and the beech. masted ('ed), adj. furnished with a mast. masthead ('hed), n. the top part of a mast: v.t. to send to the masthead as a nautical punishment. master ('er), n. one who rules or commands others; director; em- ployer; owner; head of a household, college, school, &c; an expert; com- mander of a merchant- vessel; a uni- versity degree; appellation given to boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or overcome: v.i. excel. mastery (-i), n. 'dominion; preemi- nence; eminent skill. mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained from the mastic tree: used as a varnish. masticable ('ti-ka-bl) , adj. capable of being masticated. masticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to grind with the teeth; chew. mastication (-ka'shun), n. the act of masticating; chewing. masticator ('ter), n. one who, or that which, masticates; a machine for mincing meat or cutting leather, &c, into small pieces. masticatory ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. adapt- ed for chewing. mastiff (mas'tif), n. a large variety of dog. mastodon (mas'to-don), n. an extinct genus of mammals, allied to the ele- . phant. mastoid ('toid), adj. breast-like. mast-step (mast 'step), n. in the building of ships or yachts, the step or support on which the mast rests. masturbation (-ter-ba'shun), n. self- pollution. mat (mat), n. a texture of various fibrous materials, used for cleansing the feet, &c; a web of rope-yard; an ornamental article on which to place things at table: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to cover with mats; entangle or interweave. matador (ma-ta-dor'), n. the man who kills the bull in a bull-fight; one of the three principal cards at omber and quadrille. Also madadore. matchboard ('bord), n. a thin plank used for wainscoting, &c. matchlock ('lok), n. an old kind of musket. matchmaker ('mak-er), n. one who seeks to arrange marriages. matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- posed of various kinds of fish. mater (ma'ter), n. (Latin a mother) one of the two membranes {dura mater, pia mater) covering the brain. materfamilias (-fa-mil'i-as), n. the mistress of a family or household. material ('ri-al), adj. consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; essential: n. the substance of which anything is made. materialism (-izm), n. the doctrine that all spiritual phenomena are the result of organized matter. materialize (-Iz), v.t. to invest with material characteristics. materialist (-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of materialism. materialistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to materialism. materia medica (ma-te'ri-a med'i- ka), n. the science which treats of the substances used in medicine. materiel (-ta-re-al'), n. the baggage, munitions, provisions of an army, &c. maternal (-ter'nal), adj. motherly. maternally (-li), adv. like a mother. maternity ('ni-ti), n. the character or relationship of a mother. math (math), n. a mowing. mathematical (-e-mat'ik-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, mathematics; theoretically precise. Also mathematics. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MATHEMATICIAN 465 MAWKISH mathematician (-ma-tish'an), n. one who is skilled in mathematics. mathematics (-mat'iks), n. the sci- ence of number and space. matico (ma-te'ko), n. a Peruvian plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful styptic. matin (mat 'in), adj. pertaining to the morning or to matins: n.pl. morning prayer; in the Roman Catholic Church the first canonical hour. matinee (-i-na/ or ma-te-na'), n. a reception or musical or dramatic per- formance held in the daytime. matricidal (mat'ri-si-dal), adj. per- taining to matricide. matricide ('ri-sid), n. the murder of a mother by a son or daughter; one who murders one's mother. matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat), v.t. to admit to the membership of a college or university by entering one's name in a register: v.i. to be admitted as a member or student of a college, &c. matriculation (-la/shun), n. the act of registering and admitting as a matriculated student. matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to marriage; nuptial; connubial. matrimony ('ri-mo-ni), n. marriage. matrix (ma/triks), n. [pi. matrices (mat'ri-sez) ], the womb; the cavity in which anything is formed or cast; a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or mineral is embedded; the five col- ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) from which all others are formed in dyeing. matron (ma/tron), n. a married woman, especially one who has borne children; the lady superin-. tendent of a hospital or institution. matronage (-aj), n. matrons collec- tively. matronal ('tron-al), adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, a matron. matronymic (mat-ro-nim'ik), n. a man's or woman's name derived from that of a mother. matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly reduced. matted ('ed), adj. covered with a mat; closely tangled together. matter ('er), n. that which occupies space, and is perceptible by the senses; body; substance; thing of importance; business; event; in- definite amount; pus; set-up type: v.i. to signify; be of importance. matting ('ing), n. mats collectively; material for mats; ornamental mat- work. mattock ('ok), n. a pickaxe having one of its ends flat. mattress ('res), n. a quilted hair- or straw- stuffed bed; a spring mat- tress; a mat made of trees or shrubs. maturation (-ti-ra'shun) , n. the process of ripening or coming to maturity. mature (ma-tur), adj. [comparative maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; full-grown; ready for application or use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- turity: v.i. to become ripe. maturity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being mature; ripeness; full development. matutinal (ma-tu'ti-nal) . adj. per- taining to the morning; early. matzoth (mat'zo), n. an unleavened bread eaten by the Jews on the feast of the Passover. maudlin ('lin), adj. easily moved to tears; weakly and foolishly senti- mental. maugre (maw'ger), prep, in spite of. maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- "mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a rough manner. maul-stick. Same as mahl-stick. mauser-rine (mou'zer-ri'fl), n. a military rifle of German make. mausoleum (maw-so-le'um), n. a stately tomb or monument, especial- ly that of Mausolus, King of Caria, erected by his widow Artemisia. mauve (mov), n. a soft lilac or pur- ple color. mavis (ma'vis), n. the song-thrush. maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- mals; the craw of a bird. mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loath- some; affectedly sentimental. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MAXILLA 466 MEDALLIST maxilla (maks'il-a), n. [pi. maxillae ' -e) ], the upper jawbone. maxillary ('il-a-ri), adj. pertaining to the jaw or jawbone. maxim ('im), n. an established prin- ciple or truth; jproverb; aphorism. maximite (maks'im-It), n. an explo- sive invented by Hiram Maxim. maximum ('i-mum), n. the greatest number, quantity, or degree, attain- able. mayhem (ma'hem), n. an unlawful attack on a person which results in mutilation or maiming. mayor (ma/er), n. the chief magis- trate of a city or borough. Feminine mayoress. mayoralty (-al-ti), n. the office, or term of office, of a mayor. Maypole Cpol), n. a pole around which May festivities are held. maze (maz),n. bewilderment; a laby- rinth: v.t. to bewilder. mazily ('i-li), adv. in a mazy manner. - mazurka (ma-zer'ka), n. a lively Polish dance; music set to such a dance. Also mazourka. mazy (maz'i), adj. intricate; bewil- dering; winding. mead {med), n. a fermented liquor of honey, water, and spices; a meadow [poet.]. meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich pasture land; land yielding hay; low grass land by the banks of rivers. meadowy (^i), adj. containing mead- ows. meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; poor; barren; lean; weak. meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a repast. mealy-mouthed (-moufAd), adj. us- ing soft words; unwilling to tell the truth in plain words. meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or flow round: v.i. to have a winding course; be intricate. meaning (men'ing), n. intention; sense. meant', p.t. & p.p. of mean. meantime ('tim), adv. in the inter- vening time. Also meanwhile. measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious disease characterized by fever and small red spots on the skin; a dis- ease of swine and of trees. measurable (mezh'er-a-bl), adj. ca- pable of being measured. measure ('er), n. the standard by which the volume or extent of any- thing is compared; extent or dimen- sions of a thing; proportion; a di- visor leaving no remainder; an in- strument for measuring; musical time; meter; law or statute: pi. strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the extent, size, or volume of; mark out; estimate; allot; determine by rule or standard: v.i. to take measure- ments; be equal or uniform. measurement ('er-ment), n. the act of measuring; quantity ascertained by measuring; size; area; capacity. meat (met), n. animal food. mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled workman: pi. the science of the laws of matter and motion, especially the science of machinery. mechanical (-al), adj. pertaining to the principles of mechanics; pertain- ing to, or produced by, machines or machinery; done automatically, as from force of habit. mechanical powers (pow'erz), n.pl. powers obtained by the application of a small force, viz., the lever, in- clined plane, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, and wedge. mechanician (mek-a-nish'an), n. one skilled in mechanics or machinery. mechanism ('a-nizm), n. parts of a machine; mechanical construction. mechanotherapy (mek'a-no-ther'a- pi), n. the treatment of disease by mechanical means. medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece of metal impressed with a de- vice or inscription to commemorate some event, distinguished person, &c. medallion ('yun), n. a large antique medal; a round or oval tablet with figures in bas-relief. medallist (med'al-ist), n. an engraver ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEDAL-PLAY 467 MEERSCHAUM of medals; one who has gained a medal as a reward or prize. medal-play (med'al-pla), n. in golf a play in which the score takes ac- count of the total number of strokes, and not of the winning of individual holes. meddle (medl), v.i. to interpose or interfere officiously. meddler ('ler), n. an officious per- son; busybody. meddlesome ('1-sum), adj. officiously intrusive. mediaeval. Same as medieval. median (me'di-an), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the middle of anything. mediate (-at), v.i. to interpose as a mutual friend between parties to effect a reconciliation. : mediation (-a/shun),, n. the act of mediating; reconciliation. mediator ('di-a-ter), n. one who mediates; an intercessor. mediatorial (-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a mediator or mediation; intercessory. Also mediatory. medical (med'i-kal), adj. pertaining »to, or connected with, medicine. edicament ('i-kll-ment), n. a medi- cine or healing application. edicate ('i-kat), v.t. to impregnate or tincture with anything medicinal. medicinal (me-dis'i-nal), adj. having the properties of, or used in, medi- cine. medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science which relates to the treatment and alleviation of disease; a specific for the cure of disease. medicine-man (-man), n. among certain tribes, as the North Ameri- can Indians, a conjurer who pro- fesses to drive away evil spirits or disease by magical arts. medieval (me-di-e'val), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, the Mid- dle Ages (8th-15th centuries A.D.), Also mediaeval. medievalism (-izm), n. the spirit, especially in religion and art, char- acteristic of the Middle Ages. mediocre (me'di-o-ker), adj. of me- dium excellence; ordinary. mediocrity (-ok'ri-ti), n. of moder- ate degree; a person of ordinary abilities. meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to think upon; design; purpose. meditation (-ta/shun), n. the act of meditating; deep thought. meditative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. disposed to meditation. meditativeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being meditative. medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, mediums (-a, -umz) ], a mean; any- thing intervening; agency; space or substance in which bodies exist or move; a size of paper 24 x 19 inches: middle term of a syllogism; a per- son through whom communications from the spirit world are conveyed; the liquid vehicle with which dry pig- ments are ground. medley ('li), n. mixture or confused mass of different ingredients. medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of bones; pith of plants. medullary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, marrow or medulla. medullin (-dul'in), n. a variety of cellulose found in the pith of certain plants. Medusa (me-du'sa), n. [pi. medusae ('se) ], in classical mythology, one of the three Gorgons whose fine hair was changed into snakes, and whose glance . changed into stone all who looked on her. medusa, n. the sea-nettle or jelly-fish. meed (med), n. recompense; reward. meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- missive; yielding; mild of temper,' humble; patient. meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- sion. Also mere. meerschaum ('shum), n. a claylike silicate of -magnesia from which pipebowls are made; a pipe of this material. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEETING 468 MEMORANDUM meeting ('ing), n. an assembling or coming together; junction; a con- gregation. meg, a prefix meaning great, power- ful. Also mega, megalo, as mega- cephalous: adj. having a large head. megohm ('om), n. 1,000,000 ohms: a measure of electrical resistance. megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- ralgic headache, usually on one side of the head: pi. vertigo in a horse. melancholia (mel-an-ko'li-a), n. a form of insanity characterized by great depression of spirits. melancholy ('an-kol-i), n. great de- pression of spirits; melancholia: adj. depressed in spirits; hypochondriac, melange (ma-langzh'), n. a confused mixture; medley [French]. melanin (mel'a-nin), n. the black pigment cells of the eye and skin. melanism ('an-izm), n. excess of the coloring pigment in the skin. melanotrichous (mel-a-not'ri-kus) , adj. having black hair. meld (meld), n. in the card game of penuchle, the announcement of a counting combination, or in card games in general, a declaration: v.t. to announce or declare in pe- nuchle or other card games. melee (ma-la'), n. a hand-to-hand conflict; scuffle; affray. melinite (mel'in-it), n. a powerful explosive. meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- prove or make better. melioration (-ra'shun), n. improve- ment. mellifluent (mel-if 'fiu-ent) , adj. smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- lifluous. melligenous (-ij'e-nus), adj. having the qualities of, or producing, honey. mellow ('o), adj. fully ripe; not hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. mellowy (-i), adj. soft; unctuous; loamy. melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small reed organ; a music hall. melodious ('di-us), adj. full of, or produced by, melody; musical. melodist ('dist), n. a composer of melodies. melodize ('diz), v.t. to make melo- dious: v.i. compose melodies. melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma), n. a play characterized by highly sensational or romantic incidents. melodramatic (-dra-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to melodrama; highly sensational melody ('6-di), n. [pi. melodies (-diz) ], the arrangements of different musical sounds for a single voice or instrument; tune. melon ('un), n. a plant of the cucum- ber family with its edible fruit. melotype ('o-tip), n. a method of producing photographs so that their development may be deferred. Melpomene (mel-pom'e-na), n. the Muse who presided over tragedy in the verse and drama of the Greeks. melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; soften to love and tenderness. melten ('un), n. a kind of thick broad- cloth with an unfinished surface. member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- gan; essential part of anything; one of an association or community. membrane ('bran), n. a thin fold or layer of tissue forming the covering of some part or organ. membranous ('bra-nus), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, or like, membranes. memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- mentos ('toz)], a souvenir; memorial. memoir (mem'war), n. a history written from personal experience and knowledge; a biography: pi. a record of investigations on a sub- ject; transactions or journal of a learned or scientific society. memorabilia (-o-ra-bil'i-a), n.pl. things worthy of remembrance or record. memorable ('or-a-bl), adj. worthy of remembrance; remarkable; notable. memorandum (-o-ran'dum), n. [pi. memoranda ('da)J, a note to assist the memory; brief record of some. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEMORIAL 469 MEPHISTOPHELIAN thing to be remembered; summary or outline. memorial (me-mo'ri-al), adj. com- memorative; preservative of, or con- tained in, the memory: n. an in- formal diplomatic paper; a written representation of facts addressed to the government, a public body, &c. memorialize (-iz), v.t. to petition by means of a memorial. memorialist (-ist), n. one who pre- pares, signs, or presents, a memorial. memoriter (-mor'i-ter), adv. from memory. memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memories (-riz)], that faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowlegde of pre- vious occurrences, facts, thoughts, &c, and recalls them. menace (men'as), n. a threat: v.t. to threaten. menagerie (-azh'er-i or -aj'e-ri), n. a place where wild animals are kept; a collection of wild animals for exhibition. mendacious (men-da'shus), adj. giv- en to falsehood; lying; false. mendacity (-das'i-ti), n. [pi. men- dacities (-tiz)], falsehood; habitual lying. Mendelian (men-de'li-an), adj. per- taining to the now famous theory of heredity advanced by the Austro- Silesian monk, Gregor Johann Men- del. mendelism (men'del-izm), n. the theory of Mendel, according to which ancestral characteristics are trans- mitted independently to the offspring, certain characteristics being domi- nated or overcome by antagonistic characteristics in the first generation, but both dominant and recessive characteristics appearing in the sec- ond generation in a fixed proportion. mendelize (men'del-Iz), v.i. to con- form to Mendel's so-called law; that is to say, to manifest the phenomena of dominance and recessiveness in the first generation and of segrega- tion in the second, as when the chil- dren of a black-eyed and a blue-eyed parent all have black eyes, but one in four of the grandchildren have blue eyes. mendicancy ('di-kan-si), n. the state of being a beggar; begging. Also mendicity. mendicant (-kant), adj. practicing begging; reduced to beggary: n. a beggar; a begging friar. menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a retinue of servants; pertaining to, or suitable for, servants; mean; servile: n. a domestic servant; one who performs servile work. meninges (me-nin'jez), n.pl. the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. meningitis (men-in-ji'tis), n. inflam- mation of the meninges. meniscus (me-nis'kus), n. [pi. men- isci ('si), meniscuses ('kus-ez)J, a crescent; a lens convex on one side and concave on the other. menses (men'sez), n.pl. the catame- nial discharge. Also menstruation. menstrual ('stroo-al), adj. occurring monthly. menstruum (-urn), n. a solvent. mensurable ('shu-ra-bl), adj. meas- urable. mensuration (-ra'shun), n. the act or process of taking the measure or dimensions of anything; measure- " ment. mental ('tal), adj. pertaining to the mind ; intellectual . menthol ('thol), n. a crystalline sub- stance resembling camphor:, used as a counter-irritant. menthyl ('thil), n. the base of men- thol. mention ('shun), n. a brief notice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to speak briefly of; notice casually; name. mentor ('ter), n. a wise and faithful counselor: from Mentor, the friend and tutor of Ulysses. menu (-56'), n. a bill of fare. Mephistophelian (mef-is-to-fe'li-an), adj. pertaining to, or like, Mephis- topheles: hence scoffing, relentless, and cynical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEPHITIC 470 MERRY mephitic (me-fit'ik), adj. poisonous; noxious; offensive to the smell. Also mephitical. mercantile (mer'kan-til), adj. com- mercial. mercenarily ('se-na-ri-li), adv. in a mercenary manner. mercenary ('se-na-ri), n. [pi. mer- cenaries (-riz)j, a soldier hire'd into foreign service; one who serves for pay: adj. serving for pay or re- ward; venal; sordid. mercer ('ser), n. a dealer in textile fabrics. mercerize (mer'ser-iz), v.t. to give to cotton cloth a silk lustre. mercery (-i), n. the commodities in which a mercer deals. merchandise ('chan-diz), n. goods, wares, or commodities, bought and sold. merchant ('chant), n. one who traf- fics or carries on trade on a large scale, especially with foreign coun- tries; a shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or employed in, trade; mercan- tile. merciful ('si-fool), adj. full of, or exercising, mercy; tender-hearted; compassionate. merciless (-les), adj. destitute of mercy; unfeeling; cruel. mercurial (-ku'ri-al), adj. active; volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made of, or caused by, mercury. Mercury ('ku-ri), n. one of the plan- ets; from Mercury, the messenger of the gods. mercury, n. quicksilver. mercy ('si), n. [pi. mercies ('siz)], the disposition to forgive, spare, or pity; clemency; forbearance; com- passion ; beneficence. mere. Same as meer. mere (mer), adj. [superlative mer- est], such' and no more; simple; en- tire; absolute. meretricious (mer-e-trish'us), adj. pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; alluring by false show; tawdry. merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or lost. merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- idation of two estates, conforming them into one estate; the placing of the operations of two or more com- peting interests under the control of a single body. mericarp (mer'i-karp), n. one of the carpels of an umbelliferous fruit. meridian (me-rid'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to mid-day: n. mid-day; noon; highest point of culmination; an imaginary great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith and nadir of any given place, and cutting the equator at right angles. meridional ('i-o-nal), adj. pertain- ing to the meridian; southern. meringue (me-rangg'), n. a light con- fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos ('noz)], a breed of sheep with a fine wool; the wool of such sheep: adj. pertaining to, or made of, the wool of the merino sheep. merit (mer'it), n. excellence; worth; deserved reward: pi. essential cir- cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled to; be deserving of. meritorious (-i-to'ri-us), adj. having merit; deserving of reward or praise. merle (merl), n. the blackbird [poet.] merlin (mer'lin), n. a small falcon. merling (merl'ing), n. the whiting. merlon ('on), n. that part of a parapet included between two embrasures. mermaid (mer'mad), n. a fabled ma- rine creature having the upper part like a woman and the lower part like a fish. merman ('man), n. the male of the mermaid. merrily (mer'i-li), adv. in a merry manner. merriment ('i-ment), n. mirth; fun; frolic; gaiety. Also merriness. merry ('i), adj. [comparative merri- er, superlative merriest], full of mirth and good humor; gay; sport- ive; jovial; pleasant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MERRY-ANDREW 471 METAL 1 merry-andrew (-an'droo), n. a buf- foon. merry-dancers (-dan'serz), n.pl. the I Aurora Borealis. merry-go-round (mer-i-go-round), n. a circular frame fitted with wooden horses or seats, on which persons ride at fairs, &c. merry- thought (-thawt), n. the forked bone (furcula) of a fowl's breast. mesa (ma'sa), n. elevated table-land. mesalliance (-za-le-angs'), n. mar- riage with one of lower social posi- tion. mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- stice of a net; brewer's grains. mesial (mez'i-al), adj. middle. mesjid (mez'jid), n. a mosque. mesmeric (-mer'ik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, mesmerism. Mesmerism ('mer-izm), n. the act of inducing an abnormal state of the nervous system in which the thoughts and actions of the patient are controlled by the will of the operator; animal magnetism. mesmerist (-ist), n. one who prac- ttises the art of mesmerism. Also mesmerizer. esmerize (-iz), v.t. to induce the mesmeric state. fesne (men), adj. middle; interven- ing- eso, a prefix meaning middle, inter- mediate, as wesoblast, the inter- mediate layer of the blastoderm of an ovuni; wesocarp, the middle layer of a pericarp. mesosperm (mes'6-sperm), n. the second membrane of a seed. Mesozoic (-zo'ik), adj. pertaining to the Secondary Age or era of reptiles. mess (mes), n. a number of persons who sit down to table together, es- pecially soldiers or sailors; a state of dirt or confusion: v.i. to eat to- gether: v.t. to furnish with food; dirty. message ('aj), n. a communication, written or verbal, sent from one per- son to another; an official commu- nication. messenger ('en-jer), n. one who con- veys a message; an office servant who carries messages; a herald or harbinger; an official of the bank- ruptcy court. Messiah (-i'a), n. Christ the Anoint- ed One. Also Messias. Messianic (-i-an'ik), adj. pertaining to the Messiah. messieurs ('yers), n.pl. sirs; messrs. messuage ('waj), n. a dwelling house with its adjacent buildings and land for the use of the household. mestee (-te'), n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon. Also mustee. mestizo (-te'zd), n. [pi. mestizos ('zoz) ], the offspring of a Spaniard or Creole and an Indian. Also mes- tino. met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. meta, a prefix meaning between, over, after, duplicate, resembling, change from one state to another. metabasis (me-tab'a-sis), n. transi- tion. metabolian (met-a-bo'li-an), n. an insect of the sub-class Metabola which undergoes complete metamor- phosis. metabolic (-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or undergoing, change or meta- morphosis. metabolism (-tab'o-lizm), n. the con- tinuous process by which living cells or tissues undergo chemical change. metacarpal (met-a-kar'pal), adj. pertaining to the metacarpus. metacarpus ('pus), n. that part of the hand which is between the wrist and the fingers. metacenter (-sen'ter), n. that point in a floating body on the position of which its equilibrium or stability depend. metagenesis (-a-jen'e-sis), n. alter- nation of generation. metal ('al), n. an elementary sub- stance having certain physical char- acteristics, as luster, ductility, mal- leability, insolubility, is fusible ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. METALLIFEROUS 472 METHODIST by heat, and a conductor of elec- tricity; molten glass; small stone cubes; effective power or caliber of the guns of a warship: pi. the rails of a railroad: v.t. to cover with metal. metalliferous (-lif'er-us), adj. yield- ing metal or metallic ores. metallography (-og'ra-fi), n. the science of metals; a treatise on metals. metalloid (-oid), n. a non-metallic elementary body: adj. resembling a metal; non-metallic. metallurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertain- ing to metallurgy. Also metallur- gical. metallurgy (-ji), n. the art or proc- ess of working metals and of sep- arating them from their ores. metamorphism ('fizm), n. the proc- ess by which stratified rocks under pressure, heat, chemical action, &c, have changed from their original structure, as limestone to marble. metamorphose ('foz), v.t. to change into a different form. metamorphosis ('fo-sis), n. change of form, shape, or structure; trans- formation, as of a chrysalis into a butterfly. metaphor ('a-fer), n. a figure of speech by which one word is em- ployed for another of which it is the image; a compressed simile. metaphoric (-for'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or comprising, a metaphor; not literal; figurative. Also meta- phorical. metaphrastic (-fras'tik), adj. close or literal in translation. metaphysical (-fiz'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or according to, the rules of, metaphysics; ontological. metaphysician (-fi-zish'un), n. one who is skilled in metaphysics. metaphysics (fiz'iks), n. mental philosophy. metathesis (-ath'e-sis), n. trans- position of the letters of a word or syllable. metempirical (-em-pir'i-kal), adj. exceeding the limits of experience. metempsychosis (-si-ko'sis), n. trans- ( migration of the soul after death into the body of another man or lower animal. meteor (me'te-er), n. a transient lu- minous body in the sky; falling or shooting star; anything that daz- zles or excites wonder for the mo- ment. meteoric (-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, or like, a meteor. meteorite ('te-er-it), n. a stone or metallic body which, in its passage through space, has fallen upon the earth. meteorography (-er-og'ra-fi), n. the registration of meteorological phe- nomena. meteorologic (-loj'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the atmosphere, or its phe- nomena, or to meteorology. Also meteorological. meteorology (-ji), n. the science of the atmosphere and its various phe- nomena. meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for registering automatically the amount measured by it. meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhythmic arrangement of syllables in verse; unit of length in the decimal system = 39.37 inches. meterage (-aj), n. measurement; cost of measuring. method (meth'od), n. regular ar- rangement of things; system; or- der; classification. methodical ('i-kal), adj. character- ized by, or arranged with regard to, method; systematic. Also method- ic. methodize ('o-diz), v.t. to reduce to method; systematize. Methodism ('o-dizm), n. the doc- trines and worship of the Metho- dists. Methodist ('o-dist), n. one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wes- ley: adj. pertaining to the Metho- dists. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. METICULOUS 473 MICROSCOPY meticulous (me-tik'u-lus), adj. un- duly cautious; excessively timid. metonymy (me-ton'i-mi), n. a figure of speech in which one word is used for another related to it. metre. See meter. metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to the decimal system of weights and measures. metrical (-al), adj. pertaining to meter, measurement, or rhythm. metrograph ('ro-graf), n. an appa- ratus for indicating the mileage run by a locomotive, and the number and time of stoppages at stations, &c. metrology (-rol'o-ji), n. the science of weights and measures. metronome ('ro-nom), n. an instru- ment which beats musical time by means of a short pendulum. metronymic (-nim'ik), adj. derived from one's mother or female ances- tor. metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the capital or chief city of a kingdom or country; the seat or see of a metropolitan. metropolitan (-tro-pol'i-tan), adj. pertaining to the capital city of a kingdom or country, or to an arch- bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of a country or province; an arch- bishop. mettle (met'l), n. constitutional ar- dor or spirit; fortitude. mettlesome (-sum), n. high spirited. mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low intermediate story between two higher ones; a window in such a story. mezzotint (-tint), n. a variety of copper engraving. Also mezzotinto. mica (mi'ka), n. a mineral divisible into thin transparent plates. micaceous (-ka'shus), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, or like, mica. mice, pi. of mouse. mico (mi'ko), n. a small South Amer- ican monkey; a Japanese solid oil or butter. micro, a prefix meaning small, as microcosm, a small universe or com- munity. microbe (mi'krob), n. a minute mi- croscopical organism found in the blood of animals, especially those suffering from disease; bacterium. microbicide (-krob'i-sid), n. an agent for destroying microbes or bac- teria. micrococcus (-kro-kok'us), n. [pi. micrococci ('si)], a genus of bac- teria, a source of fermentation and of zymotic disease. microcosm. See under micro. microcoustic (-kous' or -koos'tik), adj. pertaining to, or serving to in- crease, indistinct sounds: n. an n- strument for the deaf, to augment faint sounds. microcrith (-krith'), n. the weight of an atom of hydrogen. micrograph ('kro-graf), n. a kind of pantograph for executing very minute engraving or writing. micrography (-krog'ra-fi), n. the description of microscopic objects. microhm ('krom), n. the 1,000,000th part of an ohm. micrometer (-krom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring minute dis- tances, or apparent diameters: used with a microscope or telescope. micromillimeter (-kro-miri-me-ter), n. the 1,000,000,000th part of a me- ter. microphone ('kro-fon), n. an instru- ment for intensifying very minute sounds. microphotography (-fo-tog'ra-fi), n. photographing in miniature. microphyte ('kro-fit), n. a micro- scopic vegetable growth. microscope ('kro-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument for magnifying mi- nute objects so as to render them visible for purposes of investigation. microscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or determined by the aid of, a microscope. Also microscopical. microscopist # ('kro-sko-pist), n. one skilled in microscopy. < microscopy ('kro-sko-pi), n. the use ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MICROVOLT 474 MILKY WAY of the microscope; microscopic in- vestigation. microvolt ('kro-v5lt), n. the 1,000,- 000th part of a volt. microzyme ('kro-zlm), n. a minute organism occurring in the air and found in the human blood, acting as a ferment in producing certain zymotic diseases. mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix, as midday: n. a midshipman. Middle Ages (aj'ez), n.pl. the period between the 5th and 15th centuries A. D. . middlemost (-most), adj. situated in, or nearest, the middle. middling ('ling), adj. of middle rank, size, or quality: moderate: n.pl. the coarser part of flour. middy ('di), n. [pi. middies ('diz)], a midshipman. midge (mij), n. a gnat. . midriff ('rif), n. the diaphragm sep- arating the cavity of the chest from the stomach. midshipman ('ship-man), n. [pi. midshipmen], in the British navy, a junior officer ranking next above a cadet. midwife (mid'wif), n, [pi. midwives ('wivz)], a woman who assists at childbirth: v.t. to assist in child- birth: v.i. to serve as a midwife. midwifery ('wif-er-i), n. obstetrics. mien (men), n. external appearance; air; look; carriage. might (mit), n. power; strength; force: p.t. of may. mightily {'i-li), adv. with great power or strength; vehemently; in a great degree. power; a title of dignity. mighty ('i), adj. [comp. mightier, superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; influential; momentous; wonderful; huger adv. very; exceedingly. mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty; delicate [French]. mignonette (min-yun-et'), n. a fra- grant annual with greenish flower and orange-colored stamens. migrant (mi'grant), adj. migratory. migratory ('gra-to-ri), adj. remov- ing or passing from one place of abode or resort to another; roving; nomad. Mikado (mi-ka'do), n. the Japanese emperor, as the spiritual and tem- poral head of the empire. milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- perl. mildest], gentle in temper and disposition; gentle; soft; placid; moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- ter; lenitive. mildew (mil'du), n. a disease of plants produced by small fungi; spots of mold on cloth, &c, caused by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: v.i. be affected with mildew. mile (mil), n. a measure of length varying in different countries: the English statute mile, in use in this country, ^ contains 1,760 yds., the geographical or nautical mile l-60th of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. (nearly). mileage ('aj), n. an allowance for expenses per mile; length in miles. militancy ('i-t&n-si), n. warfare; militarism. militant ('i-tant), adj. warlike; fight- ing; serving as a soldier. militarism ('i-ta-rizm), n. military spirit, policy, or government. military ('i-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to soldiers or to arms; warlike; mar- tial: n. soldiers collectively; army troops. militate ('i-tat), v.i. to be, or stand, opposed; operate against (with against) . militia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens en- rolled and trained for the internal defense of a state. milksop ('sop), n. an effeminate, weak person. milk-tooth (-tooth), n. the fore- tooth of a foal; one of the tempo- rary first set of teeth in the young of mammals. Milky Way ('i wa), n. a broad lumi- nous band in the heavens, from ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MILL 475 MIND horizon to horizon, consisting of in- numerable stars. mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding and reducing a substance to small particles; a manufactory; a prize fight; a money of account=l- 1,000th of a dollar: v.t. to reduce to fine particles in a mill; press or stamp, as the edges of coins; full (cloth); roll into bars, as metal; thrash. millboard ('bord), n. a kind of thick pasteboard. millennial (mil-len'ni-al), adj. of or pertaining to the millennium. millennium ('i-um), n. the space of 1,000 years, especially that period during which Satan will be bound and Christ will reign on earth (Rev. xx. 1-4). milleped (mil'e-ped), n. an insect with numerous feet, belonging to the genus Julus. Also millepede. millepore ('e-por), n. a coral of the genus Millepora, having a smooth surface, perforated with very small pores. miller ('er), n. one who keeps or works a flour mill. millet ('et), n. a grain-bearing plant. milli, a prefix meaning l,000tfi part of, as miZZiampere, the 1,000th part of an ampere. milliard ('i-ard, or me-lyar'), n. one thousand millions. millier (me-lya'), n. in the metric system, a ton = 1,000,000 grams. milligram (rmTi-gram), n. the 1,000th part of 6 gram = .0154 grain English. Also milligramme. milliliter ('i-li-ter), n. the 1,000th part of a liter = .06102 cubic in. millimeter ('li-me-ter), n. the 1,000th part of a meter = .03937 in. milliner ('in-er), n. one who makes women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, &c. milling ('ing), n. the act of grind- ing in, or passing through, a dress- ing mill; the process of making a serrated edge on a coin, &c. k^illion ('yun), n. the number of ten hundred thousand; an indefinitely large number. millionaire - (-ar'), n. a person who is worth a million; one very rich. millionth ('yunth), adj. being one of a million : n. one of 1,000,000 parts. millpond ('pond), n. a reservoir of water for driving a mill. millrace ^ ('ras), n. a current of water that drives a mill. millstone ('ston), n. one of two flat cylindrical stones for grinding grain. milt (milt), n. the spleen; the sper- matic organ of a male fish : v.t. to im- pregnate the ova of (a female fish). mime (mim), n. a kind of drama among the Greeks and Romans in which real persons and events were represented in a ludicrous manner; an actor in a mime. mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf), n. a machine for making a number of copies of letters, circulars, drawings, etc. mimetic (mi-met'ik), adj. imitative. Also mimetical. mimetism (mim'e-tizm), n. mimicry. mimic # ('ik), adj. inclined to imi- . tate; imitative: n. one who mimics or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- cule by imitation. mimicker (-er), n. a mimic. " mimicry (-ri), n. ludicrous imitation for sport or ridicule; close external likeness. minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- der turret attached to a mosque surrounded with several balconies from- which the muezzin calls the people to prayers. minatory ('a-to-ri), adj. threatening. mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop into minute pieces; extenuate or suppress: v.i. to talk with affected elegance; walk with short steps or in a prim manner. mince-meat ('met), n. meat chopped very fine, especially with suet, rai- sins, lemon peel, &c. mincing ('ing), adj. affectedly ele- gant. ' mind (mind), n. the intellectual or ate, ,'rm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. MINDED 476 MINSTREL rational faculty in man; the under- standing or intellect; soul; mem- ory; intention; opinion: v.t. to at- tend to; heed; obey. minded ('ed), p. adj. having a mind; disposed or inclined. mindful ('fool), adj. bearing in mind; observant; attentive. mine (mm), pron. belonging to me: n. an excavation in the earth from which minerals, precious stones, &c, are extracted; crude ironstone; a tunnel under an enemy's works to blow them up; a rich source of wealth: v.i. to carry on mining operations; practice secret methods: v.t. to undermine or sap. mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- ganic body found on the surface or in the earth: adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or impregnated with, a mineral. mineralize (-Iz), v.t. to convert into a mineral; impregnate with mineral matter: v.i. to make excursions to collect minerals. mineralogy (-al'o-ji), n. the science of minerals. mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to intermix; join or combine; blend; compound: v.i. to be mixed or united with. miniature (min'i-a-tur), n. a very small painting, especially a portrait on ivory, &c: adj. done on a very small scale; diminutive; minute. minim ('im), n. the smallest liquid measure; a single drop; a musical note = 2 crotchets; one of an order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of Paola, 15th century; a small fish. minimize (-Iz), v.t. to reduce to a minimum. minimum ('i mum), n. [pi. minima . -ma) ], the least quantity; trifle. mining (mln'ing), p. adj. pertaining to mines; burrowing in the earth: n. the act of making mines or work- ing them. minion (min'yun), n. a size of type intermediate between nonpareil and brevier^ (see type); a servile flat- terer or dependent. minister ('is-ter), n. a servant; one subordinate to another; agent; one intrusted with the direction of af- fairs of state; ambassador; a cler- gyman or pastor of a church author- ized to preach and administer the sacraments: v.t. to supply; admin- ister: v.i. to serve in some office, clerical or lay; supply things neces- sary. ministerial (-te'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to ministry or service, official or clerical; pertaining to a minis- ter of the state or of religion. ministerialist (-te'ri-al-ist), n. a supporter of the ministry in office. ministrant ('is-trant), adj. serving as a minister. ministration (-tra/shun), n. the act of ministering; administration; service. ministry ('is-tri), n. [pi. ministries (-triz) ], the agency or service of a minister of religion; the office, du- ties, or functions of a minister of state; ministers of state collective- ly; term of ministerial office. minium ('i-um), n. red oxide of lead. miniver ('i-ver), n. the Siberian squirrel or its fur. Also minever. mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- mal allied to the weasel,' yielding a valuable fur. minnow (min'6), n. a fresh-water fish of small size. minor (ml'ner), adj. smaller; less; inconsiderable; less by a semitone [music]: n. one of either sex who is under the age of 21; in logic, the term or premise containing the sub- ject of the conclusion. minority (mi-nor'i-ti), n. [pi. mi- norities (-tiz) ], the smallest num- ber: opposed to majority; the state of being a minor. minotaur (min'o-tawr), n. in classic mythology, a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. minster ('ster), n. the church of a monastery; a cathedral church. minstrel ('strel), n. in medieval ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MINSTRELSY 477 MISCELLANY times, one of an order of men who traveled from place to place singing their musical compositions to the accompaniment of a harp; a poet or musician. minstrelsy (-si), n. the art or occu- {)ation of minstrels; minstrels col- ectively; a collection of ballad poetry. mint (mint), n. the place where money is coined by government au- thority; source of unlimited supply ; place of invention or fabrication; an odoriferous plant yielding a pungent essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp (money) ; invent. mintage ('aj), n. coin &c, produced in a mint; duty paid to the mint for coining gold or silver. mint julep (jti'lep), n. a drink com- pounded of brandy, sugar and pounded ice, flavored with mint. minuend (min'u-end), n. that num- ber from which another number is to be subtracted. . minuet ('u-et), n. a slow graceful dance; music for such a dance. minus (mi'nus), n. the sign ( — ) of subtraction. minute (-nut'), adj. very small; pre- cise: n. (min'it) l-60th part of an hour or of a degree; an official note; memorandum. minutely (mi-nut'li), adv. in a mi- nute manner; exactly. minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e), n.pl. smaller or minor details or particulars. minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton girl. Miocene (mi'6-sen), adj. pertaining to the middle division of the Ter- tiary formation. miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural occurrence or act; wonder or marvel. miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- formed supernaturally; wonderful. mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- mospheric illusion by which the im- age of a distant object is seen as if inverted. mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge and fix in mud: v.i. to sink in mud. miriness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing miry. mirror (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as in a mirror. mirrorscope (mi'rer-skop), n. a re- flecting apparatus principally for automobiles, giving a complete view of objects in the rear. mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. mirthful ('fool), adj. merry; festive. miry ('ri), adj. abounding in, or cov- ered with, mire. mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title equivalent to prince, mis, prefix meaning wrong, wrongly, ill, error, divergence. misadventure (mis-ad-ven'tur), n. an unlucky accident; misfortune. misalliance (-a-H'ans), n. an im- proper alliance by marriage, espe- cially with one of lower social status. See also mesalliance. misanthrope ('an-throp), n. a hater of mankind. misanthropic (-throp'ik), adj. hat- ing mankind. Also misanthropical. misanthropy ('thro-pi), n. hatred of mankind. misapprehend (-ap-re-hend'), v.t. to misunderstand; misconceive. misappropriate (-pro'pri-at), v.t. to apply to a wrong use or purpose, as trust-money, &c. miscarriage (-kar'aj), n. failure; misbehavior; premature parturition miscarry (-kar'i), v.i. [p.t. _ & p.p miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go wrong; be unsuccessful; bring forth young prematurely. miscellanea (-e-la'ne-a), n.pl. a col- lection of miscellaneous matters, or things. miscellaneous ('ne-us), adj. con- sisting of several kinds mixed to- gether; promiscuous. miscellany ('e-la-ni), n. [pi. miscel- lanies (-niz) ], a mixture of various ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MISCHANCE 478 MISTILY kinds; a book containing a variety of literary compositions. mischance (-chins'), ft. misfortune; mishap. mischief ('chif), n. harm; injury; hurt; damage; misfortune. mischievous ('chi-vus), adj. produc- ing injury or damage; hurtful; in- clined to mischief. miscible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being mixed. misconceive (-kon-sev'), v.t. to con- ceive wrongly; misjudge; misappre- hend. misconception (-sep 'shun), ft. false opinion; misapprehension. miscreant ('kre-ant), ft. an unscru- pulous villain; vile wretch: adj. un- scrupulous. misdemean (-de-men'), v.t. to be- have (one's self) ill. misdemeanant (-de-men 'ant), ft. one guilty of a misdemeanor. misdemeanor ('er), ft. evil conduct; a crime less than a felony. miser (mi'zer), ft. a covetous man who denies himself the comforts of life to hoard up money. miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- picable; very mean or poor. misery ('er-i), ft. extreme pain, dis- tress or misfortune; great unhappi- ness. misfeasance (-fe'zans), ft. legal tres- pass; wrong performance. mislay (mis-la'), v.t. to lose. misle, another form of mizzle. misly (miz'li), adj. raining in minute drops. misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), ft. a woman-hater. misogyny ('i-ni), ft. hatred of women. misplace (-plas'), v.t. to put in a wrong place; place on an improper or undeserving object. misprision (-prizh'un), ft. in law, a high offense under the degree of a capital one, but bordering upon it. misprision of felony (fel'o-ni), ft. concealment of a felony by one who is cognizant thereof, but without consenting to it. misrepresent (-rep-re-zenf), v.t. to represent falsely or incorrectly, wil- fully, or through carelessness. Miss (mis), ft. [pi. misses ('ez) ], a title of address prefixed to the name of an unmarried lady. missal ('al), ft. the book containing the order of service for the Roman Catholic Mass. missel (miz'l), ft. the mistle thrush. missile (mis'il), ft. a weapon or thing thrown, or designed to be thrown, to injure another. missing ('ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. mission (mish'un), ft. the act of sending, or state of being sent with certain powers, especially to propa- gate religion; embassy; delegation; commission; a series of special re- ligious services. missionary (-a-ri), ft. [pi. mission- aries (-riz) ], a person who is sent to propagate religion, especially in foreign parts: adj. pertaining to missions or missionaries. missioner (-er), ft. a missionary; one who has charge of, or conducts, a mission. missive ('iv), ft. a letter or message: adj. sent specially. mist (mist), ft. visible watery vapor in the atmosphere, at or near the earth's surface; fog; anything that dims or obscures the vision: v.t. to cover with, or as with, mist: v.i.to rain in minute drops. mistakable (mis-tak'a-bl), adj. liable to be mistaken. mistake (-tak'), v.t. [p.t. mistook, p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to misunderstand; misconceive; mis- judge: v.i. to err in judgment or opinion: ft. an error in judgment; misconception; fault. Mister ('ter), ft. a title of address prefixed to a man's name: abbre- viated in writing Mr. mistily ('ti-li), adv. obscurely; darkly. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booi book; hue, hut; think, then. MISTINESS 479 MOCK mistiness (-nes), n. the state of being misty; obscurity; dimness. mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen plant parasitic on apple trees, &c, and less commonly on the oak. mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who exercises authority or governs; the female head of a family, school, &c; a -woman well skilled in anything; a woman courted and beloved; sweetheart; a kept woman. Mistress (mis'tres), n. a title of ad- dress prefixed to the name of a married woman; abbreviated Mrs. (mis'is). sty ('ti), adj. [comp. mistier uperl. mistiest], characterized by, n obscured with, mist; dim; ob- cure; clouded. sunderstand (^un-der-stand'), v.t. take in a wrong sense; miscon- ceive. mite (mit), n. a minute insect of x the division Acarida; a small coin t formerly current; a very small ob- ject or quantity. iter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- dress of the high priest of the Jews; a kind of crown cleft in the middle, worn by archbishops, bishops, and sometimes by abbots on special oc- casions; the dignity of a bishop; the junction of moldings at an angle of 45°: v.t. to adorn with a miter; join at 45°. mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render less severe or rigorous or painful; soften; alleviate. mitigation (-ga'shun), n. the act of mitigating; alleviation. Iitigative (mit'i-ga-tiv), adj. alle- viating. itigator (-ter), n. one who, or that which, mitigates. itigatory (mit'i-ga-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to mitigate. mitrailleuse (me-tra-lyez'), n. a breech-loading gun formed of many barrels fitted together, and capable of being fired simultaneously. mitral (ml'tral), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a miter. mitriform ('tri-form), adj. shaped like a miter; conical. mitten ('n), n. a fingerless winter glove; a fingerless cover for the hand or wrist. mittimus (mit'i-mus), (Latin we send), n. a warrant of commitment to prison; a writ transferring a record out of one court to another. mixture ('tur), n. the state of being mixed; a compound or mass formed by mixing, especially one in which the particles of each ingredient re- tain their property. mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of the fore- and aft- sails of a vessel. mizzle ('1), v.i. to rain in very mi- nute drops; to take one's self off: n. fine rain. mizzly ('li), adj. drizzling; misty. mnemonic (ne-mon'ik), adj. assist- ing the memory. mnemonics ('iks), n.pl. the art or science of assisting the memory. moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low sound from, or as from, pain or sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- sion of sorrow or pain. moat (mot), n. a ditch round a fortress, &c. : v.t. to surround with a moat. mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd; crowd about and annoy. mobcap ('kap), n. a woman's plain headdress or cap. mobile (mo'bil), adj. easily moved. mobility (-bil'i-ti), n. susceptibility of motion. mobilization (-i-za/shun), n. the act of mobilizing. mobilize (-Iz), v.t. to call (troops) into active service. mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si), n. the rule, or ascendency, of the mob. moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a deerskin sandal or shoe worn b'y the North American Indians; a poisonous American snake. mocha (mo'ka), n. a kind of coffee from Mocha, a seaport of Arabia. mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic : arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOCKERY 480 MOKE in sport, contempt, or derision; de- ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- talize: n. derision; ridicule: adj. false; counterfeit. . mockery ('er-i), n. derision; ridi- cule; delusion; imitation. mocking bird (berd), n. an Ameri- can thrush noted for mimicry of the notes of other birds. modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to mode or form; indicating some mode of expression. modality (-dal'i-ti), n. the fact of being a mode; in law, the quality of being suspended by a condition. mode (mod) , n . form ; custom ; fashion ; manner; variety of a syllogism. model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- thing to be made, or reproduced; example for imitation; standard copy; a person who poses as a sub- ject for a painter or sculptor: adj. serving as a pattern or model: v.t. to form after a model, especially in some plastic material: v.i. to practice modeling. modeler (-er), n. one who models. modeling (-ing), n. the act or art of making a model, especially of a work of art in some plastic material. moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. to become less violent or intense; preside as a moderator: adj. kept within bounds; not extreme or ex- cessive; restrained; frugal; calm; reasonable; mild. moderation (-a/shun), n. the act of moderating; the state of being mod- • erate; freedom from excess; equa- nimity. moderator (mod'er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, moderates or restrains; the presiding officer in a church meeting. modern ('era), adj. pertaining to the present time; recent: n.pl. people of modern times. modernize (-iz), v.t. to render mod- ern in usage or taste. modest ('est), adj. restrained by a due sense of propriety; diffident; decent; chaste. modesty ('es-ti), n. the quality or state of being modest; propriety of j behavior or manner; chastity; dif- fidence; moderation. modicum ('i-kum), n. a little. modification (-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of modifying; the state of being modified; slight change in form. modify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. modi- fied, p.pr. modifying], to change slightly in form; vary; qualify; reduce. modiste (mo-desf), n. a fashionable dressmaker. modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary the sound of; change the key or mode of: v.i. to pass from one musical key to another. modulation (-la'shun), n. the act of modulating; the state of being modulated. modulator ('Q-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, modulates; in the tonic sol-fa system, a chart to in- dicate its modulations. Mogul (mo-gul'), adj. pertaining to the Mongolians: n. a person of the Mongolian race. The Emperor of Delhi was called the Great Mogul. mohair ('har), n. a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat; an im- itation x>f such a fabric. Mohammedan (-ham'e-dan), adj. pertaining to Mohammed, or to Mo- hammedanism: n. an adherent of Mohammedanism. Also Mahome- tan, Mahomedan, Mussulman, Mos- lem. moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal parts or shares; half. moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. moire (mwar), n. watered silk. moire-antique (an-tek'), n. a supe- rior variety of watered silk. moist (moist), adj. containing water or other liquid; humid; damp. moisten (mois'n), v.t. to make moist. moisture (moist 'tir), n. a moderate degree of dampness; slight wetness. moke (mok), n. a donkey. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOLAR 481 MONARCHY molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or grinder: adj. used for, and capable of, grinding. molasses (-las'ez), n. treacle. mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- stance of which anything is com- posed; a minute fungoid growth of decaying animal or vegetable mat- ter; the matrix in which anything is cast or shaped; character: v.t. cover with mold; cause to become moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: v.i. to become moldy. molder, moulder ('er), v.t. to turn into dust by natural decay: v.i. to en crumble to mold; waste away by degrees: n. one who molds. moldiness, mouldiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being moldy. molding, moulding ('ing), n. the Pact of molding; anything made in or by a mold; ornamental strip: used on a wall, picture frame, &c. moldy, mouldy ('i), adj. covered with or having mold. mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark or small protuberance on the skin; a small soft-furred burrowing ani- mal with small eyes of the genus Talpa; a pier or breakwater. molecular (mo-lek'u-lar), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, produced by, or existing between, molecules. molecule (more-kul), n. the smallest quantity of an element or compound which can exist separately. moleskin (mol'skin), n. a twilled fustian cloth with a soft surface » resembling a mole's fur. olest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or interfere with; trouble; vex. molestation (mol-es-ta'shun), n. the act of molesting; interference; an- noyance, mollifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who molli- fies. mollify ('i-fi), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. molli- fied, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; soften ; assuage. mollusk ('usk), n. one of the Mol- lusca. Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divis- ion of the Invertebrata comprising animals with a soft fleshy body, and covered more or less with a calca- reous shell, as the snail, &c. molluscan ('kan), adj. pertaining to the Mollusca. Also molluscous. mollycoddle (mol'i-kod'l), n. an effeminate person. Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- nites to whom human sacrifices were offered. Also Molech. molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the feathers, hair, skin, &c. molten (molt'en), adj. melted; made of melted metal. molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num), n. a rare metallic element. moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest possible portion of time; an instant; importance; value; the product of a force and the perpendicular of its line of action from the point on which it acts. momentarily (-ta-ri-li), adv. for a moment; from moment to moment. momentary ('men-ta-ri), adj. last- ing only for, or done in, a moment. momentous (-men'tus), adj. very important. momentum (-men'tum), n. impetus; the product of the mass by the ve- locity of a moving body. monachism (mon'a-kizm), n. mo- nastic life or system. Also monas- ticism. monad ('ad), n. an ultimate atom; a simple primary constituent of mat- ter; one of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; an elementary organism or cell; a univalent atom or radical. monarch ('ark), n. a supreme ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class or kind: adj. supreme. monarchism ('ar-kizm), n. the prin- ciples of monarchy; preference for monarchy. monarchy ('ark-i), n. [pi. monarch- ies (-iz) ], government in which the supreme power, either absolute or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MONASTERIAL 482 MONOGENESIS limited, is vested in a monarch, kingdom, or empire. monasterial (-as-te'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a monastery, or to mo- nastic life. monastery ('as-ter-i), ft. [pi. mon- asteries (-iz) ], a home for religious retirement for men. monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- ing to monasteries, monks, their rules, &c. Also monastical. monasticism ('ti-sizm), n. mona- chism. mondaine (mon-dan'), ft. a woman of fashion. Monday (mun'da), n. the second day of the week. monetary (mun'e-ta-ri), adj. per- taining to money. monetary unit (u'nit), n. the stand- ard of the currency of a nation, as the pound in England, or the dol- lar in the United States. monetization (-e-ti-za'shun), ft. the act of monetizing. monetize ('e-tiz), v.t. to convert in- to money; give a standard or cur- rent value to. money ('i), n. [pi. moneys ('iz) ], coin; specie; gold, silver, or other metal stamped by legal authority and used as currency; any currency used as money; wealth. monger (mung'ger), ft. a dealer. Mongol (mong'gol), adj. pertaining to Mongolia, or to its inhabitants, or to one of the great divisions of mankind, of which the Mongols and Chinese are the type: n. a membei of the Mongol race. Also Mongo- lian. mongoos. n. Another form of mun- goose. mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed breed or kind.: n. anything of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, &c. monism (mon'izm), n. the doctrine of the unity of substance; the identity of matter and mind. monist ('ist), n. a supporter or ad- vocate of monism. monistic (mo-nis'tik), adj. pertain-, ing to monism. monition (mo-nish'un), n. admoni- tion; warning; notice. . monitive (mon'i-tiv), adj. admoni- tory. monitor ('i-ter), ft. one who warns or admonishes; a senior pupil se- lected to instruct the younger schol- ars; heavily-armed turreted iron- clad; a genus ot large lizards. monitorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or performed by, a monitor. monitory ('i-to-ri), adj. giving moni- tion. moni tress ('i-tres), ft. a female mon- itor. monk (mungk), n. a man who de- votes himself exclusively to a reli- gious life and lives in community with others similarly bound by vows to chastity, obedience, and poverty. monkey ('i), n. [pi. monkeys ('iz) ], a quadrumanous mammal, of the species Simiidae; a name for va- rious mechanical contrivances; a name of contempt, especially for one of mischievous propensities. monkey-boat (-bot), n. a small dock-boat. monkey-jacket (-jak'et), ft. a short closely fitting thick jacket. monkhood ('hood), ft. the character or condition of a monk; monks col- lectively. - monkshood ('s-hood), ft. aconite. mono, a prejix meaning one, single, alone. Also mon, as monobasic: adj. having only a single atom or equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- glass for one eye. monocular (mo-nok'u-lar), adj. adapted for use for one eye; with one eye only. monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive poem or song for one voice. monogamy (mo-nog'a-mi), ft. mar- riage of one wife only; marrying only once; pairing with a single mate, as the dove. monogenesis (mon-o-gen'e-sis), ft. a sexual reproduction from a single cell . ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MONOGRAM 483 MOOD monogram ('5-gram), n. a cipher or character formed by the interweav- ing of two or more letters. monograph ('o-graf), n. a paper or treatise written on one particular subject or some branch of it. monolith ('o-lith), n. a pillar or col- umn formed of a single stone. monologue ('o-log), n. a dramatic scene in which one person only speaks; soliloquy. monomania (-ma/ni-a), n. mental derangement in regard to one sub- ject only. monomaniac (-ma'ni-ak), adj. per- taining to, or affected with, mono- mania: n. one affected with mono- mama. monometallism (-met'al-izm), n. the legalized use of one metal only as currency. monoplane (mon'-o-plan), n. an aeroplane supported by a single plane or sustaining surface, as con- trasted with the biplane, q. v. monopolist (mo-nop'o-list), n. one who has a monopoly, or monopolizes. monopolize ('o-liz), v.t. to acquire the possession of so as to be the only seller; to engross the whole_ of. monorail (mon'o-ral), n/a single rail serving as a track for a wheeled carriage. monotheism (mon'o-the-izm), n. the doctrine of, or belief in, the ex- istence of one God. monotone (mon'o-ton), n. recitation on a single note or key: v.t. to re- cite (as prayers) on a single note. monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), adj. continued in the same unvarying tone; wearisome. monotony ('o-ni), n. dull uniform- ity of tone; unvarying or irksome sameness. monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a machine that sets type by casting single let- ters instead of lines of words. monoxide (-noks'Id), n. an oxide having one atom of oxygen in each molecule. monseigneur (mong-sa-nyeV), n. [pi. messeigneurs (ma-sa-nyeV) 1, formerly* a title in France given to persons of high birth or rank, espe- cially to the dauphin; a title of French bishops. monsieur (mo-sye'), n. [pi. mes- sieurs (me-sye') ], a French title of courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; formerly the title of the eldest brother of the King of France. monsignore (mon-se-nyo'ra), n. [pi. monsignori ('re) ], an ecclesiastical title conferred by the Pope, on prel- ates of the Papal household, equiva- lent to Lord. monsoon (-soon'), n. a periodical wind in the Indian Ocean blowing from the southwest from April to October, and from the northeast during the other part of the year. monster ('ster), n. anything out of the usual course of nature; prodigy; something greatly deformed; a- per- son remarkable for extreme wicked- ness, cruelty, &c: adj. of unusual size. monstrosity (-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. monstrosities (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being monstrous; an un- natural production. monstrous ('strus), adj. out of the common course of nature; wonder- ful; huge; horrible; enormous. monte (mon'ta), n. a gambling game played with dice or cards by the Spaniards. month (munth), n. one of the twelve divisions of the year, either calen- dar or lunar. monument (mon'u-ment), n. any- thing that perpetuates the memory of a person or event. monumental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or serving as, a monument; last- ing. mood (mood), n. style; manner; temper of mind; variation in the form of a verb to express the manner of action or being; in logic, the form of a syllogism with regard to the quantity and quality of the three ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOODY 484 MORBIDITY propositions by which it is formed; in music, the same as mode. moody ('i), adj. [comp. moodier, superl. moodiest], abstracted an pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. moonsail ('sal), n. a sail carried above a skysail. Also moonraker. moonshine ('shin), n. moonlight; show without reality; smuggled spirits. moonshiner (-er), n. a distiller of illicit whisky; a smuggler of whisky. moonstone ('ston), n. a translucent stone of yellowish or yellow-white color exhibiting beautiful pearly reflections. moonstruck ('struk), adj. lunatic. moonwort (Vert), n. a fern with crescent-shaped fronds. moony ('i), adj. crescent-shaped; weakly sentimental; intoxicated. Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race dwelling in Barbary in Northern Africa. moor (moor), n. an extensive tract of waste land covered with heather, &c, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. to secure (a ship) by a cable and anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable and anchor moorage ('ajj, n. a mooring place. moor-cock ('kok), n. the male of the red grouse. Also moor-fowl. mooring ('ing), n. the act of secur- ing a vessel to a particular place; the cables, anchors, &c, laid at the bottom of a harbor, &c, to which a vessel is moored: pi. the place where a vessel is moored. moorstone ('ston), n. a variety of Cornish granite, used for building. moose (moos), n. a large North American deer resembling the Euro- pean elk. moot (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on a supposed case: n. a discussion on a»supposed case: adj. subject or open for discussion or debate. moot-court (moot'cort), n. a mock court in which law students try imaginary cases for practice. mope (mop), v.i. to be silent, dull or dispirited. moquette (mo-kef), n. a Brussels or tapestry carpet with a short velvety pile. mora (mo'ra), n. a South American tree the wood of which is used for shipbuilding and furniture, and its bark for tanning; an Italian game of guess played with the fingers. moraine (mo-ran'), n. a line of rocks and gravel at the edges and base of glaciers. moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to morality or morals; conformed to right; subject to, or influenced by, the moral law; virtuous; practically sufficient; serving to teach a moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral phil- osophy or ethics; conduct of life; behavior. morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; that mental state which renders a man capable of endurance and of exhibiting courage in the presence of danger. moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or explain in a moral sense; render moral: v.i. to make reflections on good or evil. moralist (mor'a-list), n. one who moralizes; one who teaches or prac- tices the duties of. life. morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. [pi. morali- ties (-tiz) ], the doctrine or prac- tice of the duties of life; ethics; vir- tue ; formerly a kind of allegorical play. moral philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. ethics. morass (mo-ras'), n. a swamp; fen. moratorium (mor-a-to'ri-um), n. legalized right to postpone payment of a debt after it otherwise would fall due: as in England at the out- break of the Great War in 1914. Moravian (-ra'vi-an), adj. pertaining to Moravia, or to a Protestant sect, the Moravians or United Brethren. morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to disease; sickly; unhealthy. morbidity (-bid'i-ti), n. a morbid state. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MORBIFIC 485 MORTAR morbific (-bif -ik) , adj. producing disease. morceau (-soO, n. a small piece [French. mordant ('dant), adj. biting into or fixing colors; sarcastic; caustic: n. a substance that has a chemical af- finity for coloring matter, and serves to fix certain colors in dyeing; a substance to make gold;leaf adhere. moreen (mo-ren), n. a stout woolen embossed or figured fabric. morel (mor'el), n. a small fungus used for food and flavoring. Also moril. morello (mo-rel'5), n.' a dark-red cherry: used for making cherry- brandy. Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish or Arabesque: n. such decoration or architecture. morganatic (mor-ga-nat'ik) , adj. noting the marriage of a man of royal rank with a woman of inferior degree, whose children are legiti- mate but cannot inherit their father's rank or possessions. morgue (morg), n. a place where the bodies of persons unknown found dead are exposed for identification. moribund (mor'i-bund), adj. dying morion (mo'ri-un), n. an open hel- met without beaver or vizor. Morisco (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; the Moorish language. Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, who professed to have found the Book of Mormon. The sect, called also Latter Day Saints, formerly practiced polygamy, and has its headquarters in Utah, U.S.A. morning (morning), n. the early part of the day: poet, .morn: adj. pertaining to, occurring, or per- formed, in the morning. morning watch (woch), n. watch on shipboard from 4 a. m. to 8 a. m. moro (mor'o), n. a form of tumor; a kind of bird; a warlike native of the Philippine Islands. morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind of grained leather of goatskin or sheepskin; first prepared at Morocco, Africa. morone (-ron'), »• a dark crimson color. morose (-ros'), adj. sullen; austere: gloomy. morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic principles of opium. Also morphine. morphinism ('fin-izm), n. a morbid state occasioned by the excessive use of morphia. morphological (-fo-loj'i-ka.1), adj. pertaining to morphology. Also morphologic. morphology (-fol'o-ji), n. the science of the forms in the organisms of animals and plants. morris (mor'is), n. a .Moorish dance with tambourines, bells, castanets, &c, common in Old English pa- geants and revels; an old game played with men and counters on squares. Also morrice. morris-chair (mor'is-char) , n. an easy chair, with back that can be inclined at any angle. morrow ('o), n. the next day. morse (mors), h. the walrus; a clasp for fastening a cope. morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. mort (mort), n. a salmon in its third year; a note or notes sounded on a hunting horn to notify the death of game. mortal (mor'tal), adj. subject to death; causing death; fatal; pun- ishable with death; violent; ex- treme; tedious; pertaining to human beings: n. a human being; man, as subject to death. mortality (tal'i-ti), n. the condition of being mortal; mankind; frequency or number of deaths in ratio to population. mortar ('ter), n. a .vessel in which substances are pounded with a pestle ; a short piece of ordnance used for throwing shells at high angles of elevation; a building cement of lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster or secure with mortar. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, *hen. MORTGAGE 486 MOTOR mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- veying property to a creditor as se- curity for the payment of a debt; the deed by which such conveyance is made: v.t. to convey or make over to a creditor as security; pledge. mortgagee (-ga-je'), n. the person to whom a mortgage is made or given. mortgager ('ga-jer), n. the person who grants a mortgage. Also mortgagor. mortification (-ti-fi-ka/shun), ft. the act of mortifying; gangrene; sub- jugation of the passions and appe- tites by abstinence; humiliation; vexation; chagrin. mortify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mor- tified, p.pr. mortifying], to destroy the vital functions of; produce gan- grene in; subdue by penance or aus- terities; humble; depress; chagrin: v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- ties; become gangrenous. mortise ('tis), n. a hole made in wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut or make a mortise in. mortmain ('man), n. alienation of lands or tenements to any corporate body. mortuary ('ii-a-ri), n. [pi. mortu- aries (-riz) ], a building for the dead pending burial : adj. pertaining to the burial of the dead. Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c, given through him, or to his writings. mosaic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining to or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a design, or form of artistic work formed by the union of very minute pieces of glass, stone, &c, of various colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco or metal. Moselle (mS-zel'), n. a light white wine. Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to Mohammedans: n. a Moham- medan or Mussulman. mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan temple. mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect of the genus Culex, the females of which puncture the skin of men and animals, causing great cutaneous irritation and pain. moss (m6s), n. soft peaty moorland; a natural order of cryptogamous bog plants, the musci, with simple narrow leaves and of cellular struc- ture; a lichen. moss-rose ('roz), n. a fragrant va- riety of rose with a moss-like calyx. mot (mo), n. a witty saying [French]. mote (mot), ft. a popular assembly for the discussion and management of affairs; a very small particle. motet (mo-tef), n. a short vocal composition of a sacred character; anthem. moth (m6th), n. a lepidopterous in- sect or its larvse, which feed upon cloth, fur, &c; anything that grad- ually gnaws away. mother-of-pearl (-perl), ft. the hard, silvery internal layer of various kinds of shells. mothers'-day (muWers-da), ft. the second Sunday in May, when mothers are to be honored in various ways. motion (mo 'shun), ft. the act, pro- cess, or state of moving; passage of a body from one place to another; animal life and action; impulse, de- sire, or passion; internal activity; a proposition made in a deliberative as- sembly; evacuation of the bowels: v.i. to make significant movement or gesture. motion-picture (mo'shun-pik'tur), ft. [See moving-picture.] motive ('tiv), adj. causing motion; able or tending to move: ft. that which moves or excites to action; inducement ; reason; stimulus; in art, leading idea, or conception. motive power (pou'er), ft. any nat- ural agent, as wind, water, steam, electricity, &c, employed to produce motion in a machine. motley (mot'li), adj. covered with parts of various colors; heteroge- neous. motor (mo'ter), ft. that which pro- duces motion, or power, especially a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOTOR BOAT 487 MOVEMENT machine which performs mechanical work; a machine for transmuting energy into mechanical motion. motor boat (bot), n. a boat pro- pelled by a gasoline or other marine motor. motor car (kar), n. a vehicle pro- pelled by means of petroleum, elec- tricity, &c. motorcycle (-sl-kl), n. a bicycle pro- pelled by a motor. motordrome (drom), n. a field for automobile and motorcycle races. motorman (mo'ter-man), n. the operator of an electric car. mottle (mot'l), v.t. to mark with spots of various colors; variegate. motto ('5), n. [pi. mottoes ('oz)], a concise sentence added to a devi>ce ; or prefixed to anything, suggesting some guiding principle, &c. moujik (moo-zhek'), ». a Russian peasant. mould. See mold. moulin (moo-lang'), n. a deep crack intersecting a glacial rivulet [French]. moulinage ('lin-aj), n. the process of reeling off silk in its raw state and dressing it prior to dyeing. moulinet ('li-net), n. a kind of turn- stile; the drum or capstan of a ma- chine for hoisting. moult. See molt. , mound (mound), n. an artificial bank of earth or stone, originally for de- fensive purposes; hillock; a small globe surmounted by a cross, sym- bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or fortify, with a mound. Mound Builders (bil'derz), n.pl. a orehistoric race formerly dwelling in the valley of the Mississippi, who erected large earthen mounds, &c. mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- ing above the level of the surround- ing land; a mound for defense or at- tack; rampart; cardboard on which a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- nish with horses; prepare for use by fixing on, or in, something else : v.i. to rise up; project; tower; get on horseback. mountain ('in) ; n. a large mass of rock or earth rising above the level of the adjacent country; usually over 2,000 feet; anything very large. mountaineer (-eV), n. one who dwells among ^ or climbs, moun- tains: v.i. to climb mountains. mountainous (-us), adj. full of, or resembling, mountains. mountebank ('e-bank). n. a quack- doctor; boastful pretender. mounted ('ed), p.adj. seated or serv- ing on horseback; placed on a suit- able support. mounting ('ing), n. the act of mount- ing : embeUishing ; or equipping. mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- ment; be sorrowful; wear mourn- ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. mourner ('er), n. one who mourns; one who attends a funeral. mournful ('fool), adj. causing, or expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. mourning C'ing), n. expression of grief: lamenting; the dress of a mourner. mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis)], a small rodent of the genus Mus, that infests houses, granaries, &c: mousseline-de-laine (moo-se-len- de-lan'), n. a very light textured woolen dress material. moustache. See mustache. mouthful ('fool) t n. [pi. mouthfuls (-foolz)], as much as can be put into the mouth at one time; small quan- tity. mouthpiece ('pes), n. that part of an instrument which is held in or applied to the mouth ; a spokesman. movability (moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being movable. movable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing moved or conveyed; changing from one time to another: n.pl. goods, wares or furniture. movable feasts (fests), n.pl. certain Church festivals, the date of which is determined by Easter. movement ('ment), n. the act or Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. MOVING-PICTURE 488 MULL manner of moving; change of place or position; motion; excitement; emotion ; agitation ; the going mech- anism of a watch or clock; any- single part in a musical composition. moving-picture ('tur), n. popular term covering every form of ani- mated pictures (see biograph). moving platform (moov'ing plat'- form), n. device for a series of connected platforms, with and with- out seats, mechanically moved at different speeds. mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut down with, or as with, a scythe: v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. mow (mou), n. a heap of hay, &c, stowed in a barn; the compartment in a barn where hay, etc., are stored: v.t. to stow in a mow. mown, p.p. of mow. mucilage (mii'si-laj), n. a gummy or gelatinous substance; gum of plants. mucilaginous (-laj'i-nus), adj. per- taining to, resembling, or secreting, mucilage or gum. muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure with dung. muckraker (muk'ra-ker), n. one who rakes muck ; a censorious and abusive writer or speaker. muckworm ('werm), n. a grub or larva bred in manure; a miser. mucky ('i), adj. consisting* of muck; miry; nasty; filthy. mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or secreting, mucus; vis- cous or slimy. mucous membrane (mem'bran), n. the moist, glandular lining of the cavities and canals of the human body. mucus ('kus), n. the viscid fluid se- creted by the mucous membrane; a gummy or slimy substance found in certain plants. muddle ('1), v.t. to make a mess of or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make partially drunk; squander: n. a con- fused state; intellectual dulness or bewilderment. muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylindri- cal cover of fur, &c, to keep the hands warm in cold weather; a stupid, spiritless fellow; failure to hold a ball when catching it: v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball) when catching it. muffetee (-e-te'), n. a fur or worsted wristband. muffin ('in), n. a soft light spongy round cake. muffle ('1), v.t. to wrap up closely and warmly; cover or conceal the face of; cover up so as to deaden sound: v.i. to speak indistinctly: n. a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven used in assaying metals. muffler ('ler), n. a wrapper. mufti ('ti), n. [pi. muftis ('tiz), n. a doctor or official expounder of Mo- hammedan law; civilian dress worn by a naval or military officer when off duty. muggy ('i), adj. warm, damp, and close; moldy. mugwump ('wump), n. an independ- j ent member of the Republican party. Muhammedan. Same as Mohamme- dan. mulatto (mu-lat'6), n. [pi. mulattoes ('oz) ], the offspring of negro and white parents. Feminine mulattress. mulberry (muTber-i), n. [pi. mul- berries (-iz) 1, the tree or fruit of the genus Morus; dark purple. mulch (mulch), n. half ro.tten straw, litter, &c, used to protect the roots of trees, plants, &c. : v.t. to cover, or protect, with mulch. mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish with a fine: n. a fine, especially for some misdemeanor. muleteer (-e-teV), n. a mule driver. mulish (mul'ish), adj. like a mule; stubborn. mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a snuff-box made of the end of a horn; a very thin soft kind of muslin; an inferior kind of madder; dust or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MULLEIN 489 MUNGOOS rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, &c). mullein (mul'in), n. a coarse her- baceous plant. muller ('er), n. a flat-bottomed pestle used for grinding pigments or drugs. mullet ('et), an edible marine fish, much esteemed for the table. mullion ('yun), n. an upright bar or division between the lights of win- dows, screens, &c, in a Gothic arch: v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, mullions. mulse (muls), n. wine boiled and mixed with honey. mult, multi, prefixes meaning many: as, mwftangular, having many an- gles, multifiorous, having many flowers. multi graph (mul'ti-graf), n. a ma- chine for reproducing copies of typewritten matter. multi-millionaire (mul'ti-mil'yun- ar), n. one having two or more mil- lion dollars. multiple (mul'ti-pl), adj. consisting of many parts; repeated many times : n. a number or quantity which con- tains another an exact number of times without a remainder., multiplex ('ti-pleks), adj. manifold. multiplicand (-pli-kand'), n. the number or quantity to be multiplied. multiplicate ('ti-pli-kat), adj. con- sisting of many. multiplication (-ka/shun), n. the act or process of multiplying; rule or operation by which any given number or quantity is multiplied. multiplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. the state of being manifold; a great number. multiplier ('ti-pli-er), n. one who, or that which multiplies or increases; the number or quantity by which an- other is multiplied. multiply ('ti-pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], to cause to increase in number; make more by natural generation, produc- tion or addition; repeat (any given number or quantity) as often as there are units in another number or quantity: v.i, to increase in num- ber or extent. multitude ('ti-tud), n. a great num- ber; crowd; assembly; populace (with the). multitudinous (-tu'di-nus), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, a multi- tude; numerous. multum ('turn), n. a mixture of the extracts of quassia and liquorice used for adulterating beer. mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; a kind of strong ale: inter j. be silent! mumble ('bl), v.t. & v.i. to mutter or speak indistinctly ; chew gently with closed lips. mumbo- jumbo Cbo-jum'bo), n. a West African idol or object of su- perstitious reverence or dread; vul- gar bugbear. mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- guise one's self for sport. mummer ('er), n. one who makes sport in disguise; a masker; actor. mummery ('er-i), n. masquerading; buffoonery; hypocritical parade or disguise. mummiform ('i-f6rm), adj. like a mummy. mummy ('i), n. [pi. mummies ('iz) ], a dead body embalmed after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; a kind of wax used in grafting trees; a rich brown color from bitumen. mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the lips with the mouth nearly closed; nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play the beggar; to mutter; impose upon. mumper ('er), n. a begging impostor. mumps ('s), n. a contagious febrile disease characterized by the swelling of the glands of the neck: pi. the sulks. munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew with an audible crunching noise. mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining to the world. mundil ('dil), n. a richly embroid- ered turban. mungoos (mung'g5os), n. an ichneu- mon that preys on snakes. Also mongoos. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, inet; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MUNICIPAL 490 MUSING municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), adj. per- taining to a city, corporation, state, or local self-government. municipal law (law), n. the com- mon law of a city or country. municipality ('i-ti), n. [pi. munici- palities (-tiz) ], a corporate town or city; a division of the country [France]. munificence (nif'i-sens), n. the qual- ity or state of being munificent; lib- erality. % munificent ('i-sent), adj. character- ized by. great liberality in giving; bountiful. muniment (mu'ni-ment), n. a strong- hold or fortification; a legal record defending a title; title-deed or char- ter. munitions (-nish'unz), n.pl. military stores or material. mural ('ral), adj. pertaining to, growing on, or resembling, a wall. murder (mer'der), n. homicide with malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with premeditated malice; mangle; mar or ruin. murderer (-er), n. one who is guilty of murder. Feminine murderess. murderous, (-us), adj. pertaining to, guilty of, or attended with, murder. muriate (mQ'ri-at), n. a salt of muri- atic acid. muriatic (-at'ik), adj. derived from sea salt. murine ('rin), adj. pertaining to a mouse or mice. murk (merk), n. darkness. murkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being murky. murky ('i), adj. dark; gloomy; ob- scure. murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- tinct sound, as of a running stream; a complaint in a low muttering tone: v.i. to make a low continued noise like the hum of bees; mutter in discontent; grumble. murra ('a), n. a delicate kind of handsome ancient ware made of fluor-spar. murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious and fatal disease among cattle. murrey ('i), n. dark red. muscardine (mus'kar-din), n. a fungus which causes fatal disease in silk- worms. muscatel ('ka-tel), n. a variety of rich wine ; the grapes which produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. Musca- del, muscadine. muscle ('1), n. a highly contractile organ of fibrous tissue by which movement in an animal body is ef- fected; muscular strength. Muscovite ('ko-vit), n. a Russian. muscovy duck (-vi duk), n. a large duck of tropical America. muscular ('ku-lar), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or performed by, muscles; strong; vigorous; brawny. muscularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the qual- ity or state of being muscular. Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine classical goddesses who presided each over one of the nine liberal arts. muse (muz), v.i. to study in silence; meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to meditate on. musette (mu-zef), n. a small bag- pipe; a soft melodious air. museum (-ze'um), n. a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curi- osities, or of works of art; the building containing such a collection. mush (mush), n. boiled Indian maize meal. mushroom ('room), n. an edible fun- gus Agaricus campestris, or similar edible fungi; an upstart: ad;, made from, or resembling mushrooms; up- start; ephemeral. music (mu'zikj, n. the art or science of harmonic sounds; harmony or melody; musical score or composi- tion. musicale (-zi-kal'), n. a social mu- sical party. musician (-zish'an) ; n. one skilled in the science of music; one who sings, or plays on a musical instrument. musing (mtiz'ing), n. meditation: adj. meditative. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MUSK 491 MUTTER musk (musk), n. a strong-scented substance obtained from the male musk-deer; a small plant with a musk-scented perfume. musk-deer ('der), n. a small horn- less deer which yields musk. musk-duck ('duk), n. the Muscovy duck; an Australian duck. musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- merly used by infantry. musketeer (-er'), n. a soldier armed with a musket. musketoon (-oon'), n. a short mus- ket. musketry (-ri), n. firearm practice. musk-ox (musk'oks), n. an Arctic bovine animal. muskrat (musk'rat), n. an aquatic rodent of North America which emits a musky secretion. Also musk- beaver, musquash. muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of muslin. muslinet (-ef), n. a coarse muslin. musquash. Same as muskrat. musquito. Same as mosquito. muss (mus), n. a confused struggle; disorder: v.t. to disorder, as clothing. mussel ('el), n. a marine edible bi- valve. Mussulman ('ul-man), n. [pi. Mus- sulmans (-manz) ], a Mohammedan, or Moslem. mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered. must (must), n. unfermented ex- pressed grape juice: v.t. to make moldy and sour: v.i. to be obliged morally or physically. mustache (mus-tash'), n. hair worn on a man's upper lip. Also mous- tache. mustang ('tang), n. the small, hardy, semi-wild horse of the prairies. mustard ('terd), n. a plant and its seed of the genus Sinapis; a condi- ment made from the ground seed. mus tee (-te), n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon. Also mestee. muster ('ter), n. an assembly % of troops for review or active service; register of troops mustered; assem- blage; collection: v.t. to assemble, as troops for review or active service: v.i. to meet in one place. mustily ('ti-li), adv. in a musty con- dition. musty ('ti), adj. [comp. mustier, su- perl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. mutability (mu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being subject to change; instability. mutable ('ta-bl), adj. susceptible of change. mutableness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being mutable. mutably (-bli), adv. in a mutable manner. mutation (mu-ta'shun), n. altera- tion; change. mute (mut), adj. silent; dumb; not pronounced or sounded: n. one who is dumb or remains silent; an under- taker's assistant who stands before the door of a house at a funeral; a consonant which is not pronounced, or intercepts the sound; a contriv- ance to deaden or soften the sound of a musical instrument. mutilate (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a limb or essential part of; render im- perfect; maim. mutilation (-la'shun) r n. the act of mutilating. mutilator ('ti-la-ter), n. one who mutilates. mutineer (-ti-ner'), n. one who is guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mutiny. mutinous ('ti-nus), adj. disposed to, or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. mutiny ('ti-ni), n. insurrection against, or forcible resistance to, constituted authority, especially of soldiers or sailors against their offi- cers: v.i. [p.t. &p.p. mutinied, p.pr. mutinying!, to rise against consti- tuted authority. mutism ('tizm), n. the state or habit of being mute. mutoscope (mu'to-skop), n. a form of kinetoscope, worked by hand. mutter (mut'er), v.i. to utter words in a low voice with compressed lips; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, MUTTON 492 MYTHOLOGICAL murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: n. indistinct utterance; murmur. mutton ('n), n. the flesh of sheep. mutual (mu'tu-al), adj. reciprocal. mutuality (-al'i-ti), n. reciprocation. mutualism (-izm), n. the ethical doc- trine of mutual dependence in social development. muzzle (muz*), n. the projecting mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; snout; the mouth of a gun, &c; a fastening or cover for the mouth of a dog, &c. to prevent biting: v.t. to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. muzzy ('i), adj. absent-minded; mud- dled. myalgia (-al'ji-a), n. stiffness or cramp in the voluntary muscles. mycology (-kol'o-ji), n. the branch of botany that treats of fungi or mushrooms. myelitis (-el-i'tis), n. inflammation of the spinal cord. mynheer (mln-har'), n. sir [Dutch]; a Dutchman. myo, a prefix meaning muscle, as myo- dynamics, the science of muscular action. myology (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a description of the muscles. myopia (-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- myriad (mir'i-ad), n. the number of 10,000; a very large number: adj. innumerable. myriagram, myriagramme ('i-a- gram), n. in the metric system, 10,000 grams. myrialiter, myrialitre (-le-ter), n. in the metric system, 10,000 liters. myriameter, myriametre (-me- ter), n. in the metric system 10,000 meters. myriare ('i-ar), n. in the metric sys- tem, 10,000 ares. Myrmidon ('mi-don), n. one of a tribe of Thracian warriors who accom- panied Achilles to the Trojan war. myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- pled follower or subordinate. myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy resin of Balsamodendron myrrha, growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. myrtle (mer'tl)j n. a fragrant ever- green shrub of the genus Myrtus. mystagogue (mis'ta-gog), n. an ini- tiator in.to, or interpreter of, mys- teries; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who keeps and exhibits relics. mysterious (-te'ri-us), adj. not clear to the understanding; obscure; in- comprehensible. mystery ('ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries (-iz)], something secret, obscure, or unexplained ; that which is beyond human comprehension; formerly a trade or handicraft: pi. among the ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies to which the initiated only were ad- mitted; religious dramas or miracle plays. mystic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, mystery or mysticism; allegorical; emblematical; obscure; occult. Also mystical : n. a believer in mysticism. mysticism ('ti-sizm), n. the doc- trines of the Mystics, who professed a pure, sublime, and disinterested devotion, and who aspired to a more direct intercourse with God, through the inward perception of the mind, than is afforded by revelation; ob- scurity of thought or teaching. mystification (-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of mystifying; the state of be- ing mystified. mystify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mys- tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve in mystery; obscure; bewilder; puz- zle. myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- tion; a fabulous narrative founded on some event, especially in the early existence of a people, and em- bodying their ideas as to their own origin, their gods, natural phenom- ena, &c. mythic ('ik), adj. pertaining to myths. Also mythical. mythological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to mythology; mythical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 1 MYTHOLOGIST 493 MYXOMYCETES mythologist (-ol'o-jist), n. a student of, or one skilled in, mythology. mythology ('o-ji), n. [pi. mytholo- gies (-jiz)], the collected body or system of the traditions or legends of a people in which are embodied their beliefs concerning their origin, gods, heroes, &c; the science of myths; a treatise on myths. myxomycetes (miks-o-mi-se'tez), n. pi. organisms forming a net work of creamy filaments on decaying wood, leaves, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. N N, the fourteenth letter, of the English alphabet. nabee (na-be'), n. a powerful poison prepared in the East Indies from the root of Aconitum ferox. nabob (na/bob), n. in India, a deputy or administrator under the Mogul Empire; one who has amassed wealth in India; a very wealthy man. nacarat (nak'a-rat), n. a pale red color; fine linen or crape dyed such color. nacelle (na-sel), n. the rod placed for protection of the sides of a dirigible balloon. nacre (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. nacreous ('kre-us), adj. having an iridescent luster; resembling moth- er-of-pearl. nacrite ('krit), n. a mineral with a pearly luster. nadir (na'der), n. that part of the heavens directly under our feet, or directly opposite to the zenith. naevose ('vos), adj. freckled. naevus (ne'vus)~?i. a birth-mark. naggy (nag'i), adj. disposed to nag. Naiad (na'yad), n. a water-nymph. naif (na-ef'), adj. noting an uncut jewel with a natural luster, as a naif gem. c nail (nal), n. the horny substance at the ends of the human fingers and toes; the claws of a bird or other animal; 234 inches; a pointed piece of metal usually furnished with a head for fastening woodwork, &c. nail-gun (nal'gun), n. a tubular ap- paratus for driving nails in floor- planks with the workmen in a stand- ing position. nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind of muslin. naive (na-ev')* adj. artless; ingenu- ous ; unaffectedly simple. naivete (na-ev-ta/), n. natural, un- affected simplicity or ingenuousness. namaycush (nam'a-kush), n. the great American trout. namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi), adj. weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty or fine. namely (li), adv. that is to say. namesake ('sak), n. one having the same name. nankeen (nan-ken'), n. a buff-col- ored cotton cloth, originally from China. nannocephaly (nan-o-sef'a-li), n. dis- proportionate smallness of the head. nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; a game at cards; the woolly sub- stance on the surface of cloth; pile; downy covering of plants; top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. &p.p. napped, p.pr. napping], to doze. nape (nap), n. the back of the neck. napery (nap'er-i), n. table-linen; linen underclothing. naphtha ('th&), n. a clear, volatile, inflammable, bituminous, liquid hy- drocarbon exuding from the earth, or distilled from coal-tar, &c; rock- oil. napkin (nap'kin), n. a small cloth, specifically one used at table for wiping the hands, &c. Napoleon (na-po'le-on), n. a gold coin formerly current in France, value 20 francs. nappy (nap'i), adj. covered with nap or pile; drowsy. Narcissus (-sis'us), n. a genus of ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (494) NARCISSUS 495 NATURAL I ornamental bulbous plants with handsome fragrant flowers, includ- ing the daffodils. narcissus, n. a plant of the genus Narcissus. narcomania (nar-ko-ma'ni-a), n. an acquired craving for narcotic drugs. narcosis (-ko'sis), n. stupefaction from the effects of a narcotic. narcotic (-kot'ik), adj. producing coma or torpor: n. a medicine to alleviate pain and produce sleep, and in excessive doses causing death. narcotism. Same as narcosis. nard (nard), n. spikenard; an aro- matic unguent prepared from it. nardine ('in), adj. pertaining to, or like, nard. narrate (nar-raf), v.t. to tell; recite; give an account of; write, as a story. narration (-ra'shun), n. the act of narrating; statement, written or verbal. narrative . ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining to narration: n. recital of a story or event; tale. narrator (-ra'ter), n. one who nar- rates. narrow (nar'6), adj. of little breadth or extent; limited; straitened; con- tracted in mind; bigoted; .ungener- ous; within a little distance. narwhal (nar'hwal), n. a cetaceous mammal allied to the whale, with a large projecting tusk; the sea uni- corn. Also narwal, narwhale, narval. nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, affected by, or pronounced through ■ the nose: n. a letter pronounced through the nose. nascent (nas'ent), adj. beginning to grow or exist. nastily ('ti-li) , adv. in a nasty manner ; filthily; disagreeably. Nasturtium (-ter'shi-um), n. a genus of plants^ including the watercresses. nasturtium, n. a plant of the ger- anium family, having aromatic flower-buds. nasty ('ti), adj. [corny, nastier, su- perl. nastiest], dirty; nauseous; fil- thy; obscene; foul; serious. natal (na'tal), adj. pertaining to one's birth or birthday; indigenous. natant ('tant), adj. swimming; in heraldry, floating on the surface: said of fish. natation (-ta'shun), n. the act or art of swimming. natatorial (na-ta-to'ri-al)j adj. swimming, or adapted for swim- ming. Also natatory. nation (na'shun), n. the inhabitants of one country or united under the same government; people ethnolog- ically or linguistically allied. national (nash'un-al), adj. pertain- ing to a nation; public; general; attached to one's country. nationalism (-al-izm), n. the^ state of being national; national idiom, characteristic, or independence. nationality _ ('i-ti), n. national char- acter; patriotism; nation. nationalize (-al-iz), v.t. to render national. native > (na'tiv), adj. pertaining to the time and place of birth; pro- duced by nature; not acquired; in- nate: n. one who is born in a cer- tain country or place; an oyster cultivated artificially. nativism (-izm), n. in philosophy, the doctrine of innate ideas; the ad- vocacy of the claim of natives, as opposed to that of naturalized citizens. nativity (-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, and manner of birth; astrological representation of the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth. Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with the). natterjack (nat'er-jak), n. the yel- low-backed rush toad, remarkable for its deep voice. nattily ('i-li), adv. tidily; neatly. natty ('i), adj. tidy; neat; smart. natural (nat'u-ral), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or in the course of, nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- curring in the ordinary course of things; treating of mind and matter; ate, arm, ask, at, awlj me ; merge, met* mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue J hut; think, then. NATURAL HISTORY 496 NAZARENE not revealed, as religion; true to life; unassumed; affectionate by nature; illegitimate; unconverted; according to the usual diatonic scale of C [music]: n. an idiot; a sign ( a ) used to correct the pre- vious power of a sharp or flat [music]. natural history (his'to-ri), n. the scientific description of the earth and its various productions, es- pecially the animal kingdom. naturalize (-Iz), v.t. to make natural; acclimate; invest (a foreigner) with the privileges of a natural-born citizen or subject. naturalism (-izm), n. mere state of nature; natural religion; the denial of supernatural interference with natural laws. naturalist < (-ist), n. one skilled in natural history; one who believes in naturalism. naturalistic (-is'tik), adj. realistic. naturalization (-i-za'shun), n. the act of investing a foreigner with the rights and privileges of a natural- born citizen. nature (na/cher or nfit'ur), n. the universe; essential qualities; species; natural order of things; constitu- tion; personal character or natural disposition ; natural affection ; nudity. nature-faker (na'tur-fak'er), n. a pseudo naturalist; a false authority on animal life and habits and other natural phenomena. naught (nawt), n. nothing: adj. worthless: adv. in no degree. naughtily ('i-li), adv. in a naughty manner. naughtiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being naughty; misbehavior. naughty ('i), adj. bad; perverse or mischievous. nausea ('shi-a), n. a strong sensation of sickness; sea-sickness; loathing or disgust. nauseate ('shi-at), v.t. to affect with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel disgust; be inclined to vomit. nauseation (-a/shun), n. the act of nauseating; the state of being nau- seated. nauseous ('shus), adj. loathsome; abhorrent. nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance performed by girls; daDcing exhibi- tion. nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; maritime. Also nautic. nautilus ('ti-lus), n. [pi. nautili], any member of a genus of cephalo- pods, including those furnished with a chambered spinal univalve shell; a kind of diving-bell. naval (na'val), adj. pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of snips; maritime. . naval ism (na/val-izm), n. exploiting the interests of the navy, or increas- ing # the naval strength. nave' (nav), n. the middle or body of a church, extending from the chan- cel to the principal entrance; the center of a wheel in which the spokes are inserted. navel ('el), n. the depression in the center of the lower part of the ab- domen, indicating where the umbili- cal cord was joined to the foetus. navigability (nav-i-ga-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being navigable. navigable ('i-ga-bl), adj. capable of being navigated. navigate ('i-gat), v.i. to pass on the water by a ship or vessel; sail: v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; steer or manage in sailing. navigation (-ga'shun), n. the act of navigating; the science of navigating navigator ('i-ga-ter), n. one who navigates; one skilled in the science of navigation. navvy (nav'i), n. a laborer employed in constructing railways, canals, &c. navy »(na'vi), n. the ships of war belonging to a nation, or their offi- cers and men. Nazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. a native of Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. NAZARITE 497 NEEDS followers, and the early Chris- tians as a term of contempt; in the Early Church, one of a sect of Judaizing Jews. Nazarite ('a-rit), n. a Jew devoted by vow to God to a life of purity (Num. vi.). Psap (nep), adj. low: applied to the tides which occur in the beginning of the second and fourth quarters of the moon. neaped ('t), adj. left aground by the tide: said of a ship. Neapolitan (ne-a-pol'i-tan), adj. per- taining to Naples or its inhabitants. neat (net), n. cattle of the bovine * genus: adj. pertaining to bovine ani- mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple and elegant; chaste; unadulterated. neatsfoot ('z-foot), n. the foot of an ox or cow. neb (neb), n. a bird's beak; mouth; nose or snout. nebula ('ti-la), n. [pi. nebulae (-le) 1, a faint misty patch of light in the heavens produced by groups of stars too remote to be seen singly, or by masses of diffused gaseous matter; a slight white spot on the cornea. ibular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to nebulae. jbulium (ne-bu'li-um), n. name yven the substance, hitherto un- lown on the earth, that exists in the nebulae and causes bright green lines in the spectrum. jbulous ('u-lus), adj. pertaining to, >r resembling, a nebula; cloudy; lazy; perplexed. ;essarily (nes-e-sa/ri-li), adv. by necessity. jcessary ('e-sa-ri), adj. that cannot be otherwise; essential; indispensa- ble: n. [pi. necessaries (-riz) ], things requisite. :essitate (ne-ses'i-tat), v.t. to make necessary; compel; render unavoid- able; constrain. necessitous ('i-tus), adj. very poor; destitute; needy. necessity ('i-ti), n. the state of being necessary; that which is unavoid- able; compulsion; extreme poverty: pi. things necessary for human life. necklace ('las), n. a string of beads or ornaments, as pearls, &c, worn round the neck. necrological (-ro-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to a register of deaths. necrology (-rol'o-ji), n. a register, or account, of the dead. necromancer ('ro-man-ser), n. one who practices necromancy; a con- jurer. necromancy (-si), n. the pretended art of predicting future events by communication with the dead. necropolis (-rop'o-lis), n. a cemetery. necrosis (-ro'sis), n. mortification and death of a bone; a disease in plants, characterized by small black spots. nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- thology, the wine of the gods; the honey of plants; any delicious bev- erage. nectarial (-ta'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, containing, or like, nectar. nectar eous ('re-us), adj. producing or sweet like, nectar. nectarine ('ta-rin), n. a variety of peach. nectary ('ta-ri), n. that part of a flower which secretes a saccharine fluid. Nectarium. nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed before the maiden name of a mar- ried woman. needful ('fool), adj. necessary; needy. needle ^ ('1), n. a small sharp-pointed steel instrument furnished with an eye to hold thread; anything resem- bling a needle; the polarized steel of a mariner's compass. needle-gun (-gun), n. a breech- ioading gun, the cartridge of which is exploded by a needle. needle-valve (nedl-valv), n. a very fine valve, especially one having a conical or needle-like point operated by a fine screw. needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; in- dispensably. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NEEDY 498 NEO-LAMARCKISM needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- sitous. ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. nefarious (ne-far'i-us), adj. extremely wicked; vile; infamous. negation (ne-ga'shun), n. denial; absence of certain qualities. negative (neg'a-tiv), adj. implying negation; denying; refusing; having the power of veto ; noting a quantity to be subtracted: n. a proposition by which something is denied; a word expressing denial; right of veto; a photograph in which the lights and shades of the object are the opposite of those in nature: v.t. to prove the contrary of; dismiss or reject by vote. neglect (-lekt'), n. omission; habitual negligence; disregard; carelessness: v.t. to omit by carelessness or design; slight; disregard. neglectful ('fool), adj. indicating, or accustomed to, neglect; careless. negligee (-li-zha'), n. a loosely fitting dress or gown; easy and uncere- monious dress in general: adj. care- lessly arranged or attired. negligence ('li-jens), n. carelessness. negligent (')i-jent), adj. careless. negligible ('li-ji-bl), adj. that may be neglected; of little account or value. negotiate (ne-go'shi-at), v.i. to treat with others in business or private affairs; hold intercourse respecting a treaty, &c: v.t. to conclude by treaty, bargain, or agreement; sell. negotiability (-go-shi-&-biri-ti) , ft. the quality of being negotiable. negotiable ('shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being negotiated, transferred, or exchanged. negotiation (-a/shun), ft. the act of negotiating or transacting business; treaty. negotiator ('shi-a-ter), ft. one who negotiates. negotiatory (-to-ri), adj. pertaining to negotiation. negrillo (ne-gril'o), n. a young negro. Negrito (-gre'to), ft. one of a diminu- tive negro-like race of the Mala Archipelago. negroid ('groid), adj. of the negro type. negrophobia (ne-gro-fo'bi-a), n. ex- treme fear of, or antipathy to, the negro. negus ('gus), ft. a beverage of hot water and wine, sweetened and spiced. Negus, n. the title of the ruler of Abyssinia. neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of a horse. neighbor (na'ber), n. one who dwells near to another; an intimate: adj. near to .another; adjacent: v.t. to adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or friendly. neighborhood (-hood), ft. adjacent district; vicinity; the state of being neighbors. neighborly (-li), adj. like, or be- coming, a neighbor; social; civil; friendly: adv. in the manner of a neighbor. neighing ('ing), n. the cry of a horse. neither (ne' or m'ther), pron. & conj. not either. Nemaean (nem-e'an), adj. pertaining to Nemaea, or to the ancient games held by the Greeks at Nemsea. nematoid (nem-a-toid'), adj. thread- like. nemesis ('e-sis), n. retributive ven- geance: from Nemesis, the avenging deity of the Greeks. neo, a prefix meaning new, young, re- cent, as neoplastic, recently formed. neo-Darwinism (ne-o-dar'win-izm), n. a recent modification of the Dar- winian theory which gives added emphasis to the doctrine of the survival of the fittest in accounting for the origin of species. neogenesis (ne-6-jen!e-sis), n. a new genesis of production. neo-Lamarckism (ne'6-la-mar'kizm) n. a recent modification of the evo- lutionary theory of Lamarck, who laid great stress on the modification ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NEOLITHIC 499 NETTLERASH of characters by use or disuse and the hereditary transmission of such modifications. Neolithic (-o-lith'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the later or polished Stone Age. neologian. Same as neologist. neologism (-ol'o-jizm), n. a new word or phrase introduced into a language; new religious doctrines. neologist ('o-jist), n. an innovator in language or religion, especially one who holds doctrinal views op- posed to the orthodox interpretation of revealed religion. neology (-ol'o-ji), n. neologism; doc- trmes or rationalistic theological interpretation at variance with ortho- dox belief. neontology (-tol'o-ji), n. the scien- tific study of existing species. neophyte ('o-frt), n. a novice; one recently baptized; a convert: adj. recently entered. neoplasm ('o-plazm), n. tissue growth more or less distinct from that in which it occurs. neoplastic ( o-plas-tik), n. the restor- ation of tissue by granulation, or autoplasty. neo-Salvarsan (ne'-o-sal-var'san), n. a modified form of salvarsan, the specific for syphilis discovered by Ehrlich. neoteric (-o-ter'ik), adj. recent in origin. neotype (ne'o-tip), n. a specimen of animal or plant selected as the type of a species where the original type specimen is not available. neovitalism (ne-o-vi'tal-izm), n. the doctrine that the activities of living beings are not governed by purely mechanical laws. nep (nep), n. catmint. nepenthe (ne-pen'the), n. a drug sup- posed by the ancient Greeks to have the power of causing forgetfulness of sorrow. nephew (nev'u), n. the son of a brother or sister. nephritis (ne-fri'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the kidneys. nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- ence shown in bestowing patronage to one's relatives in the church or public service. Neptunian (nep-tun'i-an), adj. per- taining to the classic deity Neptune, or to the sea; deposited by the agency of the sea. Nereid (ne're-id), n. a sea nymph. Nernst lamp (nernst lamp), n. an incandescent electric lamp with metal filaments, invented by Prof. W. Nernst. neroli (ner'o-le), n. the essential oil of orange flowers. nervation (-va/shun), n. arrange- ment of nerves. nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibres which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain and originate motion; tendon; sinew; strength; manliness; _ the strong vein of a leaf: v.t. to invigorate or strengthen. nervine (ner'vin), n. a tonic for the nerves. nervous ('vus), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, nerves; having weak nerves; easily agitated; vigorous in style. nestle (nes'l), v.i. to lie close and snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish.. nestling ('ling), n. a young bird in the nest or just taken from it: adj. recently hatched. net (net), n. an instrument of twine knotted into meshes for catching birds, fish, &c. ; anything resembling or made like a net; a snare: adj. clear of all charges or deductions: opposed to gross. nether (nef/i'er), adj. lying beneath; lower; belonging to the regions below. nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or irritate. nettlerash (-rash), n. a cutaneous eruption resembling the effects of a nettle sting. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. NEURAL 500 NICHE neural (nu'r&l), adj. pertaining to the nerves. neuralgia (-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain in a nerve. neurasthenia (-ras-the'ni-a), n. brain and nerve exhaustion, as from influenza, &c. neuration (-ra/shun), n. the vena- tion of the wings of an insect; nerve distribution. neurilemma (-ri-lem'a), n. the fibrous sheath of a nerve. neurine ('rin), n. nerve matter. Also neurin. neuritis (-ri'tis), n. inflammation of a nerve. neuro, a prefix meaning nerve, as neurography, a treatise on th6 nerves. neuroderm (nu'ro-derm), n. the embryonic membrane that gives rise to the nervous system. neuroglia (-rog'li-a), n. the delicate connective tissue between the nerve- fibers of the brain and spinal cord. neurology (-rol'o-ji), n. a scientific description of the nerves. neuroma (-ro'ma), n. a fibrous tu- mor occurring in a nerve trunk. neuropathic (-path'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or .suffering from, nervous disease; affecting the nerves. neurosis (-ro'sis), n. nervous dis- neurotic (-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; characterized by a morbid hysteri- cal style: n. a nerve tonic. neurotomy ('o-mi), n. dissection of the nerves. neuter ('ter), adj. of neither sex; in- transitive: n. a flower "having nei- ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile sexless insect, especially the work- ing bee. neutral ftral), adj. unbiased; in- different; taking no part on either side in a contest; neither very good nor very bad; neither acid nor al- kaline: said of chemical salts. neutrality ('i-ti), n. the state of being neutral. neutralize ('tral-iz), v.i. to make neutral; render inactive. neutral tint (tint), n. a dull grey. neve (na-va/), n. the granular com- pressed snow which forms glacier ice. newel ('el), n. in a winding stair- case, the central upright pillar around which the steps turn. new-fangled (-fang'gld), adj. new- fashioned. Newfoundland (-found'land), n. a large variety of dog, originally from Newfoundland. new style (stil), n» the Gregorian or present style of computing the cal- endar: opposed to the former or Julian method. newt (nut), n.. an eft; salamander. new thought (nu-thot), n. advanced views or progressiveness in all de- partments of human knowledge, in contradistinction to effete ideals and retroaction. Newtonian (nu-to'ni-an), adj. per- taining to, discovered by, or invented by, Sir Isaac Newton, the philoso- pher, or to his system. nexus (neks'us), n. a connection or tie. nib (nib), n. a bird's beak; the point of anything, especially a pen. nibbed ('d), adj. furnished with a nib. nibble ('1), v.t. & v.i. to bite by little at a time; continue to bite at gently and quickly, as a fish: n. a small bite; a seizing to bite. niblick (nib'lik), n. a heavy iron round-headed golf club. nicolite (nik'o-llt), n. arsenical nickel ore. nice (nis), adj. fastidious; precise; squeamish; minutely discriminative; delicate; refined; socially agreeable; pleasing to the palate; scrupulously exact. nicety ('e-ti), n. delicate manage- ment; fastidious delicacy; precision; minute accuracy: pi. table delica- cies. niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall for a statue. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NICK 501 NITRIFIER Nick (nik), n. an evil water spirit; the Devil (with old). nick (nik), n. exact or critical point of time} winning throw at dice: v.t. to cut in nicks or notches; touch at the lucky moment; cheat; steal. nickel ('el), n. a greyish- white duc- tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of nickel and copper alloy. nickel-green (-gren), n. the apple- green colored arseniate of nickel. nickelodeon . (nik-el-od'e-on), n. a biograph or moving picture place where admission is five cents. nickel-silver (-sil'ver), n. an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc. nicotine ('i-tin), n. an acrid, poi- sonous alkaloid extracted from to- bacco. Alsonicotin. nidge (nij), v.t. to dress (stones) with a pick. nidification (nid-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of building a nest, rearing young, &c. nidus (nl'dus), n. a nest or hatching place. niece (nes), n. the daughter of a brother or sister. niello (ni-el'o), n. a kind of orna- mental engraving on brass, &c. niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also niggardly: n. one who is meanly covetous; a miser. nightingale ('in-gal), n. a small bird which sings with a sweet note at night; philomel. nightmare ('mar), n. a, dreadful dream accompanied with oppres- sion on the chest and a feeling of helplessness; an incubus. night-stick (nit'stik), n. a club, usu- ally of extra length, carried by a po- liceman at night. Nihilism (nl'hil-izm), n. scepticism which denies that anything, even ex- istence, can be known; an extreme socialist movement in Russia to destroy existing institutions and found a new order of things, with communistic rights of land and property. nihilist (-ist), n. a supporter of ni- hilism. nihilistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to nihilism. nil (nil), n. nothing [Latin] . # nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- tive ; alert ; lively ; brisk . nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the halo or cloud of light surrounding the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns; a rain-cloud. ninepins ('pinz), n.pl. a game in which nine pins or pegs of wood are set up to be bowled at with wooden bowls or balls. ninetieth ('t^eth), adj. next after 89th: n. a ninetieth part. ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. ninth (nin'th), adj. the ordinal of 9: n. one of 9 equal parts. nip (nip), n. a pinch, as with the nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; a small drink of spirits. nipper ('er), n. one who, or that which, nips; one of the four fore- teeth of a horse; a small boy: pi. small pincers. nippingly ('ing-li), adv. keenly. nipple (nip'l), n. that part of the breast of a woman from which milk is drawn by a child; a teat. Nirvana (ner-va'na), n. in Bud- dhism, the highest religious state, when all desire of existence and worldly good is extinguished, and the soul is absorbed into the Deity. nit (nit), n. the egg of any small in- sect. niter, nitre (ni'ter), n. nitrate of potash or saltpeter. nitrate of silver (sil'ver), n. silver dissolved in nitric acid. nitre. See niter. nitric acid (as 'id), n. a powerful acid, used in chemistry, the arts, and medicine, composed of nitro- gen and oxygen, obtained by the ac- tion of sulphuric acid upon nitrate of potash; aquafortis. nitriner (ni'tri-fi-er), n. anything which tends to bring the nitrogen of the air into combination; in par- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NITRITE 502 NOMADIC ticular, certain types of bacteria that colonize on the roots of legum- inous plants, enabling the plants to take nitrogen from the air in the soil. nitrite ('trit), n. a salt of nitrous acid. nitro, a prefix meaning containing nitrogen, as m£ro-hydrochloric acid or aqua regia. nitro-glycerine (-glis'er-in), n. a highly explosive, oily liquid, pre- pared by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. nitrogen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas which, with argon, constitutes 4-5ths by volume of the atmosphere, and con- stitutes the b^sis of nitric acid. nitrogen-fixing (ni'tro-jen-fik'sing), o. said of certain microbes that grow on the roots of leguminous plants, and make atmospheric nitrogen available. nitrous ('trus), adj. resembling, ob- tained from or impregnated with, niter. nitrous oxide (oks'Id), n. a com- pound of one volume of oxygen and two voulmes of nitrogen; laughing- gas. nitrosulphuric (m'tro-sul-fu'rik), adj. consisting of sulphuric, acid and an oxide of nitrogen. niveous (niv'e-us), adj. snow-like. nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, a water-sprite; a kelpie [Scotch]. nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a fop. nobby ('i), adj. capital; spruce; stylish. Nobel prize (no-bel'priz), n. one of the annual prizes, amounting to nearly $40,000.00, given by the Nobel Foundation for distinction in various departments of science, in literature, or in the promotion of peace. Nobel was a Swede, and the inventor of dynamite and smokeless powder. nobility (no-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being noble; noble birth; grandeur; dignity; nobles collec- tively. N noble (no'bl), adj. high in excellence or worth; illustrious; magnani- mous; generous; exalted in rank; of ancient lineage: n. peer or noble- man. nobleman (-man), n. a peer. Fern. noblewoman. nobly ('bli), adv. in a noble manner; of noble rank. nocent ('sent), adj. harmful. nocturnal (nok-ter'nal), adj. pertain- ing to, done, or happening at, night. nocturne ('tern), n. a picture of a night scene; a musical composition appropriate to the night; a lullaby. nodal (no'dal), adj. pertaining to nodes. nodated ('da-ted), adj. knotted. nodder (nod'er), n. one who nods; a drowsy person. noddle ('1), n. the head. noddy ('i), n. a simpleton; a sea-fowl. node (nod), n. a knot; knob; one of the two points at which the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic; the points of the stem of a plant from which a leaf springs; the plot of a poem or play ; a tumor of the perios- teum, the bones, or tendons. nodose (no'dos), adj. having knots or nodes. nodular (nod'u-ler), adj. pertaining to, or like, a nodule. nodule Cul), n. a little knot or ir- regular rounded lump. noggin (nog'in), n. a small cup or mug; a liquid measure = 1 gill. nogging ('ing), n. a partition formed of timber scantlings filled up with bricks. noisily ('i-li), adv. with noise. noisome (noi'sum), adj. injurious to health; noxious; disgusting. noisy (noiz'i), adj. full of noise; tur- bulent. nomad (nom'ad), n. one of a tribe that wanders about in search of game, pasture, &c. : adj. nomadic. nomadic (no-mad'ik), adj. wander- ing; pastoral. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NOMENCLATURE 503 NORMAN nclature (no'men-kla-tur), n. the words, terms, or language used in any art or science. nomial ('mi-al), n. in algebra, a sin- tgle term. >minal (nom'i-nal), adj. pertaining to, or containing, names; exist- ing only in name. >minate ('i-nat), v.t. to propose for an office; appoint. nomination (-na'shun), n. the act of nominating; the state of being nominated. nominative ('i-na-tiv), adj. noting in grammar the case of the subject: n. the case of the subject. nominator ('i-na-ter), n. one who nominates. nominee (-i-ne'), n. one who is pro- posed for an office. non, prefix meaning not. nonage (non'aj), n. minority. nonagenarian (-a-jen-a'ri-an), n. a person 90 years old. nonagesimal (-jes'i-mal), adj. per- taining to 90, or to a nonagesimal: n. that point of the ecliptic which is highest above the horizon. nagon ('a-gon), n. a plane figure with 9 sides and 9 angles. mchalance _ (nong-sha-langs'), n. coolness; indifference [French]. nchalant (-lang'), adj. cool; in- different. sndescript (non'de-skript), n. a person or thing that cannot be easily described or classed: adj. abnor- mal; novel; odd. nentity (non-en'ti-ti), n. [pi. non- entities (-tiz)j, a thing not exist- ing; a person of no importance or influence. Mies (nonz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman calendar the ninth day be- fore ides, reckoned inclusively; in the Roman Catholic Breviary, the devotional office for the ninth hour or 3 p.m. nonillion (non-il'yun), n. in the English system of numeration, the number denoted by 1 followed by 54 ciphers; in the French system, in use in this country, the number de- noted by 1 followed by 30 ciphers. nonpareil (-pa-rel'), adj. without an equal: n. unequaled excellence; a kind of printing-type (see type); a variety of apple. nonplus ('plus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. non- plussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to throw into complete perplexity; puzzle: n. an insuperable difficulty; puzzle. _ nonsense ('sens), n. language with- out meaning; anything absurd: in- ter j. absurd! nonsensical ('i-kal), adj. absurd; un- meaning. non sequitur (sek'wi-ter), n. in logic, a conclusion or inference which does not follow from the premises. nonsuit ('sut), n. the withdrawal of a suit during trial either voluntarily or by judgment of the court on the discovery of error or defect in the pleadings: v.t. to subject to a non- suit. non-valent (non-va'lent), o. without chemical affinity or valency. noodle (nood'l), n. a simpleton; a strip of dried dough, served in soup or as a baked dish. nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- cluded retreat; a corner. noon (noon), n. the middle of the day, 12 o'clock; height: adj. per- taining to noon. noonday ('da), adj. pertaining to noon, or midday: n. noon. Also noontide . noose (noos), n. a running knot which binds the closer the more tightly it is drawn: v.t. to catch or tie in a noose; ensnare. normal ('mal), adj. according to rule; regular; perpendicular. normal school (skool), n. a school for the training of teachers for ele- mentary schools. Norman ('man), adj. pertaining to the Normans, Normandy, or to a style of architecture introduced into England by the Normans, character- ized by the rounded arch and mas- sive square towers. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NORSE 504 NOURISH Norse (n6rs) ; adj. pertaining to an- cient Scandinavia, its language, and its people. north (n6rth), n. one of the four cardinal points; the point opposite to the south: adj. pertaining to, sit- uated in, or coming from, the north: adv. to the north. norther (n6r'*Aer), n. a strong gale which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico from September to March. northern ('them), adj. in, from, or toward, the north. Also northerly. northern lights (lits), n.pl. the Aurora Borealis. northing (n6rth'ing), n. distance northward. Norwegian (n6r-we'jian), adj. per- taining to Norway, its language, or inhabitants. nosegay ('ga), n. a bouquet. nosology (-sol'o-ji), n. the systemat- ic classification of the diseases of animals and plants. < nostalgia (nos-tal'ji-a), n. home- sickness. nostril ('tril), n. one of the two openings in the nose. nostrum ('trum), n. a quack medi- cine. notabilia (no-ta-bil'i-a), n.pl. things worthy of note. notability (-t&-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. nota- bilities (-tiz)], a person of note; the quality of being notable. notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of notice; memorable; notorious; re- markable; industrious; thrifty: n. a person or thing of distinction. notarial (no-ta'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or done by, a notary. notary ('ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries (-riz) ], an official authorized to attest deeds, protest bills of exchange, &c. notation (-ta/shun), n. the act or practice of recording by marks or symbols; a system of signs or sym- bols. notch (noch), n. a small hollow cut; indentation: v.t. to cut into small hollows. note (not), n. a memorandum; repu- tation; brief explanation; short let- ter; a diplomatic communication; a mark or sign representing a sound; the sound itself [music]; a paper acknowledging a debt and promis- ing payment: pi. a summary of a speech: v.t. to make a note of; mark; show respect or attention to. noted ('ed), p. adj. well-known; cele- brated; remarkable. notice (no'tis), n. mental or visual observation; attention; remark; ad- vice; information; warning; pub- lic intimation; press criticism: v.t. to see or observe; regard; attend to; make remarks upon. noticeable (-a-bl), adj. worthy of observation; remarkable. notification (-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of giving notice; notice given; document by which information is communicated. notify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. notified, p.pr. notifying], to give notice to; make known. notion ('shun), n. an idea of concep- tion; opinion; belief; inclination; a clever contrivance. notional (-al), adj. pertaining to or conveying, a notion; ideal; im- aginary. notoriety (-to-ri'i-ti), n. the state of being notorious. Also notorious- ness. notorious (-to'ri-us), adj. publicly known; usually in a bad sense. notornis (-tor'nis), n. the gigantic short-winged coot of New Zealand. Notus (no'tus), n. the south wind. nougat (noo-ga'), n. a confection of almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and paste. nought. Same as naught. noumenon (no-oo'me-non), n. [pi. noumena (-na) ], essence; the sub- stance or reality existing under the phenomenal. nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or bring up; support; maintain; educate: v.i. to promote growth. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. i NOURISHMENT 505 NUMISMATIC nourishment (-ment), n. that which nourishes. nous (nous), n. intellect; clever com- mon-sense. novel (nov'el), adj. of recent origin or introduction; new; strange or unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- mance. novelette (-ef), n. a short novel. novelist ('el-ist), n. a writer of novels. m novelty ('el-ti), n. newness; some- thing new. novice ('is), n. a beginner; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who has entered a religious house but has not yet taken the vow. novitiate (no-vish'i-at), n. the state of a novice; time of probation as a novice; a house or retreat for novices. nowel ('el), n. the inner part of a large loam foundry mold. nowise (no'wiz), adv. not in any manner or degree. noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; pernicious ; deadly . nozzle (nozl), n. a projecting mouth- piece. N-rays (n'-raz), n. rays to which the olfactory nerves are sensitive, pro- duced by electric waves similar to those of light. nubbin (nub 'in), n. a small or im- perfect ear of maize. nubilous (nu'bi-lus), adj. cloudy. nuclear ('kle-ar), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, a nucleus. nucleate ('kle-at), adj. having a nu- cleus. nucleolus ('6-lus), n. a minute body inside a nucleus. nucleus ('kle-us), n. the central mass around which matter accretes or grows; the head of a comet. nuculiform (nu'ku-li-form), adj. simi- lar in shape to the mollusk called nucula. nudation (-da 'shun), n. a making bare. nude (nud), adj. bare; naked; in law, made without consideration; void; in art, the undraped body (with the). nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as with the elbow: n. a gentle touch, as with the elbow. nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. naked partis. nugatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. trifling; useless. nugget (nug'et), n. a lump or mass of metal, especially of gold in aurif- erous soil. nuisance (nu'sans), n. anything of- fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- noying. null (mil), adj. of no legal force; void. nullification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of nullifying. nullify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nullified, p.pr. nullifying], to annul or render void. nullity ('i-ti), n. want of existence, force, or validity. numb (num), adj. deprived of sensa-- tion or motion; torpid: v.t. to be- numb. number ('ber), n. a unit; one, or more than one; multitude; one of a series; a collection of things; sounds distributed into harmonies; poetry; meter, or verse (usually pt): v.t. to count; mark with a number. numeral (nQ'mer-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or denoting, num- ber: n. a symbol or word expressing a number. numerate (-at), v.t. to reckon or enumerate; point or read, as figures. numeration (-a'shun), n. the act or art of numbering, or of reading and writing numbers. numerator ('mer-a-ter), n. one who numbers; the figure or figures above the fine in fractions which indi- cate how many parts of a unit are taken. numerous ('mer-us), adj. consisting of a great number. numismatic (-mis-mat 'ik), adj. per- taining to coins or medals: n.pl. the science and study of coins and med- als. Also numismatology. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, * book; hue, hut; think, then. NUMISMATIST 506 NYMPHOMANIA numismatist ('ma-tist), n. one skilled in numismatics. Also numis- matologist. numskull ('skul), n. a blockhead. nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a religious life and seclusion under a vow of chastity; a variety of pig- eon; the blue titmouse. nuncio ('shi-o), n. a papal ambassa- dor. nuncupative (nung'ku-pa-tiv), adj. verbal ; nominal. ^ Also nuncupatory. nunnery (nun'er-i), n. [pi. nunneries (-iz) ], a religious house for nuns. nuptial (nup'shal), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, marriage: n.pl. a marriage; marriage ceremony. nurse (ners), n. a woman who has the care of infants, or of the child of another person; one who tends the sick or infirm; one who, or that which, protects or fosters: v.t. to tend or suckle, as an infant; bring up; tend in sickness; promote; economize. nursery ('er-i), n. [pi. nurseries (-iz) ], an apartment for young chil- dren; a place or garden for rearing young plants; a race for two-year- old horses. nursling ('ling), n. an infant. nurture (ner'tur), n. that which nourishes; diet; food; education: v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. nutant (nti'tant), adj. having the top bent downward. nutation (-ta'shun), n. the periodic- al vibratory movement of the axis of the earth. nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic kernel of the fruit of an East In- dian tree. nutria (nu-tri-a), n. the commercial name for the fur or skin of the coypou. nutrient ('tri-ent), adj. promoting growth. nutriment ('tri-ment), n. nourish- ment. nutrition (-trish'un), n. that which nourishes; food; the action of pri- moting growth or repairing waste on organic bodies. nutritious ('us), adj. affording nu- trition. nutritive ('tri-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or having the quality of, nutrition. nutty (nut'i), adj. abounding in, or tasting like, nuts. nux vomica (nuks vom'i-ka), n. the fruit of an East Indian plant (Strychnos Nux vomica) which yields the deadly poison strychnine. nuzzle ('1), v.t. to root up with the nose, as swine: v.i. to nestle. nye (ni), n. a brood of pheasants. nymph (nimf), n. in classic myth- ology, a goddess of nature inhabit- ing the mountains, woods, streams, &c; a light, handsome, graceful young woman. nympha (nim'flt), n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect. nymphomania (-fo-ma'ni-a), n. erot- ic insanity in females. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boo^ book; hue, hut; think, then. o O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet. oaf (of), n. a changeling; dolt. oafish ('ish), adj. simple; silly; dolt- ish. oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, especially the common oak (Quercus robur), valued for its timber. oak-apple ('ap-1), n. a spongy ex- crescence growing on the leaves or young branches of the oak. oakum ('urn), n. old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose hemp. oar (or), n. a light pole with a broad blade, for rowing a boat: v.t. & v.i. to row. oasis (5-a'sis), n. [pi. oases ('sez) ], a fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. oast (ost), n. a kiln for drying hops or barley. oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the genus Avena, the grain of which is used as food [usually in pi.]. oaten ('en), adj. made of oats. oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration of truth-telling with an appeal to God as witness. ob, a prefix meaning before, against, toward, in front of, reversed. obbligato (ob4i-ga'to), n. an indis- pensable instrumental part or ac- companiment written especially Jor the instrument named [music]. obduracy ('du-ra-si), n. obdurate conduct or quality. obdurate ('dfi-rat), adj. hardened in heart or feelings, especially against moral influence. obdurateness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being obdurate. obedience (o-be'di-ens), n. submis- sion to authority; dutifulness. obedient ('di-ent), adj. submissive to authority; dutiful. obeisance (-ba'sans), n. a bow or curtsey; act of reverence. obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, four- sided stone pillar gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating, in a pyramidal top; a reference mark (t). obelus ('e-lus), n. a mark ( — or -=- or f ) used in old MSS. to indicate a doubtful or spurious reading; in modern writing, a break ( ■ — ). obese (o-bes'), adj. corpulent. obesity (-bes'i-ti), n. excessive corpu- lence, especially of an unhealthy kind. Also obeseness. obey (-ba')^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. obeyed, p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule or authority of; comply with the orders or instructions of: v.i. to yield; do as bidden. obfuscate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to be- wilder. obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian natives and negroes of Africa a sys- tem of secret sorcery or magical rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn by Japanese women. obituary (o-bit'fi-a-ri), n. [pi. obit- uaries (-riz) ], a register of deaths; an account of a deceased person: adj. pertaining to, or recording, deaths. object (ob-jekf), v.t. to urge against; oppose: v.i. to make objections: n. (ob'jekt), anything placed before the mind or senses ; motive ; end ; aim. object-glass ('ject-glas), n. the lens of a microscope or telescope nearest to the object to be observed and forming the image. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (507) OBJECTION 508 OBSERVABLE objection (-jek'shun), n. the act of objecting; adverse reason; diffi- culty raised. objective ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, an object; external to the mind; in grammar, noting the case which fo- lows a transitive verb or a preposi- tion and is governed by it: n. the accusative case; an objective point. objectivism ('tiv-izm), n. the philo- sophical doctrine that the knowledge of the non-ego is anterior to that of the ego; in art and literature, the representation of persons and in- cidents as they really appear. objectivity ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being objective. Also ob- jectiveness. objurgate (-jer'gat), v.t. to chide or reprove. objurgation (-ga/shun), n. reproof. objurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. con- taining reproof or censure. oblate (-laf), adj. depressed or flat- tened at the poles; orange-shaped; in the Roman Catholic Church, not- ing a secular priest who has devoted himself and his property to the mon- astery he has entered. oblation (-la/shun), n. an offering or sacrifice; anything presented in re- ligious worship. obligation (-li-ga/shun), n. the bind- ing power of a vow, promise, or contract ; the state of being indebted for a favor; in law, a bond to which a penalty is annexed on failure of due performance. obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri), adj. mor- ally or legally binding. oblige (o-blij'), v.t. to constrain by force, morally, legally, or physically ; bind by some favor or kindness rendered; render a favor to; gratify. obligee (ob-li-je'), n. one to whom a bond is given. obligor (ob'li-gor), n. one who is bound by a bond. oblique (-lek'), adj. deviating from a right line; not parallel; not di- rect or straightforward. oblique angle (ang'gl), n. an angle greater or less than a right angle. oblique case (kas), n. in grammar any case except the nominative. obliqueness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being oblique: slanting direction; moral error. Also obliq- uity. obliterate (-lit'er-at), v.t. to efface or wear out; destroy by the effects of time or other means. obliteration (-a/shun), n. the act of obliterating; effacement. oblivion (-liv'i-un), n. the state of being blotted out from memory; for- getfulness. oblivious ('i-us), adj. forgetful. oblong ('16ng), adj. longer than broad: n. sl geometrical figure of such shape. obloquy ('lo-kwi), n. reproachful language; calumny; slander; re- proach. obnoxious (-nok'shus), adj. deserv- ing of censure or disapproval; hate- ful; offensive; unpopular. oboe (o'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- strument of the reed class; hautboy; an organ stop. obolus (ob'o-lus), n. an ancient Greek coin, value 1}4 farthings; an Attic weight = l-6th of a drachma. obovate (-6'vat), adj. inversely ovate. obscene (-sen'), adj. offensive to chastity; impure in language or ac- tion; indecent; filthy. obsceneness ('nes), n. impurity in language or action; indecency. Also obscenity. obscure (-skur'), adj. without light or distinctness; dark; not easily understood; illegible; secluded; hum- ble: v.t. to darken or dim^ dis- guise; render less visible or intel- ligible; tarnish; make mean. obsecrate ('se-krat), v.t. to implore. obsecration (-kra'shun), n. entreaty. obsequies ('se-kwiz), n.pl. funeral rites. obsequious (-se'kwi-us), adj. servile; compliant to excess. observable (-zer'va-bl), adj. capable ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OBSERVANCE 509 OCCIPITAL ol of being observed; worthy of- observa- tion; remarkable. observance (Vans), n. the act of ob- serving; performance of rites; rule of practice. observant ('vant), adj. taking notice; attentive; mindful. observation (-va'shun), n. the act of observing; attention; that which is observed; remark; note. observational ('shun-al), adj. consis- ting of, or containing, observations. observatory ('va-to-ri), n. [pi. ob- servatories (-riz)], a building fitted up for astronomical research. observe (-zerv'), v.t. to keep in view; take notice of; celebrate; practice ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make observations. obsession (ob-sesh'un), n. the state of being possessed by one idea to the exclusion of others. obsidian (-sid'i-an), n. volcanic larva of glassy appearance. obsolescence (-so-les'ens), n. the state of becoming obsolete. obsolescent Cent), adj. becoming ob- solete. obsolete ('so-let); adj. gone out of date; disused; imperfectly developed. obsoleteness (-nes), n. the state of being obsolete; indistinctness.^ obstetric (-stet'rik), adj. pertaining to midwifery: n.pl. the science of midwifery. obstetrician (-ste-trish'an), n. an accoucheur. obstinacy ('sti-na-si), n. the state or quality of being obstinate; stub- bornness. Also obstinateness. bstinate ('sti-nat), adj. pertina- ciously adhering to one's opinion or purpose; stubborn. obstinately (-li), adv. in an obstinate manner. obstreperous (-strep'er-us), adj. clamorously noisy; turbulent. obstruct (-strukt'), v.t. to block up or impede; hinder from passing; in- terrupt. obstruction (-struk'shun), n. an im- pediment. obstructionist (-ist), n. a member of a legislative assembly who makes use of its rules to deliberately hinder the progress of public business. obstructive ('tiv), adj. causing ob- struction. obtain (-tan'), v.t. to get possession of; gain; acquire; win; procure: v.i. to be established in practice or use. obtrude (-trood'), v.t. to thrust in or upon ; urge or offer with unreasonable importunity: v.i. to enter uninvited. obtrusion (-troo'zhun), n. the act of obtruding. obtrusive ('siv), adj. inclined or apt to intrude. obtuse (-tils'), adj. not pointed or acute; greater than a right angle; dull. obverse (-vers'), adj. bearing the head; said of a coin or medal; nar- rower at the base than the top: said of a leaf or radicle: n. ('vers) the side of a coin or medal having the face or head upon it: opposed to reverse. obvert (-vert'), v.t. to turn toward; face. obviate ('vi-at), v.t.^ to remove, as difficulties or objections. obvious ('vi-us), adj. evident. obvolute ('vo-lut), adj. arranged so as to overlap, as the margins of an organ or part of a plant. oca (o'ka), n. a South American plant with a tuberous root resembling the potato. occasion (ok-ka'zhun), n. occurrence; state or position of affairs; opportu- nity; incidental cause or need; exi- gence: v.t. to cause or influence di- rectly or indirectly; give rise to. occasional (-al), adj. incidental or casual. Occident (ok'si-dent), n. the West; the countries west of Asia and the Turkish dominions. Occidental (-si-den'tal), adj. of or belonging to the Occident: n. a na- tive of the Occident. occipital (-sip'i-tal), adj. pertaining to the occiput. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ OCCIPUT 510 ODD FELLOW occiput ('si-put), n. the hinder part of the skull or head. occult (-kulf), adj. hidden; secret; invisible. occultation (-kul-ta'shun), n. tem- porary disappearance or obscura- tion : said of one heavenly body when . another conceals it from sight. occulted (-kult'ed), adj. hidden from the vision, as a star, &c. occultism ('izm), n. Eastern theos- ophy. occult sciences (si'en-sez), n.pl. mag- ic, alchemy, and astrology. occupancy ('ii-pan-si), n. the act of taking and holding in possession. occupant ('u-pant), n. one who has possession. occupation (-pa/shun), n. the act or state of occupying; business, em- ployment, or calling. occupier ('u-pl-er), n. one who oc- cupies. occupy ('ti^pi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. occu- pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- session of; hold or keep in posses- sion, as for use; fill or cover; em- ploy: v.i. to traffic. occur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. occurred, p.pr. occurring], to happen or take place; come to the mind; be found or met with. occurrence (-kur'ens), n. an accident, event, or incident. ocean (o'shun), n. the "vast expanse of salt water covering more than 3-5ths of the globe; any one of its chief divisions ; an immense expanse : adj. pertaining to the great expanse of salt water. oceanic (-she-an'ik), adj. pertaining to, occurring in, or produced by, the ocean. ocelot ('se-lot), n. the Mexican cat. ochre ('ker), n. a fine yellow- or brown- colored clay: used as a pigment. octa, a prefix meaning eight. Also octo, as octachord, an instrument of 8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to the sheet (18mo.). octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure of 8 sides and 8 angles. octahedral (-ta-he'dral), adj. having 8 equal sides. octahedron ('drun), n. a solid figure contained by 8 equal equilateral tri- angles. octangular (-tang'gu-lar), adj. having 8 angles. octant ('tant), n. the 8th part of a circle. octarticulate (ok-tar-tik'u-lat), adj. having 8 articulations or joints. octave ('tav), n. an eighth, or an in- terval of 12 semitones; the 8th day after a church festival, the festival itself being included; a small cask of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. con- sisting of 8. octavo (-ta'v5), n. a sheet of printing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 pages (8vo): adj. having 8 leaves or 16 pages to the sheet. octennial (-ten'i-al), adj. recurring every 8th year; continuing 8 years. octillion (ok-til'yun), n. in French and American numeration the num- ber represented by 1 followed by 27 ciphers; in English numeration 1 followed by 48 ciphers. octodecimo (-to-des'i-mo), adj, con- sisting of 18 leaves or 36 pages to a sheet : n. a book of such size (18mo) . octogenarian (-to-je-na'ri-an), n. one who is 80 years old: adj. 80 years old. octopod ('to-pod), n. an animal with 8 feet. octopus ('to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses (-ez)], a genus of Cephalopods hav- ing 8 arms, containing the cuttlefish. octoroon (-to-roon), n. the offspring of a white person and a quadroon. octuple ('tu-pl), adj. eight-fold. ocular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, depending on, or formed by, the eye; known from actual sight. oculiform ('u-li-f orm) , adj. eye- shaped. oculist ('ii-list), n. one who is skilled in the treatment of eye diseases. Odd Fellow ('fel-o), n. a member of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ODDITY 511 OIL-COLOR the order of the benevolent society of Odd Fellows. oddity ('i-ti), n. a person or thing that is peculiar; eccentricity; strangeness. odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; advan- tage; superiority; excess of either compared with the other. ode (od), n. a short song; lyric poem. odic force, n. assumed to account for mesmerism. odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- popular. odium ('di-um), n. hatred; dislike. odometer (6-dom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for registering the number of revolutions of a carriage-wheel, to which it is attached. odontoid (-don'toid), adj. tooth-like. odontology (-tol'o-ji), n. Cental sci- ence; a treatise on the teeth. odoriferous (-der-if'er-us), adj. dif- fusing fragrance. odorous ('der-us), adj. emitting an odor or scent; fragrant. odor ('der), n. a scent; estimation. o'er. Same as over. oesophagus. See esophagus. offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. offend (-fend'), v.t. to displease or make angry; molest or annoy; pain or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- thing displeasing. offense (-fens'), n. any cause of an- ger or displeasure; insult; injury; assault. offensive (-fen'siv), adj. causing dis- pleasure; annoying; disagreeable; disgusting; used in attack: n. the act of attacking (with the). offer ('er), v.t. to present for accept- ance or refusal; proffer; present in worship or sacrifice; bid as a price or reward: v.i. to be ready; express a willingness; attempt or make an attempt: n. a proposal made; price offered; first advance. offering (-ing), n. that which is of- fered; a sacrifice; oblation. office (of'is), n. public or private business; employment; function; act of worship; formulary of devotion; act of kindness; service; apartment for the transaction of business, pi. the outlying buildings of a mansion; apartments of a house in which do- mestics discharge their duties. officer ('is-er), n. a person commis- sioned to perform a certain public duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. official (-fisVal), adj. pertaining to an office or public duty; from the proper authority: n. one who holds a civil office. officialism (-izm), n. government by officials; official routine. officiate ('i-at), v.i. to perform the duties of an office. officinal (-fis'i-nal), adj. noting drugs, officially recognized by the pharma- copoeia. officious (fish'us), adj. too forward in offering services; meddling. offing (6f'ing), n. that part»of the sea 'with deep water off the shore. off scouring ('skour-ing), n. refuse. offscum ('skum), n. dregs; filth. offset ('set), n. a young shoot or bud; a sum or account placed as an equivalent for another; in survey- ing, a perpendicular let fall from the main line to an outlying point. offside ('sld), n. the side to the right hand of the driver. offspring ('spring), n. children; de- scendants. often ('en), adv. many times; fre- quently. ogee (o-je'), n. a wave-like molding, one side convex, the other concave; a cyma. ogle ('gl), v.t. to look fondly at with a side glance: n. a side glance. ogre (o'ger), n. an imaginary man- eating monster or giant. Feminine ogress. ogreish (-ish), adj. like an ogre. ohm (om), n. the unit of electrical resistance. oilcake ('kak) n. the substance that remains after the oil has been ex- pressed, as from flaxseed. oilcloth ('kloth), n. painted canvas for floor covering. oil-color ('kul-er), n. a pigment ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OIL-ENGINE 512 OMEGA made by grinding a coloring sub- stance in oil; a painting executed in oil-colors. oil-engine (oil'en'gin), n. an internal combustion engine using oil in a spray, of which the Diesel engine is the best recent example. oil-feed (oil'fed), n. a cup or device for the automatic oiling of ma- chinery. oiliness ('i-nes), n. oily quality; oil-tanned (oil'tand), p. adj. tanned by a process involving the use of oil to give softness to the leather. ointment (oint'ment), n. an unctu- ous substance applied to a wound or injured part. okra (ok'ra), n. a West Indian plant, the pods of which are used in soups, &c. Okro, ochra. old style (stil), n. the old mode of reckoning time according to the Julian year of 365 ^ days. oleaginous (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; unctuous. oleander (-an'der), n. an evergreen shrub with handsome fragrant flow- ers. oleaster (-as'ter), n. the wild olive. oleate ('le-at), n. a salt of oleic acid. defiant ('e-fi'ant), adj. noting a gas fo.rmed by heating 2 volumes of sul- phuric acid with 1 volume of alcohol. defiant gas (gas), n. heavy car- buretted hydrogen. oleic ('le-ik) adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, oil. oleic acid (as'id), n. an oily acid, ob- tained from the saponification of, lin- seed and other oils, or in the making of soap. oleiferous (-le-if'er-us), adj. produc- ing oil. oleine ('le-in), n. the pure liquid part of oil or fat. Also olein. oleo, a prefix meaning oily, pertaining to oil, or oily. oleograph ('le-o-graf), n. a lithograph in oil-colors. oleomargarine (-o-mar-gar-in), n. imitation butter made from milk and animal fat, &c. oleometer (-om'«-ter), n. an instru- ment for testing and determining the relative density of oils. oleo-oil (-oil), n. oil obtained from animal fat. olfactory (ol-fak'to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, smelling: n. or- gan of smell (usually pi.). oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. one of an oli- garchy. oligarchial (-al), adj. pertaining to an oligarchy. oligarchy ('i-gar-ki), n. [pi. oligar- chies (-kiz) ], government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a few; a state so governed. olive (lv), n. a plant of the genus Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- low color: adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, the olive. olive-branch (-branch), n. the branch of the olive: the emblem of peace. olivet ('i-vet), n. an imitation pearl made for traffic with savage races. olla podrida (ol'ya po-dre-da), n. a Spanish dish made of a mixture of meats, vegetables, peppers, and other ingredients, stewed together. Olympiad (o-lim 'pi-ad), n. in an- cient Greece, the interval (4 years) between the celebration of the Oljim- pic games: a system of chronology reckoning from the first Olympiad, 776 B.C. Olympic ('pik), adj. pertaining to Olympia in Elis, where the Olympic games were celebrated. t Also Olym- pian: n.pl. the Olympic games of ancient Greece, celebrated every 4 years in honor of Zeus of Mt. Olym- pus. om (5m), n. a word„ sacred to the Brahmins, not to be spoken aloud, except on solemn occasions. omber, ombre (om'ber), n. a card game. ombrometer (-brom'e-ter), n. a rain- gage. omega (o-me'ga), n. the last letter of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; book; hue, hut; think, then. boon, OMELET 513 OPAQUE the Greek alphabet: hence the last; end. omelet (om'e-let), n. a kind of pan- cake of eggs, &c. omen (o'men), n. a sign of some fu- ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- nosticate. ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding evil; inauspicious. omission (o-mish'un), n. neglect or failure to do something something omitted. omit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, p.pr. omitting], to leave out; neg- lect; fail to mention. omni, a prefix meaning all, entirely, as omnipresent. omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public plant of the genus Allium: used in cookery. onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'ya), n. the formation of words to resemble the sounds made by the thing sig- nified, as whiz; the use of words so formed, or the word itself. o no matopoetic (-po-et'ik) , adj. formed by onomatopoeia. Also ono- matopoeic, required; onset ('set), n. an assault; attack. onslaught ('slawt), n. a furious at- tack. ontogenesis (-to-jen'e-sis), n. < the history of the evolution of individual organisms. Also ontogeny. ontological (-to-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to ontology; metaphysical. four-wheeled carriage for passenger ontologist (-toro-jist), n. a meta- adj. ca- kind of adj. traffic omnigerent (om-nij'e-rent) pable of performing any work. omnilingual (om-ni-ling'gwal), versed in all languages. omni lucent (om-ni-lu'sent), adj. giv- ing light in every direction. omnipotence (-nip'o-tens), n. unlim- ited power. Omnipotent, n. God (with the). omnipresence (-ni-prez'ens), n. uni- versal presence. omniscient (-nish'ent), adj. knowing all things; infinitely wise. tniscope (om'ni-skop), n. an im- proved periscope for use in a sub physician. ontology ('o-ji), n. the logic of pure being; metaphysics. onus (o'nus), n. a burden; duty; ob- ligation. onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. oology (-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on birds' eggs; the scientific study of birds' eggs. oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black tea, the flavor of which resembles green tea. Also oulong. oosperm (6'o-sperm), n. a fertilized ovum. ootheca (-the'ka), n. the egg-case of certain mollusks and insects contain- ing the eggs, marine boat, giving a wide range of ooze (ooz), n. soft mud or slime; gen- "sion. tie flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i.to _ nivorous (-niv'er-us), adj. feed- flow gently; percolate, ing upon animal and vegetable food; opacity (o-pas'i-ti), n. opaqueness. opai ( r pal), n. a precious stone of milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- ous colors. opalesce (-es'), v.i. to exhibit a play of various colors like the opal. opalescence ('ens), n. the quality of being opalescent. opalescent Cent), adj. resembling opal in its reflection of light. one-step (wun -step), n a very simple opaline ('pa-lin), adj. pertaining to, and popular modern dance. or rese mbling, the opal. onion (un'yun), n. a bulbous-rooted opaque (-pak'), adj. not transparent. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. all-devouring. lager (on'a-jer), n. the wild ass. onanism (o'nan-izm), n. masturba- tion. once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- merly; one time. onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; weighty; oppressive. OPAQUENESS 514 OPPORTUNIST opaqueness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being opaque. ope (op), v. & adj. same as open [poet.]. opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. opera-bouffe (-boof), ri, a comic opera. opera-cloak (-klok), n. a lady's evening dress cloak worn at an opera, theater, &c. opera-glass (-glas), n. a small bi- nocular glass used in operas, thea- ters, &c. operameter (-er-am'e-ter), n. an in- strument for recording the number of revolutions made by the shaft or wheel of a machine. operate ('er-at), v.i. to work; pro- duce a certain effect; perform a sur- gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- form certain work: as, to operate a machine. operatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to the opera. operation (-a'shun), n. the act of operating; agency; effect; manipu- lation; surgical performance with instruments; a series of movements of an army or fleet. operative ('er-a'-tiv), adj. having the power of acting; efficacious; vigor- ous: n. an artisan or skilled work- man. operator ('er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, operates. operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- sical drama. ophicleide (of'i-klid), n. a large brass keyed musical instrument of the horn class. Ophidia (o-fid'i-a), n.pl. an order of reptiles, including the serpents. ophidian ('i-an), adj. pertaining to the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of the Ophidia. ophiological (of-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ophiology. ophiology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of natural history which treats of serpents. ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a) , n. in- flammation of the eye or eyeball. Also ophthalmitis. ophthalmology ('o-ji), n the science that treats of the eye and its diseases. ophthalmoscopy (-mos'ko-pi), n. ex- amination of the eye. ophthalmoscopy ('mo-sko-pi), n. ex- section or extraction of the eye. oph thai mo trope (of-thal'mo-trop), n. a mechanical model of the two eyes regulated by pulleys and used to demonstrate the action of the various eye muscles, opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- pounded with opium to induce sleep or rest; narcotic; m anything that soothes: adj. narcotic; soothing; in- ducing sleep or quiet. opine (5-pin'), v.i. to think; be of opinion. opinion '(-pin'yun), n. belief or judg- ment; estimation; persuasion. opinionated (-a-ted), adj. firm or obstinate in one's opinions. opinionative (-a-tiv), adj. fond of preconceived ideas; self-conceited. opium (o'pi-um),_n. the dried juice of the capsules of the white poppy. opobalsam (op-o-bawl'sam), n. balst of Gilead. opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American and Australian marsupial carnivo- rous mammal. opotherapy (op-o-ther'a-pi), n. treat- ment of disease with animal ex- tracts, chiefly of the glands of internal secretion, as the thyroid, adrenals, and pituatary body: more commonly called organotherapy. opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; adverse; antagonistic: n. one who opposes, especially in argument or debate; adversary. opportune (-per-tun'), adj. well- timed; seasonable. opportunism Cizm), n. sacrifice of principle to circumstances, especial- ly in politics. opportunist ('ist), n. one who takes advantage of circumstances to pro- mote the political interests of his party. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OPPORTUNITY 515 ORALISM opportunity (-tu'ni-ti), n. convenient time or occasion. opposable (-poz'a-bl), adj. that may be opposed. oppose (-poz'), v.t. to act against; contend with; resist; place as an obstacle; check. opposite ('po-zit), adj. placed or standing in front; contrary; ad- verse; antagonistic. oppositely (-li), adv. in front; ad- versely. opposition (-zish'un), n. the act or state of opposing; hostile resistance; contrariety; obstacle; the situation of two heavenly bodies when their longitudes differ by 180°; the col- lective body of opponents to the existing administration or govern- ment. oppress (-pres'), v.t. to burden; crush by hardship or severity; he heavily upon. oppression (-presh'un), n. the act of oppressing; state of being oppressed; hardship; calamity; injustice; lassi- tude; dulness, oppressive (-pres'iv), adj. unreason- ably burdensome; unjustly severe; tyrannical ; overpowering ; "heavy. oppressor ('er), n. one who oppresses. opprobrious (-pro'bri-us), adj. ex- pressive of opprobrium; reproachful and contemptuous; disgraceful. opprobrium ('bri-um), n. reproach with disdain or contempt; igno- miny. opsiometer (-si-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the limits of distinct vision. opsonic (op-son'ik), adj. related to opsonin. The opsonic index, deter- mined by observation of the white blood corpuscles in engulfing bac- teria, reveals the relative quantity of opsonin in the blood. optative ('ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- sire or wish. optic ('tik), adj. pertaining to vision. Also optical : n.pl. the science of the properties of light and vision. optician (-tish'un), n. one skilled in optics; one who makes or sells opti- cal instruments. optigraph ('ti-graf), n. a kirid of camera for copying landscapes. optimism ('ti-mizm), n. the doctrine that everything in the present state of existence is for the best. optimist ('ti-mist), n. one who holds the doctrine of optimism. optimistic (-mis'tik), adj. character- ized by optimism; sanguine. option ('shun), n. power or right of choice; wish; selection; on the Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell or buy stock in a time bargain at a stated price. optional (-al), adj. left to one's wish or choice. optometer. Same as opsiometer. optophone (op'to-fon), n. an instru- ment which by utilizing the varying electrical conductivity of selenium under changing conditions of light, enables a blind man to detect the presence of opaque objects by the sense of hearing. optotechnics (op'to-tek'niks), n. the science that deals with optical instruments, including microscope, telescope, and camera. opulence ('u-lens), n. wealth. Also opulency. opulent ('u-lent), adj. wealthy; rich. opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera (op'er-a) ], a work; musical composition. opuscule ('kul), n. a little work; brochure. oracle (or'a-kl), n. among the an- cients, the response of a deity or in- spired priest to some inquiry; the deity who gave the answer; the place where a deity might be consulted; the Jewish temple; a prophetic declaration; a prophet or person of reputed wisdom. oracular (o-rak'u-lar), adj. of the nature of an oracle; uttering ora- cles; dogmatically magisterial; am- biguous; venerable. oral ('ral), adj. verbal. oralism (o'ral-izm), n. teaching deaf- mutes by the lip-language. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORANGE 516 ORDINANCE orange (or'enj), ,n. a tree (Citrus Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- ore'd and juicy fruit; the color of such fruit: adj. pertaining to an orange; orange-colored. orangeade (-ad), n. a beverage made from orange-juice. orange-book, n. official name of a collection of diplomatic messages* issued by Russia just before the European war of 1914. orangeman (-man), n. [pi. orange- men (-men) ], a member of a polit- ical society of Irish Protestants: named from William III., Prince of Orange. orangery (-ri), n. a place for the cultivation of oranges. orange-rust (or 'an j -rust), n. a fun- gus that infests the stems of black- berry and raspberry plants. orang-outang (o-rang'65-tang), n. the great anthropoid ape of the East- ern Archipelago. oration (-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- lic speech delivered on an occasion of special importance; harangue. orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes an oration; an eloquent speaker. oratorical (-tor'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to an orator or to oratory; rhe- torical. oratorio (-to'ri-o), n. a musical com- position having a sacred theme as its subject. oratory ('a-to-ri), n. the art of an orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a small chapel, especially one for pri- vate devotion. orb (orb), n. a circular body; sphere; the eye; circuit. orbed ('d), adj. spherical. Orbiculate. orbicular (-bik'u-lar), adj. orb-shaped. orbit ('bit), n. the bony cavity of the eye; the path described by a heav- enly body during its periodical rev- olution. orbital (-al), adj. pertaining to an orbit. orchard ('cherd), n. an inclosure of fruit trees. orchestra ('kes-tra), n. in the an- cient Greek theater the place where the chorus danced; in a modern theater, &c, the place occupied by the musicians; the parquet; the body of musicians. orchestration (-tra'shun), n. musi- cal arrangement or instrumentation for an orchestra. orchid ('kid), n. a handsome flower, often of fantastic shape, of the genus Orchis. Orchis ('kis), n. a genus of plants with curiously-shaped roots and ■ flowers. ordain (-dan'), v.t. to, appoint; in- stitute; invest with ministerial or priestly functions. ordeal ('de-al), n. an ancient method of trial by fire, water, combat, &c, to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person : hence a severe trial or test. order ('der), n. method or regular ar- rangement; settled mode of proced- ure; rule; regulation; command; class; rank; degree; a religious fra- ternity; an association of persons possessing a common honorary dis- tinction; a division intermediate be- tween a class or sub-class and a family; in architecture, a system of constructing and ornamenting col- umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite; pi. the three orders (bishop, priest, deacon) of the Christian ministry in an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- ders): v.t. to regulate or manage; command; conduct; direct: v.i. to give a command or order. orderly ('der-li), adj. well regulated; methodical; performed in good or- der; peaceable; on military duty: n. a soldier who attends upon an officer to carry his orders: adv. method- ically. ordinal ('din-al), adj. noting order: n. a number noting order; a book containing the form of service for ordination. ordinance ('di-nans), n. an estab- lished rule, rite, or law. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORDINARILY 517 ORIFLAMME ordinarily ('di-na-ri-li), adj. accord- ing to established rule or method; usually. ordinary ('di-na-ri), adj. according to established order; usual; cus- tomary; commonplace; mediocre; plain; a meal for all comers at fixed charges; an ecclesiastical judge; a prison chaplain; in heraldry, that part of the escutcheon contained be- tween straight # and other lines. ordinate ('dl-nat), n. a straight line in a curve terminated on both sides by the curve and bisected by the diameter. ordination (-na/shun), n. the act of conferring holy orders; the state of being ordained or appointed. ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. ore (or), n. metal as extracted from the earth in its natural state or com- bined with some other substance. oread (o 're-ad), n. a mountain nymph. orexigenic (o-rek-si-jen'ik), a. tend- ing to stimulate the appetite. organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; means of communication or convey- ance; that part of living structure by means of which some function is discharged or work performed; a wind instrument. organic (-gan'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, containing, or produced by, organs; instrumental. Also or- ganical. organism ('gan-izm), n. organical structure. organist ('ist), n. a performer on the organ. organization (-i-za/shun), n. organic structure; the act of organizing. organize ('gan-Iz), v.t. to form or furnish with organs; to arrange or distribute into parts with the proper officials so as to work or carry out a scheme efficiently. organogeny ('oj-e-ni), n. organic de- velopment. organography (-og'ra-fi), n. a scien- tific "description of the organs of animals or plants. organology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of physiology which treats of animal organs. organon ('ga-non), n. a body of rules for regulating scientific or philo- sophical investigation. organoplastic (-o-plas'tik), adj. pro- ducing, or evolving, organic tissue. organotherapy (or 'gan-o-ther'a-pi) , n. the treatment of disease by animal extracts, an important department of recent medicine; also called opo- therapy. organzine ('gan-zin), n. thrown silk of very fine texture; a fabric made from it. orgasm ('gazm), n. immoderate ex- citement or action. orgues (orgz), n.pl. pieces of timber pointed and shod with iron; an ar- rangement of gun-barrels in parallel order for firing simultaneously. orgy ('ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- cially at night: pi. secret rites in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) dis- tinguished by wild revelry. oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large bay window. Orient ('ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the East. orient ('ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- sition of with reference to the East. Oriental (-en'tal), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the East; proceeding from Asia or the East: n. an inhabi- tant of Asia or the East. oriental (-en'tal), adj. precious; pure; valuable: said of gems. Orientalism (-izm), n. an idiom or custom characteristic of the East. Orientalist (-ist), n. one who is skilled in Oriental languages, sub- jects, &c. orientate (-tat), v.t. & v.i. to turn toward the East. orientation (-ta'shun), n. the deter- mination of the position of the east; eastward position; the faculty pos- sessed by certain birds of finding their way home from long distances. orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- ture. oriflamme ('i-flam), n. the ancient royal standard of France, a red flag ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORIGIN 518 ORTHODONTIST split at one end and forming flame- shaped streamers. origin ('i-jin), n. beginning; first ex- istence; source; cause; derivation. original (o-rij'i-nal), adj. first in or- der; having power to originate; not copied: n. that from which anything is copied, &c; the language in which a work is written; archetype; an eccentric person. originality ('i-ti), n. original state or quality. original sin (sin), n. the inherent tendency of mankind to sin, derived from Adam and imputed to his de- scendants. originate (-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring into existence: v.i. to rise; com- mence. origination (-na'shun), n. first pro- duction; source; method of produc- tion. originator ('i-na-ter), n. one who originates. orillon (o-ril'yun), n. a mound of earth faced with a wall to protect a cannon. oriole (o'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. orlop (or'lop), n. the lowest deck of a ship. ormolu ('mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- per gilt in imitation of gold. ornament ('na-ment), n. anything that adorns or beautifies; embellish- ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or dec- orate. ornamentation (-ta'shun), n. deco- ration. ornate (-naf), adj. ornamented. ornery (6r'ne-ri), adj. very ordinary or insignificant: colloquial term of depreciation or contempt. ornith, a prefix meaning bird. Also ornitho, as ornitholite, the remains of a bird in a fossil state. ornithological (-ni-tho-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ornithology. ornithology ('o-ji), n. the scientific study of the structure, habits, &c, of birds. orographic (or-6-graf'ik), adj. per- taining to orography. Also oro- graphical. orography (o-rog'ra-fi), n. the science that treats of mountains, mountain systems, their height, &c. Also orology. oroide (o'ro-id), n. an alloy of tin and copper resembling gold. orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character- ized by fullness, clearness, strength, and smoothness: said of the voice or manner of utterance: n. a quality of voice thus characterized. orphan (or 'fan), n. a child bereft of one or both parents: adj. bereft of parents. orphanage (-aj), n. the state of an orphan; an institution for orphans. Orphean ('fe-an), adj. pertaining to Orpheus, the celebrated bard of classic mythology: hence melodious, enchanting. Also Orphic. orphrey ('fri), n. an embroidered band or bands of gold or silver on the front of an ecclesiastical vest- ment from the neck downward, es- pecially on a cope. orpiment ('pi-ment), n. yellow sul- phuret of arsenic; king's yellow. orpin ('pin), n. a yellow color of various shades of intensity. orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to illustrate by balls mounted on rods the motions, magnitudes, and posi- tions of the planets of the solar sys- tem. orris ('is), n. gold or silver lace; the iris. orris-root (-root), n. the dried roots of the Florentine orris: used as a perfume. ortho, a prefix meaning straight, right, true. orthoclase (or'tho-klaz), n. potash feldspar. orthodiograph (6r-tho'di-5-graf), n. a device for taking X-ray pictures of the internal organs of the body. orthodontist (6r-th5-dont'ist), n. one who makes a business of straight- ening teeth, widening mouth arches, and restoring jaws to proper shape. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, n6rth, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ ORTHODOX 519 OSTENTATIOUS orthodox ('tho-doks), adj. holding, or in accordance with, the received or established belief or doctrine. orthoepy (-tho'e-pi), n. correct pro- nunciation. orthogenesis (6r-tho-jen'e-sis), n. the theoretical origin of species through the inheritance of charac- ters acquired or modified by func- tional activity. orthogonal (thog'o-nal), adj. rec- tangular. (orthograde (or'tho-grad), adj. walk- ing with upright body, after the man- ner of man and the anthropoid apes. orthographer ('ra-fer), n. one skilled in orthography. Also or- thographist. orthography (-thog'ra-fi), n. the art of spelling and writing words correctly. orthopaedia (-tho-pe'di-a), n. the prevention and cure of deformities, especially in children. ortolan ('to-lan), n. a small bird, allied to the bunting: much es- teemed for its flesh. os (os), n. (Latin) [pi. ossa ('&) ], a bone; the mouth (pi. ora). oscillate ('i-lat), v.i, & v.t. to swing backwards and forwards; vibrate. oscillation (-la/shun), n. a swinging backwards and forwards; vibration. oscillator (os'i-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, oscillates; a device I for producing electric currents of a constant period, independently of variations in its driving force. dilatory (os'-i-la-to-ri), adj. swing- ing; vibrating. cillograph (os'i-lo-graf), n. an in- strument for studying the oscilla- tions of the electric current. osculate ('ku-lat), v.t. & v.i. to kiss; touch. osculation (-la/shun), n. kissing; ^ouching. ('ku-la\-to-ri), adj. per- kissing: n. a tablet or board on which the picture of Christ or the Virgin Mary is painted for worshipers to kiss. mlation touching. osculatory taining to osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs of which are used in basket-making; matter in muscular fiber containing those constituents to which its taste when cooked is due. Osiris (os-I'ris), n. the favorite god of the Egyptians; the husband of Iris and the father of Horus, two other Egyptian deities. Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to take the life of persons who are presumed to have reached an age at which their usefulness is ended. osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic element in platinum ore. osmose ('mos), n. the process of at- traction by which gases and fluids pass through a separating mem- brane. osmund ('mund), n. the flowering fern of the genus Osmunda. osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. Also ossifrage. ^ ossein ('e-in), n. gelatinous tissue in bone. osseous ('e-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, bone. osseter ('e-ter), n. a species of stur- geon, yielding a fine kind of isin- glass. ossicle ('i-kl), n. a little bone: pi. a hard structure of small size, as the calcareous plates of the starfish. ossiferous (-if'er-us), adj. producing, or containing, bone. ossification (-fi-ka'shun), n. conver- sion of soft animal tissue into bone. ossify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, p.pr. ossifying], to convert into bone or into a bone-like substance; harden: v.i. to become bone. ostensibility (-ten-si-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being ostensible. ostensible ('si-bl), adj. apparent; held forth to view; plausible. ostensive ('ten-siv), adj. showing; exhibiting. ostentation (-ta/shun), n. outward show or appearance; ambitious or vain display. ostentatious ('shus), adj. fond of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, *Aen. OSTEODENTINE 520 OUTRAGE show; intended for vain display; gaudy. osteodentine (-te-o-den'tin), n. a substance forming the teeth of verte- brate animals and structurally in- termediate between bone and den- tine. osteoderm (os'te-o-derm), n. a bone developed in the skin of an animal, as in the case of amphibia and rep- tiles and in the armadillo. osteogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. bone formation. osteologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in osteology. osteology ('o-ji), n. that part of an- atomy treating of bones, their struc- ture, &c. osteopathic (-o-path'ik), adj. per- taining to osteopathy. osteopathist (-op'a-thist), n. one skilled in, or who practices, osteop- athy. osteopathy (-op'a-thi), n. a system of therapeutics in* which the treat- ment is by manipulation of the bones, muscles, and nerve centers, ostitis (-ti'tis), n. inflammation of the bones. ostler (os'ler), n. a man who attends to horses at an inn. ostracism ('tra-sizm), n. banishment by ostracizing. ostracize ('tra-siz), v.t. to banish by popular vote: from the ancient cus- tom in Athens of banishing a citizen by throwing a shell, inscribed with the name of the person to be ban- ished, into an urn; exclude from public or private favor. ostrich ('trich), n. a swift running African bird, valued for its feathers. Ostrogoth ('tro-goth), n. an Eastern Goth. otoscope (o'to-skop), n. an instru- ment for examining the interior of the ear. otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- mal of the weasel family, which feeds on fish. otto. Another form of attar. Ottoman (ot'o-man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Turks or their government : n. a Turk. ottoman ('o-man), n. a cushioned seat; a movable cushioned foot-rest. ought (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. anything. ounce (ouns), n. a weight l-16th of a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a pound troy; a carnivorous animal resembling the leopard. ousel, ouzel (oo'zel), n. the Euro- pean blackbird. oust (oust), v.t. to eject. outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking out; an eruption. outcast ('kast), adj. cast out; re- jected: n. one who is cast or driven out ; an exile. outcrop ('krop), n. the exposure of strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to crop out at the surface. outcry ('kri), n. clamor; tumult. outfall ('fawl), n. the lower end of a water-course; point of discharge. outgo (-go'), v.t. [p.t. outwent, p.p: outgone, p.pr. outgoinig], to go be- yond; surpass. out-herod (-her'od)| v.t. to exceed the cruelty or violent character of (Herod the Great) : hence to exceed in any evil. outlander (out'lan-der), n. a for- eigner. outlandish (-land'ish), adj. foreign; extraordinary; vulgar. outlaw ('law), n. one who is deprived of legal benefits and protection: v.t. to deprive of 'legal benefits and pro- tection. outline ('lin), n. a line # bounding or defining a figure; first sketch: v.t. to sketch out. outport ('port), n. a port* or harbor at some distance from the chief port. output (out'put), n. the total quanti- ty of any product manufactured or produced. outrage ('raj), n. open and excessive violence; wanton abuse or „ mis- chief: v.t. to commit an outrage ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. OUTRAGEOUS 521 OVULE upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act in an outrageous manner. outrageous ('us), adj. violent; ex- cessive; exceeding all bounds. outre (oo-tra'), adj. overstrained; exaggerated. outrider (out'ri-der), n. a servant on horseback who rides in advance of a carriage. outrigger ('rig-er), n. a projecting spar or beam for extending sails or ropes; a boat with projecting row- locks. outright ('rit), adv. completely; at once. outspan (out-span'), v.i. to unyoke the oxen and prepare for resting or camping out. outstanding (-standing), adj. pro- jecting; unpaid. outward-bound (-bound)j adj. sail- ing to foreign parts. outwit (-wit'), v.t. to overreach, or defeat, by superior skill or cunning. outwork ('werk), n. a defense con- structed beyond the main body of a fort, &c. ouzel. See ousel. ova, pi. of ovum. oval (o'val),. adj. shaped like an egg; elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. ovarian/ (-va'ri-iln), adj. pertaining to the ovary. ovaritis (-ri'tis), n. inflammation of the ovaries. ovary ('va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (-riz) ], the organ in a female animal in which the ova or first germs of fu- ture life are formed; the hollow seed-case of a plant. ovate ('vat), adj. egg-shaped. ovate-oblong (ob'long), adj. longer than oval. ovation (-va'shun), n. among the ancient Romans, a minor triumph of a general for an inferior victory at which sheep were sacrificed; an enthusiastic demonstration of pub- lic esteem. oven (uv'n), n. a place or apparatus for baking or heating. overhaul ('hawl), v.t. to examine thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: said of a ship. overplus ('ver-plus), n. excess. overpower (-pou'er), v.t. to bear down or crush by superior force; vanquish. over-production (-pro-duk'shun), n. supply in excess of the demand. overseer (-ser'), n. the superintendent of some department of a business ; a parochial official who superintends the poor. overshot wheel ('ver-shot hwel), n. a water wheel which is driven by water flowing over its top. overt ('vert), adj. open; public. overtake (o-ver-tak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch by pursuit; come upon as a punish- ment; take by surprise. overthrow (-thro'), v.t. to turn up- side down; demolish; vanquish; de- stroy: n. ('ver-thro) ruin; defeat; in cricket, a ball missed by the wicket-keeper when returned to him. overtones ('ver-tonz), n.pl. har- monics. overture ('ver-tur), n. an offer or proposal; opening; an introductory symphony before the commencement of an opera, &c. overweening (-wen'ing), adj. con- . ceited. overwhelm (-hwelm'), v.t. to crush or destroy utterly. overwise (-wiz'), adj. affectedly wise. ovicular (-vik'u-l&r;, adj. pertaining to an egg; oviform-. oviparous (-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- ing young by eggs. ovoid ('void), adj. egg-shap # ed. Also ovoidal. ovolo ('vo-lo), n. a round or convex egg-shaped molding. ovoplasm ('vo-plazm), n. the proto- plasmic substance or yolk of an egg. # ovo viviparous (-vi-vip'a-rus), adj. producing eggs containing the young in a living state, as certain animals. ovule ('vul), n. the germ borne by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OVUM 522 OZOSTOMIA the placenta of a plant, and subse- quently developing into a seed. ovum ('vum), n. [pi. ova ('va) ], the germ or body in the ovary which, when impregnated, develops in the foetus; an egg-shaped ornament, owe (o), v.t. to be indebted, or under obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.i. to be in debt. ownership ('er-ship), n. rightful possession. oxalic (-al'ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, oxalis, a genus of plants with a bitter taste, contain- ing the wood-sorrel. oxalic acid (as'id), n. sl poisonous acid obtained from sawdust. oxidability (-id-a-bil'i-ti), n. capa- bility of being converted into an oxide. oxidation (-da/shun), n. the opera- tion of converting into an oxide. oxide ('id), n. a compound of oxygen and a base. oxidize ('i-diz), v.t. to convert into an oxide: v.i. to be converted into an oxide. Also oxidate. oxlip ('lip), n. a variety of primula. oxy, a prefix occurring in various sci- entific words, meaning the presence of oxygen. oxygen ('i-jen), n. a colorless in- odorous gas, which with nitrogen and argon constitutes l-5th by vol- ume of the atmosphere, and in com- bination with hydrogen forms water. oxygenate ('i-jen-at), v.t. to com- bine with oxygen. Also oxygenize. oxygenation. Same as oxidation. oxy hydrogen (-hl'dro-jen), adj. con- sisting of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, as in the oxyhydrogen- blowpipe by which an intense heat is produced by the combination of the two gases. oxy tone ('i-ton), adj. having an acute sound; having the last sylla- ble accented; n. an acute sound. oyer (o'yer), n. sl hearing or trial of legal causes. oyer and terminer (ter'min-er), n. a court constituted by commission to hear and determine specified causes. oyes ('yes), inter j. the introductory cry of an official or public crier de- manding silence. Also oyez. oyster (ois'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed as a delicacy. oyster-plant (-plant), n. a plant whose root, when cooked, has the flavor of oysters; salsify. ozone ('zon), n. an allotropic form of oxygen present in the atmosphere, especially after electrical disturb- ance, with a characteristic odor. ozonium (o-zon'i-um), n. a fungus growth in cotton producing root-rot. ozonize ('zo-niz), v.t. to charge with ozone. ozostomia (o-zo-sto'mi-a), n. fetid breath caused by stomach trouble. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. p ', the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet; the chemical symbol for phosphorus. pabulum (pab'ti-lum), n. food; nour- ishment. paca (pak'a), n. a small South Ameri- can rodent of a dark-brown color spotted with white. pace (pas), n. a step; manner of walking; length of one's movement of the foot in walking; a linear measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to measure by steps or paces: v.i. to walk slowly or deliberately; amble. pacha. Same as pasha. pachycarpous (pak-i-kar'pus), adj. having a very thick pericarp. pachydactyl (-dak'til), n. an animal with thick toes. pachydermatous (-der'ma-tus), adj. thick-skinned. pachyotous (pak-i-6'tus), adj. having abnormally thick ears. pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-making; conciliatory; mild; peaceful. pacification (-i-ka'shun), n. the act of peace-making; conciliation. pacificator (-sif'i-ka-ter), n. sl peace- maker. pacifist (pas'si-fist), n. one who op- poses war. pacify ('i-fi)-, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pacified, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or appease. pack (pak), n. a large bundle tied up for carriage; load; burden; set of playing-cards; great number or quantity; gang; weight of wool = 240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for hunting. package ('aj), n. a bundle or bale of goods. packet ('et), n. a small pack, or par- cel; a vessel sailing between two or more ports for the conveyance of passengers, mails, and merchan- dise at regular intervals. paco (pa'ko), n. the. alpaca; an earthy brown oxide of iron containing small quantities of native silver. pact (pakt), n. an agreement. padding ('ing), n. material used for stuffing; the act of impregnating cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- ter for filling out a newspaper or magazine article, &c. paddle ('1), v.i. to row slowly; play in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- dle or oar; to spank: n. a short broad oar; an oar blade; one of the floats for propelling a steamfehip. paddle-wheel (-hwel), n. a wheel with floats for propelling a steam- ship. paddock ('uk), n. a small field or enclosure adjacent to a stable for horses, &c. ; a large toad or frog. padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a link to pass through a staple or eye: v.t. to fasten with a padlock. padrone (pa-dro'na), n. a person, usually an Italian, who owns barrel organs and lets them out on hire; in Italy, a contractor for labor. paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal song. paedobaptism (-do-bap 'tizm), n. in- fant baptism. Also pedobaptism. paeony. Same as peony. pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen; idolater: adj. heathen ; idolatrous. paganism (-izm), n. heathenism; idolatry. page (paj), n. a boy attending on a person of distinction; a boy in liv- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (523) PAGEANT 524 PALE ery; a male attendant on a legisla- tive body; one side of the leaf of a book; a book or writing; episode: v.t. to mark or number in pages. pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical show or spectacle; anything merely . showy. pageantry (-ri), n. ostentatious dis- play. pagination (-na/shun), n. the mark- ing, numbering, or making, into pages. Also paging. pagoda (pa-go 'da), n. a Buddhist temple; a Hindu idol temple; an idol; a gold or silver coin current in India. paidology (pa-dol'o-ji), n. scientific child study. pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood or metal furnished with a handle for carrying water, &c. pain (pan), n. physical or mental suffering; penalty: pi. diligent ef- fort; throes of parturition: v.t. to cause physical or mental suffering; render uneasy. paint (pant), v.t. to represent by delineation and colors; depict; be- smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. to practice painting; rouge: n. a coloring substance or pigment; rouge. painter t'er), n. one whose occupa- tion is to paint; an artist who is skilled in depicting subjects in col- ors; a rope for fastening a boat. painter's-colic ('erz-kol'ik), n. lead- poisoning. painting ('ing), n. the act, art, or occupation of laying on colors; the representation of objects by delinea- tion and colors; a picture; vivid verbal description. pair (par), n. two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and used together; couple; married couple: v.t. to join in couples: v.i. to be joined in couples; suit or be adapted to each other; in a legisla- tive body, to offset votes, or agree to a pair-off. pair-off ('of), n. an agreement by two members on opposing sides of a measure to abstain from voting when the votes if cast would neu- tralize each other. pajamas (pa-ja'maz), n.pl. loose trousers of silk, &c; a kind of sleeping costume. pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- complice. palace (pal'as), n. the residence of a sovereign or bishop; a magnificent , house or building. paladin ('a-din), n. a knight-errant, especially one of the knights of Charlemagne or Arthur. palaeo, a prefix meaning ancient, as paleolithic, adj. noting the earliest division of the Stone Age. palaeontology. Same as paleontology. palaeozoic. Same as paleozoic. palaestra. Same as palestra. palanquin (pal-an-ken'), n. in India and China, a covered conveyance for one passenger borne on the shoulders of men. palatable ('a-ta-bl), adj. agreeable to the taste; savory. palatal ('a-tal), adj. pertaining to, or uttered by means of, the palate: n. a letter pronounced by means of the palate. palate ('at), n. the roof of the mouth; taste or relish. palatial (pa-la'shal),- adj. pertaining to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. palatinate (-lat'i-nat) , n. the province or dignity of a palatine. palatine ('a-tin), adj. invested with royal privileges and rights, as cer- tain counties: n. one who is thus invested. palaver (pa-la'ver), n. a public con- ference [African]; superfluous or idle talk; chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in color; of a faint luster: n. a narrow board used in fencing; a pointed stake; space inclosed by rails; limit; dis- trict or territory: v.i. to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or as with, pales. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue hut; think, then. . PALEOBIOLOGIST 525 PALM SUNDAY paleobiologist (pa'le-o-bi-ol'o-jist), n. one who studies fossil organisms with reference to the life-histories of the animals they represent. paleolatry (pa-le-ol'a-tri), n. great regard for the antique, particularly in art and letters. paleomachic (pa/le-o-mak'ik), adj. having reference to ancient warfare. paleontologist (pa-le-on-tol'o-jist) , n. one who is skilled in paleontology. paleontology ('o-ji), n. that branch of geology which treats of fossil re- mains. palmoscopy (pal-mos'ko-pi), n. ob- servation and study of the pulse as a guide to the interpretation of ^bodily conditions. Paleozoic (-o-zo'ik), adj. noting the fossiliferous strata in which the earliest forms of life appear. palestra (pa-les'tra), n. a place for wrestling or gymnastic exercises, v palette (pal'et), n. a thin oval wood or porcelain plate for mixing and holding colors. palfrey (pawrfri), n. a small saddle- horse for a lady's use. Pali (pa'le), n. the sacred language of the Buddhists, allied to Sanskrit. palimpsest (pal'imp-sest), n. a parch- ment manuscript which, after the writing upon it has been partially erased, is used again, the former writing being more or less discernible. palindrome ('in-drom), n. a word, verse, or sentence which reads the same backward or forward, as "Able was I ere I saw Elba." paling ('ing), n. a fence constructed of pales; materials for a fence of pales. palingenesis (pal-in-jen'i-sis), n. new birth or regeneration; inherited evolution. palisade (-i-sad'), n. a fence or forti- fication formed of stakes driven into the ground and pointed at the top; v.t. to inclose or fortify with stakes. palish (pal'ish), adj. somewhat pale. pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by the Pope to an archbishop on his consecration (also pallium); a cof- fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; lose strength: v.t. to make insipid. palladium (pal-a-di'um), n. any safe- guard of a liberty, or privilege: from the statue of Pallas at Troy, said , to have fallen from heaven, and on the preservation of which de- pended the safety of the city; a rare greyish metal found with plat- inum. pallet ('et), n. a pallette; a name for various tools used in gilding, pottery, horology, &c; a small piece of the mechanism of a watch; a small rough bed. palliate ('i-at), v.t. to excuse or cover over; extenuate; lessen or abate. palliation (-a/shun), n. the act of palliating; extenuation; mitigation. pallid ('id), adj. pale; wan. pallium. See under pall. pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. a game for- merly played with a ball which was driven through an iron ring by a mallet. pallor (pal'er), n. paleness. palm (pam), n. the inner part of the hand; a linear measure of varying length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of various species of the order Palmar; a palm branch symbolical of victory or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the palm of the hand; impose upon by fraud (with of) . palmate (pal'mat), adj. resembling a hand with the fingers outstretched; web-footed. palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the Holy Land who carried a palm branch as a token of his pilgrimage. palmetto (pal-met 'o), n. a species of palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. palmist (pal'mist), adj. pertaining to palmistry. palmistry ('mis-tri), n. the pretend- ed art of foretelling the future by examination of the lines and marks of a person's hand. Palm Sunday (pam sun'da), n. the Sunday next before Easter, held in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PALMWISE 526 PANOPTICON commemoration of Christ's trium- phal entry into Jerusalem. palm wise (pam'wiz), adv. having the palm of the hand uppermost. palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in palms; nourishing; prosperous. palpability (pal-pa-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being palpable. Also palpableness. palpable ('p&-bl), adj. easily per- ceived; obvious. palpitate ('pi-tat), v.i. to beat or throb. palpitation (-ta'shun), n. abnormal beating or throbbing of the heart. palsied (pawl'zid), p.adj. affected with palsy. palsy _('zi), n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to paralyze. palter ('ter), v.i. to trifle; act insin- cerely. paltry _ ('tri), adj. worthless; con- temptible. pampas (pam'p&z), n.pl. in South America, vast treeless plains cov- ered with luxuriant pasture. pamper > ('per), v.t. to feed luxurious- ly;' satiate. pampero (-pa'ro), n. a strong south- west wind that blows across the pampas of South America. pamphlet ('net), n. a small unbound book, usually on some current topic, of one or more sheets stitched to- gether. pamphleteer {-er'), n. a writer of pamphlets: v.i. to write pamphlets. pan, a prefix meaning all, universal, as pan- Anglican : n. a broad shallow vessel; that part of an old flint- lock which held the priming. panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. a universal remedy or medicine. panada (pa-na'da), n. a bread pulp; bread soaked in sweetened boiled water and flavored with nutmeg. Pan- America (pan-a-mer'i-ka), n. a political term for all the American republics. pancake ('kak), n. a thin cake of batter fried. pancratic (-krat'ik), adj. excelling in gymnastic exercises: from an athletic contest (pancratium) of the ancient Greeks. pancreas ('kre-is), n. a large fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situated under and behind the stomach se- creting a fluid that assists in the process of digestion. Pandean (-de'an), adj. pertaining to the god Pan, the tutelary deity of shepherds. Pandean-pipes (-pips), n.pl. a mu- sical wind instrument consisting of short reeds of varying length blown by the breath. Also Pan's-pipes. Pandect ('dekt), n. the digest of the Roman or civil law. pandemonium (-de-mo'ni-um), n. a place or abode of general disorder. pander ('der), v.i. to act as an agent for the gratification of the passions. pandit, another form of pundit. pane (pan), n. a square of glass; a piece in variegated work. panegyric (-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation or eulogy in praise of some person or event; encomium. panegyrize ('e-jir-iz), v.t. to praise or commend highly: v.i. to bestow praise. panel ('el), n. a piece of board, the edges of which are inserted in a frame; a thin board on which a pic- ture is painted; a schedule contain- ing the names of persons summoned to serve as jurors; the jury; in Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: v.t. to form with panels. pang (pang), n. a violent sudden pain; agony, mental or physical. panic ('ik), n. a sudden fright; a kind of millet^ adj. suddenly and violently alarming: said of fear. pannier ('ni-er), n. one of two bas- kets suspended across the back of a horse, for carrying market produce. panoplied ('o-plid), adj. furnished with a complete suit of armor. panoply ('o-pli), n. a complete suit of armor. panopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a prison so arranged that the warder on duty can see all the prisoners with- ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PANOTYPE 527 PARA out himself being visible; a kind of polytechnic; a room for the exhibi- tion of novelties, &c. panotype (pan'o-tip), n. a photo- graph produced by the collodion process. panpathy (pan'pa-thi), n. a feeling or sentiment shared by all people. panplasm (pan'plazm), n. the theory that all portions of the living cell and all tissues of an animal have a sTiare in the specific bodily functions, and not merely the cell nucleus or any other isolated structure. panorama (-o-ram'a), n. a picture', viewed from a central standpoint, of several scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator. panoramic (-ram'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, a panorama. Panslavic (-slav'ik), adj. pertaining to all the Slavic races or Panslavism. Panslavism ('izm), n. a Russian movement for the political union of all the Slavic races. pansy ('zi), n. the heart's-ease. pant Cp&nt), v.i. to breathe rapidly; desire ardently (with for or after) : n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation for pantaloons. pantagraph. Same as pantograph. pantalettes (pan-ta-lets'), n.pl. loose drawers for women or children. pantaloon ('a-loon), n. a buffoon in a pantomime: pi. a pair of tight trousers. pantamorphic (-mor'fik), adj. tak- ing all shapes. pantheism ('the-izm), n. the doc- trine that the universe in its totality is God. pantheist (-ist), n. a believer in pantheism. Pantheon ('the-on), n. a temple dedicated to all the Gods, especially that of ancient Rome dedicated to Mars and Jupiter. panther ('ther), n. sl fierce feline carnivorous animal. Fern, pantheress. pantile ('til), n. sl curved tile. pantograph ('to-graf), n. an instru- ment for copying drawings, designs, &c, on an enlarged or reduced scale. Also pantagraph. pantology (-tol'o-ji), n. * universal knowledge. pantometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring angles, ele- vations, distances, &c. pantomime ('to-mim), n. a repre- sentation in dumb show; a popular Christmastide theatrical entertain- ment with music, dancing, &c. pantry ('tri), n. a provision closet. pap (pap), n. soft food for infants; a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of fruit. Papacy (pa'pa-si), n. the office, dig- nity, or authority, of the Pope; popes collectively; Roman Catholic religion. Papal ('pal), adj. pertaining to the Pope, or the Church of Rome. papaw (-paw'), n. an East Indian fruit tree. [See pawpaw.] papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- taining paper and writing materials. papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha'), n. paper pulp molded and made into trays, &c, and japanned. papilla (-pil'a), n. [pi. papillae ('e)j, a small nipple: pi. minute elevations on the tongue, &c. papillary (pap'il-er-i), adj. pertaining to a nipple or the papulae; covered with papillae. papoose (-poos'\ n. a young child [North American Indian]. pappus (pap 'us), n. the feathery sub- stance on the seed of certain plants; the calyx of a composite flower. pappy ('i), adj. resembling pap. paprika (pa-pre'ka), n. a pepper resembling cayenne, but less fiery; introduced by the Hungarians, who are exceedingly fond of it. papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri ('r!) ], a species of Egyptian reed, from which the ancients made pa- per; a manuscript on papyrus. par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- nal and market value. para, a prefix meaning beyond, beside, divergence, as paracentric. