404 
 
Class. 
 Book-^ 
 
 r 
 
 Z\^ 
 

 S^^'^h 
 
 HISTORY OF MEXICO: 
 
 CONTINUED FROM 
 
 THE CAPTURE OF VERA CRUZ, 
 
 TO THE TERMINATION OF THE 
 
 WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 '^^ . CONTAINING THE FULL 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE, ETC., ETC 
 
 BEING A CONTINUATION OF "YOUNG'S HISTORY OF MEXICO.' 
 
 BY GEORGE C. FURBER, ESQ., 
 
 AUTHOR OF "twelve MONTHS VOLUNTEER.'' 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. A. AND U. P. JAMES. 
 
 1848. 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 The decease of the author of the foregoing portion of the HisTonv of Mexico, 
 renders it incumbent on another to carry out the same, whose object, through the 
 whole of the succeeding historical narration has been, to give simply as full and cor- 
 rect an account as possible, of the disastrous battles that succeeded the fall of Vera 
 Cruz to the close of the war with the United States. We give to the reader a con- 
 cise view of the everchanging scenes of the Mexican government and the political 
 parties of the nation, as acted upon and directed by the multitude of her political 
 chiefs during that period ; and though the picture presented cannot be pleasant for the 
 thoughtful mind to contemplate, yet it is interesting from its very changes. We 
 leave it under the government of Herrera, at the conclusion of the war with the Uni- 
 ted States ; and rejoice that the commencement of that administration has shown more 
 energy and vigor, in repressing insurrections, in maintaining order and tranquillity, 
 and in advancing the best interests of the people, than any administration that has 
 held the reins of power since the banishment of the Emperor Iturbide ; and it is to he 
 hoped and expected, that the events of the war, and the occupation of parts of the 
 country by the American armies, has proved of advantage to the Mexican nation, iri 
 showing the people their true strength, the advantages of law and order in civil soci- 
 ety, and the true value of their host of military chieftains ; but, more especially, in 
 having had a strong influence in removing from the minds of the people the slavish 
 superstitions with which they have been encircled. It is for the future historian to 
 relate the effect of these lessons upon Mexico, and by that eflect to trace the nation in 
 its rising progress to a respectable, and to a degree, happy people ; or, on the other 
 hand, by a neglect of these, and by a continuance of the same course as of former 
 years, to follow her fallen power, step by step, to the deepest anarchy ; then to record, 
 that Mexico was a nation of former times, but now no more. 
 
 E.NTERED according to act of Congress, in the year 1848, by J. A. & U. P. JAMES, in the 
 Clerk's office of the district court of Ohio. 
 
 S 
 
 D^o'k 
 
 f«^- 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 BO©K S. 
 
 C HAP TE R L 
 
 Captv HE of Americans by General Urrea — Proclamation of Santa Anna — His 
 march to Cerro Gordo — Vice Presidency abolished — Gomez Farias removed 
 from power — Election of Anaya president substitute — Battle ground of Cerro 
 Gordo — Position of Mexican troops — Battle of Cerro Gordo — Defeat of the 
 Mexican »rmy — Organization of guerrilla forces — Capture of Tuspan — Cap- 
 ture of Alvarado and Fiacotalpam — California — Proclamation there of Gen. 
 Kearney — Resolutions of Mexican Congress From p. 47.5 to p. 490 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Santa Ansa's flight from the battle field of (Jenro Gordo — His arrival at Ori- 
 zaba — His dispatches to the government — Blames Gen. Canalize — Joined by 
 Gen. Leon — Issues guerrilla ajmmissions — Measures of Anaya for defense of 
 the capital — Proclamation of Anaya — Liberty of the press restricted — Decrees 
 of Gen. Bravo — Santa .Anna's attack on Gen. Worth — He ap[)ears before the 
 city of .Mexico — .Murmurs of the populace — Enters the capital 496 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Retirement of .Anaya — .Santa Anna tenders his resignation — Refused by con- 
 gress — Condition of states — Dictatorial powers of the president — His efforts 
 to fortify the city — Liberty of the press again restricted — Refusal of American 
 propositions of peace — .\rrival of Gen. Valencia from San I^uis Potosi. . . .504 
 
 CHAP TER IV. 
 