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARABLE 528 PARAPH parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical method of conveying instruction by means of a fable or short fictitious narrative; a comparison or similitude. parabola (-ab'o-la), n. one of the conic sections formed by the inter- section of the cone by a plane par- allel to one of its sides. parabolic (-a-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, a parabola; allegorical. Also parabolical. paraboloid (pa-rab'o-loid), n. a solid generated by the revolution of a parabola on its axis. parachute ('a-shoot), n. an umbrella- shaped apparatus for descending from a balloon. Paraclete ('a-klet), n. a title of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, and Ad- vocate. parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- play; show; military display; place of assembly for exercising troops: v.t. to marshal in military order; make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, or walk about ostentatiously. paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- ple or model; example of the gram- matical inflection of a word. paradise ('a-dis), n. the garden of Eden; any place of happiness; heaven. paradox ('a-doks), n. something ap- parently absurd or incredible, yet true; a tenet contrary to received opinions. paradoxical ('i-kal), adj. of the na- ture of a paradox. paraffin ('a-fin), n. a white crystal- line substance obtained by distilla- tion from wood, shale, &c. paragoge (-go'je), n. the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word. paragon ('a-gon), n. something of extraordinary excellence; model or pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal or compare. paragraph ('a-graf), n. a small sub- division of a connected discourse; a short passage; a reference mark (If); an item of newspaper intelli- gence. parallax ('al-laks), n. the apparent angular shifting of an object caused by change in the position of the ob- server, especially the difference in the apparent position of a heavenly body and its true place. parallel ('al-lel), adj. lying side by side; extended in the same direction and equi-distant at all points; hav- ing the same direction or tendency; corresponding: n. a line equidistant at all points from another line; re- semblance or likeness: pi. trenches in front of a fortified place parallel to the defenses: v.t. to place so as to be parallel; correspond to; equal. parallelism (-izm), n. the state or quality of being parallel; corre- spondence. parallelogram ('o-gram), n. a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. parallelepiped (-e-pip'ed), n. a reg- ular solid figure bounded by 6 paral- lelograms, of which the opposite pairs are equal and parallel. paralysis (pli-ral'i-sis), n. loss of the power of sensation of one or more parts of the body; palsy. paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), adj. per- taining to, affected by, or inclined to, paralysis: n. one who is affected with paralysis. paralyze ('a-llz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to af- fect with paralysis; unnerve. paramount (par'a-mount), adj. su- perior to all others; eminent or chief. paramour (par'a-mor), n. an illicit lover. paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a kind of monomania. paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. one who has paranoia; a monomaniac. parapet ('a-pet), n. a wall breast- high; a rampart to protect troops from the fire of an enemy. paraph (par 'af ) , n . a flourish ; addition to the signature made by a flourish ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARAPHERNALIA 529 PARENCHYMA of the pen; which, during the Middle Ages provided against forgery. paraphernalia (-fer-na/li-a), n.pl. the apparel, jewels, &c, of a wife which she possesses over and above her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- erally; equipment; trappings. paraphrase ('a-fraz), n. a free transla- tion or explanation; a hymn based on some Scriptural passage: v.t. make a free translation of; ex- plain in many words: v.i. to make a paraphrase. paraphrastic (-fras'tik), adj. free or clear in explanation; of the na- ture of a paraphrase. Also para- phrastical. paraplegia (-ple'ji-a), n. paralysis of the lower half of the body. parasite ('a-sit), n. one who fre- quents the table of a rich man and gains his favor by flattery ; a hanger- on; an animal or plant nourished by another to which it attaches itself. parasitic (-sit'ik), adj. of the nature of a parasite; meanly servile or fawning; living at the expense of another animal or plant. Also para- sitical. •asitism ('a-sit-izm), n. the state or behavior of a parasite. irasol ('a-sol), n. a lady's sunshade. 'astatic (par-a-stat'ik), adj. con- cerning the seeming minicry of one species of animal or plant by another. 'asyphilis (par-a-sif'i-lis), n. a diseased condition believed to be due to the germ of syphilis but dif- fering from typical cases of the dis- r at axis (-a-taks'is) , n. a loose ar- rangement of sentences: opposed to syntax. parathesis (r>'-rath'e-sis), n. appo- sition; in Tyfhting or writing brack- eted matter. parathyroids (par-a-thi'roids), n. small but highly important glands lying on either side of the thyroid. pari mutuel (pa-re' mu-tu-el'), n. a French system of betting in which the winners divide the stakes. parboil (par'boil), v.t. to boil par- tially. . parbuckle ('buk-1), n. a rope formed into a double sling for hoisting casks, &c: v.t. to hoist by means of a parbuckle. Parcae ('se), n.pl. in classic mythol- ogy, the three Fates, Clotho, Lache- sis, and Atropos, who controlled the destiny of every mortal. parcel ('sel), n. a small bundle or package; little part: v.t. [pt. & p.p. parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide into parts. parceling - (-ing), n. long narrow strips of tarred canvas to prevent friction. parcels-post (par'sels-post), n. a government mailing system for bul- ky parcels in which the postal charge is regulated according to distance as well as weight. parcenary ('sen-a-ri), n. co-heirship. parcener ('sen-er), n. a co-heir. parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn slightly; dry to excess. parchesi (par-che'si), n. an Asiatic game played by two or four persons with colored disks on a board. parchment ('ment), n. the skin of a sheep, goat, &c, dressed and pre- pared for writing upon; a deed: adj. made of, or like, parchment. pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spot- ted beast. pardon (par'dn), v.t. to forgive; ab- solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; official remission of a penalty. pardoner (-er), n. one who pardons; formerly, a cleric who was licensed to sell Papal indulgences. pare (par), v.t. to cut away little by little; reduce or diminish. paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. a tinc- ture of opium to assuage pain: adj. mitigating pain. pareira (pa-ra'ra), n. the root of a Brazilian plant, used in medicine. parenchyma (-reng'ki-ma), n. the soft cellular tissue or pith of plants; the soft tissue of the glandular or- gans of the body. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; -note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARENCHYMOUS 530 PAROXYSMAL parenchymous ('ki-mus), adj. per- taining to, or like, parenchyma: soft; spongy. Also parenchymatous. parentage (-aj), n. extraction; birth. parental (-ren'tal), adj. pertaining to, or becoming, parents; fond. parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. parentheses (-sez) ], an explanatory word or clause inserted in a sen- tence, which is grammatically com- plete without it: indicated by the marks ( ) . parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal) , adj. expressed in a parenthesis; us- ing parentheses. paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with general motor paralysis; softemng of the brain. parhelion (par-he'li-on), n. a mock sun; a bright light seen near the sun. pariah (pa'ri-a), n. one of the low- est class of Hindus without caste: , hence an outcast. Parian (pa'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, or found in, the Isle of Paros, famed for its marble: n. sl fine porcelain used for statuettes, &c. parietal (pa-ri'e-tal), adj. pertain- ing to a wall or side; forming the wall or side: said of the large lat- eral bones of the head; growing from the wall or side of another organ. parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical district under the particular charge of priest, clergyman, or minister; a district having its own officers for the care of the poor of such a dis- trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- ing to, or maintained by, a parish. parishioner ('on-er), n. one who belongs to a parish. Parisian (pa-riz'i-an), n. a native or inhabitant of Paris. pari, a prefix meaning equal. parisyllabic (par-i-sil-ab'ik), adj. having an equal number of syllables. parity ('i-ti), n. equality; likeness. park (park), n. a large inclosed piece of ground surrounding a man- sion, or used as a public place for recreation; the train of artillery be longing to an army division; an artil lery encampment: v.t. to inclose, o collect, in a park; compact. parlance (par'lans), n. conversation! idiom of conversation. parley ('li), n. a conference, especial-' ly with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to hold! a conference, especially with an enemy with a view to peace. Parliament ('li-ment), n. the su- preme legislative assembly of Great ' Britain and Ireland, consisting of ■ the Sovereign, the House of Lords,' and the House of Commons. parliamentarian (-men-ta/ri-an), one who is versed in parliamentary law and usages. parliamentary ('ta-ri), adj. pertaining to, enacted by, or in accordance with! the usages of, Parliament. parlor ('ler), n. reception room; drawing room. Parnassian (-nas'i-an), adj. pertain-( ing to Mt. Parnassus in Greece, the) abode of the Muses; of, or pertain-* ing to poetry. parochial (pa-ro'ki-al), adj. pertain- ing to a parish; narrow-minded. parodist (par'o-dist), n. one who parodies. parody ('o-di), n. [pi. parodies (-diz) ], a burlesque imitation of a serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- odied, p.pr. parodying], to convert into a parody. parole (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor, especially one given by a prisoner of war that in return for conditional freedom he will return to custody on a specified day; the daily pass- word in a camp or garrison. paronymous (-on'i-mus), adj. of the same derivation,, but different in spelling and meaning. paroquet. Same as parrakeet. paroxysm ('oks-izm), n. a sudden spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden action or convulsion. paroxysmal (-iz'mal), adj. pertain- ing to, or occurring in, paroxysms. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boonj book; hue, hut; think, then. PARQUET, PARQUETTE 531 PARTITE parquet, parquette (par-kef), n. the floor space of a theater between the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. parquetry ('ket-ri), n. mosaic wood- work for floors. parr (par), n. a young salmon. parrakeet '(par'a-ket), n. a small long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, paroquet. _ , parricidal ('i-sld-al), adj. pertaining to parricide. parricide ('i-sld), n. the murderer of a father or mother; murder of a parent. parrot ('ot), n. a tropical bird with a hooked bill, characterized by its brilliant plumage and its power of imitating the human voice. parrot-fish (-fish), n. a billliant hued fish of the tropical seas. parry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parried, p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a blow. parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- matical rules a sentence into its component parts, and show the re- lation of the various parts of speech. Parsee (par'se), n. a descendant of the old Persians, holding the Zoroas- trian faith, and now living in India. Also Parsi. Parseeism (-izm), n. the religion of the Parsees. Also Parsiism. Parsi. Same as Parsee. parsimonious (-si-mo 'ni-us), adj. frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. parsimony ('si-mon-i), n. closeness in expenditure; niggardliness. parsley (pars'li), n. a culinary herb. parsnip ('nip), n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of a parish; a clergyman. parsonage (-aj), n. an ecclesiastical benefice; the residence of an incum- bent. partake (par-tak') v.i. [p.t. par- took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partaking], to take a part or share in common with others. parterre (-tar'), n. a series of flower beds arranged ornamentally, with in- tervening spaces of gravel or turf. parthenogenesis (-then-o-jen'e-sis), reproduction of animals or plants by means of unimpregnated germs or ova. Parthenon ('the-non), n. the temple of Athene (Minerva) at Athens. partial ('shal), adj. inclined to favor one side or party; biased. partiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being partial. participant (-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- ing: n. one who shares or partakes. participate ('i-pat), v.i. to partake: v.t. to have part of; share. participation (-pa/shun), n. the act of sharing something with others; division into shares; companionship. participator ('i-pa-ter), n. one who partakes with another. participial (-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having the nature of a participle. participle ('ti-si-pl), n. a word which partakes of the nature oi a verb and of an adjective. particle ('i-kl), n. an atom; the smallest part into which a body can be divided; a word non-inflected, or not used alone; a crumb of conse- crated bread. parti-colored (par'ti-kul-erd), adj. having various colors. particular (-tik'u-lar), adj. distinct from others; individual; peculiar or special; characteristic; exclusive; exact; minute. particularize ('u-lar-Iz), V.t. to give the particulars of: v.i. be attentive to single things or defails. parting ('ing), p. adj. separating; given when separating: n. division; separating; a taking leave; a divi- sion in strata. partisan (par'ti-zan), n. an adher- ent of a party or faction; a kind of halberd: adj. pertaining to, or biased in favor of, a party, &c. partisanship (-ship), n. the state of being a partisan. partite ('tit), adj. divided almost to the base. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. PARTITION 532 PASTE partition (-tish'un), n. the act or state of being divided; separation; distribution; a dividing wall; part where separation is made: v.t. di- vide into shares; divide by walls. partitive ('ti-tiv), adj. noting a part: n. a word that denotes a part or expresses partition. partner ('ner), n. one who is asso- ciated with another, especially in a business, &c; an associate; one who dances with another; a husband or wife. partnership (-ship), n. the state of being a partner; union of two or more persons in the same business or profession. partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known gallinaceous bird of the genus Perdix, preserved as game. parturition (-tu-rish'un), n. the act of bringing forth young. party ('ti), n. .[pi. parties ('tiz) ], a number of persons united together for a particular purpose; faction; one concerned in an affair; cause or side; a select company; single indi- vidual spoken of. party-wall (-wawl), n. a common wall separating two tenements. parvenu (par've-nu), n. a person who just attained riches; an upstart. paschal (pas'kal), adj. pertaining to the feast of the Passover or Easter. pasha (pash'aw), n. a Turkish title given to high officials. Also pacha. pashalic (-lik), n. the jurisdiction of a pasha. Also pachalic. pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad'), n. a lam- poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon or satirize. passable ('a-bl), adj. that may be passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- pable of bearing inspection; toler- able. passage ('aj),~ n. the act of passing; course or journey; entrance or exit; right of passing; legal enactment; single clause or portion of a book; migratory habits. pass-book ('book), n. a book which passes between a merchant and his customer and contains the entries of goods sold on credit; a bank-book held by the depositor. passenger ('en-jer), n. one who trav- els in or on a conveyance; one who passe (-a/), adj. past; worn out or faded [French]. passerine ('er-in), adj. pertaining to the Passeres, the order of birds which includes the swallows and sparrows. passing (pas'ing), p. adj. departing: adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going by; transit. passing-bell (-bel), n. a bell tolled immediately after the death of a person. passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- tion of mind in anger; strong deep feeling or excitement; love; ardor; intense desire. Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ in his last agonies. passionate (-at), adj. moved by pas- sion; angry; excitable. passion-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower of the genus Passiflora. Passion play (pla), n. a dramatie representation of the Passion of the Saviour. Passion Sunday (sun 'da), n. the 5th Sunday in Lent. Passion week _ (wek), n. the week following Passion Sunday. passive ('iv), adj. suffering without resisting; not acting; submissive passivist, n. a non-resistant. passive verb (verb), n. that form of a verb in which the object of the active verb becomes the subject. Passover (pas'o-ver), n. a Jewish feast commemorative of the passing of the destroying angel over the houses of the Israelites when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians. passport ('port), n. a license to travel in a foreign country. password ('werd), n. a word by means of which friends are distin- guished from strangers or enemies. paste (past), n. a mixture of flour. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue hut; think, then. PASTEBOARD 533 PATHOS &c, with water, used as a cement; dough prepared for pies, &c. ; a com- position for making artificial gems: v.t. to fasten with paste. pasteboard ('bord), n. thick stiff paper; a board on which dough is rolled. pastel (pas'tel), n. a colored crayon. paster (pas'ter), n. strip of gummed paper with printed matter on it. Pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to sterilize milk by heating it to a temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit and hold- ing it so for half an hour. pastil ('til), n. a small cone of aro- matic paste used for fumigating a room; a medicated lozenge. Also pastille (pas-teT). pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion; sport. pastor ('ter), n. a clergyman or min- ister having spiritual charge of a church and congregation. pastoral (-al), adj. pertaining to shepherds, or to the care of a church; rural; addressed to the clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. a kind of dramatic poem, delineating incidents in rural life; a bishop's pastoral letter. pastorate ('ter-at), n. the office or jurisdiction of a pastor. Also pas- torship. pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as pies, &c, made of light puffy dough. pasturable (pas'tur-lt-bl), adj. suited for pasturing. pasturage ('tur-aj), n. the business of grazing cattle; pasture. pasture ('tur), n. land under grass for grazing cattle; grass for graz- ing: v.t. to supply with grass or pasture: v.i. to graze. pasty (past'i), ad/'.. like paste; a small pie of crust raised without a dish. patch (pach), n. a piece applied to cover a hole or rent; a piece in- serted in variegated work; a plot of ground: v.t. to put a patch on; mend clumsily. patchouli (pa-choo'li), n. an Indian plant, from the dried roots of whrcrr a strong odoriferous perfume is made. pate (pat), n. the head; crown of the head. pate-d e-f ois-gr as (pa'ta-de-f wa-gra') , n. pastry made of goose-livers, which have been enlarged in the geese by excessive feeding. Some- times this dish is called Strassburg pie. paten (pat'en), n. the plate used for the bread at the Eucharist. patent (pat'ent, or pa/tent), adj. ap- parent; open to the perusal of all; secured by letters patent; spreading widely: n. a privilege granted by letters patent, as a title of nobility, or the sole right in an invention: v.t. to grant or secure by letters patent. patentee (-e'), n. one who has se- cured a patent. patent-leather (-letfi-er), n. a var- nished or japanned leather. patent-yellow (-yel-o), n. a pig- ment or paint composed of oxide and chloride of lead. patera (pat'er-a), n. a shallow cir- cular dish; a flat ornament on a frieze. paterfamilias (pa-ter-fa-mil'i-as), n. the father of a family. paternal ('ter-nal), adj. pertaining to, or exhibiting the characteristics of, a father; hereditary. paternity (-ter-ni-ti), n. paternal relation; authorship. paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. the Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every 11th bead in a rosary. pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. affecting the emotions or passions; touching. Also pathetical. pathogenetic (path-o-jen-et'ik), adj. producing disease. pathogeny (pa-thoj'e-ni), n. the science of the origin of diseases. pathological (path-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to pathology. pathology ('o-ji), n. the science of diseases. patnos (pa'thos), n. expression of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PATHOSOCIAL 534 PAVEfaENT deep feeling; that which excites the mental emotions. pathosocial (path-o-so'shal), adj. pertaining to abnormal conditions in society. patience ('shens), n. the quality of being patient or calmly enduring. patient ('shent), adj. suffering pain, hardship, affliction, insult, &c, with calmness and equanimity; continu- ance of labor; persevering; waiting with calmness: n. a person under medical treatment. patina (pat'i-na), n. the fine green rust with which coins, ancient bronzes, &c, become covered by, age, &c. patness ('nes), n. appropriateness. patois (pa-twa/), n. provincial dialect. patriarch (pa'tri-ark), n. the founder or head of a family; an aged man; in the Greek Church, a metro- politan dignitary of the highest rank. patriarchate < (-at), n. the office, rank, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of the senators of ancient Rome; a nobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. inherited from ancestors. patrimony ('ri-mo-ni), n. an estate or right inherited from a father or one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical endowment or estate. patriot (pat'ri-, or pa'tri-ot), n. one who loves, and is devoted to, his native country and its welfare. patriotic (-ri-ot'ik), adj. character- ized by patriotism. patriotism ('ri-ot-izm), n. love of one's country. patristic (pa-tris'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the theology and writings of the fathers of the Christian Church. Also patristical. patrol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal's guard that marches round at night to preserve order; a mounted police- man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], to go round as a patrol. patron (pa/tron), n. a guardian or protector; one who has the gift of a benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- ing aid or exercising guardianship; tutelary. patronage (-aj), n. special support; guardianship or protection; right of conferring a benefice. patronal ('tro-nal), adj. performing the office of a patron. patronize (-niz), v.t. to act as a patron toward; support or protect; frequent as a customer. patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik), adj. de- rived from the name of an ancestor: n. a name derived from an ancestor. patroon (pa-troon'), n. a landed pro- prietor with manorial rights. patten (pat 'en), n. a wooden shoe with an iron ring worn under the soles by women as a protection against damp; the base of a column. patter ('er), v.i. to strike with a quick succession of fight sounds, as hail: n. the dialect of a class. pattering (-ing), p. adj. making a quick succession of light blows. " pattern ('ern), n. a model, sample, or specimen; anything cut out or formed into shape to be copied. patty ('i), n. a small pie. paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of number or quantity. paunch (panch, or pawnch), n. the belly; the first and largest stomach of a ruminant. pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; one who is supported by the poor rates. pauperize (-Iz), v.t. to reduce to pauperism. pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- rary stop; a break in writing indi- cated by the mark [ — ]; a mark of cessation in speaking; a mark [T] in music, indicating the continuance of a note or rest: v.i. to make a short stop; wait; hestitate. pave (pav), v.t. to cover or lay with stones, bricks, &c: as, to pave a street. pavement (pav r ment), ». a paved roadway or floor. ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, book; hue, hut; think, then. north, not; boon, PAVER 535 PEASANT payer (pa/ver), n. one whose occupa- tion is to lay pavements. pavilion (p&-vil'yun), n. an orna- mental dome-shaped building; a large tent; a temporary movable habitation; summer-house. paving (pa'ving), n. pavement. pavonated (pav'o-na-ted), adj. of a brilliant bluish green color, like the neck of a peacock. pavonine (pav'o-nin), adj. resem- bling the tail of a peacock; irides- cent: said of certain ores. pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to pre- vent the recoil of a windlass. pawn (pawn), n. something given as security for the redemption of a pledge; a common piece at chess: .t. to give in pledge. ibroker ('bro-ker), n. one who lends money on the security of goods )awned with him. iwpaw (paw'paw) n. a tree of the custard-apple family, common in the southwestern United States. (paks), n. a small crucifix, or a jrucifix engraved on a small metal )late kissed by worshippers. cwax ('waks), n. the strong ten- ion in the neck of animals. iy (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. )aying], to discharge a debt to; aVe an equivalent for; compensate; reward; fulfil; smear with tar,, pitch, &c. : n. money given for serv- ice rendered. payee (-e'), n. one to whom money is paid. pay-envelop (pa'en-vel'up), n. a small envelop designed to hold the. wages of an employee. paymaster ('mas-ter), n. one who pays or from whom wages are re- ceived, especially an officer in the army or navy whose duty is to pay the officers and men, pea (pe), n. [pi. peas, or pease (pez) ], a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum and its edible seed. peace (pes), n. a state of rest or tranquillity; calm; freedom from war or disturbance. peaceable ('a-bl), adj. disposed to peace; calm; quiet. peaceful ('fool), a dj. full of peace; pacific; quiet. peace-officer (-of'i-ser), n. a justice of the peace or a police-officer. Peace Tribunal (tri-bu'nal), n. a name applied to the International Court at The Hague in Holland, which determines questions at issue between nations. peach (pech), n. a tree with its downy edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- complices. peacock (peTsok), n. a gallinaceous bird with handsome plumage: adj. iridescent like the feathers of the peacock. peahen ('hen), n. a female peafowl, homologous to the peacock. pea-jacket ('jak-et), n. a seaman's heavy jacket. peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- mit or jutting part of a mountain or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- jection in front of a cap; the upper outer corner of an extended sail: v.i. to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise (a sail) obliquely to the mast. peakish ('ish), adj. having pale thin features. peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of thunder, bells, &c; a set of musical bells, or the changes rung by them: v.i. to give forth loud or solemn sounds. pean. Same as paean. peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut. pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- ish-white iridescent gem found in the mother-of-pearl oyster; anything resembling a pearl or very precious; a white speck in the eye; a small size of type (see type) : adj. pertain- ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. to set or adorn with pearls. pearlash ('ash), n. an impure car- bonate of potash. peasant (pez'&nt), n. a countryman; rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PEASE 536 PEDIFORM pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. peastone (pe'ston), ft. pise lite. peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable mat- ter resembling turf cut out of bogs: used as fuel. pebble (peb'l), ft. a roundish stone; transparent rock crystal used for spectacles, &c. pebbly ('li), adj. full of pebbles. pecan (pe-kan'), ft. a species of North American hickory and its fruit. peccability (pek-a-bil'i-ti), ft. the state of being subject to sin. peccable ('a-bl), adj. liable to sin. peccadillo (-dil'o), ft. a trifling fault. peccancy ('an-si), n. sinfulness. peccary ('H-ri), ft. a South American mammal allied to the hog. peccavi (a'vi), * (Latin, I have sinned), a word in colloquial use, expressive of contrition for the com- mission of a fault. peck (pek), n, l-4th of a bushel; quick sharp stroke with the beak: v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up with the beak; eat. pecker ('er), ft. one who pecks; a woodpecker. pectic acid ('tik as'id), ft. an acid found in various fruits. pectinate ('tin-at), adj. shaped like the teeth of a comb. Also pectinated. pectoral ('to-ral), adj. pertaining to, good for, or worn on, the chest: ft. the breastplate of the Jewish high-priest; a medicine for chest complaints; a pectoral fin. peculate ('u-lat), v.i. to appropriate public money to one's own use; em- bezzle. peculation (-la/shun), ft. the act of appropriating public money to one's own use. peculator ('u-la-ter), ft. one who peculates. peculiar (pe-ku'lyar), adj. one's own; appropriate; individual; strange: ft. a church or parish exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocese to which it belongs. peculiarity (-li-ar'i-ti), ft. [pi. pecu- liarities (-tiz) ], something peculiar or characteristic. peculiarly ('lyar-li), adv. in a pecu- liar manner. pecuniarily ('ni-ar-i-li), adv. as re- gards money. pecuniary ('ni-ar-i), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, money; monetary. pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a pedagogue or to the science of teaching. Also pedagogical. pedagogics ('iks), ft. the science of teaching. pedagogue ('a-gog), ft. a schoolmas- ter; pedant. pedagogy ('a-go-ji), ft. pedagogics. pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a foot: ft. a key or lever attached to a musical instrument and moved by the foot, to modify the swell or tone. pedant ('ant), n. one who makes an ostentatious display of his learning. pedantic (pe-dan'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, ped- antry. Pedantical. pedantry ('an-tri), ft. ostentatious display of learning. pedate ('at), adj. palmate, with the two lateral sections lengthened and lobed. peddle (1), v.i. to travel about selling small wares;- be busy about trifles: v.t. to retail in small quantities. peddler, pedler, pedlar ('ler), ft. one who peddles. peddling ('ling), adj. trifling. pedestal ('es-til), ft. the base of a column, statue, &c. pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an), adj. going on foot; walking: ft. one who jour- neys on foot; professional walker. pedestrianism (-izm), ft. the art or practice of walking; racing on foot. pediatric (pe'di-at-rik), ft. pertain- ing to medical treatment of children. pedicel (ped'i-sel), -ft. a small short foot-stalk. pedicure ('i-kur), ft. the care of the feet; a chiropodist. pediform ('i-form), adj. foot-shaped. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. mtm m PEDIGREE 537 PEMMICAN pedigree ('i-gre), n. lineage; gen- ealogy. pediment ('i-ment), n. the. triangu- lar or circular ornament over the entablature, &c, of a building. pedler. See peddler. pedobaptism. Same as paedobaptism. pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter), n. a watch- shaped instrument for recording paces and distances in walking. pedrail (ped'ral), n. a traction engine the wheels of which rest on the links of a jointed chain which may be broad and flat, thus giving support to the vehicle on soft or uneven ground. peduncle (-dung'kl), n. a flower- stalk. peduncular ('ku-lar), adj. of or per- taining to a peduncle. pedunculate ('ku-lat), adj. having, or growing upon, a peduncle. Also pedunculated. peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. skin or rind; a baker's long flat wooden shovel; a contrivance for hanging up printed sheets to dry. peeler ('er), n. one who peels; a, pillager; a policeman: from Sir Robert Peel. peen (pen), n. the point of a ma- son's hammer. peer (per), n. one of the same rank; an equal; associate; a nobleman; a member of the House of Lords: v.i. to appear; look narrowly. peerage ('a]), n. the rank or dignity of a peer; peers collectively; a book giving information respecting the nobility. peeress ('es), n. a peer's wife; a lady of noble rank. peerless ('les), adj. without an equal. peevish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; diffi- cult to please. peewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Pegasus (peg'a-sus), n. a winged horse, according to Greek legend, sprung from Medusa at her death. The same legend attributes to a stamp of his hoof the fountain of the Muses, Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon. pelage (pel'aj), n. the hair or similar covering of a mammal. pelagic (-laj'ik), adj. pertaining to the ocean. pelerine (pel'er-in), n. a lady's long cape with tapering ends. pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth: used in a bad sense. pelican (pel'i-kan), n. a large aquatic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill; a dentist's instrument. pelisse (pe-les'), n. a lady's silk habit. pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a roll of parchment. pellagra (pel-a/gra), n. a recent dis- ease of as yet unknown origin, but believed by some experts to result from eating corn products from im- pure grain; is characterized by gastro-intestinal, cerebro-spinal and cutaneous symptoms. pellet ('et), n. a little ball. pellicle ('i-kl), n. a thin skin or film. pellitory ('i-to-ri), n. a perennial plant of the nettle family, grow- ing on old walls. pell-mell ('mel), adv. with confused violence. pellucid (-u'sid), adj. perfectly clear; transparent. pelota (pa-lo'ta), n. a game popular in Cuba and other Spanish countries played in a court with a ball hurled from a grooved stick attached to the player's arm. pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from something thrown: v.t. to strike by throwing something: v.i. to fall heavily, as rain. peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred animals collectively. pelt-wool (pelt'wool), n. wool from dead sheep. pelvic (pel'vik), adj. pertaining to the pelvis. pelvis ('vis), n. the bony cavity in the lower part of the abdomen. pemmican (pem'i-kan), n. lean ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, ■ book; hue, hut; think, then. PENAL 538 PENNON meat, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes. penal (pe'nal), adj. enacting, inflict- ing, or incurring punishment for crime; punitive. penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to render subject to penalty or punishment. penalty (pen'M-ti), n. legal punish- ment either on the person or by a fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight carried by a racehorse. penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed suffering, as an expression of con- trition for sin; repentance; in the Roman Catholic Church one of the sacraments by which sins are par- doned after confession and satisfac- tion. penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- hold gods of the ancient Romans. pence, pi. of penny. penchant (pang-shang'), n. a strong inclination or taste [French], pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush used by artists; a pointed instru- ment of black lead, colored chalk, &c; a collection of rays of light converging to a point: v.t. to write, sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. penciled ('sild), -p. adj. written, drawn, or painted, with a pencil; radiat- ing. penciling (-ing), n. the art of writ- ing, sketching, or painting with a pencil. pendant ('dant), n. anything hang- ing for ornamentation; an ear-ring or locket; a pennant. pendency ('den-si), n. suspense; in- decision. Also pendence. . pendent ('dent), adj. hanging; pro- jecting; swinging. pending ^ ('ding), adj. undecided; hanging in suspense. pendulous ('du-lus), adj. hanging; oscillating. pendulum ('du-lum), n. a heavy body suspended so that it may vi- brate backwards and forwards about a fixed point by the force of gravity, as in a clock. penetrability C-e-tra-bil'i-ti), n. the susceptibility of being entered or passed through by another body. penetrable ('e-tra-bl), adj. that may be penetrated; susceptive of im- pression. penetralia (-tra'li-a), n.pl. the in- ner part' of a temple, house, &c; mysteries. penetrant ('e-trant), adj. penetrat- ing; subtile; acute. penetrate ('e-trat), v.t. to pierce in- to; enter; bore or perforate; reach the mind; affect deeply; reach the interior. penetration (-tra/shun), n. the act of penetrating; mental acuteness. penguin ('gwin),- n. a large sea-fowl with rudimentary wings. peninsula (pe-nin'su-la), n. a por- tion of jutting land nearly sur- rounded by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. peninsular ('su-lar), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a peninsula. penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for sin; state of being penitent. penitent ('i-tent), adj. repentant: n. one who is penitent; one under ec- clesiastical censure, but admitted to penance; one who is under the di- rection of a confessor. penitential (-ten'shal), adj. pertain- ing- to, or expressing, penitence; of the nature of penance: n. in the Roman Catholic Church a book treating of the rales and degrees of penance. penitentiary (-ten'sha-ri), adj. per- taining to penance: n. a penitent; a house of correction: a state prison; a home for fallen women; an office at the Papal court, that grants dis- pensations, absolutions, &c; the of- ficial who presides over such a court. pennant ('ant), n. a long narrow strip of bunting at the mast-heads of men-of-war. pennate. Same as pinnate. penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without money; destitute. pennon ('on), n. a small swallow- tailed flag or streamer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. PENNY 539 PER ny (-i), n. [pi. pennies ('iz) (de- oting number), pence (pens), (de- oting amount or value)], a bronze in = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents English). nyroyal (-roi'al), n. an aromatic erb of the mint family. nyweight (-wat), n. a weight = grains troy. ological (pe-no-loj'i-kal), adj. per- iling to penology. ologist (-nol'o-jist), n. a student f penology. ology (-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific udy of punishments, prison man- agement, &c. pensile ('sll), adj. hanging. Insion ('shun), n. a stated allow- ance paid for past services, as to the state, &c; money paid instead of tithes; a continental boarding house Dr school (pang-si-ang) : v.t. to grant a pension to. pensionary ('shun-a-ri), adj. consis- ting of, or maintained by, a pension : a person in receipt of a pension. sioner ('shun-er), n. one who re- ives a pension, 'especially a dis- charged soldier: pensive ('siv), adj. thoughtful; sad. penta, a prefix meaning jive, as penta- ' ord, an instrument with 5 .strings ; usical scale of 5 sounds. Also ente. tagon (pen'ta-gon), n. a figure of 5 sides and 5 angles. ntahedral (-he'dral), adj. having sides. tahedron ('dron), n. a solid fig- e having 5 sides. tahexahedral (-heks-a-he'dral), \j. exhibiting 5 ranges of faces, one above another, each range contain- ing 6 faces. ntamerous (-tam'e-rus), adj. con- sisting of 5 parts, pentameter ('e-ter), n. a verse con- sisting of 5 feet. pentastyle ('ta-stil), n. a building with 5 columns in front. Pentateuch ('ta-tuk), n. the first 5 books of the Old Testament. pens tin pe"» s cei ch; Pentecost ('te-kost), n. a Jewish fes- tival kept the 50th day after the sec- ond day of the Passover; Whitsun- tide, commemorative of the descent of the Holy Ghost. Pentecostal (-al), adj. pertaining to Pentecost. penthouse ('hous), n. a shed with a slanting roof projecting from a main wall or building. penult * (pe-nulf), n. the last syllable of a word but one. Also penultima. penultimate ('i-mat), adj. last but one. penumbra (-num'bra), n. a partial shadow on the exterior of the perfect shadow of an eclipse; the boundary of light and shade in a picture. penurious (-nu'ri-us), adj. miserly; sordid. penury (pen'ii-ri), n. want of the ne- cessities of life; poverty. peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; an Indian native soldier or consta- ble; a pawn at chess. peony ('o-ni), n. a perennial plant with handsome flowers of the genus Pseonia. Also paeony. peppercorn (-korn), n. the small berry of the pepper-plant: hence anything insignificant. peppermint (-mint), n. an aromatic herb; the cordial prepared from it. pepperwort (-wert), n. a cress. peppery (-i), adj. like pepper; fiery; pungent. pepsin ('sin), n. a nitrogenous fer- ment contained in gastric juice; a preparation from the stomach of a pig used in medicine to aid digestion. Also pepsine. peptic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or promoting, digestion: n. a medicine to aid digestion: pi. the science of digestion. peptones ('tonz), n.pl. the products of the action of pepsin. per, a prefix meaning through, over the whole extent, by, very, as per- ambulate, to walk over; per diem, by the day, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERADVENTURE 540 PERFIDY perad venture (per-ad-ven'tur), adv. by chance. perambulation (-am-bu-la'shun) , adv. the act of passing through; a survey made by traveling; the annual sur- vey of a parish boundary. perambulator ('bu-la-ter), n. one who perambulates; a baby carriage; an instrument for measuring road distances. percale (-kal'), n. cotton fabrics with a linen finish. perceivable (-se'va-bl), adj. discern- ible by the mind. perceive (-sev'), v.t. to obtain knowl- edge by the senses; understand; discern. per cent, (-sent'), by the hundred. percentage (-sent'aj), n. proportion- al allowance per cent. percept (per'sept), n. a knowledge of things derived through the senses. perceptibility (-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being perceptible. perceptible ('ti-bl), adj. that may be perceived. perception (-sep'shun), n. the act, state, or faculty of receiving knowl- edge of external things by the me- dium of the senses; idea, notion, or conception. perceptivity ('i-ti), n. the power of perception or thinking. perch (perch), n. a fresh-water fish; a measure of length = 5}4 yards, l-40th of a rood; anything on which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or roost: v.t. to place on a perch. perchance (per-chans'), odv. per- haps. perchlorate (-klo'rat), n. a com- pound of perchloric acid and a base. perchloric ('rik), adj. noting an acid having 7 equivalents of oxygen to 2 of chlorine. perchloride ('rid), n. & compound of an excess of chlorine with a base. percipience (-sip'i-ens), n. the act of perceiving. percipient ('i-ent), adj. perceiving: n. one who perceives. percolate ('ko-lat), v.i. to pass through small spaces. percolation (-la/shun), n. filtration. percolator ('ko-la-ter), n. a filtering machine or vessel; a coffee-pot fitted with a filter. percussion (-kush'un), n. violent col- lision; shock produced by the colli- sion of bodies; impression of sound on the ear; the medical examination of a part of the body by tapping it gently so as to determine its condi- tion by the sound produced. percussion-cap (kap)> n. a small copper cap containing fulminating powder, which, placed on the nipple of a gun, explodes the powder when struck by the lock. perdition (-dish'un), n. total de- struction; ruin; utter loss of the soul or of happiness in a future state. perdu (-du'), adj. forlorn; hidden: n. one lying in ambush: adv. in am- bush or a post of danger. peregrination (-e-grin-a/shun), n. the act of traveling about. peregrinator Cc-grim-a^ter), n. a traveler. peremptory ('emp-tor-i), adj. posi- tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- cussion or hesitation. perennial (-en'i-al), adj. lasting through the year; perpetual; noting plants that continue more than 2 years. perfect ('fekt), adj. complete; with- out defect or blemish; blameless; pure; possessing every moral excel- lence; fully skilled or accomplished; in grammar, the tense that expresses completed action: v.t. to make Der- fect; complete or finish. perfectibility (-fek-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the capacity for becoming perfect. perfection ('shun), n. the state of being perfect; supreme excellence. perfidious (-fid'i-us), adj. false to trust; treacherous; faithless. perfidy ('fi-di), n. violation of a trust reposed; breach of faith. ate, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,' book; hue, hut; think, then. \. PERFORATE 541 PERI QUE perforate ('fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or bore through; make a hole through. perforation (-ra'shun), n. the act of piercing or boring through; a hole bored through. perforator ('fo-ra-ter), n. one who, or that which, perforates. perforce (-fors'), adv. by force; vio- lently. perform (-form'), v.t. to do or carry out; execute; achieve; fulfil: v.i. to act a part. performance ('ans), n. the act of performing; execution; completion; deed or feat; an entertainment. perfume (-ftim'), v.t. to impregnate with a pleasant odor; scent: n. a sweet-smelling scent. perfumery ('er-i), n. perfumes in general. perfunctory ('to-ri), adj. done care- lessly or negligently. pergola (per-go'la), n. an arbor pas- sageway. perhaps (-haps'), adv. possibly. peri (pe'ri), n. in Persian mythology a descendant of a fallen spirit ex- cluded from paradise; a fairy: (per'i), a prefix, meaning around, as peribolos, a wall or court sur- rounding a temple. perianth (per'i-anth), n. a floral en- velope. (-kar'di-ak), adj. per- the pericardium. Also pericardiac taining to pericardial. pericarditis (-dl'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the pericardium. pericardium (-kar'di-um), n. the membrane that surrounds the heart- pericarp ('i-karp), n the seed-vessel of a plant. pericarpial (-kar'pi-al), adj. per- taining to a pericarp. periclase ('i-klaz), n. a magnesian mineral. periclinal (-kli'nal), adj. dipping on all sides from a central axis. pericranium (-kra'ni-um), n. the membrane that surrounds the cra- nium. perigee (-je), n. that point in the orbit of the moon, or of a planet, nearest the earth. perihelion (-he'li-on), n. [pi. peri- helia (-a) ], that point in the orbit of a planet, or a comet, nearest the sun. peril ('il)j n. exposure to injury; danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- pose to danger or risk. perilous (-us), adj. full of peril; hazardous; dangerous. perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the outer boundary of a plane surface. period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or cycle; interval of time; the time taken by a planet to revolve round the sun; length of duration; conclu- sion; a dot [.] to mark the end of a sentence; in rhetoric, a complete sentence. periodical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to a period, or to periodicals; occur- ring at regular intervals. Also peri- odic: n. a publication issued at stated intervals, as a magazine. periodicity (-o-dis'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being periodical. periosteal (per-i-os'te-al), adj. per- taining to the periosteum. periosteum ('te-um), n. the vascular nervous membrane which covers the bones. periostitis (-ti'tis), n. inflammation of the periosteum. Peripatetic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. per- taining to the philosophy of Aristotle who instructed his disciples while he walked about the Lyceum: n. a disciple of Aristotle. peripatetic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. walking about: n. one who is accustomed or compelled to walk. peripheral (pe-rif'er-al), adj. per- taining to a periphery. periphery ('er-i), n. [pi. peripheries (-iz) ], the circumference of a circle, ellipse, or similar figure. periphrasis (-rif'ra-sis), n. circum- locution. periphrastic (per-i-f ras'tik) , adj. circumlocutory. Also periphrastical. perique (pa-rek'), n. a strong, black ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. PERISCOPE 542 PERPETRATE tobacco, of peculiar flavor, grown in St. James Parish, Louisiana. periscope (per'i-skop), n. an instru- ment for seeing over intervening ob- jects; used in guiding submarine boats. periscopic (per-i-skop'ik), adj. view- ing all round, and so constructed as to increase the distinctness of ob- jects when viewed at an oblique an- gle. Also periscopical. perish ('ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- tality; decay or die; be destroyed or come to nothing. perishability (-a-bil'i-ti) ,\n. the state of being perishable. Also perish- ableness. perishable (per'ish-a-bl), adj. liable to perish; mortal. perisperm ('i-sperm), n. albumen of a seed. peristaltic (-stal'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the peculiar worm-like move- ment of the intestines by which their contents are forced onward. peristyle ('i-stil), n. an open court in the interior of a* house surrounded by a row of columns. perisystole (-sis'to-le), n. the inter- val that ensues on the contraction of the heart before the dilation (dias- tole) which follows. peritoneal (-to-ne'al), adj. pertain- ing to the peritoneum. peritoneum ('urn), n. a thin serous membrane which covers the abdom- inal viscera. peritonitis (-ni'tis), n. inflammation of the peritoneum. periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. periwinkle (-wing'kl), n. a peren- nial creeping plant; a small uni- valve mollusk. perjure (per'jur), v.i. to swear false- r- perjury (-i), n. the act of swearing falsely when on oath. perk (perk), +t. to make trim or smart : v.i. to hold up the head in a smart or saucy manner; peer. perky ('i), adj. jaunty; smart. permanence ('ma-nens), n. the state or quality of being permanent; dura- tion. Also permanency. permanent (-nent), adj. lasting; durable; continuing in the same state. permeability (-me-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being permeable. permeable ('me-a-bl), adj. that may be passed through. permeate ('me-at), v.t. to penetrate and pass through the pores or in- terstices of. permeation (-a/shun), n. the act of permeating. permission (-mish'un), n. the act of permitting; leave; license. permissive (-mis'iv), adj. granting permission or license; not forbid- ding. permit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. per- mitted, p.pr. permitting], to allow without command; consent to; toler- ate: n. (per'mit) a written license from an officer of customs to remove dutiable goods; permission. permitter ('er), n. one who permits. permutable (-mut'a-bl), adj. inter- changeable. permutation (-mu-ta'shun), n. the exchange of one thing for another; the arrangement of any determinate number of things or letters, in all possible orders, one after the other. pernicious (-nish'us), adj. highly in- jurious or hurtful; destructive. pernickety (nik'i-ti), adj. trim; at- tentive to trifles; overnice; fussily particular. peroration (-o-ra'shun), n. the con- cluding part of an oration. peroxide (-oks'id), n. the oxide of a base which contains the largest pro- portion of oxygen. peroxidize ('i-dlz), v.t. to oxidize to the greatest degree. perpendicular . (-dik'u-lar), adj. standing at right angles to a given line or surface; perfectly upright: n. a perpendicular line. perpetrate ('pe-trat), v.t. to, com- mit; perform (in a bad sense). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. PERPETRATION 543 PERSPECTOGRAPH perpetration (-tra'shun), n. the act of perpetrating. perpetrator ('pe-tra-ter), n. one who perpetrates. perpetual (-pet'u-al), adj. never ceasing; not temporary. perpetuate ('u-at), v.t. to make per- petual; preserve from extinction or oblivion. perpetuation (-a/shun), n. the act of perpetuating. perpetuity (-pe-tu'i-ti), n. the state of being perpetual; endless duration. perplex (-pleks' , v.t. to make diffi- cult to be understood; make anx- ious; puzzle; embarrass or confuse. perplexity ('i-ti), n. embarrassment; doubt; intricacy. perquisite ('kwi-zit), n. a gift or al- personality lowance in addition to regular wages or salary; that which is gained, as distinct from that which is inherited. perron ('on), n. a staircase outside a building leading to the first floor. perry ('i), n. the fermented juice of pears. persecute ('se-kut), v.t. to harass or ill-treat, especially for religious opin- ions; annoy with importunity. persecution (-ku'shun), n. the act of persecuting; the state of being per- secuted. persecutor (-ter), n. one who perse- cutes. perseverance (-ve'rans), n. the act or state of persevering; continuance in grace. persevere (-se-veV), v.i. to persist in any enterprise or business under- taken; continue steadfastly. Persian ('shan), adj. pertaining to Persia, to its inhabitants, or to its language: n.pl. sculptured draped male figures used as columns. persimmon (-sim'un), n. an Ameri- can plum-like fruit; the tree yield- ing it. persist (-sisf), v.i. to continue stead- ily in any course commenced; perse- vere. persistence (-sis'tens), n. the state or quality of being persistent; ob- stinacy. Also persistency. personage (-aj), n. a man or woman, especially one of distinction. personal (-al), adj. pertaining to men or women; relating, or peculiar, to a person and his private affairs; per- taining to the external appearance; done in person; denoting the per- son; movable: opposed to real: n. movable property or goods: opposed to lands and tenements (real estate). personal equation (per'son-al-e-kwa/ shun), n. the reaction time of an in- dividual which causes him to record observation of a phenomenon, such as the transit of a star, a fraction of a second later than it really occurs, (-al'i-ti), n. that which constitutes distinction of person; application of remarks (usually of- fensive) to some individual. , personalty (-al-ti), n. personal es- tate, or i all kinds of movable prop- erty. personate (-at), v.t. to represent by an assufned character; counterfeit; assume the character of for fraudu- lent purposes, as in voting. personation (-a/shun), n. the coun- terfeiting of the person and charac- ter of another. personator (-ter), n. one who as- sumes the character of another. personification (-son-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of personifying. personify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. personified, p.pr. personifying], to represent as endowed with personal qualities. personnel (per-son-el'), n. the per- sons employed in any public service, especially the army and navy, as dis- tinguished from the materiel, arms, stores, &c. perspective (per-spek'tiv), adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, the art of perspective: n. a vista or view; the art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye. perspectograph ('to-graf), n. an op- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERSPICACIOUS 544 PESTIFEROUS tical instrument for drawing me- chanically the points and outlines of objects. perspicacious (-spi-ka'shus) , adj. mentally acute; quick-sighted. perspicacity (-kas'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being perspicacious; acute- ness of sight or discernment. perspicuity (-kQ'i-ti), n. freedom from obscurity; mental clearness; lucidity. perspicuous (-spik'ii-us), adj. men- tally clear; easily understood; evi- dent; clear. perspirable (-splr-a-bl), adj. that may be perspired. perspiration (-spi-r a/shun), n. excre- tion by the pores of the skin ; sweat. perspire (-spir'), v.i. to excrete by the pores of the skin; sweat. persuade (-swad')> v.t. to influence by argument, advice, entreaty, &c; draw or incline the will of; "exhort, induce; prevail upon. persuasibility (swa-si-bil'i-ti), n. the capability of being persuaded. Also persuasibleness. persuasion ('zhun), n. the act or art of persuading; the state of being persuaded. persuasive ('siv), adj. having the power to persuade; influencing the will or passions: n. an incitement. pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or have relation. pertinacious (-ti-na'shus), adj. un- yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- cious. pertinacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the quality of being pertinacious. pertinence ('ti-nens), n. suitable- ness; fitness. Also pertinency. pertinent ('ti-nent), adj. fitting or appropriate ; relevant . perturb (-terb'), v.t. to agitate; dis- turb; disquiet. perturbation (-ter-ba/shun), n. men- tal agitation or disquietude; an ir- regularity or deviation in the move- ment of a heavenly body in its orbit. peruke (per-ook'), n. a wig. perusal (pe-roo'zal), n. the act of perusing; study or examination. peruse (-rooz'), v.t. to read with care and attention; examine. Peruvian (-roov'i-an)„ adj. pertain- ing to Peru. Peruvian bark (bark), n. cinchona. pervade (per-vacT), v.t. to penetrate; extend or be diffused all over; per- meate. pervasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of pervading. perverse (-vers'), adj. obstinate; un- tractable; petulant. perversion {-ver'shun), n. the act of perverting; the state of being per- verted; a turning from truth or pro- priety; misapplication. perversity. Same as perverseness. perversive (-ver'siv), adj. tending to pervert. pervert (-vert/), v.t. to turn from the true end or proper purpose; misap- ply: n. (per'vert) one who has been perverted, especially from truth to' error. pervious ('vi-us), adj. admitting pas- sage; permeable. pesade (pe-sad'), n. the motion of a horse when he raises or lifts up his fore quarters without advancing. pesky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; an- noying. peso (pa/so), n. a dollar [Spanish]. pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- trine that the present state of exist- ence is essentially evil; the tendency to exaggerate in thought the evils of life: opposed to optimism. pessimist (-mist), n. one who holds the doctrine of pessimism; one who looks on the worst side of every- thing. pessimistic (-mis'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, pessi- mism; gloomy. pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- ease; plague; anything very mis- chievous, annoying, or injurious. pester (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy. pestiferous (-tif'er-us), adj. convey- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PESTILENCE 545 PHALANX ing pestilence; physically or morally noxious. pestilence # ('ti-lens), n. an infectious or contagious disease. pestilent ('ti-lent), adj. noxious to health, morals, or society. pestilential (-len'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or producing, a pestilence; pernicious; destructive. pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for pounding substances in a mortar. petal ('al), n. one of the separate parts of the corolla of a flower; a flower-leaf. petard (pe-tard'), n. a bell-shaped explosive machine used for bursting open gates, &c. petersham ('ter-sham), n. a thick shaggy cloth: used for overcoats, &c. petiole (pet'i-ol), n. the footstalk of a leaf connecting the blade with the stem. petit ('i), adj. small; inconsiderable [French]. Feminine petite (pe-tef). petition (pe-tish'un), n. an earnest supplication or prayer; a formal supplication from an inferior to a superior; a paper or document con- taining a written request: v.t. to solicit earnestly; present a petition to. petitionary (-a-ri), adj. containing a petition. petit jury (pet'i joo-ri), n. a trial jury as distinguished from a grand jury. Also petty jury. petit-maitre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. a fop who affects women's society. petrel ('rel), n. a web-footed, strong- winged, oceanic bird, that appears in its flight to walk upon the water. petrescence (-tres'ens), n. the act of becoming converted into stone. petrifaction (-ri-fak'shun), n. the process of changing animal or vege- table substance into stone; a fossil. petr if active ('tiv), adj. having pow- er to petrify. petrify ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- rified, p.pr. petrifying], to change into stone; fix in silent amazement or fear; render callous, obdurate, or hard. Petrograd (pe'tro-grad), n. new name of St. Petersburg, Russia (1914). petroleum (-tro'le-um), n. an inflam- mable dark yellowish-brown bitu- minous liquid issuing from certain rocks; mineral oil. petrology (pe-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific study of rocks. petromortis (pe'trS-mor'tis), n. death poisoning by gasoline fumes. petticoat ('i-kot), n. a woman's loose underskirt. pettifogger ('i-fog-er), n. a lawyer who practices in petty cases. pettily ('i-li), adv. in a petty manner. pettiness ('i-nes), n. smallness; un- importance. petty ('i), adj. trifling; small; incon- siderable; unimportant; contempti- ble. petty jury. Same as petit jury. petulance ('Q-lans), n. peevishness; caprice. Also petulancy. petulant ('ii-lant), adj. peevish; ca- pricious. Petunia (pe-tu'ni-a), n. a South American genus of ornamental plants with handsome flowers. petunia, n. a plant of the genus Pe- tunia, or its flower. pew (pu), n. an inclosed seat in a church: v.t. to furnish with pews. pewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Also peewit. pewter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of tin, lead, antimony, &c. ; adj. made of pewter pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper coin of Germany=^ cent. phaeton (fa'e-ton), n. an open four- wheeled carriage. phagocyte (fag'o-sit), n. a leucocyte which devours hurtful bacteria in the human body. phalanges, pi. of phalanx. phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. pha- langes (-lan'jez) ], among the an- cient Greeks, a square battalion of heavy-armed infantry drawn up in close rank: hence any close compact ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHANTASM 546 PHILISTINISM body: pi. the small bones of the fin- gers and toes. phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or specter. phantasmagoria (-taz-ma-go'ri-a) , n. a magic lantern. phantasy (fan'ta-si), n. insane fancy. phantom ('torn), n. an apparition; spirit; fancied vision. pharisaic (far-i-sa/ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, the Pharisees; formally religious; hypo- critical. Also pharisaical. Pharisaism ('i-sa-izm), n. the doc- trines and practices of the Pharisees. Pharisee ('i-se), n. one of a religious sect among the Jews characterized by their strict observance of the let- ter of the law, and rites and cere- monies; one who observes the letter rather than the spirit of the law. pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik), adj. pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. pharmacopoeia (-ko-pe'ya), n. an official publication containing the list of drugs of the JMateria Medica, and directions for the preparation of medicines, &c. pharmacy ('ma-si), n. the art of pre- paring and compounding medicines; a drug-store. pharos (fa/ros), n. a lighthouse. pharyngeal (fa-rin'je-al), adj. per- taining to the pharynx. pharynx (far'ingks), n. the muscu- lar or membranous sac at the upper part of the esophagus. phase (faz), n. [pi. phases (fa'sez) ], the illuminated surface shown by a planet, or the moon; aspect; ap- pearance; transparent green quartz. Also phasis. pheasant (fez'ant), n. a gallinaceous bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- served for sport. pheasantry (-ri), n. a place where pheasants are bred and preserved. phenix (fe'niks), n. a fabulous bird, said to live 500 years in the Arabian desert, and to rise rejuvenescent from its ashes after immolating itself on a funeral pyre: hence the emblem of immortality. Also phcenix. phenol (fe'nol), n. carbolic acid. phenomenal (-nom'en-al), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, phenom r ena. phenomenalism (-izm), n. the meta- physical doctrine that visible things are really phenomena. phenomenon ('e-non), n. [pi. phe- nomena ('e-na) ], an appearance, es- pecially one of unusual occurrence; something as it is perceived by ex- periment or observation. phial (fi'al), n. & small glass bottle or vessel: v.t. to put or keep in a phial. Also vial. philander (fil-an'der), v.i. to make silly love; to be foolishly* sentimen- tal. philanthropic (fil-an-throp'ik), adj. loving mankind; benevolent. Also philanthropical. philanthropist ('an-thrS-pist), n. one who loves and seeks to benefit mankind. philanthropy (-pi), n. love of man- kind ; benevolence. philatelist (fi-lat'e-list), n. sl collec- tor of postage stamps: adj. pertain- ing to philately. philately ('e-li), n. the systematic collection of postage stamps. philharmonic (-har-mon'ik), adj. loving harmony; noting a musical society. philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of vehement invective: from one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. Philistine (fil'is-tin or -is'tin), n. an ancient inhabitant of the southwest- ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, a non-academical person; an uncul- tured person or one of narrow views : adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Philistines; uncultured; nar- row-minded; prosaic. Philistinism (-izm), n. the manners or modes of thought of a modern Philistine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHILOLOGICAL 547 PHOSPHURET philological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to philology. philologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one skilled in philology. Also philologer. philology (-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific study of languages and their struc- ture and mutual relation. philomel ('o-mel), n. the nightingale. philoprogenitiveness (-o-pro-jen'i- tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of offspring. philosopher (-os'o-fer), n. a student of philosophy; one noted for calm judgment and practical wisdom. philosophic (-o-sof'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or in accordance with, phi- losophy; rational; wise; calm. Also philosophical. . philosophize (-os'o-flz), v.i. to rea- son like a philosopher. philosophy ('o-fi), n. the knowledge of the causes of all phenomena both of mind and matter; a particular philosophic system; calmness of temper. philter, philtre ('ter), n. a love charm or potion. phiz, abbreviation of physiognomy. phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. _ the act or practice of opening a vein to let blood. phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in the air passages of the throat; cold- ness; sluggishness. phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik), adj. abounding in phlegm; sluggish; dull. Phlegmatical. Phlox (floks), n. a genus of North American bright-colored flowering plants. phlox n. any plant of the genus Phlox. Phoebus (fe'bus), n. Apollo; the sun. Phoenician (fe-nish'an), adj. per- taining to ancient Phoenicia, or to its inhabitants. phoenix. Same as phenix. phonendoscope (fo-nen'do-skop), n. an improved stethescope in which the sounds are intensified by disks of vulcanite or other vibrating material. phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining to the voice or sounds; representing the simple elementary sounds. Also phonetical: n.pl. the science of sounds, especially of the human voice. phonics (fon'iks), n.pl. the science of sounds; acoustics. phonogram (fo'no-gram), n. articu- fate sound as recorded by the phono- graph; a written character repre- senting a particular sound. phonograph ('no-graf), n. a letter or character indicating a distinct spoken sound; an instrument to re- cord or reproduce articulate speech or sounds. phonography (-nog'ra-fi), n. a de- scription of sounds uttered by the human voice; a system of shorthand, by which every sound is represented by a separate character or mark. phonology (-nol'o-ji), n. the science of articulate sounds. phonoscope ('no-skop), n. an instru- ment which by means of electricity translates vibrations of sounds into visible figures. phonotype ('no-tip), n. a phonetic type. phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of phosphoric acid. phosphide. Same as phosphuret. phosphite ('fit), n. a salt of phos- phorous acid. phosphorate ('fo-rat), v.t. to com- bine with phosphorous. phosphoresce (-fo-res'), v.i. to emit fight like phosphorus. phosphorescence ('ens), n. emission of light under certain conditions by substances at common temperatures ; faint light. phosphorous acid ('for-us as'id), n. an acid formed by the union of 1 atom of phosphorus and 3 atoms of oxygen. phosphorus ('for-us), n. a yellowish, wax-like, inflammable,, non-metallic element, luminous in the dark. > phosphuret ('fu-ret), n. a combina- tion of phosphorus with a metallic base. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHOTO 548 PHYSICS photo, a prefix meaning light. photo (fo'to), n. a photograph. photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), n. the_ art or process of photographing in colors. photoengraving (f o'to-en-grav'ing) , n. a process for producing printing blocks or plates by photography. photogen ('to-jen), n. an inflamma- ble hydro-carbon; paraffin. photograph ('to-graf), n. a photo- graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- ture of by means of photography. photography (-tog'ra-fi), n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of light on certain sub- stances sensitized by various chem- ical processes. photogravure (-to-gra-vur'), n. the process of producing by photography on a sensitized surface an incised engraved metal plate from which im- pressions may be printed: v.t. to produce by such a process. photoheliograph (-he'li-o-graf), n. a photographic telescope or camera moved by clockwork, for depicting solar spots, transits, &c. photophone ('to-fon), n. an instru- ment for communicating sounds by the agency of light. photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. a moving- picture play. photopsia (top'si-a), n. a morbid af- fection of the eyes in which corrus- cations of light appear to play be- fore them. Also photopsy. photosphere ('to-sfer), n. the lumi- nous envelope of the sun. phototherapy (fo-to-ther'a-pi), n. a method of curing disease by means of light-rays, electric or solar, fo- cussed on the affected parts. phototype ('to-tlp), n. a block pro- duced by photography from which engravings" &c, can be printed; the process itself. phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- press in peculiar words. phraseology (-e-ol'o-ji), n. style, manner, or peculiarity of expres- sion; a collection of phrases. phrenic (fren'ik), adj. pertaining to the diaphragm. phrenitis (fre-ni'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the brain. phrenological (fren-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to phrenology. phrenology ('o-ji), n. the science of the human mind or brain, as con- nected with the moral, intellectual, and sensual dispositions of the indi- vidual, which are supposed to be in- dicated by the undulations, or "bumps," on the cranium. phthisic (tiz'ik), n. asthma; phthisis. phthisis (thl'sis), n. pulmonary con- sumption. phycology (fl-kol'o-ji), n. the study of the algae or seaweeds. phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i), n. [pi. phy- lacteries (-iz) ], a small square box containing a thin strip of parchment upon which certain texts from the law are inscribed, worn by pious Jews upon the forehead and left wrist. physeter (fi-se'ter), n. the sperm whale. physic (nz'ik), n. the science of med- icine, or the art of healing; medi- cine; a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. physicked, p.pr. physicking], to ad- minister medicine to; cure. physical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to nature, or to material things; per- ceptible to the senses; pertaining to physics; medicinal. physician (fi-zish'an), n. one legally qualified to prescribe remedies for diseases. physicism (fiz'i-sizm), n. material- ism. physicist ('i-sist), n. a student of natural science. physico a prefix, meaning of, or per- taining to, nature, as physico-theol- ogy, theology illustrated by natural philosophy. physics ('iks), n.pl. physical science or natural philosophy. ate, arm, ask. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHYSIOGNOMIST 549 PICTURESQUE physiognomist (-i-og'no-mist), n. one who is skilled in physiognomy. physiognomy (-mi), n. the science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the coun- tenance; the face; outward appear- ance. physiological (-i-^o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to physiology. physiologist (-i-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in physiology. physiology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science that treats of the vital functions performed by the organs of animals and plants. physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- ization. pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw into disorder, as printing type. piacular (pl-ak'u-lar), adj. expia- tory; requiring sacrifice; atrocious. pia mater (pi'a ma/ter), n. a deli- cate vascular membrane which in- vests the brain and spinal cord. pianist (pi-an'ist), n. a performer on the piano. piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. pianoforte (-for-te), n. a stringed musical instrument, the notes of which are produced by hammers acted upon by keys. piano-player (-pla/er), n. an at- tachment to a piano causing it to play automatically. piazza (-az'a), n. an open square sur- rounded by buildings or colonnades; a walk under a roof supported by pillars. pibcorn (pib'korn), n. a Welsh mu- sical pipe. pibroch (pe'brokh), n. the wild mar- tial music of the Scottish bagpipe; a bagpipe. pica (pl'ka), n. a size of type, used as a standard of measurement in printing (see type); a vitiated ap- petite for unnatural kinds of sub- stances, as coal, sand, chalk, &c. picador (pik-&-dor'), n. the horse- man who incites the bull in a Span- ish bull fight by attacking it with a lance. picaroon (-roon'), n. a robber, pi- rate, or marauder. picayune (-yoon'), n. a small silver coin = 634 cents. piccalilli ('a-lil-i), n. a kind of pickle. piccaninny ('a-nin-i), n. [pi. picca- ninnies (-iz) ], a negro baby or child. piccolo ('o-lo), n. a small flute hav- ing its notes an octave higher than the ordinary flute. pick-a-back ('a-bak), adv. on the shoulders like a pack. pickax, pickaxe ('aks), n. an ex- cavating tool, pointed at one end and broad at the other. pickerel ('er-el), n. a small pike. picket ('et), n. a pointed stake used in fortification; pale of a fence; a stake to which a horse is fastened; a military guard to give notice of the approach of an enemy, or to bring in deserters; one or more appointed by a trades-union to watch a fac- tory, &c, where non-unionist men are employed during a strike: v.t. to place as a picket; fasten to a picket. pickle ('1), n. a mixture of brine and water, &c, for preserving food; vegetables, &c, preserved in pickle; embarrassment or difficulty; a mis- chievous or troublesome child: v.t. to preserve in, or as in, pickle. picklock ('lok), n. an instrument for picking locks; a thief. picnic ('nik), n. a short excursion into the country, &c, by a pleasure party carrying their own provisions; a kind of biscuit. picric acid ('rik as'id), n. an in- tensely bitter acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo; car- bazotic acid. pictorial (pik-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or illustrated by, pictures. picture ('tur), n. a painting or draw- ing representing a person or thing; vivid representation or description. picturesque (-esk'), adj. giving vivid ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PIE 550 PILLAR impression of nature or reality; graphic; wild and beautiful ; roman- tic : n. that which is picturesque. pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer's type confusedly mixed ; meat or fruit cov- ered with crust and baked. piebald ('bawld), adj. having patches of different colors. piecemeal ('mel), adj. made of pieces or parts; single: adv. in pieces or parts. pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. pier (per), n. a mass of masonry supporting an arch, bridge, &c. ; tim- bers of a bridge or other building; mole or jetty; wharf; a landing place projecting into the sea. pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- cially with a pointed instrument; affect deeply; explore; dive into: v.i. to enter. pierceable ('a-bl), adj. that may be pierced. pier glass (per glas), n. an orna- mental mirror, especially one be- tween windows. piety (pi-e-ti), n. the quality of be- ing pious; reverence for, and duty toward God; reverence to parents. pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the ge- nus Columba; a simpleton; one who is easily imposed upon or swindled. pigeon-breasted (-bres'ted), adj. having a narrow breast like a pig- eon. pigeon English (ing'glish), n. a jar- gon of English used in commercial dealings with the Chinese. Also pidgin English. pigeon-hole (-hoi), n. a compart- ment iqr papers, &c. pigeon-toed (-tod), adj. having the toes turned inwards. piggin ('in), n. a small drinking ves- sel. pigheaded ('hed-ed), adj. stupidly obstinate. pigmean (-me'an), adj. dwarfish. pigment ('ment), n. paint; coloring matter. pigmy. Same as pygmy. pignons (pin'yunz), n.pl. the edible seeds of various pine cones. pig-nut (pig'nut), n. the sweetish- bitter nut of a species of hickory; the ground chestnut. pigsty ('sti), n. a pen for pigs. pigtail ('tal), n. the tail of a pig; hair twisted into the form of a long queue and hanging down the back of the head; tobacco in long twists. pigwidgeon (-wij'un), n. a f-airy; anything very diminutive. pike (pik), n. a weapon with a shaft and spearhead; a voracious fresh- water fish with a narrow, elongated, pointed head. pike (pik), n, a road; a turnpike. piker (pi'ker), n. a person whose ventures are made on a small scale and in a timid way. pilaster (pi-las'ter), n. a square col- umn or pillar, inserted partly in a wall. pilchard (pil'chard), n. a marine edible fish, resembling the herring, found chiefly on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. pile (pil), n. a large beam driven into the ground to make a firm foundation; mass or heap; accumu- lation; large building; a series of plates arranged to produce an elec- tric current; nap of cloth; a for- tune: pi. hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect in a mass; accumulate; lay on; drive piles into. pilfer (pil'fer), v.t. to steal in small quantities. pilgarlick (-gar'lik), n. one who has lost his hair by disease; a wretched sneaking fellow. pilgrim ('grim), n. a traveler; one who travels from a distance to visit some sacred place or shrine. pilgrimage (-aj), n. a journey, espe- cially to some sacred place. pillage ('aj), n. the act of plunder- ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; lay waste. pillar ('ar), n. a column to support a ] structure; monument; something ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PILLION 551 PINOCHLE resembling a pillar, or affording sup- port. • pillion Cyun), n. a cushion for a woman to ride on horseback behind a horseman; a soft low saddle. pillory ('or-i), n. [pi. pillories (-iz) ], a wooden frame supported by an up- right post, having holes through which the head and hands of a per- son exposed to disgrace were passed and secured: v.t. to place in a pil- lory; expose to public disgrace or abuse. pilose (pllos), adj. hairy. Also pi- lous. pilot ('lot), n. one who conducts a vessel in or out of a harbor or where navigation is difficult or dangerous; a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a pilot. pilotage (-aj), n. the act of piloting; skill of a pilot; pilot's dues. pilot-cloth (-kloth), n. a stout thick cloth. pilot-engine (-en'jin), n. a locomo- tive sent on in front to clear the line. pimento (pi-men 'to), n. allspice. pimp (pimp), n. a procurer: v.i. to procure immoral women for others. pimpernel (pim'per-nel), n. a name for various plants of the genus Ana- gallis. pimple ('pi), n. a small pustule. pimpled Cpld), adj. having, or full of, pimples. Also pimply. pinachromy (pin-ak'ro-mi), n. a method of photographing in colors. pina-cloth (pe'nya-kloth), n. a fine cloth made in Manila from the fibers of the pineapple leaf. pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron or covering to protect children's dresses. pinaster (pi-nas'ter), n. the cluster- pine of Southern Europe. pincers. Same as pinchers. pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip; oppress or distress: v.i. to bear hard; be straitened; be mean or niggardly: n. a 'squeeze or nip, as with the fingers and thumb; dis- tress, or difficulty. pinchbeck ('bek), n. a yellow alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of zinc: adj. noting jewelry of inferior make. pinchers (pinch'erz), n. an instru- ment for drawing out nails, &c; nippers. Also pincers. pineal, (pin'e-al), adj. shaped like a pine-cone. pineal body (pin'e-al), n. a small gland in the brain, believed to be the vestige of an ancestral eye, and pro- ducing a secretion that appears to have great importance in stimulat- ing mental development. pineapple (pin'ap-1), n. a tropical plant and its cone-shaped fruit. pin-footed (pin'foot-ed), adj. hav- ing the toes or feet bordered by a membrane. pinion Cyun), n. the last joint of a bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or secure, as by binding the arms; confine or fetter. pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red color; a flower with sharp-pointed leaves of the genus Dianthus; a narrow-sterned vessel; anything of supreme excellence: adj. of the color of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or punch with small round holes or small scallops; work in eyelet holes. pinking ('ing), n. a method of orna- menting dress materials or leather by scalloping the edges. pin-money (pin-mun'i), n. money allowed to a wife by her husband for her private expenses: originally for buying pins. pinnace (pin'as), n. a small light schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an eight-oared man-of-war's boat. pinnacle ('a-kl), n. a small polyg- onal turret or elevation above the rest of the building; a high point like a spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. pinnate ('at), adj. shaped like a feather; divided into leaflets. Also pinnated. pinochle (pe'nuk-1), n. a German ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; htic;, hut; think, then. PINT 552 PITCH game at cards, somewhat like the French game of bezique. pint (pint), n. l-8th of a gallon. pintail (pin'tal), n. a duck with a pointed tail. pintle ('tl), n. a bolt; the hook which attaches the rudder to the stern of a vessel. pioneer (pl-o-neV), n. a soldier or person whose business it is to clear and repair roads, &c, before an army, sink mines, and throw up for- tifications; one who goes before to prepare the way for another: v.i. act as a pioneer. pious ('us), adj. dutiful to God, or to parents; religious; devout; proceed- ing from, or actuated by, religious feeling. pip (pip), n. the seed of certain fruit; a disease in fowls; a spot on a play- ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken or small bird. pipe (pip), n. any long hollow tube; a tube of clay, wood, &c, with a bowl at one end for smoking tobac- co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, or 105 imperial gallons, or 126 wine- gallons: v.t. to play on, or call by, a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shrill sound. pipe-dream £ (pip'-drem), n. a foolish vision; an improbable fancy. piperine (pi'per-in), n. the active - principle of black pepper. piping ('ing), adj. feeble; weak; shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like boiling water: n. corded trimming for dresses. pipkin (pip 'kin), n. an earthen pot glazed on the inside. pippin ('in), n. a variety of apple. piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or quality of being piquant. piquant ('kant), adj. pungent; se- vere. pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- sentment; wounded pride; punc- tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; irritate; displease; pride or value (one's self). pique (pe-ka'), n. a French cotton material, usually with some geomet- rical pattern. piquet (pe-ket'), n. a card game. piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime of a pirate; infringement of copy- right. pirate ('rat), n. a robber on the high seas; one who infringes the law of | 'literary or artistic copyright: v.t. to take without permission or com- pensation: v.i. to practice piracy. pirogue (pi-rog'), n. a canoe consist- ing of the hollowed trunk of a single tree; a North American narrow ferry-boat. pirouette (pir-oo-et'), n. a whirling or turning about on one toe; turn- ing of a horse on the same ground: v.i. to execute a pirouette. piscary (pis'ka-ri), n. right or liber- ty of fishing. piscatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to fishing. Also piscatory. pisciculture ('i-kul-tur), n. the arti- ficial breeding and rearing of fishes. pistachio-nut (pista'shi-o), n. a nut flavored like an almond. pismire (pis'mlr), n. an ant. pistil ('til), n. the seed-bearing or- gan in the center of a flower. pistillate (-at), adj. having a pistil. pistol ('tol), n. a small hand-gun: v.t. to shoot with a pistol. pistole (-tol 7 ), n. a Spanish gold coin of varying value: usually about $3.60. piston C'tun), n. a small solid cylin- der of metal or wood, fitting exactly and moving up and down the barrel of a pump, or the cylinder of a steam-engine. piston-rod (-rod), n. the rod moving the piston and connecting it with the external machinery. pita (pe'ta), n. a fibre of the agave plant from which rope and paper are made. pitacal ('a-kal), n. a substance ob- tained from wood-tar. pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- inous substance obtained from boiled ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. mi PITCHBLENDE 553 PLACKET tar; a casting forward or down; degree or rate; slope; the degree of acuteness or graveness of a musical note; distance between the center of two gearing teeth; at cricket, the distance between the wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; throw; cast headlong; set to a key-note; order regularly; fix in, or on, the ground: v.i. to settle; fall headlong; en- camp; rise and fall; fix the choice (with upon). pitchblende ('blend), n. a black ox- ide of uranium: used in coloring glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief source of radium. pitched battle ('t bat'l), n. a bat- tle in which the opposing forces have taken up a regular position. pitcher ('er), n. one who pitches; an earthen vessel for holding water; an instrument for piercing the ground. pitcher-plant (-plant), n. an East- ern plant, the vase-like leaves of which, furnished with lids, hold water. pitchfork ('fork), n. a pronged fork for pitching hay, straw, &c: v.t. to lift or throw with, or as with, a pitchfork. pitch- wheel (-hwel), n. a toothed wheel that works in another. pitchy ('i), adj. like, or smeared with, pitch. piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; sorrowful; sad. pitfall ('fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- ered so that wild beasts may fall into it; a trap. pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- stance in the center of plants; mar- row; quintessence; energy or force. pithily (pith'i-li), adv. in a pithy manner. pithy ('i), adj. of the nature of, or full of, pith; forcible. pitiable (pit'i-a-bl), adj. deserving pity. pitiful ('i-fool), adj. moving com- passion; insignificant. pitiless ('i-les), adj. without pity or compassion; merciless. pitsaw ('saw), n. a two-handled saw. pittance ('ans), n. a small allow- ance, especially of money. pitted ('ed), p. adj. marked with in- dentations or small hollows. pituitary body (pi-tfi'i-ta-ri bod'i), n. a small gland situated at the base of the brain and producing a very im- portant internal secretion. pity ('i), n. sympathy with distress; compassion; a subject of pity or grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitied, p.pr. pitying], to sympathize with: v.i. to be compassionate, or affected with pity. pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on which anything turns; the soldier who is stationary at the flank while the company drilling wheels round: v.t. to place on a pivot. pix. Another form of pyx. pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies ('iz) ], a fairy. Also pixie. placability (pla-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being placable. Also placableness. placable ('ka-bl), adj. that may be appeased or pacified; forgiving. placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed on a wall, &c, as an advertisement: v.t. (pla-kard'), to advertise by a placard. placeman ('man), n. a government official. placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. the vascu- lar organ that connects the fetus in the womb with the mother, the after-birth; that part of the carpel of a plant to which the ovules or seeds are attached. placental ('tal), adj. pertaining to, or having, a pla'centa: n. a mam- mal with a placenta. placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit which is not a vein. placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; mild. placidity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being placid. placket (plak'et), n. a petticoat; a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLAGIARISM 554 PLANTIGRADE slit in a skirt or petticoat; a wom- an's pocket. plagiarism (pla/ji-a-rism), n. the act of plagiarizing. plagiarist (-rist), n. one who steals from the writings of another and passes them off as his own produc- tion; literary theft. Also plagiary. plagiarize (-Iz), v.t. to steal from the writings of another. plague (plag), n. a malignant epi- demic ; anything very troublesome or annoying: v.t. to infest with dis- ease; trouble or annoy greatly. plaguily (•i-li), adv. so as to plague. plaguy {'i), adj. vexatious. plaice (plas), n. an edible flat-fish. plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen cloth, originally worn as a garment by the Highlanders of Scotland. plain (plan), adj. level; flat; even; smooth; clear; evident; easily un- derstood; not luxurious; devoid of beauty, or ornament; homely: n. level ground; any flat expanse. plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a • mournful song; the exhibiting of an action in writing by a plaintiff. plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- mences a suit in a court of law. plaintive ('tiv), adj. expressing grief or sorrow; sad. plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. to fold or braid; interweave. Also pleat. plan (plan), n. a drawing on a flat surface, as , of a building, &c; scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. planned, p.pr. planning], to make a plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; form in design; outline. planarian (pla-na'ri-an) , n. a flat aquatic 'worm having extraordinary power to reproduce lost parts, in- cluding the head. planchet ('chet), n. a flat piece of metal prepared for coining. planchette (plang-shef), n. a heart- shaped board fitted with wheels and a pencil which traces marks as it moves the hand by some supposed mysterious agency. plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even J without elevations or depressions: n. a flat or even surface; in geom- etry, an even superficies; a level sur- face parallel to the horizon; a car- penter's tool for smoothing wood: v.t. to make level; make smooth with a plane. plane-tree ('tre), n. a large tree with broad-spreading leaves. planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body revolving round the sun. planetarium (-a'ri-um), n. a ma- chine to exhibit the planets, their motions round the sun, and their relative distances and magnitudes. planetary ('et-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or produced by, planets; erratic. planetoid ('et-oid), n. any one of the small planets revolving in the space between Mars and Venus; minor planet. planish (plan'ish), v.t. to polish or smooth by hammering. planisphere ('is-fer), n. a sphere or globe projected on a plane surface. planner (plan'er), n. one who plans; a projector. piano, a prefix meaning flat, as plano- concave: adj. flat or plane on one side, concave on the other. plant (plant), n. any vegetable organism; sprout or sapling; the tools, machinery, or fixtures of any trade or business; a swindle: v.t. to put into the ground for growth, as seed; fix in the mind; establish. plantain ('tan), n. a tropical broad- leaved tree yielding an edible fruit similar to the banana. plantation (-ta'shun), n. a place planted with trees; a large culti- vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c; a new settlement or colony. planter ('er), n. one who plants; the owner of a plantation. plantigrade ('i'-grad), n. walking on the sole of the foot; a carnivorous animal, as the bear, of the section plantigrada. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLANTULE 555 PLEASANTRY plantule ('til), n. an embryo of a plant. plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- ures, &c, are enameled or painted. plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: v.t. to splash or dash with water; interweave the branches or twigs of: as, to plash a hedge. plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless fluid of the blood in which the red corpuscles float; protoplasm; a grass-green variety of chalcedony. plaster (ter), n. calcined gypsum used for castings, &c. (plaster of paris); a composition of lime, sand, and water, for coating walls; a me- dicinal application for external use: adj. made of plaster: v.t. to over- lay or cover with, or as with, plaster. plastic ('tik), adj. capable of being formed or molded; giving form. plasticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being plastic. plat. Same as plait. plateau (pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux (-toz') ], elevated broad flat land; table-land; a large ornamental cen- ter-dish. plate-glass (plat'glas), n. a fine kind of glass cast in thick plates: used for mirrors, &c. plate-mark. Same as hall-mark. platen (plat'en), n. the flat part of a printing-press by which the impres- sion is made. platform ('form), n. a flat floor of wood, stone, &c, raised above the level of the ground; the place where guns are mounted on a fortress or battery; political program or policy, of which each item is called a plank. platina. Another form of platinum. plating (pla'ting), n. the art of over- laying or covering anything with a metallic plate. platinize ('i-niz), v.t. to coat with platinum. platinoids ('in-oidz), n.pl. metals found associated with platinum. platinous (-us), adj. containing plat- inum. platinum (-in-um), n. a greyish- white metal very hard and ductile, the heaviest of the known metals. Also platina. platitude ('i-tud), n. insipidity; dullness; a weak, empty, trite re- mark. „ Platonic (r^la-ton'ik), adj. pertaining to Plato, the ancient Greek philoso- pher, or to his philosophy, &c, or school ; pure and untainted with car- nal desires. platoon (-toon'), n. two files of sol- diers forming a subdivision. platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. platy, a prefix meaning broad or flat, as platypus, the ornithorhyncus, from its flat, duck-like bill. platyrhine ('i-rin), adj. broad-nosed; noting American monkeys, thus characterized. plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. plauditory ('di-to-ri), adj. applaud- ing. plausibility (-zi-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being plausible; spe- ciousness. Also plausibleness. plausible ('zi-bl), adj. specious; su- perficially pleasing. plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or market place. plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; the defendant's answer to the plain- tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- gent entreaty. plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- son in support of a cause against another; argue before a court of law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- cuss or defend by arguments; offer as an excuse. pleadings ('ingz), n.pl. the written statements of the two parties in a lawsuit. pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to the mind or senses; delightful; agree- able; cheerful; facetious. pleasantry (-ri), n. merriment; lively ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLEASE 556 PLOD talk; gaiety; a laughable trick or joke. please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give pleasure to; gain approbation from: v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- tion; like or choose. pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl), adj. grat- ifying; delightful. pleasure ('fir), n. gratification; agree- able emotions, mental or physical; transient enjoyment; sensual grati- fication. pleat. Another form of plait. plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining to the Plebs or Roman commonalty; pertaining to the common people; hence common or vulgar: n'. one of the. common people. plebeianism (-izm), n. vulgarity. plebiscite (pleb'i-sit), n. a vote taken of the entire male community by •universal suffrage on some special matter submitted; the decree found- ed on such a vote. pledge (plej), n. anything placed as a security or guarantee; pawn; hos- tage; a health in drinking: v.t. to give as security or guarantee; de- posit in pawn; drink to the health of. pledget ('et), n. a flat piece of lint placed over a wound. Pleiades (pli'a-dez), n.pl. the cluster 6f 7 stars in the constellation Tau- rus; from the 7 daughters of Atlas and Pleione, changed after death into stars. plenary (ple'na-ri), adj. full; com- plete. plenipotentiary (plen-i-po-ten'shi-a- ri), adj. having full power: n. an am- bassador to a foreign court invested with full powers. plenist (ple'nist), n. one who holds the theory that all space, is filled with matter. plenitude (plen'i-tfid) , n. fulness. plenteous ('te-us), adj. abundant; amply sufficient. plentiful ('ti-fool), adj. yielding abundance; copious. plerity ('ti), n. abundance. pleonasm (ple'o-nazm), n. use of more words than necessary in speak- ing or writing. pleonastic (-nas'tik), adj. redun- dant. plet (plet), n. a kind of birch-rod, used in Russian prisons. plethora (pleth'o-ra), n. excessive fulness of blood; overabundance. plethoric (ple-thor'ik), adj. having excess of blood. pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae ('re) ], a delicate serous membrane cover- ing the interior of the thorax and each lung. pleural ('ral), adj. pertaining to the pleura. pleurisy ('ri-si), n. inflammation of the pleura. pleuritic (-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affected with, pleurisy. Also pleuritical. pleuro, a prejix meaning rib or side, as pleurodynia,, rheumatism of the chest walls. pleuro-pneumonia (ploo-ro-nu-mo'- ni-a), n. inflammation of the pleura and lungs. plevin (plev'in), n. a, warrant. plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of veins, nerves, &c. pliability (pli-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being pliable. Also pliableness. pliable ('a-bl), adj. easily bent; flex- ible; easy to be persuaded. pliancy ('an-si), n. pliant quality. pliant ('ant), adj. flexible; easily bent; yielding to moral suasion. plicate ('kat), adj. plaited; folded in the form of a fan. Also plicated. pliers ('erz), n. a kind of small pinchers for seizing and bending, especially small articles. plight (plit), n. a dangerous or dis- tressed condition; predicament; pledge; promise: v.t. to pledge, as one's faith. plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- shaped part of the base of a column, pedestal, &c. ; the projecting face at the bottom of a wall. plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded Sag ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLOT 557 PLURALITY p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- ly; drudge or toil; study closely. plot (plot), n. a complicated scheme, conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain of incidents in a play, novel, &c, gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plotted, p.pr. plotting], to devise; make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; form a plan against another. plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of various species. plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- tural implement for turning up the soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to turn up with a plow; furrow. plowshare, ploughshare ('shar), n. the iron part of a plow that cuts the soil. pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or up; snatch; pick or gather; reject as a candidate in an examination: n. a pull; the heart, liver and lungs of an animal ; courage. plucky ('i), adj. [comp. pluckier, superl. pluckiest], having courage or pluck. plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c, used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to stop with a plug. plum (plum), n. a tree, Prunus do- mestical or its well-known fruit; a raisin; £100,000: hence a large for- tune. plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- ers. plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- ally of lead, suspended at the ex- tremity of a line to indicate the per- pendicularity of work done, as a wall, &c: adj. perpendicular: adv. perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line; make perpendicular; sound (the depth of water) by a plummet. plumbago (-ba'go), n. a mineral of carbon and iron, used for lead pen- cils; a form of carbon. plumber ('er), n. one who is engaged in the business of plumbing. plumbing ('ing), n. the art or occu- pation of putting into buildings the pipes, traps, &c, for the conveyance of water, gas, and sewage. plumb-line ('lm), n. a line attached to a mass of lead to indicate the per- pendicular; perpendicular line. plumcot (plum'kot), n. a new species of fruit produced by Luther Bur- bank by crossing the plum and the apricot. plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- er worn as an ornament; crest: v.t. to pick and adjust the. feathers of; adorn with plumes; boast; pride (used # reflexively ) . plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden weight attached to a string used for sounding depths, &c. plump (plump), adj. round and sleek with fulness of flesh; in good condi- tion; downright; unqualified: adv. with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to grow plump; fall or sink down; to vote for a single candidate when one has the right to vote for two or more: v.t. to make plump; fatten. plumy (ploo'mi), adj. feathered. plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- lage: v.t. to take by open force; spoil; rob. plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly into water or any other liquid; im- merse; baptize by immersion: v.i. to sink, fall, or rush, as into water; dive; throw the body forward and the legs up, as a horse; bet heavily and thoughtlessly: n. the act of plunging; sudden fall. plunger ('er), n. one who plunges; a diver; the long solid cylinder or pis- ton of a pump; one who bets heavily and thoughtlessly. pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- ing an event or action occurring prior to some other event or action. plural ('ral), adj. consisting of more than one: n. that form of a word that expresses more than one. plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the ma- jority; the greatest of three or more numbers; the excess of votes cast for an> one candidate over the can- didate who receives the next largest ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLURALIZE 558 POGROM number of votes at an election where there are three or more candidates for the same office. pluralize (-Iz), v.t. to make plural. plurism (piu'rizm), n. a recent move- ment among certain Paris artists to combine in one work an expres- sion of all arts instead of one. plus (plus), n. the sign ( -f ) used to denote addition: adj. more (by. a certain amount); increased (by a specified addition); above zero. plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. rule or government by the rich. plutocrat (ploo'to-Jcrat), n. one who exercises political power or influence by virtue of his wealth. Plutonian (-to'ni-an), adj. pertain- ing to Pluto, the god of the lower world, or to the lower regions of fire; igneous. Also Plutonic. Plutonic rocks (roks), n.pl. igneous rocks. Pluviose (ploo'vi-os), n. fifth month in the calendar of the French Revolution. pluvial ('vi-al), adj. rainy. ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. plying], to work on closely; practice diligently or earnestly; urge or solicit: v.i. to run regularly between two ports; work against the wind. pneumatic (nti-mat 'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, containing, like, or moved by, air. Also pneumatical. pneumatics ('iks), n.pl. the science that treats of the mechanical proper- ties of air and similar elastic fluids. pneumatic tire (mi-mat'ik tir'), n. a tire mad,e of rubber and inflated with air, used for automobile and bicycle wheels. pneumatology (-ma-tol'o-ji), n. pneu- matics; the science of mind or spiritual existencies or essences and their operation. pneumo, a prefix meaning lung. pneumonia (-mo'ni-a), n. acute in- flammation of the lungs. pneumonic (-mon'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the lungs. pneumothorax (nu'mo-tho'raks), n. recently developed method of treat- ing tuberculosis, by injecting nitro- gen gas into the pleural cavity. poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon preserves to shoot or steal game: v.t. to steal game from; plunder by stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking them into boiling water. poachy ('i), adj. swampy; marshy. pochard Card), n. the sea-duck. pock (pok), n. a pustule on the skin containing eruptive matter. podge (poj), n. a puddle. podgy ('i), adj. short and fat. podium (po'di-um), n. a low wall, usually with a plinth and cornice, in the front of an edifice to support pillars; that part of an amphithea- ter which projects over the arena; a balcony. podocarp (pod'o-karp), n. the stem which supports the fruit of a plant. podophylltn (-o-fiTin), n. a purga- tive resin obtained from the root of the May-apple. poe (po'e), n. a food made from the roots of the taro plant by the natives of Hawaii. poe bird (berd), n. the parson bird of New Zealand, with a plumage of a dark metallic hue. poem ('em), n. a metrical or poetical composition; a poetic conception. poesy ('e-si), n. the art of composing poems. poet ('et), n. the author of a poem; one gifted in writing poetry; one who is strongly imaginative. Fem- inine poetress. poet laureate (law're-at), n. a court poet. poetic (-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; sublime. Also poetical. poetry ('et-ri), n. a metrical compo- sition produced or embellished by creative imagination. pogrom (po'grom), n. in Russia, an fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POI 559 POLICY outburst of violence, largely re- taliatory. poi. Same as poe. poignant ('nant), adj. stimulating to the palate; irritating; very painful. poilu (poi'loo), n. a French veteran. poilu, modern meaning — a good sol- dier. poinsettia (-set'i-a), n. a Mexican plant with handsome flowers. point (point), n. the sharp end of any instrument; mark or dot; indi- visible part; mark in punctuation; that which has position but no mag- nitude; a spot; exact place; critical moment; expression or force; sting of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; small cape or promontory; lace wrought with the needle; railway switch; unit of measurement for type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one- twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; give a point to; direct or aim; mark with points; fill the joints of (ma- sonry), with mortar and smooth them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; show clearly. point-blank Cblangk), adj. horizon- tal; straight forward to the mark; direct. pointer ('er), n. one who, or that which, points; a variety of dog trained to point game. poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equilibrium: v.t. to balance; weigh; ascertain or examine: v.i. to be in a state of equilibrium. poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious or destructive to life, health, or mo- rality; venom: v.t. to infect with or kill by, poison; administer poison to ; corrupt. poisonous (-us), adj. having the qual- ities of poison; deadly; injurious to health. poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push against, especially with something pointed; thrust at with the horns: v.i. to grope or feel about in the dark; search. poker ('er), n. a metal bar for stir- ring fires; a card game. poking ('ing), adj. servile; drudging. poky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit or interest; slow; stupid. polar ('lar), adj. pertaining to, or sit- uated near, either of the poles, espe- cially the North Pole; pertaining to the magnetic poles. polariscope (-lar'i-skop), n. an in- strument for exhibiting polarized light. polarity ('i-ti), n. the property pos- sessed by certain bodies, as in elec- trified or magnetized bodies, by which they arrange themselves in certain directions or tend to given poles. polarization (-i-za'shun), n. the act of polarizing; the state of being po- larized. polarize (-iz), v.t. to communicate polarity to. pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure = 5/^ yards; a square measure = 30^4 yards; a measuring instru- ment; one of the extremities of the imaginary axis of the earth; one of the two points in a magnet in which the attractive or repellent force is concentrated; that on which any- thing revolves; the extreme opposite. polecat ('kat), n. a small carnivo- rous animal which emits a strong of- fensive odor. polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- sialist: pi. the art of controversy; controversial # writings, especially those on religious subjects. pole-star (pol'star), n. the north star (Polaris) situated in Ursa Mi- nor, within xy^ degrees of the true pole; a guide. police (po-les'), n. in a city, town, or district, an organized force of civil officers for preserving order. policeman ('man), n. a member of a police force. policy (pol'i-si) ,n. [pi. policies, (-siz) ], the art or method of government; management of public affairs; sys- tem of regulative measures; sagacity ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POLIOMYELITIS 560 POLYGAMIST in management; course of conduct; prudence; cunning; a document given to insurers containing a contract of insurance; a warrant for money in the public funds; a gam- bling game. poliomyelitis (pol-i-o-mi-e-lit'is), n. the medical name of infantile spinal paralysis. polish ('ish), v.t. to make smooth or glossy by friction; make polite or refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a sinooth, glossy surface; a prepara- tion for imparting a polish; refine- ment or elegance of manners. Polish (po'lish), adj. pertaining to Poland, its language, .or to its in- habitants. polite (-lit'), adj. well-bred; refined in manner; courteous or obliging. politeness ('nes), n. good-breeding; courtesy. politesse (pol-i-tes'), n. over-acted politeness. politic ('i-tik), adj. shrewd; specious; sagacious: especially in policy; adapted to promote the welfare of the state: n.pl. the art of government or the administration of public affairs; political opinions; party management or control. political (po-lit'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to politics, or to a nation or state; derived from government. political economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. the science that treats of wealth, its nature, production, distribution, and consumption, and the laws which regulate and govern these. politician ('i-tish-un), n. one who is skilled in politics; a statesman. politics. See under politic. polity ('i-ti), n. the form 6r constitu- tion of the civil government of a state; constitution. polka (pol'ka), n. a dance of Bohe- mian origin, performed by two per- sons; music suitable for such a poll (pol), n. the head, especially the back part of it; a register of per- sons, especially those entitled to vote at elections; an election; number of votes recorded at an election; place where votes are cast: v.t. to lop; clip or shear; enroll in a register; bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast or deposit in a ballet box; to poll a jury is to examine each member in- dividually as to his concurrence in the verdict. pollack (pol'ak), n. a species of cod- fish. pollard Card), n. a tree lopped or polled; a stag that has cast its horns; a mixture of bran and meal; the # chub-fish. pollen ('en), n. the fertilizing pow- der in the cells of the anthers of flowers. pollination (-i-na'shun), n. the con- veyance of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. pollock. Same as pollack. poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capitation tax. pollute (pol-luf), v.t. to defile; ren- der unclean; taint with guilt; cor- rupt; violate. pollution (-lu'shun), n. the act of polluting; jthe state of being pol- luted; defilement; legal or ceremo- nial uncleanness. polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to hockey, played on horseback. polonaise (po-lo-naz'), n. a dress, body and skirt made in one; a Po- lish air or dance. polonium (po-lo'ni-um), a radio- active element. poltroon (pol-troon'), n. a coward. poly, a prefix meaning many, much. polyandry (pol-i-an'dri), n. the prac- tice of a woman having more than one husband at the same time: op- posed to polygamy. polyanthus (-an'thus), n. a hand- some flower; a cultivated variety of the oxlip primrose. polychrome ('i-krom), adj. having many colors: n. a work executed in many colors. polygamist (p6-lig'a-mist), n. one fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POLYGAMOUS 561 PONTIFICAL who practices or upholds polyg- amy. polygamous ('a-mus), adj. pertain- ing to, or practicing, polygamy. polygamy ('a-mi), n. the practice of having more than one wife at the same time. polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. containing many languages: n. a book, espe- cially an edition of the Bible, in several languages. polygon ('i-gon), n. a figure having many angles. polygraph ('i-graf), n. a manifold writer. polyhedral (-he'dr&l), adj. having many sides or faces. Also polyhe- drous, polyhedric. polyhedron ('dron), n. a solid having many sides or faces; a polyscope. polyp ('ip), n. an extensive group of* radiated animals including the hy- dra, sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, polypus. polypus ('pus), n. [pi. polypi (-pi)], a fleshy tumor in the nose or uterus; a polype. polyscope ('skop),n. a multiplying lens. poly style ('stil), n. a building with many columns. polysyllabic (-sil-ab'ik), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, three or more syllables. Also polysyllabical. polysyllable ('a-bl), n. a word con- sisting of three or more syllables. polytechnic (-tek'nik), adj. noting, including, or giving instruction in, the arts and sciences: n. a school for imparting instruction in the arts and sciences. polytheism ('i-the-izm), n. the doc-, trine of a plurality of gods, each taking a part in the government of the world. polytheist ('ist), n. a believer in polytheism. polytype (-tip), n. a facsimile in metal of an engraving on wood. polyvalent (-va'lan), n. anti- toxin dis- covered by French bacteriologist and applied with success to prevent infec- tion of wounds in the European war. pomade (po-mad'), n. a perfumed ointment for dressing the hair. pomegranate (pom'gran-at), n. a tree (Punica Granatum) yielding an orange-like, edible fruit with a thick rind and numerous seeds. pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a sword-hilt; the high part of a saddle- bow: v.t. to beat with anything thick or bulky; bruise. pomology (po-mol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- trees, especially apples; a treatise on fruits. Pomona (po-mo'na), n. the Roman goddess presiding over the orchard and vineyard. pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- play; grandeur; parade, pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. pomposity (-pos'i-ti), n. the state of being pompous. Also pompousness. pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately; grand; self-important; ostentatious. poncho (pon'cho), n. a sort of cloak or loose woolen garment worn in Spanish America. pond (pond), n. a pool of standing water. ponder (pon-der), v.t. to weigh men- tally: v.i. to deliberate. ponderability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being ponderable. Also ponderableness. ponderable ('der-a-bl), adj. capable of being weighed. ponderosity (-os'i-ti), n. weight. ponderous ('der-us), adj. very heavy; weighty; important; dull. pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- meal, milk, &c. pongee (pon-je')> n. an inferior kind of silk. poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. Pontiff ('tif), n. a high priest; the Pope. pontifical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to a pontiff, high priest, or pope; pa- pal: n. a book containing ecclesiasti- cal rites and ceremonies: pi. the full Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PONTIFICATE 562 PORT dress worn by an officiating priest or bishop. pontificate ('i-kat), n. the office or dignity of a high priest or pope; the reign of a pope. pontoon (pon-toon'), n. & buoyant, flat-bottomed structure supporting a floating military bridge; a bridge of boats; a lighter. poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; the raised deck in the stern of a ves- sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break heavily over the stern of: said of waves. Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church; a title of priests of the Greek Church; a variety of perch. popinjay ('in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. poplar (po^'lar), n. a tree of rapid growth, with a white soft wood. poplin ('lin), n. a fabric of silk and worsted. poppet ('et), n. one of the timbers that support a ship in launching; a term of endearment. poppy ('i), n. any plant of the genus Papaver, with bright showy flowers; from one species (Papaver somnif- erum) opium is obtained. populace ('u-las), n. the common people. popular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the com- mon people; easily understood; ple- beian. popularity (-lar'i-ti) f n. the state or quality of being popular; general esteem. popularize (-Iz), v.t. to render pop- ular. populate ('u-lat), v.t. to furnish with inhabitants. -population (la/shun), n. the inhab- itants of a country, place, town, &c, collectively. Populist (-list), n. a member of a political party in the United States known as the Populist or People's party. populous ('u-lus), adj. thickly peo- pled. porcelain (porslan or p6rs'lan), n. a fine, white, thin, semi-transparent kind of earthenware: adj. pertaining to, or made of, porcelain. porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- ported by pillars; portico. porcine (p6r'sin), adj. pertaining to swine. porcupine Cku-pin), n. a rodent cov- ered with spines, of the genus Hys- trix. pore (por), n. a minute hole in the skin through which perspiration passes to the surface; an opening between the molecules of a body: v.i. to look with close and steady atten- tion, as on a book. porgee (por'je), n. same as porgy. porgy ('ji), n. a marine fish much esteemed for food. pork-barrel (pork'bar'el), n. term applied in the United States to • Congressional appropriation bills for rivers,, harbors, and public buildings. porosity (por-os'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being porous. Also por- ousness. porous ('us), adj. having pores. porphyritic (p6r-fi-rit'ik), adj. hav- ing the appearance, or texture of, porphyry. porphyry ('fi-ri), n. originally a red- dish igneous rock found in Egypt, with enclosed crystals of feldspar; now applied to any rock having a . feldspathic base with feldspar crys- tals. porphyry-shell (-shel), n. a uni- valve shell of the genus Murex, yielding a purple dye. porpoise (por'pus), n. a cetaceous mammal of the genus Phocaena; the sea-hog. porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled slowly in water until it thickens. porringer ('in-jer), n. a small dish for porridge, &c. port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- portment or carriage; the left side of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PORTABILITY 563 POSITIVE colored Portuguese wine: v.t. to turn to the port or left side of a ship: as, to port the helm. portability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being portable. Also portableness. portable ('a-bl), adj. that may be easily carried by hand or about the person. portage ('aj), n. carriage; cost of carriage; a break in a chain of water communication over which goods, boats, &c, have to be carried. portal ('al), n. a gate or entrance; an arch over a gateway or door. portcullis (-ktil'is), n. a strong har- row-shaped grating hung over the doorway of a fortified. place and ca- pable of being let down to defend the gate. Porte (port), n. the Turkish govern- ment and court: so called from the gate of the Sultan's palace where justice was administered. portemonnaie ('mon-a), n. a purse [French]. portend (por-tend'), v.t. to indicate in advance; presage; forebode. portent ('tent), n. an omen, especial- ly of ill. portentous ('us), adj. ominous; fore- shadowing evil; wondrous. porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; one who carries parcels, &c, for hire. Feminine porteress. porterage (-aj), n. money charged for carriage by a porter. portfire (port 'fir), n. a paper tube filled with powder, &c, formerly used for firing guns. portfolio (-fo'li-o), n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c; the office and functions of a minister of state. porthole ('hoi), n. a window-shaped hole in the side of a ship, especially of a man-of-war. portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos (-koz)], a walk covered by a roof supported on columns; a columned porch. portiere (-tiar'), n. a door-curtain [French]. portion ('shun), n. a piece or part; allotment; dividend; final state; dowry; part of an estate descending to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; en- dow with a fortune. portly ('li), adj. stately of mien; cor- pulent. ' portmanteau (-man'to), n. [pi. port- manteaux ('top) ], a bag or trunk for carrying clothes or traveling ne- cessities. portoise (por'tiz), n. a ship's gun- wale. portrait ('trat), n. a picture or rep- resentation of an individual or face drawn from life; a vivid graphic de- scription in words. portraiture ('tra-ttir), n. the art or practice of drawing or painting por- traits; vivid delineation in words. portray (-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- trayed, p.pr. portraying], to paint or draw the likeness of; describe in words. portrayal ('al), n. description. Portuguese (por-tii-gez'), adj. per- taining to Portugal, its inhabitants, or language. pose (poz), n. attitude or position: v.i. to assume an attitude: v.t. to puzzle or perplex; cause to be at a loss. poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- tion; one who, or that which, poses or puzzles. position (po-zish'un), n. the state of being set or placed; situation; atti- tude; principle laid down; office; so- cial status. positive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly ex- pressed; actual; direct; explicit;, overconfident; dogmatical; settled by arbitrary appointment; having^ power to act directly; noting the* simple form of an adjective (posi- tive degree) ; affected by the sign -f- (positive quantity): n. that which may be affirmed; reality; a word which affirms or asserts existence; a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon r book; hue, hut; think, then. POSITIVISM 564 POTASH photograph with the natural lights and shades restored. positivism ('i-tiv-izm), n. a French philosophical and religious system originated by Auguste Comte (1798- 1857), called also Comtism, and the Religion of Humanity. posit ivist (-ist), n. an adherent of positivism. posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force of men. posse comitatus (kom-i-ta'tus), the force of citizens which the sheriff of a county is empowered to raise to quell a riot, &c. possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an owner; be master of; occupy; seize. possession (-zesh'un), n. the having, holding, or detention of property; the thing possessed; property or es- tate. possessor ('er), n. owner; one who possessory ('o-ri), adj. pertaining to possession. posset (pos'et), n. milk curdled with wine, &c. possibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being possible; contingency. possible ('i-bl), adj. that may hap- pen or exist. possibly ('i-bli), adv. by possibility; perhaps. possum. Same as opossum. post, a prefix meaning after, as post- date. postage ('aj), the fee for the convey- ance of letters by post. postal ( 1), adj. pertaining to the postoffice or mail service. postal-zone (post'al-zon'), n. one of a series of concentric zones to facili- tate the operation of the parcels- post. postdiluvial (-di-lu'vi-al), adj. taking place after the deluge. poster ('er), n. a large advertising bill. posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj. subse- quent in time or place; hinder: n.pl. the hinder parts of an animal. posterity (-ter'i-ti), n. [pi. posteri- ties (-tiz)], succeeding generations; descendants. postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate or door; private entrance; vaulted passage beneath the parapet and through the rampart of a fortifica- tion: adj. behind; private. post facto (post fak'to), done after the act; retrospective. postfix ('fiks), v.t. to affix. posthumous (post'u-mus), adj. born after the death of the father; pub- lished after the death of an author. postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider on the near leader in a carriage. postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. the su- perintendent of a postoffice; one who supplies post-horses. postmaster-general (jen'er-al), n. the chief officer of the postoffice de- partment. post-meridian (-me-rid'i-an), adj. after noon. post office, the governmental de- partment for forwarding mail. An office where mail is received and distributed. postpone (pon'), v.t. td delay; defer. postponement ('ment), n. the act of deferring to a future time; tempo- rary delay. postscript ('skript), n. a paragraph added to a letter after the writer's signature; appendix to a book. postulate (pos'tii-lat) , v.t. to assume without proof; solicjt: n. a self-evi- dent problem; a position assumed as self-evident. posture ('tur), n. attitude; placing or position of parts of the body; state: v.i. to place the body in par- ticular postures. posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, originally a motto or verse sent with a bouquet. potable (p5'ta-bl), adj. drinkable. potance (po'tans), n. the stud in which the lower pivot of the verge of a watch is placed. potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- li obtained from the ashes of certain plants. Also potass, potassa. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me", merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. - — POTASSIUM 565 POWER potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad element, the metallic base of potash. potation (po-ta'shun), n. drinking bout; a draught or drink. potato (-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes (-toz)J, the edible tuber of a South American plant, widely cultivated; the plant itself. potency ('ten-si), n. power, physical or mental. potent ('tent), adj. powerful; having great authority or influence. potentate ('ten-tat), n. one who .pos- sesses great power; sovereign or monarch. potential (-ten'shal), adj. existing in possibility, not in reality; latent; in grammar, expressing power, possi- bility, liberty, or obligation. potentiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. possi- bility without reality. pother (poth'er), n. confusion; bus- tle: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to con- fuse; tease. pothouse (pofhous), n. a low public- house. potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), n. a medley, especially of musical airs; a dish composed of various kinds of meats and vegetables. potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment of a broken pot. fc . pottage ('aj), n. a kind of soup. potter ('er) f n. a maker of pottery. pottery ('er-i), n. [pi. potteries (-iz)], earthenware of all kinds; the place where it is manufactured. pottle (potl), n. a liquid measure = 4 pints; a small conical basket for holding fruit. pottoroo (-o-roo'), n. the "kangaroo rat of Australia. Also potoroo. pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; pocket; bag or sack of an animal; cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. poulp (poolp), n. the octopus. Also poulpe. poult (polt), n, a pullet; a young chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. poulterer (pol-ter-er), n. a dealer in poultry. poultice ('tis), n. a soft preparation of bread, meal, &c, applied to a sore or inflamed part of the body ; a cata- plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. poultry ('tri), n. domestic fowls. pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- merly used for drying ink on paper, now chiefly used for sprinkling into holes in paper in pattern-making; Jthe talon or claw of a bird of prey; v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to fall upon and seize with, or as with, the claws. pound (pound), n. a standard weight = 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 ounces troy; a monetary unit == 20 shillings or about $4.86; an inclos- ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to shut in or confine in a pound; beat; pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. poundage ('aj), n. an allowance of so much in the pound. pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid, out of a vessel; discharge in a con- tinuous stream; send forth; give vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush tumultuously. pourparler (poor-par 'la), n. [pi. pour- parlers ('laz) ], a diplomatic con- sultation preliminary to a treaty. pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the lips in sullenness, contempt, or dis- pleasure; look sulky. pouter ('er), n. one who pouts; a pigeon. poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of being poor; indigence; necessity; penury; deficiency or defect, as of words, &c. powan (pou'an), n. a fish similar to the herring, found in Loch Lomond. powder ('der), n. any dry substance in fine particles; gunpowder; face- powder; a medicinal preparation: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, powder; salt. power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- ing or performing something; abil- ity; energy; force; strength; rule or authority; dominion; government; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; bodn, book; hue, hut; think, then. POW-WOW 566 PREAMBLE influence; mental capacity; legal authority; ruler or sovereign; state *or nation; supernatural being or agent; force tending to produce mo- tion; magnifying power of a lens; the product arising from the multi- plication of a number or quantity into itself. pow-wow (pou'wou), n. a North American Indian priest or conjurer; an incantation accompanied with noise and dancing for the cure of disease; a noisy political meeting: v.i. to conjure; frolic noisily. pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease characterized by pustules; syphilis. praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed boat or lighter used in Holland and the Baltic. practicability (prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being practicable. practicable ('ti-ka-bl), adj. that may be done, used, or passed over; feasible; possible. practical ( ti-kal), adj. pertaining to action or use; useful; capable of ap- plying knowledge or theory to prac- tice; derived from, or reduced to, practice. practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or customary action; dexterity acquired by habit; use; exercise of any pro- fession; systematic exercise; a rule in arithmetic: v.t. to do habitually or repeatedly; perform; exercise, as a profession: v.i. to form a habit; exercise a profession. practitioner (-tish'un-er), n. one who is engaged in the exercise of any profession, especially medicine or law. prse, see pre. praecipe (pres'i-pe), n. a writ requir- ing something to be done, or the rea- son why it is not performed. praenomen (pre-no'men), n. a name prefixed to the family name. praetor ('ter), n. a Roman magistrate ranking next to consul. pragmatic (prag-mat'ik), adj. med- dling; officious; assuming business airs. Also pragmatical. pragmatism (prag'ma-tizm), n. a modern school of philosophy, which offers new theories of meaning, truth, and knowledge, and seeks to work out a new theory of reality; technically "anew name for some old ways of thinking." prairie (pra'ri), n. an extensive treeless tract of level or slightly undulating land covered with tall coarse grass. prairie-dog (-dog), n. a small bur- rowing rodent that lives in commu- nijties on the prairies. praise (praz), n. approbation; com- mendation; tribute of gratitude for benefits; renown; applause; object or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow commendation upon; honor; wor- ship; glorify. prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- tatiously; strut about in a showy or bellicose manner. prank (prangk), n. a freak or frolic; mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in a showy style; decorate. prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter without sense or meaning: n. tri- fling talk. Also prating. pratique (pra-tek'), n. a license to a ship to trade after quarantine, or after a certificate has been given that the vessel has not come from an infected port. prattle (prat'l), n. childish or empty talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; chatter. prawn (prawn), n. a small marine crustacean, allied to the shrimp. praxis (prak'sis), n. an example or series of examples for exercise. pre, a prefix,; meaning before, prior in time, space, or degree. preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on a sacred subject, especially from a text of Scripture; give advice in an offensive or obtru- sive manner on religious or moral grounds : v.t. to teach publicly. preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- duction or preface; the> Opening Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PREAUDIENCE 567 PRECURSORY clauses of a statute setting forth the reasons and object of the act: com- mencing with the word whereas. preaudience (-aw'di-ens), n. the right of previous audience; preced- ence at the bar. prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend granted to a canon out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate church. precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), adj. de- pending upon the will or pleasure of another; uncertain; held by a doubt- ful tenure. precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- tion taken beforehand; preventive measure. precautionary (-a-ri), adj. contain- ing, or proceeding from, precaution. precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before in time, place, rank, or importance. precedence (-se'dens), n. the act of going before in time, rank, &c; pri- ority; relative rank in social eti- quette. Also precedency. precedent ('dent), adj. going before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) something previously said or done, serving as an example to be followed; a paral- lel case in the past. preceding (pre-sed'ing), p.adj. going before; antecedent; former. precentor (-sen'ter), n. the leader of a cathedral choir, &c; the leader of the psalmody in a Presbyterian church. precept (pre'sept), n. an authoritative command; rule of action or moral conduct; maxim; written mandate . preceptor ('ter), n. an instructor or teacher. Fern, preceptress. preceptory (-sep'to-ri), adj. giving or containing, precepts: n. a college or religious house of the Knights Templars. precession (-sesh'un), n. a going for- ward, especially the slow but con- tinual shifting of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic from east to west {'precession of the equi- noxes). precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward limit or boundary; minor territorial district. precious (presh'us), adj. of great price or value; costly; highly es- teemed; worthless {in irony). precipice (pres'i-pis), n. a steep de- scent, especially one nearly or quite perpendicular. precipitance (pre-sip'i-tans), n. haste in resolving or carrying out a purpose. Also precipitancy. precipitant ('i-tant), adj. falling head- long; hasty: n. any chemical sub- stance that causes something held in solution by a liquid to fall down in a solid state. precipitate (-sip'i-tat), v.t. to throw headlong; urge on violently; hurry on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- pectedly; throw to the bottom of a vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; rash; falling, flowing, or rushing headlong: n. a substance precipi- tated. precipitous ('i-tus), adj. very steep; headlong; rash; hasty. precise (pre-sis'), adj. exact; strict; accurate; definite; adhering rigidly to rule; punctilious. precisian (-sizh'an), n. a punctilious or over-precise person. preclude (-klood')> v.t. to shut out; hinder from access; obviate; pre- vent. preclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. the act of precluding; the state of being - precluded. precocious (-ko'shus), adj. prema- turely ripe or developed; pertly for- ward. precocity (-kos'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being precocious; prema- ture development. Also precocious- ness. precognition (-kog-nish'un), n. pre- vious knowledge or thought. precursor (-ker'ser), n. one who, or that which, precedes; forerunner; omen. precursory ('so-ri), adj. indicating ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PREDACIOUS 568 PREHENSION something that is to happen or fol- low. predacious (da'shus), adj. living by- prey. predatory (pred'a-to-ri), adj. rapa- cious; plundering; pillaging. predecessor (pre-de-ses'er), n. one who has preceded another in the same office, business, position, &c; an ancestor. predestinarian (-des-ti-na'ri-an), adj. pertaining to predestination: n. one who believes in the doctrine of predestination. predestinate ('ti-nat), v.t. to ordain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose. predestination (-na'shun), n. the act of foreordaining; the doctrine that God has from all eternity de- creed whatever comes to pass, espe- cially, by an unchangeable purpose, the eternal life or death of man. predicability (pred-i-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being predica- ble. predi cable ('i-ka-bl), adj. capable of being predicated: n. in logic, a term that can be predicated of others, and noting genus, species, difference, property, or accident. predicament (pre-dik'a-ment), n. in logic, a category; a peculiar situa- tion; critical condition or state. predicate ('i-kat), v.t. to affirm one thing of another; found: n. in logic, that which is affirmed or denied of the subject. predication (-ka/shun), n. affirma- tion. predicative (-tiv), adj. affirmative. prediction (pre-dik'shun), n. the declaration of a future event; prophecy. predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the peptonizing of food by artificial means before eating, thereby avoid- ing irritation of the stomach. predilection (pre-di-lek'shun), n. pre- ference beforehand; prepossession; partiality. predispose (-dis-poz'), v.t. to incline beforehand; adapt previously. predisposition (-po-zish'un), n. pre- vious inclination or propensity; prejudice. predominant ('i-nant), adj. having superior influence, &c.; superior; controlling. preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure or occupy by preemption; establish a right or claim to before others. preemption (-emp'shun), n. the act or right of purchasing before others. preen (pren), n. a forked instrument used in cloth dressing: v.t. to cleanse, trim, and compose with the beak, as birds. preface (pref'as), n. the introduction to a book, &c; preamble: v.t. to in- troduce by preliminary remarks : v.i. to say or do something introductory. prefatory ('a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a preface; introductory. prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- trate or governor; commander; monitor; the civil governor of a de- partment in France. prefecture (-tur), n. the office, jurisdic- tion, or official residence of a prefect. prefer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pre- ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard or esteem more than something else; present; place in advance. preference (pref'er-ens), n. the act of preferring; the thing preferred; choice of one thing more than anoth- er; predilection. preferential (-en'shal), adj. having a preference. prefix (pre'fiks), n. a letter, word, or syllable placed at the beginning of a word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place before or at the beginning of. pregnancy (preg'nan-si), n. the state of being pregnant; inventive power. pregnant ('nant), adj. being with young ; fruitful; teeming; fertile; full of importance or significance. prehensile ('sil), adj. adapted for holding or seizing. prehension ('shun), n. a taking hold. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; bo book; hue, hut; think, then. * PREJUDICE 569 PREPOSTEROUS prejudice (prej'u-dis), n. previous and unfavorable bias; prejudgment without due examination; detri- ment; injury: v.t. to prepossess against; bias the mind of; create a prejudice against; hurt, impair or damage in any way. prejudicial (-dish'al), adj. disadvan- tageous; injurious. prelacy (prel'a-si), n. the office or status of a prelate; episcopacy: bishops collectively. prelate ('at), n. an ecclesiastical dig- nitary having episcopal authority. prelatic (pre-lat'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, prelates or prelacy. Also prelatical. prelection (-lek'shun), n. a lecture, &c, read before students or others. prelector ('ter), n. a lecturer. preliminary (-lim'i-na-ri), adj. pre- ceding the main discourse or busi- ness; introductory: n. an introduc- tion; something preceding. prelude (prel'M, or pre'lud), n. a short piece of music played as an introduction to a larger piece; pref- ace: v.t. to serve as a prelude to; precede. prelusory (pre-lu'so-ri), adj. intro- ductory. premature (pre-ma-ttir'), adj. ripe before the proper time; arriving, oc- curring, or done? before the proper time. premeditate (-med'i-tat), v.t. to de- sign, conceive, or deliberate, before- hand. premeditation (-ta'shun), n. the act of premeditating. premier (prem'i-er, or pre'mi-er), adj. first; chief: n. the prime minister. premiership (-ship), n. the office or dignity of prime minister. premise (pre-miz'), v.t. to explain previously; lay down as proposi- tions to reason from: v.i. to state antecedent propositions: n. (prem'- is) a proposition antecedently as- sumed and laid down: pi. the two propositions of a syllogism in logic, the major and minor, from which the conclusion is drawn. (Also premises); a building and its ad- juncts; foregoing statements or facts of a deed of conveyance. premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- pense or reward; prize or bounty: bonus; payment for insurance; value above the original price or par of stock, &c. premonitory (-mon'i-td-ri), adj. giv- ing warning beforehand. preoccupy (pre-ok'u-pi), v.t. to take prior possession of; to occupy to the exclusion of another; to occupy beforehand. preparation (prep-a-ra'shun), n. the act of preparing or fitting for a par- ticular purpose; state of being pre- pared; readiness; a part of an ani- mal body prepared for anatomical use; that which is prepared or made ready, as a medicine, &c. preparative (pre-par'll-tiv), adj. tend- ing to prepare or make ready. Also preparatory: n. that which prepares. preparatory (-par'a-to-ri) # , adj. pre- viously necessary; introductory. prepare (pre-paV), v.t. to make ready for; to make adaptable; to arrange: v.i. to get things ready. prepense (-pens'), adj> premeditated. preponderance (-pon'der-ans), n. superiority of weight, power, force, or influence. preponderant (-ant), adj. outweigh- ing. preposition (prep-o-zizh'un), n. a word placed before a noun or pro- noun to indicate its relation to some other word in the sentence. prepositive (pre-pos'i-tiv), adj. placed before: n. a word or particle placed before another word. prepossess (-poz-es'), v.t. to occupy beforehand; bias. prepossessing ('ing), p. adj. tending to win or secure favor; attractive. prepossession (-zesh'un), n. prior possession; preconceived opinion or judgment. preposterous (-pos'ter-us), adj. con- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PREROGATIVE 570 PRESERVE trary to nature or reason; ridiculous; absurd. prerogative (-rog'a-tiv), n. an ex- clusive or peculiar privilege, espe- cially of a sovereign. presage (pres'aj), n. a # foreboding or presentiment: v.t. (pre-saj'), to fore- bode; predict. presbyopia (-bi-o'pi-a), n. long-sight- edness while near objects are indis- tinctly seen, caused by a change in the refractive power of the eye, due to the flattening of the lens. presbyter (pres'bi-ter), n. an elder, minister, or priest; an elder with authority to rule in the early Chris- tian church. Presbyterian (-bi-te'ri-an), n. one of a religious body governed by presby- ters: adj. pertaining to a presbyter, or to the Presbyterian Church. Presbyterianism (-izm), n. the sys- tem of church government by pres- byters, all of whom are regarded as having equal rank and function. presbytery ('bi-ter-i), n. in the early Christian church, a body of elders; in the Presbyterian Church, a court composed of the pastors and ruling elders of the churches in a given district; such district so represented. prescience (pre'shiens), n. fore- knowledge. prescient ('shient), adj. foreknowing. prescribe (-skrlb'), v.t. to set down authoritatively; direct medically; appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- tions; give law; claim by prescrip- tion. prescript ('skript), adj. prescribed; directed: n. a direction; prescrip- tion. prescription (-skrip'shun), n. the act of prescribing; the thing pre- scribed; a written direction for the preparation of a medicine; recipe; custom or title continued until it has acquired the force of law. presence (prez'ens), n. the state or quality of being present; quickness at expedients; approach face to face; society; mien. present Cent), adj. being in a cer- tain place; at hand or in sight; at this time; not past or future; in- stant or immediate: n. the present time; a gift or donation: pi. what is written in a document or con- veyance now present or referred to : v.t. (pre-zent ), to introduce to a superior; exhibit to view; offer; give formally; point or aim, as a gun; appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice; lay before for considera- tion. presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. the act of presenting; representa- tion; the right or -act of present- ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- sition of a child at parturition. presentative ('ta-tiv), adj. having the right of presentation; directly apprehending or apprehended by the mind. presentee (-en-te'), n. one who is presented to an ecclesiastical bene- fice. presentient (-sen 'shient), adj. hav- ing previous perception. presentiment ('ti-ment), n. previ- ous apprehension of something about to come or happen (usually of im- pending evil). presently (prez'ent-li), adv. ere long. presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. the act of presenting; the thing pre- sented; representation; notice taken of an offense by a grand jury from their personal knowledge; formal information to the lord of a manor by his tenants. preservable (-zer'va-bl), adj. that may be preserved. preservation (prez-er-va/shun), n. the act of preserving; the state of being preserved from injury or de- cay. preservative (pre-z er 'va-tiy ) , adj. having the power of preserving: n. that which preserves. Also preser- vatory. preserve (-zerv'), v.t. to keep from injury; defend; uphold; save; keep in a sound state; season with sugar ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRESIDE 571 PREVALENT for preservation: n. fruit, &c, sea- it sorted and kept in sugar; a place set :• apart for preserving game. t preside (pre-zid'), v.i. to direct or ; control, especially at a public meet- ing; superintend. X presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- 3 fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or :: residence of a president; one of the three principal divisions of British I India. .. president ('i-dent), n. one who pre- sides over a corporation or assem- bly; the highest officer of a repub- lic; the chief officer of a college, university, or society. - presidential (-den'shal), adj. per- taining to a president. I press-gang ('gang), n. a detachment' from a ship's crew to force men into i the navy. pressing ('ing), p.adj. urgent; im- 3 i portunate. ■ pressman ('man), n. a printer who works at the press and impresses the sheets; a journalist. prestidigitation (-ti-di j 'i-ta'shun) , n. sleight of hand; legerdemain. Also prestigiatkm. prestige ('tij, or -tezh'), n. moral influence due to past reputation, achievements, &c. presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for granted on probable grounds; sup- pose: v.i. to venture without actual leave; form confident or arrogant opinions; behave with overconfi- dence or presumption, presumption (-zump'shun), n. the act of presuming; the thing pre- sumed; strong probability; arro- gance or overconfidence; the as- sumption of the credibility of cer- tain facts from circumstantial evi- dence. presumptive ('tiv), adj. taken by previous* supposition; proving cir- cumstantially; arrogant. presumptuous {'tu-us), adj. bold and confident to excess; arrogant; wilful; rash. presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take for granted; imply as antecedent. presupposition (-o-zish'un), n. a supposition previously formed. Also presupposal. pretend (-tend'), v.t. to allege or put forward falsely; mal^e a show of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: v.i. to put forward a claim, true or false. pretender ('er), n. one who lays claim to anything under the guise of a right; one who makes a show of anything not real. pretense (-tens'), n. false or hypo- critical profession; unfounded claim; pretext. pretension (-ten'shun), n. a claim, true or false; assumed right. pretentious ('shus), adj. assuming aa air of superiority. preter, a prefix meaning beyond, more, besides, as preternatural, &c. preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- ing the tense which expresses past or completed time or action. Also preterite: n. the past tense. pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or excuse; ostensible motive put for- ward to. conceal the real one. pretor. Same as praetor. pretty ('i), adj. [corny, prettier, su- perl. prettiest], pleasing without be- ing absolutely beautiful; pleasing; neatly arranged or ornamented; trim; moderately large or excellent; fine: adv. fairly; moderately; tol- erably. pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheaten biscuit, made in the form of a knot and salted on the surface. prevail (pre-val'), v.i. to overcome; gain the advantage; operate effec- tually; obtain influence or superiori- ty; persuade (with on). prevalence (prev-a'lens),. adj. supe- rior strength, influence, or efficacy; preponderance; general diffusion. Also prevalency. prevalent ('lent), adj. powerful; pre- dominant; victorious; most general. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PREVARICATE 572 PRIMITIVE prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat), v.i. to evade the truth; quibble. prevarication (-ka'shun), n. a quib- bling to evade the truth; deviation from truth or fair dealing. prevaricator (-var'i-ka-ter), n. one who prevaricates. prevent (-vent'), v.t. to hinder, ob- struct, or impede; obviate; precede (as in prayer-book, "prevent us O Lord"). prevention (-ven'shun), n. the act of preventing; hindrance or. obstruc- tion. preventive ('tiv), adj. tending to prevent: n. that which prevents. preventorium (-to'ri-um), n. an in- stitution for treatment to ward off the development of various diseases' in persons- who have tendencies to those diseases. previous ('vi-us), adj. going before; anterior. prevision (-vizh'un), n. foreknowledge. prey (pra), n. plunder; booty; that which may be, or is, seized by a wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty or plunder; seize and devour an animal as prey; weigh heavily (with on or upon). priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in full orders, below a bishop and above a deacon; one who officiates in sacred offices, especially by of- fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. priestcraft ('kraft), n. the policy *. pursued by priests for the aggran- dizement of their order and material interests. prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow who gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], to dress up; primp; prink. priggish fish), adj. conceited. prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck with affected nicety; make prim. prima (pre'ma), adj. first (Fern.) [Italian]. primacy (pri'ma-si), n. the office or dignity of a primate. prima donna (pre'ma don'a), n. the principal female singer in an opera. I primage (prim'aj), n a small allow- ance paid to the captain and crew of a vessel for loading or unloading a cargo, &c. primal ('al), adj. first. primarily (pri'ma-ri-li), adv. in the first place; originally. primary ('ma-ri), adj. in the first or- der of time, place, or rank; chief; original; principal; preparatory: n. that which is first in rank, place, or importance: pi. large quill feathers on the last joint of a bird's wing. primary colors (kul'erz), n.pl. red, yellow, blue. primary rocks (roks), n.pl. rocks in which no organic remains occur. primate ('mat), n. the highest dig- nitary in a national church; arch- bishop. prime (prim), adj. first in order of rank, time, or importance; original; early; excellent: n. the spring of life; first or best part; beginning or dawn; height of perfection; the first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare for firing, as a gun; lay the first coat of paint on: v.i. to serve for the charge of a gun; convey water with the steam to the cylinder of an en- gine from the boiler. prime number (num'ber), n. a num- ber not divisible without remainder by any number except itself and unity. primer (prim'er), n. & manual of elementary instructiou; a small prayer book; one of two sizes of type, long primer and great primer (see type). primeval (pri-me-val), adj. of the earliest age or time; original. priming (prim'ing), n. the first coat of paint; powder in the nipple of a firearm. primitive (prim'i-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to the beginning; original; not derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word in its simplest form and not derived from another. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRIMOGENITURE 573 PRIVATIVE primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tur), n. seniority of birth; right of the eld- est son to succeed to real estate. primordial (-mor'di-al), adj. exist- ing from the beginning; first in or der; original: n. element. primp (primp), v.t. to deck (one's self) in a prim or affected manner; prink. primrose (prim'roz), n. an early- spring flower of a pale yellow color, of several species: adj. pale yellow. prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- eign; the son of a king or sovereign; the chief of a body of men. prince consort (kon'sort), n. the husband of a female sovereign. princely ('li), adj. resembling, or be- fitting, a prince; royal; high-born; dignified; magnificent. princess (prin'ses), n. the daughter of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. i princess royal (roi'al), n. the eldest \ daughter of a sovereign. principal (prin'si-pal), adj. occupy- ing the first place or rank; chief in character, degree, or importance; 1 chief in authority; head of a firm; a capital sum lent at interest. •principality (-si-pal'i-ti), n. the ter- i ritory of a prince; the country from which he derives his title; royal state; supreme power, principia (-sip'i-a), n.pl. first prin- ciples [Latinl. principle ('si-pl), n. source of ori- gin; element; fundamental truth or doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- tion or conduct; reason; foundation of morality or religion; uprightness: v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, or deck out, in a showy or ostentatious fashion; arrange with nicety. prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in time; former: adv. previously: n. the head of a priory or monastery, next in rank below an abbot. Fern, prioress. priorate (-at), n. the office, dignity, or government of a prior. priority (-or'i-ti), n. the state of be- ing first in rank, time, or place; first claim, first principle or priory ('er-i), n. [pi. priories (-iz)], a religious house, in dignity below an abbey. prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases are similar, equal, and parallel, and whose sides are parallelograms; an instrument of solid glass with tri- angular ends. prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, like, formed by, or separated by, a prism.' Also pris- matical. prismatic colors (kul'erz), n.pl. the seven colors into which a ray of light is decomposed when refracted from a prism. prison (priz'n), n. a public building for the confinement of criminals, &c; jail; any place of confinement or detention: v.t. to imprison. pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to an early period; first; original; primitive, essential: n. a principal person or prithee (prii/i'e), corruption of "I thing; one who takes the lead; the pray thee." prittle-prattle (prit'l-prat'l), n. tri- fling talk; loquacity. privacy (priv'a-si, or priv'a-si), n. a state of retirement; place of seclu- sion; secrecy. private (pri'vat), adj. peculiar to one's self; personal; alone; secret; not public; secluded; unofficial: n. a common soldier. privateer (-va-ter'), n. a private ves- sel licensed by the government to seize and plunder the ships of an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a privateer. privation (-va'shun), n. the state of being deprived of something, espe- cially of the necessaries of life; des- titution; hardship; absence. privative (priv'a-tiv), adj. causing privation; taking" away; negative: n. that which depends on the absence of something else; a prefix or suffix, noting absence or negation. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRIVET 574 PROCRASTINATOR privet (priv'et), n.. an evergreen shrub. privilege ('i-lej), n. a law, or exemp- tion from the common provisions of a law, in favor of an individual or a body; peculiar advantage, right, or immunity; prerogative: v.t. to in- vest with a privilege; exempt. privity ('i-ti), n. joint knowledge; secrecy. privy ^ ('i), adj. private; secret; clan- destine; admitted to the knowledge of something secret (with to): n. a person having an interest in a legal action; a necessary house. prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a competition, lottery, &c. ; that which is taken from an enemy in war, es- pecially a captured vessel; a lever used for forcing or raising heavy bodies, &c: v.i. to value; esteem; to force with a lever. prize-fight ('fit), n. a boxing match for stakes. pro, a prefix meaning before, in the -place of, forth, forward, as pro and con, for and against, or both sides of an argument, &c. probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. ap- pearance of truth; likelihood. probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof of wills; the official copy of a will with the certificate of its having been proved. probation (-ba/shun), n. the act of proving; evidence; proof; moral trial; novitiate; trial of abilities prior to election, &c, to office or employment. probationary (-a-ri), adj. serving for probation or trial. Also proba- tional. probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- ment for examining a wound: v.t. to examine with a probe; scrutinize. probity (prob'i-ti), n. integrity; sin- cerity. problem ('lem), n. a question for so- lution; a proposition requiring some- thing to be demonstrated. problematical (-at'i-kal), adj. ques- tionable; doubtful. proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. the trunk of an elephant; the elongated snout of certain animals and insects. procedure (-sed'ur), n. manner of proceeding; conduct; process. proceed (-sed')> v.i. to pass from one step or place to another; advance; issue; make progress; be produced; carry on a legal process: n.pl. money resulting from a commercial trans- action. proceeding ('ing), n. advancement; course of conduct; transaction; op- eration: pi. legal process; transac- tions of a learned or scientific society. process (pros'es), n. progressive course; series of measures or changes; operation; projection on a bone; pro- ceedings in a legal action. procession (pro-sesh'un), n. a train of persons in a formal march. processional < (-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, a procession: n. a book relating to the ritual to be observed in the processions of the Roman Catholic church. proclaim (-klam'), v.t. to announce officially; publish; outlaw by public proclamation. proclamation (prok-la-ma/shun), n. an official announcement to the pub- lic; edict. proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- clination; tendency. proclivous (-kli'vus), adj. inclined; slanting forward and upward or downward: as, proclivous teeth. proconsul (-kon'sul), n. a Roman official who governed a province; a magistrate invested with consular authority without the office. proconsular (-ar), adj. pertaining to, or governed by, a proconsul. proconsulate (-at), n. the jurisdic- tion, office, or term of office, of a proconsul. 'procrastinate (-kras'ti-nat), v.t. to put off to a future time; defer: v.i, to be dilatory. procrastination (-na/shun), n. delay. procrastinator ('ti-na-ter), n. one who delays. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROCREATE 575 PROFESSORATE procreate ('kre-at), v.t. to generate and produce; beget. procreation (-a/shun), n. the beget- ting and production of young. procreative ('kre-a-tiv), adj. genera- tive. procreator (-ter), n. one who begets. Procrustean (-krus'te-an), adj. per- taining to Procrustes, a fabled rob- ber of ancient Greece, who tortured his victims by stretching them on an iron bed to which their limbs were made to fit by mutilation: hence strict conformity to a meas- ure or standard by violent means. proctor (prok'ter), n. one employed to manage the affairs of another; an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- miralty, or probate court; a univer- sity official charged with the main- tenance of university regulations. ■ proctorial (-to-ri'al), adj. pertaining to a proctor. procumbent (-kum'bent), adj. lying down; prostrate; trailing. procurable (-ku'ra-bl), adj. obtainable. procuration (prok-u-ra/shun), n. -the act of obtaining young women for immoral purposes. procurator ('u-ra-ter), n. one who manages another's affairs, especially legal interests. procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- tain; cause. procurer ('er), n. one who procures; one who engages in the business of procuration. Fern, procuress. prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], to goad. prodigal ('i-gal), adj. extravagant in expenditure; lavish; wasteful: n. a spendthrift; one who is lavish or wasteful. prodigality ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being prodigal; extrava- gance; lavishness. prodigious (-dij'us), adj. enormous; adapted to excite wonder. prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- derful or extraordinary; a miracle; portent. produce (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or bring to view; yield or bring ferth; manufacture; extend: n. (prod'us) that which is yielded or brought forth; result. producible (pro-dus 'i-bl), adj. capa- ble of being produced. product (prod'ukt), n. that which is produced by nature, or made by art; work; result; the result of multiply- ing two or more numbers together. production (pro-duk'shun>, n. that which is produced; act of produc- ting; fruit; result. productive ('tiv), adj. having the power of producing; generative; fer- tile. proem ('em), n. a preface or intro- duction. profanation (prof-a-na/shun), n. the act of treating sacred things with disrespect or irreverence; desecra- tion. profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- reverent; irreligious; blasphemous: v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- crate; violate (holy things); put to an improper use. profess (-fes'), v.t. to make open declaration of; acknowledge or avow; declare publicly. profession (-fesh'un), n. the act of professing: open declaration or avowal; calling or vocation, espe- cially one that requires a learned education; collective body of per- sons in a profession; the formal en- trance of a novice into a religious order under a sacred vow. professional (-al), adj. pertaining to a profession: n. one who makes his living by his art, as distinguished from an amateur. professionalism (-izm), n. the cul- tivation of athletic sports for pe- cuniary considerations. professor ('er), n. one who makes an outward profession of religion; one who publicly teaches any branch of knowledge. professorate (pro-fes'er-at), n. pro- fessional staff. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROFESSORIAL 576 PROJECTOR professorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to professors. professorship (pro-fes'er-ship), n. the office or position of a professor. proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. proficiency (pro-fish'en-si), n. de- gree of advancement in any branch of knowledge, science, or art. proficient Cent), adj. thoroughly qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, or adept. profile ('fil), n. a head or portrait in a side view, outline or contour, especially of a building in vertical section: v.t. draw in profile. profilist ('fil-ist), n. an artist who draws profiles. profit (prof 'it), n. pecuniary gain; benefit or advantage; emolument: v.t. to benefit; improve: v.i. to be of advantage; make improvement. profitable (-a-bl), adj. yielding or bringing profit; lucrative. profitably (-bli), adv. with profit. profiteer, n. a mercenary speculator, especially in public necessities. profligacy ('li-ga-si), n. a profligate course of life. Also profligateness. profligate ('li-gat), adj. abandoned to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. profound (pro-found'), adj. deep in skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; intense. profundity (fun'di-ti), n. depth of place, knowledge, skill, &c. profuse (-fus'), adj. liberal to ex- cess; exuberant. profusion (-fu'zhun), n. lavishness; excess; abundance. Also profuse- ness. progenitor (-gen'i-ter), n r an an- cestor; forefather. progeniture ('i-tur), n. a birth or begetting. progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; descendants; lineage. prognathous (-na/thus), adj. having projecting jaws, as certain races. Also prognathic. prognosis (-no 'sis), n. knowledge of the probable result of a disease from its symptoms; opinion so formed. prognostic (-nos'tik), adj. foreshad- owing; foretelling: n. an omen or prediction. prognosticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to fore- tell: v.i. indicate the future by pres- ent signs. prognostication (-ka'shun), n. the act of prognosticating; a foretoken. prognosticator ('ti-ka-ter), n. one who foretells. program, programme ('gram), n. an outline of a public entertain- ment, ceremony, &c. ; a course of ac- tion prepared or announced before- hand. progress (prog'res), n. a moving or going forward; advancement; pro- ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- gres'), to move forward; advance; increase in proficiency. progression (pro-gresh'un), n. mo- tion onwards; intellectual advance; regular and gradual advance; prog- ress; a series of numbers increasing or decreasing by proportional dif- ferences. progressive ('iv), adj. moving for- ward; making progress; improving. prohibit (-hib'it), v.t. to forbid; in- terdict by authority; hinder. prohibition (-hi-bish'un), n. the act of prohibiting; interdict. prohibitionist (-ist), n. one who de- sires to prohibit the sale of intoxi- cating liquors. prohibitive (-hib'i-tiv), adj. tending to prohibit. project (proj'ekt), n. a design or scheme: v.t. (pro-jekt'), to throw or cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i. to jut out. projectile (pro-jek'til), n. a body thrown forward, especially through ♦ the air; a bullet, shot, &c; adj. im- pelled or impelling forward. projection (-jek'shun), n. the act or state of projecting; that which juts out; a plan or delineation repre- sented on a plane. projector ('ter), n. one who projects. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. __ PROJECTURE 577 PRONOMINAL projecture ('tur), n. a jutting out. prolapse (laps'), n. a falling down or out of some part of the body : v.i to fall down or out; project too much. Also prolapsus. prolate ('lat), adj. elongated at the poles. proletarian (-le-ta/ri-an), adj. per- taining to the common people; low; vulgar; n. one of the lowest class of society; a workman; in ancient Rome, the lowest class of citizens. proletariat ('ri-at), n. proletarians collectively. proliferous (-lif'e-rus), adj. produc- ing another by budding. prolific (-lif'ik), adj. productive; fertile. prolifically (-al-li), adv. abundantly. prolix (pro'liks' or pro'liks), adj. tedious and verbose; not concise. prolixity ('i-ti), n. verbosity; minute detail. prolocutor (-lok'u-ter), n. the speak- er or chairman of a convocation. prologue ('log), n. an introduction Por preface, especially verses spoken before a dramatic performance by way of introduction: v.t. to introduce by a preface. prolong (long'), v.t. to lengthen; ex- tend. prolongation (long-ga'shun), n. ex- tension in time or space; delay or postponement. promenade (prom-e-nad'), n. a walk for pleasure, show or exercise; a public place for walking: v.i. walk for pleasure, &c. Promethean (pro-me'the-an), adj pertaining to Prometheus of classic mythology, who was fabled to have stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon men: hence life-giving or instinct with quickening fire. prominence (prom'i-nens), n. the state or quality of being prominent; a projection. Also prominency. prominent ('i-nent), adj. projecting; conspicuous; chief; protuberant. promiscuous (pro-mis'ku-us), adj. confused; mingled; indiscriminate; not restricted to any particular per- son. 'promise (prom'is), n. an engagement to do or not to do something; basis for expectation; the thing promised: v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. to make a promise of; afford reason to expect. promiser (-er), n. one who promises. promisor (-er), n. one who makes a legal promise or covenant. promissory ('is-o-ri), adj. contain- ing a promise or covenant to do, or not to do, something. promissory-note (-not), n. a writ- ten promise to pay a certain sum at a specified date in consideration of value received. promontory ('on-to-ri), n. a high cape; a point of land jutting into the sea. promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, forward, or elevate; excite or stir up; raise to higher rank. promoter ('er), n. one who promotes, especially one who makes it his business to float new companies, &c. promotion (-mo'shun), n. the act of promoting; state of being promoted; advancement; preferment. prompt (prompt), adj. ready and quick to act as occasion demands; immediate; done without delay : v.t. incite to action; assist (a speaker) when at a loss for words. promptitude (promp'ti-tud), n. quickness of decision and action; readiness; alacrity. .promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to publish. promulgation (-ga'shun), n. publi- cation. promulgator ('mul-ga-ter), n. one who promulgates. prone (pron), adj. lying with the face downwards; not erect; inclined; disposed. prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- strument; the spike of a fork. pronominal (-nom'i-nal), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a pronoun. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRONOUNCE 578 PROPITIATE prononce (-nang-sa/), adj. pro- nounced; strongly marked; em- phatic. pronoun ('noun), n. a word which refers to, or is used in the place of, a noun. pronounce (-nouns'), v.t. to speak or utter distinctly; articulate; utter formally, authoritatively, or rhetoric- ally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- fidence or authority. pronounceable ('a-bl), adj. that may be pronounced. pronouncement (-nouns'ment), n. an emphatic declaration. pr on unci amen to (-nun-si-a-men'to), n. a proclamation. pronunciation (-si-a'shun), n. the act or manner of articulating words or syllables; graceful and proper public speaking. pronunciative ('si-a-tiv), adj. per- taining to pronunciation. proof (proof), n. testimony or con- vincing evidence; test or experi- ment; reason; argument; demon- stration; impenetrability; capabil- ity of resistance; a standard strength of spirit; an impression taken from type for correction; an early impression of an engraving: adj. strong to resist impression or penetration; capable of moral or physical resistance. prop (prop), n. a support or stay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p propped, p.pr. prop- ping], to support by something under or against; sustain. propagable (prop'a-gH-bl), adj. that may be propagated. Propaganda (-gan'da), n.pl. a socie- ty at Rome charged with the man- agement of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. propaganda (-gan'da), n.pl. any methods for the propagation of doc- trines, principles, &c, religious or secular. propagandist ('dist), n. one who devotes himself to the propagation of any system of principles, &c. propagate ('a-gat), v.t. to continue or spread by generation or successive production; extend; impel forward in space: v.i. to be produced by genera- tion, or by new shoots or plants. propagation (-ga'shun), n. the act of propagating; spreading or ex- tension. propagator ('a-ga-ter), n. one who propagates. propel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive forward; urge onward by force. propellant ('ent), adj. that propels. propeller ('er), n. one who, or that which, propels; a screw-propeller; vessel so propelled. propensity (-pen'si-ti), n. natural tendency. proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- ticular person or thing; peculiar; fit or suitable; correct; appropriate. pr6perty ('er-ti), n. [pi. properties (-tiz) ], a peculiar attribute, quality, or disposition; exclusive right 01 possession; the thing owned; estate; goods; attribute common to a class: pi. articles, including dresses, re- quired # by actors on the stage. prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction of something to take place in the future, especially a prediction by Divine inspiration. prophesier ('e-si-Sr), n. one who prophesies. prophesy ('e-si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to foretell future events, especially by Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter prophecies; preach. prophet ('et), n. one who foretells future events, especially one inspired by God. Feminine prophetess. prophetic (pro-fet'ik), adj. pertaining to prophecy; predictive. Prophetical. prophylactic (prof-i-lak'tik), adj. guarding, or preserving, against dis- ease: n. a preventive of disease. propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti), n. near- ness of place, time, or relationship. propitiate (-pish'i-at), v.t. to concil- iate; make propitious: v.i. to atone. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book hue, hut; think, then. PROPITIATION 579 PROSILY propitiation (-a/shun), n. the act of propitiating; atonement. propitiator ('i-a-ter), n. one who propitiates. propitiatory (-to-ri), adj. capable of propitiating. propitious (-pish'us), adj. favorable; disposed to be merciful. proportion (pro-por'shun), n. com- parative relation of one thing to an- other; ratio; rate; symmetrical rela- . tion; rule of three ; equal or just share : v.t. to form symmetrically; apportion. proportional (-al), adj. having due proportion; having the same ratio: n. a quantity or number in propor- tion. proportionality (-al'i-ti), ft. the qual- ity of being proportional. Pro- portionateness. proportionate ('shun-at), adj. ad- justed to something else according to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust according to a settled rate. proposal (-poz'M), ft. that which is offered for consideration or ac- ceptance; offer of marriage; terms or conditions proposed. propose (-poz'), v.t. to bring forward or offer for consideration; nominate for election: v.i. to make an offer of marriage. proposition (prop-o-zish'un), ft. an offer of terms; proposal; a complete sentence, or one that affirms or de- nies something; a theorem or prob- lem for solution. propositional (-al), adj. pertaining to, or considered as, a proposition. propound (-pound'), v.t. to offer for consideration; put or set as a ques- tion. proprietary (-pri'e-ta-ri), adj. be- longing to a proprietor or proprie- tary: ft. a possessor in his own right; proprietors collectively. proprietor # ('e-ter), ft. one who has a legal right to anything; owner. Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. propriety ('e-ti), ft. conformity to established rules or custom; deco- { rum; fitness. propulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act of propelling. propulsive ('siv), adj. having power to propel. Also propulsory. prorogation (-ro-ga'shun), ft. the act of proroguing. prorogue (-rog'), v.t. to terminate a session of; to postpone. prosaic (-za'ik), adj. like prose; com- monplace; uninteresting. Also prosaical. prosaism ('za-izm), ft. prosaic style. proscenium . (-se'ni-um), ft. that part of the stage from the curtain to the orchestra. proscribe (-skrib), v.t. to punish with civil death; outlaw, interdict. proscription (-skrip'shun), ft._ the act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- diction. proscriptive ('tiv}, adj. pertaining to, or of the aature of, proscription. prose (proz), ft. ordinary spoken or written language; unmetrical com- position: v.i & v.t. to write or speak tediously: adj. dull; tedious; commonplace. prosecute (pros r e-kut), v.t. to fol- low or pursue with the view to reach or accomplish.; accuse of a crime be- fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution. prosecution (-ku'shun), ft. the act of prosecuting; pursuit; the institu- tion and carrying on of a legal suit; prosecutor or prosecutors collective- ly. prosecutor ('e-ku-ter), ft. one who carries on a legal suit with another; one who pursues any purpose, &c. Fern, prosecutrix. proselyte f'e-lit), ft. a convert to some religion or belief, or party; a Gentile convert to the Jewish law and belief : v.t. to proselytize. proselytism ('e-li-tizm), ft. the act of proselytizing; conversion to a creed or system. proselytize (-tiz), v.t. to make a con- vert of. prosily (proz'i-li), adv. in a prosy manner. . ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROSING 580 PROTEOMORPHIC THEORY prosing ('ing), n. tedious minuteness; dull talk. prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of grammar that treats of quantity, ac- cent, and the laws of versification. prospect ('pekt), n. a view of some- thing distant; scene; object of view; expectation: v. t. (pro-spekt') to search or explore, especially for gold or valuable minerals. prospective (-spek'tiv), adj. looking forward; acting with, or character- ized by, foresight; in prospect. prospector (pros'pek-ter), n. one who searches for valuable minerals. prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- line of a proposed undertaking; sketch, or plan. prosper (pros 'per), v.t. to render successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; succeed. prosperity ('i-ti), n. successful prog- ress in any business or enterprise; good fortune. prosperous ('us), adj. successful; thriving. prostitute ('ti-tut), v.t. to offer or expose to hire for lewd use; devote to infamous or improper purposes: adj. prostituted: n. a woman who indulges in lewdness, especially for hire; a base mercenary or hireling. prostitution (-tu'shun), n. the act or practice of prostituting the per- son to lewd purposes for hire; the being devoted to infamous or base purposes. prostitutor ('ti-tu-ter), n. one who prostitutes himself for any base ends. prostrate ('trat), adj. lying at full length; extended on the ground : ly- ing at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. to lay flat; throw down; bow in hum- ble reverence. prostration (-tra'shun), n. the act of prostrating; great depression; ex- haustion of the vital powers under prostyle (pro'stil)^ n. a portico or range of columns in front of a build- ing; a temple with a portico in front. prosy (proz'i), adv. tedious; dull. protean (pro'te-an), adj. readily as- suming different shapes: from Pro- teus, the sea deity of classic mythol- ogy. ' protect (-tekf), v.t. to cover over; defend; shield; shelter; support. protection ('shun), n. the act of protecting; the state of being pro- tected; defense; shelter; security; passport; encouragement of home industry by duties on imports, boun- ties, &c. protectionism (-izm), n. the doc- trine that certain home industries and produce should be encouraged by the imposition of duties on for- eign imports. protectionist (-ist), n. one who ad- vocates or supports protectionism; one who opposes free trade unless it be reciprocal. protective ('tiv), adj. serving to protect; defensive. protector ('ter), n. one who pro- tects, especially from injury or op- pression; guardian. Fern, protec- tress. protectorate (-at), n. government or defense by a protector. protege (-ta-zha'), n. one who is under the protection, guardianship, or care of another. Fern, protegee [French]. proteids ('te-idz), n.pl. a class of nitrogenous compounds, as albumen, fibrin, casein, &c, which form ani- mal tissue. protein ('te-in), n. the gelatinous, semi-transparent substance obtained from albumen, fibrin or casein, the essential principle of food. proteomorphic (pro'te-o-mor'fic), adj. having to do with the chemical changes in proteins in the process of digestion and assimilation. proteomorphic theory (pro'te-o- mor'fic the'o-ri), n. a, very recent theory which ascribes immunity to bacterial diseases to the activities of the white and red blood corpuscles in connection with the breaking down of proteins. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROTEST 581 PROVERB protest (-test'), v.i. to affirm with solemnity; make a solemn declara- tion against some public act or meas- ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a solemn declaration or affirmation of ; to declare formally to be insufficient- ly provided for by deposit or pay- ment: said of a note or bill of exchange: n. (pro 'test) a solemn declaration of opinion against some- thing; a document containing rea- sons for dissent; a formal declara- tion by the holder of a bill of exchange of its non-payment or non-acceptance by the drawer. Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- ber of any of those bodies of Chris- tians that protest against the spirit- ual supremacy of the Church of Rome, originally one of the party who adhered to Luther after the sec- ond diet of Spires, 1529: adj. per- taining to Protestants or Protestant- ism. Protestantism (-izm), n. the doc- trines or religion of Protestants. protestation (-ta'shun), n. a formal declaration of dissent; solemn affir- mation. prothonotary (-thon'o-ta-ri), n. a chief clerk or notary; the principal clerk or registrar in certain courts; one of the chief secretaries of the Papal Chancery. proto, a prefix meaning first, as proto- martyr, &c. protocol ('to-kol), n. the rough draft of a treaty, diplomatic despatch, &c. protoplasm ('to-plazm), n. a semi- fluid albuminous substance, regarded as the ultimate basis of physical life, from which all living organisms are formed and developed. protoplasmic (-plaz'mik), adj. per- taining to, or formed of, protoplasm. protoplast ('to-plast), n. the original. protoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. first formed. prototype ('to-tfp), n. the original from which others are copied. protoxide (-toks'id), n. a compound of one equivalent of oxygen with one of another element. Protozoa (-zo'a), n.-pl. the first or lowest division of the animal king- dom containing animals of the sim- plest type of organization. protract (-trakf), v.t. to draw out or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. protracter ('ter), n. one who pro- tracts. protraction ('shun), n. the act of protracting; delay; the act of lay- ing down on paper the dimensions of a plot of land, &c. protractor ('ter), n. a mathematical instrument for laying down angles on paper: used in surveying, &c; a surgical instrument for drawing out extraneous bodies; a muscle that draws forward any part. protrude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust out or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- ward; project. protrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act of protruding; the state of being protruded. protuberance (-tti'ber-ans), n. a swelling; a prominence; tumor. protuberant (-ant), adj. swelling; prominent. proud (proud), adj. having exces- sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty mien; pleased; grand; gratified. provable (proov'a-bl), adj. capable of being proved. prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try by an experiment or test; estab- lish or ascertain by argument or other evidence ; ascertain the genu- ineness of; experience; endure; try by suffering; show or demonstrate the accuracy of (a calculation). proven ('en), adj. proved. Provensal (pro-vang'sal), adj. per- taining to, or from, Provence, France, its language or its inhabit- ants. provender (prov'en-der), n. dry food for beasts, as hay, &c. proverb ('erb), n. a short familiar pithy saying, expressing some well- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROVERBIAL 582 PRUNELLA known truth or common fact of ex- perience; adage. proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), adj. per- taining to proverbs; mentioned in, or like, a proverb; widely spoken of or well known. provide (pro-vid'), v.t. to make ready beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- cure supplies; make preparations (with for or against). providence (prov'i-dens), n. timely care or preparation; economy; pru- dence; foresight and care of God for his creatures; an event directly caused by the power of God. Providence (prov'i-dens), n. God as exercising his providence. provident ('i-dent), adj. careful for the future; prudent; economical. providential (-den'shal), adj. ef- fected by, or proceeding from, Divine providence. province ('ins), n. a division of an empire or state; a dependent coun- try; region; jurisdiction of an arch- bishop; proper office or business; department of knowledge: pi. the country districts. provincial (pro-vin'shal), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a province; rustic: n. one who be- longs to a province; countryman. provincialism (-izm), n. an idiom or dialect peculiar to a province. provision (-vizh'un), n. the act of providing; the things provided; measures taken beforehand; accu- mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to supply with food. provisional (-al), adj. provided for present use; temporary. proviso (-vi'zo), n. a conditional clause or stipulation in a deed. provisory ('zo-ri), adj. conditional. provocation (prov'o-ka'shun), n. that which excites to anger or resent- ment; act of provoking. provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv), adj. tending to provoke; inciting: n. anything that tends to provoke; in- citement. provoke (-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- asperate. provost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. the head of a college ; superintendent or president; chief dignitary of a cathedral; chief magistrate of a city or town [Scotch]. prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. prowess ('es), n. bravery; valor. prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- ily as for prey or plunder: n. a roving for prey or plunder. proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. im- mediate. proximity (-im'i-ti), n. immediate nearness in place, blood, or alliance . proximo ('i-mo), adv. in or of the next or coming month. proxy ('i), n. [pi. proxies ('iz)], the agency of a substitute; the docu- ment by which one person is author- ized to act or vote for another. prude (prood), n. a woman who af- fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- cessive virtue. prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality of being prudent; wisdom applied to practice. prudent ('dent), adj. practically wise; careful of the consequences of measures or actions; judicious; . cautious; circumspect. prudential (-den'shal), adj. proceed- ing from, or influenced by, prudence. prudery (proo'der-i), n. affected nice- ness or scrupulousness in conduct; manners of a prude. Also prud- ishness. prud'homme (proo-dom'), n>- in France, one of a board of concilia- tion of masters and workmen to settle trade disputes. prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; affectedly precise, nice, or scrupulous. prune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. to cut superfluous twigs or branches from (a vine, bush or tree) ; trim. prunella (proo-nel'a), n. a smooth woolen stuff used for shoes and gaiters; a kind of dried plum. Also prunello. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRURIENCE 583 PUBLICAN rurience ('ri-ens), n. the state or quality of being prurient. Also pruriency. prurient ('i-ent), adj. having an eager desire for, or characterized by, lewdness; itching. Prussian-blue (prush'an-bloo), n. a rich blue color obtained from fer- rocyanide of iron. prussiate (prus'i-at), n. a salt of prussic acid. prussic acid ('ik as'id), n. hydro- cyanic acid, a deadly poison. pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr. prying], to inspect closely or with keen scrutiny: n. close inspection; impertinent peeping. psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. psalmist ('ist), n. a composer of psalms, especially of any of the Scriptural psalms. psalmodist ('o-dist), n. one who composes or sings psalms. psalmody ('o-di), n. the art or prac- tice of singing psalms. psalter (sawl'ter), n. the Book of Psalms; the Prayer Book version of the Psalms. psaltery (-i), *n. a stringed musical instrument, used by the ancient Hebrews. pseudo, a prefix meaning false, spu- rious, as pseudoblepsis, false or de- ceptive vision. pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- tious name. pseudoscope ('do-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument which exhibits bodies in reversed relief. pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression of contempt, &c. psoriasis (so-ri'a-sis), n. itch. psychiatry (si-ki'a-tri), n. curing of diseases of the mind. psychical (sl'ki-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the human soul, spirit, or mind; spiritualistic; psychological. Also psychic. psycho-analysis, n. study of the sub- conscious, especially through dreams. psychogenesis (-ko-jen'e-sis), n. the development of mind as given in consciousness; biogenesis regarded as resulting from the operation of higher agency than natural selection. psychology (-koro-ji), n. the science that treats of mental phenomena, and their classification and analysis; mental philosophy; metaphysics. psychological (-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to psychology. psychologist ('o-jist), n. one skilled in psychology. psychometry (si-kom'e-tri), n. the science of divining mental processes. psychophysics (-fiz'iks), n. the sci- ence which treats of the correlation of mind and matter. psychotherapy (si-ko-ther-a-pi), n. a system for treating functional ner- vous disorders by mental suggestion. Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma/ik), adj. per- taining to Ptolemy, the Greek geographer and astronomer, or to his system of astronomy which sup- posed the earth to be the center or fixed point of the universe, and that the heavenly bodies moved around it. ptomaines (to'ma-inz), n.pl. a class of alkaloids of a highly poisonous nature, originating in decaying or dead matter. puberal (pQ'ber-al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, puberty. puberty ('ber-ti), n. the age at which the generative powers begin to be developed. pubescence (-bes'ens), n. the state or age of puberty; soft, short, downy hair. pubescent ( r ent), adj. arriving at the age of puberty; covered with soft, downy hairs. public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a nation, state, or community; belong- ing to the people; circulating among all classes; open; generally known; common to all; open to general use: n. the people in general. publican (li-kan), n. one who keeps a public-house; among the ancient Romans, a farmer of the public revenues; a collector of tolls, trib- ute, or customs. ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PUBLICATION 584 PULSATION publication (-li-ka/shun), n. the act of publishing or making public; the act of publishing a book, &c. public-house ('lik-hous), n. an inn; tavern; hotel. publicist ('li-sist), n. a writer on in- ternational law, or on current events of political or social interest. publicity ('lis-i-ti), n. the state of being public; notoriety. publish ('lish), v.t. to make known; announce or proclaim ; divulge ; print and offer for sale; put into circu- lation. puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish purple. Puck, n. a mischievous sprite or elf. pucker ('er), v.t. & v.i. to gather into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small fold or wrinkle. pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of food made of flour and various in- gredients; an intestine stuffed with meat, &c. ; quantity of yarns, mat- ting, or oakum. puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of dirty water; clay worked together with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- der watertight with puddle; convert (pig-iron) into wrought-iron. pueblo (pweb'lo), n. [pi. pueblos (loz) ], a building constructed of adobe or sim-dried brick .by the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. puerile (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. puerility (-il'i-ti), n.^ the quality of being puerile; childishness. puerperal ('per-al), adj. pertaining to, or following, childbirth. puffin ('in), n. a diving bird with a short thick projecting beak, allied to the auk. puffing ('ing), n. exaggerated praise, especially with the view to advertise- ment; quick and hard breathing: p.adj. praising in exaggerated terms. puffiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being puffy. puffy ('i), adj. distended with air or other light matter; windy; bombas- tic; tumid. pugging ('ing), n. the act or opera- tion of working up clay for bricks; any substance to deaden sound be- tween spaces. pugh (poo), interj. an exclamation of contempt or disdain. pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. the art or practice of boxing or fighting with the fists; prize-fighting. pugilist (-ist), n. a prize-fighter; boxer. pugnacious (pug-na'shus), adj. dis- posed to fight; quarrelsome. pugnacity (-nas'i-ti), n. inclination to fight; quarrelsomeness. puisne (pu'ne), adj. younger or in- ferior in rank: said of judges. puissance ('is-ans), n. power; strength. puissant (-ant), adj. powerful; strong. puling (pul'ing), adj. whining. pullet ('et), n. a young hen. pulley ('li), n. a small wheel turning about an axis, and having a groove in which a rope works. pulmonary (puTmon-er-i), adj. per- taining to, or affecting, the lungs. pulp (pulp), n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform mass. pulmotor (pul-mo'ter), n. an auto- matic resuscitation apparatus for use in cases of poisoning by gases, fumes, lysol, etc., drowning, electric shock, attempted suicide, collapse in nar- cosis, suspended _ animation, etc.; case and mechanism weighs 46-lb.; operation consists in forcing oxygen from an accompanying cylinder into the lungs. pulpit (pool'pit), n. an elevated or inclosed desk in a church from which the sermon is delivered; preachers or preaching. pulpy (pul'pi), adj. consisting of, or like pulp; soft; succulent. pulque (pool'ka), n. a favorite Mexi- can beverage made from the juice of the agave. pulsate (pul'sat), v.i. to throb or beat. pulsation (-sa'shun), n. a throb or beat, especially of the heart. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booni book; hue, hut; think, then. PULSATIVE 585 PUNY pulsative ('sa-tiv), adj. beating or throbbing. Also pulsatory. pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating of the heart or arteries; vibration; leguminous plants or their seeds, as peas, beans, &c: v.i. to beat or throb, as the pulse. pulsimeter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. an in- strument to ascertain the force or movement of the pulse; a sphyg- mometer. pulsometer (-som'e-ter), n. a kind of steam-condensing vacuum pump. pulverization (pul-ver-i-za/shun), n. the act of pulverizing. pulverize (Ver-iz), v.t. to reduce to powder. puma (pti'ma), n. a large cat-like carnivorous animal of America; mountain lion. pumice (pum'is), n. a hard, light, spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also * pumice-stone. pumpkin ('kin), n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit. pun (pun), n. a play upon words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], to play upon words similar in sound but having a different meaning. punch (punch), n. a tool for stamp- ing or perforating; a beverage of rum, whisky, &c, water, lemon-juice, and sugar; a blow or thrust; the harlequin or buffoon of a puppet- show; punchinello; a short fat per- son; thick-set cart-horse: v.t. to perforate with a punch; to strike with the fist. puncheon (pun'chun), n. a liquid measure of 84 wine-gallons. punchinello (punch-i-nel'o), n. the thick-set, hump-backed figure in a puppet-show. punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted with small spots; pointed. punctiform ('ti-form), adj. point- punctilio (-til'i-o), n. a nice point in conduct or ceremony; formal exactness. punctilious ('i-us), adj. very nice or precise in conduct or ceremony; exact to excess. punctual ('tu-al), adj. observing, or done at, the exact time. punctuality (-al'i-ti), n. the quality of being punctual; the characteristic of keeping the exact time of an ap- pointment or engagement. punctuate ('tu-at), v.t. to mark with points; divide into sentences by points. punctuation (-a/shun), n. the act or art of dividing sentences by points or stops. puncture ('tur), n. a small hole or wound made by a pointed instru- ment: v.t. to make a hole in, or pierce, with a pointed instrument. pundit (pun'dit), n. a learned Brah- man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- guage, laws, and Hindu religion, &c. ; a solemn pretender to learning. Also pandit. pung (pung), n. a rough sleigh. pungent (pun'jent), adj. stinging or pricking; piercing; keen; biting; sarcastic; caustic. Punic (pu'nik), adj. pertaining to the Carthaginians, or to their language; treacherous ; perfidious . punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause' loss or pain to as a penalty for a crime or fault; chastise; correct. punishment (-ment), n. pain, loss, or penalty, inflicted for a crime or fault. punitive (pun'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or inflicting, punishment. . punk (pungk), n. decayed and rotten wood; a foolish argument; a stick covered with a certain paste, which burns very slowly when ignited. punster (pun'ster), n. one addicted to, or skilled in, punning. punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat for fishing: v.i. to play basset, om- ber, or faro against the banker or dealer. puny (pu'ni), adj. [comp. punier, su- perl. puniest], inferior in strength or size; weak; feeble; petty. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PUPA 586 PURPLE pupa (pii'pa), n. [pi. pupae ('pe) J, a chrysalis. puppet (pup'et), n. a small doll or* image, especially one moved by wires in a mock drama; one who is under the influence and control of another. purblind (per'blmd), adj. seeing ob- scurely. purchase (per'chas), v.t. to obtain by paying an equivalent; acquire; buy; expiate or recompense by a fine or forfeit; obtain at the expense of some sacrifice, labor, &c; move or raise by the application of some me- chanical power: n. the act of pur- chasing; thing purchased or bought; mechanical advantage. pure (pur), adj. [corny, purer, superl. purest], free from moral or physical defilement; chaste; unpolluted; un- adulterated; clean; holy; real; mere; absolute. purgation (-ga'shun), n. the act of purging; the act of clearing from imputed guilt. purgative ('ga-tiv), adj. serving to purge. purgatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to purgatory. purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n. in the Roman Catholic Church, the state after death in which the souls of the faithful departed are purified from vernal sins by suffering: adj. cleans- ing; expiatory. purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or free . from impurities or guilt; make clear or pure; clear from accusation; de- fecate: v.i. to have frequent evacua- tions: n. a cathartic medicine. purging ('ing), n. diarrhea or dysen- tery; looseness of the bowels. purification (pu-ri-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of purifying; state of being puri- .. fied; ceremonial cleansing from guilt or uncleanness. purificative (pu-ri-fi-ka-tiv), adj. able or tending to purify. Also puri- ficatory. purifier ('ri-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, purifies. puriform ('ri-form), adj. like pus. purify ('fi-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puri- fied, p. pr. .purifying], to render pure; free from guilt or ceremonial un- cleanness; free from impurities, cor- ruptions, or barbarisms. Purim ('rim), n. a Jewish feast (Feast of Lots) observed annually to commemorate the deliverance* of the Jews (Esther ix.). purin (pu'rin), n. a substance found in certain proteid foods from which uric-acid is derived in the body. purism ('rizm), n. affectation in the precise use of words in literary style. purist (pfir'ist), n. one who is scru- pulously precise in matters of lit- erary style or the choice of correct words. puristic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to purism. Puritan ('i-tan), n. one who pro- fesses great purity in religious doc- trine and practice, especially one of a body of Nonconformists in the 16th and 17th centuries who insisted on rigid adherence to the letter of Scripture in points of doctrine and practice: adj. .pertaining to the Puri- tans or their doctrine or practice. Also puritanic, puritanical. puritanically (-tan'i-kal-i), adv. af- ter the manner of the Puritans. purity ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being pure; chastity; cleanness; freedom from adulteration;, freedom from sinister motives, foreign idioms, or barbarisms. purl (perl), n. a warm spiced ale, or gin; an embroidered or puckered border; a stitch in knitting; the con- tinued murmuring sound of a shal- low stream: v.t. to fringe or embroi- der with a waved edging; invert (stitches) in knitting: v.t. to ripple or flow with a gentle murmur. purlieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- tricts. purloin (-loin'), v.t. to steal. purple ('pi), adj. of the color of blended blue and red; regal; livid; dyed with blood: n. purple color; purple robe, originally worn only by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, me ; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon' book; hue, hut; think, then. PURPORT 587 PUZZLE royalty; imperial government; car- dinalate: v.t. to render, or dye, pur- ple. purport ('port), n. meaning; design; signification: v.t. to mean or signify. purpose _('pus), n. design; end or aim desired: v.t. to intend or re- solve; design: v.i. to have an inten- tion. purr (per), n. the low murmuring of a cat when pleased: v.t. to signify by purring: v.i. utter a low murmur- ing sound. purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- tacle for money; sum of money; treasury: v.t. to pucker or wrinkle. purser ('er), n. a commissioned offi- cer having charge of the provisions, clothing, and money of a ship; pay- master. purslane ('Ian), n. an annual with succulent fleshy leaves. pursuant (per-su'ant), adj. done in consequence or in prosecution of anything; agreeable: adv. in conse- quence of. pursue (-sti'), v.t. to follow for some end; take and proceed in; prose- cute; chase; seek; v.i. to go on or continue. pursuer ('er), n. one who pursues. pursuit (-suf), n. the act of pursu- ing; prosecution; chase; occupa- tion; attainment. pursuivant ('swi-vant), n. an at- tendant or follower; state messen- ger. pursy ('si), adj. fat, thick, and short- winded ; asthmatical . purulence (pu/roo-lens), *n. genera- tion of pus. purulent (-lent), adj. consisting of, or containing pus. purvey (per-va'), v.t. to provide; procure: v.i. to purchase provisions. purveyance ('ans), n. the procuring of provisions; provisions provided; the right formerly accorded to roy- alty of buying up provisions without the owner's consent. purveyor ('er), n. one who provides provisions. purview (Vu), n. extent; proviso; body of a statute. pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- white matter secreted in sores, &c. pusillanimity (pu-sil-a-nim'i-ti), n. cowardice. pusillanimous (-an'i-mus), adj. cow- ardly; mean-spirited; faint-hearted. pussy-foot (pus'i), v.i. to sneak; to creep about noiselessly; to move about furtively: n. a sneak; an. underhand worker; a mean fellow. pustular (pus'tu-lar), adj. covered with glandular pustule-like excres- cence. Pustulate. pustule ('tul), n. a small elevation of the skin, or pimple containing pus. putative (pii'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. putlog (poot'log), n. a short piece of timber used for a bricklayer's plat- form or in scaffolding. putrefaction (pu-tre-fak'shun), n. the act or process of putrefying; decomposition; rottenness. putrefactive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, or tending to, putrefaction. putrefy ('tre-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], to cause to rot or decay by the decomposition of organic bodies; rot; corrupt; v.i. to become putrid. putrescence (-tres'ens), n. a putrid state. putrescent ('ent), adj. pertaining to putrefaction; becoming rotten. putrescible ('i-bl), adj. liable, or tending to become putrid. putridity (-trid'i-ti), n. putrid state. Also putridness. puttee (put-e'), n. a strip of cloth wound spirally around the leg from ankle to knee for protection and sup- port; also leather leggings. putter (put'er), n. in golf, a club used for playing a short, careful stroke. puttock ('ok), a hawk or kite. putty ('i), n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used for poUshing; a compound of whiting and linseed- oil used in glazing. puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PYX PYEMIA, PYAEMIA 588 the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes pyrometer (pl-rom'e-ter), n. an iri- embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled. strument for measuring the temper- pyemia, pyaemia (pi-e'mi-a), n. ature or expansion of bodies under | blood-poisoning. the influence of heat. pygmean (pig-me'an), adj. dwarfish pyro-ray (pi'ro-ra), n. a ray given off Pygmy ('mi), n. one of the fabled by incandescent metal and said to dwarfish races; one of a small race resemble the radiations of radioac- mentioned by Herodotus. Also tive substances. Pigmy pyroscope. See under pyr. pyjamas. Same as pajamas. pyrotechnic (pl-ro-tek'nik), adj. per- pylon (pe-16ng), n. one of a series of tainmg to fireworks or the art of towers erected on the field of an making them. aerodrome to mark the course and pyrrhic (pir'ik), n. a metrical foot of guide the aviators; buildings at the two syllables; an ancient Greek mil- entrance of Egyptian temples. itary dance: adj. pertaining to such pyloric (pl-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to a dance. . the pylorus. Pythian (pith'i-an), adj. pertaining pylorus (-lo'rus), n. the lower and to Delphi, or to Apollo, or to the right opening of the stomach leading priestess (pythoness) at Delphi, to the small intestines. Pythian games (gamz), n.pl. one of pyorrhea (pi-5-re'a), n. a disease of the four great national games of an- the gums causrng the teeth to loosen cient Greece, celebrated every 5th and fall out, iknown in dentistry as year near Delphi, in honor of Apollo. Rigg's Disease, pythogenic (pi-tho-jen lk), adj. pro- pyr, a prefix, meaning fire. Also duced by filth or putrid matter, as pyro, as pyracanth, a plant with typhoid fever, &c. flame-colored flowers; pyroscope, an Python ('thon), n. a genus of large instrument for measuring the inten- serpents; the serpent or dragon slam sityof adiatingheat. ' by Apollo. pyramid (pir'a-mid), n. a sohd body python ('thon), n. a large non-ven- standing on a triangular, square, or omous serpent nearly allied to the boa. polygonal base, having its triangu- pythoness ('thon-es), n. the priestess lar' sides terminating in a point at f Apollo, who gave oracular answers the apex: pi. sepulchral monuments a t the temple of Delphi; a witch. of such shape, as in Egypt. pythonism (pith'o-nizm), n. the art pyramidal (-am l-dal), adj. shaped f pre dicting future events by divina- like a pyramid. Also pyramidic, tion> after the manner f the ancient pyramidical. oracle at Delphi. ?yrrte^?t,zX^^ P*f ^t?LL* "^ PY of sulphur with iron, copper, &c. of pus with the urme. pyro. See pyr. pyx (piks), n. in the Roman Cathohc pvro-electric (-ro-e-lek'trik), adj. Church, the box or receptacle in becoming electric by the action of which the consecrated wafer or host is heat placed ; the box in which selected coins pyromania (pi-ro-ma'ni-a), n. an in- are placed at the mint to be tested sane impulse to destr oy by fire. prior to their issue as currency. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Q Q (ku), the seventeenth letter of the quadratic (-rat'ik), adj. pertaining English alphabet. to, or involving, a square. quack (kwak), n. the cry of the quadrature ('ra-tur), n. the act of duck; a pretender to medical skill; squaring; the reduction of a figure charlatan: v.i. to cry like a duck; to to a square, exactly or approximate- act or practice like a quack: adj. ly; the position of a heavenly body pertaining to quacks or quackery. when distant 90° from another: said quackery ('er-i), n. boastful pretension especially of the position of the to skill in medicine ; false pretensions moon from the sun. to any art; imposture; empiricism, quadrennial (-ren'i-al), adj. corn- quad (kwod), n. the court of a col- prising, or occurring; every 4 years, lege, prison, &c; a quadrat. quadrilateral (-ri-lat'er-al), n. a plane quadra ('ra), n. a square border or figure with 4 sides and 4 angles; the fillet of an Ionian column. Prefix area inclosed and defended by four meaning four. Also quadr, quadri, fortresses, quadru. quadrille (ka-orkwa-dril'), n. a dance Quadragesima (-ra-jes'i-ma), n. by four sets of couples; a game at Lent. cards played by four persons. Quadragesima Sunday (sun'da), n. quadrillion (kwod-ril'yun), n. in the the first Sunday in Lent. French system of numeration, fol- quadragesimal ('i-mal), adj. per- lowed in the United States, a thou- taining to, or used in, Lent. sand trillions; in the English sys- quadrangle ('rang-gl), n. an open tern, the fourth power of a million, square surrounded by buildings; a or 1 foUo wed by 24 ciphers. < plane figure with 4 angles and 4 quadroon (roon'), n. the offspring of sides, a mulatto and a white. quadrangular fgu-lar), adj. having Quadrumana (-roo'ma-na), n.pl. an q the form of a ^adrangle. g %%** mammalia, including the quadrant ('rant), n. the 4th part of qU adrumanous ('ma-nus), adj. hav- a circle, an arc of 90 ; an mstru- m „ 4 hands. ment for taking elevations; an in- quadruped '('roo-ped), n. a four- strument for elevating cannon. footed animal: adj. four-footed. quadrat ('rat), n. a piece of type quadruple (roo-pl), adj. four-fold: metal lower than the type, used to n. & sum or quantity four times as fill void spaces in a line, pages, &c. great as that taken as the standard: quadrate ('rat), adj. having 4 equal v.t. to multiply by four: v.i. to in- sides and 4 right angles; raised to crease four-fold, the second power; noting an aspect quaestor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient of the heavenly bodies in which they Rome, the public treasurer; in cer- are distant 90° from each other: v.t. tain legislative assemblies, an officer & v.i. to square; fit or correspond. in charge. Also questor. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (589) qua'ff 590 QUARTE quaff m (kwaf), v.t. to drink or swal- low in large quantities: v.i. to drink luxuriously. quagga (kwag'a), n. a South Afri- can quadruped allied to the ass and zebra. quagmire (kwag'mir), n. wet, boggy ground yielding under the feet. quahog (kwa-hog' or -hag'), n. a species of clam much prized by epicures: v.i. to go in search of this species of clam. quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in spirit or by dejection; lose heart; cower: n. a gallinaceous bird, allied to the par- tridge. quaint (kwant), adj. singular and antique; not expressed or shown in the usual way; odd; neat. quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble or shake; be agitated: n. a tremble or shudder. Quaker ('er), n. one of a religious sect, the Society of Friends, founded by Geo. Fox. Feminine Quakeress. Ouaker-gun (-gun), n. a, wooden gun mounted to deceive an enemy. quaking ('ing), adj. trembling; shak- ing: n. a shaking or tremor. qualifiable (kwal'i-fi-a-bl), adj. that may be qualified. qualification (-fi-ka'shun), n. any quality, endowment, or acquirement which fits a person for any office or occupation; legal power or ability; limitation ; restriction . qualitative ('i-fi-ka-tiv), adj. serv- ing to qualify. qualifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, qualifies. qualify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. qual- ified, p.pr. qualifying], to render fit or capable for any office, occupation, &c; render legally capable; make fit; moderate; limit: v.i. to become qualified. qualitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to quality; determining the na- ture of component parts. quality ('i-ti), n. [pi. qualities (-tiz) ], peculiar power or property ; attribute; disposition; rank; superior birth. qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit of sickness; nausea; scruple. quamash (kwa-mash'), n. an escu- lent bulb eaten by the North Amer- ican Indians. Also camass. quandary (kwon'da-ri), n. a state of difficulty or perplexity; fix. quantitative ('ti-ta-tiv), adj. per- taining to quantity. Also quantitive. quantify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quantified, p.pr. quantifying], to in- dicate the quantity or extent of. quantity ('ti-ti), n. that property of anything that may be increased or diminished; any indeterminate bulk, weight, or number; large portion, sum, or mass; the measure of time in pronouncing a syllable; anything that can be increased, divided, or measured; in logic, a general con- ception. quant ivalence (-tiv'a-lens), n. the combining power of an atom as com- pared with hydrogen. quantum ('turn), n. amount (Latin). quarantine (kwor'an-ten), n. the time (usually 40 days) during which a vessel from foriegn parts suspected of infectious disease is prohibited from intercourse with the shore: v.t. to place under quarantine. quarrel ('el), n. an angry dispute; petty fight; altercation; ground of dispute; a square-headed arrow: v.i. to dispute violently; be at variance; disagree. quarried ('id), p. adj. dug from the quarry. quarrier ('i-er), n. one who works in a quarry. quarry ('i), n. a place where stone is dug out for building purposes, &c; game pursued by hawks or hounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quarried, p.pr. quar- rying], to dig or take from a quarry. quarryman. Same as quarrier. quart (kwort), n. 2 pints, or l-4th of a gallon; a sequence of 4 cards in the game of piquet. quartan (kwdr'tan), adj. occurring every fourth day, as ague, &c. # quarte (kart), n. a guard in fencing. fite, arm, ask, at, awl' me. merge ; met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue^hut; think, then. QUARTER 591 QUELL quarter (kwor'ter), n. the 4th part; 28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bushels; the 4th part of the moon's monthly revolution; part of the globe; par- ticular county, region, or district; life granted to a captive or enemy; mercy; after-part of a ship's side; one of the 4 points of the compass; in heraldry, one of the divisions of a shield when divided crosswise: pi. lodgings, especially for soldiers: v.t. to divide into four equal parts; fur- nish with lodgings, as soldiers; sta- tion; bear as an appendage to he- reditary arms. quarter day (da), n. the day begin- ning or ending each quarter of the year, viz. : March 25, June 24, Sept. 29, Dec. 25, when payments of rent, &c, are made. quarter-deck (-dek), n. that part of a ship which is abaft the mainmast. quartered ('terd), p. adj. divided into quarters; the division of a shield containing many coats. quarterly ('li), adj. consisting of, or containing, a quarter: adv. once each quarter of the year: n. a pub- lication issued every quarter. quartermaster ('ter-mas-ter), n. an officer whose duty it is to assign quarters and provide food, clothing, forage, ammunition, &c, for a regi- ment; in the navy, a petty officer who attends to the steerage, signals, stowage, &c, of ships. quartern ('tern), n. l-4th of a pint, or of a bushel; gill. quarter-staff (-staf), n. a staff 6^ feet long and shod with iron, for- merly used as a weapon of defense. quartet (-tef), n. anything in fours; musical composition in 4 parts for 4 voices or instruments. Also quartette. quarto ('to), n. [pi. quartos ('toz) ], a book having the sheet folded into 4 leaves. Abbreviated 4to: ad;, having 4 leaves in a sheet. quartz (kworts), n. a mineral com- pound of pure silica. quart zite ('It), n. quartz rock. quash (kwosh), v.t. to crush; subdue suddenly or completely; annul. quashy (kwosh'i), n. a West Indian name for the negro. quasi, a prejix meaning as it were, apparently, nearly. quassia (kwosh'i-a), n. a South American tree yielding bark and wood of excessive bitterness. quatern (kwa'tern), adj. fourfold; growing in fours. quaternion (-ter'ni-on), n. the num- ber 4; set of 4; a file of 4 soldiers: pi. a calculus or method of mathe- matical investigation. quatrefoil (ka'tr-foil), n. in herald- ry, four-leaved grass; an ornamental figure in architectural tracery di- vided by cusps into 4 leaves. quaver (kwa'ver), v.t. to shake or tremble; vibrate; sing or play with tremulous modulations: n. a vibra- tion of the voice; a musical note, one-half a crotchet. quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading or unloading vessels. quean (kwen), n. a worthless woman. queasy (kwe'zi), adj. affected with, or causing, nausea. queen consort (kon'sort), n. the wife of a reigning king. queen dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow of a king. queenly ('li), adj. like, or befitting, a queen. queen-post ('post), n. one of two vertical timbers in a roof rising from the tie-beam. queen regnant (reg'nant), n. a queen in her own right. queen's counsel (-z-koun'sel), n. a barrister holding a patent of preced- ence from the queen. queen's metal (-met'al), n. an alloy of tin, antimony, lead, and bismuth. queen's ware ('war), n. cream-col- ored earthenware. queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; droll; strange; out of health. quell (kwel), v.t. to crush or sub- due; put an end to; calm; allay. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. QUENCH 592 QUINQUAGESIMA quench (kwench), v.t. to put out or extinguish; check; allay. querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), adj. complaining; querulous; discon- tented. querist (kwe'rist), n. one who asks questions. querl (kwerl), v.t. to coil. querulous (kwer'oo-lus), adj. com- plaining; discontented. query (kwe'ri), n. a question; an in- quiry to be resolved; a mark of in- terrogation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. queried, sure; anything unreliable or treach- erous. quickset ('set), n. a living shrub, especially the hawthorn, set to grow, as for a hedge. quicksilver ('sil-ver), n. fluid mer- cury: v.t. to overlay with an amal- gam of mercury and tin-foil. quid (kwid), n. a plug of tobacco for chewing; a sovereign. quiddity ('i-ti), n. [pi. quiddities (-tiz)], the essence of anything; a trifling nicety; captious question. p.pr. querying], to examine by ques- quidnunc ('nungk), n. one who is tions; doubt; mark with a query: v.i. to ask questions. quest (kwest), n. search; inquiry; jury of inquest: v.t. to search or seek for. question (kwes'chun), n. an inquiry; act of asking; interrogation; doubt; subject of discussion; examination by torture: v.t. to ask or interro- gate; examine by questions; treat as doubtful: v.i. to ask a question. quest ion ability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being questiona- ble. Also questionableness. questionable (-a-bl), adj. that may be questioned; doubtful; suspicious. questor. Same as quaestor. quetzal (kwet'zal), n. bird of paradise. queue (ku), n. the tail of a wig. quibble (kwib'l), n. a petty evasion or cavil; play on words: v.i. to evade the truth by artifice or eva- sion; play on words. quibbling ('ling), n. evasion. quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; active; nimble; ready; sharp in dis- cernment; sprightly; precipitate; living; _ pregnant: adv. quickly: n. the living flesh; sensitive parts; a hedge of growing shrubs. quicken ('en) vivify; show womb: v.t. increase the speed of; to resuscitate; stimulate; cheer. quicklime ('lim), n. lime burnt and unslaked. quicksand ('sand), n. sand easily moved or readily yielding to pres- to know everything that one who pretends to a knowledge of current events. quiesce (kwi-es'), v.i. to be silent. quiescence ('ens), n. repose or rest; mental quietude. Also quiescency. quiescent Cent), adj. reposing or resting; calm;, silent. quiet (kwi'et), adj. free from mo- tion, disturbance, or alarm; still; calm; peaceable; gentle; secluded; subdued and modest; not showy: v.t. to calm or pacify; reduce to a state of rest: v.i. to become quiet. quietude ('et-ud), n. repose; tran- quillity, an American quietus (-e'tus), n. rest; death; final settlement or discharge; heavy blow. quill (kwil), n. the large strong feather of a bird's wing; such feather used as a pen; a porcupine's spine; a weaver's spindle: v.t. to plait or form with small quill-like ridges. quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of coverlet or counterpane: v.t. to stitch to- gether, as two pieces of cloth, &c, with a soft material between. quilting ('ing), n. the act or process of making a quilt; material for quilting; quilted work. v.i. to impart life; ^quinary (kwi'na-ri), adj. consisting signs of life in the of, or arranged in, fives. quinine (kwin'en or kwi'nin), n. an alkaline substance obtained from the bark of the Chinchona tree: used as a febrifuge and tonic. ^ quinquagesima (-kwa-jes'i-ma), adj. fiftieth. » ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. i. QUINQUAGESIMA SUNDAY 593 QURAN. tinquagesima Sunday (sun'da), n. the Sunday next before Lent. quinquennial (-kwen'i-al), adj. re- curring once in, or lasting, five years. quinsy ('zi), n. inflammation of the tonsils of the throat. quint (kwint), n. a set or sequence of five. quintal ('tal), n. a weight of 100 or 112 lbs. quintan ('tan), adj. recurring every fifth day: n. an intermittent fever which recurs thus. quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. the pure concentrated essence of any- thing; vital or essential part. quintet (-tef), n. a musical compo- sition in five obligato parts. Also quintette, quintetto. quintillion (-til'yun), n. in the' French system, of enumeration, fol- lowed in the United States, a thou- sand quadrillions; in the English system, a million raised to the fifth power, expressed by a unit followed by thirty ciphers. quintuple ('tu-pl), v.t. to make five- fold: adj. fivefold. quip (kwip), n. a short sarcastic turn or retort; jeer: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. quipped, p.pr. quipping], to scoff; jeer. quire (kwir), n. 24 sheets; an obso- lete form of choir. Quirinal (kwi-ri'nal), n. at Rome, the royal palace. Quirites (-ri'tez), n.pl. the ancient Romans in their civil capacity. quirk (kwerk), n. an artful evasion; subterfuge; quibble; smart retort; a fight irregular air or melody. quit (kwit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quit or quitted, p.pr. quitting], to depart from; discharge (an obligation); give up; forsake: adj. set free. quittance (kwit'ans), n. discharge from a debt, service, or obligation. quite (kwit), adj. wholly; completely. quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for ar- rows; . a trembling or shivering: v.i. to tremble, shake, or shiver. quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik), adj. chival- rous or romantic to extravagance: from Don Quixote, the hero of Cer- vantes' romance. quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or obscure question designed to puzzle anyone; one who quizzes others: v.t. p.t. & p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quizzing], to puz- zle; make fun of; banter; hoax; examine narrowly with an air of mockery; peer at. quizzical ('i-kal), adj. given to, or of the nature of, quizzing; comical. quod (kwod), n. a quadrangle; prison. quodlibet ('li-bet), n. a nice point or subtlety. quoif . Same as coif. quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to sup- port and steady a stone; external angle of a building; a wedge of wood or metal to elevate a gun; wedge- shaped wooden block to tighten the pages of type within the chase. quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring of iron to be pitched at a fixed object: pi. the game thus played. quorum (kwo'rum), n. the number of members of a body or corporation competent to transact business by law or constitution. quota (kwo'ta), n. the part or share assigned to each. quotation (-ta'shun), n. the act of quoting; that which is quoted; cur- rent price. quotative (kwo'ta-tiv), a. of the nature of or pertaining to quotation. quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a pas- sage) from some author or speaker, for authority or illustration; give the current price of. quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. quotha ('a), inter j. indeed! quotidian (kwo-tid'i-an), adj. recur- ring daily. quotient ('shent), n. the number re- sulting from the division of one number by another. quotum ('turn), n. share; proportion. Quran. Another form of Koran. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. R R, the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet. raad (rad), n. a legislative assembly [South Africa]. rabbet (rab'et), n. a groove cut longi- tudinally in the edge of a plank, &c, so that another may fit into it: v.t. to groove and unite by a rabbet. rabbi ('i or 'I), n. [pi. rabbis ('iz) ], a Jewish doctor or interpreter of the law. Also rabbin. rabbinic (-in'ik), adj. pertaining to the rabbis, their doctrines, learning, and language. Also rabbinical, n. later Hebrew. rabbinist ('in-ist), n. one who ad- heres to the Talmud and the rab- binic traditions. Also rabbinite. rabbit ('it), n. a burrowing rodent animal, esteemed for food and its fur. rabbit-warren (-wor'en), ' n. a place where rabbits burrow and breed. rabble ('1), n. a noisy crowd or mob, 'especially of the lower orders. rabid ('id), adj. mad; enthusiastic to excess. rabboni (ra-bo'ni), n. my master: the highest title of distinction among the ancient Jews. rabies (ra'bi-ez), n. canine madness; madness caused by the bite of a dog; hydrophobia. raca (ra'ka), adj. worthless: a term of great contempt among the ancient Jews. raccoon (rak-oon'), n. a badger-like animal of North America with a valuable fur. Also racoon. race (ras), n. a rapid course, as of an animal or river; contest of speed; career; descent or lineage; breed or variety; peculiar strength or flavor; root: pi. horseraces: v.i. to run swiftly; contend in running: v.t. to cause to contend in a race. raceme (ra-sem'), n. a flower cluster. racemose (ras'e-mos), adj. growing in racemes. racial (ra'sial), adj. pertaining to race or lineage. rack (rak), n. an instrument for stretching or straining; an engine for stretching the limbs to extort a confession; a frame in which arti- cles are arranged; a grating above a manger for holding hay; a straight toothed bar working in the pinions of a wheel; an inclined plane on which ore is washed and separated; thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire ruin : v.t. to stretch or strain forcibly on, or as on, the rack; torture; wrest; perplex; exhaust; decant or strain off. rackarock (rak'a-rok), n. an explo- sive powder of high power. racket ('et), n. a clattering noise; a network bat used in tennis; a snow-shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a clattering noise; frolic; play tennis: v.t. to strike, as with a racket. racketing (-ing), n. noisy, confused mirth. racking-bit (rak'ing-bit), n. a bit having an extra pair of very long cheek-pieces. racking-pace ('ing-pas), n. the pace of a horse somewhat quicker and shorter than an amble. rack-rent ('rent), n. rent raised to its utmost value. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (594) lCONTEUR ■ RA eur (ra-kon-ter'), n. an expert teller of anecdotes. racoon. Same as raccoon. racquet, another form of racket. racy (ra'si), adj. having a strong flavor; mentally exciting; piquant. raddle (rad'l), n. a hedge of branches interwoven: v.t. to interweave. raddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. radial (ra/di-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, or using as, a ray; pertain- ing to the radius of the forearm. radiance ('di-ans), n. brightness shooting in rays; brilliant bright- ness; splendor. Also radiancy. radiant ('di-ant), adj. emitting rays of light or heat; shining; brilliant: n. the point from which a shower 595 RADIUS emitting Becquerel rays; exhibiting the properties possessed by radium. radiochemistry (ra/di-6-kem'is-tri), n. the study of the peculiar group - of chemicals that manifest the phenomena of radioactivity. radiochroism # (ra'di-ok'ro-izm), n. varying opacity to different types of X-rays. radioconductor (ra'di-o-kon-duk'- tor, n. an instrument to detect electric waves in the atmosphere, including the receivers in wireless- telegraphy. radiodermatitis (ra/di-o-der'ma-ti'- tis), n. an obstinate inflammation of the skin caused by prolonged ex- posure to X-rays or allied radiations. of meteors proceeds; a straight line radiofy (-fi),v.t. [p.t.&p.p. radiofied, proceeding from a given point about which it revolves; the luminous point from which light emanates. radiate ('di-at), v.t. to send out as rays: v.i. to emit, or issue forth in, rays : adj. having rays. radiation < (-a/shun), n. the emission * or diffusion of rays of light or heat from one luminous or heated body to another. radiator ('di-a-ter), n. the body from which rays radiate; a chamber, coil, drum, &c, in an apartment, heated by steam, hot air, or hot water, &c, for radiating warmth into the apart- ment; a water-cooling device used with gasoline motors. radical (rad'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the root or origin; fundamental; original; underived; extreme: n. a simple, underived word; letter be- longing to the root; one of the ultra- liberal party; the base of a chemical compound (also radicle). radicate ('i-kat), v.t. to plant deeply and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj. deeply planted or rooted. radicel ('i-sel), n. sl rootlet. radicle ('i-kl), n. that part in the embryo in the seed of a plant which becomes the root; in chemistry, the same as radical. radio-active (ra/di-o-ak'tiv), adj. to cause to become exposing to the p.pr. radiofying radio-active by influence of radium. radiograph (-graf), n. a picture ob- tained by means of radiography: v.t. to produce a likeness of by means of radiography. radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi), n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of Roentgen rays upon certain sensitive salts. radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. an instrument revolving in a vacuum, which under the influence of light exhibits the energy of the solar rays. radiotherapy (ra/di-o-ther'a-pi) , n. treatment of disease with the X-ray or with one of the radioactive ele- ments, as radium or thorium. radish (rad'ish), n. a plant with an edible root, used as a salad. radium (ra/di-um), n. a radio-active element recently discovered in pitch- blende, possessing the property of giving off luminous and actinic rays, accompanied by heat, without ap- parent loss of energy or diminution in bulk or weight. radius (ra/di-us), n. [pi. radii (-1) ], a straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle; ex- terior bone of the forearm; ray of a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RADIX 596 RAMMER flower; anything resembling a radius, as the spoke of a wheel. radix ('diks), n. a root; a primitive word; base of a system of loga- rithms. raff (raf), n. a jumble; refuse; the rabble. raffle ('1), n. a kind of lottery in which each participant deposits a part of the value of a thing in con- sideration of the chance of gaining it: v.t. to dispose of by raffle: v.i. to take part in a raffle. raft (raft), n. pieces of timber fas- tened together for transport by floating; a floating wooden frame- work: v.t. to carry on a raft. rafter ('er), n. an inclined beam supporting the roof of a house: v.t. to form into, or furnish with, raf- ters. ragamuffin ('a-muf-in), n. a low, disreputable fellow. rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- trolled anger; vehemence; extreme violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- sire or eagerness :v.i. to be furious with anger; prevail fatally, as a dis- ease; be violently agitated, as the sea; ravage. ragg. Same as ragstone. ragged (rag'ed), adj. rent ,or worn into rags; clothed in tattered gar- ments; destitute; rough; jagged. raging (raj'ing), p. adj. acting with fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. fury; violence. ragout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of stewed and highly seasoned meat. ragstone (rag'ston), n. any hard, coarse-textured rock. rag-time Ctim), n. syncopated time, characteristic of negro melodies. ragwort (rag'wert), n. a common plant with jagged leaves. raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon. rail (ral), n. a bar of timber or metal extending from one support to another; wooden or iron fence; a railway; a wading bird with a harsh cry: v.i. to brawl; use opprobrious language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with rails; despatch by rail. raillery ('er-i), n. good-humored irony or satire; banter. railleur (-yeV), n. a banterer [French]. raiment (ra/ment), n. clothing. rainbow ('bo), n. the bright-colored arc formed in the heavens by the refraction or reflection of the sun's rays falling upon watery particles in that part of the heavens opposite to the .sun. rainy ('i), adj. abounding with rain. raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. rajah (ra'ja), n. a Hindu king, prince, or chief. rajput (raj-poof), n. a Hindu of royal descent or of the higher mili- tary caste. Also rajpoot. rakish (rak'ish), adj. dissolute; de- bauched. rally ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rallied, p.pr. rallying], to collect and ar- range, as troops in confusion; re- unite; attack with raillery; banter or satirize humorously: v.i. to return to order; recover strength; exercise raillery: n. the act of recovering order, or of regaining strength; good-humored satire,' horseplay, as in a pantomime. ramble ('bl), v.i. to wander or rove about; visit many places; be desul- tory: n. a roving or wandering from place to place. ramee (ra-me'). Same as ramie. ramenta (-men'ta), n.pl. the thin brown scales which cover the stems of ferns. ramie (ram'e), n. grass-cloth plant, or its fiber. ramification (ram-i-fi-ka'shun), n. a division or separation into branches; sub-division; manner of producing branches. ramify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rami- fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into branches or divisions: v.i. to shoot into branches; become divided or sub-divided. rammer ('er), n. one who, or that which, rams; an instrument for f or- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RAMOSE 597 RAPE cibly driving anything; a rod for forcing down the charge of a gun. ramose ^ (ra'mSs), adj. branched; producing branches. Also ramous. ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a plant; spring; leap violently: n. a leap or bound. rampage (ram'paj), v.i. to prance about with unrestrained spirits; be furious: n. a state of excitement. rampant ('pant), adj. overleaping re- straint or natural bounds; in herald- ry, standing upright on the hindlegs. rampart ('part), n. a mound or wall surrounding a fortified place; pro- tection from assault or danger: v.t. to fortify with a rampart. ramrod ('rod), n. a rod used for ramming down the charge of a gun. ramshackle ('shak-1), adj. loose; out of repair. ramus (ra/mus), n. a branch. ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. Also ranche, rancho [Mexican]. ranchero (ran-cha/ro), n. a herds- man [Mexicanj. rancho (ran'cho), n. a cabin or group of cabins where ranchmen or trav- elers are sheltered. rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, unpleasant smell; sour or musty. rancidity ('i-ti), n. rancid condi- tion. Also rancidness. rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- mity: deep spite or malice. rancorous (-us), adj. malignant; spiteful. rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or border. randan (ran'dan), n. a boat pro- pelled by three rowers, one in the center using two oars and the oth- ers one oar each. random ('dum), n. want of direction or method; chance: adj. done hap- hazard; left to chance, or without method. ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen or princess; rajah's wife. Also rani, rannee. range (ranj), v.t. to set or arrange in a row; place in proper order; rove over; sail along in a parallel direction: n. sl rank or row; order or class; space or room for excur- sion; extent of discourse or roam- ing; power; an extended kitchen grate; distance to which a shot, &c, can be projected. # range-finder (ranj'fin-der), n. a con- trivance to enable the marksman in a fort or ship to ascertain the exact range of the target. ranger ('er), n. a rover; the chief official or keeper of a park or for- est; a variety of dog. rank (rangk), n. a row or line, espe- cially of soldiers placed abreast; sta- tion or position; grade; dignity; eminence: v.t. to draw up in line; include in a particular class, or order, or division: v.i. to hold a certain position: adj. luxuriant in growth; excessive; coarse; rancid. rankle ('1), v.i. to grow more rank or strong; fester; become mentally disquieted or irritated. ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search mi- nutely; rummage; plunder. ransom ('sum), v.t. to free from captivity, slavery, or punishment, by a payment; atone for; redeem from the bondage of sin: n. price paid for release from captivity, &c, or for goods captured by an enemy; price paid for procuring the pardon of sin and the redemption of the sin- ner. rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be noisily wordy; rave in extravagant or violent language: n. noisy; empty declamation. ranter ('er), n. one who rants; a boisterous preacher. rapacious (ra-pa'shus), adj. given to plunder; seizing forcibly; subsisting; on prey; greedy; avaricious. rapacity (-pas'i-ti), n. the quality of being rapacious. Also rapacious- ness. rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying away by force; the seizure and car- nal knowledge of a woman against her will; a plant of the cabbage ate, arm, ask at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RAPID 598 RATIFIER family, from the seeds of which an oil (colza oil) is expressed. rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- rent in a river where the channel is descending. rapier (ra/pi-er), n. a long thin sword used for thrusting. rapine (rap 'in, or 'in), n. the act of plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- lage; violence. rapport (-por'), n. harmonious rela- tion; affinity. . rapprochement (ra-prosh'mang), n. the act of coming together; an understanding. rapscallion (rap-scal'yun), n. a ras- cal. rapt (rapt), p.adj. transported; rav- ished. Raptores (rap-to'rez), n.pl. an order of birds characterized ' by the strength of their claws and bills, in- cluding the eagles, owls, &c. _ raptorial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to the Raptores. Also raptorious. rapture ('tur), n. extreme pleasure or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. raptured. Same as rapt. rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- ture; almost raw. rare-bit ('bit), n. a dainty morsel. rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun), n. the act of rarefying or rendering less dense. rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make rare, thin, or less dense; expand: v.i. to become less dense. rarely ('li), adv. seldom. rareness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being rare. rare-ripe (rar 'rip), adj. ripe before the usual season: n. an early fruit. rarity ('i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- ceptional excellence; rareness. rascal ('kal), n. a mean fellow; a scoundrel; one who is guilty of mean offenses. rascaldom (-dum), n. rascals col- . lectively. \ rascality ('i-ti), n. the state of be- ' ing a rascal; petty villainy or dis-jj honesty. rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; precipitate; acting without caution or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous eruption. rasher ('er), n. a thin slice of bacon. Rasores (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an order of birds, including the barn fowls, pheasants, partridges, &c, who scratch the ground in search of food. rasorial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to the Rasores. rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as with, a rough instrument; file with a rasp : n. a kind of rough file. raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- berries (-iz) ], a shrub and its well- known fruit. rasure (ra'zur), n. erasure. ratable (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed at a certain value; liable to be assessed. ratably ('a-bli), adv. proportionally. ratan. Same as rattan. ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into which a click drops; the wheel oi a clock which causes it to strike. ratchet ('et), n. the detent which stops a ratchet-wheel. ratchet-wheel (hwel), n. a circular ratch. rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; price fixed or stated; comparative value; degree; a tax or assessment; speed at which anything is done or performed; class of warship: v.t. to estimate; settle or fix the value, rank, or degree of; scold vehemently and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- mate; be placed in a certain clase or rank. rather (ratf/i'er), adv. sooner; more willingly; on the contrary; prefer- ably to the other. rathskeller (raths'kel-er), n. an un- derground place of refreshment. ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of ratifying; confirmation. ratifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who ratifies. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RATIFY 599 RAWISH ratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- tion; settle or confirm; establish. ratio (ra/shi-o), n. [pi. ratios (-oz) ], the relation or proportion of one thing or quantity to another. ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to reason deductively; argue. ratiocination (-i-na'shun), n. the act or process of reasoning; deduc- ing conclusions from premises. ratiocinative ('i-na-tiv), adj. argu- mentative. ration (ra/shun), n. an allowance: pi. allowance of provisions given per man for daily subsistence: v.t. to furnish with rations. rational (rash'un-al), adj. agreeable to, or consistent with, reason; nei- ther extravagant or foolish; wise; judicious. rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. a series of reasons assigned for any opinion, action, &c. rationalism ('un-al-izm), n. a sys- tem or doctrine which, rejecting rev- elation, makes reason the sole guide in the interpretation of Scripture and dogma. rationalist (-ist), n. one who up- holds or supports rationalism. rationality (-al'i-ti), n. the quality of being rational; power of reason- ing; reasonableness; mental sanity. rationalize ('al-iz), v.t. to interpret as a rationalist; convert to ration- alism : v.i. to rely solely on reason or as a rationalist. ratlins (rat'linz), n.pl. small horizon- tal ropes, extending over the shrouds forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- lines. ratsbane (rats'ban), n. poison for rats; arsenious acid. rattan (rat-an'), n. one of the Jong, smooth, reed-like stems of several species of palms; a rattan walking stick. ratteen (-teen'), n. a thick woolen quilted or twilled stuff. rattinet (-in-ef), n. an inferior kind of ratteen. ratting ('ing), n. the act of deserting one's party; the act of catching rats; working for less than current prices. rattler (rat'ler), n. one who, or that which, rattles; a rattlesnake. rattlesnake (-snak), n. a venomous snake with hard bony rings on the tail producing a rattling sound when in motion. rattling ('ling), adj. making a rapid succession of sharp, noisy sounds; quick: adv. very: n. noise produced by a rattle. raucous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse. ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- tion by violence or decay; devasta- tion; ruin. rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the mind or be delirious; rage as a madman. ravel (rav'l), v.t. to unweave or un- twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be unwoven or untwisted; busy one's self with perplexities. ravelin ('lin), n. a detached work with two embankments making a salient angle. ravelings ('el-ingz), n.pl. threads de- tached by untwisting. raven (ra'vn), n. a large bird of the crow family noted for its deep black color: adj. raven-colored. raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, by violence; devour with greediness or voracity: n. violence; plunder; prey. ravenous ('n-us), adj. devouring with rapacity; eagerly voracious; eager for gratification. ravine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hol- low, worn by the action of a stream or torrent; mountain gorge. ravish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize and to carry away by force ; have sexual in- tercourse with (a woman) by force and without her consent; transport with delight or rapture. rawboned ('bond), adj. with little flesh on the bones. rawhide ('hid), n. a cowhide whip. rawish ('ish), adj. somewhat raw. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RAY 600 REAUMUR ray ^ra), n. a line or pencil of light proceeding from a radiant point; light; beam of intellectual light; perception or apprehension; the out- er whorl of a floret; a radius; a cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, as the skate, &c. : v.t. to shoot forth, as a ray: v.i. shine forth. rayah (ra'ya), n. in Turkey, a non- Mohammedan. rayometer (ra-om'e-ter), n. an ap- paratus to test sensitiveness to the X-ray. raze (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; blot out; efface; graze or shave. razee (ra-ze'), n. a large warship cut down to a smaller size and inferior class. razor ('zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used for shaving. razure. Same as rasure. razzle-dazzle (raz'l-daz'l), n. a state of confusion or dizziness, as from ef- fects of alcohol; a revolving platform having irregular motion, used for amusement: v.t. to confuse, bewilder, or daze. re, prefix noting repetition or retro- grade action. reach (rech), v.t. to touch with the extended hand; stretch forth; arrive at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. to be extended so a's to touch; en- deavor to obtain .something; the power of reaching or attaining; dis- tance that can be reached; limit of power or ability; stretch of water or stream. reactance (re-ak'tans), b. the seem- ing resistance of an alternating-cur- rent electric circuit due to self-in- duction. readable (red'a-bl), adj. fit to be read; worth reading; legible. readily (red'i-li), adv. in a ready manner; quickly; easily; willingly. readjust (re-ad-jusf), v.t. to place in order again; to rearrange. real (re'M), adj. actually existing; not fictitious ; genuine; true; per- taining to things fixed, as lands or tenements; not personal: n. (ra/al a Spanish coin = 5 cents (about). real estate (es-taf), n. lands and all appertaining to them. realism ('al-izm), n. the representa- tion of nature or social life as it actually appears; the doctrine that the objects immediately known are real existences. realist (-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of, or practices, realism. realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or territory; kingdom; empire; state. realty ('al-ti), n. real estate. ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 sheets of paper; 516 sheets (printer's ream) . reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- form the operation of reaping; gather in; receive as a reward. rear (rer), n. the part behind the rest; last in order; background; that part of a fleet or army behind the other: v.t. raise or lift up; ex- alt; build; educate; bring to matur- ity: v.i. to assume an erect posture: adj. pertaining to the rear. rear-admiral (-ad-mir-al), n. in the United States navy, an officer rank- ing next below the admiral; in other navies an officer ranking next below a vice-admiral. reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty in man which enables him to deduce inferences from facts, and to distin- guish between right and wrong; right judgment; efficient or final cause; cause for opinion or act; premise of an argument, especially the minor: v.i. to exercise the faculty of reason; argue; infer conclusions from premises: v.t. to persuade by reasoning; examine by the reason; plead for. reasonable (-a-bl), adj. endowed with reason; rational; equitable; moderate; fair. Reaumur (ra-6'mer), n. a thermo- | metric scale devised by Reaumur, a French scientist, in 1737. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REBATE 601 RECEPTIVE rebate (-bat'), v.t. to make blunt; make obtuse; abate or diminish. rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts from his allegiance or defies consti- tuted authority : adj. rebellious: v.i. (re-bel') \p,t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. rebelling], to take up arms and re- sist lawful or constituted authority; revolt; rise against authority. rebellion ('y un )» n - insurrection against, or open resistance to, law- ful or constituted authority; revolt. rebellious ('yus), adj. opposing law- ful or constituted authority, rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: n. the act of rebounding; a leaping or flying back. rebuff (-buf'), n. a beating back; sudden check or resistance; defeat; refusal: v.t. to beat back; repel; check; refuse. rebuke (-buk'), n. reprimand or re- proof; chiding; chastisement: v.t. to reprimand or chide; chastise. rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses (-ez) ], an enigmatical representation of a word or phrase by pictures or figures » instead of words; in heraldry, a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the wearer. but (re-buf), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat back; oppose by argument or proof; repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- turn an answer. rebuttal ('al), n. the act of rebut- ting. rebutter ('er), n. one who rebuts; the answer of a plaintiff to the re- joinder of a defendant. recalcitrant (-kal'si-trant), adj. re- fractory. recall (-kawl'), v.t. to call back; re- member; revoke; withdraw: n. revo- cation. recant (-kanf), v.t. to withdraw or retract; abjure. recantation (-kan-ta'shun), n. the act of recanting; a declaration re- calling and contradicting a former one. recapitulate (-ka-pit'ii-lat), v.t. to go over, or summarize (the chief points of a discourse, argument, &c). recapitulation (-la/shun), n. the act of recapitulating. recapitulatory ('u-la-to-ri), adj. re- peating again in brief. recaption (-kap'shun), n. reprisal. recede (-sea'), v.i. to fall back or re- trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back to a former possessor. receipt (-set'), n. the act of receiv- ing; reception; a recipe; written acknowledgment of anything re- ceived: v.t. to give a receipt for; sign in acknowledgment of. receivable (-sev'a-bl), adj. capable of being received. receive (-sev'), v.t. to take or obtain from another in any manner; ac- cept; obtain; entertain; gain knowl- edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen goods. receiver ('er), n. one who, or that which, receives; one who buys stolen goods; a person appointed by a court to manage property in con- troversy. recency (re'sen-si), n. lateness of time; newness. Also recentness. recension (re-sen 'shun), n. review or revision, especially critical revision of the text of an author; the text thus revised and established. recent ('sent), adj. of late origin or occurrence; new; modern; fresh; newly arrived; subsequent to man's existence. receptacle (-sep'ta-kl), n. a vessel or place into which anything is re- ceived; basis of a flower. receptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being receivable. reception ('shun), n. the act of re- ceiving; the state of being received; welcome; entertainment^ admis- sion ; formal or official receiving of a person. receptive ('tiv), adj. having the quality of receiving or containing; capable of receiving mental impres- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. RECEPTOR 602 RECOGNIZE receptor (re-sep'tor), n. a hypotech- nical constituent of a living cell which can combine with foreign cell products, toxic or otherwise. recess (-ses'), n. withdrawal; state of being in retirement; seclusion; remission of business; cavity in a room or alcove ; niche. recession (-sesh'un), n. the act of receding or withdrawal; cession back. recessional (re-sesh'un-al), n. the hymn or chant sung in church at the end of the services as the clergy are departing. recessive character (re-ses'iv kar'ak- ter), n. a heritable character that is dominated by an opposite character and does not manifest itself in the first filial generation, but reappears in some of the offspring of the fol- lowing generation. See Mendelism. recherche (re-sher-sha/), adj. _ un- common; rare; exquisite; choice. recipe -(res'i-pe), n. a medical pre- scription; formula for compounding anything. recipient (re-sip'i-ent), n. one who receives: adj. receiving. reciprocal ('ro-kal), adj. mutual; alternating; mutually interchange- able. reciprocate ('ro-kat), v.t. to give and receive mutually: v.i. to alter- nate; interchange. reciprocating ('ro-ka-ting), adj. moving backwards and forwards. reciprocation (-ka'shun), n. inter- change of acts; reciprocal motion. reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti), n. recip- rocal obligation or right; equal mu- tual rights or benefits to be yielded or enjoyed. recision (re-sizh'un), n. the act of cutting off. recital (-si'tal), n. the act of recit- ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical entertainment by one performer. recitation (res-i-ta'shun), n. a public reading; delivery of a composition committed to memory; the composi- tion so delivered. recitative (-ta-tev'), adj. pertaining to recitation; words spoken in the sounds of the musical scale; chant. Also recitativo [Italian]: adj. ut- tered musically; chanted. recite (re-slf), v.t. to repeat aloud from memory; enumerate; rehearse; recapitulate. reck (rek), v.t. & v.i. to care for; heed. reckless ('les), adj. heedless of con- sequences; careless; thoughtless. reckon ('n), v.t. to count or com- pute; number; estimate by rank: v.i. to calculate; charge to account; make up accounts; pay a penalty; reason with one's self and conclude from argument; think or suppose. reckoning (-ing), n. computation; calculation; statement of accounts between debtor and creditor; money charged by a host; estimated posi- tion of a ship by its progress and course. reclaim (re-klam/), v.t. to call back; demand the return of; reform; bring under cultivation. reclinate (rek'li-nat), adj. reclined, as a leaf. reclination (-na/shun), n. the act of reclining. recline (-kiln'), v.t. to cause to lean or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to rest or repose. recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives in retirement; hermit; anchorite: adj. retired from the world; soli- tary; secluded. reclusive ('siv), adj. affording re- tirement from the world or society. recognizable (rek'og-nlz-a-bl), adj. capable of being recognized. recognizance (re-kon'i-zans), n. avowal; acknowledgment; badge or token; a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate or court to do, or abstain from doing, some par- ticular act. recognize (rek'og-niz), v.t. to know again; acknowledge; avow; admit with a formal acknowledgment: v.i. to enter into recognizance. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. I RECOGNIZER 603 RECRUDESCENCE recognizer (-er), n. one who recog- nizes. recognizor (re-kon'i-zer), n. in law, one who enters into a recognizance. recognition (rek-og-nish'un), n. the act of recognizing; the state of be- ing recognized ; remembrance; recol- lection; formal avowal. recollect (-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to memory; (re-kol-ekf), to gather to- gether again. recollection (rek-ol-ek'shun), n. memory; that which is remembered. recollective ('tiv), adj. having the faculty of recollecting or remember- ing. recommend (-om-end'), v.t. to com- mend to another; introduce favor- ably ; advise. recommendation (-en-da/shun), n. the act of recommending; favorable introduction. recommit (re-kom-if), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recommit- ting], to commit anew; refer back to a committee. recompense _ (rek'om-pens), n. an equivalent given in return; reward; compensation: v.t. to give back as an equivalent; make amends for; repay or requite. reconcilable (-on-siTa-bl), adj. ca- pable of being reconciled. reconcile ('on-sil), v.t. to restore to friendship or favor after estrange- ment; adjust; harmonize. reconciliation (-sil-i-a'shun), n. the act of reconciling; the state of being reconciled; renewal of friendship; expiation or atonement. Also recon- cilement. recondite ('on-dit), adj. deep; ab- struse; hidden from view; secret. reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sans), n. the act of reconnoitering. reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o- noi'ter), v.t. to make a survey of, especially for military purposes; ex- amine for scientific purposes. reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shun) , n. the period after the close of the Civil War in the United States during which the southern states were adjusting themselves to the new conditions. record (re-kord'), v.t. to remember, or cause to be remembered ; register or enroll; celebrate: n. (rek'erd), an authentic memorial; register; for- mal writing or copy of an official document; in sports, the best per- formance: pi. public documents. recorder (-kord'er), n. one who, or that which, records; one whose offi- cial duty is to register writings or transactions. recount (re-kounf), v.t. to go over or narrate in detail. recoup (re-koop'), v.t. to indemnify or make good; diminish by keeping back a part. recourse (re-kors'), n. a going to for aid or protection; application of ef- fort for a particular purpose or end. recover (-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; re- trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- tion; obtain by judgment in a court of law; cover again: v.i. to regain health, strength, or any former state; be successful in a lawsuit. recovery ('er-i), n. the act of recov- ering; restoration to health; legal right to something after judgment of a court. recreant (rek're-ant), adj. cowardly; mean-spirited; apostate; false: n. a mean-spirited creature; a coward; an apostate. recreate ('re-at), v. t. to reanimate, especially after toil; gratify: v.i. to take recreation: v.i. (re-kre-at'), to create anew. recreation (rek-re-a/shun), n. re- freshment after toil, &c; amuse- ment: n. (re-kre-a'shun), the act of creating anew; a new creation. recreative (rek're-a-tiv), adj. rein- vigorating. recriminate (re-krim'in-at), v.i. to return one accusation with another: v.t. to accuse in return. recrimination (-a/shun), n. the act of recriminating. recrudescence (-kroo-des'ens), n. the fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RECRUDESCENT 604 REDOLENT fi state of becoming sore again; a sharp relapse. recrudescent Cent), adj. becoming sore or raw again. recruit (-kroof), v.t. to supply with new soldiers; restore to health; re- pair by fresh supplies : v.i. to obtain fresh supplies; recover health: n. a soldier newly enlisted; supply of any want. rectangle (rek'tang-gl), n. a 4-sided figure with 4 right angles, or angles of 90°. rectangular ('gu-lar), adj. right- angled. rectifiable ('ti-fi-a-bl), adj. capable of being rectified. rectification (-fi-ka/shun), n. the act red-blind of setting right; repeated distilla- tion of a spirit to concentrate it or render it purer; reduction of a curve to a right line. rectify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recti- fied, p.pr. rectifying], to set right; adjust; refine by distillation. rectilineal (-ti-lin'e-al), adj. bounded by straight lines; right- or straight- lined; straight. Also rectilinear. rectitude ('ti-tud), n. Tightness of principles and practice; honesty; moral integrity. rector ('ter), n. a clergyman who has the great and small tithes of a liv- ing; the headmaster of a public school, or head of a university [Scotch]; the superior of a eon vent or religious house. rectorate ('ter-at), n. the office of a rector. Also rectorship. rectorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a rector. rectory ('ter-i), n. the house of a rec- tor; the benefice of a rector, with the rights appertaining to it. rectum ('turn), n. the lowest part of the great intestine. recumbency (re-kum'ben-si), n. the state of leaning or reclining. Also recumbence. recuperate (-ku'per-at), v.t. & v.i. to recover. recuperation (-a'shun), n. recovery. recur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. % curred, p.pr. recurring], return e ^ the mind; return; happen at stated interval; have recourse. e recurrence (-kur'ens), n. return; iv sort. recurvate ('vat), adj. bent back. recusancy (rek'u-zan-si) , n. noncon- formity. recusant ('u-zant), adj. refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy in religion; nonconforming: n. a non- conformist. redan (re-dan'), n. a V-shaped field- work or rampart with the apex to- ward the enemy; a projection in a wall. (red'blind), a. a form of color blindness in which there is incapacity to distinguish the color red. redden ('n), v.t. to make red: v.i. to become red, blush. reddish ('ish), adj. somewhat red. redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom from bondage; rescue; make atone- ment for; perform; recover; make good use of; ransom from sin and its consequences. redeemer ('er), n. one who redeems. Redeemer, n. Jesus Christ, the Saviour. redemption (-demp'shun), n. repur- chase; release; ransom; freeing of an estate from a mortgage; salva- tion of mankind by Jesus Christ, redemptioner (-er), n. an emigrant to the United States who sells his services for a certain term, as pay- ment for his passage out from Europe. redingote (-ing-got'), n. a long double-breasted coat. redivivus (-i-vi'vus), adj. come to life again. red-letter day ('let-er da), n. a lucky day ; from the Saints' days printed in red-letter in the church calendars. redolence ('6-lens), n. perfume; fra- grance. redolent ('o-lent), adj. emitting a sweet smell; fragrant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boojc; hue, hut; think, then. boon, REDOUBT 605 REFERENDARY redoubt (re-douf), n. a field-work for strengthening or fortifying a military position without flanks. redoubtable ('a-bl), adj. formida- ble; valiant; terrible to enemies. redound (-dound'), v.i. to tend or contribute; be in excess. redress (-dres'), v.t. to amend or set right; compensate; relieve from; to dress again: n. the reparation of wrong; relief. redressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being redressed. redsear (red'ser), v.t. to break or crack under the hammer, as iron when hot. red-snow ('sno), n. an Arctic lichen or fungus. red-tape ('tap), n. red-colored tape used for tying official documents: hence excessive official formality. reduce (re-dus'), v.t. to bring into a lower state: degrade: diminish; con- quer; shorten; reclaim to order; bring or change (numbers or quan- tities) from one denomination into another; bring into classes. reducible ('si-bl), adj. capable of being reduced. reduction (-duk'shun), n. the act of reducing; the state of being re- duced; diminution; conquest or sub- jugation; the changing of quantities from one denomination to another; the process of converting a metallic oxide into metal by the expulsion of the oxygen contained in it. redundance (-dun'dans), n. super- fluity; excess. Also redundancy. redundant ('dant), adj. superfluous. reduplicate (-dup'h-kat), v.t. to double again; repeat; multiply. reduplication (-ka-shun), n. the act of reduplicating. red-wing (red'wing), n. a kind of thrush. ree (re), n. a Portuguese and Bra- zilian money of account, the 1,000th part of a milree. Also rea, rei. reed (red), n. a large, coarse grass, of the genus Arundo, with jointed hollow stems; a pastoral pipe; mouth tube of a musical instru- ment; the comb-shaped part of a loom which beats the weft up to the web; an arrow. reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which can be reduced by being drawn in by small ropes running in eyelet holes; a chain of rock lying at or near the surface of the water: v.t. to reduce the size of (a sail) by means of reefs. reefer ('er), n. one who, for the pur- pose of plunder, entices vessels in distress by false signals to come among rocks; a midshipman; a rough kind of jacket. reek (rek), n. smoke; steam: v.i. to emit smoke or steam. reeky ('i), adj. smoky; made foul by smoke or steam. reel (rel), n. a thousand feet of picture film; bobbin; an angler's implement for winding his line upon; a stagger; a lively Scotch dance: v.t. to wind on a reel: v.i. to stagger; perform a reel. reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or steward; the female of the ruff: v.t. to pass the end of (a rope) through any hole. refection (re-fek'shun), n. a light repast. refectory ('to-ri), n. an eating room or hall. refer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. referred, p.pr. referring], to submit to an- other person or authority for infor- mation, corroboration, or decision: v.i. to allude; have relation; appeal; hint. referable (ref'er-a-bl), adj. that may be referred; ascribable. referee (ref-er-e'), n. one to whom anything is referred for decision; an umpire. reference ('er-ens), n. the act of re- ferring; allusion; one who, or that which, is referred to; trial or deci- sion by referees. referendary (ref-e-ren'da-ri), adj. re- ferring to or having the character of a referendum. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REFERENDUM 606 REFORMER referendum (ref'er-en-dum), n. the . referring of a bill or act of the legis- lature to the people for decision by vote. referential (-en'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or referring to, something else. referrible (re-fer'i-bl), same as re- ferable. refine (-fin'), v.t. to separate from impurities; clear from dross; pol- ish; educate or improve: v.i. to be- come fine or pure; improve in accuracy or delicacy. refinement ('ment), n. the act of refining; state of being refined; ele- gance; polish; purity of taste, mind, morals, &c; affectation of elegant or subtle improvements. refinery ('er-i), n. [pi. refineries (-iz) ], a place where anything is refined or purified. refit (-fit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. refitted, p.pr. refitting], to make fit for use again; prepare or fit afresh: v.i. to repair damages, especially dam- ages of ships: n. the renewal of that which is damaged or worn, especially of parts of a ship. reflect (-flekf), v.t to throw back, especially rays of light or heat after striking on any substance: v.i. to be thrown back, as rays of light, &c; consider in the mind; cast re- proach or censure (with upon). reflectible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflecting ('ing), p. adj. making re- flection; thoughtful; casting reproach or censure. reflection (-flek'shun), n. the act of reflecting; state of being reflected; that which is reflected ; the turning of thought back upon past experiences or ideas; attentive consideration; reproach or censure. Also reflexion. reflective ('tiv), adj. throwing back images or rays; considering the operations of the mind or things of the past; reflexive. reflector ('ter), n. one who, or that which, reflects; a polished surfac reflecting rays of light or heat. reflex ('fleks), adj. bent or turned back; directed backwards; illumil nated by light reflected from anothel part of the same picture; noting th* v action of the motor nerves acting independently of the will under stimulus from impressions made on the sensory nerves: n. reflected light, &c. reflexibility (-i-bil'i-ti), ft. the qual- ity of being reflexible. reflexible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflexive ('iv), ad;, reflective; having respect to something past; referring back to the grammatical subject. reflux ('fluks), n. a flowing back. reform (-form'), v.t. to make better; change or return to a former good state; introduce improvement in or change for the better; amend; cor- rect; form again or anew: v.i. to abandon evil for that which is good; become better, or amended: n. amendment; change for the better, especially political change; correc- tion. reformation (ref-6r-ma'shun), n. the act' of reforming; state of being reformed; amendment; political re- dress; the act of forming again or anew. Reformation, n. the great religious movement (16th century) under Martin Luther (with the). reformatory ('a-to-ri), adj. tending to reform: n. an institution for the detention and reformation of juve- nile offenders. reformed (-formd'), p. adj. restored to a previous good state; amended, as noting the Protestant churches. Reformed Church (cherch), n. that section of the Protestant Church which on the Continent separated from Luther, and adopted the the- ology and ecclesiastical polity of Calvin. reformer ('er), n. one who effects a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. REFRACT 607 REGENCY reformation, religious, moral, or political. refract (-frakt'), v.t. to break the natural course of, or bend from a straight line. refracting ('ing), p.adj. having the power to turn rays from a direct course. refraction (-frak'shun), n. the change from a straight line which a ray of light or heat assumes when passing through a smooth surface into a medium of greater density at any angle other than 90°. refractive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to refraction. refractory ('to-ri), adj. sullenly or perversely obstinate; difficult of fusion, &c. refrain (-fran'), v.t. to restrain: v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: n. burden of a song repeated at the end of each stanza. refrangibility (-fran-ji-biTi-ti), n. the quality of being refrangible. Also refrangibleness. refrangible ('ji-bl), adj. capable of being refracted. refresh (-fresh'), v.t. to revive after fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate; restore. refreshment ('ment), n. the act of refreshing; state of being refreshed; that which refreshes, as food or rest . refrigerant (-frij'er-ant), adj. cool- ing; refreshing: n. a substance that cools; a cooling medicine. Also re- frigerative. refrigerate ('er-at), v.t. to cool, or keep cool, as by a refrigerator. refrigeration (-a'shun) , n. act of cool- ing. refrigerator ('er-a-ter), n. an ap- paratus or vessel for preserving or cooling things by means of ice, &c. refrigeratory ('er-a-to-ri), adj. cool- ing. refuge (refuj), n. protection from danger or distress; shelter or asylum; stronghold; expedient or resource. refugee (-e'), n. one who flees for protection, especially from political or religious persecution. refulgence (re-ful'jens), n. bright- ness; flood of light; splendor. Also refulgency. refulgent ('jent), adj. casting a bright light; brilliant; splendid. refund (-fund'), v.t. to pay back again. ref usable (-fuz'a-bl), adj. capable of being refused. refusal (al), ,n. the act of refusing; rejection; right to take the prefer- ence; option. refuse (-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, as a demand or request: v.i. to de- cline to accept; not to comply: n. (ref'us), waste or worthless matter; rubbish: adj. rejected; worthless. refutable (re-ftit'a-bl), adj. capable of being refuted. refutation (ref-u-ta/shun), n. the act of refuting ; that which is refuted. refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be false or erroneous; repel; disprove. regain (-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- session of; get back; reach again. regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a king; kingly; royal. regale 0-gal'), v.t. to entertain with something to delight the .senses; feast sumptuously: v.i. to feast. regalia (-ga/lia), n.pl. the ensigns of sovereignty, as the crown, &c; royal rights or prerogatives; decora- tions of an order or office. regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe particularly; heed; esteem; con- sider; respect; value: n. attention; respe ct ; consideration ; reference : pi. good wishes. regardant ('ant), adj. in heraldry, looking backwards or behind. regatta (-gat 'a), n. a sailing or row- ing match for prizes. regelation (-jel-a'shun), n. the act of freezing two pieces of ice with moist surfaces together at 32° F. regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, n5t; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REGENERACY 608 REHEARSAL structed with the duties of a re- gent. regeneracy (re-jen'er-a-si), n. the state of being regenerated. regenerate ('er-at), v.t. to renew the heart of and cause to turn to the love of God; produce anew: adj. renewed; reformed. regeneration (-a 'shun), n. the act of regenerating; the state of being regenerated; formation of new tis- sue to supply that which has been lost. regent (re'jent), adj. exercising vi- carious authority: n. one who gov- erns in the interim during the mi- nority, absence, or disability of the sovereign; a university teacher; a member of a board of superintend- ence of colleges and schools in the state of New York. regent-bird (-berd), n. an Austral- ian honey-eater with handsome plumage. regicidal (rej'i-sl-dal), adj. pertain- ing to a regicide or to regicide. regicide ('i-sld), n. the murder, or murderer, of a king. regime (ra-zhem'), n. mode; system or rule of government, social or political. regimen (rej'i-men), n. systematic regulation of diet or habit; rule; the grammatical regulation of one word by another. regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number of companies of soldiers united into one body under the command of a colonel. regimentation . (-men-ta/shun), n. enforced socialism. region (re'jun), n. a tract of land; country. register (rej'is-ter), n. an official written record; the book containing such record; that which registers, records, or regulates; a list of per- sons entitled to vote; an organ stop; musical compass or range. registrar (-trar), n. an official who keeps a register or record. registration (-tra/shun), n. the act of inserting in a register. registry ('is-tri), n. the place where a register is kept. reglet (reg'let), n. a flat, narrow molding; a slip of wood used for separating lines or filling blank spaces in printing. regnal ('nal), adj. pertaining to a reign. regnant ('nant), adj. reigning; ex- ercising royal authority; prevalent. regression (re-gresh'un), n. retro- gression. regret (-gref), n. mental sorrow or concern for anything, as for past conduct or negligence; remorse: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. regretted, p.pr. regret- ting], to remember with sorrow; bewail the loss or want of. regrettable # ('a-bl), adj. admitting of, or causing, regret. regular (reg'u-lar), adj. according to rule, order, or established usage; consistent; governed by rule; uni- form; methodical; exact; fully qualified; having sides or surfaces composed of equal figures or lines: n. a soldier belonging to a standing army; one who is under monastic rule. regularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being regular; con- formity to rule; uniformity; method or certain order. regulate ('u-lat), v.t. to make regu- lar; put in good order; adjust by rule. regulation (-la'shun), n. the act of regulating; order; method; rule. regulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, regulates; a lever for regulating motion; lever of a watch; an accurate timepiece. regulus ('ii-lus), n. a metal contain- ing more or less impurities of the ore. regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. to be thrown or poured back. rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v.t. to restore to former condition or status. rehearsal (-her'sal), n. a recital in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REHEARSE 609 RELEASE private prior to a public perform- ance. rehearse (-hers'), v.t. to repeat, as what has already been said or writ- ten; tell or narrate; recite before public performance. Reichsrath (rikhs'rat), n. the par- liament of the Austrian empire. Reichstag ('takh), n. the German parliament. reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign authority; rule; be predominant : n. supreme power or influence; time during which a sovereign rules. reimburse (re-im-bers'), v.t. to re- fund. reimbursement ('ment), n. refund- ing. rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; an instrument for curbing, restrain- ing, or governing; power: pi. the kidneys, or parts about them; loins; the heart [Old Testament]: v.t. to govern with a bridle; restrain;- con- trol: v.i. to check a horse with the reins. reincarnation (re-in-kar-na'shun), n. a return after death to life in this world in another body. reindeer ('der), n. a large Arctic deer. Ieinforce (re-in-fors'), v.t. to sup- ply with new strength, support, or assistance. einstate (-in-staf), v.t. to restore to a former state. eiteration (-it-er-a'shun) , n. repe- tition. eiterative (-it'er-a-tiv), n. a word or part of a word reduplicated; a verb noting reproduction or inten- sive action. reject (re-jekf), v.t. to throw away as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; discard. rejection ('shun), n. the act of re- jecting. rejoice (-jois'), v.i. to feel or express joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make joyful. rejoin (-join'), v.t. to unite again after separation: v.i. to answer a reply; answer as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication. rejoinder ('der), n. an answer to a reply; in law, the defendant's an- swer to the plaintiff's replication. rejuvenate (re-ju'ven-at), v.t. to make youthful again. relais (-la'), n. a narrow walk with- out the rampart of a fortification. relapse (-laps'), v.i. to fall back from a state of convalescence; return to a former bad state or habit: n. a falling into a former bad state; re- turn of a disease after convalescence or partial recovery. relate (-laf), v.t. to tell; describe; recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. related (-la/ted), p. adj. told or de- scribed; allied by kindred or blood relationship. relation (-la/shun), n. the act of re- lating; the thing related; mutual connection between two or more things; proportion or ratio; connec- tion by birth or marriage; kinsman or kinswoman. relative > (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, or expressing, relation; pertinent; be- longing to or connected with; re- lating to a word, sentence, or clause: n. that which has relation to some- thing else; a person connected by kinship or consanguinity; a word which relates to its antecedent. relator (re-la'ter), n. one who re- lates; a prosecutor. relax (-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make less close; render less tense, rigor- ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; loosen, as the bowels; make lan- guid: v.i. to take relaxation; become less severe or close. relaxation (-a'shun), n. the act of relaxing; state of being relaxed; diminution of tension; diversion or recreation. relay (-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. relaid, p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time: n. fresh post-horses or hunting dogs to relieve others; new supply; a subsidiary electric circuit. release (-les'), v.t. to set free; dis- ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RELEGATE 610 REMAND charge; free from obligation or pen- alty: n. liberation from restraint, penalty, pain, &c. ; discharge from an obligation. relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to banish; consign. relegation (-ga/shun), n. the act of relegating. relent (-lent'), v.i. to grow less hard or severe; become more tender; yield. relessee (-les-e'), n. the person to whom a deed of release is granted. Also releasee. releasor ('er), n. the person who grants a deed of release. relevancy (rel'e-van-si), n. applica- bility; pertinence. Also relevance. relevant ('e-v&nt), adj. applicable; related ; pertinent. reliability (re-li-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being reliable. Also relia- bleness. reliable ('a-bl), adj. trustworthy. reliance ('ans), n. confidence; trust. reliant ('ant), adj. having reliance. relic (rel'ik), n. that which is left after the loss or decay of the rest; memorial or souvenir; remains of a person deceased; body or other me- morial of a saint held in religious reverence. relict ('ikt), n. a widow. relief (re-lef), n. that which miti- gates pain, grief, &c; release from some post or duty; assistance given to the poor; aid; redress; the pro- jection of a sculptured design from the plane surface. relier (-li'er), n. one who relies. relievable (-lev'a-bl), adj. capable of being relieved. relieve (-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, suffering, grief, &c; mitigate; alle- viate; help; release from a post of duty. religion (re-lij'un), n. any system of faith or worship ; love and obedience toward God; piety; monastic vow or state. religious ('us), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or set apart for, religion; godly; pious; devotional;* conscientiously exact or strict; bound by monastic vows: n. one who is bound by monastic vows. religious-house (-hous), n. a mon- astery or nunnery. relinquish (-ling'kwish), v.t. to for- sake or abandon; quit; leave with reluctance; desist from; renounce a claim to. relinquishment (-ment), n. the act of relinquishing; abandonment. reliquary (rel'i-kwa-ri), n. ' [pi. reli- quaries (-riz) ], a depository for relics; a casket or small chest for holding relics. relique (-ek'), n. a relic [French]. relish (rel'ish), v.t. to like the taste of; use with pleasure; enjoy: v.i. to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; enjoyment given by anything; pleas- ure; inclination. reloader (re-lo'der), n. a self-loading apparatus for transporting coal in a storage yard and delivering it to cars or vessels. relocator (re-lo'ka-ter), n. a device by which the direction and distance of an object as determined by a range finder in some safe locality may be converted into corresponding data for the position of the gun that is to be aimed at the object. reluctance (re-luk'tansj, n. unwill- ingness. Also reluctancy. reluctant ('tant), adj. unwilling; disinclined. rely (-11'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, p.pr. relying], to lean upon with confi- dence; trust or have confidence in. remain (-man'), v.i. to continue; stay; last; endure; be left in a par- ticular state or place; be left after or out of a greater number: n.pl. a dead body; the literary works of an author published after his death; I ruins. remand (-mand'), v.t. to recommit I or send back; remit in custody to a ] future time: n. the act of remand- J ing; state of being remanded. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REMARK 611 RENAISSANCE remark (-mark'), v.t. to note or ob- serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- servation; comment. remarkable ('a-bl), adj. worthy of notice or remark; extraordinary; strange; famous; uncommon. remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), adj. ad- mitting remedy. remedial ('di-al), adj. affording, or intended for, a remedy. remedy ('e-di), # n. [pi. remedies (-diz) ], that which cures a disease, or counteracts an evil; a restora- tive; an efficacious medicine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. remedy- ing], to repair or remove something evil from. remember (re-mem 'ber), v.t. to re- call to mind; attend" to; keep in mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- erence. remembrance Cbrans), n. power of remembering; memory; length of time during which anything can be remembered; recollection. remind (-mind'), v.t. to bring to the remembrance of; put in mind. reminiscence _ (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- covery m of ideas; memory; that which is remembered. reminiscent ('ent), adj. having rec- ollection. remise (re-miz'), v.t. to resign or surrender by deed: n. the surrender of a claim by deed. remiss (-mis'), adj. careless in the performance of duty or business; needless; dilatory. remission (-mish'un), n. the act of remitting; pardon; abatement; re- laxation. m remit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- ted, p.pr. remitting], to pardon; transmit, as money, bills, &c; send back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- lence or force. remittal ('al), n. surrender; trans- mission. remittance ('ans), n. that which is remitted; the sending of money, bills, &c., in payment; the sum so transmitted. remittent ('ent), adj. increasing and abating alternately. remnant (rem'nant), n. that which is left after a part has been re- moved; remainder. remonetize (re-mqn'e-tlz), v.t. to re- store to eirculation in the shape of money. remonstrance (-mon'strans), n. strong representation against some- thing complained of; expostulation. remonstrant ('strant), adj. expos- tulatory. remonstrate ('strat), v.i. to urge or put forward strong reasons against some act or course complained of; expostulate. remorse (re-mors'), n. anguish of mind caused by the sense of guilt; sympathetic sorrow; compunction. remote (-mot'), adj. distant in time or space; far; primary; alien; for- eign; inconsiderable. removability (-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being removable. removable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being removed. removal ('al), n. the act of removing or displacing; change of place; dis- missal; act of putting an end to. remove (-moov') v.t. to put from its place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: v.i. to change place; change resi- dence: n. change of place; removal; promotion; class. remunerable (-mu'ner-a-bl), adj. that may be remunerated. remunerate (-mu'ner-at), v.t. to re- ward as an equivalent for service; recompense. remuneration (-a/shun), n. payment for service; recompense; reward. remunerative ('ner-a-tiv), adj. yield- ing an equivalent return for outlay; lucrative; profitable. remuneratory ('ner-a-to-ri), adj. yielding remuneration; profitable. Renaissance (-na-sangs') n. revival of letters and arts in the 15th cen- tury; the style of architecture that succeeded the Gothic; the classic Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RENAL 612 REPEAT decorative style revived by the artist Raphael. Also Renascence. renal (re'nal), adj. pertaining to the kidneys. renard. Another form of reynard. renascent (re-nas'ent), adj. coming again into being. rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual meeting in opposition or contest; collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- expectedly; to come in collision. Also recounter. rend (rend), v.L [p.t. & p.p. rent, p.pr. rending], to tear apart with violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to be- come rent. render (ren'der), v.t. to return; pay back; make up; deliver; afford; yield; furnish; reproduce; trans- late; cause to be boiled down; ex- hibit: n. payment of rent. rendering (-ing), n. a translation; version; execution; first coat of plaster. rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de- voo), n. appointed place of meeting, especially for warships or troops: v.i. to assemble. rendition (ren-dish'un), n. surren- der; translation. renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one who re- nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; deserter. renege (re-neg')> v.i. to break one of the rules in games of cards by failing to follow suit when one has the cards to do so; to fail to comply with one's promise or obligations. renew (re-nii'), v.t. to make new again; restore; renovate; reinvig- orate: v.i. to be made new; begin afresh; grow again. renewal ('al), n. the act of renew- ing; state of being renewed; reno- vation; revival. reniform (ren'i-form), adj. kidney- shaped. rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- brane of a calf's stomach: used for coagulating milk renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; reject publicly and finally; repudi- ate; reject: v.i. in card playing, not to follow suit: n. failure to follow suit. renouncement. Same as renuncia- tion. renovate (ren'o-vat), v.t. to make new again; restore to a previous condition, or to a good state; re- pair. renovation (-va/shun), n. renewal; state of being renovated. renovator ('o-va-ter), n. one who, or that which, renovates; restorer. renown (-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; distinction: v.t. to make famous. renowned (-nound'), p. adj. cele- brated; famous; illustrious; dis- tinguished. rent very blunt; hav- ing the extremity broad and slight- ly depressed. reunion (re-u'nyun), n. a festive gathering of familiar friends or as- sociates; act of reuniting. reunite (-ii-nit'), v.t. to unite again; reconcile after variance: v.i. become united again. reveal (re-vel'), v.t. to make known; disclose: n. the vertical side of a doorway, window, &c. reveille (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), n. the beat of a drum, or bugle call at daybreak to awaken soldiers. revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or clamorous merriment. revelation (-a'shun), n. the act of revealing or making known, espe- cially Divine truth; that which is revealed, especially by God. to man. revelry (-ri), n. boisterous festivity. revenge (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict pain or punishment because of; exact re- tribution for; avenge: n. the act of revenging; malicious injuring in re- turn for an injury or offense re- ceived; retaliation; malice. revenue (rev'e-nu), n. the general income of a state, derived from the annual taxes, excise, customs, &c; annual profits from lands, &c. reverberate „(re-ver'ber-at), v.t. to send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i. to be driven back, or reflected, as sound or light. reverberation (-a'shun), n. the act of reverberating. reverberatory ('ber-a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, or produced by, reverberation: n. a domed furnace which reflects the flame upon a vessel placed within it, without being in contact with the fuel. revere (-ver'), v.t. to regard with fear mingled with respect and affec- tion; reverence. reverence (rev'er-ens), n. venera- tion; honor; respect; act of obei- sance; a title given to the clergy (with his, your): v.t. to regard with reverence. reverend (-end), adj. worthy of rev- erence. Reverend (-end), n. a title given to the clergy. reverent (-ent), adj. showing, or ex- pressive of, reverence; humble; sub- missive. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REVERENTIAL 620 REVOLVER reverential (-en'shal), adj. proceed- ing from reverence; respectful. reverie ('er-i), n. deep musing; wake- ful dreaminess; irregular train of thoughts or fancies in meditation. reversal (re-ver'sal), n. the act of reversing; overthrow or annulling; repeal. reverse (-vers'), adj. turned back- ward; having an opposite direction; made or declared void: v.t. to turn upside down; change entirely: n. the contrary or opposite; back of a coin or medal; change; vicissitude; de- feat. reversible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing reversed. reversion ('shun), n. right to future possession or enjoyment; tendency of an animal or plant to revert to its original form, &c. reversionary (-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or involving, right of reversion. revert (-vert 7 ), v.t. to turn back; change; reverse: v.i. to return or fall back; return to the original owner or his heirs. revertible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being reverted. revest (-vest'), v.i. to return to a former owner. revetment (-vet'ment), n. in fortifi- cation, a strong wall erected round the lower part of the rampart; a re- taining wall. review (-vti'), v.t. to consider over again; re-examine; look back; re- vise; examine critically; inspect (troops, &c); write a critical notice of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- amination; survey of the past; criti- cism, especially of a new^ publica- tion; a periodical with criticisms on new books, essays, &c; inspection of troops, &c. revile (-vil'), v.t. to address with opprobrious or contumelious lan- guage; reproach. revise (-viz'), v.t. to review and amend; examine for correction: n: a revision; second proof-sheet. revision (-vizh'un), n. the act of ex- amining for correction; that which is revised. revival (-vi'val), n. the act of re- viving; recovery; renewal of life; renewed performance of; reproduc-'/ tion ; spiritual awakening. revivalism (-izm), n. an interest in ! revivals of religion, or the methods of procedure to promote such. revivalist (-ist), n. one who pro- motes revivals. revive (-viv'), v.i. to recover life; return to vigor or activity, especially from a state of languor, neglect, &c. : v.t. to restore to life again; reno- vate; reproduce. revivify (-viv'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, revivified, p.pr. revivifying], to re- animate; quicken. revocable (rev'o-ka-bl), adj. that may be revoked. revocation (-ka'shun), n. the act of revoking; recall; repeal; reversal. revoke (-vok'), v.t. to recall; re- peal; annul: v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards: n. the act of revoking at cards. revolt (-volt'), n. rebellion against constituted authority; insurrection; change of sides; desertion: v.i. to turn away in disgust; to rebel: v.t. overturn; shock. revolting ('ing), p.adj. disgusting; repellent. revolute (rev'o-ltit), adj. rolled back- wards. revolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of revolving; rotation; change or al- teration of system; motion of a point or line* about a center; recur- rence or succession; fundamental and sudden change in the govern- ment of a country. revolutionize ('shun-Iz), v.t. to cause a revolution or entire change of government or any system. revolve (re-volv'), v.i. to turn-round, as on an axis; roll in a circle; or tate: v.t. to cause to turn or roll round; meditate or reflect upon. revolver (-vol'ver), n. one who, or that which, revolves; a pistol with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book;; Sue, hut; think, then. REVULSION 621 RHOMBUS revolving barrels, fired successively without reloading. revulsion (-vul'shun), ft. sudden and violent change, especially of feeling; diversion of the cause of a disease from one part of the body to an- other. revulsive ('siv), adj. having the power of, or tending to, revulsion. reward (-ward'), n. something given as a return for good or ill received; recompense; retribution; punish- ment; gift in token of approved merit: v.t. to give in return for good or ill received; recompense; punish. reynard (ren'ard)^ ft. the fox. Rhadamanthine (rad-a-man'thin), adj. sternly just and inflexible: from Rhadamanthus, one of the three judges in classic mythology who de- cided the fate of the souls of the de- parted in the lower world. rhapsodic (rap-sod'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; unconnected; confused. Also rhap- sodical. rhapsodist ('so-dist), n. one who makes or recites verses, especially one whose profession was to recite the Homeric or other epics. rhapsodize ('so-diz), v.i. to write or utter rhapsodies. rhapsody ('so-di), ft. [pi. rhapso- dies (-diz) ], any unconnected or rambling composition, composed under the influence of excitement; part of an epic poem for recitation at one time. rhea (re'a), ft. the South American ostrich. Rhenish (ren'ish), adj. pertaimng to the river Rhine: ft. a Rhine wine. rheometry ('e-tri), ft. the art of measuring the intensity and velocity of electric and other currents. rheostat ('o-stat), ft. an apparatus for regulating an electric current. rhetoric (ret'o-rik), ft. the art of speaking with elegance and force; declamation; showy oratory. rhetorician (ret-5-rish'an), n. a teacher of rhetoric, or one skilled in the art; orator. rheum (room), ft. the increased ac- tion of the vessels of any organ, es- pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- ducing an increased discharge of secretions. . . rheumatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affected by, rheumatism. Also rheumatical. rheumatism ('a-tizm), ft. a painful disease of the muscles and joints ac- companied by swelling and stiffness. rhino (ri'no) ; ft. money: a prefix meaning the nose. Also rhin. rhinoceros (-nos'er-os), ft. a large pachydermatous animal allied to the elephant, with one or two horns on the snout. rhinoscope ('no-skop), ft. an instru- ment furnished with a mirror for examining the passages of the nose. * rhizome ('zom), ft. a thick stem run- ning along.or under the ground, pro- ducing roots below and shoots above. Also rhizoma. rhodium (ro'di-um), ft. one of the metallic elements, rare and of ex- treme hardness. rhodo, a prefix meaning a rose. Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron), ft. a genus of ornamental evergreen shrubs with large handsome rose- like flowers. rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), ft. the visual purple of the retina. rhomb. Same as rhombus. rhombic (rom'bik), adj. rhombus- shaped. rhombohedral (-bo-he'dral), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, a rhombohedron. rhombohedron ('dron), ft., a solid figure bounded by 6 rhombic planes. rhomboid ('boid), ft. a 4-sided figure having its opposite sides equal, and its angles not right angles: adj. loz- enge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. rhombus ('bus), ft. a. 4-sided figure whose sides are equal and the oppo- site sides parallel, but which has two ' ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RHUBARB 622 RIGADOON of its angles obtuse and two acute; a genus of flat fishes, containing the turbot, &c. rhubarb (roo'barb), n. a plant whose leaf-stalks used for culinary pur- poses, and its roots used in medicine as a purgative. rhumb (rum), n. a circle making any given angle with the meridian; a point of the compass. rhumb-line ('lm),- n. the track of a ship which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence of the sound of the last word or syl- lable of one verse or line to the sound of the last word or syllable of anoth- er; harmonical succession of sounds; poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into rhyme. Rime (more correctly). rhythmic (rith'mik), adj. pertaining to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. Also rhythmical. ribald ('aid), adj. low; obscure; filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, li- centious fellow. ribbon ('on), n. a fillet or strip of _ silk, &c; narrow strip. rice-bird ('berd), n. the bobolink. rice-paper ('pa-per), n. a kind of paper prepared from pith: used in China, &c, for painting upon. rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of hay or corn, and usually thatched or sheltered: v.t. to pile or heap in a rick. rickets ('ets), n. a disease affecting children, characterized by softness and curvature of the bones, due to the absence of lime. rickety ('et-i), adj. affected with rick- ets; feeble in the joints; unsteady. ricochet (-o-sha' or -o-shet'), n. the rebounding of a shot or shell, &c, along the ground or from the surface of the water: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rico- chetted, p.pr. ricochetting], to bound by touching the earth or the surface of water and glancing off, as a can- non-ball: v.t. to cause to ricochet. riddance ('ans), n. the act of ridding or clearing away; deliverance. ridden ('n), p.p. of ride. riddle ('1), n. an enigma; puzzling question; something ambiguous; a large sieve: v.t. to solve, as a riddle; to sift by a riddle; perforate with, or as with, shot: v.i. to speak ambig- uously or as in riddles. riddlings ('lingz), n.pl. broken ore of medium size obtained by sifting. rideau (re-do'), n. a small mound to cover a camp from the approach of the enemy. rider (rid'er), n. one who rides on, breaks, or manages, a horse; an ad- ditional clause to a document; sub- sidiary problem. ridge (rij), n. anything formed like an animal's back, as a continuous range of hills, &c; crest of a roof; v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; wrinkle. ridgy ('i), adj. rising in ridges. ridicule (rid'i-kul), n. words or ac- tion designed to bring the subject of it into contempt; banter; mockery; satire: v.t to treat or address with ridicule; expose to contemptuous merriment; laugh at. ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus), adj. de- serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. riding (rid'ing), p.adj. employed for traveling: n. a road cut through a wood or ground for riding upon. ridotto (ri-dot'o), n. a public assem- bly; a public entertainment of music and dancing. rifacimento (re-fa-chi-men'to), n. the recasting of a literary work to adapt it to changed circumstances. rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the rab- ble. rifle-bird (-berd), ». an Australian bird. rifle-corps (-kor), n. a body armed with rifles. rifler ('fler), n. a plunderer. rigadoon (-a-doon'), n. an old-fash- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. , RIGGER 623 RIPEN >ned lively dance performed by one couple. rigger ('er), n. one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a band-wheel with a '.flat or slightly curved rim. rigging ('ing), n. the cordage or ropes by which the masts of a ves- sel are supported, and the sails ex- tended or furled. right (rit), adj. according to truth, justice or law; correct; fit; true; rigorous (rig'er-us), adj. character- ized by, or exercising, vigor; stem; inflexible; scrupulously accurate. Rigsdag (rigz'idag), n. the Danish parliament. rill (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- let: v.i. to run in a small stream. rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another form of rhyme: v.i. to congeal into hoar-frost. rimose (ri'mos), adj. full of, or cov- ered with, cracks. Also rimous. exact; most direct; noting the side rimple (rim 'pi), n. a wrinkle or fold: opposed to the left; most conven- ient; well performed; rising perpen- dicularly: adv. in a right fine; just- ly: n. uprightness; truth; justice; rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal claim; the right side: v.t. to set up- right; make right or straight; cor- rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover the vertical position: inter j. well done! v.t. to become wrinkled. rimy (rim'i), adv. frosty. rinderpest (rin'der-pest), n. a ma- lignant and contagious disease in cattle; cattle plague. ringdove ('duv), n. the wood-pigeon. ring-off (ring'of), n. the signal for the close of a telephonic communication. ringleader (le-der), n. the head of a riotous body or faction. right-angle ('ang-gl), n. an angle of ringlet (let), n. a little ring; curl. 90°, formed by one straight fine standing* perpendicular to another. righteous Cyus), adj. just; equita- ble; honest; holy; deserved. rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; inflexible; strict; stern; severely just. rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- bility; stiffness; resistance to change of form. riglet. Same as reglet. rigmarole (rig'ma-rol), n. foolish, disconnected talk; long story. rigol (rig'ol), n. a circle; diadem . rigor ('er), n. stiffness or severity; exactitude; strictness; severity of climate. rigorism (rig'er-izm), n. austerity or severity in principle or practice; obedience to the law; the philosoph- ical doctrine that self-control and disregard of circumstances consti- tute human happiness. rigorist (-ist), adj. pertaining to rig- orism; one who is very austere or severe. rigor mortis (ri'gor mor'tis), n. stiffness of the body caused by death. ring-ousel ('oo-zl), n. a kind of thrush. ringworm ('werm), n. a contagious cutaneous disease, usually on the scalp, characterized by distinct cir- cular patches. rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on the ice used for curling; a ground for skating upon: v.i. to skate on a rink. rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly with clean water; cleanse repeatedly; give a final cleansing to after wash- ing: n. a cleansing with a second application of clean water. riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- ance of the public peace by more than three persons: v.i. to raise an uproar; go to excess in sensual in- dulgence; be highly excited. riotous (-us), adj. indulging in riot or excess; licentious; noisy; turbu- lent; seditious: riparian (ri-pa'ri-an), adj. pertain- ing to the banks of a river. ripen ('en), v.t. to make ripe; bring to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RIPPER 624 ROBBERY ripper ('er), n. one who, or that which, rips; something or somebody super-excellent. ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave on the surface of water; the sound made by such waves; large comb for cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with small curling waves; cleanse with a ripple. rippling ('ling), n. the breaking of, or sound made by, ripples; the act of cleansing flax by a ripple. riprap ('rap), n. a loose foundation of stones in deep water on a soft bottom. risibility (riz-i-bil'i-ti), n. inclina- ^ tion to laughter. Also risibleness. risible ('i-bl), adj. having the faculty or power of laughing; inclined to laugh ; causing laughter. rising (rlz'ing), n. the act of getting up or ascending; insurrection; an ascent; closing of a session: adj. in- creasing, as of wealth or influence; appearing above the horizon; reviv- ing from death. risk (risk), n. possibility of loss or injury; hazard; peril; danger: v.t. to hazard; venture'upon. risorial (ri-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or exciting, laughter. risotto (re-sot'o), n. an Italian dish of rice with onions, &c, fried in but- ter. rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- closed in a thin batter paste and fried. rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; external religious observance. ritornello (re-tor-nel'o), n. a short introduction or concluding sympho- ny; repetition or burden of a song. Also ritornelle. ritual (rit'ti-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or prescribing, rites: n. manner of performing divine ser- ice; a book of rites, or manner of service; body of rites used in the Church. ritualism (-izm), n. a system of rit- ual or prescribed forms of religion; excessive observance of forms in di- vine worship; Tractarianism; An- glo-Catholicism, especially as empha- sized by the use of Eucharistic vest- ments. rival (rl'val), n.; one who strives to equal or excel another in the same object or pursuit; competitor; an- tagonist: adj. having the > same claims; emulous: v.t. to strive to equal or excel; emulate. rive (rlv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, p.pr. riving], to be split or torn asunder: n. a rent, tear, or split. river-horse (bors), n. the hippopota- mus. rivet ('et)* n. a short metal bolt clinched by hammering: v.t. to se- cure with, or as with, a rivet; clinch; make firm or secure. rivose (ri'vos), adj. marked with ir- regular grooves or furrows. rivulet (riv'u-let), n. a little stream. rix-dollar (riks'dol-ar), n. a small silver continental coin of varying value. roach (roch), n. a fresh-water fish; a cockroach. road-machine (rod' ma-shen'), n. a mounted scraper for grading a road- bed. roadster ('ster), n. a horse suited for traveling; a bicycle for road-work; a vessel which works by tides. roam (rom), v.i. to wander about without any definite object; ramble: v.t. to wander over. roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark color with a shade of red: n. a roan color; grained sheepskin leather. roan-tree. Same as rowan. roaring ('ing), n. tjie act or sound of roaring; a disease of horses: adj. noisy; brisk. roast (rost), v.t. to cook before a fire; heat too violently or to excess; parch by exposure to heat; burn (broken ore to free it from extrane- ous matter); to banter or ridicule; criticise severely: v.i. to be roasted: adj. roasted : n. that which is roasted. robbery (-i), n. theft; the felonious ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. ROBE 625 ROMAN and forcible taking away the money and goods of another. robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; dressed skin of a buffalo: y.i. to put on robes: v.t. to invest with a robe; dress; array. robin (rob'in), n. American thrush. roburite ('er-It), n. a nameless ex- plosive used extensively in mining operations. robust (ro-busf), adj. hardy; strong; vigorous; muscular. roc (rok),n. a fabulous bird of great size and strength. rochamboite (combination of Roch- ester and Perth Amboy), n. Ameri- can explosive for shells and hand grenades; union of salts of metals and non-metallic elements. rochet (roch/et), n. a linen vestment worn by a bishop resembling a sur- plice open at the sides. rocket ('et), n. a firework made of a case filled with saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal, fastened to a stick, and which, on being ignited, is pro- jected through the air. rocking-valve (rok'ing-valv), n. a valve that operates by rocking back and forth in a cylinder. rock-oil ('oil), n. petroleum. rock-ruby ('roo-br), n. a fine bluish- red variety of garnet. rock-wood ('wood), n. hgniform as- bestos. rococo (ro-ko\6), adj. noting a florid, debased style in the ornamentation of buildings, furniture., &c, preva*- lent during £he reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. of France: hence noting bad taste in ornamentation. rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot of any woody plant; a wand; instru- ment of punishment; cane; a fish- ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 53^ yards_. rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. any animal of the Rodentia, an or- . der of Mammalia, containing the rats, mice, squirrels, &c. rodeo (ro-da'o), n. a gathering to- gether of cattle on a ranch. rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad'), n. bluster; brag: from Rodomonte in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso: v.i. to bluster or brag. roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- buck; the female of the hart; the spawn or sperm of fishes. Roentgen rays (rent'gen raz), n. a form of radiant energy emanating from the surface of an electrically excited vacuum tube opposite the cathode electrode, having power of penetrating objects impervous to light or heat rays, affecting sensi- tive photographic films, and excit- ing fluorescence in certain salts. Also called X-rays. rogation (rga'shun), n. a litany; supplication. Rogation Days (daz), n.pl. the Mon- day, Tuesday, and Wednesday be- fore Ascension Day. rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; knave; a shy, mischievous person; wag; term o£ endearment. roguery ('er-i), n. knavish or dis- honest practices; cheating; mis- chievous or waggish conduct. roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; vex or irritate. role (rol), n. a part or character in a play, &c; function or part. roll (rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel or on an axis; move in a circular direc- tion; be moved with violence; rock; wallow; make a long deep sound. roller ('er), n . one w.ho, or that which, rolls; a cylinder used for grind- ing, smoothing, flattening, &c; long heavy wave; long broad band- age; a kind of crow. rollick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or act with a careless, swaggering air. rollicking (-ing), adj. jovial; care- less; swaggering. roly-poly (ro'li-po'li), n. a game in which by rolling a ball into a certain hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. Romaic (ro-ma'ik), adj. pertaining to the vernacular language of mod- ern Greece. Roman ('man) adj. pertaining to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ROMAN CANDLE 626 ROSEWOOD Rome, the Romans, or to the Church of Rome; noting the ordinary type used in printing: opposed to italic; written in letters, not in figures, as VI. Roman candle (-kan'dl), n. a kind of firework. Roman cement (se-menf), n. a strong cement used in building and hydraulic engineering. Roman Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining to the Church of Rome, of which the Pope is the head: n. a member of the Church of Rome. romance (-mans'), n. a work of fic- tion or adventure ; novel; fable: v.i. to invent and tell fictitious stories; exaggerate; lie. Romance (-mans'), adj. pertaining to the dialects of Latin and the lan- guages which grew out of classic Latin, spoken in the old Roman provinces. Romanesque (man-esk'), n. that style of architecture and ornamen- tation in vogue during the period of the later Roman Empire: n. the dia- lect of Languedoc. Romanic (-man'ik), adj. pertaining to Rome, or the Romanesque dialects. romantic (-man'tik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, romance; extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of wild and fantastic scenery. romanticism ('ti-sizm), n. the state or quality of being romantic; the reactionary movement in opposition to cold classical literary forms, be- gun in Germany in the 18th century. Romany (rom'a-ni), n. a Gipsy; Gipsy language. romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: v.i. to *pl a y in a boisterous, unre- strained manner. ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. rondeau (ron'do), n.; pi. rondeaux, ('doz), a little poem of 13 verses or lines; a light air or jig [mus. ]. Also rondo. rondel ('del), n. a poem of 14 fines; small round tower. Rontgen rays. See Roentgen rays. rood (rood), n. 40 square poles or perches; a cross or crucifix. rood-loft ('16ft), n. the gallery in a church over the entrance to the choir . where the rood was fixed. roof -tree ('tre), n. a roof -beam; roof; home. rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow family with dark glossy plumage and having the base of the bill des- titute of feathers; a swindler or sharper; the castle in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle or cheat. rookery ('er-i), b. a group of nests on trees where rooks resort; colony of rooks; place of low resort; low slum. roorback (roor'bak), n. a lie; ficti- tious report made for the purpose of influencing an election. rooster ('er), n. the domestic cock. rootlet ('let), n. a radicle. ropy ('i), adj. like a rope; viscous. Roquefort (rok'for), n. a French mold-streaked cheese made from ewe's milk. rorqual (ror'kwal), n. a whale with dorsal fins. rosaceous (ro-za'shus), adi. composed of several petals arranged in a cir- cular form; consisting of roses. rosary ('za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (-riz) ], a garland or chaplet; a string of threaded beads by which prayers are counted; the prayers repeated as thus counted. roseate (r5'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; rose-like; blooming. rose-diamond ^ ('dl-a-mund) , n. a diamond cut into 24 triangular fa- cets. rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a sweet- smelling evergreen shrub from which an aromatic water is distilled. rosette (-ef), n. a cluster of ribbons arranged like a rose. rose-window ('win-do), n. a circu- lar window with compartments branching from the center. rosewood ('wood), n. a Brazilian wood used as a veneer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ROSILY 627 ROUNDHOUSE rosily ('i- li), adv. with a rosy glow. rosin (roz'in), n. another form of resin; specifically, inspissated tur- pentine : v.t. to rub with rosin. ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove the outer bark or rough surface of. roster _ ('ter), n. list or muster-roll showing how the duties of military officers, regiments, &c, are regu- lated. rostral ('tral), adj. pertaining to, or like, a beak. rostrate ('trat), adj. furnished with a beak or beak-like process. - rostrum ('tram), n. [pi. rostrums ('trumz), or rostra _ ('tra) ], the beak of a bird ; in ancient Rome, a pulpit or elevated platform in the Forum, adorned with the beaks or prows of ships taken from the ene- my, and from which orators, &c, addressed the people : hence a pulpit or platform; prow of an ancient war vessel. rotary (ro'ta-ri), adj. turning on an axis; pertaining to rotation. Also rotatory. rotate ('tat), v.t. to revolve on, or as on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i. to turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- shaped. rotation (-ta/shun), n. the act of turning round on an axis, like a wheel; regular succession. rotative ('ta-tiv), adj. revolving. rotator ('ter), n. that which imparts a circular motion; a muscle having such power. rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri). Same as rotary. rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, or learning without understanding. rotifer (ro-ti-fer), n. an individual of the Rotifera, the wheel-animalcules. rotor (ro'ter), n. the part of a dyna- mo which rotates. rotten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; decom- posed; unsound; untrustworthy. rottenstone (-ston), n. a soft stone used as a polishing powder. rotund (ro-tund'), adj. spherical. rotunda (-tun'da), n. a circular domed building. Also rotundo. rotundity ('di-ti), n. roundness. rouble (roo'bl), adj. a Russian silver coin of varying value, used as a monetary unit (about 77 cents). roue (-a/), n. a fashionable sensual- ist; confirmed rake; debauchee. rouge (roozh), n. a cosmetic of red color used for imparting a tint to the cheeks and lips; a kind of lake color: v.i. to color or paint with rouge. rouge-et-noir (-a-nwar'), n. sl gam- bling game played with cards and a table marked with two black and two red diamond-shaped spots. rough (ruf), adj. having inequalities on the suface; rugged; not smooth or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil austere; cruel; unfeeling; violent boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy vague: adv. roughly: v.t. to shape out roughly; furnish (a horse) with roughened shoes; break in (a horse). roulade (roo-lad'), w. a flourish or rapid movement [music]. rouleau (-lo'), n. a little roll, espe- cially of coins made up in paper. roulette (-let'), n. a game of chance played with a revolving disc and ball; a wheeled instrument for mak- ing dotted lines. r ounce (rouns), n. the handle of a printing press. roundabout ('a-bout), adj. indirect; encompassing: n. a merry-go-round; a short coat or jacket. roundel (roun'del), n. a circle; roun- delay; a small circular Norman shield; semi-circular bastion. roundelay ('de-la), n. an ancient song or dance in which the passages are repeated. roundhand (round'hand), n. pen- manship in well-rounded letters. Roundhead ('hed), n. a contemptu- ous epithet applied to the Puritans by the Cavaliers, from the close-cut hair of the former. roundhouse ('hous), n. formerly a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then;. ROUNDLY 628 RUBICON watch-house; the cabin on the after part of a ship's deck; a building having stalls for the housing of loco- motives. roundly ('li), adv. in a round form; strai ghtf orwardly . round number (num'ber), n. a num- ber divisible by 10. round-robin ('rob-in), n. a petition having the signatures written in a circle so as not to show who signed it first. roundsman ('z-man), n. a police in- spector who visits the officers on their beats. round-tower ('tow-er), n. an ancient circular tapering tower, as in Ire- land, with a conical top, usually near a church or monastery. rouse (rouz), v.t. to awaken; stir to thought or action; drive (game) from a covert. roust (roust), v.t. to disturb. roustabout ('a-bout), n. an idler or loafer; a laborer on a steam Vessel. rout (rout), n. total defeat and flight of an army; resulting disorder from such defeat; tumnltous crowd; up- roar; a large evening party; the at- tempt of three or more persons to avenge some common wrong by an illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to disorderly flight. route (root), n. way or road trav- eled; course; journey; march. routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- ness or official duties regularly pur- sued; regular habit or practice. roux (roo), n. a thickening for soups, &c, of melted butter and flour. rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: v.t. draw through an eye. row (ro), n. line; file, or rank; ex- cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- turbance (rou): v.i. to labor with an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to impel by means of oars: as to row a boat rowan (rou an), n. the mountain-ash. Also roan. rowdy (ro udi), n. a rough, riotous fellow; adj. rough and riotous. rowel ('el), n. the small sharp-point- ed wheel of a horse's bit. spur; flat ring on a rowen ('en), n. aftermath. rowlock (ro'lok), n. the crutch or hollow in the gunwale of a boat in which the oar rests in rowing. royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining to a king or to the crown; befitting or like a king; majestic; kingly; no- ble; magnificent; specially patron- ized or founded by a king, or in his service: n. a size of paper, 25 x 20 in. ; one of the shoots of a stags' head; the highest sail of a ship; a gold coin formerly current in England: pi. the first regiment .of foot in the British army (with the) royalist (-ist), n. an adherent of a king or government by a king. royally (-li), adv. in a royal man- ner. royalty ('al-ti), n. [pi. loyalties (-tiz) 1, the character, or status, of a king; person of a king or sover- eign; a certain sum paid to the crown or other proprietor on. the produce of a mine, &c; a percent- age for the use of a patent or copy- right; royal manor. Royston-crow (rois'ton-kro), n. the hooded crow. rubber ('er), n. one who, or that which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse file or whetstone; in card-playing, two games out of three, or the win- ning game: v.i. to pry. rubbish ('ish), n. mixed or waste fragments; ruins of buildings; any mingled mass; anything of no value; nonsense. rubble ('1), n. rough undressed stone; builders' rubbish. rubescent (roo-bes'ent), adj. becom- ing red. rubican ('bi-kan), adj. noting a bay, or grey-black color, with white or light-grey on the flanks: said of a horse. rubicon (roo'bi-kon), n. a small stream which served as the bound- ary between Italy and Gaul; when Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RUBICUND 629 RULING Caesar crossed it with his army and stood on Roman soil, civil war with Pompey became inevitable; hence, any step that once taken cannot be recalled. rubicund Cbi-kund), adj. inclined to red. rubidium (-bid'i-um), n. a metallic element. rubied ('bid), adj. ruby-colored. rubigo ('bi-go), n. rust or mildew on plants. rubric ('brik), n. the directions for liturgical use in prayer-books, for- merly printed in red; title or direc- tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked in, rubrics : red. rubricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to mark, or distinguish, with red. _ ruby ('bi), n. [pi. rubies (-biz) ], a precious stone, varying in color from carmine-red to crimson; a size of type used in England, smaller than nonpareil and larger than pearl. rouche (roosh) n. frilled or plaited lace, silk, &c, for edging dresses, &c. Also ruching: v.t. to make, or ornament with, a ruche. ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease: n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a fag-end; the crowd of horses that come in at the end of a race. ruction ('shun), n. a row; disturb- ance. rudd (rud), n. a red-eyed fresh-water fish. rudder, ('er), n. the frame of wood or metal by which a vessel is steered; anything that directs or governs. ruddiness ('i-nes), n. redness of complexion denoting perfect health; redness. ruddle ('1), n. red ochre. ruddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. ruddy ('i), adj. approaching to red- ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, superl. rudest], rough; barbarous; unculti- vated; harsh; ignorant; unpolite; tempestuous; robust; strong; rug- ged; crude. rudiment ('i-ment), n. first princi- ple; anything in its first or unde- veloped state: v.t. to instruct in first principles. rudimentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, or containing, first prin- ciples; in an undeveloped state. Also rudimental. rue (r5o), v.t. to lament or be sorry for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter taste and strong odor, used as a medicine. rueful ('fool), adj. mournful; sad. ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; anything plaited; a small fresh- water fish (also ruffe); a kind of snipe {Fern, reeve); a kind of pigeon:: v.t. to disorder or ruffle; trump at whist instead of following suit. ruffian ('i-an), n. a brutal, boisterous; fellow; any base, low character, as a, robber, &c. ruffle ('1), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or disarrange; furnish or adorn with ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow rough or turbulent; flutter; be in disorder: n. a plaited article of dress; agitation; discomposure; low roll of a drum. rufous (roo-fus), adj. yellowish-red. rugae ('je), n.pl. wrinkles. rugate (roo'gat), adj. wrinkled; ridged. Also rugose, rugous. rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- tal; uncouth; crabbed. ruined ('ind), adj. demolished; de- stroyed; decayed. ruinous ('us), adj. fallen into ruin; decayed; consisting of ruins; de- structive; hurtful. rule-of-reason (ro5l-ov-re'zn), n. a decision by Chief Justice White that a court in determining an issue should apply a reasonable, rather than a literal, construction* of laws bearing upon it. ruler ('er), n. one who rules or gov- erns; an instrument for ruling fines. ruling ('ing), p.adj. governing or Rte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. RUM 630 RUSTICATE having control; marking with lines; predominant: n. a rule laid down by a judge or court. rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar- cane: adj. strange; odd. rumble ('bl), v.i. to make a low, heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- bling sound; seat for servants be- hind a carriage. rumen (rod 'men), n. the first stom- ach of a ruminant animal. ruminant ('mi-nant), adj. chewing the cud: n. an animal that chews the cud. ruminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to chew the cud; meditate or muse; ponder: v.t. to chew again. rumination (-na'shun), n. the act of chewing the cud; meditation. ruminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who muses or meditates on any subject. rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make a careful search: n. careful search- ing. rummage sale (sal), n. a sale of unclaimed goods at the docks or at a warehouse, &c; sale of miscel- laneous articles for a charitable ob- ject. rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; current story: v.t. to circulate by report. rump (rump), n. the end of the back- bone of an animal, with its adja- cent parts; buttocks; fag-end. rumple (rum 'pi), n. a fold or plait: v.t. to fold or plait; make uneven. rumpus ('pus), n. great disturbance. runagate ('a-gat), n. a fugitive; renegade. runcinate ('si-nat), adj. having the lobes (of a leaf) convex before and straight behind. rundle ('dl), n. the step of a ladder. runes (roonz), n.pl. runic letters or poetry. rung (rung), p.t. of ring: n. step of a ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; spar. runic m (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet of the earliest Teutonic nations, the letters of which consisted principally of straight lines. runlet (run 'let), n. a rivulet; a small barrel containing about 18 gals. runnel ('el), n. a little brook. runner ('er), n. one who runs; racer; messenger; keel to support a sleigh; roller; slender, prostrate, shooting sprig; revolving millstone; rope to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal; stump. rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian coin, worth about 48 cents. rupture (rup'tiir), n. the act of burst- ing or breaking; state of being broken or violently burst asunder; breach or interruption of friendly relations; hernia: v.t. to burst or teak vio- lently asunder; to affect with hernia: v.i. to suffer a breach or disruption. rural (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country or ag- riculture; rustic. rural dean (den), n. an ecclesiastic having the supervision of the church- es in a rural deanery or district. ruralist ('ral-ist), n. one who leads a rural life. ruralize ('ral-iz), v.t.. to render ru- ral: v.i. to become rural. rurally (-li), adv. as in the country. ruse (rooz), n. a trick; stratagem. rush-line (rush'lln), n. the charging or first line of players in football. rusk (rusk), n. a land of light biscuit. Russ. Same as Russian. russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; homespun; coarse: n. russet color; homespun cloth; a variety of apple. Russia leather (rush'a lei/i'er), n. a strong soft leather prepared from the hides of sheep and cattle steeped in birch-oil. rustic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country; ru- ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: n. a countryman; peasant. rusticate ('i-kat), v.i. to Reside in the country: v.t. to banish for a time from college. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ USTICATION 631 RYE istication (-ka'shun), n. residence in the country; temporary banish- ment from a college. rusticity (-tis'i-ti), n. rural manners or simplicity; rudeness. rustily (rust'i-li), adv. in a rusty condition. rustle (rus'l), v.i. to make a soft whispering sound, as the rubbing together of silk or dry leaves; to bestir one's self: n. a rustling. rustler (ler), n. one who rustles; an enterprising, successful man. rustling ('ling), n. the soft whisper- ing sound made by rubbing silk or dry leaves together; rustle. rusty (rust'i), adj. covered with rust; impaired by inactivity; rust-colored. rut (rut), n, the copulation and sex- ual desire of deer and certain other animals; the track of a wheel; groove or hollow: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be moved with .sexual desire, as deer, &c. : v.t. to cut into ruts. rutabaga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a variety of turnip larger than the common turnip and of a yellowish color. ruth (rooth), n. pity; compassion; tenderness; sorrow. ruthenium (roo-the'm-um), n. a me- tallic element extracted* from plati- num ore. ruthless (les), adj. cruel; pitiless. rutilant ('til-ant), adj. shining. ruttish (rut'ish), adj. lustful; wanton. rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. s S, the 19th letter of the English al- phabet; a chemical symbol for sul- phur. sabaoth (sa-ba/oth), n.pl. armies; hosts. Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta'ri-an), adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarianism: n. a rigid observer of the Sabbath; one who keeps the Sabbath on the seventh day. Sabbath ('Hth), n. the seventh day of the week, observed by the Jews as a day of rest, Commencing from sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday; the Christian Sunday; Sabbatical year. Sabbatical year (yer), n. among the ancient Jews, every seventh year, in which the lands and vine- yards of the Israelites were allowed to remain fallow. saber, sabre (sa/ber), n. a cavalry sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kill with, or as with, a saber. Sabian (sa/bi-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Sabianism. Sabianism (-izm), n. the worship of the heavenly hosts, as symbolical of the Deity. Sabine ('bin), adj. pertaining to an Italian race, subsequently merged into the Roman. sable (sa/bl), n. a kind of weasel valued for its handsome, dark, glossy fur; in heraldry, black: pi. mourn- ing dress: adj. dark-colored; black. sabot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe worn by the peasantry of France, &c. sabotage (sa-bo'taj)_, n. a system adopted by certain industrial work- ers to force demands without strik- ing by reducing efficiency. sac (sak), n. a membranous pouch; cyst. sabulite (sab'u-lit), n. a new explos- ive invented in Belgium, said to be a mechanical mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluol, and the new electric furnace product known as calcium silicide; claimed to be from 30 to 50 per cent more powerful than dynamite, and so safe that only a detonating cap explodes < it. Its fumes are harmless and it can be hammered or bored with red hot iron, or shot into with rifle, balls without exploding. It does not freeze or deteriorate if dry. saccade (sak-ad'), n. a sudden check with the bridle; strong pressure of the bow of a violin against the strings. saccharine ('a-rin), adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar : n. the uncrystallized sugar of maltwort. saccharize ('a-riz), v.t. to convert into sugar. Also saccharify. saccholactic (-o-lak'tik), adj. ob- tained from the sugar of milk; mu- cic acid. saccule ('til), n. a little sac or cyst. . sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), adj. per- taining to priests or to the priest- hood ; priestly. sachem (sa'chem), n. a North Amer- ican Indian chief. sachet (s^-sha'), n. sl small bag or cushion filled with a perfume. sackbut ('but), n. an ancient musi- cal instrument of the lyre kind; a kind of trombone. sackcloth ('kloth), n. coarse mate- rial of which sacks are made; coarse ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (632) SACKFUL the quantity a material rough cloth worn as a token of mourning. sackful ('fool), n. sack will hold. sacking ('ing), n. coarse used for making sacks. sacrament ('ra-ment)," n. a sign or pledge of grace; an outward and visible sign of an inward and spir- itual grace, instituted by Jesus Christ; holy baptism, the Eucharist, Lord's Supper. sacramental (-ment'al), adj. per- taining to, or constituting, a sacra- ment; solemnly pledged. sacred (sa/kred), adj. pertaining .to religion or to religious uses; con- secrated; inviolable. sacrifice ('ri-fis), n. the act of sac- rificing or offering to a deity, es- pecially a victim on an altar; that which is so offered; destruction or giving up one thing for another; goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to God or a deity in worship; destroy or surrender to gain some other object ; x devote, with loss; kill; sell at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. sacrificial (-ri-fish'al), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting in, or offering, sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. sacrilege ('ri-lej), n\ the crime of appropriating to one's self or to sec- ular use what is consecrated to God or religion; breaking into a church id committing felony. :rilegious (-le'jus), adj. violating sacred things; guilty of sacrilege; profane. icrilegist ('ri-le-jist), n. one guilty of sacrilege. icring-bell (sa/kring-bel), n. the sanctus-bell, rung when the Host is elevated at high mass. sacrist (sa'krist), n. cathedral offi- cial who copies the music for the choir; minor canon; sacristan. sacristan (sak'ris-tan), n. one who has the care of church vessels and movables. sacristy ('is-ti), n. an apartment in 633 SAG a church where the sacred vessels, vestments, &c, are kept; vestry. sacrosanct ('ro-sangkt), adj. pre- eminently sacred or inviolable. sacrum (sa/krum), n. a triangular- shaped bone at the base of the ver- tebral column. sadden ('n), v.t. to make sad or sorrow- ful; tone down: v.i. to become sad. saddle ('1), n. sl seat, usually of leather, for riding on horseback; anything resembling a saddle; block of wood nailed to the lower yard arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon, burden or embarrass. saddle-bow (-bo), n. the pieces which form the pommel or arched part of a saddle. saddlery (ler-i), n. the business of a saddler; articles made by a sad- dler. Sadducean (-ii-se'an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, theSadducees. Sadducee ('u-se), n.,one of the an- cient Jewish sect or school that ad- hered to the written law and denied the resurrection of the dead. safari (sa-far'e), n. Arabic term for an expedition of whatever character. safe-conduct (-kon'dukt), n. Sb guard or passport which ensures a safe passage. safeguard ('gard), n. one who, or that which, guards or protects; de- fense; protective warrant granted to a foreigner: v.t. to protect or guard safely. safety ('ti), n. freedom from danger, injury, or damage; safe keeping; a bicycle with medium-sized wheels of equal height. safety-lamp (-lamp), n. a wire- gauze covered lamp used in mines. safety-valve (-valv), n. an automatic valve in a boiler which opens when the steam exceeds a certain pressure. saffron (saf'run), n. a bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- mas of which yield a deep yellow dye; deep yellow: adj. saffron-colored. sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. S£ p.pr. sagging], to sink down or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAGACIOUS 634 SALIVA yield; incline from an upright or horizontal position; incline to lee- ward: v.t. to cause to give way or incline. sagacious (sa-ga/shus), adj. mentally quick and discerning; judicious; wise; acute. sagacity (-gas'i-ti), n. a readiness of apprehension; discriminative in- telligence; acute practical judgment. sagamore (sag'a-mor), n. a North American Indian chief. sagas (sa'gaz), n.pl. a class of prose epics embodying the myths and he- roic tales of the ancient Scandi- navians. sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; well-judged; discriminating; charac- terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man of experienced wisdom and of ven- erable age; an aromatic herb. sago (sa/go), n. a kind of granulated food-starch from the pith of certain palms. sagoin. Same as saguin. saguaro (saVgwar'o), n. the giant cactus of Mexico. saguin (sag'win), n. a South Ameri- can monkey. Also sagoin, sagouin. sagum (sa/gum), n. an ancient Roman military cloak. sahib (sa/ib), n. a term of address used in India and Persia to a Euro- pean gentleman. saiga (si'ga), n. the antelope of the Russian steppes. sailer ('er), n. a vessel that sails, with special reference to its speed, or manner of sailing. sailing ('ing), n. the art of naviga- tion; the act of moving through water, or of setting sail. sailor ('er), n. a mariner; seaman. saint (sant), n. a holy or sanctified person; one eminent for piety and virtue, especially one canonized by the Church of Rome; one blessed in heaven: pi. a name applied to them- selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- onize: v.i. to act as a saint. saiya (si'va), n. a devotee of the deity Siva. saki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice-beer; a South American, monkey, with a non-prehensile hairy tail. sal, a prefix meaning salt, as sal- volatile, aromatic spirit of ammonia. salaam (sa-lam'), n. an Oriental form of salutation or respect, mean- ing "peace." salable (sal'a-bl), adj. marketable. salacious (sa-la'shus), adj. lustful; impure. salacity (,-las'i-ti), n. lustfulness. Also salaciousness. salad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut up and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. salad-days (daz), n.pl. years of youthful inexperience. salamander ('a-man-der), n. an am- phibious animal resembling a newt, and fabled by the ancients to live in fire. salamandrine ('drin), adj. resem- bling a salamander; fire-resisting or -enduring. salaried (sal'a-rid), p. adj. having a salary. . salary C&-ri), n. recompense, usually periodically, for services rendered; stipend. Salic law (sal'ik law), n. the law of the Salian Franks excluding females from the succession to the French throne. salience (sa/li-ens), n. the state of being salient. salient ('li-ent), adj. leaping; prom- inent; noting any angle less than two right angles; in heraldry, in a leaping position: n. advanced posi- tion in a battle line. saliferous (sa-lif er-us), adj. yield- ing salt. salina (sit-li'na), n. a salt-marsh; salt-works. salination (sal-i-na'shun), n. the act of steeping or washing in salt liquor. saline m (sa'lin), adj. consisting of, containing, or like, salt: n. a salt- spring. saliva (sa-li'va), n. the watery fluid or spittle secreted in the mouth. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not,* boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SALIVAL 635 SALVARSAN salival (Val), adj. pertaining to or secreting saliva. Also salivary. sal i van t (sal'i-van't), adj. exciting salivation. salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to produce an abnormal secretion in the mouth of. salivation (-va/shun), n. producing an abnormal secretion of saliva. sallet (sal'et), n. a light helmet. sallow ('o), adj. of a pale, sickly, yellow color; a small tree of the willow kind. sally ('i), n. [pi. sallies ('iz)], a sud- den rushing forth of troops to attack the besiegers; sudden outburst of wit or fancy; excursion; wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sallied, p.pr. sally- ing], to rush out as troops from a besieged town; issue or rush forth suddenly. sallyport (-port), n. a postern or pass- age for troops to sally out. salmagundi (-ma-gun'di), n. a com- pound of chopped meats with other ingredients, seasoned, &c. ; medley. salmi ('mi), n. a ragout of roasted game and other ingredients stewed in wine. Salmis. salmon (sam'un), n. a marine fish of the genus Salmo, which ascends fresh-water rivers to spawn. salmon-peel (-pel), n. a young sal- mon. salmon-trout (-trout), n. a sea- trout, resembling the salmon, but of smaller size. salon (sa-long'), n. a saloon; fine art gallery: pi. fashionable circles or assemblages [French]. saloon (sa-lo5n'), n. a hall or state apartment; large reception room; fine art exhibition; bar-room or grogshop. salpicon (sal'pi-kon), n. chopped meat, bread, and vegetables, re- cooked in sauce. salpinx (sal'pingks), n. the eusta- chian tube. salprunella (-proo-nel'a), n. nitrate of potash fused and cast into balls. salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the aster family, which from the flavor of its edible root is called oyster' plant and vegetable oyster. sal tan t (sal'tant), adj. leaping; danc- ing; in heraldry, same as salient. saltarello (sal-ta-rel'o), n. a viva- cious Spanish and Italian dance; music for such a dance. saltation (-ta/shun), n. a leaping or dancing. saltatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. dancing. saltern (sawl'tern), n. a salt manu- factory. saltier, saltire (sal'ter), n. a St. Andrew's cross. salubrious (sa-loo'bri-us) , adj. healthy. salubrity ('bri-ti), n. healthfulness. Also salubriousness. salutarily (sal'u-ta-ri-li), adj. in a salutary manner. salutariness ('ti-ta-ri-nes) , n. the state or quality of being salutary. salutary ('u-ta-ri), adj. healthful; wholesome ; beneficent . salutation (-ti-ta'shun) , n. act or manner of saluting; greeting, or act of paying respect. salutatory (sa-lu'ta-to-ri), adj. salut- ing; greeting: n. the opening ora- tion at the commencement in Ameri- can schools and colleges; any ad- dress of welcome. salute (-lut), n. a mark of military respect shown by raising the hand to the helmet, &c; a kiss; greeting; salvo of artillery, lowering of a flag, &c, as a mark of honor: v.t. to ad- dress with kind wishes; welcome; greet with a kiss or bow; honor by a salvo of artillery, lowering a flag, &c.: v.i. to make a salute. salvability ^ (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being salvable. salvable ('va-bl), adj. capable of be- ing saved. salvage (-vaj), n. compensation given to those who assist at saving a ves- sel or cargo at sea; the goods or vessel saved. salvarsan (sal'var-san), n. an arsensic compound invented by Ehrlich and used as a specific in the treatment of fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SALVATION 636 SAND-BINDER syphilis; the drug is popularly known as "606." salvation (-va'shun), ft. the act of saving; preservation from destruc- tion; rescue; spiritual deliverance from sin and death. Salvation Army (ar'mi), ft. a re- ligious organization formed on a quasi-military model. Salvationist (-ist), ft. a member of the Salvation Army. salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a remedy or soothing application. salver (sal'ver), n. a tray on which anything is presented. salvo ('vo), ft. a discharge of a num- ber of pieces of artillery, intended as a salute; general; simultaneous cheering; an exception or reservation. sal-volatile. See under sal. salvor ('ver), ft. one who effects the salvage of goods, &c. Samaritan (sa-mar-i-tan), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, Sa- maria, or the Samaritans; noting certain characters used by the He- brews prior to the captivity; ft. a native of Samaria; a kind, charita- ble person (Luke x. 30-37). sambo (sam'bo), ft. the offspring of a black and a mulatto; negro. samovar (sam'o-var), w. a Russian tea-urn. samp (samp), ft. hulled Indian corn. sampan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese fish- ing boat, frequently used as a resi- dence. samphire ('fer), ft. a marine plant growing usually on cliffs, and used as a pickle. sample ('pi), ft.' a specimen; model; pattern; part shown as indicative of the quality of the whole: v.t. to show something similar; take a sam- ple of. sampler ('pier), n. a pattern; a piece of ornamental needlework for practice, &c. sample-room (room), ft. a dram- shop ; room for displaying goods. sanability (san-a-bil'i-ti), ft. the state or quality of being sane. Also 1 sanableness. sanable ('a-bl), 'adj. curable. sanatorium (-to'ri-um), ft. a health retreat; an institution for the care, of invalids or the treatment of par- ticular diseases. sanatory ('a-t5-ri), adj. conducive to health. sanctification (sangk-ti-fi-ka/shun), ft. the act of sanctifying; state or being sanctified ; consecration. sanctifier ('ti-fi-er), ft. one who sanctifies. sanctimonious (-ti-mo'ni-us), adj. having the appearance of, or affecting, sanctity; hypocritical. sanction ('shun), ft. the act of rati- fying, or giving authority to; au- thority; custom : v X. to give sanction to; countenance. sanctitude ('ti-tiid), ft. holiness. sanctity ('ti-ti), ft. purity; inviola- bility; sacredness; solemnity; a saint. sanctuary ('tiM-ri), ft. [pi. sanctu- aries (-riz) ], the most retired and sacred part of a temple; consecrated place; temple; part of a church around the altar; inviolable asy- lum; shelter; refuge. sanctum ('turn), ft. a sacred or pri- vate place. sanctum sanctorum (-to'rum), n. a most holy place; in the Jewish Tem- ple, the Holy of Holies; a place of the utmost privacy. sanctus bell ('tus bel), ft. a bell rung at the more solemn parts of the mass. sandal (san'dal), ft. a kind of shoe fastened by straps to the foot; a loose slipper; the official shoe of a Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. sandaled ('dald), adj. wearing san- dals. sandalwood (-wood), ft. a white- colored, odoriferous wood, used in cabinet-making. sand -binder (sand'bin'der), n. a plant, usually a grass, growing in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAND-BLAST 637 SAPONACEOUS such a way that its fruits will tend to bind or fix shifting sands. sand-blast (sand'blast), v.t. to act upon with a current of air or steam carrying sand at high velocity, as in etching glass and in cleaning the surfaces of metals, stone buildings, &c: n. the stream of sand thus operating, or the instrument pro- ducing it. sand-breast (sand'brest), n. a dam or shield in an air-smelting furnace made of sand and fire clay on an iron foundation. sand-cone (sand'kon), n. a conical projection of glacial ice partly pro- tected from the sun by a covering of sand. sanderling ('der-ling), n. a small wading-bird. sanders ('derz), n. red sandalwood. sandiver ('di-ver), n. a saline scum which forms on glass when fused; glass-gall. sandpiper (sand'pi-per), n. a name for various birds of the snipe and woodcock family. sandspit (sand'spit), n. a sandy point formed by waves and currents and projecting into a body of water. sandwich ('wich), n. two thin slices of bread with ham, &c, between; any- thing like a sandwich: v.t. to place between two other persons or things. ; sandy ('i), adj. composed of, abound- ing in, of the color of, or covered with sand; shifting; unstable. 'sane (san), adj. mentally sound or r healthy. ! sangaree (sang-ga-re'), n. a beverage of wine or brandy and water spiced j; with nutmeg. sangfroid (sang-frwa/), n. cool in- difference or composure [French]. sanguiferous (-gwif'er-us), adj. con- veying blood. sanguify ('gwi-fi), v.i. [p.t. ^ & p.p. sanguined, p.pr. sanguifying], to form or produce blood: v.t. to con- vert into blood. sanguinary ('gwi-na-ri), adj. at- tended with much bloodshed; blood- thirsty; murderous; cruel. sanguine ('gwin), adj. warm and ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- dent: n. blood color: v.t. to stain with blood. sanguineous (-gwin'e-us), adj. per- taining to, abounding with, or con- stituting, blood; of a blood color. Sanhedrim (san-he'drim), n. the great judicial council of the ancient Jews, composed of 71 priests, scribes, and elders, presided over by the high priest. Also Sanhedrin. sanies (sa'ni-ez), n. a thin reddish discharge from a wound or sore. sanitarian (san-i-ta'ri-an), adj. of or pertaining to the laws of health; having regard to the public health: n. one versed in, or devoted to sani- tary studies; an advocate or pro- moter of sanitary measures. sanitarium (-ta/ri-um), n. a sana- torium, especially one where the treatment is prophylactic instead of therapeutic. sanitary (san'i-ta-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, connected with, or tending to promote, health, especially by leg- islative enactment; hygienic. sanitation (-ta/shun), n. hygiene. sanity ('i-ti), n. saneness. sansculotte (sanz-koo-lot'), n. a fel- low without breeches; a term of con- tempt applied to the French Revo- lutionists. sansculotterie (-lot're), n. the French Revolutionists collectively; extreme republicanism. Sanskrit (san'skrit), n. the ancient language of the Hindus. Also San- scrit. sapid ('id), adj. savory. sapience (sa/pi-ens), n. knowledge; wisdom. sapient ('pi-ent), adj. wise; saga- cious. sapling (sapling), n. a young tree. sapodilla (-o-dil'a), n. a tropical tree yielding a large fruit, the seeds of which are used in medicine. saponaceous (-o-na/shus), adj. re- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAPONIFICATION 638 SATEEN sembling, or having the qualities of, soap; unctuous. saponification > (sa-pon-i-fi-ka/shun), n. conversion into soap. saponify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sa- ponified, p.pr. saponifying] ^ to con- vert into soap by combination with an alkali. sapor ous ('o-rus), adj. having, or stimulating, flavor. sapper ('er), n. one who saps; a sol- dier employed in sapping or digging trenches. sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone of a blue color, a variety of corundum. sappy ('i), adj. full of sap; juicy. saraband (sar'a-band), n. a Spanish dance; music for such a dance. Saracen ('a-sen), n. the mediaeval name for an Arab or Mohammedan. Saracenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Saracens. sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- ting, satirical expression. sarcastic (-kas'tik), adj. bitterly sa- tirical. Also sarcastical. sarcine (sar'sin), n. a nitrogenous substance existing in muscular and glandular tissues. sarcocarcinoma (sar'ko-kar-si-no'na) n. a form of tumor containing can- cerous elements. sarcocarp ('ko-karp), n. the fleshy part of a fruit. sarcode ('kod), n. animal protoplasm. sarcoderm ('ko-derm), n. the fleshy layer between the interior and ex- terior covering of a seed. sarcogenic (sar-ko-jen'ik), adj. form- ing or building up fleshy tissues. sarcoid ('koid), adj. flesh-like. sarcoline ('ko-lin), adj. flesh-colored. sarcological (-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to sarcology. sarcology (-kol'o-ji), n. that part of anatomy that treats pf the soft parts of the body. sarcoma (-ko'ma), n. a fleshy tumor. Also sarcosis. sarcophagous (-kof'a-gus), adj. feed- ing on flesh. sarcophagus ('a-gus), n. a lime- stone used by the Greeks for coffins; a stone coffin. sarcotic (-kot'ik), adj. flesh-forming. sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a deep blood-red variety of carnelian. sardine (-den'), n. a species of pil- chard, abundant in the Mediterra- nean, and preserved in oil for ex- portation; ('din), a precious stone mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. sardonic (-don'ik), adj. forced, bit- ter, or heartless: said of a laugh or smile; from a Sardinian herb, re- puted to cause convulsive motions of the cheek and lips when eaten. Also sardonian. sardonyx ('do-niks), n. a variety of agate. sargasso (-gas'o), n. the floating sea- or gulf- weed of the North At- lantic. Also sargassum. sarsaparilla (-sa-pa-ril'a), n. a twin- ing shrub found in Mexico, &c, the root of which is used as a medicine. sarsanet (sars'net), n. a thin fine kind of woven silk, used for ribbons, linings, &c. sartorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining I to a tailor. I sartorious ('ri-us), n. the muscle of the thigh by means of which the legs can be crossed; the tailor's muscle. sash (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn round the waist or over the shoulder; a frame for holding panes of glass: v.t. to furnish with sashes. sassafras ('a-fras), n. a tree allied to the laurel, with a fragrant root, wood, and flowers. satanic (-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Satan; diabolical; infernal; very malicious. satchel (sach'el), n. a small bag for carrying books, papers, &c; any handbag sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- tites or desires of.. sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- ton fabric made in imitation of satin. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. SATELLITE 639 SAURIAN satellite (sat'el-it), n. a small planet revolving round a larger one; an obsequious attendant. satiable (sa/shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being gratified or satiated. satiate ('shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. glutted. satiety (-tl'e-ti), n. fulness of grati- fication beyond desire; repletion. satin (sat 'in), n. a closely woven glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, satin. satinet (-ef), n. a thin kind of satin; a glossy cloth woven with wool and cotton made to resemble satin. satiny ('in-i), adj. like satin. satire (sat'ir), n. a species of poetry in which contemporary vice and folly are held up to ridicule; sar- casm; ridicule. satiric (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, satire; addicted to satire. Also satirical. satirist (sat'i-rist), n. a writer of satire; one who satirizes. satirize ('i-riz), v.t. to assail or ridi- cule with satire. satisfaction (sat-is-fak'shun), n. the act of satisfying; the state of being' satisfied; contentment; gratifica- tion; payment; redress; conviction. satisfactory ('to-ri), adj. giving sat- isfaction or content; making re- dress; relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty. satisfy ('is-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to the fullest degree; free from doubt or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; make atonement or payment. _ satrap (sa/trap), n. a kind of viceroy among the ancient Persians. satrapy (-i), n. the government or jurisdiction of a satrap. saturable (sat'u-ra-bl), adj. capable of being saturated. sat ur ant ('u-rant), adj. impregnat- ing to the full: n. a substance that neutralizes acid in the stomach. saturate ('u-rat), v.t. to soak or im- bue. saturation (-ra'shun), n. the act of saturating; the state of being sat- urated; impregnation of one sub- stance by another until the latter can contain no more. Saturn (sat'ern), n. the planet next beyond, and next in magnitude to, Jupiter; the ancient Italian god of seed-time and harvest. Saturnalia (-er-na/li-a), n. an an- cient Roman festival in honor of the god Saturn, in which all classes, in- cluding slaves, took part: hence un- restrained revelry. Saturnian ('ni-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of ; the god Sat- urn, or to the golden age of purity and happiness. saturnine ('nin), adj. under the in- fluence of the planet Saturn; dullf morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. satyr ('er), n. a sylvan Greek deity, attendant on Bacchus, represented with long, pointed ears, short horns, a man's body, and the legs of a goat. sauce (saws), n. a liquid condiment or seasoning for food; any mixture used as a relish; pertness: v.t. to put sauce into; render pungent; treat with pertness. sauce-box Cboks), n. a pert, impu- dent person. saucer ('ser), n. a shallow piece of china, &c, in which a tea or coffee cup is placed. saucily (saw'si-li), adv. in a saucy manner. saucy ('si), adj. [comp. saucier, su- perl. sauciest], pert; impudent. sauerkraut (sour'krout), n. a pickle of chopped cabbage packed in layers with salt between, which causes fer- mentation. saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to wander about idly; loiter; linger: n. a place for sauntering; idle walk or ramble. saurian (saw'ri-an), n. any individ- ual of the Sauria, an order of four- legged reptiles having the body fur- nished with scales, as the crocodile and lizard. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAUROID 640 SCALD sauroid ('roid), adj. lizard-like. sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an animal stuffed with seasoned minced meat; minced meat seasoned with sage, salt, pepper, &c. saute (so-ta/), n. a method of cooking by tossing the material in a frying pan of particular construction. sauterne (-tern'), n. a French white wine. savable (sav'a-bl), adj. capable of being saved. savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; wild; cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; enraged: n. a human being in a rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; a fierce, brutal person. savagery ('aj-ri), n. the state of be- ing wild or uncivilized; barbarism; brutal roughness. savannah (sa-van'a), n. an exten- sive open plain or meadow. Also savanna. savant (-vang'), n. a man of learning or science [French]. saveloy (sav'e-loi), n. a kind of cooked sausage. savin ('in), n. an evergreen tree or shrub with a dark foliage with blu- ish-green berries: the young leaves and branches yield an active volatile oil used in medicine. Also savine. saving (sav'ing), adj. preserving; frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. an exception or reservation: pi. money, &c, saved: prep, with ex- ception in favor of. savior (sav'yer), n. one who saves. / Savior, Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, the Redeemer (with the). savoir-faire (sav- war-far'), n. an intuitive knowledge of what is the right thing. savonette (sav-o-nef), n. a hard ball of toilet soap, composed of various ingredients. savor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; rel- ish; scent; characteristic property: v.i. to have a particular flavor or smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t. to taste or smell with delight. savory ('ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. savoy (sa-voi'), n. a kind of winter cabbage ,with crisp curled leaves. sawfish ('fish), n. a fish with a long bony snout furnished with spines or teeth. sawfly ('fll), n. an insect with a saw- like apparatus for depositing its sawyer ('yer), n. one who saws tim- ber into planks; a tree in a river, whose branches, partly above water, sway up and down by the force of the current. saxhorn (saks'horn), n. a musical wind instrument, used in military bands. Saxon ('n), adj. pertaining to the Saxons, a race of people formerly inhabiting North Germany, their country or language; Anglo-Saxon: n. a member of the Saxon race. saxophone ('o-fon), n. a brass mu- sical instrument with a single reed and clarinet mouthpiece. scab (skab), n. an incrustation formecNNrer a wound; a contagious disease in sheep; a workman who refuses to join a strike, or who takes - the place abandoned by a striker. \ scabbard Card), n. the sheath in which the blade of a sword is kept: v.t. to put into a scabbard. scabby fi), adj. covered with, or full or, scabs; affected with scab. scabies (ska'bi-ez), n. the itch. scabrous ('brus), adj. rough to the touch; uneven; dotted: scaly. scad (skad), n. the shad or horse- mackerel. scaffold (skaf'old), n. a temporary timber stage or structure; an ele- vated platform for the execution of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- port with a scaffold. scalable (skal'a-bl), adj. capable of being scaled. scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. a scamp; scapegrace. scald (skawld), v.t. to burn with hot liquid or steam; injure by contact with any hot fluid; expose to violent heat over a fire or hot liquid. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCALDIC 641 SCAPEGOAT scaldic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or composed by, the scalds. Also skaldic. scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; a balance; an instrument or ma- chine for weighing; the small bony or horny plates covering a fish, cer- tain reptiles, and insects; any thin plate or layer; the thin oxide which forms, on the surface of iron forg- ings; incrustation on the interior of a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- ated measure; series of all the tones [music]; relative dimensions; basis for a numerical system; a scale- insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- tive to fruit trees. scalene (ska-len'), adj. having the sides and angles unequal; said of a triangle. scallop (skol'op), n. a marine bi- valve fish, having the edge of its shell in the form of a series of curves; the shell was formerly worn by pilgrims who had visited the Holy Land; a curving or recess: v.t. to cut the edge or border of in scallops or curves. scalloped-oysters (-ois'terz), n.pl. oysters baked with bread crumbs, &c. scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top of the head from which the hair grows; the skin and hair of the head torn off by the North Ameri- can Indians in token of victory. scalpel ('el), n. a small keen-edged knife. scalper ('er), n. one who scalps; a person who buys and sells the un- used parts of railway tickets. scaly (skal'i), adj. covered with, or like, scales; mean; caddish. scammony ('o-ni), n. an inspissated sap obtained from the root of a spe- cies of convolvulus, used as a ca- thartic. scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; worth- less fellow; rogue: v.t. to execute or perform in a superficial or careless manner and with bad material. scamper (skam'per), v.i. to run with speed; hasten away: n. a hasty flight. scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scanned, p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- ing the metrical feet or syllables; scrutinize or examine carefully. scandal ('dal), n. offense occasioned by the faults of another; something uttered that is false and injurious to the reputation; opprobrium; defamation; disgrace. scandalize (-iz), v.t. to offend by some supposed improper action or conduct. scandalous (-us), adj. giving offense to the conscience or moral sense; exciting condemnation or oppro- brium. scanderoon (skan-de-roon'), n. a va- riety of domesticated pigeons, with long bodies, either plain in color or with white wings. Scandinavian (-di-na'vi-an), adj. pertaining to Scandinavia, its lan- guage, literature, or people. Also Scandian. scant (skant), adj. [comp. scanter, superl. scantest], not full or abun- dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to fail or become diminished. scantily ('i-li), adv. in a scanty man- ner. scantling ('ling), n. a piece of timber cut or sawn of small size; the size to which a piece of timber is to be cut. scanty ('i), adj. [comp. scantier, su- perL scantiest], narrow; barely suf- ficient; scant. scape (skap), n. the shaft of a col- umn where it leaves the base; a peduncle rising from the ground or stem underneath the ground: v.t. & v.i. to escape [poet]. scapegoat ('got), n. among the an- cient Jews, one of the two goats determined by lot, over whose head the high priest confessed the sins of the people, after which it was sent away into the wilderness : hence one who bears the blame for others. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boop, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCAPEGRACE 642 SCENIC scapegrace Cgras), n. a graceless, unprincipled fellow. scapple (skap'l), v.t. to rough-dress (stone) preparatory to hewing. scapula ('u-la), n. the shoulder- blade. scapular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to the scapula or shoulder: in the Ro- man Catholic Church, part of the habit of- certain religious orders; two pieces of cloth worn over the shoulders from motives of devotion. Also scapulary. scar (skar), n. a mark caused by a wound; mark or blemish; a pre- i cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- fish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, p.pr. scarring], to mark with, or as with, a scar: v.i. to form a scar. scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal cut in the form of a beetle worn as a charm by the ancient Egyptians. scarce (skars), adj. not common; not plentiful; not equal to the de- mand. scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- den terror; frighten: n. a sudden fright or panic. scarecrow ('kro), n. . anything fan- tastic set up to scare away birds; a vain cause of terror; a guy. scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw on loosely; dress with a scarf; to unite (two pieces of timber) at the ends by a kind of dovetail. scarfing ('ing), n. the formation of a beam out of two pieces of timber. scarfskin ('skin), n. the cuticle. scarification (skar-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of scarifying. scarificator ('i-fi-ka-ter), n. a surgi- cal instrument used in scarifying. scarifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, scarifies j a scarificator; an agricultural instrument for stir- ring the soil. scarify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or cut; make small incisions in by a lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify the skin; to stir up and prepare for planting : as, to scarify the soil. scarlatina (skar-la-te'na), n. scarlet fever of a mild form. scarlet ('let), n. a bright red color; cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- let color. scarlet fever (fe'ver), n. contagious febrile disease characterized by a scarlet eruption. scarlet runner (run'er), n. a vari- ety of bean. scarp (skarp), n. a slope or declivity, nearly perpendicular; the slope of a ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. to cut perpendicularly or nearly so. scary (ska'ri), adj. causing, or sub- ject to, sudden fright. m . ■ scathe (sk&th), v.t. to injure or hurt: n. injury or harm. scathing ('ing), adj. injurious; hurt- ful; very severe or bitter. scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or throw loosely about; disperse or dis- sipate: v.i. to be dispersed or dissi- pated. scatterbrained (-brand), adj. giddy. scavenge (skav'enj), v.t. to cleanse, as streets, from mud and filth. scavenger (-er), n. a man employed to clean the streets; any animal that devours refuse or any other deleteri- ous matter. scenario (sha-na're-o), n. the sketch of a plot or chief incidents of a li- bretto or play. scene (sen), n. the time, place, or cir- cumstance, &c, in which anything occurs: part of a play; the imagi- nary place where the action of a play is supposed to take place ; spec- tacle ; exhibition ; display of feeling or passion between two or more per- sons. scenery ('er-i), n. the appearance of anything presented to the vision; general aspect; combination of nat- ural views; painted representation on a stage. scenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to scenery or to the stage; dramatic. Also scenical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boc book; hue, hut; think, then. SCENOGRAPHY 643 SCINTILLATE scenography (se-nog'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing in perspective. scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; chase followed by means of the scent: v.t. to perceive by the olfac- tory nerves : smell ; perfume : v.i. to hunt animals by the sense of smell. scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff borne by a sovereign as the emblem of authority; royal mace: v.t. to in- vest with regal authority. sceptered ('terd), p.adj. bearing a scepter; regal; imperial. sceptic. Same as skeptic. schedule (sked'ul), n. a written or printed paper or parchment contain- ing a list, or inventory; list or docu- ment annexed to a larger instru- ment, as a will, &c: v.t. to place in a schedule. scheme (skem), n. a connected com- bination of things for the attain- ment of a certain end; plan; con- trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- sign or plan; plot: v.i. to form a scheme or plan. Schiedam (ske-dam'), n. Holland gin. schiller (shil'er), n. the peculiar bronze-like luster in certain minerals. schism (sizm), n. a split or division, especially permanent division or sep- aration in the Christian Church; sin of causing such a division. schismatic (siz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, or im- plying, schism. Also schismatical : n. one who creates or takes part in a schism. schist (shist), n. any rock that splits into slates or slabs. schizogamy (ski-zog'a-mi), n. sl form of reproduction among lower organ- . isms in which a sexual form originates by fission or by budding from a sex- less one. schnapps (shnaps), n. Holland gin. scholarship ('er-ship), n. high at- tainments in literature or science; learning; erudition; maintenance for a scholar, awarded by an educational institution. scholastic (sko-las'tik), adj. pertain- ing to a scholar or to schools; schol- ar-like; characteristic of the mediae- val schoolmen; formal. scholasticism ('ti-sizm), n. the scho- lastic philosophy of the Mediaeval Age. scholiast (sko'li-ast), n. sl commen- tator or annotator, especially of the classics. scholium ('li-um), n. [pi. scholia (-a) ], a marginal or explanatory note, especially on the text of a classic author. schoolman ('man), n. [pi. schoolmen ('men) ], one of the divines and phi- losophers in the Middle Ages. schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with 2 masts, sometimes 3, rigged fore and aft; a tall beer-glass. schottische (sho-tesh), n. a kind of polka. schweitzerkase (shvits'er-ka-ze), n. another name for Gruyere cheese. sciagraph (si'a-graf), n. the vertical section of a building showing its in- terior. sciagraphy (-ag'ra-fi), n. the art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. sciatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the hip. sciatica ('i-ka), n. neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. science ('ens), n. systematized knowl- edge of any one department of mind or matter; acknowledged truths and laws, especially as demonstrated by induction, experiment, or observa- tion. scientific (-en-tif'ik), adj. pertaining to, used in, or skilled in, science; skilful. scientist ('en-tist), n. one skilled in, or devoted to, science. scilicet (sil'i-set), adv. namely [Latin]. scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental sword with a curved blade having its edge on the convex side. Also scimeter. scintilla (sin-til 'a), n. a spark; the least trace. scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit ate, Srm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. • SCINTILLATION 644 SCOTCH sparks, fire, or igneous particles; twinkle. scintillation (-la/shun), n. the act of scintillating; a spark or flash; twinkle. sciolism (sl'o-lizm), n. superficial knowledge. sciolist (-list), n. one who knows many things superficially. scion (sl'on), n. the sprout or shoot of a plant; a descendant; heir. sci optic (-op'tik), adj. pertaining^ to the art of exhibiting luminous im- ages in a darkened room or camera obseura. Also scioptric. sciopticon ('ti-kon), n. magic lan- tern for exhibiting photographs. scire facias (si-re fa'shi-as), a writ to enforce the execution of judg- ments, &c, or to annul them. scissors (siz'ers), n.-pl. a cutting in- strument resembling shears but smaller. sci ssors- telescope (siz 'orz-tel 'e-skop ) , n. a stereotelescope the relations of the tubes of which may be varied by a scissors-like arrangement. scelrotic (skle-rot'ik), adj. hard; noting the firm white outermost membrane of the eyeball. sclerotitis (-ro-tl'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the sclerotic coat of the eye. scobs (skobs), n. raspings of ivory, metal, or other hard substances. scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. to exhibit scorn or contempt: v.t. to treat or address with derision. scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or rudely; rail in a loud or violent manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. one who habitually scolds, especially a rude, clamorous woman. scollop. Same as scallop. sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; small fort; protection; a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick; tube in a candlestick for inserting the candle; the head; mulct v or fine; a small, thin cake of oatmeal, &c. scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep shovel; kind of scuttle: v.t. to take out or up with a scoop; ladle out; make hollow. scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run hastily. scope (skop), n. room or opportunity for free outlook or action; aim or intention; design; sujjjx meaning an instrument for viewing, as micro- scope. scopolamine (skop'o-lam-in), n. a vegetable alkaloid, identical with hyoscine, recently used as a nar- cotic to annul the pains of child- birth. scorbutic (skor-bu/tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, scurvy. scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast slightly; parch, shrivel, or affect painfully with heat: v.i. to be scorched. score (skor), n. a notch or incision, especially one made as a reckoning; the number 20; line or groove; bill; account; behalf; sake; reason; copy of a small musical work show- ing the component parts: v.t. to notch or mark furrows in ; keep rec- ord or account of; to make a score of, as runs, points, &c, in a game. scoria (sko'ri-a), n. [pi. scoriae (-e) ], volcanic cinder; slag formed after the fusion of metallic ores. scoriaceous (-a/shus), adj. pertain- ing to, or resembling, scoria. scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty contempt; naughty disdain; object of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme contempt or disdain. scorner ('er), n. one who scorns, es- pecially one who holds religion in derision. scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- nished with lobster-like claws, and armed with a poisonous sting in the tail; a painful scourge. Scotch (skoch) adj. pertaining to Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- lect. scotch, n. a wedge, &c, to prevent slipping or rolling; a slight cut or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCOTIA 645 SCRIMP incision: v.t. to cut or wound super- ficially. scotia ('ti-a), the hollow molding in the base of an Ionic column. scototherapy (skot-6-ther'a-pi), n. the treatment of disease by the ex- clusion of light. Scotticism ('i-sizm), n. a Scottish idiom. scoundrel (skoun'drel). n. a man without honor or virtue; low, worth- less fellow. scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and make bright; pass swiftly along; search thoroughly; purge. scourge (skerj), n. a whip with thongs used as a punishment: v.t. to whip severely; afflict or harass greatly. scout (skout), n. a person sent out to obtain and bring in information, es- pecially of the movements, &c, of an enemy; a college servant; in cricket, a fielder: v.i. to act as a scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. scovel (skuv'l), n. a mop for sweep- ing a baker's oven. scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- port in a scow. scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows in frowning or displeasure; look sullen or angry: n. the wrin- kling of the brows in displeasure or anger; frown. scrabble (skrab'l), v.i. to scrawl or scribble; make irregular, unmeaning marks: v.t. to mark with irregular lines or letters. scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, or rough; something merely skin and bones. scraggy ('i), adj. lean, thin and rough; rough, with irregular points. scramble (skram'bl), v.i. to clamber with the hands and feet; seize or catch hold of anything with eager- ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- gether at random; mix and cook in a confused mass: as, to scramble eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act of scrambling. scranch (skranch), v.t. to grind with the teeth with a crackling sound; craunch. scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached piece; fragment; a scrimmage: v.i. to engage in a scrimmage. scratches ('ez), n.pl. dry scabs be- tween the heel and pastern-joint of a horse. scratch race (ras), n. a race in which the competitors are unrestricted by conditions or are chosen by lot. scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to write or draw irregularly or hastily ; scrib- ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible writing; scribble. screak (skrek), n. a shriek; screech. screed (skred), n. wooden rules for running moldings; loud, shrill sound; a fragment or piece; a harangue; a piece of poor prose or verse. screen (skren), n. a light movable partition for protection; coarse sieve; the sheet upon which moving pic- tures are thrown: v.t. to shelter or conceal; protect; pass through a coarse sieve. screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal or wood grooved spirally; one of the six mechanical powers; screw-pro- peller: v.t. to press with a screw; apply a screw to; twist; force or - squeeze; oppress by_exactions. screw-propeller (pro-pel' er), n. a spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of a steam-vessel for propelling it; the vessel thus propelled. scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- lessly and without regard to correct- ness : n. hasty, careless writing. scribbler (ler), n. one who scrib- bles; a literary hack, or petty author. scribe (skrib), n. a writer; clerk; amanuensis; a teacher or copyist of the Jewish law: v.t. to adjust. scrimmage ('aj), n. a general row or tussle. scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make small, narrow, or short; limit or straiten: v.i. to be parsimonious or miserly: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. SCRIMPINESS SCURFY adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n. a niggard or miser. scrimpiness ('nes), n. scantiness. scrip (skrip), n. a satchel; schedule; certificate; writing; certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other company. script (skript), n. a piece of writing; style of writing; type in imitation of writing; original document or in- strument. Scriptural ('ur-al), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or according to, the Scriptures; Biblical. scripturalism (-izm), n. adherence to the letter of the Scriptures. scripture ('fir), n. sacred writing; biblical text: pi. the books of the Old and New Testaments: the Bible. scrivener • (skriv'ner), n. one who draws up contracts, prepares writ- ings, &c; formerly a broker or financial agent. scrofula (skrof'u-la), n. a disease caused by the formation and deposi- tion of tubercle in the organs and tissues of the body; king's evil. scrofulous (-lus), adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, scrofula. scroll (skrol), n. a roll of paper or parchment; a convoluted spiral or- nament; a flourish to a signature. scrotum (skro'tum), n. the pouch which contains the testes. scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or squeeze. scruff (skruf), n. the back of the neck. scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch. scruple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, or 20 grains; hesitation, especially from conscientious motives: v.i. to hesitate from conscientious motives. scrupulosity > (-pu-los'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being scrupulous ; nice or conscientious regard to ex- actness or propriety; precision. Also scrupulousness. scrupulous ('pu-lus), adj. full of scruples; conscientious; exact; care- ful ; strict. scrutinize ('ti-niz), v.t. to inspect or examine closely. scrutinous ('ti-nus), adj. closely in- specting or examining; precise; care- ful; captious. scrutiny ('ti-ni), n. close inspection or examination; minute inquiry; ex- amination of votes recorded at an election. scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scudded, p.pr. scudding], to run quickly; run before a gale of wind with little or no sail spread: n. the act of scud- ding; loose, vapory clouds driven by the wind. scuffle (skuf'l), v.i. to fight or struggle confusedly, especially hand to hand : n. a struggle for mastery with close grappling; confused conflict fight. scull (skul), n. one of a pair of short oars; an oar used at the stern of a boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a boat with a scull or sculls. scullery ('er-i), n. [pi. sculleries (-iz) ], a place where culinary uten- sils, &c, are kept and cleansed. scullion ('y un )> n - a servant employed in the menial work of a scullery. sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who , practices the art of sculpture. Fem- inine sculptress. sculptural ('tu-ral), adj. pertaining to sculpture. sculpture ('tur), n. the art of carv- ing, cutting, or hewing stone or oth- er material into images of men, ani- mals, &c; carved work or figure: v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, sculpture. sculpturesque (-esk'), adj. resem- bling, or having the character of sculpture. scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube in the side of a ship to carry off deck water. scurf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky scales formed on the skin, especially on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- herent matter. scurff (skerf), n. the bull-trout. scurfy ('i), adj. [comp. scurfier, su- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCURRILE 647 SEASONABLE •perl, scurfiest], pertaining to, pro- ducing, covered with, or like, scurf. scurrile (skur'il), adj. befitting a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly op- probrious or jocosely indecent. scurrility ('i-ti), n. [pi. scurrilities (-tiz) ], vulgar, vile, or indecent jocularity. scurrilous ('il-us), adj. using the low, indecent language of the vul- gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- taining low indecency or abuse. scurry (skur'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scur- ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or move rapidly along: n. hurried move- ment. scurvily (sker'vi-li), adv. in a scurvy manner. scurvy ('vi), adj. affected by scurvy; scabby; vile; contemptible; mean; paltry: n. a condition of anaemia, caused by deficiency of vegetable food or lime juice, causing great weakness, emaciation, &c. scut (skut), n. the short, erect tail of a fox, deer, &c. scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (flax or fi cotton) by beating. scutcheon ('un), n. an escutcheon; shield for a keyhole. Scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in (a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or short run; a pan for holding coals; lid or door closing or covering an opening in a roof, &c; hatchway or small opening in the deck of a ship. scutum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta ('ta) ], a shield; a shield-like plate. scymitar. Same as scimitar. scythe (sith), n. a curved cutting in- strument used for mowing grass, &c. Scythian (sith'i-an), adj. pertaining to Scythia, to its language, or its in- habitants. se, a prefix, meaning without, apart, aside. seal (sel), n. a, carnivorous marine mammal, valuable for its skin and oil; a stamp or die engraved with some device, motto, or image, used for making an impression in relief on wax, «fec; wax or other soft sub- stance set to an instrument, and impressed with a seal; any act of confirmation or ratification. seam (sem), n. the line formed by the sewing of two pieces of material to- gether; line of junction or union; narrow vein between two thicker strata; thin layer; piece of needle- work: v.t. to form a seam upon or of; join with a seam; scar; knit with a particular kind of stitch: v.i. to crack open. seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- woman. seamy ('i), adj. showing, or like, seams. seamy-side (-sid), n. the worst side. seance (sa-angs'), n. a session as of some deliberative body; a meeting of spiritualists for evoking manifesta- tions; a select scientific gathering. sear (ser), v.t. to burn to dryness on the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- der callous or insensible. search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go over and examine; explore; inspect: v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. theact of seeking or looking for something; investigation; examination; pursuit; quest. search-light ('lit), n. an electric light so arranged that by revolving it a tract of land or sea can be seen at night. search-warrant ('wor-ant), n. a warrant issued by a magistrate au- thorizing a police officer to search a house for stolen property. seared # (serd), adj. hardened; cal- lous; indifferent; cauterized. seascape (se'skap), n. a picture re- presenting a scene at sea._ -season ('zn), n. any particular time as distinguished from others; one of the four divisions of the year: v.t. to mature; prepare by drying and. hard- ening, or removing natural juices; render palatable; spice moderately: v.i. to become mature, acclimated, inured, or seasoned. seasonable (-a-bl), adj. occurring or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEASONING 648 SECTARIANISM done in good, or proper time; op- portune. seasoning (-ing), n. that which is added to give relish or piquancy to food : anything added to increase en- joyment. secant (se'kant), adj. cutting into two parts: n. a right line from the center of a circle through one ex- tremity of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent from the other extremity of the same arc ; the num- ber expressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. secco (sek'o), n. painting on dry plas- ter: adj. dry [Italian]. secede (se-sed'), v.i. to withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association. seceder ('er), n. one who secedes. secession (-sesh'un), n. the act of seceding; withdrawal or separation from the communion or association of others; withdrawal of a State from the Federal Union. secessionist (-ist), n. an upholder of secession; one who took part with the Southern States in the Civil War of 1861. _ seclude (-klood'), v.t. to keep apart from the company or society or others; exclude. seclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. separation or withdrawal from the 'society of others; privacy. seclusive ('siv), adj. keeping in se- clusion. secondary ('und-a-ri), adj. succeed- ing next in order to the first; of sec- ond place, origin, &c; not primary; subordinate; inferior; deputed; re- volving round a primary planet; noting rocks intermediate between the Primary and Tertiary, the Meso- zoic: n. a delegate or deputy. secondary battery (bat'er-i), n. a storage battery. secondary-color (-kul'er), n. a color produced by the mixture of two primary colors in equal proportions. secondary-tints (-tintz), n.pl. sub- dued tints, as grey. secrecy (se'kre-si), n. [pi. secrecies (-siz) ], the state or quality of being hidden; concealment; retirement; solitude; habit of keeping secrets; discretion. secret ('kret), adj. hidden or con- cealed; removed from sight; kept from the knowledge or view of all except those concerned; silent; pri- vate: n. that which is concealed; something unknown or undisclosed. secretarial (sek-re-ta/ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or befitting, a secretary. secretary ('re-ta-ri), n. [pi. secre- taries (-riz) ], a confidential person employed to assist another in con- ducting correspondence, &c; one who transacts the business of a Government department, company, &c; an escritoire. secretary-bird (-berd), n. a South African predatory bird having a crest of feathers which resemble when depressed pens stuck in the ear. secretaryship (-ship), n. ,the office, or term of office, of a secretary. secrete (se-kref), v.t. to hide or con- ceal; separate from the blood, sap, &c. secretion (-kre'shun), n..the act of secreting or separating from a circu- lating fluid; any substance or fluid secreted. secretive ('tiv), adj. given to secrecy; causing or promoting secretion. secretiveness (-nes), n. the quality of being secretive; the phrenological organ which impels to secrecy, re- serve, or concealment. secretory ('to-ri), adj. performing, or connected with, the office of se- cretion. sect (sekt), n. sl number of persons who, following a teacher or leader, are united by a common attachment to some particular religious or phil- | osophical doctrine. sectarian (sek-ta/ri-an), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a sect: n. a member of a sect; dissen- ter. sectarianism (-an-izm), n. the spir- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SECTARY 649 SEDILIA it, tendency, or principles of a sect; adherence to some particular sect. sectary ('ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries (-riz) J, a member or adherent of a sect; sectarian. sectile (sek'til), adj. capable of be- ing cut. section ('shun), n. the act of cutting, or separation by cutting; part or di- vision; slice; the line formed by the intersection of two surfaces; divi- sion or subdivision of a chapter or statute; distinct part of a country, people, community, or class; one of the squares of 640 acres each into which public lands aie divided; l-36th of a township; division of a genus; vertical plan of any struc- ture as it would appear if cut by an intersecting plane; part of a musical period. sectionalism ('shun-al-izm), n. local patriotism. sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a circle included ' between two radii and the arc; a mathematical instru- ment for laying down plans, meas- j uring zenith distances, &c. sectorial (-to'ri-al), adj. adapted for cutting, noting one molar tooth on each side of both jaws, having the crown" adapted for cutting. secular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to this present world, or to things not sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- ing over, or occurring in, a long period of time; not bound by mo- nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not bound by monastic vows; a layman; a church official whose duties are confined to the vocal department of the choir. secularism (-izm), n. the principles or tenets of the secularists. secularist (-ist), n. one who objects to religious teaching in elementary schools; one who, discarding the forms of religion, maintains that the duties and problems of this present life should be the primary objects of man's concern. secularity ('i-ti), n. supreme atten- tion to the things of the present life; worldliness. secularization (-i-za/shun), n. the act of secularizing. secularize ('u-lar-iz), v.t. to convert from sacred to secular or common use; render worldly or unspiritual; convert from regular or monastic into secular. secund (se'kund), adj. arranged on one side only; unilateral. secure (se-kur r ), adj. free from fear or danger; safe; protected; confi- dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. to make safe; protect; guarantee; make fast; confine effectually; gain possession of; put beyond hazard of losing or not receiving (with against or from). security ('i-ti), n. [pi. securities (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being secure; freedom from fear or dan- ger; assurance; certainty; some- thing given to secure the fulfilment of a contract; pledge; evidence of debt or property; one who becomes surety for another; something given or done to secure good behavior. sedan (-dan'), n. a portable covered chair or vehicle for the conveyance of one person, used in the 18th cen- tury, and carried by two men by means of a pole on either side. Also sedan-chair. sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; com- posed; quiet; serious; unruffled. _ sedative (sed'a-tiv), adj. allaying nervous irritation and irritability; assuaging pain: n. medicine having such an effect. sedentarily ('en-tar-i-li), adj. in a sedentary manner. sedentary ('en-tar-i), adj. accus- tomed to pass much time in a sit- ting posture; characterized by much sitting; remaining in one place; in- active. sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the genus Carex, growing in swamps. sedgy ('i), adj. overgrown with sedge. sedilia (se-dil'i-a), n.pl. seats on ate, armt,wl; ask, a, a me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEDIMENT 650 SEISMOLOGY either side of the altar set apart for the clergy. sediment (sed'i-ment), n. the matter which subsides or settles at the bot- tom of a liquid; dregs; lees. sedimentary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, or consisting of, sediment. sedition (se-dish'un), n. any offense against the state less grave than in- surrection or treason; tumultuous assembly of people in opposition to lawful authority; the stirring up of such opposition. seditious ('us), adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, sedition. seduce (dtis'), v.t. to entice from the paths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, by flattery, promises, &c; persuade to a surrender of chastity. seducer ('er), n. one who seduces, especially one who persuades a wom- an to surrender her chastity. Fem- inine seductress. seducible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing seduced. ' seduction (-duk'shun), n. the act of seducing; the act or crime of induc- ing a woman to surrender her chas- tity. seductive ('tiv), adj. tending to se- duce or lead astray; enticing. sedulity (se-du'li-ti), n. steady dili- gence. sedulous (sed'u-lus), adj. steadily in- dustrious and persevering in business and endeavor; diligent; untiring. seediness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being seedy; shabbiness; exhaustion or wretchedness. seedy ('i), adj. abounding with, or run to, seeds; having the flavor of weeds; shabby; exhausted and mis- erable. seeming ('ing), adj. apparent; spe- cious: n. appearance; show, espe- cially false show. seemlihess ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being seemly; propriety; decency; comeliness. seemly (li), adj. fit or becoming; de- cent; proper; comely; suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or char- acter. seer (ser), n. one who foresees future events; prophet; one who sees. seethe (seth), v.t. to boil; decoct or prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.i. to be hot; be in a condition of boil- ing. segment ('ment), n. a part divided or set off; section; a part cut off from a figure by a line or plane: v.i. to divide into segments. segmentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the act of dividing into segments; state of being divided into segments. segregate (seg're-gat), v.t. to sepa- rate from others. segregation (-ga/shun), n. the act of segregating; state of being segre- gated. seichometer (sa-shom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring the changes of level of the water in a lake. Seidlitz (sed'litz), adj. noting effer- vescent powders used as a gentle aperient: n. a sparkling mineral water. seignior (sen'yer), n. a title of honor in use in Southern Europe; a lord or fee of a manor. seigniorage ('yer-aj), n. something claimed or taken by virtue of sover- eign prerogative; a charge levied on bullion brought by private persons to the mint to be coined. seigniorial (-yor'i-al), adj. pertain- ing to the lord of a manor. seine (san), n. a large fishing-net. seismic (sis'mik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, an earthquake. seismicity (sis-mis 'i-ti), n. the rela- tive number of earthquakes that occur in a region of given area. seismograph ('mo-graf), n. an in- strument for recording the undula- tory motions, duration, and direction of an earthquake. Also seismome- ter, seismoscope. seismology ('o-ji), n. the scientific study of earthquakes. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEIZABLE 651 SENATE sizable (sez'a-bl), adj. capable of being seized. seize # (sez), v.t. to take possession of forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; take hold of; comprehend. seizin ('in), n. the act of taking pos- session; thing possessed; possession. Also seisin. seizor ('er), n. in law, one who takes possession. , seizure ('ur), n. the act of seizing; sudden attack, as of a disease. selah (sela), n. a Hebrew word used in the Psalms, supposed to indicate a pause. seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely. select (se-lekf), adj. more valuable or excellent than others; chosen or picked out as more valuable than others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- rior: v.t. to take by preference from among others; choose. selection (-lek'shun), n. the act of selecting; the thing selected. selectman (-lekt'man), n. [pi. select- men ('men) ], one of a board of town officials concerned with its management, the enforcement of lo- cal laws, care of the poor, &c, elected annually in New England. selector ('er), n. one who selects. selenate (sel'e-nat), n. a salt of selenic acid. selenic (se-len'ik), adj. pertaining to, containing, or derived from, selenium. selenium (-le'ni-um), n. a non- metallic elementary substance, re- sembling lead. selenocentric (-le-no-sen'trik), adj. as seen or calculated from the center of the moon. selenograph ('no-graf), n. a map or delineation of the moon's surface. selenography (sel-e-nog'ra-fi), n. a description of the moon, its features, and phenomena; the art of delineat- ing the moon's surface. Seltzer water (selt'zer waw'ter), n. a mineral water, mildly stimulative. selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth so closed by complicating the threads as to prevent raveling; woven bor- der. Selvedge. selvagee (-va-je'), n. a kind of skein of rope yarns, used for stoppers, &c. semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a tele- graphic apparatus for signaling by means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. semblance ('blans), n. likeness; re- semblance; exterior; appearance. semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed of plants. semester (se-mes'ter), n. a period or term of six months. semi, prejix meaning half, partially. semibreve (sem'i-brev), n. a note equal to 4 crotchets. semicolon ('kol-on), n. a mark in punctuation (;). seminal ('i-nal), adj. pertaining to, containing, or consisting of seed; primary; radical; original. seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- naries (-riz) ], a place of education; school, academy, or college. semiped ('i-ped), n. a half-foot. semipedal (-al), adj. consisting of a half-foot. semi-Saxon (-sak'sun), adj. noting the language intermediate between Saxon and English 1150-1250. semi-tangent (-tan'jent), n. the tan- gent of half an arc. Semite (sem'it), n. one of the Semit- ic race; a descendant of Shem: adj. Semitic. Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining to Shem, or to his descendants; not- ing, or belonging to, one of the great divisions of races and languages to which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, Assyrian, &c, belong. sempstress (semp'stres), n. a woman who does needlework. sen (sen), n. a small Japanese coin. Senagalese (sen'a-gal'ez), n. native of a French colony in West Africa; a French soldier, native of Senegal senary (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or contain- ing, 6. Senate (sen'at), n. the upper house of Congress or of a State legisla- ture; the upper house of legislature Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SENATE 652 SENSUALITY in various countries; a body of el- ders, elected or appointed in ancient Rome from the nobility and invested with supreme legislative authority. senate (sen'at), n. an assembly or body of elders; a legislative body generally. senator ('a-ter), n. a member of a senate. senatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a senator or a sen- ate; entitled to elect a senator. sendal (sen'dal), n. a light, thin silk stuff. senile (se'nil), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or occasioned by, old age. senility ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being senile; old age. senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, dignity, rank or office; elder: n. one older than another; one older in dignity, rank, or office; a student in the fourth or final year of his col- lege. seniority (-yor'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being senior. senna (sen'a), n. the dried leaves of several plants of the genus Cassia, used as a cathartic medicine. sennight ('it), n. the space of 7 nights and days. sennit ('it), n. braided cordage. senor (sa/nyor'), n. a Spanish title of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or Sir. Feminine seiiora. senorita (-nyo-rS'ta), n. a _ Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady, equivalent to Miss; a young lady. sensate (sen 'sat), adj. perceived by or through the senses. sensation (-sa'shun), n. perception by the senses; an impression made on the mind or brain by the senses; spiritual or physical affections; state of excited feeling or interest, or its cause. sensationalism (-izm), n. sensa- tional writing or language; the phil- osophical doctrine that^ our ideas are the outcome of impressions originating solely in sensation and consist of sensations transformed. sense (sens), n. the faculty by which objects are perceived physically, or mentally; discernment; understand- ing; conviction; good mental capac- ity; correct judgment; opinion; meaning; signification; moral per- ception. sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. sensibilities (-tiz) ]* the state or quality of being sensible; acuteness of perception or emotion; delicacy of feeling; capacity of being sensi- tive. Also sensibleness. sensible ('si-bl), adj. capable of be- ing perceived by the senses or the mind; having moral perception; easily affected; delicate; judicious; reasonable; intelligent. sensitive ('si-tiv), adj. having keen sense or feeling; quickly and acute- ly alive to impressions from exter- nal objects; ^ easily affected or moved; pertaining to, or depending upon, sensation. sensitize (-tiz), v.t. to render sensi- tive; render capable of being acted upon by the actinic rays of the sun, X-rays, &c. sensorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to the sensorium. Also sensory. sensorium (-um), n. the central seat of sensation or consciousness; the brain. sensual ('shu-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting .in, or affecting, the senses; not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the indulgence of the passions or appe- tites. sensualism (-izm), n. sensuality; the philosophical doctrine that all ideas or operations of the under- standing have their origin in sensa- tion and are transformed sensations. sensualist (-ist), n. one who is sen- sual; a believer in the doctrine of sensualism. sensuality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being sensual; indulgence of the bodily appetites. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me merge, met book; hue, hut ; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, : think, then. SENSUALIZE 653 SEPTFOIL sensualize ('shu-al-iz), v.t. to make sensual; debase by the indulgence of carnal gratifications. sensuous ('shu-us), adj. pertaining to, or addressed to, the senses; con- nected with sensible objects; full of passion. sentence ('tens), n. judgment, opin- ion, or decision; judgment pro- nounced by a court; series of words so arranged as to convey a complete thought, followed by a dot or full point: v.t. to condemn by judgment of a court. sententious (-ten'shus), adj. short and energetic; terse; comprising sentences; abounding in axioms or maxims. sentience ('shi-ens), n. the state or quality of being sentient. Also sentiency. sentient ('shi-ent), adj. having the faculty or faculties of sensation and perception. sentiment ('ti-ment), n. a thought prompted by passion or feeling; opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- ity; prevailing feeling;, maxim; a toast; thought expressed in striking language; sentence or passage ex- pressive of some wish. sentimental (-men'tal), adj. having, expressing, or given to, sentiment; appealing to sentiment rather than reason; artificially or affectedly ten- der; romantic. sentinel ('ti-nel), n. one who watches or guards, especially a soldier on guard: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, a sentinel; watch over or guard. sentry ('tri), n. [pi. sentries ('triz) ], a sentinel, guard or watch. sepal (sep'al or se'pal), n. one of the leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- closing the corolla of a flower. separability (-a-ra-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being separable or divisi- ble. separable ('a-ra-bl), adj. capable of being separated or divided. separate ('a-rat), v.t. to part or di- vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart from a number for a particular pur- pose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis- united; withdraw from each other; adj. divided from the rest; discon- nected; not united; distinct. separation (-ra'shun), n. the act of separating; state of being sepa- rated; disconnection; legal disunion of married persons; repeal of a union between two or more coun- tries or states. separator ('a-ra-ter), n. one who, or that which, separates. sepia (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias (-az) ], the European cuttle-fish; a dark- brown pigment prepared from the black secretion or ink of the cuttle- fish. sepoy ('poi), n. [pi. sepoys ('poiz) ], an Indian native employed as a sol- dier in the British service in India. sepsis ('sis), n. infection by patho- genic bacteria; a putrefactive con- dition. sept (sept), a prefix meaning 7, as septangular: adj. having 7 angles. September (sep-tem'ber), n. ninth calendar month. In the Roman calendar it was the seventh month, therefore its name. septemvir _ ('ver), n. [pi. septemviri ('vi-ri) ], in ancient Rome, one of 7 men associated together in office. septenary ('te-na-ri), adj. consisting of, containing, or lasting 7 years. septenate (-nat), n. a period of 7 years; the period during which the President of the French Republic holds office: adj. growing in sevens. septennial (-ten'i-al), adj. occurring once in, or containing, 7 yeais. septet (sep-tef), n. a musical com- position for 7 voices. Also septette. septfoil (sept 'foil), n. the plant tor- mentil; in architecture, an orna- mental foliation with 7 lobes ; a sym- bolical figure composed of 7 equal segments of a circle typical of the 7 sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEPTI 654 SERF septi, a 'prefix meaning 7, as septi- lateral: adj. seven-sided. septic ('tik), adj. having the power to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- stance having such an effect^ septicemia, septicaemia (-ti-se'mi- a), n. blood-poisoning, caused by the absorption of septic matter into the circulation. Also septemia, septae- mia. septillion (-til'vim), n . in the French system of numeration, followed in the United States, a number ex- pressed by unity with 24 ciphers an- nexed; in the English system, a number expressed by unity with 42 ciphers annexed. septuagenarian (-tti-a-j e-na/ri-an) , n. a person 70 years old. septuagenary (-aj'e-na-ri), adj. con- sisting of 70: n. the number 70. Septuagesima (-a-jes'i-ma), n. the 3rd Sunday before Lent. septuple ('tu-pl), adj. sevenfold. sepulchral (se-pul'kral), adj. per- taining to a sepulcher, or to monu- ments erected to the dead; deep, grave, or hollow toned. sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), n. a grave or tomb; place of burial: v.t. to bury; entomb. sepulture ('ul-tur), n. burial. sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part or result ;- continuation ; consequence . sequence ('kwens), n. order of suc- cession; series; result; suit of cards in the same order; regular alternate succession of similar chords. sequent ('kwent), adj. following; consequent: n. a sequence. sequester (-kwes'ter), v.t. to sepa- rate from the owner for a time; take possession of the "property of another until some claim is paid or established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. to renounce, as a widow any interest in the estate of a husband. Also sequestrate. sequestration (-tra'shun), n. the act of sequestering, especially the act of seizing property by the State during dispute or for the benefit of creditors; the collecting of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy for the use of the next incumbent; re- tirement; seclusion. sequestrator (sek'wes-tr^-ter), n. one who sequesters property or takes possession of it for a time. Sequoia (se-kwoi'a), n. a genus of gigantic trees of the cypress family, comprising the redwood and "big tree" of California. seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. the palace of the Sultan of Turkey at Constanti- nople, especially that part where the women are kept; a harem. serai (se-ra'i), n. in the East, a palace; seraglio; caravansary or inn. serape (sa-ra'pa), n. a Mexican blanket or shawl worn by men. seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, sera- phim ('afs, -im) ], an angel of the highest order. seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or like, seraohs: sublime; angelic. seraphine (ser'It-fen), n. a kind of small harmonium. Serbonian , (ser-bo'ni-an), adj. not- ing the lake or bog of Serbonis in ancient Egypt, which appeared like solid land, but engulfed those who ventured upon it: hence pertaining to any difficulty or complication from which there is no way of extrication. sere (ser), adj. dry; wiltered [poet.]. serein (se-rang'), n. fine rain that falls from a clear sky. serenade (ser'e-nad), n. evening mu- sic in the open air; music sung or played by a lover in a spirit of gal- lantry under the window of a lady; piece of music for such an occasion: v.t. to entertain with a serenade. serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and calm; unclouded; placid; unruffled. serenity (-ren'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being serene; calmness of mind; equanimity of temper; cool- ness, composure. Also sereneness. serf (serf), n. the lowest class of servants or slaves in the Middle Ages, who were attached to the land ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. SERFAGE 655 SERVITUDE and transferred with it; a villein or feudal slave; formerly in Russia, one of the peasant class. serfage ('aj), n. the state or condi- tion of a serf . Also serfdom; serfism. serge (serj), n. a twilled woolen stuff. sergeancy (sar'j en-si), n. the office of a sergeant. Also sergeantcy, ser- geantship. sergeant ('jent), n. a non-commis- sioned officer ranking next above a corporal. sergeant-major (-ma'jer), n. a war- rant officer who is attached to each company or troop and assists the adjutant. serial (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a series; published in successive parts or numbers: n. a periodical; tale issued in parts. seriatim (-a'tim), adv. in regular order. sericeous (se-rish/us), adj. silky. sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the culture of silkworms. series (se'rez), n. a number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like rela- tion; sequence; an infinite number of terms in succession, increasing or diminishing in a certain ratio. serio-comic (se-ri-o-kom'ik),*' adj. having a mixture of seriousness and comicality. serious ('ri-us), adj. grave in manner or disposition ; in earnest ; not trifling ; religious; solemn. sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse on a text of Scripture; homily; serious exhortation. sermonize (-iz), v.i. to compose or write a sermon; preach: v.t. to preach a sermon to. serosity (se-ros'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being serous; the thin watery fluid part of the blood exud- ing from serum. serous ('rus), adj. pertaining to serum; thin, watery. serpent (ser'pent), n. a reptile of the order Ophidia, with a very long body without feet, and moving by contractions and undulations of the body; a bass wind instrument; a kind of firework; a subtle, treacher- ous, malicious person. serpentine ('pen-tin), adj. pertain- ing to, like, or having the qualities of, a serpent; moving or winding like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a rock composed of a hydrated silicate of magnesia, susceptible of a fine polish. serrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the edge like a saw. Also serrated. serried .('id), adj. crowded; pressed together. serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish watery fluid secreted by the serous membranes. serumtherapy (se-rum-ther'a-pi), n. a treatment of contagious diseases by means of inoculation with an attenuated serum from the blood of animals. serval (ser'val), n. the African bush or tiger-cat, having a valuable fur. servant ('vant), n. one who serves, or is in the service of another; a domestic; subordinate; an expres- sion of civility. service (ser'vis), n. the condition or occupation of a servant; duty re- quired or performed in any office; naval or military duty; spiritual obedience and reverence; course of dishes at table; waiting at table; labor, assistance, or kindness to another; number of conveyances plying between places; musical com- position for devotional use; profes- sion of respect. serviceable ('vis-a-bl), adj. useful; beneficial. servile ('vil or 'vil), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or befitting, a slave or servant; meanly submissive or obsequious; cringing; fawning; not belonging to the original root; not sounded: said of a letter. servility (-vil'i-ti), n. mean submis- sion or obsequiousness: baseness. Servileness. servitude ('vi-tud), n. the condition ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SESAME 656 SEWERAGE of a servant or slave; state of slavish dependence; bondage. sesame (ses'a-me), n. a plant yield- ing flat seeds from which an oil is expressed. sesamoid bones ('a-moid bonz), n.pl. small bones formed at the ar- ticulation of the great toes, fingers, &c. sesqui, a prefix meaning a whole and a half, as sesgmoxide, an oxide con- taining 3 atoms of oxygen and 2 atoms of a metal. sessile ('il), adj. without a foot-stalk. session (sesh'un), n. the actual sit- ting or assembling of a court, coun- cil, or legislative body; the time between the first meeting and the prorogation, dissolution, or final adjournment of a parliament, con- gress, or legislature. Sessional (-II), adj. pertaining to a session, especially of an ecclesiastical court. sesterce (ses'ters), n. an ancient Roman coin, value about 4 cents. sestertium (-ter-shi-um), n. a sum of 1,000 sesterces. sestet ('tet), n. the last 6 lines of the second division of a sonnet. settee (-te'), n. a long seat with a back for several persons; a Medi- terranean single-decked vessel with a very long, sharp prow, and lateen sails. setter ('er), n. one who, or that which sets; a species of hunting-dog. setting ('ing), n. the act of one who, or that which, sets; direction of a current of wind; that which sets or holds, as the mounting of a jewel; hardening. settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a fixed state; establish; cause to sink or subdue; free from uncertainty; compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- date; pay; clear of dregs; make pure or clear; colonize: v.i. to become fixed, stationary, or permanent; descend or stop; grow calm or clear; sink to the bottom, or by its own weight; cease from agitation; adjust differences or accounts; marry and establish a home. settlement (-ment), n. the act or state of being settled; establishment in life, business, condition; jointure granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a colony newly settled; legal residence. settler ('ler), n. a colonist; some- thing that finally settles or decides a contest. set-to (too'), n. a contest in boxing; argument. seven-up (-up'), n. a card game. sever (sev'er), v.t. to divide or sep- arate with violence; cut open or through; keep distinct or apart: v.i. to make a separation or dis- tinction; be rent asunder; part; distinguish. several (-al), adj. distinct; separate; consisting of a number more than two, but not many; different; vari- ous. severalty (-ti), a state of separation from the rest, or from all others. severance (-ans), n. the act of sever- ing; the state of being severed; separation; partition. severe (se-veV), adj. strictly adher- ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; harsh; grave; serious; inclement; inflexible; painful; critical. severity (-ver'i-ti), n. [pi. severities (-tiz) ], the quality of being severe; harshness; rigor; gravity; exact- ness; strictness; inclemency. Sevres (sa/vr), n. a highly glazed china or porcelain manufactured at Sevres, France. sew (so), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sewed or sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or fasten together with a needle and thread: v.i. to practice sewing. sewage (sti'aj), n. the foul matter carried off by a sewer., sewer ('er), n. a pipe or channel to carry off the used or surface water and foul matter of a town, &c; (so'er), one who sews. sewerage (-aj), n. drainage by sew- Rte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge,'' met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEX 657 SHAGREEN ers; the system of sewers of a town, tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the &c. organs of generation. sex, a prefix meaning six, as sexen- sexuality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or nial, adj. occurring once in, or last- quality of being _ distinguished by ing, six years. sex. sex (seks), n. the physical distinction shabby ('i), adj. [comp. shabbier, between male and female; one of superl. shabbiest], threadbare or the two divisions of animals and worn, as clothes; mean in appear- plants, based on such distinction; women in general (with the). sexagenarian (-a-je-na'ri-an), n. one who is sixty years old. Sexagesima (-a-jes'i-ma), n. the second Sunday before Lent. ance or conduct; despicable. shack (shak), n. shabby old house; hut; log cabin. shack (shak), n. liberty of winter pasturage from harvest to seed- time; a tramp. sexenary ('e-na-ri), . adj. proceeding shackle (shak'l), n. anything that confines the hands or legs or ob- structs free action, as gyves; fet- ters; handcuffs; the bar of a pad- lock: v.t. to fetter; embarrass or hinder; unite or fasten with a shackle. shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, valued as food, yiary, the office for the sixth canon- shading ('ing), n. the act of making ical hour. a shade; representation of light and sextain (seks'tan), n. a six-lined shade. stanza. shadowing (-ing), n. shading. sextant ('tant), n. the sixth part of shadowy ('i), adj. full of, or caus- a circle; an instrument for measur- ing, shade or shadows; sheltered ing angular distances between ob- from light or heat; dim; unreal; by sixes. sex-hygiene (-hi-jen'), n. the conser- vation of functions peculiar to each sex, especially those concerning the birth of children. See eugenics. sexlocular (-lok'u-lar), adj. six- celled. sext (sekst), n. in the Roman Bre- jects, used especially at sea for de- termining latitude and longitude. sextile ('til), adj. noting the aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other 60°. sextillion (-til'yun), n. in the French system of enumeration, fol- I lowed in the United States, the 7th I power of a thousand = 1 with 21 . ciphers annexed; in the English system, a million raised to the 6th power = 1 with 36 ciphers annexed. sexto (to), [pi. sextos ('toz) ], a book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. sexton ('tun), n. an inferior official of a church whose duty it is to at- tend to burials, the church, &c. Fern, sextoness. sextuple ('tfi-pl), adj. sixfold. sexual ('u-al), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, based on, or dis- typical. shady (shad'i), adj. [comp. shadier, superl. shadiest], abounding in, or causing, shade; sheltered from the glare of light or heat; pertaining to darkness; dubious; equivocal. shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; anything resembling an arrow; the long nar- row entrance to a mine; carriage- pole; handle; part of a chimney; body of a column between the base and the capital. shafting ('ing), n. a system of shafts for transmitting power. shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; rough, wooly hair; a bushy mass. shaggy ('i), adj. rough with long hair or wool; rough; rugged. shagreen (sha-gren'), n. the skins of various animals, as horses, don- keys, prepared without tanning, and grained to resemble the skins of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 1 SHAH 658 SHEAF sharks; the rough skin of sharks and dogfishes prepared as leather: adj. made of shagreen. shah (sha), n. the sovereign of Per- sia. shakedown ('doun), n. a temporary bed. shaken ('n), p. adj. agitated; cracked or split. Shaker ('er), n. one of a religious communistic sect that practices dancing in worship. Fern. Shakeress. Shakespearean (shak-sper'e-an), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or char- acteristic of, Shakespeare or his works. Also Shakespearian, Shak- spearian. shakiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shaky. shako (shak'o), n. a kind of military cap. shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. shakier, superl. shakiest], in a shaking con- dition; feeble; full of cracks; un- sound. shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated . argillaceous rock. shalloon (-oon'), n. a kind of twilled worsted stuff. shallop ('op), n. a schooner-rigged two-masted boat; a small boat or canoe. shallot ( r ot), n. the eschalot. shallow ('o), adj. having little depth; not profound; superficial; trifling; a flat place where the water is not deep; shoal: v.i. to become shallow. sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or make-belie ve ; imposture . shamble (sham'bl), v.i. to walk awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: n.pl. a slaughter-house; meat-mar- ket. shambling ('bling), n - an awkward, unsteady pace. shamefaced ('fast), adj. bashful. shameful ('fool), adj. causing shame; disgraceful; indecent. shammer (sham'er), n. one who shams. shammy ('i), n. chamois. shampoo (-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shampooed, p.pr. shampooing], to rub and press (the limbs and joints) after a hot bath; to cleanse and rub (the head'* with soap, &c. : n. the act of shampooing. shamrock ('rok), n. a trefoil clover plant: the Irish national emblem. shanghai (shang'hi), n. a breed of poultry: v.t. to drug or stupefy a sailor, shipping him on a voyage without his consent. shank (shangk), n. the leg from the knee to the ankle; long part of any instrument; body of a type. shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. shapable (shap'a-bl), adj. that may be shaped; shapely. shapely ('li), adj. well-formed; sym- metrical; comely. shard (shard), n. a potsherd. share (shar), n. a portion or part; part allotted or belonging to one; dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part among two or more; divide; take or possess in common; partake of or use with others : v.i. to have a share or part. sharebroker ('bro-ker), n. one who deals in railway or other shares. shark (shark), n. sl large voracious fish with sharp teeth; a rapacious, artful fellow. sharper ('er), n. a cheat; swindler. shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into many pieces at once; crack or rend; overthrow; dissipate: k.pl. broken fragments. shaver- ('er), n. one who, or that which, shaves; a barber; a young- ster. shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of various materials used as a loose outer covering for the shoulders, &c: v.t. to cover or wrap with a shawl. shawm (shawm), n. an ancient wind instrument. • shea (she'a), n. a tropical tree yield- ing a kind of butter or solid oil. sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (shevz) ], a quantity of grain bound together; a bundle; number of arrows suffi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHEAR 659 SHILLING cient to fill a quiverf v.t. to gather or bind into sheaves. . shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to cut or clip, especially with shears; reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pl. a cutting instrument operating like scissors, but larger; an apparatus for raising heavy weights. shear-steel ('stel), n. a kind of fine steel, specially tempered, &c. sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; any- sheath-like covering. sheathe {sheth), v.t. to put into a sheath or scabbard; case with a protecting covering. sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a block or pulley over which the rope runs. Shechinah (she-ki-na.), n. the visible presence of Jehovah manifested from the mercy-seat and reflected from the overshadowing cherubim. Also Shekinah. sheen (shen), n. brightness; splen- dor: adj. bright; glittering. Also sheeny: v.i. to shine or glisten. sheer (sher), adj. pure; unmixed; very thin or transparent; precipi- tous: v.i. to deviate from the proper course. sheers. Same as shears. sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of anything; broad piece of linen to cover a bed; broad piece of paper; letter; newspaper; broad expanse or surface; rope attached to a sail to extend it; open space in the bow \ or stern of a boat. sheik (shek, or shale) > n - tne nea d of a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jewish coin or weight: pi. money. Shekinah. Same as Shechinah. sheldrake (shel'drak), n. a kind of duck. Fern, shelduck. shellac (-ak'), n. crude resin lac melted and formed into thin plates. shelter ('ter), n. that which protects or shields; security; asylum; har- bor; defense; protector: v.t. to protect or shield from injury or vio- lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give , shelter, sheltie ('ti), n. a Shetland pony. shelve (shelv), v.t. to place on a shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss from service, or postpone indefinite- ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews the place of departed spirits; Hades. shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who tends sheep; a pastor. Fern, shep- heidess: v.t. to tend as a shepherd. sherbet (sher'bet), n. a cooling bev- erage of water and fruit juices , sweetened, &c. sherd (sherd), n. a fragment. sheriff ('if), n. the chief executive officer of a shire or county. sheriffalty (-al-ti), n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. sherry ('i), n. a dry amber-colored wine, originally obtained from Xeres, Spain. shew. Same as show. shibboleth (shib'o-leth), n. a word which was made the criterion to dis- tinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites, the former not being able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.); hence the criterion of a party. shied, p.t. & p.p. of shy. shield (sheld), n. a broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the left arm; defense or protection; an es- cutcheon: v.t. to protect with, or as with, a shield; ward off or avert. shift (shift), n. a turning from one thing to another; change; substitu- tion; chemise: v.t. to change the place of; dress in fresh clothes: v.i. resort to expedients; to alter or change. shiftless ('les), adj. destitute of ex- pedients; having no means of liveli- hood; lazy; improvident. shifty ('i), adj. full of expedients; changeable. shillalah (shil-a'la), n. an oaken cudgel. Also shillelah, shillelagh [Irishl. shilling ('ing), n. a silver British coin, value about 24 cents. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHILLY-SHALLY 660 SHREW shilly-shally ('i-shal'i), adv. in an irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. to hesitate; act irresolutely. Shiloh (shi'lo), n. the Messiah [He- brew]. shimmer (shim'er), v.t. to shine un- steadily or tremulously; flicker: n. a tremulous gleam; flicker. shimose (shi'mos), n. Japanese ex- plosive for projectiles. shindy ('di), n. an uproar; spree; fancy. shiner ('er), n. one who, or that which, shines; the dace; a gold coin. shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece of wood used for roofing; coarse, round, water-worn gravel: pi. & cutaneous disease which spreads round the body like a belt: v.t. to cover or roof with shingles. shining (shin 'ing), adj. emitting light; radiant; eminent; distinguished. Shintoism (shin'to-izm), n. the na- tive religion of Japan, a system of nature and ancestor worship, asso- ciated with which is the peculiar reverence paid to the Mikado. Also Shinto. shinty ('ti), n. hockey; the club used in playing it [Scotch]. shiny (shin'i), adj. [comp. shinier, superl. shiniest], diffusing light; bright. ship, a suffix meaning office, state, dignity, art, or skill, as lordship, horsemans/iip. shipboard ('bord), n. the deck of a ship. shipshape ('shap), adj. in good order adv. neatly. shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get out of; sneak away from. shivaree . (shiv'-a-re), n. a noisy celebration of a wedding; a vulgar, ear-splitting reception of a bride and groom. [Seeivicha a.]r shocker (shok'er), n. one who, or that which, shocks; cheap sensa- tional novel. shocking ('ing), adj. causing to shake or tremble; extremely offen- sive or disgusting. shod, p.t. of shoe. shoddy (shod'i), n. the wool of old woolen fabrics torn to pieces and remade with an admixture of fresh wool into new cloth: adj. made of shoddy; not genuine; sham. shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz) ], a low covering for the foot, usually of leather; a horseshoe; anything in the shape of a shoe: v.t. [p.t.& p.p. shod, p.pr. shoeing], to furnish with a shoe or shoes; tip. shone, p.t. & p.p. of shine. shoplifting ('lift-ing), n. stealing goods from a shop. shoring ('ing), n. the act of support- ing or strengthening by a shore; props collectively. shorn, p.t. of shear. short-circuit (short-ser'-kit), v.t. to shut or break off an electric current before it has completed its course: n. a severed electric current. shorten ('n), v.t. to make short or shorter in time, extent, or measure. shorthand ('hand), n. a system of writing by abbreviated symbols. shortly ('li), adv. soon; quickly; curtly. shot-silk ('silk), n. a silk fabric hav- ing the warp and weft of two colors, thus presenting changeable tints. shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or hail of short duration; copious fall or supply of anything: v.t. to water copiously with rain; bestow liberally: v.i. to rain in showers. showily (sho'i-li), adv. in a showy manner. showy ('i), adj. ostentatious; gay. shrank, p.t. of shrink. shrapnel-shell (shrap'nel-shel), n. a projectile filled with bullets and a bursting charge. shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece torn or cut off; piece or fragment: v.t. to tear into small pieces. shrew (shroo), n. a scolding, vexa- tious woman; a small, insectivorous, Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHREWD 661 SIBILANCE burrowing animal, resembling a mouse. shrewd (shrood), adj. sharp-witted or clever in practical affairs; of nice discernment; sagacious; sly; astute. shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. like a shrew. shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: n. a sharp, shrill outcry. shrievalty (shrev'al-ti), n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Also shrivalty. shrift (shrift), n. confession to a priest; absolution. shrike (shrik), n. a bird that preys on small birds and insects and im- pales them on thorns to eat them conveniently; the butcher-bird. shrill (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, piercing sound. shrimp < (shrimp), n. a small shell- fish allied to the lobster; anything very small of its kind; a dwarf. shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- cle in which sacred relics are de- posited; any sacred place or hal- lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place in a shrine. shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to contract spontaneously; become wrinkled; withdraw; recoil: v.t. to cause to contract: n. contraction; withdrawal. shrinkage ('aj), n. the act of shrink- ' ing; contraction; decrease in value. shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriving], to confess and absolve: vd. to re- ceive confession. shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into wrinkles; contract: v.t. to cause to contract into wrinkles. shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet or covering for the dead; anything that covers or conceals : pi. a set of large ropes supporting the masts: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a shroud; conceal. shrove, p.t. of shrive. Shrove Tuesday (shrov tuz'da), n. the Tuesday next before Ash Wed nesday. shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of less size than a tree; a kind of beverage of lemon juice, spirit, &c. shrubbery ('er-i), n. [pi. shrubber- ies (-iz) ], a collection of shrubs; plantation of shrubs. shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw up (the shoulders) to express doubt, contempt, dislike, &c: v.i. to raise the shoulders: n. a raising or con- tracting of the shoulders. shrunken (shrungk'en), " p. adj. shriveled up. shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: v.t. to deprive of shells or husks. # shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling with fear or horror; cold shivering: v.i. to feel a cold tremor from fear or horror; quake. shuffle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from one to another; change the relative po- sitions of: v.i. to change the order of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in walking or dancing: n. the act of shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- enly, irregular gait. shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, on, or as on, a side rail: v.i. to be turned aside: n. a turning off to a side rail; a short side rail. shutter ('er), n. one who, or that which, shuts; a movable screen for a window. shuttle ('1), n. an instrument used in weaving; sliding thread-holder in a sewing machine. shuttlecock (-kok), n. a cork stuck with feathers and driven with a battledore. shyster ('ster), n. one who carries on legal business in a mean and tricky manner. si (se), the seventh note of the scale [music]. Siamese (si-a-mez'), adj. pertaining to Siam, its language, or inhabitants. sibilance (sib'i-lans), n. the state or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SIBILANT 662 SIGNIORY quality of being sibilant. Also sib- ilancy. sibilant ('i-lant), adj. making, or uttering, a hissing sound: n. a sibi- lant letter, as s, z. sibilation (-la'shun), n. utterance with a hissing sound. sibyl ('il), n. a woman endowed with a spirit of prophecy. sibylline (-in), adj. pertaining to, uttered, or written by, a sibyl. sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv. thus [Latin]. siccative ('a-tiv), adj. drying. sice (sis), n. the number 6 at dice. sickening (-ing), adj. making sick; disgusting; nauseating. sickly ('10, adj. ailing; weak; ha- bitually indisposed; producing dis- ease. sideboard ('bord), n. a piece of din- ing-room furniture for holding din- ing utensils. side-chain theory (sid'chan the'o-ri) n. the theory of immunity to disease advanced by Ehrlich, growing out of the theory of side-chains of atoms in the chemistry of the protein molecule. sidelong ('long), adv. obliquely: adj. lateral. sidereal (si-de're-M), adj. pertaining to the stars; astral; measured by the apparent motion of the stars. sidereal year (yer), n. the time oc- cupied by the earth in completing its revolution round the sun. side-wheel (sid'hwel), n. a paddle wheel at the side of a steamboat. siding ('ing), n. a railroad track by the side of the main track, for : adj. taking sides. to go or move side switching, &c sidle ('1), v.i. foremost. siege (sej), n. investing of a the surrounding and place by an army to compel its surrender; continued en- deavor to obtain possession; floor of a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. sienna (si-en'a), n. red or brown clay obtained from Sienna, Italy: used as a pigment. sierra (se-er'a), n. a chain of moun- tains with serrated ridges. siesta (-es'tlt), n. midday or after- dinner nap. sieve (siv), n. a utensil for separat- ing the finer from the coarser parts of a substance. siffleur (si-fler'), n. a professional whistler. Fern, sifneuse. sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or as with, a sieve; scrutinize. sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like the letter s. sign (sin), n. a mark, token, or sym- bol; that by which anything is known or represented; visible rep- resentation; memorial; indication; the twelfth part of the zodiac. signal (sig'nal), n. a sign for giving notice, especially at a distance; something to attract the eye or ear: adj. memorable; distinguished; re- markable; pertaining to signals: v.t. to convey by signals; make sig- nals to. signatory ('na-to-ri), adj. signing; n. one who signs or subscribes, es- pecially for a state. signature ('na-tur), n. name of a person written by himself; sign- manual; mark or stamp impressed: flats or sharps after the clef to in- dicate the key [music]. signet (sig'net), n. a seal, especially that used by a sovereign in sealing documents under sign-manual. significance (-nif'i-kans), n. mean- ing or import; consequence. Also significancy. significant (-kant), adj. designed or adapted to signify; expressive or suggestive; important: n. a token or symbol. signification (-ka'shun), n. the act of signifying; that which is signi- fied; meaning. signify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sig- nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by a sign, mark, or token; denote; make known; involve; manifest: v.i. to be of consequence. signiory (sen'yor-i), n. dominion; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, thQn, SIGN-MANUAL 663 SINE lordship; estate; aristocracy [Ital- ian]. sign-manual (sm'man-u-al), n. a signature, especially a royal signa- ture. signor (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. Also signior. Fern, signora. signorina (-e'na), n. Miss [Italian]. Sikh (sek), n. one of a warlike race inhabiting the Punjab. silage. Same as ensilage. silence (si'lens), n. entire absence of sound; having no sound; taci- turnity; obscurity: oblivion: v.t. to make silent; reduce to silence by irrefutable arguments; cause to cease firing; restrain from the ex- ercise of any function, especially preaching. silex (si'heks), n. flint. silhouette (sil-oo-ef), n. the out- line or profile filed in with black: v.t. to represent by a silhouette. silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertaining to, derived from, compounded with, or like, silica. silico, a 'prefix denoting the presence of silicon, as si^cofluoride. sill (sil), n. the foundation of any- thing in timber or stone, especially a timber at the bottom of a door or window; a young herring. sillibub ('i-bub), n. a mixture of cream, wine, or cider, forming a soft curd. Also sillabub; syllabub. sillily ('i-li), adv. foolishly. silliness, ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being silly. silo (si'lo), n. a store pit for green fodder, potatoes, &c. silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited by running or standing water: v.t. to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. to percolate. silurian (si-lii'ri-an), adj. referring to a division of the Paleozoic age, or age of invertebrates. simian (sim'i-an), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like an ape: n. an ape or monkey. similar ('i-lar), adj. having a gen- eral likeness or correspondence; alike. similarity ('i-ti), n. resemblance. simile ('i-le), n. [pi. similies (-lez)], a likening by comparison to illus- trate something. simmer ('er), v.t. & v.i. to boil gently. ■ simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act or crime of buying or selling ecclesias- tical preferment; corrupt presenta- tion of any one to a benefice: from Simon Magus, Acts viii., 18. simoom (si-moom'), n. a hot, dry, suffocating wind which blows from the deserts of Arabia, &c, laden with minute particles of sand. Also simoon. simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat or snub nose. simper (sim'per), v.i. to smile in an affected or silly manner: n. affected or silly smile. simpleton (-tun), n. one who is foolish or of weak intellect. simplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being simple; artlessness of mind; freedom from duplicity; absence of excessive, or artificial ornament; clearness; innocence; folly. simulate ('u-lat), v.t. to pretend or counterfeit; assume the likeness of. simulation (-la/shun), n. the act of simulating or feigning that which is not true. simultaneous (-ul-ta/ne-us), adj. happening, done, or existing at the same time. Sinaitic (sl-na-it'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or given at, Mt. Sinai. sinapism (sin'a-pizm), n. a mustard plaster. sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; hon- est; not falsely assumed; genuine; frank ; upright ; ^ pure . sincerity (-ser'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being sincere; freedom from hypocrisy or pretense. Also sincereness. sine (sin), n. a straight line drawn from one extremity of the arc of a circle perpendicular to the diameter ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SINECURE 664 SISYPHEAN passing through the other extremity : a prefix meaning without, as sine- cure (sin'e-kur), any office or posi- tion for which pay is received with- out an equivalent in work rendered. sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office with compensation in which there is little work to do. sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything supplying strength. sinewy (-i), adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or like, sinew; vigorous; tough. sinful ('fool), adj. full of sin; wicked; impious; unholy. singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or on the surface: n. a slight burn. singleton (-tun), n. a single card of any suit held by a player at a deal, as at whist. singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing or poetry; monotonous or drawling tone: adj. monotonous. singular ('gu-ler), adj. not complex or compound; alone; noting one per- son or thing; uncommon; unusual; strange; extraordinary; eminent; peculiar; ©dd; unique: n. in gram- mar, the number denoting one per- son or thing. singularity (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. singu- larities (-tiz)], the state or quality of being singular; peculiarity; odd- sinister ('is-ter), adj. inauspicious; unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; dishonest; on the left hand or side. sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an offender; transgressor; one who is unregenerate. sinhet ('et), n. a yarn bound round ropes to prevent friction. Also sen- net. Sinn Fein (sin'fin), n. a revolutionary party in Ireland. Sinology (si-nol'o-ji), n. the system- atized knowledge of the Chinese lan- guage, literature, laws, and history. sinuate (sin'u-at), adj. having the margin alternately curved inward and outward. sinuosity (-os'i-ti), n. a wavy line; the character of being sinuous. sinuous ('u-us), adj. bending in and out; winding; crooked. sinus (sii'nus), n. a bay or recess; cavity or .depression; fistula. siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or tube having one end longer than the other, used for drawing off liquids from a higher to a lower level; the respiratory tube of a mollusk; a siphon bottle: v.t. to convey or draw off by a siphon. Also syphon. siphonage (-aj), n. the action of a siphon. • Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet or knight; a term of respect. sirdar <(-dar'), n. in India, a chief; captain. sire (sir), n. a -title of respect used in addressing the sovereign; father; head of a family; male of beasts: v.t. to procreate. siren (si'ren), n. one of certain fabu- lous nymphs in Southern Italy, said to have sung with such sweetness that the mariners were irresistbly lured to their destruction: hence a woman dangerous from her fascinat- ing, enticing wiles; ^ a foghorn, a South American eel-like amphibian: adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, a siren; bewitching. sirene (-ren'), n. an instrument for ascertaining the number of vibra- tions per second corresponding to a note of given pitch. Sirius (sir'i-us), n. the dog-star. sirloin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or up- per part of the loin, of beef. sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pi. siroccos ('oz)J, a hot, relaxing wind, from the Libyan deserts. sirrah (sir'a), n. a term of reproach or contempt. sisal-grass (sis'al-gras), n. the pre- pared fiber of the American aloe, used for cordage, &c. siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. tc make a hissing noise. Sisyphean (-i-fe'an), adj. pertaining to Sisyphus, condemned by Pluto to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SITE 665 SKINFLINT roll to the top of a hill a stone which incessantly fell back when it had reached the summit: hence in- cessantly recurring; vainly toil- some. site (sit), n. local position or situa- tion; ground-plot. situate ('ti-at), adj. placed. situated ('u-a-ted), adj. having a position; placed with respect to any other object. situation (-a/shun), n. position; lo- cality; circumstances; office; em- ployment. sitz-bath (sits'bath), n. a bath for bathing in a sitting posture. sixpence ('pens), n. a small British silver coin, value 6 pennies, or 12 cents. sixteenmo (-mo), n. sextodecimo. sizable (siz'a-bl), adj. of considerable or suitable size. sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing sound; fry: n. a hissing sound. skald. Same as scald. skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of the ray family; a metallic runner fitted in a frame for fastening to the % boot to slide over ice: v.i. to slide on - skates. skedaddle (ske-dad'l), v.i. to run away, especially in terror. skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, silk, &c. ; coiled together. skeletonize (t-iz), v.t. to make a skeleton of. skeleton-key (-ke), n. a thin light key, the center parts of which have been almost wholly filed away. skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts the truth of any doctrine or system ; one who doubts the existence of God or revelation; an adherent of philo- sophical skepticism. skeptical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a skeptic; char- acterized by skepticism; doubting the existence of God or Divine reve- lation. skepticism ('ti-sizm), n. incredul- ity; doubt; the doctrine that ho facts can be known with certainty beyond the range of experience; un- belief in any particular doctrine or system. sketch (skech), n. an outline; first rough draft; preliminary study: v.t. to draw the outline or give principal features of; make a sketch of: v.i. to make sketches. skew (sku), adj. oblique: adv. ob- liquely. skewer ('er), n. a pin of wood or metal for securing meat, &c, in form when roasting: v.t. to fasten with, or as with, a skewer. ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow pieces of wood with one end curved in front, used as snow-shoes. skiagraph (ski-a-graf ) . Same as ra- diograph. skiagraphy. Same as radiography. skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or drag to retard the motion of a ve- hicle by pressure against the wheel; a fender to protect the side of a ship: v .t. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. skidding], to cause to move on, or protect with, a skid; retard by a skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. skiddaw ('aw), n. the black guille- mot. skied, p.t. & p.p. of sky. skiff (skif), n. a small light boat. skilful (skil'fool), adj. having, or displaying, skill; expert in any art or science; discriminating; clever; dexterous. skill (skil), n. expertness in any art or science; aptitude; power to dis- cern and execute. skillet ('et), n. a small culinary ves- sel. skil ling ('ing), n. the bay of a barn or slight addition to a cottage. skilly ('i), n. a kind of thin oatmeal broth in which meat has been boiled. skimmer ('er), n. one who, or that which, skims; a perforated ladle; a marine bird. skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- nious: adj. scanty. skinflint ('flint), n. a niggard. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SKINFUL SLEEK skinful ('fool), n. a stomachful. skink (skingk), n. a kind of lizard. skinny ('i), adj. consisting only of skin; very lean. skipper ('er), n. one who, or that which, skips; the cheese maggot; the master of a merchant vessel; sea-captain. skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight combat or irregular fight between two small parties; contest: v.i. to fight slightly or in small parties; fight irregularly. skirr (sker), v.t. to pass over rapidly. skit (skit), n brief satire; burlesque. skittish ('ish), adj. shy; easily frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- ton. skittles ('lz), n.pl. ninepins. skiver (sklv'er), n. a paring tool for leather; sheepskin split for book- binding, &c. skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw into a corner for concealment; lurk; avoid work in a cowardly manner: n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- gether. skunk (skungk), n. an American car- nivorous animal allied to the weasel, which emits a foetid secretion when pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- low: v.t. to defeat (an opponent) as at cards. skylarking (-ing), n. running about the rigging of a ship in sport; frol- icking. skyscraper ('skra-per), n. a lofty building; a triangular sail next above the royal. slabber .('er), n. saliva: v.i. to let saliva or liquid fall from the mouth. slacken ('n), v.i. to become slack or less firm, tense, or rigid; be remiss or less diligent; languish; become slower. slacker, n. one who shirks military service. slag (slag), n. the dross of a metal; vitrified cinders. slaggy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or like, slag. slake (slak), v.t. to quench; extin- guish; mix with water: v.i. to be mixed with water. slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- licious report; verbal defamation: v.t. to defame or calumniate. slanderous (-us), adj. uttering slan- ders. slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan- guage or expression current at any particular period; jargon of some particular calling or class in so- ciety: v.t. to address with slang; abuse with vulgar language. slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; a sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: v.t. to give a sloping direction to: adj. inclined from a straight line. slapjack ('jak), n. a kind of flat bat- ter cake. slatch (slach), n. the slack of a rope; passing breeze. slattern ('ern), n. a careless, sloven- ly woman. slatting ('ing), n. the violent flap- ping of anything hanging loose in the wind; slats collectively. slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de- struction of life by violence; car- nage; killing of oxen, &c, for hu- man food: v.t. to slay or kill with violence; kill (beasts) for the mar- ket? Slav (slav), n. one of the great divi- sions of the Aryan family or lan- guage: adj. Slavonic. • slavery ('er-i), n. [pi. slaveries (-iz) ], the state of entire subjugation to the will of another; condition of a slave. slavey ('i), n. a maidservant. Slavic. Same as Slavonic. slavish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, be- fitting, or characteristic of, a slave. Slavonic (sla-yon'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the Slavs, their literature, or language. Also Slavonian, Slavic. slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage served as a salad. sleave (slev), n. the knotted or en- tangled part of silk or thread; floss. sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- mer; another form of sled. sleek (slek), adj. smooth, glossy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boc book; hue, hut; think, then. SLEEPING SICKNESS 667 SLUMBER sleeping sickness (sle'ping sik'ces), a fatal disease of the African tropics, due to a germ called a trypanosome which is carried by the tsetse fly. sleigh, another form of sled. sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; artful trick. slept, p.t. & p.p. of sleep. sleuth (slooth), n. the track of a man or beast as known by the scent. sleuthhound ('hound), n. a, blood- hound. slew, p.t. of slay. sliding-scale ('ing-skal), n. a varia- ble scale of wages or prices accord- ing to the state of trade. slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- able; unimportant; not severe; tri- fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: v.t. to disregard as of little value; neglect. slily. Same as slyly. slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any viscous substance. slimsy (slim'zi), adj. frail. slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slunk, p.pr. slinking], to creep away as if ashamed; sneak off; miscarry: said of beasts: v.t. to cast prematurely: said of beasts : adj. produced prema- turely; lean [Scotch]: n. the young of a beast prematurely born, espe- cially a calf; a sneak. slinky ('i), adj. thin. slippery ('er-i), adj. non-adhesive; without firm hold or footing; un- stable; smooth; cunning. slipshod ('shod), adj. wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel; slov- enly. slither (snWer), v.i. to slide. sliver (sliv'er) or sliv'er), v.t. to cut into long, thin, or very small pieces: n. a splinter. sloam (slom), n. a layer of earth be- tween seams of coal. slobber, same as slabber. sloe (slo), n. a small bitter plum. slogan Cgan), n. the war-cry or gathering-cry of a Highland clan. sloop (sloop), n. a one-masted vessel with a fore-and-aft rig. sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habitual indolence; a South American ar- boreal quadruped which walks slowly on the ground. slouch (slouch), n. a hanging down, as of the head or other parts of the body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to hang down; depress at the side: v.i. to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward manner. slough (slou), n. a deep muddy place; a bog. ' slough (sluf), n. the cast-off skin of a serpent; the part that separates from a foul sore: v.i. to separate naturally dead matter from the sound flesh; come off, as the matter formed over a sore. _ slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream and marsh in a prairie. sloven (sluv'en), n. one who is ha- bitually untidy in his dress and negligent of cleanliness; one who is negligent of order and neatness. sludge (sluj), 11. slush; mire. slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed point, as a spar, &c; twist round: v.i. to turn about (with round). slug (slug), n. a shelless mollusk, al- lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted ore. sluggard ('erd), n. one who is habit- ually lazy and idle. sluggish ('ish), adj. habitually lazy and idle; dull; slothful; inactive; slow. sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding or regulating the flow of water in a canal, &c; stream of water issuing through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash with water from, or as from, a sluice; wet copiously. slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street or district of a city or town, inhabited by the very poor or criminal classes : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slum, p.pr. slum- ming], to visit slums as a fashion- able amusement. slumber ('ber), v.i. to sleep lightly; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SLUMP 668 SMUGGLE doze; be in a state of inactivity or negligence. slump (slump), n. gross amount or mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of shares, &c: v.t. to lump or throw into a single lot: v.i. fall or sink • suddenly. slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slurred, p.pr. slurring], to sully; soil; con- taminate; pass over superficially; disparage; pronounce indistinctly; sing or perform in a light, gliding manner [music]: n. a stain; slight reproach or disgrace; stigma; a mark (^~^) connecting notes that are to be sung or played legato. slush (slush), n. half -melted snow; a greasy lubricating mixture. small pica (pl'ka), n. a size of print- ing-type. See type. smallpox ('poks), n. a contagious, feverish disease, characterized by eruptions upon the skin. smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue pig- ment. smarten ('n), v.t. to make smart or spruce. smart-money (-mun'i), n. money paid by a person to free him from some unpleasant difficulty, especially a recruit from his enlistment; money allowed to wounded soldiers and sailors. smash (smash), v.t. to break in pieces by violence; crush: v.i. to become bankrupt: n. a breaking to pieces; bankruptcy. smasher ('er), n. one who, or that which, smashes. smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- ficially or ignorantly; have a super- ficial knowledge of anything. smear (smer), v.t. to overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhe- sive; daub; pollute: n. a blot or stain. smelt (smelt), n. a small salmonoid fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- rate the metal. smerky (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; spruce. smilax (sml'laks), n. a climbing plant of the lily family. smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; dirty. smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affected- ly or conceitedly: n. an affected smile: adj. spruce. smite (smit), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p.\ smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as with the hand or a weapon; kill; overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; affect with any passion: v.i. to strike. smithing ('ing), n. the act or process of working or forging metals into shape. smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- frock. smock-frock ('frok), n. an agricul- tural laborer's loose outer shirt. smokable (sm5k'a-bl), adj. capable of being smoked. smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn slowly or smoke without vent; exist in a stifled condition. smolt (smolt), n. a young salmon that has acquired its silver scales. smooth (smooiA), adj. not rough; even surfaced; frietionless; gently flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; flattering: v.t. to make smooth; ren- der easy; calm; regulate: v.i. to be- come smooth: n. the act of making smooth; smooth part of anything; a meadow. smote, p.t. of smite. smother (smuf/i'er), v.t. to destroy the life of by suffocation; stifle; suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffo- cated: n. stifling smoke or thick dust. smoulder. Same as smolder. ■ smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire of damp combustibles emitting dense smoke for the purpose of keeping off mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; blacken or stifle with smoke. smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise or prim; spruce; neat. smuggle ('I), v.t. to import or ex- port secretly without paying custom- house duties; convey or introduce clandestinely: v.i. to practice smug- gling. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SMUT 669 SOCIETY smut (smut), n. a spot or stain made by soot or similar dirty matter; bad, soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], to soil or blacken with, or as with, smut: v.i. to become converted into smut; give off smut. snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty re- past. snaffle (snaf'l), n. a bridle consisting of a joint in the middle and rings at the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the mouth of. snagged ('d), adj. full of, or covered with, snags. Also snaggy. snapdragon ('drag-un), n. a plant with a corolla that shuts with a snap when opened; a social game in which raisins are snatched from a bowl of burning brand}'. snappish (,'ish), adj. apt to snap or eager to bite; < sharp in retorting; peevish; caustic; easily irritated. snapshot (snap 'shot), n. instanta- neous photograph; a quick shot with a gun or rifle. "snare (snar), n. a running noose of cord or wire for catching an animal; anything that entangles or entraps one; the gut stretched across the head of a drum: v.t. to catch or en- tangle with, or as with, a snare. snip (snip), v.t. [p.t. [pi. spe- cialities (-tiz) ], the special or dis- tinctive mark of a person or thing; special department, &c. specialization ('al-i-za/shun), n. ap- plication to a special function or use; act of specializing. specialty ('al-ti), n. that for which a person is noted or distinguished; special contract or obligation. specie (spe'shi), n. coined money. species ('shez), n. a group of indi- viduals agreeing in common attri- butes and called by a common name; a sub-division of a genus; kind; sort. specific (-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to a species; definite or particular; precise: n. a remedy for a particu- lar disease. specification (spes-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of specifying; detailed statement of particulars. specify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. speci- fied, p.pr. specifying], to mention or name particularly; designate verbally, so as to distinguish from other things. specimen ('i-men), n. a sample; a part of something to show the qual- ity, &c, of the whole. specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing well at first sight; plausible; osten- sible; fair. speckle ('1), n. a small spot in any- thing different in substance or color from the thing itself: v.t. to varie- gate with spots of a different color to that of the thing itself. spectacle ('ta-kl), n. something ex- hibited to view, especially some- thing unusual or worthy of notice; pageant; exhibition: pi. an optical instrument with two lenses mount- ed in a frame to assist the vision. spectacular (-tak'ii-lar), adj. per- taining to shows or exhibitions; adapted to excite wonder or admira- tion by scenic effect. spectator (-ta/ter), n. a beholder. specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. a ghost or apparition. spectral ('tral), adj. ghostly; per- taining to, or produced by, the spec- trum. spectrograph (spek'tro-graf),_ n. a photographic apparatus used in con- nection with a spectroscope to record the telescopic observation of star spectrums. spectroheliograph (spek'tro-he'li-o- graf), n. an apparatus for photo- graphing the various layers of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPECTROLOGY 675 SPHERULE atmosphere of the sun, invented by- Hale. spectrology (-trol'6-ji), n. the sci- ence of spectrum analysis. spectroscope ('tro-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument for forming and ex- amining spectra. spectroscopy (-sko-pi), n. that branch of science connected with the use of the spectroscope and spectrum an- alysis. spectrum ('tram), n. [pi. spectra ('tra) ], the colored and other rays of light separated by refraction through a prism and exhibited on a screen, &c. spectrum analysis (a-nal'i-sis), n. the determination of the chemical or physical composition of a body by means of the spectrum of light which it gives forth or which passes through it: each substance in the spectrum having its own particular system of lines. specular ('u-lar), adj. having a smooth reflecting surface, as a mir- ror or speculum. speculate ('u-lat), v.i. to consider or meditate upon; purchase stock, land, goods, &c. out of the usual order of trade with a view to sell them at an enhanced profit by an expected rise in the market. speculation (-la/shun), n. intellectual examination; theory; purchase of stock, goods, &c, out of the regular order of trade for future sale at an enhanced price; game at cards. speculative ('u-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or given to, speculation; con- templative; theoretical; risky. speculator (-ter), n. one who en- gages in speculation. speculum ('u-lum), n. [pi. specula (-la) ], a mirror, especially a con- cave mirror used as a reflector; a surgical instrument for dilating cer- tain passages of the body and throw- ing fight by reflection within them for examination, &c. speedometer (-om'e-ter), n. a re- cording instrument showing the ve- locity of a moving vehicle. spelter ('er), n. zinc. spence (spens), n. & buttery or lar- der. spencer ('er), n. a kind ot short jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft sail. Spencerism (-izm), n. the philo- sophical system advocated by Her- bert Spencer in his works, especially . the application of the principles of evolution. spendthrift ('thrift), adj. prodigal; extravagant: n. one who is prodigal or lavish in expenditure. sperm (sperm), n. the seminal fluid of animals; spermaceti; spawn of frogs and fishes. spermaceti (sper-ma-se'ti), n. a white waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm-whale. spermatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to semen. Also spermatical. spermatozoon (-ma-to-zo'on), n. the germ cell in animals and plants. spermodern ('mo-dern), n. the ' outer coat or testa of a seed. spew (spii), v.i. -to vomit. sphenoid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- shaped. sphere (sfer), n. a globe or globular body; the concave or expanse of the heavens; circuit or range of knowl- edge, influence, action, &c, place of existence; social position; a solid body contained under a single surface, each point of which is equi- distant from a central point. spherical (sfer'i-kal), adj. globular. spherics (sfer'iks), n. spherical ge- ometry and trigonometry. spherograph ('o-graf), n. an instru- ment for the practical application of spherics to navigation. spheroid (sfe'roid), n. a body resem- bling a sphere but not quite round. spherometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the curva- ture of round surfaces, and the thickness of small bodies. spherule (sfer'ul), n. a little sphere. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booni book; hue, hut; think, then. SPHINCTER 676 SPIRIT-RAPPING sphincter (sfingk'ter), n. a muscle that closes an orifice which it sur- rounds. Sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes ('ez) ], a fabled monster having the head of a woman and the body of a lioness; a person of enigmatical character or policy, from the custom of the sphinx of proposing riddles to travelers and destroying those who could not solve the enigmas. spicate (spi'kat), adj. having, or ar- ranged in the form of, a spike or ear. Also spicated. spice (spls), n. any aromatic and pungent vegetables used for season- ing food; relish; small quantity giving flavor to a greater: v.t. to . season or flavor with, or as with, spice; tincture. spick and span (spik and span), adj. new. spicular (spik'u-lar), adj. dart-like. spiculate ('ii-lat), adj. covered with, or having, spicules. spicule ('til), n. a slender sharp- pointed body. spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. spicier, superl. spiciest], flavored with, con- taining, or having ,the qualities of, spice; aromatic; fragrant; pun- gent; racy. spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed piece of wood used to stop the vent-hole of a cask or pipe of a faucet. spike (spik), n. a large kind of nail; anything like a spike; ear of grain; v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the vent of (a cannon) by driving a spike into it. spikenard ('nard), n. an aromatic plant from which an oil, the ancient nardos, is extracted. spiky ('i), adj. spike-like; set with spikes. spillikin (spil'i-kin), n. a small peg of wood, &c, used for making scores in a game: pi. a game played with spillikins. spinach- ('aj), n. an esculent vegetable. spinal (spln'al), adj. pertaining to the spine. spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod used in spinning wheels for twisting the thread; any axis of revolution. spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the backbone. spinel (spin'el), n. a mineral of va- rious colors, allied to corundum. spinet (spin'et), n. a keyed instru- ment, allied to the harpsichord, but smaller. spin if erous (spi-nif 'er-us), adj. thorny. Also spinose, spinous. spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch. spinneret (spin'er-et), n. an organ with which certain insects form their webs or silk. spinning jenny ('ing-jen-i), n. a ma- chine for spinning cotton. spinster (spin'ster), n. an unmarried woman. spiny (spin'i), adj. full of spines. spiracle (spir'a-kl), n. any minute passage which serves for inhaling or exhaling air or other fluid. spiral (spi'ral), adj. winding around a center like the thread of a screw; tapering or pointed like a spire: n. a curve or curved line receding con- tinually from the center about which it revolves. spirant ('rant), n. a name applied to those consonants in which the breath is not entirely stopped in articulating. spine (spir), n. a slender stalk or blade; a tapering body ; winding line ; steeple top: v.i. to shoot forth or /up like a spire. spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- telligent, immaterial, immortal part of man; life; disembodied soul; ap- parition; courage; energy; vivacity; power of mind, moral and intel- lectual; genius; real meaning; es- sence; any liquid produced by dis- tillation; alcohol; pi. intoxicants, as brandy, &c; liveliness; natural vi- vacity: v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly. spirit-rapping (-rap'ing), n. a spir- itualistic Manifestation, character- ized by rapping, table-turning, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPIRITUAL 677 SPOIL spiritual (spir'it-u-al), adj. incor- poreal; not material; possessing the nature or qualitites of a spirit; mental or intellectual; pure; holy; heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- poral; ecclesiastical. spiritualism (-izm), n. the state of being spiritual; the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real except soul or spirit; the belief that cer- tain alleged phenomena, as rapping, table-turning, trances, &c, are caused by the presence of departed spirits who thus manifest their pres- ence; the tenets and practices of spiritualists. spirituality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being spiritual; spiritual nature; essence as distinguished from matter; that which belongs to the church or religion. spiritualize (-Iz), v.t. to free from sensuality; make spiritual; give a spiritual meaning to. spirituelle (-u-el'), adj. refined; ethe- real; pure. spirituous (spir'it-u-us), adj. hav- ing the quality of spirit; pure; im- material; alcoholic; ardent. spirograph (spi'ro-graf), n. an in- strument for recording graphically respiratory movements. spirometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the capacity of the lungs. spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred to- ward another, with the desire to thwart or injure; petty malice; grudge: v.t. to try to injure or thwart; annoy. spitfire (spit 'fir), n. a very violent or passionate person. spittle ('1), n. saliva; sputum. spitz-dog (spitz'dog), n. a small va- riety of Pomeranian dog. splat terdash (-dash), n. uproar; noise: pi. same as spatterdashes. splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the shoulder bone of a horse; slope or slant: n. a sloped surface: adj. turned or spreading outward. spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- gan near the large extremity of the stomach, supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger, melancholy, or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- mor, melancholy, or latent spite. spleget (splej'et), n. a wet cloth for washing a wound. splendent (splen'dent), adj. bril- liant; illustrious; shining; very conspicuous. splendid ('did), adj. magnificent; very bright; brilliant; famous; he- roic; celebrated; sumptuous. splendor ('der), n. the appearance of anything splendid; magnificence; pomp. splenetic (sple-net'ik), adj. fretful; peevish; melancholy. splenic (splen 'ik), adj. pertaining to the spleen. splice (splls), v.t. to unite, as two ropes, by interweaving the strands; connect, as pieces of wood or metal, by overlapping parts and making them fast together; to unite in mar- riage: n. the union of ropes, &c, by interweaving or joining. splint (splint), n. a splinter; a thin piece of wood to keep a broken bone, &c, in position; a hard ex- crescence on the shank-bone of a horse. splint-coal ('kol), n. a variety of coal with a slaty structure. splinter (splin'ter), n. a thin piece of wood, &c, split or rent off length- wise; fragment: v.t. to split or rend into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to be rent into splinters. splotch (sploch), n. a stain; daub. splurge (splerj), n. a great display. splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak hastily and confusedly; scatter ink upon a paper, as with a bad pen: n. sl confused noise; stir; commotion. spomsh (spof'ish), adj. bustling about trifling matters. spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPOKESHAVE 678 SPOUT less; decay: n. that which is taken from another by violence; pillage; plunder; booty. spokeshave ('shav), n. a kind of double-handled plane for dressing curved work. spoliation (spo-li-a'shun), n. the act of plundering or robbery, especially in time of war; injury done to a document. spondaic (spon-da'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a spondee. spondee ('de), n. a poetic foot of two long syllables ( ). spondyl ('dil), n. a vertebra. sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elastic, fibrous framework of any species of Spongida; any substance re- sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- ing a gun after its discharge; point of a horseshoe-; parasite: v.i. to suck in like a sponge; live upon others: v.t. cleanse or wipe with a sponge; obtain by mean arts with- out cost. spongious (spon'ji-us), adj. sponge- like. spongy (spun'ji), adj. flexible and full of small cavities; like a sponge; having the quality of imbibing fluids; wet and soft; rainy. sponsion (spon'shun), n. the act of becoming surety for another; an engagement on behalf of a state pending ratification. sponson ('sun), n. the triangular space before and abaft the paddle- boxes of a steamboat; one of the armored projections with gun ports of a warship. sponsor ('ser), n. a surety; a god- father or godmother. sponsorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a sponsor. sponsorship ('ship), n. state or po- sition of being a sponsor. spontaneity (-ta-ne'i-ti), n. the quality of being spontaneous; tend- ency in animal and vegetable organ- isms to undergo changes irrespective of environment. spontaneous (-ta'ne-us), adj. pro- ceeding from natural disposition or impulses; acting by internal im- pulse or natural law. spook (spook), n. a ghost. spoony ('i), n. a simpleton: adj. weak-minded; demonstratively fond. spoor (spoor) t n. the track or trail of any wild animal. sporades (spor'a-dez), n.pl : stars not included in any constellation. sporadic (spo-rad'ik), adj. occurring separately or apart from others of the same kind; single. Also spo- radical. sporadic disease (diz-ez'), n. a dis- ease, usually epidemic, attacking only a few in a particular district and not spreading. spore (spor), n. a minute grain in cryptogamous plants which performs the function of a seed; a minute ovoid body in certain organisms which gives rise to new organisms by germination. sporran (spor'an), n. the furry pouch worn in Highland costume in front of the kilt. sporting man (man), n. [pi. sport- ing men], a fast man; gambler; a sportsman. sportive ('iv), adj. frolicsome; mer- ry. sportsman (sports'man), n. [pi. sportsmen ('men) ], one who pur- sues the sports of the field, as hunt- ing, &c. Fern, sportswoman. sporule (spor'ul), n. a granule with a spore. spotlight ('lit), n. an_ adjustable calcium fight for throwing a shift- ing light on a stage, so as to keep a player within its rays. spot-stroke . ('strok), n. a particular stroke off the red ball when on the spot. spotter ('er), n. a detective. spousals (spou'zals), n.pl. marriage; nuptials. spouse (spouz), n. a married person. spout (spout), n. the projecting mouth of a vessel; pipe for conduct- ing a liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPRAG 679 SQUAD throw out forcibly and abundantly, as from a- pipe; pawn: v.i. issue with violence, as from a pipe. sprag (sprag), n. a young salmon or cod. sprain (spran), n. an excessive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint without dislocation: v.t. to overstrain (the muscles or ligaments of a joint) without dislocation. sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the body carelessly when in a horizontal position; lie; stretch or toss out the limbs or move awkwardly; open ir- regularly, as cavalry; spread in an irregular manner, as a plant. spread-eagle ('e-gl), adj. defiantly bombastic: n. the figure of an eagle with its wings elevated and its legs extended; the heraldic emblem of the United States. spree (spre), n. a merry frolic; carousal. spright (sprit), n. a sprite. sprightly ('li), adj. {corny, spright- "ler, superl. sprightliest],' vivacious; risk; _ animated; airy; gay: adv. th vivacity. springbok ('bok), n. the South Af- rican gazelle. springe (sprinj), n. a gin or noose. springing ('ing), n. the act or process of leaping; growth, the point at which an arch unites with its sup- port. springtide ('tid), n. the tide which happens at or near the new and full moon; springtime. springy ('i), adj. elastic; light; spongy. sprinkle (spring'kl), v.t. to scatter in small drops; baptize with a few drops of water; cleanse or purify: v.i. to rain in small drops: n. a sprinkling. sprint (sprint), n. a run for a short distance at full speed: v.i. to run at full speed. sprinter (sprint'er), n. a speedy run- ner. sprit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout: n. a sprout or shoot; a small spar which raises diagonally the peak of the sail of a boat. sprite (sprit), n. a ghost; a spirit. sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a shoot; bud: pi. Brussels sprouts. spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the genus Picea; wood of the spruce tree; a fermented beverage made from spruce leaves, &c: adj. smart; trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress with affected neatness. spud (spud), n. a potato. spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: v.i. to foam. spumy ('i), n. frothy ; foamy. spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; met- tle. spurious (spu'ri-us), adj. not genu- ine; counterfeit; illegitimate; false. spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, as with the foot; reject with contempt; treat with disdain: v.i. to manifest contempt in rejecting anything: n. disdainful rejection. spurrier (spur'i-er), n. a spur maker. spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- denly or violently in a stream or jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.t. to throw out in a stream or jet: n. 2b sudden or forcible ejection of a liquid; brief, sudden effort. sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out moisture in scattered drops; speak rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.t. to emit in small particles with a crackling or spluttering noise: n. moist matter thrown out in small drops. sputum (spu'tum), n. saliva; spittle. squab (skwob), n. a person of short, fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. short and fat; bulky: adv. with a heavy fall. squab-pie ('pi), n. pigeon-pie. squabble ('1), v.i. to wrangle or dis- pute in a noisy manner: v.t. to dis- arrange: said of type set up: n. a, noisy wrangle; dispute. squad (skwod), n. a small party of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ate, £ SQUADRON 680 STADIUM soldiers assembled for drill, &c; any small party. squadron ('run), n. a division of a regiment of cavalry, comprising two troops; detachment of war vessels employed in some particular service. squalid (skwol'id), adj. extremely dirty; foul; poverty-stricken. squall (skwawl), n. a sudden and violent gust of wind, often accom- panied with rain, sleet, &c; a loud scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio- lently. squaloid (skwa'loid), adj. shark-like. squalor (skwol'er or skwa'lor), n. foulness; dirt. squamoid (skwa/moid), adj. scaly. squamose ('mos), adj. covered with, or like, scales. Also squamous. squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend lavishly or wastefully; dissipate; v.i. to be wasteful or prodigal. square measure (mezh'er), n. the square of a lineal measure. square-rigged ('rigd), adj. having the sails extended on yards suspend- ed horizontally by the middle. square-root ('root), n. that number or quantity which, multiplied by itself, produces the given number or quantity, as 2 is the square root of 4. squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, espe- cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. something soft and easily crushed; something unripe and soft; unripe pea cod; shock of soft bodies; sud- den fall of a soft body; a gourd. squash-bug (skwosh-bug), n. an insect of an offensive odor, which ravages squash vines. squash-court (skwosh-kort), n. a court where the game of squash is played. squatter ('er), n. one who squats; one who settles on new or unculti- vated land without a title; in Aus- tralia and New Zealand, one who leases land for pasturing sheep from the Government. squaw (skwaw), n. sl North Amer- ican Indian woman or wife. squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short, shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- agreeable noise; break silence; con- fess; n. a short, shrill, sharp cry; a sharp disagreeable noise. squeal .(skwel), v.i. to cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; to turn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound. squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish at stomach; easily disgusted; nice to excess in taste; fastidious about trifles; scrupulous. squeegee (skwe'je), n. a hoe-shaped implement with an india-rubber edge or plate for cleaning pavements. squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press be- tween two bodies; crush; embrace forcibly; compress; force by com- pression; cause to pass: v.i. press; push between close bodies: n. the act of squeezing; compression be- tween bodies; facsimile in some soft substance; a forcible embrace. squelch (skwelch), v.t. to crush; silence: n. a heavy blow. squib (skwib), n. a land of firework; petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or sarcastic reflections; contend in petty dispute. squid (skwid), n. a name for various 10-armed cephalopds; cuttlefish. squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants allied to the lily, used in medicine. squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- liquely: said of the eyes: v.i. to see or look obliquely; have the vision distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. the act or habit of looking obliquely. squire (skwir), n. title of a justice of the peace; in England the owner of a large farm. squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; writhe. stability (sta-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being stable or firm; firm- ness of character; strength of pur- pose or resolution; fixedness. Also stableness. stadium (sta'di-um), n. [pi. stadia .(-&) ], a Greek linear measure = 606 % ft.; the course for foot-races ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booi book; hue, hut; think, then. i STAG 681 STANDARD at the Olympic games: hence a race- course. stag (stag), n. the male of the red deer; male of the ox kind, castrated at a certain age; an outside irregu- lar dealer in stocks. stag-beetle ('be-tl), n. a beetle hav- ing, in the male, mandibles resem- bling a stag's horn. stager (sta/jer), n. a horse for draw- ing a stage coach; one who has long acted on the stage of life; a person practiced in cunning; one who is ex- perienced; a player. stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or reel; begin to doubt, weary or give way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter or reel; shock; make less confident: n. a sudden reeling or tottering : pi. a disease of horses and cattle; vertigo. staging (staj'ing), n. a temporary structure of boards and posts; busi- ness of running and managing stage coaches; style of play production. stagnancy (stag'nan-si), n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagnant ('nant), adj. not flowing, or running in a stream; motionless; not brisk; torpid; dull. stagnate ('nat), v.i. to cease to flow or run; be motionless; become tor- pid, inactive, or dull; become impure or foul. stagnation (-na'shun), n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagy (sta'ji), adj. characteristic of the stage; unreal. staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; reg- ular; steady; not volatile. staircase ('kas), n. a set of steps in a house with railings, &c. staith (stath), n. an elevated staging upon a wharf with a line of rails for discharging coals, &c. stake-holder (stak'hold-er), n. the one who holds the money on a wager, to be turned over to the winner. stalactite (stal-ak'tit), n. an icicle- like incrustation of carbonate of lime, &c, formed by percolation in caverns, &c. stalagmite (-ag'mlt), n. a cone of carbonate of lime, &c, formed on the floor of a cavern in a similar manner to a stalactite. stalemate ('mat), n. the position of a king in chess, when he cannot move without being placed in check: v.t. to subject to stalemate; bring to a stand. stalking-horse ('ing-hors), n. a horse, or figure of a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from his game; a mask. stallage ('aj), n. rent paid for a stall; right of erecting a stall at a fair. stallion (stal'yun), n. an uncastrated male horse kept for breeding. stalwart (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- ing. stamen (sta'men), n. the male organ of a flower. stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and vigor of the animal system; back- bone; power of endurance. staminal ('in-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, stamens or stami- na; tonic. staminiferous (-if'er-us), adj. bear- ing stamens. stammer (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate or falter in speaking, especially from an impediment in speech; stutter: v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in pronouncing or speaking; stutter. stampede (stam-ped'), n. a sudden panic seizing a herd of animals caus- ing them to run violently away; any sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start off in a panic. stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood. Also staunch. stanchion (stan'shun), n. a support or post of iron or wood. standard ('erd), n. an ensign or flag, especially a national ensign; that which is established by authority as ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STANDARDIZE 682 STATELY a fixed rule or measure; established rule or model; criterion; a standing tree not supported by a wall; pro- portion of weights cf fine metal and alloy established by authority. standardize (stand'erd-Iz), v.t. to cause to conform to a standard; to regulate in conformity to a standard. standing ('ing), n. the act of stop- ping or of being erect on the feet; duration; maintenance of position; reputation; rank or status: adj. re- maining erect: stagnant; lasting; established or settled; fixed. stand-patter (stand-pat'er), n. a pol- itician who sticks to his party under all circumstances. stanhope (stan'hop or 'up), n. a light two-wheeled carriage without a top. stannary (stan'a-ri), n. [pi. stanna- ries (-riz)], a tin mine or works: adj. pertaining to tin mines. stannic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or got from, tin. stanza ('za), n. a number of lines or verses connected with and adjusted to each other, usually ending in a pause; part of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem. stapes (sta/pez), n. the stirrup bone of the ear. staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- tion or industry of a country or dis- trict; settled market or emporium; principal element or topic; unmanu- factured or raw material, as cotton, flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal for holding a bolt, &c: adj. chief; regularly produced; established in commerce: v.t. to sort according to its staple, as cotton, &c. stapler ('pier), n. one who deals in staple commodities; a wool sorter. starboard ('bord), n. the right-hand side of a vessel looking toward the bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying on the right side of a vessel: v.t. to put to the right or starboard side of a Star Chamber (cham'ber), n. an an- cient civil and criminal court at Westminster, notorious for its des- potism and injustice during the reign of Charles I. starch (starch), n. a widely diffused vegetable substance: used for laun- dry purposes, &c: v.t. to stiffen with starch; make stiff. stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv. wholly or completely. starling (star'lmg), n. a passerine bird of the genus Sturnus; piles driven round the piers of a bridge for its protection. starred (stard), p. adj. decorated with stars; influenced by the stars. starry ('i), adj. abounding in, con- sisting of, or proceeding from, stars; star-shaped. starstone ('ston), n. a variety of sapphire. starthroat (star'throt), n. a hum- ming-bird. startle (start '1), v.i. to move sudden- ly, as by an alarm; to feel sudden alarm: v.t. to frighten suddenly; shock. starvation (star-va/shun), n. the state of being starved. starve (starv), v.i. to suffer extreme hunger; perish with hunger or cold: v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by want of any kind. starveling ('ling), adj. hungry; weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. stasis (sta'sis), n. arrest of the cir- culation of blood in the vessels. state (stat), h. circumstances or con- dition; position or situation; case; quality; pomp; principal persons constituting the government of a country; legislature; whole body of people united under one government; civil power: adj. pertaining to the body politic; used 6n state occa- sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express the details of; represent fully in words; narrate. stately ('li), adj. [comp. statelier, superl. stateliest], grand; majestic; dignified; displaying state or dignity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; mo, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STATEMENT 683 STEER statement ('merit), n. the act of stat- ing; that which is stated; narrativa or recital. stater (sta'ter), n. a gold coin of an- cient Greece. statesman (stats'man), n. [pi. states- men ('men) ], one who is skilled in public affairs and the art of govern- ment; politician. state-trial ('trl-al), n. a trial for political offenses. static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium; act- ing by mere weight without produc- ing motion. Also statical: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium, pressure, weight, &c, of bodies at rest. station (sta'shun), n. place where a person or thing stands; position; rank or condition of life;' class or order; place on a railway for pas- sengers or goods; district police of- fice; military quarters; post for war-vessels: v.t. to place in a cer- tain post, rank, or situation; ap- point or assign. stationary (-a-ri), adj. fixed; not moving; not improving. stationer ('shun-er), n. one who sells paper, pens, pencils, writing materials, &c. stationery (-er'i), n. stationer's ar- ticles. statist (sta'tist), n. sl statistician. statistic (sta-tis'tik), adj. pertaining to statistics. Also statistical. statistician (stat-is-tish'an), n. one ■ skilled in statistics. statistics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the sci- ence of the classification and ar- rangement of facts relating to the condition of a people or class, do- mestic economy, health, longevity, &c. statpr (sta'ter), n. the part of a dy- namo or motor which remains at rest. statuary (stat'ti-a-ri), n. a sculptor; the art of carving statues; statues collectively. statue ('u), n. the representation of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid material: v.t. to form a statue of; place, as a statue. statuesque (-u-esk'), adj. having the characteristics of a statue; immo- bile. statuette (-u-ef), n. a little statue. stature ('tir), n. the natural height. status (sta'tus), n. condition; social standing or place; rank. status quo (kwo), present or pre- vious condition or position. statutable (stat'u-ta-bl), adj. made or introduced by statute; according to law or statute. statute ('tit), n. a law expressly en- acted by the legislature of a country or state; written law; an act of a corporation or of its founders, de- signed to be a permanent rule. statutory ('u-to-ri), adj. enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority. stead (sted), n. the place or room which another had or might have. steadfast ('fast), adj. firmly fixed or established; steady; constant; uni- form. stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- ployed to accomplish an object; un- derhand procedure. stealty ('i), adj. [comp. stealthier, superl. stealthiest], done or per- formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. steamy ('i), adj. consisting of, or . like, steam. stearate (ste'a-rat), n. any salt of stearic acid. steelyard ('yard), n. a kind of bal- ance, consisting of a single weight moved along a graduated beam. steening (sten'ing), n. a fining of stone, brick, &c, of a well or similar structure. steeple (ste'pl), n. a tower or turret tapering to a point; spue. steeple-chase ,(-chas), n. a kind of cross-country horse-race. steepled ('pld), adj. furnished with, like, or adorned with, a steeple. steer (ster), n. a young male of the ox kind; bullock: v.t. to direct the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STEERAGE 684 STERNSHEETS % course of (a vessel) with the helm; control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship in its course; move; be governed. steerage ('aj), n. the act or practice of steering; that part of a ship al- lotted to the poorer passengers. steerage- way (-wa), n. rate of mo- tion through the water of a vessel sufficient to enable her to feel the effect of the helm. steere (ster), v.t. to give a certain angle of elevation to (the bowsprit of a vessel). stein (stin), n. a mug for lager beer. steinbock (stin'bok), n. a small an- telope of South Africa. Also steenbok. stellar (stel'ar), adj. pertaining to stars; astral; starry. Also stellary. stellate ('at), adj. star-like; radiated. stelliform ('i-form), • adj. star- shaped. stellular ('u-lar), adj. radiated. stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of metal with a pattern, &c, cut out, used for marking, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stenciled, p.pr. stenciling], to mark or color with a stencil. stenograph ('o-graf), n. writing in shorthand: v.t. to write or report in shorthand. stenographer (ste-nog'ra-fer), n. a shorthand writer. Also stenogra- phist. stenography (ste-nog'ra-fi), n. the art of writing in shorthand. Stentor (sten'ter), n. a person with a very powerful voice: from the Greek herald in the Trojan War. stentorian (-to'ri-an), adj. extremely loud. steppe (step), n. a name for the vast barren plains of Russia. stere (star), n. in the metric system, a unit of cubic- measure = 35.31 cubic feet. stereo, a prefix meaning solid, firm, as stereogram, a picture represent- ing objects on a plane surface as if in relief: n. an dbbr. of stereotype. Also stereograph. stereometer (ster-e-om'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the solid contents of a body; an instrument for determining specific gravity. stereometry (-om'e-tri), n. the ar| of measuring the cubical contents of bodies; the art of determining the specific gravity of bodies. stereopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a mag* ic-lantern snowing photographic slides as if in relief. stereoscope (ster'e-o-Si.op), n. a bi- nocular optical instrument by means of which two pictures appear as one and stand out in relief. stereoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, characteristic of, or adapted to, the stereoscope. Also stereo- scopical. stereotelescope (ster'e-o-tel'e-skop), n. a binocular telescope that may be used in military operations as a range-finder. stereotype ('e-o-tip), n. a metal plate cast from a mold taken from a page of movable types: v.t. [pj^ & p.p. stereotyped, p.pr. stereotyp- ing], to cast or print in stereotype; fix permanently: adj. pertaining to, or done by, stereotype. sterile ('il), adj. barren; producing little or no crop; destitute of ideas. sterility (-il'i-ti), n. barrenness; in- fecundity. sterilization (-za/shun), n. the act or process of rendering sterile; state of being sterile. sterilize ('il-iz), v.t. to make sterile; deprive of the power of reproduc- tion, as bacteria. sterling ('ling), adj. pure; unadul- terated; genuine; noting English money of standard value; of highj merit. stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe ir countenance or manners; austere; 1 unrelenting; steadfast; being in the \ stern: n. the after part of a vessel. sternal ('al), adj. pertaining to the sternum. sternum ('urn), n. the breast bone. sternsheets ('shetz), n. that part of a boat furnished with seats for pas- sengers. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. STERNWAY 685 STIMULATE sternway ('wa), n. movement of a vessel backwards. stertorous (ster'to-rus), adj. charac- terized by deep snoring. stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, p.pr. stetting], to mark with the word stet (let it stand) on a proof, indicating that something marked for omission is to remain. stethomete. ' ^th-om'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring the exter- nal movements of the walls of the chest during respiration. stethoscope ('o-skop), n. an instru- ment for examining the chest, or ascertaining diseases of the chest by sound produced in the thorax. stethoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or by means of, the stetho- scope. Also stethoscopical. j stethoscopy ('o-skd-pi), n. examina- tion by the stethoscope. steve (stev), v.t. to stow in a ship's hold. stevedore ('e-dor), n. one who loads or unloads a vessel in port, or stows cargo in a ship's hold. stew (stu), v.t. to boil slowly or with a simmering heat: v.i. to be boiled slowly or gently: n. a dish pre- pared by stewing; a store-pond: pi. a brothel. steward ('erd), n. one who manages the domestic concerns of a family or institution; manager of a large estate or farm; person employed at a hotel, club, or on board ship to superintend culinary affairs; a col- lege official who superintends the kitchen arrangements; a fiscal agent; an officer of the royal household; manager at races, sports, &c. stewardship (-ship), n. the office of a steward; management. sthenic (sthen'ik), adj. character- ized by morbid activity of the heart and blood vessels. stiacciato (ste-at-cha/to), n. in sculp- ture, the lowest kind of relief. sticcado (stik-a'do), n. a musical in- strument of wooden bars of gradu- ated lengths, played with a small mallet. stickle ('1), v.i. to wrangle cr contend pertinaciously, especially on insuf- ficient grounds, for something of little importance. stickleback (-bak), n. a spiny-backed fish. sticky ('i), adj. [comp. stickier, su- per!, stickiest], adhesive; glutinous; viscous. stiff-necked ('nekt), adj. inflexibly obstinate; stubborn. stifle (stif 1), v.t. to suffocate ; smother; extinguish; deaden; suppress or con- ceal: v.i. to be suffocated: n. the first joint above a horse's thigh, next the buttock. stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stigmas, stigmata ('maz, 'ma-ta)], a mark made with a branding-iron; mark of infamy or disgrace; the receptive upper part of the pistil of a flower on which the pollen which fertilizes it falls: pi. the counterparts of the marks of the wounds in Christ's body, supposed to be impressed on the bodies of certain saints (stig- mata). stigmatize ('ma-tlz), v.t. to mark with a stigma or brand; hold up to disgrace, reproach, or infamy. stile (stil), n. a set of steps to pass from one side of a fence or wall, &c, to the other; the gnomon of a sun- .dial; an upright piece in framing or paneling. stiletto (sti-let'o), n. a small dagger with a thin, rounded, and pointed blade; pointed instrument for mak- ing eyelet holes. stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood with a rest for the foot: used in pairs in walking: v.t. to set or raise on stilts. stilted ('ed), adj. inflated; pompous. stilton (stil 'tun), n. a rich kind of cheese. stimulant (stim'u-lant), adj. serving to stimulate; producing transient in- crease of vital energy: n.pl. medi- cines or alcoholic beverages having such an effect. stimulate ('u-lat), v.t. to excite or rouse; animate; goad; encourage: J ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, ^not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. STIMULUS 686 SOLIDITY excite greater vitality in: v.i. to act as a stimulus. stimulus ('u-lus), n. [pi. stimuli (-11)], that which stimulates; a spur; anything exciting to action; incen- tive; stimulant. stingaree ('ga-re), n. the sting-ray. stint (stint), v.t. to restrain within certain limits: v.i. to stop or cease: n. a limit; quantity assigned. stipe (stip), n. the stalk of a frond or of a pistil; stem of a fungus. Also stipes. stipend (sti'pend), n. salary, espe- cially clerical income. stipendiary (-pen'di-a-ri), adj. re- ceiving stipend or salary: n. one who performs services for a salary. stipple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave by means of dots; paint by small, short touches. stippler ( r ler), n. a brush used for stippling. stipulate ('u-lat), v.t. to arrange or settle definitely or by special men- tion. stipulation (-u-la'shun), n. the act of stipulating; contract, agreement, or bargain; a special condition in a contract. stipulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who stipulates, contracts, or covenants. stipule ('ul), n. a small leaf-like ap- pendage at the base of petioles. stirabout ('a-bout), n. oatmeal por- ridge. stirk (sterk), n. a young bull or heifer. stirps (sterps), n. [pi. stirpes Cpez) ], family; race; stem; root. stirrer (ster'er), n. one who stirs stirring ('ing), n. the act of moving: adj. busy; bustling; exciting; stim- ulating. stirrup (stir'up or ster'up), n. an iron hoop suspended by a strap in which a horseman sets his foot when he mounts or rides. stithy (stith'i), n. a smith's forge; anvil. stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, hot, or sultry; stuff up; pack or press closely together: v.i. to be stifled. stiver ('er), n. a Dutch coin, value 2 cents: hence anything of little value. stoa (sto'a), n. a portico or porch. stoat (stot), n. a weasel. stoccade (sto-kad'), n. a thrust in fencing. stockade (-ad'), n. a line of posts used as a barrier for defense or en- closure for cattle: v.t. to surround with, or defend by, a stockade. stockfish ('fish), n. salted and dried fish. stockinet (-i-nef), n. an elastic tex- tile fabric. stockjobber ('job-er), n. one who deals or speculates in stocks and shares. stockstill ('stil), adj. motionless. stodgy (stoj'i), adj. wet. Stoic (sto'ik), n. a disciple of the ..Greek philosopher Zeno, who taught that a wise man should be governed by the reason, subdue all passions, and be indifferent to pleasure or pain: one who proposes such doc- trines: adj. pertaining to the Stoics; indifferent to pleasure or pain. Sto- ical. stoicism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doctrines and maxims of the stoics; real or assumed insensibility to pleasure or pain. stoke (stok), v.t. maintain and tend \ the fire in: as, to stoke a furnace: v.i. to act as a stoker. stoker ('er), n. one who supplies fuel to, and attends to the furnace of an engine ; a fireman. stola (sto'la), n. [pi. stolae ('le)], a long, loose garment worn by Roman matrons. stole (stol), n. a stola; a long, narrow scarf fringed at the ends, worn by bishops, priests, and deacons of the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches; p.t. of steal. stolid (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull. stolidity ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being stolid; intellectual dulness. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STOLON 687 STRAIT-JACKET stolon (stolon), n. a trailing branch or creeping sucker which sends down roots. stoma ('ma), n. [pi. stomata (sto'- ma-ta)], a minute breathing pore or aperture. stomach (sturn'ak), n. the principal organ of digestion in the body; ap- petite; inclination; haughtiness: v.t. to resent; put up with. stomacher ('a-ker), n. an ornamen- tal breast covering, worn by women. stomatic (sto-raat'ik), n. a medicine for diseases of the mouth. stomp, another form of stamp. Stone Age (aj), n. the period of civ- ilization when stone weapons, im- plements, &c, were used prior to in- troduction of bronze. stone-blind ('blind), adj. quite blind. stoneware ('war), n. a coarse kind of pottery baked hard and glazed. stony ('i), adj. [comp. stonier, su- perl. stoniest], pertaining to, of the nature of, or like, stone; rocky; hard; cruel; inflexible* pitiless. . stool-pigeon (stool' pij'un), n. a dupe; one who is a decoy for another in a swindling game. stoppage ('aj), n. the act of stop- ping; state of being stopped; ob- struction; deduction from pay. stopple ('1), n. a cork or plug: v.t. to close with a stopple. storage (stor'aj), n. safe keeping of goods in a warehouse, &c; price for storage. stormy ('i), adj. [comp. stormier, su- perl. stormiest], characterized by, or proceeding from, storms; tempestu- ous; violent. Storthing (stort'ing), n. the Norwe- gian Parliament. stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; receptacle for holy water; a liquid measure. stout (stout), adj. corpulent; thick- set; stormy; lusty; brave; resolute: n. a strong kind of porter. stovaine (sto'vane), n. a new anaes- thetic agent injected along the spine. stowage ('aj), n. the act of stowing; state of being stowed; accommoda- tion for stowing things; money paid for stowage. stowaway ('a-wa), n. one who con- ceals himself on a vessel leaving port to obtain a free passage. strabismus (stra-biz'mus), n. squint- ing. strabotomy (-bot'6-mi), n. a surgi- cal operation for the removal of squinting. Stradivarius (strad-i-va'ri-us), n. an old violin made originally by a famous maker, Stradivari, of Cre- mona, Italy, who. lived from about 1644 to 1737, A.D. straggle (strag'l), v.i. to wander from the direct course or way; ram- ble; rove; roam idly about; be dis- persed or scattered; occur at inter- vals. stragulum ('u-lum), n. the mantle of a bird strahlite (stral'it), n. actinolite. straight (strat), adj. not crooked; right, as a line stretched between two points; direct; upright; undi- luted; consistent in support of a candidate or party: adv. in a straight manner; direct; at once. strain (stran), n. stock; lineage; race; descent; tune or melody; man- ner of speech or action; a violent effort; injury by overexertion: v.t. to put to its utmost strength; draw out with force; stretch; injure by overtasking; make uneasy or un- natural; filter: v.i. to make violent efforts; be filtered. strainer ('er), n. one who, or that which, strains; an apparatus for fil- tering. strait (strat), adj. narrow; not broad; confined; distressful; difficult: n.pl. a narrow passage of water con- necting two seas; difficulty; poverty. straiten ('en), v.t. to make narrow; contract; confine; put into difficul- ties; embarrass: v.i. to become nar- row. strait-jacket ('jak-et), n. a kind of garment for confining mad or delir- ious persons. Also strait-waistcoat. * ate. :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STRAIT-LACED 688 STRICTURE strait-laced ('last), adj. laced tight- ly; strict in manners or morals. strake (strak), n. the iron tire by which the felloes of a wheel are se- cured continuous line of planking of a vessel from stem to stern; a trough for washing broken ore. stramonium (stra-mo'ni-um), n. the thorn-apple, commonly called jim- son-weed. strand (strand), n. the shore of a sea, ocean, or large lake; one of the divisions or twists of a rope: v.t. to drive or force upon the sea-shore; run aground; bring into a state of embarrassment: v.i. to be lifted or be driven ashore. • strange (stranj), adj. belonging to another country; not domestic; novel; unusual; reserved; inexperi- enced; unfamiliar. strangle (strang'gl), v.t. to choke; suffocate by compressing the wind- pipe; suppress or stifle: pi. a dis- ease in horses. strangulation (-gu-la'shun), n. the act of strangling ; state of being strangled ; suffocation ; close constriction. strangury ('gu-ri), n. painful Void- ing of urine by drops. strapping ('ing), adj. tall; strong; well-made; handsome. strass (stras), n. a kind of colorless glass used as the base of artificial paste gems. strata, pi. *of stratum. stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. a device or scheme for defeating an enemy, ' especially in war; an artifice or plan for deception of any kind, or for gaining some advantage. strategic (stra-tej'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or effected by, strategy or artifice. Also strategical: n.pl. the science of military warfare; direc- tion of a campaign. strategy (strat'e-ji), n. strategics; use of artifice or stratagem in carry- ing out some design. stratification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the process of being arranged or depos- ited in layers. stratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strat- ified, p.pr. stratifying], to form, de- posit, or arrange, in strata or layers. stratum (stra/tum), n. [pi. strata ('ta)], a bed of earth or rock, con- sisting generally of a series of lay- ers; an artificial layer. stratus ('tus), n. a cloud apparently resting horizontally on the earth's surface. streamer ('er), n. a long narrow flag or pennon; the aurora borealis. streamline (strem-lm), n. name ap- plied to a recent type of automobile body designed to give minimum resistance to the streaming air cur- rents. streamy ('i), adj. abounding in, or full of, streams; flowing in streams. street Arab ' (ar'ab), n. a neglected child who lives in the streets. strength (strength), n. the state or quality of being strong; active or passive power; muscular force; vigor; power of endurance or resistance; toughness; numbers or amount of style; intensity, as of light or color; legal or moral force; potency of liquors. strenuous (stren'ti-us), adj. urgent or eagerly pressing; ardent; zealous; strong; vigorous; bold; earnest; valiant. stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; pressure; force; importance; weight; violence; force of utterance. stretcher ('er), n. one who, or that which, stretches; a footboard used in rowing; a frame or litter for carry- ing the sick or dead. strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by scat- tering; scatter loosely. striae (stri'e), n.pl. fine thread-like lines; slight furrows; fillets between the channels of columns. striate ('ate), adj. marked, or formed with, striae. stricken (strik'en), p. adj. far ad- vanced: p.p. of strike. stricture ('ur), n. a morbid contrac- tion of any passage of the body, es- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. STRIDE STUCCO pecially of the urethra; censure or adverse criticism. stride (strid), n. a long step; strad- dle: v.i. to walk with long steps; straddle: v.t. to pass by long steps. strident (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; grating or creaking. stridulation (strid-ii-la'shun), n. the power possessed by certain male in- sects of making shrill sounds by the friction of parts of their bodies. stridulous ('ii-lus), adj. producing a shrill, harsh, creaking sound. strife (strif), n. contention for su- periority; discord; conflict; quarrel; enmity; war. striga (stri'ga), n. [pi. strigas ('je) ], the fluting of a column: pi. small, upright, stiff hairs, swelled at their bases. strigil (strij'il), n. an instrument for scraping, used by the ancients after the bath. stringency (strin'j en-si), n. the state or quality of being stringent. stringent (strin'jent), adj. severe; rigid; strict; binding; tense. stringiness ('i), adj. consisting* of , or like, string, filamentous; viscid. stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate with ■ lines of different colors; form the stripes upon; lash or whip: n. a line or long narrow division of any- thing of a different color to the ground; stroke or weal made by a whip, &c; party badge or color. stripling (stripping), n. a youth. strive (striv), v.i. to make exertions or efforts; labor hard or earnestly; aim; struggle; contend in emula- tion. strobile (strob'il), n. the* cone or fruit of the pine-tree.. strocal (stro'kal), n. a glassmaker's shovel. strode, p.t. of stride. stroll (strol), v.i. to wander on foot; ramble or rove idly: n. a leisurely ramble. stroller ('er), n. one who strolls; an itinerant player; vagrant. stroma (stro'ma), n. [pi. stromata ('ma-ta) ], the basis of an organ or tissue. stronghold ('hold), n. a fortress. strophe (stro'fe), n. that part of a song or dance in the ancient Greek drama performed by the chorus in turning from the right to the left; the first of two_ stanzas. strophic (strof'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, strophes. stroud (stroud), n. a kind of coarse blanket used by the North American Indians. structural (strukt'u-ral), adj. per- taining to structure. structure ('tir), n. an edifice or building; manner or form of build- ing; form; make; arrangement of parts or organization of a vegetable or animal substance. struggle (strug'l), v.i. to use violent efforts with contortions of the body; strive with effort; be in pain or agony; contend: n. a violent effort with contortions of the body; pain or agony; labor; contest. strum (strum), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. strummed, p.pr. strumming], to play badly and noisily on a stringed instrument. struma (stroo'ma), n. scrofula. strumous ('mus), adj. scrofulous. strumpet (strum'pet), n. a prosti- tute. strychnic (strik'nik), adj. pertain- ing to, derived from, or containing, strychnine. strychnine ('nin), n. a highly poi- sonous alkaloid extracted from nux vomica. stubble ('1), n. short stalks or stumps of grain left in the ground after reaping. stubborn ('ern), adj. inflexibly head- strong; obstinate; ^ contumacious; refractory; not easily worked or melted, as a metal. stub-nail ('nal), n. a short, thick nail. stucco (stuk'6), n. [pi. stuccoes ('oz) ], plaster used as a coating for walls of internal decorations; work ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STUDDING 690 SUANT executed in stucco: v.t. to overlay, or decorate, with stucco. studding ('ing), n. material for studs or joists; studs or joists col- lectively. studding-sail ('ing-sal), n. a light sail set at the side of a square sail to increase its area in light winds, i studio (stu'di-o), n. an artist's work- room. studious ('i-us), adj. devoted to study or the acquisition of knowl- edge; diligent; designed; deliberate; careful (with of). stufa (stoo'fa), n. a jet of steam is- suing from a fissure in the earth. stuffy ('i), adj. close or ill-ventilated; sulky. stultification (stul-ti-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of stultifying; the state of being stultified. stultifier ('ti-fi-er), n. one who stul- tifies. stultify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stul- tified, p.pr. stultifying], to render foolish; make nugatory. stumble (stum'bl), v.i. to trip up or fall in walking; light (with on or upon); slide into error or crime: n. a trip in walking or running; failure or blunder. stunt (stunt), v.i. to check in growth or progress: v.i. to become stunted: n. a check in growth; something stunted; an allotted task; a per- formance. stupe (stup), n. flax, flannel, &c, steeped in warm water or medica- ments, used as a compress, &c. stupefacient (-e-f a/shi-ent) , n. a narcotic. stupefaction (-fak'shun), n. the act of stupefying; state of being stupe- fied; insensibility; torpor; stupidity. stupefy ('e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stu- pefied, p.pr. stupefying], to deprive of sensibility; make stupid; dull. stupendous (-pen'dus),_ adj. over- coming the senses by its vastness; astonishing. stupid ('pid), adj. deficient in under- standing; insensible; dull; silly; non- sensical. stupidity ('i-ti), n. extreme dulness of perception or understanding; crass ignorance; folly. stupor ('per), n. suspension or great diminution of sensibility; numb- ness; lethargy; intellectual insensi- bility. sturdy ('i), adj. hardy; robust; stout; strong; stubborn; vigorous; forcible. sturgeon ('jun), n. a large, cartilag- inous fish of the genus Acipenser, the roes of certain species of which are made into caviare, and isin- glass from the air-bladder. stutter (stut'er), v.i. to speak with hesitation or stammering: v.t. to utter in a stammering manner: n. hesitation or stammering in speech. Also stuttering. sty (sti), n. a pen or enclosure for swine; a filthy or mean place; a kind of boil upon the eyelid: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stied, p.pr. stying], to shut up in a filthy or mean place. Stygian (stij'i-an), adj. pertaining to the Styx, the river of Hades, over which the dead were ferried by the boatman Charon: hence in- fernal; hellish. style (stil), n. a pointed instrument used by the ancients for writing upon wax tablets; the gnomon of a dial; appellation or title; distinc- tive manner of writing with regard to the choice of words, &c. stylobate ('o-bat), n. an uninter- rupted base below a range of col- umns. stylography (sti-log'ra-fi), n. a me- thod of writing or tracing by means of a style. styloid ('loid), adj. resembling a style or pen; pertaining to a par- ticular bone. styptic (stip'tik), adj. stopping bleed- ing. suable (su'a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing, or liable to be, sued. suant ('ant), adj. uniform; level. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUASIBLE 691 SUBORDINATE suasible (swa'si-bl), adj. easily per- suaded. suasion ('zhun), n. persuasion. suave (swav), adj. pleasant in manner. suavity (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; gen- tleness. sub, prefix meaning under, beneath, below, slightly. subacid (sub-as'id), adj. slightly acid. subaltern (-awl'tern), n. a commis- sioned officer under the rank of cap- tain: adj. inferior. subalternate (-ter'nat), adj. succes- sive. subconscious (sub-kon'shus), adj. dimly conscious. subdominant (sub-dom'i-nant), n. a musical term indicating the note next below the dominant. subdue (-du / ), v.t. to overcome or conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; tone down. subjacent (sub-j a/sent), adj. lying under or below; situated lower but not direct^ beneath. subject Cjekt), adj. under the power or control of another; subordinate; disposed; liable: n. one who is under the power or control of another; that which is treated in writing, speaking, &c; theme; topic; de- sign; a dead body for dissection; substance; material; theme of a proposition; the Ego, as distin- guished from the non-Ego or object; theme of a movement [music]: v.t. (sub-j ekt') to bring under the power or control of; render subordinate; enslave; subjugate; render liable; expose. subjection (-jek'shun), n. the act of subjecting; state of being subjected. subjectivism ('iv-izm), n. the philo- sophical doctrine that knowledge is relative or purely subjective. subjoin (.-join'), v.t. to affix. subjugate ('ju-gat), v.t. to conquer by force; bring under dominion. subjugation (-ga/shun), n. the act of subjugating; state of being subju- gated. subjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj not- ing a form, of the verb expressive of contingency, condition, or hypothe- sis. sublimate (li-mat), v.t. to convert (a solid) by heat into vapor, which on cooling returns to the solid state; refine and exalt. sublimation (-ma/shun), n. the act of sublimating. sublime (-lim'), adj. awakening feel- ings of awe and reverence: high in place or excellence; exalted in na- ture; elevated in manner or style; n. that which is awe-inspiring in works of nature or art as distin- guished from the beautiful (with the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; render noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- limation. subliminal consciousness (sub-lim'- i-nal kon'shus-nes), n. that which is below the surface of distinct con- sciousness. sublimity (-lim'i-ti), n. loftiness of style or sentiment; elevation; moral grandeur; excellence. Also sublime- ness. submarine (sub-ma-rine'), adj. lo- cated or found under the sea: n. a boat so built and fitted that it can travel under the water, used princi- pally for purposes of war. submerge (-merj'), v.t. to place un- der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or ' lie, under water. submersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of submerging; state of being sub- merged. Also submergence. submission (-mish'un), n. the act of submitting or yielding; obedience. submit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sub- t mitted, p.pr. submitting], to yield to the authority of another; surren- der; resign; refer to judgment or discretion; comply with: v.i. to be subject; yield. submultiple (-mul'ti-pl), n. a num- ber or quantity which is contained in another a certain number of times exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. subordinate (-or'di-nat), adj. infe- rior in rank, value, power, or im- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUBORDINATION 692 SUBTERRANEAN portance: n. one who is inferior to another in rank, &c. : v.t. to place in a lower order; render subject. subordination (-na/shun), n. the act of subordinating or placing in a lower order; subjection; state of being subordinate; inferiority of rank, position, &c. suborn (-orn'), v.t. to procure or in- duce to commit perjury; procure by indirect means or bv secret collu sion. subornation (-6r-na/shun), n. the act of inducing a person to. commit perjury by bribes or persuasion. subpoena (-pe'n&), n. a writ com- manding the attendance of a person in court as a witness under a pen- alty: v.t. to serve with a subpoena. subscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or annex (one's name) to a paper or document; give or promise (a sum of money) for some object by writing one's name; publish (a book) by sub- scription: v.i. to give consent. subscription (-skrip'shun), n. the act of subscribing; name subscribed; signature; sum of money subscribed. subsequence ('se-kwens), n. the act or state of being subsequent. subsequent ('se-kwent), adj. follow- ing or coming after in time or order; posterior. subserve (-serv'), v.t. to be subservi- ent to; promote; serve instrumeh- tally. subsequi, prefix, meaning combina- tion in the proportion of two to three. subsessile (-ses'il), adj. having very i short foot-stalks. subside (-sld'), v.i. to sink or fall to the bottom; tend downwards; settle; abate; become tranquil or calm. • subsidence ('ens), n. the act of sub- siding or sinking down; downward tendency. subsidiary ('i-a-ri), adj. auxiliary; furnishing additional supplies: n. an auxiliary. subsidize ('si-diz), v.t. to furnish with a subsidy. subsidy ('si-di), n. [pi. subsidies (-diz)], pecuniary aid granted by one government to another, especial- ly for war expenses; public grant or subvention to aid an enterprise for the public convenience. subsist (-sisf), v.i. to have exist- ence; to retain the present state; inhere; have the means of livelihood. subsistence ('ens), n. means of sup- port; maintenance; livelihood; in- herence. substance ('stans), n. matter or ma- terial; characteristic and essential part of anything; purport; wealth or property. substantial (-stan'shal), adj. be- longing to, or having, substance; containing the essential parts; solid; material; corporeal; having con- siderable wealth or property: n.pl. essential parts. substantiate ('shi-at), v.t. to estab- lish the truth of by proof or compe- tent evidence. substantival (-stan-ti'val), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a substantive. substantive ('stan-tiv), adj. express- ing existence; real; essential; n. that part of speech which expresses the existence of anything material or immaterial; noun. substitute ('sti-tut), v.t. to put in the place of another; change: n. one who, or that which, is put in the place of another. substitution (-tu'shun), n. the act of substituting; state of being substituted. subsume (-sum 7 ), v.t. to include un- der a more general class or under something else. subtangent (-tan'jent), n. the part of the axis of a curve intercepted between the tangent and the ordi- nate. , subtend (-tend ), v.t. to extend un- der or be opposite to. subter, a prefix meaning under. subterfuge ('ter-fuj), n. an evasion or artifice; trick; shift. subterranean (-ra'ne-an), adj. be- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b65n, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUBTILE 693 SUFFER low the surface or beneath the earth. Also subterraneous. subtile (sub 'til or sut'l), adj. thin; delicately constructed; fine; deli- cate; refined; acute; cunning; art- ful. subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- ing; crafty. subtlety (-ti), n. acuteness of intel- lect; cunning; shrewdness. Subtle- ness. subtract (-trakf), v.t. to withdraw or take away, as a part from a whole; deduct. subtraction (-trak'shun), n. the act of subtracting. subtrahend ('tra-hend), n. the quan- tity or number to be subtracted from another. subtreasury (sub-trezh'u-ri), n. a branch of the United States Treas- ury located in various cities of the United States. subtriple (-trip'l), adj. containing a third. subulate (sti'bu-lat), adj. awl-shaped. suburb (sub'erb), n. an outlying dis- trict of a city or town; environs (usually pi.). subvention ' (-ven'shun), n. a gov- ernment grant or subsidy. subversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of subverting ; overthrow ; ruin . subvert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside down; ruin; overthrow; corrupt. subvertible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being subverted. subway ('wa), n. an underground passage. sue, another form of sub. succeed (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the place of; follow: v.i. to follow in order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- cessful; accomplish something at- tempted; end with advantage; pros- • per. success (-ses'), n. the prosperous ter- mination of any enterprise; pros- perity. succession ('shun), n. the act of fol- lowing in order; lineage; act or right of coming in the place of an- other; rotation, as of crops. successor Cer), n. one who succeeeds or follows in the place or character of another. succinct (-singkf), adj. tersely ex- succor ('er), v.t. to help or relieve when in difficulty or distress; aid: n. relief; aid. succotash ('o-tash), n. a dish of green u maize and beans boiled together. succula ('ii-la), n. an axis or cylinder without a drum, with staves to move it round. succulence ('u-lens), n. juiciness. succumb (-kum'), v.i. to yield; sub- mit. succursal (-ker'sal), adj. annexed and assistant, as a chapel of ease. sucrose (su'kros), n. cane-sugar. suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- cess of sucking; act of drawing fluids by the removal of the atmos- pheric pressure. suctorial (-to'ri-al), adj. adapted to, or living by, sucking. sudarium (su-da/ri-um), n. the cloth on which Christ is said to have mi- raculously impressed his image when He wiped his face with it on the way to Calvary. sudation ('shun), n. the act of sweat- ing. sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- expectedly; instantaneous; without notice; quick. sudoriferous (su-dor-if'er-us), adj. secreting perspiration. sudorific (-if'ik), adj. causing per- spiration: n. a medicine producing such an effect. Sudra (soo'dra), n. the lowest of the four great castes into which the Hindus are divided. Also Soodra. sue (sti), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. to entreat; beg; petition; pay court; institute legal proceedings (with for) . suet ('et), n. the hard fat around the kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. suffer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with a sense of pain; undergo; bear; be af- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUFFERABLE 694 SUMAC fected by; allow; tolerate: v.i. to feel pain or punishment; be in dis- tress; endure loss or injury. sufferable (-a-bl), adj. that may be allowed or tolerated; permissible. sufferance (-fer'ans), n. patience under pain; toleration; negative consent; permission. suffice (-is'), v.i. to be sufficient: v.t. to satisfy. sufficiency (-ish'en-si), n. the state or quality of being sufficient; com- petence; self-confidence; conceit. sufficient Cent), adj. equal to any end or purpose; adequate; compe- tent. suffix ('iks), n. a letter or syllable added at the end of a word; affix: v.t. (suf-iks') to add, as a letter or syllable at the end of a word. suffocate ('o-kat), v.t. to choke by stopping respiration; smother; stifle. suffocation (-ka/shun), n. the act of suffocating; state of being suffo- cated. suffrage ('raj), n. vote, or right to vote; franchise; voice or vote given on a controverted subject: pi. united prayer of a congregation. suffragette ('ra-get), n. a woman who seeks equal suffrage or the right to vote. suffragist ('ra-jist), n. one who advo- cates general suffrage. suffuse (-fuzO, v.t. to spread over as with a fluid or a color. sugary ('er-i), adj. like, composed of, , or fond of, sugar; sweet. suggest (sug-jesf or'suj-est'), v.t. to introduce indirectly to the mind or thoughts; hint; insinuate; allude or refer to: v.i. to make suggestions. suggestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of suggesting; thing suggested; hint. suicidal (su'i-sld-al), adj. pertaining to, or partaking of, suicide. suicide ('i-sid), n. a person who kills himself; self-murder; ruin of one's own interests. suint (swint), n. a peculiar fatty sub- stance obtained from sheep's wool. suit (sut), n. a set of things corre- spondent to each other, as of the same kind; petition or prayer; courtship; one of four sets of a pack of cards; an action or process at law for the recovery of a right or claim: v.t. to be fitted to; fall in with; accommodate; please: v.i. to correspond or accord; agree. suitability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being suitable. Also suitableness. suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- ny; series; set, as of rooms, furni- ture, &c. suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner; sup- plicant; lover; party to a lawsuit. sulcate (sul'kat), adj. grooved. sulk (sulk), v.i. to be sulky. sulky ('i), adj. [comp. sulkier, sm- perl. sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a kind of two-wheeled carriage. sullen (sul'en), adj. morosely silent; gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. sully ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied, p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. sulphur ('fer), n. a non-metallic ele- ment, brittle and of a yellow color, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat. sulphureous (-fu're-us), adj. con- sisting of, impregnated with, or hav- ing the qualities of, sulphur. Also sulphurous. sulphuretted ('fu-ret-ed), adj. com- bined with sulphur. sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a Heavy, corrosive liquid composed of sul- phur, oxygen, and water; oil of vitriol. sulphurous acid ('fu-rus as'id), n. an acid composed of 2 parts of oxy- gen and 2 parts of sulphur. sultan ('tan), n. the title of a Mo- hammedan sovereign, especially the sovereign of the Ottoman Empire. Fern, sultana. sultry ('tri), adj. [comp. sultrier, superl. sultriest], very hot, close, and oppressive; close and heavy with a moist heat. sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUMMARILY 695 SUPERFRONTAL the dried leaves and roots of which are used in tanning, dyeing, and medicine. summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. in a short way or method; concisely. summarize ('a-riz), v.t. to state con- cisely. summary ('a-ri), adj. brief; laconic; compendious; done in a short way or method: n. an abridgement; com- pendium. summation (-a/shun), n. the act of forming a total; aggregate. summer ('er), n. that part of the year which comprises the hottest months, June, July, and August; a large piece of timber to receive the ends of the joists; horizontal girder: v.i. to pass the summer: v.t. to feed or keep during the summer. summit ('it), n. the top or highest point. summon ('un), v.t. to cite or call by authority; command to appear in court; invite; rouse to exertion: n.pl. a citation to appear in court on a certain day; document containing such a citation' authoritative call. sumpit (sum'pit), n. the poisoned arrow used with a sumpitan. sumpitan ('pi-tan), n. a kind of long blowpipe, used by the Malays. sumptuary laws (lawz), n.-pl. laws to limit excessive expenditure on dress or other luxuries. sumptuous ('tu-us), adj. expensive; costly; luxurious; magnificent. sundae (sun'da), n. ice cream and fresh fruit or fruit syrup. sunder ('der), v.t. to divide or rend. sundew ('du), n. a plant of the genus Drosera, whose leaves secrete a dew-like viscid fluid. sundial (sun'di-al), n. a contrivance for measuring time, by the shadow of an upright peg cast by the sun on the face of a dial, marked in divisions of hours. sundries ('driz), n.pl. numerous small or miscellaneous articles or matters. sundry ('dri), adj. various; several. Sunna ('a), n. a collection of oral laws and precepts of Mohammed handed down by tradition, and es- teemed as of equal value with the Koran by the Sunnites. super, prefix meaning over, above, be- yond, in excess. superannuate (su-per-an'ti-at), v.t. to pension on account of old age or infirmity. superb (su-perb'), adj. grand: proud; stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- ous. supercargo (su-per-kar'go), n. a per- son or officer in a merchant vessel who superintends the cargo and commercial affairs of a ship during its voyage. superciliary (-sil'i-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or situated above, the eyebrow. supercilious ('i-us), adj. haughty; proud; disdainful; dictatorial; over- bearing. supercilium (-sil'i-um), n. the eye- brow. superdreadnaught (su'per- dred'nawt), n. the most gigantic type of modern battleship, greatly exceeding in size the ships of the dreadnaught type which have a dis- placement of about 18,000 tons ; the newest superdreadnaughts displace about 30,000 tons. supererogation (-er-o-ga'shun), n. the performance of more than is re- quired by duty. superficial (-fish'al), adj. pertaining to, or being on the surface; slight; not deep; unlearned. superficiality (-i-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being superficial; slight knowledge. Also superficial- ness. superficies (-fish'i-ez), n. superficial area or exterior face of a body. superfluity (-floo'i-ti), n. [pi. super- fluities (-tiz) ], superabundance; ex- cess. superfluous ('fioo-us), adj. more than enough or necessary; excessive. superfrontal (-fron'tal), n. that ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUPERHEAT 696 SUPPLICATORY part of an altar-cloth which hangs over the frontal. superheat (-hef), v.t. to heat to an extreme degree; heat (steam) until it resembles a perfect gas. superinduce (-in-dus'), v.t. to bring in or upon as an addition to some- thing else; superadd. superintend (-in-tend'), v.t. to have, or exercise the charge or oversight of; direct or control. superiority (-i-or'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being superior; preemi- nence; advantage. superlative (-per'la-tiv), adj. supe- rior to all others; highest in degree; n. a word expressing the highest de- gree of anything. supernal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, a higher place or re- gion; celestial. supernaturalism (-izm), n. the state or quality of being supernatural ; the doctrine that revelation is the only means by which man acquires the knowledge of God. supernumerary (-num'er-a-ri), n. [pi. supernumeraries (-riz) ], a per- son or thing beyond the stated or required number: adj. exceeding the number stated or required. superphosphate (-fos'fat), n. a phos- phate containing the greatest quan- tity of phosphoric acid capable of entering into combination with the super royal (-roi'al), adj. noting a size of paper larger than royal, 273^ by 203^ in. superscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or inscribe, or engrave on the out- side or top. superscription (-skrip'shun), n. the act of superscribing; the address or direction. supersede (-sed'), v.t. to set aside or render null and void by superior power; come into, or take, the place of. superstition (-stish'un), n. rever- ence for, and belief in, the super- natural, or objects which are not worthy of worship; false worship or religion; extreme observance of re- ligious rites or ceremonies. superstitious ('us), adj. pertaining to, characterized by, proceeding from, or addicted to superstition; overscrupulous and extreme in re- ligious rites or ceremonies. superstructure (-struk'tur), n. any- thing built or founded on something else; a building. supertonic (-ton'ik), n. in music, the note next above the keynote. supervene (-ven'), v.i. to come upon as something extraneous; occur. supervise (-viz'), v.t. to oversee. supervision (-vish'un), n. the act of supervising; superintendence. supervisor (-viz'er), n. an overseer. supervisory (-vi-zo-ri), adj. exercis- ing supervision. supine (su-pin'), adj. lying on the back; indolent; careless; inatten- tive; negligent: n. a Latin verbal noun, ending in urn, and u. supplant (-plant'), v.t. to displace and take the place of, as by craft; supersede . supple ('1), adj. flexible; yielding; servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to grow pliant. supplement ('le-ment), v.t. to add something to; fill up or supply: n. something added to render anything more complete or supply defects or errors; appendix; the quantity by which an arc or angle falls short of a semicircle. suppliant (sup'li-ant), adj. beseech- ing; entreating; suing: n. one who supplicates; humble petitioner. Al- so supplicant. supplicate (-kat), v.t. to ask or beg humbly and earnestly; address in prayer; beseech; implore. supplication (-ka'shun), n. the act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer or entreaty. supplicatory ('li-ka-to-ri), adj. per- taining to, containing, or of the na- ture of, supplication. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUPPLIER 697 SURMISE supplier (-li'er), n. one who, or that which, supplies. support (-port), v.t. to sustain; bear up; endure; uphold; favor; •second; incur; carry on; provide for or nourish: n. the act of sup- porting; that which supports; main- tenance; livelihood; aid. suppose (-poz'), v.t. to imagine; ad- mit without proof; assume as true; think. supposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of supposing; thing supposed; as- sumption. supposititious (-poz-i-tish'us), adj. supposed or imaginary; not genuine; counterfeit. suppository (-poz'i-to-ri), n. a med- icated mass, usually in the form of a cone, for introduction into some cavity of the body, where it dissolves. suppress (-pres'), v.t. to subdue; crush; keep in or down; quell; con- ceal; restrain the publication of; arrest the normal secretions of. suppression ^ (-presh'un), n. the act of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- ment; omission. suppurate ('ti-rat), v.i. to generate pus. suppuration (-ra/shun), n. the act of generating pus; pus generated in a sore. suppurative ('u-ra-tiv), adj. tending to produce, or accompanied by, sup- puration: n. a medicine to promote suppuration. supra, a prefix meaning above, be- yond, over, as swpralapsarian. suprarenalin (su-pra-ren'a-lin), n. a preparation of the active principle of the adrenal glands. supremacy (su-prem'a-si), n. the state or quality of being supreme; highest authority. supreme (-prem'), adj. highest in power or authority; most excellent; extreme ; utmost . sur, a prefix, meaning over, beyond, above, upon, as surcharge (ser- charj'), n. an excessive charge, load, or burden; an overcharge beyond- what is just and right: v.t. to charge more than is due; overload. surbase (ser'bas), n. a cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, &c. surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. to stop en- tirely. surcharge (ser-charj'), v.t. to give an excessive load; to charge more than is required. surcingle ('sing-gl), n. a girth, belt, or girdle for passing around the body of a horse and securing the saddle or some burden, &c; girdle of a cassock. surcoat ('kot), n. a coat worn over another coat or garment. surd (serd), n. a mathematical quantity that cannot be expressed by rational numbers, or has no root, as \/3: adj. not expressible by ra- . tional numbers; involving surds; uttered with the breath. surety ('ti), n. [pi. sureties ('tiz) ], certainty; security against loss or damage; guarantee; hostage; one who becomes jointly bound with an- other; bail. surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea that breaks and foams upon the shore or the rocks. surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating or drinking; sickness caused by such excess: v.t. to feed to excess and sickness. surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- low; great roll; swell: v.i. to roll or rise high. surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- titioner, especially one who prac- tices surgery. surgery ('jer-i), n. the act and art of treating injuries or diseases by man- ual operations; place where a sur- geon operates or keeps his medi- cines. surly (Ti), adj. [comp. surlier, su- perl. surliest], gloomily morose; rough; uncivil; churlish; snarling; ill-natured. surmise (-miz'), n. guess or conjec- ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, Z/ien. SURMOUNT SUSPENSION without certain knowledge; suspect; conjecture; fancy. surmount (-mount'), v.t. to rise above; overcome; conquer; van- quish; exceed. surname ('nam), n. a name added to the baptismal names; family name: v.t. to give the family name to. surpass (-pas'), v.t. to exceed; ex- cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- ness. surplice Cplis), n. the outer linen vestment with wide sleeves, worn by the officiating clergy and choristers of the Roman Catholic and Angli- can Churches. surplus ('plus), n. that which re- mains over and above what is re- quired; excess: adj. exceeding what is required. surprise (-priz'), n. the act of taking unawares; astonishment; sudden emotion, confusion, or perplexity: v.t. to take unawares; confuse or perplex; assail unexpectedly; aston- ish. surprise party ('par-ti), n. a party who visit the house of a mutual friend unexpectedly, each bringing some article of food for supper. surrender (-ren'der), v.t. to yield to the power of another; give t up on compulsion; cede; resign: v.i. to yield; give up one's self into the power of another: n. the act of yielding into the power or possession of another; a yielding or giving up. surreptitious (-rep-tish'us), adj. done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- ized. surrogate (sur'6-gat), n. the deputy of a bishop, who is authorized to issue marriage licenses; a substitute; a probate judge. surround (-round'), v.t. to enclose on all sides; encompass; environ; invest: n. a precipitous place where animals are surrounded. surroyal (-roi'al), n. the crown ant- ler of a stag. surtax (ser'taks), n. an additional tax: v.t. (ser-taks') to impose a surtax on. surtout (-too'), n. a wide-skirted coat reaching below the knees. surveillance (val'yans), n. watch; oversight; inspection. survey (~va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sur- veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect or take a view of; overlook; examine; measure and estimate, as land: n. , (ser'va), the act of surveying; par- ticular view or examination; cus- toms district- surveyor ('er), n. one who surveys; one whose business it is to measure land. survival (-vi'val), n. continuance beyond the life of another; any an- cient use, custom, or belief continu- ing to the present day. survive (-viv'), v.t. to live longer than; outlive: v.i. to remain alive. sus, prefix, another form of sub. susceptibility (sus-cept-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being suscept- ible; impressibility; sensibility; ca- pability. Also susceptibleness. susceptible ('i-bl), adj. capable of admitting something additional, or any change, influence, affection, &c; easily acted upon; impressible. Also susceptive. suspect (-pekf), v.t. to have a sus- picion of; imagine to exist; conjec- ture; mistrust: n. (sus'pekt) a per- son suspected to be guilty of some crime. suspend (-pend'), v.t. to make to hang by anything; delay; inter- rupt; cause to cease for a time; debar temporarily. suspender ('er), n. one who, or that which, suspends: pi. braces. suspense (-pens'), n. a state of un- certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- cision; act of withholding the judg- ment; temporary cessation of a man's right. suspension (-pen'shun), n. the act of suspending; state of being sus- pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- tainty; delay; interruption; tempo- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUSPENSOR 699 SWINGLETREE rary privation of power, office, priv- ilege, or rights; continuation of a note from one chord to another [music]. suspensor ('ser), n. something that suspends; a suspensory. suspicion (-pish'un), n. the act of suspecting; distrust; want of con- fidence; imagination of something wrong on slight or insufficient proof; hint; very small quantity. suspicious ('us), adj. full of, inclined to, or cherishing, suspicion; open to, or exciting, suspicion; doubtful. sustain (-tan'), v.t. to hold up or support; maintain; keep; support; nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. sustenance ('ten-ans), n. that which supports life; food; maintenance or support. sustentation (-ta'shun), n. the act of sustaining; support or mainte- nance. susurrus (su-sur'us), n. a light whis- pering; a subdued humming; a gentle sighing, as of the winds. sutler (sut'ler), n. a person who fol- lows an army and sells provisions, liquor, &c, to the troops. Sutras (soo'traz), n.pl. certain apho- risms summarizing the teaching of the Brahmans, and giving the es- sence of their doctrines in short, connected sentences. suttee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu widow who immolates herself on the funer- al pile of her deceased husband; a form of widow sacrifice, formerly common among the Hindus, in which the wife was burnt with her deceased husband on his funeral pile; now forbidden. sutteeism ('izm), n. the practice or rite of self-immolation among Hin- du widows. sutural (sti'tu-ral), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, a suture. suture ('tur), n. the drawing to- gether of the edges of a wound by sewing; lines of junction of the bones of the skull; seam at the union of two margins of a plant. suzerain (su'ze-ran), n. a feudal lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- rior or paramount ruler. suzerainty (-ti), n. the office, or dig- nity, of a suzerain; paramount au- thority. swaddle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe or bind tightly, especially infants. swain (swan), n. a peasant; rustic lover; sweetheart. sward (swawrd), n. the' grassy sur- face of land. swarthy ('i), adj. of a dark or tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also swart, swarth. swash (swosh), n. a dashing or splashing of water: v.i. to dash or splash water about. swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of grass or grain as cut down by the mower; sweep of a scythe in mowing. swathe (swai/i), v.t. to bind with a bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- dage or roller. sweat-shop (swet'-shop), n. a place where the employees are overworked and paid low wages. sweating-system ('ing-sis-tem), n. the system by which middlemen employ people to work at their own homes for unfair wages. Swedenborgian (swe-den-bor'ji-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the doctrines of Swedenborg, a Swedish mystic, the founder of the New Jerusalem Church. sweepstakes ('staks), n.pl. the whole money or other things staked or won at a horse-race or in gaming. sweetbread ('bred), n. a calf's pancreas. swerve (swerv), v.i. to turn aside from any prescribed fine or rule of duty; deviate; incline. swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or thrash: n. sweep or swing of any- thing in movement; sway; influence. swingle (swing'gl), v.t. to cleanse (flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n. that part of a flail which strikes the grain. swingletree (-tre), n. the crossbar of a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SWINISH 700 SYMPTOM carriage, &c, to the ends of which the traces of the horse are fastened. swinish (swin'ish), adj. pertaining to, like, or characteristic of, swine; bestial. swink (swingk), v.i. to toil; drudge. swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed in another body so as to turn round in it; twisting link in a chain; a kind of small cannon which turns ona pivot: v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn on a swivel or pivot. swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a • fainting fit, with apparent suspen- sion of the vital and mental powers: n. the act of swooning; syncope. swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch prey while on the wing: n. a sudden falling upon and seizing. Sybarite (sib'a-rit), n. an effeminate voluptuary: from the inhabitants of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient Greek city noted for its luxury. sycamine (sik'a-min), n. the black mulberry-tree. sycamore ('a-mor), n. a tree of the maple family; the fig-mulberry of the East; the buttonwood. sycophancy (sik'o-fan-si), n. obse- quious or servile flattery. syllabub, same as sillibub. syllabus ('a-bus), n. a table of con- tents; compendium of the heads of a discourse; abstract. syllogism ('o-jizm), n. an argument p'ated in logical form, consisting of three propositions, the first two being called the premises and the last the conclusion which contains the matter to be proved. sylph (silf), n. an imaginary being inhabiting the air; fairy. sylvan' (sil'van), adj. pertaining to, inhabiting, or growing in, a wood or grove; rustic; woody; shady. sym, prefix, another form of syn. symbiosis (sim-bi-o'sis), n. the more or less permanent united life of cer- tain animal and vegetable organisms rendering mutual service to each other. symbol Cbol), n. an emblem or sign representing something else; type; mark or character used as an abbre- viation; a creed. symbolic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, serving as, or of the nature of, a symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. Also symbolical. symbolism ('bol-izm), n. the use of, ] or the being represented by, sym- ! bols; science of creeds. symmetrical (-met'ri-kal), adj. hav- ing corresponding parts or rela- tions; harmonious; proportionate. Also symmetric. symmetry ('e-tri), n. the due pro- portion of the several parts of a body to each other; harmony or adaptation of parts to each other; proportion. sympathetic (-pa-thet'ik), adj. per- taining to, expressing, or inducing, sympathy; compassionate. Also sym- pathetical. sympathize ('pa-thiz), v.i. to have a mutual feeling, with another; be : compassionate. sympathy ('pa-thi), n. mutual feel- ing of pleasure or pain; compas- sion; reciprocal action of the organs of a body. symphonic (-fon'ik), adj. agreeing in sound; pertaining to a sympho- ny. Also symphonious. symphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. sympho- nies (-niz) ], harmony of sound; a musical composition for a full band of instruments; instrumental intro- duction or ending of a vocal com- position. symposium (-po'zi-um), n. [pi. sym- posia (-a)], a banquet; a drinking together; merry-making; an article in a magazine in which various writers express their views on some given topic. symptom (simp'tom), n. that which indicates the existence of something else of which it is the effect; token or sign. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SYN 701 SYSTEMATIZE syn, a prefix meaning with, together, as s;y??antherous: adj. having sta- mens united by their anthers. synagogue ('a-gog), n. a religious assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- ish place of worship. synchronism (sing'krd-nizm), n. con- currence in time of two or more events; tabular arrangement of con- temporaneous historical events. synchronous ('kro-nus), adj. hap- pening at the same time. Also syn- chronal. synclinal Ckll-nal), adj. noting a line or axis formed when strata dip in opposite directions and meet in a common central point qr line. syncopate ('ko-pat), v.t. to contract by omitting a letter or letters from the middle of (a word); unite (the last note of one bar to the first note of the next) by a slur. syncope ('ko-pe), n. the omission of a letter or letters from the middle of a word; fainting caused by interrup- tion of the heart's action. .syncretism ('kre-tizm), n. the at- tempt to blend opposite and contra- dictory tenets into one system to produce union and concord. syndic ('dik), n. a government offi- cial invested with varying powers in different countries; chief magis- trate; municipal or other official. syndicalism (sin'di-kal-izm), n. a fea- ture of recent labor agitation, which aims at decentralization, substitutes direct for deputed action, approves the strike . even if a failure, urges the banding of all producers in trades councils, and looks to the abolition of all non-producers. syndicate ('di-kat), n. a body of syndics; a combination of capital- ists to promote some special under- taking or speculation. synecdoche (-ek'do-ke), n. a rhetori- cal figure in which the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole. synergy ('er-ji), n. correlation be- tween different organs. synod ('od), n. a council or meeting of ecclesiastics for consultation on religious matters; a church council composed of several presbyters. synoecious (-e'shus), adj. having both male and female flowers on the same receptacle. synonym ('o-nim), n. a word having nearly the same signification as an- other. synopsis (-op 'sis), n. a general or collective view of any subject; sum- mary. synoptic (-op'tik), adj. giving a gen- eral view of the whole or principal parts of a thing. Also synoptical. syntactic (-tak'tik), adj. pertaining to, or arranged according to, the rules of syntax. Also syntactical. syntax ('taks), n. that part of gram- mar which teaches of the proper construction and arrangement of words in a sentence. synthesis ('the-sis), n. [pi. synthe- ses (-sez) ], composition or putting of two or more things together; op- posed to analysis; the method or process of deducing and combining complex ideas from simple ones. syphon, another form of siphon. syren, another form of siren. Syriac (sir'i-ak), adj. pertaining to Syria, its inhabitants, or language. Also Syrian. syrigmus (si-rig'mus), n. an abnor- mal sensation of ringing in the ears, Syringa (si-ring'ga), n. a genus of plants, including the lilac. syringe (sir'inj), n. a small tube with a handle and worked like a pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse -with a syringe. system (sis'tem), n. combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrange- ment according to some common law; collection of rules and princi- ples; connected body of principles in science or art; method of trans- acting business. systematize ('tem-a-tiz), v.t. to re- duce to a system. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. T T, the twentieth letter in the English alphabet. As a musical symbol t indicates tempo. tabard Card), n. a loose garment or mantle worn over armor; herald's coat. tabaret ('a-ret), n. a strong satin- striped silk used in upholstering. tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent and biting sauce made from a variety of Mexican pepper. tabef action (-e-fak'shun), n. the act or condition of wasting away. tabernacle ('er-nak-1), n. a tempo- rary dwelling, movable residence, or tent; the human body as the tem- porary dwelling of the soul; the movable structure or place of wor- ship carried by the Israelites in the wilderness; receptacle for the con- secrated Host in Roman Catholic Churches; place of worship: v.i. to sojourn; take up a temporary resi- dence. tabes (ta'bez), n. a gradual wasting away of the body; atrophy. tabinet (tab'in-et), n. a mixed wool- en and silk fabric, used for window- curtains, &c. tablature ('la-tur), n. a painting on walls or ceilings; single piece comprehended in one view; division of the skull into two tables. tableau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or tableaus (ta-bloz') ], a striking and vivid representation. tableau vivant (ve-vang'), n. a liv- ing picture; a picturesque represen- tation by one or more silent and motionless performers suitably cos- tumed and posed. table d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. a meal for several persons at the same hour and at a fixed price; ordinary. tablet _ (tab 'let), n. a small table; medi- cine in the form of a small flat disk: small flat piece of ivory, &c, for memoranda; ancestral monument; small fiat cake, as of soap, sweet- meats, &cf taboo (ta-boo'), n. a religious rite formerly prevalent among the Poly- nesians by which persons and things were rendered sacred and inviola- ble; ban; prohibition: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tabooed, p.pr. tabooingl, to for- bid approach to, or use of. Also tabu. tabor (ta'ber), n. a small drum, beaten with one stick. Also tabour. tabular (tab'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, a table; formed in plates or lamina? ; set down, computed, or arranged in, ta- bles or schedules. tabulate ('u-lat), v.i. to reduce to, or arrange in, tables or synopses; shape with a flat surface. tache (tach), n. a button; loop: catch, clasp, or other fastening. tachometer (ta-kom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring velocity. tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not expressed verbally. taciturn ('i-tern), adj. habitually silent. tackle (1), n. the ropes, rigging, &c, of a vessel; apparatus for raising or lowering heavy weights consist- ing of pulleys and ropes; imple- ments or gear: v.t. to harness; seize or lay hold of; deal with or attack vigorously. tact (takt), n. nice discernment and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (702) TACTICS 703 TAMARIND delicate skill in saying and doing ex- actly what is expedient or suitable in given circumstances. tactics ('tiks), n. naval and military evolutions; science of disposing and maneuvering naval and military forces for battle. tactile ('til), adj. perceptible by the touch; capable of being touched. tactual (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to the organs of touch. tael (tal), n. sl Chinese money of ac- count, value about $1.05; a weight of 1 1-3 oz. taffeta (taf'e-ta), n: a fine, thin, glossy, silken fabric. Also taffety. taffrail ('ral), n. the upper flat part of the stern of a ship; rail round a ship's stern. tailage ('aj), n. tax or toll. Also tallage. tailboard ('bord), n. the movable board at the rear of a cart. tailing ('ing), n. the part of a pro- jecting stone or brick inserted in a wall; refuse of stamped ore thrown behind the rail of the washing ap- paratus: pi. chaff. taint (taut), n. corruption; infec- tion; spot or stain; disgrace: v.t. to imbue or impregnate with anything noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be corrupted by incipient putrefaction. talaria (ta-la'ri-a), n.pl. the small wings attached to the ankles of Mer- cury or Hermes, the messenger of the gods. talbot '(tawl'bot), n. a quick-scented hunting-dog, with long pendulous ears. talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of magnesia occurring in thin flakes. talent (tal'ent), n. among the an- cients, a weight, coin, or sum of money of varying value; mental ca- pacity; eminent ability; skill; clev- erness; gift. talesman (talz'man), n. one sum- moned on the panel of a jury. talipes ('i-pez), n. club-foot. talisman ('is-man), n. [pi. talismans (-manz) ], a magical figure cut in metal or stone supposed to possess magical virtues in averting evil, &c; something that produces an ex- traordinary effect. tallage. Same as tallage.- tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t. to grease or smear with tallow; fat- ten. tally ('i), n. [pi. tallies ('iz) ], a stick notched to match another stick, used for keeping accounts; one thing made to match or suit another: v.t. to make to correspond: v.i. to be fitted; match. tally-ho (-ho), inter j. & n. the hunts- man's cry to incite his hounds; a four-in-hand coach. tallyman '(-man), n. [pi. tallymen (-men) 1, one who sells goods to be paid for by instalments. tally-system (-sis-tem), n. the prac- tice of selling goods on credit to be paid for by instalments. talmi-gold ('mi-gold), n. Abyssinian gold; cheap imitation of gold. Talmud ('mud), n. the book which contains the whole body of the Jew- ish civil and canonical laws and tra- ditions, with the commentaries and speculations of the Rabbis, consist- ing of two parts, the Mishnah and Gemara. talon ('on), n. the claw of a bird of prey; an ogee molding. talus (talus), n. the ankle-bone; sloping part of a work; sloping heap of broken rocks accumulated at the foot of a cliff. tamable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing tamed. tamale (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of dump- ling, made of minced chicken and corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled or cooked by steam. tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- ican black larch. tamarin ('a-rin), n. a South Amer- ican monkey with a squirrel-like tail. tamarind ('a-rind), n. a leguminous ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then: TAMARISK 704 TAPER and lofty tropical tree, yielding long pods which contain a soft acid pulp. tamarisk ('a-risk), n. a tree or shrub of the genus Tamarix, with small pink or white flowers and feathery branches. tambac. Same as tombac. tambour ('ber), n. a drum-like frame on which a kind of embroidery with threads of gold, silver, and silk are worked in the figures of flowers, &c; drum; the naked part of cer- tain capitals of drum-like appear- ance; enclosure of stockade work: v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a tambour. tambourine (-en'), n. a small hand- drum with little cymbals inserted in the hoop; a sprightly French stage dance. tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up with clay or similar material the blast- hole in a rock to direct the course of the explosion; drive in or down by repeated gentle strokes. tamper ('per), v.i. to meddle so as to injure or alter anything; use brib- ery; try small experiments. tampion ('i-on), n. a stopper, espe- cially for the mouthpiece of a can- non. Also tompion. tandem ('dem), adv. with two horses or persons one before the other: n. a vehicle with two horses harnessed one before the other; a bicycle or tricycle for two, one riding before the other. tang (tang), n. a strong taste or flavor; something that leaves behind a taste peculiar to itself; that part of a knife, fork, tool, &c, which is inserted into the handle; sound or tone: v.i. to make a ringing sound. tangency ('jen-si), n. a contact or touching. tangent ('jent), adj. touching: n. a straight line that meets or touches a circle or curve, but when produced, does not cut it. tangerine (-jer-en'), n. a small orange. tanghin (tang'gin), n. a Madagascar tree, from the seeds of which a pow- erful poison is obtained; the ordeal- tree. tangibility (tan-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being tangible. Also tangibleness. tangible Cji-bl), adj. perceptible to the touch; capable of being pos- sessed or realized; evident; real. tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so as to render difficult to unravel; im- plicate; embarrass. tango (tang'o), n. one of a score or more of modern dances, in syncopat- ed time and one-step motion; differ- ing in the variety of positions, many of which are held to be immodest; all placed under a ban by the National Association of Masters of Dancing. tangram (tan'gram), n. a Chinese toy for forming combinations of fig- ures by small squares. tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or reservoir for storing water or other liquid; an armored car. tankard ('erd), n. a drinking-vessel with a lid. tanner ('er), n. one who tans hides. tannery (-i), n.. [pi. tanneries (-iz) ], a place where hides are tanned; process of tanning. tannic acid (as'id), n. an astringent principle in oak-bark, and gall-nuts. Also tannin. tansy ('zi), n. a bitter aromatic plant with small yellow flowers. tantalization (-tal-i-za'shun), n. the act of tantalizing; state of being tantalized. tantalize ('tal-iz), v.t. to tease or torment by exciting hopes or fears which will not be realized; provoke: from the classic fable of Tantalus. tantamount (-ta-mount), adj. equiv- alent in value or signification. tantivy (-tiv'i), n. a gallop: adv. swiftly. tantrum ('trum), n. a sudden out- burst of temper or passion. tape (tap), n. a narrow band of linen or cotton cloth. taper (ta'per), n. small wax candle; small light: adj. growing smaller or, §,te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TAPESTRY 705 TASIMETER regularly narrowed toward the point, or from the bottom to the top: v.i. to become gradually more slender: v.t. to narrow to a point. tapestry (tap'es-tri), n.. a textile fabric of wool or silk ornamented with a raised design, figures, &c, used for hangings: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapestried, p.pr. tapestrying], to hang, or adorn with, tapestry. tapestry carpet (kar'pet), n. a kind of carpet somewhat resembling Brussels. tapeworm (tap'werm), n. a flat rib- bon-like intestinal worm (Taenia solium). tapioca (tap-i-o'ka), n. a farinaceous food obtained from the root of the cassava. tapir (ta'per), n. a South American quadruped allied to the hog. - tapis (ta-pe'), n. a carpet [French]. tappet (tap'et), n. a small lever or projection for changing or regulat- ing motion. v taproot ('root), n. the main root of a plant. taps (taps), n. the bugle call sounded in camp at night, signifying "lights out"; also sounded at a military burial. tapster ('ster), n. one whose business is to draw liquor from a eask. tarantella (-an-tel'a), n. a wild, rapid Neapolitan dance; music for such a dance. tarantula ('tu-la), n. a large spider whose bite was formerly supposed to produce an irresistible mania for dancing. tardy ('di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- perb, tardiest], moving with a slow pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; late. tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the cask, package, &c, which contains the commodity which is weighed with it and for which an allowance is made. target (tar'get), n. a small shield; butt or mark set up for rifle and artillery practice. tariff (tar'if), n. a schedule or table of dutiable goods, specifying the customs rates, &c, to be paid or allowed on articles exported or im- ported; a duty levied according to such a schedule: v.t. to fix a duty on. tarlatan (tar 'la-tan), n. a thin, tran- sparent dress-muslin. tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain lake; marsh. tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish the luster of; sully: v.i. to lose luster; become dull. tarpaulin (-paw'lin), n. stout water- proof canvas. tarry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tarried, p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; de- lay; linger. tarsal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining to the tarsus. tarsus ('sus), n. [pi. tarsi ('si) ], the instep, consisting of several bones: pi. the connective cartilages of the eyelids; foot of an insect or crus- tacean. tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; acid; severe; keen: n. small open pie. * tartan (tar 'tan), n. woolen cloth, checkered with various colors; small Mediterranean coasting vessel: adj. made from, or like, tartan. tartar ('tar), n. the white earthy substance deposited on the teeth, &c. Tartar, n. an inhabitant of Tartary (also Tatar); a person of keen, ir- ritable temper. Tartarean (-ta-re-an), adj. pertain- ing to Tartarus or Hell; infernal. tartar emetic (e-met'ik), adj. anti- mony combined with potassium and tartaric acid. tartaric acid (-tar'ik as'id), n. an acid found in the juice of grapes, berries, &c. Tartarus ('ta-rus), n. the deep and sunless abyss of, the infernal re- gions; Hades. tasimeter (ta-sim'e-ter), n. an elec- trical instrument for measuring minute variations in temperature, moisture, motion, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TASSEL 706 TE DEUM tasse! ('1), n. a pendent ornament of silk, wool, &c; a male goshawk; pendent flower or head of certain plants, as maize. tasty ('i), adj. showing taste; savory. tatter ('er), n. a loose hanging rag: pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; rend. tatterdemalion (-ter-de-mal'yun), n. a ragged fellow. tatting ('ing), n. a kind of narrow lace for edging, made with a small hand-shuttle; art of making such, kind of lace. tattoo (-too'), n. a beat of drum, es- pecially for warning soldiers to re- tire to their quarters; marks or fig- ures made by puncturing the skin with a needle and rubbing a stain or dye into the wounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tattooed, p.pr. tattooing], to mark permanently (the skin) by punctur- ing it and staining the wounds. tau (taw), n. a cross resembling the Greek letterT (tau). taube (taw'ba), n. [Ger.] an airship built for dropping explosives; used in the European war of 1914-15. taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: n. bitter or sarcastic reproach; scoff; insulting invective: v.t. to reproach with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting language; revile. , tauriform (taw'ri-form), adj. having the form of a bull. taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; snug; secure. tautological (-to-loj'ik-al), adj. of the nature of tautology. tautology (-tol'o-ji), n. repetition of the same thing or idea in different words; sameness of words or of meaning. tavern (tav'ern), n. an inn or public- house; a hotel. taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) to make them into leather: n. a game at marbles; a 'marble to be played with. tawdry ('dri), adj. showy or fine without elegance; gaudily dressed. tawny ('ni) , adj. of a yellowish-brown color. taws (tawz), n.pl. a leathern strap with one end cut into fringes,, used as an instrument of punishment [Scotch], Also tawse. taxation (a/shun), n. the act of tax- ing; rate or tax imposed: system of raising revenues. taxicab (taks'i-kab), n. an automo- bile for rent, that records the time and length of trip. taxidermy ('i->der-mi), n. the art of stuffing and arranging specimens of natural history. taximeter (-me'ter), n. the record- ing device used in a taxicab. taxonomy (-on'o-mi), n. that depart- ment of natural history which treats of the laws and principles of classi- fication. tazza (tat'sa), n. an ornamental cup or vase with a large shallow bowl, a foot, and sometimes handles. teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, fresh-water duck. teaspoon, n. small spoon holding about one fluid dram. teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female breast; mammilla. technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to the mechanical arts; relating to art, science, or to a particular profes- * sion. Also technical: n.pl. those branches of learning which relate to the arts; doctrine of arts in general. technique (-nek'), n. artistic execu- tion. technology ('6-ji), n. the science of the industrial arts. techy (tech'i), adj. peevish; irritable. tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. the science or art of construction. ted (ted), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tedded, p.pr. tedding], to turn or spread for drying, as new-mown hay. tedesco, adj. German, as in reference to art. Te Deum (te-de'um), n. an ancient hymn of the Christian Church sung at matins and on occasions of thanks- giving: said to have been composed by Hilary, Bishop of Aries. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. — — „ TEDIOUS 707 TEMERITY tedious (te'di-us). adj. wearisome by continuance or repetition; tiresome. tedium ('di-um), n. wearisomeness. tee (te), n. the mark aimed at in quoits and curling ;-nodule of earth from which the ball is struck at golf; umbrella-shaped finial of a Buddhist tope; short piece of connective pipe. teem (tern), v.i. to be prolific; be full; be stocked to overflowing. teen (ten), n. sorrow: pi. years of one's age ending in teen. teetotalism (-izm), n. entire absti- nence from intoxicating liquors. teetotum (-to'tum), n. a child's toy used in games of chance; a kind* of refreshment house for the working or apparatus for communicating in- telligence rapidly between certain points, especially by means of elec- tricity: v.t. to f convey by telegraph;, signal: v.i. to send a telegraphic tegmen (teg'men), n. [pi. tegmina ('mi-na) ], a covering; inner layer of the coating of a seed: pi. scaly coat of the leaf-buds of trees. tegument ('u-ment), n. natural cov- ering or envelope; skin. teinoscope (ti'n5-skop), n. a prism telescope for the correction of the chromatic aberration of light. telamon (tel'a-mon), n. [pi. tela- mones (-mo'nez) ], a figure of a man, usually colossal, used as a column or pilaster. telautograph (tel-aw'to-graf), n. a telegraphic instrument for repro- ducing writings or drawings at a distance. telectroscope (te-lek'tro-skop), n. an imperfectly developed device for transmitting visible images to a distance by electricity. teleclexis (tel-e-klex'is), n. artificial or intentional as distinguished from natural selection. telegony (te-leg'o-ni), n. the sup- posed influence of a first male on offspring subsequently borne to a second male by a given female. *The existence of such an influence is a moot point among breeders. telegram ('e-gram), n. & telegraphic communication. telegraph ('e-graf), n. an instrument telegraphy ('ra-fi), n. the science or art of constructing and working telegraphs. telekinoi (tel-e-ke'-nd), n. an elec- trical apparatus for the- control of machinery at a distance without conducting wires. telelectroscope (tel-e-lek'tro-skop) , n. proposed name of an imperfectly developed apparatus for seeing at a distance with the aid of electricity, usually by the use of cells of selenium, the electrical conductivity of which varies under the influence of light. teleology (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. the doc- trine of the final causes of things. telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n. the trans- ference of thought from one person to another by the exercise of the will. telephone (tere-fon), n. an instru- ment for transmitting sound to a distance by means of electricity: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by telephone. telescope (tel'e-skop), n. an optical instrument for viewing objects at a distance: v.t to drive into one an- other, as railway carriages in colli- sion. teleseism (tel'e-sism), n. an earth- tremor of remote origin as recorded on the seismograph. telesis (tel'e-sis), n. progress clearly planned and accomplished by con- sciously directed effort. teletypograph (tel-e-ti'po-graf), n. a machine telegraph which records its message by perforating a tape, which serves as a guide for the automatic setting of type to print the message. telic (tel'ik), adj. noting the final end or purpose. telotype (tel'o-tip), n. an electric telegraph that prints the message. temerity (te-mer'i-ti), n. foolhardi- ness; rashness; precipitancy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TEMPERAMENT 708 TENOR temperament ('per-a-ment), n. nat- ural constitution or organization; due mixture of opposite or different qualities. temperance ('per-ans), n. modera- tion, especially in respect to the ap- petites or passions; patience; so- briety; total abstinence. temperature ('per-a-tur), n. state of a body with respect to sensible heat; degree of any quality. tempered ('perd), adj. constitution- ally disposed; hardened. tempest ('pest), n. wind rushing with great violence, usually accompanied by rain, hail, &c; hurricane; tumult. tempestuous (-pes'tii-us), adj. very stormy; pertaining to, or like, a tempest; violent. Templar ('pier), n. one of a relig- ious and military order, especially in the 12th century. template ('plat), n. a mold or pat- tern used by masons, bricklayers, &c, in cutting or setting out their work. Also templet. temple ('pi), n. an edifice for the worship of a deity or deities; resi- dence of a divinity; place of public worship; the flat part of either side of the head above the cheek-bones. temporal ('po-ral), adj. pertaining to time; secular; measured or re- stricted by time; civil or political. temporary (-ri), adj. existing or continuing for a limited time or some special purpose. temporize ('po-riz), v.i. to comply with the times; yield to current opinion; parley; delay. tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; entice. temptation (temp-ta'shun), n. the state of being tempted; enticement, especially to evil. tempter (temp'ter), n. one who tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. temptress. tenable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing held, maintained, or defended. tenace ('as), n. in whist, the holding by the fourth hand of the best and third best of the suit led. tenacious (te-na'shus), adj. holding fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- stinate. tenacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being tenacious; cohesive- ness; adhesiveness. tenancy (ten'an-si), n. [pi. tenan- cies (-siz) ], the holding of land or tenements on certain conditions and for a specified time; tenure. tenant ('ant), n. one who holds lands or tenements on certain con- ditions and for a specified time; oc- cupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant. tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish of the carp kind. tendency (ten'den-si), n. inclina- tion; aim; direction or course. tenderloin (ten'der-loin), n. a certain cut of beef, pork, &c; a name for a disreputable district of a city. tenderness (-nes), n. kindness; be- nevolence; sensibility; pathos; cau- tion; soreness. tending (tend'ing), n. the act of at- tending; the swinging round of a vessel upon her anchor. tendinous (ten'din-us), adj. per- taining to a tendon; sinewy. tendon ('dun), n. the hard bundle of fibers which connects the muscles to the bones. tendril ('dril), n. the slender, twin- ing part of a plant which attaches itself to a supporting body. tenement ('e-ment), n. a house, shop, land, &c, held by a tenant; dwelling house; suite of rooms; any kind of permanent property, as land, rents, &c. tenet ('et), n. a doctrine, dogma, opinion, or belief held or maintained as true. tennis ('is), n. a game played with rackets. tenon ('un), n. the end of a timber cut wedge-shaped for fitting into a mortise in another timber: v.t. to form tenons in. tenor ('er), n. manner of continuity; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,) i book; hue, hut; think, then. TENOR-CLEF 709 TERRACE general tendency or drift; purport or substance; exact copy of a writ- ing; the highest of adult male voices between bass and alto: adj. pertain- ing to, or adapted for, tenor. tenor-clef (-kief), n. the C clef, when placed on the third line of the staff. tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; rigid; not lax: n. a modification in the inflection of a verb, expressing time of action. tensile (ten'sil), adj. ductile. tension ('shun), n. the act of stretch- ing or straining; the state of being stretched; mental strain; strong ex- citement or feeling; expansive or elastic force. tensor ('ser), n. a muscle that stretches. tentacle (ten'ta-kl), n. a process or organ in certain invertebrate ani- mals used for feeling, prehension, or locomotion. tentacular (-tak'ti-lar), adj. pertain- ing to tentacles. tenter ('ter), n. a frame for stretch- ing cloth on by hooks; a tenter- hook: v.t. to hang or stretch on tenters. tenter-hook (-hook), n. a sharp, hooked nail; anything that painful- ly strains. tenuity (te-nu'i-ti), n. thinness; rar- ity. tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not dense. tenure ('ur), n. conditions under which a tenement is held; right or manner of holding real estate; man- ner of holding; term of holding. tepef action (tep-e-fak'shun), n. the act of warming or making tepid. tepefy ('e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tepe- fied, -p.pr. tepefying], to make tepid: v.i. to become tepid. tepid ('id), adj. moderately warm; lukewarm. : tepidity (te-pid'i-ti), n. moderate warmth. Also tepidness. ter, a prefix meaning three times. teraph (ter'af), n. [pi. teraphim ('li-fim) ], a tutelary household god or image, consulted by the ancient Hebrews as an oracle. teratology (-a-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of malformations or deviations from the normal type of animal and plant structure. terce. Same as tierce. tercentenary (-sen'ten-a-ri), adj. comprising 300 years: n. a day or function commemorating some event occurring 300 years before. tercine ('sin), n. the outer coat of the ovule of a plant; chorion. terebinth ('e-binth), n. the turpen- tine-tree. tergiversation (-jiv-er-sa'shun), n. evasion; subterfuge. termagant (ter'ma-gant), adj. noisy and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- an. terminal ('mi-nal), adj. pertaining to the end or extremity; arranged according to the terminations: n. a limit or boundary; end; one of the ends of a conducting circuit of a dynamo, &c. termination (-na'shun), n. the act of terminating; a bound or limit; end; conclusion or result; final syl- lable or letter. terminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, terminates; the di- viding line between the illuminated and non-illuminated part of the moon. terminology (-mi-nol'o-ji), n. the definition of technical terms. terminus ('mi-nus), n. [pi. termini (-ni) ], a limit or boundary; station at the end of a railway. termite ('mit), n. the white ant. tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied to the gull: adj. arranged in threes. ternary (ter'na-ri), adj. proceeding by, or consisting of, threes: n. the number 3. Terpsichorean (t erp-si-ko-r e'an) , adj. pertaining to Terpsichore or to dancing. terra (ter'a), n. the earth; earth. terrace ('as), n. a raised level space ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book;, hue, hut; think, then. TERRA COTTA 710 TESTIS or platform of earth with sloping sides, usually laid with turf; flat roof on an oriental house; large open balcony or gallery; row of houses: v.t. to form into a terrace. terra cotta (kot'a), n. a composition of fine clay and sand used for stat- ues, &c, and hardened by heat. terra Japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. pale catechu or gambier. terrapin ('a-pin), n. a species of fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed for food. terraqueous (-a'kwe-us), adj. con- sisting of land and water. terrestrial _ (-es'tri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, existing on, or consisting of , earth; belonging to the present world; not celestial. terret ('et), n. one of the rings on a harness-pad through which the driving reins pass. terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex- treme; severe. terrier ('i-er), n. a breed of small dogs. terrify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. terri- fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or alarm exceedingly. territorial (-i-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a territory; limited to a par- ticular district. territory ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. territo- ries (-riz) ], the extent of land with- in the jurisdiction of a state, sov- ereign, city, &c. ; large tract of land. terror ('er), n. extreme fear; fright; one who excites extreme fear. terry ('i), n. a heavy corded pile fabric. terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- bly concise. tertian (ter'shan), adj. occurring, or recurring, every third day: n. an in- termittent fever the paroxysms of which recur every other day. tertiary ('shi-a-ri), adj. of the third order, rank, or formation. tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with squares or checkered work. tessera ('e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae (-re) ], a cube of marble, glass, &c, used in mosaic work. testa (tes'ta), n. [pi. testae ('te) ], the outer integument or covering of a seed; shelly covering of certain animals. testaceous (-ta/shus), adj. consist- ing of, or haying, a hard shell. testacy ('ta-si), n. the state or fact of leaving a valid will. testament _ ('ta-ment),_ n. a solemn, authentic instrument in writing dis- posing of the estate of a person deceased; will. testamentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, bequeathed by, or done by, a will. Also testamental. testate ('tat), adj. having left a will. testator (-ta'ter), n. one who makes and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. test-bar (test'bar), n. a small sample bar of metal to test the qualities of the material used to make some com mercial article or implement. testes ('tez), n.pl. the testicles. testicle ('ti-kl), n. one of the two glands which secrete the seminal fluid in males. testify ('ti-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. testi- fied, p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- ness; make a solemn declaration; give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare solemnly on oath; bear witness to. testily ('ti-li), adv. in a testy manner. testimonial (-ti-mo'ni-al), n. a writ- ing or certificate bearing testimony to character, proficiency, &c; a present given as a token of respect; acknowledgment of services ren- dered, &c: adj. pertaining to, or containing testimony. testimony (-ti-mo-ni), n. [pi. testi- monies (-niz) ], evidence; proof; solemn declaration; profession; the two tables of the Law; divine reve- lation. testing ('ing), n. the operation of refining gold and silver; assay: proof; trial. testis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes ('tez) ], a testicle. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TESTUDINAL 711 THAUMATROPE testudinal (-tu'di-nal) ,adj. tortoise- like. testudinate ('di-nat), adj. arched like a tortoise shell. testudo (-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines ('di-nez) ], a protective covering used by the ancient Roman soldiers in besieging a city, by overlapping their shields; a screen to shelter miners in places likely to cave in; an encysted tumor. testy (tes'ti), adj^ [comp. testier, sa- perl. testiest], peevish; morose; irritable. tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw. tetchy. Same as techy. tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat'), n. private or confidential conversation; a kind of settee. tete-de-pont (-de-pong'), n. [pi. tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up to defend the entrance of a bridge. tether (tetfr'er), n. a rope for con- fining an animal within certain lim- its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. to confine, as an animal, within certain limits. tetra, prefix meaning four, as tetra- branchiate, adj. having four bran- chiae or gills. tetrachord (tet'ra-kord), n. half of the octave scale [music]; an in- strument with four strings. tetrad ('rad), n. the number 4; col- lection of four things; tetravalent radical or element. tetragon ('ra-gon), n. a plane figure with four sides and four angles. Tetragrammaton (-gram'a-ton)^ n. the mystic number 4 symbolical among the ancient Jews of the Deity. tetrameter (te-tram'e-ter), n. a verse or fine consisting of four measures. tetrapod (tet'ra-pod), n. a four- footed insect. tetrarch (te'trark), n. a Roman gov- ernor whose jurisdiction extended over the fourth part of a province; petty prince. tetrastyle (tet'ra-stil), n. a building or portico with four columns in front. tetter ('er), n. a cutaneous disease characterized by itching and red- ness; herpes. Teutonic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Teutons or the Teutonic languages, Low German, Scandinavian, and High German. texas (teks'as), n. the pilot-house, &c, on the hurricane deck of a steamer. text-hand ('hand), n. a large hand in writing. textile (teks'til), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, weaving; capable of being woven. texture ('tur), ?i. manner of weav- ing; web; disposition of the several parts of a body in connection with each other ; filaments or fibers inter- woven; tissue. thalamus (thal'li-mus), n. the place where a nerve originates or is sup- posed to originate; receptacle of a flower. thalassic (tha-las'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in the sea. thalassography (thal-as-og'ra-fi), n. the science of marine organisms. thaler (ta'ler), n. sl German silver coin, value about 72 cents. thanage (than'aj), n. the district or jurisdiction of a thane. thanatoid (than'a-toid), adj. death- like. thanatology (-a-tol'o-ji), n. a trea- tise on, or the doctrine of, death. thane (than), n. a title of honor or dignity among the Anglo-Saxons, held by persons having large terri- torial possessions. Thanksgiving Day (da), n. a day set apart annually, usually the last Thursday in November, for thanks- giving to God for national mercies. thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c, used for covering the roofs of cot- tages, stacks, &c: v.t. to cover with, or as with, thatch. thaumatrope (thaw'ma-trop), n. an optical toy for showing the per- ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THAUMATURGIC 712 THERAPEUTIC sistence of an impression on the eye after the luminous object is with- drawn. thaumaturgic (-ter'jik), adj. per- taining to, or done by, thaumatur- gy: n. legerdemain; magical feats. thaumaturgy ('ma-ter-ji), n. the act of performing miracles; legerde- main; magic. thea (the'a), n. the tea plant. theater, theatre ('a-ter), n. a pub- lic building where dramatic repre- sentations are given; large room arranged for lectures, anatomical demonstrations, &c. % ; scene or sphere of action. theatrical (-at'ri-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or adapted for, a theater, or scenic representations; resembling the manner of actors; histrionic, pompous: n.pl. dramatic perform- ances. theatrophone ('ro-fon), n. an auto- matic telephone connected with a theater by which a person may hear a dramatic performance while seat- ed at home. Theban Year (yer), n. the ancient Egyptian year consisting of 365 days, 6 hours. theca ('ka), n. a sheath; seed-case of a fern. theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- atile principle of tea, identical with caffeine in coffee. theism (the'izm), n. the belief in the existence of a God; opposed to atheism. theist ('ist), n. one who believes in the existence of a God: opposed to atheist. theme (them), n. the subject or topic of a discourse or dissertation; short essay on a given subject; radical of a noun or verb; series of notes se- lected as the subject of a new com- position [music]. theocracy (-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- ment of a state by the immediate direction of God; the state thus gov- erned. theocrasy ('ra-si), n. a mixture of the worship of different deities, as of God and idols; the intimate union of the soul with God in con- templation. theocrat ('6-krat), n. one living un- der a theocracy. theodicy (-od'i-si), n. a vindication of the dealings of divine Providence and the freedom of the human will. theodolite (-od'6-lit), n. an instru- ment for measuring horizontal and vertical angles and ascertaining dis- tances and heights. theogony (-og'o-ni), n. that branch of mythology which treats of the origin or genealogy of ancient dei- ties; a poem treating of such gene- alogies. theologian (-o-lo'ji-an), n. one versed in theology; professor of divinity; a divine. theology (-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. theologies (-jiz) ], the science that treats of the existence, nature, and attributes of God, especially of man's relations to God; divinity. theophany (-of'a-ni), n. a manifesta- tion of God to man by actual ex- perience. theorbo (-or'bo), n. a kind of large lute with two necks. theorem ('6-rem), n. a proposition to be proved. theoretical (-o-ret'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or depending on, theory; not practical; speculative. Also theoretic. theoretics ('iks), n.pl. the specula- tive part of a science. theory ('6-ri), n. [pi. theories (-riz) ], an exposition of the abstract prin- ciples of a science or art considered apart from practice; hypothesis; philosophical explanation of moral or physical phenomena. theosophy ('o-fi), n. a system of philosophy which professes to inves- tigate the unexplained laws of na- ture, the powers of man over nature, and the direct knowledge of God at- tained by extraordinary illumination. therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik), adj. cur- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THERM 713 THRASHER ative: n.pl. the art or science of curing diseases. therm, a prefix meaning heat. Also thermo. thermae (ther'me), n.pl. hot springs or baths. thermal ('mal), adj. pertaining to heat: warm. thermanaesthesia (ther'man-es-the'- si-a), n. abnormal deficiency of the sense of temperature. thermopile ('mo-pil), n. an instru- ment for indicating slight variations of temperature. thermoscope ('mo-skop), n. an in- strument indicating relative differ- ences in temperature. thermostat ('mo-stat), n. an auto- matic apparatus for regulating tem- perature. thermotic (-mot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, heat: n.pl. the science of heat. thermotropism ('ro-pizm), n. the phenomena exhibited by some plants of turning toward the sun or source of heat. thermotypic (ther-mo-tip'ik), adj. relating to the development of a printing surface by applying heat. thesaurus (the-saw'rus), n. a store- house or treasury; lexicon or dic- tionary. thesis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses ('sez) ], an essay or dissertation on some particular subject; subject set a student on which to write prior to granting him a degree; the exercise itself; in logic, an affirmation. Thespian ('pi-an), adj. pertaining to Thespis, the founder of Greek drama: hence dramatic. theta (the'ta),rc. the Greek th (0). theurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertaining to theurgy or supernatural magic. thews (thuz), n.pl. muscles; strength. thicket ('et), n. a close wood or clus- ter of trees. thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or other vehicle; floor of a coal mine. thiller ('er), n. the shaft horse. thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped metallic protective cover for the fin- ger in sewing; anything like a thim- ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, fitted to receive a rope. thimble-rig (-rig), n. a sleight-of- hand trick in which a pea is pre- tended to be hidden under one of three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -rigged, p.pr. -rigging], to cheat by means of the thimble-rig trick. thirst (therst), n. the sensation of a desire to drink; great desire for drink; drought; eager desire: v.i. to be thirsty. thirsty ('i), adj. [comp. thirstier, su- perl. thirstiest], feeling thirst. thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar. thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap or string for fastening something; striking part of a whip. thoracic (tho-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to the thorax. thorax ('raks), n. the chest, contain- ing the heart, lungs, &c; breast- plate or cuirass. thorite (tho'rit), n. an isometric mineral; a powerful high explosive. thorough bass (bas), n. the science of harmony; an accompaniment to a continued bass by means of figures [music]. thorough-bred (-bred), adj. of pure and unmixed breed; completely in- structed; accomplished; high-spir- ited. thoroughfare (-far), n. a passage from one street opening to another; an unobstructed way for traffic. thorough-paced (-past), adj. going all lengths; complete. thought (thawt), n. the act of think- ing^ that which the mind thinks; meditation; study; care or anxiety: p.t. & p.p. of think. thraldom (thrawl'dum), n. serfdom; slavery. thrall (thrawl), n. a slave; serf. thrasher ('er), n. one who thrashes; a species of shark, the sea-fox; a thrashing machine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THREADBARE 714 THURIFER threadbare ('bar), adj. worn to the threads; poverty-stricken; hack- neyed; dull. threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. & v.i. to menace. threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small British silver coin, value 6 cents. threnody (thren'6-di), n. a dirge. thresh, same as thrash. threshold (thresh'old), n. the sill of a door; entrance; door; place or point of entrance. threw, p.t. Of throw. thrift (thrift), n. frugality; econom- ical management; good husbandry; increase of wealth; profit; a plant. thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to have a shivering, tingling, or ex- quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, as something sharp; feel a sharp tingling or exquisite sensation run- ning through the whole body; quiv- er: n. a thrilling sensation; quiver. thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. thriving], to prosper by industry, economy, and good management; in- crease or prosper in business, &c; grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- uriantly; increase or flourish. throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain, especially in parturition: v.i. to be in agony. thrombosis (throm-bo'sis), n. the obstruction of a blood-vessel by a clot of blood. throne (thron), n. a chair of state; sovereign power and dignity: v.t. to place upon a throne; exalt. throng (throng), n. a multitude; crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to- gether; annoy with numbers: v.i. to come in multitudes. throstle (thros'l), n. the song-thrush; a machine for spinning wool and cotton. throstling ('ling), n. a disease in cattle, characterized by a swelling in the throat. throttle (throt'l), v.t. to strangle or choke by pressure on the windpipe: n. the windpipe; a throttle-valve. throttle-valve (-valv), n. a valve in the steam-pipe of a boiler for con- trolling the flow of steam to any ap- paratus. thrum (thrum), n. the end of a waver's thread; coarse yarn: v.t. [pet. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- ming], to fringe or put tufts on ; play idly or unskilfully on (a stringed in- strument) with the fingers: v.i. to strum; drum. thrush (thrush), n. a sweet-songed bird of the genus Merula; a disease of infants characterized by minute white ulcers in the mouth and fauces; an inflammatory and sup- purating affection in the feet of horses. thrust (thrust), v.t. to push or drive with force; urge or impel: v.i. to push forward; enter by pushing; in- trude; attack with a pointed weapon: n. a violent or sudden push; stab. thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of robbers and assassins in India who practiced secret murder as an act of propitiation to the goddess Kali; a ruffian. thuggee (-e'), n. the practice of mur- der by the thugs. Also thuggism, thuggery. Thule (thu'le), n. the name given by the ancient geographers to the most northern part of the world as then known. thumbscrew ('skroo), n. a screw to turn with the finger and thumb; an instrument of torture for compress- ing the thumb. Also thumbkins. thummim ('im), n.pl. a mysterious symbol worn on the breastplate of the Jewish high priest signifying perfection. thunderbolt (-bolt), n. a shaft of lightning; something resembling lightning in suddenness aDd terror; dreadful denunciation, especially ec- clesiastical censure; daring or irre- sistible hero; a belemnite. thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer. thurifer ('ri-fer), n. one who attends ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THWACK 715 TILT the priest at mass, &c, and carries the thurible. thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with something flat and heavy; thump: n. a heavy blow with something blunt and hard; thump. thwart (thwawrt), adj. crosswise; oblique: prep. & adv. across: n. a seat in a boat extending from side to side: v.t. oppose; run counter to; frustrate. thyme (tim), n. a common aromatic herb of the genus Thymus. thyrogenic (thi-ro-jen'ik), adj. pro- duced by the thyroid gland or as the result of an altered secretion of that gland. thyroid (thi'roid), adj. shield-shaped: noting one of the cartilages of the larynx. thyrsus ('sus), n. pi. thyrsi ('si) ], a staff or spear entwined with ivy and vine leaves and grapes with a cone at the top, carried at the festi- vals of Bacchus by his devotees. tiara (ti-a/ra), n. the triple crown worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress worn by the ancient Persians; the miter of the Jewish high priest; diadem. ' tibia (tib'i-a), n. the inner and larger of the two leg bones; shin-bone. tibial ('i-al), adj. pertaining to the tibia. tic (tik), n. neuralgia. Also tic-dou- loureux. tidal (tid'al), adj. pertaining to the tides; ebbing and flowing like the tides. tide (tid), n. the regular rising and falling of the sea, rivers, &c; stream; time; season; turning point; tenden- cy; in mining, period of twelve hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: v.i. to work in or out of a river or harbor by drifting with the tide. tidings ('ingz), n.pl. news. tidology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of tides. tidy ('i), adj. [comp. tidier, superl. tidiest], kept or dressed in proper and habitual neatness; trim; neat; orderly: n. an ornamental cover for the back of a chair, &c: v.t. [pi. & p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make neat or tidy; put in proper order. tier (ter), n. a row or rank, especially one of two or more rows placed one above the other. tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; sequence of three cards; thrust in fencing; a third [music], tiercel (ter'sel), n. a male hawk. tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight quarrel; small draught of liquor: v.i. to be in a fit. tiffany ('a-ni), n. a thin gauze or silk. tiffin (tif 'in), n. East Indian term for a slender repast or luncheon. tige (tezh), n. the shaft of a column from the astragal to the capital. tiger-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower of the Iris order, spotted yellow and orange. tiger-lily (-lil-i), n. a handsome lily having flowers "spotted with orange. tigrine ('grin), adj. tiger-like. tigrish ('grish), adj. resembling a tiger; fierce. tilde (til'de), n. a mark (~) placed over n in Spanish words to indicate that the vowel following it is to be sounded as a y. tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, used for roofing, &c; hat; door of a Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). tiler ('er), n. one who roofs houses with tiles; door-keeper of a Masonic lodge. Tyler. tiliaceous {-i-a'shus), adj. allied to, or like, the limetree. tillage ('aj), n. land prepared for crops; husbandry; agriculture. tiller ('er), n. a husbandman; handle or lever for turning the rudder of a vessel; a sprout springing from a root or stump. tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a boat or stern awning; a thrust; a mediaeval military exercise or pa- geant in which the combatants on horseback attacked each other with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon> book; hue, hut; think, then. TILTH 716 TIPSY-CAKE lances; a tilt-hammer; upheaval of strata to a higher angle. tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- lage ground. tilt-hammer (tilt'ham-er), n. a heavy hammer used in iron foun- dries, worked by steam or hydraulic power. timber (tim'ber), n. the body or stem of a tree; wood suitable for build- ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &c; piece of wood for building or al- ready framed; wooded land: v.t. to furnish or construct with timber. timbre ('ber), n. tone or character of musical sound. timbrel ('brel), n. a kind of drum or tabret. timeist, same as timist. timelock (tlm'lok), n. a lock with clockwork attachment set to open at a certain time. timely (']i), adj. [comp. timelier, su- perl. timeliest], being or occurring in time; opportune. timid (tim'id), adj. wanting in cour- age; faint-hearted; fearful. timist (tim'ist), n. one who keeps time [music]. timorous (tim'er-us), adj. fearful of danger; full of scruples. timothy grass ('6-thi gras), n. a valuable grass used for fodder. tinctorial (tingk-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, relating to, or imparting, a color. tincture ('tur), n. a tinge or shade of color; slight taste or quality; so- lution of any medicine in or by means of spirits of wine; fine or more volatile parts of a substance: v.t. to dye or color; tinge. tinder ('der), n. any inflammable material used to kindle a fire from a spark, as rotten wood or scorched linen. tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. tinfoil (tin'foil), n. tin beaten into thin leaf. ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like sound; that part of a Chinese tem- ple which contains the idol. tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; impregnate with something foreign; dye : n. a slight degree of some color, taste, or quality imparted to a sub- stance; tint. tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- ing sensation, or pain: v.t. to ring; cause to tingle: n. a thrilling sensa- tion or pain. tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of metal pots, kettles, &c. : v.t. to patch up: v.i. meddle in an officious man- ner. tinsel ('sel), n. a kind of cloth over- laid or interwoven with gold and silver; thin glittering metallic plate; anything showy but of little value; something superficial and gaudy: adj. showy to excess; superficial; outwardly fine but really worthless: v.t. to decorate with, or as with, tinsel; make outwardly gaudy, while valueless in reality. tint (tint), n. a slight coloring dis- tinct from the principal color; hue or shade: v.t. to give a slight color- ing to. tintinnabulation (tin-ti-nab-u-la/- shun), n. a tinkling sound, as of bells. tintometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an appa- ratus for estimating shades of color by comparison with standard shades or tints. tintype same as ferrotype. tippet ('et), n. a narrow cape, or covering of cloth or fur for the neck or shoulders. tipping ('ing), n. the peculiar artic- ulation given to the flute by the player's tongue striking the roof of the mouth. tipple ('1), v.i. to drink spirits or strong liquors habitually; drink fre- quently in small quantities: n. liquor. tipstaff ('staf), n. a constable. tipster ('ster), n. one who supplies private information about race- horses, &c. tipsy-cake (-kak), n. sponge cake ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TIRADE 717 TOKAY soaked in wine and stuck over with almonds. tirade (ti-rad'), n. a long, violent, declamatory speech; strain of cen- sure or reproof; filling of an inter- val by the intermediate diatonic notes. tiresome ('sum), adj. wearisome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying. Tisri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh month of the ecclesiastical, and first month of the Jewish civil year, corresponding to part of September and October. Also Tishri. tissue (tish'oo), n. a woven fabric, especially thin transparent silk used for veiling, formerly interwoven with gold or silver threads; any thin or delicate texture or fabric; thin cellular organization of parts, con- sisting of forms closely compacted and performing special functions; connected series: v.t. to form tissue of; interweave. tissued ('odd), adj. variegated. titanic (ti-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like the Ti- tans, the fabled giants of classic mythology: hence, huge; of enor- mous strength. tithe (tlth), n. the tenth part of any- thing, especially the tenth part of the annual increase of the profit arising from land, stock, &c, allotted to the support of the clergy; small part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of. titillate (tit'i-lat), v.t. to tickle. titiliation (-la/shun), n. a tickling or itching sensation or state of feeling. titivate ('i-vat), v.t. to make smart or adorn. titrate (tit'rat), v.t. to estimate or determine the strength of by volu- metric analysis. titration (ti-tra/shun), n. volumetric analysis. titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- strained laugh. tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. titular ('u-lar), adj. existing in name or title only; nominal: n. one who is invested with a title to an office, but does not possess the power and authority appertaining to it. t. n. t., abbreviation and symbol of trinitrotoluol (q.v.). toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re- sembling the frog, of the genus Bufo. toadeater ('et-er), n. a sycophant. toadstool ('stool), n. a name of nu> merous species of fungi of the genus Agaricus. toady ('i), n. a sycophant: v.t. [v.t. & p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadying], to fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to play the sycophant. toast (tost), n. bread scorched or browned before the fire; one who is named when a health is drunk: v.t. to brown or heat at the fire; show honor to in drinking; name when a health is drunk. tobine Coin), n. a stout, twilled, dress silk. toboggan (-bog'an), n. a kind of sledge in which one or more persons sit for sliding down snow-covered hills or inclines: v.i. to slide down- hill by means of a toboggan. toby (to'bi), n. a drinking mug used for beer or ale. tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. toddle (tod'l), v.i. to walk with short, tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- dling walk. toddy ('i), n. a sweet -juice obtained from certain palms; mixture of spir- it and water sweetened. toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. toga (to-ga), n. [pi. togas (g&z), togae ('je)J, the loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans. toga virilis (vir'il-is), n. the toga assumed by Roman youths at the age of fourteen. toggery (tog'er-i), n. clothes; articles. toggle ('1), n. a small wooden pin taper- ing toward both ends and grooved round its center; button or frog. toggle-joint (-joint), n. an elbow or knee joint. toilsomeness (-nes), n. laboriousness. Tokay (to-ka'),7z.a richHungarian wine. fite, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TOKEN 718 TOPE token ('kn), n. a mark or sign; me- morial of affection, &c; symbol of good faith or authenticity; piece of metal not coined by authority, but current by sufferance. tola ('la\ n. in British India, a weight for gold and silver =180 grains troy. Toledo (-le'do), n. a sword or sword- blade of the finest temper, made orig- inally at Toledo, Spain. tolerable (torer-a-bl), adj. endura- ble; supportable; fairly good. tolerance ('er-ans), n. endurance; toleration. toleration (-a'shun), n. the act of , tolerating; allowance of that which is not wholly approved; recognition of the right of private judgment in religious opinions and modes of wor- ship differing from those of the es- tablished Church; freedom from bigotry. toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell slow- ly repeated at short intervals; a duty or tax on travelers or goods passing along a public road or bridge; tax or duty paid for some privilege : v.i. to sound or ring slowly, as a bell; annul. tolu (to'lu), n. a balsam produced by a South American tree (Myroxy- lon toluifera). tomahawk (tom'a-hawk), n. a hatch- et used by the North American In- dians in war and the chase: v.t. to strike, or kill with a tomahawk. toman (to'man), n. a gold coin cur- rent in Persia, value about $1.76. tome (torn), n. a large book. tomentose (to-men'tos), adj. covered so closely with hairs as to be scarcely discernible; nappy. Also tomentous. tomentum ('turn), n. the closely matted down on the leaves or stems of certain plants. tomin (to'min), n. a jeweler's weight of 12 grains. Tommy Atkins (tom'-i afkinz), n. popular term for the white private soldier in the English Army. tompion (tom'pi-on), n. the stopper or plug of a cannon; the iron button to which a charge of grape-shot is affixed. Also tampion. tomtit ('tit), n. the titmouse. tom-tom ('torn), n. a drum flat at one end and convex at the other: used in Africa and the East Indies. Also tam-tam. ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 cubic feet in ship measurement; pre- vailing fashion (tong). tonality (ton-al'i-ti), n. key relation- ship; accuracy of pitch. tonic (ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, or based on, the key-note; increasing tension; strengthening: n. a strength- ening medicine. tonite (to'nlt), n. a powerful explo- sive. Tonka bean (tong'ka ben), n. the aromatic kernels of the fruit of a shrubby plant of Guiana, used for scenting snuff, &c. Also Tonkuin bean. tonnage (tun'aj), n. the weight of goods carried in a boat or ship; car- rying capacity of a vessel; duty or toll on vessels; collective shipping of any port or country. tonneau (tun-o'), n. that part of an automobile body behind the chauffeur's seat, arranged for pas- sengers. tonsils (ton'silz), n.pl. two almond- shaped glands situated at the two sides of the fauces of the throat. tonsilitis (-sil-I'tis), n. inflammation of the tonsils. tonsorial (ton-so'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to shaving or to a barber. tonsure ('shur), n. the act of clip- ping the hair or of shaving the crown of the head; the corona thus worn by Roman Catholic clerics: v.i. to give the tonsure to. tontine (-ten'), a loan raised on life annuities with benefit accruing to the last survivor. topaz Cpaz), n. a crystallized mineral of various colors used as a gem. topazolite Co-lit), n. a variety of garnet. tope (top), n. a mound-shaped Bud- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TOPEE 719 TORTURE dhist monument containing relics; grove of trees [Hindu]. topee (to-pe'), n. a cork or pith hel- met. Also topi. toper ('per), n. a drunkard. topgallant (top 'gal-ant), adj. situ- ated above the topmast: n. a topgal- lant mast or sail. tophamper ('ham-per), n. a ship's rigging, spars, &c. Tophet (to'fet), n. a place situated southeast of Jerusalem, in the Val- ley of Hinnom, where fire was burnt in honor of Moloch: subsequently made a burial place: hence hell. topic (top'ik), n. a subject of discourse, conversation, or argument; theme. topmast ('mast), n. the second mast from the deck of a ship. topographer (to-pog'ra-fer), n. one who describes particular places in writing. topography (to-pog'ra-fi), n. the sci- entific description of a particular place, &c; the features of a region or locality. topping (top'ing), adj. rising above; surpassing: n. the act of cutting off the top. topple ('1), v.t. to overturn: v.i. to fall forward; tumble down. topsail ('sal), n. the sail second from the deck. toque (tok), n. a kind of bonnet. tor (tor), n. high pointed hill; jutting rock. Torah (to'ra), n. the Mosaic law; Pentateuch. Also Thorah. toreador (tor-e-a-dor'), n. a bull fighter. toreutic (to-roo'tik), adj. pertaining to carved or sculptured work, espe- cially to metallic work in basso- relievo. torment (tor'ment), n. extreme pain; torture; anguish: v.t. (tor-ment') to put to extreme pain, physical or mental; torture; harass. tornado (tor-na'do), n. [pi. tornadoes ('doz) ], a violent tempest or whirl- wind. torose (to'ros), adj. swelling in knobs uneven. torpedo (tor-pe'do), n. [pi. torpedoes ('doz) ], a submarine apparatus for destroying ships by explosion; kind of firework; the cramp-fish: v.t. to destroy by a torpedo. torpescent (-pes'ent), adj. becoming torpid. torpid ('pid), adj. numb; inactive. torpidity ('i-ti), n. inactivity; in- sensibility. torpor ('per), n. numbness; inactiv- ity. torque (tork), n. a twisted collar or necklace worn by certain ancient barbaric nations. torrefy (tor're-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. .torrefied, p.pr. torrefying], to dry by fire; roast (ores). torrent Cent), n. a violent and rapid stream; heavy fall, as of rain; strong current, rising suddenly and rushing rapidly along. torrid ('id), adj. dried with heat;, ex- tremely hot; burning; parching. torsion (tor'shun), n. the act of turn- ing or twisting; the wrenching or twisting of a body by lateral force. torso ('so), n. [pi. torsos, torsi ('s5z, 'se)], the trunk of a statue, espe- cially one having the head or limbs mutilated. tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, in- jury, or damage. tortile (tor'til), adj. bent; twisted; wreathed. tortilla (-tel'ya), n. a thin unleav- ened cake of maize baked on a heated iron plate. tortoise (tor'tis), n. a reptile of the family Testudinidae with a very hard shell or test; a testudo. tortuous ('u-us), adj. crooked; twist- ed; wreathed; underhand; indirect; deceitful. torture ('tur), n. agony of mind or body; excruciating pain; pain in- flicted as a punishment or as a means of extorting a confession: v.t. to punish with, or as with, torture; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. TORUS 720 TRACHITIS put to the rack; excruciate; vex; wrest from the true meaning. torus (to'rus), n. a large semi-circu- lar molding in the base of a column ; that part of a flower on which the carpels are seated. Tory (to'ri), n. [pi. Tories ('riz)], in English politics, a Conservative: adj. pertaining to Conservatives. totality (-tal'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being total; entire quan- tity, amount, or sum. tote (tot), v.t. to carry. totem (tO'tem), n. an animal used as the symbol or name of a tribe or clan. totter (tot'er), v.i. to shake as if about to fall; be unsteady; stagger; reel. tottlish (lish), adj. unsteady. toucan (too-kan'), n. a fruit-eating tropical bird with along curved beak. touch-down (tuch'down), n. a point scored in football by carrying the ball across opponents' goal line; the act of making such a point. touchstone ('ston), n. Lydian stone or basanite, used for testing the purity of gold and silver: hence a criterion. touchwood ('wood),n. dried fungus or decayed wood which easily ignites and burns slowly. touchy ('i), irritable; peevish. toupee (too-pe'), n. a small wig, or curl. tourbillion (-bil'yun), n. an orna- mental rotating firework. touring car (toor'ing-kar), n. an automobile of relatively large size, suitable for making long trips in the country. tourist ('ist), n. excursionist. tourmaline ('ma-lin), n. a transpar- ent aluminous mineral of various colors, some varieties of which are used as gems. tournament ('na-ment), n. a mock fight by knights on horseback; con- test of skill. Also tourney. tourniquet ('ni-ket), n. a surgical instrument for compressing an ar- tery and arresting hemorrhage. tousle or touzle (touz'l), v.t. to pull or tear; worry; put in disorder. tout (tout), v.i. to look out for custo- mers: n. one who secretly watches racehorses in training, in order to give private information to his cli- ents to guide them in betting; a touter. i tout-ensemble (too-tang-sam'bl), n. the general effect of a work of art, costume, &c, regarded as a whole. touter (tout'er), n. one who hangs about to secure the custom of tour- ists for a particular hotel, &c. tow (to), n. the coarse part of flax or hemp: v.t. to drag as a vessel through the water by means of a rope. towage ('aj), n. the act of towing; price paid for towing. township ('ship), n. the district or ' territory into which many of the States are divided and subordinate to the county. toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-a), n, blood poisoning. toxic ('ik), adj. poisonous. toxicology ('o-ji), n. the science that treats of poisons, their effects, anti- dotes, &c. toxicomania (-ko-ma-ni'a), n. a mania for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as opium. toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced by the action of bacteria upon or- ganic matter. trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- thing passing; footprint; small quan- tity: pi. the straps, &c. by which a vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to delineate by marks; follow by tracks or footsteps; follow exactly. traceable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing traced. trachea (tra-ke'a), n. the windpipe: pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- sects (tracheae). tracheotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the surgi- cal operation of making an opening into the windpipe. trachitis (-kl'tis), n. inflammation of the trachea. Also tracheitis. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRACING 721 TRAMONTANA tracing (tra'sing), n. the act of one who traces; regular path; mechan- ical copy by marking on thin paper • over the original. tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, usually on some religious subject; region of indefinite extent; expanse. tractable ('a-bl), adj. docile; easily instructed or managed. Tractarian (trak-ta/ri-an), adj. re- lating to a system of religious principles published in pamphlet form about 1840, in England, and being a movement on the part of certain members of the High Church party. tractate (trak'tat), n. a small book or treatise. tractile ('til), adj. ductile. traction ('shun), n. the act of draw- ing; state of being drawn; attrac- tion. tractor ('ter), n. that which draws, or is used in drawing. tractrix ('triks), n. a curve, the tan- gent of which is always equal to a given line. Also tractatrix, tractory. trade-mark ('mark), n. a distin- guishing device affixed by a mer- chant to his goods to show his ex- clusive right, or as a guarantee of genuineness. trades-union (-z'un-yun), n. an or- ganized combination of workmen for the protection of their interests in any particular trade or industry. trade-winds ('windz), n.pl. certain ocean winds in or near the torrid zone which blow steadily from the same quarter periodically. Also trades. tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the oral transmission of events, opinions, doctrines, practices, &c, through successive generations without writ- ten memorials; that which is so handed down; ancient custom. traduce (tra-dus'), v.t. to slander. „ traffic (traf'ik), n. business or trade; commerce; transportation of persons or goods on a railway, vehicle, ship, &c: intercourse: v.i. to trade; bar- gain: v.t. to barter. tragacanth (trag'a-kanth), n. a gum obtained from various species of Astragalus. tragedian (tra-je'di-an), n. an actor or writer of tragedies. tragedienne (-zha-dyen' or -je'di-en), n. an actress of tragedy. tragedy (traj'e-di), n. [pi. tragedies (-diz) ], a dramatic poem of elevated style, representing some event or series of events in the life of a per- son or persons and having usually a fatal ending; a melancholy and fatal event; an event in which human lives are lost by murderous violence or some catastrophe. tragic ('ik), adj. pertaining to trag- edy; calamitous; fatal; terrible. Also tragical. train-oil ('oil), n. oil obtained by boiling whale's blubber. trait (trat), n. a peculiar feature or characteristic; touch. traitor (tra'ter), n. one who is guilty of treason or the betrayal of his country to an enemy by breach of trust; one who betrays any confi- dence; a deceiver. Feminine trai- tress or traitoress. traitorous ('ter-us), adj. guilty of treason; perfidious. trajectory (tra-jek'to-ri), n. [pi. tra- jectories (-riz)], the curve described by a body in space, under the action of certain forces, as a comet, or stone thrown upwards. tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a tramway; a tramway; tramway- car; shaft of a cart: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trammed, p.pr. tramming], to travel by tram-car [English]: v.t. to trans- port on a tramway. tramble ('bl), v.t. to wash (ore) in a particular manner. trammel ('el), n. a net used for fowling or fishing; shackle for horses; anything that impedes prog- ress, action, or freedom: v.t. to im- pede or hinder; shackle. tramontana (tra-mon-ta'na), n. a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRAMPLE 722 TRANSGRESS cold, blighting north wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. trample ('bl), v.t. to tread under the feet; prostrate by treading; treat with insult or contempt: v.i. to stamp rapidly and repeatedly with the feet; tread roughly. trampoose (tram-poos'), v.i. to tramp; walk heavily; wander about. tramway ('wa), n. a street railway; metal track for wagons or trucks. Tramroad. trance (trans), n. a state in which the soul appears to be absent from the body pr rapt in visions; tempor- ary suspension of sensation and volition while the heart and lungs continue to act; swoon; catalepsy; v.t. to place in, or as in, a state of trance. tranquil (trang'kwil), adj. calm; quiet; undisturbed; not agitated. trans, a prefix, meaning over, across, beyond, through, on the other side. transaction (-ak'shun), n. the man- agement of any business or affair; that which is done or performed; a proceeding; affair: pi. report of a scientific or learned society. transatlantic (trans-at-lan'tik), adj. lying or existing beyond the Atlantic ocean. transcend (tran-send'), v.t. to rise above; surpass; surmount; excel; exceed. transcendental ('al), adj. ' noting that which lies beyond the limits of experience or external to the senses; speculative; metaphysical; vague; supereminent. transcendentalism ('al-izm), n. the Kantian philosophy which affirms that the primary principles of knowledge are ascertained by the in- vestigation of that which is a priori, or independent of experience; a re- ligious movement in the United States, 1839, associated with Emer- ^ ■ son and Channing. transcribe (-skrib'), v.t. to copy. transcript ('skript), n. a written copy from an original. transcription (-skrip'shun), n. a copy. transept ('sept), n. that part of a church at right angles on either side to the chancel. transfer (trans-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. transferred, p.pr. transferring!, to convey from one person or place to another; convey, as a right, title, &c; produce by impression, as an engraving from a lithographic stone: n. (trans'fer) conveyance of a right, title, property, &c, from one person to another; deed by which such a transfer is executed; removal; a sol- dier transferred from one troop or company to another; drawing or writing printed off from one surface to another. transfiguration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. a change of form or appearance, es- pecially the supernatural change in the personal appearance of Jesus Christ on the Mount. transfix (-fiks'), v.t. to pierce through. transfixion (-fik'shun), n. the act of transfixing; state of being trans- fixed. transform (-form'), v.t. to change the shape or appearance of; con- vert or change the character of; transmute; metamorphose; change the form of (an algebraic equation) into another of different form with- out altering its value. transformation (-for-ma'shun), n. the act of transforming; state of be- ing transformed; transmutation; metamorphosis; change of character; conversion. transfuse (-fuz'), v.t. to pour out of one vessel into another; instil: transfer, as blood, from the veins of a person or animal to those of an- other. transfusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act of transfusing; state of being trans- fused. transgress (-gres'), v.i. to offend by the violation or infraction of any law, rule, &c; sin: v.t. break or vio- late. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRANSGRESSION 723 TRANSUBSTANTIATION transgression (-gresh'un) , n. the act of violating any law or rule of moral duty; fault; offense; sin. transient (tran'shent), adj. fleeting; brief. transit (tran'sit), - n. a passage through or over; passage of a heav- . enly body across the meridian of a place; passage of an inferior planet across the sun's disc. transition (-sish'un), n. the passage from one place or state to another: change, as of key in music or of the subject of discourse. transitive ('si-tiv), adj. noting an action passing from a subject to an object. transitory ('si-to-ri), adj. continuing but a short time; evanescent; fleet- ing; unstable. translate (trans-laf), v.t. to render from one language into another; in- terpret; remove to another place or position; remove to heaven without dying. translation (-la'shun), n. the act of translating; that which is trans- lated; removal; version; removal of a bishop from one see to another. translucent (-lu'sent), adj. semi- transparent. transmigration (trans-ml-gra'shun), n. migration from one place to an- other; the passing of the soul from one body to another after death; metempsychosis. transmissible ('i-bl), adj. that may • be passed from one to another, or through a body or substance. transmission (-mish'un), n. the act of transmitting; the things trans- mitted; passage through. Also transmittal. transmit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. transmitted, p.pr. transmitting], to cause or suffer to pass over or through; send from one place or person to another. transmitter ('er), n. one who, or that which, transmits; a telegraphic or telephonic sending instrument. transmutation (-mu-ta'shun), n. change from one form, nature, sub- stance, or species, into another. transmute (-nmt'), v.t. to change from one form, nature, substance, or species into another. transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam over a door or over the sternpost of a vessel; horizontal mullion or crossbar in a window. transparency (trans-par'en-si), n. [pi. transparencies (-siz) ], the state or quality of being transparent; a picture painted on a semi-transpar- ent material through which a light shines. transparent Cent), adj. having the property of transmitting rays of light; clear. transpiration (-pi-ra'shun), n. ex- halation through the pores of the skin. transpire (-pir'), v.i. to be excreted through the pores of the skin; be exhaled; become known; come to pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. transplant (-plant'), v.t. to remove and plant in another place; remove and establish. transplantation (-plan-ta'shun), n. the act of transplanting. transport (-port'), v.t. to carry across or from one place to another; banish as a criminal; carry away by violence of passion, or pleasure: n. (trans'port) conveyance for bag- gage or stores; a vessel employed for carrying troops, stores, &c, from one place to another; violent mani- festation of anger; rapture; ecstasy. transportation (-por-ta'shun), n. banishment for crime; conveyance. transpose (-poz'), v.t. to change the place or order of, by putting each in the place of the other; change the key of; change (a term) from one side of an equation to the other by changing the sign. transposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of transposing; state of being transposed. Also transposal. transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- shl-a'shun), n. the doctrine that after m arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRANSUDE 724 TREASURY consecration the elements in the party in a lawsuit; parapet and Eucharist are converted into the trench across a ditch. veritable body and blood of Christ, travesty ('es-ti), n. [pi. travesties transude (-sud'), v.i. to pass or ooze through the pores or interstices of a substance. transverse (trans-vers'), adj. lying or being across or crosswise; broad- er than long. trapeze (tra-pez'), n. a swinging horizontal bar suspended at each end by a rope, used by gymnasts. trapezium (-pe'zi-um), n. a plane figure bounded by 4 right lines, of which no two are parallel; the out- ermost bone of the second row of the carpus. trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. a plane figure with 4 sides, having 2 sides parallel to each other. • trapper ('er), n. one who traps ani- mals, especially to obtain the fur. trappings ('ingz), n.pl. ornamented articles of dress; superficial decora- tions; ornaments for horses. trappist (trap'ist), n. a member of a monastic order founded in the 12th century. trashy ('i), adj. [comp. trashier, su- perl. trashiest], worthless; useless. trass (tras), n. a tufaceous alluvium " or volcanic earth, used as a hy- draulic cement. Also terras. traumatic (traw-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, applied to, suitable for, or produced by, wounds. travado (tra-va/do), n. a sudden squall accompanied with hghtning and rain [Spanish]. travail (trav'il or 'al), n. labor with pain; severe toil; parturition: v.i. to suffer the pains of childbirth. trave (trav), n. a wooden frame for confining a horse while being shod. traverse ('ers), adj-. lying or being across: adv. athwart; .crosswise: n. a cross piece; something lying or placed across something else; a gal- lery or loft of communication in a church or large building; formal de- nial of the pleadings of the opposite (-tiz)], a burlesque or parody: v.L [p.t. & p.p. travestied, p.pr. trav- estying], to burlesque or parody. trawl (trawl), n. a large net of pe- culiar construction used in deep-sea fishing : v.i. to fish with a trawl. trawler ('er), n. one who trawls; a fishing vessel used in trawling. tray (tra), n. [pi. trays (traz)], a broad, flat vessel for holding or car- rying dishes, glasses, &c. ; salver. treacherous (trech'er-us), adj. be- traying a trust; perfidious; faith- less. treachery ('er-i), n. [pi. treacheries (-iz)], treasonable or perfidious con- duct; perfidy; violation of allegi- ance or faith; treason. treacle (tre'kl), n. a syrup drained from sugar in the process of refining; molasses. tread (tred), v.i. [pi. trod, p.p. trod- den, p.pr. treading], to step or walk, especially to walk with a more or less stately or measured step; copu- late, as birds: v.t. to walk on; crush under the feet; subdue or vanquish. tread (tred), n. of an automobile, the part of the wheel that comes in con- tact with the ground. treadle ('1), n. that part of a loom or other machine moved by the foot. treadmill ('mil), n. a large wheel driven by persons treading on the steps of the periphery. treason (tre'zn), n. the offense of betraying the state or subverting the government of the state to which the offender belongs; rebellion. treasure (trezh'ur), n. accumulated wealth; abundance; plenty; some-< thing highly valued: v.t. to lay up or collect for future use; hoard; ac- cumulate; value highly. treasury ('ur-i), n. [pi. treasuries j (-iz) ], a place or building where the public revenues are deposited and the public debts discharged; that' department of a government which 1 ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. has charge of URY NOTE 725 TRESTLE as charge of the finances; the offi- cials constituting such a department; collection of valuable information or facts. treasury note (not), n. a demand note issued by the United States treasury, and by law made a legal tender for all debts, public and priv- ate, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. treatise ('is), n. a written composi- tion on some particular subject, in ; which its principles are discussed or ■ explained. treatment ('ment), n. act or man- ner of treating; usage; manage- ment; manipulation. treaty ('i), n. [pi. treaties (-iz) ], the act of treating for the adjust- ment of differences or for forming an f agreement; league or agreement be- tween two states, &c. ; negotiation. I treble (trebl), adj. threefold; triple; pertaining to the highest vocal or instrumental part [music]: n. the highest vocal or instrumental part; soprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. to bejcome threefold. trefoil ('foil), n. any plant of the genus Trifolium, including the clo- vers; an ornamental foliation used in architecture resembling three- leaved clover. treenail ('nal), n. a cylindrical wooden pin used for securing the planks of a ship to the timbers. Also trenail. trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, especially in search of a new settle- ment: n. a journey by wagon [South Africa]. trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or frame of lattice-work for supporting vines, &c. tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- ness, &c; shudder; totter; quaver, as sound: n. an involuntary shak- ing; shiver. tremendous (tre-men'dus), adj. ex- citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- rible; terrific; marvelous. tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous or fluttering effect in vocal or instru- mental music; mechanical device in an organ by which a tremolo is pro- duced. tremor (trem'er), n. an involuntary trembling; quivering or vibratory motion. tremulous ('ii-lus), adj. trembling; quivering; shaking; affected with fear or timidity; vibratory. trenchant ('ant), adj. sharp; keen; severe. trencher-cap (-kap), n. a college cap. trend (trend), n. inclination in a particular direction; general tend- ency; v.i. to have a particular di- rection; tend; stretch. trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical saw of peculiar construction used in the operation of trepanning: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- ning], to perform the operation of trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a trepan. trepanning ('ing), n. the surgical operation of making a perforation in the skull and taking out a piece to remove pressure on the brain. trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- strument for removing a disk of bone from the skull: v.t. to operate on with a trephine; to trepan. trepidation (trep-i-da'shun), n. an involuntary trembling; state of ter- ror or alarm; confused haste. trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit any offense; sin; enter unlawfully upon the land of another; intrude; violate any recognized rule of duty or social life: n. the act of trespass- ing; any offense or injury done to the person or property of another; transgression : sin. tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of hair. tressel, same as trestle. trestle (tres'l), n. a movable form for supporting anything; frame of a table. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRESTLE-BOARD 726 TRICLINIUM trestle-board (-bord), n. a draught- man's designing board. trestle-bridge (tres'1-brij), n. a bridge made of trestle-work. trestle-tree (-tre), n. one of two stout bars of timber secured hori- zontally to a mast to support the cross-trees. trestle-work (-werk), n. a viaduct, pier, or scaffold supported on trestles connected together with cross-beams and braces. trey (tra), n. a 3 at cards or dice; card with 3 spots. tri, a prefix meaning three, threefold, as tfnangled, adj. having 3 angles. triable (tri'a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing tried or subjected to test. triad (tri 'ad), n. a union of 3; an element which can replace or direct- ly unite with 3 atoms of hydrogen or similar monatonic element; the common chord of a tone with its third and fifth [music]. triandrian (tri-an'dri-an), adj. hav- ing 3 equal and distinct stamens. Also triandrous. triangle ('ang-gl), n. a plane figure bounded by 3 lines, and having 3 angles; a frame of 3 halberds to which offenders against military dis- cipline were secured to be flogged; a musical instrument of steel in the form of a triangle, sounded by being struck with a rod. triangular (-ang'gu-lar), adj. hav- ing 3 angles; shaped like a triangle. tribal ('bal), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a tribe. tri basic (-ba/sik), adj. noting an acid in which 3 equivalents of hydrogen have been replaced by a metal. tribrach (tri'brak), n. a poetic foot of 3 short syllables. tribulation (trib-u-la/shun), n. severe affliction; deep sorrow; acute trial. tribunal (tri-bu'nal), n. the seat of a judge; court of justice. tribune (trib'iin), n. an ancient Ro- man official elected by the people to safeguard their liberties; a bench or elevated place: raised stand or ros- trum from which speeches are deliv- ered. tributary (trib'ii-ta-ri), adj. paying tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- uting to make up a greater object of the same kind: n. a state or govern- ment which pays tribute to a supe- rior; a stream or river flowing into a larger one. tribute ('tit), n. an annual or stipu- lated sum of money, &c, paid by one state to another; personal con- tribution made in token of services rendered or acknowledgment due. trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to haul; hoist and secure with a small rope. tricentenary, same as tercentenary. triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- headed extensor muscle of the arm. trichina (tri-ki'na), n. [pi. trichinae ('ne) ], a nemotoid parasitic worm, which infests the muscles of swine and human beings. trichinosis (trik-i-no'sis), n. the dis- ease produced by the presence of trichinae in the muscles and intes- tines. Also trichiniasis. trichology (tri'kol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific study of the hair, especially for the cure of baldness. trichord (tri'kord), n. a three-stringed instrument; a piano having three strings to each key for the greater part of its compass. trichroism ('kro-izm), n. the prop- erty of certain crystals of transmit- ting various colors in three different directions. trickster ('ster), n. a cheat; deceiver. tricksy ('si), adj. full of tricks; pretty. tricktrack ('trak), n. an old game resembling backgammon. tricky ('i), adj. given to tricks; knavish; shifty; artful; cunning. triclinic (tri-klin'ik), adj. having 3 unequal axes intersecting at oblique angles. triclinium (-klin'i-um), n. [pi. tri- clinia (-a) ], a couch, usually ac- commodating 3 persons for reclin- ing at meals; a dining-room fur- nished with couches on 3 sides. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRICOLOR 727 TRIPE tricolor Ckul-er), n. a national flag of 3 colors arranged in equal stripes. tricontahedral (-kon-ta-he'dral), adj. having 30 sides. tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), adj. three- pointed. tricycle (tri'si-kl), n. a three- wheeled modernized form of velocipede: v.i. to ride on a tricycle. trident ('dent), n. a scepter or spear with 3 prongs, especially the scepter of Neptune: hence sovereignty of the sea. tridentate (-den'tat), adj. having 3 teeth or prongs. triennial (tri-en'i-al), aij, occurring in, or continuing for, three years. trier ('er), n. one who tries or makes experiments; a judge; test. trind ( r fid), adj. three-cleft. trifling ('fling), adj. of small value or importance. trifoliate (-fo'li-at), adj. three-leaved. triforium ('ri-um), ft. the open gal- lery or arcade above the arches of a church, separating the nave arches from the aisles. trifurcate (-fer'kat), adj. three- forked. trig (trig), adj. trim; n > t: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to skid or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. trigger ('er), n. a catch which, when pulled, releases the hammer of a gun. triglyph (tri'glif), ft. an ornament of the Doric frieze placed directly over each column and at equal dis- tances. trigonal (trig'o-nal), adj. three-cor- nered. trigonometry (-nom'e-tri), ft. the science of measuring the sides and angles of triangles, and ascertaining the relations between them by cer- tain parts which are given. trihedral (-he'dral), adj. having 3 sides. trilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. three- sided. trilinear (-lin'e-ar), adj. three-lined. trilith ('lith), n. a monument formed by three stones, two upright and one across the others. Also trilithon. trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver of the voice: v.t. to sing with a quaver: v.i. to quaver. trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French system of numeration, followed in the United States, a unit with 12 ciphers annexed; in the English sys- tem, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. trilobite (tri'lo-bit), n. a fossil crus- tacean of the Palaeozoic period. trilogy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of three dramas each complete in itself, but forming one poetical and historical picture trimorphism (tri-mor'fizm), ft. the property of crystallizing in three forms; co-existence among individ- uals of the same species of 3 distinct forms, unconnected by intermediate gradations. Trinitarianism (-izm), ft. the doc- trine that there are three Persons in the Trinity. trinitrotoluol (tri-ni'tro-tcl'u-ol) , n. a modern explosive for shells, com- posed of nitric acid and toluol, used in the European war; abbreviated T. N. T. Trinity ('i-ti), ft. the union of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost in one Godhead : one God as to sub- stance, three Persons as to individ- uality. Trinity Sunday (sun'da), ft. the Sunday next after Whitsunday. trinket (tring'ket), ft. anything small and of little value; small ornament or jewel. trinomial (tri-no'mi-al), adj. con- sisting of 3 terms, connected by the sign X or — . trio (tre'o), ft. a set of 3; 3 united; composition for 3 voices or instru- ments. trional (tri'o-nal), ft, a crystalline product of coal tar used in medicine. tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tit), adj. divided into 3 parts. tripe (trip), ft. the large stomach of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRIPLANE 728 TROOP a ruminating animal prepared for food. triplane (trl'plan), n. an aeroplane of three planes or sustaining sur- faces, the lowest bearing the aviator. triple ('1), adj. threefold; consisting of 3 united; 3 times repeated. triple alliance (trip'l al-i'ans), n. originally the compact between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and It- aly, for defensive purposes; made dual alliance by the withdrawal of Italy at outbreak of the European war of 1914. triple entente (trip'l an-tant'), n. the alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia, for defensive purposes. triplet ('let), n. 3 united: pi. 3 chil- dren at one birth. triplicate ('li-kat), adj. threefold. tripod (trl'pod), n. a three-legged stool or table; the seat supported by 3 legs on which the pythoness sat when giving responses at the Del- phic oracle. tripoli (trip'o-li), n. an earthy sub- stance consisting of siliceous shells of diatoms. triptych ('tik), n. a writing-tablet in 3 parts; a panel, usually an altar piece, consisting of 3 compartments, two of them folding over the middle one which is fixed. trireme (tri'rem), n. an ancient gal- ley with three banks of oars. trisect ion (-sek'shun), n. division into 3 parts, especially an angle into 3 equal parts. trisyllable (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a word of three syllables. trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. Tritheism (tri'the-izm), n. the doc- trine that the three Persons in the Trinity are three distinct Gods. Triton (tri'ton), n. one of the sea- gods of Greek mythology, son of Neptune and Venus. triturate (trit'u-rat), v.t. to rub, grind, or bruise to powder. triumph (trl'umf), n. a grand pro- cession in honor of a general who has gained a decisive victory; state of joy at success; victory; conquest: v.i. to rejoice over success; obtain a victory. triumphant ('fant), adj. rejoicing for victory; victorious. triumvirate ('vi-rat), n. a coalition of three men in office or authority. triune ('im), adj. 3 in one. trivalent (triv'a-lent), adj. capable of being combined with, or replaced by, 3 atoms of hydrogen. trivet ('et), n. a stand for holding a kettle, &c, near the fire. trivial ('i-al), adj. trifling; common- place. triviality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. triviali- ties (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being trivial. trocha (trot'sha), n. a military high- road. trochee (tro'ke), n. a medicinal loz- enge. trochee Cke), n. a metrical foot of 2 syllables: the first long, the second short. trochlear (trokle-ar), adj. pulley- like: said of certain muscles. troglodyte (trog'lo-dit), n. el cave dweller: said of certain tribes. Trojan (tro'jan), adj. pertaining to Troy. troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess of supernatural powers; sorceress; a kind of song; reel on a fishing-rod: v.t. to sing the parts of in succes- sion: v.i. to fish, as for pike, with a rod and line running on a reel. trolley ('i), n. a kind of truck; a grooved metal wheel traveling in contact with a live electric wire. trollop ('up), n. a slattern. trombone (trom'bon), n. a large brass instrument of the trumpet kind. tromometer (tro-mom'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring earth tre- mors. troop (tr56p), n. a multitude; small body of cavalry, usually 60; soldiers collectively; company of performers: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. TROPE 729 TRUNCHEON crowds. goldsmiths and jewelers. trope (trop), n. a word or expression truancy (troo'an-si), n. playing tru- used in a sense different from its ant. usual signification; figurative word, truant ('ant), n. one who absents trophy ('fi), n. [pi. trophies ('fiz)J, himself from school without tropic sma situ; SS sun a memorial of a victory; memento. tropic (trop'ik), n. one of the two all circles of the celestial sphere, tuated at each side of the equator, a distance of 23° 28' and parallel it, within the limits of which the an moves in his yearly course; re- gion between the tropics. troth (troth), n. betrothal; fidelity. troubadour (troo'ba-door), n. one of a class of lyric poets who flourished in the south of France and north of Italy 11th- 13th centuries. trouble (trub'l), n. mental agitation, distress, or worry; fault or interrup- tion in the stratum of a mine: v.t. to agitate, distress, or worry; give occasion of labor to. trough (trof), n. a long, hollow ves- sel for holding a liquid, food, &c; anything hollowed out. trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat soundly. trouncing ('ing), n. a severe beating. troupe (troop), n. a company of per- formers. trousers (trou'zerz), n.pl. a garment worn by men and boys, from the waist to the ankles, and covering each leg separately. trousseau (troo-so'), n. [pi. trous- seaux (-soz')j, a bride's outfit. trout (trout), n. a fresh-water fish allied to the salmon, but smaller. trove (trov), n. that which is found unexpectedly; used generally with the word "treasure," as, "treasure trove." trover (tro'ver), n. the gaining pos- session of goods by finding or other means; an action at law for goods found and not delivered on demand. trow (trou), v.i. to believe; trust. trowel ('el), n. a flat, triangular tool used for spreading mortar; a gar- dener's tool. troyweight (troi'wat), n. a weight leave; one who idles away from duty or business; loiterer: adj. peri&ining to, or characteristic of a truant; idle. truce (troos), n. a temporary peace or cessation of hostilities; brief ces- sation. truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle for carrying goods; small wooden wheel; small wooden cap on the top of a flagstaff, &c; barter; garden vegeta- bles: v.t. to send by truck; peddle; hawk: v.i. to exchange commodities; barter; negotiate. Jruckle ('1), n. a small wheel or cas- Vter: v.t. trundle; move on rollers: v.i. to yield obsequiously to another's will. truculence ('ii-lens), n. ferocity. truculent ('ii-lent), adj. ferocious; of fierce aspect. trudge (truj), v.i. to travel on foot, especially with labor or fatigue. truffle (truf'l), n. a fleshy under- ground fungus much esteemed as a table delicacy. truism (troo'izm), n. a self-evident truth. trump (trump), n. a trumpet; a win- ning card; one of the suit of cards that takes any of the other suits; a genuine good fellow: v.t. to take with a trump card: v.i. to play a trump card. trumpery ('er-i), n. worthless finery; rubbish: adj. worthless; insignifi- cant. truncal (trung'kal), adj. pertaining to the trunk. truncate ('kat), adj. appearing as if cut off at the tip : v.t. (trung-kaf) to lop. truncheon (trun'chun), n. a short staff or cudgel; baton or staff of au- thority: v.t. to beat with a trun- cheon. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; b66n, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRUNDLE 730 TUNABLE trundle ('dl), v.t. to roll along; roll, as on small wheels: n. a little wheel; truck. trunnion (trun'yun), n. one of the two bosses which project from the opposite sides of a cannon. truss (trus), n. a surgical apparatus for the relief of hernia; a bundle or package; timbers fastened together for the support of a roof; rope or iron for keeping the center of the lower yard to the mast; tuft of flow- ers formed at the top of the main stalk or stem of certain plants: v.t. to bind or pack close; seize and carry off; skewer; make fast. trusty ('i), adj. [comp. trustier, su- perl. trustiest], justly deserving con- fidence, faithful. truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], agree- ment with reality; eternal principle of right, or law of order; veracity; fidelity; fact. try-sail ('sal), n. a sail set on the fore and main masts, rigged with a boom and gaff. tryst (trist), n. a rendezvous; place of meeting; appointment to meet; meeting in accordance .with appoint- ment. tsar, another form of czar. tsarina, same as czarina. tsetse fly (set'se-fli), n. an African fly with biting mandibles that transmit the germs of protozoal diseases, in- cluding sleeping-sickness. T-square (te'skwar), n. a draughts- man's ruler. tuber (tfi'ber), n. a thickened, round- ish, underground stem. tubercle (-kl), n. a small hard local tumor; little tuber. tuberculin (tu-ber'ku-lln), n. a fluid derived from several cultures of the bacillus of tuberculosis. tuberculosis (-lo'sis), n. a disease accompanied by the formation of small tubercles in the tissues. tuberous ('ber-us), adj. consisting of roundish fleshy tubers. tuberose ('ber-6s), n. an odoriferous plant with a tuberous root and lilia- ceous flowers. tubular ('bu-lar), adj. tube-shaped; consisting of a tube or tubes. tuck-a-hoe ('a-ho), n. a curious veg- etable production somewhat resem- bling the truffle; Indian bread. tucker ('er), n. ornamental frilling or article of dress for shading the bosom of a woman. Tuesday (tiiz'da), n. the 3rd day of the week. tufa (too'fa), n. friable volcanic rock or scoriae; soft or porous stone j formed by the deposition of carbon- ate of lime from water. Tuff. tuft-hunter (-hun'ter), n. one who courts the acquaintance of persons of rank. tuition (tu-ish r un), n. act or busi- ness of teaching; instruction; fee for instruction. tulip ('lip), n. a liliaceous plant with bell-shaped flowers. tulle (tool), n. a delicate silk lace or ' netting. tumbrel ('brel), n. a cart that may be tilted up; two-wheeled covered cart for conveying tools, ammuni- tion, &c, in a military train. Also tumbril. tumefy (tii'me-fi), v.t. to make to swell; v.i. to swell. tumid ('mid), adj. swollen; distended; 3 bombastic; pompous. tumor ('mer), n. a morbid swelling j or enlargement of any part of the! body. tumult (tti'mult), n. the commotion of a number of people; noisy con- fusion; riot. tumultuous (-mul'tu-us), adj. char- acterized by, or full of, tumult; dis- orderly; agitated. tumulus ('mii-lus), n. [pi. tumuli (-li)], an artificial hillock raised over a grave. tun (tun), n. a large cask; measure of wine = 252 gallons; fermenting vat of a brewery. tunable (tun'a-bl), adj. capable of fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TUNDRA 731 TWIDDLE being tuned; harmonious; melodi- ous. tundra (toon'dra), n. a stretch of mossy, marshy, flat land in Northern Siberia. tunic (tu'nik), n. an undergarment worn by both sexes of the ancient Romans; loose kind of frock worn by women and boys; military coat; membrane covering some organ; cov- ering, as of a seed. tunicated ('ni-ka-ted), adj. covered with a membrane. tunicle (tun-i-kl), n. a small tunic; a close-fitting vestment worn by Ro- man Catholic bishops and sub-dea- cons. tunnel (tun'el), n. a vaulted under- ground passage cut through a hill or under a river; funnel; shaft of a chimney; net wide at the mouth and ending in a point: v.t. to form a tunnel through or under. Turanian (tu-ra'ni-an), adj. noting generally those languages and peo- ples not included in the Aryan and Semitic families. turban (ter'ban), n, the headdress worn by Orientals, consisting of a cap around which a sash is wrapped. turbary ('ba-ri), n. right of digging turf on the land of another; place where turf is dug. turbid ('bid), adj. muddy; thick. turbine ('bin), n. a wheel turning on a vertical axis and driven by steam or water. turbulence Cbu-lens), n. disorder; agitation. Turcophile ('ko-fil), n. a supporter of the Turks in their domination over the Slavonic Christians. Also Turcophil. tureen (tu-ren'), n. a deep table- ves- sel for holding soup. turfite ('it), n. one who makes his living by, or is devoted to, horse- racing. turgescence (-jes'ens), n. inflation. turgid Cjid), adj. distended beyond the natural size; inflated; bombastic. Turkish-bath (-bath), n. a hot air bath. turmeric (ter'mer-ik), n. the root- stock of an East Indian plant, yield- ing a yellow color used in dyeing. turmoil ('moil), n. harassing labor; worrying confusion; noise. turndun ('dun), n. a flat piece of wood shaped like a fish which ^hen whirled in the air makes a roaring noise: used by certain savage races. turner ('er), n. one who turns; one who turns articles in a lathe ; a kind of pigeon. turnkey ('ke), n. a prison warder. turnpike ('plk), n. a gate or bar to stop vehicles, and sometimes foot- passengers, &c, until toll is paid. turpentine ('pen-tin), n. the resin- ous or viscid juice of pine and fir trees. turpitude ('pi-tud), n. moral de- pravity. turquoise (ter'koiz), n. a precious stone. turret (tur'et), n. a small tower; cylindrical rotary iron tower on a man-of-war. Tuscan Order (tus'kan or'der), n. the most simple of the 5 orders of classic architecture. tussle ('1), n. a scuffle: v.i. to scuffle or struggle. tussock ('ok), n. a tuft, clump, or small hillock of grass; a species of tuffy grass, valuable for fodder. Also tussac. tutelage (tu'te-laj), n. guardianship. tutor ( ter), n. a teacher; guardian: v.t. to instruct; train or discipline. tuxedo (tuxs-e'do), n. a sack coat used in lieu of a full-dress coat on semi-formal occasions. tweed (twed), n. a soft, woolly cloth material. tweezers (twe'zers), n.pl. small pinch- ers for pulling out hairs. Twelfth Day (da), n. Epiphany. twelvemo (twelv'mo), n. duodecimo. twiddle (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in a light manner; touch lightly:- v.t. to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TWILIGHT SLEEP 732 TYRO move with a quivering motion: n. a twist of the fingers. twilight sleep (twi'lit slep), n. a con- dition of partial narcosis induced by the drugs morphine and scopolamin administereed according to a method devised at Freiburg and designed to make childbirth painless. twill (twil), n. an appearance of diagonal lines in textile fabrics; fabric woven with a twill: v.t. to weave, as a fabric, with diagonal lines. twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with a sudden sharp pain; twitch: v.i. to suffer a twinge: n. a sudden sharp pain. twit (twit), v.t. [p.L & p.p. twitted p.pr. twitting], to annoy by remind- ing of a fault, &c; upbraid. twitch (twich), v.t. to pull with a sudden jerk: v.i. to contract or move quickly or spasmodically: n. a sud- den jerk or pull; short spasmodic convulsion. tyler, same as tiler. tympan (tim'pan), n. the parchment- covered frame on Which sheets are laid to be printed. tympanic (-pan'ik), adj. pertaining to a tympan or tympanum. Also tympanal. tympanum ('pa-num), n. the mem- branous wall which separates the in- ternal from the external ear; the drum of the ear; flat triangular part of a pediment; hollow drum-shaped wheel. type (tip), v.t. to typify; reproduce by a typewriter: n. an emblem, sign, or symbol; figure or design stamped on coin; distinguishing mark; gen- eral form or structure; original de- sign; a letter in metal or wood for printing from. Different sizes of printing types are indicated by dis- tinguishing names and by means of a unit of type measurement, which in the United States is one-twelfth of a pica. SIZES OF TYPE Brilliant = 3% point. Diamond = 4 point. Pearl = 5 point. Agate = 5X point. Nonpareil = 6 point. Minion = 7 point. Brevier = 8 point. Bourgeois = 9 point. Long Primer = 10 point. Small Pica = 11 point. Pica= 12 point English = 14 point Columbian =16 point. Gt. Primer=18 point type-metal ('met-al), n. an alloy of lead, antimony and tin for casting type. typhoid (ti'foid), adj. pertaining to, or like, typhus: n. an enteric fever occasioned by defective drains, &c. typhoon (-foon'), n. a violent torns-- do in the Chinese and Japanese typhus ('fus), n. a contagious fever often occurring as an epidemic. typical (tip'i-kal), adj. figurative. typify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. typified, p.pr. typifying], to represent by an image or emblem; foreshadow. typography (-pog'ra-fi), n. the art of printing. typogravure (tip / o-gra-vur / ), n. a half -toned photo-engraved block for simultaneous printing with printing with type matter. typothetae (ti-poth'e-ta), n. printers; typesetters. tyrannical (-ran'i-klll), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, a tyrant; despotic; cruel. Also tyrannic. tyranny ( r an-i), the government or conduct of a tyrant; severity; absolute monarchy imperiously ad- ministered. tyrant (ti'rant), n. an oppressor; despot. tyro (tl'ro), n. a beginner; novice. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b66n book; hue, hut; think, then. u U, the twenty-first letter of the Eng- lish alphabet; a chemical symbol for uranium. ubiquitous (u-bik'wi-tus), adj. ex- isting everywhere; omnipresent. ubiquity ('wi-ti), n. omnipresence. udder (ud'der), n. the glandular or- gan of a mammal which secretes the milk. uhlan (u'lan), n. one of a light cavalry in the German army. ukase (-kas'), n. a Russian imperial decree having the force of a law. ukelele (u-ka-la-le), n. Hawaiian musi- cal instrument. ulcer (ul'ser), n. a sore, attended with a secretion of pus. ulceration (-a/shun), n. the process of forming into an ulcer. ulcerous ('ser-us), adj. ulcer-like. ulna ('na), n. the larger of the two bones that form the fore- arm. ulnar ('ner), adj. pertaining to the ulna. ulster (uTster), n. a long, loose over- coat of coarse cloth. ulterior (-te'ri-er), adj. lying beyond or on the further side; more distant; beyond something else either ex- pressed or implied. ultima ('ti-ma), n. the last syllable of a word. ultimatum (-ti-ma'tum), n. [pi. ulti- mata, ultimatums ('ta, 'tumz)J, final conditions offered as the basis of an agreement prior to the declara- tion of hostilities. ultimo ('ti-mo), adv. in the month preceding the present. ultra ('tra), adj. extreme. ultramontanism (-izm), n. extreme views of the Pope's authority and infallibility. ultra-violet rays (ul'tra-vi'6-let ras), n. the very short rays beyond the violet of the visible spectrum. These rays have strong actinic and bac- tericidal power and they are used in the treatment of superficial germ diseases. ululation (ul-u-la'shun), n. a howl- ing like a dog. umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like inflo- rescence radiating from a common center. umbelliferous (-if'er-us), adj. pro- ducing or bearing umbels. Umbel- late, umbellated. umber ('ber), n. a brown pigment; the grayling: adj. of an olive-brown color. umbilical (-bil'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, the navel. umbles ('biz), n.pl. a deer's entrails. umbo ('bo), n. the boss of a shield; point of a bivalve-shell immediately above the hinge. umbra ('bra), n. the dark cone of a shadow projected from a planet or satellite on the side opposite to the sun; the dark central part of a sun- spot. umbrage ('braj), n. screen of trees or foliage; offense. umbrageous (-bra' jus), adj. shady. umlaut (oomlout), n. the change of a vowel in one syllable through the influence of a vowel in the succeed- ing syllable. ultramarine (-ma-ren), n. a beauti- umpire (um'pir), n. a third party to ful, permanent, blue pigment, orig- inally obtained from lapis-lazuli. whom a dispute is referred for set- tlement; one chosen in a game to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hfift, hut; think, then. (733) UNABRIDGED 734 UNEARNED INCREMENT see that its rules are observed: v.i. to act as umpire. unabridged (un-a-brij'd), adj. not shortened or condensed; in size like the original form. unanimity (u-na-nim'i-ti), n. agree- ment in opinion. unanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj. agree- ing in opinion. unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. without pretense; modest. unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing), adj. ill-suited; not worthy of; not be- coming. unbiased (un-bi'ast), adj. unpreju- diced; not favoring either side or party, or opinion. unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to confess; to tell one's secrets. uncanny (-kan'i), adj. weird; mys- terious; dangerous; unpropitious [Scotch]. unchaste (un-chasf), adj. immodest; not chaste. uncompromising (un-kom'pro-mi- zing), adj. unyielding; firm. unconscionable (un-kon'shun-a-bl) , adj. out of all reason or expectation. unconscious (un-kon'shus), adj. without consciousness. unconstitutional (un -kon - sti - tu' - shun-al), adj. in conflict with a constitution ; unlawful . unconventional (un-kon-ven 'shun- al), adj. not according to form or . custom. uncouple (un-kup'l), v.t. to loosen the bonds or links; to disconnect. uncouth (un-kooth'), adj. clumsy; awkward in appearance or behavior. unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of anointing as a symbol of consecra- tion; ointment; anything soothing; sham fervor or suavity. unctuous ('shus), adj. oily; sooth- ing; lenitive; extremely bland. undaunted (un-dan'ted), adj. bold; fearless; unafraid. undecagon (un-dek'a-gon), n. a plane figure with 11 sides or 11 angles. undeceive (un-de-sev'), v.t. to tell the truth about; to remove deception. undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri), adj. once in eleven years; occurring every eleventh year. undemonstrative (un-de-mon'-stra- tiv), adj. not showing one's feelings; phlegmatic. undergraduate (-grad'u-at), n. a member of a university who has not taken his first degree. understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an actor who learns a part to be played by him in the absence or disability of another actor. undertake (-tak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], to take under one's management; as- sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to take upon one's self; guarantee. undertaker ('der-tak-er), n. one who undertakes to perform any office or business; one who manages funer- als. undertow (un'der-to), n. a current under the surface flowing in opposite direction to the surface current or tide. underwrite (-rit'), v.t. [p.t. under- wrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. un- derwriting], to subscribe one's name to (a policy of marine insurance): v.i. to follow the calling of an un- derwriter. undesirable (un-de-zi'ra-bl), adj. not to be desired. undignified (un-dig'ni-fld), adj. with- out dignity. undine (un-den'), n. a water-nymph. undue (un-du'), adj. improper; ex- cessive; not legal. undulate ('du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to wave, or move like waves; vibrate. undulation (-la/shun), n. a waving motion or vibration. undulatory theory (the'o-ri), n. the theory that light is -caused by vibra- tions transmitted through an ethe- real medium in wave-like undula- tions. unduly (1i), adv. excessively; im- properly. unearned increment (-ernd' incre- ment), n. the increase of the value ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. I UNEARTH 735 UNIMPEACHABLE of land or property without labor or expenditure on the part of the pro- prietor. unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from cover; to dig out. unearthly (un-erthli), adj. inhu- man; blood-curdling. uneclipsed (un-e-klipsf), adj. not eclipsed; inobscured. unedifying (un-ed'i-fi-ing), adj. not edifying; not enlightening, uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not ef- faced; not rubbed out or removed. unemancipated (un-e-man'ci-pa-ted) , adj. not freed from slavery. unendowed (un-en-doud'), adj. with- out endowment; not supplied with. unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted), adj. not weakened. unenlightened (un-en-llt'nd), adj. not enlightened; left in ignorance. unenterprising (un-en'ter-prlz-ing) , adj. not enterprising; not industri- ous; not ambitious. unenumerated (un-e-nu'mer-a-ted), adj. omitted from list; not num- bered or mentioned. unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. clear; not ambiguous; unmistak- able. unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not entirely necessary; not of greatest importance. unexaggerated (un-egz-aj 'er-a-ted) , adj. not overdrawn in statement. unfathomable (un-fath'um-a-bl), adj. not to be measured in depth. unfavorable (un-fa/ver-a-bl), adj. not favorable; of discouraging as- pect, i unfeatured (un-fe'turd), adj. with- out feature; without special notice. unfeigned (un-fand'), adj. genuine; not feigned. .infertile (un-fer'til), adj. not fertile; not productive. unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loosen from shackles; to free; to place at liberty. unfilial (un-fil'yal), adj. undutiful to a parent. unflagging (un-flag'ing), adj. not drooping; unwearied. unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not flinching ; unshrinking . unfordable (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not fordable; that which cannot be waded. unfrock (un-frok'), v.t. to undress; to remove the orders of a priest. ungainly (un-gan'li), adj. clumsy or awkward in appearance or action. ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loosen from a belt or girdle. ungirt (un-gerf), adj. unbelted. unglaze (un-glaz'), v.t. to remove the glass from frame or pane. ungrudged (un-grujd'), adj. not grudged; willingly yielded. ungual (ung'gwal),^ adj. pertaining to, or having, a nail, claw, or hoof. unguent ('gwent), n. an ointment; lubricating substance. ungulate ('gu-lat), adj. hoof -shaped. uni, a prefix, meaning one, or -produc- ing one, as wmcellular: adj. formed of one cell. unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. a fabled ani- mal resembling a horse, but with a straight horn projecting from the forehead. unicycle (u-ni-si'kl), n. a vehicle with but one wheel, usually used by trick performers. uniform ('ni-form), adj. having only one form; consistent with itself; same in form, manner, or character; equable: n. an official or regulation dress. uniformity ('i-ti), n. resemblance; conformity to one pattern; accord. unify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. unified, p.pr. unifying], to form into one; make a unit of. unilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. one-sided. unilocular (-lok'u-ler), adj. one- celled. unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj- not conceivable. unimpassioned (un-im-pash 'und) , adj. without passion; cold in delivery or demeanor. unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon> book; hue, hut; think, then. UNINURED 736 UNSEEMLY adj. not impeachable; free from accu- sation or blame. uninured (un-in-tird'), adj. not inured ; not accustomed by wont or practice . uninvested (un-in-vest'ed), adj. not invested; not exchanged for income- bearing property. union (un'yun), n. the act of uniting, or making one; combination; coali- tion; concord; conjunction; agree- ment between parts; harmony in color; trades-union. union- jack (-jak), ft. the national flag of Great Britain and Ireland. uniped (u'ni-ped), adj. one-footed. unique (-nek'), adj. without another of the same kind; unparalleled. unison ('ni-sun)., ft. accordance of sound; concord; harmony. unit ('nit), n. one; a single person or thing; standard amount or quantity. Unitarian (-ni-ta/ri-an), ft. one who denies the doctrine of the Holy t Trinity, regarding the Godhead as uni-personal : adj. pertaining to Uni- tarians. Unitarianism (-izm), ft. the doc- trines of the Unitarians. unite (-nit'), v.t. to incorporate into one; make to agree or adhere; join by a legal or moral bond: v.i. to be- come one; combine; commingle. United Brethren ('ed-bre^'ren), n.pl. the Moravians. unity ('ni-ti), ft. the state of being one; concord; uniformity; agree- ment; harmony. universal (-ni-ver'sal), adj. all-per- vading; embracing or comprehend- ing the whole; general: n. in logic, - a proposition which affirms the pred- icate to belong to the whole of the subject. Universalis^ (-izm), ft. the doctrine that all mankind will ultimately be saved, together with Satan and the fallen angels. Universalist (-ist), ft. a believer in Universal ism. universe ('ni-vers), ft. the whole sys- tem of created things; world. university (-ver'si-ti), n. [pi. uni- versities (-tiz) J, an assemblage of colleges or incorporated institutions for instruction in the higher branches of art, science, &c, and empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties. unkempt (un-kempf), adj. un-l] combed; rough. unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl),ad;. i beyond control. unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. unabated. unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not obtrusive; modest. unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. without parallel; unrivalled. unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted), adj. without precedent. unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- ted), adj. not arranged or thought of j beforehand. unpretentious (un-pre-ten'-shus), adj. without pretense; modest in action or demeanor. unprofessional (un-pr5-fesh'un-al), adj. not according to the ethics of a profession. unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. not propitious ; unfavorable. unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl), adj. that which cannot be subdued or ex- j tinguished. unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. not born anew; unconverted. unruffled (un-ruf'ld), adj. not ruffled; reserved. unruly (-ru'li), adj. disregarding re- straint or authority; ungovernable; turbulent. unsavory (un-sa'vor-i), adj. displeas- 4 ing to the taste or smell. unscathed (un-skathd'), adj. unin- jured; without harm. unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. } without principle or scruple. unseal (un-sel'), v.t. to remove or destroy the seal of; to open that which is sealed by destroying the seal. unseemly (un-sem'li), adj. not seem- ly; unbecoming. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. UNSEX 737 USUAL unsex (-seks'), v.t. to deprive of the characteristic qualities of a woman. unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , adj. untrained; without experience; innocent. unstable (un-sta'bl), adj. not firm; not reliable. unsuitable (un-sii'ta-bl), adj. not suited to; inadequate. untarnished (un-tar'nisht), adj. not dulled or tarnished. untenable (un-ten'a-bl), adj. not tenable; incapable of defense. untoward (un-to'erd), adj. obstin- ate; ungraceful; unlucky. untutored (un-tu'terd), adj. un- taught; ignorant. unwieldy (un-wel'di), adj. difficult to move; awkward. unwitting (un-wit'ing), adj. not -aware; without knowledge of. unwonted (un-wun'ted), adj. not common; strange; unaccustomed. upas (ii'pas), n. a tree, common in Java, with a poisonous juice. upbraid (up-brad'), v.t. to reproach. upholster (-hol'ster), v.t. to supply with house-furnishings. upholstery ('ter-i), n. the business of an upholsterer; articles of housed furnishing. upland-cotton ('land-kot-un), n. cotton with a short fiber. uppish ('ish), adj. arrogant; assum- ing. uproarious ('i-us), adj. making great noise and tumult. uraemia, same as uremia. uranography (-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. a description of the heavens, and the character and relation of the fixed stars; the construction of celestial maps, globes, &c. urate ('rat), n. a salt of uric acid. urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a city or town. urbane (-ban'), adj. polite; refined. urbanity (-ban'i-ti), n. politeness; refinement. urceolate (er'se-o-lat), adj. urn- urchin ('chin), n. a small boy; hedge- hog. urea (ti're-a), n. the chief solid con- stituent of the urine of mammals. uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. poisoning of the blood by the presence of urea and other hurtful substances. urgency ('en-si), n. pressure of ne- cessity; importunity. uric acid (as'id), n. a peculiar and characteristic substance found in urine. urim ('rim), n.pl. a mystic ornament worn by the Jewish high priest, con- stituting, with the thummim, the oracle by which Jehovah declared his will. urinal ('ri-nal), n. a place of conven- ience. urinary ('ri-na-ri), adj. pertaining to, or like urine. urine ('rin), n. the excretion from the kidneys. urinoscopy (u'ri-no-sko-pi), n. the diagnosis of disease by examination of the patient's urine. urn (ern), n. a roundish vessel of va- rious materials bulging in the middle, usually with a foot or pedestal; a vessel in which the ashes of the dead are preserved. urasol (u'ra-sol), n. common name of a specific for rheumatism, composed of salicylic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. ursiform (er'si-form), adj. bear-like. ursine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a bear. usable (tiz'a-bl), adj. that can be used. usage ('aj), n. mode of using; treat- ment; habitual or long continued use or custom. usance ('ans), n. the time fixed for the payment of a bill of exchange. usher (ush'er),'n. a doorkeeper; an officer who introduces strangers or walks before persons of rank; as- sistant master: v.t. to introduce or escort (with in or forth). usual (u'zhu-al), adj. habitual; cus- tomary. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. USUFRUCT 738 UXORIOUS usufruct ('zu-frukt), n. the tempo- rary use and enjoyment of lands and tenements belonging to another. usurer ('zhur-er), n. one who lends money at an exorbitant rate of in- terest. usurious (-zhoo'ri-us), adj. practic- ing usury. usurp (-zerpO, v.t. to take possession of by force, or without right ; applied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers,, rights, &c. usurpation (-zer-pa/shun), n. the act of usurping, especially the unlawful seizure of regal power. usurper (-zerp'er), n. one who usurps. usury ('zhu-ri), n. interest on money beyond the current rate of interest; practice of lending money at exorbi- tant interest. utensil (-ten'sil), n. an implement, especially one used for domestic or culinary purposes. uterine ('ter-in), adj. pertaining to the womb ; born of the same mother, but by a different father. uterus ('ter-us), n. the worn utilitarian .(-til-i-ta/ri-an), adj^ per- taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. one who holds the doctrine of utili- tarianism. utilitarianism (-izm), n. the doc- trine that virtue is defined and en- forced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of mankind. utility (-til'i-ti), n. usefulness; in- trinsic value. utilize ('til-iz), v.t. to make useful or profitable. utmost (ut'most), adj. in the greatest degree; most distant; furthest; ex- treme : n. the extreme limit or extent. Utopian (u-to'pi-an), n. pertaining to the imaginary island, described by Sir Thomas More in his "Utopia," where the most perfect system of laws and institutions existed: hence ideal; visionary. Utopianism (-izm), n. ideal schemes for social happiness or perfection. utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; N unqualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- nounce; publish abroad; circulate, especially counterfeit coins or notes. utterance (-ans), n. vocal expression; speech; style of speaking. uttermost ('er-most), adj. extreme; in the furthest, greatest, or highest de- gree : n. the furthest extent or degree. uvula (Vu-la), n. the fleshy, conical body, attached to the soft palate, hanging at the back part of the tongue. uvulitis (ti-vu-li'tis), n. inflammation of the uvula or soft palate. uvulotomy (u-vu-lot r o-mi), n. the operation of removing the uvula wholly or in part. uxorious (uk-so'ri-us), adj. foolishly or excessively fond of a wife ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. V V, the twenty-second letter of the Eng- lish alphabet; the chemical symbol for vanadium. vacancy (va/kan-si), n. [pi. vacan- cies (-siz) 1, state of being vacant or empty; listlessness; unoccupied of- fice; open or unoccupied space. vacant Ckant), adj. empty; free from thought or reflection; not occupied. vacate ('kat), v.t. to make vacant; annul; give up the possession of. vacation (-ka'shun), n. the act of vacating; intermission of a stated employment, or judicial proceed- ings; school holidays. vaccinal (vak'si-nal), adj. pertaining to vaccine or vaccination. vaccinate ('si-nat), v.t. to inoculate with vaccine matter as a protection against smallpox. vaccination (-na'shun), n. act of vaccinating. vaccinator ('si-na-ter), n'. one who vaccinates. vaccine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from cows; caused by the cowpox: n. a liquid taken from the udder of a cow affected with cow- pox; a therapeutic virus prepared by cultivating disease-germs and then killing them with heat: the method is largely due to Sir Almorth Wright, and his anti-typhoid vaccine is a typical example. vaccinetherapy (vak'sin-ther'a-pi) , n. the treatment of disease for pre- vention or cure by the modern vac- cine method. vacillate (vas'il-at), v.i. to fluctuate in mind or opinion; be unsteady; waver. vacillation (-a/shun), n. fluctuation of mind: unsteadiness. vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness; vacant state of mind or expression. vacuole (vak'ti-ol), n. a small cell or cavity in the interior of organic cells or protoplasm. vacuous ('us), adj. empty; vacant. vacuum ('u-um), n. a space devoid of all matter; void. vade mecum (va'de me'kum), L. go with me. vagabond (vag'a-bond), adj. without fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. a vagrant; scamp. vagary (va-ga'ri), n. [pi. vagaries ('riz) ], a wild freak; whim. vagina (-ji'na), n. the canal which leads from the external orifice to the uterus; sheath. vaginal (vaj'i-nal), adj. pertaining to, or like, a vagina or sheath. vaginate ('i-nat), adj. invested with a sheath.. vagrancy (va'gran-si), n. a state of wandering without a settled home; habits and life of a vagrant. vagrant ('grant), adj. wandering from place to place without a settled home: n. a tramp. vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unset- tled. vails (valz), n.pl. gratuities given to servants. vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su- perl. vainest], empty; unreal; de- ceitful; producing no good results; conceited ; ostentatious. valance (val'ans), n. hanging dra- pery for a bed, window, &c. vale (val), n. a tract of low land be- tween hills; valley. valedictory (-dik't5'ri), adj. bidding farewell. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. (739) VALENCE 740 VANITY valence (va'lens), n. the degree of combining power of an atom. Valenciennes (va-len-si-enz'), n. a ■ rich kind of lace. valentia (-len'shi-a), n. a waistcoat material. Also Valencia. valentine (varen-tln), n. a sweet- heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; love missive sent on February 14th. valerian (va-le'ri-an), n. a plant of the genus Valeriana, with a valua- ble medicinal root. valet (val'a), n. a servant who at- tends on a gentleman's person: v.t. to act as valet to. valetudinarian (-e-tii-di-na/ri-an), adj. sickly; seeking to recover health: n. an invalid. Valhalla (-hal'a), n. in Scandina- vian mythology, the palace of immor- tality, in which the souls of heroes slain in battle dwell. valiant ('yant), adj. brave; heroic. valid ('id), adj. having legal force; not weak or defective; sound; well- grounded. validity (va-lid'i-ti), n. legal force; soundness; strength; justness. valise (va-les'), n. small portman- teau. vallation (-la/shun), n. a rampart. valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys (lz) ], a tract of land situated between ranges of hills or mountains, usually trav- ersed by a river. valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- ity. valorous ('er-us), adj. brave; in- trepid. valuable ('Q-a-bl), adj. possessing useful qualities; having value or worth; costly: n. a thing or posses- sion of value. valuate (val'u-at), v.t. to appraise as to value. valuation (-u-a'shun) r n. the act of valuing; estimated worth or price; estimation. value ('u), n. that which renders anything useful or estimable; pricef importance; excellence: v.t. to esti- mate the worth of; appraise; es- teem. valve (valv), n. a lid or cover open- ing in one direction and shutting in .another; one of the divisions of a shell. vamose (va-mos'), v.i. to decamp. vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of a boot or shoe; a piece added to something old to give it a new ap- pearance; an improvised accom- paniment: v.t. to furnish with an upper leather; patch (With, up) \ im- provise an accompaniment to. vampire (vam'pir), n. a fabled de- mon or ghost that sucks the blood of persons asleep; a kind of bat. van (van), n. the front of an army or fleet; a large covered wagon for moving household goods, &c. vanadium steel (van-ad'i-um-stel), n. a kind of steel in which the metal vanadium takes the place of carbon wholly or in part. Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a Teu- tonic race inhabiting the south shores of the Baltic, noted for their fierceness and destruction of works of art, when plundering Rome, 5th century. vandal (van'dal), n. one who is hos- tile to art or literature; one who ruthlessly destroys what is artistic or venerable. vandalism (-izm), n. hostility to works of art or literature; wanton destruction of what is artistic, &c. vane (van), n. a weather-cock. vang (vang), n. a rope for steadying the extremity of the peak of a gaff to the side of a ship. vanessa (va-nes'sa), n. one of a spe- cies of handsome butterflies. vanguard (van'gard), n. the advance guard of an army. vanilla (va-nil'a), n. the dried fruit of an orchid, used for flavoring. vanish (van'ish), v.i. to disappear. vanity ('i-ti), n. [pi. vanities (-tiz) ], love of indiscriminate admiration; empty pride or conceit; fruitless de- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VANQUISH 741 VASSAL sire or endeavor; idle show; empti- ness. vanquish (vang'kwish), v.t. to con- quer; subdue; refute in argument. vantage ('taj), n. advantage; in lawn tennis, the first point after deuce. vapid (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. vapidity (va-pid'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being vapid. vapor (va/per), n. the gas into which most liquids and solids are converted by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi. hysteria; melancholia: v.i. to pass off in vapor; bully. vapor-dust (va/por-dust), n. infini- tesimal globules of water in the air not visible as a fog or haze. vaporize (va/per-iz), v.t. to convert nto vapor. vapor- jacket (va/por-jak'et), n. a glass jacket about the bulb of a gas thermometer for testing the prop- erties of liquids at definite tempera- tures. vaporous ('per-us), adj. full of, or like, vapor; unreal. vapory (-i), adj. full of vapors. vaquero (va-ka'ro), n. a herdsman [Mexican]. variability (va-ri-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being variable; changeableness. Also variableness. variable ('ri-a-bl), adj. changeable; inconstant; fickle. variance ('ri-ans), n. difference; quarrel. variant ('ri-ant), adj. variable; dif- ferent: n. a different form of sub- stantially the same thing. variate ('ri-at), v.t. to diversify. variation (-ri-a'shun), n. partia- change; difference; inflection; devi- ation of the magnetic needle from the true north; tendency in organt isms produced by the same parenls to vary slightly. varicella (var-i-sel'a), n. chicken- pox. varicocele ('i-ko-sel), n. a swelling of the veins of the scrotum or of the spermatic cord. varicose ('i-kos), adj. abnormally swollen or enlarged: said of veins. varied (va/rid), adj. altered; partial- ly changed; various. variegate (va/ri-e-gat), v.t. to mark with different colors or tints; di- versify. variegation (-ga/shun), n. diversity of colors. variety (-rl'e-ti), n. [pi. varieties (-tiz) ],' intermixture or succession of different things; variation; di- versity; change; subdivision or pe- culiar form of a species. variola (va-ri'o-la), n. smallpox. variorum (va-ri-o'rum), adj. noting an edition of a book with the notes of various commentators. various ('ri-us), adj. different; sev- eral. varix ('riks), n. dilatation of a vein. varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- ant, footman or page; a scoundrej. varnish ('nish), n. a viscid, resinous liquid used for giving a gloss to wood or metal work: v.t. to cover with varnish; give a gloss to or over; .palliate. varus (va/rus), n. a variety of club- foot. vascular (vasTm-ler), adj. consisting of, or containing, vessels as part of a structure of animal and vegetable organisms. vase (vas or vaz), n. a vessel for va- rious purposes, especially one of an- tique or ornamental pattern. vasectomize (va-sek'to-miz), v.t. to render sterile by an operation that does not involve castration. vasectomy (va-sek'to-mi), n. excision of the sperm duct to produce ster- ility, an operation sometimes per- formed on habitual criminals or de- fectives to prevent them from breeding. vaseline (vas'e-lin), n. petroleum jelly. vasoconstriction (vas'o-kon-strik' shon), n. contraction of the blood vasodilation (vas'o-dil-a-ta'shon), n. dilatation of the blood vessels. vassal ('al), n. a feudal tenant; bondman: adj. servile. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VASSALAGE 742 VEND vassalage (-aj), n. the state of being a vassal; political servitude; vassals collectively; territory held in vassal- age. Also vassalry. vast (vast), adj. of great extent; great in number or degree; very spa- cious; immense: n. boundless space; empty waste; sea. vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- pecially one used for brewing or leather making. Vatican ('i-kan), n. the palace of the Pope at Rome; the Papal au- thority. vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, or topical song; a short drama with comic songs; miscellaneous theatri- cals. vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as a vault; arch: v.i. to leap, spring, or bound; exhibit feats of leaping. vaunt (vant or vawnt), v.i. to boast: v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: n. a boast; vain display. vauntlay ('la), n. hounds suddenly turned off to precede the rest of the kennel. Veadar (ve'a-dar), n. the 13th or intercalary month of the Jewish calendar. veal (vel), n. calf's flesh. vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- tity, as a straight line, force, or velocity. Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas ('daz) ], one of the four oldest sacred books or collection of hymns of the Hin- dus, of great antiquity, the basis of Brahmanism. Vedanta (-dan'ta), n. a Hindu sys- tem of philosophy based on the Vedas. vedette (ve-def), n. a mounted senti- nel. Also vidette. veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct to a different course. vegetarian (-ta'ri-an), n. one who abstains from a meat diet and lives on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians or vegetarianism. vegetation (-ta'shun), n. plants or vegetables collectively. vegetative ('e-ta-tiv), adj. growing or having the power of growing, as plants. vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. impetu- osity; violent ardor; animated fer- vor. Also vehemency. vehicle (ve'hi-M), n. any kind of carriage or conveyance; a medium. vehicular (-hik'u-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, or serving as, a vehicle. veinous ('us), adj. full of or pro- vided with veins. velarium (ve-la'ri-um), n. the great awning stretched over open theaters in ancient Rome. Also velum. veldt (velt), n. open country [South Africa]. Also veld. vellum (vel'um), n. fine parchment. velocipede (ve-los'i-ped), n. a light carriage propelled by the feet: the original form of the bicycle. velocity ('i-ti), n. [pi. velocities (-tiz) ], speed; rate of movement of a body. velodrome (vel'o-drom), n. a race- course, usually for bicycles; also a hollow cone in which to exhibit feats of bicycle riding. velograph (vel'o-graf), n. a speedom- eter that also records the number and duration of stops of the vehicle. veloure (vel-oor'), n. a dress fabric similar to plush, but with shorter nap. veloute (ve-loo'ta), n. a rich white sauce. velutinous (-lu'ti-nus), adj. velvety; soft. velveteen (-en'), n. imitation velvet. venal (ve'nal), adj. that may be bought, or bribed; mercenary; of or pertaining to the veins. venality (-nal'i-ti), n. prostitution of talents or services for money or re- ward. venation (ve-na'shun), n. the ar- rangement of veins in a leaf, or in- sect's wing. vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer for sale. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b56n, book; hue, hut; think, then. VENDACE 743 VERBENA vendace (ven'das), n. a small sal- monoid fish. vendee (-de 7 ), n. the buyer. Vendemiaire (vang-de-mi-ar'), n. a month in the calendar of the French Revolution, covering a period from September 22 to October 31. vendetta (ven-det'a), n. a kind of blood-feud. vendible (ven'di-bl), adj. salable. vendor ('der), n. the seller. Also vender. veneer (ve-ner'), v.t. to overlay with a thin slice of ornamental or more valuable wood : hence give a gloss to : n. a thin strip of superior wood for overlaying; outside show; pretense. venene (ve-nen'), n. the active toxin of snake venom. Also spelled venine. venenific (ven-e-nif'ik), adj. relating to the production of poison. venerable (ven'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of being venerated or reverenced; rendered sacred by religious or lofty associations; title of an archdeacon. veneration (-a/shun), n. the highest degree of respect and reverence; re- spect associated with awe. venereal (ve-ne're-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- course; aphrosidiac. venery (ven'er-i), n. sexual inter- course; hunting. venesection (ve-ne-sek'shun), n. the operation of opening a vein; phle- botomy. , Venetian (-ne'shan), adj. pertaining to Venice or its inhabitants. Venetian-blind (-blind), n. a win- dow-blind formed of long thin slats of wood. Venetian-door (-dor), n. & door with long narrow side-lights. vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- tion of pain on another for an in- jury received. adj. vindictive; re- vengeful ('fool), tributive. venial (ve'ni-al), venison (ven'zn). venom ('urn), n adj. pardonable. n. deer's flesh. poison introduced into the system by a bite or sting; spite. venomous (-us), adj. full of venom; poisonous; malignant; spiteful. venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or consisting of, veins. vent (vent), n. a small opening for the escape of air, &c; chimney-flue; outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to give an opening to. ventilate (ven'ti-lat) , v.t. to open to the free passage of air; expose to free discussion. ventilation (-la/shun), n. the act of ventilating; state of being venti- lated; free discussion. ventilator ('ti-la-ter), n. a contriv- ance for regulating the free admis- sion of air. Ventose (vang-tos'), n. a month in the calendar of the French Revolution extending from Feb. 19 to March 20. ventral (ven'tral), adj. pertaining to the belly. ventricle ('tri-kl), n. a small cavity in an animal body. ventriloquism (-tril'o-kwizm), n. the act or art of speaking as from another source than the voice. ventriloquist (-kwist), n. one who practices ventriloqiusm. venture ('tur), n. an undertaking of chance or danger; risk; speculation: v.t. to risk; send on a venture: v.t. to dare. venturine (vent'ur-in), n. a powder made of fine gold wire: used for japanning. venue (ven'ti), n. the place where an action in law is laid. veracious (ve-ra/shus), adj. truth- ful; true. veracity (-ras'i-ti), n. truthfulness; truth. veranda (-ran 'da), n. & kind of cov- ered balcony or open portico sup- ported by light pillars. Also veran- dah. verbalism (-izm), n. something ex- pressed verbially. verbatim (ver-ba'tim) , adv. word for word. Verbena (-be'na), n. a genus of orna- mental fragrant plants. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, Z/ien. VERBIAGE 744 VERTEBRATA verbiage ('bi-aj), n. verbosity. verbose (-bos'), adj. wordy; prolix. verbosity (-bos'i-ti), n. the use of more words than are necessary . Also verboseness. verdancy ('dan-si), n. greenness; in- experience. verdant ('dant), adj. green; fresh; inexperienced; gullible. verd-antique (verd-an-tek'), n. a green incrustation on ancient copper and brass coins; a beautiful mottled marble. verderer (ver'der-er), n. an English official who has charge of the royal forests. verdict ('dikt), n. the finding of a jury on a trial; judgment; decision. verdigris ('di-gres), n. the blue-green substance which forms on copper or brass: used as a pigment. verdure ('dur), n. freshness of vege- tation. verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c, car- ried as an emblem of authority; shaft of a column; spindle of a watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. to approach or come near. verger ('er), n. a sword or mace bearer; an official who has care of the interior of an English cathedral. verifiable (ver'i-fi-a-bl), adj. capable of being verified. verification (-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of proving to be true; confirma- tion; state of being verified. verisimilitude (-i-si-mil'i-tud), n. the appearance of truth; probability. veritable ('i-ta-bl), adj. true; genuine. verity ('i-ti), n. [pi. verities (-tiz) ], agreement with fact; truth; reality. verjuice (ver'joos), n. an acid liquor expressed from unripe grapes, ap pies, &c. : hence sourness; tartness. vermicelli (-mi-sel'i), n. the stiff paste or dough of fine flour made into tubes. vermicular (-mik'u-lar), adj. worm- like. Also vermiform. vermifuge ('mi-ftij), n. a medicine or substance to expel or destroy worms from or in the body. Also vermicide. vermilion (-mil'yun), n. a brilliant red pigment: v.t. to color or dye with vermilion. vermin ('min), n. noxious small ani- mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c; low, despicable persons. vermuth ('mooth), n. a liqueur of absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c, for creating an appetite. vernacular (-nak'u-ler), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, one's native country or language: n. na- tive idiom. vernal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, or appearing in, the spring. vernier ('ni-er), n. a graduated scale that subdivides the smallest divi- sions on a straight or circular scale. veronal (ver'o-nal), n. a product of coal-tar used in medicine. versatile ('sa-til), adj. turning with ease from one thing, subject, or opinion to another; many-sided; variable. versatility (-til'i-ti), n. quality of being versatile. verse (vers), n. a measured line of poetry; stanza; poetry; short divi- sion of any composition, especially of the chapters of the Bible; part of an anthem for performance by a single voice to each part. versicle (ver'si-kl), n. a little verse; short verse or text sung by priest and people alternately. versification (ver-si-fi-ka'shun), < n. the art or practice of composing metrical verses. version ('shun), n. a translation from one language into another; particular account or description. verst (verst) , n. the Russian mile = 3,500 English feet. versus (ver'sus), prep, against [Latin]. vertebra ('te-bra), n. [pi. vertebrae (-bre) ], a single bone of the spinal column. Vertebrata (-bra'ta), n.pl. one of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, including those animals ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VERTEBRATE 745 VIBRATORY which have a bony or cartilaginous backbone. vertebrate ('te-brat), adj. belonging to the Vertebrata: n. one of the Vertebrata. vertex ( y teks), n. [pi. vertices ('ti- sez) ], the top, summit, or crown; apex; zenith; point in any figure, opposite to, and most distant from, the base. vertical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the vertex; directly overhead ; perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. verticil ('ti-sil), n. a whorl. Also verticel. vertigo Cti-go), n. giddiness. vertu ('too), n. artistic skill: hence works of art, curios, &c. (Italian). vervain (Van), n. a plant of the genus Verbena: formerly supposed to possess magical properties and used in medicine. verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which animates a poet or artist; spirit; energy. vesication (ves-i-ka'shun), n. the process of raising blisters on the skin. vesicle ('i-kl), n. a bladder-like vessel or cavity; cyst; sac. vesicular (-fk'u-ler), adj. consisting of vesicles; full of interstices. Vesper ('per), n. the evening star; Venus when appearing after sunset; evening. vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the 6th hour of the Roman Breviary; evening songs. vesta (ves'ta), n. a 'wax "match. vestal ('tal), adj. pertaining to, or sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; chaste; pure: n. a virgin; nun. vestal virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. the 6 virgin priestesses who tended the sacred fire on the altar of the temple of Vesta, at Rome. vested (ves'ted), adj. clothed; fixed. vestibule ('ti-bul), n. porch or en- trance into a house; small bony cavity of the ear. vestige ('tij), n. a mark left in pass- ing; track; remains of something pre-existent. vestment (vest'ment), n. a garment, especially a priestly garment; dress. vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries ('triz) ], a room in a church where ecclesias- tical vestments, &c, are kept and parochial meetings held; meeting of parishioners for parish business. vetch (vech), n. a common name for leguminous plants used for green fodder, as tares. veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- cised or experienced, especially in military life : n. one thus experienced. veterinary ('er-i-na-ri), adj. pertain- ing to the art of healing the diseases of domestic animals, as horses,_ &c. veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes . (-toz) ], the right of stopping or preventing the enactment of a law; authorita- tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by veto; refuse assent to; prohibit. vexation (-a/shun), n. the act of vex- ing; state of being vexed; annoy- ance; worry. vexatious ('shus), adj. causing vex- ation; annoying; troublesome; har- assing. via (vi'a), adv. by way of [Latin]. viaduct ('a-dukt), n. an arched struc- ture for conveying a railway, road, &c, over low ground. vial ('al), n. a small glass bottle or vessel: v.t. to put in a vial. Also phial. viands ('andz), n.pl. dressed meat; food. viaticum (-at'i-kum), n. the Euchar- ist administered in the Roman Catholic Church to a person in danger of death. vibrant ('brant), adj. vibrating; res- onant. vibrate Cbrat), v.i. to move back- wards and forwards; oscillate; shake; quiver; swing; waver: v.t. to cause to quiver. vibration (-bra/shun), n. the act of vibrating; oscillation; resonance. vibratory ('bra-to-ri), adj. consisting in, or causing, vibrations. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. VICAR 746 VILIFY vicar (vik'er), n. a deputy; incum- bent of an appropriated benefice, who receives the small tithes. vicarage (-aj), n. the benefice, or residence, of a vicar. vicar-apostolic (ap-o-stol'ik), n. in the Roman Catholic Church a mis- sionary bishop with powers direct from the Pope. vicar-general (-jen'er-al), n. the as- sistant of a bishop, who assists him in ecclesiastical suits and visitations. vicarious (vl-ka'ri-us), adj. substi- tuted, or performed, in the place of another. vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- ish; immoral practice or habit; de- pravity; immorality; a vise. vice, prefix meaning in place of, second in rank. vicegerent (-je'rent), n. one deputed by superior authority to exercise the functions of another. vice-president _ (vis-prez'i-dent), -n. one who acts in place of a president in case of the absence, death or dis- ability of the latter. viceregal (-re'gal), adj. pertaining to a viceroy. viceroy ('roi), n. a governor of a country ruling in the name and by the authority of the sovereign. vice versa (vi'se-ver'sa), adj phrase from the Latin meaning "to the contrary"; conversely. Vichy water (ve'shi waw'ter), n. a mineral effervescent water. vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighborhood. vicinity (-vis-in'i-ti), n. nearness in place; proximity. vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized by vice or blemish; faulty; corrupt in moral principles or conduct; un- ruly; spiteful. vicissitude (vi-sis'i-ttid), n. change. victimize (-Iz), v.t. to make a victim of; swindle. victor ('ter), n. conqueror; one who wins or gains an advantage. Femi- nine victoress. victoria (-to'ri-a), n. a kind of car- riage for two persons. victorious (-to-ri-us), adj. having conquered in battle or contest; em- blematic of victory; triumphant. victual (vit'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply or store with provisions for food: n.pl. food; meat. victualer ('1-er), n. one who provides food; the keeper of a house of enter- tainment. vicuna (vi-koon'ya), n. an animal of Mexico and Chili, allied to the llama, furnishing a fine, long, reddish wool. vide (vi'de), v.t. see [Latin]. videlicet (vi-del'i-set), adv. to wit; namely [Latin]. vidette, same as vedette. vie (vi), v.i. to strive for superiority; rival; endeavor. Viennese (ve-en-ez), adj. pertaining to Vienna or to its inhabitants. vigil (vij'il), n. a watching; devotion in the usual hours of sleeping; eve preceding a feast of the Church. vigilance ('i-lans), n. watchfulness; caution. vigilance committee (kom-it'e), n. an organization of men banded to- gether for purposes of protection to property and life in a new commu- nity where the law is inoperative. vignette (vin-yet'), n. a small en- graving not enclosed by a definite border; a portrait of the head and bust only. vigor ('er), n. physical or mental strength and energy; force. vigorous ('er-us), adj. full of physi- cal or mental strength and energy; robust; forcible. vihara (vi-ha'ra), n. a Buddhist tem- ple or monastery. viking (vi'king), n. one of the old Scandinavian pirates, who (8th to 10th centuries) ravaged the coasts of Europe. vile (vil), adj. worthless; despicable; morally base or impure; wicked. vilify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vilified, p.pr. vilifying], to defame; debase by slander. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boo book; hue, hut; think, then. >55n, VILLA 747 VIRTUOSO villa ('a), n. a country seat; subur- ban residence. village ('aj), n. a small assemblage of nouses, less than a town but larg- er than a hamlet. villain ('in or 'an), n. originally a serf or feudal tenant of the lowest class; scoundrel. villainous (-us), adj. characterized by extreme depravity; vile; mean. villainy (-i), n. extreme depravity; atrocious wickedness. villein, same as villain. villi < (1), n.pl. long, straight, soft hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set closely together. villous ('us), adj. covered with long, thin, soft hairs; downy; shaggy. vinaceous (vi-na'shus), adj. pertain- ing to, or like, grapes or wine; wine- colored. vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), n. a small perforated box of gold, &c, for hold- ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- . salts. vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable of being conquered or overcome. vinculum (ving'ku-lum), n. a bond of union; tie; horizontal bar placed over several algebraical quantities to indicate they are to be treated as one. vindicate (vin'di-kat), v.t. to prove to be valid; defend successfully; as- sert a right to; justify. vindicatory - (-to-ri), adj. serving to vindicate, justify, or punish. vindictive (-dik'tiv), adj. given to, or prompted by, revenge. vineyard (vin'yard), n. a plantation of vines producing grapes. vinic (vi'nik), adj. pertaining to wine. vin-ordinaire (vang-or-de-nar'), n. a kind of claret: the common wine of France. vinous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining to, having the qualities of, or like, wine. vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop or produce of the grape; wine pro- duced in one season. vintner (vint'ner),_r&. wine merchant. viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed musical instrument played with a bow. viola (ve-o'la), n. the tenor violin. violable (vi'o-la-bl), adj. capable of being violated or broken. violation (-la/shun), n* the act of violating, infringing, or injuring: rape; outrage; act of irreverence or profanation. violence ('o-lens), n. physical or moral force; vehemence; unjust strength or power applied to any purpose; assault; outrage; crime; rape; eagerness; infringement. violet ('o-let), n. a plant of the genus Viola; a color like that of the violet. violin (-o-lin'), n. a four-stringed mu- sical instrument, played with a bow. violinist ('ist), n. a performer on the violin. violoncellist (ve-o-lon-chel'ist), n. a performer on the violoncello. violoncello (-chel'o), n. a large four- stringed instrument of the viol class. violone (ve-o-lo'na), n. a double-bass viol [music]. viper (vi'per), n. a venomous serpent of various species; a crafty, malig- nant person. viperous (-us), adj. viper-like; ma- lignant. virago (vi-ra'go), n. a bold, turbulent woman. virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman who has preserved her chastity; maiden: the Virgin Mary (with the): adj. per- taining to, or becoming, a virgin; chaste; modest; pure; new; un- mixed. virginity ('i-ti), n. the state of a virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, mature manhood; masculine; manly; procreative. virility (-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power of procreation. virtu, same as vertu. virtual (ver-tu-al), adj. in essence or effect, though not in fact; having the efficacy without the material or sen- sible part. virtue ('tu), n. rectitude; strength; efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. virtuoso (-tii-o'so), n. [pi. virtuosi fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VIRTUOUS 748 VITREO ('se) ], one skilled in the fine arts, antiquities, &c; a skilled performer on a musical instrument. virtuous (^tu-us), adj. possessing, or exhibiting, virtue; moral; chaste. virulence (vir'u-lens), n. the state or quality of being virulent; extreme bitterness. virulent ('u-lent), adj. very poison- ous or venomous; actively injurious to life or health; bitter in enmity; malignant. ■ virus (vi'rus), n. organic, contagious, or poisonous matter, by which dis- ease or poison is introduced into the system; something that acts as a moral poison. vis (vis), n. power; force. visage (viz'aj), n. the countenance. vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'), n. one who is face to face with another: adv. face to face. viscera (vis'er-a), n.pl. the intestines. visceral ('er-al), adj. pertaining to the viscera. viscid ('id), adj. sticky; glutinous. viscidity ('i-ti), n. stickiness; glu- tinousness. Also viscosity. viscount (vi'kount), n. a nobleman next in rank below an earl. Fem- inine viscountess. viscous (vis'kus), adj. adhesive or glutinous. viscus ('kus), n. an entrail. vise (vis), n. & two-jawed instrument for holding work. Vishnu (vish'nu), n. one of the early gods of the Hindus; later, their Su- preme Being. visibility (viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. percepti- bility. Also visibleness. visible ('i-bl), adj. perceptible by the eye, in view; obvious; apparent. Visigothic (-i-goth'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the Visigoths, a branch of the Goths that settled in Southern France and Spain. vis inertiae (vis in-er'shi-e), n. in- herent resistance in a body to change its state, either to motion or rest. vision (vizh'un), n. the act or sense of seeing; sight; object of sight; di- vine revelation; apparition; creation of the imagination. visionary (-a-ri), adj. existing only in the imagination; unreal: n. an unpractical schemer.. visitant ('i-tant), n. a visitor. visitation (-i-ta'shun) n. the act of visiting; official visit; infliction of good or evil; retributive affliction. visite (ve-zef), n. a light lace or silk cape for summer wear. visor. See vizor. vista (vis'ta), n. [pi. vistas ('taz) 1, n. a view, especially through an avenue; the trees forming such an avenue. visual (vizh'u-al), adj. pertaining to, or used in, sight. visualize (-iz), v.t. to make visible; see in fancy. vitagraph (vit'a-graf), n. one form of cinematograph. vital (vi'tal), adj. pertaining to, sup- porting, or necessary to, life; mor- tal; essential. vitalism (-izm), n. the theory which refers vital phenomena to a vital, as distinct from a merely physical, force. vitality ('i-ti), n. vital force. vitals ('talz), n.pl. the organs of the body essential to life, as the heart, lungs, &c. vitamine (vit'am-in), n. a substance of unknown chemical composition that exists in the covering of cereal grains, in milk, in meats, and in va- rious other foods, and which appears to be an absolutely essential ele- ment in the diet; a diet of polished rice, for example, produces the disease beri-beri because of the absence of vitamine. vitascope (vi'ta-skop), n. an appa- ratus for projecting kinetographic pictures in life size upon a canvas. vitellus ('us), n. the yolk of an egg. vitiate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render faulty or defective; taint; deprave; annul. viticulture (vit'i-kul-tur), n. vine culture. vitreo, a prejix meaning pertaining ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, book; hue, hut; think, then. (774) ZIGZAG 775 ZOOCURRENT May-June) and eighth of the civil year. zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, sharp turns: n. something with short, sharp turns. zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous insect re- sembling the tsetse. zinc (zingk), n. a bluish-white metal. zincic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, zinc. Also zincky, zinky, zinckic. zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery. zincography (-og'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing upon, or printing from, zinc plates. zincoid ('oid), adj. zinc-like. Zingaro (thing-ga/ro), n. Spanish term for gipsy. zingel (zing'el), n. a perch found in the Danube. zinkenite (zingk'en-it), n. a steel- grey mineral, a sulphide of antimony and lead. Zion (zl'un), n. a hill in Jerusalem, the royal residence of King David and his successors: hence the Church of God. Zionism (-izm), n. a project for the reestablishment of the Jews as a na- tion in Palestine. zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical instrument, consisting of a sounding box and 28 to 31 strings. zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a land of mania, in which the patient be- lieves himself to be transformed into an animal. zodiac ('di-ak), n. an imaginary broad belt in the heavens, contain- ing the 12 constellations or signs of the zodiac which the sun traverses annually. zodiacal (-di'a-kal), adj. pertaining to, or situated within, the zodiac. zodiacal light (lit), n. a luminous tract of the sky of triangular shape, its base being on the horizon: seen in the evening at twilight, and be- fore dawn. zoetrope ('e-trop), n. an optical in- strument by means of which figures, &c, on a circular card appear to be in active motion when viewed through slots in the upper side. zofra ('fra), n. a Moorish carpet. zoidogamous (zo-i-dog'a-mus), adj. fertilized by motile male cells com- parable to those of animals, ?s in case of certain flowerless plants. Zolaism ('la-izm), n. excessive real- ism in the literary treatment of the worse side of human life or nature: from Emile Zola, the French realis- tic novelist. zollverein (tsol'fer-in), n. the Ger- man customs union, formed 1827 and further extended in 1867 to estab- lish uniform rates; a customs union. zonal (zo'nal), adj. pertaining to or formed of, a zone or zones. zone (zon), n. one of the 5 great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided with respect to latitude and temperature; that belt or dis- trict within which certain animal or plant forms of life are confined: a girdle or belt: v.t. to encircle with, or as with, a zone. zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or girdle; having zones; striped. zone-plate (zon 'plat), n. a plate con- sisting of alternate series of opaque and transparent concentric rings which brings light to a focus by diffraction. zonophone (zo'no-fon), n. a kind of phonograph record. zoo, a prefix meaning animal, as zoo- chemistry, animal chemistry. zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- closure in which Jive animals are kept for public exhibition; zoolog- ical garden. zoocentric (zo-o-sen'trik), adj. relat- ing to the theory that the world was intelligently designed as the home of conscious beings. zoo chore (zo'o-kor), n. a plant dis- seminated with the aid of animals, as when burrs are carried in the wool of a sheep. zoocurrent (zo'o-kur-ent), n. an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, mergfymet; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hf.i, hut; think, tai. ZOOGENE 776 ZYMOLOGY ocean current carrying living or- zoogene (zo'6-jen), adj. of animal origin, as coral islands, or beds of limestone. zoogenic (zo'o-jen'ik), adj. of animal as distinguished from vegetable, origin. zoogenous (zo-oj'e-nus), adj. of ani- mal origin; acquired by man from the lower animals, as in case of cer- tain diseases. zoogeography (zo-o-je-og'ra-fi), n. the study of the geographical dis- tribution of animals. zoogloea (-o-gle'a), n. a mass of bacteria inclosed in a viscous, gelatinous substance. zoography (-og'ra-fi), n. the descrip- tion of animals, their forms and habits. zooid ('oid), n. an animal in one of its inferior stages of development; an individual of a compound or co- lonial animal organization. zoolatry (-ol'a-tri), n. animal-wor- ship, zoological (-6-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to zoology. zoologist (-ol'6-jist), n. one skilled in zoology. zoology (-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- ology that treats of animals, their structure, classification, habits, and distribution. zobmechanics (zo-o-me-kan-iks), n. the theory that all vital processes are explicable in terms of matter and motion. zoomorphism (-mor'fizm), n. the representation of a deity in the form or with the attributes, of an animal. zoon ('on), n. an animal which is the sole product of a single ovum. zoophilist (-of'i-list), n. a lover of animals. zoophysiology (-o-nz-i-ol'o-gi), n. physiology of the lower animals. zoophyte ('o-fit), n. an animal of low organization, bearing some external resemblance to a plant. zoosperm ('o-sperm), n. the male seed-cell. zoospore ('o-spor), n. the active spores of certain algae endowed with motion by means of ciliated processes. zootomist (-ot'o-mist), n. a compara- tive anatomist. zootomy ('o-mi), n. the dissection or anatomy of animals. zorilla (zo-ril'a), n. a kind of skunk. Zoroastrianism (-izm), n. the reli- gious system, contained in the Zend- Avesta, said to have been founded by' Zoroaster, the legislator and prophet of ancient Persia. zouave (zoo-av') n. a soldier of a light infantry corps of the French army, wearing an Arab dress. zuchetto (tsoo-kat'6), n. a skull-cap covering the tonsure and worn un- der the biretta. Also zuchetta. Zulu (zoo'loo), n. one of the war- like tribe of Kaffirs, north of Natal. zumbooruk (zum'boo-ruk), n. a small swivel cannon fired from the back of a camel. Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. zweibund (tsvl'boont), n. a dual alliance of nations. zwieback (tsve'bach), n. a form of bread baked in crisp slices. zygoma (zi-go'ma), n. the cheek- bone. zygomorphous (zig-6-m6r'fus), adj. shaped like a yoke. zygote (zl'got), n. the living product of the union of two germ cells wheth- er animal or vegetable. zygotic (zi-gotik), adj. relating to zyotes or fertilized egg-cells. zymic (zim'ik), adj. produced by fer- mentation. zymocyte (zi'mo-sit), n. a micro-or- ganism that produces fermentation. zymogen (zi'mo-jen), n. any sub- stance that by internal changes gives rise to a ferment. Also zymogene. zymology ('o-ji), n. the doctrine of fermentation. Also zumology. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADDITIONAL HELPS TO The Study and Use of To-day's English IV It ORE than, a list of words is needed -**▼-■■ by those who wish to keep pace with the growth of our language. The preceding vocabulary is the newest and most usable list of words and word information to be found in any Dictionary. Added to this, the following pages contain dramatic accounts of how our language grew, stories of word building, a section de- voted to information daily used, and a classi- fied Supplementary Dictionary of sporting, technical, professional and political terms. 777 CONTENTS Abbreviations, Classical 832 Abbreviations, Most Common. 912 Address, Forms of ■__ 895 Americanisms 804 Atomic Weights 808 Automobile, The 809 Aviation 813 Baseball 817 Canada, Census 1011 Christian Names 822 Commerce and Law 836 Congressional Eepresentation — 1004 Earth, Facts about the 1020 .Etymology 793 Everyday Allusions 854 Everyone His Own Weather Prophet / 1019 Evolution of English Diction- aries - 779 Flowers, Language of 1018 Flowers, State 1023 Football 878 Foreign Coins, Value of ._ 1017 Foreign Words and Phrases — 882 Forms of Address 895 Golf 899 Lacrosse 902 Lawn Tennis 905 Metric System 1021 Military and Naval Terms 908 Music 939 National Parks in U. S. 1024 Noted Characters in Literature 943 Photography 957 Polo 961 Practical Syntax 788 Principal Cities of the United States 1005 Punctuation 798 Bank of the States 1003 Standard English 784 State Names 964 Time and Its Variations 1022 United States, Census 1002 Wireless Telegraphy 965 Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 969 Yachting _ 998 778 THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES By JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. Professor in the University op Pennsylvania, Member op the National Academy op Social Science The Dictionary is our most general and most helpful book of reference. Few homes are without some one of its manifold forms, and it is appealed to as an authority on the correct spelling of words, their pronunciation, and their exact shades of meaning. In the larger dictionaries, and to some extent in their abridgements, we expect to find also the derivation of words, as well as a certain amount of encyclopedic information, frequently made clearer by ap propriate illustrations. There is commonly^ an Appendix too, containing a variety of miscellaneous information, judiciously selected and conveniently arranged. In short, if one were for any reason limited to a single book of ref- erence, one's choice would ordinarily, and quite naturally, be the Dictionary. The evolution of so convenient and comprehensive a manual has been the result of a long process of development, extending over many centuries. Its course is marked by a relatively small number of epoch-making works, each of which held the field, directly or indirectly through revisions and imitations, for long terms of years. Like so many other of our institutions, its origin and growth cannot clearly be understood without going back to those peoples to whom we owe so much that they must always hold a prominent place in any Bounded ucational system, the Greeks and Romans., The name "dictionary," from dictionarius (liber) or dictionarium, origi- nally meant a "word-book." It had as rivals numerous other terms, such as lexicon (the Greek form of "word-book"), glossary, vocabulary, and the like. Its victory over all of them has been so complete, that "dictionary" is not only the most common designation of a word-book, but is extended to other hand- books alphabetically arranged, such as dictionaries of antiquities, of quota- tions, of biography, and similar works. Even the alphabetical order, or "dic- tionary order" as it is sometimes called, which seems to us so obviously the best, had a long contest with the arrangement by subjects or classes, and was not universally adopted until toward the end of the sixteenth century. The alphabetical arrangement itself passed through various stages, beginning with lists of words having the same initial letter but not otherwise differentiated, passing to lists alphabetized by the first two letters, and culminating in our present system. * Dictionaries are in general of two kinds: those in which the words of one language are defined in terms of another, and those in which the words of a language are explained or defined in the same tongue. The former become necessary when foreign languages are studied, the latter when a speech has reached such a stage of development as to contain words which are not readily understood by the general public. The first word-books were the glossaries used by the Greek schoolboys of the fifth century before our era, to master the meanings of the obsolete and poetic words in their national reading-book, the poems of Homer. These glossaries were gradually expanded and amplified until Philetas of Cos, who 779 The Evolution of English Dictionaries lived between 325 and 265 B. C., compiled what might be called the first Ho- meric Lexicon. As time went on, other special lexicons were made, and finally, toward the end of the first century of our era, the first general Greek Diction- ary was begun by Zophyrion and completed by Pamphilus of Alexandria. Similar educational conditions existed among the Romans, and the glos- saries made to explain unfamiliar words led at last to the great dictionary of Verrius Flaccus, of the time of Augustus. This lexicon was so large that it was twice abridged, by Festus and Paulus Diaconus. Only the latter has been preserved, along with some portions of the earlier epitome of Festus. Verrius illustrated the meaning and use of words by quotations, which give the work its principal value for modern scholars, and also introduced some encyclopaedic matter. It will be seen that much of the ground gained in the course of so many centuries was lost during the Dark Ages, and that our English dic- tionaries practically began again at the beginning and passed through the same stages of growth, although at last they far outstripped their prototypes in the ancient world. After lexicography had lain dormant for some time, it was given a fresh impulse by the Revival of Learning and the use of Latin as a means of com- munication among educated men of different nationalities. Vocabularies be- came necessary, which at first explained the meaning of words in simpler Latin, but tended more and more to use the vernacular. In England the making of such word-books began between 600 and 700 A. D., but their development was retarded for more than three centuries by the Norman conquest, since it was not until the close of the fourteenth century that English finally gained the ascendancy over French and became the recognized language of the schools. The period which followed the victory of the mother tongue is marked by the appearance of a great number of Latin-English word-books, not yet called dictionaries, but bearing various fanciful titles, such as Medulla Grammatices, or "Marrow of Grammar," Ortus (i. e. Hortus) Vocabulorum, or "Garden of Words," and the like. A second stage is represented by the Promptorium Par- vulorum, the "Children's Storehouse," which contained about 10,000 English words with their Latin equivalents. The first work of the kind to be termed a "Dictionary" was that of Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, issued in 1538. The num- ber of Latin-English and English-Latin lexicons is very large and they show a consistent improvement. Space does not permit an enumeration even of those of epoch-making importance; it may merely be remarked that owing to the high demands made by the modern science of lexicography, we have as yet no dictionary either of Greek or of Latin which is regarded as adequate. In the case of Latin the deficiency is gradually being supplied by the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, published with the support of five great Academies of Germany and Austria. The printing of this mammoth work began in 1900, and it has so far covered the first four letters of the alphabet. The next forward step was made by Richard Howlet, whose Abecedarium, issued in 1552, besides giving the Latin equivalents for a large number of Eng- lish words, also gave English definitions of some of the more difficult terms. Next, the dying out of Latin as a means of communication led to a more gen- eral study of the modern languages. Dante had long since made an appeal for greater attention to Italian in his De Vulgari Eloquio, but it was not until the early part of the sixteenth century that Dictionaries of English in connection with a modern language were put forth. One of the earliest was the Esclarcisse- ment de la Langue Francoyse (1530), which was soon followed by dictionaries of Spanish and Italian, and shortly afterwards by a polyglot lexicon in eleven languages, called the Ductor inLinguas, or "Guide into Tongues." 780 The Evolution of English Dictionaries Dictionaries of Greek, Latin and the modern foreign languages had an obvious practical purpose, but the necessity for an English dictionary did not suggest itself until the end of the sixteenth century, when it was brought to mind by the introduction into our tongue of many learned or "book" words, the meaning of which could not be grasped in the ordinary way, but required definition by specialists.^ Thus English dictionaries had in the beginning the same aim as the glossaries of the Greeks and Romans; that is, the definition of the "hard" words of the language. This is explicitly set forth in the title of Robert Cawclrey's Table Alpha- beticall of Hard Words, published in 1604, in which he explains the meaning of about 3,000 such terms. His work passed through three editions and then gave place to the English Expositor, or Exposition of Hard Words, of John Bul- lokar (1616). A new departure was made by the English Dictionary of Henry Cockeram (1623), which consisted of three parts. The first contained the "hard" words with their definitions, but the second gave a list of ordinary words provided with their learned equivalents, thus enabling the ambitious and industrious to substitute^ elegant and high-sounding terms for those cur- rent in every-day life, and so improve their style and conversation. The third part ^ furnished an explanation of the classical, historical and mythological allusions met with in literature, besides giving information about important personages, marvellous animals, and the like. In 1656 aGlossographia, an explanation of obscure legal terms, was published by Thomas Blount, who enlivened the sober annals of the science by his con- troversy with Edward Phillips, declaring that the latter's New World of Words and Nomothetes were clumsy plagiarisms of his own books. But the general tendency was to add more and more of the common words of the language.. A series of dictionaries by Coles (1677), Cocker (1704), and Kersey (1708) continued this good work, and finally, in 1721, Nathaniel Bailey issued his Universal Etymological English Dictionary. This was the first work of the kind to aim at a complete collection of all the words of our mother tongue, a step made necessary by the special attention which was given to etymology. For while the editor did not consider it essential to give a common word like "cat" a fuller definition than "a creature well known," the derivation of all words was equally important. Bailey's work at once proved popular and went through a number of editions. In that of 1731 he marked a further advance by indi- cating the proper accentuation of the words. His Dictionary also included many legal and technical terms, as well as "the Etymology and Interpretation of Proper Names of Men and Women and Remarkable Places in Great Britain." In 1730, with the help of several specialists, Bailey brought out his folio edi- tion, into which he introduced diagrams and proverbs. An interleaved copy of this edition formed the working basis for Johnson's Dictionary. Dr. James A. H. Murray has pointed out in his Romanes lecture of 1900 that many of these dictionaries owed their existence to the needs of women, whose educational advantages were less than those of men, a fact which is given quaint expression in their dedications and title-pages. Cockeram's book, for example, announced its purpose as being that of "enabling as well as Ladies and Gentlewomen . . . as also Strangers of any Nation to the understanding of the more difficult authors already printed in our language, and the more speedy attaining of an elegant perfection of the English tongue, both in reading, speak- ing, and writing," while Blount's Glossographia was dedicated to the use of "the more-knowing Women and less-knowing Men." Bailey had many rivals and competitors, who followed the same general plan, among them Dyche and Pardon (1735), B. N. Defoe (1735) and Benja- min Martin (1749). The next step in advance was prompted by a feeling 781 The Evolution of English Dictionaries among literary men and booksellers of the need for a "standard dictionary," the purpose of which should be to "fix the language" and prevent its deteriora- tion. This erroneous conception of the nature of speech was not confined to England, but the example had already been set by the Accademia della Crusca in Italy and the Academie francaise. The latter had in fact published a dic- tionary, the fruit of t^ enty years of preparation and forty of labor, from which all technical terms were rigidly excluded, as well as all other words which did not receive the stamp of academic approval. We now realize that such a no- tion is a perverted one, and that a dictionary should be an inventory of the language and not a "Who's Who?" of diction. At the time, however, the plan met with general approval, and in 1747 a syndicate of London booksellers con- trac'ed with Samuel Johnson to produce such a book within three years for the consideration of 1500 guineas. Johnson thereupon addressed a memorial on the ' Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language" to Lord Chesterfield, in the hope of securing his patronage for the enterprise. It was not until Johnson had nearly completed his great task that the noble lord paid any attention to the matter, and then his tardy aid and encouragement were rejected by the indignant lexicographer. The work had in fact taken eight years and a half, and the greater part of the stipend had been exhausted in the pay of six amanuenses and in other incidental expenses. The feature which made Johnson's Dictionary epoch-making was the attention given to the historical development of the language and the illus- tration of the uses of words by well-selected quotations. These quotations were entirely supplied by the editor and were for the most part made from memory; but though frequently not verbally exact, they are almost always sufficiently so to be entirely adequate to their purpose. Johnson also prided himself on his etymologies, but his original contributions in that fine have gone the way of the greater number of those which preceded the modern days of scientific etymology. There are some definitions in Which the editor allowed his sense of humor or his personal feelings to get the better of strict accuracy and literary decorum. Thus he defines a lexicographer as "a maker of dic- tionaries, a harmless drudge," and a pensioner as "a Slave of the State, hired by a stipend to obey his master." • Other well-known examples are oats, whig, tory, and excise, which is said to be a "hateful tax, levied upon commodities and adjudged not by the common judges of property, but by wretches hired by those to whom the excise is paid. w His work was not free from errors, but he in part disarmed criticism in his Preface by freely admitting their possibility. He was true scholar enough to acknowledge his slips, and when a lady once asked him how he came to define pastern as "the knee of a horse," he replied, "Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance." The value of Johnson's work was immediately recognized and it passed into a second edition within a year. It was some forty years, however, in wholly supplanting Bailey's Dictionary and others of that type; but it finally became the standard and held the field for many years. The next feature to be added to our dictionaries was the systematic and accurate indication of pronunciation. Bailey and Johnson had indicated the proper accentuation of words, but had made no further attempt to show their sounds. This was first done by William Kenrick (1773), who was followed in 1780 by Thomas Sheridan, father of the famous dramatist. In 1791 John Walker, a former actor and lecturer on elocution, issued his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which became as great an authority on pronunciation as Johnson was on-definition and quotation. Except for this addition, the efforts of lexi- cographers for many years after the publication of Johnson's Dictionary were confined to attempts to supplement and perfect that work. It was reprinted 782 The Evolution of English Dictionaries aed revised many times, the best edition being that of the Rev. H. J. Todd (London, 1818), which is not yet wholly superseded. The first to enter into competition with Johnson by making an indepen- ndnt work was Charles Richardson, whose New Dictionary of the English Lan- guage (1837) was based upon the theory that definition was a subordinate matter and illustration by quotation the essential thing. The result was an extremely valuable repertory of passages from the best writers from 1300 down to his own time, but the plan of the work prevented it from being a popular success. Meanwhile the first great American lexicographer, Noah Webster (1758- 1843), had begun a series of dictionaries which culminated in the American Dictionary of the English Language. This work was based upon a new and extensive collection of material, and as the name implies, was an American dictionary, introducing words which had hitherto been regarded as provincial and illustrating usage By quotations from American as well as from British writers. He did not even confine himself to the best authors, believing that "language was an instrument not so much of literature as of daily association." He gave elaborate rules for spelling and pronunciation and in various appen- dices, as well as in the definitions o? certain words, he included much encyclo- pedic matter. The work appeared in several editions during its author's life- time, and was continued after his death by his son-in-law Chauncey Allen Goodrich (1790-1860), and later by Noah Porter (1811-1892), President of Yale College. For many years the supremacy of Webster's Dictionary in America was disputed by that of Joseph Emerson Worcester (1784-1865}, who differed from Webster on many points of spelling and pronunciation, as well as in treating the language objectively rather than didactically. The victory in the "war of the dictionaries" seems to have rested with Webster, although his etymologies, which were the least successful part of his work, have been generally discarded, while many of the characteristic features of the book ^ hay e been modified or dropped. It still bears the name of its founder, but in its title American has given place to International. The final step in English lexicography is represented by the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the publication of which began at Oxford in 1884 and is now nearing completion. Its aim is to record the full history of every word which has ever existed in our language during the last 800 years, with its proper spellings, pronunciation, etymology and definitions, and with quotations illustrating its usage. This monumental work is purely a word-book, without encyclopedic matter. The latter feature was given special prominence by John Ogilvie in his English Dictionary, Technical and Scientific, first published in 1850 and afterwards in several editions, finally appearing as the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. This work has had a profound influence on all our dictionaries except the New Oxford, all of which contain a greater or less amount of ency- clopedic material and a profusion of illustrations. STANDARD ENGLISH By PERCY W. LONG, A.M., Ph.D. Instructor in English in Harvard University, Secretary of the American Dialect Society, of the Editorial Staff of Webster's New International Dictionary, Etc. The choice of words, among the many thousands which are available for general use, marks, better than any other criterion, the range of one's com- mand of the resources of a language. For although accuracy in pronunciation serves, as a rule, to distinguish the educated from the uneducated, and to gain for them that recognition which is accorded to persons sensitive to the finer elements of culture, it is among such persons a token of intellectual distinction to find at the right moment the right word, showing in this nicety of adjust- ment a precision of idea and a command of the means of expression beyond what is common. So much is not demanded of the majority of moderately educated men; to them the use of the standard language is a matter, not of artistic proficiency, but of everyday correctness. And the importance of this correctness is obvious to the business man as well as to the student in so far as it concerns his own social and commercial life. What is usually less obvious is its importance to the community; that is to the nation, or more generally the several countries which in common speak the English language. The great convenience of a language which encircles the globe and is understood from Alaska to Capetown would be seriously diminished if the great agencies of our common culture, the schools, the pulpit, the newspapers, and the dic- tionaries, did not labor incessantly to keep in check the little variations which tend to disintegrate our common heritage. Local peculiarities of pronuncia- tion, local innovations in words and new meanings attached to the old words would in no long time establish a variety of dialects such as those of Italy, where the peasant from near Naples cannot converse with his countryman of Venice unless through an artificial literary language acquired in school. From some such variety of dialects the English standard language arose at the time of Chaucer and of Wyclif's translation of the Bible. Since that time, though in England the dialects have maintained tbemselves among the illiter- ate, a clear tradition established by the court, the church and the universities has been disseminated throughout the masses of English-speaking people. To this tradition it is encumbent on those who wish to speak and write well to conform. The court of appeal to which the average individual must resort in case of doubt is the dictionary. But the consulter of the dictionary should recognize that its function — at any rate in recent times — is not to legislate regarding usages. Dr. Johnson, indeed, did so. But his celebrated dictionary of 1755 represented a movement initiated in the group of Swift, Addison, and Pope to compose a dictionary which should fix in one perfect form forever an unal- terable English language. Many scholars then believed, and all now know, that even greater recognition than the following which Johnson secured among American as well as English authors, could not stay the flux of language. Even the Roman rhetorician Quintilian had recognized that fashions in words must 784 Standard English change. The dictionary therefore records what is in good use now. Its sources are the great conservative centers of intellectual authority — the educational world, the pulpit, and distinguished authors. To these in Europe, notably in England and Germany, may be added the spoken language of classical and serious modern drama. That no one of these constitutes an ideal guide results from the inevitable intellectual and temperamental variations to which indi- vidual professions are subject. The pedantry of the schoolmaster contrasts with the simple emotional appeal of the actor; the wit of a keen editorial would not become the decorum of the cloth. As in the well-educated man almost any one of the elements that go to make up education may be lacking, so in the speaker or writer of good English individual virtues and vices of language distinguish the real from the ideal. Yet certain principles of choice will keep one from going far wrong. One should use in language that sense of refinement which checks one from con- spicuousness or eccentricity in clothes and in conduct. To say that one should be unobtrusive is good advice only to those who cannot excel. But in seeking to excel one should avoid the outlandish, using only such language as good sense warrants. # Long words which call attention to themselves are rarely in good taste. This is as much as to say that language should be adapted to the hearers, to the audience and to the occasion. An address concerning a coal strike de- livered at a Bostonian the dansant would not serve for miners in their shirt sleeves. Without citing extremes, everyone will recognize the difference between formal occasions, such as public lectures, and informal, when a simpler range of words and certainly a simpler form of sentences would alone be in keeping. Often in conflict with this principle of adapting language not only to the temperament but to the intelligence of those about one, a principle of even greater importance should controlone bent on acquiring command of language —that of seeking to express one's idea with precision. Often to convey an idea with clearness will require a phrase, when to express it exactly requires but a word, because the specific word does not come to mind or because the audi- ence cannot be trusted to comprehend its meaning. The "provenience of sei- centismo concetti" serves for some one hundred words not of an elaborately technical character, but should be used only in addressing truly erudite persons. The very citation of such a phrase emphasizes the supreme importance of sim- plicity as a means to clearness. And yet undeviating allegiance to simplicity would leave everyone in the language of childhood. A compromise between such simplicity and an endeavor to carry upward the standard of one's envi- ronment is truer taste than the safer nonchalance of negative unobtrusiveness. Regarding less these general principles of choice in the tenor of one's language, certain criteria for individual words have been formulated by rheto- ricians. It should be observed that not all words are necessarily, because they are in the dictionary, good words. On the contrary, many are labelled colloquial or slang or -archaic. Nor does the dictionary necessarily ban other words, sometimes rarely used or highly technical, which it would not be advisable to publish. Many a word formed with the prefix un or the suffix ly it would be quite legitimate to coin without express authority. Careful observance of i etymology in order to prevent formation of hybrids is here the main requisite. Of the words which come to us from unaccredited sources, Americans are peculiarly exposed to the influx of foreign words, creating in local centers temporary mixed languages which permanently affect in various small ways the speech of districts. Especially difficult to avoid is the influence on pronun- ciation. A standard American pronunciation, enforced throughout our schools as a counter to the growing individualization of the northeast, southeast, and west, would do more to resist this tendency than individual efforts can hope Die. 62 * W Standard English L°» o^St? tn B wf cannot ^^ fu f e .-^vor; we must say tch. But any large iX'x of W?™ P^nounce d make fbwStaSfe^ite s e pri"h d o e f ci n^ n h tim H e - / or time - « memory, One JTE* ^^^&^&SE^~ "Be not the first by whom the new are tried Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." ™^Pe^ g use the words ^ and auto- not done so as yet. On the otheT hand \ » that sional use of a slang term when it S , y Pedantry will deprecate the occa- ing, a regard fo. dlfini™n"s S ™n ^ thlnkW^n ° nV T a SP u 6Cific bought or f eel- tionof afewstockSesaseouanv^!; M c ? nd . emn th e meaningless itera- from which we have norwhal2nJ • h»t t^ Sim ^u °, ld French n ™ ™ «**>, as disconcerted fa^Xstdt Xbat "/ ""** "*"' fi ° kIe ragb ' e > from c4im d o a n d thrsSoTbeing fl^^*"" which are exem P' still alien; and (3) beneath a re„3i 2 f ° ° ld c 0r c to0 new -' < 2 > to ° Ioc al or chosen group must be distinguish^ twn.fi "/refinement. But within this sally and one only to «3^ra,m, n^if 868 ° f te ™f : ° ne to be used unive r- words. General wordTii this Je^f £? <& "*- y ' ffF 1 and technical people and embrace relit "eh ' LtTfew toon^n M? ""i/Vif « en ««lj* "' main this article has been confined TWhnwi ' *2 whlch ! h ° w ever, in the be recognized by few not snSlv int Sf ^ ?a l^° rd l'. to the contrary, will game, science, or crlft with whiJh ?„ ^ ™ the S , ubject matter ° f th e art, served an Sample Su^h word en & are J™ ved. . ewfes in chess wili of the particular |roup whichtoly serv^ U " d bU * SpamgIy Unless to P ers ° ns cism, w^^^Sn^^jr,^^T^^ "TP* fr0m Criti " — atingitsJS^^^^^^ but even Standard English mt even more in the use of such intensive expressions as very or less common incremental adverbs. Similar to this vice of hyperbole, though of more various character, is the tendency to use frequently qualifying words which modify the positive content of one's statements. Such an expression as of course when, if it be of course the statement need not be made, and when if it be not the expression is at best an irritating form of flattery, should be avoided. No doubt often implies actually the existence of doubt. Or, one's expression over- states and must be qualified, indicating original inability to achieve precise expression. This reveals poverty of vocabulary. Within the compass of individual words not infrequently there exists a considerable choice, where several meanings of a word are still well known. Dainty is an instance; whether to apply it to a person of fastidious habits or to a thing palatable or otherwise agreeable to such a person. But applied to the person it may concern appearance or manner or tastes. There is, chiefly, a danger of too greatly extending the meaning of a word by confusion with some other through close association. This type of error, called "impropriety," or "malaprop," from Mrs. Malaprop in the "School for Scandal," is well illus- trated by her own saying^ "I'll precede along after you." Close akin to it are such solecisms as that which arise commonly in the misuse of liable for likely. One may be liable to arrest for overspeeding, and yet not likely to be arrested. Liable usually accompanies a noun, likely a verb. Another instance is the con- fusion between due and owing. This error arises from using due as if it also were a participle. Among the correct uses of a word, it was once widely maintained that the primary or original meaning of a wordjs that toward which one should incline. Ruskin especially was addicted to resuscitating the original significance. This conservative tendency, so long as it avoids eccentricity, makes for stability. But its fundamental inapplicability appears in such a word as passion, which then must be used to denote "suffering," as occasionally it still does ("the passion of our Lord"); or in the word take, which originally meant "to give." A better principle for choosing is to use those meanings only which are widely intelligible, and of those that one which no other word conveys so deafly. Among synonyms choose the meanings which are least synonymous. This makes for clearness. Avoid the error of the schoolboy who wrote: "One fine day we took a nice drive up and got an elegant view." < As to the extent of his vocabulary, it were better not to inquire. The well-educated person uses from two to five thousand words; exceptionally gifted authors rarely double that number. And yet the acquisition of a yocabu- larv, which is so highly commended in Professor Palmer's Self Cultivation in English, is no great task if one were to resolve upon his advice to acquire regularly and use two new words a week. Ability to choose words rests upon the ready command of many, just as lapses into error usually arise from com- mand of too few. Therefore to enlarge the vocabulary best makes for the at- tainment and spread of standard English. 787 PRACTICAL SYNTAX By FORREST S. LUNT, M.A. Instructor of English, Horace Mann School. Teachers College, Columbia University It is the purpose of this article to present to the general reader in a bries and somewhat informal manner the more common principles of syntax. The historical phase of syntax is not presented. The clientele to which such a volume as this will appeal will find the following discussion of syntactical relationships of practical value. When we express our thoughts in ordinary conversation we generally take little thought of the relation the words we are using bear to each other. What we mean to say is brought out clearly and vividly, as much by the tone of voice, inflection, facial expression, body gestures, and manner, as by the words themselves. But when we set our thoughts down in written form we are without these valuable aids of voice and manner to make clear what we are trying to say. Our thoughts must be understood because the relations which exist between the various parts of our sentences are clear. If the relations between the parts of our sentences are *not clear, or if they do not follow the generally accepted rules governing syntactical relations, the thoughts we are trying to express will not be understood. Good usage, common practice, society — whatever you will — has decided what is good form, what is proper, in this field of syntax, just as it has in the fields of morals, etiquette, or fashions. Therefore the man or woman who has occasion to set his thoughts down in writing should observe the com- mon practice, the universally understood rules which govern the relationship of words. If he fails to do so, or if he attempts to make his own rules, he will be considered as outside the pale of cultured, educated people. From this it will be seen that the ability to construct sentences properly is hardly less important than the power to speak. The term used when referring to this relation which must exist between the various parts of sentences is Syntax. As has been said, Syntax involves the observance of established rules in the correct arrangement of words in good use. This phase of syntax is known as Grammar. In languages which are highly inflected the relations between the words is shown by the inflections. The Englih language is not highly inflected, having lost most of its inflected forms; the relations between the words in English sentences is shown by their grammatical order. The normal order of the words in English sentences is: first, the noun, with its modifiers; then the verb with its modifiers. The adjec- tive modifiers of a noun usually follow it. In the case of verbs the modifiers may come before or after the verb. The modifiers of both the nouns and the verbs should be placed near to the words they are intended to modify. All sentences may be divided into three general forms, namely : (a) The simple sentence, which consists of one subject and one predicate, as The boy runs. In such a sentence boy is the subject, runs is the predicate. (6) The compound sentence, which consists of two or more clauses of equal yalue, joined by a co-ordinate conjunction, as "The way was long and the day 788 Practical Syntax was cold." Here the clause the day was cold is equal in value to the way was long, and is joined to the first clause by the co-ordinate conjunction and. (c) The complex sentence, which contains a main or principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses joined to the main clause by a subordinate conjunction, as The boy ran when he heard the bell. The main clause is the boy ran; the subordinate clause is when he heard the bell; the subordinate con- junction joining the two clauses- is when. These three definitions classify all the sentence forms. Every sentence requires a subject; this subject is said to be in the nom- inative case. It answers the question Who? or What? and the predicate or verb asserts something about it. The subject of a sentence may be either a noun or a pronoun or other word, phrase, or clause which may take the place of a noun or pronoun. Illustrations: 1. Mary plays with her doll. Mary, a proper noun, is the subject of plays. 2. He went home. He, a personal pronoun, is the subject of went. 3. To give aid is a great privilege. To give aid, an infinitive phrase, is the subject of is. 4. Swimming is good exercise. Swimming, a verbal noun, is the subject of is. 5. That the man knew his business was evident to all. That the man knew his business, a noun clause, is the subject of was. 6. The wicked are punished. Wicked, an adjective, is the subject of are punished. 7. Now is the time to strike. ^ Now, an adverb, is the subject of is. When one noun is used to explain or to describe another noun it is said to be in Apposition with that noun; and they are always put in the same case. Illustration: Mr. Smith, the minister, has gone abroad. The noun minister describes the Mr. Smith referred to and is in the nominative case to agree with Mr. Smith, which is the subject of the sentence. The nominative case has additional uses. The verb to be and verbs of a like nature such as seem, become, look, etc., take two nominatives, one for a subject and the other to complete their meanings. Examples: The king is a great man. Man, a nominative, completes the meaning of the copula is. She looks every inch a queen. Queen, a nominative, completes the predicate looks. A noun and an adjective or a noun and an adjective phrase or a noun and a participle, not connected with any other words in the sentence are put in the Nominative Absolute. Illustration: The bridges having been burned, the convicts were unable to escape. The bridges having been burned is the Nominative Absolute. Other Uses of Nouns When a noun denotes ownership, it is said to be in the Possessive Case. The possessive is the only case in English denoted by a separate form. The possessive singular is formed by adding the apostrophe and s to the singular: e. g., cat, cat's; Dickens, Dickens's. The possessive plural is formed by adding apostrophe s to the plural if it does not end in s; e. g., men, men's; children, children's. If the plural form ends in s, the possessive adds only an apostrophe, e. g., dog, dogs'. . . ., When a noun is the object of a verb, verbal, or of a preposition, it is said to be in the objective case. Illustration: John built the house. House is in the objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the verb built. The man taking the picture is my uncle. Here picture^ is in the objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the participle taking. The boy of honor will not steal. In this sentence honor is in the objective case because it is the adjunct of the preposition of. There are some peculiar uses of the objective which should be mentioned. One is the use of the objective as the indirect object, or as the object of the preposition to, expressed as understood. 789 Practical Syntax Another peculiar use of the objective should be noted in the adverbial use of the objective case to denote time, measure, and distance. Illustration: He stayed in Rome two weeks. Two weeks is in the objective case because it denotes time. The retained object will be treated under the government of verbs. Pronouns Pronouns must agree in person, number and gender with the nouns for which they stand. In the sentence John lost his book, his is a personal pro- noun of the third person, singular number, and masculine gender to agree with the proper noun John, for which it stands. The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she and it. Sometimes doubt arises as to which case of the personal pronoun one should use after parts of the verb to be. The nominative case is the correct one, al- though the objective is growing in common usage. Right: It is f. It is he. The possessive case of the pronoun and also of the noun should be used before a gerund. (The gerund is a verbal noun which still retains its power of governing a noun.) Illustration: We heard of his writing a novel. In such sentences the possessive must be used, not the objective. The relative pronouns are who, which, what and that. These pronouns have a double function, that of conjunctions and pronouns combined. As con- junctions they may be either co-ordinating or restrictive. Some writers insist that who cannot be restrictive, but others insist that it may be used either way. Which may also be either, but that is practically always restrictive. Illustra- tions: I wrote a check for James, who went home. This is the same as saying: I wrote a check for James and he went home. Here who is a co-ordinating conjunction. The street that you crossed is West End Avenue. That limits a particular street and is, therefore, restrictive. Who is the only relative pronoun which has different case endings. Who is used when referring to persons, which to things, and that may be used of either person or things. A very common error is the use of the nominative case who for the objective whom and vice- versa. Illustration: The woman who (whom) I thought was honest deceived me. Who must be used instead of whom because it is the subject of was. Who (whom) did they say won? Who must be used because it is the subject of won. The man whom (who) you saw is Mr. Blank. Whom must be used because it is the object of the verb saw. As is sometimes used as a relative pronoun and must be mentioned. .It is used after same, such, so much, etc. Illustrations: Harry was working along the same lines as his father. This is equivalent to saying, Harry was working along the same lines that his father was working along. Before ' leaving pronouns, the adjective pronouns must be mentioned. Each other is used when two or more than two are referred to; e. g., They fought each other for standing room. Each other may refer to any number here. One another is used when only two are referred to; e. g., John and James played with one another when they were children. Any is almost always treated as plural. Anyone is usually used for the singular. Illustrations : Are any of you going to the matinee? Has anyone a pencil? The pronoun any must not be con- fused with the adjective any. Adjectives In Old English, adjectives agreed with the noun which they modifi< in number, gender and case. This agreement has long been discarded. No 1 the only two adjectives that agree in any way with the nouns they mo<*" are this and that, which still retain their plural forms these and those. 790 Practical Syntax Some adjectives have three degrees, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. Examples: Good is the positive degree. It is used in speaking of one person or thing; e. g., John is a good boy. Better is the comparative degree which is used when but two things are compared; e. g., John is better than Jack. Best is the superlative degree. It is used when three or more things are compared, e. g., Of all the boys in the neighborhood, John is the best. Some adjectives are compared by adding er and est to the positive, as, dark, darker, darkest; high, higher, highest. There are other adjectives which are compared by adding more and most to the positive degree: as, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; cruel, more cruel, most cruel. The distributive adjectives each, every, either and neither go with the singular nouns only. The definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an are probably used more than any other words. The is not usually repeated before each of two or more modifiers of a noun unless emphasis is desired. Illustrations: The big black cat is dead. _ The cat was the biggest and blackest cat I ever saw. The is called the definite article because it points out one particular object. A and an are called indefinite because they do not point out any particular object, but limit any one of a class of things. They are sometimes repeated or emphasis before each of a series of nouns; e. g., He was a thief, a forger, nd a murderer. Verbs The relation of a verb to its subject has already been discussed. When a sentence has a collective noun such as mob, fleet, cavalry, crowd, or com- mittee for a subject, that regards many units as one, syntax requires a singular verb. Illustrations: The mob is coming. The fleet is ready to sail. The committee is ready to make its report. If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns joined by or the singular verb is used. If these nouns are joined by and the plural form of the verb is used. If the subject is plural in form but singular in meaning, a singular verb is used; e. g., Thirty years is a long time to wait for a fortune. Verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive comes from the Latin word transire, which means to go over. Therefore, a transitive verb is one which requires an object to receive the action expressed and to complete its meaning. An intransitive verb does not require an object to complete its meaning. A transitive verb in the active voice governs its direct object in the objective case; e. g., John likes his dog. Dog is in the objective case because it completes the meaning of the verb and receives its expressed action. A verb is said to be in the active voice when the subject is represented as acting upon the object. The passive voice is that form of the verb which represents the subject as being acted upon; e. g., The apple was eaten by Mary. Some trans- itive verbs, such as giving, faying, promising, etc., govern the direct object, which is also in the objective case. Factitive verbs, verbs of making, when active are transitive and take two objects; one the direct object and the other the second or factitive object. Some writers call the latter an object complement. An object complement is a word added to an incomplete verb to complete its meaning. If the verb is transitive, the complement often defines the action that is exerted upon the direct object. Illustration: They made him foreman. Foreman is the sec- ond object or object complement; it completes the act performed upon him. Some transitive verbs which have two objects retain one of them when they are changed from active to passive voice. This object is called the re- tained object. Example: (active voice) He gave me the house; (passive voice with the retained object) I was given the house. 791 Practical Syntax When two or more clauses in a sentence are dependent upon a principal verb, all the verbs must be arranged in a proper sequence of tenses to convey the true meaning of the sentence. Example: The man went home after the boy came. Went is in the past tense, so came must be in" the past or past per- fect tense, because that action occurred before the man went. ^ In simple sentences care should be taken to use the proper tenses of verbs to express the time intended to be expressed. Some common errors are the use of come for came; seen for saw; done for did; drug for dragged; and had went for had gore. A verb mav govern another verb if the second verb is an infinitive. Example: We heard her sing. Sing, the infinitive, is the object of heard, with her for its subject. The subject of an infinitive is always in the objective case. Participles, although they are adjectives, retain their verbal power of governing nouns or pronouns. Example: The girl playing the piano is my sister. Piano is governed by playing. t Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Illustration: The old man walked slowly. Slowly modifies walked. The sun was very bright. Very modifies the adjective bright. The fox ran so swiftly that the dogs could not catch him. So, an adverb, modifies another adverb swiftly. Adverbs should be placed as close as possible to the words which they modify. Some adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees, the positive, comparative, and suoerlative, and are compared as adjectives are. Illustration: Marv sewed rapidly. Mary sewed more rapidly than Jane. Mary sewed most rapidly when alone. Prepositions Prepositions govern nouns and pronouns in the objective case. Prepo- sitional phrases may be used as adverbs or adjectives; e. g., John went to Boston. To Boston is a prepositional phrase modifying the verb went. The Madonna of the Chair is a famous painting. Of the Chair is a prepositional phrase modifying the noun Madonna. The following is a partial list of special prepositions which require special attention: Agree with (a person) ; agree to (a proposal) ; change for (a thing); change with (a person) ; differ from (a statement or opinion) ; differ with (a person) ; different from. For a complete list consult a good grammar. Conjunctions The main co-ordinate conjunctions, those which join clauses of equal value are: and, also, as well as, but, or, yet, still, and the correlatives which go in pairs or groups of three, as: both — and, not only — but, 7 either — nor, either — or, etc. Care must be taken always to use vor with neither and or with zither. Some of the subordinate conjunctions are while, when, since, if, because, and whenever. Syntax shows the agreement and government between the various parts of speech. The foregoing discussion is but a brief presentation of the syntax of English sentences. For a complete discussion, consult some good English grammar. 792 ETYMOLOGY By CLARK S. NORTHUP, Ph.D. Department of English, Cornell University Definition We shall here interpret the term etymology to mean a study of the sources of our vocabulary, the elements of words, the causes of change in the form and meaning of words, and the principles of derivation. The Sources of Our Vocabulary The English vocabulary has grown to great size. The number of words found in extant Old English literature does not exceed thirty thousand; Web- ster's New International Dictionary (1910) lists more than four hundred thousand. Most of these are of foreign origin. Of the 14,286 words listed in Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, only -about four thousand are native words. Yet if we count every word on the page as often as it occurs we find that most writers use mainly English words. Shakespeare used 90 per cent; the English Bible, 94 per cent; Milton, 81 per cent; Addison, 82 per cent; Tennyson, 88 per cent. Most of our shortest and simplest words are native. If any language comes into close contact with another, there is likelihood of word-borrowing. English is one of the most cosmopolitan of languages. From the French it began to borrow even before the Norman Conquest; after that, as intercourse with France increased, it borrowed heavily from both Nor- man and Parisian French. Layamon's Brut (c. 1200) has 150 words of French origin. Behrens lists some 1,250 words borrowed before 1250, of which 64 belong to religion and the church, and 28 to war and chivalry. The romance of King Alexander (before 1300) has over 760 words of French origin. Many Spanish and Italian words have also come in as a result of commercial activity. Another large group of borrowings is from the Latin. Because of its use as the language of the church, Latin was familiar to the educated classes, and even in OE. times contributed about fifty words, including apostle, clerk, deacon, evangelist, martyr, mass, patriarch, pope, prophet, tunic. A few Latin words were borrowed from the Britons themselves (-caster, -cester, -Chester, from castra, "a camp," lake, mount, mile, port, wall, -wick, wine, possibly -coin in Lincoln, street). In ME. times, because of the influence of Latin literature, more words were borrowed, many coming from the Vulgate. Latin has continued to be, down to our times, the language of men of science, in which Bacon wrote his Novum Organum, Copernicus his De Orbium Cckstium Revolutionibus, and Linnseus his Systema Naturce. It has been estimated that about four-fifths of all borrowed words in English come from French and Latin. Of Skeat's 14,286 words, about eight thousand are of Latin and Romance origin. The number of words coming from Greek is small, though important. From the Continent the Angles brought church and devil. Down to modern times Greek words came in only through Latin. Since the Renaissance, Greek has contributed many scientific words; indeed, owing to the influence of Latin and Greek, English has nearly lost the power of coining words out of native ele- 793 Etymology ments. We speak not of a "sound-writer," but of a phonograph; not of a "force-measure/ 1 but a dynamometer. Then there is a large Scandinavian element. As is well known, in the eighth and ninth centuries, Danish invaders overran northeastern England. With the gradual amalgamation of Danes and Angles came the introduction of many Danish words, e. g., bask, churn, club, skin, kill, dream, "vision," -by in place names, thwaite, thrust, tidings, tight, call, law, they, take, hit, knife. Most Danish borrowings belong to our everyday vocabulary. A small number of words comes from Celtic sources. In OE. times were borrowed bannock, brat, brock, -comb in place names, down, "hill," dun (color), mattock, possibly rock and slough; in later times, from the Irish, bog, brogue, gallowglass, glib, "lock of hair," kern, "soldier," shamrock, shanty; from the Scotch Gaelic, cairn, claymore, clan, coronach, crag, gillie, glen, mack- intosh, pibroch, slogan, Tory, whiskey; from the Welsh, bragget, coracle, crom- lech, crowd (musical instrument), flannel, flummery, maggot. From other languages we have borrowed a considerable number of words: e. g., Dutch, derrick, frolic, jerkin, mumps, plug, skipper; Persian, bazaar, divan, mogul, shawl, orange, pajamas, arsenic; Hebrew, bedlam, cherub, seraph, shekel, rabbi, camel, elephant; Arabic, alkali, emir, harem, mohair, sheik, sherbet, sofa; American Indian, hickory, hominy, moccasin, moose, skunk, toboggan. Some words from these sources are used in a religious connection; others have been derived from commerce. There is hardly a language spoken on the earth that has not contributed something to our vocabulary. Finally, we have many hybrid words, derived from two or more sources. Macadamization is Gaelic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French. Cablegram is French and Greek. Linseed is Latin and English. Michaelmas is French (from He- brew) and Latin. The Elements of Words In general it may be said that simple words are composed of roots (the most primitive forms of words), prefixes, and suffixes. The combination of a root with a single prefix or suffix may form a stem (e. g., stagnat- in stagnation). To the stem were attached the inflectional endings which denoted differences of case, voice, mood, and tense. E. g., respect is made up of the prefix re-, the Latin root spec, "see" and the suffix -t, which is the survival of Latin -turn. From a kindred Greek root skep, skop, we get telescope (tele, "far") and skeptic. From the root, swad we get sweet, suave (Lat. suavis for suad-uis), persuade, assuage. From the root kap we get have, hawk (OE. haf-oc), haven, cap-acious cap-ital (Lat. caput, "head"), chapter, recipe; reception, head. From the root dam, "tame," we get tame, dame, damsel, duenna, dominion, domino. From the root pak, "bind, fasten," we get pacify (Lat. pec-us, "that which is tethered up, cattle"), pecuniary, "relating to cattle," which formerly served as money, fee, which in OE. meant "cattle," pact in compact, fair, fain. Skeat enumerates over 460 Indo-European roots occurring in English words. The chief prefixes are English be- (same as by), for-, fore-, forth-, mis-, "wrongly," on-, out-, over-, twi-, "two," un-, "not," under-, with-, "against"; Lat. ab-, "from," ad-, "to," sometimes disguised as in ac-cede, af-fix, al-lude ap-pend, ambi-, "both," ante-, "before," bi-, "double," com-, "together" (com pound, con-tact, collision), contra-, "against," de-, "down," dis-, "apart/^ du-, "two," ex-, "out of," extra-, "beyond," in-, "not," inter-, "between/* multi-, "many," non-, ob-, "near," per-, "through," post-, "after," pre-, "before/* pro-, "instead of," re-, "again," retro-, "backward," semi-, "half," sub-^ "under," super-, "above, over," trans-, "beyond," Greek anti-, "against/' apo-, "off," arch-, auto-, "self," di-, "double." dia-, "through," epi-, "upon/* 794 ; Etymology hemi-, "half," hypo-, "under," meta-, "among, after," pan-, "all," para-, "beside," poly-, "many," pro-, "before," proto-, "first." The suffixes are so numerous that we can mention only a few: English, -dom, -er, -hood, "state," -ness, -red (hat-red), -ric (bishop-ric) , -ship, -th (you-th); diminutives, -ock, -ling, -kin (Per-kin, "little Peter"), -ing, patronymic (Buck- ing-ham, "home of the Buck family"); adjectival, -fast, -fold, -ful, -isk, -less, -some, -ward, -y; adverbial, -ling (dark-ling), -long, -ly, -meal, -ward, -viays, -wise; Latin, -an, -and (vi-ands)-, -end, -ant, -ary, -ate, -cle, -ee (refer-ee), -ion (un-ion), -tion, -ment, -or, -ory; Greek, nominal -ad, -ant, -asm, -ast, -ics, -isk, -ism, -ist, -oid, -ire (scep-tre) ; adjectival, -ic, -astic, -istic; verbal, -ize; French, -age, -als, -ance, -ard, -aire, -ar, -eer, -ier, -acy, -ess (larg-ess), -et, -ette, -eur, -ery, -tude, -ty; adjectival, -ese, -esque (originally diminutive), -ous; verbal, -isk, -fy, -y (marr-y). Our vocabulary has also been greatly enriched by combining words into groups (compounds) of two or more. Sometimes the two elements mean the same (gangway, pathway, sledgehammer, haphazard); usually the first element modifies the second (steamboat, typewriter, quickstep); sometimes the two are in the relation of subject and predicate (skinflint), or verb and object (spitfire), (scarecrow), or verb and adverb (come-down,, dug-out). In some compounds the two elements have become welded together so completely that the com- pounding has been forgotten (window, from wind and eage, "eye"; stirrup, from stig and rap, "mounting rope"; barn, "barley building"). Changes in Form and Meaning Our language, like every other, is in a constant state of flux or change' Words are constantly changing both form and meaning, and syntactical con- ceptions are constantly shifting. The growth of printing has probably retarded these processes to some extent; yet they still go on. Their progress, like that of the glacier, can be perceived only by measurements at long intervals. In OE. ham the vowel was pronounced as in father; in time, through impercept- ible changes, it came to be pronounced as in lav;; and it is now pronounced like oa in boat. The changes in this vowel influenced and were influenced by the same vowel in other words; hence we have the phonetic law, OE. av ME. aw > MnE. u. In a similar manner other vowels have shifted since OE. times. OE. e (as in hay) has become ee (geese) ; OE. i (as in eel) has become ' ai (while) ; OE. o (as in tone) has become oo (boon) ; OE. u (as in fool) has become au (foul); OE. a (as in there) has become ea (heal). Other phenomena are due to earlier changes, some of which we will now enumerate. Grimm's Law, or the Great Consonant Shift, holds good of all the Teutonic languages. About 400 B.C. Indo-European p, t, k became Teutonic ph, f, th, kh (cf. Latin pedem, foot; Latin tres, three; Latin cornu, horn). Then all IE. ph's, th's, kh's, which had been stops (loop-hole, knot-hole, block-house), became the spirants (capable of being prolonged) /, th (thin), ch (Ger. ach). Thirdly, IE. bh, dh, gh, which had been stops, became spirants and then b, d, g (cf. Sanskrit hhratar, Latin irater, brother). Lastly, before or about 100 B.C., IE. b, d, g became Teutonic p, t, k (cf . Latin lubricus, slippery; Latin turba, thorpe; Latin duo, two; Latin genu, knee; Latin ]ugum, yoke). An exception to this law was formulated by Karl Verner in 1875 (Verner s Law). When the accent did not rest on the vowel immediately preceding the consonant in question, the medial and final voiceless spirants/, th (thin), h, s (from IE. p, t, k, s) became the voiced spirants v, th (then), g, z. This accounts for the difference between was and were; singular was, plural wasumn, became- wcczun, became wanun, became were. So comparing Greek hekaton with hundl 795 Etymology red, we see that the IE. kmtbm became first Teutonic hunth (th voiced as in then), and then hund-. This helps us to see what an important part accent has played in language. It is accent, indeed, which has given us our series of Vowel Gradations, seen in sing, sang, sung, drive, drove, driven, bear, bore, take, took, fight, fought. Sang differs from sing because, owing to different accentuation in the original Indo- European, the vowel of the original sane-form was not pronounced with quite the same stress, and as a result became a different vowel. In early times, too, Teutonic vowels underwent change because of a y or i sound in the next syllable. Thus, though hal became whole, haljan became halan, now heal. The plural of mann (manniz) became menu. The plural of cu, "cow" (cu-iz) became cy, and with the addition of another plural ending, kine. Thus we account for the difference between foot and feet, gold and gild, long and length, full, fill, doom, deem, food, feed, fox, vixen. Not only do vowels change because of being near consonants; they some- times change those consonants themselves. The vowels a, o, u are called back vowels ; e, i are front vowels and may cause a consonant to be fronted (palatal- ization). Thus kirk, seg, brig, flick (still heard in some parts of Britain) have become our church, sedge, bridge, flitch; and we have both seek and beseech. In a few words one sound has taken the place of another (substitution). We still write laugh, cough, enough, but we say laf, cawf, enuf. In Cornwall they also say thoit (thought) and broit (brought). Moreover, there is always a tendency to cut off the ends, or to cut out parts, of words (Abbreviation). This has caused us to lose most of our inflec- tional endings. Teutonic drankidedum (four syllables) has become drenched. All infinitives formerly ended in -an. Pea was formerly peas; cherry is from cheris; any is from cenig. Medial consonants have been lost from various words (Wooster from Worcester, Norfolk from Northfolk, speak from sprecan, worship from worthship, hail from hcegel, fortnight from fourteen-night, England from Mnglaland, either from agehwather. On the other hand a few words have gained sounds (yew, from OE. iw, newt from ewt, bridegroom from bridguma, nightingale from nihtegal, nickname from eke-name). In many words, however, a consonant added in the spelling was rarely or never pronounced (island, debt, corns). One of the most powerful influences at work upon words is Analogy. We all like to have regularity in language as in other things, and our minds tend to put words into groups. On the analogy of kingdom we make dukedom, Christen- dom. OE. rihtwis has become righteous on the analogy of words like gracious, vicious. Two persons can be friends; so we sometimes hear, "I'll be friends with him." On the analogy of lemonade we have orangeade. The folk mind sometimes makes mistakes which lead to curious changes (Folk-Etymologies). Asparagus becomes sparrow-grass; Old French pick-ois becomes pick-ax. Jerked beef has nothing to do with jerking, but is connected with Peruvian charqui, "dried meat." Rothschild, "red shield," has come to be pronounced as if it were Roth! s-child. Shamefaced was formerly shamefast. Penthouse is not really related to either pent or house (formerly pentus from French pentis). In admiral there is confusion of Arabic amir al bahr, "commander of the sea," with Latin admirari, "admire." Likewise words are constantly shifting in meaning. These changes may be grouped roughly as follows: Generalization of meaning. Circumstances, formerly "the things that surround us," now means "conditions over us" ("under these circumstances"). Virtue, formerly "manliness," now has various meanings, which the context helps to decide. Fire as a verb is more general than its noun equivalent. Etymology Specialization. Meat, once "food," now means only "flesh." Disease, formerly "discomfort," is now confined to sickness. Minister formerly meant any kind of "servant." Undertaker was once "a contractor" in general. Division. Many words have split into two or more. Latin persona, "mask," has given us parson in the ecclesiastical sense and person in the sense of "human being." Latin ex-agium has yielded both assay and essay. Head has widely different meanings. Transference of meaning. Bead originally meant "prayer"; as perforated balls on a string were used to count prayers, they gradually took on the word for prayers themselves. ^ Exchequer, originally "a chess-board," has come to mean "a national banking account." Moustache originally meant "the face between the end of the nose and the upper lip." Quaint, formerly "wise, skil- ful," now means "fanciful, odd, old-fashioned." Game in the hunter's language means not "sport," but the result of it — what is taken. Degeneration. Villain formerly meant merely "a slave attached to a country estate {villa)', later it meant "a farm laborer." Caitiff formerly meant "captive." Counterfeit formerly meant simply "to copy." Euphemism. The desire to speak decentfy concerning subjects which one is loath or afraid to mention, specifically leads us to use many words in senses different from the original. Disliking to say died, we substitute passed away, fell asleep, breathed his last. Trowsers is found better than breeches or pants. One who steals large sums is often called an embezzler. We perspire rather than sweat. Disliking to swear, we get around it by saving Gee! Jerusalem! golly! Slang is also an important feeder of language. Graft, originally _ "a twig attached to a branch," has now come into good use for "illegitimate income." Off one's base, borrowed from baseball language, is often used to describe one who expresses a wrong opinion. To freeze out, to give one the cold shoulder, are by many preferred to treat coldly. The Principles of Derivation From these illustrations we get some notion of how language has grown and continues to grow. The etymologist must bear all these processes in mind. In tracing the history of words one should observe the following canons, based on those of Skeat: 1. Ascertain the earliest form and use of the word; observe chronology. 2. Observe history and geography. Borrowings are due to actual contact. 3. Observe phonetic law strictly. This is of fundamental importance. 4. Account for the whole of a word, not merely a part. 5. Disregard resemblances of form or even connection in sense between words in languages which have different phonetic laws or no necessary con- nection. 6. No explanation of a word is valid which will not account also for all its cognate forms. 797 PUNCTUATION By MORRIS W. CROLL, Ph.D. Department of English, Princeton University The number of punctuation marks in common use has gradually increased during the last five-hundred years, because the art of representing the meaning of discourse to the eye of the reader has been made more important by the invention of printing and the great increase in the number of persons who can read. Originally the period was the only mark used, and from this single sign all the others were made by slight changes in its form. At least this is the commoner theory as to their origin. The comma came first, which was made by adding a downward stroke to the period. Then the need was felt of a mark which should show a pause longer than that indicated by the comma, yet shorter than that marked by the period. Hence, the modern use of the semi-colon, which is a period above a comma. But still a longer pause sometimes occurs within the sentence: the colon, or two periods, serves to mark it. Even the question-mark was originally only a period with an inverted comma above it, that is, it was an inverted semi-colon, and from this the present form of the sign has evolved. Still the number of marks is comparatively small. There are only twelve in common use, though this number could be increased by counting certain printers' signs rarely used in writing. And of these twelve there are only four or five which it is difficult to use intelligently and well. Indeed the comma is the only one that is very generally misused. For those who find themselves in a state of confusion or uncertainty concerning the uses of this important mark, it will be well to lay down the rule that the comma is not to be used unless there is good reason for it. The purpose of it, as of all marks, is to make the meaning as clear as possible to the eye, and in a case of doubt it is a good plan to omit the comma unless it serves this purpose. However there are certain uses of all the points which are recognized as standard and regular, are found in all good books'(with some variations, it is true), and must be learned by one who wishes to write not only clearly, but also ac- cording to the customs of his language and his time. The more important of these uses are described in the following rules, and the observance of them will remove most of the difficulties that arise in ordinary practice. But it must be remembered that punctuation is only a part of the whole art of ex- pression; if the style is loose and familiar, punctuation must be of one kind; in exact and formal writing it will be of another; and a violation of the laws of speech may involve one in difficulties of punctuation which cannot be overcome. The twelve marks are as follows: Period (.), comma (,), semi-colon (;), colon (:), question-mark (?), exclamation-point (!), apostrophe ('), quotation- mark, single (' '), and double (" "), dash ( — ), hyphen (-), parentheses ( ( ) ), brackets ([J). The Period The period is used (1) to indicate the end of a sentence, and (2) after abbreviations; as, Mr., P.O., T.B. Macaulay, A.M. 798 Punctuation The Comma The comma is used within a sentence to mark certain pauses or changes of vocal expression which would occur if the words were spoken aloud. The prin- cipal cases where it regularly occurs are the following: 1. Between the members of a series of words or phrases which are not connected by conjunctions, as Lawyers, doctors, clergy, all agree on this point. When and occurs before the last member of such a series, present usage favors the use of the comma there also,. as Lawyers, doctors, and clergy all agree on this point. 2. To mark off words or phrases of different address from the rest of the sentence; as:— Friends, listen to me; I repeat, John, what I have often said. 3. After an exclamatory word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence, when no particular emphasis is to be put upon it in utterance; as:— No, we cannot go; Well, we shall see. (Of course, when emphasis is desired, the exclamation- point is used.) 4. Before quotations not more than one sentence long; as: — / asked, "Where shall we stay tonight?" 5. To mark off words which are parenthetical in their nature, that is to say, such as interrupt the forward movement of the sentence; as: — How many men, the pessimist observes, do not speak as they think. Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States, was elected in November. Cotton goods, the most valuable of all our lines, are advancing in price. 6. To mark off words or brief phrases used soon after the beginning of a sentence to indicate the relation of what one has been saying to what one is about to say, such, for instance, as therefore, of course, however, also, to be sure. Some persons, however, do not use the comma in this case, and the best rule perhaps is not to use it unless the word or phrase causes a real interruption in the forward movement of the sentence. 7. To mark off non-restrictive relative clauses. This is an important rule, which needs some explanation. A relative clause (that is, a clause which is introduced by a relative pronoun, who, which, what, or a relative adverb, such as whereby, whereon) may serve to restrict or define the noun or pronoun that it goes with, or, in other words, tell exactly which one of a number of persons or things one is speaking of, and in that case it is not separated from the noun or pronoun by a comma, as The man whom we saw down town was wearing a new overcoat. (Here the clause is necessary, for it tells what man we are speaking of.) But, on the other hand, the clause may not be restrictive, but only descriptive or informative, adding some fact or observation concerning a person or thing already clearly denned. In this case the clause must be set off by commas, as John Jones, whom we met down town, was wearing a new overcoat. (Here the clause is not necessary to the sense, but is a voluntary addition by the author.) 8. Sometimes at the end of a long or complicated clause, merely to indicate that a rest or breathing-space is needed. But the general rule laid down at the beginning, that a comma should not be used unless it is-necessary for clear- ness, may well be followed in this case. The Semi-colon 1. The general rule for the semi-colon is that it separates clauses less closely knit together in syntax and thought than those separated by the comma; as: — The amount of our order must depend upon the probable state of trade; and of (his we shall be better able to judge after the holidays. In the city men work and play; in the country they live. 799 Punctuation 2. As the comma is used to separate words and phrases used in series (see Rule 1 under "The Comma"), so the semi-colon is used to separate clauses in series. The last of such a series of clauses often begins with and, but there also the semi-colon should be used; as: — Most men accept the ideas of the majority party; some follow the opinions of chosen leaders; and only a few think for themselves. 3. Clauses beginning with certain conjunctions are more freely marked off with semi-colons than others. # These are for, so, and so, therefore, etc. 4. In a long and comprehensive sentence, it is necessary sometimes to use the semi-colon to separate a large inclusive division of the sentence containing smaller subdivisions ; as : — Now, as the night begins to deepen, we will leave you and seek the moor; but to-morrow morning, at the first fall of dew, we will again find out the dwellings of men. 5. Sometimes after an exclamatory word, such as No, Yes, Come, a semi- colon is used to indicate a longer pause or a different expression of the voice than that indicated by the comma. The Colon The colon is used: — 1. Before a list of particulars or items; as: — We have made several statements to your firm: first, that . . . ; secondly, that . . . ; [etc.]. The reasons are the following: [etc.]. 2. To introduce a quotation, especially one that is more than a sentence in length; as: — She said in reply: lt I will tell you the whole story." 3. After a salutation in a letter; as: — Messrs. J. H.Gideon and Company, Gentlemen: [etc.]. 4. The dash may be used with the colon in all the above cases, especially when that which follows is written as a separate paragraph. Many examples of this will be observed in the present discussion. The Question-Mark The question-mark is used: — 1. At the end of a question, as Is he here? If, however, the question is put indirectly (that is, not in the exact words of the speaker), no question- mark is used, as He asks what we are now to do. 2. To suggest doubt as to the correctness of a word or statement, or to indicate a suggested correction; as: — There are said to be 30 (?) hogsheads. . He reports that ten (? eleven) cases are still to arrive. The Exclamation-Point The exclamation-point is used to indicate a sense of wonder or intense feeling, as What a catastrophe it was! The Apostrophe The apostrophe is used: — 1. To indicate the possessive case, singular and plural, of nouns, (a) The rule for the singular number is to place the apostrophe before the letter s, which is the sigL of the possessive, as man's, horse's. If, however, the noun is a proper name and ends in s, we may either write the possessive in the usual way, as just described, or we may omit the regular possessive ending s and indicate the possessive by merely placing the apostrophe after the final s of the word, as Dickens' works, or Dickens's works, (b) If the plural of a noun is 800 formed in the i Punctuation led in the usual way, by adding s or es (or x, as in some nouns from the French), the possessive plural is formed by adding an apostrophe after the s, as boys' books; asses' milk; the beaux\ stratagem. But if the plural is formed without s or es, the possessive plural is indicated by adding an apostrophe and s, as in the singular, as men's clothes; women's wraps. Note. — The apostrophe is never used in the possessive case of pronouns, as its, theirs, whose. 2. In writing the plural of figures, signs, letters, and the like; as: Cross your t's and dot yovr i's; theft's should be written in a column. 3. To show that letters are omitted in contracted forms of words, as doesn't, isn't, gov't. Note. — It is wrong to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of proper names, as The Joneses, not the Jones's. The Quotation-Mavk m 1. The double quotation-mark is used at the beginning and at the end of a direct quotation; as: / heard him say: "How many trains run on Sunday?" 2. The single quotation mark is used at the beginning and at the end of a quotation within "a quotation; as: — In the course of his speech he said: "I will now read my opponent's words. In a Nashville newspaper he declared, on October 5th, 1913, '/ will not accept office in any circumstances.' I need make no comment." 3. When the main quotation and the quotation within it end at the same place, both the single and the double quotation-mark must be used at the end, thus ' ". The Dash 1. The dash is used to indicate a sudden interruption of what is being said, or a violent break in the construction of a sentence; as: What would have happened to us — but I can't bear to think of the possibility. 2. Sometimes the dash is used to indicate a parenthetical statement, but ordinarily the parenthesis, or even the comma, will serve the purpose better. And, in general, the dash should not be used to take the place of other marks. The Hyphen - 1. The hyphen is used between the parts of a compound word, as to-day, to-morrow, twenty-three, frost-bitten. 2 At the end of a line to indicate that a word begun is to be finished at the beginning of the next line. The rule with regard to such division is that the part carried over to the following line should constitute a complete syllable (or more than one syllable); that is, a syllable should not be broken in the middle, as proposal, not propos-al; sim-ple, not simp-le. Parentheses Parentheses are used to mark off words thrown into the midst of a sentence, but not regarded as a part of it; as: Please meet me (I will let you know the time later) at the Grand Central Station. Brackets Brackets are used to mark off words thrown in by the writer or speaker while he is quoting the words of another; as: — The writer continues as follows: "In the year preceding [that is, twenty-six years before the present date] nothing had happened." 801 Punctuation CAPITALIZATION Capital letters should be used: 1. At the beginning of a sentence, and at the beginning of a quotation within a sentence. A direct question put in the midst of a sentence should also begin with a capital letter, even when it is not quoted from another speaker; as: / ask you, What are we to do? 2. In all so-called proper names, that is, names formally given to a par- ticular person or thing, such as the names of persons, corporations, cities, mountains, buildings, countries, etc., as Napoleon, The Vesuvius Life Insurance I Company, New Brunswick, City Hall, etc. 3. In adjectives derived from proper names, as English, Napoleonic, Democratic. Sometimes adjectives which are parts of proper names are not derived from nouns; they must also be capitalized; as: Episcopal Church. 4. Names of the Deity and of sacred objects associated with the Deity. Pronouns referring to the Deity are also usually capitalized. As: The Bible, the Cross, hallowed be Thy name. 5. Titles when they are used as naming the particular persons that are bearing them; as: He wrote to the President; King Albert. But when they are used without being meant to name a particular person they are not capitalized ; as : A president may be as powerful as a king; the presidents of com- panies are usually elected. 6. In the names of the days of the week and the names of the months, as Wednesday, July. The names of the seasons are not capitalized. 7. In titles of books, stories, magazines, etc., as Twelfth Night, The Gentle Boy. But small and unimportant words in such titles are not capitalized, as A Trip to the Moon. 802 Dictionary of American- isms Dictionary of Atomic Weights Dictionary of the Auto- mobile Dictionary of Aviation Dictionary of Baseball Dictionary of Christian Names Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations Dictionary of Commerce and Law Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Dictionary of Football Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases Dictionary of Forms of Address Dictionary of Golf Dictionary of Lacrosse Dictionary of Lawn Tennis Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms Dictionary of Most Com- mon Abbreviations Dictionary of Music Dictionary of Noted Char- acters in Literature Dictionary of Photography Dictionary of Polo Dictionary of State Names and Meanings Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning Dictionary of Yachting (803) DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS A carefully selected list of the most common and recent words and phrases that have a peculiar significance in the United States aboard, nautical word applied here also to railroad cars and other vehicles, as "all aboard," "get aboard." approbate, to license or approve. around, near or about. backwoods, partly cleared forest region. bad, same as ill, sick. baggage, same as English luggage. balance, remainder. barking up the wrong tree, fol- lowing a mistake or blunder. batty, a stage of imbecility or in- sanity. bear, in the stock market, one who depresses the value of stock to buy cheaper. bee, assembly of persons for charitable and mutually helpful purposes. big stick, wielding the, in politics, the withholding of his approval of a public measure by a chief executive in order to force compliance with his wishes concerning other measures. blizzard, unusually severe wind and snow storm. blue envelope, in many business places, a notice of discharge is placed in a blue envelope; hence, getting a blue envelope is tanta- mount to getting discharged. blue-sky law, law to prevent the issue and sale of fraudulent se- curities, based on nothing between the ground and blue sky. bluff, deception to gain an advantage. board, all kinds; English pine and fir boards called "deals." bogus, false, counterfeit, fraudulent. bomb-men, those who destroy prop- erty or life by hand bombs. bonanza, a rich strike in business. bone, one dollar. border, on lawn, garden, etc., same as English "edging." boss, superintendent, foreman, one of superior authority. bottoms, rich land along the course of a river. bounced, discharged from employ- ment. brash, same as brittle. breadstuffs, grains generally. buggy, light four-wheeled carriage. bull, in the stock market, one who raises the value of stocks to sell at an advance. bulldoze, to intimidate. bunco, scheme or game for swindling. buncombe, extravagant speech for temporary effect. bureau, same as English "chest of drawers." cabinet, president's, same as "min- istry" and "government" in Europe. calculate, to think, suppose. calico, printed cotton goods; Eng- lish, white cotton cloth only. call, invitation from a congregation to a clergyman to become its pastor. camp-meeting, religious assembly originally held in woods. candy, same as English "sweets." caption, heading of page, chapter, section; descriptive name of an illustration. carpet-bagger, originally a northern politician seeking office in the South after the Civil War. 804 Dictionary of Americanisms caucus, secret political or other assembly. cheese it, a cry of warning, such as "cheese it, the cop," meaning "look out." chores, odd jobs about a house, factory, or farm. cinch, something easy to do or get. clever, good-natured, quick-witted, accommodating. conclude, to determine to do some- thing; English, to form opinion. cop, policeman. corn, maize only; English, grain generally. cracker, same as English "biscuit." creek, small stream of water; Eng- lish, "small arm of the sea." creole, person of mixed white and negro blood. cut it out, to give up or abandon, as, a habit. cute, clever, sharp; abbreviation of "acute." dead broke, without money; a bankrupt. deadhead, seeker of valuable privi- leges without payment. divide, long ridges or stretches of mountains forming a watershed. dope, narcotic; sleepy or dazed person. down east, the New England 8tates. dress, same as English "gown." drummer, commercial traveler. dry goods, same as English "haber- dashery." dump, in the stock market, to un- load or sell off unprofitable stocks. elect, to choose; as, "He elected to take" something. elevator, same as English "lift." endorse, to sanction, approve; on checks, notes, etc., same as English "back." eventuate, to result in. expect, applied to the past, as, "I expect it was." fall, autumn; about Sept. 22 to Dec. 23. fan, baseball enthusiast. fix, to adjust, put into order; same as English "fasten." fizzle, ridiculous or unexpected failure. fleshy, of a person, stout. foul-shop, non-union industrial plant. freeze out, as to persons, to get rid of. frock, woman's dress. fruit-dealer, same as English "green- grocer." gallowses, same as English "braces." gangster, one of a gang of despe- radoes. gerrymander, to arrange a political division so that a minority party may gain advantage over the ma- jority party. glad-rags, one's best clothes. go ahead, same as English "all right." go-devil, two roller skate wheels fastened at each end of a narrow piece of wood, with a small wooden box at the front end; used by youth for coasting, etc. gone up, failed in business. graft, a bribe in money or other consideration. grit, pluck. guess, to think. gulch, deep ravine cut by water. gunman, one of a gang of despe- . radoes, armed and ready at all times to shoot an opponent. gutter-snipe, small, narrow poster pasted on the street side of a curb- stone. H hack, carriage for hire. handle, fly off the, to lose one's temper. 805 Dictionary of Americanisms hang around, to loiter. hatchet, to bury the, to end a controversy, to forgive. hayseed, farmer. help, servant. high-falutin, over-flowery speech, bombast. hitting the pipe, smoking opium. hobo, tramp, vagabond. hold on, request or order to stop. homely, ill-featured person. hoodlum, vagabond, loafer. how, Indian for "How do you do?" I mail, method of transporting letters and packages; also articles trans- ported; same as English "post." main guy, one in supreme authority. make tracks, run away. making a bee-line, rapid, direct course toward a certain point. mammy, negro nurse of Southern white children. mending his fences, looking after his political interests. N notions, in trade, all kinds of small wares. O improve, to cultivate, beautify. in-fare, a wedding reception pro u vided by the groom's family obnoxious, same as English "of- msurgent, m politics, one who rebels /*"*•",,' * against the leaders or policies of his party. irrigate, to take a drink. fensive.' one-horse, mean, trivial, cheap, as "one-horse affair." Jersey lightning, apple-jack. jolly, to flatter, tease. joy-riding, wild, reckless driving of horse or auto. knock, severe criticism of other people. L levee, formal official reception. light-fingered, as to a person, petty thief, pickpocket. loafer, lounger, vagabond, idler. lobby, attempt to influence members of a body by persons not members; collectively all who lobby. lobster, turncoat, backer-out. locate, to determine the place of some person or thing. lumber, sawn wood for building and other purposes. lynch law, action of a mob without legal authority. mad, angry. made his pile, become rich. M said of one who has pants, pantaloons, same as English "trousers." peart, smart, acute. picayune, anything small, mean, or contemptible. pile, a quantity of money, a fortune. pipe-laying, schemes to secure il- legal votes. pinched, caught, arrested. plunk, one dollar. political campaign, same as Eng- lish "political contest." posted, thoroughly informed. prairie hen, same as English pin- nated grouse. pull, special favor with parties in authority. pull a leg, to coax, beg money or favor. pulled, of a person, arrested; of an improper resort, raided or closed by the authorities. quadroon, offspring of a white man and a Creole or mulatto woman. quite, same as English "very" in "very cold." Dictionary of Americanisms rails, on railroads and railways, same as "metals" in many European countries. reckon, to think, suppose. reliable, trustworthy. right away, at once, immediately; same as English "straightway." right smart, very well. rile, to make angry. roast, to criticise severely. rock bottom, in business, as far down as one can go; on a firm foundation. rube, countryman in a city. run, in business, to manage or keep; as, "Who runs the hotel?" salting a mine, secretly placing samples of rich ore on worthless tracts to sell the land. sand, money. scab, non-union workman. scalawag, scapegrace, rascal. scratched ticket, in politics, a ticket on which certain names are erased and others substituted. seven sisters, series of laws to check trusts and secure industrial independence. shack, slight wooden shed or shelter. shake, to leave a person, place, or thing. shower, simultaneous gifts of various articles to a person by friends to mark an event, such as a birthday, recovery from sickness, or marriage engagement. skedaddle, to run away. sleigh, same as English "sledge." slip, an open space between two wharves or in a dock. small potatoes, a thing or person small, mean, or of little account. smile, to take a drink. soured, of a person, one become dis- satisfied with a condition. span, pair of horses. squatter, one who settles or squats on land without legally acquiring it. stakes, pull up, to remove. stall, to stick fast, as "train stalled by snow." stampede, sudden flight of crowd. stand-patter, in politics, one who sticks to his parfcy under all circum- stances. stiff, a corpse. stoop, door steps. store, same as English "shop." straight, of drinks, without water; same as English "neat." straight ticket, in politics, a ticket voted without change. street car, horse or electric, same as English "tram-car." strike oil, to make a fortunate move. stump, on the, one who travels from place to place making political speeches. suspenders, same as English "braces." switch, on railroads, same as English "shunt." tanglefoot, liquor. tavern, place for entertainment and lodging of travelers; in England, place for entertaining only. tenderfoot, a nobby city man in a mining or ranching region. ten-strike, a fortunate stroke, hit, or transaction. ticker, a watch. truck, small fruits and vegetables. trust, combination of business inter- ests, illegal where in restraint of trade or competition. turn down, same as freeze out. U up in the air, of a person, getting over-excited. vamose, to disappear. vendue, an auction. W whoop it up, to create enthusiasm or excitement. wilt, to lose energy or interest. wire-puller, one who seeks an ad- vantage by favor of others. 807 DICTIONARY OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS Elementary Substances, with Their Symbols and Atomic Weights Name of Element a Atomic Weights Name op Element 'o a Atomic Weights II- 1 0-16 H-l 0-16 Aluminium Antimony (Stibium) Al Sb A As Ba Bi B Br Cd Cs Ca C Ce CI Cr Co CI Cu Er F Ga Ge G Au He H In I Ir Fe La Pb Li Mg Mn 27.5 120.0 75.0 137.0 208.0 11.0 80.0 112.0 133.0 40.0 •12.0 138.0 35.5 52.5 59.0 94.0 63.0 169.0 . 19.0 69.0 9.03 196.7' 1.0 113.4 127.0 193.0 56.0' 139.0 207.0 7.0 24.0 55.0 27.1 120.0 40.0 75.0 137.4 208.5 11.0 79.96 112.0 133.0 40.0 12.0 140.0 35.4 52.15 59.0 94.0 63.4 166.0 10.0 '<0.Q 72.0 9.1 197.2 4.0 1.01 114.0 126.85 193.5 56.0 138.0 206.9 7.03 24.36 55.0 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) . . . Molybdenum Neodymium Hg Mo Nd Ni N Os O Pd P Pt K Pr Rh Rb Ru Sa So Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Ti Th Sn Ti W U V Yb Y Zn Zr 200.0 96.0 58.8 14.0 191.0 16.0 106.5 31.0 197.0 39.0 104.0 85.0 104.0 79.0 28.0 108.0 23.0 87.5 32.0 182.0 127.0 204.0 231.0 118.0 48.0 184.0 240.0 51.2 89.0 65.0 90.0 200.3 96.0 144.0 58.17 14.14 191.0 16.0 106.0 Phosphorus 31.0 194.8 Potassium(Kalium) . Praseodymium 39.15 140.0 103.0 85.4 101.7 Cobalt 150.0 44.1 79.1 Erbium Silicon 28.4 Fluorine Silver(Argentum) . . . Sodium (Natrium) . . . 107.93 Gallium 23.05 87.6 32.06 183.0 127.0 Thallium 204.1 232.0 Indium Tin(Stannum) 118.5 48.1 Iridium Tungsten (Wolfram) . 184.0 Iron 239.5 51.2 Lead (Plumbum) .... 173.0 89.0 65.4 90.6 ^ DICTIONARY OF THE AUTOMOBILE accelerator, the pedal used for quickening the speed of a car. after fire, the explosion of an accumu- lation of unburnt gas in the muffler, caused by misfires in one or more cylinders; makes a loud and some- what startling report. artillery wheel, a heavy wooden wheel with steel hub. back fire, the ignition of the charge in the motor cylinder prematurely, causing the motion of the engine to stop or reverse. back kick, a more or less violent kick of the crank handle when a back fire occurs while the crank is in hand. barking. See afterfire. bonnet, the metallic covering for the motor. brake, a device for slackening the speed of the car; operated both by hand and by foot. See emergency- brake, service-brake. break, a low-tension spark. clearance, another name for the combustion chamber. combustion chamber, the same as the clearance space in a steam en- gine cylinder. compensating-gear, a gear that en- ables the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds, in turning. contact breaker, a device that keeps the circuit closed excepting at the moment of the spark. contact maker, a device that breaks the circuit at the moment of the spark. control levers, levers mounted on the frame on the driver's side and on the steering wheel. cooling, reducing the heat of the cylinder by means of water passing through jackets or by air circulating through radiating flanges. cranking, turning the crank handle quickly by hand to start the engine rotating. crypto-gear, another name for plane- tary-gear. current, power produced from a chemical battery or small dynamo. cylinder, the mechanism in which the piston works and the explosions occur. cable, the insulated wire or wires that conveys the electrical energy to the spark plug. carbureter, apparatus for mixing gasoline and air for fuel. chain, -the links that convey power from one sprocket wheel to another. charge, the mixture of gas and air in a cylinder. chassis, the frame, including the power apparatus and the running and steering gears. See body. chauffeur, another name for the driver. dark-colored smoke, in the exhaust, indicates a too rich mixture of gas which takes fire imperfectly. dead-axle, a non-rotating rear axle. dead center, the point where the crank is incapable of imparting motion either forward or backward. dense-white smoke, in the exhaust, indicates a poor oil, an excess of cylinder oil, or a deposit of soot in the cylinder. differential-gear, another name for compensating-gear. Dictionary of the Automobile direct drive, where power is applied gasoline fire, best extinguished by direct instead of by gears. sand or a dry chemical; also by a moist blanket; a stream of water should never be used as it spreads the fire. gravity carbureter, a carbureter which atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle and mixes it with a current of air. emergency-brake, a device for a sudden slackening of speed or stop- page of car, operated by a hand lever. engine, the combustion apparatus; ground circuit, the return of the operated with gas and with liquid current to its source by means of fuel. the metal of the engine. exhaust manifold, the tube that conveys the burnt gas to the muf- I ner. exhaust valve, that by which the ignition, lighting of the fuel by an burnt gases pass out of the engine; electric spark. operated mechanically; opened at inlet valves, valves by means of every alternate upward stroke of which the explosive mixture is admitted to the combustion cham- ber of the engine; one kind is opened automatically by the motor itself on its suction stroke; another is operated mechanically. inner lever, the lever that shifts the transmission-gear. in step, valves are said to be "in step" with each other when all of them are operated by the same cam shaft. intake manifold, the tube that con- veys the gas from the carburetter to the cylinder. the piston by means of a cam. feed port, an opening for the admis- sion of steam or gas. flash boiler, a compact type of steam generator. float carbureter, another name for gravity carbureter. foot pedals, apparatus used with or without the control levers to con- trol the motion of the car when running. friction clutch, that which connects interrupter, a contact breaker on a the engine with the first shaft. magneto. frozen-carbureter, to be avoided by jacketing, heating the air supply, J or warming the carbureter and admission pipe with boiling water, jackets, apparatus on the cylinder fuel, in non-electric cars, a mixture of gasoline and air. walls through which water circu- lates for cooling the cylinder. jack-in-the-box, another name for compensating-gear. jump, a high-tension spark. garage, a place for housing or repair- ing a car. L gas, the mixture of gasoline and air. gasoline-electric car, a car in which live-axle, an axle that rotates with the change-speed gear and its con- the wheels. See dead-axle, nections are replaced by a dynamo lubrication, small gasoline motors driven by the engine, and the elec- are usually lubricated on the splash trical energy generated is utilized in operating one or more electric motors, which in turn propel the car. 810 system, a charge of oil being caused to flow into the crank chamber about every 20 miles travelled; in Dictionary of the Automobile large cars the lubrication of the engine and of the different bearings of the car is effected mechanically ; piston, a metallic device in the cylin- bearings that do not require frequent attention ^re filled with grease lubri cators. magneto, dynamo. manifold, der that receives the force of the explosions and conveys it to the crank shaft. planetary-gear, a means of trans- M mission by the use of a clutch and an enclosed system of gear wheels. in principle, the same as pneumatic tires, hollow rubber tires whose elasticity absorbs shocks on the tube that transmits uneven roads, the gas, steam, air, or water. poor mixture, the explosive mixture misfire, the skipping of one or more in which air predominates. cylinders when the motor is firing pre-ignition, the premature ignition gases. of the explosive mixture. mixer, another name for carburetter. mixing chamber, small enclosure R containing a nipple or nozzle through which the gasoline is sucked, partly radiator, tubing for cooling cylinders by the engine, and partly by the with water. stream of air with which it is mingled reversing-gear, gear arranged for by being sprayed against a cone. altering the direction of road-wheels. motor, the machine for transforming rich mixture, the explosive mixture the electric current into mechanical in which gas predominates, energy; placed in the forepart of the running-gear, springs, axles, wheels, frame with its crank shaft at right and steering-gear, angles to the axles of the road wheels, and with its fly-wheel on the rear S end of the shaft. muffler, an apparatus for reducing service-brake, a device for slacken- the velocity of the exhaust gases, ing the speed of a car; operated by thereby reducing the noise; consists a foot-pedal and released by a spring of a cylinder and a pipe, the latter when the foot is removed, full of small holes, permitting the shock-absorber, an apparatus for re- admission of the exhaust at high ducing shocks when driving over an pressure and its weakened release uneven road. into the atmosphere. short circuit, a defect in insulation multiplex-cylinder engine, an en- allowing the current to leak. gine using several small cylinders skidding, the sliding of a car off of instead of a large single one. its course. smoke. See dark -colored smoke; N dense-white smoke; thin-blue smoke. non-skids, chains, knobs, and other smoky exhaust, escaping burnt projections on tires to prevent gases; also the smoldering of soot slipping. in a cylinder, causing pre-ignition. spark, the electric spark that jumps across the terminals of the spark- plug when the piston reaches the end of its first return or compression stroke. one-horse power, 33,000 foot pounds of work done in one minute. outer lever, the lever that operates spark-gap, the space between the two the emergency brake. electrodes or points of the spark plug. 811 J Dictionary of the Automobile spark plug, a plug that regulates the sparks. sprayer carbureter, another name for gravity carbureter. spur-gears, gears for changing speed. steering-post, the post to which is attached the steering wheel, the spark regulating handle, and the carbureter throttle; set obliquely toward the driver. storage battery, a chemical means of producing electricity for ignition. stroke, the distance the piston passes each way. stud-steering axle, the front axle on which the steering wheels are hinged. surface carbureter, a carbureter in which air is sucked from the en- gine over a surface moistened with liquid spirit. tank, the container of the fuel. thin-blue smoke, in the exhaust, indicates an accurate mixture of the gas and a proper ignition. throttle, the admission valve inter- posed between a carbureter and the inlet valve pipe, so that the driver can vary the amount of mix- ture, or gas, passing to the engine. timer, the revolving switch which opens and closes the primary circuit. tonneau, a car with front seats for two persons and a rear one for ' several. transmission, that part of the mech- anism between the engine and the road wheels; it transmits the high speed power to the low speed road wheels. trembler, a contact maker which makes several rapid contacts for each ignition; it is the vibrating spring blade on an induction coil, which interrupts the primary cur- rent during the time the contact is made in the commutat&r. U underslung, a car in which frame is below the axles. the valve, the apparatus which regulates the flow of mixture or gas by open- ing or closing its passage-way. valve-chamber, the part of the com- bustion chamber which forms a pocket above the valve. valve-face, the seating on which the valve closes. valve-gear, of the engine; its entire mechanism. valve, exhaust, the one through which the burnt gas passes outward. valve, inlet, the valve through which the gas is admitted. vibrator coil, a device for giving a series of sparks instead of one for each ignition. W water-jacket. See jackets. wheel-base, the amount of distance between the centers of the back and front wheels. wheel-track, the amount of distance between the paths of the front wheels. worm-gearing, that on which the teeth of the worm wheels are of a spiral character, and transmit the power into a sliding thrust. 812 DICTIONARY OF AVIATION A aviation, the science of the mechani- cal flight in heavier-than-air con- advancing edge, the front edge of a structions. plane. See following edge. aviator, strictly, one who pursues the aerial transportation, a system of science of aviation, or flying. dirigible travel, inaugurated by Count Zeppelin, of Germany, with g an elongated cylindrical airship, 420 feet long and 39 feet in diameter, balancing surface, any surface that Lie made some remarkable voyages, may be used in steering or maintain- but lost a number of airships through a variety of disasters. aerodrome, a race-course for flying machines; also a hangar. aeronaut, strictly, one who pursues the science of ballooning. aeronautics, the construction and operation of flying machines, of the lighter-than-air type ing even balance. ballast, bags of sand usually attached to the car of a balloon to lighten it for more upward flight by being thrown out. ballonets, small auxiliary balloons, elongated or conical in shape,- at- tached to the end of the main gas bag of a balloon for greater stability. aeroplane, a flying machine of the balloon, a lighter-than-air spherical neavier-than-air type, with one or more surfaces sufficient to support the weight of passengers. aerostat, technical name for the bipTa & ne7 a machine with two~pTanea or elongated bag of silk or other material, inflated with gas; the original type of a flying machine. machine or apparatus. or wings, one set above the other. ae 5?!* atic ^_ technical name for the body, that part of a machine which contains the motor, fuel, and pas- sengers. science of mechanical aviation. aerostation, the same as aeronautics. ailerons, subsidiary horizontal planes set parallel to and between the main C planes, capable of independent op- eration, and used for maintaining a camber, extreme depth of curvature horizontal equilibrium. on an aeroplane wing. alighting gear, the under-mechan- car, the apparatus suspended from ism of an aeroplane, for lessening the impact on reaching the ground. angle of incidence, the angle of in- clination of the supporting plane to the line of flight. balloon by ropes, in which the operator sits and to which are at- tached the bags of sand or ballast used to lighten the balloon when necessary by being thrown out. arch, the down curve on the end of a cells. See partitions. plane. ascent. See initial ascent. aspect, the upper view of the plane surface. aspect-ratio, the proportion of the ( length to the width of a plane sur- face; center of gravity, the point where the machine balances in all direc- tions. center of pressure, the line along which the air acts to elevate the planes; just forward of the center of gravity. 813 Dictionary of Aviation center of thrust, the point where the propulsive thrust of one or more propellers is balanced. compression side, the side of a plane or propeller-blade that acts against the air. flying machine, a construction for aerial flight and travel, heavier-than- air, as distinguished from a balloon, classed as lighter-than-air. following edge, the rear edge of a plane. See advancing edge. fuselage, the frame work of a ma- chine. demountable, a kind of mechanism that can be readily taken apart and reassembled. dihedral, pairs of wings inclined up- ward to each other. dirigible, or dirigible balloon, a balloon of the lighter-than-air type, so constructed that it may be made to travel in any desired direction; operated by a propeller driven by a motor; fashioned in cigar, conical, and cylindrical shapes; some over 400 feet in length; with long pas- senger and operating car suspended from the gas bag. double monoplane, monoplane with two sustaining surfaces, one ahead of the other. double surfaced, wings with surfaces above and below the ribs, wing bars, etc. edge, one of the ends of a plane. elevator, a horizontally-placed rudder for vertical steering. engine, the mechanism that gives speed and power with minimum weight. feathering, a device for securing stability in a dirigible, consists of attaching four rigid planes, arranged like a cross, at the rear of the gas bag. fin, a single fixed plane for increasing the stability of a dirigible. fire balloon, popular designation of the Montgolfier balloon. flapping flight, one occasioned by a rapid reciprocation of sustaining surfaces. gliding, a powerless flight down a slant. gyroplane, a combination of aero- plane and helicopter. gyroscope, an instrument used to give steadiness to a flying machine. hangar, a shed for housing a flying machine. heavier-than-air, applied to flying machines that weigh more than the air they displace. helicopter, a flying machine which ascends by means of a helix-shaped fan wheel. helicord propellers, two propellers fitted to a helicopter and rotating in opposite directions. horizontal rudder, a rudder set horizontally for vertical steering. hydroaeroplane, an aeroplane that can rise from water after alighting thereon. I initial ascent, the elevation from the ground; acquired by the rotation of the propellers; aided by wheels on which the machine runs along the ground or by runners sliding along an inclined plane, till the propellers have gained sufficient speed to lift the machine into the air . landing wheels, wheels on the chassis that take up the first shock on alighting. lateral stability, stability in a side- to-side direction. 814 Dictionary of Aviation lighter-than-air, applied to an air- port, the left side. ship that weighs less than the air it propeller, displaces. line of thrust, the line along which the force of the propeller acts. longitudinal stability, stability in an end-to-end direction. the mechanism with two or more blades which changes a rotary force into a straight-line motion; set in the rear in the bi- plane, in front in the monopiane. M main plane, the principal plane of a machine with more than one sus- taining surface. monoplane, a machine with a single carrying surface or plane, fixed at either side of the frame work carrying the motor, driver's seat, and oper- ating apparatus. Montgolfier, name commonly applied to the pioneer of modern "balloons, constructed by the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Stephen, at Annonay, France, in 1782. multiplane, an aeroplane with two or more sustaining surfaces variously disposed. N nacelle, the frame'work or body of an aerial vehicle; rnostjgenerally applied to dirigibles. ornithopter, a flying machine with ''flapping wings," or movable planes. outrigger, frame work at either end of an aeroplane to support the tail or rudder. panel, another name for partition. partition, a rigid vertical wall between two main planes, dividing the space into "cells," open in the direction of travel, and used to afford lateral stability. pilot, another name for an aeronaut or aviator. plane, usually, a flat surface; in aero- planes, a curved sustaining surface; also known as "wing." polyplane, another name for a multi- plane. rib, the horizontal part of a plane or wing _ construction to which the covering is attached; used to main- tain the true form of the plane; its shape fixes the curve of the plane. rudder, a device for changing the direction laterally in a horizontal plane, and for elevating or lowering the plane of travel. runners, devices attached to the chassis of some machines in prefer- ence to wheels to lessen the shock of landing. shock-absorber, any device attached to the chassis for lessening the shock on landing, such as wheels, runners, etc. single-surfaced, planes or wings with a single surface, having the ribs and wing bars above or below. skids, another name for runners. soaring flight, an upward movement as distinguished from gliding. stabilize, to make stable or maintain equilibrium by various devices. stabilizer, any device for creating or maintaining stability. starboard, the right side. starting impulse, that which sets the machine in motion; the initial thrust of the propeller, or appliances within or without the machine. stiffener, in the plane construction, a straight bar used to stiffen a flat surface. supplementary surface, any aux- iliary surface, as aileron, fin, rudder, etc. sustaining surface, a plane or any surface capable of providing sus- tension. 