 Padre Jaralta — .Actions of guerrilla forces against the American columns 
 and trains — Capture of Tobasco — Evacuation of Jalapa — Correspondence be- 
 tween Gen. .Mora y Villamil, at San LuLs Potosi, and Gen. Taylor, at Saltiilo 
 — Release of American prisoners — Sent to Tarnpico — Detained by Gen. Garay 
 — Expedition of Americans under Col. Dc Russy — Battle of Huejulia — De- 
 feat of the .A mericans — Their retreat .509 
 
 473 
 
474 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Approach of the Americans from Puebla — Preparations for defense — Arrival of 
 the Americans before the Penon — Americans advance to San Augustine — 
 Commencement of the battle of Contreras on the I9th of August — Battle of 
 Contreras — Complete defeat of Valencia-Battle of Churubusco — Entire defeat 
 of the Mexicans — The rout — Distress within the walls — Proposals for an ar- 
 mistice — Terms of the armistice — Ratification of the same — Congress retires 
 to Toluca — Political Parlies — Puros — Moderados — Monarquistas — Attack of 
 leperos on American train — Communication to Santa Anna from Gen. Scott 
 — Santa Anna's reply — Terms of peace proposed on either side — Renewal of 
 hostilities — Review of actions of Santa Anna — Comparison of the opposing 
 armies — Position of Mexican troops at Molino del Rey — Battle of Molino del 
 Key — Its results — Battle of Chapultepec — Final attack of the Americans on 
 the city — Surrender of the same — Summary of American loss in the valley of 
 Mexico 539 Ty I 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Santa Anna's movements — Disposal of the army — Resigns the presidency — 
 Pena y Pena assumes it by his position of chief justice of the supreme court — 
 Siege of Puebla by Gen.,Rea — Santa Anna takes command — Advance of 
 Gen. Lane — Padre Jarauta's attack on Major Lally's command — Battles 
 of Huamantla and Atlixco — Santa Anna deprived of command — Santa 
 Anna's " Exposition " — Election of President Anaya — Battle of Matamoras 
 — Anaya's term expires — Pena y Pena again assumes the presidency — 
 Movements of Gen. Lane — Santa .Anna's last address — Signing of the treaty of 
 peace — The armistice — the treaty — Circular of Rosa — Santa .Anna — Paredes 
 — Jarauta — Zenobia — Alvarez — Almonte — Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales — 
 Condition of Yucatan — Treaty ratified by the American senate — Arrival of 
 American commissioners — Meeting of congress — Ratification of the treaty — 
 Departure of American armies from Mexico — Gen. Herrera elected president 
 — Revolution of Paredes and Jarauta— Its suppression 572 
 
BOOK VIII. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Opinions of the Battle of Bucna Vista, by the Mexican nation — Gen. Urrea's success 
 — Santa Anna's efforts to increase his Army — His March to meet Gen. Scott — 
 HLs arrival at the Pass of Cerro Gordo — Preparations for Battle — Decree of the 
 Mexican Congress, abolishing the Office of Vice President, and appointing that 
 of President Substitute — Consequent deprivation of power of Gomez Farias — 
 Election of Senor Anaya, President Substitute — Protest of the Minority of Con- 
 gress — Battle Ground of Cerro Gordo — Disposition of the Mexican Troops — Ad- 
 vance of the American Army, from Vera Cruz — Battle of Cerro Gordo — 'J'he 
 disastrous defeat — Surrender of Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla — Effect at the Capital — 
 Adoption of the Guerrilla System of Warfare — Capture of Tuspan, by the Ameri- 
 can Navy — The fall of Alvarado — California — Losses of the Nation witliin the 
 year — Patriotic Conduct of the Mexican Congress. 
 
 The possession of the three pieces of American artillery and the 
 flags, taken by Santa Anna, at Buena Vista, enabled him to claim the 
 victory there, in terms sufficiently plausible, to deceive the Mexican 
 nation, always willing to be deceived in opinion of the ability of their 
 generals, and the prowess of their troops. — The fact of the army 
 having totally failed in its proposed object — that of driving the inva- 
 ders from their northern position — was not thought of, save to refer it 
 to their want of provisions, as the commander-in-chief affirmed. — His 
 reception by the people of the towns on his route of retreat, was that 
 accorded a conqueror. They believeil, that he had given a death blow 
 to the army of the United States in the north, and that he would soon 
 utterly defeat and drive from the shores of the republic, that victo- 
 rious column, which, under Gen. Scott, had just accomplished the 
 reduction of the ricli city of Vi;ra Cruz, and the strong rastle of Ulloa- 
 
 The Mexicans now looked not upon tlieir real losses, but only 
 dwelt upon their future fancied success. — Their spirits and confi- 
 dence were also much elevated, by the result of an assault, made by 
 Gen. Urrea, with a body of lancers, upon a large wagon-train of the 
 
 (47.5) 
 
476 CAPTURE OF AMEKICANS BY (iEN. URREA. 
 
 enemy, near Marin, and not lar from Monterey. — On tlie 22cl of Feb- 
 ruary, the same day of the commencement of die battle of Buena 
 Vista, Urrea liad wholly routed this American force, killing fifty, and 
 takinif thirty prisoners, together with one hundred and ten wagons 
 with irmy stores, and three hundred pack mules with the same, and 
 valual)le merchandise. 
 
 This event added to the exultation of the nation, who now be- 
 lieved, that the tide of war would turn, under the direction of Santa 
 Anna; and, to the patriotic appeal which he addressed to them,* 
 upon hearing of the fall of Vera Cruz, they responded, by thousands 
 rushing to his standard. — In a few days, he found his available 
 forces swelled to a respectable army. — Having collected a vast 
 amount of materiel of war, and impressed into his service all the 
 wagons of private individuals within the city, and alajos, or droves 
 of pack mules, sufficient for his purposes, on the 2d of April he 
 commenced a rapid march for the strong position of Cerro Gordo, 
 on the national road, between the cities of Vera Cruz and Jalapa ; 
 which he resolved to fortify in such strength, as to resist the onward 
 movement of tlie invaders, toward the heart of the country. 
 
 On this march, his army was still further increased in numbers. At 
 Puebla, he was received with joy, and supplies furnished him. — From 
 
 * ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA, President ad interim of the Mexican 
 
 Republic, to his compatriots: 
 
 Mexicans : Vera Cruz is already in the power of the enemy. It has succumbed ; 
 not under the influence of American valor, nor can it be even said that it has fallen 
 under the impulses of their good fortune. To our shame be it said, we ourselves, have 
 produced this deplorable misfortune, by our own interminable discords. 
 
 The truth is due to you from the government ; you are the arbiters of the fate of 
 our country. If our country is to be defended, it will be you who will stop the tri- 
 innphant march of the enemy, who now occupies Vera Cruz. If the enemy advance 
 one step more, the national independence will be buried in the abyss of the past. 
 
 I am resolved to go out and encounter the enemy. What is life worth, emiobled by 
 the national gratitude, if the country suffers under a censure, the stain of which will 
 be visible upon the forehead of every Mexican 1 
 
 My duty is to sacrifice myself, and I well know how to fulfill it ! Perhaps the 
 American hosts may proudly tread the imperial capital of the Aztecs. I will never 
 witness su(^h opprobrium, ibr I am decided, first to die fighting ! 
 
 The momentous crisis has at length arrived to the Mexican Republic. It is as glo- 
 rious to die fighting, as it is infamous lo declare ourselves cuuqucrrd, withmit a strug- 
 gle — and by an enemy whose rapacity is as far removed from valor as from geiK^rosity, 
 
 Mexicans ! you have a religion — protect it ! You have honor — then free yourselves 
 from infamy ! You love your wives, your children — then liberate them from Ameri- 
 can bnitality ! But it must be by action — not by vain' entreaty nor barren desires — 
 with which the enemy must be opposed. The national cause is infinitely just, although 
 
MARCH OF 8ANTA ANNA. 477 
 
 the castle of Porote, as ho advanced, ho withdrew many pieces of 
 artillery, i?\ addition to those that he had brought on; and, anticipating 
 a long and protracted battle, from here he added also mucii inateriel. 
 At the beautiful city of Jalapa, as he neared his intended position, he 
 was received with the greatest enthusiasm, increased among the inli;il)- 
 itants. by the knowledge, that should the army fail to arrest the pro- 
 gress of the enemy, their city would be the tirst to fall into the invader's 
 hands. — Here, more supplies were furnished, not only in sul)sistence 
 and ammunition, but in that more needed at this juncture, money for 
 the pay of the troops. 
 