815 Dictionary of Aviation tail, the rear end of an aeroplane, used to secure greater stability and for the attachment of rudders. tetrahedral cell, one of several, with open ends, assembled to impart additional sustaining power to an aeroplane. thrust, the push of a propeller. tilting rudder, a rudder attached on an outrigger in front of the main planes of a biplane. tilting wing tips, wing tips capable of being thrown up or down, to sup- plement other means of balancing. torque, the force tending to over- turn an aeroplane" sideways. tractor screw, a propeller set in front of an aeroplane, to draw it forward. transverse control, a device to counteract the tendency of an aero- plane to slide sideways from the horizontal, by warping the tips of the planes. triplane, an aeroplane with three main surfaces. turn-buckle, right and left hand swivels in a sleeve, used for making wires and rods taut. U upward impulse, secured by making the surfaces concave on the under side, on an eccentric curve. V velocity, the speed with which an aeroplane will glide on ts own mo- mentum solely. vertical rudder, a rudder set verti- cally for horizontal steering. vertical surfaces, surfaces set verti- cally to help maintain a lateral balance and to aid lateral steering. volplaning, another name for gliding. W . wind-flapping machine. See orni- thopter. wake, the path in the air made by a machine in flight. whirling-table, a mechanism for revolving the planes. wind-pressure, the resistance of the air to a machine in flight. wing, another name for plane. wing arc, the arc of movement of a flapping wing. See Flapping flight. wing bar or wing girder, a strength- ening bar extending from tip to tip in a wing or plane, and crossed at right angles by the ribs. wing skid, the same as wing wheel. wing-spread, the distance between the tips or ends of a wing-surface. wing-surface, the extent of a wing's surface. wing-tip, either extremity of a wing. wing warping, the twisting or bend- ing of the wing ends to transfer the maximum lift from one side of the machine to the other; varies the angles of the wing-tip inclination to the line of travel. wing wheel, a small wheel under the tip of a wing to protect it on alight- ing. 816 DICTIONARY OF BASEBALL a, on score cards, assists. amble, a slow run to a base. assist, when a player handles the ball in a play that results in a base- runner being put out, or would so result if the play fail through no fault of the assisting player. at bat, a batsman in his box ready to bat. B b. h., on score cards, base hits. back-stop, a fence or other con- trivance about 90 feet behind the home plate for stopping balls that pass the catcher. baseman, a fielder at either base. base on ball, a base credited to a batsman after the pitcher has delivered four balls. base-runner, a batsman immediately he hits a ball. bat, instrument for striking the ball; made of willow, basswood, or ash; 234 inches in diameter; not over 42 inches in length. batsman's box, the place on either side of the home plate where the .batsman must stand at play. batsman's outs, making three foul bunts or hitting the ball so that it is caught by an opponent before alighting. battery, the pitcher and catcher. balk, where the pitcher seems about bean ball, the same as a curved ball, to deliver the ball but does not do so; beating the ball, a player reaching a base-runner gets the next base as a result. ball, the leather-covered sphere with which the game is played; about 3 inches in diameter. base hit, (1) when a batted ball a base before the ball gets there. bench, place where the players of a side assemble when not in play. bender, the same as a curved ball. biffed ball, a ball hit uncommonly hard. strikes the ground on or within the block ball, a ball in play touched by foul lines and out of reach of the fielders; (2) when a fair-hit ball is wholly or partially stopped by a fielder in motion; (3) when the ball is hit with such force to an infielder or pitcher that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base-runner; (4) when the ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base-runner; (5) when a base- runner is retired by being hit by a batted ball, or when a batted ball hits the person or clothing of the umpire, the batsman is credited with a base hit. base lines, markings on the field where the players must run from base to base. a spectator or one of the batting side while not in play. blocked, when a fielder gets between a runner and a base, thus keeping him from touching the base. body protector, same as breast- plate. bone-head, a player who makes a blunder. bpunder, a ball that bounds along the ground before being stopped. box, station of the pitcher, batsman, and coacher, in play. breast-plate, a shield of padded leather or canvas; also an inflatable rubber bag. breezed, the same as earned run. bumped, a fair hit by the batsman. bungle, the same as base hit. bunt hit, a ball batted so lightly to 817 Dictionary of Baseball the infield that it cannot be fielded in time to put out the runner. cage, a long, low alley bounded by two walls and a wire netting, in which beginners practice pitching and batting. called strike, a ball that the bats- man does not strike at; called by the umpire. captain, the official head of the team, who directs the movements of the players while on the field, and who is the only person permitted to address the umpire, and then only on a question of interpretation of the rules. carrom, catching a ball on its re- bound from the outfield fence. catcher, the member of the battery who catches the ball thrown or de- livered by the pitcher. catcher's position, varying with conditions; sometimes close behind the batsman; at others, as when no runner is on the bases and the bats- man has not had his last strike, about 70 feet back of the home plate. center field, the part of the field back of second base. center field hit, a batted ball that reaches the center field. center fielder, the player stationed on the center field. chop, to bat the ball directly to the ground so that it bounds to the infield. circuit, all the bases. circuit clout, the same as earned run. clouted ball, a heavily hit ball. clouting the ball, where a batsman gets more safe hits than usual. club, the same as bat. coacher, one of the side at play who directs the base-runners. coacher's box, space in foul territory near the first and third bases as- signed to the coacher. corralled, where a ball is caught or fielded with precision. curve, the direction from a straight line a ball is made to take by the pitcher while passing to the batsman. See in-curve, out-curve, and spit- ball. curved ball, a ball deflected by the pitcher from a straight line, as an in-curve, out-curve and spit-ball. cushion, the same as base. daisy cutter, the same as grounder. dead ball, a ball that strikes any part of the batsman's person before being struck, or any part of the umpire's person, while on foul ground, without first passing the catcher. dead on base, a player or players left on a base or bases at the end of an inning. deep short, the ground back of the short-stop's position between the second and third bases. delivery, the throw of a ball by the pitcher. diamond, space in which the game is played; a square with 90 foot died, a player put out by any means under the rules. dish, the same as home plate. double hit, a ball batted so that a base-runner can make two bases. double play, a play where the ball is handled quickly enough to retire two men. drop, a peculiar twist given to a ball by a pitcher which causes it to drop toward the ground. e, on score cards, errors. earned run, a run made when a player makes the circuit of the bases without the assistance, by errors, of the opposite team; but a run is not counted as earned under any circumstances after the oppon- ents in the field have had three chances to retire the side at bat and have not taken advantage of them. 818 Dictionary of Baseball error, a misplay which prolongs the time of the batsman at the bat or allows the base-runner to make one or more bases when perfect play- would have insured his being put out. fair ball, a ball that passes over the home plate at an altitude between the batsman's shoulder and knee. fair hit, a ball that falls in front of the foul lines. fan, an enthusiastic spectator of a game. field, place where the game is played ; should be at least 350 feet wide by 500 feet long. fielded, a ball caught or stopped by a fielder. fielders, players of the side not bat- ting. See in-fielders, out-fielders. flinger, the same as pitcher. floater, an average sped ball. fly ball, a ball batted high into the air, affording a comparatively easy chance for a fielder to catch it; if caught before touching the ground, whether on fair or foul territory, the batsman is out. foozle, a weak or poor play. forced out, a base-runner compelled to make room for his successor and is touched by the ball held by a fielder; also when the base-runner cannot reach the next base as soon as the fielder holding the ball. foul ball, a ball batted into foul ter- ritory. foul lines, lines extending from the home plate through the first and third bases to the extremity of the field. foul strike, a ball batted when the batsman is out of position, or a ball bunted which rolls into foul terri- tory; also a foul ball batted before the batsman has two strikes. foul tip, a ball that does not rise above the batsman's head. fumble, where a fielder trying to catch a batted ball misses by mis- calculation. fungo ball, a ball that makes an un- usually long flight in the air. game, nine innings played by each side. garden, the same as out-field. gobbled, a ball caught. grass cutter, the same as grounder. ground, area on which the game is played; includes in-field, out-field, and stands. grounder, a ball that keeps close to the ground. H hammered ball, one hit extra hard. heave, the same as throw. hefties, extra heavy hits. hit and run play, where a batsman signals to a base-runner that he will hit the next ball pitched. hit in the slats, where a pitched ball strikes the batsman. home base, the same as home plate. home plate, a piece of iron, wood, or marble about one foot square, whitened, and sunk flush with the ground; sometimes called the home base. The batsman stands here when at play. home run, a complete circuit of the bases made on a hit. honor, a particularly creditable play. hugging the base, a runner keeping close to base, fearing a surprise play. in-curve, the deviation of a pitched ball toward the batsman. in-field, space inclosed by base lines. in-fielders, the first, second, and third basemen and the short stop. - inner works, where the in-fielders play. innings, the time at the bat of the nine players representing a club in the game; is completed when three of such players have been legally put out. judge, the umpire; the first where there are two. 819 Dictionary of Baseball kick, to dispute the umpire. over-slid base, where the runner slides over the base. left field, area behind third base and short stop. left fielders, the players stationed in the left field. left on base, the same as dead on base. leg protectors, short trousers heavily padded at the knees and along the side of the leg and thigh, to prevent injury when sliding to a base. lifted, a suspended or retired player. lobbed ball, one thrown with slight speed. lofted, a ball struck high into the air. long fly, a ball batted a long distance in the air. low liner, a ball driven in a straight line without touching the ground. M manager, the business man of a team. mask, a face protector of leather and wire, worn by the catcher and umpire while in play. meander, when a runner is not com- pelled to make speed. mound, the same as pitcher's box. mound-man, the same as pitcher. muff, failure to hold a ball when catching it. N nine, synonymous with club or_team out, as to a runner, when he can ad- vance no further; as to the side at the bat, three outs retire the side. out-curve, the deviation of a pitched ball from the batsman. out-field, space in fair territory be- hind the in-field. out-fielders, the right, center, and left fielders. outer works, where the out-fielders play. over-run base, where the speed of the runner prevents his stopping at a base. p. o., on score cards, put-outs. pan, the same as home plate. pass, the same as base on ball. passed ball, a ball that passes the catcher and permits the base-runner to gain the next base. pick-up, a ball caught just after touching ground. pill, the same as ball. pitcher, the member of the battery who throws or delivers the ball. pitcher's box, the place where the pitcher must have one foot when delivering a ball, 60 feet from the home plate, and on a straight line with the home and second base; marked the same as the home plate. plate, the same as home plate. platter, the same as home plate. pop a foul, when a ball goes more than 10 feet in the air and lies out- side the fair territory. pound, heavy drive with the bat. er r, on score cards, runs. rally, the advance of a lagging team receiver, the same as catcher. retiring, putting out a base-runn< by any authorized means. right field, area back of first base and to the right of second base. right fielders, the players stationed in the right field. rise, a peculiar twist given to a ball by a pitcher which causes it to rise. roller, a ball that rolls along the ground after alighting. rode home, made an easy home run. rubber, the same as home plate and pitcher's plate. run, successful circuit of all bases. runner, the same as base-runner. running in, a fielder closing in on a batted ball. s. b., on score cards, stolen bases. ! Dictionary of Baseball sacrifice hit, a hit by the batsman who, when no one is out or when but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit, which results in the batsman being put out before he reaches first, or would so result if it were handled without error. safe hit, a clean hit, which advances the batsman a base. scalped field, a field destitute of turf. scoop the pill, to pick up the ball. scratch hit, where a ball should be caught, but for some reason cannot be. short field, area between second and third bases. short stop, a player stationed mid- way between the second and third shot ball, the same as biffed ball. shut out, failure of a team to score in the number of innings played. side, nine players. side out. See out. skied ball, a very high ball. skin diamond, the same as scalped field. slide, where a base-runner slides feet or head first to a base to prevent being put out. sliding bag, a canvas bag or cushion used by beginners in learning to slide, to bases. sliding spool, a spool attached to a taut, inclined rope, used by be- ginners in learning to throw a ball. slugger, a batsman who hits long distances. snapped ball, a short, quick throw. soft fly, a ball batted a short distance in the air. spit-ball, a ball on which the pitcher has spit, causing it to deviate in an uncertain direction from a straight line, as it moves against the air. spot light, a momentary center of attraction. stolen base, a base gained by a runner without help from a hit by the batsman. strike, when a batsman tries and fails to hit a delivered ball, or does not strike at a fair ball. strike-out, when three strikes have been called on a batsman. strolled, the same as base on ball. substitute, one who takes the place of another player at any stage of the game; a relieved player cannot again enter that game. support, the same as assist. tag, the same as touch. team, the same as nine. »" three-base hit, when the batsman makes a' hit that enables him to reach third base without stopping and without being put out. throw, the same as delivery. tickey, a batted ball caught im- mediately by the catcher. toss, a delivery by one fielder to another. touch, where a base-runner is touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder- triple play, a play where the ball is handed sufficiently quick to "retire" three men. twirl, the same as delivery. two-base hit, when the batsman makes a hit that enables him to reach second base without stopping and without being put out. U umpire, a person satisfactory to both sides, who sees that the rules are observed and judges various points and disputes. Sometimes there are two, one at the plate and the other on the bases. underhand throw, delivery by a peculiar twist of the wrist. W warm-up, a pitcher exercising to limber his arm. wild pitch, a ball pitched out of the reach of the catcher, enabling a base- runner to gain one or more bases. wild throw, a ball thrown beyond the reach of the fielder to whom it was directed; also one thrown too low. 821 DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES WITH THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES, OR NICK-NAMES I— NAMES OF MEN Aaron [Heb.], lofty; inspired. Abel [Heb.], breath; transitoriness; vanity. Abiel [Heb.], father of strength. Abijah [Heb.], to whom Jehovah is a father. Abner [Heb.], father of light. Abraham [Heb.], father of a multi- tude. — Dim. Abe. Abram [Heb.], father of elevation. — Dim. Abe. Adam [Heb.], man; earth-man; red earth.— Dim. Ade. Adolphus [0. H. Ger.], noble wolf; i. e. noble hero. Adoniram [Heb.], lord of height. Alan, variously explained as a hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and a corruption of Hilary, or of ^Elianus. Alaric [O.H Ger.], all-rich; or, noble ruler. Albert [0. H. Ger.], nobly bright; illustrious. Albion [Celt.], mountainous land; the ancient name of England. Alexander [Gr.], a defender of men. — Dim. ^ Aleck, Ellick, Sander, Sandy, Sawnie. Alfred [O.H. Ger.], elf in council; i. e., good counselor. — Dim. Alf. Algernon [Fr.], with whiskers. Alonzo [0. Ger.], the same as Al- phonso, q. v. Alpheus [Heb.], exchange. Alphonso [O. H. Ger.], all-ready; willing. AlvSJ [Heb.], iniquity. Alwin } [ °* H * Ger ' ] ' beloved b y alL Amariah [Heb.], whom Jehovah promised. Amasa [Heb.], a burden. Ambrose [Gr.], immortal; divine. Ammi [Heb.], my people. Amos [Heb.], strong; courageous: otherwise, burden. Andrew [Gr.], strong; manly. — Dim. Andy. Anselm [O. H. Ger.], protection of God. Anthony 1 [Lat.], priceless; praise- Antony / worthy. — Dim. Tony. Archibald [Ger.], extremely bold; otherwise, holy prince. — Dim. Archy. Artemis [Gr.], gift of Artemis, or Diana. Arthur [Celt.], high; noble. Asa [Heb.], healer; physician. Asahel [Heb.], made of God. Asaph [Heb.], a collector. Asher [Heb.], happy; fortunate. Ashur [Heb.], black; blackness. Augustin 1 [Lat ^ belonging t0 Au _ ^uft U in tme t «. Augustus [Lat.], exalted; imperial. — Dim. Gus. Aurelius [Lat.], golden. Azariah [Heb.], helped of the Lord. B Ger. bold, coura- Baldwin [O.H. geous friend. Baptist [Gr.], a baptizer; purifier. g arna as \ son of consolation. Bartholomew [Heb.], a warlike son. Dim. Bat. Barzillai [Heb.], iron of the Lord; firm; true. 822 Dictionary of Christian Names of Men Basil [Gr.], kingly; royal. Benedict [Lat.], blessed — Dim. Bennet. Benjamin ^ [Heb.], son of the right hand. — Dim. Ben, Benny. Beriah [Heb.], in calamity. Barnard \ [0. H. Ger.], bold as a Bernard / bear. Bertram [O.H. Ger.], bright raven. Bezaleel [Heb.], in the shadow (pro- tection) of God. Boniface [Lat.], a benefactor. Brian [Celt.], strong. Bruno [O.H.Ger.], brown Cadwallader [Brit.], battle-arranger. Caesar [Lat.], hairy; or blue-eyed ; or, born under the Caesarian operation. Caleb [Heb.], a dog. Calvin [Lat.], bald. Cecil [Lat.], dim-sighted. Cephas [Aramaic], a stone. Charles [O.H. Ger.], strong; manly; noble-spirited. — Dim. Charlie, or, Charley. Christian [Lat.], belonging to Christ; a believer in Christ.— Dim. Christie. Christopher [Gr.], bearing Christ. — Dim. Kester, Kit, Chris. Clarence [Lat.], illustrious. Claudius} [Lat.], lame. Clement [Lat.], mild-tempered; mer- ciful. Conrad [O.H. Ger.], bold in coun- cil; resolute. Constant [Lat.], firm; faithful. Constantine [Lat.], resolute; firm. Cornelius [Lat.], (uncertain). Crispian Crispin [• [Lat.], having curly hair. Crispus J Cuthbert [A.-S.], noted splendor. Cyprian [Gr.], of Cyprus. Cyril [Gr.], lordly. Cyrus [Per.], the sun. Daniel [Heb.], a divine judge. — Dim. Dan. Darius [Per.], preserver. David [Heb.], beloved— Dim. Davy, Dave. Demetrius [Gr.], belonging to Ceres. Denis \ [Gr.], same as Dionysius Dennis / [Fr.], form. Derrick [O.H. Ger.], a corruption of Thedoric. Dionysius [Gr.], belonging to Di- onysius or Bacchus, the god of wine. Donald [Celt.] proud chief. Duncan [Celt.] brown chief. Eben [Heb.], a stone. Ebenezer [Heb.], the stone of help. Edgar [A.-S.], a javelin (or pro- tector) of property. Edmund [A.-S.], defender of prop- erty. — Dim. Ed. Ned (a contraction of "mine Ed"). Edward [A.-S.], guardian of prop- erty. — Dim. Ed, Eddy, Ned, Neddy, Teddy. Edwin [A.-S.], gainer of property. —Dim. Ed, Eddy. Egbert [O.H. Ger.], the sword's brightness; famous with the sword. Elbert [O. H. Ger.] the same as Albert. Eldred [A.-S.], terrible Eleazer [Heb.], to whom God is a help. Eli [Heb.], a foster son. Eliab [Heb.], God is his father. Elias [Heb.], the same as Elijah. Elihu [Heb.], God the Lord. Elijah [Heb.], Jehovah is my God. Eliphalet [Heb.], God of salvation. Elisha [Heb.], God my salvation. Elizur [Heb.], God is my rock. Elis [Heb.], a variation of Elisha. Elmer [A.-S.], noble; excellent. [A contraction of Ethelmer.] EInathan [Heb.], God gave. Emmanuel [Heb.], God with us. Emery 1 Emmery > [A.-S.], powerful; rich. Emory J Enoch [Heb.], consecrated; dedicated. Enos [Heb.], man. Ephraim [Heb.], very faithful. Erasmus [Gr.], lovely; worthy to be loved. - Dictionary of Christian Names of Men Erastus [Ger.], lovely; amiable. Heman [Heb.], faithful. Eric [A.-S.], rich; brave; powerful. Henry [O.H. Ger.], the head or chief Ernest \ rr , pnrnp _ t of a house.— Dim. Hal, Harry (by Ernestus / L^ er -J> earnest assimilation of consonant sound), Ethan [Heb.], firmness; strength. Hen. Eugene [Ger.], wellborn; noble. Herbert [A.-S.], glory of the army, Eustace [Gr.], healthy; strong; Herman [0. H. Ger.], a warrior standing firm. Hezekiah [Heb.], strength of Evan [Brit.], the same as John. Lord. Ezekiel [Heb.], strength of God. — Hilary [Lat.], cheerful; merry. Dim. Zeke. Hiram [Heb.], most noble. Ezra [Heb.]," help. Horace [Gr.], same as Horatio. [Fr. form.] F Horatio [Gr.], (uncertain). ' •_ , ._ „ _ «, . *,. Hosea [Heb.], salvation. Ferdinand [O.H. Ger.], brave; valiant. Howell [Brit.], sound; whole. Fernando [O. H. Ger.], same as Hubert [O. H. Ger.], bright in spirit; Ferdinand. soul-bright. Francis [Fr.], free. — Dim. Frank. Hush 1 rT ^ n • i • • i Frank [Fr.], a contraction of Francis. Hugo / [D.], mind; spirit; soul. Frederic 1 [O. H. Ger.], abounding Humphrey [A.-S.], protector of the Frederick J in peace; or peaceful home. ruler. — Dim. Fred, Freddy. Gaius [Lat.], rejoiced. '^mrted ^^ ^ ^^ *"* ^ Gamaliel [Heb.], recompense of God. ij^^ ' rn~ i «wi^+. fi Q ™ Garret [O.H. Ger.], another form of J*™*"" [Gr. ardent fiery Gerald, or Gerard. Immanuel [Heb.], the same as Geoffrey [O. H. Ger.], same as f Emmanuel. • , q ,** L J ' * a±±x * ao Increase [Eng.], increase of faith. George^Ger.], a landholder; hus- } n ?T7rJ Whi £™ '»* i„«t«» bandman.-Dim. Georgie, Geordie. Im f ° } Gt \ the same as I S natlus - til*; 1 ** ) [0 £'1£: ] > Str ° ng ^ Ira SP [He°bj; ] watchful. £rshoi [H\ h b e ], SP an r exne. Isa ~ ^.1, laughter.-Dim. Ik, r\?u°£ rn^' rifSLKri fc + - Isaian t Heb -L salvation of the Lord. flr^J L yell ° W " bright; Israel [Heb.]! a soldier of God. GileT [Gr.], a kid. Ivan [Brit] ' the same as John ' Given [Eng.], gift of God. » Goddard [0. Ger.], pious; virtuous. Godfrey [O.H. Ger.], at peace with Jabez [Heb ^ he ^ cauge pain> Gregory [Ger.], watchful; vigilant. Ja '° b [Heb ' ] ' a supplanter.-Dim. Griffith [Brit.], having great faith. ¥ . e " ITJ u -, , •„ 0T ,i:„>, +0 „ r*„~*.~ rQ i „ „ T „^.^«. u~„ Jairus [Heb.], he will enlighten. rZ Yt£i LlLl ' ^mes [Heb., the same Is Jacob. Guy [Fr.], a leader. _ Dim ^ Jea ^ egj Jemj Jim> JemmV) *» Jimmy. Japheth [Heb.], enlargement. Hannibal [Punic], grace of Baal. Jared [Heb.], descent. Harold [A.-S.], a champion; general Jason [Gr.], a healer, of an army. Jasper [Per.], (uncertain). 824 Dictionary of Christian Names of Men Jedediah [Heb.], beloved of the Lord. Leopold [0. H. Ger.], bold for the Jeffrey [0. H. Ger.], the same as Godfrey. Jerermas 1 [Heb.] exalted of the Jeremy J Lord - Jerome, holy name. Jesse [Heb.], wealth. Joab [Heb.], Jehovah is his father. Job [Heb.], afflicted; persecuted. Joel [Heb.], the Lord is God. John [Heb.], the gracious gift of God. — Dim. Johnny, Jack, Jock. Jonas') [Heb.], a dove. Jonathan [Heb.], gift of Jehovah. Joseph [Heb.], he shall add. — Dim. Joe. people. Levi [Heb.], adhesion. See Gen. xxix. 34. Lewis [0. H. Ger.], bold warrior. — Dim. Lou. Linus [Gr.], flaxen-haired. Lionel [Lat.], young Hon. Llewellyn [Celt.], lightning. Loammi [Heb.], not my people. Lorenzo [Lat.], same as Laurence. [It. & Sp. forms.] Lot [Heb.], a veil; a covering. Louis [O. H. Ger.], the same as Lewis. [Fr. form.] Lucian [Lat.], belonging to, or sprung from, Lucius. Lucius [Lat.], born at break of day. Joshua [Heb.], God of salvation. — Ludovic [O.H. Ger.], same as Lewis. Dim. Josh Josias } [Heb - ] > S iven of the Lord - Jotham [Heb.], the Lord is upright Judah [Heb.], praised. Julian [Lat.], sprung from, or be- longing to, Julius. — Dim. Jule [Ger. form. Luke [Lat.], light. Luther [Ger.], illustrious warrior. M Madoc [W.], good; beneficent. Julius [Gr.], soft-haired. — Dim. Jule. Malachi [Heb.], messenger of the Justin [Lat. J, just Justus [Lat.], just Lord. Manasseh [Heb.], forgetfulness. Marcellus [Lat.], Dim. of Marcus. K Marcius [Lat.], same as Marcus. Marcus 1 [Lat.], a hammer; other- Kenelm [A.-S.], a defender of his Mark J wise, a male, or sprung kindred. from Mars. Kenneth [Gael.], a leader; com- Marmaduke [A.-S.], a mighty noble, mander. Martin [Lat.], of Mars; warlike. Matthew [Heb.], gift of Jehovah. — L Dim. Mat. Maurice [Lat.], Moorish; dark-col- Laban [Heb.], white. ored. Lambert [O.H. Ger.], illustrious with Maximilian [Lat.], the greatest landed possessions. iEmilianus. Lancelot [It.], a little angel; other- Micah [Heb.], who is like the Lord? wise, a little lance or warrior; or Michael [Heb.], who is like God? — a servant. Dim. Mike. Laurence* \ [Lat.], crowned with Miles [Lat.], a soldier. Lawrence /laurel. — Dim. Larry Moses [Egypt], drawn out of the (Lawrie, Laurie, Scot.; Larry, Irish.) water. — Dim. Mose. Lazarus [Heb.], God will help. Leander [Gr.], lion-man. N Lemuel [Heb.], created by God. Leonard [Ger.], strong; or brave as Nahum [Heb.], consolation. a lion Napoleon [Gr.], lion of the forest-dell. Leonidas [Gr.], lion-like. Nathan [Heb.], given; a gift. 825 Dictionary of Christian Names of Men Nafcel'} [Heb.], the gift of God. Neal 1 [Lat.], dark; swarthy; other- Neil / wise [Celt.], chief. - Nehemiah [Heb.], comfort of the Lord. Nicholas 1 [Gr.], victory of the people. Nicolas j — Dim. Nick. Noah [Heo.], rest, comfort. Noel [Lat. Dies Natalis], Christmas; born on Christmas day. Norman [Ger.], a Northman; a na- tive of Normandy. Obadiah [Heb.], servant of the Lord. Obed [Heb.], serving God. Octavus 5 / t Lat -]' the eighth-born. Oliver [Lat.], an olive-tree. Orestes [Gr.], a mountaineer. Orlando [Teut.], same as Rowland. [It. form.] Oscar [Celt.], bounding warrior. Oswald [O.H. Ger.], power of God. Owen [Celt.], lamb; otherwise, young Patrick [Lat.], noble; a patrician. —Dim. Pat, Paddy. pSuL } r Lat -]> little - Peleg [Heb.], division. Peregrine [Lat.], a stranger. Peter [Gr.}, a rock. — Dim. Pete, Peterkin. Philander [Gr.], a lover of men. Philemon [Gr.], loving; friendly. Philip [Gr.], a lover of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. Phlnenas } £ Heb ^ mouth of brasS ' Pius [Lat.], pious; dutiful. Pliny [Lat.], (uncertain). Preserved [Eng.], redeemed. Quintin [Lat.], the fifth. R Ralph [O. H. Ger.], same as Rodol- phus. Raphael [Heb.], the healing of God. Raymond [O. H. Ger.], wise pro- tection. Reginald [O.H. Ger.], strong ruler. Reuben [Heb.], behold, a son. Reuel [Heb.], friend of God. Reynold [O. H. Ger.], same as Reginald. Richard [O. H. Ger.], rich -hearted; powerful. — Dim. Dick, Dicken, Dickon (d and r being etymologically convertible) . Robert [O. H. Ger.], bright in fame. — Dim. Bob, Dob, Dobbin, Rob, Robin, Pop. Roderick }[0-H. Ger.], rich in fame. Rodolph \ [O. H. Ger.], famous Rodolphus / wolf, or hero. Roger [0. H. Ger.], famous- with the spear. — Dim. Hodge, Hodgkin (h and r being etymologically con- vertible.) Roland [O.H. Ger.], same as Row- land. [Fr. form.] Rowland [0. H. Ger.], fame of the land. Rudolph \ [O.H. Ger.], variation Rudolphus / of Rodolphus. Rufus [Lat.], red; red-haired. Rupert [O. H. Ger.], the same as Robert. Salmon [Heb.], shady. Samson 1 [Heb.], splendid sun; i. e., Sampson / great joy and felicity. Samuel [Heb.], heard of God; asked for of God. — Dim. Sam, Sammy. Saul [Heb.], asked for. Seba [Heb.], eminent. Sebastian [Gr.], venerable; reverend. lerenus } [Lat ^ calm; P eaceful - Seth [Heb.], appointed. Sigismund [O. H. Ger.], conquering protection. Silas [Lat.], a contraction of Si Ivan us. Silvanus [Lat.], living in a wood. Silvester [Lat.], bred in the coun- try; rustic. Simeon 1 [Heb.], hearing with ac- Simon J ceptance. — Dim. Sim. Solomon II Dictionary of Christian Names of Men lomon [Heb.], peaceable. — Dim. Sol. Stephen [Gr.], a crown. — Dim. Steve. Valentine Sylvan \ «.. Sylvanus / » same as Sdvanus. Sylvester, same as Silvester. [Lat . ] , strong ; healthy ; powerful. Victor [Lat.], a conqueror. Vincent [Lat.], conquering; victorious. Vivian [Lat.], lively. W Thaddeus [Syr.], the wise. Theobald [O. H. Ger.], bold for the Walter [O. H. Ger.], ruling the host. people Theodore [Gr.], the gift of God. Theodoric [A.-S.], powerful among the people. Theophilus [Gr.], a lover of God. Theron [Gr.l, a hunter. —Dim. Wat, Walt. William [O.H. Ger.], resolute hel- met, or, helmet of resolution; de- fense; protector. — Dim. Will, Willy, and (by interchange of convertible letters) Bill, Billy. Thomas [Heb.], a twin. — Dim. Tom, Winfred [A.-S.], win-peace. Tommy. Timothy [Gr.], fearing God. — Dim. . Z Tim. Titus [Gr.], (uncertain). Zabdiel [Heb.], gift of God. Tobiah 1 [Heb.], distinguished of the Zaccheus [Heb.], innocent; pure. Tobias Tristam Tristram Lord. — Dim. Toby. [Lat.], grave; pensive; mel- ancholy; sorrowful; sad. U [Heb.], remembered of the Lord. — Dim. Zach. ], just. [Heb.], gift of the Lord. Ulysses [Gr.], a hater. Urban [Lat.], of the town; < teous; polished. Uriah [Heb.], light of the Lord. Urian [Dan.], a husbandman. Uriel [Heb.], light of God. Zachariah Zachary Zadok [He Zebadiah Zebedee Zebina [Heb.], bought. Zechariah [Heb.], the same as Zachariah. Zedekiah [Heb.], justice of the Lord. Zelotes [Gr.], a zealot. Zenas [Gr.], gift of Jupiter. Zephaniah [Heb.], hid of the Lord. II — NAMES OF WOMEN Abigail [Heb.], my father's joy. — Dim. Abby. Achsa [Heb.], anklet. Ada [O. H. Ger.], same as Edith. Adaline [O.H. Ger.], same as Adeline. Adela [O. H. Ger.], same as Adeline. Adelaide [0. H. Ger.], same as Ade- line. Adelia [O. H. Ger.], a variation of Adela. Adelina \ [0. H. Ger.], of noble birth; Adeline / a princess. — Dim. Addy. Agatha [Gr.], good; kind. Agnes [Gr.], chaste; pure. Alberta [0. H. Ger.], feminine of Albert. Alethea [Gr.], truth. Alexandra \ [Gr.], feminine of Alex- Alexandrina / ander. Alice \ [0. H. Ger.], same as Ade- Alicia / line. — Dim. Ally, or Allie, Elsie. Almira [Ar.], lofty; a princess. Althea [Gr.], a healer. Amabel [Lai-], lovable. 827 Dictionary of Christian Names of Women Amanda [Lat.], worthy to be loved. Amelia [0. H. Ger.], busy, energetic. See Emeline. Amy [Lat.], beloved. Anoint } t Gr -l> lOT ^; an S elic - Ann ) [Heb.], grace, same as Han- Anna \ nah. — Dim. Annie, Nancy, Anne J Nancy, Nan, Nina. Annette [Heb.], a variation of Anne. [Fr. form.] Antoinette [Gr.], diminutive of An- tonia. [Fr. form.] — Dim. Netty. Antonia [Lat.], inestimable. Arabella [Lat.], a fair altar; other- wise, an Arabian woman. — Dim. Bella, Bel. Ariana [Gr.], a corruption of Ariadne. Augusta [Lat.], feminine of Augustus. Aurelia [Lat.], feminine of Aurelius. Aurora [Lat.], morning redness; fresh; brilliant. B Barbara [Gr.], foreign; strange. — Dim. Bab. Beatrix 6 } [Lat.], making happy. Belinda, (uncertain). Bertha [0. H. Ger.], bright; beauti- ful. — Dim. Berty. Betsey [Heb.], a corruption of Eliz- abeth. il^cte }' t Teut -!> white - - Bridget [Celt.], strength.— Dim. Bid- dy. Camilla [Lat.], attendant at a sacri- fice. Caroline [0. H. Ger.], feminine of Carolus, the Latin of Charles. [Fr. form.] — Dim. Carrie, Caddie. Cassandra [Gr.], she who inflames with love. Catharina 1 [Gr.], pure. — Dim. Casy, Catharine J- Kate, Katrine, Kit, Catherine J Kitty. Cecilia 1 [Lat.], feminine of Cecil. Cecily J — Dim. Sisley, Sis, Cis. Celestine [Lat.], heavenly. Celia [Lat.], feminine of Ccelius [It. form.] Charlotte [0. H. Ger.], feminine of Charles, Chloe [Gr.], a green herb; blooming. Christiana \ [Gr.], feminine of Christina J Christianus, Lat. for Christian. — Dim. Chrissie, Xina. Cicely [Lat.], a corruption of Cecilia. Clara [Lat.], bright; illustrious. — — Dim. Clare. Clarice \ [Lat.], a variation of Clara Clarissa / — Dim. Clare. Claudia [Lat.], feminine of Claudius. cESSS } [Lat.], mild, gentle. Constance [Lat.], firm; constant. Cora [Gr.], maiden; another form of Corinna. Cordelia [Lat.], warm-hearted. Corinna [Gr.], maiden. Cornelia [Lat.], feminine of Corne- lius. Cynthia [Gr.], belonging to Mt. Cynthus. Deborah [Heb.], a bee. — Dim. Debby, Deb. Delia [Gr.], of Delos. Diana [Lat.], goddess. — Dim. Di, Die. Dinah [Heb.], judged. Dora [Gr.], a contraction of Dorothea. Dorcas [Gr.], a gazelle. Dorinda [Gr.], same as Dorothea. Dorothea 1 [Gr.], the gift of God — Dorothy / Dim. Dol, Dolly (1 and r being etymologically convertible.) Drusilla, (uncertain). Edith [0. H. Ger.], happiness; other- wise rich gift. Edna [Heb.], pleasure. Eleanor \ [Gr.], light; the same as Elinor J Helen.— Dim. Ella, Nell, Nora. Elisabeth 1 [Heb.], worshiper of God; Elizabeth \ consecrated to God. — Eliza J Dim. Bess, Bessey, Betsey, Betty, Lizzy, Libby, Lisa. Ella [Gr.], a contraction of Eleanor. Dictionary of Christian Names of Women r.] diminutive of Eleanor. Harriet \ [0. H. Ger.], feminine di- Elvira [Lat.], white Harriot/ minutive of Henry [Eng. Emehne 1 [0. H. Ger.], energetic; form.]— Dim. Hatty. Emmeline / industrious. Helen \ [Gr.], light.— Dim. Nell Emily [0. H. Ger.], same as Emeline. Helena J Nelly. Emma [0. H. v Ger.], same as Erne- Henrietta [0. H. Ger.], feminine and line.— Dun. Emm, Emmie. diminutive of Henry. [Fr. form.]— Ernestine [Ger.], feminine and dim. Dim. Etta, Hetty. of Ernest. Hephzibah ' [Heb.]', my delight is in Esther [Per.], star; good fortune. her. Ethel [O.H. Ger.], noble; of noble Hester 1 m , ^ , [Per.J, same as Esther. Hesther Hilaria [Lat.], feminine of Hilary. Honorfa } [Latl] > honorable - Hortensia [Lat.], a lady gardener. Huldah [Heb.], a weasel. birth, same as Adela. Ethelinda } [TeUt - ] ' noble Snake ' Eudora [Gr.], good gift. Eugenia [Gr.], feminine of Eugene. Eugenie [Gr.], same as Eugenia. [Fr. form. ] Eulalia [Gr.], fair speech. I Eunice [Gr.], happy victory. Ida [0. H. Ger.], godlike. Euphemia [Gr.], of good report.— Inez [Gr.], the same as Agnes. [Pg. ' Dim. Effie. form.] Eva [Heb.], life. Irene [Gr.], peaceful. Evangeline [Gr.], bringing glad news. Isabel \ [Heb.], the same as Eliz- Eve [Heb.], the same as Eva. Isabella J abeth. — Dim. Bel, Bella. Evelina ) [Heb.], diminutive of Eva. Eveline / [It. form.] J Jamesina [Heb.], feminine of James. F Jane [Heb.], feminine of John. — Fanny [Ger.], a diminutive of Frances . same as Joanna- Faustina [Lat.], lucky. Jeanne Felicia [Lat.], happiness. Fidelia [Lat.], faithful. Flora [Lat.], flowers. Florence [Lat.], blooming; flourishing. *j eanne Frances [Ger.], feminine of Francis. Jea nnette —Dim. Fanny, Frank. Jemima Frederica [0. H. Ger.], feminine of J ¥ erusn a Frederick. — Dim. Freddie. Janet [Heb.]. Dim. of Jane. Jaqueline [Heb.], feminine of James. [Fr. form]. [Heb.], the same as Jane. or Joan. [Fr. forms.] Georgiana 1 [Gr.], feminine of Georgina / George. Ger al dine, feminine of Gerald. Gertrude [0. H. Ger.], spear-maiden. — Dim. Gertie, Trudy. Gratfa } [Lat * ] ' graCe ' faVor - Griselda [Teut.], stone -heroine. — Dim. Grissel. H Hannah [Heb.], the same as Anna. [Heb.], a dove. [Heb.], possessed; married. [Heb.], feminine of John. [Heb.], feminine of Joseph — Dim. Jozy, Joan Joanna Josepha Josephine Pheny. Joyce [Lat.], sportive. Judith [Heb.], praised. — Dim. Judy. Julia [Lat.], feminine of Julius. Juliana [Lat.], feminine of Julian. Juliet [Lat.], diminutive of Julia. [Fr. form.] Justina [Lat.], feminine of Justin. Katharine Katherine [Gr.], same as Cath- arine. 829 Dictionary of Christian Names of Women Keturah [Heb.], incense. Keziah [Heb.], cassia. Laura [Lat.], a laurel. Lavinia [Lat.], of Latium. Leonora [Gr.], same as Eleanor. Letitia [Lat.], happiness. Lettice, a corruption of Letitia. Li"- } [Lat.], lily. Lois [Gr.], good; desirable. Louisa \ [O. H. Ger.], feminine of Louise / Louis. — Dim. Louie. Lucia [Lat.], same as Lucy. [It. form.] Lucinda [Lat.], the same as Lucy. Lucretia [Lat.], gain; otherwise, light. Lucy [Lat.], feminine of Lucius. Lydia [Gr.], a native of Lydia, in Asia Minor. • Dim. Mat, Matty, Maud, Patty (m and p being convertible). Maud, a contraction of Mathilda. or Magdalene. May, a diminutive of Mary. Mehetabel Y [Heb.], benefited of Mehitable J God. Melicent [Lat.], sweet singer. Melissa [Gr.], a bee. Mildred [Ger.], mild threatener. Miranda [Lat.], admirable. Miriam [Heb.], the same as Mary. Myra [Gr.], she who weeps or laments. N Nancy, a familiar form of Anne. — Dim. Nan, Nance, Nina. Nora, a contraction of Honora. M Octavia [Lat.], feminine of Octa- vius. — Dim. Tavy, Tave. Olivfa } ^at.], an olive - a contraction of Ophelia [Gr.], serpent. Olympia [Gr.], heavenly. Mabel [Lat.] Amabel. Madeline [Heb.], same as Mag- dalene. [Fr. form]. Magdalene [Heb.]. Belonging to Magdala. — Dim. Maud, Maudlin. Marcella [Lat.], feminine of Mar- cellus. Marcia, feminine of Marcius. Margaret [Gr.], a pearl.— Dim. Persis "[Gr.], a" Persian woman Gritty, Mag, Madge, Maggy, Margie, Philippa [Gr.], feminine of Philip. Margery, Meg, Meggy, Meta, Peg, Phoebe [Gr.], pure; radiant.— Dim. Peggy (m and p being cognate let- Phebe. Paula [Lat.], feminine of Paul. Paulina \ [Lat.], feminine of Pau- Pauline / linus. Penelope [Gr.], a weaver. Phebe [Gr.], the same as Phoebe. Phyllis [Gr.], a green bough. Polly [Eng.], variation of Molly. Priscilla [Lat.], somewhat old. ters). Maria [Heb.], the same as Mary. Marie [Heb.], the same as Mary. [Lat. form.] Marianne [Heb.], a compound of Mary and Anne. r Marion [Heb.], a French form of Mary. Rachel [Heb.], a ewe. Martha [Heb.], the ruler of the house; Rebecca \ [Heb.], of enchanting otherwise sorrowful. — Dim. Mat, Rebekah J beauty. — Dim. Becky. Matty, Pat, Patty. Rhoda [Ger.], a rose. Mary [Heb.], bitter; otherwise their Rosa [Lat.]. a rose. rebellion, or star of the sea. — Dim. Rosabel 1 rT . -i _ r • „„ Q Moll, Molly, Pol, Polly, May. Rosabella / [ljat - Jj a tair rose * Mathilda \ [0. H. Ger.], mighty bat- Rosalia \ [Lat.], little and blooming Matilda j tie-maid; heroine. — Rosalie / rose. [Fr. and It. forms.] 830 Dictionary of Christian Names of Women , Rosalind [Lat.], beautiful as a rose. • Rosamond [Teut.], horse-protection, i. e. famous protection. Roxana [Per.], dawn of day. Ruth [Heb.], beauty. Sabina [Lat.], a Sabine woman. Salome [Heb.], peaceful. Sara 1 [Heb.], a princess. — Dim. Sarah J Sal, Sally. Selina [Gr.], parsley. Serena [Lat.], feminine of Serenus or Sereno. Sibylla ) t Gr - ] ' a Prophetess. Sophia [Gr.], wisdom. — Dim. Sophy. Sophronia [Gr.], of a sound mind. Stella [Lat.], a star. Stephana [Gr.], feminine of Stephen, Jusanna 1 [Heb " ] ' a "ly.— Dim. Susannah [Heb.], a . Sue, Suke, Suky, Suzy. Tabitha [Syr.], a gazelle. Theodora [Gr.], feminine of Theo- dore. — Dim. Dora. Theodosia [Gr.], the gift of God. Theresa [Gr.], carrying ears of corn. — Dim. Terry, Tracy. Tryphena [Gr.], delicate; luxurious. Tryphosa [Gr.], luxurious; dainty. U Ulrica [0. H. Ger.], rich. Urania [Gr.], heavenly ;- of one of the Muses. Ursula [Lat.], she-bear. -the name Valeria [Lat.], feminine of Valerius. Victoria [Lat.], victory; feminine of Victor. Vida [Erse.], feminine of David. Viola [Lat.], a violet. Virginia [Lat.], virgin; pure. Vivian [Lat.], lively. W Wilhelmina [0. H. Ger.], femi- nine of Wilhelm. German of William.— Dim. Wilmett, Wilmot, Mina, Minella. Winifred [Teut.], lover of peace. Zenobia [Gr.], Jupiter. Z having life from 831 DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL ABBREVIATIONS A. Absolvo. iEdilis, JEs, Ager, Ago, Aio, Amicus, Annus, Antiquo, Auc- tor, Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aur- um, Aut. A.A. Ms alienuni, Ante audita, Apud agrum, Aurum argentum. A.A. Augusti AAA. Augusti tres. A.A.A.F.F. Auro argento aere flando i'eriundo. A.A.V. Alter ambove. A.C. Acta causa, Alius civis. A.D. Ante diem; e.g., A.D.V. Ante diem quintum. A.D. A. Ad dandos agros. JED. JEdes, Mdihs, ^Edilitas. JEM. and AIM. iEmilius, ^Emilia. JER JErarixxm. JER.P. Mve publico. A.F. Actum fide, Auli films. AG. Agter, Ago, Agrippa. A.G. Animo grato, Aulus Gellius. A.L.i^E. and A.L.E. Arbitrium litis aestimandte. A.M. and A. MILL. Ad milliarium. AN. Aniensis, Annus, Ante. ANN. Annales, Anni, Annona. ANT. Ante, Antonius. A.O. Alii omnes, Amico optimo. AP. Appius, Apud. A.P. Ad pedes iEdilitia potestate. A.P.F. Auro (or argento) publico feriundo. A.P.M. Amico posuit monumentum, Annorum plus minus. A.P.R.C. Anno post Roman condi- tam. ARG. Argentum. AR.V.V.D.D. Aram votam volens dedicavit, Arma votiva dono dedit. AT. A tergo. Also A TE. and A TER. A.T.M.D.O. Aio te mihi dare opor- tere. AV. Augur, Augustus, Aurelius. A.V. Annos vixit. A.V.C. Ab urbe condita. AVG. Augur, Augustus. AVGG. Augusti (generally of two) AVGGG. Augusti tres. HH AVT.PR.R. Auctoritas provinciae Ro manorum. B. Balbius, Balbus, Beatus, Bene, Beneficiarius, Beneficium, Bonus, Brutus, Bustum. B. for V. Berna, Bivus, Bixit. B.A. Bixit annos, Bonis auguriis, Bonus amabilis. BB. or B.B. Bene, bene, i.e., optime, Optimus. B.D. Bonae deae, Bonum datum. B.DD. Bonis deabus. B.D.S.M. Bene de se merenti. B.F. Bona femina, Bona fides, Bona fortuna, Bonum factum. B.F. Bona femina, Bona filia. B.H. Bona hereditaria, Bonorum heres. B.I. Bonum judicium. B.I.I. Boni judicis, judicium. B.M. Beatae memoriae, Bene merenti. B.N. Bona nostra, Bonum nomen. BN.H.I.. Bona hie invenies. B.P. Bona paterna, Bonorum potes- tas, Bonum publicum. B.Q. Bene quiescat, Bona quaesita. B.RP.N. Bono reipublicae natus. BRT. Britannicus. B.T. Bonorum tutor, Brevi tempore. B.V. Bene vale, Bene vixit, Bonus vir. B.V.V. Balnea vina Venus. BX. Bixit, for vixit. C. Caesar, Caius, Caput, Causa, Cen- sor, Civis, Cohors, Colonia, Comiti- alis (dies), Condemno, Consul, Cum, Curo, Custos. C. Caia, Centuria, Cum, the prefix Con. C.B. Civis bonus, Commune bonum, Conjugi benemerenti, Cui bono. C.C. Calumniae causa, Causa cognita, Conjugi carissimae, Consilium cepit, Curiae consulto. C.C.C. Calumniae cavendae causa. C.C.F. Caesar (or Caius) curavit faciendum, Caius Caii filius. Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations CC.W. Clarissimi viri. CD. Csesaris decreto, Caius Decius, Comitialibus diebus. CES. Censor, Censores. CESS. Cen- sores. C.F. Causa fiduciae, Conjugi fecit, Curavit faciendum. C.H. Custos heredum, Custos hortor- um. C.I. Caius Julius, Consul j ussit, Cura- vit judex. CL. Clarissimus, Claudius, Clodius, Colonia. CL.V. Clarissimus vir, Clypeum vovit. CM. Caius Marius, Causa mortis. CN. Cnaeus. COH. Coheres, Conors. COL. Collega, Collegium, Colonia, Columna. COLL. Collega, Coloni, Coloniae. COM. Comes, Comitium, Compara- tum. CON. Conjux, Consensus, ConsiKar- ius, Consul, Consularis. COR. Cornelia (tribus), Cornelius, Corona, Corpus. COS. Consiliarius, Consul, Consul- ares. COSS. Consules. CP. Carissimus or Clarissimus puer, Civis publicus, Curavit ponendum. C.R. Caius Rufus, Civis Romanus, Curavit reficiendum. CS. Caesar, Communis, Consul. CV. Claeissimus or Consularis vir. CVR. Cura, Curator, Curavit, Curia. D. Dat, .Dedit, &c, De, Decimus, Decius, Decretum, Decurio, Deus Dicit, &c, Dies, Divus, Dominus, Domus, Donum. D.C. Decurio colonise, Diebus comi- tialibus, Divus Caesar. D.D. Dea Dia, Decurionum decreto, Dedicavit, Deo dedit, Dono dedit. D.D.D. Datum decreto decurionum, Dono dedit dedicavit. D.E.R. Deeare. DES. Designatus. D.I. Dedit imperator, Diis irnmorta- libus, Diis inferis, D.I.M. Deo invicto Mithrae, Diis inferis Manibus. D.M. Deo Magno, Dignus Memoria, Diis Manibus, Dolo Malo. D.O.M. Deo Optimo Maximo. D.P.S. Dedit proprio sumptu, Deo perpetuo sacrum, De pecunia sua. E. Ejus, Eques, Erexit, Ergo, Est, Et, Et am, Ex. EG. iEger, Egit, Egregius. E.M. Egregiae memoriae, Ejusmodi, Erexit monumentum. EQ.M. Equitum magister. E.R.A. Ea res agitur. F. Fabius, Facere, Fecit, &c, Familia, Fastus (dies), Felix, Femina, Fides, Filius, Flamen, Fortuna, Frater, Fuit, Functus. F.C. Faciendum curavit, Fidei com- missum, Fiduciae causa. F.D. Fidem dedit, Flamen Dialis, Fraude donavit. F.F.F. Ferro flamma fame, Fortior fortuna fato. FL. Filius, Flamen, Flaminius, Flav- ius. .F.L. Favete, linguis, Fecit libens, Felix liber. FR. Forum Fronte, Frumentarius. F.R. Forum Romanum. G. Gaius (=Caius), Gallia, Gaudium, Gellius, Gemina, Gens, Gesta, Gratia. G.F. Gemina fidelis (applied to a legion). So G.P.F. Gemina pia fidelis*. GL. Gloria. GN. Genius, "Gens, Genus, Gnaeus (= Cnaeus). G.P.R. Genio populi Romani. H. Habet, Heres, Hie, Homo, Honor, Hora. HER. Heres, Herennius. HER. and HERC Hercules. H.L. Hac lege, Hoc loco, Honesto loco. H.M. Hoc monumentum, Honesta mulier, Hora mala. H.S.E. Hie sepultus est, Hie situs - H.V. Haec urbs, Hie vivit, Honeste visit, Honestus vir. I. Immortalis, Imperator, In, Infra, Inter, Invictus, Ipse, Isis, Judex, Julius, Junius, Jupiter, Justus. IA. Jam, Intra. I.C Julius Caesar, Juris Consultum, Jus civile. ID. Idem, Idus, Interdum. I.D. Inferis diis, Jovi dedicatum, Jus dicendum, Jussu Dei. Die. 65 833 Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations t.D.M. Jovi deo magno. I.F. In foro, In fronte. I.H. Jacet hie, In honestatem, Justus homo. IM. Imago, Immortalis, Immunis, Impensa. IMP. Imperator, Imperium. I.O.M. Jovi optimo maximo. I. P. In publico, Intra provinciam, Justa persona. I.S.V.P. Impensa sua vivus posuit. K. Kaeso, Cai, Calumnia, Caput, Carus, Castra. K., KAL., and KL. Kalendse. L. Laelius, Legio, Lex, Libens, Liber, Libra, Locus, Lollius, Lucius, Ludus. LB. Libens, Liberi, Libertus. L.D.D.D. Locus datus decreto decur- . ionum. LEG. Legatus, Legio. LIB. Liber, Liberalitas, Libertas, Libertus, Librarius. LL. Leges, Libentissime, Liberti. L.M. Libens merito, Locus monumenti. L.S. Laribus sacrum, Libens solvit, Locus sacer. LVD. Ludus. LV.P.F. Ludos publicos fecit M. M agister, Magistratus, Magnus, Manes, Marcus, Marius, Marti, Mater, Memoria, Mensis, Miles, Monumentum, Mortuus, Mucius, Mulier. M'. Manius. M.D. Magno Deo, Manibus diis, Matri deum, Merenti dedit. MES, Mensis. MESS, Menses. M.F. Mala fides, Marci films, Monu- mentum fecit. M.I. Matri Idaeae, Matri Isidi, Maxi- mo Jovi. MNT. and MON. Moneta. M.P. Male positus, Monumentum posuit. M.S. Manibus sacrum, Memorise sacrum, Manuscriptum. pium; so MVN. Municeps, or municilC. also MN., MV., and MVN, Merito M.V«S. Marti ultori sacrum votum solvit. N. Natio, Natus, Nefastus (dies), Nepos, Neptunus, Nero, Nomen, Non, Nonse, Noster, Novus, Numen, Numerius, Numerus, Nummus. NEP. Nepos, Neptunus. N.F.C. Nostras fidei commissum. N.L. Non licet, Non liquet, Non longe. N.M.V. Nobilis memoriae vir. NN. Nostri. NN., NNO., and NNR. Nostrorum. NOB. Nobilis. NOB., NOBR., and NOV. Novembris. N.P. Nefastus primo {i.e., priore parte diei), Non potest. O. Ob, Ofncium, Omnis, Oportet, Optimus, Opus, Ossa. OB. Obiit, Obiter, Orbis. O.C.S. Ob cives servatos. O.H.F. Omnibus honoribus functus. O.H.S.S. Ossa hie sita sunt. OR. Hora, Ordo, Ornamentum. O.T.B.Q. Ossa tua bene quiescant. P. Pars, Passus, Pater, Patronus, Pax, Perpetuus, Pes, Pius, Plebs, Pondo, Populus, Post, Posuit, Praeses, Prae- tor, Primus Pro, Provincia, Publi- cus, Publius, Puer. P.C. Pactum conventum, Patres con- scripti, Pecunia constituta, Ponen- dum curavit, Post consultatum, Potestate censoria. P.F. Pia fidelis, Pius felix, Promissa fides, Publii filius. P.M. _ Piae memoriae, Plus minus, Pontifex maximus. P.P. Pater patratus, Pater patriae, Pecunia publica, Praepositus, Primi- pilus, Propraetor. PR. Praeses, Praetor, Pridie, Princeps. P.R. Permissu reipublicae, Populus Romanus. P.R.C. Post Romam conditam. PR. PR. Praefectus praetorii, Proprae- tor. P.S. Pecunia sua, Plebiscitum, Pro- prio sumptu, Publicae saluti. P.V. Pia victrix, Praefectus urbi, Praestantissimus vir. Q. Quaestor, Quando, Quantus, Que, Qui, Quinquennalis, Quintus, Quiri- tes. Q.D.R. Qua de re. Q.I.S.S. Quae infra scripta sunt; so Q.S.S.S. Quae supra, &c. QQ. Quaecumque, Quinquennalis, Quoque. Q.R. Quaestor reipublicae. R. Recte, Res, Respublica, Retro f 834 -•-- Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations Rex, Ripa, Roma, Romanus, Rufus, Rursus. R.C. Romana civitas, Romanus civis. RESP. and RP. Respublica. RET.P. and RP. Retro pedes. S* Sacrum, Scriptus, Semis, Senatus, Sepultus, Servius, Servus, Sextus, Sibi, Sine, Situs, Solus, Solvit, Sub, Suus. SAC. Sacerdos, Sacrificium, Sacrum. S.C. Senatus consultum. S.D. Sacrum diis, Salutem dicit, Senatus decreto, Sententiam dedit. S.D.M. Sacrum diis Manibus, Sine dolo malo. SER. Servius, Servus. S.E.T.L. Sit ei terra levis. SN. Senatus, Sententia, Sine. S.P. Sacerdos perpetua, Sine pecunia, Sua pecunia. S.P.QR. Senatus populusqUe Ro- manus. S.S._ Sanctissimus senatus, Supra scriptum. S.V.B.E.E.Q.V. Si vales bene est, ego quidem valeo. T. Terminus, Testamentum, Titus, Tribunus, Tu, Turma, Tutor. TB., TL, and TIB. Tiberius. TB., TR., and TRB. Tribunus. T.F. Testamentum fecit, Titi filius, Titulum fecit, Titus, Flavius. TM. Terminus, Testamentum, Ther- mae. T.P. Terminum posuit, Tribunicia potestate, Tribunus plebis. TVL. Tullius, Tullus. V. Urbs, Usus, Uxor, Vale, Verba, Vestalis, Vester, Vir, Vivus, Vixit, Volo, Votum. V.A. Veterano assignatus, Vixit an- nos. V.C. Vale «onjux, Vir clarissimus, Vir consularis. V.E. Verum etiam, Vir egregius, Visum est. V.F. Usus fructus, Verba fecit, Vivus fecit. V.P. Urbis prsefectus, Vir perfectissi- mus, Vivus posuit. V.R. Urbs Roma, Uti rogas, Votum eddidit. 835 DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE AND LAW a, capital A endorsed on the face of an account or document may mean audited, accepted, or approved. Small a, written @, means at, as, 10 yds. @ 14 cts. al, of first quality. Used technically in shipping, but applied to other matters. The mark originated with the English Lloyds, who rate vessels Al, A2, and so down. In the American system the registry de- scends from A by fractions, Al, AIM, Aiy 2 , Alfi, A2. abandonment, in marine insurance, the abandonment of property in- sured to the insurers. abatement, amount deducted from a brll for any cause; a discount; removal of a nuisance. abator, one who removes a nuisance. abeyance, held in suspense, as an unsettled estate. abstract, abridgment or epitome of a deed or other document. acceptance, agreement by the drawee of negotiable paper to pay the same. Agreement to terms offered. acceptance supra protest, agree- ment to pay a note or bill after it has been protested, for the honor of the maker or an indorser. acceptor, he who by his signature makes acceptance. accession, acquiring property at- tached as an incident. accessory, one who instigates, en- courages or aids in the offense of another. accommodation paper, notes or bills not representing an actual sale or trade transaction, but merely drawn to be discounted for the benefit of drawer, acceptor or in- dorsers, or all combined. accord and satisfaction, offer and acceptance of one thing in place of another due. account, a statement of sums and amounts due from one person to another and their offsets, - arising from mutual transactions. Sum- mary of debits and credits. accountant, an expert in examining books. account current, a running account for a certain period, showing what is due at the present time. account sales, the account of a broker or commission agent, show- ing amount and rate of sales, ex- penses of freight, commission, etc., and net amount due the principal. accretion, gradual increasje of land through natural causes. accroach, to attempt to use power without authority. accrue, to increase, to be due profits. acknowledgment, a receipt, law, admission of facts. acquittance, a written receipt in full, or discharge from all claims. act, a formal writing expressing what has been done, as, an act of Con- gress, an act of bankruptcy. actionaire [Fr.], the holder of shares in a stock company. actuary, officer of a life insurance company; expert in vital statistics and annuities. act of God, a cause of injury not to be prevented by human means. adjustment, settlement of claims in marine or fire insurance. Deter- mining amount of loss and liability. In accounts, the settling of a dis- puted account. admiralty court, a court having jurisdiction in maritime matters. ad valorem [Lat.], according to the value. ad valorem duties, duties levied on as In 836 Dictionary of Commerce and Law goods according to value; not by aliquot part, a number contained quantity, weight or measure. Op- within a larger number an exact posed to specific duties. number of times. administer, to settle an estate as allegation, rule for obtaining the administrator or executor. . proportion of ingredients ia making administrator, one who has charge mixtures, and the value of such of the estate of a man dying without mixtures. a will, or appointed in place of an allonge [Fr.], a paper pasted on a executor. note or bill of exchange to allow advance, increase in value. more indorsements than the bill advances, money paid before goods has room for. are delivered to buyer, or sold by allegiance, obedience and support broker. due to the government. adventure, shipment of goods on allotment ticket, order for pay- shipper's own account. Merchants ment of wages to seaman's family keep a debit and credit account with at stated intervals during the voy- each enterprise, as, Adventure to age. Rio Janeiro. allow, to yield to another's profit; to adventure, bill of, writing signed concede; to discount. by master of ship which carries allowance, deduction from gross goods at the owner's risk. weight or amount. Sailor's rations. adventure in co., shipment of goods alloy [Fr., a la loi.], baser metal in- at joint risk of shipper and consignee. troduced in coinage; the union of adverse possession, possession of real property avowedly contrary to the claim of another person. advice, mercantile information sent by letter, called letter of advice. affiant, one who makes an affidavit. affidavit, declaration under oath. affiliation nity different metals. Neither of the precious metals is used in absolute purity in coinage. Gold is alloyed with silver or copper; silver, with nickel, brass, or copper. The pro- portion of alloy differs in different countries, establishment of pater- alluvion, gradual increase of the shore of a stream. affinity, connection resulting from amotion, a turning away or removal. marriage. amount gross, the total sum or affreightment, the act of hiring a aggregate. ship for transportation of goods. amount net, total sum less proper agent, one who acts for another. deduction for expenses, discount, or aggravation, in law, something en- charges. hancing crime or increasing damages, ancestor, in law, embraces collat- agio [Ital.], difference in value be- erals as well as lineals. tween bank notes and gold, or be- anchorage, a spot near shore where tween one kind of paper money and ships are in safety. Holding ground. another. agiotage, speculation on fluctuation of public securities. agrarian, relating to land. agreement, a contract. Literally, the meeting of minds. alias [Lat.], a second or assumed name. ancient writings, deeds thirty years old may be admitted to evidence without proof. anker, a foreign measure of about ten gallons. annex, to take permanently, as to annex territory; fixtures are an- nexed to the freehold. alien, one of foreign birth and alle- annuity, a sum paid yearly or at giance. stated intervals. alimony, in divorce law, provision answer, to be responsible for; to for support of a wife. reply. 837 Dictionary of Commerce and Law antedate, to date beforehand. application, in insurance, the first step in obtaining a policy. appellate jurisdiction, courts hav- ing power to review decisions of lower courts. apply, to dispose of in a particular manner, as, to apply funds in pay- ment of a note. appraisement, ascertaining the value of goods or property. appraiser, he who appraises. In par- ticular, an officer of government who ascertains the value of dutiable goods. appreciate, to rise in value. apprentice, a minor bound out to learn a trade. apprize, another form of appraise. appropriation, setting apart for a specific purpose. Government grant of money. appurtenance, something incidental to another. arbitration, settlement of disputed claims or accounts by arbitrators. arbitrators, disinterested parties called in to settle disputes. arbitration of exchanges, com- parison of currency of intermediate places, to discover whether it is more profitable to forward money directly or indirectly. archives, state papers, records, char- ters, and other important docu- ments. article, a single piece of goods; a division of a document or contract. arson, the malicious burning of an- other's house. articles of partnership, the contract between the parties. articles of war, rules for the govern- ment of army and navy. assay, to test the purity of precious metals. assess, to levy a tax or share of ex- penses. assets, funds of an individual, firm, or corporation; resources; opposed to liabilities. assignats, paper money of France after the Revolution, never redeemed. assignee, a person to whom an as- signment is made; trustee for the creditors of a bankrupt estate. assignment, conditional transfer of property for safe keeping, or ad- justment. assignor, one who transfers his prop- erty to assignees for the benefit of creditors or for other reasons. assizes [Eng.l, a criminal court for jury trials held from place to place. association, a body of men; a stock company; a society. assortment, a quantity of goods varying in form, color, style, size, or price. assumpsit, an action to recover damages for breach of contract. assurance, nearly synonymous with insurance; an agreement to pay on a contingency sure to occur. attachment, a seizure of property or person by order of the court, to be held until the cause is decided. attest, to witness by signature a document or judicial act. attorney, * an agent ; an officer of the court; a counselor. attorney, power of, written au- thority for one person to act for another. attorney general, the chief law officer of the government. attorn, to agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted. auction, public sale to highest bidder. auctioneer, a person licensed to sell by auction. audit, to scrutinize accounts and vouchers. auditor, one authorized to examine accounts; an officer of the United States Treasury. aver, to assert formally. average, the mean value; medium quality; a fair sample. average, general, in marine insur- ance, a proportionate contribution levied on ship and goods to cover necessary sacrifice of a par*,. average, particular, partial damage of ship alone, or of cargo alone, arising from ordinary wear and tear or mishaps. Dictionary of Commerce and Law average, petty, small charges, such as pilotage, port charges, and the like, borne in part by ship and part by cargo. average of payments, method of finding the time when payment may be made of several sums due at dif- ferent dates without loss to either party. avoid, in law, to nullify. avulsion, lands torn by the current from one estate and added to an- other. B bail, a surety for appearance; the amount pledged. bailments, in law of contracts, de- livery of goods for some purpose. balance, difference necessary to make debit and credit sides of an account equal; weighing scales. balance account, an account made up of balances of different accounts; a brief summary of the state of a business. oalance sheet, a paper giving a summary and balance of accounts. balance of trade, difference in value between total exports and imports of a country, ballast, weight used to steady a ship; in balance, loaded with ballast instead of cargo. bale, a package of goods or produce. banco, difference between bank value and current value of money. bank, an institution for deposit, dis- count, and circulation, i bankable, capable of passing at par at a bank. bankbook, passbook of a bank, showing state of depositor's account. bank hours, usually from 9 or 10 a. m. to 3 p. m. banker, a dealer in money; one entrusted with funds by others. bankrupt, one unable to meet his business liabilities; the word liter- ally means broken up. bank stock, shares in a banking company; paid up capital of a bank divided into shares. bar, a final defense; profession of law. bargain, an agreement of sale; an advantageous commercial transac- tion. barque or bark, a three-masltd ves- sel, rigged square as to fore and main masts, and "fore and aft" as to mizzen mast. barratry, in shipping, any wilful breach of duty or trust by master or crew, as against owners or insurers; in common law, malicious stirring up of litigation. barrel, a measure of capacity, con- taining 313^ gallons, wine measure; 36 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, ale measure. barrel bulk, in freight measure- ment, 5 cubic feet. barrister, English name for a lawyer who practices in the courts. barter, to exchange one kind of goods for another. base court, an inferior court, not one of record. bazaar [Turk.], place of trade; specially applied to shops for sale of fancy articles. beacon, general word for light-house or light-ship. bear, in stock exchange slang, one who strives to depress the price of stocks. bearer, he who holds and presents for payment a note, bill, check, or draft. bearer, payable to, negotiable paper so drawn need not be indorsed. bench warrant, one issued by a superior court judge. bill, a statement of accounts due; general term for all negotiable paper. bill book, in bookkeeping, the ac- count kept of all notes, drafts and bills of exchange. billhead, a printed form of bills, with business address at the top. bill of discovery, * application to equity court to compel disclosure of facts. bill of entry, a bill of goods entered at the custom-house. bill of exceptions, a written list of e xceptions to a court's decisions. Dictionary of Commerce and Law bond creditor, a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. bond debt, .& debt contracted under obligation of a bond. bonded goods, goods on which bonds instead of cash have been given for import duties. bonded warehouse, buildings owned by persons approved of by the Secretary of the Treasury, and who have given bonds or guarantee for the strict observance of the revenue laws; used for storing imported merchandise until the duties are paid or the goods re-shipped with- out entry. bondsman, one who gives security for the payment of money, perform- ance of an act, or integrity of an- other. bonus, additional money paid beyond interest; extra profits. accounts charged on bill of exchange, a written order from one person to another, ordering or requesting him to pay a certain sum of money to a third person at a given date. bill, domestic or inland, a bill of exchange payable in the country where drawn. bill, foreign, a bill of exchange pay- able in a foreign country; usually drawn in duplicate or triplicate. bill of lading, a receipt given by a ship's master for goods received for carriage, promising to deliver the same at a certain time and place, dangers of the sea excepted: four copies are usually made, one for master, one for shipper, one to be sent in ship to consignee, the fourth sent by some other ship. bill of parcels, sometimes used for invoice. bill of particulars, specification of book debts, demands for which an action is the books. brought. bill of sale, a contract under seal for the sale of goods. bill of sight, a form of custom-house entry, allowing consignee to see goods before paying duty. bills payable, notes and bills issued in favor of other parties by a mer- chant. bills receivable, notes and bills made by others and payable to ourselves. blank credit, permission to draw money on account, no sum being specified. bona fide [Lat.], in good faith. blackmail, extortion of money by threats. blockading, obstructing an enemy's ports. board of trade, about equivalent to chamber of commerce or merchants' exchange; an association of business men to regulate matters of trade and further their interests, and for the settlement of differences be- tween its members. bond, a legal document by which a person binds himself to pay money breadstuffs or do something under penalty of or meal. paying a sum fixed. breakage, allowance 840 bookkeeper, one who keeps mer- cantile accounts. bookkeeping, single entry, that system of bookkeeping which re- quires only one entry for a single transaction. bookkeeping, double entry, the system of bookkeeping which re- quires for every transaction two en- tries, one on the debit and one on the credit side. borough, an incorporated town or village. bottomry bond, the mortgage of a vessel for sums advanced for the use of the ship. bought and sold notes, notes given by a broker to the seller and buyer respectively. bounty, a bonus or premium given to encourage trade. brand, literally a mark of designa- tion made by a hot iron; any trade- mark, device, or name; the par- ticular quality of a class of goods. breach of trust, violation of his duty by a trustee. any kind of grain, corn, made by a Dictionary of Commerce and Law shipper for loss by the destruction of fragile wares. breaking in, such violence as is necessary to constitute burglary. breaking bulk, opening packages of goods in transit. brief, a concise summary or state- ment of a case. broker, an agent or factor; a middle- man paid by commission; the most common are bill, exchange, insurance, produce, ship, and stock brokers. bull, stock exchange slang for a broker or dealer who believes that the value of stocks will rise and speculates for a rise, "goes long" on a stock. bullion, uncoined gold or silver. burden of proof, obligation of a party asserting a fact to prove it. burglary, at common law, breaking into a house in the night time with felonious intent. bushel, a cylindrical measure, 18 V2 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep inside; its capacity is 2,150 42-100 cubic inches. by-law, local or restricted municipal regulations. cabinet, advisory council of a sov- ereign or president. calculate, to determine by reckon- ing; to adjust by comparison. call, demand for payment of install- ments due on stock. cancel, to annul or erase; often done by stamp or punch. canon, a precept of ecclesiastical law. capias, writ commanding sheriff to take defendant or a witness into custody. capital, money invested in business; amount of assets. capitalist, one having money to invest; a wealthy man. capital offense, one punishable by death. capital stock, the aggregate amount invested in a stock company; total value of stock at par. capitation, tax levied by polls. carat, a measure of weight for gold and precious stones. cargo, merchandise laden on a ship for transportation. carrier, one who carries good? for another. cartage, the amount due for carting goods. carte blanche [Fr.], literally white paper; free or full powers. case, a box for holding goods or merchandise; at law, an action or suit. case, action on the, a common law form of action. cash, ready money; gold, silver, bank-notes; checks and drafts are usually included. cash-book, a book of entry for money paid in and out. cashier, one who has charge of money ; a bank officer. cassation [Fr.], act of annulling; reversal. cash sales, sales for cash. caveat, formal notice not to inter- fere with one's rights. certificate, a written voucher, as, a certificate of deposit, a stock-cer- tificate. certified check, one accepted by the bank on which it is drawn as good. chamber of commerce, an asso- ciation of merchants for the encour- agement of trade. charter, a grant by a state em- powering a corporated association to do business. charter-party, a written contract for the hire of a vessel for a given voyage. check, an order on a bank for pay- me'nt of money on demand to bearer or the order of some person. check-book, a printed book of blank checks. check-clerk, one who examines ac- counts of other clerks; a bank clerk who enters up checks. choses in action, personal prop- erty for which the right of action exists, but which has not been re- duced to possession. 841 Everyday Terms in Commerce and Law circular, a printed letter of adver- tisement. consols, government securities England, paying three per cent. of circular note, a note or bill issued consul, a representative of one by bankers for the accommodation of travelers, calling upon correspon- dents at different places to pay money on demand. clearance, a custom house certificate that a ship is free to leave. clearing, 1. Entering a ship at the country in a port of another to pro- tect trade interests and the rights of seamen and other citizens. consulage, duty paid by merchants for protection of commeree abroad. contraband, prohibited goods or merchandise; smuggled goods, custom house and obtaining clear- contraband of war, goods which ance. 2. In banking, exchange of neutral ships are forbidden to carry checks and settling balances at the to belligerents; as munitions or arms, clearing house. contract, an agreement; a bargain. clearing house, a banking exchange contractor, one who engages to do for daily settlements. certain work or furnish goods at c.o.d,, collect on delivery; method of fixed rates; a public supply agent. payment for goods sent by express. collateral, in law of descent, that which is not lineal; a grandson is of lineal, a nephew of collateral descent. collateral security, a secondary conveyance, a written instrument by which property is transferred; a deed. cooperage, charge for putting hoops on casks or barrels. security to be available if the chief copying-press, an instrument for security fail. taking impressions from damp paper. collector, one authorized to receive corner, in stock and grain broker's slang, the buying up of a large quantity of stock or grain to raise the price. commission, an agent's percentage corporation, a body of business money for another; chief officer of a custom house. extended trade or traffic. commerce, for transacting business commission broker, one who buys or sells on commission. commissioner of deeds, an attor- ney or notary authorized to take counting room acknowledgment of deeds in a for- ness office eign state. common carrier, a public con- veyer of goods or passengers. common law, unwritten law, as dis- tinguished from written or statute law. company, an association in busi- ness; a joint stock concern. compound interest, interest on both principal and interest. composition, a payment by a debtor of a percentage of his debts as settle- ment in full. consideration, value received; a bonus. men authorized by law to transact certain business. counter-entry, an entry in a con- trary sense. a merchant's busi- coupon [Fr.], a certificate of in- terest attached to bonds or stock, to be cut off when due. court of equity, one having a chancery or equity jurisdiction; not limited by the common law. cr., abbreviation for credit; the cr. side of an account is on the right hand. credit, in bookkeeping, value re- ceived or transferred from the party; opposite of debit; financial standing; power to obtain loans. creditor, one to whom money or value is due. consignee, one to whom goods are credit mobilier, an association in- sent, tending to buy up and conduct consignment, goods sent to an railroads or other companies on lim- agent to be sold. ited liability principles; in this 842 Dictionary of Commerce and Law SS^iUK-r 11108 * n ° ted Wa f the demand > claim for payment. SdficS^ad C ° mpany ° f the de ™f ra 2<7 forfeit money for d curbstone broker, a broker not a member of the regular stock ex- change. currency, the circulating medium of a country. current, passing freely; now run- ning, as, current accounts. tention of vessels beyond the time allowed by a charter-party. deposit, money left with a bank subject to order; payment on ac- count. depot, a place of storage or ware house; improperly used of a rail- way station. customs, taxes on goods exported derelict, ship or cargo abandoned or imported. at sea . custom house, a place appointed deterioration, lessening in value to receive customs. deviation, the departure of a ship custom house entry, a statement from her regular course to stop at made and fees paid in clearing a other ports. S ^P- directors, the managers of a stock customary law, practices which company. have become law through the long discharge, to pay a debt; to unload usage of the mercantile world. a ship. ^ discount, a sum thrown off the amount of a note or bill; a deduc- tion; to discount is to lend money on bills after deducting the interest. discount broker, one who lends money on notes or bills. dissolution, breaking up of a part- nership, days allowed for payment of' notes dividend, payment of the profits of damages, compensation for injury received. date, day of the month and year. day-book, a book for recording daily transactions. days of grace, in some States, three or bills after the time specified. In some other countries more than three are allowed. a joint stock concern, -pro rata, pro- portional payment to creditors out of a bankrupt estate. for the use of a dock. docket, a ticket or mark on goods showing measurement or destina- tion; a list of cases before a court. debase, to lessen in value; as, a dockage or dock dues, charges debased coinage. debenture, a custom house certi- ficate entitling an exporter to a drawback on duties paid. debit, to make debtor; opposite of donee, one to whom something is credit; a charge entered. given. debtor, one who owes; opposite of draft, an order to pay money; a creditor. % rough copy of a writing; a deduc- decimal, a tenth part; by tenths. tion from gross weight of goods; declined, decreased in value. . number of feet which a ship sinks deed, a sealed legal instrument, in the water. transferring property, usually land, draw, to make a draft; to call for default, failure to pay. funds. defendant, in law, the one against drawback, an allowance or return whom a claim or charge is made. of duties paid at the custom house. deficit, a lack of funds to balance drawer, the maker of a draft or bill accounts. of exchange. del credere [Ital.], extra commission drawee, the one on whom a draft given an agent in consideration of or bill is drawn. his warranting the solvency of the drayage, charges on goods hauled purchaser. by a dray; cartage. 843 Dictionary of Commerce and Law drummer, one who solicits custom equity, a branch of jurisprudence for a merchant by showing samples. distinct from the common law. dry goods, commercial name for equity of redemption, privilege textile fabrics. allowed to a mortgagor to redeem due, owing; that which is owed. property within a given time. due bill, a written acknowlegment estoppel, preclusion of a person of debt, not negotiable. from asserting a fact or doing an dun, to demand payment. act inconsistent with previous acts dunnage, loose articles of a cargo; or declarations. loose material laid on the bottom examiner, a custom house officer who compares goods with invoices. exchange, place where merchants meet to transact business; percent- age on sale of bills; difference of value between different currencies. exchange broker, one who nego- tiates foreign bills of exchange. exchequer, a treasury; summary of finances. E excise, internal revenue tax. eagle, a gold coin of the United executed, finished; accomplished in of the ship's hold to raise goods and prevent injury by water. duplicate, a copy; a second article of the same kind. duress, confinement; restraint; com- pulsion. duties, taxes levied by a government " on exports or imports. States, value ten dollars. legal form. e. e., abbrevaition for errors excepted, executor, one appointed to carry effects, property; goods on hand: the possessions of a firm. ejectment, dispossession of houses or land; forcing out. out the provisions of a will executory, to be performed in the future. executrix, feminine form of executor. ell, a measure of length, 1 yard, 9 exhibit, voucher or document pre- inches. embargo, order of a government forbidding ships to leave its ports. embark, to enter a ship for a voy- age; to engage in any enterprise. sen ted in court; transcript of ledger balances. export, to send goods to a foreign country. export duty, tax imposed on exports. emporium, a commercial city; a place exporter, one who exports of trade. exports, the goods or merchandise endorse, to transfer notes, bills, or exported. checks by writing one's name on the express, to transmit with celerity, back; to guarantee payment. express company, a corporation endorsee, he in whose favor endorse- engaged in the business of trans- ment is made. endorser, one who endorses. engrosser, one who takes the whole of aline of goods; a forestall er; one who ''corners" the market on com- modities; an ornamental penman. engrossing clerk, a copyist; a copy- ing clerk. entrepot, a place where goods are deposited without paying duty, to await transportation elsewhere; a free port. entry, in bookkeeping, any record made; depositing a ship's papers fac simile [Lat with the custom house. a counterpart. 844 porting goods and money from one place to another more quickly than can be done by sending as ordinary freight. extension, allowance of time for payment to a debtor; carrying out items of a bill or account. e & o. e., "errors and omissions ex- cepted." face, the amount for which a note is drawn. an exact copy; Dictionary of Commerce and Law factor, an agent appointed to sell goods on commission; a consignee. factorage, commissions allowed to factors. facture, an invoice or bill of goods. failure, becoming bankrupt; sus- pension of payment. fair, of average quality; above middling. fall, decrease in price or value. false pretenses, misstatements made with intent to defraud. fancy goods, light fabrics, ribbons, laces, etc. fare, charge for passage. farthing, an English copper coin worth half a cent; an insignificant value. fee, payment; charge of a profes- sional man; a gratuity. fee-simple, in real estate, an abso- lute title; one with no conditions attached. finance, funds; public money; revenue. financier, one skilled in money matters. fire insurance, indemnity against loss by fire. fire policy, the writing by which insurers agree to pay fire insurance. firm, name, style or title of a busi- ness concern; the partners taken collectively. five-forties, United States bonds, issued during the Civil War, redeem- able after five years, payable at not more than forty years after date, bearing 6 per cent interest. five-twenties, United States bonds, redeemable any time after five years, payable twenty years from date, bearing six per cent interest. fixtures, anything of an accessory nature annexed to real estate; that which forms a part of realty. flat, inactive; depressed; dull; flat value of stock and bonds is the value without interest. flotsam, goods thrown inta the sea which swim. f. o. b., "free on board"; transporta- tion and shipping expenses included. footing, amount of a column of figures. forced sale, sale of commodity under compulsion or foreclosure. foreclose, _ to seize property under the conditions of a mortgage. foreign bill, a bill of exchange drawn in one country upon a citizen of another. forestall, to buy up goods before the regular time of sale; to bring about an increase in the price of provisions. forwarder, a merchant or agent who transmits or forwards goods. fractional currency, United States money for sums less than a dollar, chiefly silver coin. franc, French unit of coinage; 100 centimes; value, 18 3-5 cents. franking,, privilege of sending letters free of charge. fraud, in law, any wrongful artifice, device or concealment by which pe- cuniary damage is done to another. free goods, goods admitted without an import tax. free port, a port where ships may load and unload free from duties. free trade, trade not restricted by tariff duties for "protection." freight, sums paid for transportation of merchandise or hire of a ship ; less properly, the goods carried. funded, made into a permanent loan on which interest is paid. funds, ready money; shares in a national debt; public securities. garbles, dust, filth or soil removed from spices, drugs, etc.; to garble is to separate this refuse. garnishment, legal notice attach- ing goods or money of one person in the hands of another. garnishee, the person on whom is served a writ of garnishment or "trustee process," ordering him to appear in court and give informa- tion in regard to the goods of an- other, the original debtor, in his hands. gauge, to measure the contents of a cask; measure or standard. 845 Dictionary of Commerce and Law general order store, a bonded ware- importer, a merchant who imports house to which merchandise not goods. claimed within a certain time is imports, goods brought from a sent under a "general order." foreign country. goods, merchandise; movable prop- impost, government tax on im- erty. ported goods. good will, the interest of an estab- income, total amount of receipts lished business in the way of trade from all sources; yearly gains. and custom. income tax, a government tax of grain, collective name for all cereals. a percentage on the income of indi- great gross, twelve gross; i. e., viduals or corporations. 1,728 articles. indemnification, making good a gross, twelve dozen; total amount; loss; securing one against damages. opposed to net. indemnity, guarantee against loss; gross ton, twenty-two hundred and freedom; compensation for damages forty pounds. suffered. guarantee, the one to whom se- index, names of titles or accounts curity is given or guaranty made. arranged alphabetically. guarantor, one making a guaranty. indorse. See endorse. guaranty, security; an undertaking indulgence, extension of time for that one person will pay money to payment. another or fulfil a contract. inland bill, a bill of exchange or gunny-bags, sacks of coarse material draft drawn upon a person in the used for coffee. same state or country. insolvent, unable to pay outstand- H ing liabilities; bankrupt. instalment, a part payment or part hand, measure of animals' height; delivery of goods. about four inches. instant, of the present month, as, hand-money, money paid to bind the 12th inst. a bargain. insurable interest, such an interest harbor, a place of security for vessels. as will entitle a person to obtain harbor-dues, charges made for use insurance on the life or property of of a harbor. another. harbor-master, an officer having insurance, a contract in which one charge of a harbor. party, the insurer, agrees in con- hogshead, a measure of capacity; sideration of the 'premium, to pay 2 barrels, or 63 gallons; a large a certain sum on the death of the cask. insured or to indemnify him for holder, he in whose possession a loss to property by fire or marine note or bill may be. risks. hollow-ware, trade name for cast insurance broker, one who ne- or wrought iron vessels, kettles, etc. gotiates insurance contracts. honor, to accept and pay a note, interest, money paid for use of draft or bill. money; share in a business or husbandage, compensation paid to venture. a "ship's husband" (q.v.). interest account, in bookkeeping, hypothecate, to pledge as security; a separate account of sums paid and to mortgage chattels. received as interest. internal revenue, government reve- I nue derived from domestic sources. intestate, not disposed of by a immovables, land, houses, and fix- valid will; one who dies without a tures; real estate. will. 846 Dictionary of Commerce and Law in transitu [Lat.], on the road; land, to discharge cargo; to disembark not brought to an end. law, merchant, body of law relating inventory, a list of goods and to mercantile customs. merchandise on hand ; any enumera- law days, days allowed in a charter- tion of articles; a schedule. party for unloading a ship. investment, placing of money in lay down, cost of merchandise, including charges and freight to merchandise and charges business or securities invoice, account of shipped, with prices annexed. invoice book, a book for entering copies of invoices. involved, confused; embarrassed by liabilities. place of shipment. lazaretto [Ital.], a place in quaran- tine where goods are fumigated. leakage, an allowance made for waste by leaking of casks. lease, an agreement for letting lands or tenements for life, a term of years or months, or at will. legal tender, currency or coin which a government has declared shall be received in payment of debts; a formal proffer of money to pay a debt; if refused, the creditor cannot recover. lessee, one to whom a lease is given. jobber, one who buys from importers lessor, one who makes a lease. or manufacturers and sells to re- letter book, that in which copies of tailers; a middleman. letters sent and received are made. job lot, goods left over; an odd letter of advice, one giving notice assortment. of a shipment made, bill drawn, joint stock, that held in company; or other business transaction. stock formed by the union of letter of credit, one authorizing several companies. credit to a certain amount to be joint stock company, a business given to the bearer. association, the capital of which is letter of license, one jettison, throwing goods overboard or cutting away masts and sails to save a vessel. jetsam, goods thrown into the sea which have sunk. represented by shares of stocl joint tenants, those who have not only unity of possession, but also of title and interest, and the survivor takes the whole. journal, an account book intermediate between day-book and ledger by which creditors of an insolvent debtor postpone their claims and allow him to continue trade. letter of marque, commission from a government to a private ship to seize and destroy ships and property of a hostile country. judgment, a judicial decree; decision letters of administration, authori- of a court. ty given to administer an intestate judgment note, one containing a estate, or one in regard to which power of attorney from maker to the executor has refused to act. pavee to confess judgment for the letters patent, a writing executed maker to the extent of face and and sealed, granting power and interest. authority to do some* act, or enjoy jurisdiction, extent of a court's some right. authority as to place, sum, or subject letters testamentary, authority to matter. an executor to act as such, alter probate of will has been made. L liability, that for which one is responsible; debts; obligations. license, permission to trade or act, as liquor license, peddler's license. lame duck, stock-brokers' slang for one unable to meet his liabilities. 847 Dictionary of Commerce and Law lien, a hold or claim on property to secure a debt. lightrage, payment for unloading ^ shis by lighters or boats. liquination, settlement or adjust- met of liabilities. Lloyds*, an old association of Eng- lish marine underwriters (insurers) which formally met at Lloyd's coffee house, London. The com- pany possesses complete records of everything pertaining to marine matters and has a vast correspond- ence. To rate on Lloyd's books as Al is accepted as conclusive evi- dence of excellence. Lloyds' register, a yearly register of tonnage, age, build, character, and condition of ships issued by the Lloyds. loan, money or property furnished for temporary use; a public debt. loan office, an office where loans are negotiated. log-book, a book in which is re- corded the daily progress of a vessel, weather notes, and all incidents. long price, price after duties are paid. longshoremen, laborers who load and unload vessels. M or invoice of a to be manifest, a list ship's cargo and passengers exhibited at custom houses. manifold writer, a contrivance by which several copies may be ob- tained at once; it consists of several sheets covered with a preparation of plumbago. manufactures, articles which have undergone some process; not crude or raw. marine insurance, insurance on vessels and cargo. mark, a letter, figure, or device, by which goods and prices are dis- tinguished; private marks are usu- ally made by selecting a word of ten letters and letting each letter stand for a digit. market, a public place of sale for provisions or other wares. mart, a market; a place of traffic. maturity, time fixed for payment; becoming due. maximum, the highest price or sum. measurement goods, goods on which freight is charged by measure- ment. mercantile agency, a concern which procures and furnishes information as to the financial standing and credit of business firms. mercantile paper, notes or bills issued by merchants for goods bought or consigned. merchant, one who buys and sells goods, generally applied to whole- salers or large dealers. merchantable, fit for market; in sound condition. merchant service, trading ships taken collectively; the management of merchant vessels. merger, absorption of a lesser by a greater debt or obligation. metallic currency, silver, gold, and copper coinage. metric system, a decimal system of weights and measures, first estab- lished in France; now in general use in Europe and growing into use in English-speaking countries. minimum, lowest price; least quan- tity possible. mint, a place for coining money. misfeasance, the doing of a lawful act in an unlawful manner. mitigation, reduction of a penalty or fine; that which in part excuses. mixed fabrics, those composed of more than one kind of fibre, as wool and cotton. money, the measure of value and medium of exchange; strictly speak- ing, money must have intrinsic " value to the amount it represents, as gold or sil ~er; but bank notes and sometimes checks are included. money-broker, one who deals in money. money market, the general system of cash loans; the exchange of different kinds of currency. money order, an order requesting one person to pay money to another; not 848 Dictionary of Commerce and Law negotiable; most commonly used of O post-office orders. monopoly, sole power of dealing in obligation, a duty; a binding en- certain class of goods. gagement; bond with condition an- mortgage, a conditional conveyance nexed. of property, to become void upon on sale, goods left with another fulfillment of the condition, as, person to sell on" account, the payment of a note. • open account, a running or unset- mortgage deed, a deed of the nature tied account. to whom of a mortgage. mortgagee, the person property is mortgaged. mortgagor, one who gives a mort- gage. movables, personal property ^property not fixed. muster, a collection of samples. N opening, the display of a new stock of goods for sale. open policy, in marine insurance, a policy which covers undefined risks. option, permission to choose; in stock-broking, privilege of taking or delivering stock at a given day and price. order, a commission to purchase; directions to pay money or deliver goods. national banks, banks organized order book, that in which orders under the conditions of an act of received are entered. Congress; they can issue bank notes ordinary, a ship in harbor is said to only to the amount of United States be in ordinary; of medium quality, bonds they have deposited in the outstanding accounts, book debts U. S. Treasury. not yet collected. negotiable paper, notes, bills and overdraw, to call for more money drafts which may be transferred than is on deposit. with all their rights by indorsement overdue, applied to a note or draft or assignment. the specified time for payment of negotiations, agreeing upon a mer- which has passed. cantile transaction; making a bar- overt, apparent; manifest; open, gain; fixing a price. net, the clear amount; what remains P after deducting charges and ex penses. net profits, clear profit, after de ducting losses package, a bundle; a parcel; a bale. panic, a monetary pressure; finan- cial crisis. net weight, weight of merchandise paper, negotiable evidence of in- without bag, box, or covering. debtedness. nominal, in name only; very small, paper money, bills of banks or the as, a nominal price. non-feasance, the not doing of what ought to be done;; notary public, a public officer who government passing current as money. parole [Fr.], not written, as, parole evidence. attests or certifies 7 - to acknowledg- par value, the face or nominal value ment of deeds and other papers, protests, notes and bills, etc. notarial seal, seal of a notary pub- lic. note of hand, a written undertaking to pay money at a certain time. note book, a book in which notes of hand are recorded. par of exchange, the value of a unit of one country's coinage expressed in that of another's. partner, an associate in business; member of a partnership. partnership, contract of two or more persons to join money, stock, or skill in trade for mutual benefit. Die. 66 849 Dictionary of Commerce and Law part owner, one of several owners prime, of high quality; superior. of a ship; the relation differs ma- principal, the sum on which interest terially from partnership. is paid. pass book, a book kept by a cus- proceeds, the sum realized by a tomer in which entries of purchases sale. are made; a bank book. procuration, a general letter or passport, a permission from a gov- power of attorney. ernment to travel, with identification produce, farm products of all kinds. and certificate of nationality. profit and loss, an account in which pawnbroker, one who lends money gains and losses are balanced. at interest on security of goods de- promissory note See note. posited. pro rata [Lat.], a proportional dis- payable, justly due; capable of pay- tribution. ment. protective tariff, duty imposed on payee, the person to whose order a imports to encourage manufacturers. note, bill, or draft is to be paid. protest, notice to the sureties of a per cent [Lat.], by the hundred; note that it was not paid at ma- rates of interest, discount, etc. turity or to the drawer of a draft per centage [Lat.], an allowance that acceptance was refused. reckoned by hundredth parts; com- purveyor, one who supplies pro- mission, visions. per contra [Lat.], to the opposite side of an account. Q permit, written authority to remove dutiable goods. quarantine, restraint of intercourse petty cash book, account of small to which a ship is subjected on receipts and expenses. suspicion of infection; the place of policy, the instrument by which the such restraint. contract of insurance is made. quitrent, rent paid by tenant of a port, a harbor for vessels; a com- freehold, discharging him from other mercial city. rent. port of entry, a port where a quotation, current prices of stocks custom house is established for or commodities. the entry of imports. post-date, to date after the real R time. posting, to transfer from day-book real estate, land, houses and fix- or journal to the ledger. tures; all immovable property. post obit, a promise to pay loans rebate, deduction; abatement; dis- after the death of some person. count; giving back part of sum power of attorney, written authority already paid. from one person to another to act receipt, a written acknowledgment for him. of payment. preferred creditor, one whose claims receipt book, a book in which re- a bankrupt debtor elects to settle ceipts are filed. first. receiver, an officer appointed by a premium, a sum beyond par value; court to hold in trust property in the amount paid annually in insur- litigation, or to wind up the affairs ance contracts. of a bankrupt concern. price current, a statement showing recoup, to counterbalance losses by prevailing price of merchandise, gains. stock, or securities. rectification, second distillation of price list, a list of articles with prices alcoholic liquors. attached. register, a ship's paper, issued by 850 Dictionary of Commerce and Law the custom house, stating descrip- set-off, a counter claim or cross debt tion, name, tonnage, nationality, and arising from a different matter from ownership. the one in question. re-insurance, transfer of part of share, interest owned by one of a the contract of insurance from one number; unit of the division of insurer to another. stock. remittance, transfer of funds from ship, technically, a three-masted one party to another renewal, giving a new note for an old one; extension of time. rent, compensation for the use of real estate. rente, a French term equivalent to government annuity. repository, a warehouse or store- house. reprisal, the seizure of ships or prop erty to indemnify for seizure or detention. respondentia bond, a bond for a loan secured by the cargo of a ship. retail, to sell in small quantities. returns, profit on an investment. revenue, income of a state; taxes received. revenue cutter, a small government vessel used in collecting taxes and preventing smuggling square-rigged vessel; commonly used for any large vessel. shipment, quantity of goods dis- patched. shipper, one who dispatches goods by vessel or other conveyance. shipping, collective term for a number of vessels. shipping articles, articles of agree- ment between captain and seamen, unlawful shipping clerk, one who oversees the forwarding of merchandise. ship's husband, one who attends to the requisite repairs of a ship while in port, and does all the other necessary acts preparatory to a voy- age. ship's papers, papers which a ves- sel must carry; register, sea-letter, logbook, bill of health, shipping articles, etc. reversion, right to possess property ship's stores, provisions, fuel, cables, after the happening of some event, extra spars, etc as the death of a person. sale, transfer of property for a con- sideration. salvage, compensation given those who rescue ship or cargo from loss. salvor, one who voluntarily engages in saving a ship or cargo from peril. sample, a small portion of merchan- dise taken as a specimen of quality. sans recours [Fr.], without recourse short, to "sell short" is to sell for future delivery what one has not got in hopes that prices will fall. short exchange, bills of exchange payable at sight or in a few days. shrinkage, reduction in bulk or measurement. sight, the time when a bill is pre- sented to the drawee. sight draft, one payable at sight, i. e., when presented. signature, the name of a person written by himself. sometimes added to an indorsement silent partner, one who furnishes of a note or bill to protect indorser from liability capital but takes no active part in a business. scrip, certificate of stock given before simple interest, interest on prinei- registration seaworthy, fit for a properly equipped. securities, documents right to property. sell, to make a sale; to transfer for consideration. pal alone; not compound, voyage and sinking fund, a fund set apart from revenue to pay a public or corporation debt. smuggling, introducing goods into a country without paying duties. solvent, able to meet all liabilities. securing a 851 Dictionary of Commerce and Law specialty, a written, sealed, and applications for marine or fire in- delivered contract. surance. specie, any kind of coined money. suspend, to fail; to stop payment. specification, a written description «uspense account, an account made and enumeration of particulars. of doubtful balances to ascertain speculation, a business investment probable profit or loss. sutler, one authorized to sell goods out of the ordinary run of trade. stamp duty, law requiring stamps to be affixed to checks and proprie- tary articles. - staple, principal commodity of a country or district. statute law, body of laws estab- lished by legislative enactment; written as opposed to unwritten or common law. sterling, lawful or standard money of Great Britain. stock, shares in the capital of cor- porations; goods on hand. stock broker, one who buys and sells stock on commission. stock exchange, place where shares of stock are bought and sold. stock-holder, one who holds shares of stock. stock jobber, one who speculates in stocks. stoppage in transitu [Lat.], right of seller to stop goods "on their to an army; suttle weight, deducted. weight after tare is tale quale [Lat.], "such as"; used to denote that cargo is presumed to correspond with sample, and that buyer takes the risk of deterioration. tally, keeping account by checking off, tally man, one who receives payment for goods in weekly instalments. tare, allowance in weight or quan- tity jon account of cask, bag, cr covering. Actual tare: when each cask, etc., is weighed. Average tare: when one is weighed as a sample. Estimated tare: when a fixed per- centage is allowed. tariff, rate or list of duties; price list. passage" if purchaser has become teller, officer of a bank who receives insolvent. storage, sums paid for storing goods. storekeeper, officer in charge of a bonded warehouse. stowage, careful arrangement of cargo in a ship. subpoena, a writ commanding a wit- ness to appear in court. subpoena duces tecum, a subpoena requiring witness to bring papers with him. subrogation, putting one thing in place of another; substituting one creditor for another. sundries, unclassified articles. supercargo, an agent who accom- panies cargo to care for and sell it. or pays out money. tenants, those who lease or rent real estate. tenants in common, persons hold- ing the same property in common, i. e., by distinct titles and not as joint tenants. tender, offer to supply money or articles. See legal tender. ten forties. United States Gov- ernment bonds, which could be re- deemed by the government in ten years or allowed to run for forty. tenor, intent, nature, character; sometimes an exact copy. textile fabrics, all woven or piece goods. surety, one who binds himself to pay testator, one who has made a will; money in case another person fails feminine form, testatrix. to pay, to fill a contract, or to serve time bargain, a contract for the with integrity. future sale of stock. -surveyor, agent of an insurance tonnage, the weight a ship will company to examine and report on carry in tons; capacity of a vessel. 852 Dictionary of Commerce and Law tort, a private or civil injury for usance, the time allowed by usage which damages will lie trade, buying and selling; commerce; traffic. trade discount, an allowance made usury, interest beyond th rate, for the payment of a bill of ex- change; it differs greatly in differ- ent countries; any business custom. lawful to dealers in the same line. trade-mark, letters, figures, or de- y vices used on goods and labels which a manufacturer has the sole valid, of force; binding; good in law. right to use. value, to estimate; worth. trade price, that allowed by whole- value received, phrase used in notes salers to retailers. and bills to express a consideration trade sale, an auction by and for the indefinitely. trade; especially of booksellers. vendee, one to whom something is trades-union, a combination of work- sold. i ngmen to protect their own interests . vendor, a seller. traffic, business done; especially vendue, an auction sale. that of a railroad. venture, a mercantile speculation or transshipment, removing goods from investment. one ship or conveyance to another, void, that which is of no legal effect. transportation, conveying goods from voidable, that which may become one place to another. of no legal effect if proper steps are transit duty, tax imposed on goods taken. for passing through a country. traveler, a commercial agent; a drummer. treasury notes, those issued by government and passing current as money. treaty, an agreement or compact between two or more nations. tret, allowance for waste of 4 lbs. voucher, a book, receipt, entry, or other document which establishes the truth of accounts. W one who stores warehouseman, goods for pay. waiver, relinquishment of a legal right or privilege. in 104 lbs., after tare has been warranty, an undertaking that goods deducted. or title are as represented. triplicate, to make three, copies of wastage, loss in handling; shrinkage. a paper; the third copy. waste, refuse material. trustee process, same as garnish- way bill, list of goods given to a ment, (q. v.) . carrier. wharfage, fees paid for use of a wharf. wood acid, pyroligneous acid, dis- tilled from oak, beech, ash and other woods, and used by calico printers. U ullage, what a cask lacks of being full. unclaimed goods, goods in govern ment storehouses unclaimed after woody wool, the wool or wadding three years from importation, or on which duties have not been paid, may be sold at auction. undersell, to sell below the trade price. underwriter, a marine insurer; an individual, not a company. unseaworthy, unfit for a voyage in condition or equipment. unsound, in bad condition; of doubtful solvency. manufactured from pine leaves in Breslau. wootz, a species of steel made in the East Indies from magnetic ore, valuable for edge tools. wreckage, merchandise saved from a wreck. wurris, a powder obtained from the seeds of euphorbia and used as a red dye for silk. 853 DICTIONARY OF EVERYDAY ALLUSIONS Abderite, a scoffer; from Abdera, where Democritus lived. Abraham's bosom, the rest of the blessed dead. Luke xiv. 22. Abyla, one of the "Pillars of Her- cules"; Calpe being the other. academics, the disciples of Plato, so called from the academy. Academy (academia), a gymnasium in the suburbs of Athens, where Plato founded his school, 368 B. C. The academy (as a philosophic school) was divided into the old (by Plato and his disciples); the middle (by Arcesilaos), and the . new (by Carneades) . Academy, the French (Academie Frangaise), one of the five acad- emies constituting the French In- stitute; founded by Richelieu; deals with the French language, and con- sists of 40 members. Acadia, the former name of Nova Scotia. Adams and Liberty, patriotic Ameri- can song, by R. T. Paine, Jr. Adam's apple, caused by a piece of forbidden fruit sticking there. Admirable Crichton, the, James Crichton; Scotch prodigy of the 16th century. Hence a person of great accomplishments. admiral, English admirals were of three kinds according to the color of their flag. Admiral of the Blue, kept the rear in a fight; Admiral of the Red, the center; Admiral of the White, the van. JExxeid, Virgil's epic poem, of which iEneas is the hero. ages. According to Hesiod there were five ages of the world — the golden, the silver, the brazen, the heroic, and the iron. g nus Dei, the Lamb of God. Cake stamped with the figure of a lamb, given out by the Pope on the Sunday after Easter. Alabama, a Confederate privateer built in England, and commanded by Capt. Semmes. After great depredations on American com- merce, she was sunk by the " Kear- sarge," June 19, 1864. Aladdin's Window (to finish), to try to finish something left un- finished by a great man. One window in Aladdin's palace was left for the Sultan to finish, but his treasure gave out. Albany Regency, nickname of a group of Democratic politicians at Albany, N. Y., 1820-54. albino, person with unusually white skin and hair, and red eyes. Albion, England. Said to mean the chalk cliffs. (Albus, white.) Aldine Press, founded by Aldus Manutine, at Venice, 1496. Hence came the famous Aldine editions. Alexandrian Library, founded by Ptolemy Soter, at Alexandria, Egypt. Contained 100,000 volumes. Burned 47 B. C. Alexandrine Age, 323-640, when Alexandria was the seat of the high- est culture. Alhambra, palace and fortress of the Moors at Granada, Spain. All Souls' Day, Nov. 2. Day of prayer for souls in Purgatory. Allah ("The Adorable"), Arabic name of God. Almack's, once a famous London assembly-room where balls were given of the most exclusive, aristo- cratic character. almighty dollar, a phrase from Irving's Creole Village. Alsatia, The Whitefriars (London), refuge for criminals. 854 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions alto-relievo (high relief), figures in marble, etc., eut so as to project one-half or more from the tablet. ambrosia, the food of the gods. amuck, to run amuck, run foul of. Malays, drunk with opium, run about, armed with daggers, shouting "Amuck" (kill). anacreontics, verses in praise of love or wine, after Anacreon. ancient regime, the French Govern- ment before the Revolution. Andersonville Prison, in Georgia. Union soldiers were confined there Aryans, the parents during the Civil War of the United European peoples. States. Angelic Doctor, the. Thomas Aquinas. Angel us, the, a prayer to the Vir- gin, recited thrice a day. Angling, the Father of, Izaak Walton. Annunciation, Day of, festival, Argonauts, the heroes who sailed in the Argo. Argus-eyed , extremely watchful. Juno, jealous of Io, had her watched by the hundred-eyed Argus. Arians, disciples of Arius; main- tained that the Father and Son are distinct beings. Armada, the Spanish, fleet col- lected by Philip of Spain, in 1588, to conquer England. Artesian well, from Artois in France, where they were first dug. of the Indo- Astor 'Library, in New York city, founded by J. J. Astor. Athens, the Modern, 1. Edinburgh. 2. Boston. Augustan Age, the palmiest period of a literature; the best days of Roman literature being under Au- gustus, celebrated March 25th, the day the Auld Reekie (Old Smoky), Edinburgh, angel announced to the Virgin that Scotland. she would bear Our Lord. Avalon, burial place of King Arthur; annus mirabilis (wonderful year), said to be Glastonbury. 1666 Plague, fire of London, and Ayreshire Poet, the, Burns, who English victory over the Dutch. Anthony, Saint, St. Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas. Antoninus, the Wall of, turf entrenchment across Scotland from the Clyde to the Frith of Forth, built by the Romans 140. . Apollo Belvedere, a marble statue of Apollo in the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican at Rome. Appian Way, oldest of the Roman roads, from Rome to Capua. apples of Sodom, lovely fruit, but within full of ashes. arabesque, Moorish (Arabic) pat- terns in decoration. Arcadian, a shepherd; belonging to shepherds. So called from the Greek country Arcadia, a pastoral region. Arch of Triumph, at the west end of the Champs Elysees, Paris, 116 ft. high, 145 wide. Begun by Napoleon. Arctic, the, a Collins steamer, sunk, with great loss of life, in 1854. was born near Ayr, Scotland. Babylonish captivity, the 70 years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon, 608-538 B. C. Baconian philosophy, the inductive philosophy of Lord Bacon. Balmoral Castle, a Scotch castle owned by Queen Victoria. Bank of England, in Threadneedle Street, London. Founded 1694. Sometimes called "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street." Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, from Stratf ord-on-Avon . Barleycorn, John, malt liquor. Barmecide's feast, an illusion. Barmecide asked a starving beggar to dinner, and set empty dishes be- fore him.' (Arabian Nights.) Barnburners, a name once given to radical Democrats. Argo, the ship in which Jason went basilisk, a serpent supposed to "look after the golden fleece. people dead." 855 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions basso-relievo, figures cut on marble, etc., projecting a little. Bastile, French prison and fortress, destroyed by the mob, 1789. Battle of the Books, a satire by Swift on the comparative merits of ancient and modern literature. Battery, the, a park in New York city adjoining the river. Beacon Street, the aristocratic resi- dence street of Boston. Beauty and the Beast, a fairy tale. Beauty lives with the Beast to save her father's life. Beast, disen- chanted by love, is made a handsome prince. bedlam (Bethlehem), a lunatic asjdum. Bee, the Attic, Plato, from his sweet style. Beelzebub, God of flies; a Philistine deity. begging the question, assuming as true what you are to prove. belle France, la (Fair France), a general name of France. Belgravia, fashionable quarter of London. bell the cat. A wise mouse proposed that a bell should be hung upon the cat's neck to apprise the mice of her coming; a young mouse in- quired, "Who will put the bell on?" bell, the passing, rung formerly when persons were djang. beloved disciple, St. John. Benicia Boy, John C. Heenan, the American pugilist, born at Benicia, Cal. Bess, Good Queen, Queen Elizabeth. Biblioth eque Nationale (National Library), at Paris, contains over 1,000,000 books, 150,000 manu- scripts, etc. Billingsgate, coarse language, such as is used by the fishwomen of Bil- lingsgate, the London fish market. black death, a contagious, putrid typhus, which desolated Europe, Asia and Africa in the 14th century. Black Friday, Sept. 26, 1869; financial panic in Wall street, New York. Black Hole, dark cell in Calcutta prison where Surajah Dowlah shut up 146 British soldiers; 23 lived till morning. Black Prince, Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward III. Black Republicans, the Republican party in the United States, from their opposition to the extension of slavery. Blarney stone, in Blarney Castle, near Cork, Ireland. Supposed to impart a flowing tongue to whoever kisses it. Bluebeard, a wife-killing tyrant; a sort of Henry VIII. blue laws, a nickname of early severe New England statutes. bluestocking, a female pedant; so called from a literary society at Venice in 1400, whose members wore blue stockings. Bohemian, an artist or literary man living loosely by his wits. Bois de Boulogne, a Paris promenade. Border, the, the frontiers of Eng- land and Scotland. Border Minstrel, the, Sir Walter Scott. Border States, Maryland, Dela- ware, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri. bourgeoisie, French tradesmen and manufacturers as a class. boulevard, in Paris, a wide street or promenade. Bourse, the Parisian Stock Exchange. Bloody Mary, Queen Mary of Eng- land; so called on account of her bloodthirsty persecution of English Protestants. Bow-bells, a set of bells in St. Mary-le-Bow Church. London. A person "born within sound of Bow- bells" is a cockney. Bowery, the, a New York thorough- fare of the lower classes. boycott, to refuse to have anything to do with. Boycott, an Irish land- lord, was so treated in 1881. Brandy Nose, a nickname of Queen Anne of England. Breeches Bible, an edition in which aprons, in Genesis iii. 7, is rendered "breeches." Bride of the Sea, Venice. Bridge of Sighs, in Venice, Italy. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Connects Doge's palace and state prisons. The condemned passed over it to be executed. British Museum, a famous library and museum of London. Broadway, the principal business street of New York city. Brook Farm, a socialistic commu- nity founded at West Roxbury, Mass., 1841, to carry out the idea of Fourierism. Brother Jonathan, America, an American. Said to be derived from Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, of whom Washington would say, "We must consult Brother Jonathan." buncombe or bunkum, clap-trap eloquence. Said to come from Bun- combe, in North Carolina. A North Carolina member said a fiery speech was not delivered to the house, but to buncombe. Bunker Hill Monument, a granite obelisk on Bunker (once Breed's) Hill, Charlestown, Mass., marking the site of the battle between the British and Americans, June 17, 1775. cachet, lettres de (sealed letters.) Blank warrants with the French King's seal, to free from, or im- prison in the Bastile. Caledonia, a poetical name for Scot- land. Campagna (the country.) The plain around the city of Rome. Carbonari, Italian secret political society, organized in 1820. carmagnole, song and dance in the French Revolution. cartesian philosophy" (Descartes.) "I think, therefore I exist." Castle Garden, former landing-place of immigrants, New York city ; now a grand aquarium. Catacombs, the subterranean burial- places in Alexandria, Egypt; also in Rome. cavalier servente, the escort of a married woman. Cecilia, Saint, a Roman Christian martyr; patroness of music. 85 Celestial Empire, China, whose first emperors were all divinities. Central Park, the great park of New York, city; contains 863 acres. Champs de Mars, a field in Paris for military maneuvers. Champs Elysees, a promenade in Paris, l l /i miles long. Charter Oak, a tree in Hartford, Conn., in which the Colonial Char-- ter was secreted in 1688. Blown down in 1856. chauvinism, narrow-minded brag- gart patriotism; from Chauvin, a character of Scribe's. Cheapside, a great and crowded London thoroughfare. Chestnut Street, the fashionable street of Philadelphia, Pa. Chiltern Hundreds, to accept the, to resign one's seat in Parliament. An English member of Parliament resigns his seat by taking office. Stewardship of the Chiltern Hun- dreds is a sinecure for this purpose. Christ Church, the largest college in the University of Oxford. Cid, the, Don Roderigo Laynez, Count of Bivar; Spanish hero. _ Cincinnati, the, society of American Revolutionary officers. Citizen King, the, Louis Philippe of France. Cockaigne, Land of, an imaginary land of pleasure and laziness. Colossus of Rhodes, a brass statue at Rhodes, 126 feet high. Columbia, poetical name of the United States, from Columbits Column of Vendome (Colonne Vendome), stone pillar in Paris, erected by Napoleon; razed by the Commune in 1871. Confederate States, the 11 states which seceded in 1861, viz., Ala- bama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. Congressional Library, at Washing- ton, largest in United Slates. consols, English public securities at 3 per cent. Copperheads, northern sympathizers Dictionary of Everyday Allusions with the South in the American Civil Defender of the Faith, title given War. by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. of Corncrackers, the, Kentuckians. England. Corn Law Rhymer, the, Ebenezer dies irae (day of wrath), first two Elliott. words of a celebrated medieval Corso (the Course), the chief thor- hymn by Thomas of Celano. oughfare of Rome. Directory, the French, by the Crapaud (a toad) Johnny, a constitution of 1795 the executive Frenchman. The ancient device of French royalty was three toads (subsequently the fleur de lys). credit mobilier, a company au- thorized to do a stock-jobbing busi- Dizzy, ness. The American C. M. in con- raeli power was vested in five directors. It lasted four years only. Dixie, the Land of Dixie, the Southern states. a nickname of Benjamin Dis- Earl of Beaconsfield. nection with the Pacific railroads Doctors' Commons, where the Ec- was famous in 1873. crocodile tears, hypocritical grief. The crocodile was fabled to weep as it ate its victim. Cumberland, a United States vessel clesiastical Court sat in London. doctrinaire, an impracticable poli- tician. First applied to the French Constitutional Monarchists, of whom Guizot was one. sunk by the Confederate ram Mer- Doe, John, fictitious plaintiff in rimac in Hampton Roads, March ejectment; Doe versus Roe. 8, 1862. Went down with colors Doomsday Book, a book containing the value of all English estates in the reign of William the Conqueror. Donnybrook Fair, a once celebrated annual fair near Dublin. Douay Bible, the, the English Bible authorized by the Roman Catholic Church. First published at Douay, France. Downing Street, in London. The official residence of the Prime Min- isters is situated there since the time of Sir Robert Walpole. Drachenfels (Dragon Rock), a cas- tle on a mountain of the same name, high above the Rhine, not far from Bonn. Drury Lane Theater, a London playhouse, opened in 1668. by Charles Darwin in his "Origin Dunciad, a satire on dunces by Pope. of Species;" the different species Colley Cibber is the hero, came from one or a few original Dying Gladiator, an ancient statue forms, present differences being the in the Capitol at Rome, result of development and natural selection. E de profundis (out of the depths), the first two words of the Latin Eastern States, the. Maine, Vermont, version of the 130th Psalm. Sung New Hampshire, Massachusetts, at burials. Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Debatable Ground, land on the ecce homo (behold the man), a famous western border of Scotland, disputed painting by Corregio representing the between Scotland and England. Saviour crowned with thorns. 858 flying, firing a broadside as she sunk. curfew bell, a bell rung at sunset in the time of William I. and II. in England, to order fires and candles to be put out. Damocles' sword, presentiment of evil. Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, invited his flatterer Dam- ocles to a splendid feast, but hung over his head a sword dangling by a single hair. Darby and Joan, an affectionate married couple. From a ballad. Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire, England. A prison of war. Darwinian theory, a theory proposed Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Merovingian dynasty in Ecole Polytechnique (polytechnic of the school), a Parisian school whose France. graduates are given places in the Falernian, a celebrated ancient Ital- public service. ian wine grown at Falernum. El Dorado (the golden), general name Faneuil Hall, in Boston, Mass., first for wealthy country. built in 1742. Revolutionary ora- elephant, seeing the, seeing the tors frequently addressed public world; "life." meetings in it. Elgin marbles, a collection of Greek Farmer George, George III. of sculptures (mainly from the Athen- ian Parthenon), made by Lord Elgin; now in British Museum. Escorial, the, granite palace and mausoleum near Madrid. Eternal City, the, Rome. Eulenspiegel, Tyl, hero of a German story; a vagrant Brunswicker who cuts up all sorts of pranks. eureka (I have found it), a saying attributed to Archimedes when he discovered the way to test the purity of Hiero's crown. Evangelists, symbols of the, Mat- thew has a scroll before him and holds a pen. Mark sits writing, with a winged lion by his side. Luke has a pen and scroll; near him is an ox. John is a young man, behind whom is an eagle. Exclusion, Bill of, a bill which passed the English Commons in 1679, proposing to exclude the Duke of York (afterwards James II) from the throne, because he was a-Roman Catholic. Expounder of the Constitution, the, Daniel Webster. England; so called from his bluff manners, thriftiness, and love of agriculture. Fata Morgana, a mirage observed in the Straits of Messina. Father of His Country, George Washington. Fathers of the Latin Church, Ambrose, of Milan; Augustine, St. Bernard, Hilary, Jerome, Lactantius. Faubourg, St. Antoine, the part of Paris in which the workingmen live. Once the scene of many insurrec- tions and riots. Faubourg, St. Germain, the aris- tocratic residence quarter of Paris, where are the houses of the old no- bility. Fenians, a society of Irishmen or- ganized in the United States in 1865 to make Ireland a republic. Field of the Cloth of Gold, plain in France, where Francis I. met Henry VIII.; so called from the magnificent display made. Fifth Avenue, a celebrated residence street in New York City. Fighting Joe, the American General Joseph Hooker. First Gentleman in Europe, George IV. of England. Five Points, a locality in New York, once famous as the abode of poverty and crime; now greatly changed. Flagellants, religious fanatics of the thirteenth century, who went about naked and scourging themselves. Fleet, the, a famous London prison, taken down in 1845. Fairmount "Park, in Philadelphia, Flowery Kingdom, the, China, Fabian policy, a policy of delay, such as was pursued by Q. Fabius Maximus, called Cunctator, 'The Delayer." Fabius, the American, George Washington. Faerie Queene, a rhymed romance of Edmund Spenser contains nearly 3,000 acres. It was the site of the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Faineants, Les Rois (Do-nothing Kings), nicknames of the last kings where flowers are abundant. Flying Dutchman, a spectre ship seen, in bad weather, about the Cape of Good Hope; supposed to presage bad luck. 859 V Dictionary of Everyday Allusions FCharrleort Sumter, in the h.°e borston, S. C. Here was done the first fighting in thelate Qvil War of the United States. Foui ierism, a system o communism proposed by Charles Fourier. The world was to be divided into "pha- lansteries" of 400 families, who were to live and work in common. freshman, a student in his first year at college. Funk, Peter, a mock auction; a person employed at auction sales in making bids in collusion with the owner of property to be sold. Gadshill, near Rochester, in Kent, England ; famous for Falstaff 's high- way robbery. Charles Dickens lived there. genre painting, one representing domestic rural ordinary scenes. George, St., and the Dragon, St. George, the patron saint of England, is said to have slain in Libya a huge dragon, to which every day a virgin was offered up. gerrymander, to so apportion, geographically, legislative, congres- sional, or other electoral districts, as to give an unfair preponderance to some one political party. Started in Massachusetts, and named after Elbridge Gerry, then governor of the state. Ghetto, the quarter in Rome to which the Jews were formerly re- stricted. Also in many other Euro- pean cities. Ghibelline, in the Middle Ages an adherent of the Holy Roman Empire against the Papacy. Girondists; the Gironde, in the French Revolution the party of mod- erate "constitutional" Republicans. Glencoe, a pass in Argyleshire, Scotland. Here, Feb. 13, 1691, oc- curred the famous massacre of Glen- coe, in which 38 of the McDonalds were murdered by 120 soldiers under Capt. Campbell. Gobelins, a tapestry and carpet manufactory at Paris, founded abouof 1515 by J. Gobelin, a dyer. Godiva, Lady, wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who offered to remit cer- tain exactions to his tenants if she would ride naked through the streets of Coventry. She did so, everybody keeping indoors except one "Peeping Tom," who was struck blind for peeping at her. Golconda, a locality in India con- taining some rich diamond mines. Golden Age, an age of innocence and prosperity. The palmy time of a nation or a literature. Golden Gate, the entrance to the harbor of San Francisco, Cal. Golden Horn, the estuary of the Bosphorus, upon whose banks Con- stantinople is built. Golden House, palace of gold built by Nero in Rome. Gordian knot, a vexed question, an obstacle. Gordius, a Phrygian peasant, when chosen king, conse- crated his wagon to Jupiter, tying the yoke and beam together so that it could not be untied, till Alexan- der, hearing that the untier of the knot should rule over all the East, cut the knot with his sword. Gordon Riots, the, in 1780, at London, under Lord George Gordon, a weak-minded nobleman, to force the repeal of the bill passed by the House of Commons to relieve the Roman Catholics. ' Getham, a name sometimes applied to New York city. Gotham, the Wise Men of, were noted for their folly. Gotham was an English village. Great Commoner, the, William Pitt. Great Duke, the, the Duke of Wellington. Great Eastern, a great steamship, the largest vessel of her time. She was made to carry 1,000 passengers and 5,000 tons of cargo. After 1864 a cable ship and collier. Great Pyramid, the, at Gheezeh, Egypt, was built about 3100 B. C. It is 484 feet high, and contains 577,600 square feet. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions mbacks, United States Treasury 10 tee; so called from their color. sen Isle, the, Ireland, from the reenness of its vegetation; also tiled the Emerald Isle. senwood, a cemetery in Brooklyn, Y.; largest in America, jgorian year, the year as reformed >y Gregory XIII., in 1582.' He took iway 10 days. Gretna Green, a Scotch village, once a famous place for runaway matches. A declaration before witnesses of an intention to marry was formerly sufficient to make a valid marriage in Scotland. Grub Street, a London street, once noted for literary hacks. Guelphs, in medieval Europe the adherents of the Papacy as against the Holy Roman Empire. Guildhall, the London Town hall; the hall of the guilds. gunner's daughter, kissing the, to be flogged. Boys in the English navy, before being flogged, are tied to a gun breech. Gunpowder Plot, the, a plot to blow up the English Parliament in its House, Nov. 5, 1605, with gun- powder. Catesby conceived the scheme, which was to have been carried out by Guy Fawkes. Gyges' ring, a ring which made the wearer invisible. Gyges, a Lydian, found in a brazen horse, in a cavern, a man's corpse, from the finger of which he took a brazen ring which made him invisible. With this ring he went into the chamber of the King of Lydia, whom he murdered and succeeded. H Habeas Corpus Act, the, passed in the time of Charles II. , provides that the body of an accused person must be brought (if he insist) before a judge, and the reason of his confine- ment stated. The judge will then determine whether or not to admit the accused to bail. The guilt of an accused person is to be finally de- cided by a jury. halcyon days, a period of happiness The halcyon (kingfisher) was thought by the ancients to lay its eggs, and brood for 14 days preceding the win- ter solstice, on the surface of the ocean, which was always calm during this time. handicap, in horse-racing, assigning different weights to horses of differ- ent speed, age, etc., so they may run with an equal chance. So called from ancient game of cards. Hansard, the debates of the British Parliament, which are printed by a firm named Hansard. Hanseatic League, a union of a number of maritime towns in north- ern Germany for purpose of trade and mutual safety. Founded in the thirteenth century. Their triennial legislature was called hansa. Hanse Towns, the North German seaboard cities which once consti- tuted the Hanseatic League. hare, mad as a March, the hare is excessively wild in March. Harpies, . creatures with a woman's head and breasts, and the rest of the body like vultures, hungry and emitting a terrible stench. hari-kari (happy dispatch), Japanese official suicide. Civil officials ordered by the government to dispatch them- selves, rip out their bowels with two cross-gashes. harvest moon, the full moon at or nearest to the fall equinox; rises for a number of days about sunset. Heathen Chinee, a nickname of the Chinese in America. Heidelberg Castle, a ruined palace- fortress near Heidelberg, Germany. heel-tap, "no heel-taps"; i. e., drain the glass to the bottom. A heel-tap is a shoe-peg stuck in the heel, but taken out when the shoe is done. Hegira, the date of Mahomet's flight from Mecca, July 16, 622. The Mahometan epoch begins with it. High Church, that section of the English clergy which maintains the apostolic descent of the clergy, and absolution by priests. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions high seas, the, the sea beyond three miles from the coast. History, the Father of, the Greek historian, Herodotus. hob-and-nob, to touch glasses to- gether in drinking; to talk confiden- tially to. A hob, at the corner of the hearth, was to heat the water or spirit. A nob is a small table. Hobson's choice, what is offered, or nothing. It is said that Tobias Hobson, an English stable-keeper, whenever a customer came to hire a horse, made him take the horse nearest the stable door. Holborn, a London street by which criminals used to be carried out to execution at Tyburn. Holy Alliance, formed in 1816 by Austria, Prussia and Russia. Holy Family, the, the name of many medieval pictures represent- ing the infant Jesus, Joseph, the Virgin, John the Baptist, Anna, and Elizabeth. Perhaps the most cele- brated are by Michelangelo, at Florence; by Rubens, at Florence; by Raphael, in London; and by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre. Holy Land, the, Palestine, as the birthplace of Christ. Holy League, the, the alliance of Pope Julius II., France, Germany, Spain, and some of the Italian Re- publics in 1508, against Venice. Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame to him who evil thinks). Motto of the Order of the Garter. At a ball given by Edward III. of England, the Countess of Salisbury's blue gar- ter came off accidentally. The King picked it up, made the remark quoted above, and fixed it round his own knee. This led to his instituting the Order of the Garter. honors of war, allowing a surrendered enemy to keep his arms. Hotel de Rambouillet, a Paris palace, the resort of wits, literary ladies, etc., in the seventeenth century. Ridiculed by Moliere. Hotel de Ville, the city hall of French and Belgian cities. hour is, in the Koran, black-eyed, beautiful virgins of Paradise; 72 are allotted to each believer. humble pie, to eat, to make sub- mission. From umbles, the entrails and other inferior portions of the deer. Hundred Days, the, from March 20, 1815, when Napoleon escaped from Elba, to June 22, 1815, when he abdicated. iconoclast (image-breaker), a rad- ical reformer; so called from the eighth century reformers who ob- jected to and threw down statues, pictures, etc., in churches. Iliad, the story of the siege of Troy by the Greeks, a Greek epic poem, by Homer. Immaculate Conception, the dog- ma of the Catholic Church that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. Independence, Declaration of, is- sued July 4,-1776, asserting the in- dependence of the American Colonies of Great Britain. Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, Pa.; the meeting-place of the Conti- nental Congress, where the Declara- tion of Independence was adopted. Index Expurgatorius, a list of printed works, the reading of which is prohibited by the Church of Rome; published annually. Inns of Court, the four London law societies which have the sole right of admitting candidates to the bar. They are Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, the Inner Temple, and the Middle Temple. Inquisition (an inquiry into), a tribunal to inquire into transgres- sions against the Roman Catholic Church. Irish Agitator, the, Daniel O'Con- nell. Iron City, the, Pittsburg, Pa., celebrated for its iron industries. Iron Dffke, the, the Duke of Wel- lington. iron mask, the man in the, a mysterious French state prisoner. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Jack Ketch, the hangman; the name of an English hangman. Jack Robinson, before you can say Jack Robinson, meaning at once. Halliwell notes the deriva- tion "Jack, Robes on" from an old play. According to Grose, one Jack Robinson was noted for the short- ness of his visits; the servants had hardly time to repeat Jack Robin- son, before he would leave. (Very doubtful.) Jack the Giant-Killer, a nursery hero, who has an invincible sword, a cap of wisdom, shoes of swiftness, and an invisible coat. Jack, the American, or Union, the blue ground of the American flag with the stars, but without the stripes. Jacobins, a famous political club in the French Revolution. It met at a convent of the Jacobins (Domini- cans). Jacobites, adherents of James II. of England, and the Stuarts, his de- scendants; from Jacobus (James). Jardin des Plantes, botanical and zoological garden in Paris. Jardin Mahille, a once famous garden in Paris; the home of the can-can. Pleasure resort of the demi-monde. Shut up in 1882. Jericho, gone to, disappeared, ruined. Henry VIII. had a manor . called Jericho. When he went there to visit some of his mistresses it used to be said of him, "He has gone to Jericho.' (Very doubtful.) Jerusalem Delivered, an Italian epic poem by Torquato Tasso. Jingo; Jingoism. Expressions which arose during the ministry of Lortt Beaconsfield, 1874-1880. Ap- plied to those who wished England to take an aggressive foreign policy. It originated in a music-hall song. Joan, Pope. A pretended female Pope who was said to Hive suc- ceeded Leo IV. The falsity of the legend has been shown. John Bull. Nickname for an English- man.; England. A choleric, plethoric* bull-headed, well-meaning fellow. John Chinaman, nickname for the Chinese in America. Johnny Reb, nickname of South- erners in American Civil War. Jubilee, Year of, among the Jews came every 50th year; all debts were considered to be paid, and land reverted to its original owners. In the Catholic Church it comes once in every 25 years. Juggernaut, a Hindoo god who has a famous temple in India. Julian Era, the, begins 46 B. C, when Csesar reformed the calendar. Junius, letters of, a celebrated series of political letters signed " Junius," written in the reign of George III.; of doubtful authorship. K Kansas, Bleeding, so called on ac- count of the fierce struggles between its anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers. Kensington Gardens, a great Lon- don pleasure ground adjoining Ken- sington Palace (where Queen Victoria was born). Kilkenny cats, the, ' fought in a saw- pit till only their tails remained. King can do no wrong, the, meaning he is not responsible, but his ministers are, for mistakes in administration. King of Yvetot, a "good, little king." A pretentious person. The holders of the little seigneurie of Yvetot had the title of king. King Cole, a legendary British king, who "loved his pipe and bowl." King Cotton, cotton, the great pro- duct of the Southern states, was so called before the Civil War. King's evil, the scrofula. It was an ancient notion that the touch of a sovereign could heal scrofula. Doc- tor Johnson was the last English- man "touched" for scrofula. King Log, an ineffectual, do-nothing ruler. Jupiter, in answer to the pray- er of the frogs for a king, gave them a log. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions King-maker, the, Richard Neville, the great Earl of Warwick, who set up and deposed English kings in the 15th century. King Stork, a tyrant. The frogs, dissatisfied with the let-alone policy of King Log, prayed for a new king, whereupon Jupiter sent them the stork, who devoured them miscel- laneously. Kit-cat Club, the, a famous Lon- don club, founded in 1688, at the shop of one Christopher Katt, pas- try-cook. Among the members were Addison, Congreve, . Halifax, the Duke of Marlborough, Steele, and Vanbrugh. Knickerbocker, a member of an "old" New York family; especially persons descended from' the original Dutch settlers. Knights of Malta, also called Hos- pitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. A once powerful association. The original knights had charge of a church and hospital at Jerusalem consecrated to St. John. Thence they moved to Rhodes, and in 1523 to Malta. Know Nothings, political party in the United States insisting that no- body but "native Americans should hold office." Sprang up suddenly about 1856, and (after carrying a few state elections) disappeared. Kohinoor (Mountain "of Light), a tricable series of winding passages, constructed by Minos, King of Crete. laconic, brief, from Laconia, an- other name for Sparta; the Spartans cultivate curtness of speech. Lachrymae Christi, Italian wine grown about Mount Vesuvius. Lake School, the, the poetry of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey, who lived in the Lake district of England. Land of Bondage, Egypt, so called by the Jews. Land of Cakes, Scotland, famous for its oatmeal cakes. Land of Nod, popular phrase for sleep. Land of Promise, or Promised Land, among the Jews, Canaan, which God promised to Abraham. lang syne is Scotch for long since. The famous song Auld Lang Syne is generally credited to Robert Burns, who said he took this song down from an old man's singing. langue d'oc (language of yes) Provengal, formerly the language of southern- France. langue d'oil (language of yes), French, in distinction from Provengal. Laocoon, a statue in the Belvedere of the Vatican representing the death of Laocoon, strangled to death (with his sons) by serpents. Laodicean, "luke-warm," in religious matters. See Rev. iii. 14-18. diamond from the mines of Golconda, Lares and Penates, the household India. When found (1550) it weighed 793 carats; the present weight is 106 1-16. It came into the possession of Queen Victoria in 1850. Estimated value, $625,000, or £125,000. Koran or Alkoran (The Reading), the Mohammedan Bible. Kremlin, a quarter in Moscow, Russia, in which are several palaces, cathedrals, towers, etc. Labyrinth, The, a celebrated struc- ture of ancient Egypt. A maze of Hies, so called from an inex- gods of the Romans. Last Judgment, the subject of many medieval paintings. The most famous is the fresco by Michelan- gelo, in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. There is a fresco of it in the Campo Santo, at Pisa, supposed to be the work of Orcagna; and a picture on this subject by Luca Signorelli, in Orvieto Cathedral, is considered his masterpiece. Last Supper, the, is the subject of many medieval paintings, of which the m6%t famous is Leonardo da •Vinci's, at Milan. Next is Andrea del Sarto's in the Salvi convent, near Florence. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Lateran Palace, the, at Rome, was the residence of the Popes till late in the 14th century. Laughing Philosopher, the, De- mocritus of Abdera. Leaning Tower, the, at Pisa, Italy; leans about 13 feet from the perpendicular; 178 ft. high; 50 ft. in diameter. Learned Blacksmith, the, Elihu Burritt, an American writer and linguist, originally a blacksmith. Leonine verses, verses in which end and middle words rhyme. Libby Prison, a famous Confederate prison of war at Richmond, Va., during the Civil War of the United States. Lilliput, a region inhabited by pig- mies, in Gulliver's Travels. lingua franca, a corrupt Italian- French spoken along the Mediter- ranean. Lion and Unicorn, on the British royal arms. The lion is English; the unicorn, Scotch. Added in 1603. Lion of the North, Gustavus Adol- phus of Sweden. lion's share, all or most. The lion, in iEsop, hunts with some other beasts. In dividing the spoils he claims four quarters. Little Corporal, Napoleon I., from his shortness of stature. Little Giant, Stephen A. Douglas, who was of small stature. Lloyds, rooms in London, resorted to by bankers and brokers. Lombard Street, the great financial street of London. Lone Star State, the, Texas, whose flag bears a single star. Long Parliament, the, sat from Nov. 3, 1640, till April 20, 1653. Lorelei, a water spirit who enticed sailors till they were dashed to pieces by the rapids around the high rocks called Lorelei, on the Rhine. Lotus Eaters, the, a people in Homer's Odyssey who ate the lotus tree, which made them forget home, and only wish "to live at ease." Louvre, a palace in Paris rilled with works of art. Low Church, that section of the English Church which lays little or no stress on ceremonies and is ex- tremely "evangelical." Lusiad, a Portuguese epic by Cam- oens, recounts the adventures of the Lusians (Portuguese) under Vasco da Gama, the first to sail to India. lynch law, hanging by a mob; its judgments are pronounced by "Judge Lynch." Said to be derived from a Virginian named Lynch, who acted as a judge in the 17th century, by appointment of his neighbors. Ac- cording to others, derived from an Irish James Lynch, Warden of Gal- way, who sentenced his own son to death for murder. M Mab, Queen, "the fairies' mid- wife," i. e., employed by the fairies as midwife of dreams (to deliver man's brain of dreams). macadamize, to pave a street with broken stones; so called from Sir John Macadam, who invented that system of paving. macaronic verse, ludicrous verses consisting of words from different languages mixed. Machiavellism, political or diplo- matic trickery; so called from Nich- olas Macchiavelli, author of a polit- ical treatise called The Prince. Madame Tussaud's Exhibition, an exhibition in London of waxwork figures, many being modelled from life. Mad Poet, the, Nathaniel Lee, the insane English dramatist. Madman of Macedonia, the, Alexander the Great. Madman of the North, Charles XII. of Sweden. Madonna (My Lady), the Virgin Mary. Of the immense number of pictures on this subject, we mention the Sistine Madonna, by Raphael, and the Madonna di San Georgio, by Correggio, at Dresden; and the Ma- donna della Seggiola, by Raphael, in the Pitti Palace, Florence. Die. 67 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Maecenas, a friend and patron of literary men. Caius Cilnius Maece- nas, a Roman general and states- man, friend of Augustus, was a lib- eral patron of literary men, espe- cially Horace and Virgil. Magna Charta (Great Charter), the charter securing the liberty (or at least fair trial) of English sub- jects; granted by King John. Mahomet's Coffin, was said to be hung in mid-air at Medina. Maid of Orleans, the, Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc). Maid of Saragossa, Augustina Zaragoza, famous for her valor dur- ing the siege of Saragossa, in Spain, by the French (1808-1809). Maiden Queen, the, Queen Eliza- beth of England. Maine law, a prohibitory liquor law first adopted in Maine. Malthusian Doctrine, the, so called from the English economist Mai thus, who claimed that popula- tion increases faster than the means of living; so that, unless population is checked, either a part of it must starve to death, or the whole of it be insufficiently fed. Mammoth Cave, near Green River, Ky., is the largest in the world. man in the moon, the, is the man who picked up sticks on the Sab- bath. Numbers xv. 32-36; another legend says he is Cain. Man of Destiny, the, Napoleon Bonaparte. Man of Iron, the, Bismarck. man of straw, an irresponsible person. Professional false witnesses or givers of "straw bail" in the English courts are said to have worn a straw in their shoes as a professional sign. mare's-nest, to find a, to find something which seems of impor- tance, but doesn't amount to any- thing. The nightmare was thought to be a vampire which guarded treasures in its secret nest. Marriage a la Mode (fashionable marriage), a series of six satirical pictures by William Hogarth. Marseillaise, a famous French Revo- lutionary song, now the French national air. Composed by Rouget de Lisle. martinet, a rigid disciplinarian, so called from M. de Martinet, a French infantry tactician in the 17th century. Mason and Dixon's Line, so called because run by two English sur- veyors, Charles Mason and Jere- miah Dixon, 1763-1767. It was 39° 43' 26" north latitude, being the northern "boundary of the then slave states, dividing Pennsylvania from Maryland and Virginia. Mausoleum, the marble monument built by Artemisia, queen of Caria, to her husband, Mausolus; one of the seven wonders of the world. Mayfair, an aristocratic region in London . Mayflower, the, the vessel in which the founders of the Plymouth Colony, in Massachusetts, sailed from Southampton, -England, in 1620. Medicine, the Father of, Hip- pocrates of Cos. Merlin, a celebrated enchanter in the Arthurian legends. mermaid, a sea nymph with a fish's tail. Merry Andrew, a buffoon; so called from Andrew Borde, the eccentric physician of Henry VIII. Merry England, a common desig- nation of England; in the old sense of the word merry, meaning pleas- ant, agreeable. Merry Monarch, the, Charles II. of England. mesmerism is named after the Ger- man physician, Mesmer. mezzo-relievo (middle relief), figures cut in stone, etc., which project from the tablet more than figures in basso-relievo, and less than figures in alto-relievo. Middle Ages, the, the period be- tween the destruction of the Ro- man Empire and the revival of learning in Italy, from 476-1500. Middle States, the, New Yorl Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Minnesingers (love-singers), the Ger- man lyric poets of the 12th and 13th centuries. Miserere (pity), the 51st psalm; a penitential psalm. Mississippi Bubble, the. See South Sea Scheme. Missouri Compromise, the, pro- hibited slavery north of 36° -30' north. Mistress of the Seas, England. Molly Maguires, a secret society in the United States; many crimes were attributed to it; especially in Pennsylvania, in the coal regions, of which state it was long active. Monarque, Le Grand (The Great Monarch), Louis XIV. of France. Monroe Doctrine, the United States is not to meddle in European affairs, nor to allow European govern- ments to meddle in the affairs of the American continent. European forms of government not to be per- mitted in North America. This doctrine really belongs, not to Presi- dent Monroe, but to Adams, his Secretary of State. Mont de Piete (Mountain of Piety), a pawnbroker's shop; in particular the famous Paris pawnbroking estab- lishment. Montmartre, a Parisian cemetery. Monumental City, the, Baltimore, Md., so called from the number of its public monuments. Morey Letter, the, a forged letter (1880) attributing anti-Chinese sen- timents to Gen. Garfield. morganatic marriage, the marriage of a person of high rank to a woman of inferior rank, who does not take her husband's title. Mother of * Presidents, Virginia; eight Virginians have been President of the United States. Mother Carey's Chickens, stormy petrels. Mother Carey is said to be Mater Cara ("Dear Mother"), i. e., the Virgin Mary. Mother Goose, nursery rhymer, lived in Boston; sang her rhymes to her grandson, Thomas Fleet, who printed them in 1719. Mount Vernon, the home of Wash- ington in Virginia. muscular Christianity, healthy religion, "a sound mind in a sound body." The phrase originated with Charles Kingsley. music of the spheres, according to Plato each planet has a siren who sings a song harmonizing with the motion of her own planet, and also with the other planets. N namby-pamby, wishy-washy, child- ish. A name given by Pope to cer- tain verses written by Ambrose Philips for the children of Lord Carteret;' a babyish way of pro- nouncing Ambry (Ambrose) and Philips. Nantes, Edict of, issued at Nantes, France, in 1598, by Henry IV., granting toleration to the Protestant religion; repealed by Louis XIV. in 1685. Nation of Shopkeepers, the English; so called by Napoleon I. Natural Bridge, the, a natural arch 200 feet high spanning Cedar Creek, near James River, Virginia. Newgate, the oldest of the London prisons. New World, the Americas. Nibelungen-Lied, a German epic poem of the, 13th century. Nightmare of Europe, the, Na- poleon Bonaparte. ' Nine Worthies, the, David, Joshua, Judas Maccabseus, Alexander, Hec- tor, Julius Ceesar, Arthur, Charle- magne, and Godfrey of Bouillon. Noctes Ambrosianae (Ambrosian nights), the title of a celebrated work by Prof. Wilson ("Christopher North"). Lockhart and Wilson used to frequent Ambrose's, an Edinburgh tavern. Noel, Christmas-day. From nouvelles (news) . Nonconformists dissenters from the Church of England. Origanilly Dictionary of Everyday Allusions applied to the 2,000 clergymen who left that Church in 1662, because they would not conform with the Act of Uniformity. Northern Giant, the, Russia. Notre Dame, the cathedral of Paris. Odyssey, Homer's narrative poem dealing with the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) on his voyage from Troy to Ithaca. ogres, giants who devour human flesh. Said to come from the Ogurs, a fierce Asiatic tribe. Oi Polloi (Hoi Polloi), the many; the mob. Old Abe, Abraham Lincoln. Old Bailey, a famous London criminal court. Old Dominion, the, Virginia. Old Guard, the, favorite regiment of Napoleon I. The supporters of Gen. .Grant for the Presidency at the Chicago Convention of 1880. Old Hickory, a nickname of Andrew Jackson. Old Probabilities, a nickname for. the United States signal service. Old Public Functionary, President James Buchanan. Old South, the, a famous church in Boston, Mass., connected with many events in the Revolution. Orangeman, a Protestant Irishman; from the Protestants espousing the cause of William of Orange (William III. of England). Orange Peel, Sir Robert Peel, from his anti-Catholic policy. Ordinance of 1787, passed in 1787; fixes the government of the North- west Territory of the United States. Orlando Furioso, an Italian epic poem by Ariosto. Ossian, son of Fingal, a Scotch bard. James McPherson published in 1760 "Ossian's Poem," which he pretended to have translated from Erse manuscripts. The work, how- ever, is McPherson's own, the pre- tended MSS. never having existed. Ostend Manifesto, issued during Pierce's administration by Buchan- an, Mason, and Soule, United States Ministers to England, France, and Spain respectively, declaring that Cuba must belong to the United States. ostracism, comes from the Greek ostrakon, an oyster shell. The Athenians expelled every dangerous public man against whom a sufficient number of votes (inscribed on oyster shells) could be cast. palimpsest, a parchment in which the original writing has been rubbed out, and a new writing substituted. Pall Mall (Pell Mell), a . street in London famous for its clubs, palladium, an object that insures protection. The Palladium of Troy was a statue of Pallas, believed to have fallen from Heaven. Pantheon, a circular building in Rome built in the time of Augustus; now a church called the Rotonda. Paradise Lost, Milton's great epic, treating of the fall of man. Paradise Regained, by Milton, treats of the temptation and triumph of Jesus. Paris of America, Cincinnati. Parthenon, a celebrated temple of Athena (Minerva) on the Acropolis, Athens; the noblest specimen of Doric architecture. Partington, Mrs., famed for her misuse of words. The invention of the American, B. P. Shillaber. pasquinade, a sarcastic political squib; so called from Pasquino, a sarcastic tailor. An 'antique statue opposite Pasquino's house in Rome is called Pasquino, and political squibs are affixed to it. Peeler, a policeman. So called from Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the Irish constabulary. Peninsular War, the war of the English against France in Spain and Portugal, 1808-1812. People's William, a nickname of William E. Gladstone. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Pere-la-Chaise, a famous cemetery near Paris. philippic, a severe invective; so called from the orations of Demos- thenes against Philip of Macedon. Philistine, narrow-minded person ; in common use in the German universities to designate tradesmen, etc. philosopher's stone, the, a substance for which the alchemists were always searching; it was to turn the other metals into gold. Pleiad, the French, seven 16th- century poets, viz.: Ronsard, Joach- im du Bellay, Remi-Beileau, Jodelle, Baif, Pontus de Thiard, Dorat. Plon Plon, a nickname of Prince Napoleon J. C. Bonaparte. Plumed Knight, the, nickname of J. G. Blaine, American statesman. Plymouth Rock, a rock at Plym- outh, Mass., where the Pilgrims are thought to have landed in 1620. Poet's Corner, a corner in Westmin- ster Abbey where Chaucer, Spenser, and other poets are buried. Poetical column of newspapers. Pons Asinorum (the bridge of asses};, the 5th proposition of the 1st book of Euclid's Geometry; difficult to dunces. Poor Richard, Benjamin Franklin. Porkopolis, the nickname of Cin- cinnati. Prater, the, the fashionable prom- enade of Vienna, Austria. phoenix, a fabulous bird, said to live 500 years, when it burns itself on a nest of spices, and renews its life 500 years more. Pied Piper of Hamelin, the; he was offered a reward to drive out the rats and mice from Hamelin in Westphalia; which he did by draw- ing them into the river by the sound of his pipe. ^ The authorities refus- ing to pay him the reward, he piped the children of the town into Kop- pelberg Hill, where 130 of them died. pigeon English, English, Chinese, and Portuguese mixed; used in business affairs in China. Pre-Raphaelites, a name given to the English school of artists, comprising Hunt, Millais, etc. Protestant Duke, the, the Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. of England. Puke, nickname of a Missourian. Pyramids, a number of remarkable ancient buildings in Egypt. The most famous are at Gheezeh. Quaker City, the, Philadelphia, Pa. Quaker Poet, the, John G. Whittier. Quartier Latin (the Latin Quarter), a region i n Paris south of the Seine, whose population consists largely of students. Queen of the Antilles, the island of Cuba. Railway King, the, George Hudson, an Englishman, who made an immense fortune out of railway speculations. Red Letter Day, a fortunate day. In old calendars the saints' days were marked by a red letter. Ranz des Vaches, the tunes played by the Swiss mountaineers on their horns while driving their cattle to pasture. Rebellion, the Great, the war between Charles I. of England and Parliament. Rebellion, War of the, the Civil War of the United States between the Southern and Northern States, 1861-1865. red tape, official routine. Law papers are tied with red tape. Reign of Terror, the time in the French Revolution from the over- throw of the Girondists, May 31, 1793, to the overthrow of Robes- pierre, July 27, 1794. Reynard the Fox, a beast epic of the 14th century. Rialto, the, a bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice. Rights, Declaration of, an instru- ment drawn up after the English Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Revolution of 1689, and accepted Caesar's province. When he crossed by William and Mary. It summar- he became an enemy of the Republic, izes the leading points of the English Rule Britannia, an English song the Constitution. Annual Parliaments, words of which are by Thompson, trial by jury, free elections, and the author of The Seasons, and the right of petition are secured. The music is by Dr. Arne. crown is not to keep a standing Rump Parliament, what was left of army or to levy taxes. Parliament in. 1648, after Cromwell roast, to rule the, to be at the head. * had imprisoned and driven out the Roast means council. (German rath.) others for refusing to condemn Robert the Devil (le Diable), first Charles I. Duke of Normandy; called the Devil Rye House Plot, a conspiracy in on account of his crimes. 1683 to assassinate Charles II. and Robin Goodfellow, a mischievous the Duke of York. The conspirators domestic spirit. met at Rye House Farm. Roland (A) for an Oliver, tit for tat. Roland and Oliver, two of S Charlemagne's peers, fought five days without gaining the slightest Sabbath day's journey, about one advantage over each other. mile. See Exodus xvi. 29. Romantic School, a term applied sack, to get the, to be discharged, to a number of German poets and When the Sultan wants to get rid painters in the beginning of the 19th century. They aimed at a truly national German literature, independent of French influence. Romantic School, in France, the of one of his harem, he puts her in a sack, which is thrown into the Bosphorus. Sadducees, Jewish sect disbelieving the resurrection of the dead poets and dramatists, of whom Vic- sagas, Scandinavian books containing tor Hugo was the last survivor. They aimed at the natural in dis- tinction from the classical, i. e., con- ventional. Roscius, the British, David Gar- rick. Rough and Ready, General Zach- ary Taylor. round robin, petition with signa- tures in a circular form. Round Table, in the Arthurian legends, was made by Merlin; Arthur's 150 knights of the Round Table had seats at it. Roundheads, the Puritans, who wore short hair. Royal Martyr, the, Charles I. of England. Royal Society, the, a society for the Northern mythology. Sailor King, the, William IV., of England, entered the navy 1779. Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of, massacre of the French Huguenots, in the reign of Charles IX., on St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 24-25, 1572. Saint Cloud, once a famous French palace near the Seine; destroyed in the Franco-Prussian war. Saint James, the Court of, the English Court; so called from the palace of St. James, formerly a royal residence in London. St. Mark's, the famous cathedral of Venice, Italy. Saint Paul's, the cathedral of Lon- don, designed by Wren, the advancement of natural science, Saint Peter's, the metropolitan founded at London in 1645. church of Rome; the most splendid Rozinante, the horse of Don Quixote; in the world. Area, 240,000 square hence a miserable nag. feet. Rubicon, to pass the, to take an Saint Sophia, a mosque in Con- irretrievable step. The Rubicon stantinople, Turkey; the finest of separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, Mohammedan temples. 870 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Saint Stephen's, a famous Gothic cathedral at Vienna, Austria. Salt River, oblivion, ruin. Gone up Salt River: forgotten. Sambo, a general nickname for a colored man; the colored race. sanctum, (holy.) One's private room or office, as an editor's sanc- tum. The Sanctum Sanctorum (holy of holies) in the Jewish Temple was inaccessible to any one but the high priest. sandwich, a piece of meat between two pieces of bread. The English Earl of Sandwich used to take that form of refreshment. sang bleu (blue blood), high aristo- cratic descent. Sanhedrim, the Jewish rourt of seventy elders. sans culottes (without trousers), a nickname given by the Royalists to the French Revolutionists. Sans Souci, palace of Frederick the Great, at Potsdam, near Berlin. Santa Croce (holy cross), a church in Florence, Italy; the burial-place of Michelangelo, Galileo, Machia- velli, etc. Satanic School, a name sometimes applied to some modern writers, supposed to entertain irreligious ideas, such as Byron, Shelley, Victor Hugo, Swinburne, Rousseau, George Sand. Saturnalia, a period of disorder and debauch. The Romans kept the Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, X>ec. 17, 18, and 19. Schoolmen, the mediaeval theolo- gians, whose lectures were delivered in the cathedral schools. Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the London police. Scourge of God, the, Attila, king of the Huns. Scratch, Old, the Devil; from Scrat, a Northern familiar demon. Scylla. Avoiding Scylla, he fell into Charybdis. In trying to avoid one danger he fell into another. Scylla and Charybdis were two opposite rocks in the Straits of Messina, Italy. Sea-girt Isle, the, England, which is surrounded by the ocean. Secessia, nickname of the seceding Southern States, 1861-1865. Secular games, the games held by the Romans once in a century. Seltzer water, water from the Lower Selters, Germany. Semiramis of the North, Catherine II* Empress of Russia. September Massacres, the mas- sacre of the French Royalist pris- oners in Paris, Sept. 2, 3., and 4, 1792. About 8,000 were 4rilled. septuagint, a Greek version of the Old Testament; so called because there were 70 (septuaginta) re- visers. (There were really 72.) Seven-hilled City, the, Rome, which was built on seven hills. Seven Wonders of the World, the Pyramids of Egypt; the Temple of Diana at Ephesus; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; the Colossus at Rhodes; the Mausoleum at Hali- carnassus; the statue of Zeus, by Phidias, at Olympia; and the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria in Egypt. Seven Years' War, the war of Fred- erick the Great ^ against Austria, France, and Russia, 1756-1763. Shamrock, the national emblem of Ireland, because St. Patrick proved with it the doctrine of the Trinity. Shibboleth, the password of a secret society; a countersign. When the Ephraimites, who had been routed by Jephthah, tried to pass the Jor- dan, they were made to pronouce the word Shibboleth; they pronounced it Sibboleth, and were thus detected. Sick Man, the, the Ottoman Em- pire; so called by the Czar Nicholas of Russia. sinews of war, the, money, which hires men to fight. Single-Speech Hamilton, W. G. Hamilton, an English statesman of the 18th century, never made but one speech; the one he did make was surprisingly eloquent. Six Hundred, Charge of the, a charge on the Russians by the Brit- ish light cavalry, 670 strong, at the 871 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions battle of Balaclava, Oct. 25, 1854» Stonewall" Jackson, Gen. Thomas Result of a mistake as to orders. J. Jackson, " a famous Confederate See Tennyson's poem. general in the late Civil War of the Sleeping Beauty, the, was shut by United States. enchantment in a castle; after a Strassburg Cathedral, at Strassburg, sleep of 100 years, she is rescued by one of the noblest works of Gothic architecture; 468 ft. high; containing a wonderful clock. Swedish Nightingale, Jenny Lind (Mme. Goldschmidt). and marries a young prince. Smell of the Lamp, a too labored literary work. Pytheas first ap- plied the phrase to the orations of Demosthenes, who studied con- stantly in a cave lighted by a lamp. T Song of Roland, an old French epic recounting the deaths of Oliver and tabooed, prohibited; from a Poly- Roland at Roncesvalles. nesian word meaning consecrated, Sorbonne, the, a Parisian university devoted. Applied to anything out founded in the 13th century by ' of date or in bad taste. Robert de Sorbonne. Once famous Tammany Hall, a section of the for theological discussions. Democratic party in New York city; sortes Biblicae, telling one's fortune Tammany Hall is the building by consulting the Bible. The first where they meet, passage touched at random by the Tammany Ring (also called the finger is the decisive passage. Tweed Ring, and, generally, the South Kensington Museum, a Ring), a corrupt set of New York collection of works of art, manu- city officials who stole large sums factures, etc., in London. South Sea Bubble, the, about 1710 a company was formed in England to pay the national debt, taking in return the sole privilege of trading in the South Seas. The scheme collapsed (about„ 1720), ruining thousands cf persons. from the city. They were exposed in 1871. Tammany, St., the patron saint of the Democratic party in New York. He was an Indian chief; how made a saint, does not appear. The principal officer of the Tammany society is called Grand Sachem. Spanish Main, the Northern coast tapis, on the, on the carpet; pro- of South America. posed, in discussion. So called Sphinx, a monument near Cairo, from the tapis or cloth on the council Egypt; half woman, half lion; an table, or speaker's table, on which emblem of silence and mystery. motions, bills, etc., are laid. Stabat Mater, a famous Latin hymn Temple Bar, in London, was a stone on the Crucifixion. house above which the heads of Stalwart, a follower of the Republican traitors were formerly exposed. It party in the United States, who was removed in 1878. firmly adheres to the principles, termagant, a shrew; originally the methods and rules of his party. In name of a Saracen god. The word contradistinction to the ''Half- was formerly applied to both sexes. Breeds," applied to Republicans terra firma, dry land as distinguished unwilling to be dictated to by the from water. so-called "machine," meaning the tertium quid, a third person or political organization controlled by - party that shall be nameless, party leaders. Theatre Francais, a theatre in Paris Star Chamber, a former English devoted to the production of the civil and criminal court with juris- diction over offences whose punish- ment was not provided for by law. 872 classic and the best modern French drama. Celebrated for the excellence of its company of actors. Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Theleme, Abbey of, the abbey trimmer, a person who takes a founded by Gargantua in Rabelais' Gargantua. Its motto was "Do as you please." Thirty Years' War, the, was be- tween the Catholics and Protestants, in Germany, 1618-1648. thistle, the national emblem of Scot moderate course in politics. First applied as a term of reproach to the great Halifax, who was not vio- lently attached to any political party. Trinity Church, a famous Epis- copal church on Broadway, at the land. According to tradition, the head of Wall Street, New York City. Danes were attempting to surprise The richest church in America, an encampment of the Scotch one Triple Alliance, the, the alliance night, and had come very near it of Great Britain, Holland, and without being observed. A Dane Sweden, in 1668, against Louis XIV trod on a thistle, cried out with of France; modern (1915) Germany, pain, and the Scotch were aroused, Austria, and Italy, and defeated their assailants, where- Triple Entente, modern alliance of upon the thistle was made the in- England, France, and Russia (1915). Trouveres, northern French poets, 1100-1400. trumpet, to sound one's own, i. e., to boast. The coming of the knights into the list used to be announced by the heralds with a flourish of trumpets. tuft-hunter, a toady. At Oxford University a nobleman is called a tuft, because of the gold tuft on his college cap. Tuileries, a French royal palace, burned by the Commune in 1871. sigma of Scotland Thor, in Scandinavian mythology, is the god of war, son of Odin. Threadneedle Street, the Old Lady of, the Bank of England in Threadneedle Street, London. Three Estates of the Realm, the nobility, the clergy, and the com- monalty, represented in the two Houses of Parliament. Thunderer, the, a nickname given to the London Times. tick, on, on credit; for on ticket Ticket was formerly " used for a tulip mania, a 17th-century Euro- promissory note. tit for tat, an equivalent. Said to be the Dutch dit vor dat, this for that. Tom Thumb, the famous American dwarf, Stratton. Tory, the name of the great English party whose place is to a certain extent taken by the Conservatives. Said to come from toruigh, a robber. Whig and Tory were originally terms of reproach. Tour, the Grand, from England through France, Switzerland, Italy, to Germany and home. All aristo- cratic families used to send their sons on the grand tour. Tower ; the, the citadel of London, on the Thames. Transfiguration, the, the most pean craze for buying tulip bulbs. Holland was the great seat of it. tune that the old cow died of, words instead of alms. In the old song, a man who has nothing on which to feed his cow plays her this tune, "Consider, good cow, con- sider, this isn't the time for grass to grow." Also applied to inhar- monious tunes. Tyburn, once a London place of execution. The site is now occupied by Grosvenor Square and Portman Square, and called Tyburnia, a wealthy and fashionable quarter. U Uffizi, a building in Florence con- taining a celebrated art collection, famous of Raphael's pictures, now ultramontanes, the extreme "high" in the Vatican. Represents the Roman Catholics. The word, which miraculous change of Christ on the means "beyond the mountains," mount. was first used in France of those 873 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Catholics who ascribe everything to the Pope "beyond the Alps," in contradistinction to the Gallicans, who insist upon a self-governing national church. underground railroad, a phrase which expressed all the means used to further the escape of runaway slaves in America. under the rose (sub rosa), confiden- tially. The rose was considered by the ancients an emblem of secrecy. Unknown, the Great, first applied to Sir Walter Scott; so called on account of the anonymous publica- tion of the Waverley novels. unlicked cub, an awkward, ill-bred boy. The bear cub was said to be out of shape till its dam licked it into shape. unter den Linden (under the Lin- den), a famous street in Berlin, Prussia; it has four rows of lime trees. unwashed, the great, the mob; first used by Edmund Burke. upas tree, an object that exerts a hurtful influence. There was a tradition that a noisome river rose in a upas tree in Java, the vapor of which was a deadly poison. upper ten thousand, the aristoc- racy; fashionable society. A phrase first used by N. P. Willis. utilitarians, those who believe that utility, i. e., the fitness of a thing to promote human happiness, is the proper standard of morality. Utopia (no place), the imaginary island which Sir Thomas More makes the scene of his romance of Utopia, an ideal commonwealth. Hence the adjective Utopian, i. e., visionary, impracticable. Valhalla, in Scandinavian mythol- ogy, the palace where dwell .the heroes slain in battle. vampire, an extortioner. The vampire is a dead man who returns to life in the night, and sucks the blood of persons asleep. Vatican, the palace of the Popes* on the bank of the Tiber, Rome. Vatican, Council of the, the Ecumenical Council which met in 1869, and promulgated the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. Vedas, the four sacred books of the Hindu religion. veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered"), the phrase with which Julius Caesar announced his victory at Zela. Venus de Medici, a celebrated Greek statue at Florence; attrib- uted to Cleomenes, a sculptor of the 2nd century B. C. Venus of Milo, considered the most beautiful of Greek statues; found in the Island of Melos in 1820. It is now in the Louvre. verbum sap, a word to the wise; for verbum sapienti. Veronica, a relic at St. Peter's, Rome, said to be the handkerchief on which Jesus wiped his brow on his way to Calvary. It is said to contain the true likeness (vera icon) of our Saviour. Versailles, a splendid palace at Versailles, 10 miles from Paris. Vespers, the Sicilian, the mas- sacre of the French in Sicily by the Sicilians, March 30, 1282. The sounding of the vesper bell was the signal for the massacre. Via Dolorosa (the way of pain), the way by which the Lord went from the Mount of Olives to Gol- gotha. Vinegar Bible, the, printed at Ox- ford, 1767, has vinegar for vineyard in the headline of Luke xxii. Virgin Queen, the, Queen Eliza- beth of England. Vitus, St. St. Vitus' dance is so called because St. Vitus was thought to have control of hysterical com- plaints. W Wabash Avenue, a street in Chicago, noted for fine buildings. Wall of China, the, a wall 1,200 874 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions miles long and 20 feet high, built sippi River (said to be a translation by the Chinese in the 3d century of the Indian name). B. C. as a protection against th*e Watling Street, a road across Tartar invasions. Southern Britain from Dover to Wall Street, the great financial Cardigan; a corruption of Vitellina street of New York. Most of the Strata, "the street of Vitellin." The bankers and brokers are on this Milky Way was called Watling street or in its vicinity. Street by the English peasantry. Wallack's, a famous New York Ways and Means, Committee of theatre, conducted by J. Lester Wal- the, a most important Committee lack. of the American House of Repre- Walton, an Izaak, an angler. Izaak sentatives, charged with devising the Walton published his Compleat methods by which money for the Angler in 1655. current expenses of the Government Wandering Jew, the, a famous is to be supplied. personage in mediaeval legend. Our wedding, the first anniversary of Saviour, wearied with carrying his a wedding is called a paper wed- cross, is said to have stopped before ding, the gifts being paper articles; the house of one Ahasuerus, a cob- the fifth, wooden; the tenth, tin; bier, who pushed him off, saying, the fifteenth, crystal; twenty-fifth, "Away with you." Jesus answered, silver; fiftieth, golden; seventy-fifth, "I go away, but thou shalt tarry diamond. till I come." Ahasuerus wandered Well of St. Keyne, a well in Corn- over the world, seeking death, but wall whose virtue is such that who- condemned to live till the coming ever of a married couple first tastes of our Lord. The Wandering Jew its waters will "wear the breeches" was seen from time to time in Eu- in the household rope. His last recorded appearance Westminster Abbey, the cele- M r as late in the 18th century, in brated abbey-church of London, Belgium. According to another where many of the illustrious dead legend, the Wandering Jew's name of England are buried, was Kartophilus, the doorkeeper of Wetherell, Elizabeth, pseudonym of the Hall of Judgment. He struck the American novelist, Miss Susan our Saviour, telling him to go faster. Warner, author of The Wide, Wide War of 1812, between Great Brit- World. ain and the United States, 1812-15. Whig, once the name of great polit- War of the Roses, the English ical parties in England and the civil wars, between the houses of L T nited States. The term is said to York and Lancaster, in the 14th and come from Whiggamore, a Scotch loth centuries. The red rose was (Celtic) word for a thief, a free- the symbol of Lancaster, the white booter. The Marquis of Argyle col- rose of York. See Shakespeare's lected a troop of these thieves to I. Henry VI. II. 4. oppose some measures of James I., Ward, Artemus, pseudonym of the and finally the epithet Whig was ap- American humorist, C. F. Browne. plied to all opponents of the Gov- Washington Street, the principal ernment. The Whigs at the Eng- business street of Boston, Mass. Ush Revolution opposed the govern- Wassail, an old Saxon salutation, ment of James II. The Whig party "What hail!" The wassail bowl in America favored a protective is the bowl of spiced ale used on tariff, and a United States bank. New Year's Day. Gen. Scott was their last candidate wat, a hare, from his wattles, i. e., for President (1852). long ears. . whistle, To pay too dearly for the Waters, the Father of, the Missis- whistle. Dr. Franklin tells a story 875 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions of buying a whistle, when a boy, for four times its value. Hence, something which does not equal our expectations, though costly. white elephant, something you don't know what to do with. The king of Siam sends a white elephant to a courtier whose fortune he wishes to destroy. white feather, to show the, to dis- play cowardice. A white feather in a bird marks a cross breed, and is not found on a game-cock. White House, the residence of, the President of the United States at Washington; so called from its color. white stone. A day to be marked with a white stone is a day to be pleasantly remembered. The ancient Romans marked a lucky day on the calendar with a white stone; an un- lucky day with charcoal. Whiteboys, a secret organization who engaged in "agrarian outrages" in Ireland in 1789; so called from wearing white shirts. Whitehall, a region in Westmin- ster, London, where the royal palace formerly stood. Wild Huntsman, the, in German legend a spectral huntsman in the Black Forest. The English name is "Heme the Hunter." windmills, to fight with, to op- pose imaginary objects; to fight with crochets. The phrase comes from Don Quixote's adventures in assailing windmills, which he mis- took for giants. Windsor Castle, famous royal castle and residence near London. Wise Men of the East, the, the three Magi who were guided by the star of Bethlehem to our Saviour's birthplace. Witch of Endor, the, a sooth- sayer, who at the request of Saul, invoked the ghost of Samuel, who foretold the death of Saul. witch-hazel, a forked hazel twig used for finding witches; still in use to rind a suitable place for digging a well. 6& fo Witches' Sabbath, the nightly meeting of witches and demons. Wooden Horse, the, after the death of Hector, the Greeks besieg- ing Troy built a gigantic wooden horse, pretending that it was an offering to the-gods to insure a safe return to Greece. The horse was filled with Greek warriors; the Trojans dragged it into the city, and at night the Greeks came out of the horse, opened the city gates to their companions and sacked the town. woolsack, to sit on the, to t Lord Chancellor of England. H seat in the House of Lords is calLe the woolsack, an armless, backlej bag of wool. Wyoming Massacre, a band of British and Indians ravaged the val- ley of Wyoming in 1778. Xanthos, the horse of Achilles in the Trojan war; like Balaam's ass, prophetic. Xantippe, a shrew. She was the wife of Socrates, and an intolerable scold. yahoo, a rowdy; a brutal, ill-bred man. The Yahoos in Swift's Gulli- j ver's Travels are brutes with the | shapes of men. Yankee, an American. The word is used in America itself as a nick- name of persons born in the New- England States. The usual account of the introduction of the word is this: Jonathan Hastings, a Cam- bridge, Mass., farmer, in the 18th century, used it as an epithet de- noting excellence, as "Yankee cider," i. e. good, home-made cider. The word was taken up by the students of Harvard College, and gradually spread through the country. This is doubtful. The word is probably a corrupted Indian form of English, Yankee Doodle, an American na J tional air. 876 Dictionary of Everyday Allusions Yarmouth bloater, a red herring. Yosemite Valley, in California, Yarmouth, England, is noted for famous for its natural scenery; ajso them. a well-known picture by the Amer- Yellow Book, a collection of diplo- ican artist, Bierstadt. matic correspondence with various Yule, Christmas. The "turn" of interested nations, embodying nego- the sun at the winter solstice, tiations concerning causes leading Yule-log, an immense log of wood to the European war of 1914-15, put across the fire on the hearth at issued by the French government. Christmas. The Belgian government issued a Gray Paper of similar import; the y British government, a White Paper ; the German government, a White Book; and the Russian government Zend Avesta, the old Persian scrip- an Orange Book. Under various tures. It is written in the Zend names the Bulgarian, Servian and language. Avesta means "the liv- Turkish governments also issued ing word." formal statements of their views zodiac, an imaginary belt in the on the conditions. heavens, divided into 12 equal parts yellow jack, a cant term for the of 30 degrees each, with a sign for yellor fever. The yellow jack is each part. The six signs north of the flag over vessels in quarantine, the equator are: Aries, "the ram"; marine hospitals, etc. Faurus, "the bull"; Gemini, "the Yggdrasil, in Scandinavian mythol- twins"; Cancer, "the crab"; Leo, ogy, an ash-tree, whose roots run "the lion"; Virgo, "the virgin." to heaven, to the under-world, and The six signs south of the equator to the Frost Giants. The serpent are: Libra, "the balance"; Scorpio, Nithhoggr gnaws its roots. "the scorpion"; Sagittarius, "the Young America, American boys archer"; Capricornus, "the goat"; and girls; the younger generation, Aquarius, "the water-carrier" ; and supposed to be very irreverent. Pisces, "the fishes." The first six Young Chevalier, Charles Edward are summer signs, the next three Stuart, the second or young Pre- autumn signs, the last three winter tender to the throne of Great Brit- signs. ain (1720-88). . Zollverein, a commercial associa- Young Germany, the literary school tion between the German states to of Heinrich Heine, and his followers. maintain the same tariff rates. 877 DICTIONARY OF FOOTBALL advance, distance gained by a ball through kicking or running. backward pass, a pass or throw of the ball in any direction excepting toward the opponents' goal. ball, oval-shaped, inflated rubber, covered with leather, measuring 28 }/2 and 23 inches on circumference of extreme axes, and weighing about 15 ounces. batting the ball, any player on cross-bar, the strip of wood attached to the top of the two goal posts. dead ball, when the holder or the referee has cried "down"; when • a goal has been gained; when the ball has gone into touch or touch-in- goal, excepting for a punt-out; when a touchdown has been made; where a fair catch has been heeled; and where for any other reason the ball is out of play. defense, the play of the side oppos- ing the side with the ball. either side may bat or strike with his A ^ ^ C-t fnT'i a a. hand or fist a fly ball in any dl rec- ^^t^oAi^i f^a $ any tion, excepting toward his opponent's goal, to keep an opponent from get- ting it. block, to interfere with or obstruct the movement of an opponent. blocked kick, a ball so lacked that it strikes an opponent before crossing the scrimmage line. break through, to force a passage through an opposing line. buck, to dash against or break through a scrimmage line with the ball. captain, the leader of a team or side. catch; must be kicked a distance of at least 10 yards toward the op- ponents' goal line. down, when a referee blows his whistle or declares a ball dead. drop-kick, a kick the instant the ball rises after the player has dropped it from his hands. eleven, a full team. end, the player at each end of the forward line. end lines, lines marked on the field at each end. center, the player on the center of end zones, the space between the the forward line who snaps the ball goal, end, and side lines. back between his feet for a kick, putting the ball into play. F cleats, small-knobs on soles of shoes to prevent slipping. fair catch, catching a ball kicked by coach, a director or instructor of a an opponent before it alights, or team or side. catching a punt-out. consecutive, a continuous possession field, level tract of ground or lawn, of the ball by a side. 360 feet long by 160 feet wide. crawling, an attempt by a runner field of play, the space between the to carry a dead ball forward; pro- goal lines and end lines. hlblted - fly-ball, a ball kicked high in the air. 878 Dictionary of Football forward line, seven players, viz. the center, two ends, two guards and two tackles. forward pass, a pass or throw of the ball from a point at least 5 yards back of the scrimmage line. foul, a violation of a rule. free kick, any kick when the rules restrain the opponents from ad- vancing beyond a certain point be- fore the ball is put into play. full-back, a player on the last line who co-operates with the half-backs. goal, two upright posts, at least 20 feet in height and 18| feet apart, with a cross-bar 10 feet above the ground, erected in the center of each end goal line. goal from field, where a ball is kicked in any way excepting a punt, from the field of play over the cross- bar of the opponents' goal, but with- out touching the ground or any player after the kick. goal from touchdown, where the ball is kicked from the field over the cross-bar of the opponents' goal without touching the ground. goal lines, lines marked on the field 10 yards from and parallel to the end lines. gridiron, popular name of the field of play. guard, the player on each side of the center. H half-backs, two players in rear of the quarter-back, who do most of the running with the ball. head coach, the chief coach. hurdling, in general, jumping or at- tempting to jump over an opponent still on his feet; prohibited. body so as to prevent opponents from tackling. interlocked interference, where the players of the side having the ball grasp one another or form a mass of men so as to keep off tacklers; pro- hibited. kick-off, a place-kick at the begin- ning of a game and after any score excepting a safety. kick-out, a place-kick by a player of the side which has touched the ball down in their own goal, or into whose touch-in-goal the ball has gone. kneeing, the same as striking. line coach, the instructor for the forward line. line of scrimmage, an actual or imaginary fine for each side, parallel to the goal lines, and about 12 inches apart. linesman, an official who marks the distances gained or lost, remains on or near one of the side lines during the game, has two assistants who are stationed outside of the field of play, and acts as an assistant to the referee and umpire. loose-ball, a ball on the ground out of possession of either side; kicking it or at it prohibited. M mark of the catch, indication where a fair catch has been made. mark of the line, indication where the side or goal line has been crossed. measuring the position of a dead ball, when a ball has been declared dead its position must be measured from its forward point; rotating it prohibited. muff, the failure to catch a ball. N interference, any one of several au- thorized means by which a player neutral zone, the space between the holding the ball may interpose his scrimmage lines; about 12 inches. 879 Dictionary of Football officials of the game, the referee, umpire and linesman. out of bounds, when the ball or the player holding it touches the ground beyond the side line or its extension. passing, the reception of the ball from the snap-back by the quarter- back and its delivery by him to another player. periods, the four parts into which the game is divided; 15 minutes each. piling-up, players jumping or throw- ing themselves on a prostrate player after the ball has been declared dead; prohibited. place-kick, a kick after the ball has been placed on the ground. punt-kick, a kick before a dropped ball touches the ground. punt-out, a punt-kick by a player on the side that has made a touch- down toward another player on his own side to enable the latter to make a fair catch. putting the ball in play, restoring a dead ball for play. quarter-back, the player immedi" ately back of the center, who receives the ball and endeavors to place it in the hands of a third man before an advance can be made. referee, the official whose decisions on all questions are final; superior on occasions to the umpire. restraining line, the line on or be- hind which players of the side must stand when free kicks are made. run-in, when a player, excepting in a scrimmage, picks up a rolling or bounding ball and succeeds in run- ning with it till he gets behind his opponents' goal-line, and there touches it down. running-in, interference with a player kicking the ball by opponents running into or otherwise roughly treating him; prohibited. safety, when the ball in possession of a player guarding his own goal is declared dead; when a player on the side in possession of the ball makes a forward pass which becomes in- completed behind his goal line or commits a foul that would give the ball to the opponents behind the offender's goal line; when a player kicks the ball behind his goal line and it crosses the extension of either side line. scoring, points in a game and their values, viz., touchdown, 6 points; goal from touchdown, 1 point; goal from, the field, 3 points; safety by opponents, 2 points; a forfeited game, 1 to in favor of the offended side. scrimmage, when the holder of the ball, being in the field of play, puts it down in front of him, and all playere who have closed around on their respective sides endeavor to push their opponents back, and, by kicking the ball, to drive it in the direction of the opposite goal-line; the scrimmage ends when the ball is in touch or goal. scrub, a team picked up at random for practice; also the team playing against the one with the ball. side, the same as team. side lines, lines marked on the field at each side. snapper-back, in a scrimmage, the player who puts the ball into play. snapping the ball, in a scrimmage, sending the ball back from its posi- tion on the ground by a quick mo- tion of the hand or hands. striking, striking of a player with the fist, elbow, or knee of another; prohibited. tackle, the player next to each guard, who in defensive play breaks through the opposing line to seize the player Dictionary of Football having the ball; also the holding by- one or more players of the opposite side of the player who has the ball. tackling, interference with a player by an opposing player. Under the rules a player when tackling must have at least one foot on the ground . Tackling below the knee is prohib- ited except by players on the defen- sive line of scrimmage, and then only by the two players on the ends of the line. take the man, to support a player of one's own side who is about to kick the ball by charging an oppo- nent who is coming up to kick it. taken over, when a player kicks, passes, or knocks the ball across his own goal line and there makes it dead. team, eleven players and the sub- stitutes. time of game, in general, 60 minutes, 4 periods of 15 minutes each. touch, when a ball crosses the touch- line, or when the holder puts a part of either foot across the touch-line; also the space at the sides of a field of play, separated from it by the touch-lines. touchback, when a ball in posses- sion of a player guarding his own goal is declared dead by a referee after being sent to or across the line by an opponent. touchdown, when a ball in posses- sion of "a player is declared dead by a referee, any part of it being on, above, or behind the opponents' goal-line; also when a player puts his hand -on the ball while on the ground in touch or in goal, and stops it so that it remains dead or nearly so. tripping, where one player trips another below the knee; prohibited. try, gained when one of the attacking side grounds the ball over his oppo- nent's goal line. try at goal, a place-kick by one of the side that has made a touchdown. U umpire, the first judge of the play, who sees that the rules are observed, and decides disputes, subject to ap- peal to the referee. volley, to kick the ball before it bounces. W wheeling the scrimmage, when the forwards of one side, in possession of the ball, pass to their left or right front with it, leaving their oppo- nents on one side. wing forward, a forward who goes late into the scrimmage and applies himself rather to breaking away and the interception of bases than to hand-shoving in the pack. Also one of the pairs of forwards on either side of the center. /t Die. 68 881 DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES Note: L., Latin; Fr., French; Ger., German; It., Italian; Sp., Spanish; Gr., Greek. A ad eundem (sc. gradum) [L.], to abas [Fr.], down; at the foot; upon the same oW™e. the ground. ad finem [L ], to the end. a la Francaise [Fr.], after the French ad hominem ij^.j, to the man; that mode. is, to his interests and passions. a la mode [Fr.], in fashion. ad infinitum [L.], to infinity. a l'Anglaise [Fr.], after the English ad interim [L.], in the meanwhile. fashion. ad libitum [L.j, at pleasure. a l'outrance [Fr.], to the utmost. ad nauseam [L.l, to disgust. a plomb [Fr.], perpendicularly. ad utrumque paratus [L.], pre- a propos [Fr.], to the point. pared for either event. a propos de bottes [Fr.], apropos to ad valorem [L.], according to the boots; without reason. value. a fortiori [L.], with stronger reason, adscriptus glebae [L.J, belonging or a mansa et thoro [L.l, from bed attached to the soil. and board. aequam servare mentem [L.], to a posteriori [L.], from the effect to preserve an equable mind. the cause. aequo animo [L.], with an equable a priori [L.], from the cause to the mind; with equanimity. effect. aetatis suae [L.j, of his (or her) age. a vinculo matrimonii [L.], from affaire d'amour [Fr.], a love affair. the tie of marriage. affaire du coeur [Fr.], an affair of ab extra [L.], from without. the heart. ab initio [L.l, from the beginning. agenda [L.], things to be done. ab intra [L.], from within. alere flammam [L.], to feed the ab ovo usque ad mala [L.], from flame. the egg to the apples; from begin- alis volat propriis [L.], she flies ning to end. with her own wings; the motto of ab uno disce omnes [L.], from one Oregon. learn all; from a single instance in- allons [Fr.], let us go; come. fer the whole. alma mater [L.], a fostering mother. absente reo [L.], the defendant be- alter ego [L.], another self. ing absent. alter idem [L.], another precisely abusus non tollit usum [L.], abuse similar. is not an argument against proper amende honorable [Fr.], satisfactory use. apology; reparation. ad astra [L.], to the stars, or to an amicus curiae [L.], a friend of the exalted state. court. ad Calendas Graecas [L.], at the amour propre [Fr.], self-love; vanity. Greek Calends; i. e., never, as the ancien regime [Fr.], ancient j^rder Greeks had no Calends. of things. ad captandum vulgus [L.], to anglice [L.], according to the Eng- catch the rabble. lish manner. V Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases anno aetatis suae [L.], in the year of his (or her) age. anno Christi [L.], in the year of Christ, anno Domini [L.j, in the year of our Lord. anno mundi [L.], in the year of the world. anno urbis conditee [L.], in the year the city (Rome) was built. ante bellum [L.j, before the war. ante meridiem [L.], before noon. appui [Fr.], point of support. aqua vitae [L.], brandy; spirit; alcohol. arbiter elegantiarum [L.], an um- pire in matters of taste. argumentum ad hominem [L.], an argument deriving its force from the situation of the person to whom it h addressed. argumentum ad ignorantiam [L.], an argument founded on an adver- sary's ignorance of facts. argumentum ad verecundiam [L.], an argument to modesty. arriere pensee [Fr.], a mental reser- vation. au contraire [Fr.], on the contrary. au fait [Fr.], well instructed. au reste [Fr.], as for the rest. au revoir [Fr.], adieu until we meet again. audi alteram partem [L.], hear the other side. auri sacra fames [L.], the accursed thirst for gold. aut vincere aut mori [L.], either to conquer or to die. aux armes [Fr.], to arms. B bas-bleu [Fr.], a bluestocking. beau monde [Fr.], the fashionable world. beaux esprits [Fr.], gay spirits; men of wit. beaux yeux [Fr.], handsome eyes; that is, attractive looks. bel esprit [Fr.], a brilliant mind. ben trovato [It.], well found; a happy invention. bete noir [Fr.], a black beast; a bugbear. bienseance [Fr.], civility; decorum. billet d'amour / rT7 , , , i , , billet doux J I Fr ^ a love-letter. bizarre [Fr.], odd; fantastic. blase [Fr.], pallid; surfeited; ren- dered incapable of eontinued enjoy- ment. bona fide [L ], in good faith. bon gre mal gre [Fr.], willing or unwilling. bon jour [L.], good day; good morning. bon soir [L.], good evening. bonhomie [Fr.], good-natured sim- plicity. boulevard [Fr.], a public walk or street occupying the site of de- molished fortifications. bouleversement [Fr.], overturning; subversion. bourgeois [Fr.], a man of middle rank in society. bourgeoisie [Fr.], middle classes of society; traders. brevet d'invention [Fr.], a patent. brochure [Fr.], a pamphlet. brusque [Fr.], rude; blunt. brutum fulmen [L.], a harmless thunderbolt. cacoethes [L.], an evil habit. cacoethes loquendi [L.] a rage for speaking. cacoethes scribendi [L.J,. an itch for scribbling. caetera desunt [L.], the remainder is wanting. caetera paribus [L.], other things being equal. cafe [Fr.], a coffee-house. caleche [Fr.], a half -coach or calash. calembour [Fr.], a pun. canaille [Fr.], the rabble. canta trice [It.], a female profes- sional singer. capias ad respondendum [L.], you may take to answer; — a writ for taking and keeping the defendant to answer the plaintiff in the action. capias ad satisfaciendum [L.], you may take to satisfy; — a writ for taking and keeping the party named 883 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases until he gives satisfaction to the party by whom it is issued. captatio benevolentia? [L.], a cur- rying favor. caput mortuum [L.J, the worthless remains. carpe diem [L.], enjoy the present day. casus belli [L.], that which involves or justifies war. catalogue raisonne [Fr.], a catalogue of books arranged according to their subjects. caveat emptor [L.], let the buyer beware. c'est a dire [Fr.], that is to say. champs Elysees [Fr.], Elysian Fields. chanson [Fr.], a song. chapeau bas [Fr.], hats off. chapeaubras [Fr.], a military cocked hat. charge d'affaires [Fr.], an inferior diplomatic representative at a foreign court. charivari [Fr.], a mock serenade of discordant music. chateaux en Espagne [Fr.], castles in Spain, the land of romance; castles in the air. chef-d'oeuvre [Fr.], a masterpiece. chere amie [Fr.], a dear friend; a mistress. chevalier d'industrie [Fr.], a knight of industry; one who lives by persevering fraud. chronique scandaleuse [Fr.], a chronicle of vices and crimes. ci-devant [Fr.], formerly; former. circa, or circiter [L.], about. cito maturum, cito putridum [L.], soon ripe, soon rotten. citoyen [Fr.], a citizen; a burgher. civilitas successit barbarum [L.], civilization succeeds barbarism; — the motto of Minnesota when a territory. coiffeur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. comme il faut [Fr.], as it should be. compos mentis [L.], of a sound mind. compte rendu [Fr.], account ren- dered; report. con amore [It.], with love; earnestly. concio ad clerum [L.], a discourse to the clergy. confrere [Fr.], a brother; an associate. conge d'elire [Fr.], a leave to elect. contretemps [Fr.], an awkward mis- hap or accident. conversazione [It.], a meeting of company for conversation. coram nobis [L.], before us. coram non judice [L.J, before one who is not the proper judge. cordon sanitaire [Fr.], a line of troops to prevent the spreading of pestilence. corps de garde [Fr.], a body of men who watch in a guard-room; the guard-room itself. corps de garde diplomatique [Fr.], a diplomatic body. corpus delicti [L ], the substance or foundation of the offense. corrigenda [L.], typographical errors to be corrected. couleur de rose [Fr.], rose color; an - aspect of attractiveness. coup d'etat [Fr.], a stroke of policy in public affairs. coup de grace [Fr.], a finishing stroke. coup de main [Fr.], a sudden enter- prise or effort. coup de soleil [Fr.], a stroke of the sun. coute qu'il coute [Fr.], let it cost what it may. crede quod habes, et habes [L.], believe that you have it, and you . have it. crescite, et multiplicamini [L.], grow, or increase, and multiply; — the motto of Maryland. crevasse [Fr.], a deep crevice; a breach. crimen falsi [L.], falsehood; perjury. crimen laesae majestatis [L.], high treason. crux criticorum [L.J,- the puzzle of critics. cui bono? [L.J, for whose benefit? Colloquially, but erroneously, of what use? cuisine [Fr.J, a kitchen; cookery. cum grano salis [L.J, with a grain of salt; with some allowance. cum privilegio [L.], with privilege. curiosafelicitas [L.j, a f elicitous tact. currente calamo [L.J, with a running or rapid pen. 884 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases custos rotulorum [L.], keeper of the disjecta membra [L.], scattered rolls. limbs or remains. distingue [Fr.], distinguished; emi- nent. distrait [Fr.], absent in thought. divide et impera [L.], divide and rule. dolce [It.], soft, — used in music. dolce far niente [It.], sweet doing- nothing; sweet idleness. the Lord be dal segno [It.], repeat from the sign. de bonis non [L.], of the goods not yet administered on. de facto [L.j, from the fact; really. de gustibus non est disputandum Dominus vobiscum [L [L.], there is no disputing about with you. tastes. double entente de jure [L.], from the law; by right. de mortuis nil nisi bonum [L.], say nothing but good of the dead. de nihilo nihil fit [L.], of nothing nothing is made. de novo [L.], anew. de profundis [L.], out of the depths detrop [Fr.], not wanted. double mean- [Fr.] 5 ing; a play on words. douceur [Fr.], sweetness; a bribe. dramatis persona? [L.], characters represented in a drama. dulce et decorum est pro patria mori [L.], it is sweet and honorable to die for one's country, too much, or too many ; dum vivimus, vivamus [L.], while we live, let us live. * . dehors [Fr irrelevant Dei gratia [L.], by the grace of God. demi-monde [Fr.], disreputable fe- male society; abandoned women. Deo gratias [L.], thanks to God. Deo juvante [L.], with God's help. Deo volente [L.], God willing. dernier ressort [Fr.], a last resource. desipere in loco [L.], to jest at the proper time. desunt caetera [L wanting. detur digniori [L. the more worthy. deus ex machina the machine; i. e without; out of; foreign; durante beneplacito [L.], during good pleasure. durante vita [L.], during life. eaudevie [Fr.], water of life; brandy. ecce homo [L.], behold the man; — applied specifically to any picture representing the Saviour given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing the crown of thorns. ecce signum [L.], behold the sign. e pluribus unum [L.], one out of many; one composed of many; — the motto of the United States. editio princeps [L.], the first edition, equality, pupil; a foster child. elite [Fr.], a choice or select body of persons. eloge [Fr.], a funeral oration. eloignement [Fr.], estrangement. embonpoint [Fr.], plumpness ; fleshi- the remainder is let it be given to [L.], a god from from a theatrical contrivance for making gods appear egalite [Fr in the air; hence, an unexpected eleve [Fr and fortunate occurrence- dies faustus [L.], a lucky day. dies infaustus [L.], an unlucky day. dies ira? [L.], day of wrath. dies non [L.], a day on which judges do not sit. Dieu defend le droit [Fr], God defends the right. Dieu et mon droit [Fr.], God and my right. dignus vindice nodus [L.], a knot worthy to be loosened by such hands. dirigo [L.], I direct or guide; — the motto of Maine. emeute [Fr.], a riot; a mob. employe [Fr.], one who is employed by another; a person in service. en arriere [Fr.], in the rear. en avant [Fr.], forward! en deshabille [Fr.], in undress. en famille [Fr.], in a domestic state. en fin [Fr.], at last; finally. 885 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases en passant [Fr.], in passing; by the ex cathedra [L.], from the bench; way. with high authority. en plein jour [Fr.], in broad day. ex officio [L.], by virtue of his en rapport [Fr.], in a condition or office. relation of sympathy. ex parte [L.], on one side only. en regie [Fr.], in order; according to ex pede Herculem [L.], we recog- rules. nize a Hercules from the size of en route [Fr.], on the way. the foot; that is, we judge of the en suite [Fr.], in company. whole from the specimen. enciente [Fr.], pregnant. ex post facto [L.], after the deed enfans perdus [Fr.], lost children; is done. a forlorn hope. ex tempore [L.], without premedi- enfant gate [Fr.], a spoiled child. tation. ennui [Fr.], a feeling of weariness ex uno disce omnes [L.], from one and disgust; tedium. learn all. ensemble [Fr.], the whole. ex vi termini [L.], by the meaning ense petit placidam sub liber- or force of the expression. tate quietem [L.], with the excelsior [L.], higher; more elevated; sword she seeks quiet peace under — the motto of New York. liberty; — the motto of Massachu- excerpta [L.], extracts. • setts. exempli gratia [L.], by way of ex- entente cordiale [Fr.], evidences of ample. good will and justice toward each exeunt [L.], they go out. other, exchanged by the chief per- exeunt omnes [L.], all go out. sons of two states. experimentum crucis [L.], the ex- entourage [Fr.], surroundings; ad- periment of the cross; a decisive juncts. experiment. entree [Fr.], entry; first course at experto crede [L.], trust one who table. has tried, or had experience. entre nous [Fr.], between our- expose [Fr.], an exposition. selves. entrepot [Fr.], a bonded ware- F house; a free port. ergo [L.], therefore. facile princeps [L.], evidently pre- espieglerie [Fr.], sportive tricks. 'eminent; the admitted chief. esprit de corps [Fr.], the animating fait accompli [Fr.], a thing already spirit of a collective body. done. esprit des lois [Fr.], spirit of the faubourg [Fr.], a suburb. laws. fauteuil [Fr.], an easy chair. esto perpetua [L.], let it be per- faux pas [Fr.], a false step. petual. f elo de se [Fr.], a suicide. est modus in rebus [L.], there is femme couverte [Fr.], a married a medium in all things. woman. et cum spiritu tuo [L.], and with femme de chambre [Fr.], a cham- thy spirit. bermaid. et id genus omne [L.], and every f eras naturae [L.], of a wild nature. thing of the sort. festina lente [L.j, hasten slowly. et sic de similibus [L.], and so of fete champetre [Fr.], a rural festival. the like. feu de joie [Fr.], a firing of guns in et tu Brute [L.], and thou also, token of joy; a bonfire. Brutus! feuilleton [Fr.], bottom part of a eureka [Gr.], I have found it;— the French newspaper, separated by a motto of California. line from the rest, and devoted to ex animo [L.], heartily. light literature, criticism, etc. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases fiacre [Fr.], a hack. helluo librorum [L.], a devourer of fiat justitia, ruat caelum [L.], let books; a book-worm. justice be done though the heavens hiatus valde deflendus [L.] f a de- fall. fiat lux [L.], let there be light. fidei defensor [L.], defender of the faith. fides, Punica [L.], Punic faith; treachery. fidus Achates [L.], faithful Achates; i. e., a true friend. filius nullius [L.], a son of nobody. filus terras [L.], one of low birth. fille de chambre [Fr.], a chamber- maid. fille de joie [Fr.], a prostitute. flagrante bello [L.], during hos- tilities. flagrante delicto [L.], in the com- mission of the crime. fortiter in re [L.], with firmness in acting. franco [It.], post free. friseur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. fuit Ilium [L.], Troy has been. fusillade [Fr.], a simultaneous dis- charge of fire-arms. G gallice [L.], in French. garcon [Fr.], a boy, or a waiter. garde du corps [Fr.], a body guard. genius loci [L.], the genius of the place. gens d'armes [Fr.], armed police. genus irritabile vatum [L.], the irritable race of poets. germanice [h.], in German. glebae ascriptus [L.] a servant be- longing to the soil. Gloria in Excelsis [L.], glory to God in the highest. Gloria Patri [L.], Glory be to the Father. gnothi seauton [Gr.], know thyself. ficiency much to hie et ubique [L where. hie jacet [L.], here lies. hie labor, hoc opus est [L.] is labor, this is work. hoc age [L.], do this. hoc tempore [L.], at this time. honi soit qui mal y pense [Fr. shame on him Who evil thinks. be regretted, here and every- this sempre hora e time. hors de combat dition to fight. humanum est errare human. [It.], it is always [Fr. out of con- [L. to err is [Ger.], I serve. ], that is. [L.], all of that omne ich dien id est [L. id genus sort. ignotum per ignotius [L.], that which is unknown by something still more unknown. imperium in imperio [L.], a gov- ernment within a government. imprimatur [L.], let it be printed; — a license to print a book, etc. improvvisatore [It.], an impromptu poet. improwisatrice [It.], an impromptu poetess. in aeternum [L.], forever. in articulo mortis [L.], at the point of death; in the last struggle. in commendam [L.], in trust. in curia [L.], in the court. in equilibrio [L.], in equilibrium. in esse [L.], in being. in extremis [L.], at the point of H [L. haud passibus aequis equal steps. haute nouveaute [Fr novelty. haut gout [Fr.], high flavor; fine or elegant taste. death. in flagrante delicto [L.], taken in the fact, not with in forma pauperis [L.], as a poor man. a great in foro conscientiae [L.], before the tribunal of conscience. in futuro [L.], in future; hence- forth. 887 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases in hoc signo vinces [L.], in this J sign, or under this standard, thou shalt conquer. jacta est alea [L.], the die is cast. in limine [L.], at the threshold. je ne sais quoi [Fr.], I know not in loco parentis [L.], in the place what. of a parent. jeu de mots [Fr.], a play on words; in medias res [L.], into the midst a pun. of things, or affairs. jeu d'esprit [Fr.], a witticism. in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], you Jupiter tonans [L.], Jupiter the will go most safely in the middle. thunderer. in memoriam [L.], in memory. jure divino [L.], by divine law. in nubibus [L.], in the clouds. jus civile [L.], civil law. in perpetuum [L.], forever. jus divinum [L.], divine law. in posse [L.], in possible existence, jus .et norma loquendi [L.], the in propria persona [L.], in person. law and rule of speech. in puris naturalibus [L.], quite jus gentium [L.], law of nations. naked. juste milieu [Fr.], the golden mean. in re [L.], in the matter of. in rem [L.], against the thing. L in saecula saeculorum [L.], for ages on ages. labor ipse voluptas [L.], labor in situ [L.] in its original situation. itself is pleasure. in statu quo [L.], in the former labor omnia vincit [L.], labor con- state, quers everything. in terrorem [L.], as a warning. laissez faire [Fr.], let alone. in toto [L.], in the whole; entirely, lapsus linguae [L.], a slip of the in totidem verbis [L.], in so many tongue. words. latet anguis in herba [L.], a snake in transitu [L.], on the passage. lies hid in the grass. in usum Delphini [L.], for the use laudator temporis acti [L.], a of the Dauphin. praiser of time past. in utrumque paratus [L.], prepared laus Deo [L.], praise to God. for either event. le beau monde [Fr.], the fashion- in vacuo [L.], in empty space. able world. in verba magistri jurare [L.], to le diable boiteux [Fr.], the lame swear to, or by, the words of another ; devil. to adopt opinions on the authority le roi et l'etat [Fr.], king and state. of another. leroileveut [Fr.], the king wills it. in vino Veritas [L.], there is truth le roi Vavisera [Fr.], the king will in wine. consider or deliberate. infanta [Sp.], a princess of the blood lese majeste [Fr.], high treason. royal in Spain and Portugal. Tetoile du nord [Fr.], the star of infante [Sp.], any son of the king, the north; — the motto of Minn- except the eldest, or heir apparent. esota. insouciance [Fr.], indifference; care- lettre de cachet [Fr.], a sealed lessness. letter; a royal warrant. instar omnium [L.], like all. lettre de marque [Fr.], a letter o: inter alia [L.], among other things. marque or of reprisal. inter nos [L.], between ourselves. lex loci [L.], the law of the place invita Minerva [L.], without genius, lex non scripta [L.], the common ipse dixit [L.], he himself said it. law. ipsissima verba [L.], the very words, lex scripta [L.], statute law. ipso facto [L.], in the fact itself. lex talionis [L.], the law of retalia- ipso jure [L.], by the law itself. tion. ' Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose [Fr.], man proposes, and God dis- poses. liaison [Fr.], an alliance; an illicit connection. lite pendente [L.], during trial. litera scripta manet [L.], the written letter remains. loco citato [L.], in the place cited. locum tenens [L.], a deputy or substitute; a proxy. locus in quo [L.], the place in which. locus sigilli [L.], place of seal. longo intervallo [L.], by or with long interval. lucidus ordo [L.], a clear arrange- ment. lucus a non- lucendo [L.], a jeu d'esprit in etymology, which, assum- ing that lucus, a dark wood or grove, is derived from the verb lucere, to shine, supposes it must be a non lucendo, from its not being light. lusus naturae [L.], a sport or freak of nature. M macte virtute [L.], proceed in virtue. ma fois [Fr.], upon my faith. magna est Veritas, et prevalebit [L.j, truth is mighty, and it will prevail. magnum opus [L.], a great work. magnus Apollo [L.], great Apollo; one of high authority. maison de ville [Fr.], the town-house. maitre d'hotel [Fr.], a house- steward. mal a propos [Fr.], ill-timed. malgre nous [Fr.], in spite of us. malum in se [L.], bad in itself. mare clausum [L.], a closed sea; a bay. materiel [Fr.], materials or instru- ments employed (opposed to per- sonnel) . mauvais gout [Fr.], bad taste. mauvais honte [Fr.], false modesty. mega biblion, mega kakon [Gr.], a great book is a great evil. me judice [L.], I being judge. melange [Fr.], a medley. melee [Fr.], a hand-to-hand fight; a riot. memento mori [L.], remember death. memorabilia [L.], things to be remembered. mens sana in corpore sano [L.], a sound mind in a sound body. mens sibi conscia recti [L.], a mind conscious of rectitude. mesalliance [Fr.], improper asso- ciation; marriage with one. of lower station. meum et tuum ' [L.J, mine and thine. mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful to be told. mise en scene [Fr.], the putting in preparation for the stage. mittimus [L.], we send; — a writ to commit an offender to prison. modus operandi [L.], manner of operation. montani semper libezi [L.], moun- taineers are always freemen; — the motto of West Virginia. monumentum aere perennius [L.], a monument more durable than multum in parvo [L.], much in little. mutatis mutandis [L.], the neces- sary changes being made. mutato nomine [L.], the name being changed. N naive [Fr.], having native or un- affected simplicity. naivete [Fr.], native simplicity. ne plus ultra [L.], nothing further. ne quid nimis [L.], not anything too much or too far. ne sutor ultra crepidam [L.], let not the shoemaker go beyond his last. nee [Fr.], born; as, Madame de Stael, nee (that is, whose maiden name was) Necker. negligee [Fr.], an easy, uncere- . monious attire; undress. nemine contradicente [L.], no one speaking in opposition. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases nemine dissentiente [L.], no one dissenting. nemo me impune lacessit [L.], no one wounds me with impunity; — the motto of Scotland. nil admirari [L.], to wonder at nothing. nil conscire sibi [L.], to be con- scious of no fault. nil desperandum [L.], never des- pair. n'importe [Fr.], it matters not. noblesse oblige [Fr.], rank imposes obligation; much is rightly expected of one of high birth or station. nolens volens [L.], whether he will or not. noli me tangere [L.], don't touch me. nolle prosequi [L.], to be unwilling to proceed. nom de plume [Fr.], a pen name; an assumed title. nom de guerre [Fr.], a war name; a traveling title; a pseudonym. non compos mentis [L.], not in sound mind. non constat [L.], it does not appear. non est inventus [L.], he has not been found. non liquet [L.], it is not clear. non obstante [L.J, notwithstanding. non omnia possumus omnes [L.], we cannot, all of us, do all things. non omnis moriar [L.], I shall not wholly die. non sequitur [L.], it does not follow ; an unwarranted conclusion. non mi ricordo [It.], I don't remem- ber. nosce teipsum [L.], know thyself. nota bene [L.], mark well. n'oubliez pas [Fr.], don't forget. nous verrons [Fr.], we shall see. novus homo [L.], a new man. nuance [Fr.], shade; gradation; tint. nudum pactum [L.], a contract made without any consideration, and therefore void. nunc aut nunquam [L.], now or never. obiit [L.], he, or she, died. obiter dictum [L.], a thing said by the way, or in passing. obsta principiis [L.], resist the first beginnings. odium theologicum [L.], the hatred of theologians. ceil de bceuf [Fr.], a bull's eye. ohe! jam satis [L.], O, now there is enough. omnia vincit amor [L.], love con- quers all things, omnia vincit labor [L.], labor over- comes all things. on dit [Fr.], they say; flying rumor. onus probandi [L.], the burden of proving. ora e sempre [It.], now and always. ora pro nobis [L.], pray for us orator fit, poeta nascitur [L.], the orator is made, but the poet is born. ore rotundo [L.], with round, full voice. ore tenus [L.], as far as the mouth. O! si sic omnia [L.], O, that he had always done or spoken thus. O temporal O mores! [L.], O the times! O the manners! otium cum dignitate [L.], ease with dignity; dignified leisure. oubliette [Fr.], dungeon of a castle. oui dire [Fr.], hearsay. outre [Fr.], out of the commo: course; extravagant. ouvrier [Fr.], a workman; an artisan. palmam qui meruit ferat [L.], let him who has won it bear the palm. papier mache [Fr.], chewed or mashed paper; a hard substance made of a pulp from rags or paper. par exemple [Fr.], for example. par excellence [Fr.], by way of eminence. pari passu [L.], with equal pace. par nobile fratrum [L.], a noble pair of brothers; two just alike. parole d'honneur [Fr.], word of honor. particeps criminis [L.], an accom- plice. parva componere magnis [L.], to compare small things with great. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases parvenu [Fr.], an upstart; one newly risen into notice. pas a pas [Fr.], step by step. passe [Fr.], past; out of use; faded; worn out. passe-partout [Fr.], a master-key. pate de foie gras [Fr.], goose-liver pie. paterfamilias [L.], the father of a family. pater noster [L.], Our Father; the Lord's prayer. pater patriae [L.], father of his country. patois [Fr.], dialect of the lower classes. patres conscripti [L.], conscript fathers; the Roman senators. peccavi [L.], I have sinned. peine forte et dure [Fr.], strong and severe punishment. penchant [Fr.], inclination; liking. pendente lite [L.l, pending the suit. pensee [Fr.], thought. per annum [L.], by the year. per capita [L.], by the head. per centum [L.], by the hundred. per contra [L.], contrariwise. per diem [L.], by the day. per se [L.]. by itself considered. perdu [Fr.], lost. personnel [Fr.], body of persons employed in some public service. petit maitre [Fr.], a dandy; a cox- comb. petitio principii [L.], a begging of the question. peu-a-peu [Fr.], little by little. peu de chose [Fr.], a trifle. piece de resistance [Fr.], a solid joint. pirouette [Fr.], a whirl on the toes, as in dancing. pis aller [Fr.], the last shift. piu [It.], more. pleno jure [L.], with full authority. plexus [L.], a net-work; web. poco a poco [It.], little by little. poeta nascitur, non fit [L.], the poet is born, not made. point d'appui [Fr.], point of sup- port; prop. pons asinorum [L.], bridge of asses. post mortem [L.], after death. post obitum [L.], after death. pot-pourri [Fr.], a hotch-potch; a medley. preux chevalier '[Fr;], a brave knight. prima facie [L.], on the first view. primus inter apres [L.], chief among equals. principia, non homines [L.], prin- ciples, not men. principiis obsta [L.], resist the first beginnings. pro aris et focis [L.], for our altars and firesides. pro bono publico [L.], for the pub- lic good. pro et con [L.], for and against. pro forma [L.], for the sake of form. pro hac vice [L.], for this turn or occasion. pro rata [L.], in proportion. pro re nata [L.], for a special emer- gency. pro tanto [L.], for so much. pro tempore [L.], for the time. proces verbal [Fr.], a written state- ment. profanum vulgus [L.], the profane vulgar. proh pudor [L.], O, for shame. propria quae maribus [L.], those things which are appropriate or peculiar to males or men or to hus- bands. Punica fides [L.J, Punic faith; treachery. qua [L.], so far as; in so far as. quantum libet [L.], as much as you please. quantum -meru i t » [L.], as much as he deserved. quantum mutatus ab illo! [L.], how changed from what he was! quantum sufficit [L.], a sufficient quantity. quantum vis [L.], as much as you will. quasi [L.], as if; in a manner. quelque chose [Fr.], a trifle; some- thing; anything. quid pro quo [L.], one thing for another; an equivalent. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases quid rides? [L.], why do you laugh? qui facit per alium, facit per se [L.], he who does a thing by the agency of another, does it himself. quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.], who shall guard the guards them- selves? qui transtulit, sustinet [L.], he who transplanted, still sustains; the motto of Connecticut. qui vive? [Fr.], who goes there? — hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. quoad hoc [L.J, to this extent. quo animo? [L.], with what mind or intention? quo jure? [L.], by what right? quod erat demonstrandum [L.], "which was to be demonstrated. quod vide [L.], which see. quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat [L.], those whom God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. R rara avis [L.], a rare bird. recueil [Fr.], collection. reductio ad absurdum [L.], re- ducing a position to an absurdity. regnant populi [L.], the people rule;— the motto . of Arkansas. (Properly, regnat populus.) re infecta [L.], the business being unfinished. religio loci [L.], the religious spirit of the place. renommee [Fr.], renown; fame. requiescat in pace [L.], may he rest in peace. res angusta domi [L.], narrow cir- cumstances at home; poverty. respice finem fcL.], look to the end. resume [Fr.], a summing up: re- capitulation. resurgam [L.], I shall rise again. revenons a nos moutons [Fr.], let us return to our sheep; let us t return to our subject. rifacimento [It.], renewal; re-estab- hshment. robe de chambre [Fr.], a dressing- gown or morning-gown. rouleau [Fr.], a little roll. rudis indigestaque moles [L.], a rude and undigested mass. ruse de guerre [Fr.], a stratagem of war. rus in urbe [L.], the. country in town. salle [Fr:], a hall. salon [Fr.], an apartment for com- pany; a fashionable party; or fash- ionable society. salus populi suprema est lex [L.]. the welfare of the people is the supreme law; — the motto of Mis- souri. sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy of holies. sans ceremonie [Fr.], without cere- mony. sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.] without fear and without reproach sartor resartus [L.], the cobbler mended. sauve qui peut [Fr.], save himseli who can. savoir faire [Fr.], ability. savoir vivre [Fr.], good breeding. scandalum magnatum [L.], de- famatory speech or writing to the injury of persons of dignity. scire facias [L.], cause it to be known. seance [Fr.], a sitting or session. secundum artem [L.], according to rule. secundum naturam [L.], according to the course of nature. secundum ordinern [L.], in order semper felix [L.], always fortunate. semper fidelis [L.], always faithful. semper idem [L.], always the same. semper paratus [L.], always ready. senatus consultum [L.], a decree of the senate. se non e vero, e ben trovato [It.], if not true, it is well feigned. sesquipedalia verba [L.], words a foot and a half long. sic itur ad astra [L.], such is the way to immortality. sic passim [L.], so everywhere. sic semper tyrannis [L.], ever so to tyrants; the motto of Virginia. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases sic transit gloria mundi [L.], so passes away earthly glory. sic vos non vobis [L.], thus you do not labor for yourselves. sicut ante [L.], as before. sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis [L.], as God was with our fathers, so may He be with us. similia similibus curantur [L.], like things are cured by like. si monumentum quaeris, circum- spice [L.], if you seek his monu- ment, look around. simplex munditiis [L.], of simple elegance. sine cura [L.], without charge or care. sine die [L.], without a day ap- pointed. sine qua non [L.], an indispensable condition. si quaeris peninsulam amaenam, circumspice [L.], if thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here; -the motto of Michigan. sit tibi terra levis [L.], may the earth lie lightly upon thee. soubrette [Fr.], an intriguing woman. stans pede in uno [L.], standing on one foot. stat magni nominis umbra [L.], he stands the shadow of a mighty name. statu quo ante bellum [L.], in the state which was before the war. status quo [L.], the state in which. stet [L.], let it stand. suaviter in modo, fortiter in re [L.], gentle in manners, but resolute in deed. sub judice [L.j, under consideration. sub rosa [L.], under the rose; pri- vately. sui generis [L.j, of its own kind. sui juris [L.], in one's own right. summum bonum [L.], the chief good. suo marte [L.], by his own strength. suum cuique [L.], let each have his own. tabula rasa [L.J, a smooth or blank tablet. tant pis [Fr.], so much the worse. tantum vidit Virgilium [L.], he merely saw Virgil (that is, the great man). tapis [Fr.], a carpet; also, the cover of a council-table; hence, to be on the tapis is to be under consid- eration. tempora mutantur, et nos muta- mur in illis [L.], the times are changed, -and we are changed with , them. tempus edax rerum [L.], time the • devourer of all things. tempus fugit [L.], time flies. terrae Alius [L.], a son of the earth; that is, human being. terra firma [L.], solid earth; a safe footing. terra incognita [L.], an unknown country. tertium quid [L.], a third, some- thing; a nondescript. tiers-etat [Fr.], the third estate; commons or commonality. tokalon [Gr.] the beautiful; the chief good. to prepon [Gr.], the proper or be- coming. totidem verbis [L.], in just so many words. toties quoties [L.], as often as. toto ccelo [L.], by the whole heav- ens; diametrically opposite. tout-a-fait [Fr.], entirely. tout au contraire [Fr.], on the con- trary. tout ensemble [Fr.], the whole taken together. U uberrima fides [L.], superabound- ing faith. ubi supra [L.], where above men- tioned. ultima ratio regum [L.], the last argument of kings; war. ultima thule [L.j, utmost limit. una voce [L.], with one voice. uno animo [L.], with one mind; unanimously. usque ad aras [L.], to the very altars. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases usque ad nauseam [L.], to disgust. utile dulci [L.], the useful with the pleasant. ut infra [L.], as below. ut supra [L.], as above stated. uti possidetis [L.], as you possess; state of present possession. vade mecum [L.], go with me; a constant companion. vae victis [L.], woe to the vanquished. vale [L.], farewell. valet de chambre [Fr.], an attend- ant; a footman. variorum notse [L.], the notes of various authors. veni, vidi, vici [L.], I came, I saw, I conquered. verbatim et literatim [L.], \/ord for word and letter for letter. verbum sat sapienti [L.], a word is enough for a wise man. vetturo [It.], a hack. vetturino [It.], a hackman. vexata qusestio [L.], a disputed question. via [L.], by the way of. via media [L.], a middle course. vice [L.], in the place of. vice versa [L.], the terms being ex- changed. vide ut supra [L.], see what is stated above. vi et armis [L.], by force and arms; by main force. vincit amor patriae [L.], love of country prevails. IL.1, [L.], truth the vincit omnia Veritas conquers all things. vinculum matrimonii bond of marriage. vires acquirit eundo [L.], she ac- quires strength in her progress. vis a vis [Fr.], opposite; facing. vis a tergo [L.], a propelling force from behind. vis inertias [L.], the power of inertia; resistance. vis vitse [L.], the vigor of life. vitam impendere vero [L.], to stake one's life for the truth. vivat regina [L.], long live the queen. vivat rex [L.], long live the king. viva voce [L.], by the living voice by oral testimony. vive la republique [Fr.], long life the republic. vive la bagatelle! [Fr.], success trifling. vive le roi [Fr.], long live the kin voila [Fr.], behold; there is vox, et praeterea nihil [L.], a voice, and nothing more. vox populi, vox Dei [L.], the voice of the people is the voice of God. vr a i semblance [Fr.], appearance of truth. zonam solvere [L.], to loose th( virgin zone. zollverein [Ger.], a union among th( German states for the collection custom-house duties. ! 894 DICTIONARY OF FORMS OF ADDRESS 1. Archbishop — Letters are ad- dressed: "His Grace, the Lord Arch- bishop of ," and commence: "My Lord Archbishop." More formal docu- ments are addressed "The Most Reverend Father in God (John Bird), by Divine Providence, Lord Arch- bishop of Canterbury"; other arch- bishops and suffragan bishops being "by Divine permission." When per- sonally referred to. an archbishop is styled "Your Grace," not "Your Lordship." The Archbishop of Ar- magh is addressed as "His Grace the Lord Primate of Ireland." Archbishops' wives, and other mem- bers of their families, as such, are with- out titles. 2. Baron— Addressed: "The Right Honorable Lord "; referred to as "His Lordship," or "Your Lordship." Baron's Daughter — "The Honor- able Mary "; or, if married, "The Honorable Mrs. ." Letters com- mence, "Madam." Baron's Son — "The Honorable John ." Letters commence, "Sir." Baron's Son's Wife— "The Honor- able Mrs. ." Letters commence, "Madam." Baron's Wife, and Baroness in her own right — "The Right Honorable Lady "; in strictness, but more commonly, "The Lady ." Letters commence, "Madam," and refer to her as "Your Ladyship." Baronet— "Sir John , Bart." Letters commence, "Sir." Baronet's Wife— "Lady ." Un- less she has a title as the daughter of a peer, no Christian name is used. She is referred to as "Your Ladyship." Bishop— "The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of -." Letters com- mence, "My Lord." Frequently the address is simply, "The Lord Bishop of ." The style in formal docu- ments is, "The Right Reverend Father in God (John •), by Divine permis- sion, Lord Bishop of ." Scotch bishops are addressed, "The Bishop of ," sometimes as "The Right Reverend Bishop (e. g., Henry Cot- terell)," and letters commence, "Right Reverend Sir." The colonial bishops are addressed by their territorial titles like those of England. Bishops' Wives and Children have no titles. Countess — "The Right Honorable the Countess of ." Letters com- mence, "Madam," and refer to her as "Your Ladyship." Duke — "His Grace the Duke of ." Letters commence, "My Lord Duke"; and he is referred to as "Your Grace." Duchess — "Her Grace the Duchess of ." Letters commence, "Ma- dam," and refer to her as "Your Grace " Duke's Daughter— "The Right Honorable Lady Mary ," or less formally, "The Lady Mary ." Letters commence, "Madam," and refer to her as "Your Ladyship." If she is married to a person of inferior rank, her surname only is changed. Duke's Eldest Son — Uses the sec- ond or some other title of his family by courtesy, and he is addressed as if he held the title by law, though in formal documents he is called " , Esq., commonly called the Marquis or earl (as the case may be). Duke's Younger Son— "The Right Honorable Lord John Russell," or less formally, "The Lord John R -." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Duke's Younger Son's Wife — "The Lady John ," unless where she has a title in her own right. "Madam," and "Your Ladyship." Earl— "The Right Honorable the Dictionary of Forms of Address Earl of ," or less formally, "The Earl of ." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Earl's Wife — see Countess. Earl's Daughter — Like Duke's Daughter (q.v.). Earl's Eldest Son is addressed as if the title which he holds in courtesy were a title in law. Earl's Younger Son — Like Baron's Son (q.v.). Earl's Younger Son's Wife — Like Baron's son's wife, unless of superior rank to her husband. King— "The King's Most Excellent Majesty." "Sire," and "Your Majesty" ; or, in less formal notes,-thus: "Mr. Pill presents his duty to your Majesty." Knight Bachelor — Like Baronet (q.v.), except that the word "Bart." is omitted. Knight Bachelor's Wife— Like Baronet's Wife (q.v.). Knight of the Garter — K.G. is added to the name or other title of the bearer. Knight of St. Patrick— K.P. used in the same manner. Knight of the Thistle— K.T. Knight of the Bath— if a Knight Grand Cross, K.G.C.B.; if a Knight Commander, K.C.B. Knight of the Bath's Wife— Like the wife of a Baronet or Knight Bachelor. Lord Advocate (of Scotland) — "The Right Honorable the Lord Advo- cate" by courtesy; but in official docu- ments he is styled "His Majesty's Advocate for Scotland." Letters ought strictly to commence, "Sir," not "My Lord," though the latter mode of address is usual. Lord Lieutenant (of Ireland) — "His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant"; and letters commence in accordance with his rank in the peerage or other- wise. If a duke, he is styled "His Grace the Lord Lieutenant." Lord Mayor— "The Right Honor- able the Lord Mayor." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." There are only three Lord Mayors — those of London, York, and Dublin. Lord Provost — The Provost of Edinburgh is "The Right Honorable the Lord Provost"; of Glasgow, "The Honorable the Lord Provost"; of Perth and of Aberdeen, "The Lord Provost." There are no other Lord Provosts. Perhaps the distinction in the title of the chief magistrate of the Scottish capital is traceable to his having been always a member of the Privy Council of Scotland, at least since the Revolution. Lord of Session (in Scotland) — "The Honorable Lord—." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Lords of His Majesty's Treasury —These in their collective capacity are addressed as "The Honorable the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury"; individually they have no title from their connection with the Treasury. Maid of Honor — "The Honorable. Miss"; and "Madam." Marquis — "The Most Honorable the Marquis of ," not "The Most Noble." Letters commence, "My Lord Marquis"; but when personally addressed, he is styled "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Marchioness — "The Most Honor- able the Marchioness of ." "Ma- dam," and "Your Ladyship." Marquis's Daughter — Like Duke's Daughter (q.v.). Marquis's Eldest Son — Like Duke's Eldest Son (q.v.). Marquis's Younger Son — Like Duke's Younger Son (q.v.). Mayors — In formal documents, "The Right Worshipful the Mayor "; but in letters, simply "The Mayor." Members of Parliament — The letters. M. P. are added to their usual address. Officers in the Navy and Army — Their rank in the service, if above subalterns, is always prefixed to any other title they may possess, thus "Captain the Lord John ." Prince — "His Royal Highness Prince "; or "His Royal High- the Duke of ," when the 896 Dictionary of Forms of Address Prince is also a Duke. In practice, Excellency." Judges of federal, state, the initials H.R.H. are usually substi- and municipal courts, members of both tuted for the words. A letter begins Houses of Congress, of state legis- "Sir," not "My Lord Duke"; and the latures, and of the President's cabinet, mode of reference is "Your Royal and frequently members of municipal Highness." councils are addressed in writing by Princess — "Her Royal Highness the the courtesy title "Honorable," con- Princess ," or "The Duchess" tracted to "Hon.," and in most cases (as the case may be). "Madam," and the name of office follows that of the "Your Royal Highness." Prince's Wife, though of inferior rank, like a Princess by birth. Privy Councillor— "The Right Honorable John ." Privy Councillor's Wife and Chil- dren have no title. Queen— "The Queen's Most Excel- lent Majesty." "Madam," and "Your Majesty"; or, "The Lord John R presents his duty to your Majesty." Viscount— "The Right Honorable Lord Viscount ," or less formally, "The Lord Viscount," "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Viscountess — "The Right Honor- able the Viscountess," or less formally, "The Viscountess,"' "Madam," and "Your Ladyship." Viscount's Daughter — Like Bar- on's Daughter (q.v.). Viscount's Son — Like Baron's Son (q.v.). AMERICAN FORMS The Constitution of the United States provides that no title of nobility person, such as "Hon. — , U. S. Senate" ; "Hon. , Chief Justice of the (Supreme Court of the) United States"; "Hon. , M.C." Associ- ate Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court and of state, supreme, and superior courts, are addressed in writing with "Hon.," name, and name of office, but spoken of as "Mr. Justice ." Officers of the^rmy and navy are addressed in writing by name followed with title of highest rank attained, and, if in command of a military division, naval squadron on station, or on the retired list, by designation of the fact, such as " Major General, U.S.A., com- manding military division of the Atlantic"; " Rear-Admiral, U.S. N., commanding Atlantic Squadron"; " General U.S.A. Retired." All official communications of the Govern- ment begin "Sir," and close "Respect- fully." < Recipients of regular and honorary degrees should be addressed in writing by name, followed by abbreviation of shall be granted by the Government, degree in the order A.B., A.M., Ph.D. and that no person holding any office of profit or trust under it, shall, with- out the consent of Congress, accept any title, etc., from any king, prince, or foreign state. The President of the Ignited States and the Governor of Massachusetts are the only citizens possessing as officials a title by legis- lative act, and in both cases the word is "Excellency." Governors of other states are given the same title by courtesy. When either of these is M.D., D.D., LL.D. A physician or surgeon is spoken of and to as "Dr. -"; clergyman is addressed in writing and spoken of usually as "The Rev. — — ," spoken to as '"Mr. "; if a doctor of divinity he may be addressed in writing as " , D.D.," or "The Rev. , D.D.," and spoken to and of as "Dr. ." A Roman Catholic cardinal is addressed in writing and spoken of as "His Eminence , Cardinal (Bishop addressed in writing or officially spoken Priest, or Deacon according to rank, of, the form is "His Excellency the of the Holy Roman Church," and President of the United States," or spoken to as "Your Grace"; an "His Excellency the Governor of archbishop and bishop may be similarly "; and when spoken to "Your addressed as "The Most Rev. , 897 Die. 69 Dictionary of Forms of Address D.D., Archbishop of ," and "The ignore titles as far as propriety will » R i e „ V -th7-pro^t B &p°ai P Tis to be noted, that in British &. caries, officially a S ^ ; ^Z^&&S?.^. SSW? ""andlny ^nSTn^ &£ ^e \ "f -^W and the most cultured citizens is to rightfully use. DICTIONARY OF GOLF addressing one's self to the ball, getting into proper position for a successful stroke. approach shot, driving the ball to the putting green. B bamng, striking the ground immedi- ately behind the ball. baffing spoon, shortest club of the spoon group; gives great elevation; ball does not roll far from where it falls; club once popular now grow- ing obsolete. brassey, club similar to the niblick, but with the sole of the head shod with a plate of brass. bulger, club with bulging face; keeps balls low and makes them travel straight. bye, unplayed hole after a match is finished. caddie, person who carries a players' clubs and follows the course of the ball. carry, the distance from where a ball is struck to where it falls. cleek, club with iron head, used for long approaches over hazardous ground and when playing a ball out of long grass and sandy soil. club, instrument for striking the ball, made of wood, wood with a brass sole, and iron only. course, that portion of the links on which the game is properly played, usually bounded by rough ground or other hazards. cup, a metal tube or circlet inserted in the holes. D dead ball, a ball so near the hole that the next putt is a certainty. divot, piece of turf cut out by an iron club. dormy, where one side has as many holes ahead as there remains holes to play. draw, to drive wildly to the left hand. driver, principal club; used for long distances and when driving off from the tee. driving iron, club used for long dis- tances and when considerable ele- vation of the ball is required. driving putter, club made to drive a very low ball against a heavy wind. fall dead, a ball that does not run after alighting. foozle, a bungling stroke. fore, a warning cry to any person in the way of the stroke. foursome, a match in which two play on each side, those on a side playing alternate strokes with the same ball. gobble, a rapid straight putt into the hole, such that otherwise the ball would have gone beyond it. grassed driver, club used to give elevation to the ball when struck. gutty, a gutta percha ball. H half one, handicap of a stroke de- ducted every second hole. half shot, less than a full swing. halved hole, a hole is halved when all strokes are equally divided be- tween the sides. halved match, a drawn game. hanging ball, one lying on a down- ward slope. Dictionary of Golf hazard, a bunker, or any artificial or natural obstacle on the course. heeling a ball, striking it with the heel of the club. hole, excavation about 4^£ inches in diameter and depth in which the cup is placed. Outgoing holes are generally marked with white and incoming ones with red flags. honor, the right of first play from the tee. horn, a piece of that or other sub- stance inserted in the sole of a club to prevent it splitting. hose, the socket into which the shaft is fitted. mashy or mashie, a cross between a niblick and a lofting iron. match play, where scores are reckoned by the holes. medal play, where scores are reck- oned by the strokes. medium, or ordinary iron, club used for shorter distances than the driving iron; also when "half" and "wrist shots" are required; lofts a ball more than the driving iron. middle spoon, club shorter than the long spoon and with stiff er shaft; a very straight driver. miss, the globe, failure to strike the ball; counts as a stroke. N iron niblick, heavy club with small neck, crook of the head of a club round head, used for extricating a where it joins the shaft. ball from hazards. jerk, when the club digs into the ground after striking the ball. niblick, club, spooned, with broad head, short from heel to toe ; used for dislodging ball from a hollow, rut, bunker, etc. nose, point or front part of the club head. lie, the inclination of a club when held ready for striking; ' also the good or bad location of a ball. lift, taking a ball out of a hazard and dropping it behind. like-as-we-lie, when both sides have ■ played the same number of strokes. links, the reservation on which the game is played. lofting, elevating a ball. lofting iron, club used for "short approach shots," when a hazard has to be played over that is near a hole on the putting green. long spoon, club used to give eleva- tion to the ball in windy weather or when the ball falls into long grass. M made, as to player and his ball, when the ball is sufficiently near the hole to be played on to the putting green at next shot. odd, handicap given a weak opponent by deducting one or more strokes from his total at each hole; also where one plays a stroke more than ■ his opponent. one off two (three, etc.), where one party plays two or more strokes more than the other, the next stroke of the latter. play club, wooden-headed club, wit full length shaft; used for drivin the ball the greatest distance an when the ball lies well. press, to attempt an unusually ha hit. putter, club used only on level put- ting greens around each hole, fo: "putting" the ball into the hole putting, making a stroke on the putting green. putting green, smooth, level, hard : 900 Dictionary of Golf piece of ground or turf, about 20 yards square, around the different holes. swing, method of handling a club when about to strike. rub on the green, a good or bad interruption of the ball, which must be played from where it alights. run, to drive a ball along the ground toward the hole instead of lofting it; also the distance a ball goes after alighting. scare, where the club-head is attached to the shaft. schlaff, almost synonymous with barring. scratch player, one who plays with- out a handicap. screamer, an unusually long stroke. shaft, the handle of a club. short game, approaching and put- ting. short spoon, club shorter than the middle spoon; used for short drives. sole, the flat bottom of the club-head. spoons, wooden-headed clubs, long, middle, and short, with heads scooped so as to loft the ball. square, an even game; neither side being any holes ahead. stance, the place of the player's feet when about to make a stroke. steal, striking a ball cautiously so that it goes only to the hole. stroke, effort to hit a ball with a club, whether successful or not. stroke hole, hole or holes at which a stroke is given in handicapping. stymie, the location of an opponents' ball in direct line of another's play. tee, a pot of sand on which the ball is placed for the first stroke. teeing ground, area within which the ball must be teed. the like, in odds of handicap, a player's stroke after his opponent has played one more stroke than he. third, handicap of a stroke deducted every third hole. threesome, match in which one plays against two others, all using the same ball. toe, same as nose. topping, striking a ball above its center. two odds, the handicap given a weak opponent by deducting two strokes from his total at every hole. U undercutting, striking a ball below its center. up, said of a player when he has gained one or more holes on his opponent. upright, the proper inclination of a club when held ready for striking. W club prior waggle, the flourish of a to the upward swing. whins, furze, gorse, or other plant in line of play. whipping, the twine binding the head and handle of a club. wrist shot, less than a half shot; generally played with an iron club. 901 DICTIONARY OF LACROSSE A attack. See fielders. attacking position, players must have their left side toward the goal they are attacking. B ball, the one ball with which the game is played is of rubber sponge, not exceeding 8 inches in circumfer- ence nor 5 ounces in weight. ball at goal, the ball must be put through the goal from the front side to score. batting the ball, the right of a goal- keeper, while defending his goal within the goal crease, although pro- hibited from catching and throwing a ball with his hand, to bat it away with his hand or block it with his . crosse or body. catch, to scoop or pick up a ball with the crosse. center, the player in the center of the field. change of goals, opposing teams change goals at end of the first period. charging, rushing into an opponent after he has thrown the ball; pro- hibited. check, one player charging into an- other with both hands on the crosse so as to make the stick meet the body of his opponent; prohibited. cover point, the player directly in front of the point. crease. See goal crease. crosse, the instrument with which the game is played; of any desired length, but not over 12 inches in width; woven with catgut into a net; with meshes close enough to hold the ball freely. crosse-check. See check. defense. See fielders. dropping before opponent. See in- terference. facing, the placing by the referee of the ball between and touching the reverse surfaces of the crosses of the players facing at the starting or re- sumption of the game. field captain, a superintendent of the play chosen by each club. fielders, the First, Second and Third Attack and First, Second and Third Defense. foul, any infringement of the rules. free throw, where a player fouling and the one fouled are placed where they were at the moment of fouling, the player fouled having the ball on his crosse, and at the referee's order "play," each player is allowed to play in any manner allowed by the rules. game. See object of game. goal, referee's single-word decision that the ball passed through the goal according to rule. goal crease, a marked space 18 by 12 feet inclosing a goal; goal poles placed 6 feet from the front and back lines and 6 feet from the front lines. goal keeper, the player who defends the goal. goal-netting, a pyramid-shaped net- ting attached to each set of poles and extending 7 feet back of the center of the goal, to prevent the passage of the ball put through the goal from the front. Dictionary of Lacrosse goals, each of the two goals consists of two poles erected 6 feet apart and 6 feet out of ground, joined by a top cross-bar; placed 110 yards apart, and, if possible, 125 yards. H opponents' goal posts and to prevent such action. out of play, when a player loses his crosse. outside home and inside home, the players nearest the opponents' goal. holding an opponent. See inter- ference. holding back, purposely delaying the game; prohibited. holding the ball, allowable only on a crosse. home, either of the goals. play, the order of the referee for the beginning or the resumption of an interrupted play. point, position of the first player out from the goal. interference, deliberately kneeling, lying down, dropping in front of an opponent when both are in pursuit of the ball, or intervening in any manner between another player and an opponent he is pursuing; all prohibited. K kneeling. See interference. L lining-up, arranging the teams for play. Generally the opposing team is lined up along the field from goal to goal opposite the other team in - " reverse order, inside home being op- posite point, and so on down the field. lying down. See interference. M match, two 35 minute periods, with 10 minutes' intermission. N no goal, referee's decision that the ball did not pass through the goal according to rule. object of game, to carry or throw the ball with the crosse between the referee, a disinterested official agreed upon by both clubs, who has general control of the game, decides on fouls and claims, and administers the rules. scooping, picking up the ball with the crosse. short team, a team deficient in twelve players; opponents may e- qualize the side, but each side must have at least 10 players. shouldering, striking an opponent from behind with the shoulder while he is running for or after reaching the ball; prohibited. stand, a call or whistle signal by the' referee when the ball is dead; no player must then move, unless directed otherwise by the referee, until the latter calls "play." starting the game. See facing. stick, another name for the crosse. striking, giving an opponent a blow with the cross or otherwise; pro- hibited. striking the ball, a player can strike the ball off of his opponent's crosse only with his own crosse. team, twelve players, regular; not less than 10 otherwise. tie-play, continuation of the play for 15 minutes after 10 minutes' in- termission; side scoring the most Dictionary of Lacrosse wins. In the event of a tie at the end of this time, the captains decide whether the game shall be postponed or playing continued till a goal is scored, or that it remains a tie. time, the blowing of the referee's whistle when a foul has been called, after which the ball must not be touched nor the players change posi- tions till the game is again started. If a foul has been claimed by either field captain and the game scored before the referee has had an oppor- tunity to call "time," the referee has the power to decide whether or not a foul has been committed. time-keepers, two officials appoint- ed, one by each field captain, to keep account of the time of the game, deduct for all stoppages in play, and record all time lost between games. toss, method of selecting the choice of goals. tripping, the use of the legs, feet, or cross to throw an opponent; pro- hibited. U goals and whose duty it is to decide whether or not a goal has been made according to rule. If a complaint is made and proven against an umpire the referee may remove him and ap- point another, setting aside and re- versing the decision complained of. When umpires are not appointed by consent of the clubs, it becomes the duty of the referee to appoint one or more umpires as may be required, but neither of them must be one of the parties objected to by either club. victory by default, award to a club when no opponents appear at ap- pointed time. violations, the prohibited use of threatening, profane or obscene language to any player or official during a match, and the striking of one player by another with a cross or otherwise, are punishable by the removal of the offender for the remainder of the match. W wrestling, wher a player grapples umpires, two officials, one for each with an opponent and entwines legs club, whose positions are behind the so as to throw him; prohibited. 904 DICTIONARY OF LAWN TENNIS ace, a point in scoring; also a good ball not returned to the court from which it came. advantage, the score of the winner of the next stroke after a deuce. advantage game, one in which a player has won a game after "deuce" has been called. all, in scoring, where players or sides are even. back to deuce, if the winner of an "advantage" loses the next stroke this score goes back to "deuce." backhand side, the reverse of the forehand side; in most cases, the left hand side. backhand stroke, the reverse of the forehand stroke. back-spin, a stroke which causes the ball to shoot and keep very low on striking the court. back-stop, a high netting or fence about 21 feet behind the base-line to prevent balls passing out of court. ball, a hollow rubber sphere, covered with smooth white cloth, cemented to the ball and then sewed; about 23^2 inches in diameter and 2 ounces in weight. ball in play, the moment it leaves the server's racket, excepting when it drops into the net, or goes beyond the service line, out of court, or in the wrong court. base lines, lines marked at each end of the court parallel with the net. bisque, the smallest odds, giving the receiver an additional point to his score once in a set. cautions on play: keep your eye on the ball till you have hit it; always hit the ball with the center of the racket; in hitting the ball transfer the weight of your body from the right leg to the left one; do not try to hit the ball down into the service court; do not throw the ball up in front of you; to hit effectively al- ways stand under or in a line with the ball. change of sides, besides alternating as server and striker-out, the players change sides at the end of every set. chop service, where the ball is thrown a little higher than the shoulder, but well to the right, so that the player can hit it a severe downwardly glancing blow. court, the place of play; hard-rolled turf or ground, measuring 78 by 27 feet for two players and 78 by 36 for four. deuce, the score when both players win three strokes. doubles, a four-player game. drive, a stroke which hits the ball more or less horizontally when it has travelled a considerable dis- tance from the bouncing-point. fault, where the ball drops elsewhere than as noted under serving, or touches the server's partner or any- thing that he wears or carries; after a fault must again serve from the same court unless the fault was caused by service from the wrong court. fifteen, the score when the first stroke is won; also an odds of one stroke in each game. fifteen-all, the score of a point by each player or pair. 905 Dictionary of Lawn Tennis fifteen-forty, the score of one point by the server and three points by the striker-out. final, the last round in a match or tournament. forehand cut service, where the ball is cut across from left to right, finishing well out toward the right. forehand side, the side of a player, when facing the net, on which is the arm wielding the racket; in most cases, the right hand side. forehand stroke, a stroke made on the forehand side. forty, the score when the winner of the first and second strokes wins the third; also an odds of three strokes in each game. full volley, the same as volley. both let-ball, a ball that after service touches the net and then passes into the proper court; also one that meets other obstructions in flight. lifting drive, a stroke in which' the racket passes forwardly and up- wardly in an oblique direction across the intended flight of the ball, brushing violently against the ball at the impact. lob, a lofty stroke to carry the ball out of reach over an opponent's head. love, in scoring, means "nothing." love-game, one in which a player or pair fails to win a point. love-set, a set which a player or pair fails to win a game. M games all, the score where players win five games. ground stroke, one imparted after match, ordinarily, the best of three the ball has bounded from ground sets; professionally, the best of or court. five advantage sets. H half-court line, that which separ- ates the main court into two equal minor courts. half-fifteen, an odds giving one stroke at the beginning of the second, fourth, and each succeeding alternate game of a set. half-forty, an odds of two strokes in the first game, three in the second, etc. half-thirty, an odds of one stroke in the first game, two in the second, etc. half volley, a stroke which hits the ball almost immediately after it has bounced. handicap, the same as odds. hold of racket, the grip of the handle; should be near the end and firmly with the second, third, and fourth fingers, but the thumb and first finger should not be relaxed. K killed ball, one struck so violently that an opponent cannot return it. N net, a stout net dividing the court in the center and attached at each end to a post; net S}4 feet high at posts and 3 feet at center. no-ball, a "let"-ball. odds, advantages allowed a player unequal in skill to an opponent. owed odds, when such odds are given that a single stroke may win a game, the best player must make one or more strokes before he can score. pass stroke, one that sends the ball so that it strikes in court, passing an opponent at net. poaching, in doubles, taking a ball that should be taken by the partner. post, the wooden stake at each end of the net, driven 3 feet outside the side line. 906 Dictionary of Lawn Tennis racket, the instrument with which the ball is handled; usually made of ash, Spanish cedar, and black wal- nut, with a stiff mesh of cat-gut. rest, a bout, round, or rally. return, to take the ball on the racket after its rebound and throw it across the net. reverse overhead cut service, where the ball is cut across at the moment of impact from right to left. scoring, the game comprising four strokes by a player, the score for the first stroke won is called "fif- teen," for the second "thirty," for the third "forty," and for the last "game," for convenience the "forty" score is usually called "forty-five." server, the player who makes the first stroke in a game. service lines, lines marked on each side of the net, parallel with it and 21 feet distant. serving, in play the server stands with one foot outside of the base line and the other on or in a per- pendicular line above it; delivers the ball from the right to the left courts, beginning from the right, alternately; and the ball must drop between the service line, half- court line, and side line of the court, diagonally opposite to the side of delivery. set, the best of eleven games; won by the player who first wins six games. side lines, lines connecting the base- lines. singles, a two-player game. smash, to strike down with much force a lobbed ball. - striker-out, the player to whom the server delivers the ball in the first stroke of a round. strokes lost, either player loses a stroke if in returning a ball in play it touches a part of the net, his person, or anything he wears or carries, excepting the racket in the act of striking, or is struck by the racket more than once, or if the player touch the net or any of its supports while in play, or if he volleys the ball before it has passed the net. strokes won, the server wins a stroke if the striker-out volleys the ball or fails to return it, or returns it in play so that it drops outside his opponent's court; the striker-out wins a stroke if the server serve two consecutive faults, fails to re- turn the ball in play, or returns it so that it drops outside or his op- ponent's court. tappy, a light stroke, giving a poor service. thirty, the score when the winner of the first stroke wins the second; also an odds of two strokes in each game. three-handed game, one in which the odd player serves in each alter- nate game. top-spin, drawing the racket across the ball with a forward roll, so that after crossing the net it drops into the court. vantage, another term for advantage. volley, to take a ball on the racket before it touches ground. W weight in stroke, transfer of the weight of the body from the back to the front foot, to increase the force of the arm. 907 DICTIONARY OF MILITARY AND NAVAL TERMS abatis or abattis, a breastwork of felled trees laid side by side in a trench with branches pointing to- ward an enemy to impede progress. admiralty court, a tribunal for hearing and deciding causes arising on the high seas. adventure, the act of hazarding a cargo liable to be seized or sunk by an enemy's ship. aeroplane, a flying machine differing from an airship or balloon, used for scouting and bomb-dropping. airmen, persons operating airships. alien belligerency, the relation of a person born in a country different from that in which he resides to a country with which his own is at war. Arisakae, the standard rifle of the Japanese army. armistice, a cessation of hostilities for time to bury the dead, negotiate for peace, or other purpose, during which no combatant must acquire an advantage over an opponent. armored cruiser, a warship classified just below a battleship and above a gunboat, and having side and deck armor. B Bashi-bazouk, an irregular Turkish soldier, recruited chiefly in Asiatic Turkey; noted for ferocity. battleship, a warship classified just below the modern dreadnaught. belligerent, a nation or person en- gaged in war. biplane, an aeroplane with two sup- porting surfaces. blockade, the closing of an enemy's harbor by warships; to be binding it must be effective. blockade runner, a vessel that tries to enter or leave a blockaded port. broadside, the discharge at one time of all guns on one side of a warship. caisson, the box in which army ammunition is carried. caliber, the internal diameter of a gun. canister, a metal case, loaded with bullets, which bursts after being fired. capitulation, surrender. carbine, a short firearm, somewhat similar to an infantry rifle. cheveaux-de-frise, a long piece of timber traversed by rows of pointed stakes and placed to impede the progress of an enemy, to barricade an approach, or to close a breach. circumvallation, a rampart or other fortification constructed around a besieged place. colors, the national flag of a country or of a division of its army; a "call to the colors" is a summons to military duty. contraband of war, various articles that would aid a belligerent, and which neutrals are prohibited from supplying to either party; classified as conditional and unconditional. convoy, a military or naval force assigned to accompany another force to insure greater protection. Cossack, one of a military tribe guarding certain frontiers of Russia; skilled as a cavalryman. court martial, a court of military officers to try offenders against military laws, usages, etc. court of inquiry, a court appointed to investigate charges against mili- tary or naval officers. Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms e cul de sac, the bottom of a bag; in warfare, the position of troops in a narrow place whence there is no escape except at the front. deploy, to spread a body of troops in forming a line of battle. destroyer, the same as torpedo-boat destroyer. detrain, disembarkation of troops from a train. dragoon, a soldier trained to fight on foot or mounted. dreadnaught, a modern warship classified between a battleship and a super-dreadnaught. echelon, the arrangement of divisions of an army on different lines, present- ing the form of steps, to enable it to protect at one time one or both flanks and the front. enfilade, to fire a shot through the whole extent of an enemy's fortifica- tion or line of men. entrain, embarkation of troops on a train. epaulement, a breastwork raised to defend the flank of a position or troops from an attacking force. - feint, a sham movement by a military or naval force intended to deceive an enemy as to a real purpose. field- marshal, the highest ranking officer in various European armies. field officers, the colonel, lieutenant- colonel, and major of a regiment. flag of truce, a white flag borne from the position of one combatant to- ward that of an enemy to indicate a desire for a parley; it and its bearers are immune from attack. flank, the extreme right or left of the line of an army; in fortifications any part capable of defending another part by its fire. fleet, the largest division of warships, comprising an indefinite number of the various types of vessels. The U. S. navy has three fleets, the At- lantic, Pacific, and Asiatic, each with numerous reserves. flying artillery, a battery manned by soldiers trained to move with great rapidity. forlorn hope, a desperate under- taking, with slight or no chance of success. Franc-tireur, a French soldier, orig- inally engaging in guerilla warfare, now a part of the regular army. gabion, a wicker-work cylinder, open at each end and filled with earth; used for revetting the slopes of field works. Gatling gun, an American machine- gun in which cartridges are auto- matically loaded into a group of barrels and fired successively. See mitrailleuse. grenade. See hand-grenade. H hand-grenade, a small bomb thrown by hand upon an enemy; used in defending fortifications. Hussar, a lightly armed and mounted soldier of Hungary, adapted to harass an enemy. hydro-aeroplane, an airship capable of floating on the surface of water. I intern, to confine a body of captured, surrendered, or fugitive troops to a particular place outside their own country till the end of a war; also to treat a captured, surrendered, or fugitive warship similarly. Lebel, the standard rifle of the French army. Lee-Enfield, the standard rifle of the British army. Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms belligerent in a war between nations, and which by legal proclamation prohibits its citizens from aiding in any manner the belligerents. standard with M magazine, the place on a warship or in a fortification where the ammuni- tion is kept. Mannlicher, the standard rifle of the Austrian, Bulgarian, Greek, and Rumanian armies. marine corps, in the U. S. navy a body of special soldiers attached to all large ships for occupying hostile territory in advance of an army detachment. martial law, military authority ex- ercised under the laws and usages of war; also in cases of insurrection, severe rioting, etc. Mauser, the standard rifle of the Ger- man, Servian, Spanish, and Turkish R armies. militarism, the policy which leads rating, a scale of classification for nations to maintain great standing warships. In the U. S. navy dis- armies, navies, and fortifications. V placement is now the only tonnage military mast, a hollow, interlaced standard of rating. Paravicino-Carcano, the rifle of the Italian army. protected cruiser, a cruiser deck armor only. provost-marshal, an officer of an army or navy appointed to super- intend the execution of martial law; similar to a chief of police in a city or a sheriff in a county, but with summary authority. or skeleton steel tower erected on battleships, with a_ fighting top reached through the interior. military top, a turret or inclosure of steel attached to the mast of a war- ship, and mounted with rapid-fire guns. mine planter, a vessel constructed relative rank, that which exists by law between high officers in an army and navy. In the United States generals rank equal with admirals, lieutenant-generals with vice-ad- mirals, major-generals with rear- admirals, and brigadier-generals with commodores. especially for placing mines in the reprisal, the retaking from an enemy of the property he has seized or the capture of other property, to pay for the damage he has done. harbors or on the seacoasts of an enemy. mine sweeper, a vessel built for searching for and picking up floating and other mines. 5 Mitrailleuse, a French machine gun in which the loaded barrels are safe-conduct, a passport or a special discharged simultaneously instead of warrant of safety issued to individ successively as by the Gatling gun. N naval militia, in the United States a part of the national guard in several states, trained to man coast and harbor defense vessels in time of war. neutral, a person or nation that takes no side in a war. neutrality, the passive or armed state of a nation which favors no uals in war time and to captains of neutral ships. sapper, a soldier employed in digging trenches and tunnels for the protec- tion of troops or the undermining of an enemy's fortification. scout, a soldier, sailor, small boat, or airship detailed to ascertain the location, strength, and plans of an enemy. searchlight, an electric light on a warship, fortification, or exposed position, which, by being con- 910 _J Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms stantly revolved will disclose the approach of an enemy in darkness. secondary battery, the collection of guns subordinate to those of large caliber on a warship. shrapnel shell, one filled with bullets and an exploding charge. In the European war the principle was applied to bombs dropped from aircraft. sick-bay, the part of a warship 'used as a hositpal. sniper, one who, from a window, roof, tree, or other elevation, fires upon another below him. sortie, a dash by a beleaguered force, ' as a garrison, from a fortification or other defensive work. sovereign of the seas, an epithet applied to England because of the prevalence of her warships on all -of the world's seas. Springfield, the standard rifle of the U. S. army. spy, one who goes into the territory of an enemy to discover his position, strength, and plans; penalty of capture, death. squadron, a small division of war- ships, usually four in number; also a division of a regiment of cavalry. strategy, the use of artifice, deception, feints and other sharp practices to gain an advantage over an enemy. submarine, a war vessel constructed to operate under water by placing and discharging torpedoes. super-dreadnaught, the highest type of the modern warship. superimposed turret, a turret placed on top of another on a battleship and similarly armed. Taube, a type of German bomb- dropping airship. three-line-rifle, the standard rifle of the Russian army. three-mile-limit, the distance of three miles from the sea coast of a nation, over which the nation's neutrality extends, and within which its shipping is immune from attack by an enemy. torpedo-boat, a war craft constructed for the discharge of torpedoes against an enemy's ships. torpedo-boat-destroyer, a vessel designed to operate against torpedo- boats and other ships of an enemy. trench, a ditch of various depths, lengths, and directions, dug to cover the advance of a besieging force, or to check the advance of an enemy. turret, a revolving inclosure of heavy steel set on the deck of a battleship, and containing usually two guns of large caliber. U Uhlan, a Prussian light cavalry soldier, armed with sabre, lance, and pistol, and employed chiefly on outpost duty. Zeppelin, a German dirigible, pas- senger-carrying airship; used in the European war for dropping bombs. 911 DICTIONARY OF MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS A. or Ans. Answer. a. arc (of the French metric system). a. or @. At, or to. a. or aa. (Ana, Gr. ava) in Med., of each the same quantity. A.A. Associate of Arts. Aa. Aaron. AAA. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. [See AMM.] A. A. A. G. Acting Assistant Ad- jutant General. A. A. A. S. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. AA. C. Antarctic Circle. A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant Gen- eral. A. A. Q.M. Acting Assistant Quar- ter Master. A. A. Q.M. G. Acting Assistant Quarter Master General. A. A. S. American Academy of Sci- ences. A. A. S. (Academiae Americanse So- cius) Fellow of the American Acad- emy. A. A. S. S. (Americanse Antiquari- ans Societatis Socius) Member of American Antiquarian Society. A. B. Able-bodied seamen. A. B. (Artium Baccalaureus) Bach- elor of Arts. [SeeB. A.] Abb. Abbot, or Abbess. Abbr., or Abbrev. Abbreviated, or Abbreviation. A. B. C. F. M. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. Ab ex. (Ab extra) From without. A. B. I. S. W. Associated Brother- hood of Iron and Steel Workers. A- B* K* (A\a Bctci Kairira.) Alpha Beta Kappa (College Society). AW. Ablative. 912 Abp. Archbishop. Abr. Abridge, or Abridged. Abs.« (Med.) Absinthe. Abs. re. (Absente reo) Law. While the defendant was absent. A. C. (Ante Christum.) Before Christ. A. C. Army Corps. Ac. Acre. Acad. Mus. Academy of Music. Ace. Accusative. Ace, or acct. Account. Acct. Cur. Account Current. Acct. Sales. Account of sales. A. C. G. S. Acting Commissary Gen- eral of Subsistence. A. C. S. American Colonization So- ciety. A. C. S. Acting Commissary of Sub- sistence. Act. Active. A. C. U. L. Alden's Cyclopedia of Universal Literature. A. D. (Anno Domini) In. the Year of our Lord. a. d. After date. A. Acre, Acting, Adjective, After- noon, Alto. A. (Commerce) Accepted. Al. First class or rate. Ad. or Adv. Adverb, Advertisement. Adag. (Adagio) In Mus., a slow movement. A. D. C. Aide-de-Camp. Adam's Express. (Ad Infinitum) Without Ad. Ex. Ad. Inf limit. Ad. Int while. Adj. Adjective. Adjt. Adjutant. Adjt. Gen., or A. G. Adjutant Gen- eral. Ad. lib., or Ad. libit At pleasure. Adm. Admiral, Admiralty. (Ad Interim) In the mean- (Ad libitum) Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Adm. Co. Admiralty Court. Admr. Administrator, Administra- tion. Admx. Administratrix. A* A- <£• (AXa AcXra 3>i) Alpha Delta Phi (College Society). Ad v. (Ad valorem) At the value. Adv. Advocate, Advent. JE.,orJEt. OEtatis.) Of age, Aged. Af ., or Afr. Africa, African. A. F. A. M. Ancient Free and Ac- cepted Masons. A. E. I. O. U. (Austriae est Imperare Orbi Universo, or Alles Erdreich 1st Oesterreich Unterthan) It is given to Austria to Rule the whole Earth. (The device of Austria first adopted by Frederick III.) A. G. Adjutant General, Accountant General. Ag. (Argentum.) Silver. Agr., Agri. or Agric. Agriculture. A. G. S. S. American Geographical and Statistical Society. Agt. Agent. A. H. (Anno Hegirse.) In the year of the Hegira, or flight of Mohammed. A. H. M. S. American Home Mission- ary Society. A. I. American Institute. A. I. A. Amercian Institute of Archi- tecture. A. I. G. Assistant Inspector General. { Al. Aluminium. ' Ala. Alabama. Alas. Alaska Territory. Aid. Alderman. < Alex. Alexander. ' Alf. Alfred. Ali. (Alibi) Elsewhere. I Alt. Altitude. I Alum. Yalen. (Alumnus Yalensis) Alumnus of Yale College. A. M. (Artium Magister) Master of Arts. [See M. A.] (Ante Meridian) Before noon. (Anno Mundi) In the Year of the World. (Ante Mortem) Before death. Am. Amos. Am. or Amer. America, American. A. M. A. American Medical Asso- ciation. A. M. C. Alden's Manifold Cyclo- pedia. Am. Ant. Soc. American Antiqua- rian Society Am. Asn. Soc. Sci. American Asso- ciation for Advancement of Social Science. Am. Col. Soc. American Coloniza- tion Society. Am. Cyc. American Cyclopaedia. Am. Ex. American Express. Amer. Phar, Soc. American Phar- maceutical Society. A. M. G. Acting Major General. Amh. Coll. Amherst College. Am. L. of H. American Legion of Honor. AMM. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. [See AAA.] Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. American Mu- seum of Natural History. Am. Num. Arch. Soc. American Numismatic and Archaeological So- ciety. Am. Philog. Soc. American Philo- logical Society. Am. Phil. Soc. American Philo- sophical Society. Amt. Amount. Am. Vet. Coll. American Veterinary College (New York). An. (Anno). In the year. An., or Ans. Answer. Ana. (Med.) In equal quantity. An. A.C. (Anno Ante Christum) In the Year before Christ. Anal. Analysis. <, Anat. - Anatomy. Anat. Mus. Anatomical Museum. Anc. Ancient, Anciently. Anc. Hist. Ancient History. And. Andrew, Andre, Andrea. And. Theol. Sem. Andover Theolo- gical Seminary. Ang. (Anglice) In English. Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. Anno. Annotate, Annotation. Anon. Anonymous. Ans. Answer. Ant. or Antiq. Antiquity, or An- tiquities. Anth. Anthony. Anthr. Soc. Anthropological Society. A. O. F. Ancient Order of Foresters. A. O. H. Ancient Order of Hiber- Dic. 70 913 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Aor. Aorist, Aoristic. A. S. A. American Statistical Asso- A. O. S. S. (Americanae Orientalis ciation. Societatis Socius) Member of the A. S., A-S., AS., A. Sax., or Ang.- American Oriental Society. A. O. U. W. Ancient Order of United Workmen. Ap. Apostle, April, Appius. Ap. (Apud) In the writings of, as quoted by. A . P. H. A. American Public Health Association. A. P. M. Assistant Pay Master. Apo. Apogee. Apoc. Apocrypha, Apocalypse. Sax. Anglo-Saxon. A. S. A. S. Member of the Ameri- can Statistical Association. A. S. C. E. A. American Society c Civil Engineers and Architects. A. S. P. C. A. American Society fo Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Ass't'd. Assorted. Asst. Surg. Assistant Surgeon. A. S. S. U. American Sunday School Union. Astrol. Astrology. : Apen. Apennine Apr. April. Astron. Astronomy A pri. (A priori) From something A. T. S. American Tract _ Society prior. American Temperance Society. Aq. (Aqua.) Water. Ats. At suit of. A. Q. M. Assistant Quarter Master. Atty. Attorney. A. Q. M. G. Assistant Quarter Mas- Att.-Gen. Attorney-General. ter General. At. Wt. Atomic Weight. A. R. (Anno Regni). In the Year A. U. A. American Unitarian Associa- of the' Royal of the Reign A. R. A. Associate Academy. Arab. Arabic, Arabian. Arc. Circ. Arctic Circle. Arch. Architect, Architecture, Archi- bald. Archd. Archdeacon. Arg. Rep. Argentine Republic. A. R. H. A. Associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Arith. Arithmetic. Ariz. Arizona. Ark. Arkansas. Arn. Arnold. Arr. Arrived. A. R. R. (Anno Regni Regis, or Re- ginse). In the year of the King's or Queen's Reign. A. R. S. A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. A. R. S. S. (Antiquariorum Regise Societatis Socius.) Fellow of Royal Society of Antiquaries. Art. Article, Artemus. Arth. Arthur, Arthurean. A. S. Academy of Science. A. S., or Assist. Sec. Assistant Sec- retary. A. S. Assistant Surgeon. As. Arsenic, Astronomy, Asia, Asiatic 914 tion. Aub. Theol. Sem. Auburn Theologi- cal Seminary. A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditse, o Ab Urbe Condita) In the Year from the Building of the City — (Rome) Aud. Treas. Dept. Auditor Treasury Department. Aug. August. Aur. (Aurum) Gold. Auth. Ver., or A. V. Authorized Ver sion (of the Bible). Av. Average, Avenue. Ave. Avenue. Avoir. Avoirdupois. A. Y. M. Ancient York Masons. sic) } Baron. [See A. B.l B. Base or Bass (in Music), Baro Book, Bay. the b. Born, Book. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. British America. Ba. Barium. Baa. Baal, Baalam. Bach. Bachelor. B. Agr. Bachelor of Agriculture, Bald. Baldwin. Bait. Baltimore. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Bank. Banker, Banking. Bar. Barrel, Baruch, Barometer, Bar- rister. B. Arch. Bachelor of Architecture. Bart., or Bt. Baronet. Bat. Battery, Battalion. B. B. Bill Book. B. B. C. Base Ball Club. Bbl. Barrel, Barrels. B. C. Before Christ, Board of Con- trol. B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. Bd. Bound, Bond, Bound in. Bds. Boards. Be. (Beryllium) Glucinum. Beau. Beaufort, Beauregard. Benj. Benjamin. • Berks. Berkshire. Bev. Beverly. B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of Butter, B. I. British India. * Bi. Bismuth. Bib. Bible, Biblical. Biog. Biography. Bis. Bismarck, Bismuth, Bissextile. Bisc. Biscayan. Bk. Book, Bank. Bk. Comr. Bank Commissioner. Bk. Ex. Book Exchange. Bk.-Kr. Book-keeper. B. L. Bachelor of Laws. [See LL.B.]. B/L. (Com). Bill of Lading. BI., or Bis. Barrel, Barrels. B. Lit. (Baccalaureus Literarum) Bachelor of Letters. B. LL. (Baccalaureus Legum) Bach- elor of Laws. B. M. (Baccalaureus Medicinae) Bach- elor of Medicine. [See M. B.] B. M. (Beatse Memorise) Of Blessed Memory. B. M. E. Bachelor of Mechanical En- gineering. Bachelor of Mining En- gineering. B. Mech. Bachelor of Mechanics. B. Mus. Bachelor of Music. Bohem. Bohemian. Bon. Bonaparte. Bor. Borough, Boron. Bot. Bought. Bot. Botany, Botanical, Botanist. Boul. Boulevard. Bowd. Coll. Bowdoin College. Bp. Bishop. B/P. Bill of Parcels. B. Pay. Bills Payable. B. P. B. Bank Post Bills. B. P. O. Elks. Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks. B. R. The King's or Queen's Bench Br. Brother, Bromine, Brig, Braz. Brazil, Brazilian. B. Rec. Bills Receivable. Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. Brig. Gen. Brigadier General. Brit. British, Britain, Britannia, Bri- tannicus. Brit. Mus. British Museum. Bro., Bros. Brother, Brothers. Brook. N. Y. Brooklyn Navy Yard. Br. Univ. Brown University. B. S., or B. Sc. Bachelor of Science. B/S. Bill of Sale. Bu., or Bush. Bushel. Bucks. Buckinghamshire. Burg. Burgomaster, Burgess. B. V. (Bene Vale) Farewell, (Beata Virgo) Blessed Virgin. B. Vet. Med. Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine. B. V. M. Blessed Virgin Mary. B. W. T. A. British Women's Tem- perance Association. C. Chairman, Carbon, Church. C. (Centum) A hundred Cent, Cen- time. C. (Congius) Gallon. C/ — . Currency, Coupon. Ca. (Circa) About. Ca. Centare (metric system). C. A. Commercial Agent, Comptrol- ler (or Controller) of Accounts, Chief Accountant, Chartered Ac- countant, Confederate Army. Ca. Canada, Canadian. Cadav. (Med.) Cadaver. Cal. Calcium, California. Cal. (Calendae) Calends, Calendar. Cam. (Med.) Camphor. _ Cam., or Camb. Cambridge. Camb. Obs. Cambridge Observa- tory. Can. Canada, Canon. 915 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Cant. Canticles. * Cantab. (Cantabrigiensis) Of Cam- bridge. (Cantuarensis) Of Can- Cantuar. terbury. Cap., or Chapter. c. (Caput, Capitulum) C. G. S. Commissary General of Sub- sistence. C. H. Court House, Captain of the Host, Custom House. Ch. Church, Chapter, Charlotte, Charles. Cham. (Med.) Chamomile. Cap. Capitol, Capital, Capital Letter. Chamb. Chamberlain. Caps. Capitals. Chal., or Chald. Chaldron, Chaldee, Capt. Captain. Chaldaic, Chaldean. Capt. Gen. Captain General. Chamb. Encyc. Chambers' Encyclo- Car. Carat. paedia. Card. Cardinal. Chanc. Chancellor. Ca. Resp. (Capias ad respondendum) Chap. Char. Chapter, Chaplain. Charter. Charles. Chattel. Chemistry, Chemical, Chem- Chem. ist. Chey. Cheyenne. Chf. Chief. Chf. Con. Cftief of Construction. Chf. E., or Chf. Eng. Chief Engi- neer. Chf. Med. Pur. Chief Medical Pur- A legal writ C. A. S. Connecticuttensis Academiae Chas. Socius) Fellow of Connecticut Acad- Chat. emy. Ca. Sa. (Capias ad satisfaciendum) A legal writ. Cash. Cashier. Cast. Castle. Cat., or Catal. Catalogue, Cath. Catherine, Catholic, Cathedral. Cath. Inst. Catholic Institute. Caus. Causative. Cav. Cavalry. C. B. (Communis Bancus.) Common Chftn. Chieftain. Bench. Chi. (x) Greek Ch. C. B. Companion of the Bath, Cape Chin. Chinese. Breton. Chlo. Chloroform, Chloride. Cb. Columbium. fn., or Xn. Christian. C. C. Cubic Centimetre. fnty., or Xnty. Christianity. C. C. Caius College. (Compte Cour- Chr. Christopher, Christian. ante) Account Current, Crown fmas., or Xtnas. Christmas. Clerk, County Court, County Clerk Consular Clerk, County Commis- sioner. C. C. A. Chief Clerk of the Admiralty veyor. Chf. Ord. Chief of Ordnance. Chron. Chronicles. Cic. Cicero. Cin. Cincinnati. Cit. Citizen, Cited. C. C. C. Corpus Christi College, Civ. Civil, Civilian Christ's College, Cambridge C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. Cd. Cadmium. Ce. Cerium. C. E. Civil Engineer, Canada East. Cel. or Celt. Celtic. Cen. Century, Centennial. Cent. (Centum) A hundred. Cf. (Confer) Compare. C. F. I ance. C. J. Chief Justice. CI. Clergyman, Chlorine, Clerk. CI. Centilitre (metric system). C. L. A. Chautauqua Lake Assem- bly. Class. Classical. Cleop. Cleopatra. Cleve. Cleveland. Cld. Cleared. Cost, Freight, and Insur- Clk. Clerk. C. L. S. C. Chautauqua Literary and -C. G. Commissary General, Captain Scientific Circle. ^ of the Guard, Coast Guard. C. M. (Congregationis. Missionum) C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. Vincentians or Lazarists. 916 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations C. M. (Chirurgise Magister) Master Com. Inc. ^Committee on Incorpor- in Surgery, Certificated Master, ations. Common Metre. Comm. Commentary. C. M. G. Companion of the Order Com. M. and R. Committee on of St. Michael and St. George. Manual and Roll. Co. Company, County, Cobalt. Com. Merch. Commission Mer- C. O. Colonial Office, Crown Office, chant. Criminal Office. Com. Mil.'Aff. Committee on Mili- Coad. (Cum jure sue.) Coadjutor, with right of succession. Coad. Bp. Coadjutor Bishop. tary Affairs. Commo. Commodore. Com. Off. Commissioned Officer. Coch., or Cochl. (Cochleare) A Comp. Compare, Compound, Com- teaspoonful, a spoonful. positor, Composition, Comparative, C. O. D. Cash (or collect) on de- Compounded. livery. Compar. Comparative. Cog. Cognate, Cognate with. Com. Pard. Commissioner of Pardons. Col. Colonel, Colossians, Colorado, Com. Pub. Gds. and Bldgs. Corn- Column, Colonial, Color. mittee on Public Grounds and Col. Corp. Color Corporal. Buildings. Col. Gd. Color Guard. Com. R. R. Committee on Rail- Coll. Collector, Colleague, College, roads. Collection. Com. Sen. Committee of the Sen- Coll., or Colloq. Colloquial, Collo- ate. quially. Colo. Colorado. Col. Sergt. Color Sergeant. Com. Sergt. Com. S. P. Prison. Commissary Sergeant. Committee on State Com. Commerce, Committee, Com- Com. Unf. Bus. Committee on mentary, Commissioner, Commo- Unfinished Business. dore, Commune, Community, Com. Ver. Common Version (of the Common, Commoner, Commission, Bible). Communication. Con. (Contra) Against, in oppo- Com. Agric. Committee on Agri- sition culture, Commissioner of Agricul-' Con. Constitution, Constantinople, ture. Concordance, Contract. Com. Arr. Committee of Arrange- Conch. Conchology. ments. Con. Cr. Contra credit. Com. Bk. Committee on Banks. Cong. Congress, Congregation, Con- Com. Cont. Elec. Committee on gregationahst. Contested Elections. Cong. Lib. Congressional Library. Com. Cont. Ex. Committee on Cong. Rec. Congressional Record. Contingent Expenses. Conj. Conjunction. Com. Dept. Commissary Depart- Conn., Conn't., Con., or Ct. Con- ment. * necticut. Comdg. Commanding. Con. Sect. Conic Sections. Comdt. Commandant. Cons, et Prud. (Consilio et Pru- Com. Ed. Committee on Education. dentia) By counsel and prudence. Com. Fin. Committee on Finance. Cons. Mus. Conservatory of Music. Com. Fin. Adj. Committee on Final Cont. (Contra) On the other hand. Adjournment. Cont. Bon. Mor. (Contra bonos Com. For. Rel. Committee on For- mores) Against good manners. eign Relations. Contr. Contradict, Contraction. Com. Gov. Mes. Committee on Conv. Convent. ^Governor's Message. 9 Cop. Copper, Copernican. Com. H. Committee of the House. Cop., or Copt. Coptic. 917 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Cor. Correspondent, Correction, Co- rinthians, Coroner. Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member. Corn. Univ. Cornell University. Corol. Corollary. Corr. Corrupt, Corruption. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. Cos. Cosine. Coss. (Consules) Consuls. C. P. Common Pleas, Chief Patri- arch, Court of Probate, Clerk of C. P. C. ' Clerk of the Privy Council. C. P. S. (Custos Privati Sigilli) Keep- er of the Privy Seal. C. R. (Custos Rotulorum) Keeper of the Rolls. (Civis Romanus) A Roman Citizen. (Carolus Rex) King Charles. (Carolina Regina) Queen Caroline. Cr . Creel it or , Credit , Chromium , Crown . Cres. (Mas.) Crescendo. Cri. Crime, Crimean. Crim. Criminal, Criminally. Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation or Adultery. C. R. P. (Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium) Calendar of the Patent Rolls. Crystal., or Crystallog. Crystalog- raphy. t, or X. Cross. fJohn (or other name). The signa- ture of a Roman Catholic Bishop. Cs. Caesium. C. S. Court of Sessions, Commissary of Subsistence. C. S. (Custos Sigilli) Keeper of the Seal. C. S. A. Confederate States of Amer- ica, Confederate States Army. C.S.I. Companion of the Star of India C. S. N. Confederate States Navy. C. S. O. Chief Signal Officer. Ct. Cent. (Centum) A hundred. Ct. Connecticut, Court, Count. C. T. Certificated Teacher. C. Theod. (Codex Theodosianus) The Theodosian Code. Cts. Cents. Cu. (Cuprum) Copper. Cumd/ — . With dividend. Cur., or Curt. Current (i.e., this month). Cwt. (Lat. Centum, a hundred, and Eng. weight) Hundred weight. Cyc. Cyclopedia. Cym. Cymric. D. David, Duke, Duchess, Dowager, Didymium, Dutch, Dose. D. Day, Died, Dine, Deputy, Daugh- ter, Degree. '(Denarius, or Denarii) A penny, or pence. D. Five hundred. D. A. G. Deputy Adjutant General. Dak. Dakota. Dan. Daniel, Danish. Dart. Coll. Dartmouth College. Dat. Dative. D. B., or Domesd. B. Domesday Book. Dbk. Drawback. D. C. Deputy Consul. (Da Capo) Again, or From the beginning. D. C. District of Columbia. D. C. L. Doctor of Civil (or Canon) Law. D. D. Doctor of Divinity. d/d — . Day's date. D. D. S. Doctor of Dental Surgery. Del. Delaware. Dea. Deacon. Dec. December, Declaration, Declen- sion. Decid. Deciduous. Def . Definition. Deft. Defendant. Deg. Degree, or degrees. Del. Delaware, Delegate. Del. (Delineavit) He (or she) drew it — appended to the draughtsman's name. Dem. Democrat, Democratic. Den. Denmark. Dent. Dentist. Dep. Deputy, Department. Dep. Q. M. G. Deputy Quarter- master General. Dept. Department, Deponent. Deriv. Derivative, Derivation. Deut. Deuteronomy. D. F. Dean of the Faculty. (Fidei Defensor) Defender of the Faith. Dft. Draft, Defendant. D. G. (Dei gratia) By the Grace of God. (Deo gratias) Thanks to God. 918 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations dg. Decigram (metric system). Dg. Dekagram (metric system). D. H. Dead Head. D. H. L. (Literarum Humaniomm Doctor) Doctor of Polite Literature. [See L.H. D.] Di. Didymium. Diam. Diameter. Diet. Dictator, Dictionary. Dim. Diminutive, Diminution. Dim. (Mus.) Diminuendo. Dioc. Diocese, Diocesan. Dioc. Sem. Diocesan Seminary. Dis. Distance, Distant. Dis., Disc, or Disct. Discount. Dist. District. Dist. Atty. District Attorney. Div. Divide, Divided, Division, Di- vidend, Divisor. Dl. • Dekalitre (metric system.) D. Lit. (Literarum Doctor) Doc- tor of Literature. D. L. O. Dead Letter Office. Dm. Dekametre (metric system). D. M. D. Doctor Dental Medicine. Do. (Ditto.) The same. Dol., Dols., $. Dollars. D. O. M. (Deo Optimo Maximo) To God, the best, the greatest. Dom. Dominion. Dom. Econ. Domestic Economy. Dom. Prel. Domestic Prelate. Doz. Dozen. D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. [See P.D. and Ph.D.] D. P. O. Distributing Post Office. Dpt. Deponent. Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram. Dram. Pers. Dramatis Personae. d/s. Days' Sight. D. S. (Dal Segno) From the sign. D. S. Dekastere (metric system). D. Sc. Doctor of Science. D. V. (Deo volente) God willing. Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and Eng. weight) Pennyweight, or Penny- weights. E. East, Eastern, Earl, Edinburg, Erbium. Ea. Each. Eb. Erbium. E. B. English Bible. Eben. Eteenezer. E. by S. East by South. Ebor. (Eboracum) York. Eboracen- sis) Of York. E. C. Eastern Central (Postal Dis- trict, London), Established Church. Eccl. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical. Eccl. Hist. Ecclesiastical History. Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. Ed. Editor, Edition. E. D. Eastern District (of Brooklyn, N. Y.). Edin. Edinburgh. Edit. Edition. Edm. Edmund. Eds. Editors. Edw. Edward, Edwin. E. E. and M. P. Envoy Extraordi- nary and Minister Plenipotentiary. E. Fl. Ells Flemish. E. Fr. Ells French. e. g. or ex. gr. (exempli gratia) For example. Egypt. Egyptians. E. I. East Indies or East India. E. I. C. or E. I. Co. East India Company. E. I. C. S. East India Company's Service. Eliz. Elizabeth. E. Long. East Longitude. E. M. Mining Engineer. (Equitum* Magister) Master of the Horse. Em. Emma, Emily, Emmanuel. Emp. Emperor, Empress, Empire. Ency. or Encyc. Encyclopaedia. Encyc. Amer, Encyclopaedia Amer- icana. Encyc. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britan- nica. E. N. E. East-Northeast. Eng. England, English. Eng. Cyc. English Cyclopaedia. Engin. Engineering. Eng. in Chief. Engineer-in- Chief . Ens. Ensign. Ent., or Entom. Entomology. Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. Ep. Epistle. _ Eph. Ephesians, Ephraim. Ephes. Ephesians. Epis. Episcopal. Eq. Equal, Equivalent. 919 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Equiv. Equivalent. E. S. Ells Scotch. • Esd. Esdras. E. S. E. East-Southeast. Esp. Especially. Esq. or Esqr. Esquire. Esq. or Esqs. Esquires Est. Estate, Estimate. Estab. Established, Establishment. Esth. Esther. E. T. English Translation. et al. (Et alii, or aliae) And others. (Et alibi) And elsewhere (some- times improperly written et als.). Etc., or &c. (Et cseteri, caeterse, or caetera) And other things, and so forth. Eth. Ethiopic. et seq. (Et sequentia, or et sequentes) And what follows, and the follow- ing. Etym. Etymology. Evang. Evangelical, Evangelist. Ex. Example, Exception, Exodus. Exc. Excellency, Exception. Exch. Exchequer, Exchange. Ex. cp., or xcp. Excoupon. Ex. d., or x/d. Exdividend. Exec. Executor. Exec. Com. Executive Committee. Execx. Executrix. ex. g. (exempli gratia) For example. Exod. Exodus. Exon. (Exonia) Exeter. Exr., or Exx. Executor, Executrix. Ezek. Ezekiel. F. France, Folio, Fellow, Fluorine, Friday, Fahrenheit. F. Feminine, Franc, Francs, Florin, Florins, Farthing, Foot, Feet. F. A. A. Free of all Average. F. A. A. A. S. Fellow of the Ameri- can Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Fahr. Fahrenheit. Fair. Fairfield, Fairhaven, Fairmont, Fairview. F. A. M. Free and Accepted Masons. F. A. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. A. S. E. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society of Edinburgh. F. B. S. Fellow of the Botanical Soci- ety. F. C. Free Church (of Scotland). Fcap., or fcp. Foolscap. F. C. P. Fellow of College of Pre- ceptors. F. C. P. S. Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. F. C. S. Fellow of the Chemical So- ciety. F. D. (Fidei Defensor, or Defensa- trix) Defender of the Faith. Fe. (Ferrum) Iron. F. E. Flemish Ells. Feb. February. Fee. (Fecit) He did it. F. E. I. S. Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland. Fern. Feminine. Fern. Ac, or Acad. Female Academy. F. E. S. Fellow of the Entomological Society, Fellow of the Ethnological Society. Feud. Feudal. F. F. P. S. Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons (Glasgow). F. F. V. First Families of Virginia (humorous) . ff. Following. F. G. A. Foreign General Average. F. G. S. Fellow of the Geological So- ciety. F. H. S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society. Fid. Def. (Fidei Defensor, or Defen- satrix) Defender of the Faith. fi. fa. (Fieri facias) Cause it to be done. Fig. Figure, Figures, Figurative, Figuratively. Finn. Finnish. Fir. Firkin. F. K. Q. C. P. I. Fellow of King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Fl. Flemish, Flourished, Florin, Flo ins. Fla. Florida. Fl. E. Flemish Ellin. Flor. Florence. F. L. S. Fellows of the Lnaean So ety. 920 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations F. M. Field-marshal. Fo., or fol. Folio. F. O. Field-officer. F. O. B. Free on Board. For. Foreign. For. Sec. Foreign Secretary. Fort. Fortification. F. P. A. Free of Particular Average. F. P. S. Fellow of the Philological Society. Fr. Franc, Francs, French, France, Fragment, Francis, Friar, Frank. fr. From. Frankl. Inst. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal As- tronomical Society. F. R. C. P. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians: E., of Edin- burgh. F. R. C. S. Fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons: E., of Edinburgh; I., of Ireland; L., of London. Fr. E. French Ells. Fred. Frederick. Freq. Frequentative. F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Royal Geo- graphical Society. Fri. Friday. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. F. R. S. S. A. Fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.. Frs. Frisian, or Frisic. F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety, Edinburgh. F. R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Society, London, Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. F. S. A. Fellow of the Society of Arts, or of Antiquaries; I., of Ire- land; L., of London. F. S. A. E. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. F. S. S. Fellow of the Statistical Society. Ft. Fortification. Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort. F.T. C. D. Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. Fth. Fathom. Fur. Furlong. Fut. Future. F. Z. S. Fellow of the Zoological Society. G. Glucinum, Genitive. G. Guineas, Guinea, Gulf. G. A. General Assembly. Ga. Georgia Gael. Gaelic. Gal. Galatians, Galen. Gal. Gallon, Gallons. Galv. Galvanism, Galvanic. G. A. R. Grand Army of the Republic. G. B. Great Britain. G. B. & I. Great Britain and Ire- land. G. C. Grand Chancellor, Grand Con- ductor, Grand Chapter. G. C. B. Grand Cross of the Bath. G. C. H. Grand Cross of Hanover. G. C. L. H. Grand Cross of the Le- gion of Honor. G. C. M. G. Knights Grand Cross St. Michael and St. George. G. C. S. I. Knight Grand Comman- der of the Star of India. G. D. Grand Duke, Grand Duchess. G. E. Grand Encampment. Gen. Genesis, General. Gen. Genitive, Generally. Gent. Gentleman. Gent. Mag. Gentlemen's Magazine. Geo. George. Geog. Geography, Geographer. Geol. Geology, Geological, Geolo- gist. Geom. Geometry, Geometer. Geor. Hist. Soc. Georgia Historical Society, Ger. Gerund. Ger. German, Germany. G. F. G. Governor's Foot Guard. G. H. G. Governor's Horse Guard. Gi. Gills. G. L. Grand Lodge. Gl. (Glossa) A Gloss. G. M. Grand Master. G..M. P. K. Grand Master of the Knights of St. Patrick. G. O. General Order. Go., or Goth. Gothic. Gov. Governor. Gov.-Gen. Governor-General. G. P. (Gloria Patri) Glory to the Father. G. P. O. General Post-Office. 921 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations G. R. (Georgius Rex) King George, Grand Recorder. Gr. Greek, Gross, Great. Gr. Grain or grains. Gram. Grammar. Gro. Gross. G. S. Grand Secretary, Grand Sen- try, Grand Sentinel. G. T. Good Templars, Grand Tyler. Gtt. (Gutta, or guttae) Drop, or drops. Gun. Gunnery. H H. Hydrogen. H. Hour, Height, High, Harbor, Hus- band. H., or hr. Hour, hours. h. a. (Hoc anno) This year. Ha. Hektare (metric system). Hab. Habakkuk. Hab. corp. (Habeas corpus) You may have the body. Hab. fa. poss. (Habere facias pos- sessionem) (Law). A writ to put the plaintiff in possession. Hag. Haggai. Ham. Coll. Hamilton College. Hants. Hampshire. H. B. C. Hudson's Bay Company. H. B. M. His (or Her) Britannic Ma- jesty. H. C. House of Commons, Herald's College. H. C. M. His (or Her) Catholic Ma- jesty. Hdkf. Handkerchief. H. E. His Eminence, Hydraulic Engi- neer. h. e. (Hoc est, or Hie est) That is, or this is. Heb., or Hebr. Hebrew, Hebrews. Hectol. Hectolitre (metric system). H. E. I. C. Honorable East India Company. H. E. I. C. S. Honorable East India Company's Service. Her. Heraldry. Herp. Herpetoloey. H. F. Holy Father. Hf.-bd. Half-bound. Hf . cf . Half calf. Hg. (Hydrargyrum) Mercury. H. G. Horse Guards. H. H. His Holiness (the Pope), His (or Her) Highness. Hhd. Hogshead. Hogsheads. Hier. (Hicrosolyma) Jerusalem. H. I. H. His (or Her) Imperial High- ness. Hil. Hilary. Hind. Hindu, Hindustan, Hindu- stanee. Hist. History, Historical. H. J. S. (Hie Jacet Sepultus) Here lies buried. H. L. Hduse of Lords. HI. Hectolitre (metric system). H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. H. M. C. His (or Her) Majesty's Cus- toms. H. M. P. (Hoc monumentum posuit) Erected this monument. H. M. S. His for Her) Majesty's Steamer, Ship, or Service. Ho. House. Hon. Honorable. Hor. Horace, Horizon. Hort. Horticulture. Hos. Hosea. Hosp. Sergt. Hospital Sergeant. Hosp. Stew. Hospital Steward. H. P. Horse Power, Half-pay, High Priest. Hr., Hrn. Mr., sir; Messrs., gentle- men (German). H. R. House of Representatives. H. R. E. Holy Roman Emperor, or Empire. H. R. H. His Cor Her) Royal High- ness. H. R. I. P. (Hie Requiescit In Pace) Here rests in peace. H. S. (Hie Situs) Here lies. H. S. H. His (or Her) Serene Highness H. S. S. (Historiae Societatis Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society. h. t. (Hoc titulo) This title, in or under this title. Hum., or Humb. Humble. Hun., or Hung. Hungary, Hunga- rian. Hund. Hundred, Hundreds. h. v. (Hoc verbum) This word. (His verbis) In these words. Hy. Art. Heavy Artillery. Hyd. Hydrostatics. Hydraul. Hydraulics. 922 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Hydros. Hydrostatics. hypoth. Hypothesis, hypothetical. I. Island, Iodine. I, II, III. One, two, three, or first, second, third. la. Iowa. lb. or Ibid. (Ibidem) In the same place. Ice., or Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. I. C. E. Institution of Civil Engi- neers. Ich., or Ichth. Ichthyology. Icon. Encyc. Iconographic Encyclo- paedia. I. C. TH. U. S. (Gr. Iesous Chnstos, Theou Huios, Soter) Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Saviour. Ictus. (Iurisconsultus) Counselor at Law. Id. Idaho. Id. (Idus) Ides. Id. (Idem) The same. I. e. (Id est) That is. I. G. Inside Guardian. I. H. S. (Iesus [or Jesus} Hominum Salvator) Jesus the Saviour of Men. ii. Two. 111. Illinois. Imp. Imperial. (Imperator) Em- peror. Imp. or Imper. Imperative. Imp., or Imperf. Imperfect. Impers. Impersonal. In. Inch, Inches. Inc., or Incor. Incorporated. Incept. Inceptive. Inch. Inchoative. Incog. (Incognito) Unknown. Ind. India, Indian, Indiana, Index. Ind., or Indie. Indicative. I. N. D. (In Nomine Dei) In the name of God. Indef. Indefinite. Ind. Meth. Independent Methodists. Indo. Eur. Indo-European. Irid't, indict, indictment. Inf. (Infra) Beneath or below; Inf. dig, beneath dignity or notice. Inf. Infinitive, Infantry. in f . (in fine) At the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted. In lim. (In limine) At the outset. In loc. (In loco) In the place, on the passage. I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus] Nazar- enus, Rex Judaeorum) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. Ins. Inspector, Insurance, Instant. Insep. Inseparable. Insp. Gen. Inspector General. Inst. Instant (the present month). Inst. Institute, Institutes, Institu- tion. Inst. Act. Institute of Actuaries. Inst. Bks. Institute of Bankers. Inst. C. E. Institution of Civil En- gineers. Inst. M. E. Institute of Mechanical Engineers. Inst. N. A. Institution of Naval Ar- chitects. In sum. (In summa) In the sum- mary. Int. Interest. Int. Interpreter. Intens. Intensive. Interj. Interjection. Intr. Introduction. Intrans. Intransitive. in trans. (In transitu) In the pas- sage. Introd. Introduction. Inv. Invoice. Io. Iowa. I. O. B. B. Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. • I. O. F. Independent Order of For- esters. I. O. S. F. I. Independent Order of the Free Sons of Israel. I. O. G. T. Independent Order of , Good Templars. Ion. Ionic. I. O. O. F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. I. O. R. M. Independent (or Im- proved) Order of Red Men. I. O. S. H. Independent Order Sons of Hermann. I. O. S. M. Independent Order of the Sons of Malta. I. O. U. I owe you. An acknowledg- ment for money. 923 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations I. P. D. (In Prsesentia Dominqrum) In presence of the Lords (of Sessions). Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. I. q. (Idem quod) The same as. Ir. Ireland, Irish, Iridium. Iran. Iranian, Iranistan. Ire. Ireland. I. R. O. Internal Revenue Officer. Irreg. Irregular. I. S. Inside Sentinel, Irish Society. Is., or Isa. Isaiah. Isl. Island. I. S. M. (Iesus [or Jesus] Salvator Mundi) Jesus the Saviour of the World. It. Italy, Italian. I. T. Inner Temple. It., or Ital. Italic, Italian, Italy. I tin., or Itiner. Itinerant, itinerary. IV. Four or Fourth. IX. Nine or Ninth. Josh. Joshua. Jour. Journal, Journeyman. J. P. Justice of the Peace. J. Prob. Judge of Probate. Jr. Junior. J. U. D., or J. V. D. (Juris Utri- usque Doctor) Doctor of both Laws, Canon and Civil. Jud. Judith. Judg. Judges, Judge. Judge-Adv. Judge-Advocate. Jul. July. Jun. June. Jun., junr., or jr. Junior. Jun. Part. Junior Partner. Jus. Justice. (Used to denote Asso- ciate Justices.) Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. Just. Justinian, Justice. J. V. D. (Juris Utriusque Doctor) Doctor of both Civil and Canon Law. J. W. Junior Warden. J. Justice, John, Julius, Julian. JJ. Justices. J/a. Joint account. J. A. Judge Advocate. Jac. Jacob. J. A. G. Judge Advocate General. Jan. January. Jas. James. J. C. Jesus Christ, Justice Clerk. J. C. (Juris Consultus) Juris-Con- sult. J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor) Doc- tor of Civil Law. K. King, Knight. (Kalium) Potassium. K. A. Knights of St. Andrew (in Russia). Kal. Kalends. K. A. N. Knight of St. Alexander Nevoskoj (in Russia). Kan. Kansas. K. B. King's Bench, Knight of th< Bath in Great Britain). K. B. A. Knight of St. Bento d' Avis (in Portugal). ,, J. D. (Juris Doctor) Doctor of Law, K. B. E. Knight of the Black Eagle Junior Deacon Je. June. Jeho. Jehosophat. Jer. Jeremiah, Jerusalem, Jericho, Jersey. J. G. W. Junior Grand Warden. J. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Salvator) Jesus Saviour of Mankind. I. H. S.). Jno. John. Jnt. Joint. Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. Jnt. Stk. Co. Joint Stock Company. Jo. Joel. Jona. Jonathan. Jos. Joseph, Josephine. (in Russia). K. C. Knight of the Crescent (in Turkey), King's Council. K. C. B. Knight Commander of the Bath (in Great Britain). K. C. H. Knight Commander of Han- over. (See K. C. M. G. Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George. K. C. S. Knight of Charles III. of Spain. K. C. S. I. Knight Commander of the Star of India. Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. Kew Obs. Kew Observatory (Eng- land). 924 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations K. F. Knight of Ferdinand Spain). Kg. Kilogram (metric system). K. G. Knight of the Garter (in Great Britain) (in K. S. G. Knight of St. George (in Russia). K. S. H. Knight of St. Hubert (in Bavaria). K. S. I. Knight of the Star of India. K. G. C. Knight Grand Cross (in K. S. J. Knight of St. Januarius (in Great Britain) L Knight of the Golden Naples) . Circle (in the United States) K. G. C. B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath (in Great Britain). K. G. F. Knight of the Golden Fleece (in Spain or Austria). K. G. H. Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover. K. V. G. Knight of Gustavus Vasa (in Sweden). K. H. Knight of Hanover. Ki. Kings. Kil. Kilderkin. Kilo. Kilogram. K. J. Knight of St. Joachim. Kl. Kilolitre (metric system). K. L.,orK. L. A of Austria. K. S. L. Knight of the Sun and Lion (in Persia). K. S. M. and S. G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George. K. S. P. Knight of St. Stanisla (in Poland). K. S. S. Knight of the Southern Star (in Brazil). K. S. W. Knight of St. Wladimir (in Russia). K. T. Knight Templar, Knight of the Thistle (in Scotland). Kt. Knight. K. T. S. Knight of the Tower and Sword (in Portugal). Knight of Leopold K. W. Knight of William (in the Netherlands) . K. L. H. Knight of the Legion of K. W. E. Knight of the White Eagle Honor. Km. Kilometre (metric system). Km. Kingdom. K. Mess. King's Messenger. K. M. Knight of Malta. K. M. H. Knight of Merit in Holstein. K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Jo- seph (in Bavaria). K. M. T. Knight of Maria Theresa (in Austria) (in Poland). Ky. Kentucky. L. Fifty or fiftieth, Laity, Latin Low, Lord, London (after titles), Lithium, (Liber) Book. L. League, Leagues, Lake, Lane. K. N. S. Knight of the North Star L., 1., or lb. (Libra) A pound in (in Sweden) Knt., or Kt. Knight. K. of H. Knights of Honor. K. of P. Knight, or Knights Pythias. K. P. Knight "of St. Patrick. Kr. Kreutzer (German coin). K. R. C. Knight of the Red Cross weight. L., £, or 1 (Libra, or Librae) Pound, or Pounds sterling. of L., or £, s. d. (Librse, solidi, de- narii) Pounds, shillings, and pence. La. Louisiana, Lanthanum. L. A. C. Licentiate of the Apothe- caries' Company. K. R. E. Knight of the Red Eagle L. A. H. Licentiate of the Apothe (in Prussia). Ks. or Kan. Kansas. K. S. Knight of the Sword Sweden). K. S. A. Knight of St. Anne (in Russia). K. S. B. Kersher Shel Barzel. K. S. F. Knight of St. Fernando (of Spain). caries' Hall. Ladp. Ladyship, (in Lam. Lamentations. Lapp. Lappish. L. A. S. Lord Advocate of Scotland. Lat. Latitude, Latin. Lb. (Libra, or Librae) Pound or pounds in weight. 1. c. Lower case (in printing). 925 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 1. c. (loco citato) In the place be- fore cited. L/C. Letter of Credit. L. C. Lord Chancellor, Lord Cham- berlain, Lower Canada. L. C. B. Lord Chief Baron. L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. Ld. Lord. L. D. Lady Day, Light Dragoons. Ldp., Lp. Lordship. Lea. League. Leg. (Legato) Smoothly, Legate. Leg., or Legis. Legislature. Leip. Leipsic, or Leipzig. Lett. Lettish. Lev., or Levit. Leviticus. Lex. Lexicon, Lexicographer, Lexing- . ton. L. G. Life Guards, Low German. L. H. A. Lord High Admiral. L. H. C. Lord High Chancellor. L. H. D. (Literarum Humaniorum Doctor) Doctor of Polite Literature. L. H. T. Lord High Treasurer. L. I. Long Island, League Island, Light Infantry. Li. Lithium. Lib. (Liber) Book. Lib. Library, Librarian. Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. Lieut. Col. Lieutenant Colonel. Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant General. Lieut. Gov. Lieutenant Governor. Linn. Linnsean, Linnaeus. Linn. Soc. Linnsean Society (London) . Liq. Liquor. Lit. Literature, Literary. Lit. Literally. Lit. D. (Literarum Doctor) Doctor of Letters. Lith. Lithuanian. Liv. Livre. L. L. Low Latin, Late Latin. L. Lat. Low Latin, Law Latin. LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus) Bach- elor of Laws. [See B. L. and B.LL.] LL.D. (Legum Doctor) Doctor of Laws. [See B.LL.} L. L. I. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. LL. M. (Legum Magister). Master of Laws. loc. cit. (loco citato) In the place cited. Lon. Longitude. Lon., or Lond. London. Long. Longitude. Lou., or La. Louisiana. Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. L. P. Lord Provost. L. P. S. Lord Privy Seal. L. R. C. P. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. L. R. C. S. Licentiate oiS the Royal College of Surgeons. L. S. Left Side. (Locus Sigilli) Place of the Seal. L. S. A. Licentiate of the Apothe- caries' Society. L. S. D. (Libras, Solidi, Denari)- Pounds, Shillings, Pence. L. T. (Lira Turca) The Turkis Pound. Lt., or Lieut. Lieutenant. Lt. Batt. Light Battery. * Lt., or Lieut. Com. Lieutenant Com- mander. Lt., or Lieut. Gen. Lieutenan General Lt. Inf., or Infy. Light Infantry. Lv. Livre, Li vres. LX. Sixty or sixtieth. LXX. Seventy pr seventieth. LXX. The Septuagint (Version of the Old Testament). LXXX. Eighty or eightieth. M M. Monday, Middle, Morning, Mon- sieur. (Meridies) Meridian, or Noon. (Mille.) Thousand. M. Moon, Masculine, Minute, Min- utes, Month, Months, Mile, Miles, Mill, Mills. (Misce) Mix. (Mis- tura) Mixture. (Mensura) Meas- ure, by Measure. M. Minim. — /M. A thousand; as, e. g., 50/m., fifty thousand. M., or Mons. (Monsieur) Sir, Mister. M. 10,000. M. A. Master of Arts. [See A. M. Military Academy. Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. Maced. Macedonian. Mach. Machinist, Machinery. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Mad. Madam. Madm. Madam. Mad. Univ. Madison University. Mag. Magazine. Maj. Major: Maj. Gen. Major General. Mai. Malachi. Malay. Malayan. Man. Manege, or horsemanship, Manual. Man. Manasses. M. A. N. S. Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Manuf. Manufactory, Manufacture, Manufacturing. Mar. March. March. Marchioness. Marg. Margin. Marg. Tran. Marginal Translation. Marq. Marquis. Masc. Masculine. Mass. Massachusetts. Math. Mathematics, Mathematician. Matt. Matthew. M. B. (Medicinse Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Medicine. [See B. M.] Mbco. Marks banco. M. B. G. et H. (Magna Britannia, Gallia, et Hibernia) Great Britain, France and Ireland. M. C. Member of Congress, Master of Ceremonies, Master _ Command- ant, Master of the Classics. M/C. Metallic Currency. Mch. March. M. D. (Medicinae Doctor) Doctor of Medicine. Md. Maryland. M/d. Month's date. M. E. Middle English (etymologi- cal). M. E. Methodist Episcopal, Military or Mechanical Engineer, Most Ex- cellent. M. E. S. Methodist Episcopal South. Me. Maine. Meas. Measure. Mech. Mechanics, Mechanical. Med. Medicine. Med. Dir. Medical Director. M. E. G. H. P. Most Excellent Grand High Priest. Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda. (Memento) Remember. Mer. Meridian. Merc. Mercury. Messrs., or MM. (Messieurs) Gen- tlemen, or Sirs. Met. Metaphysics, metaphor, meta- phorically, Metropolitan. Metal. Metallurgy. Metaph. Metaphysics. Meteor. Meteorology. Meth. Methodist. Metr., or Metrop. Metropolitan. Mex. or Mexic. Mexico or Mexican. M. ft. (Mistura fiat) Let a mixture be made. mg. Milligram (metric system). Mg. Magnesium, Myriagram (met- ric system). M. G. Major General. M. G., or M. Goth. Mcesco-Gothic. M. H. G. Middle High German (Ety- mological). M. Hon. Most Honorable. M: H. S. Massachusetts Historical Society, Member of the Historical Society. Mi., or Miss. Mississippi. Mi. Mill, mills. Mic. Micah. M. I. C. E. Member of the Institu- . tion of Civil Engineers. Mich. Michigan. Mid. Midshipman. Mid. Middle (voice). Mil. Military. Min. Mineralogy. Min. Minute, Minutes. Minn. Minnesota. Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. Min. Res. Minister Resident. Miss. Mississippi. ml. Millilitre (metric system). Ml. Myriahtre- (metric system). M. L. (Legum M agister) Master of Laws. M. L. A. Mercantile Library Asso- ciation. Mile. Mademoiselle. mm. Millimetre (metric system). Mm. Myriametre (metric system). MM. Their Majesties. (Messieurs) Gentlemen, or Sirs. Note. — The initial letter of a word is sometimes doubled to signify the plural, as in LL. B., LL. D. 927 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations MM. Thousands. M. R. S. L. Member of the Royal Mme. Madame. Society of Literature. Mmes. Mesdames (pronounced ma- M/S. Month's sight. dam'). M.S. (Memoriae Sacrum) Sacred to M. M. S. Moravian Missionary Soci- the memory. ety. M. S.. (Magister Scientise) Master M. M. S. S. Member of the Massa- of Science. chusetts Medical Society. MS. (Manuscriptum) Manuscript. Mn. Manganese. MSS. (Manuscripta) Manuscripts. M. N. A. S. Member of the National Mt. Mount or Mountain. Academy of Sciences. M. T. C. Marcus Tullius Cicero. M. N. S. Member of the Numismat- Mt. Rev. Most Reverend. ical Society. Mts. Mountains. Mo. Missouri, Month, Molybdenum. Mus. Museum, Music. Mod. Modern. (Moderate) Mod- Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. erately. Mus. D., Mus. Doc, or Mus. Doct. Mon. Monday, Monastery. Doctor of Music. Mond. Monday. M. W. Most Worthy, Most Wor- Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. shipful. Monsig., or Mgr. Monsignor. M. W. G. C. P. Most Worthy Grand Morn. Morning. Chief Patriarch. Mos. Months. M. W. G. M. Most Worthy (or Wor- Most. Rev. Most Reverend. shipful) Grand Master. Mont. Montana. M. W. P. Most Worthy Patriarch. M. P. Member of Parliament, Metro- M. W. S. Member of the Wernerian politan Police, Municipal Police, Society. Methodist Protestant, or Protestant M. W. V. Mexican War Veterans Methodist. Myth. Mythology. M. P. C. Member of Parliament in Canada. M. P. P. Member of Provincial Par- N liament. M. P. S. Member of the Pharma- N. North, Number, Nitrogen. ceutical (or of the Philological So- N. Noun, Neuter. ciety) . N. A. North America, North Amer- M. R. Master of the Rolls. ican, National Academician. Mr. Mister, or Master. N. A. S. National Academy of Sciences M. R. A. S. Member of the Royal Na. (Natrium) Sodium. Asiatic Society, Member of the Nah. Nahum. Royal Academy of Science. Nap. Napoleon. M. R. C. C. Member of the Royal Nat. Natural, National. College of Chemistry. Nat. Hist. National History. M. R. C. P. Member of the Royal Nath. Nathanael, or Nathaniel. College of Physicians. Nat. ord. Natural order. M. R. C. S. Member of the Royal Naut. Nautical. College of Surgeons. Nav. Navigator, Navy. M. R.G. S. Member of the Royal Nav. Con. Navy Constructor. Geographical Society. N. B. New Brunswick, North Bristol, M. R. I. Member of the Royal Insti- - North Britain. (Nota bene) Note tution. well, or take notice. M. R. I. A. Member of the Royal N. C. North Carolina. Irish Academy. N. D. No Date, North Dakota. Mrs. Mistress (pronounced mis'sis N. E. New England, Northeast, when written as an abbreviation). Northern Eastern. 928 3. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Neb. Nebraska. Neg. Negative. Neh. Nehemiah. N. S. New Style (since 1752), Nova Scotia, (Notre Seigneur), Our Lord, Numismatic Society. n. e. i. (Non est inventus) He is not N. S. J. C. (Notre Seigneur Jesus- found Nem. Con. (Nemine Contradicente) No one contradicting, unanimously. Nem. Diss. (Nemine dissentiente) No one dissenting, unanimously. Neut. Neuter (gender). Nev. Nevada. New Am. Cyc. New American Cy- clopaedia. New M., or N. M. New Mexico. New Test. New Testament. N. F. Newfoundland. N. G. New Granada, Noble Grand. N. H. New Hampshire. N. H. H. S. New Hampshire His- torical Societv. Ni. Nickel. " Ni pri. Nisi Prius {Law). N. J. New Jersey. N. L. (Non liquet) It does not ap- pear, the case is not clear. N. L. or N. Lat. North Latitude. N. M., or N. Mex. New Mexico. N. N. E. North-Northeast. N. N. W. North-Northwest. N. O. New Orleans. No. (Numero) Number. Nol. pros. (Nolle prosequi) Un- willing to prosecute, or proceed. Nom. Nominative. Non. Con. Not content, dissenting, dissentient (House of Lords). Non cul. (Non culpabilis) guilty. Non. obst. (Non obstante) withstanding Christ) Our Lord Jesus Christ. N. T. New Testament, New Trans- lation. N. u. Name, or names, unknown. Num. Numeral. Num. or Numb. Numbers. Numis. Numismatics. Nux vom. Nux vomica. N. V. M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary. N. W. Northwestern. N. W. T. Northwest Territory. N. Y. New York. N. Y. H. S. New York Historical Society. N. Z., or N. Zeal. New Zealand. 0, or o. 0|UKpov. (Omicron) Greek 0, o. O. Ohio, Old, Oxygen. (Octarius) A pint. Ob. (Obiit) He or she died Obad. Obadiah. . Obj. Objective, Objection, Object. Obs. Obsolete, Observation. Obs. Observatory. Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. O. C. C. (Ordinis Carmelitarum Cal- ceatorum) Carmelites Calced. Not O. C. D. (Ordinis Carmelitarum Dis- calceatorum) Carmelites Discalced. Not- O. Cist. (Ordinis Cisterciensis) Cis- tercian. Non. pros. (Non prosequitur) He Oct. October. does not prosecute, — a judgment O. F. Odd Fellow or Odd Fellows, entered against the plaintiff when he does not appear to prosecute. Non. seq. (Non sequitur) It does not follow. Nor. Fr., or Norm. Fr French. Norw. Norway, Norwegian. Nos. Numbers. Nov. November. N. P. Notary Public. N. P. D. North Polar Distance N. R. North River. Die. 71 Old French (etymological). O. G. Outside Guardian. 0. H. G. Old High German (ety- mological). Norman O. H. M. S. On His (or Her) Ma- jesty's Service. O.K. (Oil Korect) All right, or correct. 01. (Oleum). Oil. Ol., orOlymp. Olympiad. Old Test., or O. T. Old Testament. Olym. Olympiad. 929 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations O. M. Old Measurement. O. M. Conv. (Ordinis Minorum Con- ventualium) Minor Conventuals. O. M. I. Oblates of Mary Immacu- late. O. Min. Cap. (Ordinis Minorum Ca- pucinorum) Capuchins. •Ont. Ontario. O. P., or O. S. D. (Ordinis Prsedica- torum, or Ordinis Sancti Dominici) Dominicans. Opt. Optics. Or. . Oregon. O. R. C. Order of the Red Cross. Ord. Ordnance, Ordinance, Ordinary. Ord. Dept. Ordnance Department. Orig. Original, Originally. Ornith. Ornithology. O. S. Old Style (before 1752), Out- side Sentinel. Os. Osmium. O. S. A. (Ordinis Sancti Augustini) Augustinians. O. S. B. (Ordinis Sancti Benedicti) Benedictines. t O. S. F. (Ordinis Sancti Francisci) Franciscans. O. T. Old Testament. O. U. A. Older of United Americans. Oxf. Oxford. Oxf. Gloss. Oxford Glossary of Arch- itecture. Oxon. (Oxonian) Of Oxford, at Oxford . Oz. Ounce. P. (Pondere) By weight (Pugillus) A pugil, the quantity of any sub- stance which may be taken with the ends of the thumb and two ringers. P. Page, Part, Participle, Pole, Phos- phorus, Pint, Pope. P. (Pere) Father. Pa. or Penn., Pennsylvania. p. a. Participial adjective. P. A. Post Adjutant. P. A. E. Passed Assistant Engineer. Paint. Painting. Pal., or Paleon. Paleontology. P. A. P. M. Passed Assistant Pay- master. Par., or % Paragraph. Par., or 1 1. Parallel. Pari. Parliament, Parliamentary. Paroch. Lib. Parochial Library. Par. Pas. Parallel Passage. Part. Participle. Pass. Passive. Pass. Passionist. Past. Pastor. P. A. Surg. Passed Assistant Surgeon. Pathol. Pathology. Pay Dir. Pay Director. Pay Ins. Pay Inspector. Pay M. Paymaster. Payt. Payment. Pb. (Plumbum) Lead. P. B. (Philosophise Bactialaureus) Bachelor of Philosophy. #-B-K- ($l,Bt|Ta,Kdinra.) Phi Beta Kappa (College Society). P. C. (Patres Conscripti) Conscript Fathers, Senators, Privy Council, or Councilor, Police Constable, Princi- pal Conductor, Post Commander. P. C. P. Past Chief .Patriarch. P. Cyc. Penny Cyclopedia. P. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor of Philosophy. Pd. Paid, Palladium. ^- E- (^l Et]n\6v.) Psi Epsilon (Col- lege Society). P. E. Protestant Episcopal, Presid- ing Elder. Pe. Pelopium. P. E. I. Prince Edward Island. Penn. Pennsylvania. Pent. Pentecost. Per., or Pers. Persia, Persian. Per, pr., or P. By the, or per lb., oz., etc. Per an. (Per annum) By the year. Per cent., or per ct. (Per centum) By the hundred. Perf. Perfect. Perh. Perhaps. Peri. Perigree. Pers. Person. Persp. Perspective. Peruv. Peruvian. Pet. Peter. P. G. Past Grand. Pg. Portuguese. Phar. Pharmacy. Phar. D. Doctor in Pharmacy. Phar. G. Graduate in Pharmacy. Phar. M. Master in Pharmacy. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Ph. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureiis) Pp. or PP. Patres, Fathers. P. P. (Pater Patriae) his country. P. P. Parish Priest. Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor of Philosophy. Phil. Philip, Philippians, Philoso- Pp. Images. phy, Philosopher, Philosophical, p. p. Past participle Philemon. Phil., or Phila. Philadelphia. Philem. Philemon. Philomath (Philomathematicus) A lover of mathematics. Philos. Philosophy. Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transac- tions. Phonog. Phonography. Photog. Photo rraphy. Phren. Phrenology. P. H. S. Pennsylvania Historical So- ciety. Phys. Physics, Physiology, Physician Physiol. Physiology. Pinx., or pxt. (Pinxit) painted it. P. J. President Judge, Police Justice. Prep Pk. Peck. Pks. Pecks. P. L. Poet Laureate. PI. Place, Plate. PI., or plur. Plural. P. L. C. Poor Law Commissioners. Plff. Plaintiff. The father of Plin. Plup., Plur. Pm. P.M. Pluperfect Pliny, or plupf Plural. Premium. (Postmeridian) P.P.C. (Pour Prendre Conge) To take leave. Pph. Pamphlet. P. P. I. Policy proof of interest. p. pr. Participle present. P. Q. Previous question. Pr. Priest, Prince. Pr. Preposition, Prince, Pronoun. Pr., or P (Per) By the. P. R. (Populus Romanus) The Ro- man people, Prize ring, Porto Rico. P. R. A. President of the Royal Acad- emy. P. R. C. (Post Romam Conditam) After the building of Rome. He (or she) Preb. Prebend, Prebendary. Pref. Preface, Prefix. Preposition. Pres. President. Presb. Presbyterian. Pret. Preterit. Prim. Primate, Primitive. Prin. Principles. prin. Principally. Print. " Printing. Priv. Privative. Priv. Chamb. Private Chamberlain. Prob. Problem, Probably. Prof. Professor. Afternoon, Pron. Pronoun, Pronounced, Pro- Evening, nunciation. P. M. Post Master, Passed Midship- Pron. a. Pronominal adjective, man, Pay Master, Past Master. Prop. Proposition, Properly. P. M. G. Post Master General, Pay Prot. Protestant. Master General. P. N. Promissory Note. P. O. Post-Office. P. O. D. Post-Office Department. Poet. Poetry, Poetical. P. O. H. Patrons of Husbandry. P. of H. Patrons of Husbandry. Po. Pole. | Pol. Polish. ! Polit. Econ. Political Economy. P. O. O. Post-Office Order. Pop. Population. Portuguese. Port,. Portugal, Pos. or Poss. Possessive. Prot. Ap. Prothonotary Apostolic. Pro. tern, (pro tempore) For the time. Prov. Proverbs, Proverbially, Pro- vost, Provincial. Prov. Mar. Provost Marshal. Prov. Sem. Provincial Seminary. Prox. (Proximo) Next, or of the next month, in the next. Prus. Prussia, Prussian. P. S. (Postscriptum) Postscript, Per- •manent Secretary, Privy Seal. Ps., or Psa. Psalm, or Psalms. Pss. Postscripts. 931 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Pt. Part, Pint, Payment, Port, Point. Pt. Platinum. P. t. (Pro tempore) For the time. P. T. O. Please turn over. ^•Y- pprYi|rfX6v.) PsiUpsilon (College Society). Pub. Publisher, Publication, Public, Published. Pub. Doc. Public Documents. Pulv. (Pulvis) Powder. Pun. Puncheon. P. v. Post-village. P. W. P. Past Worthy Patriarch. Pwt. Pennyweight, Pennyweights. Pxt. (Pinxit) He (or she) painted it. Q. Question, Quintus. Q., or Qu. Queen, Question, Query. Q. B. Queen's Bench. Q. C. Queen's College, Queen's Coun- sel, or Council. Q. d. (Quasi dicat) As if he should say. < (Quasi dictum) As if "said. (Quasi dixisset) As if he had said. Q. e. (Quod est) Which is. Q. E. D. (Quod Erat Demonstran- dum) Which was to be demon- strated, or proved. Q. L. (Quantum libet) As much as you please. Qm. (Quomodo) By what means. Q. M. Quarter Master. Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger. Q. M. G. Quarter Master General. . Q. P., or q. pi. (Quantum placet). As much as you please. Qr. Quarter (28 lb.,) Farthing, Quire. Qrs. Quarters, Quires, Farthings. Q. S. Quarter Sessions. Q. S. Quarter Section. (Quantum sufficit). Sufficient quantity. Qt. Quart, Quantity. Qts. Quarts. Qu. Queen, Question. Qu., or qy. (Quaere) Inquire, Query. Quad. Quadrant, Quadrate. Quar. Quarterly. Ques. Question. Q. v. (Quod vide) Which see. (Quan- tum vis.) As much as you please. Qy. Query. R. (Recipe) Take. R. (Regina) Queen. (Rex) King. Railway, Rhodium, Rises, River, Residence. R. Rood, Roods, Rod, Rods. R. A. Royal Academy, Royal Acade- mician, Royal Arch, Royal Artillery, Rear Admiral, Right Ascension. R. A. C. Royal Arch Chapter. Rad. (Radix) Root, Radical. R. Adml. Rear Admiral. R. A. K. T. P. Royal Arch Knight Templar Priest. R. A. M. Royal Ark Mariners, Royal Academy of Music. Rb. Rubidium. R. C. Roman Catholic. R. D. Royal Dragoons. R. D., or Rur. Dn. Rural Dean. R. E. Royal. Engineers, Royal Ex- change, Right Excellent, Reformed Episcopal. Rec. Recorder. Rec, or R. Recipe. Reed. Received. Recpt. Receipt. Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. Rect. Rector, Receipt. Ref . Reference, Reformed. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. Reg., or Regr. Register, Registrar, Registry. Reg., or Regt. Regent, Regiment. Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. Regr. Registrar. Regt. Regiment. Rel. Religion. Rel. Pron. Relative Pronoun. Rem. Remark, or Remarks. Rep. Representative, Report, Re- porter, Republican, Republic. Repub. Republic. Rev. Reverend, Revelation (Book of), Review. Revenue, Revise. Revd. Reverend. Revs. Plural of Reverend. Rev. Ver. Revised Version (Scrip- tures). R. G. G. Royal Grenadier Guards. R. H. A. Royal Horse Artillery, Roy- al Hibernian Academy. Rhet. Rhetoric. 932 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations R. H. G. Royal Horse Guards. R. I. Rhode Island. R. LB. A. Royal Institution of Brit- ish Architects. Richd. Richard. R. I. H. S. Rhode Island Historical Society. Riv. River. R. M. Ro3'al Marines, Royal Mail, Resident Magistrate. R. M. A. Royal Military Asvlum. R. M. S. Royal Mail Steamer. R. N. Royal Navy. R. N. O. (Riddare af Nordstjerne Orden) Knight of the Order of the Polar Star. Ro. (Recto) Right-hand page. Ro., or Robt. Robert, Rom. Roman, Romans (Book of). Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. R. P. Regius Professor, The King's Professor. R. R. Railroad, Right Reverend. R. Rs. Railroads. R. S. Recording Secretary, Right side. Rs. (Responsum) -Answer. (Respon- dere) To answer. Rs. Rupees. R. S. A. Royal Society of Antiquaries, Royal Scottish Academv. R. S. C. C. Republican State Central Committee. » R. S. D. Royal Society of Dublin. R. S. E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. R. S. L. Royal Society of London. R. S. V. P. (Repondez S'il Vous Plait) Answer if you please. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. Rt. Wpful. _ Right Worshipful. Russ. Russia, Russian. R. V. Revised Version (Scriptures). R. W. Right Worthy, or Right Wor- shipful, Railwav. R. W. D. G. M. Right Worshipful Deputv Grand Master. R. W. G. S. Right Worthy Grand Secretarv. R. W. G.R. Right Worthy Grand Representative. R. W. G. T. Right Worthy Grand Treasurer, Right Worshipful Grand Templar. A CJ-LlJJiai . R. W. G. W. Right Worthy Grand Warden. R. W. J. G. [W. Right Worshipful Junior Grand Warden. R. W. O. (Riddare af Wasa Orden) Knight of the Order of Wasa, R. W. S. G. W. Right Worshipful Se- nior Grand Warden. R'y. Railway. R'ys. Railways. S. South, Saint, Scribe, Sulphur, Sign, Sextus (Semis) Half. S. Second, Sun, See, Sets, Solo. Sec- tion, Series, Singular, Son. (Solid us) A shilling. S. A. South America, South Africa, South Australia. Sam. Samuel. Sans. Sanskrit. S. A. S. (Societatis Antiquariorum Socius) Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Sat. Saturday. Sax. Saxon. Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicles. Sb. (Stibium) Antimony. S. C. (Senatus Consultum) A de- cree of the Senate, South Carolina, Small Caps. Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) engraved it. Sc, or scil. (Scilicet) To wit, name- ly, being understood. Scan. Mag. (Scandalummagnatum) Defamatory expressions tending to the injury of persons of importance. S. caps. Small capitals. S. C. Hist. Soc. South Carolina His- torical Society. Sch., or Schol. (Scholium) A note. Sch., or schr. Schooner. Sci. Science. Sci. fa. (Scire facias) Mak3 known (Law). Scil., or sc. (Scilicet) To wit, name- ly, being understood. S. C. L. Student of the Civil Law. Sclav. Sclavonic. Scot. Scotland, Scottish, Scotch. Scr. Scruple. 933 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Script. Scripture, Scriptural. Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) en- graved it. Sculp., or sculpt. Sculpture. S. D. (Salutem dicit) Sends health. South Dakota. S. D. (Scientise Doctor) Doctor of Science, Senior Deacon. S. D. U. K. - Society for the Diffu- sion of Useful Knowledge. S. E. Southeast, Southeastern. Se. Selenium. Sec. Secretary. Sec. Second, Section. Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sec. leg. (Secundum legem) Accord- ing to law. Sec. reg. (Secundum regulam) Ac- cording to rule. Sect. Section. Sen. Senate, Senator, Senior. Sep., or Sept. September, Septua- gint. S. M. Short Metre, Sergeant Major, Sons of Malta, Sewing machine. S. M. (Sa Majesty His (or Her) Majesty. Sm. C. Small capitals. S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Impenale) His (or Her) Imperial Majesty. Smith. Inst. Smithsonian Institu- tion. S. M. Lond. Soc. (Societatis Medi- cse Londiniensis Socius) Member of the London Medical Society. S. M. Lond. Soc. Cor. (Societatis Medicae Londiniensis Socius Cor.) Corresponding Member of the Lon- don Medical Society. Sn. (Stannum) Tin. Soc. Society. Soc. Isl. Society Islands. S. of Sol. Song (or Songs) of Solo- mon. S. of T. Sons of Temperance. Sol. Solomon, Solution, Solicitor. Seq., or Sqq . (Sequentia, or sequen- Sol. Gen. Solicitor General. (Se- The following, the next quitur) It follows. Ser. Series. Serb. Serbian. Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or jeant. Serg. Maj. Sergeant Major. Serv., or Servt. Servant. S. G. (Salutis Gratia) For the sake of safety (i. e., insured). S. G. Solicitor General. Sh., or s. Shilling. Shak. Shakespeare. S. Hist. Soc. Southern Historical So- ciety. S. H. S. (Societatis Historicae Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society. Si. Silicium. Sing., or Sin. Sine, Singular. S. Isl. Sandwich Islands. Sist. Sister. S. J. Society of Jesus. S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanskrit. S. L. Solicitor at Law. S. L., or L. S. (Sigilli Locus) for the Seal. S. L., or S. Lat. South Latitude Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian. Sid. Sailed. Without issue, He prays S. P. (Sine Prole) supra protest. S. P. (Salutem precatur) for his prosperity. Ser- Sp. Spain, Spanish. S. P. A. S. (Societatis Philosophical Americana? Socius) Member of the American Philosophical Society. S. P. C. A. Society of < the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals. S. P. C. K. Society for the Promo- tion of Christian Knowledge. S. P. D. (fJalutem plurimam dicit) He wishes much health, or sends his best respects. S. P. G. Society for the propagation of the Gospel. Sp. gr. Specific gravity. S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Ro- manus) The Senate and the People of Rome. Sq., or sqq. Square. Sq. (Sequens) The following. Sq. ft. Square foot or square feet. Square inch or inches. Square mile or miles. Square rod or rods. Square yard. Square yards. Sq. in. Place Sq. m. Sq. r. Sq. yd, Sq. yds. Sr. Sir or Senior, Sister. 934 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations S. R. I. (Sacrum Romanum Imper- ium) Holy Roman Empire. S. R. S. (Societatis Regiae Socius) Fellow of the Royal Society. S. S. Sabbath School, or Sunday- School, Saint Simplicius (the mark on the collar of the Lord Chief Justice of England). SS. Saints. SS. (Scitote) Know ye. (Semis) Half. S. S. C. Solicitor before the Su- preme Court. S. S. E. South-Southeast. S. S. W. South-Southwest. 2- T- (Sty^a Tav.) Sigma Tau (College Society). St. Stanza. St. Saint, Street, Strait. . Stat. Statute, Statutes. S. T. D. (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor) Doctor of Sacred Theology, Doctor of Divinity. Ster., or Stg. Sterling. S. T. P. (Sacra? Theologiae Profes- sor) Professor of Theology. 3 Sts. Streets. Su. Sunday. Subj. Subjunctive. t Subst. Substantive, Substitute. I Suff. Suffix. Sun., or Sund. Sunday. ■ Sup. Supplement, Superfine, Super- ior, Superlative. - Sup., or Supr. (Supra) Above. Sup. C. Superior Court. Super. Superior, Superfine. i Superl. Superlative. Supp. Supplement. d Supt. Superintendent. Surg. Surgeon, Surgery. Surg. Gen. Surgeon General. - Surv. Surveyor, Surveying. [ Surv. Gen. Surveyor General. Sus. Susannah. S. V. (Sub verbo, or Sub voce) Un- der the word or title. S. W. Southwest, Southwestern, Sen- ior Warden. Sw. Swedish, Sweden. Switz. Switzerland. Syn. Synonym, Synonymous. Synop. Synopsis. Syr. Syria, Syrian, Syriac, Syrup. T. Town, Township, Ton, or Tun. T. (Tutti) All together, Tenor, Tit- us, Tullius, Tuesday. T., or Tom. Tome, Volume. Ta. Tantalum (Columbkim). Tal. qual. (Talis qualis) Just as they come, average quality. Tan. Tangent. Tart. Tartaric. Tb. Tarbium. T. C. D. Trinity College, Dublin. Te. Tellurium. T. E. Topographical Engineers. Tel. Telegraph, Telegram. Ten., or Tehn. Tennessee. Ter. Territory. Term. Termination. Teut. Teutonic. Tex. Texas. Text. Rec. (Textus Receptus) The Received Text. 0, or G. 0Tyra. (Theta) Greek. Th. th. Th. Thomas, Thorium. Th., or Thurs. Thursday. Theo. Theodore, Theodosia. Theol. Theology, Theological. Theoph. Theophilus. Theor. Theorem. Thess. Thessalonians. Thos. Thomas. * Thu.,Thur., or Thurs. Thursday. T.H.W. M. Trinity High Water Mark. Ti. Titanium. Tier. Tierce. Tim. Timothy Tit. Titus, Title. Tl. Thallium. Tob. Tobit. Tom. Tome, or Volume. Tonn. Tonnage. Topog. Topography, or Topographical. Tr. Transpose, Translator, Transla- tion, Treasurer, Trustee. tr. (Trillo) A shake. Trans. Translator, Translation, Trans- 1 ated, Transaction, Transportation. Trav. Travels. Trav. Agt. Travelling Agent. Treas. Treasurer. Trin. Trinity. 935 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Trin. Coll. Trinity College. Trs., or Trus. Trustees. Ts. Texas. T. T. L. To take leave. Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. Turk. Turkey, or Turkish. Typ., or Typo. Typographer. Typog. Typography, Typographical. U. Uranium. U. A. O. D. United Ancient Order of Druids. . U. C. (Urbis Conditae) From the building of the city (Rome), Upper Canada. U. E. I. C. United East India Com- pany. U. G. R. R. Underground Railroad. U. J. D. (Utriusque Juris Doctor) Doctor of both laws (i.e., the Canon and the Civil Law). See J. U. D. U. K. United Kingdom. U. K. A. Ulster King at Arms. U. L. A. Union League of America. Ult. (Ultimo) Last, or of the last month. Unit. Unitarian. Univ. University, Universally." Up. Upper. U. P. C. United Presbyterian Church. U. S. United States, United Service. U. S. (ut supra) As above. U. S. A. United States Army, United States of America. U. S. L. United States Legation. U. S. M. United States Mail, United States Marine, United States Mint (Philadelphia). U. S. M. A. United States Military Academy. U. S. M. C. United States Marine Corps. U. S. M. C. C. United States Mint (Carson City). U. S. M. S. United States Mint (San Francisco). U. S. N. United States Navy. U.S.N. A. United States Naval Academy. U. S. P. United States Pharma- copoeia. , U. S. R. Usher of the Scarlet Rod. U. S. S. United States Senate, United States Ship (or Steamer) . Usu. Usual, or usually. U. S. V. United States Volunteers. Ut. Utah. V. Vanadium, Victoria, Viscount. V. Five or fifth. V. Verse, Verb, Village, Vocative, Volume. (Versus) Against. (Vide) See V. a. Verb active. V. A. Vicar, or Vicariate, Apostolic, Vice Admiral. Va. Virginia. Vat. Vatican. V. aux. Verb auxiliary. Vb. n. Verbal noun. V. C. Vice Chancellor, Vice Chai man, Victoria Cross. V. C. G. Vice Consul General V. def . Verb defective. V. dep. Verb deponent. V. D. L. Van Dieman's Land. V. D. M. (Verbi Dei Minister) Mi ster of the Word of God. Ven. Venerable. Ven., or ven. fa. (Venire facias) writ to a sheriff to summon a jury. Ven. Ex. (Venditioni exponas) A writ of execution to a sheriff to sell goods, etc. Ver. Verse, Verses. Ver. or Vt., Vermont. Vet. Surg. Veterinary Surgeon. V. F. Vicar Forane. V. G. Vicar General, Vice Grand. V. g. (Verbi gratia) For example. Vi. (Vide) See. V. i. Verb intransitive. VI. Six or sixth. VII. Seven or seventh. VIII. Eight or eighth. Vic. Ap. Vicar Apostolic. Vice Pres. Vice-President. Vic. Gen. Vicar General. Vid. (Vide) See. Vil. Village. V. imp. Verb impersonal. V. irr. Verb irregular. Vis., or Vise. Viscount. • Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Viz. (Videlicet) Namely, to wit. V. n. Verb neuter. Vo. (Verso) Left-hand page. Voc. Vocative. Vol. Volume. Vols. Volumes, Volunteers. V. P. Vice-President. V. R. (Victoria Regina) Queen Vic- toria, Very Reverend. V. r. Verb reflective, or reflexive. V. Rev. Very Reverend. Vs. (Versus) Against, or in opposi- tion. V. S. Veterinary Surgeon. Vt. Vermont. V. t. Verb transitive. Vul., or Vulg. Vulgate, Vulgar. X. Vv. 11. (variae lectiones) Different X. readings. X. W. M. S. Wesleyan Missionary So- ciety. W. N. W. West-Northwest. W. P. Worthy Patriarch. Wpful. Worshipful. W. R. William (Rex) King, West Riding. W. S. Writer to the Signet. W. S. W. West-Southwest. Wt. Weight. W. Va. West Virginia. Wyo. Wyoming. X Christos). W Christ. (Xpwrros, Ten or tenth. St. Andrew's Cross, Exchange, His (or her) mark. XI. Eleven. XII. Twelve. XIII. Thirteen. Wolf- XIV. Fourteen. XV. Fifteen. XVI. Sixteen. XVII. Seventeen. W. Wednesday, Welsh. W. West, Western, W^arden ramium) Tungsten. W. Week. W. A. West Australia, West Africa W. &M. Coll. William and Mary's XVIII. Eighteen College. XIX. Nineteen Wall. Wallachian. Wash. Washington. W. C. Water-closet, West Central. W. C. T. U. Women's Christian Tern perance Union. Wed. Wednesday. West. Res. Coll. Western College. Wes. Univ. Wesleyan University. w. f. Wrong font (in printing). W. G. G. Worthy Grand Chaplain, Worthy Grand Conductor. W. G. C. Worthy Grand Guide, Worthy Grand Guardians. W. G. H. Worthy Grand Herald. W. G. M. Worthy Grand Marshal. W. G. S. Worthy Grand Sentinel. Whf. Wharf. W. I. West Indies, West India. Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. Wisd. Wisdom (Book of). Wk. Week, Work. W. Lon. _ West longitude. Wm. William. W. M. Worshipful Master. XX. Twenty. XXX. Thirty. XL. Forty. XC. Ninety. Xdr., or fdr. Crusader. Xmas., or Xm. Christmas. Reserve Xn., or Xtian. Christian.^ Xnty., or Xty. Christianity. Xt. Christ. Y. Yttrium. Y., or yr. Year. Y. B. Year-Book. Y. C. Yale CoUege. Yd. Yard. Yds. Yards. Y e . The or Thee. > Note.— The Y in this, and similar instances, is a sub- stitute for th. Y m . Them. Y. M. C. A. Young Men's Christian Association. 937 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Y. M. Cath. A. Young Men's Catho Z lie Association. Y n . Then. Z. Zero. Y r . Their. Z. Zinc. Yr. Your. Z. Zone. Yr. B. Year-Book. Z., or Zr. Zirconium. Yrs. Yours, Years. Zach. Zachary. Y 8 . This. ' Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. Y*. That. Zech. Zechariah. Y. W. C. A. Young Women's Chris- Zeph. Zephaniah. tian Association. Z. G. Zoological Gardens. Y. W. C. T. U. Young Women's Zn. Zinc. Christian Temperance Union. Zod. Zodiac. Y. W. C. U. Young Women's Chris- Zool. Zoology or zoological. tian Union. Zr. Zirconium. 938 DICTIONARY OF MUSIC a ballata, in ballad style. a battuta, in exact beat; true time. a cappella, in church or chapel style; for chorus, without accom- paniment. a capriccio, as you please. a deux temps, two crotchets or beats in a bar. a due, for two voices or instruments; separately or in unison, a piacere, at the performer's pleasure as to time, a quatre mains, for four hands, as a pianoforte duet. a tempo, in regular time. a tre, for three voices or instruments. accelerando, gradually quickening the movement. acciacatura, a species of grace-note. accolade, the brace that binds all parts of a score. accoppiate, parts joined by a brace. adagio, slow and sustained. adagio assai, very slow and sustained. affetto, emotion, feeling. afHizione, sorrow, mournfulness. air ecossais, a Scotch air. alia Polacca, in style of a Polish dance. alia Siciliana, in style of Sicilian shepherd's dance. alia zoppa, in constrained, halting, syncopated style. allegro, quick, livery. allegro assai, very quick. allegro ma non troppo, quick, but not too much so. allegretto, cheerful, but not so quick as allegro. allegretto scherzando, moderately vivacious, playfully, but without haste. al segno, dal segno, to return to the similar preceding sign and play thence to the word Fine. alternative, proceeding alternately from one to another movement. andante, slow, gentle, soothing. andante con moto, slow, but with movement, not dragging. aria buffa, comic song. aria d'abilita, song of difficult exe- cution. arpeggio, passages formed of the notes of regular chords, played in succession. B ben marcato, render passage or air in a clear, distinct and strongly accented manner. bis, twice. Passage marked by a curved line under or over it to be played or sung twice. bravura, boldness, spirit, dash, bril- liancy. brillante, brilliant, showy, sparkling. brio, brilliancy, spirit. brise, split into arpeggios; in violin playing, short, detached strokes of the bow. buffo, buffa, humorous, comic, espe- cially as applied to an air or a singer. burden, a return of the theme of a song at the end of each verse. burletta, a musical farce. calore, warmth, animation. cantabile, in singing style. cantando, cantante, in singing style, smooth and flowing. cantata, a vocal composition consist- ing of an intermixture of recitative, air and chorus. capriccio, fanciful, irregular compo- sition ; caprice. che, than, that. coda, a "tail-piece," or concluding passage. Dictionary of Music col arco, with the bow. E colla parte, accompanist must ac- commodate his temps to the leading energico, with energy, force. p ar t. espressivo, with expression. colla piu gran forza e prestezza, as loud and quick as possible. F come, as, like. come primo, as at first. nne, end. come tempo del tema, same move- nebile, in mournful style, weepingly. ment as the theme. t forte, loud. commodo, comodo, quietly, with fortissimo, very loud, composure. . forza, with force, energy. con amore, tenderly, with affection, fresco, fresh, quick, lively. con brio ed animato, brilliant and furioso, furiously, with fire, energy, animated. intense animation. con diligenza, in studied manner. con espressione, with expression. G con fuoco, with fire, with intense animation. giusto, exact, precise. con gusto, with taste. t glissando, in gliding manner, sweep- con impetuosita, with impetuosity. ing across the keys. con energia, with much energy. grazioso, gracefully. con moto, with motion, actively, Gregorian music, sacred composi- not dragging. . tions, after the style introduced into con spirito, with quickness, with the Roman Catholic service by Pope spirit. Gregory (about 600 A.D.). con variazioni, with variations. gusto, taste. con velocita, in swift time. con vivacita, with animation. H contrapuntal, in the, style of coun- terpoint, fugal, with rich and varied harmonic triad, a common chord, parts or voices. like C-E-G, F-A-C, G-B-D. counterpoint, the science of writing hauptsatz, the principal section of parts or melodies in combination. an extended movement. crescendo, gradually increasing the hauptstimme, the most prominent tone-volume. voice, or part; the voice or part which has the theme. D haut-contre, counter-tenor, high tenor, alto. da capo, from the beginning, repeat haut-dessus, first treble, high so- from the beginning. prano. dal segno, from the sign, or mark of hinstrich, an up-bow. repetition. holding-note, a note that is sus- decrescendo, gradual decreasing the tained or continued, while others tone volume. are in motion. delicato, delicatamente, delicately. destra, right, right hand. I dito, the finger. divertissement, short, light compo- il ponticello, in singing, where the sition; also airs introduced between natural tone forms a junction with the acts of Italian opera. the falsetto; the "break" in a voic divoto, in solemn style. impetuoso, with impetuosity. dolente, pathetically. impromptu, without study or prep: doloroso, in a soft, sorrowful style. ration. 9*0 Dictionary of Music innocente, innocent, natural, un- affected, ingenuous. instrumentation, the art of arrang- ing music for the various instru- ments of an orchestra or band 1. h., the left hand. largamente, sustaining, or broaden- ing the chords or tones, ponder- ously, with breadth. larghetto, time less slow than largo. larghissimo, very slowly and broadly. largo, a very slow, stately movement. legato, smooth, connected, the oppo- site of staccato. leggiero, with lightness. lento, slow. lentando, with increasing slowness. M main droit, the right hand. main gauche, the left hand. meno mosso, slower movement. mesto, pensive, sad, melancholy. mezza voce, with moderate strength of tone. mezzo, half, middle. mezzo forte, moderately loud. mezzo piano, moderately soft. mit begleitung, with accompani- ment. moderato, with moderation, as alle- gro moderate, moderately fast, not too fast. molto adagio, very slow. molto allegro, very fast. mordent, a quick trill, with but a single stroke of the grace-note (side- note). morendo, dying away, gradually growing softer. mormorando, with a gentle, mur- muring sound. motet, composition of a sacred char- acter in several parts; an unaccom- panied anthem. motive, motivo, leading theme of a composition; a brief and charac- teristic theme. musica di camera, chamber-music; music in serious style, intended for performance in a house or small hall — such as string-quartets, vio- lin sonatas, piano trios, etc. N nachspiel, a postlude. non troppo presto, not too fast. obbligato, voices or instruments in- dispensable to the proper perform- ance of a piece; also a part added for ornament or display. opera buffa, a comic opera. ottava, an octave. ottava alta, an octave higher. ottava bassa, an octave lower. parte cantante, the singing part, the voice or part which has the sus- tained melody. pastorale, in rustic or pastoral style. perdendo or perdendosi, gradually decreasing in speed and volume to the last note, which is nearly, if not quite, lost on the ear. piu forte, louder. piu lento, slower. piu mosso, with more movement. piu piano, softer. piu presto, quicker. pizzicato, plucked, played with the finger, not with the bow. poco a poco, gradually. By degrees. poco meno, somewhat less. poco piano, rather soft. poco piu, somewhat more. poco presto, rather quick. portamento, gliding from one to another note. premiere, a first performance. prestissimo, the most rapid possible movement. primo, the first. rallentando, ritardando, ritenente, slackening the speed. rondino, rondiletta, rondinetto, or rondoletto, a short rondo. 941 Dictionary of Music rondo, a composition of several strains with frequent return to first theme. scherzando, in a light, breezy man- ner. scherzo, a joke or jest; the quick movement of a sonata or symphony. seconda volta molto crescendo, much louder the second time. segue il coro, here follows the chorus. segue la finale, here follows the finale. segue senza interruzione, go on; do not stop: sempre forte, continuing loud, with- out decreasing the force. sempre piu forte, steadily increas- ing in force. senza replica, without repetition. Da capo senza replica, play from the beginning, but disregard repeat- marks. sin* al fine, to the end. slentando, reducing the speed, sustained, in an undertone, with spirit, animation, sostenuto, sotto voce spiritoso, energy. staccato, short, pointed, detached; the opposite of legato. stark, loud. syncopation, a displacement of ac- cent, either by having a rest on a strong beat, or by tying a strongly accented tone to a weaker. tasto solo, played without chords. tempo, or a tempo, in time. tempo giusto, in exact time. tempo primo, in the first or original time. tenete sino alia fin del suono, keep keys down as long as sound lasts. tenna, the theme. tenuto, sustained; held for the full time-value. timpani, kettle drums. tutti, all voices or instruments, or both. tre, three; a tre, for three voices or instruments. tremando, or tremolo, rapid repeti- tion of a note or chord, producing a tremulous kind of motion. variazioni, variations of an air or theme. veloce, in rapid time. vigoroso, vigorously, with energy. vivace, with animation. vivo, animated, lively. voll, full, as mit voile orgel, full organ voce, the voice. voce di petto, chest or natural voice voce di testa, head voice. volta, time, turn; as prima volta, the first time; una volta, once. volti subito, turn the leaf quickly. 942 DICTIONARY OF NOTED CHARACTERS IN LITERATURE Abdiel, the angel who opposed Satan, and remained faithful when he re- volted. Abigail, a common name for a wait- ing maid. See I. Sam. xxv. 3. Ablewhite, Godfrey, a sneak in Wilkie Collins' "The Moonstone." Abou Hassan, a character in the "Arabian Nights," who is duped for a short time into believing himself Caliph. Absalom, in Dry den's "Absalom and Achitophel"; the Duke of Mon- mouth, natural son of Charles II. Absolute, Captain, a gallant, high- spirited character in Sheridan's "The Rivals." Absolute, Sir Anthony, father of the above, an irascible but generous character in "The Rivals." Achitophel, the Earl of Shaftes- bury in Dry den's "Absalom and Achitophel." Acres, Bob, whose "courage oozes out at his fingers' ends," a character in "The Rivals." Acrasia, in Spenser's "Faerie Queene," a witch, the personification of in- temperance. Adam Bell, a famous archer, cele- brated in many old ballads. Adams, Parson, a learned, good, eccentric, simple^ divine, in Fielding's "Joseph Andrews." Adriana, the wife of Antipholus, in "Comedy of Errors." Ague -cheek, Sir Andrew, a foolish knight in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night." Aladdin, the hero of the "Arabian Nights" tales, possessed of a won- derful ring and lamp. Allworthy, Squire, a benevolent character in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Alp, the hero of Byron's "Siege of Corinth." Amadis de Gaul, the hero of a wide- spread romance of Portuguese origin. Amelia, the heroine of Fielding's novel of that name. Drawn from Fielding's wife. Amine, a wicked woman in the "Arabian Nights," who leads her three sisters as hounds in a leash. Amlet, Richard, a gambler in Van- brugh's "Confederacy." Amri, in Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel," Sir H. Finch. Andrews, Joseph, the hero of Field- ing's novel of that name; brave and pure. Anerley, Mary, the heroine of Blackmore's novel of that name. Apemantus, a cynic in Shakespeare's "Timon of Athens." Arden, Enoch, the hero of Tenny- son's poem of that name. Argante, a giantess in Spenser's "Faerie Queene." Ariel, a spirit in Shakespeare's "Tempest." Artful Dodger, a bright young thief in Dickens' "Oliver Twist." Arthur, King, a legendary British king, famous in romance, celebrated by Tennyson. Ash ton, Lucy,- the heroine of Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor." Atalanta, one of Diana's maids, skilled as an archer, the heroine of Swinburne's "Atalanta in Calydon." Athelstane, the Unready, a Saxon thane in Scott's "Ivanhoe." Autolycus, "a snapper up of uncon- sidered trifles," in Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale." Baba, Ali, a character in the "Ara- bian Nights," who, having over- heard "sesame," the password of the Forty Thieves, opens their cave. 943 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Baba, Cassim, brother of the above, forgets the password. Backbite, Sir Benjamin, a slander- ous character in Sheridan's "School for Scandal.' Bellenden, Lady, a Tory gentle- woman in Scott's "Old Mortality." Belphoebe, in Spenser's "Faerie Queene," a portrait of Queen Eliza- beth. Bagstock, Joe, a pompous boastful Belvidera, the heroine of Otway's character in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." He always speaks of himself in the third person, as "Joey B.," "J. B.," "Old Joey," "Josh," etc. Bailey, Young, a precocious youth, servant, etc., in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Balderstone, Caleb, the master of Ravenswood's butler, in Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor." Balthazar, a merchant in Shakes- peare's "Comedy of Errors." Balthazar, a servant in Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing." Banquo, a chieftain in Shakespeare's "Macbeth," murdered by Macbeth. Bardell, Mrs., a widow who sues Mr. Pickwick for breach of promise in Dickens' "Pickwick Papers." Bardolph, a red-nosed follower of Falstaff in Shakespeare's "Henry IV." Barkis, an eccentric character in Dickens' "David Copperfield"; his form of proposal was, "Barkis is willin'." Bath, Major, a pompous person in Fielding's "Amelia." Bayes, the hero of the Duke of Buck- ingham's play of "The Rehearsal," a satire upon the poet Dryden. Baynes, Charlotte, Philip's, sweet- heart in Thackeray's "Philip." Bede, Adam, the hero of George Eliot's novel of that name. Belch, Sir Toby, the bibulous uncle of Olivia in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night." Belford, the friend of Lovelace in Richardson's "Clarissa Harlowe." Belinda, the heroine of Pope's "Rape of the Lock." Bell, Laura, finally marries Arthur Bottom, in Thackeray's "Pendennis." Bell, Peter, the hero of Words worth's poem of that name. Bel las ton, Lady, a woman of gal lantry in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Venice Preserved. Benedict, a humorous gentleman in Shakespeare's "Love's Labor Lost," finally married to Beatrice. Bennet, Mrs., a woman of gallantry in Fielding's "Amelia." Benvolio, in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," the friend of Romeo, and nephew of old Montague. Bertram, the hero of Shakespeare's "All's Well that Ends Well." He marries Helena. Bianca, Cassio's mistress in Shake- speare's "Othello." Birch, Harvey, the hero of Cooper's "Spy." Blifil, a. sneak in Fielding's "Tom Jones," nephew of Mr. Airworthy. Blimber, Miss Cornelia, a prim and grim classical teacher in "Dom- bey and Son," subsequently Mrs. Feeder, B.A. Bobadil, Captain, a swaggering poltroon in Ben Jonson's "Every Man in His Humor." Boeuf , Front de, a ferocious follower of King John in Scott's "Ivanhoe." Boffin, Noddy, a good-natured, igno- rant ex-servant in Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend." Bois-Guilbert, Brian de, preceptor of the Knights Templars in Scott's "Ivanhoe." Boniface, a landlord in Farquhar's "Beaux' Stratagem," hence, gener- ally for a landlord. Booby, Lady, plays Potiphar's wife to Joseph Andrews' Joseph in Field- ing's "Joseph Andrews." Booth, the hero of Fielding's "Amelia," husband of Amelia, said to be Fielding. Nick, the weaver-actor in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream," beloved of Titania. Bounderby, Josiah, a wealthy man- ufacturer and matter-of-fact man in Dickens' "Hard Times." 944 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Bowles, Tom, blacksmith and man- Chadband, an oily, hypocritical ufacturer in Bulwer's "Kenelm preacher in Dickens' "Bleak House." Chillingly." Chamont, leading male character in Bowline, Tom, a very nautical per- Otway's "The Orphans." son in Smollett's "Roderick Ran- Chillingly, Kenelm, hero of Bul- dom." wer's novel of that name. Box and Cox, the heroes of Morton's Christabel, heroine of Coleridge's farce of that name. poem of that name. Bradwardine, Baron, in Scott's "Waverly," father of Rose B. Bramble, Matthew, a very dyspep- tic person in Smollett's "Humphry Clinker." Brangtons, vulgarians in Miss Bur- ney's "Evelina." Brass, Sally and Sampson, sister and brother, shvsters in Dickens' "Old Curiosity Shop." Brick, Jefferson, an American pa- triot in Dickens' "Martin Chuz- zlewit." Bridgenorth, Major Ralph, promi- nent in Scott's "Peveril of the Peak." Bridget, Mrs., a remarkable lady in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy." Brown, Tom, the hero of Thomas Hughes' "Tom Brown at Oxford," etc. Bucket, Inspector, the detective in Dickens' "Bleak House." Bumble, the conceited beadle in Dickens' "Oliver Twist." Christiana, wife of Christian in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." Chuzzlewit, Jonas, miser and mur- derer in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzle- wit," Chuzzlewit, Martin, the selfish hero of Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit. " Clare, Ada, ward of Jarndyce, wife of Carstone in Dickens' "Bleak House." Clifford, Paul, highwayman hero of Bulwer's novel of that name. Clinker, Humphry, hero of Smol- lett's novel of that name. Ccelebs, the hero of Hanna More's "Ccelebs in Search of a Wife." Coldstream, Sir Charles, blase per- son in Mathew's "Used Up." Consuelo, heroine of George Sand's novel of that name. Copper Captain, the, the nickname of Perez, braggart and coward in Beaumont and Fletcher's "Rule a Wife and Have a Wife." Copperfield, David, the hero of Dickens' "David Copperfield." Caius, Doctor, Welsh suitor of Anne Cordelia, the youngest and faithful the "Merry Wives of Page's in Windsor." Caliban, a monstrosity in Shake speare's "Tempest." Candor, Mrs., a slanderer in dan's "The Rivals." Carker, a plausible scoundrel Sheri- daughter of Lear in Shakespeare's "King Lear." Corinne, heroine of Mme. de Stael's romance of that name. Costigan, Captain, a bibulous and disreputable person in Thackeray's "Pendennis." aging clerk of Mr. Dombey in "Dom- Coverley, Sir Roger de, country bey and Son." gentleman in Addison's "Spectator." Cassio, Othello's lieutenant in Shake- Crane, Ichabod, the schoolmaster in speare's "Othello." Caudle, Mrs., scold and heroine of Douglas Jerrold's "Curtain Lec- tures." Caustic, Colonel, satirical character in Mackenzie's "Lounger." Celia, cousin of Rosalind and daugh- Crummies, Vincent, theatrical man ter of Frederick in Shakespeare's ager in Dickens'" Nicholas Nick "As You Like It," leby." 945 Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Crawley, Rawdon, the husband of Becky Sharpe in Thackeray's "Van- ity Fair." Cressida, heroine of Shakespeare's 'Troilus and Cressida. Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Crusoe, Robinson, hero of De Foe's "Robinson Crusoe." Cuttle, Captain, simple nautical person in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." Cymbeline, a British king, whose name is preserved in Shakespeare's "Cymbeline." Dalgarno, Lord, a profligate young Scotch nobleman in Scott's "The Fortunes of Nigel." Davy, Shallow's servant in Shake- speare's "Second Part of Henry IV." Deans, Douce Davie, pious Presby- terian in Scott's "The Heart of Mid- Lothian"; father of Effie and Jeanie. Deans, Effie, a betrayed woman in the same. Deans, Jeanie, the heroine of the same. Dedlock, Lady, proud, beautiful, and unfortunate character in Dickens' "Bleak House." Dedlock, Sir Leicester, husband of the above, narrow-minded but noble. Delamaine, Geoffrey, a muscular man in Wilkie Collins' "Man and Wife." Delphine, heroine of Mme. de StaeTs novel of that name. Deronda, Daniel, the hero of George Eliot's novel of that name. Desdemona, heroine of Shakespeare's "Othello," wife of Othello. Diddler, Jeremy, impecunious swin- dler in Kinny's farce of "Raising the Wind." Dimsdale, Rev. Arthur, the seducer of Hester Prynne in Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter." Dods, Meg, the landlady in Scott's "St. Ronan's Well." Dods.on and Fogg, shyster attornevs for Mrs. Bardell in Dickens' "Pick- wick Papers." Dogberry, an absurd Mrs. Parting- ton constable in Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing." Dombey, Florence, in "Dombey and Son," marries Walter Gay. Dombey, Mr., a proud, stern mer- chant in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." Dombey, Paul, sickly little son of the above. Dominie, Sampson, eccentric school- master in Scott's "Guy Mannering." Don Quixote, the hero of Cervantes' romance of that name; made insane by excessive reading of the romances of chivalry. Dora, David Copperfield's first and child wife in Dickens' "David Cop- perfield." Dorimant, the fashionable hero of Etherege's "The Man of Mode." Dorothea, the heroine of George Eli- ot's "Middlemarch." Dorrit, Edward, "the father of the Marshalsea," in Dickens' "Little Dorrit." Drawcansir, the bully in the Duke of Buckingham's "Rehearsal." Dulcinea del Toboso, a country maid, beloved of Don Quixote. Dundreary, Lord, an original in Taylor's "Our American Cousin." Edgar, legitimate son of Gloucester in Shakespeare's "King Lear." Edmund, natural son of Gloucester. Emilia, wife of Iago in Shakespeare's "Othello." Escalus, associated with Angelo in the government in Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." Esmond, Beatrix, the beautiful heroine of Thackeray's "Henry Es- mond." Eugenia, the beautiful but unfortu- nate heroine of Hafdy's "Return of the Native." Evangeline, heroine of Longfellow's poem of that name. Evans, Sir Hugh, a Welsh parson in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Evelina, the heroine of Miss Burney's novel of that name. Eyre, Jane, the heroine of Charlotte Bronte's novel of that name. Fag, a lying servant in Sheridan's "The Rivals." 946 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature lit gin, Jew thief, and receiver in Dickens' "Oliver Twist." ithful, Jacob, the hero of Marry- att's novel of that name. alkland, a jealous character in Sheridan's "The Rivals." Istaff, Sir John, the greatest of Shakespeare's comic creations, in "Merry Wives of Windsor," and "Henry IV." anny, a pretty schoolmistress, hero- ine of Hardy's "Under the Green- wood Tree." at Boy, the, given to mince pies and sleep, in Dickens' "Pickwick Pa- pers." Faust, the hero of Goethe's poem of that name; sells his soul to the devil. Feeble, one of Falstaff's "most forci- ble" recruits in Shakespeare's "Hen- ry IV." Felton, Septimius, the hero of Hawthorne's romance of that name. Ferdinand, son of the King, marries Miranda in Shakespeare's "Tem- pest." errers, Endymion, the hero of Disraeli's "Endymion." Figaro, the sharp-witted hero of Beaumarchais' "Le Mariage de Fi- garo." Firmin, Philip, the hero of. Thack- eray's "The Adventures of Philip." Florizel, the Prince of Bohemia in Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale." Fluellen, a pedantic Welsh captain in Shakespeare's "Henry V." Foker, Harry, a good-natured, sim- ple friend of Arthur's in Thackeray's "Pendennis." Fondlewife, a vexatious old fellow in Congreve's "Old Bachelor." Foppington, Lord, a weak-brained fop in Vanbrugh's "The Relapse." Fosco, Count, a subtle all-accom- plished villain, in Collins' "Woman in White." Frankenstein, a monstrous creation which gives its name to a romance by Mrs. Shelley. Friar Tuck, the jolly and inseparable companion of Robin Hood. Friday, Crusoe's servant and man in De Foe's "Robinson Crusoe." Gamp, Sarah, a nurse, talkative and bibulous, in Dickens' "Martin Chuz- zlewit," the friend of Betsey Prig. Gargantua, the hero of Rabelais' work of that name. Gaunt, Griffith, husband of Kate, the nominal hero of Reade's "Grif- fith Gaunt." Gay, Walter, nephew of Sol Gills, husband of Florence Dombey in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." Gihbie, Goose, a half-witted boy in Scott's "Old Mortality." Gil Bias, the hero of a celebrated novel of Spanish manners by Le Sage. Gills, Sol, nautical-instrument seller in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." Gilpin, John, a "London Citizen," whose ride is celebrated by Cowper. Ginevra, the heroine of a poem by Samuel Rogers. Gobbo, Launcelot, a merry servant in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Ven- ice." Goneril, Lear's eldest daughter in Shakespeare's "King Lear." Gonzalo, an honest old counselor in Shakespeare's "Tempest." Gosling, Giles, the landlord in . Scott's "Kenilworth." Gradgrind, Jeremiah, a lover of "facts" in Dickens' "Hard Times." Gradgrind, Louisa, daughter of the above, and wife of Josiah Boun- derby. Grandison, Sir Charles, the elab- orate hero of Richardson's novel of that name. Gray, Vivian, the hero of Disraeli's novel of that name. Greaves, Sir Launcelot, the hero of a novel by Smollett. Grundy, Mrs, a character in Mor- ton's "Speed the Plough." Gulliver, Lemuel, the hero of Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. Harley, the hero of Mackenzie's "Man of Feeling." 947 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Harlowe, Clarissa, the unfortunate heroine of Richardson's novel of that name. Harris, Mrs, a non-existent person who is constantly referred to, and whose identity is stoutly asserted by Mrs. Gamp in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Headstone, Bradley, a passionate schoolmaster in Dickens' "Our Mu- tual Friend." Heep, Uriah, a hypocritical sneak in Dickens' "David Copperfield." Helena, the heroine of Shakespeare's "All's Well that Ends Well." Hero, daughter of Leonato in Shake- speare's "Much Ado About Noth- ing." Hexam, Lizzie, in love with Wray- burn in Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend." Holofernes, a pedantic schoolmaster in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." Holt, Felix, the hero of George Eli- ot's novel of that name. Honeyman, Charles, a fashionable preacher in Thackeray's "New- comes." Honor, Mrs., Sophia Western's wait- ing-woman in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Hopeful, a pilgrim in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." Horatio, _ the "scholar" friend of Hamlet in Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Howe, Miss, the friend of the hero- ine in Richardson's "Clarissa Har- lowe." Hudibras, the hero of Butler's poem of that name; a model Presbyterian. Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. Leo., "Hon" hunters in Dickens' "Pickwick Pa- pers." Iago, the villain in Shakespeare's "Othello." Imogen, the heroine of Shakespeare's "Cymbeline." Isabella, the heroine of Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." Ivanhoe- the hero of Scott's novel of that name. Jack, Colonel, the hero of De Foe's novel of that name. Jamer, the hero of Otway's "Venice Preserved." Jaques, a melancholy philosopher in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." Jarndyce, John, a benevolent gen- tleman in "Bleak House." Javert, a detective in Victor Hugo's "Les Miserables." Jessica, daughter of Shylock in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Ven- ice." Jingle, Alfred, an adventurer in Dickens' "Pickwick Papers." Katherine, a lady in attendance up- on the French princess in Shake- speare's "Love's Labor Lost." Kilmansegg, Miss, the heroine (with one golden leg) of Hood's "The Golden Legend." Kitely, merchant and jealous hus- band in Ben Jonson's "Every M in His Humor." " Lady Bountiful, a gentlewoman in Farquhar's "The Beaux' Stratagem." Laertes, the son of Polonius in Shakespeare's "Hamlet," "killed by his own poisoned foil. Lafeu, a witty old lord, attendant of the French princess, in Shakespeare's "Love's Labor Lost." Lalla Rookh, the heroine of Moore's poem of that name. Languish, Lydia, the romantic hero- ine of Sheridan's "The Rivals." Lear, the hero of Shakespeare's trag- edy of King Lear, father of Regan, Goneril, and Cordelia. Leatherstocking, Natty, otherwise Natty Bumpo, hunter, the most famous of Cooper's characters; he appears in "The Pioneer," "The Last of the Mohicans," "The Path- finder," "The' Deerslayer," and "The Prairie." 948 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Legree, a brutal slave-master in Mrs. Stowe's ''Uncle Tom's Cabin." Leigh, Aurora, the heroine of Mrs. Browning's poem-novel of that name. Leila, the heroine of Byron's romantic poem, "The Giaour." Leonts, the King of Sicily in Shake- speare's "Winter's Tale." Lightwood, Mortimer, barrister, and friend of Eugene -Wray burn in Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend." Lismahago, Captain, a retired Scotch officer, suitor of Tabitha Bramble in Smollett's "Humphry Clinker." Little, Henry, the hero of Reade's "Put Yourself in His Place." Little Nell, a precocious and good child in Dickens' "Old Curiositv Shop." Locksley, an archer in Scott's "Ivan- hoe," the name of Robin Hood. Long Tom Coffin, in Cooper's "The Pilot," the most famous of his sea characters. Lorenzo, the lover of Jessica in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice." Lothair, Marquis of, the hero of Disraeli's "Lothair;" the Marauis of Bute. Lothario, a rake in Rowe's tragedy of "The Fair Penitent," Lovelace, a man of fashion and gal- lantly, the hero of Richardson's "Clarissa Harlowe." Lucio, a witty gossip and liar in Shakespeare's "Measure for Meas- ure." Lumpkin, Tony, an oafish country squire in Goldsmith's "She Stoops to Conquer." M Macbeth, thane of Cawdor, hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. Macduff, a Scottish chief, the slayer of Macbeth in Shakespeare's "Mac- beth." Mac Ivor, Flora, the heroine of Scott's "Rob Roy." Mackenzie, Mrs., a termagant wid- ow, mother-in-law of Clive, in Thackeray's "Newcomes." Malagrowther, Sir Mungo, an old, ill-natured courtier in Scott's 'Tor- tunes of Nigel." Malaprop, Mrs., famed for verbal blunders, a character in Sheridan's "The Rivals.'; Malvolio, Olivia's conceited steward in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night." Manfred, the gloomy, solitary hero of Byron's tragedy of that name. Manson, ./Eneas, the villain in Har- dy's "Desperate Remedies." Mantalini, the dandy husband of a milliner in Dickens' "Nicholas Nick- leby." Marchioness, The, the little ill-used maid-servant of the Brasses, in Dickens' "Old Curiosity Shop." Margaret, the heroine of Goethe's "Faust," seduced by Faust. Mariana, the deserted wife of Angelo in Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." Mariana, the daughter of Pericles, in Shakespeare's "Pericles, Prince of Tyre." Marlow, Young, the hero of Gold- smith's "She Stoops to Conquer." Medora, the heroine of Byron's "The Corsair." Merdle, Mr., a speculator and finan- cier in Dickens' "Little Dorrit." Meister, Wilhelm, the hero of Goe- the's novel of that name. Mephistopheles, the devil in Goe- the's "Faust." Mercutio, a highly-accomphshed friend of Romeo in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet." Micawber, Wilkins, " always "wait- ing for something to turn up," in Dickens' "David Copperfield." Miggs, Miss, elderly servant of Mrs. Varden, enamored of Tappertit in Dickens' "Barnaby Rudge." Miller, Daisy, the very American heroine of Henry James Jr.'s novel- ette of that name. Minna, joint heroine with Brenda, of Scott's "The Pirate." Miranda, daughter of Prospero, loved by Ferdinand in Shakespeare's "The Tempest." Monimia, the heroine of Otway's "The Orphan." 949 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Moth, Armado's page in Shakes- peare's "Love's Labor Lost." Mouldy, one of Falstaff's recruits in Shakespeare's "2d Part of King Henry IV." Mucklewrath, Habakkuk, a fanati- cal preacher in Scott's "Old Mor- tality." N Nathaniel, Sir, a remarkable curate in Shakespeare's "Love's Labor Lost." Nerissa, Portia's waiting-woman in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Ven- ice." Neuchatel, Adriana, a very rich young lady in Disraeli's "Endy- mion." Newcome, Clive, the hero of Thack- eray's "The Newcomes," son of the Colonel. Newcome, Colonel, a simple, noble gentleman in Thackeray's "The Newcomes." Newcome, Ethel, the beautiful cousin, and finally the wife, of Clive Newcome. Nickleby, Mrs., an irrelevant and credulous person in Dickens' "Nicho- las Nickleby." Nickleby, Nicholas, the hero of Dickens' novel of that name. Noma, a sort of insane Sibyl in Scott's "The Pirate." Nydia, a blind flower-girl in Bul- wer's "The Last Days of Pompeii." Nym, a rascally follower of Falstaff's in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Obadiah, a servant in Sterne's "Tris- tram Shandy." Oberon, King of the Fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Ochiltree, Edie, a beggar who plays a prominent part in Scott's "The Antiquary." Oldbuck, Jonathan, connoisseur and collector, gives his name to Scott's "The Antiquary." Old Mortality, gravestone cleaner, gives his name to Scott's "Old Mor- tality." Olifaunt, Nigel, the hero of Scott's "The Fortunes of Nigel." Oliver, elder brother of Orlando in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." Ophelia, daughter of Polonius, in love with Hamlet, in Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Orlando, the nephew of Charle- magne, hero of Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Orlando, the son of Sir Rowland, and lover of Rosalind in Shake- speare's "As You Like It." Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, in Shake- speare's "Twelfth Night." Orville, Lord, the lover of Evelina, in Miss Burney's novel of that name. Osric, an affected courtier in Shake- speare's "Hamlet." Othello, husband of Desdemona, and hero of Shakespeare's "Othello." O'Trigger, Sir Lucius, an Irish ad- venturer in Sheridan's "The Rivals." Overreach, Sir Giles, a usurer in Massinger's "A New Way to Pay Old Debts." Page, Mrs., beloved of Falstaff. Page, Anne, beloved of Felton and Dr. Caius in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Pamela, the ever-virtuous heroine of Richardson's novel of that name. Pangloss, a pedant in Colman's "The Heir at Law." Pantagruel, the learned and mighty- stomached hero of Rabelais' satire of that name. Panurge, the licentious and cowardly follower of Pantagruel. Parisina, in love with her stepson, the heroine of Byron's "Parisina." Parolles, the lying and cowardly at- tendant of Bertram in Shakespeare's "All's Well that Ends Well." Partridge, barber and schoolmaster, the trusty follower of Fielding's "Tom Jones." Pecksniff, Miss Charity, beloved of 950 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Moddle in Dickens' ' 'Martin Chuz- zlewit." Pecksniff, Mercy, wife of Jonas Chuzzlewit. Pecksniff, Mr., architect and hypo- crite, father of the above. Peebles, Peter, drunkard and liar in Scott's "Red Gauntlet." Pendennis, Arthur, the clever and conceited hero of Thackeray's "Pen- dennis." Pendennis, Helen, a noble woman, mother of Arthur. Pendennis, Major, an elderly man of fashion, uncle of Arthur. Perdita, the sweetheart of Florizel in Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale." Petruchio, the madcap husband of Katherine in Shakespeare's "Tam- ing of the Shrew." Pickle, Peregrine, the dissolute hero of Smollett's "The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle." Pickwick, Samuel, the hero of Dickens' "Pickwick Papers," foun- der of the "Pickwick Club." Pierre, one of the conspirators in Ot- way's "Venice Preserved." Pinch, Miss, Tom's pretty sister, John Westlock's sweetheart, in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Pinch, Tom, a simple, noble charac- ter in Mr. Pecksniff's family. Pipes, Tom, a retired boatswain's mate, in Smollett's "Peregrine Pickle." Pistol, Ancient, a swaggering, loud- mouthed, rascally follower of Fal- staff in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor" and "Henry IV." Pleydell, Paulus, a lawyer in Scott's "Guy Mannering." • Poins, Ned, a gay companion of the young Prince in_ Shakespeare's ''Henry IV." Polonius, the lord chamberlain of the King of Denmark in Shake- speare's "Hamlet." Portia, the heroine of Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice." Posthumus, the husband of Imogen in Shakespeare's "Cymbeline." Poundtetx, Peter, a preacher in Scott's "Old Mortality.". Primrose, Doctor, the noble-minded vicar in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wake- field." Primrose, Moses, his simple, cred- ulous son. Proteus, one of Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Proudf ute, a bonnet-maker in Scott's "Fair Maid of Perth." Prynne, Hester, the heroine of Haw- thorne's "Scarlet Letter." Pumblechook, Uncle, bully and sycophant in Dickens' "Great Ex- pectations." Pynchon, Phoebe, the heroine of Hawthorne's "House of the Seven Gables." Quasimodo, a deformed monster in Victor Hugo's "Our Lady." Quickly, Mrs., hostess of the East- cheap tavern in Shakespeare's "Henry IV." Quilp, a vicious, ill-tempered dwarf in Dickens' "Old Curiosity. Shop." Quince, Peter, carpenter-actor in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Random, Roderick, the sensual, un- feeling hero of Smollett's novel of that name. Rashleigh, the villain in Scott's "Rob Roy." Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia, the hero of Dr. Johnson's romance of that name. Rattler, Jack, a nautical character in Smollett's "Roderick Random." Ravens wood, the haughty hero of Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor." Rebecca, a gentle, lovable Jewess, the real heroine of Scott's "Ivanhoe." Red Gauntlet, the violent hero of Scott's novel of that name. Regan, the second daughter of Lear in Shakespeare's "King Lear." Rob Roy, a Scottish chief whose name is given to one of Scott's novels! 951 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Roderigo, a dupe of Iago in Shakes- speare's "Othello." Romeo, a Montague, beloved of Juliet in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet." Romola, the heroine of George Eliot's novel of that name. Rosalind, daughter of the deposed Duke in Shakespeare's' 'As You Like It." Rosaline, an attendant of the French princess in Shakespeare's "Love's- Labor Lost." Rosencrantz, a courtier in Shake- speare's "Hamlet." Rowena, a Saxon princess, the osten- sible heroine of Scott's "Ivanhoe." Roxana, one of Nathaniel Lee's "Rival Queens." Rudge, Barnaby, a half-witted youth, the hero of Dickens' "Bar- naby Rudge." Rugby, a servant of Dr. Caius in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Ruggiero, a Saracen knight of Ari- osto's "Orlando Furioso." He has a winged horse, the hippogriff. Sabrina, a river-nymph in Milton's "Comus." Sacripant, King of Cirassia, in love with Angelica in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Saddletree, Bartoline, a learned peddler in Scott's "Heart of Mid- Lothian." Salanio, a friend of Antonio in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Ven- ice." Sampson, servant of Capulet in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet." Sandford, Harry, one of the heroes of Day's "History of Sandford and Merton." Sangrado, Doctor, a physician in Le Sage's "Gil Bias;" he is always bleeding his patients; a satire on Helvetius. Scheherezade, Queen, the Sultaness who tells the tales in "The Arabian Nights." S lilemihl, Peter, hero of Chamis- so's work of that name; sells his shadow to the devil. Scrub, a facetious valet in Farquhar's "The Beaux' Stratagem." Sedley, Amelia, an amiable woman in Thackeray's "Vanity Fair." She has many lovable qualities, but no talent or force of character. Sedley, Joseph, a rich, fat, selfish, bashful East Indian in Thackeray's' "Vanity Fair." Selim, the hero of Byron's poem, "The Bride of Abydos." Shafton, Sir Piercie, a pedantic courtier in Scott's "The Monastery." Shallow, a silly gentleman in Shake- speare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Shandy, Mrs., a woman of no force of character in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy." Shandy, Tristram, her son, no nally the hero of that novel. Shandy, Walter, Tristram's ecce trie father, a man of strange opinions. Sharp, Rebecca, the clever, selfish heroine of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair." Shylock, a vindictive Jew in Shake- speare's "Merchant of Venice." Silence, a simple gentleman in Shak speare's "Second Part of Henry IV Silvia, the sweetheart of Valentine in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Simple, the servant of Slender in Shakespeare's "Merry .Wives of Windsor." Skimpole, Harold, a gay, child-like, impecunious "beat" in Dickens' "Bleak House." Slender, a silly suitor of Anne Page's in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Slipslop, Mrs., a waiting-woman of more than doubtful character in Fielding's "Joseph Andrews." Slop, Doctor, an irascible physician in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy." Sly, Christopher, a drunken tinker in the "Induction" to "The Taming of the Shrew." Slyme, Chevy, impecunious "gent" in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Smike, a poor, half-witted pupil of e- 952 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Squeers in Dickens' "Nicholas Nick- leby." Sneerwell, Lady, a gossip and back- biter in Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Snodgrass, Augustus, a poetical companion of Mr. Pickwick in Dickens' "Pickwick Papers." Snout, a tinker and amateur actor in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Snow, Lucy, the heroine of Char- lotte Bronte's "Villette." Snug, a joiner and amateur actor in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Sparkler, Edmund, ass and man of fashion in Dickens' "Little Dorrit." Speed, the punning servant of Val- entine in the "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Square, pedant, philosopher, and moralist in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Squeers, Wackford, the brutal mas- ter of the Dotheboys Hall in Dick- ens' "Nicholas Nickleby." Squeers, Master Wackford, in the same, a spoiled child, and chip of the old block. St. Leon, the hero of William God- win's novel of that name; he has the secret of perpetual youth, and of the transmutation of the metals. Starveling, tailor and amateur ac- tor in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Steerforth, James, talented but profligate character in Dickens' "David Copperfield." Steggs, Miss Carolina Wilhelmina Amelia, in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wateefield," a vulgar pretender to gentility. Stephano, a bibulous butler in Shakespeare's "Tempest." Stiggens, Elder, - in Dickens' "Pick- wick Papers," fond of pineapple rum and Mrs. Weller. ' / Strap, Hugh, a faithful follower of Roderick Random in Smollett's "Roderick Random." Surface, Sir Charles, a brilliant, generous rake in Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Surface, Joseph, a hypocrite in the same play. Swiveller, Dick, a gay, rattle-pated fellow in Dickens' "Old Curiosity Shop." Tamora, the Gothic queen in Shake- speare's "Titus Andronicus." Tapley, Mark, "the jolly-under-diffi- culties" servant in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Tapper tit, Simon, a small but fero- cious apprentice in Dickens' "Bar- naby Rudge." Tartuffe, the hypocritical hero of Moliere's play of that name. Teazle, Lady, the heroine of Sheri- dan's "School for Scandal." Teazle, Sir Peter, her old husband. Thalaba, "The Destroyer," hero of a poem by §>outhey. Thersites, a foul-mouthed Greek in Homer's "Iliad," and Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida." Thwackum, philosopher and peda- gogue in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Tilburina, a very much crossed-in- love maiden, in Sheridan's "The Critic." Timon, a misanthropic Athenian, hero of Shakespeare's "Timon of Athens." Tinto, Dick, an artist in Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor," and "St. Ronan's Well." Titania, queen of the fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Titmouse, Tittlebat, the vulgar hero of Warren's "Ten Thousand a Year," the type of the "gent." Tito, the handsome but weak hero of George Eliot's "Romola." Todgers, Mrs., keeper of a commer- cial boarding-house in Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." Toots, a simple, eccentric fellow in Dickens' "Dombey and Son." Topsy, an ignorant young slave-girl in Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom'3 Cabin." Touchstone, a clown in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." 953 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Touchwood, Peregrine, an irascible U East Indian in Scott's "St. Roman's Well." Ulrica, an old witch in Scott's "Ivan- Tox, Miss, a simple and eccentric hoe." spinster in Dickens' "Dombey and Una, the personification of Truth in Son." Spenser's "Faerie Queene." Traddles, Tom, barrister, and friend Uncas, a Mohican chief in Cooper's of Copperfield in Dickens' "David "The Last of the Mohicans." Copperfield." Uncle Toby, a noble old' soldier, the Trania, Lucentio's servant in Shake- hero of Sterne's "Tristram Shandy." speare's "Taming of the Shrew." Uncle Tom, a pious slave, the hero Trapbois, a usurer in Scott's "The of Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Fortunes of Nigel." Cabin." Trim, Corporal, the trusty follower of Uncle Toby in Sterne's "Tristram V Shandy." Trinculo, a jester in Shakespeare's Valentine, one of Shakespeare's "Tempest." "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Troil, Magnus, a wealthy Zetlander Varden, Dolly, the heroine of Dick- in Scott's "The Pirate." ens' "Barnaby Rudge." Trotwood, Betsy, Copperfield's kind, Vathek, the hero of Beckford's East- eccentric aunt in Dickens' "David ern romance, of great gifts, but of Copperfield." violent passions and inordinate am- Trulliber, Parson, an ignorant cler- bition. gyman in Fielding's "Joseph An- Verges, a silly, self-important watch- drews." man in Shakespeare's "Much Ado Trunnion, Commodore Hawser, an about Nothing." eccentric nautical character in Smol- Vernon, Die, the heroine of Scott's lett's "Peregrine Pickle." "Rob Roy." Tulkinghorn, Mr., a crafty solicitor Vholes, a cold-blooded, crafty solici- in Dickens' "Bleak House." tor in Dickens' "Bleak House." Tulliver, Maggie, the heroine of Vincentio, Duke of Vienna, in Shake- George Eliot's "Mill on the Floss." speare's "Measure for Measure." Tulliver, Tom, her selfish, conceited Viola, in love with Orsino in Shake- brother, speare's "Twelfth Night." Tupman, Tracy, a fat lover of the Virgilia, wife of Coriolanus in Shake- fair sex in Dickens' "Pickwick Pa- speare's "Coriolanus." pers." Virginia, the heroine of St. Pierre's Turveydrop, dancing master and "Paul and Virginia." "model of deportment" in Dickens' Vivian, mistress of Merlin in Tenny- "Bleak House." son's "Idyls of the King." Tusher, Thomas, a sycophantic Volumnia, mother of Coriolanus in clergyman in Thackeray's "Henry Shakespeare's "Coriolanus." Esmond." Twemlow, Mr., diner-out and friend W of Veneering in Dickens' "Our Mu- tual Friend." Wadman, Widow, in Sterne's Twist, Oliver, a charity boy, hero of "Tristram Shandy," tries to marry Dickens' "Oliver Twist." Uncle Toby. Twysden, Talbot, public officer and Wamba, a clown in Scott's "Ivan- flunky in Thackeray's "Philip." hoe." Tybalt, nephew of Lady Capulet, Wardle, Mr., a jolly country gentle- slain by Romeo in Shakespeare's man in Dickens' "Pickwick Pa- "Romeo and Juliet." pers." 954 I Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Warrington, George and Harry, Wilfer, Lavinia, her irrepressible grandsons of "Henry Esmond," and heroes of Thackeray's "The Virgin- ians." Warrington, George, the cynical, but kind-hearted friend of Arthur in Thackeray's "Pendennis." Waters, Esther, the heroine in the novel of that name # by George Moore; the scullery maid in an Eng- lish sportsman's house. Wegg, Silas, a one-legged, .crafty schemer in Dickens' Friend." sister, beloved of George Sampson. Wilfer, Reginald, their father, "a commercial cherub. Wilfrid, son of Oswald Wycliffe, in Scott's "Rokeby," in love with Ma- tilda, heiress of Rokeby, at whose feet he dies. Willet, John, an obstinate innkeeper in Dickens' "Barnaby Rudge." Willet, Joe, his son, in love with Dolly Varden. 1 Williams, Caleb, the hero of Wil- liam Godwin's novel of that name. Weller, Tony, a jovial and rubicund Wilmot, Arabella, Ge Drge Primrose's coachman in Dickens' "Pickwick i Papers." Weller, Sam, son of Tony, Mr. Pick- wick's humorous servant. Werther, the sentimental hero of Goethe's "Sorrows of Werther." i Western, Sophia, the heroine of Fielding's "Tom Jones." Western, Squire, her father, a pig- headed, foul-mouthed country squire. ) Westlock, John, friend and finally brother-in-law of Tom Pinch in I Dickens' "Martin Chuzzlewit." sweetheart in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield." Wilson, Pudd'nhead, the hero in the novel of that name by Samuel L. ' Clemens ("Mark Twain"). Wilton, Ralph de, finally marries Lady Clare, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester, in Scott's "Marmion." Wimble, Will, a good-natured, sim- ple, and officious character in "The Spectator," said to be a portrait of Thomas Morecroft, who died at Dublin in 1741. Whiskerandos, Don Ferolo, lover of Winkle, Nathaniel, Tilburina, in Sheridan's "The Critic White, Gertrude, the stage heroine in Black's "McLeod of Dare." White, Selma, the very ambitious heroine in Robert Grant's "Unleav- ened Bread." Wickfield, Agnes, the lovable hero- ine of Dickens' "David Copper- field," and David's second wife. Wild, Jonathan, highwayman, the Wititterly, Mr., £ hero of Fielding's "History of Jona- hunter in Dickens than Wild." He is drawn from i would-be Dickens' sporting character "Pickwick Papers." Winkle, Rip Van, good-natured, bib- ulous, blessed with a scolding wife; he and h^s long sleep are commemo- rated in Irving's "Sketch Book." Wishfort, Lady, a witty, vain char- acter in Congreve's "The Way of the World." snob and tuft- 'Nicholas Nick- leby famous highwayman of that name, Wititterly, Mrs. Julia, in the same, who was executed in 1725. Wildair, Sir Harry, man of fashion and gallantry, the hero of Farqu- har's "Constant Couple" and Harry Wildair." Wildfire, Madge, a woman crazed his wife, a languid lady, whose "soul was too large for her body." She "dearly loved a lord." Sir Witwould, Sir Willful, a pigheaded gentleman in Congreve's "Way of the World." by seduction, and by the murder of Woodhouse, Emma, the heroine in her infant, in Scott's "Heart of Mid- the novel of "Emma" by Miss Aus- Lothian." ten. - Wilfer, Bella, the beautiful, wilful Worldly Wiseman, Mr., in Bun- heroine of Dickens' "Our Mutual yan's "Pilgrim's Progress," tries to Friend." persuade Christian from his journey. 955 Dictionary of Noted Characters in Literature Wray, Enoch, an aged and noble character in Crabbe's "Village." Wrayburn, Eugene, a calm and briefless barrister in Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend." Wren, Jenny, doll's dressmaker in Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend." Wronghead, Sir Francis, a coun- try gentleman, the hero of Van- burgh's "The Provoked Husband." Xury, a servant of Crusoe in De Foe's "Robinson Crusoe." Yellowley, Mistress Baby (Barbara) , sister and housekeeper of Trip- tolemus, in Scott's "The Pirate." Yellowley, Triptolemus, a Scotch- Ycrkshireman, of agricultural ten- dencies, in Scott's "The Pirate." Yeobright, Clym, in Hardy's "Re- turn of the Native," he who marries Eustacia Vye. Yorick, a witty, heedless parson in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," repre- sented as a descendant of Shake- speare's jester of that name, in "Hamlet." Yseult or Isolde, beloved of Tris- tram, celebrated in many mediaeval romances, and in the "Tristram and Yseult" of Matthew Arnold, and of A. C. Swinburne. She was the wife of King Mark, of Cornwall, and mistress of his nephew, Tristram with whom she fell in love from drinking a love-philter. She was called Isolde the Fair. Y-wain, the knight of the Round Table, who rescues a lion from a dragon and is afterwards served by the grateful animal. Zadoc, in Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel," is Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury. Zanoni, alchemist, etc., the hero of Bulwer's "Zanoni." He is a mem- ber of an occult fraternity who deal familiarly with the world of spirits, can make precious stones and met- als, and can live as long as they please. Zeluco, a prodigal nobleman, hero of Dr. J. Moore's "Zeluco." Zenobia, a beautiful womanin Haw- thorne's "Blithedale Romance." Zerbino, a Scotch warrior in Arios- to's "Orlando Furioso." Zimri, the Duke of Buckingham in Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel." Zobeide, the favorite wife of Ha- roun-Al-Raschid in "The Arabian Nights." Her story is told in the tale of the "Three Calendars." Zodig, a rich Babylonian, hero of Voltaire's novel of that name. Zophiel, in Milton's "Paradise Lost," the swiftest of the cherubim. Zuleika, the heroine of Byron's "Bride of Abydos." 956 DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY aberration, in a lens, a deviation of rays of light from a normal path. See chromatic aberration, spherical aberration. accelerator, a chemical addition to a developer to hasten its work. acetic acid, an acid used as a clearing bath for bromide prints, developed with ferrous oxalate. acetone, a chemical compound used for preserving developers, fixing baths, and as a restrainer. achromatic lens, one that produces an image without fringes of color. actinometer, an instrument for measuring the intensity of the solar rays and determining the exposure for plates and papers. adurol, a group of developing agents. aerograph, an air-brush or spray pencil used in finishing enlargements, working up backgrounds, etc. Albertype, a modification of the early paper-negative calotype process. albumen process, one by which albumen is used instead of collodion to coat glass or paper. ambrotype, a negative on glass backed by a black coating, so that the transparent portions of the glass appeared black. anthrakotype, a process for produc- ing line drawings, diagrams, etc. aperture, the clear space in the lens which allows the light to pass into the camera. Artigue process, an early gum- bichromate process, in which hot sawdust and water were used for developing. artotype, another name of calotype. astigmatism, an aberration in a lens. astrophotography, photography ap- plied to the celestial bodies. autotype, the original carbon process. backing, a non-reflecting substance applied to the back of a plate to prevent light from spreading. Bergheim lens, one favored for portraiture. biconcave lens, one thinnest at center, with both surfaces curved inwards. biconvex lens, one thickest at center, with both surfaces curved outwards. binocular camera, another name of stereoscopic camera. biograph. See cinematograph. bitumen process, a process used for obtaining a photographic image, from a negative on a zinc or copper- plate; adapted to photo-lithography and line and half-tone zincography. blue-print process, one in which prints are made on paper coated with a mixture of a ferrous salt, usually ammoniocitrate of iron, and ferricyanide of potassium, the image being developed and fixed by merely washing in water. bromide paper, a paper coated with a sensitive gelatine-bromide emul- sion, usually developed in a dark- room, but some kinds may be exposed and developed by gaslight. cabinet, a size of portrait mount, about 6x4 inches. calotype process, one in which paper, having on its surface chloride of silver, is exposed in a camera, and the image developed by a solution of gallic acid. camera, a light-tight box in which the sensitive plate is exposed. camera, solar, a camera in which the direct rays of the sun are used for printing and enlarging. 957 Dictionary of Photography camera, stereoscopic, a camera with development, the treatment cf an two similar lenses about 2% inches exposed sensitive photographic sur- apart, for taking .views for the face with certain reducing agents, stereoscope. so as to render the image visible. carbon paper, a paper coated with dry-plate, a sensitive gelatin or pigmented gelatine, usually sensi- tized with potassium bichromate. carbon process, one in which the paper is coated with a mixture of gelatine, water, and pigment; sensi- tized by a solution of bichromate of electrical transmission collodion plate that may be kept and exposed in a dry state. See wet-plate. potash or of ammonia; developed by washing in warm water; and printed under, a negative. celluloid, a compound of camphor and gun-cotton, resembling ivory; used in photography as a basis for flat and roll films. chromatic aberration, the fringing of images with prismatic colors when light passes through curved lenses. cinematograph, a device similar to the biograph, kinetograph, and vita- scope, for projecting on a canvas screen lifelike animated pictures of moving objects. collodion process, one in which the sensitive iodide and bromide of silver are held in a film of collodion, on glass, the image being developed with pyrogallic acid, or a ferrous salt, and the positive being obtained by laying the negative on prepared paper and exposing them to the light. cyanotype process, the same as blue- print process, used chiefly for reproducing mechanical and archi- tectural designs. Daguerreotype process, the famous one in which a film of silver iodide on a plate of silvered copper was the sensitive material, the pictures on which being developed by the vapor of mercury. developing paper, a paper on which the image does not immediately a modern system of transmitting photographs •electrically, employing a half-tone photograph printed on tinfoil, placed to be revolved on a metal drum over which travels an iridium stylus. F negative on black- ferrotype, a varnished iron. film, a transparent, flexible sheet of celluloid, used in the place of glass as a base for the sensitive material. fixing, the removal, by a solution of hyposulphite of soda or cyanide of potassium, of the unaffected deposit of iodide and bromide of silver in the collodion film after exposure and development. flash-light, a light that can be made to flash into momentary brilliancy, used in instantaneous photography after dark; usually produced by compounds containing magnesium. fuming, exposing silver paper to ammonia to render it more sensitive and capable of giving more brilliant prints and a purple tone. H halation, the tendency of the action of light to spread in the film. See aberration, chromatic aberration, spherical aberration. heliotype process, a photo-mechan- ical method in which a gelatin picture is itself used to print from in some form of printing-press, instead of being covered with tinfoil, as in the Stannotype process. appear, but requires developing like * the negative; similar tor bromide intensifying, a term applied to paper. various modes of giving strength or 958 Dictionary of Photography increased opacity to the deposit forming the photographic picture on an exposed and developed plate. K kinetograph. See cinematograph. L lens, a piece of a transparent sub- stance, usually glass, so shaped as to afford two regular opposite surfaces, both curved, or one curved and the other plane, changing the direction of rays of light, and diminishing or increasing the apparent size of objects viewed through it; used to throw an image of the objects in front of the camera on to the sensi- tive plate. lens field, the whole space illumined by a lens at full aperture, or the space it will cover with sufficient sharpness for photographic purposes. litmus paper, white blotting paper stained blue in a litmus solution and dried; used for testing acids. M % microphotography, a photographic process by which an object is re- duced in size, while its exact form is retained. N negative, original plate or paper from which positive pictures are printed. photochromograph, a photograph in which the colors are represented according to nature. photochronograph, a chronographic and photographic apparatus com- bined, used for taking instantaneous pictures of moving objects at regular and usually short intervals. . photoengraving, a term applied to processes for producing printing blocks or plates by photography. photographophone, a device for photographing sounds, speech, mu- sic, etc., and reproducing them by means of telephone receivers. photography, the art of producing pictures by the action of certain sensitive substances, under the in- fluence of light. photogravure, a term applied to methods of producing, by photog- raphy, plates for printing on a copper-plate press. photoheliograph, instrument de- vised for celestial photography. photolithography, a mode of pro- ducing by photography designs upon stones, from which impressions may be obtained on an ordinary litho- graphic press. photomicrography, the art of en- larging of microscopic objects, by means of the microscope, and projection of the enlarged image oh a sensitized plate. photo-relief, a picture in relief on metal, which can be used like a wood-cut on an ordinary printing- ( press. photo-sculpture, an application of photography to assist a sculptor in modelling portrait-statues, or fac- similes and reduced reproductions of other statues. phototype process, one similar to the hehotype process. platinum process, one in which the paper is coated with ferric and platinum salts, the resulting image being in platinum black. positive, the print on paper from a negative. powder process, one in which prints are produced on paper in plumbago. printing-out paper, a paper on "which the image appears at once on exposure to light under a nega- tive, requiring only to be toned and fixed. restrainer, any substance used in developing the images produced by light, to prevent the action from proceeding too violently. Dictionary of Photography sensitizer, any substance added to a photographic material to increase or alter its sensitiveness to light. silver paper, a paper formed by a coating of albumen solution con- taining ammonium chloride, on which, when dried, is floated a solution of silver nitrate. spherical aberration, the deviation of rays of light when made to pass through curved lenses. Stannotype process, one in which a gelatin picture is covered with tinfoil before being placed on a press for printing. Swan's process, a carbon process believed to be the first of the permanent printing processes with pigmented gelatin that was com- mercially successful. tintype, another name for ambrotype and ferrotype. U unar lens, a lens of large ap'erture, corrected for aberrations; used for rapid hand-camera work, portrait- ure, enlargements, and reproduc- tions. view-finder, a device attached to a camera through which an operator can see the view he is taking with- out using the focussing screen. vitascope. See cinematograph. W water lens, a lens in which a cell of water or other liquid is used instead of glass. wet-plate, a plate that requires sensi- tizing before using, and is used in a wet state. See dry-plate. Woodburytype process, one similar to the Stannotype process for print- ing from a surface of tin. X-ray photography, that which done with the aid of Rontgen 01 X-rays; now invaluable in the prac tice of medicine and surgery. DICTIONARY OF POLO attack, the attempt of players to dead ball, a fouled ball till the urn- strike a ball through a goal. back, player No. 4; usually the most important member of the team; generally guards a goal; sometimes takes the ball forward, leaving No. 3 on guard. back-hander, a stroke made when a player desires to send the ball im- mediately behind him, or to the off or near side, or under his pony's tail. back-line hit, when a ball is hit be- pire orders "play." defense, the attempt of players to prevent a hit ball from passing through a goal. delays, all unnecessary delays tor- bidden, and, in the case of hitting out a ball, penalized by the umpire ordering the offending side to hit out at once. disability by fouling, where a player has been disabled by a foul the side f ouling may be penalized by having the offender designated and retired, after which the game may be continued with three players a side. hind the back-line by one of the duration of game , ne hour, divided opposing side it must be hit off without delay from where it crossed the line, but at least 12 feet from the goai post, after giving the opposing side reasonable time to get to the 30 yards line; none of the attacking side to be within 30 yards of the back-line when the ball is hit off. ball, generally made from the willow tree root; not to exceed Z x /i inches in diameter, nor 53^ ounces in weight. bell, the instrument rung to notify players that an intermission has ex- pired; also, when the ball next goes into 6 periods of 10 minutes each, with 3 minute intermission after each period, excepting the third, and then 5 minutes. falls' (1) if a pony falls or if a player or pony be injured, the umpire stops the game; (2) if a player falls off his pony, the umpire will not stop the game unless he believes that the player is injured; (3) the umpire decides what constitutes a fall." out of play to indicate the time for f orward drive a str ong hit at the changing ponies See period. ball on the off . side< boards, planks 11 inches high set f , infringement of the rules, on edge end to end along the line; on the infield side the ground is sloped upward to within about 7 inches of the top of the boards, thus forming a sort of cushion. crossing. See interference. game won, by the side that gains the most goals. gets back to, phrase meaning that a player resumes his former position as soon as possible after a maneuver is completed, successfully or not. 961 Dictionary of Polo giving way, in general, the player following most closely the line of the ball after the last hit must be given way to by other players, unless they can get in front of him without causing a sudden check. goal gained, when a ball passes be- tween the goal posts and over the goal line. goal posts, posts at least 10 feet high, placed 24 feet apart; made of a flexible material, as rolled paper, to reduce dangers of collision. goals, not less than 250 yards apart; each one, 8 yards wide. ground, area of play; not over 300 yards in length by 200 yards in width, if ground is unboarded, and 300 by 160 yards where ground is boarded. H hooking a stick, in British play, a player is permitted to hook an op- ponent's stick if the latter is in the act of striking at the ball, provided he be immediately behind him or on the same side of his pony as the ball; in American play, hooking a stick is prohibited. allowed to enter a game or tourna- ment. line of the ball, the line of its course, or its line at the moment of a dispute. lines, markings across the ground at each end parallel to the goal lines, and 30 and 60 yards from them. M mallet, the same as stick. marking, where a player keeps close watch over an opponent to prevent his becoming unguarded. mount, the pony. interference, a player is not al- lowed to cross another player who is in possession of the ball, excepting at such a distance that the player shall not have to check his pony to avoid a collision. interposing, a player may interpose his pony before an opponent so as , to prevent the latteV reaching the ball, but see interference. N near-side stroke, one where the player ca*anot swing his stick on the right side. No. 1, in British play, the most undesirable position of a player on a team, as he is.not allowed to hit the ball unless he has one of the opposing side .nearer than himself to the opponent's goal line; American rules make him more important than the British. No. 4. See back. Nos. 3 and 4, the two rear players; they work in unison and on occasion change positions and guard the goal. on-side, a player not in possession of the Dall who has at least one opposing player between himself and the goal he is attacking. out-ball, a ball that goes over and clear of a boundary line. left-handed players, where two players are riding from opposite directions to hit the ball, and one of them is left-handed, the latter must give way to the other. In British play all left-handed players must be registered before being penalties for foul play (1) a free hit from the 60-yards line, the fouling side -keeping behind the goal line; (2) a free hit from the spot where the foul occurred; (3) a hit by the fouling side from the goal line, the fouling side keeping beyond the 30- yards line; (4) a free hit from the Dictionary of Polo 60-yards line, the fouling side being not within 20 yards of the ball, and the fouled side disposed at pleasure. period, one of the six divisions of 10 minutes of the hour in which -the game is played; no period can be ended till the ball goes out of play. players' line, No. 1 in front; Nos. 2, 3, and 4, stretched from No. 1 toward the protected goal; No. 1 marks No. 4 of the opposing line, No. 2 marks the opposing No. 3, etc. pony, the mount, not over 14 hands, 2 inches in height, and well trained to the game. possession of the ball, credited to any player who follows the exact line of the ball from the direction from which it was last hit. prohibitions, no player shall ride dangerously zigzag in front of a player who is on a gallop; bump at an angle dangerous to a player or his pony; pull across or over a pony's forelegs so as to risk tripping the pony; use his stick dangerously; use blinkers or spurs with rowels on his pony; intentionally strike his pony with the head of his stick; carry a ball; seize with the hand, strike or push with the head, arm, or elbow; or hit the ball or interfere with the game when dismounted. referee, in important matches-, an official agreeable to each side, whose decisions are final when the umpire or umpires disagree or are appealed from. restarting the game, after a goal has been scored, the game is resumed in the same manner as started. riding-off, attempting to impede an opposing "back" from reaching the ball without getting off-side. See interposing. riding-out, a player may ride out an opponent so as to prevent the latter reaching the ball; but see interference. side-fouling, penalized by the side having to take the ball back and hit it off from behind their own goal line, from the center of goal, none of the side fouled to be within 30 yards of the goal line produced, but the side fouling being free to place them- selves where they please. slice to the off, a hit by which the ball is centered to the players' right. starting the game, after both sides have taken positions in the center of the ground the umpire throws the ball between the lines of players and orders "play." stick, instrument of any desired length or weight with which the ball is struck. striking-head, the cross-piece at- tached to the end of the stick, more or less curved, and turned at right angles to the direction of the stroke; American favorite, cigar-shaped. stroke under pony's neck, a stroke made in front of a goal for scoring or driving the ball out of the danger zone. team, four' players on each side, " known as Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. three-player-sides, a game con- tinued with three players a side after the designation of any of the players of a side fouling and the retirement of the offender or of- fenders. tie, where a tie occurs the game is continued till a goal is scored. time-keeper, official employed in all games and matches. U umpire, an official for each side unless sides agree to play with one only; his or their decisions final. See referee. W scorer, official employed in all games whistle, the instrument with which and matches. the umpire declares a ball "dead." 963 DICTIONARY OF STATE NAMES AND MEANINGS Alabama, Indian, "here we rest." Arizona, Aztec; "silver bearing." Arkansas, "Kansas," the Indian name for "smoky water," with the French prefix "arc," bow or bend in the principal river. California, caliente Fornalla, Span- ish for "hot furnace," in allusion to the climate. Colorado, Spanish; meaning "col- ored," from the red color of the Colorado River. Connecticut, Indian; "long river." Delaware, named in honor of Lord Delaware. Florida, named by Ponce de Leon, who discovered it in 1512, on Easter Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores, or "Feast of Flowers." Georgia, in honor of George II. of England. Idaho, Indian; meaning unknown. Illinois, from the Indian "illini," men, and the French suffix "ois," together signifying "tribe of men." Indiana, Indian land. Iowa, Indian; "beautiful land." Kansas, Indian; "smoky water." Kentucky, Indian; for "at the head of the river"; or "the dark and bloody ground." Louisiana, for Louis XIV. of France. Maine, from the province of Maine, in France. Maryland, for Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England. Massachusetts, place of great hills (blue hills southwest of Boston). Michigan, the Indian name for a fish weir. The lake was so called from the fancied resemblance of the lake to a fish trap. Minnesota, Indian; meaning "sky- tinted water." Missisippi, Indian; meaning "greai father of waters." Missouri, Indian; meaning "muddy." Montana, Latin; "mountainous re- gion." Nebraska, Indian; meaning "water valley." Nevada, Spanish; meaning "snow- covered," alluding to the mountains. New Hampshire, from Hampshire county, England. New Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the original gran- tees, who had previously been gov- ernor of Jersey Island. New Mexico, from old Mexico. New York, in honor of the Duke of York. North and South Carolina, orig- inally called Carolina, in honor of Charles IX. of France. North and South Dakota, Sioux Indian; "Lakota," "Nakota," or "Dakota;" "allies." Ohio, Indian; "beautiful river." Oklahoma, Indian; "red people." Oregon, from the Spanish "oregano," wild marjoram, which grows abun- ^ dantly on the coast. Pennsylvania, Latin; meaning Penn's woody land. Rhode Island, from a fancied re- semblance to the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Tennessee, Indian; meaning with the great bend." Texas, origin of this name is unkno Utah, Ute Indian; meaning unknow Vermont, French; green mountain Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." Washington, from George Washing- ton. West Virginia, former western part of Virginia. Wisconsin, Indian; "gathering of the waters," or "wild rushing channel." Wyoming, Indian; "large plains." 'river town. iown. in 964 DICTIONARY OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY aerial, the part^of a radio-telegraphic station used for transferring the energy of the transmitter to the ether, or, in the case of a receiving aerial, for collecting the energy from the ether for use in the receiver. aerial circuit, the distance between the free or insulated end of the aerial and the connection with the earth. alternating current, a current which periodically changes its direction of flow. alternator, a generator of alternating currents. antenne, another term for aerial. aperiodic, that which has no definite individual period. aperiodic receiver, one ready to respond to all waves, whatever their periods might be. arrester, apparatus with large spark- ing surface and short air-gap, placed in series with the earth-lead of the transmitter; a lead is taken to the receiving apparatus from the side of the spark-gap remote from the earth; used for controlling signals on circuit, and for keeping the aerial earthed in thunder-storms and other disturbances. auto- jigger, a device by which the inductance of the primary circuit is formed from a certain number of turns of the secondary circuit. automatic recorder, apparatus ca- pable of working up to several hundred words a minute; now used in place of original hand mechanism ; permits an enormously greater speed ' in transmission. automatic transmitter, apparatus substituted for the hand-worked signalling key; insures greater regu- larity and speed. B battery, a collection of elements or units, such as voltaic cells and ley den jars. blower, a rotary, motor-driven fan, used for drawing in air at atmos- pheric pressure and delivering it in high pressure blasts; prevents the formation of arcs. Bradfield insulator, ebonite insula- tor strengthened by. a metal core, used for leading-in the aerial to the interior of a building; withstands high potentials of transmission. bus bar, a broad lead to which the smaller leads from the units of a condenser battery are joined. buzzer, small apparatus for produc- ing feeble oscillations, used for tests and calls.. • buzzer, practice, combination of buzzer and signalling key for prac- ticing signalling. buzzer, tuned, common buzzer with the coils of the electro-magnet shunted by a non-inductive resist- ance. call bell, a device by which incoming signals, especially those of distress, attract the attention of the operator even if he is off duty. capacity, the property by which a condenser stores up electrical energy; measured by the number of cou- lombs the condenser will hold when the difference of pressure between the two extreme plates is one volt. choking coil, a coil of wire wound in such a way as to have great self- induction. circuits, a circuit in which oscilla- tions are possible and there is no distinct break of continuity is called Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy a closed oscillating circuit; a con- denser in which the plates are very remote converts a closed oscillating circuit into an open or radiating oscillating circuit. closed oscillating circuit. See cir- cuits. coherer, an imperfect contact or collection of such contacts, so arranged that when brought under the influence of the incoming electro- magnet wave it allows current from a local battery to pass and make some kind of signal. compass, wireless, one of several forms of direction-finders, which enables an operator to get the bear- ings of a station transmitting a signal by turning a handle over a marked scale. commutator, a series of moving or movable contacts by which the direction of the current in a system can be changed. condenser unit, a system composed of two conducting surfaces placed close together and separated by an insulator. coupling, the ratio of the mutual induction between two circuits com- pared with the self -inductance of each circuit. coupling, direct, where one circuit is linked to another in such a way that a portion of one circuit forms, part of the other, or where there is direct electrical connection between the second circuit and a point in the first. cut-out, apparatus having the func- tion of a fuse, but not acting by the fusing of a conductor. cymometer, instrument for measur- ing the wave length and frequency of an electro-magnetic wave. cymoscope, instrument which shows the presence of minute currents; a detector; depends on its rectifying action on a train of oscillations. . moving rhythmically, so as to gradually reduce the amount of its movements. decrement, logarithmic, a measure of the rate of decay of an electric oscillation ' under the influence of damping. dielectric, a medium through which electric energy can be transmitted by an electrical strain in the medium. discharger, the device in the primary oscillating circuit at which the spark or arc occurs. earths, the metallic connections of the lower extremities of aerials with the upper crust of the earth. einthoven, an exceedingly sensitive galvanometer for indicating received signals, in which the moving part is a fine stretched conducting string. frequency, term used in connection with any form of rhythmical motion or change, denoting the number of complete movements or changes in a given time, usually a second. frequency, high, under the latest demarcation between high and low frequency, a frequency measured in thousands or millions of periods per second. frequency, low, a frequency meas- ured in tens or hundreds of periods per second. fundamental, the fundamental note, % swing, or oscillation of a system is the one which fits in with the formula giving the time-period in terms of those of its properties which affect that period. See time-period. galvanometer. See einthoven. H damping, process of withdrawing energy from a system, which is 966 harmonics, waves whose frequencies bear a definite relation to that of the Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy fundamental; the first harmonic of an aerial has a frequency three times as great as that of the fundamental; the second harmonic, five times as great, and so on. hysteresis, the lagging of an effect behind the cause producing it; generally due to friction of some kind. inductance, the property of an electric circuit by which it tends to oppose any change in the value of the current flowing therein; the opposition being effected by the pro- duction of an electromotive force in such a direction as to lessen the change producing it. interference, the interaction of two waves of different frequencies, or of two waves of the same frequency but different phase acting in the same circuit, resulting in the for- mation of nodes and loops. See loop. interrupter, a device for breaking up a continuous current into a succession of pulses more or less rapid. ionization, another term for electrol- ysis. jigger, a form of potential trans- former designed for high-frequency (oscillating) currents, and used both in transmitting and receiving. K fraction of the oscillating current induced in the earth-lead of the transmitter. The amount of glow produced by the lamp indicates the total current in the earth-lead and the lamp is effective in tuning the primary and secondary circuits. loop, a point of maximum potential in a circuit or part of a circuit along which the potential is gradually rising or falling. When the aerial circuit is vibrating freely it will always have a node of potential at the earth and an anti-node or loop at its free end. M mast, steel, a type of mast built up of hollow steel sections of semi- circular shape after a system which enables it to be erected to great heights without any scaffolding. micrometer spark-gap, a small, delicately adjustable spark-gap, used to protect receivers, etc., against atmospheric discharges and other adverse influences. multiple action, a system by which one station can send two or more messages simultaneously to two or more other stations, and receive similarly from them. N node. See loop. note tuning, the syntonization of the receiver to the frequency of the wave-trains, instead of to the frequency of the waves themselves. key, high-tension transmitting, a O device by which the transmitting circuit is made and broken by a oscillations, electric, alternating switch in the high-tension leads of currents of high frequency, such as the transformer, controlled by the are produced by the discharge of a ordinary manipulating key. condenser through a circuit whose • resistance does not exceed a certain L value in comparison with the in- ductance and capacity. lamp, tuning, a small, low-voltage oscillations, free and forced, an incandescent-filament lamp, ar- oscillation is free when it has the ranged so that it can take a small same frequency as that of the funda- 967 Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy mental or one of the harmonics of the circuit, and forced when otherwise. period, in a system undergoing rhythmical change, one complete cycle of change. periodic time, the time of a complet- ed period. plain aerial, term applied to the receiving circuit when the detector is placed directly in series with the receiving aerial and the earth. quenched spark, one which, owing to the nature of its discharger, extinguishes itself rapidly after al- lowing the passage of a few oscil- lations. This spark, used in the primary circuit, produces two fre- quencies in the circuits. rectifier, a device for converting alternating or oscillating currents into continuous currents, or into pulses of unidirectional current. resonance, the production of vibra- tions in a body or a circuit by the action of a periodic force which has the same period as the natural period of the body or circuit. syntony, the adjustment of one cir- cuit to anothei or of one transmitter to one receiver so that the time- periods are the same throughout the system. tapper, a small vibrating hammer used for restoring certain forms of coherer to a condition of non- conductivity on the cessation of signals. time-period, in electrical oscillating circuits, time-periods are ascer- tained by the amount of inductance, capacity, and resistance in the circuit. train of waves, the group of oscil- lations sent out from an aerial at every discharge of the primary circuit. U undamped waves, train of, one In which the amplitude of each suc- cessive wave is equal to that of the wave preceding and following it. W wave-length, the distance between any point in a wave and the corre- sponding point in the wave im- mediately preceding and following it. selectivity, the property of a receiv- ing apparatus by which it can select or pick out the waves from the sta- tion which it wants to receive, to the exclusion of all other waves from other stations or from the atmos- phere. x, symbol given to signals generated by atmospheric disturbances or changes in the earth's magnetic condition. x-s toppers, devices for eliminating the effects of atmospheric dis- turbances on the receiving circuits. DICTIONARY OF WORDS OF LIKE AND OPPOSITE MEANING An intensely interesting study in abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom- philology and one that is too com- pose, confound, confuse, shame, monly overlooked is afforded by a (Embolden.) large group of words that is divisible abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, into two classes, first, different words contract, condense, reduce. (Ex- that have the same meaning, and, tend.) second, words that have a meaning en- abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, tirely opposite to those in the first abandon, forsake, relinquish, quit. class. A practical result of a compar- forego. ison of these classes of words is found abet, help, encourage, instigate, in- in a choice suitable to the fancy of the cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist.) student, and also in the selection of abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- the words that indicate the best form plice, promoter, instigator, particeps in writing and speaking. Any one who criminis, coadjutor, associate, corn- wants "the right word" will here be panion, co-operator. (Opponent.) accommodated. Words in the first abhor, dislike intensely, view _ with class are known as Synonyms; those horror, hate, detest, abominate, in the second class as Antonyms. loathe, nauseate. (Love.) Should the student wish to pursue ability, capability, talent, faculty, this study further two other classes capacity, qualification, aptitude, apt- are available and inviting, first, Horn- ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- onyms, or words similar in spelling complishment, attainment. (In- but differing in use, and, second, competency.) Homophonous words, or those that abject, groveling, low, mean, base, are similar in sound, but differ in spell- ignoble, worthless, despicable servile, ing and meaning. vile, contemptible. (Noble ) The following collection is limited to abjure,, recant, forswear, disclaim, synonyms and antonyms, and to those recall, revoke, retract, renounce, especially that are most prevalent in (Maintain.) - ordinary usage, and will answer most able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal- of the requirements of refined cor- wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, respondence and conversation. brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, efficient, capable, clever, self-quali- A fied, telling, fitted. (Weak.) abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, nounce, relinquish, quit, forego; let domicile, home, quarters, lodging. go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wicked, reprobate, dissolute, profli- gate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. (Cared for, virtuous.) abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, renunciation, defection, abasement, degradation, fall, degen abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abro- gate, annul, cancel, annihilate, ex- tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. (Establish, enforce.) abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- ous, vile, execrable. (Lovable.) abortive, m fruitless, ineffectual, idle, inoperative, vain, futile. (Effectual.) eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- about, concerning, regarding, relative ment, servility. (Honor.) to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 969 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning with respect to, referring to, around, account, narrative, description, nar- nearly, approximately. ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- abscond, run off, steal away, decamp, eys, reckoning, bill, charge. bolt. accountable, punishable, answerable, absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, amenable, responsible, liable. not attending to, listless, dreamy, accumulate, bring together, amass, (Present.) collect, gather. (Scatter, dissipate.) absolute, entire, complete, uncondi- accumulation, collection, store, tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- mass, congeries, concentration, potic, arbitrary, tyrannous, impera- accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, tive, authoritative, imperious. (Lim- truthful. (Erroneous, careless.) ited.) achieve, do, accomplishment, effect, absorb, engross, swallow up, ingulf, . fulfill, execute, gain, win. imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) achievement, feat, exploit, accom- absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, plishment, attainment, performance, ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, acquirement, gain. (Failure.) nonsensical, inconsistent. (Wise, acknowledge, admit, confess, own, solemn.) avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- abuse, v., asperse, revile, vilify, re- cede. (Deny.) proach, calumniate, defame, slander, acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, scandalize, malign, traduce, dispar- make aware, make known, notify, age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, pro- communicate. (Deceive.) tect.) acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- cognizance, fellowship, companion- tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul ship, knowledge. (Unfamiliarity.) invective, vituperation, ill-usage. acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com- (Praise, protection.) ply, consent, give way, coincide with. accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, (Protest.) comply with, agree, coincide, concur, acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, approve. (Protest.) set free, clear, absolve. (Condemn, accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, convict.) forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- act, do, operate, make, perform, play, tard.) enact, accept, receive, take, admit. (Refuse.) action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- ploit, accomplishment, battle, en- ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- gagement, agency, instrumentality, pleasing.) active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, accident, casualty, incident, contin- nimble, brisk, quick, supple, prompt, gency, adventure, chance. vigilant, laborious, industrious. accommodate, serve, oblige, adapt. (Lazy, passive.) adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) actual, real, positive, genuine, cer- accomplice, confederate, accessory, tain. (Fictitious.) abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrat- associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- ing, piercing, keen. (Dull.) versary.) adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con- accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- form. cute, achieve, complete, perfect, addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, consummate. (Fail.) given up to, dedicated. accomplishment, attainment, qual- addition, increase, accession, aug- ification, acquirement. (Defect.) mentation, reinforcement. (Sub- accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. traction, separation.) (Deny.) address, speech, discourse, appeal, accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, oration, tact, skill, ability, dexterity, greet. deportment, demeanor. 970 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning adhesion, adherence, attachment, fi- delity, devotion. (Aloofness.) adjacent, near to, adjoining, con- tiguous, conterminous, bordering, neighboring. (Distant.) adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, appendency, dependency. adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- ganize. (Confuse.) admirable, striking surprising, won- derful, astonishing. (Detestable.) admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. (Deny.) advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful.) affection, love. (Aversion.) affectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh.) agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- ing. (Disagreeable.) alternating, intermittent. (Contin- ual.) ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, minister. amend, improve, correct, better, mend. (Impair.) anger, ire, wrath, indignation, re- sentment. (Good nature.) appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- gate, usurp. argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. arise, flow, emanate, spring, proceed, rise, issue. artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- sincere. (Candid.) artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. association, combination, company, partnership, society. attack, assail, assault, encounter. (Defend.) audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- hood. (Meekness.) austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern. (Dissolute.) avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- monious . (Generous . ) aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, i repugnance. (Affection.) awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- iarity.) " awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, byword, maxim, proverb, saying, B babble, chatter, prattle, prate. bad, wicked, evil. (Good.) baffle, confound, defeat, disconcert. (Aid, abet.) base, vile, mean. (Noble.) battle, action, combat, engagement. bear, carry, convey, transport. bear, endure, suffer, support. beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, rout. beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty, (Homely, ugly.) becoming, decent, fit, seemly, suit- able. (Unbecoming.) beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, solicit, supplicate. (Give.) behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- ment, demeanor. belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- ral, munificent. (Covetous, miserly.) benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, civility. (Injury.) « benevolence, beneficence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tenderness. (Malevolence.) blame, censure, condemn, reprove, reproach, upbraid. (Praise.) blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. (Ornament.) blind, sightless, heedless. (Far- sighted.) blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, obliterate. .bold, brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, undaunted. (Timid.) border, brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, verge, boundary, confine, fron- tier. bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, restrict. brave, dare, defy. bravery, courage, valor. (Cowardice.) break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, storm, tempest. bright, clear, radiant, shining. (Dull.) brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid.) burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- urrection.) business, avocation, employment, en- 71 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning gagement, occupation, art, profes- sion, trade. bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet.) calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- chance, mishap. (Good fortune.) calm, collected, composed, placid, se- rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) capable, able, competent. (Incom- petent.) captious, fretful, cross, 'peevish, pet- ulant. (Good-natured.) care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, 'heed, attention. (Heedlessness, neg- ligence.) caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buffet.) carnage, .butchery, massacre, slaugh- ter. cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- sequence.) cease, discontinue, leave off, end. (Continue.) censure, animadvert, criticise. (Praise.) certain, secure, sure. (Doubtful.) cessation, intermission, rest, stop. (Continuance.) chance, fate, fortune. (Design.) change, barter, exchange, substitute. changeable, .fickle, inconstant, muta- ble, variable. (Unchangeable.) character, reputation, repute, stand- ing. charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, fascinate. chastity, purity, continence, virtue. (Lewdness.) cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. (Dear.) cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. (Mournful.) chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- ordinate.) circumstance, fact, incident. class, degree, order, rank. clear, bright, lucid, vivid. (Opaque.) clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, skillful. (Stupid.) clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. (Fine.) coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. cold, cool, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoical. (Warm.) color, dye, stain, tinge. colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- cious. combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. command, injunction, order, precept. commodity, goods, merchandise, ware. common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. (Uncommon, extraordinary.) compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- ency. (Cruelty, severity.) compel, force, oblige, necessitate. (Coax, lead.) compensation, amends, recompense, •remuneration, requital, reward. compendium, compend, abridge- ment. (Enlargement . ) complain, lament, murmur, regret, . repine. (Rejoice.) comply, accede, conform, submit, yield. (Refuse.) compound, complex. (Simple.) comprehend, comprise, incluole, em- brace, grasp, understand, perceive. (Exclude, mistake.) comprise, comprehend, contain, em- brace, include. conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover.) conceive, comprehend, understand. conclusion, inference, deduction. condemn, censure, blame, disap- prove. (Justify, exonerate.) conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, regulate, manage. confirm, corroborate, approve, at- test. (Contradict.) conflict, combat, contest, contention, struggle. (Peace, quiet.) confute, disprove, refute, oppugn. (Approve.) conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- mount, vanquish. (Defeat.) consequence, effect, event, issue, re- sult. (Cause.) consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. consistent, constant, compatible. (Inconsistent.) console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, worry.) constancy, firmness, stability, stead- iness. (Fickleness.) 972 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, taint. contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. (Esteem.) contemplate, meditate, muse. contemptible, despicable, paltry, pitiful, vile, mean. (Noble.) contend, contest, dispute, strive, struggle, 'combat. continual, constant, continuous, per- petual, incessant. (Intermittent.) continuance, continuation, duration. (Cessation.) continue, persist, persevere, pursue, prosecute. (Cease.) contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. (Confirm.) •cool, cold, frigid. (Hot.) correct, rectify, reform. cost, charge, expense, price. covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- neficence.) cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- imity. (Courage.) crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- tue.) criminal, convict, culprit, felon, malefactor. crooked, bent, curved, oblique. (Straight.) cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage. (Kind.) cultivation, culture, refinement. cursory, desultory, hasty, slight. (Thorough.) custom, fashion, manner, practice. danger, hazard, peril. (Safety.) dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. (Light.) deadly, fatal, destructive, mortal. dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- pensive. (Despised, cheap.) death, departure, decease, demise. (Life.) decay, decline, consumption. (Growth.) deceive, delude, impose upon, over- reach, gull, dupe, cheat. deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delu- sion, guile, beguilement, treachery, sham. (Truthfulness.) decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, terminate, resolve. decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. decision, determination, conclusion, resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- rangue, effusion, debate. declaration, avowal, manifestation, statement, profession. decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, der cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. (Growth.) dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. deed, act, action, commission, achievement, instrument, document. deem, judge, estimate, consider, think, suppose, conceive. deep, profound, subterranean, sub- merged, designing, abstruse, learned. (Shallow.) deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. (Beautify.) default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- sence, want, failure. defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blemish. (Beauty, improvement.) defend, guard, protect, justify. defense, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark, rampart. defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- rogue, adjourn. (Force, expedite.) deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, scanty, incomplete. (Complete.) defile, v., pollute, «corrupt, sully. (Beautify.) define, fix, settle, determine, limit. defray, tneet, liquidate, pay, die- charge. degree, grade, extent, measure. deliberate, v. t consider, meditate, consult, ponder, debate. deliberate, a., purposed, intentional, designed, determined. (Hasty.) delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- ishness, indelicacy.) delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- fined. (Coarse.) delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- seous.) delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) 973 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- nounce, give, hand over. (Retain.) demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, withdraw, vanish. (Remain.) deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, disrespect. derivation, origin, source, beginning, cause, etymology, root. describe, delineate, portray, explain, illustrate, define, picture. desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- use, abuse, pollute. (Keep holy.) deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. design, n., delineation, sketch, draw- ing, cunning, artfulness, contrivance. desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- able, acceptable, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, good. desire, n., longing, affection, craving. desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- severe.) desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. (Pleasant, happy.) desperate, wild, daring, audacious, determined, reckless. despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- mired.) destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. destructive, detrimental, hurtful, .noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. (Maintenance.) desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, erratic, fitful. (Thorough.) detail, n., particular, specification, minutiae. detail, v., particularize, enumerate, specify. (Generalize.) deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, scare. (Encourage.) detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- rioration. (Benefit.) develop, unfold, amplify, expand, en- large. device, artifice, expedient, contrivance. devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- endowed, unprovided. (Full, com- plete.) devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, dedicated. dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- der, command. dictatorial, imperative, imperious, domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, overbearing. (Submissive.) die, expire, depart, perish, decline, languish, wane, sink, fade, decay. diet, foods, victuals, nourishment, nu- triment, sustenance, fare. difference, separation, disagreement, discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- ety. different, various, manifold, diverse, unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar.) difficult, hard, intricate, involved, perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Easy.) diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- pious. dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, exalt, advance, promote, honor. (De- grade.) dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- hindhand, lagging, dawdling. (Prompt.) diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed, industry. (Negligence.) diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, curtail, retrench. (Increase.) disability, unfitness, incapacity. discern, descry, observe, recognize, see, discriminate, separate, perceive. discipline, order, strictness, -training, coercion, punishment, organization. (Confusion, demoralization.) discover, make known, find, invent, contrive, expose, reveal. discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, disreputable. (Credit- able.) discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, judicious. (Indiscreet.) discrepancy, disagreement, differ- ence, variance. (Agreement.) discrimination, acuteness, discern- ment, judgment, caution. 974 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning disease, complaint, malady, disorder, do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, ailment, sickness. finish, transact. disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- docile, tractable, teachable, corn- honor, shame, odium. (Honor J pliant, tame. (Stubborn.) disgrace > v., debase, degrade, de/ame, doctrine, tenet, article of belief, discredit. (Exalt.) creed, dogma, teaching. disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, abomination, abhorrence. (Admira- dismal, piteous. (Joyous.) tion.) doom, n., sentence, verdict, judg- dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, ment, fate, lot, destiny. deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- doubt, n.. uncertainty, suspense, hes- ful. (Honest.) itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, tainty.) daunt, appal, dishearten. (Encour- draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale, age.) sketch, describe. dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright, dread, n., fear, horror, terror, alarm, (Assurance.) dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance.) dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, banish. ("Retain.) awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel, dissipate. (Collect.) garments, costume, garb, livery. display, show, spread out, exhibit, drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, expose. (Hide.) tendency, direction. dispose, arrange, place, order, give, droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- bestow, sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn.) dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, question, impugn. (Assent.) overwhelm, engulf. dispute, n., argument, debate, con- dry, a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, troversy, quarrel, disagreement. tedious, uninteresting, meagre. (Harmony.) (Moist, interesting, succulent.) dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- due, owing to, attributable to, just, sent.) fair, proper, debt, right. distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, ferent, separate. (Obscure, indis- commonplace. (tfright.) tinct.) dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny, idiot. distinguish, perceive, discern, mark (Sage.) out, divide, discriminate. durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, distinguished, famous, glorious, far- continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) famed, noted, illustrious,' eminent, dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, Un- celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, or- ger, tarry. dinary.) dwindle, pine, waste, dimmish, de- distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, crease, fall off. (Grow.) concentrate*.) distribute, allot, share*, dispense, ap- E . portion, deal. (Collect.) disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, ward, impatient. (Diffident.) annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, disuse, discontinuance, abolition, de- achieve. suetude. (Use.) earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, divide, part, separate, distribute, solemn, warm. (Trifling.) deal out, sever, sunder. earnest, n., pledge, pawn. divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sa- ease, n, comfort, rest. (Worry.) cred, a parson, clergyman, minister, ease, v., calm, alleviate, allay, miti- 975 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- encounter, attack, conflict, combat, burden, rid. (Annoy, worry.) assault, onset, engagement, battle, easy, light, comfortable, unconstrain- action. ed. (Difficult, hard.) encourage, countenance, sanction, eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- gular, odd, abnormal, wayward, par- bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, ticular, strange. (Regular, ordinary.) impel, stimulate. (Deter.) economical, sparing, saving, provi- end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, dent, thrifty, frugal, careful, nig- conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, gardly. (Wasteful.) termination, extremity, sequel. edge, border, brink, rim, brim, mar- endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, gin, verge. aim. efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, endurance, continuation, duration, wipe out, cancel, erase. fortitude, patience, resignation. effect, n., consequence, result, issue, endure, v., last, continue, support, event, execution, operation. bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit effect, v., accomplish, fulfill, realize, to, undergo. (Perish.) achieve, execute, operate, complete, enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, effective, efficient, operative, service- opponent. (Friend.) able. (Vain, ineffectual.) energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, cacious, powerful, binding, stringent, instrumentality. forcible, nervous. (Lazy.) efficient, effectual, effective, compe- engage, employ, busy, occupy, at- tent, capable, able, fitted. tract, invite, allure, entertain, en- eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust gross, take up, enlist. out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, engross, absorb, take up, busy, oc- banish, proscribe cupy, engage, mobilize. eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, tion. drown, submerge, bury, entomb, elucidate, make plain, explain, clear overwhelm. up, illustrate. enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- clude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. scribe. embarrass, perplex, entangle, dis- enjoyment, pleasure, gratification, tress, m trouble. (Assist.) (Grief, sorrow, sadness.) embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, enlarge, increase, extend, augment, beautify, deck. (Disfigure.) broaden, swell. (Diminish.) embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. strjuct; inform. (Befog, becloud.) (Discourage.) enliven, cheer, vivify, stirup, animate, eminent, distinguished, signal, con- inspire, exhilarate. (Sadden,, quiet.) spicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, enmity, animosity, hostility, ill-will, renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- .maliciousness. (Friendship.) ous. (Obscure, unknown.) enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis-» vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- charge, vent. nificant.) emotion, perturbation, agitation, enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. trepidation, tremor, mental conflict. (Want.) # employ, occupy, busy, take up with, enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. engross. (Pacified.) employment, business, avocation, en- enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, gagement, office, function, trade, pro- captivate, bewitch. (Repel.) fession, occupation, calling, vocation, enroll, enlist, list, register, record. encompass, v. } encircle, surround, enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, gird, beset. venture, energy. 976 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning enthusiasm, earnest, devotion, zeal, ardor. (Ennui, lukewarmness.) enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. equal, equable, even, like, alike, uni- form. (Unequal.) eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- minate. fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale. face, visage, countenance. facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose. (Serious.) factor, agent. erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, in- fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Ac- exact. (Exact.) error, blunder, mistake. (Truth.) especially, chiefly, particularly, prin cipally. (Generally.) essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. establish, build up, confirm throw.) esteem, regard, respect. (Contempt.) estimate, appraise, appreciate, es- teem, compute, rate. estrangement, abstraction, tion. eternal, endless, everlasting, nite.) evade, equivocate, prevaricate even, level, plain, smooth. (Uneven.) complish.) faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible.) fair, clear. (Stormy.) fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. (Unfair.) (Over- faith, creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.) faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith- J.) treacherous. faithless, perfidious, (Faithful.) aliena- fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) fame, renown, reputation. (Fi- famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- trious. (Obscure.) fanciful, capricious, fantastical, whimsical. event, accident, adventure, incident, fancy, imagination. occurrence. evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. (Good.) exact, nice, particular, punctual. (In- exact.) exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- ble.) examination, investigation, inquiry, research, search, scrutiny. fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. (Slow.) fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vig- or.) fear, timidity, timorousness. (Brav- ery.) feeling, sensation, sense. feeling, sensibility, susceptibility. (Insensibility.) exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, bar- scend. (Fall short.) exceptional, uncommon, rare, extra- ordinary. (Common.) barous. (Mild.) fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, productive. (Sterile.) excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact.) figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, symbol, picture, type. find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, overlook.) fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, pen- alty. fire, glow, warmth, heat. firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, stable. (Weak.) first, foremost, chief, earliest. (Last.) fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. flat, level, even. up. (Lull.) excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. execute, fulfill, perforin. exempt, free, cleared. exercise, practice. exhaustive, thorough, (Cursory.) exigency, emergency. experiment, proof, trial, test. explain, expound, interpret, trate, -elucidate. express, declare, signify, utter, tell. extend, reach, stretch. (Abridge.) extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodi- gal. (Parsimonious.) (Subject.) complete. illus- Dic. 74 977 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning: flexible, pliant, pliable, ductile, sup- stiff, methodical, affected. (Infor- ple. (Inflexible.) mal, natural.) flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay.) former, antecedent, anterior, pre- fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, os- vious, prior, preceding, foregoing. cillating, vacillating, change. (Firm, forsaken, abandoned, forlorn, desert- steadfast, decided.) ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unem- forthwith, immediately, directly, in- barrassed, ready. (Hesitating.) . stantly, instantaneously. (Anon.) folks, persons, people, individuals. fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, lessness, dauntlessness. (Weakness.) pursue. fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- retainer, pursuer, successor. nate.) folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecil- fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, ity, weakness. (Wisdom.) destiny, property, possession, riches. fond, enamored, attached, affection- foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, ate. (Distant.) nurture. (Neglect.) fondness, affection, attachment, kind- foul, impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- ness, love. (Aversion.) clean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, fractious, cross, captious, petulant, hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- tious.) etic. (Tractable.) foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, prepos- (Strong.) terous, ridiculous, nonsensical. (Dis- fragments, pieces, scraps, leavings, creet, wise.) chips, remains, remnants. fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength.) forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. frame, v., construct, invent, coin, force, n., strength, vigor, dint, might, fabricate, forge, mold, feign, make, energy, power, violence, army, host. compose. force, v., compel. (Persuade.) franchise, right, exemption, immu- forecast, forethought, foresight, pre- nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. meditation, prognostication. frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. easy, familiar, open, ingenuous, foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- plain. (Tricky, insincere.) ceding, previous, prior, former. frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued.) cursor, omen. fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, foresight, forethought, forecast, pre- guile, cheat, imposition. (Honesty.) meditation. freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- caprice, crotcRet. (Purpose, resolu- ricate, counterfeit. tion.) forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, ac- free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, quit, excuse, except. bounteous, munificent, frank, art- forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, desert- less, candid, familiar, open, inde- ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. pendent, unconfined, unreserved, un- form, n., ceremony, solemnity, obser- restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, vance, rite, figure, shape, conforma- careless. (Slavish, stingy, artful, tion, fashion, appearance, represen- costly.) tation, semblance. free, v., release, set free, deliver, res- form, v., make, create, produce, con- cue, liberate, enfranchise, affranchise, stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. emancipate, exempt. (Enslave, bind.) formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, freedom, liberty, independence, unre- 978 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning straint, familiarity, license, fran- chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- ery.) frequent, often, common, usual, gen- eral. (Rare.) fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. friendly, amicable, social, sociable. (Distant, reserved, cool.) frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, direful, terrific, awful, horrible, hor- rid. frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. (Serious, earnest.) frugal, provident, economical, saving. (Wasteful, extravagant.) fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- ren, sterile.) , fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, bootless, unavailing, without avail. frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- point. fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete. fully, completely, abundantly, per- fectly. fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- fensive, rank. (Moderate.) furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- ment, dashing, sweeping, rolling, im- petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, angry, raging, fierce. (Calm.) futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- less. (Effective.) gain, n ., profit, emolument, advan- tage, benefit, winnings, earnings. (Loss.) gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, realize, reach. (Lose.) gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, fear- less. galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. (Soothing.) game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, amusement. gang, band, horde, company, troop, crew. gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, cleft, crevice, rift, chink. garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, deck, decorate. gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer, collect. (Scatter.) gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glittering, bespangled. (Somber.) gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, lean, thin. (Well-fed.) gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, sprightly, blithe. (Solemn.) generate, form, make, beget, produce. generation, formation, race, breed, stock, kind, age, era. generous, beneficent, noble,honorable, bountiful, liberal, free. (Niggardly. ) genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- ous. (Distant, cold.) genius, intellect, invention, talent, taste, nature, character, adept. genteel, refined, polished, fashion- able, polite, well-bred. (Boorish.) gentle, placid, , bland, mild, meek, tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth.) genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- cere. (False.) gesture, attitude, action, posture. get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- cure, achieve. ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking. ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, shade, phantom. gibe, scoff, sneer r flout, jeer, mock, taunt, deride. giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. (Steady.) gift, donation, benefaction, grant, alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- ty, talent. (Purchase.) gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- utive.) give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- part. glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- some, gratified, cheering. (Sad.) gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, flash. glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow.) glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. . . glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. glimpse, glance, look, glint. glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, radiate. 979 w.- Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, ■ brightness, joy.) gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sad, glum. (Bright, clear.) glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- alt. glorious, famous, renowned, distin- guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, grandeur. (Infamy.) glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, block up. go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- vah, Omnipotence, Providence. godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, religious. good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, boon. (Evil.) good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, just, true. (Wicked, bad.) gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, splendid. (Plain, simple.) govern, rule, direct, manage, command. government, rule, state, control, sway. graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, beautiful. (Awkward.) gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) grand, majestic, stately, dignified, lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- lime, pompous. (Shabby.) grant, bestow, impart, give, yield cede, allow, confer, invest. grant, gift, boon, donation. graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid, pictorial. grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- ple. grateful, agreeable, pleasing, wel- come, thankful. (Harsh.) gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, delight, reward. (Disappointment.) grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy.) grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand, noble, august. (Small.) greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- ity. (Generosity.) grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. (Joy.) grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, baleful, unhappy. grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, afflict. grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghast- ly, dreadful. (Pleasing.) gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, shameful, indelicate. (Delicate.) group, assembly, cluster, collection, clump, order, class. grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. grow, increase, vegetate, expand, ad- vance. (Decay, diminution.) growl, grumble, snarl, murmur, com- plain. grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred, aversion. gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant.) guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) guiltless, harmless, innocent. guilty, culpable, sinful, criminal. H habit, custom, practice. hail, accost, address, greet, salute, welcome. happiness, beatitude, blessedness, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness.) harbor, haven, port. hard, firm, solid. (Soft.) hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. (Benefit.) harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent. (Hurtful.) harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, morose. (Gentle.) hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, speed. (Delay.) hasty, hurried, ill-advised. (Delib- erate.) hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov able.) hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. (Friendship.) haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- esty.) haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- cilious, proud. Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning hazard, risk, venture. ignominious, shameful, scandalous, healthy, salubrious, salutary, whole- infamous. (Honorable.) some. (Unhealthy.) ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, heap, accumulate, amass, pile. infamy, reproach. hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm, ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- (lnsincere.) formed, uneducated. (Knowing.) heavy, burdensome, ponderous, ill, n., evil, wickedness, misfortune, weighty. (Light.) „ mischief, harm. (Good.) heed, care, attention. ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, eased. (Well.) raise. ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, heinous, atrocious, flagitious, fla- acrimonious. (Good-natured.) grant. (Venial.). ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. help, aid, assist, relieve, succor. (Good-will.) (Hinder.) illegal, unlawful, illicit, contraband, heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismat- illegitimate. (Legal.) ic, dissenter, non-conformist. illimitable, boundless, immeasur- hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. able, unlimited, infinite. hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly. (Beau- illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, un- tiful.) taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) ucated.) hinder, impede, obstruct, prevent, illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- (Help.) tasm. hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vis- insinuate, ionary. (Real.) hold, detain, keep, retain. illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. illustrious, celebrated, noble, emi- holy, devout, pious, religious. nent, famous, renowned., (Obscure.) homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful) image, likeness, picture, representa- honesty, integrity, probity, -upright- tion, effigy. ness. (Dishonesty.)* imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. honor, v., respect, reverence, esteem. (Real.) (Dishonor.) imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, hope, confidence, expectation, trust. think, presume. hopeless, desperate. imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. hot, ardent, burning, fiery. (Cold*.) imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, however, nevertheless, notwithstand- counterfeit. ing, yet. immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- humble, modest, submissive, plain, sullied. (Soiled.) unostentatious, simple. (Haughty.) immediate, pressing, instant, next, humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, proximate. abase. (Exalt.) immediately, instantly, forthwith, humor, mood, temper. directly, presently. hunt, seek, chase. immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Ben- digious, monstrous. eficial.) immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- husbandry, cultivation, tillage. emption. hypocrite, dissembler, imposter, canter impair, injure, diminish, decrease. hypothesis, theory, supposition. impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- cover, bestow, afford. * impartial, just, equitable, unbiased, idea, thought, imagination. (Partial.) ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual.) impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery. Idle, indolent, lazy. (Industrious.) vehement, intense. Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, censure. impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- vent. (Help.) impediment, obstruction, hindrance, obstacle, barrier. (Aid.) impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- gate, embolden. (Retard.) impending, imminent, threatening. imperative, commanding, despotic, authoritative. imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, vice. imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. imperious, commanding, dictatorial, authoritative, imperative, lordly, domineering, overbearing. impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- lent. impetuous, violent, boisterous, furi- ous, vehement. (Calm.) impious, profane, irreligious, godless. (Reverent.) implicate, involve, entangle, embar- rass, compromise. imply, involve, comprise,' infold, im- port, denote, signify. importance, signification, s i g n i fi- cance, avail, consequence, weight, gravity, moment. imposing, impressive, striking, ma- jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- significant.) impotence, weakness, incapacity, in- firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power.) impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, en- feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong.) impressive, stirring, forcible, excit- ing, affecting, moving. imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- mure, confine. (Liberate.) imprisonment, captivity, durance. improve, amend, better, mend, re- form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, employ. (Deteriorate.) improvident, careless, incautious, imprudent, prodigal, wasteful, reck- less, rash. (Thrifty.) impudence, assurance, impertinence, confidence, insolenee, rudeness. impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, immodest, shameless. impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- tive, instigation. impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, violent. (Deliberate.) imputation, blame, censure, re- proach, charge, accusation. inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- der inattention, carelessness, negli- gence. incentive, motive, inducement, im- pulse. incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate, encourage, urge, impel. inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, attachment, wish, liking, desire. (Aversion.) incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn, bias, dispose. inclose, surround, shut in, fence in, cover, wrap. include, comprehend, comprise, con- tain, embrace, take in. incommode, annoy, plague, molest, disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ac- commodate.) incompetent, incapable, unable, in- adequate, insufficient. (Competent.) increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. (Diminish.) increase, n., augmentation, accession, addition, enlargement, extension. (Decrease.) incumbent, obligatory. indefinite, vague, uncertain, unset- tled, loose, lax. (Definite.) indicate, point out, show, mark. indifference, apathy, carelessness, listlessness, insensibility. (Applica- tion, assiduity.) indigence, want, neediness, penury, poverty, destitution, privation. {AS.- fluence.) indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- sentment. indignity, insult, affront, outrage, obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- nominy. (Honor.) indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- tinct, chance, confused. (Select, chosen.) indispensable, essential, necessary, Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, supernumerary.) indisputable, undeniable, undoubt- ed, incontestable, indubitable, un- questionable, sure, infallible. indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (De- ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- fective.) inequality, disparity, disproportion, dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equal- ity.) inevitable, unavoidable, not to be avoided, certain. infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful. (Honorable.) inference, deduction, corollary, con- clusion, consequence. infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devil- ish, hellish. infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- bust.) inflame, anger, irritate, enrage, chafe, incense, nettle, aggravate, embitter, exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess. influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- tion, character, weight, authority, sway, ascendency. infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, break, transgress, violate. ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty.) inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. (Humane.) iniquity, injustice, wrong, grievance. injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, sully. (Benefit.) injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious, deleterious, noxious, prejudicial, wrongful, damaging. (Beneficial.) injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. (Right.) innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. (Hurtful.) inordinate, intemperate, irregular, disorderly, excessive, immoderate. (Moderate.) inquiry, investigation, examination, research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- tion, query, interrogation. inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, peering. insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- mented. (Sane.) insanity, madness, mental aberra- tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- fuse, introduce, ingratiate. insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, sparkling.) • insolent, rude, saucy, pert, imper- tinent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- ous, insulting, offensive. inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer, breathe, inhale. instability, mutability, fickleness, mutableness, wavering. (Stability, firmness.) instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, incite, urge, stimulate, encourage. instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, in- sinuate. instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- lighten, initiate. instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping, ministerial. insufficiency, ' inadequacy, incompe- tency, incapability, deficiency, lack. insult, affront, ' outrage, indignity, blasphemy. (Honor.) insulting, - insolent, rude, saucy, im- pertinent, abusive. integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- bity, entirety, entireness, complete- ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishonesty.) intellect, understanding, sense, brains, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, genius. (Body.) intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- physical. (Brutal.) intelligible^ clear, obvious, plain, distinct. (Abstruse.) intemperate, immoderate, excessive, drunken, nimious, inordinate. ( Tem- perate.) intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- vid, burning, vehement. Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning intent, design, purpose, intention, invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. refer, implore, beseech. intercourse, commerce, connection, involve, implicate, entangle, compro- intimacy, acquaintance. mise, envelop. interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedi- proscribe, debar, restrain from. ous, annoying. (Pleasant.) (Allow.) irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- lery. pose. irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, interminable, endless, interminate, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ita- infinite, unlimited, illimitable, bound- tional . ) less, limitless. (Brief, concise.) irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- ordinate, intemperate. (Regular.) tate, interfere, meddle. irreligious, profane, godless, impi- interpret, explain, expound, eluci- ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. date, unfold, decipher. irreproachable, blameless, spotless, intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- irreprovable. press, signify, impart, tell. irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- irresolute, wavering, undetermined, en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- undecided, vacillating. (Determined.) beat. (Encourage.) irritable, excitable, irascible, sus- intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, ceptible, sensitive. (Calm.) insupportable, unendurable. irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- madden, exasperate. less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- spring, emanate. lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, ardly, faint-hearted.) offspring, progeny. intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, combination, artifice, ruse, amour. J intrinsic, real, true, genuine, ster- ling, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate, nullify, annul. invasion, incursion, irruption, in- road, aggression, raid, fray. jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. _ jarring, conflicting, discordant, in consonant, inconsistent. jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. jealousy, suspicion, envy. invective, abuse, reproach, railing, jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. censure, sarcasm, satire. jest, joke, sport, divert, make game- invent, devise, contrive, frame, find of. out, discover, design. journey, travel, tour, passage. investigation, examination, search, joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.) inquiry, research, scrutiny inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malig- nant. (Inchoate.) invidious, envious, hateful, odious joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant, (Mournful.) udge, justice, referee, arbitrator. judgment, discernment, discrimina- malignant. tion, understanding. invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, justice, equity, right. Justice is strengthen, fortify. (Enervate.) right as established by law; equity invincible, unconquerable, impregna- according to the circumstances of ble, insurmountable. each particular case. (Injustice.) invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- justness, accuracy, correctness. palpable, unperceivable. invite, ask, call, bid, request , allure, K attract, solicit. keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) 984 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning kill, assassinate, murder, slay. kindred, affinity, consanguinity, re- lationship. knowledge, erudition, learning, sci- ence. (Ignorance.) labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. (Idleness.) lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- ficiency. (Plenty.) lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- joice.) language, dialect, idiom, speech, tongue. lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, lewd, lecherous. (Chaste.) last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) laudable, commendable, praisewor- thy. (Blameable.) laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. (Serious.) lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Il- legal.) lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) lean, meager. (Fat.) learned, erudite, scholarly. (Igno- rant.) leave, v., quit, relinquish. leave, n., liberty, permission, license. (Prohibition.) life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- vacity. (Death.) lifeless, dead, inanimate. lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Low- er.) light, clear, bright. (Dark.) lightness, flightiness, giddiness, lev- ity, volatility. (Seriousness.) likeness, resemblance, similarity. (Un- likeness.) linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. (Hasten.) little, diminutive, small. (Great.) livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- sistence, support. lively, jocund, sprightly, vivacious, merry, sportive. (Slow, languid, sluggish.) long, extended, extensive. (Short.) look, appear, seem. lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain.) loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. (Gain.) loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low, quiet.) love, affection. (Hatred.) low, abject, mean. (Noble.) 1 unacy , derangement, insanity, mania, madness. (Sanity.) luster, brightness, brilliancy, splen- dor. luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse.) M machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, conspiracy. (Artlessness.) mad, crazy, insane, delirious, rabid, violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, quiet.) madness, insanity, fury, rage, frenzy. magisterial, august, dignified, ma- jestic, pompous, stately. make, form, create, produce. (De- stroy.) malediction, anathema, curse, im- precation, execration. malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- lignant. (Benevolent.) malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, ill- will, grudge, animosity. (Benignity.) malicious, see malevolent. manacle, v., shackle, fetter, chain. (Free.) manage, contrive, concert, direct. management, direction, superinten- dence, care, economy. mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, crip- ple, maim. mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, exhibit, display, show. manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, occult.) manifold, several, sundry, various, divers, numerous. manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- geous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate.) manner, habit, custom, way, air, look, appearance. manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.) march, tramp, tread, walk, step, space. 985 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning margin, edge, rim, border, brink, verge. mark, n., sign, note, symptom, token, indication, trace, vestige, track, badge, brand. mark, v., impress, print, stamp, en- grave, note, designate. marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- mony, wedlock. martial, military, warlike, soldier-like. marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy. marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, amazing, miraculous. massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- derous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy.) mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- cendency, supremacy. matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- paralleled, peerless, incomparable, inimitable, surpassing. (Common, ordinary.) material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- cal, temporal, momentous, impor- tant. (Spiritual, immaterial.) maxim, adage, apothegm, proverb, saying, by-word, saw. meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich.) mean, a., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- erous.) mean, v., design, purpose, intent, con- template, signify, denote, indicate. meaning, signification, import, ac- ceptation, sense, purport. medium, organ, channel, instrument, means. medley, mixture, variety, diversity, miscellany. meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. (Proud.) melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- ture.) melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant.) memorable, signal, distinguished, marked. memorial, monument, memento, commemoration. memory, remembrance, recollection. menace, n., threat. mend, repair, amend, correct, better, ameliorate, improve, rectify. mention, tell, name, communicate, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- form, acquaint. merciful, compassionate, lenient, cle- ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.) merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- lenting. (Kind.) merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, hilarity. (Sorrow.) merry, cheerful, mirthful, joyous, gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, jolly. (Sad.) metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, symbolical. method, way, manner, mode, process, order, rule, regularity, system. mien, air, look, manner, aspect, ap- pearance. migratory, roving, strolling, wander- ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- manent.) mimic, imitate, ape, mock. mindful, observant, attentive, heed- ful, thoughtful. (Heedless.) miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- criminate, mixed. mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, hurt, ill. (Benefit.) miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. miserable, unhappy, wretched, dis- tressed, afflicted. (Happy.) miserly, stingy, niggardly, avari- cious, gripping. misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- tion, penury, privation, beggary. (Happiness.) misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- hap, catastrophe. (Good luck.) miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. mitigate, alleviate, relieve, diminish, abate. (Aggravate.) moderate, temperate, abstemious, sober, abstinent. (Immoderate.) modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- served. (Immodest.) moist, wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.) monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- sified, tiresome. (Varied.) monstrous, shocking, dreadful, hor- rible, huge, immense. Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning monument, memorial, record, re- reputation, character, fame, credit, membrancer, cenotaph. repute. mood, humor, disposition, vein, tern- narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- cite. nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- decent, impure, gross, vile. nation, people, community, realm, > state. per. morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, corrupted. (Normal, sound.) morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, crabbed, crusty. (Joyous.) mortal, deadly, fatal, human. motion, proposition, proposal, move- native, indigenous, inborn, vernacular, ment. natural, original, regular, normal, motionless, still, stationary, torpid, bastard. (Unnatural, forced.) stagnant. (Active, moving.) near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- climb, scale. tant.) mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, necessary, needful, expedient, essen- grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy.) tial, requisite, indispensable. (Use- move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, less.) instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- necessitate, compel, force, oblige, pel, push. necessity, need, occasion exigency, multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, emergency, urgency, requisite, swarm. need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, murder, v., kill, assassinate, slay, mas- indigence, want, penury, sacre, dispatch. need, v., require, want, lack. muse, y., meditate, contemplate, re- neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, fleet, think, cogitate, ponder. overlook. music, harmony, melod}^, symphony, neglect, n., omission, failure, default, musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- negligence, remissness, carelessness, nious, dulcet, sweet. slight. musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- sweet.) jacency, nearness, proximity. mute, dumb, silent, speechless. nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- new, fresh, recent; novel. (Old.) figure. news, tidings, intelligence, informa- mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- tion. multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, dient, orderly.) precise, fine, delicate. (Careless, mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- coarse, unpleasant.) relative. (Sole, solitary.) nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, mysterious, dark, obscure, hidden, quick, agile, prompt. (Awkward.) secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- accountable. (Open, clear.) deur, peerage. mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle, noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, (Clear, explain.) great, grand, lofty. (Low.) noise, cry, outcry, row, clamor, din, N uproar, tumult. (Silence.) nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, foolish. (Sensible.) unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, notable, plain, evident, remarkable, clad.) signal, striking, rare. (Obscure.) name, v., denominate, entitle, style, note, n., token, symbol, mark, sign, in- designate, term, call, christen. dication, remark, comment. name, n., appellation, designation, noted, distinguished, remarkable, re- denomination, title, cognomen, nowned, eminent. (Obscure.) 987 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning notice, n., advice, notification, intelli- opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) gence, information. open, candid, unreserved, clear, fair. notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- (Hidden, dark.) tend to, regard, heed. opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- notify, v., publish, acquaint, apprise, lief, sentiment. inform, declare. opinionated, conceited, egotistical. notion, conception, idea, belief, opin- (Modest.) ion, sentiment. oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. notorious, conspicuous, open, obvious, (Give way.) ill-famed. (Unknown.) option, choice. nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- order, method, rule, system, regular- ply. (Starve, famish.) ity. (Disorder.) nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- nutrition. ning. (End.) novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, un- outlive, survive. used, strange, rare. (Old.) outward, external, outside, exterior. noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, (Inner.) deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial.) over, above. (Under.) nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. peal, quash, cancel. (Affirm.) overbear, bear down, overwhelm, nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, overpower, subdue. nourishment. overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- gant. (Gentle.) O overflow, inundation, deluge. overrule, supersede, suppress. obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, overspread, overrun, ravage. unfeeling, insensible. (Tractable, overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, yielding.) subvert. (Establish, fortify.) obedient, compliant, submissive, du- overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. tiful, respectful. (Obstinate.) obese, corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. P (Attenuated.) obey, v., conform, comply, submit, pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, (Rebel, disobey.) anguish. (Pleasure.) object, n., aim, end, purpose, design, pallid, pale, wan. (Florid.) mark, butt. part, division, portion, share, frac- object, v., oppose, except to, contra- tion. (Whole.) vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent.) particular, exact, distinct, singular, obnoxious, offensive. (Agreeable.) odd, strange. (General.) obscure, undistinguished, unknown, patient, passive, submissive, meek. (Distinguished.) (Obdurate.) obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) riot, trouble, turbulence.) occasion, opportunity. peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. offense, affront, misdeed, misdemean- (Troublesome, riotous.) or, transgression, trespass. penetrate, bore, pierce, perforate. offensive, insolent, abusive, obnox- penetration, acuteness, sagacity. ious. (Inoffensive.) (Dullness.) office, charge, function, place. people, nation, persons, folks. offspring, issue, progeny. perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- tinguish. tique, antiquated, obsolete, old-fash- perception, conception, notion, idea. ioned. (Young, new.) peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) omen, presage, prognostic. permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid.) . Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning persuade., allure, entice, prevail problematical, uncertain, doubtful, •upon. dubious, questionable, disputable, physical, corporeal, bodily, material. suspicious. (Certain.) (Mental.) prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, picture, engraving, print, representa- amazing, astonishing, remarkable, tion, illustration, image. astounding, • surprising, wonderful. piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. (Joy- (Insignificant.) ful.) profession, business, trade, occupa- pitiless, see merciless. tion, vocation, office, employment, pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- engagement, avowal. ty.) proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- place, n., spot, site, position, post, der. situation, station. profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- place, v., order, dispose. _ praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, plain, open, manifest, evident. (Se- demoralized. (Virtuous.) cret.) profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- play, game, sport, amusement. (Work.) ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.)- (Shallow.) pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, ish, improvident, excessive, copious, plenteous. (Scarce.)' plentiful. (Succinct.) poise, balance. prolific, productive, generative, fer- positive, absolute, peremptory, de- tile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren.) cided, certain. (Negative.) prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedi- possessor, owner, proprietor. ous, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- possible, practical, practicable. (Im- saic. (Concise, brief.) possible.) prominent, eminent, marked, impor-. poverty, penury, indigence, need, tant, conspicuous, leading. (Ob- want. (Wealth.) scure.) power, authority, force, strength, do- promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, in- minion. discriminate, mingled. (Select.) powerful, mighty, potent. (Weak.) prompt, see punctual. praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) prop, v., maintain, sustain, support, prayer, entreaty, petition, request, stay. suit. propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. disseminate, extend, breed, increase. prevailing, predominant, prevalent, (Suppress.) general. (Isolated, sporadic.) proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, prevent, obviate, preclude. equitable, honest, suitable, fit, decent, previous, antecedent, introductory, meet, becoming, benefitting, adapted, preparatory, preHminary. (Subse- pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong.) qjient.) prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility.) thrive, advance. (Fail.) principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, tially. happiness, good luck. (Poverty.) principle, ground, reason, motive, proxy, agent, representative, substi- impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- tute, delegate, deputy. tegrity. prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- privilege, immunity, advantage, fa- cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion.) » vor, prerogative, exemption, right, prurient, itching, craving, hankering, claim. longing. probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. childish, infantile, trifling, weak, (Dishonesty.) silly. (Mature.) Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning punctilious, nice, particular, formal, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill-will, precise. (Negligent.) spite. (Forgiveness.) punctual, exact, precise, nice, partic- rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory.) consideration. putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, cay. explore, plunder. puzzle, v., perplex, confound, embar- ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- rant, bombast, fustian, cant. tify. (Enlighten.) rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- cious, grasping. (Generous.) Q rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) quack, impostor, pretender, charla- rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, tan, empiric, mountebank. (Savant.) bliss. (Dejection.) quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, rare, scarce, singular, uncommon. fanciful, odd, singular. rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- qualified, competent, fitted, adapted. bond, scamp. (Incompetent.) rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, quality, attribute, rank, distinction. adventurous, heedless, reckless, care- querulous, doubting, complaining, re- less. (Deliberate.) pining, fretting. (Patient.) rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- question, query, inquiry, interroga- mate, chide, abuse tory. ratify, confirm, establish, substan quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose. varicate, shuffle. rational, reasonable, sagacious, ju quick, lively, brisk, expeditious, im- dicious, wise, sensible, sound. (Un t..~_, « . v V , -o.xx.jx.., wi^vuiviuuu, XXXX petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid swift, sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, active. (Slow.) quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. (Rational.) course, match, pursuit, career, iw. reasonable.) ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, despoil, destroy. ravish, enrapture, enchant, char delight, abuse raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow ruin, dismantle. (Build up.) reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain arrive at. ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) family, clan, house, ancestry, lin- real, actual, literal, practical, posi- eage, pedigree. tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- real.) ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe') realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- reason, n., motive, design, end, proof, liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- cause, ground, purpose ness.) reason, v., deduce, draw from, trace radical, organic, innate, fundamental, infer, conclude original, constitutional, inherent, en- reasonable, rational, wise, honest tire, complete. (Superficial. In a fair, right, just. (Unreasonable.) political sense, uncompromising; an- rebellion, insurrection, revolt, tonym, moderate.) recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) receive, accept, take, admit, enter- rancor, malignity, hatred, hostility, tain. 990 ! Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning reception, receiving, levee, receipt, reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- admission. sent, copy. recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, repudiate, disown, discard, disavow, intermission. renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge.) recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. ment, play, game, fun. (Agreeable.) redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, liver, save, free. disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive.) redress, remedy, repair, remission, respite, reprieve, interval, stop. abatement, relief. revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) shorten, conquer. * revenue, produce, income, proceeds, refined, polite, courtly, polished, cul- fruits, wealth. tured, genteel, purified. (Boorish.) reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- veneration, deference, homage, wor- der, muse, censure. ship. (Execration.) reform, amend, correct, better, re- revise, review, reconsider. store, improve. (Corrupt.) revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- reformation, improvement, reform, mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, corn- amendment. (Corruption.) fort. refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- shelter, retreat. ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, cline, withhold. (Accept.) gorgeous. (Poor.) refuse, n., dregs, dross, scum, rub- rival, n., antagonist, opponent, com- bish, leavings, remains. petitor. refute, disprove, falsify, negative, road, way, highway, route, course, (Affirm.) path, pathway, anchorage. regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, roam, ramble, rove, stray, wander, view, consider, respect. stroll. regret, n. f grief, sorrow, lamentation, robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- repentance, remorse. ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- regular, orderly,. uniform, customary, bodied. (Puny.) ordinary, stated. (Irregular.) rout, v., discomfit, beat, defeat, over- regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, throw, scatter. organize, govern, rule. (Disorder.) route, road, course, march, way, path, • reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- journey, direction. demnify. rude, rugged, rough, uncDuth, unpol- relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) pudent, saucy, flippant, insolent, reliance, trust, hope, dependence, churlish. (Polished, polite.) confidence. (Suspicion.) rule, sway, method, system, law, max- relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- im, precept, guide, formula, regula- viation. tion, government, standard, test. relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- bruit. tain.) ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- specific, reparation. lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate.) remorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. s (Merciful, humane.) sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- remote, distant, far, secluded, indi- crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- rect. (Near.) fane.) 991 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, show, v., indicate, mark, point out reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) exhibit, display. sanction, confirm, countenance, en- show, n., appearance, exhibition, pre- courage, support, ratify, authorize. tence, profession, sight, spectacle. (Disapprove.) sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, mor- sane, sober, lucid, sound, rational. bid. (Healthy.) (Crazy.) sickness, . illness* indisposition, dis- saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, ease, disorder. (Health.) insolent, flippant, forward. (Mod- significant, a., expressive, material, est.) ^ important. (Insignificant.) scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, ca- signification, import, sense, meaning. lumniate, vilify, revile, malign, tra- silence, speechlessness, dumbness. duce, defame, slander. (Noise.) scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- slender, meager. (Ample.) ative.) scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, simile, comparison, similitude. disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- simple, single, uncompounded, plain, lect.) artless. (Complex, compound.) secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- sly, underhand, latent, private. tend. (Open.) sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, genuine, real. (Insincere.) abduct, inveigle, deprave. situation, condition, plight, predica- sense, discernment, appreciation, per- ment, state, position. ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- sability, susceptibility, thought, sig- mension. nification, judgment, import, signifi- slavery, servitude, enthrallment, cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. thralldom. (Freedom.) sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. sober, sound, conscious, aware, sleepy, somnolent. (Wakeful.) (Foolish.) slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast.) settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- smell, fragrance, odor, scent, per- clude, determine. fume. several, sundry, divers, many, vari- smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) ous. soak, -drench, imbrue, steep. severe, harsh, stern, stringent, un- social, sociable, friendly, communica- mitigated, rough, unyielding. (Le- tive. (Unsocial.) nient.) soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Hard.) shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- solicit, importune, urge. er, quake, solitary, sole, only, single. shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight, sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- (Deep, thorough.) cant. (Glad, respectable.) «. shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- to body, mind to matter.) graceful, outrageous. (Honorable.) sound, a., healthy, sane. (Unsound shameless, immodest, impudent, in- sound, n., tone, noise, silence. decent, indelicate, brazen. space, room. shape, form, fashion, mold, model, sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant.) share, portion, lot, division, quantity, speak, converse, talk, say, tell, confer. quota, contingent. special, particular, specific. (General.) sharp, acute, keen. (Dull.) spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, mary. (Long.) prevalent.) ' Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning spread, disperse, diffuse, expand, dis- temporary, a., fleeting, transient, seminate, scatter. transitory. (Permanent.) spring, fountain, source. tenacious, pertinacious, retentive. staff, prop, support, stay. tendency, aim, drift, scope. stagger, reel, totter. tenet, position, view, conviction, be- stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tar- lief. rush. term, boundary, limit, period, time. state, commonwealth, realm. territory, dominion. sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) thankful, grateful, obliged. (Thank- stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. less.) stormy, rough, boisterous, tempest- thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- uous. (Calm.) grateful, unthankful. straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze.) strait, a. narrow, confined. theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- stranger, alien, foreigner. _ (Friend.) monious, meretricious. strengthen, fortify, invigorate, theft, robbery, depredation, spoliation. (Weaken.) theme, subject, topic, text, essay. strong, robust, sturdy, powerful, theory, speculation, scheme, plea, hy- (Weak.) pothesis, conjecture. stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless, therefore, accordingly, consequently, (Clever.) hence. subject, exposed to, liable, obnoxious, thick, dense, close, compact, solid, co- (Exempt.) agulated, muddy, turbid, misty, fog- subject, inferior, subordinate. (Su- gy, vaporous. (Thin.) perior to, above.) thin, slim, slender, slight, flimsy, at- subsequent, succeeding, following. tenuated, lean, scraggy. (Previous.) think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- substantial, solid, durable. (Un- der, contemplate, meditate, muse, substantial.) conceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) hold, esteem, reckon, consider, re- superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- gard, deem, believe, opine. worthy. (Thorough.) thorough, accurate, correct, trust- superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- (Necessary.) ficial.) surround, encircle, encompass, envi- thought, idea, conception, imagina- ron. tion, fancy, conceit, notion, supposi- sustain, maintain, support. tion, care, provision, consideration, symmetry, proportion. _ opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, sympathy, commiseration, compas- deliberation. sion, condolence. thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- system, method, plan, order. flective, cautious, heedful, contem- systematic, orderly, regular, method- plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. ical. (Chaotic.) (Thoughtless.) thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- T provident, precipitate, heedless. tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, take, accept, receive. (Give.) secure, unite, join. (Loose.) talkative, garrulous, communicative, tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. loquacious. (Silent.) time, duration, season, period, era, taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- age, date, span, spell. lessness.) tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. permit, let, endure, abide. (Oppose.) tax, assessment, rate. top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. face. (Bottom, base.) Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning torrid, burning hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- ing, sultry. pleasure, resentment. tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked; umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, indirect. arbiter. torture, torment, anguish, agony. unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, touching, tender, affecting, moving, concord. (Discord.) pathetic. unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. tractable, docile, manageable, amen- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- able. lute, loose, lax. trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- uncertain, doubtful, dubious, ques- cupation, employment, office. tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- traditional, oral, uncertain, trans- ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. mitted. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- disobliging, rude. (Civil.) tercourse. unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. trammel, n., fetter, shatter, clog, (Clean.) bond,, chain, impediment, hindrance, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, singular, choice. (Common, ordi- quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) nary.) transaction, negotiation, occurrence, unconcerned careless, indifferent, proceeding, affair. apathetic. (Anxious.) trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, un- t ravel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- gainly. (Graceful.) cursion, journey, tour, voyage. uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, bare, invest. (Hide.) disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- under, below, underneath, beneath, fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above.) faithful.) understanding, knowledge, intellect, trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- intelligence, faculty, comprehension, place, hackneyed. (Novel.) mind, reason, brains. triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- undertake, engage in, embark in, tory, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, agree, promise. defeat.) undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unf as- trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- ten, destroy. lous, unimportant, insignificant, uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, (Important.) stiff, awkward. (Quiet.) true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, insufficient. (Even.) veritable, real, veracious, authentic, unequaled, matchless, unique, novgl, exact, accurate, correct. new, unheard of. tumultuous, turbulent, riotous, dis- unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. orderly, disturbed, confused, unruly. (Fair.) (Orderly.) unfit, a., improper, unsuitable, incon- tune, tone, air, melody, strain. sistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit.) turbid, foul, thick, muddy, impure, unfit, v., disable, disqualify, incapaci- unsettled. tate. (Fit.) type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, ter, sort, kind. tyro, novice, beginner, learner. U ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- favored, hideous. (Beautiful.) unlucky, wretched, unhappy, mis- erable. (Fortunate.) ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- ing, uncouth. (Pretty.) unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- tressed, afflicted, painful, disastroi drear, dismal. (Happy.) 994 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular.) profitless. (Useful.) uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. habitual, wonted, customary, gene- (Intermittent.) ral. (Unusual.) union, junction, combination, alii- usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, ance, confederacy, league, coalition, assume. agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- utmost, farthest, remotest, utter- aration.) most, greatest. unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, utter, a., extreme, excessive, sheer, choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- mere, pure. nary.) utter, v., speak, articulate, express, unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, pronounce, issue. add, attach, incorporate, embody, utterly, totally, completely, wholly, clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, quite, altogether, entirely, sunder.) universal, general, all, entire, total, V catholic. (Sectional.) unlimited, absolute, boundless, un- vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, defined, infinite. (Limited.) thoughtless, unthinking. (Occu- unreasonable, foolish, silly, absurd. pied.) unrivaled, unequaled, unique, unex- vagrant, n., wanderer, beggar, tramp, ampled, incomparable, matchless. vagabond, rogue. (Mediocre.) vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- unroll, unfold, open, discover. certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- unruly, ungovernable, unmanage- inite.) able, refractory. (Tractable, docile.) vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- real, unavailing. (Effectual, hum- traordinary. (Common.) ble, real.) uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, sup- valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- port, vindicate. (Desert, abandon.) ageous, gallant. (Cowardly.) upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- ficient, sound, binding. (Invalid.) able. (Prone, horizontal.) valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- value, v., appraise, assess, reckon, ap- tue. (Dishonesty.) preciate, estimate, prize, treasure, urge, incite, impel, push, drive, insti- esteem. (Despise, condemn.) gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve, duce. vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-con- urgent, pressing, important, impera- ceit, affectedness. tive, immediate, serious, wanted, vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. (Unimportant.) (Sparkling.) usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam, scription. variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- ful, restless. (Constant.) plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) variety, difference, diversity, change, use, v. employ, exercise, occupy, ac- diversification, mixture, medley, mis- custom, practice, inure. (Abuse.) cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) _ useful, advantageous, serviceable, vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, un- available, helpful, beneficial, good. mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic (Useless.) huge, prodigious. (Confined.) 995 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning vaunt, boast, brag, puff, hawk, adver- tise, flourish, parade. venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, rev- erend. venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- able. (Grave, serious.) venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, malignity. venture, n., speculation, chance, peril, stake. venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, hazard, jeopardize. veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- bility, accuracy. (Falsehood.) verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten. verdict, judgment, finding, decision, answer. vexation, chagrin, mortification. (Pleasure.) vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, undulate, thrill. vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, pollution, immorality, wickedness, guilt, iniquity, crime. (Virtue.) vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, bad, contrary, unruly, demoralized, profligate, faulty. (Virtuous, gentle.) victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, dupe, gull. victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, provisions, fare, food. view, prospect, survey. violent, boisterous, furious, impetu- ous, vehement. (Gentle.) virtuous, upright, honest, moral. (Profligate.) vision, apparition, ghost, phantom, specter. voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. vote, suffrage, voice. vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- sure. W wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. wakeful, vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.) wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, stroll. want, lack, need. (Abundance.) wary, circumspect, cautious.. (Fool- hardy.) wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, stain. waste, y., squander, dissipate, lavish, destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. wasteful, extravagant, profligate, (Economical.) wave, breaker, billow, surge. way, method, plan, system, means, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, process, road, route, track, path, habit, practice. weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong.) weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, invalidate. (Strengthen.) wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- teresting, entertaining.) weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. (Refresh.) weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, load. (Lightness.) well-being, happiness, prosperity, welfare. whole, entire, complete, total, inte- gral. (Part.) wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- tuous.) will, wish, desire. willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. (Unwillingly.) win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose.) winning, attractive, charming, fasci- nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- zling, brilliant. (Repulsive.) wisdom, prudence, foresight, sagacity, far-sightedness . (Foolishness . ) wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. wonder, v., admire, amaze, astonish, surprise. wonder, n., marvel, miracle, prodigy. word, n., expression, term. work, labor, task, toil. (Play.) worthless, valueless. (Valuable.) writer, author, penman. wrong, injustice, injury. (Right.) yawn, gape, open wide. yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, crave. yell, bellow, cry out, scream. yellow, golden, saffron-like. yelp, bark, sharp cry, howl. yet, besides, nevertheless, however, ul- timately, notwithstanding, still, at last, so far, thus far. 996 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning yield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, waive, comply, accede, assent, ac- quiesce, succumb, submit. (With- draw, withhold, retain, deny, refuse, vindicate, assert, claim, disallow, resist, dissent, protest, struggle, strive.) yielding, conceding, producing, sur- rendering, supple, pliant, submis- sive, accommodating, unresisting. (Firm, defiant, stiff, hard, unyield- ing, resisting, unfruitful.) yoke, v., couple, link, connect, conjoin, enslave, subjugate. (Dissever, di- vorce, disconnect, liberate, release, manumit, enfranchise.) yore, long ago, long since. (Recently, today, now.) youth, boy, lad, minority, adoles- cence, juvenility. (Old, ancient, antiquated, elderfy, senile, patriar- chal, primeval, time-honored, olden.) youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, girlish, puerile. (Aged, senile, ma- ture, decrepit, decayed, venerable, anti quated, superannuated . ) zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- difference, apathy, torpor, coldness, carelessness, sluggishness.) zealot, partisan, bigot, fanatic, devo- tee, visionary, enthusiast. (Traitor, deserter, renegade.) zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, en- thusiastic, anxious, eager, earnest, steadfast. (Bold, indifferent, dis- passioned, apathetic, passionless, phlegmatic, platonic.) zenith, height, highest point, pinnacle, summit, culmination, maximum. (Depth, lowest point, minimum.) zephyr, mild breeze, west wind, gen- tle wind. (Gale, furious wind.) zero, nothing, naught, cipher. (Some- thing.) zest, flavor, appetizer, gusto, pleas- ure, enjoyment, relish, sharpener, enhancement. (Distaste, disgust, disrelish, detriment.) 9P7 DICTIONARY OF YACHTING abaft, behind; toward the stern, abeam, in a line at right angles to the keel. about, to tack. aft, toward the stern. after sails, those set behind a mast. amidships, the middle part of a yacht. astern, toward the back part of a yacht; also behind it. athwart, transversely; from one side to another. avast, a command to stop, hold, desist from. B beating, sailing against the wind by tacking. belay, to fasten a rope to a cleat or pin. bending a cable, fastening it to the anchor. bending a sail, fastening it to the spars. bilge, the bottom of a yacht's floor, where water collects from leakage. binnacle, the receptacle "of the com- pass, directly in front of the steering apparatus, and fitted with glass windows so that the compass is constantly visible. blocks, the nautical name of pulleys. bobstay, a chain, rope, or wire that ties the bowsprit end to the stem to resist the upward strain of the forestays. boom, a spar used to extend the foot of certain sails. bowsprit, a large spar extending for- ward over the bow; supports the jib-boom and the flying jib-boom. by the head, when a yacht sinks deeper in the water at the stem than at the stern. by the stern, when a yacht sinks deeper at the stern than at the stem. cat-boat, a yacht designed for smooth water sailing; has a wide and shallow hull, large rudder hung beyond the transom, large center- board, a single mast well forward, and a single sail on a gaff and boom; usually from 12 to 40 feet in length. center board, a wooden or metallic slab working in a well at amidships; extending longitudinally and verti- cally through the keel, and capable of being lowered and raised at will; designed to give* a yacht greater stability. clew, a corner of a sail. clewline, the rope by which a sail is drawn together for furling. close-hauled, a yacht sailing as close to the wind as possible. cockpit, the open deck space near the stern. cutter, a yacht with a single mast stepped about amidships and two headsails, a fore staysail in addition to a jib. cut- water, the prow of a yacht. davits, the iron stanchions, curved at the upper end and extending over a yacht's bow, to which the small boats are raised to be swung aboard. downhaul, the rope by which a sail is lowered. draught, the depth of water to which a yacht sinks by its own weight; the depth necessary for it to float. falling off, the movement of the head of a yacht away from the wind Dictionary of Yachting fin-keel yacht, one having a very shoal body to which is attached a deep stationary fin of metal. foot of a sail, its lower edge. fore-and-aft, the entire length of a yacht. forestay, a rope or wire reaching from the head of the foremast to the end of the bowsprit to support the mast. furled, a square sail when tied close to a mast. jib-boom, a spar extending beyond the bowsprit, on which is set the jib in large craft and the flying- jib in small ones. jib-iron, the hoop attached to a jib and sliding on its boom. jibing, passing a boom sail across a yacht when sailing off the wind. jury-mast, a reserved mast for use when the standing one is damaged. gaff, a spar that extends the upper edges of a fore-and-aft sail. garboard strakes, the rows of planks nearest to and on each side of the keel. gaskets, the short lengths of rope by which furled sails are bound close to the gaffs or yards. gooseneck, the metallic joint which connects a boom with a mast. gripe, when a yacht's bow is forced upward in the wind. guy, a rope or wire to swing or steady a spar. H halyards, the ropes or tackle for raising a sail or flag. hanks, the rings of wood or metal to which the after edge of a fore-and- aft sail is fastened to enable the sail to slide easily on the mast or stay in raising and lowering. head of a sail, its upper edge. heeled, tipped or sailing on the wind. hove-to, a yacht made stationary by arranging the sails so that one part forces it forward and another part forces it backward. jib, in general, a large triangular sail; specifically, one of various types named according to their position and use, as inner-jib, outer-jib, standing-jib, flying-jib, spindle-jib, storm-jib, jib-of-jibs, etc. lead, a plummet attached to a rope held by hand, thrown overboard to ascertain the depth of water. leech of a sail, its after edge. leeside, the side of a yacht opposite to that from which the wind blows. leeward, the direction toward which the wind blows. long leg, the longes't distance on a single tack; also the longest side of a racing course. luff, the shifting of the head of a yacht toward the wind; also the fore edge of a sail. lying-to, a yacht brought close to the wind for ease in heavy weather. port, the left hand side of a yacht when looking toward the bow. R reefed, a sail reduced in size by being rolled up and having a part of it tied down to a spar. schooner, a yacht with a fore and a main mast, the latter carrying the largest sail, and bowsprit and head sajls rigged like those of a cutter. sharpie, a long, flat-bottomed yacht, having a shoal draught, long rather than deep centerboard, stern ex- tended and with round end, a fore- mast at the bow and a mainmast abaft the center of the boat, and carrying leg-o'-mutton sails. Dictionary of Yachting sheer, in sailing, to deviate from the proper course. sheet, a rope attached to a sail to extend or control it. short leg, the least distance on a single tack. shrouds, a set of ropes or wires sup- porting a mast or bowsprit and attached to the rail. sloop, a yacht with hull similar to that of a cat-boat, boom and gaff mainsail, and a large jib. sounding, finding the depth of water by the lead. sprit, a small spar that raises diag- onally the upper outer corner of an extended sail. stand-by, an order to be ready for another order or quick action. starboard, the right hand side of a yacht looking toward the bow. stays, ropes which support or control a spar in a fore and aft direction. sternboard, a yacht sailing back- wards. stowed, any sail that lowers down, when tied close to a boom. tack, the lower forecorner of a sail. tacking, changing the course of a yacht by shifting the position of its sails; advancing toward the wind's eye. taunt, lofty. taut, tight, stretched, secured. throat, on a triangular sail, the upper fore corner. tiller, the lever which controls the rudder. topping lift, a tackle by which the end of a boom is raised and held. truck, the upper extremity of a mast through which the halyards are rove. U unbend, to untie, release, cast off; opposite of bend. veering, paying out a cable. W wake, the foamy track on the left by a moving yacht. watch, a division of a crew; also the period during which a part of a crew are on duty on deck. wear, in sailing, to turn a yacht from the wind; the opposite of tacking, weather-helm, a tiller pressed to windward to keep a yacht from fly- ing into the wind. weathering, passing to windward of a vessel by close sailing. weatherside, the side of a yacht on which the wind blows. wind's eye, the direction from which the wind blows. windward, same as wind's eye. yacht, a sailing or steam vessel built for pleasure and combining speed and more or less luxury. yaw, when, despite the rudder, a yacht moves vigorously from its course. yawl, a sloop-rigged yacht with a short main boom and a second and smaller mast stepped back of the stern post, and carrying a mizzen, leg-o'-mutton, or lug sail. 1000 Facts Worth Knowing Census Figures: United States: Population of the Rank of the States Apportionment of Repre- sentation in Congress Principal Cities, Etc. Canada : Population of, 1665-1911 Growth by Provinces Population by Divisions Principal Cities, Etc, Earth, Facts about the Everyone His Own Weather Prophet Flowers, Language of Flowers, State Foreign Coins, Value of Metric System, the National Parks in the U. S. Time and Its Variations 1001 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1910 CENSUS States - AND Terkitories POPULATION Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana i . Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. . . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin , Wyoming Continental U. S Alaska Hawaii Porto Rico Military and Naval. . . . U.S. including dependencies named above 1910 138,093 204.354 574,449 377,549 799,024 114,756 202,322 331.069 752.619 609,121 325,594 ,638,591 ,700,876 ,224,771 ,690,949 ,289,905 ,656.388 742,371 ,295,346 ,366,416 810,173 ,075,708 ,797,114 ,293,335 376,053 ,192,214 81,875 430.572 ,537,167 327,301 ,113,614 ,206,287 577,056 767,121 657,155 672,765 665,111 542.610 ,515,400 583,888 184,789 896,542 373,351 355,956 061,612 141,990 221,119 333,860 145,965 972,266 64,356 191,909 118,012 55,608 93,402,151 91 1900 1,828,697 122.931 1,311,564 1,485,053 539,700 908,420 184,735 278,718 528.542 2.216.331 161,772 4,821,550 2,516,462 2,231,853 1.470,495 2,147,174 1,381,625 694,466 1,188,044 2.805,346 2.420,982 1,751,394 1,551,270 3,106,665 243.329 1,066.300 42.335 411,588 1,883,669 195,310 7,268,894 1.893,810 319,146 4,157,545 b 790,391 413,536 6,302,115 428,556 1,340,316 401,570 2,020,616 3.048,710 276,749 343,641 1,854,184 518,103 958,800 2,069,042 92,531 75,994,575 63.592 154,001 c 953 243 91,219 77,256,630 1890 1,513,401 88,243 1,128,211 1,213,398 413.249 746.258 168.493 230.392 391.422 1,837,353 88,548 3,826,352 2,192,404 1,912,297 1,428,108 1,858,635 1,118,588 661.086 1,042,390 2,238,947 2,093,890 1,310,283 1.289,600 2,679,185 142,924 1,062,656 47,355 376,530 1,444,933 160,282 6,003,174 1,617,949 190,983 3,672,329 b 258,657 317,704- 5,258,113 345,506 1,151,149 348,600 1,767,518 2.235,527 210,779 332,422 1,655,980 357,232 762,794 1,693,330 62,555 62,947,714 32,052 89,990 63,069,756 Pr.Ct. Increase 1900 Xo 1910 16.9 66.2 20.0 60.1 48.0 22.7 9.5 18.8 42.4 17.7 101.3 16.9 7.3 a0.3 15.0 6.6 19.9 6.9 9.0 20.0 16.1 18.5 15.8 6.0 54.5 11.8 93.4 4.6 34.7 67.5 25.4 16.5 80.8 14.7 bl09.7 62.7 21.6 26.6 13.1 45.4 8.1 27.8 34.9 3.6 11.2 120.4 27.4 12.8 57.7 21.0 1.2 24.6 20. (a) Decrease, (b) For purposes of comparison the 1900 population figures of Oklahoma and Indian Territory are combined, (c) 1899. (d) In the last line of this table the 1900 and 1890 pop- ulation figures do not include Porto Rico. 1002 RANK OF THE STATES, 1790-1910 State. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 Ala 19 15 12 12 13 16 46 26 24 41 25 35 34 33 12 44 4 6 11 29 8 21 23 20 7 13 28 18 5 43 36 40 31 17 37 1 14 6 45 3 17 44 25 24 35 28 38 36 34 13 46 4 6 10 20 8 22 27 23 7 9 26 18 5 45 30 43 31 19 41 1 15 6 40 3 17 a 47 24 22 31 29 43 40 32 12 46 3 8 10 19 11 25 30 27 6 9 20 21 5 45 26 49 33 18 44 1 16 42 . 4 a 39 38 2 36 23 J 35 13 7 41 37 15 34 28 14 48 18 47 25 21 32 29 45 41 33 11 46 3 8 10 22 12 23 31 26 7 9 19 20 5 43 27 49 37 16 44 1 15 40 4 c30 36 2 35 24 38 14 6 42 39 17 34 28 13 48 18 46 Ark 26 26 28 25 26 29 25 26 38 24 32 35 31 11 25 Cal 12 Col 32 Conn Del 8 16 8 17 19 9 19 22 14 22 25 16 24 25 26 10 20 26 28 27 9 21 30 33 31 9 31 47 D. of C Fla 43 33 Ga 13 12 11 11 10 Ida 45 111....* 24 21 24 18 20 13 14 10 29 11 7 27 4 6 20 33 9 17 22 19 16 30 14 8 3 Ind la 21 9 15 Kan 22 Ky 14 9 7 18 14 8 25 6 17 12 10 27 6 19 12 11 27 6 19 13 15 23 8 IS 16 17 20 36 15 13 14 La 24 Me.. 11 6 14 7 34 Md 27 Mich 6 8 19 Miss 20 20 21 22 17 21 7 Mont , 40 39 41 27 21 34 1 12 &42 3 • 29 Nev 49 N. H N.J 10 9 11 10 16 12 15 13 18 14 22 18 22 19 32 1 10 39 11 N. M 44 N, Y...... 5 3 4 2 4 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 N.C N. Dak 3 16 37 4 3 3 4 Okla 23 Ore * 34 2 14 36 2 18 38 2 32 22 37 2 33 21 35 Penn 2 7 2 6 3 6 3 8 2 9 2 11 2 38 8. C 26 S. Dak 36 Tenn Tex 17 15 10 9 7 5 5 25 35 23 4 10 23 37 28 5 40 - 9 19 39 30 10 42 27 15 47 12 11 39 32 14 42 29 16 47 17 5 Ut 41 1 1 1 2 3 21 4 42 20 Wash 30 W.Va 28 30 24 15 13 'Wyo 48 a For 1890 the rank of Arizona advances from 48 to 47 when the population specially enume- rated is included; and that of Oklahoma advances from 46 to 39 when the population of Indian Territory and Indian reservations specially enumerated is included. - b Includes South Dakota. c The ranking of Oklahoma in 1900 was 38 and Indian Territory 39. The present ranking for the eame census includes the population of Indian Territory. d For 1890 the rank of South Dakota advances from 37 to 35 when the population specially enumerated is included. 1003 APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS Ratios under Constitution and Censuses Consti- tution 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1380 1890 1900 1910 t- 00 State o o o_ o co © o o CO* CO § o CO CO o o <3 iO CO o o o o o o t> o 00 o* IS CO co" cfl 00 CO (M CO o °l co" 1^ CO Representation Ala 1 3 5 7 7 . 6 8 8 9 9 10 1 7 11 4 5 1 4 12 2 27 13 Ark 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 4 1 2 9 5 6, 1 4 1 2 10 1 20 13 11 7 11 6 4 6 12 11 5 7 14 1 3 1 2 7 6 7 2 4 1 2 11 1 22 13 11 8 11 6 4 6 13 12 7 7 15 1 6 1 2 8 7 8 3 5 1 3 11 1 25 13 11 8 11 7 4 6 14 12 9 8 16 1 6 1 2 10 Cal. Col Conn .... Del Fla .. 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 2 6 1 6 1 4 1 1 8 4 1 1 8 4 1 1 7 Ga Ida 3 2 4 6 7 9 Ill 1 1 1 3 3 7 7 10 2 9 11 2 14 . 11 6 1 9 5 5 5 10 6 2 5 9 19 13 9 3 10 6 5 6 11 9 3 6 13 Ind la 11 Kan 8 Ky 2 6 10 1 7 9 13 12 3 7 9 13 13 3 8 8 12 1 10 4 7 6 10 3 '**4' 5 10 4 6 6 11 4 2 5 7 11 la.../... 8 Me 4 Md Mass. . . . 6 8 8 14 9 17 6 16 13 10 1 1 1 2 2 8 Mo 16 Mont. .. . 2 Neb . 1 1 3 5 1 1 3 7 6 Nev 1 N. H N.J N. M.... 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 4 5 3 5 2 12 1 N. Y N.C N. Dak.. 6 5 10 17 27 34 40 34 33 31 33 34 1 21 34 1 21 37 2 21 5 2 32 2 7 2 10 16 1 2 10 3 5 11 1 43 10 3 o. w 19 21 21 19 20 22 OkT 8 Ore.. 1 25 6 1 24 4 1 27 2 5 1 28 2 7 2 10 11 2 30 2 7 2 10 13 1 2 10 2 4 10 1 3 Penn... . . R.I S.C S. Dak.. . 8 1 5 13 6 18 "8 23 9 26 9 28 9 24 7 36 3 7 3 Tenn 1 3 6 9 13 11 2 10 2 8 4 10 6 10 Tex •8 Ut Vt 19 22 23 22 21 4 15 3 13 3 11 3 ' 9 2 10 1 4 9 1 2 Va Wash 10 10 5 W. Va. 3 ■f Wis Wyo .... Total.. 65 106 142 186 213 242 232 237 243 293 332 357 391 435 1004 1 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES The following list names approximately all incorporated places in the United States having 5,000 or more inhabitants. The numerals at extreme right of column are the 1910 census figures. Capitals of States and Territories are indicated with an asterisk {*). Aberdeen, S. Dak 10,753 Aberdeen, Wash. . , 13,660 Abilene, Tex 9,204 Ada, Okla 5,000 Adams, Mass 11,900 Adrian, Mich 10,763 Akron, Ohio 69,067 Alameda, Cal 23,383 Albany, Ga 8,190 Albany, N. Y .* 100,253 Albert Lea, Minn 6,192 Albion, Mich 5,833 Albion, N.Y 5,016 Albuquerque, N. Y.. . . 11,020 Alexandria, Ind 5,096 Alexandria, La 11,213 Alexandria, Va 15,329 Alhambra, Cal 5,021 Allentown, Pa 51,913 Alliance, Ohio 15,083 Alpena, Mich 12,706 Alton, 111 17,528 Altoona, Pa 52,127 Amarillo, Tex . 9,957 Ambridge, Pa 5,205 Americus, Ga 8,063 Amesbury, Mass 8,000 Amsterdam, N. Y 31,267 Anaconda, Mont 10,134 Anderson, Ind 22,476 Anderson, S.C 9,654 Andover, Mass 6,100 Annapolis, Md* 8,609 Ann Arbor, Mich 14,817 Anniston, Ala 12,794 Ansonia, Conn 15,152 Antigo, Wis 7,196 Appleton, Wis 16,773 Archbald, Pa 7,194 Aramore, Okla 8,618 Argenta, Ark 11,138 Arkansas City, Kan. . . 7,508 Arlington, Mass 8,900 Asbury Park. N.J 10,150 Asheville, N. G 18,762 Ashland, Ky 8,688 Ashland, Ohio 6,795 Ashland, Ore 5,020 Ashland, Pa 6,855 Ashland, Wis 11.594 Ashley, Pa 5,601 Ashtabula, Ohio 18,266 Astoria, Ore 9,599 Atchison, Kan 16,429 Athens, Ga 14,913 Athens, Ohio. 5,463 Athol.. Mass 6,000 Atlanta, Ga.* 154,839 Atlantic City, N.J 46,150 Attleboro, Mass 12,400 Auburn, Me 15,064 Auburn, N. Y 34,668 Augusta, Ga 41,040 Augusta, Me.* 13,211 Aurora, 111 29,807 Austin, Minn 6,960 Austin, Tex* 29,860 Baker City, Ore 6,742 Bakersfield, Cal 12,727 Baltimore, Md 558,485 Bangor, Me 24,803 Bangor, Pa 5,369 Baraboo, Wis 6,324 Barberton, Ohio 9,410 Barre, Vt 10,734 Bartlesville, Okla 8,000 Batavia, N.Y 11,613 Bath, Me 9,396 Bath, N.Y 6,000 Baton Rouge, La* 14,897 Battle Creek, Mich 25,267 Bay City, Mich 45,166 Bayonne, N.J 55,545 Beardstown, 111 6,107 Beatrice, Neb 9,356 Beaumont, Tex 20,640 Beaverdam, Wis 6,758 Beaver Falls, Pa 12,191 Bedford, Ind 8,716 Bellaire, Ohio 12,946 Belief ontaine, Ohio 8,238 Belleville, 111 21,122 Bellevue, Ky 6,683 Bellevue, Ohio 5,209 Bellevue, Pa 6,323 Bellingham, Wash 24,298 Bellows Falls, Vt 6,000 Beloit, Wis 15,125 Belvidere, 111 7,253 Bemidji, Minn 5,099 Bennington, Vt 7,500 Benton Harbor, Mich. . 9^185 Berkeley, Cal 40,434 Berkley, Va 5,700 Berlin, N.H 11,780 Berwick, Pa 5,357 Berwyn, 111 5,841 Bessemer, Ala 10,864 Bethlehem, Pa 12,837 Beverly, Mass 18,650 Biddeford, Me 17,079 Billings, Mont 10,031 Biloxi, Miss 7,988 Binghamton, N.Y 48,443 1005 Birmingham, Ala 132,685 Bisbee, Ariz 10,000 Bismarck, N. Dak.*. . . 5,443 Blakely, Pa 5.345 Bloomfield, N. J 15,070 Bloomington, 111 25,768 Bloomington, Ind 8,838 Bloomsburg, Pa 7,413 Bluefield, W. Va 11,188 Blue Island, 111 8,043 Boise, Idaho* 17,358 Boone, Iowa 10,347 Boston, Mass* 670,585 Boulder, Colo 9,539 Bowling Green, Ky 9,173 Bowling Green, Ohio. . 5,222 Boyne City, Mich 5,218 Bozeman, Mont 5,107 Braddock, Pa 19,357 Bradford, Pa 14,544 Brainerd, Minn 8,526 Brattleboro, Vt 8,000 Brazil, Ind 9,340 Brewer, Me 5,667 Bridgeport, Conn 102,054 Bridgeton, N.J 14,209 Bristol, Conn 9,527 Bristol, Pa 9,256 Bristol, R.I 8,450 Bristol, Tenn 7,148 Bristol, Va 6,247 Brockton, Mass 56,878 Brookfield, Mo. 5,749 Brookhaven, Miss 5,293 Brookline, Mass 27,792 Brownsville, Tex 10,517 Brownwood, Tex 6,967 Brunswick, Ga 10,182 Brunswick, Me 5,341 Bucyrus, Ohio 8,122 Buffalo, N.Y 423,715 Burlington, Iowa 24,324 Burlington, N. J 8,336 Burlington, Vt 20,468 Butler, Pa 20,728 Butte, Mont 39,165 Cadillac, Mich 8,375 Cairo, 111 14,548 Calais, Me 6,116 Calumet, Mich 30,000 Cambridge, Md 6,407 Cambridge, Mass 104,839 Cambridge, Ohio 11,327 Camden, N.J 94,538 Camden, N.Y 5*000 Canal Dover, Ohio 6,621 Canandaigua, N.Y 7,217 Principal Cities of the United States — Continued Canon City, Colo. . . . . 5,162 Columbia, Pa . 11,454 Duluth, Minn . 78,466 Canton, 111 . 10,453 Columbia, S.C.* . «26,319 Dunkirk, N.Y . 17,221 Canton, Ohio . 50,217 Columbia, Tenn . 5,754 Dunmore, Pa . 17,615 Cape Girardeau, Mo . . 8,475 Columbus, Ga . 20,554 Duquesne, Pa . 15,727 Carbondale, 111 . 5,411 Columbus, Ind . 8,813 Duquoin, 111 . 5,454 Carhondale, Pa . 17,040 Columbus, Miss . 8,988 Durant, Okla . 5,330 Caribou, Me . 5,377 . 10,303 . 10,009 Columbus, Neb Columbus, Ohio.* Concord, N.H* . 5,014 .181,511 . 21,497 Durham, N.C Duryea, Pa East Chicago, Ind. . . . . 18,241 . 7,487 . 19,098 Carnegie, Pa Carrick, Pa . 6,117 . 2,466 Concord, N. C Conneaut, Ohio . 8,715 . 8,319 East Cleveland, Ohio. East Conemaugh, Pa. . 9,179 . 5,046 Carson City, Nev.* . . Carthage, Mo . 9,4§3 . 12,845 Easthampton, Mass. . East Hartford, Conn . . 8,110 Catasauqua, Pa . 5,250 Connersville, Ind . 7,738 . 5,500 Catskill. N.Y . 5,296 Conshohocken, Pa.. . . . 7,480 East Liverpool, Ohio . . 20,387 Qedar Falls, Iowa. . . . . 5,012 Coraopolis, Pa . 5,252 Easton, Pa . 28,523 Cedar Rapids, Iowa. . . 32,811 Cordele, Ga . 5,883 East Orange, N.J. . . . . 34,371 Center ville, Iowa .... . 6,936 Corinth, Miss . 5,020 East* Pittsburg, Pa. . . . 5,615 Central Falls, R.I . 22,754 Corning, N.Y . 13,730 East Providence, R. I . 13,500 Centralia, 111 . 9,680 Corpus Christi, Tex. . . 8,222 East Saint Louis, 111 . . 58,547 Centralia, Wash . 7,311 Corry, Pa . 5,991 Eau Claire, Wis . 18,310 Chambersburg, Pa . . . . 11,800 Corsicana, Tex . 9.749 Edwardsville, 111 . 5,014 Champaign, 111 . 12,421 Cortland.N. Y . 11,504 Edwardsville, Pa ... . . 8,407 Chanute, Kan . 9,272 Coshocton, Ohio . 9,603 Elberton, Ga . 6,483 Charleroi, Pa . 9,615 Council Bluffs, Iowa. . . 29,292 Elgin, 111 . 25,976 Charles City, Iowa. . . . 5,892 Covington, Ky . 53,270 Elizabeth, N.J . 73,409 Charleston, 111 . 5,884 Cranston, R.I . 21,171 Elizabeth City, N.C. . 8,412 Charleston, S. C . 58,833 Crawfordsville, Ind.. . . 9,371 Elkhart, Ind . 19,282 Charleston, W. Va.*.. . 22,996 Creston, Iowa . 6,924 Elkins, W. Va . 5,260 Charlotte, N. C . 34,014 Cripple Creek, Col. . . . 6,206 Elmira, N.Y . 37,176 Charlottesville, Va. . . . 6,765 Crookston, Minn . 7,559 El Paso, Tex . 39,279 Chattanooga, Tenn . . . 44,604 Crowley, La . 5,099 El Reno, Okla . 7,000 Cheboygan, Mich. . . . . 6,859 Cumberland, Md . 21,839 Elwood, Ind . 11,028 . 32,452 . 38.537 Dallas, Tex . 92,104 . 5,324 . 14,825 Chester, Pa Dalton, Ga Emporia, Kan . 9,058 Cheyenne. Wyo.* . 11,320 Danbury, Conn Dansville, N.Y . 20,234 Englewood, N.J . 9,924 Chicago, 111 2.1? . 5,000 Enid, Okla . 13,799 Chicago Heights, 111. . . 14,525 Danvers, Mass . 7,950 Ennis, Tex . 5,669 Chickasha, Okla . 10,320 Danville, 111 . 27,871 Erie, Pa . 66,525 Chicopee, Mass . 25,401 Danville, Ky . 5,420 Escanaba, Mich . 13,194 Chicopee Falls, Mass. Chillicothe, Mo . "8,500 . 6,265 . 7,517 . 19,020 Etna Pa . 5,830 Danville, Va Eugene, Ore . 9,009 Chillicothe, Ohio . 14,508 Darby, Pa . 6,305 Eureka, Cal . 11,8*5 Chippewa Falls, Wis . . 8,893 Davenport, Iowa . 43,028 Evanston, 111 . 24,978 Chisholm, Minn . 7,684 Dayton, Ky . 6,979 Evansville, Ind . 69,647 Cicero, 111 . 14,557 Dayton, Ohio .116,577 Eveleth, Mo . 7,036 Cincinnati, Ohio .363,591 Decatur, 111 . 31,140 Everett, Mass . 33,484 Circleville, Ohio . 6,744 Defiance, Ohio ,. . . 7,327 Everett, Wash . 24,814 Claremont, N.H . 7,529 DeKalb, 111 . 8,102 Fairbury, Neb . 5,294 Clarksburg, W. Va... . 9,201 Delaware, Ohio . 9,076 Fairmont, W.Va . 9,711 Clarksville, Tenn . 8,548 Delphos, Ohio . 5,038 Fall River, Mass .119,295 Clearfield, Pa . 6,851 Denison, Tex . 13,632 Fargo, N. Dak . 20,580 Cleburne, Tex . 10,364 Denver, Colo.* .213,381 Fayetteville, N.C . 7,045 Cleveland, Ohio . 560,663 Derby, Conn . 8,991 Fergus Falls, Minn. . . . 6,887 Cleveland, Tenn . 5,549 Derry, N.H . 5,123 Findlay, Ohio 14,858 Clifton Forge, Va . 5,743 Des Moines, Iowa* . . . 86,368 Fitchburg, Mass . 37,826 Clinton, 111 . 5,165 Detroit, Mich .465,766 Fitzgerald, Ga . 5,795 Clinton, Ind . 6,229 Devils Lake, N. Dak . . 5,157 Flat River, Mo 5,112 Clinton, Iowa . 25,577 Dickinson, N. Dak. . . . 5,000 Flint, Mich 38,550 . 13,000 . 7,031 . 9,331 . 7,216 6,689 Cloquet, Minn Dixon, 111 Florence, S. C 7,057 18,797 Coaldale, Pa . 5,154 Donora, Pa . 8,174 Fond du Lac, Wis. . . . Coalgate, Okla . 6,000 Dothan, Ala . 7,016 Forest City, Pa 5,749 Coatesville, Pa . 11,084 Douglas, Ariz . 8,000 Forest Park, 111 6,594 Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. .. 7,291 Dover, Del.* . 3,720 Fort Collins, Colo.... 8,210 Coffey ville, Kan . 12,687 Dover, N.H . 13,247 Fort Dodge, Iowa. . . . 15,543 Cohoes, N.Y . 24,709 Dover, N. J . 7,468 Fort Madison, Iowa. . 8,900 Coldwater.Mich . 5,945 Dowagiac, Mich . 5,088 Fort Scott, Kan 10,463 Collinsville, 111 . 7,478 Dublin, Ga . 5,795 Fort Smith, Ark 23,975 Colorado Springs.Colo . 29,078 Dubois, Pa . 12,623 Fort Wayne, Ind 63,933 Columbia, Mo . 9,662 Dubuque, Iowa . 38,494 Fort Worth, Tex 73,312 1006 Principal Cities of the United States— Continued Fostoria, Ohio . 9,597 Hagerstown, Md . 16,507 Ishpeming, Mich. . . . . 12,448 Frankfort, Ind . 8,634 Hamilton, Ohio . 35,279 Ithaca, N.Y . 14,802 Frankfort, Ky* Franklin, N.H . 10,465 Hammond, Ind . 20,925 Jackson, Mich . 31,433 . 6,132 Hammonton, N. J . 5,088 Jackson, Miss.* . 21,262 Franklin, Pa . 9,767 Hampton, Va . 5,505 Jackson, Ohio . 5,468 Frederick, Md . 10,411 Hancock, Mich . 8,981 Jackson, Term . 15,779 Fredericksburg, Va . . . 5,874 Hannibal, Mo 18,341 Jacksonville, Fla . 57,699 . 5,285 . 6,197 7,057 5,309 Jacksonville, 111 Jamestown, N. Y . 15,326 Freeland, Pa Harrisburg, 111 . 31,297 . 17,567 . 8,718 Harrisburg, Pa.* Harrison, N. J . 64,186 14,498 Jamestown, N. Dak. Janesville, Wis . 6,100 Fremont, Neb . 13,894 Fremont, Ohio Fresno, Cal . 9,939 : 24,892 Harrisonburg, Va Hartford, Conn.* 4,879 . 98,915 . 8,077 Jefferson City, Mo.*. . 11,850 Frostburg, Md . 6,028 Hartford, Ind . 6,187 Jefferson ville, Ind.. . . 10,412 Fulton, Mo . 5,228 Hartwell, Ohio 2,600 Jersey City, N.J .267,779 Fulton, N.Y . 10,480 . 10,557 Harvey, 111 Hastings, Neb . 7,227 9,338 Jersey Shore, Pa Johnson City, Tenn. . . 5,381 Gadsden, Ala . 8,502 Gainesville, Fla . 6,183 Hattiesburg, Miss. . . . 11,733 Johnstown, N. Y . 10,447 Gainesville, Ga . 5,925 Haverhill, Mass 44,115 Johnstown, Pa . 55,482 Gainesville, Tex . 7,624 5,669 Joliet, 111 . 34,670 . 6,096 . 22,089 Hazleton, Pa Helena, Ark 25,452 8,772 Jonesboro, Ark Joplin, Mo . 7,123 Galesburg, 111 . 32,073 Galion, Ohio . 7,214 Helena, Mont.* 12,515 Junction City, Kan.. . 5,598 Gallipolis, Ohio . 5,560 Henderson, Ky 11,452 Juniata, Pa . 5,285 Galveston, Tex . 36,981 Herkimer, N. Y 7,520 Kalamazoo, Mich. . . . . 39,437 Gardiner, Me . 5,311 Herrin, 111 6,861 Kalispell, Mont . 5,549 Gardner, Mass Garfield, N.J . 13,910 Hibbing, Minn.. Highpoint, N. C 8,832 . 6,626 . 10,213 . 9,525 Kankakee, 111 . 13,986 . 16,802 Hillsboro, Tex . 6,115 5,001 Kansas City, Kan. . . . Kansas City, Mo . 82,331 Gastonia, N.C Hillsdale, Mich .248,381 Geneva, N.Y . 12,446 Hoboken, N.J 70,324 Kearney, Neb . 6,202 Georgetown, S.C . 5,530 Holland, Mich „ 10,490 Kearny, N. J . 18,659 . 5,401 . 5,540 Holyoke, Mass Homestead, Pa 57,730 18,713 Keene, N.H Kenosha, Wis . 10,068 Glassport, Pa . 21,371 Glen Cove, N.Y 7,600 Hoosick Falls, N. Y. . Hopkinsville, Ky 5,532 9,419 . 7,185 Glens FaUs, N.Y Keokuk, Iowa . 14,008 Globe, Ariz . 12,000 Hoquiam, Vv ash 8,171 Kewanee, 111 . 9,307 Gloucester, Mass . 24,398 Hornell, N.Y 13,617 Key West, Fla . 19,945 Gloucester, N. J . 9,462 Hot Springs, Ark 14,434 Kingston, N. Y . 25,908 Gloversville, N.Y. . . . 20,642 Houghton, Mich . 5,113 Kingston, Pa . 6,449 Goldsboro N.C . 6,107 Houlton, Me 5,845 Kinston, N. C . 6,995 Goshen, Ind 5,024 Kirksville, Mo . 6,347 Grafton, W. Va 7,563 Houston, Tex 78,800 Knoxville, Pa . 5,651 Grand Forks, N. Dak. 12,478 Houston Heights, Tex . 6,984 Knoxville, Tenn . 36,346 Grand Haven, Mich.. 5,856 Hudson, Mass 5,200 Kokomo, Ind . 17.010 Grand Island, Neb. . . 10,326 Hudson, N. Y.. 11,417 Lackawanna, N.Y... . 14,549 Grand Junction, Colo. . 7,754 Hudson Falls, N. Y. . 5,189 Laconia, N. H . 10,183 Grand Rapids, Mich. . 112,571 Hugo, Okla 5,000 La Crosse, Wis . 30,417 Grand Rapids, Wis. . . 6,521 Huntingdon, Pa 6,861 Lafayette, Ind . 20,081 Granite City, 111 9,903 Huntington, Ind 10,272 Lafayette, La . 6,392 Great Falls, Mont 13,948 Huntington, N. Y.. . . 5,000 Lagrange, Ga . 5,587 Greeley, Colo 8,179 Huntington, W. Va. . . 31,161 Lagrange, 111 . 5,282 Greenbay, Wis 25,236 Hunts ville, Ala 7,611 Lake Charles, La . 11,449 Greenfield, Mass 9,910 Huron, S. Dak 5,791 Lake City, Fla . 5,032 Greensboro, N.C 15,895 Hutchinson, Kan 16,364 Lakewood, Ohio . L5.181 Greensburg, Ind 5,420 Hyde Park, Mass 14,507 Lancaster, Ohio Lancaster, Pa . 13,093 Greensburg, Pa 13.012 Ilion, N.Y 6,588 . 47,227 Greenville, Miss . 9,610 Independence, Kan.. . 10,480 Lansford, Pa . 8,321 Greenville, Ohio . 6,237 Independence, Mo 9,859 Lattsing, Mich.* . 31,229 Greenville, Pa 5,909 Indiana, Pa 5,749 Laporte, Ind . 10,525 Greenville, S.C : 15,741 Indianapolis, Ind.*. . . . Indian Orchard, Mass 233,650 6,200 . 8,237 Greenville, Tex. ..... 8,850 Laredo, Tex . 14,855 Greenwood, Miss 5,836 Iola, Kan 9,032 Larksville, Pa . 9,288 Greenwood, S.C 6,614 Ionia, Mich 5,030 La Salle, 111 . 11,537 Griffin, Ga 7,478 Iowa City, Iowa 10,091 Las Vegas, N. M . 8,600 Grinnell, Iowa 5,036 Ipswich, Mass 5,000 Latrobe, Pa . 8,777 Gulfport, Miss 6,386 Iron Mountain, Mich. . 9,216 Laurel, Miss . 8,465 Guthrie, Okla.* Ironton, Ohio 13,147 Laurium, Mich . 8,537 Guttenberg, N. J 5,647 Ironwood, Mich 12,821 Lawrence, Kan . 12,374 Hackettstown, N. J. . 14,050 Irvington, N.J 11,877 Lawrence, Mass . 85,892 1007 Principal Cities of the United States — Continued Lawton, Okla 7,788 Lead, S. Dak 8,392 Leadville, Colo 7,508 Leavenworth, Kan 19,363 Lebanon, Ind 5,474 Lebanon, N. H 5,718 Lebanon, Pa 19,240 Lehighton, Pa 5,316 Leominster, Mass 14,910 Lestershire, N.Y 5,000 Lewiston, Idaho 6,043 Lewiston, Me 26,247 Lewiston, Pa 8,166 Lexington, Ky 35,099 Lexington, Mo 5,242 Lexington, Va 5,000 Lima, Ohio 30,508 Lincoln, 111 10,892 Lincoln, Neb * 43,973 Linton, Ind 5,906 Litchfield, 111 5,971 Little Falls, Minn 6,078 Little Falls, N. Y 12,273 Little Rock, Ark.* 45,941 Livingston, Mont. . . . 5,359 Lock Haven, Pa 7,772 Lockport, N. Y 17,970 Logan, Utah 7,522 Logansport, Ind 19,050 Longbeach, Cal 17,809 Long Branch, N. J 13,298 Longview, Tex 5,155 Lorain, Ohio 28,883 Los Angeles, Cal 319,198 Louisville, Ky 223,928 Lowell, Mass 106,294 Ludington, Mich 9,132 Luzerne, Pa 5,426 Lynchburg, Va 29,494 Lynn, Mass 89,336 McAlester, Okla 12,954 McComb.Miss 6,237 McKeesport, Pa 42,694 McKees Rocks, Pa 14,702 Macomb, 111 5,774 Macon, Ga 40,665 Madison, 111 5,046 Madison, Ind 6,934 Madison, Wis* 25,531 Madisonville, Ohio 5,193 Mahanoy City, Pa. . . . 15,936 Maiden, Mass 44,404 Malone.N. Y 6,467 Mamaroneck, N. Y 5,699 Manchester, N. H 70,063 Manchester, Va 12,200 Manhattan, Kan 5,722 Manistee, Mich 12,381 Manitowoc, Wis 13.027 Mankato.Minn 10,365 Mansfield, Ohio 20,768 Marblehead, Mass 7,010 Marietta, Ga 5,949 Marietta, Ohio 12,923 Marinette, Wis 14,610 "Marion, 111 7,093 Marion, Ind.., 19,359 Marion, Ohio 19.232 Marlboro, Mass 14,579 Marquette, Mich 11,503 Marshall, Tex 11,452 Marshalltown.Iowa. . . 13,374 Marshfield, Wis 5,783 Martinsburg, W. Va. . . 10,698 Martins Ferry, Ohio. . . 9,133 Marysville, Cal 5,430 Mason City, Iowa. . . . . 11,230 Massillon, Ohio 13,879 Matteawan, N. Y 6,727 Mattoon.IIl 11,456 Mayfield.Ky 5,916 Maynard, Mass 5,910 Maysville, Ky 6,141 Maywood, 111 8,033 Meadville, Pa 12,780 Mechanicsville, N.Y.. . 6,634 Medford.Mass 23,150 Medford.Ore 8,-840 Medina, N. Y 5,683 Melrose, Mass 15,715 Memphis, Tenn 131,105 Menasha, Wis 6,081 Menominee, Mich 10,507 Menomonie, Wis 5,036 Meriden, Conn. . '. 27,265 Meridian, Miss 23,285 Merrill, Wis 8,689 Methuen, Mass 9,110 Mexico, Mo 5,939 Miami, Fla 5,471 Michigan City, Ind... 19,027 Middleboro, Mass 5,700 Middlesboro, Ky 7,305 Middletown, Conn 11,851 Middletown, N. Y 15,313 Middletown, Ohio 13,152 Middletown, Pa 5,374 Milford, Mass...: 12,910 Millvale, Pa 7,861 Millville, N. J 12,451 Milton, Mass 7,210 Milton, Pa 7,460 Milwaukee, Wis 373,857 Minersville, Pa 7,240 Minneapolis, Minn 301,408 Minot, N. Dak 6,188 Mishawaka, Ind 11,886 Missoula, Mont 12,869 Mitchell, S. Dak 6,515 Moberly, Mo 10,923 Mobile, Ala 51,521 Moline.Ill 24,199 Monessen, Pa 11,775 Monmouth, 111 9,128 Monongahela, Pa 7,598 Monroe, La 10,209 Monroe, Mich 6,893 Montclair, N. J 21,550 Montgomery, Ala.*. . . 38,136 Montpelier, Vt.* 7,856 Morenci, Ariz 7,000 Morgan City, La 5,477 Morgantown, W. Va. . . 9,150 Morristown, N. J 12,507 Moundsville, W. Va . . . 8,918 Mt.Carmel.IH 6,934 Mt. Carmel, Pa 17,532 Mt. Clemens, Mich 7,707 Mt. Pleasant, Pa 5,812 Mt. Vernon, 111 8,007 1008 Mt. Vernon, Ind 5,563 Mt. Vernon, N.Y 30,919 Mt. Vernon, Ohio 9,087 Muncie.Ind 24,005 Munhall.Pa 5,185 Murphysboro ,111 7 ,485 Muscatine, Iowa 16,178 Muskegon, Mich 24,062 Muskogee, Okla 25.278 Nanticoke.Pa 18 877 Napa, Cal 15,' 91 Nashua, N. H 26,005 Nashville, Tenn.* 110,364 Natchez, Miss 11,791 Natick, Mass 8,900 Natick, R. 1 5,000 Naugatuck, Conn. .... 12,722 Nebraska City, Neb . . . 5,488 Neenah, Wis 5,734 Negaunee, Mich 8,460 Nelsonville, Ohio 6,082 Nevada, Mo 7,176 New Albany, Ind 20,629 Newark, N.J 347,469 Newark, N.Y 6,2?7 Newark, Ohio 25,404 New Bedford, Mass. . . 96,652 Newbern, N.C 9,961 Newberry, S.C 5,028 New Brighton, Pa 8,329 New Britain, Conn. . . . 43,916 New Brunswick, N. J . . 23,388 Newburg, Ohio 5,813 Newburgh, N. Y 27,805 Newburyport, Mass. . . 14,949 Newcastle, Ind 9,446 New Castle, Pa 36,280 New Decatur, Ala 6,118 New Haven, Conn 133,605 New Iberia, La 7,499 New Kensington, Pa. 7,707 New London, Conn 19,659 Newnan, Ga 5,548 New Orleans, La 339,075 New Philadelphia, O . . 8,542 Newport, Ky 30,309 Newport, R.I 27,149 Newport News, Va 20,205 New Rochelle, N. Y. . . 28,867 Newton, Kan 7,862 Newton, Mass 39,806 Newton Center, Mass. 6,000 Newtonville, Mass! .... 5,700 New Ulm, Minn 5,648 New York, N. Y. .. .4,776,883 Niagara Falls, N. Y.. . 30,445 Niles, Mich 5,156 Niles, Ohio 8,361 Noblesville, Ind 5,073 Norfolk, Neb 6,025 Norfolk, Va 67,452 Norristown, Pa 27,875 North Adams, Mass. . . 22,019 Northampton, Mass. . . 19,431 Northampton, Pa 8,729 North Andover, Mass. 5,210 North Attleboro, Mass. 7,910 North Br addock , Pa . . . 1 1 ,824 North Plainfield, N.J. . 6,117 North Tarrytown.N.Y. 5,421 Principal Cities of the United States — Continued North Tonawanda.N.Y 11,955 Pierre, S. Dak.* . . 3,656 Rock Island, 111 . 24,335 North Yakima, Wash. 14,082 Pinebluff, Ark .. 15,102 Rockland, Me. ..... . 8,174 Norwalk, Conn. . . . . . 6,954 Piqua, Ohio .. 13,388 Rock Springs, Wyo. . . 5,778 Norwalk.Ohio . . 7.85S Pittsburg, Kan. .. 14,755 Rockville, Conn . 7,977 .. 20,367 . . 7,422 Pittsburg, Pa r! . .533,905 Rocky mount, N. C. . . Rome, Ga . 8,051 . 12,099 Norwich, N. Y Pittsfield, Mass .. 32,121 Norwood, Mass .... . . 7,910 Pittston, Pa .. 16,267 Rome, N. Y . 20,497 Norwood, Ohio ... 16,185 Plainfield, N. J. . . , . . . 20,550 Roosevelt, N. J . 5,786 Nutley, N. J . . 6,009 Plattsburg, N. Y .. 11,138 Rosedale, Kan . 5,960 Oakland, Cal ..150,174 Plymouth, Mass. . . . .. 11,200 Roswell, N. M . 6,172 Oak Park, 111 .. 19,444 Plymouth, Pa .. 16,996 Rumford Falls, Me. . . 5,427 . . 5,629 Pocatello, Idaho. . . . Pomona, Cal .. 9,110 . . 10,207 Rutherford, N. J. ... Rutland, Vt . 7,045 Oelwein, Iowa . . 6,028 . 13,546 Ogden.Utah .. 25,580 Pontiac, 111 . . 6,090 Saco, Me . 6,583 Ogdensburg, N. Y. . .. 15,933 Pontiac, Mich . . 14,532 Sacramento, Cal.* . . . . 44,696 Oil City, Pa .. 15,657 Poplarbluff, Mo. . . . . . 6,916 Saginaw, Mich . 50,510 Oklahoma, Okla .. 61,205 Portage, Wis . . 5,440 St. Albans, Vt . 6,381 Oldforge, Pa .. 11,324 Port Arthur, Tex. . . . . 7,663 Saint Augustine, Fla. . 5,494 Oldtown, Me . . 6,317 Port Chester, N. Y.. . . 12,809 St. Bernard, Ohio . . . . 5,002 Olean, N. Y .. 14,743 Port Huron, Mich. . . . 18,863 St. Charles, Mo . 9,437 Olney, 111 . . 5,011 Port Jervis, N. Y. . . . . 9,564 St. Clair, Pa. (Alle- Olympia, Wash.*. . . . . 6,996 Portland, Ind . . 5,130 gheny Co.) . 5,640 Olyphant, Pa . . 8,505 Portland, Me . . 58,571 St. Clair, Pa. (Schuyl- Omaha, Neb . . 124,096 Portland, Ore ..207,214 kill Co.) . 6,455 Oneida, N. Y . . 8,317 Portsmouth, N. H. . . . 11,269 St. Cloud, Minn . 10,600 Oneonta, N. Y . . 9,491 Portsmouth, Ohio . . . . 23,481 St. Johnsbury, Vt. . . . 7,000 Orange, N. J . . 29,630 Portsmouth, Va. . . . . . 33,190 St. Joseph, Mich . 5,936 Orange, Tex . . 5,527 Pottstown, Pa . . 15,599 St. Joseph, Mo . 77,403 Orangeburg, S.C. . . . . . 5,906 Pottsville, Pa . . 20,236 St. Louis, Mo .687,029 Oshkosh, Wis Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . . 27,936 St. Marys, Ohio . 5,732 Oskaloosa, Iowa . . 9,466 Prescott, Ariz . . 5,092 St. Marys, Pa . 6,346 Ossining, N. Y .. 11,480 Presque Isle, Me. . . . . . 5,179 St. Paul, Minn * .214,744 Oswego, N. Y .. 23,368 Princeton, Ind . . 6,448 Salamanca, N. Y. ... . 5,792 Ottawa, 111 . . 9,535 Princeton, N. J. ... . . 5,136 Salem, Mass . 43,697 Ottawa, Kan . . 7,650 Providence, R. I.* . .224,326 Salem, N. J . 6,614 Ottumwa, Iowa . . 22,012 Provo, Utah . 8,925 Salem, Ohio . 8,943 Owatonna, Minn. . . . . 5,658 Pueblo, Colo . . 44,395 Salem, Ore.* . 14,094 Owensboro, Ky . .... .. 16,011 Punxsutawney, Pa . . . 9,058 Salina, Kan . 9,688 Owosso, Mich . . 9,639 Putnam, Conn . . 6,637 Salisbury, Md . 6,690 Paducah, Ky Painesville, Ohio. . . . . . 22,760 . . 36,587 Salisbury, N. C Salt Lake City, Utah* . 7,153 . . 5,501 Quincy, Mass . . 32,642 92,777 Palestine, Tex . . 10,482 Racine, Wis . . 38,002 San Angelo, Tex. . . . . 10,321 Palmer, Mass . . 5,950 Radford, Va . . 4,202 San Antonio, Tex. . . . . 96,614 Pana, 111 . . 6,055 Rahway.N. J . . 9,337 San Bernardino, Cal. . . 12,779 Paragould, Ark . . 5,248 Raleigh, N. C* . . 19,218 San Diego, Cal . 39,578 Paris, 111 Rankin Station, Pa. Raton, N. M . . 6,042 . . 5,100 Sandusky, Ohio Sanford, Me . 19,989 Paris, Ky . .'. . . 5,859 . 9,049 Paris, Tex .. 11,269 Ravenna, Ohio .... . . 5,310 San Francisco, Cal. . .416,912 Park, Tenn . . 5,126 Reading, Pa . . 96,071 San Jose, Cal . 28-,946 Parkersburg, W. Va. ;. 17,842 Red Bank, N.J . . 7,398 San Luis Obispo, Cal. 5,157 Parsons, Kans .. 12,463 Redlands, Cal. ..... . . 10,449 San Rafael, Cal . 5,934 Pasadena, Cal .. 30,291 Red Wing, Minn. . . . . 9,048 Santa Ana, Cal . 8,429 .. 54,773 Reno, Nev . . 10,867 Santa Barbara, Cal. . . 11,659 Paterson, N. J . . 125,600 Rensselaer, N. Y. . . 10,711 Santz Cruz, Cal . 11,146 Pawtucket, R. I .. 51,622 Revere, Mass . . 18,219 Santa Fe, N. M* . . . . 5,072 Peabody, Mass .. 14,910 Rhinelander, Wis. . . . . 5,637 Santa Monica, Cal. . . 7,847 Peekskill, N. Y .. 15,245 Richmond, Cal . . 6,802 Santa Bosa, Cal . 7,817 Pekin, 111 . . 9,S97 Richmond, Ind . . 22,324 Sapulpa, Okla . 5,000 PennYan.N.Y . . 4,597 Richmond, Ky . . 5,340 Saratoga Springs, N. Y . 12,693 Pensacola, Fla . . 22,982 Richmond, Va.* .... . . 127,628 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 12,615 Peoria, 111 . . 66,950 Ridgewood, N. J. . . . . . 5,416 Savannah, Ga . 65,064 Perth Amboy, N. J. . Peru, 111 . . 32,121 Ridgway, Pa Riverside, Cal . . 5,408 . 6,426 . . 7,984 . . 15,212 Schenectady, N. Y. . . 72,826 Peru, Ind .. 10.910 Roanoke, Va . . 34,874 Scottdale, Pa . 5,456 Petaluma, Cal . . 8,580 Rochester, Minn. . . . . 7,844 Scranton, Pa . 129,867 Petersburg, Va .. 24,127 Rochester, N. H. . . . . 8,868 Seattle, Wash .237,194 Philadelphia, Pa .1,549,008 Rochester, N. Y. . . . ..218,149 Sedalia, Mo . 17,822 Phillipsburg, N.J... .. 13,903 Rochester, Pa . . 5,903 Selma, Ala . 13,649 Phoenix, Ariz.*. . . . .. 11,134 Rockford, 111 .. 45,401 Seneca Falls, N. Y. . . 6,588 Phoenixville.Pa .. 10,743 Rockhill, S. C 1009 . . 7,216 Seymour, Ind . 6,305 Principal Cities of the United States — Continued Shamokin, Pa 19,588 Sharon, Pa 15,270 Sharpsburg, Pa 8,153 Shawnee, Okla 12,474 Sheboygan, Wis 26,398 Shelbyville, Ind 9,500 Shenandoah, Pa 25,774 Sheridan, Wyo 8,408 Sherman, Tex 12,412 Shreveport, La 28,015 Sidney, Ohio 6,607 Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 Sioux Falls, S. Dak. . . 14,094 Skowhegan, Me 5,341 Solvay, N. Y 5,139 Somersworth, N. H. . . 6,704 Somerville, Mass 77,236 Somerville, N. J 5,060 South Amboy, N.J 7,007 South Bend, Ind 53,684 South Bethlehem, Pa . . 19,973 Southbridge, Mass 10,210 So. Framingham.Mass. 9,100 South Haven, Mich. .. 6,000 So. Manchester, Conn. 9,000 South Milwaukee, Wis. 6,092 South Norwalk, Conn. 8,968 South Omaha, Neb 26,259 South Orange, N. J 6,014 South Portland , Me . . . 7,471 South Sharon, Pa 10,190 Spartanburg, S. C 17,517 Spencer, Mass 6,500 Spokane, Wash 104,402 Springfield, 111* 51,678 Springfield, Mass 88,926 Springfield, Mo 35,201 Springfield, Ohio 46,921 Spring Valley, 111 7,035 Stamford, Conn 25,138 Staunton, 111 5,048 Staunton, Va 10,604 Steelton, Pa 14,246 Sterling, 111 7,467 Steuben ville, Ohio 22,391 Stevens Point, Wis 8,692 Stillwater, Minn. 10,198 Stockton, Cal. . .•; 23,253 Stoneham, Mass 6,910 Streator, 111 14,253 Suffolk, Va 7,600 Sulphur Springs, Tex . . 5,151 Summit, N.J 7,500 Sumter, S. C 8,109 Sunbury, Pa 13,770 Superior, Wis 40,384 Swampscott, Mass. . . . 5,910 Swissvale, Pa 7,381 Swoyersville, Pa 5,396 Syracuse, N. Y 137,249 Tacoma,Wash 83,743 Talladega, Ala 5,854 Tallahassee, Fla.* 5,018 Tamaqua, Pa 9,462 Tampa, Fla 37,782 Tarentum.Pa. 7,414 Tarry town, N. Y 5,600 Taunton, Mass 34,259 Taylor, Pa 9,060 Taylor, Tex 5,314 Taylorville, III 5,446 Temple, Tex 10,993 Terre Haute, Ind 58,157 Terrell, Tex 7,050 Texarkana, Ark 5,655 Texarkana, Tex 9,790 Thomasville, Ga 6,727 Thompsonville, Conn. 6,000 Three Rivers, Mich... 5,072 Throop, Pa 5,133 Tiffin, Ohio 11,894 Titusville, Pa 8,533 Toledo, Ohio 168,497 Tombstone, Ariz 5,000 Tonawanda, N. Y 8,290 Topeka, Kan.* 43,684 Torrington, Conn 15,483 Traverse City, Mich. . . 12,115 Trenton, Mo 5,656 Trenton, N. J.* 96,815 Trinidad, Colo 10,204 Troy, N. Y 76,813 Troy, Ohio 6,122 Tucson, Ariz 13,193 Tulsa, Okla 18,182 Turners Falls, Maes. . . 5,200 Tuscaloosa, Ala 8,407 Twin Falls, Idaho 5,258 Tyler, Tex 10,400 Tyrone, Pa :. 7,176 Union, N.J 21,023 Union, S. C 5,623 Uniontown, Pa 13,344 Urbana', III 8,245 Urbana, Ohio 7,739 Utica, N. Y 74,419 Valdosta, Ga 7,656 Vallejo, Cal 11,340 Valley City, N. Dak . . . 5,100 Valparaiso, Ind 6,987 Vancouver, Wash 9,300 Van Wert, Ohio 7,157 Vicksburg, Miss 20,814 Vincennes, Ind 14,895 Vineland, N. J 5,282 Virginia, Minn 10,473 Wabash, Ind 8,687 Waco, Tex 26,425 Wahpeton, N. Dak 5,100 Wakefield, Mass 11,310 Walla Walla, Wash. . . . 19,364 Wallingford, Conn.... 8,690 Waltham, Mass 27,834 Wapakoneta, Ohio 5,349 Ware, Mass 8,000 Warren, Ohio 11,081 Warren, Pa 11,080 Warren, R. I..., 6,450 Washington, D. C 331,069 Washington, Ind 7,854 Washington, N. C 6,211 Washington C. H., O. . 7,277 Washington, Pa 18,778 Waterbury, Conn 73,141 Waterloo, Iowa 26,693 Watertown, Mass 12,800 Waterville, Me 11,458 Watervliet, N. Y 15,074 Watkins, N. Y 5,000 Waukegan, 111 16,069 Waukesha, Wis 8,740 Wausau, Wis 16,560 Waxahachie, Tex 6,205 Way cross, Ga 14,485 Waynesboro, Pa 7,199 Weatherford, Tex 5,074 Webb City, Mo 11,817 Webster, Mass 10,210 Webster, Iowa 5,208 Webster Groves, Mo.. 7,080 Weehawken, N. J 11,228 Wellington, Kan 7,034 Wellston, Mo 7,312 Wellston, Ohio 6,875 Wellsville, Ohio 7,769 West Allis, Wis 6,645 Westbrook, Me 8,281 West Chester, Pa 11,767 Westerly, R.I 8,100 Westfield, Mass 15,000 Westfield, N. J 6,420 West Haven, Conn. . . . 8,543 West Hoboken, N.J... 35,403 West Newton, Mass. ,. 7,200 West New York,' N.J.. 13,560 West Orange, N. J. . . . 10,980 West Pittston, Pa 6,848 West Tampa, Fla 8,258 Wheeling, W. Va 41,641 White Plains, N. Y.. . . 15,949 Whiting, Ind 6,587 Whitman, Mass 6,000 Wichita, Kan 52,450 Wichita Falls, Tex 8,200 Wilkes Barre, Pa 67,105 Wilkinsburg, Pa 18,924 Williamspoit, Pa 31,860 Willimantic, Conn 11,230 Wilmerding, Pa 6,133 Wilmington, Del 87,411 Wilmington, N. C 25,748 Wilson, N. C 6,717 Windber, Pa 8,013 Winchester, Ky ". . 7,156 Winchester, Mass 6,000 Winchester, Va 5,864 Winfield, Kan 6,700 Winona, Minn 18,583 Winsted, Conn 7,754 Winston Salem, N.C... 22,700 Winthrop, Mass 10,132 Winton, Pa 5,280 Woburn, Mass 15,308 Woonsocket, R. 1 38,125 Wooster, Ohio 6,136 Worcester, Mass 145,986 Wyandotte, Mich 8,287 Xenia, Ohio 8,706 Yazoo City, Miss 6,796 Yonkers, N. Y 79,803 York, Neb 6,235 York, Pa 44,750 . Youngstown, Ohio 79,066 Watertown, N. Y 26,730 Ypsilanti, Mich 6,230 Watertown, S. Dak.. . . 7,010 Zanesville, Ohio 28,026 Watertown Wis 8,829 1010 POPULATION OF CANADA The following tables are compiled from the reports of the fifth census of Canada, taken June 1, 1911, as officially corrected in 1912: GROWTH OF POPULATION IN 1665-1911 Year 1665 1763 1801 1825 Population 3,251 70,000 240,000 581 920 Increase 66,749 170,000 341,920 1,260,345 1,248,296 1851 1,842 265 1861 ...... 3,090,561 Year Population Increase 1871 3,485,761 395,200 1881 4,324,810 839,049 1891 4,833,239 508,429 1901 5,371,315 538,076 1911 7,205,364 1,834,049 GROWTH BY PROVINCES IN 1901-1911 Provinces 1911 1901 Increase Alberta " 374,663 73,022 301,641 British Columbia 392,480 178,657 213,823 Manitoba 455,614 255,211 200,403 New Brunswick 351,889 331,120 20,769 Nova Scotia 492,338 459,574 32,764 Ontario 2,523,274 2,182,947 340,327 Prince Edward Island 93,728 103,259 *— 9,531 Quebec 2,003,238 1,648,898 354,340 Saskatchewan 492,432 91,279 401,153 Northwest Territories 17,196 20,129 *— 2,933 Yukon 8,512 27,129 *— 18,707 Totals , 7,205,364 5,371,315 1,834,049 Increase Pv.r cent 413.08 119.68 78.52 6.27 7,13 15.58 — 9.23 21.46 439.48 —14.57 —68.73 34.15 POPULATION BY PROVINCES AND DISTRICTS, IN 1911 Population Provinces and Districts Male ALBERTA 223,989 Calgary 36,991 Edmonton 34,567 Macleod 20,516 Medicine Hat , . 43,724 Red Deer „ 37,085 Strathcona. 28,536 Victoria 22,570 BRITISH COLUMBIA 251,619 Comox-Atlin 30,969 Kootenay 33,974 Nanaimo 20,124 New Westminster .- ; 35,906 Vancouver City 74,390 Victoria City 19,089 Yale and Cariboo 37,167 MANITOBA 250,056 Brandon 22,127 Dauphin 24,384 Lisgar 12,304 Macdonald 19,984 Marquette 18,829 Portage la Prairie 15,565 ♦Decrease. 1011 in 1911 Female Total 150,674 374,663 23,511 60,502 22,478 57,045 13,988 34,504 26,882 70,606 24,287 61,372 20,937 49,473 18,591 41,161 140,861 392,480 11,294 42,263 16,798 50,772 11,698 31,822 19,773 55,679 49,512 123,902 12,571 31,660 19,215 56,382 205,558 455,614 17,607 39,734 19,616 44,000 11,197 23,501 15,857 35,841 14,769 33,598 12,385 27,950 Total Pop. 1901 73,022 8,362 12,823 7,856 10,804 10,314 12,345 10,518 178,657 21,457 31,962 22,293 23,976 28,895 20,919 29,155 255,211 25,047 22,631 24,736 23,866 20,431 23,438 Population of Canada — Continued* Provinces and Distriots Provencher Selkirk Souris , Winnipeg City NEW BRUNSWICK.. Carle ton Charlotte Gloucester Kent Kings and Albert , Northumberland Restigouche St. John City and County. . . Sunbury and Queens Victoria and Madawaska. . . . Westmoreland York NOVA SCOTIA Annapolis Antigonish Cape Briton N. and Victoria. Cape Briton S Colchester. . . „. Cumberland Digby Guysborough , Halifax City and County .... Hants Inverness Kings. Lunenburg . . . *. , Pictou Richmond Shelburne and Queens Yarmouth ONTARIO Algoma, East , Algoma, West Brant Brantford Brock ville Bruce, North , Bruce, South , Carleton Duflferin Dundas Durham Elgin, East , Elgin, West Essex, North Essex, South Frontenac ,, Glengarry Grenville Grey, East Grey, North Grey, South . . .s Haldimand Halton Hamilton, East Hamilton, West Hastings, East Hastings, West Huron, East Huron, South Huron, West Kent, East Kent, West Kingston Population Male 21,732 28,879 16,142 70,110 179,867 * 11,034 10,774 16,588 12,435 15,470 16,150 8,434 26,082 8,986 15,086 22,703 16,125 251,019 9,374 5,915 15,435 28,853 11,746 20,708 10,206 8,858 40,061 10,016 13,079 10,995 17,121 18,213 6,828 12,261 11,350 1,299,253 1 28,938 17,922 9,735 13,750 8,990 12,166 13,284 14,762 9,229 9,048 13,617 9,002 13,469 19,497 15,070 11,492 10,608 8,479 10,145 13,778 9,725 11,045 11,535 20,989 18,644 13,075 15,437 8,090 9,764 8,452 12,137 16,414 9,825 1012 in 1911 Female 18,961 24,212 12,907 58,047 172,022 10,412 10,373 16,074 11,941 14,815 15,044 7,253 27,490 8,130 13,136 21,918 15,436 241,319 9,207 6,047 14,453 24,499 11,718 19,835 9,961 8,190 40,196 9,687 12,492 10,785 16,139 17,645 6,445 11,950 11,870 ,223,955 15,690 10,782 9,524 12,867 9,541 11,617 12,965 13,644 8,511 9,117 12,794 8,595 13,246 18,509 14,471 10,452 10,651 9,066 9,505 13,213 9,525, 10,517 10,673 18,804 18,635 11,903 15,388 8,199 9,744 8,734 11,561 17,883 10,835 Tota 40,693 53,091 29,049 128,157 351,889 21,446 21,147 32,662 24,376 30,285 31,194 15,687 53,572 17,116 28,222 44,621 31,561 492,338 18,581 11,962 29,888 53,352 23,664 40,543 20,167 17,048 80,257 19,703 25,571 21,780 33,260 35,858 13,273 24,211 23,220 2,523,208 44,628 28,704 19,259 26,617 18,531 23,783 26,249 28,406 17,740 18,165 26,411 17,597 26,715 38,006 29,541 21,944 21,259 17,545 19,650 26,991 19,250 21,562 22,208 39,793 37,279 24,978 30,825 16,289 19,508 17,186 23,698 32,297 20,660 Total Pop. 1901 24,434 24 021 24,222 42,340 331,120 21,621 22,415 27,936 23,958 32,580 28,543 10,586 51,759 16,906 21,136 42,060 31,620 459,574 18,842 13,617 24,650 35,087 24,900 36,168 20,322 18,320 74,662 20,056 24,353 21,937 32,389 33,459 13,515 24,428 22,869 2.182,947 25,211 17,894 18,273 19,867 18,721 27,424 31,596 24,380 21,036 19,757 27,570 17,901 25,685 28,789 29,955 24,746 22,131 21,021 23,663 24,874 21,053 21,233 19,545 24,000 28,634 27,943 31,348 19,227 22,881 19,712 25,328 31,866 19,788 Population of Canada — Continued Population in 1911 Total Pop. Provinces and Districts Male Female Total 1901 Lambton, East 11,267 10,956 22,223 26,919 Lambton, West 14,901 14,208 29,109 29,723 Lanark, North 7,018 7,606 14,624 17,236 Lanark, South 9,904 9,847 19,751 19,996 Leeds 9,146 9,058 18,204 19,254 Lennox and Addington 10,131 10,255 20,386 23,346 Lincoln 17,902 17,527 35,429 30,5 6 London 21,901 24,399 46,300 37,951 Middlesex, East 10,666 10,148 20,814 20,277 Middlesex, No 7,011 6,726 13,737 16,429 Middlesex, West 8,164 8,050 16,214 18,089 Muskoka 11,204 10,029 21,233 20,971 Nippissing 43,284 30,846 74,130 28 309 Noifolk 13,702 13,408 27,110 29 147 Northumberland, East 7 10,307 9,620 19,927 20 495 Northumberland, West 6,356 6,609 12,965 13 055 Ontario, North 8,797 8,344 17,141 18 390 Ontario, South 12,263 11,602 23,865 22 018 Ottawa City 34,790 38,403 73,193 57 640 Oxford, North ■. 12,691 12,386 25,077 25 644 Oxford, South 11,355 10,939 22,294 22 760 Parry Sound 14,460 12,087 26,547 24'936 Peel 11,644 10,458 22,102 21'475 Perth, North 15,241 14,994 30,235 29'25© Perth, South 9,677 9,270 18,947 20*615 Peterborough, East 8,028 7,471 15,499 16'29t Peterborough, West 12,936 13,215 26,151 20*704, Prescott 13,669 13,299 26,968 27'035 Prince Edward 8,448 8,702 - 17,150 17*864 Renfrew, North 12,091 11,526 23,617 24-556) Renfrew, South 14,209 13,643 27,852 27,676 Russell 20,188 19,246 39,434 35,166 Simcoe, East 18,324 16,970 35,294 29,845 Simcoe, North 12,664 12,035 24,699 26,071 Simcoe, South 12,621 12,439 25,060 26 399 Stormont 12,273 12,502 24,775 27,042 Thunder Bay and Rainy River 42,293 24,956 67,249 28,987 Toronto Centre 27,550 25,575 53,125 43,861 Toronto, East 33,888 35,024 68,912 40,194 Toronto North 24,499 31,970 56,469 40,886 Toronto, South 24,312 19,644 43,956 38,108 Toronto, West 51,593 53,698 105,291 44,991 Victoria 19,068 17,431 36,499 38,511 Waterloo, N 16,616 17,003 33,619 27,124 Waterloo, South 14,475 14,513 28,988 25,470 Welland 22,272 19,891 42,163 31,588 Wellington, North 11,366 10,926 22,292 26,120 Wellington, South 16,265 15,935 32,200 29,526 Wentworth 17,724 16,910 34,634 26,818 *York, Center 13,827 12,221 26,048 21,505 York, North 11,456 10,959 22,415 22,419 York, South. 34,703 33,315 68,018 20,699 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND . . . 47,069 46,659 93,728 103,259 Kings 11,598 11,038 22,636 24,725 Prince 16,551 16,228 32,779 35,400 Queens , . 18,920 19,393 38,313 43,134 QUEBEC 1,011,247 991.465 2,002,712 1,648,898 Argenteuil 8,657 8,109 16,766 16,407 Bagot 9,135 9,071 18,206 18,181 Beauce 26,035 25,364 51,399 43,129 Beauharnois 10,640 10,162 20,802 21,732 Bellechasse 10,632 10,509 21,141 18,706 Berthier 9,950 9,922 19,872 19,980 Bonaventure 14,379 13,731 28,110 24,495 Brome 6,871 6,345 13,216 13,397 Chambly and Vercheres 14,327 14,388 28,715 * 24,318 Champlain 23,293 19,465 42,758 32,015 Charlevoix 10,649 9,988 20,637 19,334 Chateauguay 6,647 6,675 13,322 13,583 1813 Population of Canada — Continued Population in 1911 Total Pop. Provinces and Districts Male Female Total 1901 Chicoutimi and Saguenay 32,729 30,612 63,341 48,291 Compton 15,655 13,975 29,630 26,460 Deux-Montagnes 7,002 6,866 13,868 14,438 Dorchester 12,930 12,166 25,096 21,007 Drummond and A'rthabaska 21,233 20,357 41,590 38,999 Gaspe 18,195 16,806 35,001 30,683 Hochelaga 36,707 38,342 75,049 56,919 Huntingdon 6,707 6,533 13,240 13,979 Jacques-Cartier 32,737 32,286 65,023 26,168 Joliette 11,841 12,070 23,911 22,255 Kamouraska 10,619 10,269 20,888 19,099 Labelle 21,131 19,220 40,351 32,901 Laprairie and Napierville 9,937 9,398 19,385 19,633 L'Assomption 7,577 7,587 15,164 13,995 Laval 15,370 14,607 29,977 19,743 Levis 14,319 14,594 28,913 26,210 L'Islet 8,538 7,897 16,435 14,439 Lotbiniere 11,144 11,014 22,158 20,039 Maisonneuve 85,577 85,401 170,978 65,178 Maskinonge 8,265 " 8,244 16,509 15,813 Megantic 16,439 14,875 31,314 23,878 Missisquoi 8,893 8,573 17,466 17,339 Montmagny 8,729 8,627 17,356 14,757 Montmorency 6,606 6,609 13,215 12,311 Montreal— Ste. Anne 11,402 10,274 21,676 23,368 Montreal— St. Antoine 23,709 24,929 48,638 47,653 Montreal— St. Jacques 22,028 22,029 44,057 42,618 Montcalm 7,066 6,796 13,862 13,001 Montreal— St. Laurent 27,637 28,223 55,860 48,808 Montreal— Ste. Marie 27,282 27,628 54,910 40,631 Nicolet 15,077 14,978 30,055 27,209 Pontiac 15,634 13,782 29,416 25,722 Portneuf 15,326 15,193 30,529 27,159 Quebec Centre 9,267 11,876 21,143 20,366 Quebec, East 22,457 24,972 47,429 39,325 Quebec, West 4,370 5,248 9,618 9,149 Quebec County 12,858 12,986 25,844 22,101 Richelieu 10,332 10,354 20,686 19,518 Richmond and Wolfe 20,230 19,261 39,491 34,137 Rimouski 26,491 24,999 51,490 40,157 Rouville 6,609 6,522 13,131 13,407 St. Hyacinthe 10,633 11,709 22,342 21,543 St. Jean and Iberville 11,062 10,820 21,882 20,679 Shefford 12,145 11,831 23,976 23,628 Sherbrooke 11,648 11,563 23,211 18,426 Soulanges 4,640 4,760 9,400 9,928 Stanstead 10,301 10,464 20,765 18,998 Temiscouata 18,650 17,780 30,430 29,185 Terrebonne 14,592 14,426 29,018 26,816 Trois-Rivieres and St. Maurice 18,203 17,950 36,153 29,311 Vaudreuil 5,585 5,454 11,039 10,445 Wright 24,771 23,561 48,332 42,830 Yamaska 9,805 9,706 19,511 20,564 Quebec, Unorganized 1,332 734 2,066 2,405 SASKATCHEWAN 291,730 200,702 492,432 91,279 Assiniboia 24,619 17,937 42,556 9,332 Battleford 28,734 18,341 47,075 6,171 Humboldt 30,405 21,790 ~ 52,195 2,166 Mackenzie 22,204 18,354 40,558 13,537 Moose Jaw 55,101 32,624' 87,725 5,761 Prince Albert 20,847 15,472 36,319 12,795 Qu'Appelle 20,053 15,555 35,608 17,178 Regina 44,478 26,078 70,556 7,703 Saltcoats 16,019 12,676 28,695 9,479 Saskatoon 29,270 21,875 51,145 7,157 YUKON 6,508 2,004 8,512 27,219 NORTHWEST TERRITORIES 8,673 8,523 17,196 20.129 1014 Population of Canada — Continued POPULATION BY DOMICILE IN 1901-1911 1911 1901 Provinces Rural Urban Rural Urban Alberta........ . ... 232,726 141,937 52,399 20,623 British Columbia 188,796 203,684 88,478 90,179 Manitoba 255,249 200,365 184,738 70,473 New Brunswick 252,342 99,547 253,835 77,285 Nova Scotia... 306,210 186,128 330,191 129,383 Ontario 1,194,785 1,328,489 1,246,969 935.978 Prince Edward Island 78,758 14,970 88,304 14,955 Quebec , 1,032,618 970,094 992,067 656,231 Saskatchewan 361,067 131,365 73,729 17,550 Yukon 4,647 3,865 18,077 9,142 Northwest Territories 17,196 20,129 Totals 3,924^94 3,280,444 3,349,516 2,021,799 Increase in rural population in 10 years 574,878, or 17.16 per cent; increase in urban population in 10 years 1,258,645, or 62.25 per cent. POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS, 1901 AND 1911 Cities and Towns ALBERTA Calgary Edmonton 1911 43,704 24,900 1901 4,392 2,626 2,072 1,750 1.550 6,130 6,499 27.010 20,9i9 5,620 3,901 2,019 42,320 7,117 9,026 40,711 4,964 4,806 6,945 . 40,832 4,646 3,191 9,909 5,993 6,430 4,152 5,949 9,117 9,747 16,619 Increase 39,312 22,274 Lethbridge Medicine Hat. . . . 8,050 5,608 . . . . 5,579 5,978 3,858 4,029 BRITISH COLUMBIA Nanaimo 8,306 2,171 New Westminster. Prince Rupert 13,199 4,184 6,706 4,180 Point Grey 4,320 4,324 Vancouver 100,401 73,390 Vancouver, North. 8,196 8,191 Vancouver, South. 16,021 ' 31,660 16,026 9.741 8,219 Brandon MANITOBA 13,839 5,892 1,991 St. Boniface Winnipeg NEW BRUNSWICK Fredericton Moncton St. John 7,483 136,035 7,208 11,345 42,511 5,464 93.715 91 2,319 1,800 Amherst NOVA SCOTIA 8 973 4,009 252 Dartmouth 5 058 Glace Bay 16 562 9,617 5,787 772 4,279 Halifax 46,619 North Sydney. . . . Sydney Mines .... 5,418 7,470 Sydney Town. . . . 17,723 7,814 Truro .... 6,107 114 Yarmouth 170 Arnprior ONTARIO 4 405 253 Barrie 471 Belleville 9 876 759 Berlin 5,449 6.513 Brantford 23 132 1015 Population of Canada - Cities and Towns Brockville - Continued 1911 9,374 10,770 5,638 5,074 7,090 6,598 4,299 16,499 10,299 4,522 15,175 81,969 4,400 4,763 6,158 18,874 6,964 46,300 4,663 9,248 7,737 5,362 6,828 7,436 87,062 12,558 5,626 18,360 11,220 5,092 12,484 14,054 9,947 10,984 6,370 12,946 4,150 376,538 4,359 5,318 17,829 9,320 11,198 5,880 6,898 4,752 4,783 18,222 7,300 10,699 7,452 4,300 18,684 470,480 78,190 9,797 16,405 8,420 7,261 14,441 9,449 11,629 13,823 6,254 30,213 12,004 1901 8,940 9.068 4,239 5.755 6.704 3,173 3,633 7,866 4,158 11,496 52,634 4,150 4,573 5,202 17,961 7,003 37,976 3,174 5,702 2,530 1,852 4,907 4,394 59,928 8,776 5,156 11,239 3,214 4,188 9,946 11,485 8,176 7,169 5,155 9,959 2,027 208,040 3,537 1,863 • 12,153 8,833 12,080 3,826 4,569 3,773 2,511 13,993 4,220 5,561 7,783 2,835 3,958 267,730 68,840 9,210 11,765 7,057 3,256 9,981 11,055 1,898 1,558 1,785 2,249 113 Increase 434 Chatham Cobalt 1,702 5,638 835 1.335 — 106 Cobourg 1,126 Fort William 12,866 2,433 364 3,679 29,335 250 190 956 Goderich , Hamilton Ingersoll Kingston London Niagara Falls '. 913 —39 8,324 1,489 3,546 5,207 North Toronto 3,510 1,921 Oshawa Owen Sound , 3,042 27,134 3,782 Peterboro 470 7,121 8,006 Port Hope 904 2,538 2,569 1,771 Sault Ste. Marie Smith's Falls Stratford Toronto Welland Woodstock PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Charlottetown QUEBEC Chicoutimi Fraserville 3,815 1,215 2,987 2,123 168,498 822 3,455 5,676 487 —882 2,054 2,329 979 2,272 Hull 4,229 Joliette 3,080 Lachine 5,138 —331 Longueuil " Maisonneuve Montreal. Quebec St. Hyacinthe Sherbrooke Sorel 1,465 14,726 202,750 9,350 587 4,640 1,363 Thetford Mines 4,005 Trois Rivieres 4,460 Valleyfield Verdun —1,606 9,731 - SASKATCHEWAN Moose Jaw 12,265 Prince Albert 4,469 27,964 Saskatoon 11,891 VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY (Proclaimed by Secretary of the Treasury Oct. 1, 1914, and subject to changes from time to time be- cause of the European war.) Country Argentina . Austria-H. . Belgium . . Bolivia . . . Brazil British Col- onies in Aus. and Africa . . Canada . . . Cent. Amer. States: B. H'nd's Cos. Rica Gua'mala Hond'ras Nica'gua Salvador Chile Colombia , Denmark Ecuador . , Egypt Finland . . France Germany . , Gt. Britain Greece Hayti .... India Italy Japan Liberia . . . Mexico . . . Neth'lands . N'foundl'd Norway . . . Panama . . . Paraguay . Persia Peru Philip. Isl. . Portugal . . . Rumania . . Russia .... S. Domingo Servia . Siam . . Spain . . Straits Set . Sweden Switz'land . Turkey . . . Uruguay . . Venezuela . Stand- ard Gold Gold Gold, Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold. Gold. Silver. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold . Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Silver. Gold. Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold, Gold, Gold, Gold, Gold, Gold, Monetary Unit Crown Franc Boliviano Milreis Pound sterling Dollar Dollar Colon Peso \ Peso Cordova :o :o I Shanghai Tael \ Haikwan -- , ( Canton . Dollar Crown Sucre Pound (100 piasters') Mark Franc Mark Pound Sterling Drachma Gourde Rupee Lira Yen Dollar Peso Florin Dollar Crown Balboa Peso Kran Libra Peso Escudo Leu Ruble Dollar Dinar Tical Peseta Dollar Crown Franc Piaster Peso Bolivar Value in U.S. Gold Dollar §0.96,5 .20,3 .19,3 .38,9 .54,6 4.86,65 1.00,0 1.00,0 .46,5 .39,8 .39,8 1.00,0 .39,8 .36,5 .59,6 .66,4 .65,0 1.00,0 .26,8 .48,7 4.94,3 .19,3 .19,3 .23,8 4.86,65 .19,3 .96,5 .32,4 .19,3 .49,8 1.00,0 .49,8 .40,2 1.01,4 .26,8 1.00,0 4.86,65 .50,0 1.08,0 .19,3 .51,5 1.00,0 .19,3 3.71,0 .19,3 .56.7 .26,8 .19,3 .04,4 1.03,4 .19.3 Currency : depreciated paper, convertible at 44 per cent, of face value. Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. 12 1-2 bolivianos equal 1 pound sterling. Currency: Government paper. Exchange rate about $0.25 to the milreis. Currency: inconvertible paper, exchange rate 16 to 18 pesos — $1.00. Currency: bank notes. Currency: convertible into silver on demand. Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, SO. 14. Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, $102 paper to $1 gold. The actual standard is the British pound ster- ling, which is legal tender for 97 1-2 piasters. Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, $0.29,41. (15 rupees equal 1 pound sterling.) Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. Currency: depreciated silver token coins; cus- toms duties are collected in gold. Mexican exchange rate fluctuating and uncer- tain. Currency: depreciated paper, exchange rate. 1,550 per cent. This is the value of the gold kran. Currency is silver circulating above its metallic value; exchange value of silver kran, approximately, $0.08.75. Currency: inconvertible paper; approximately, $0.93,94. exchange rate. Valuation is for the gold peseta; currency Is silver circulating above its metallic value; exchange value, approximately, $0.17,94. Member Latin Union; gold is actual standard, 100 piasters equal to the Turkish L. 1017 LANGUAGE OF THE FLOWERS A cluster of flowers can be made to express any sentiment if care is taker. in the selection. If a flower is offered reversed, its original signification is contradicted, and the opposite implied. A rosebud divested of thorns, but retaining leaves, conveys the sentiment, "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, it signifies, "There is nothing to hope or fear." A full-blown rose, placed over two buds, signifies "Secrecy." "Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips; "No," by pinching off a petal and casting it away. "I am" is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet; "I have," by an ivy leaf folded together, "I offer you," by a leaf of Virginia creeper. SINGLE FLOWERS Arbor Vitse — Unchanging friendship. Camelia, White — Loveliness. Candy-Tuft — Indifference. Carnation, White — Disdain. China Aster — Variety. Clover, Four-Leaf — Be mine. Clover, White— Think of me. Clover, Red — Industry. Columb ine — Folly. Daisy — Innocence. Daisy, Colored — Beauty Dead Leaves — Sadness. Deadly Nightshade — Falsehood. Fern — Fascination. Forget-me-not. Fuchsia, Scarlet — Taste. Geranium, Horseshoe — Stupidity. Geranium, Scarlet — Consolation. Geranium, Rose — Preference. Golden-rod — Be cautious. Heliotrope — Devotion. Hyacinth, White — Loveliness. Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. Ivy — Friendship. Lily, Day — Coquetry. Lily, White — Sweetness. Lily, Yellow — Gayety. Lily, Water — Purity of heart. Lily of the Valley — Unconscious sweetness. Mignonette — Your qualities surpass your charms. Monkshead — Danger is near. Myrtle — Love. Oak — Hospitality. Orange Blossoms — Chastity. Pansy — Thoughts. Passion Flower — Faith. Primrose — Inconstancy. Rose — Love. Rose, Damask — Beauty ever new. Rose, Yellow — Jealousy. Rose, White — I am worthy of you. Rosebud, Moss — Confession of Love. Smilax — Constancy. Straw — Agreement. Straw, Broken — Broken Agreement. Sweet Pea — Depart. Tuberose — Dangerous Pleasures. Thistle — Sternness. Verbena — Pray for me. White Jasmine — Amiability. Witch Hazel— A spell. IN COMBINATIONS Moss Rosebud, Myrtle. Mignonette, Colored Daisy. Lily of the Valley, Ferns. Yellow Rose, Broken Straw, Ivy. Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, Arbor Vitse. Columbine, Day Lily , Broken Straw, Witch Hazel, Colored Daisy. White Pink, Canary Grass, Laurel. Golden-rod, Monkshead, Sweet Pea, Forget-me-not. A confession of love. Your qualities surpass your charms of beauty. 1 Your unconscious sweet- j ness has fascinated me. Your jealousy has broken our friendship. I trust you will find con- solation, through faith, in your Borrow; be assured of my unchanging friend- J shir}. Your folly and coquetry have broken the spell of your beauty. Your talent and perse- verance will win you glory. Be cautious: danger is near; I depart soon; for- get-me-not. 1018 EVERYONE HIS OWN WEATHER PROPHET II Almanac predictions can be nothing but conjecture, the earth's subjection to many unknowable and undeterminable forces rendering such calculations impossible. It is practicable, however, by the following rules, drawn from actual results during very many years and applied with due regard to the subjects of solar and lunar attraction with reference to this planet, to foresee the kind of weather most likely to follow the moon's change of phase: PROGNOSTICATIONS If New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon or Last Quarter happens In Summer In Winter Between midnight and 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 10 2 A.M. 4 " 6 " 8 " 10 " 12 " 2 p.m. 4 " 8 " 10 " midnight Fair (1 and 2) Cold and showers .... Rain Wind and rain Changeable Frequent showers (3) Very rainy (4) Changeable Fair Fair if wind N. W. . Rainy if S., or S. W. . Fair Frost, unless wind is S. W. (7) Snow and stormy Rain. Stormy. Cold rain if wind W., snow if E. Cold and high wind. Snow or rain. Fair and mild. Fair. Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. Rain or snow if S. or S. W. Fair and frosty. Observations. — 1. The nearer the moon's change, first quarter, full and last larter to midnight, the fairer will be the weather during the next seven days. 2. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night till two next >rning. 3. The nearer to midday or noon the phase of the moon happens, the more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven days. 4. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the forenoon to two in the afternoon. These observations refer principally to summer, though they affect spring and autumn in the same ratio. 5. The moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter happening during six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from four to ten, may be followed by fair weather, but this is mostly dependent on the wind, as is noted in the table. 6. Though the weather, from a variety of irregular causes, is more uncer- tain in the latter part of autumn, the whole of winter and the beginning of spring, yet, in the main, the above observations will apply to these periods also. 7. To prognosticate correctly; especially in those cases where the wind is concerned, the observer should be within sight of a vane where the four cardinal points of the compass are correctly placed. 1019 FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH According to Clark, the equatorial semi-diameter of the earth is 20,926,202 feet=3,963.296 miles, and the polar semi-diameter is 20,854,895 feet=3,950.738 miles. One degree of latitude at the pole=69.407 miles. One degree of latitude at the equator=68.704 miles. POPULATION OF THE EARTH BY CONTINENTS (From estimates by the National Geographical Society) Area in Sq. Miles Inhabitants Continental Divisions Number Per Sq. Mile Africa 11,513,579 8,037,714 6,851,306 17,057,666 180,000,000 130,000,000 35,000,000 900,000,000 16 17 5.2 52.76 America, South 3,456,290 3,754,282 6,970,268 8,000,000 450,000,000 300,000 2.31 121 0.05 Polar Region Total 57,641,102 1,732,000,000 30 Ravenstein's estimate of the earth's fertile region, in square miles, is 28,269,200; steppe, 13,901,000; desert, 4,180,000; polar regions, 4,888,800. The population of the earth at the death of the Emperor Augustus, esti- mated by Bodio, was 54,000,000. The population of Europe hardly exceeded 50,000,000 before the fifteenth century.— Mulhall. The area and cubic contents of the earth, according to the data of Clark, given above, are: Surface, 196,971,984 square miles; cubic contents, 259,944,- 035,515 cubic miles. Murray-Challenger expedition states the greatest depth of the Atlantic Ocean at 27,366 feet; Pacific Ocean, 30,000 feet; Indian Ocean, 18,582 feet; Southern Ocean, 25,200 feet; Arctic Ocean, 9,000 feet. The greatest depth of the Pacific Ocean yet found was obtained by the U. S. collier "Nero" on Novem- ber 14, 1899, when soundings near the island of Guam showed 31,614 feet. The Atlantic Ocean has an area, in square miles, of 24,536,000; Pacific Ocean, 50,309,000; Indian Ocean, 17,084,000; Arctic Ocean, 4,781,000; Southern Ocean, 30,592,000. The highest mountain is believed to be Deodhunga, one of the Himalayas, 29,002 feet. Of the 1,732,000,000 inhabitants of the globe, about 600,000,000 speak the principal European tongues, the English leading with 160,000,000; and of the total number it is estimated that about one-third are Christians. 1020 HE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES MEASURES OF LENGTH Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use Myriameter 10,000 meters Kilometer 1,000 meters 6.2137 miles. 0.62137 mile, or 3,280 feet Hectometer 100 meters Dekameter 10 meters and 10 inches. 328 feet and 1 inch. 393. 7 inches. Meter 1 meter 39.37 inches. Decimeter. xs - of a meter Centimeter t^o of a meter 3.937 inches. 0.3937 inch. Millimeter ToVo of a meter 0.0394 inch. MEASURES OF SURFACE Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use • Hectare 10,000 square meters Are 100 square meters Centare 1 square meter 2.471 acres. ] 19.6 square yards. 550 square inches. 1 MEASURES OF CAPACITY Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use Names No. of liters Cubic Measure Dry Measure Liquid or Wine Measure Kiloliter... or Stere. Hectoliter. Dekaliter.. Liter Deciliter. . Centiliter.. Milliliter.. 1,000 100 10 1 F 100 Tooo 1 cubic meter to of a cubic meter. . . 10 cubic decimeters . . . 1 cubic decimeter to of a cubic decimeter 10 cubic centimeters.. . 1 cubic centimeter. . . 1.308 cubic yards. . 2 bu. and 3.35 pks.. 9.08 quarts 0.908 quart 6.1022 cubic inches. 0.6102 cubic inch. . 0.061 cubic inch. . . 264.17 gallons. 26.417 gallons. 2.6417 gallons. 1.0567 quarts. 0.845 gill. 0.338 fluid oz. 0.27 fluid dram. WEIGHTS Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denom- inations in use Names Number of grams. Weight of what quantity of water at maximum density Avoirdupois Weight 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 1 F Too T07T0- 1 cubic meter 2,204.6 pounds. 220.46 pounds. 22.046 pounds. 2.2046 pounds. 3.5274 ounces. 1 hectoliter Myriagram Kilogram or Kilo. . Hectogram Dekagram Gram 10 liters 1 liter 1 deciliter. . 10 cubic centimeters 1 cubic centimeter T V of a cubic centimeter. . . 10 cubic millimeters 1 cubic millimeter 0.3527 ounce. 15.432 grains. Decigram 1.5432 grains. Centigram Milligram 0.1543 grain. 0.0154 grain. 1021 - TIME AND ITS VARIATIONS Points at which the principle railroads lhange time BETWEEN EASTERN AND CENTRAL STANDARD TIME ZONES. Time-breaking points. Railroads. Longitude west of Greenwich. Minutes of time east or west of normal time breaking line. Minutes by which local mean time differs from stand- ard time. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. Pittsburgh, Pa Holloway, Ohio Wheeling, W. Va New Castle Junction, Pa . Erie, Pa Marion, Ohio Dayton, Ohio : . . . Parkersburg, W. Va. . . . . Kenova, W. Va Huntington, W. Va Williamson, W. Va. . . . . , Norton, Va , Bristol, Tenn.-Va Asheville, N. C '. . . Columbia, S. C Atlanta, Ga Central Junction, Ga. . . . Augusta, Ga New York Central Michigan Central; Grand Trunk; Wabash. Pennsylvania Lines Baltimore & Ohio ....do ....do Pennsylvania Lines. Erie ....do Baltimore & Ohio . . ....do Chesapeake & Ohio Norfolk & Western N. & W.;L. &N N. & W.; Southern Southern Seaboard Air Line Southern ; Seaboard A. C. L.: Southern Ga. ; Cent, of Ga.; South- ern; C. & W. C 14* E 2, W. 10, E. S|, E. 7, E.. 8|, E. 9*. E. 2*W. 6*. W 3|, E. *, w. *, E.. 1, E. . }. W. 1, E. . 5|, E. 7|, W 5*. E. 2, E. . 44* fast of Central. 32 slow of Eastern. 40 fast of Central. 35* fast of Central. 37 fast of Central. 38* fast of Central. 39* fast of Central. 32* slow of Eastern. 36* slow of Eastern. 33^ fast of Central. 30* slow of Eastern 30* fast of Central. 31 fast of Central. 30* slow of Eastern. 31 fast of Central. 30 fast of Central. 35* fast of Central. 37* slow of Eastern. 35* fast of Central. 32 fast of Central. BETWEEN CENTRAL AND MOUNTAIN STANDARD TIME ZONES. Portal, N. Dak Williston, N. Dak. . Mandan, N. Dak. . . Mobridge, S. Dak. . Rapid City, S. Dak. Pierre, S. Dak Long Pine, Nebr. . . Alliance, Nebr Curtis, Nebr McCook, Nebr Phillipsburg, Kans . . Tucumcari, N. Mex. North Platte, Nebr. Plainville, Kans. . . . Ellis, Kans Hoisington, Kans . . . Scott City, Kans . . . 'Dodge City, Kans. . Clovis, N. Mex Pecos, Tex Sixela, N. Mex El Paso, Tex Do M., S. P. &S. St. M Great Northern Northern Pacific. ....... C. M.&St. P ....do Chicago & North Western .. ..do C. B. &Q ....do ....do C, R. I. &P ....do Union Pacific do .. ..do Missouri Pacific. A..T.&S. F. . . ....do .do. A., T. & S. F.-Tex. Pac. Colo. So.-F., W. & D. C. Texas Pacific Gal., Har. & San A 102 103 100 100 103 100 99 102 100 100 99 103 100 99 99 98 100 100 103 103 103 106 106 20*. W... 24*. W... 13*. W... 11*. W... 23, W.... 11*. W... 8V 2 , W... 21*. W... 12, W.... 12*, W... 7*, W.... 25, W... . 13, W.... 7, W 8*. W.... 5, W 13*. W... 10, W... . 23, W... . 24, W... . 22, W... . 36, W.... 36, W... . 50* slow of Central. 54* slow of Central. 43* slow of Central. 41* slow of Central. 53 slow of Central. 41* slow of Central. 38* slow of Central. 51* slow of Central. 42 slow of Central. 42* slow of Central. 37* slow of Central. 55 slow of Central. 43 slow of Central. 37 slow of Central. 38* slow of Central. 35 slow of Central. 43* slow of Centr 40 slow of Central 53 slow of Central 54 slow of Central. 52 slow of Centra 66 slow of Centra 66 slow of Centra BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES. 115 54 114 47 117 16 13*. W.... 9, W 19, W 43*slowofMountain. Northern Pacific Oregon Short Line-O. W., R. &N. 39 slow of Mountain. Huntington, Oreg 49 slow of Mountain. 1022 Points at which time changes — Continued BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES— Continued. ,_ Railroads. Longitude west of Greenwich. Minutes of time east or west of normal time breaking line. Minutes by which local mean time differs from stand- ard time. C, M. &St. P 115 48 111 59 111 31 114 31 112 50 114 17 114 37 13, W 2, E 2*. E 8, W If, W 7, W 8i, W Ogden, Utah Union Pacific; So. Pac. . . D. &R. G.; West. Pac. . S. P..L. A. & Salt Lake.. A., T. &S. F do 32 fast of Pacific. Salt Lake City, Utah. . . . Caliente, Nev Seligrnan, Ariz Parker, Ariz 32 § fast of Pacific. 38 slow of Mountain. 31 § slow of Mountain. 37 slow of Mountain. TIME DIFFERENCE Between the City of New York and the Principal Foreign Cities Earlier than New York H.M. Antwerp 5 13 . 5 Berlin 5 49.5 Bremen 5 31.0 Brussels 5 13.4 Buenos Ayres 1 2.4 Calcutta ' 10 49 . 2 Constantinople 6 51.9 Dublin 4 30.5 Edinburgh 4 43 . 2 Geneva. 5 20 . 5 Hamburg 5 35.8 Liverpool 4 London 4 Madrid 4 Paris ' . . . 5 Rio de Janeiro 2 Rome 5 Petrograd 6 Valparaiso Vienna 6 Halifax t.M. 43.6 55.9 41.1 5.2 3.2 45.8 57.1 9.3 1.2 41.5 Earlier than New York H.M. Havana 33.5 Hong Kong 11 27.4 Melbourne 9 24.2 Mexico, City of 1 40. Panama .- 22. Yokohama 9 45. STATE FLOWERS Alabama Golden Rod Arizona Ocotillo Arkansas Apple Blossom California Golden Poppy Colorado Columbine Connecticut r . . . Mountain Laure 1 Delaware Peach Blossom District of Columbia Nasturtium Florida Orange Blossoms Georgia Cherokee Rose Idaho Syringa Illinois The Native Violet Indiana Carnation Iowa Wild Rose Kansas Sunflower Kentucky Golden Rod Louisiana Magnolia Maine Pine Cone and Tassel Maryland Black Eyed Susan Michigan Apple Blossom Minnesota Moccasin Mississippi Magnolia Montana Bitter Root Nebraska Golden Rod New Jersey _^. . .Golden Rod and Violet New Mexico Cactus New York R ose North Dakota Wild Rose Ohio Scarlet Carnation Oklahoma Mistletoe Oregon Oregon Grape Pennsylvania Daisy and Violet Rhode Island Violet South Dakota Anemone Patens Tennessee Golden Rod Texas Bluo BoDnet Utah Sego Lily Vermont Red Clover Washington _ Rhododendron West Virginia Rhododendron Wisconsin Violet Wyoming Blue Fringed Gentian Hawaii Lehua 1023 z o 5 u o J w E U en H H en 0* W H U go o CO ft! 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The rules, omitting the examples, are here briefly given, as they affect the spelling of the words that follow: only. RULES FOR SIMPLIFYING SPELLING 1. ae, ce, or e, not final, use e. 2. bt, with b silent, omit b. 3. ea pronounced as short e, drop a. 4. ea pronounced as a, before r, drop e. 5. ed or 'd, pronounced d, use d only. 6. ed or t, the preceding single consonant being doubled before ed and single before t, 7. ence or ense, use ense. 8. ette or et, use et. 9. gh or f, use /. 10. gh silent, ough or ow, use ow. 11. ice, pronounced is, use is. 12. He, pronounced il, omit e, but retain He when i is not short. 13. ine, pronounced in, omit e. 14. ise, pronounced is, omit e. " 15. ise or ize, ute ize. 16. ?te, pronounced it, omit e. 17. ive, pronounced iv, omit e. 18. II or J (-i7Z or -I) , use Z. 19. II or Z (-iZZ, il, ull or wZ) before ful or ness, use Z. 20. mb with 6 silent, omit b. 21. m« with n silent, omit n. 22. oe, as, or e, not final, use e. 23. our or or, use or. 24. ph or/, use/. 25. p/j pronounced /, use /. 26. rr or r, use r only. 27. re or er, use er. 28. s or z (root) , use 3. 29. s medial, silent, drop. 30. ue silent, after o, omit we. 31. ve after J or r, omit 6. APPROVED SIMPLIFIED SPELLING abandond abasht abdicativ abhord ablativ abolisht abortiv abrasiv abrest abridgment absolv absolvd absorbd absorptiv abstaind abstractiv abusiv accelerativ accessiond acclaimd accommodativ accomplis accomplisht accouter accouterd accumulativ accurst accusativ accustomd achievd a cknowledgment acquisitiv activ adamantin, -ine adaptiv addrest adhesiv adjectiv adjoind adjournd adjunctiv admesure administerd administrativ admixt admonisht adoptiv adornd adventiv adversativ adz affectiv affirmativ affirmd 1026 affixt afflictiv afformativ agast (aghast) agglutinativ aggressiv aggrest aggrievd agil, -ile agitativ ahed aild aile (aisle) aimd aird ake (ache) aking (aching) alarmd alarumd alfabet alfabetic alfabetical alfabetize abend alimentativ alkalin, -ine allayd alliterativ allowd ailoyd allusiv alredy altwativ alterd alternativ altho ! f * Simplified Spelling amaranthin, -ine artizan battend blabd amast ascertaind batterd blackend amativ askt bawld blackmaild ambusht asperst bayd blackt amethystin, -ine assaild beacht blancht amphitheater assayd beacond blandisht analog assertiv beakt blankt analyze assest beamd blazond anapest assignd beaverd bleacht anatomize assimilativ becalmd bleard anchord assize beckond blemisht anemia associativ bedewd blencht anemic assumptiv bedimd blest anesthesia asteriskt bedizend blinkt anesthetic astonisht bedsted blisterd angerd attacht befogd blobd anguisht attackt befoold blockt anilin, -ine attaind begd bloomd anis (anise) attemperd beggard blossomd anneald attentiv behavior blotcht annext attractiv behed blubberd annotativ attributiv belabor blubd annoyd auctiond belabord bludgeond annuld augerd belayd bluft annunciativ augmentativ * belcht blunderd answerd augurd beld (behed) blurd anthemd auspis believd blusht anticipativ authoritativ bellowd blusterd antipyrin autobiografer belongd bobbind antitoxin autobiografy bemoand bobd anvild autograf bencht bodis (bodice) aperitiv autograft benefis •bogd apolog autum benefist boild apothem availd benum (benumb) bold (boiled) appald avaris benumd boldend appareld averd bequeathd bolsterd appeald aversiv bereavd bookt appeard avoucht beribbond boomd appellativ avowd bertht boozd appertaind awakend bespatterd borderd appetitrv awd bested (bestead) boro (borough) applicativ awnd bestird borrowd appointiv ax bestowd bosomd apportiond axil betokend bost (bossed) apposit axt (axed) betrayd botcht appositiv backt betterd botherd appreciativ badgerd bevel d bottomd apprehensiv baild bewaild boulderd apprentis bald (balled) bewilderd bowd apprentist balkt bewitcht bowd apprest balloond biast boweld apprize balmd bibd bowerd approacht balusterd bibliografer bowld approbativ band (banned) bibliografic boxt approximativ bangd bibliografy bragd aprond banisht bickerd braild aquilin, -ine bankt bild (build) braind arbor bannerd bild (billed) braizd arbord bans bilder (builder) brancht archeology banterd bilding (building) brandisht archt barbd bilkt brast (brassed) ardor bard (barred) billowd brattis argentin, -ine bargaind bilt (built) brawld argumentativ bark (barque) biografer brawnd armd barkt biografic brayd armistis barreld biografy brazen armor barrierd ' bircht brazend armord barrowd bissextil, -ile brazier arraignd barterd bister breacht arrayd baskt bitterd breamd articulativ bastiond bivalv breathd artifis batond bivalvd bred (bread) bredth breezd brekfast brest (breast) breth (breath) brewd brickt brieft brightend brimd briskt broacht broadend broiderd broild bronzd brookt broomd brownd browzd brusht bucklerd buckt buft bulbd bulkt bumpt bun bunchfr bungd bur (burr) burd (burred) burdend burgeond burld burnd (also burnt) burnisht burrowd busht buskind bust (bussed) butcherd butterd buttond buttrest buzd cabald (caballed) cabind cald (called) calendard calenderd caliber caliper caliperd calkt calmd calvd camfor camford campain campaind campt canald (canalled) canceld cand (canned) candor cankerd cannond canterd canvast (-vased) canvast (-vassed) 1027 Simplified Spelling caparisond chirkt cockerd conditiond cornist caperd chirpt cockt conduciv corporativ capt chirrupt coco conductiv correctiv captaind chiseld coco-nut confederativ correlativ captiv chockt coctil, -ile conferd corroborativ captivd chopt coerciv confest corrosiv careend christend coeval configurativ corruptiv careerd chuckt cofferd confirmd costiv carest chumd coffind conformd cottond carminativ churnd cogd congeald coucht carold cicatris cogitativ congregativ counseld caromd cifer cohesiv conjoind counterd carpt ciferd coift conjugativ counterfit cartoond cigaret coild conjunctiv countervaild carv cincht coind connectiv courst carvd circumspectiv collapst connexiv courtmartiald cashierd circumvolv collard connotativ coverd casht circumvolvd colleag conquerd cowardis catalog citrin collectiv consecutiv cowd catalogd civilize collusiv conserv cowerd cataloger clackt colonize conservativ cowld cataloging claimd color conservd cozend catechize clamberd colord considerativ crabd(pret.&pp.) caterd clamd (clammed) colter (coulter) considerd crackt caucust clamor colum consignd cramd causativ clamord columd consolidativ crampt cauterize clamperd combativ constitutiv crashfc cautiond clampt combmativ constraind crawld cavernd clandestin, -ine commandeerd constrictiv creak t cavild clangd commemorativ constructiv creamd cawd clangor commiserativ consultativ creast ceast, clankt commissiond consultiv creativ ceild clapperd commixt consumptiv crevis (crevice) celd (celled) clapt commond containd crevist (creviced) cellard clasht commonwelth contaminativ cribd censord claspt communicativ contemperd criminativ center clast commutativ contemplativ crimpt centerd clatterd companiond continuativ crimsond chafferd clawd comparativ contortiv crispt chaft (chaffed) clayd compassiond contourd criticize % chagrind cleand compast contractu, -ile croakt chaind cleard compeld ' contractiv crockt chaird cleavd compellativ contradictiv crookt chalis (chalice) clencht competitiv contributiv croond chalkt clenly (cleanly, complaind cod tr old cropt chamberd adj.) completiv controller crost chamferd dense (cleanse) composit conversiv crotcht championd clerkt compositiv converst croucht champt clickt comprehensiv conyext crowd channeld clincht compressiv conveyd crownd chapt clinkerd comprest convolv crum chapterd clinkt comprize convolvd crumd chard (charred) dipt compulsiv convoyd cruncht charmd cloakt computativ convulsiv crusht charterd clockt conativ convulst crutcht chastend cloisterd conceald cood (cooed) crystallin, -ine chastize clotterd conceivd cookt cubd chatterd cloyd concenter coold cud geld cheapend clubd concenterd cooperativ cue (queue) check cluckt concentrativ cooperd cuft checker clue conceptiv coopt culd (culled) checkerd clumpt concernd copperd cumberd checkers clusterd concessiv coppis - cumulativ checkt clutcht conciliativ copt cupt cheekt clutterd conclusiv copulativ curativ cheerd coacht concoctiv coquet curbd cherisht coactiv concurd corallin, -ine curld chewd coagulativ concust corbeld cursiv chimera coald cond (conned) corkt curst chind (chinned) coarsend condenst cornd curtaild chinkt coaxt condit (condite) cornerd curtaind chipt cobd condit (conduit) 1028 cornis curteous j Simplified Spelling curv curvd cushiond cutlas cyclopedia -d for -ed pr. -d dabd dactyl damaskt damd (dammed) dampen d dampt darkend darnd dasht dativ daubd dawnd debard decalog decampt decayd deceast deceivd deceptiv decifer deciferd decisiv deckt declaimd declarativ decora tiv decoyd decreast ded (dead)' deden (deaden) dedend dedhed dedly deductiv deemd deepend def (deaf) defectiv defen (deafen) defend (deafened) defense defensiv deferd definit defmitiv deformd defrayd deignd delayd deliberate deliverd delt (dealt) delusiv delv delvd demagog demeand demeanor demolisht demonstrativ demurd denominativ denotativ dentifris deposit deprecativ depreciativ depressiv deprest deraild derisiv derivativ derogativ descriptiv deserv deservd desiderativ designd despaird despoild destin destind destroyd destructiv det (debt) detacht detaild detaind detectiv determin determinativ determind deth (death) dethly detractiv dettor (debtor) develop developt devild devolv devolvd devourd diafram diaframd diagramd diald dialog dialogd dickerd dieresis differd difficil diffusiv digd digestiv digressiv digrest dike dilativ dimd dimensiv diminisht diminutiv dind (dinned) dingd dipt directiv disappeard disarmd disavowd disburst discernd disciplin disciplind disclaimd discolord discourst discoverd discriminativ — discursiv discurteou3 discurtesy discust disdaind disfavor disfavord disharten dishartend disheveld dishonor dishonord disht disjoind disjunctiv dismayd dismemberd dismissiv dismist disorderd disownd dispatch dispatcht dispeld dispenst dispersiv disperst displayd dispositiv dispossest disruptiv disseizd dissolv dissolvd dissuasiv distemperd distil distild distinctiv distinguish^ distractiv distraind distrest distributiv disturbd ditcht_ divertiv dizend docil, -ile dockt doctord doctrin • dodderd doft dogd dolcr domicil (I. II.) domicild domineerd donativ dond (donned) doomd dout douted doutful doutless dowerd downd draft draftsman 1029 drafty dragd encroacht encumberd dragoond encyclopedia draind endangerd dram endeard endevor (I. III.) dramatize drawld endevord dreamd endorst dred endowd dredful engin dremt engineerd drencht engrost drest engulft drild enjoind dript enjoyd driveld enlightend droopt enlivend dropt enricht drownd enrold drubd entaild drugd enterd drumd enterprize dubd enterprizing duckt entertaind enthrald entrapt ductil, -ile duld (dulled) dulness envelop dum (dumb) envelopt dumpt envenomd dund (dunned) envirohd Eolian (Aeolian) eon (aeon) duplicativ dwarft dweld (also epaulet dwelt) epilog eard eponym ebd equald eclipst equipt eclog era ecumenical erd (erred) [-ed pr. -d: see -d] erectil, -ile' [-ed pr. -t: see - fc] ermin edifis erosiv edile eruptiv effectiv eschewd effusiv esophagus eg establisht egd esthetio egis (aegis) esthetics elapst estiv elbowd estivate electioneerd etcht electiv ether elusiv etiology emancipativ evasiv embankt evend embarkt evolv embarrast evolvd exactiv embellisht embitterd exaggerativ emboldend examin embost examind embroiderd exasperativ embroild excede (exceed) e-missiv exceld employd exceptiv empowerd excessiv enameld excitativ enamor exolusiv enamord excretiv encampt exculpativ encompast excursiv encounterd execrativ Simplified Spelling executiv fether (feather) forener (foreigner) gast (gassed) growld exemptiv fetherd forfit (forfeit) . gastly grubd exhaustiv fetterd forkt gat herd guld (gulled) exhibitiv feverd formativ gazel gulft exhortativ fibd formd geard gulpt exorcize fiber fortalis (fortalice) gelatin gumd expansil, -ile fiberd fosterd gemd gund expansiv fictil, -ile fotograf (photo-) genderd gusht expatiativ figurativ fotografer gene raid gutterd expeditiv filcht fotografic generativ hackt expeld fild (filled) fotograft genitiv haild expensiv filibusterd fotografy genuin, -ine hallood expiativ fillipt fould germinat iv hallowd explaind filmd founderd gibberd halterd expletiv filterd foxt gigd halvd explicativ fingerd fragil, -ile gild (guild) hammerd explorativ finisht frankt gild (gilled) hamperd explosiv fisht frayd gind (ginned) handcuft expositiv fissil, -ile freakt gingerd handicapt expostulate fixt frequentativ gipsy hangd expressiv fizd freshend girtht hankerd exprest flagd fricativ gladdend happend expulsiv flaild frightend glamor hapt expulst flankt frild glamord harang exquisit flanneld friskt glast (glassed) harangd extensiv flapt fritterd gleamd harast exterminativ flasht frizd gleand harbor extinctiv flattend frockt glibd harbord extinguisht flatterd frolict glimmerd hardend extirpativ flavor frotht glimpst harken- extold flavord frownd glistend harkend extractiv flawd fueld glisterd harkt extrusiv flaxt fugitiv glitterd harmd facil, -ile flayd fuld (fulled) gloomd harnest factitiv fleckt fulfil glost harpoond factord flexil, -ile fulfild glowd harpt fagd flexiv fulmin glowerd harrowd fagot flext fulmind gloze hart (heart) faild < flickerd fulness glycerin harten (hearten) fallowd flickt funneld gnarld hartend falterd flincht furbisht gnasht harth (hearth) famin flipt furd (furred) gnawd harty (hearty) famisht flockt furld gofferd' hasht fand (fanned) flogd furlo golft • haspt fantasm floord furloed good-by hastend fantastic flopt furnisht gospeld hatcht fantasy flounderd furrowd gossipt hauld fantom flourd furtherd gost (ghost) hawd farmd flourisht furtiv gostly hawkt fashiond flowd fusil, -ile governd hayd fastend flowerd fust (fussed) gownd heald fatherd flusht futil, -ile grabd heapt fathomd flusterd gabd gracil heavd fattend flutterd gagd graind hectord favor fluxt gage (gauge) gram hed (head) favord foald gaind granit -hed (-head) favorit (I. II.) foamd gaiterd graspt heeld fawnd fobd gald (galled) grast helmd feard focust gall opt graveld belpt febril, -ile fodderd gambold gravitativ helth (health) federativ fogd gammond greast helthy feignd foild gapt (gapped) greend helv feld (felled) followd garbd gridirond helvd feminin, -ine fonetic (phonetic) gard (guard) grievd hematin fermentativ fonograf (phono-) gardend grild hemd fertil, -ile fonografer gardian (guardian) grind (grinned) heroin fervor fonografic garnerd gript hether (heather) fesant (pheasant) fonograft garnisht groand heven (heaven) festerd fonografy garrisond groomd hevy (heavy) festiv foold garterd groovd hewd festoond forehed gasht groupt hiccup fetcht foren (foreign) gaspt 1030 groveld hiccupt Simplified Spelling hight (height) impeditiv intransitiv Juvenil, -ile Ieerd hightend impeld intrencht keeld legalize hild (hilled) imperativ introductiv keend legd (also legged) hinderd imperild introspectiv kegd legislativ hipt implicativ intrusiv kend lengthend hist (hissed) impoverisht inurnd kenneld lenitiv hitcht impr"essiv invasiv kerchieft lent (leant) hock (hough) imprest invectiv kernd lept (leapt, Eng.) hockt imprisond inveighd kerneld lessend hogd impt inventiv keyd , lessond hollowd impulsiv inverst kickt 1 ether (leather) homeopathy . imputativ investigativ kidnapt letherd homested -in (-ine, unstrest) invocativ kild letterd homonym inactiv ihvolv kingd lettis (lettucv ) honor incensiv involvd kinkt leveld honord incenst inwrapt kipperd leven (leaved hoodwinkt incentiv irist kist levend (leavened) hooft inceptiv irkt knackt leverd hookt inchoativ irond knapt libeld hoopt incht irrespectiv kneeld libertin, -ine hopt incisiv irrigativ kneld license hornd inclusiv irritativ knickt licenst horst increast isolativ knockt lichend hortativ incurd -is (-ice, unstrest) knold lickt hostil, -ile ind (inned) -is (-ise, unstrest) knurld licoris (licorice) hoveld indefinit -it (-ite, unstrest) labeld lightend hoverd indetted itcht labor lighterd howld indext itemd labord likend hucksterd indicativ iterativ lacerativ lim (limb) huft indorst -itly (-itely) lackerd limberd hugd induciv -itness (-iteness) lackt limd (limbed) huld inductiv -iv (-ive, unstrest) lacrimal limpt hulkt infantil, -ile -ivly (-ively) ladderd lingerd humbugd infectiv -ivness (-iveness) lagd linteld humd inferd -ize (-ise, verb lam (lamb) lipt humor infinit suffix) lamd (lambed) lispt humord infinitiv jabberd lamd (lammed) listend humpt infixt jabd lampoond liter huncht inflectiv jackt lampt litterd hurld inflexiv jagd languisht livd hurrahd inflext jail lanternd livend husht inflictiv jaild lap eld liverd huskt ' informativ jamd lapst loaft hutcht informd japand lapt loamd hyacinthin, -ine ingraind jard (jarred) larkt loand hyalin, -ine initiald jargond lasht loathd hyphend initiativ jasmin latcht locativ hypocrit inkt jaundis latherd lockt hypotenuse inquisitiv jaundist latht locomotiv idealize insectil, -ile jawd Latind lodgment idolize insinuativ instald (installed) jeerd lattis logd -il (-ile, unstrest) jelous (jealous) lattist loiterd iland (island) insted, in sted jelousy launcht lold ile (isle) instil jerkt launderd longd ilet (islet) instild jessamin laureld lookt illativ instinctiv jest (jessed) lavenderd loomd illumin instructiv jew eld lavisht loopt illuminativ intellectiv jibd laxativ loosend illumind intensiv jigd leacht loost illusiv intentiv jiggerd leaft lopt illustrativ interd jobd leag lowd imagin interlinkt jogd leagd lowerd imaginativ interlockt jo ind leager lowerd imagind intermixt jold (jolled) leagerd lubricativ imbecil, -ile internd jolterd leakt lucrativ imitativ inter pretativ joyd leand (also lent) luft immerst . interrogativ judgment leapt (pr. lipt) lugd immortalize intersperst judicativ leasht luld impaird interstis jugd least (leased) lumberd impassiond interviewd jumpt leavd lumpt impassiv intestin, -ine justificativ led (lead, a metal) luncht impeacht intoxicativ justis (justice) leden (leaden) lupin 1031 Simplified Spelling lurcht missiv nickt ownd performd lurkt mist (missed) nipt packt perild luster miter niter padlockt perisht lusterd miterd nobd paind periwigd lyncht mittend nominativ paird permissiv maddend mixt nonplust palatin, -ine perplext madderd mo and noost paid (palled) perquisit maild mobd notcht paleography persistiv maimd mobil, -ile notis (notice) paleolithic perspectiv maintaind mockt notist (noticed) paleontology persuasiv malignd modeld nourisht paleozoic pertaind malingerd modulativ novis (novice) palliativ . perturbd malis (malice) moild nubil, -ile palmd pervasiv mama moistend nuld (nulled) palterd perversiv mand (manned) mold (mould) num (numb) pamflet pesant (peasant) maneuver molder numberd pamperd pesterd maneuverd molderd numd pand (panned) petald manipulativ molding nurst panderd petitiond mannerd moldy nutritiv paneld petrifactiv mapt molt (moult) oard paperd phenix marcht moneyd obeyd paraffin phenomenon mard (marred) monisht objectiv paragond pickt margind monitiv observ paragraf picnict markt monolog observd paragrafer pigmy marld moond obsest paragraft pild (pilled) marlin moord obstructiv paralleld pilferd maroond mopt obtaind paralyze pilgrimd marshald moralize obtrusiv parboild pillard martyrd mortard occasiond parceld pillowd marveld mortis occurd parcht pincht masculin, -ine mortist ocher pardond pind (pinned) masht motherd odor parkt piniond maskt motil, -ile offense parleyd pinkt massiv motiond offensiv parlor pioneerd mast (massed) motiv offerd parst pipt masterd motivd ofEs (office) partitiond pistold matcht motord oger partitiv pitcht materialize mournd oild partizan pitht matris (matrice) mouthd oliv partnerd plaind matterd mowd omber passiv plaintiv mauld muft omelet past pland (planned) maunderd mugd omend patcht planisht meager mulcht oozd patrold plankt meanderd muld (mulled) opend patronize plasht medald mullen operativ patterd plasterd medicativ mulliond opinionativ patternd playd medicin muncht opposit paviliond pleacht medicind murderd oppositiv pawd plenisht medieval murmurd oppressiv pawnd plesant meditativ must (mussed) opprest peakt plesure medow (meadow) musterd optativ peald plow mellowd mutterd orbd peckt plowd memorialize nabd ordaind pedagog pluckt ment (meant) nagd orderd pedobaptist plugd mentiond naild organize peeld plumpt mercantil, -ile napt orifis peept plunderd mesht narrativ orphand peerd poacht mest (messed) narrowd orthopedic pegd poisond mesure (measure) nativ ostracize .. pencild pold (polled) metald naturalize ourselvs pend (penned) polisht meter neard outstretcht penetrativ polyp meterd neckt outstript pensil, -ile ponderd mewd negativ outwalkt pensiond pontoond mift negativd ovend pensiv poold mild (milled) neighbor overhed pepperd popt mildewd neighbord overlapt perceivd portiond milkt neighd overleapt perceptiv portrayd mimict nerv overlookt percht positiv minisht nervd overpast percussiv possessiv ministerd neutralize overstraind percust possest mirrord nibd overwhelmd perfectiv potterd missil, -ile nickeld owd 1032 perforativ poucht Simplified Spelling poultis poultist pourd powderd powerd practis (I. IT.) practist prankt prayd preacht precativ preceptiv precipis preclusiv ' precursiv predestin ' predestind predetermin predetermind predictiv preend preferd prefixt Preformat iv prehensil, -ile prejudis prejudist prelusiv premis prenomen prentis prentist preparativ prepositiv prepossest prerequisit prerogativ prescriptiv presentativ preserv preservativ preservd prest presumptiv pretense pretenst preterit pretermit prevaild preventiv preyd prickt prigd primeval primitiv prinkt prisond prist in, -ine privativ probativ procede (proceed) productiv profest profferd progd program progressiv progrest prohibitiv projectil, -ile prolog prolongd promis ransomd relievd ript promist rap in, -ine relinquisht riskt promotiv rapt (rapped) relisht rivald prongd rasht relm roamd propeld raspt remaind roard proportiond rationd remarkt . robd propt raveld rememberd rockt propulsiv ravend remunerativ roisterd proscriptiv ravin d renderd rold (rolled) prospectiv ravisht renewd rompt prosperd rayd renownd rooft protectiv raze repaird roomd protractiv reacht reparativ rosind proviskmd realize repeald rowd provocativ reamd repeld rowd prowld reapt replenisht rubberd publisht reard replevind rubd puckerd reasond reprehensiv ruft (ruffed) pueril, -ile rebeld representativ rugd (pret.) puft rebuft repressiv ruind pugd recald represt rumor puld (pulled) receivd reprievd rumord pulst receptiv reproacht rusht pumis (pumice) recest reptil, -ile saber pumpt reckond repulsiv aaberd puncht reckt repulst saccharin, -ine pund (punned) reclaimd requisit sackt punisht recognize requisitiond saddend punitiv recoild reserv safegard pur (purr) recompenst reservd sagd - purchast reconnoiter resignd saild purd (purred) reco'nnoiterd resistiv sallowd ' purgativ recoverd resolv saltpeter purld recreativ resolvd salvd • purloind recurd respectiv sanativ purpost recurvd respit, -ite sanctiond purst red (pret. of read) responsiv sandald purveyd reddend restiv sanguin pusht redeemd restorativ sapt putativ redemptiv restraind sasht quackt redout restrictiv saturativ *" quaft redoutable resumptiv saunterd quaild redouted retaild savior qualitativ redrest retaind savor quantitativ reductiv retaliativ savord quarreld reduplicativ retcht sawd quarterd redy (ready) retentiv saxatil, -ile quartet reeft retoucht scabd quaverd reekt retractil, -ile scallopt queend reeld retrencht scalpt queerd reevd retributiv scamperd queld referd retrievd scampt quencht reflectiv retrospectiv scand questiond reflexiv returnd scard questor reformativ revampt scarft quickend reformd reveald searpt quickt refractiv reveld scatterd quild ' refraind reverst scepter quintet refresht reviewd scepterd quipt refrigerativ revolv schoold _ quire (choir) regaind revolvd scissil, -ile quiverd registerd ribbond scoft rackt regressiv ribd scoopt ragd (pret.) reignd rigd scorcht raild reimburst rigor scornd rainbowd reind rild (rilled) scotcht raind rejoind rimd scourd ramd relapst rime scowld rampt relativ rimer scrapt rancor relaxt ringd scratcht rankt relayd rinst scrawld ransackt releast ripend screakt 1033 Simplified Spelling screamd shipt slopt splayd etraitend screecht shird sloucht splendor strapt screend shirkt slowd splinterd strawd screwd shiverd slugd splotcht strayd scrimpt shoald slumberd eplutterd streakt scrold shockt slumpt spoild (also spoilt) streamd scrubd shopt slurd spoold strengthend scuft shortend smackt spoond strest sculd shoulderd smartend sportiv stretcht sculpt shoveld smasht spraind strewd sculptil, -ile showd smatterd sprawld stript scumd showerd smeard sprayd strold scurril shriekt smeld (also smelt) spred stropt scutcht shrild smircht sprigd strumd seald shrugd smirkt spurd stubd seamd shuckt smolder spurnd stuft seard shudderd smolderd sputterd stumpt seasond shund smoothd squald (squalled) stund (stunned) seclusiv shutterd smotherd squanderd stutterd secretiv siccativ snapt 8quasht suasiv sectil, -ile sickend snarld squawkt subjectiv sedativ sighd snatcht equawld subjoind seductiv signald sneakt squeakt subjunctiv seemd signd sneerd squeald submissiv seept significativ sneezd -squeezd subordinativ seethd sild (silled) snickerd squelcht subornd seind silvan snift squibd subpena p?izd silverd snipt squirmd sub serv selectiv simitar sniveld stabd subservd selvs simitard snowd stablisht substantiv senil, -ile simmerd snubd stackt substitutiv sensil, -ile simperd snuft staggered subtil, -ile sensitiv sind (sinned) soakt staid subversiv senst * sion (scion, cion) soapt staind succede (succeed) sent (scent) siphond soard staid (stalled) successiv sented (scented) sipt sobd stalkt succor sentineld sissors (scissors) soberd stammerd succord separativ sithe softend stampt succumbd septet siv (sieve) soild stancht suckt sepulcher sivd sojournd starcht sufferd sepulcherd sizd (sizzed) solderd stard (starred) suffixt sequesterd sketcht soldierd starv suffocativ serv skewd solem • tarvd sugard servd skewerd solstis fctationd suggestiv servil, -ile skild solv stayd sulfate servis (service) skilful solvd steamd sulfur sessil, -ile skimd somber sted sulfurate > everd skimpt sopt stedfast sulfurd iowd skind sorbil, -ile stedy sulfuret sewerd skipt ^ sorrowd steeld sulfureted sextet skirmisht sould steept sulfuric shadowd skuld sourd steerd sulfurous shagd skulkt soust stelth sulkt shallowd slabberd soveren stelthy sumac shamd (shammed) slabd soverenty stemd sumd shampood slackend sowd stencild summerd shankt slackt spand stept summond sharkt slagd spankt steril, -ile sund (sunned) sharpend slamd spard (sparred) stewd sunder d # sharpt slanderd sparkt stiffend superlativ shatterd slapt spatterd stild (stilled) suppressiv shawld slasht spavind stimulativ supprest sheard slaughterd spawnd stird supt sheathd slaverd • speard stitcht surfit (surfeit) sheerd sleekt specialize stockt surpast sheld (shelled) sleevd speckt stoopt surplis (surplice) shellact slickt specter stopperd surplist shelterd slight (sleight) speculativ stopt surprize shelv slipperd speld (also spelt) stormd surprizing shelvd slipt spewd stowd surrenderd shimmerd sliverd spild (also spilt) straightend surveyd shind (shinned) slobberd splasht 1034 straind susceptiv Simplified Spelling suspensiv terminativ tramd univalv weakend eustaind tetherd trammeld upholsterd weand sutil, -ile textil, -ile trampt urnd weazend swabd thankt transferd usherd webd swagd n thatcht transfixt usurp t weend 8waggerd thawd transformd util, -ile weighd ewallowd theater transgrest utilize welcomd Bwampt themselvs transitiv utterd weld (welled) swapt thickend transmissiv vaccin, -ine welterd swarmd thievd trapt valor welth swasht thind traveld valv welthy swayd tho traverst valvd wepon sweetend thornd treatis vampt wether (weather) sweld thoro trecherous vangard wetherd swelterd thorofare trechery vanisht whackt swerv thoroly tred (tread) vanquisht wheeld swervd thoroness tredle (treadle) vapor wheezd swet (sweat) thrald trellist vapord whelmd ewigd thrasht trencht varnisht whelpt swild thred trepand veerd whift ewirld thresht trespast vegetativ whimperd ewisht thret trest vegetiv whipt switcht threten tresure (treasure ) veild whird ewiveld thretend tresurer veind whirld swoond thrild tresury veneerd whiskerd swoopt throb d trickt venomd whiskt synagog throngd trild versatil, -ile whisky synonym thru trimd verst whisperd -t for -ed pr. -t thrumd tript vext whitend tabd thruout trold (trolled) vibratil, -ile whizd tabor thum troop t vibrativ whoopt tabord thumd troweld viewd widend tackt thumpt truckt vigor widowd tactil, -ile thunderd trumpt vindictiv wier (weir) tagd thwackt trunkt violativ wierd (weird) taild tiekt trust (trussed) viperin, -ine wigd tailord tift tubd viril, -ile wilderd talkativ tightend ' tuckt vituperativ wilful talkt tigrin, -ine tugd vizor windowd tamperd tild (tilled) tumor vizord wingd tampt timberd tund (tunned) vocativ winkt tand tind (tinned) tung (tongue) volatil, -ile winnowd tankt tinkerd tungd (tongued) volitiv winterd taperd tinseld tunneld volleyd wisht tapt tipt turbin, -ine volunteerd witcht tard (tarred) tisic (phthisic) turft votiv witherd tarnisht tisis (phthisis) turmoild voucht witnest tartand titterd turnd vowd wizend taskt togd tusht voweld wo tasseld toild tuskt vulpin, -ine woful tatterd tokend tutord Tvaferd wonderd tautend told (tolled) twangd wagd woolen tawd tongd (tonged) tweakt wagerd workt taxt toold twelv wagon wormd teamd toothake twigd wagon d worshipt teazel tootht twild waild wrackt teemd topt twind (twinned) waivd wrapt teeterd tortiv twirld • wald (walled) wreakt telefone tost twitcht walkt wreathd telefonic totterd twitterd wallopt wreckt telefony toucht umberd wallowd wrencht telegraf tourd unabasht wanderd wrongd relegrafer towd unarmd wantond yawnd telegrafic toweld unbard ward (warred) yeld (yelled) telegraft towerd unblest warmd yellowd telegrafy temperd toyd uncald warnd yelpt trackt uncheckt warpt yoman yourselvs tenderd tractil, -ile undouted washt tenor tractiv unfeard 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