 He arrived at the position of Cerro Gordo with an army of near 
 fifteen thousand men, with a fine park of forty-two pieces of artillery, 
 and an immense malericl of war. — The old fortifications, which, in 
 the war for independence, had made this point impregnable against 
 the efforts of any force advancing from the east, were reoccupied, re- 
 paired, increased, and strengthened. — The wild and desolate hills, and 
 the lonely mountain pass were covered, over and around, by the warlike 
 and imposing battalions of Mexico, whose flag blew out from the lofty 
 summits of the eminences, in the strong gulf breeze, that came rush- 
 ing up from the extended regions of thetierras calientes, or hot lands, 
 which lay spread out in view at their bases, far below, like a map. 
 
 God appears to have deserted us ; but His ire will be appeased, when we present, as 
 an expiation of our errors, the sentiments of true patriotism, and of a sincere union. 
 Thus, the Almighty will bless our effort.s, and we will be invincible ; for, against th • 
 decision of eight millions of Mexicans, of what avail are the efTorts of eight or ten 
 thousand Americans, when opposed by the fiat of Divine justice ! 
 
 Perhaps I speak to you for the la.st time ! I pray you hsten to me ! Do not vacil- 
 late between death aTid bravery ; and if the enemy conquer you, at least they will 
 respect the heroism of your resistance. It is now time that the common defense 
 should alone occupy your thoughts! The hour of sacrifice has sounded its approach ! 
 Awaken ! A tomb opens at your feet ! Conquer a laurel to repose on it. 
 
 The nation has not yet lost its vitality. I swear to you, I will answer tor the triumph 
 of Mexico, if unanimous and sincere desires on your part, second my desires. Happy 
 will have been, a thousand times happy, the unfortunate event at Vera Cruz, if the 
 destruction of that city may have served to infuse into the Mexican breast the dignity 
 and the generous ardor of a true patriotism ! Thus will the country have bci-n indu- 
 bitably saved ; but if the country succumb, she will bequeath her opprobrium and her 
 censure to those egotists who were not ready to defend her — to those who traitorouslv 
 pursued their private turmoils to trample upon the national banner ! 
 
 Mexicans! your fate is the fate of the nation ! Not the American.s, ])ut voi; will 
 decide her destiny ! Vera Cruz calls for vengeance ! Follow me, and wash out the 
 stain of her dishonor ! 
 
 ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA. 
 
 Mexico, March 31, 1817. 
 
478 ABOLISHING THE VICE PRESIDENCY. 
 
 Under the direction of the commauder-in-chiel", the wliole army was 
 iu active note of preparation, and the tones of bugles, and the roll of 
 drums, answered each other from hight to hight, and resounded in the 
 deep glens whose passage was to be efTectually prohibited to the enemy. 
 
 Another political change had taken place at the capital, a few days 
 before this time. The Vice-President, Gomez Farias, as has been 
 before recorded, had obtained the ill will of the clergy, and horror 
 stricken the more bigoted part of the people, by his efforts to raise 
 means for the support of the armies of the nation, from the sale of the 
 immense property of the church. — Tliis liad led to the revolution 
 against his power, conducted by Gen. Pena y Barragan, which the 
 president, Santa Anna, had quelled by his rapid approach from San 
 Luis Potosi. — Now, as he was again altout to leave with the army, 
 to meet Gen. Scott, the enemies of Gomez Farias exerted themselves 
 to remove him from office, before he should again have the sway of 
 the government at the capital. — But as this could not be done by revo- 
 lution without striking at the power of the President Santa Anna, 
 against whom no one, at the present, wished to move, a bolder scheme 
 was planned and carried through congress, after fierce opposition, 
 by the passage of the following decree, which, while it gave the 
 president permission to lead the army against the enemy, efiectually 
 removed Gomez Farias from power, by abolishing the office which 
 he held, making provision for its place to be supplied by that of 
 a president-substitute ; and also, providing for the next election, ac- 
 cording to the old plan of continual changes of form of government 
 and elections, which has been so far, the particular curse of the Mex- 
 ican Republic. 
 
 " 1. Permission is granted to the actual President of the Republic, 
 to take command, in person, of the forces which the Government may 
 place under his command, to resist the foreign enemy. 
 
 " 2. The Vice Presidency of the Republic, established by the law 
 of 21st December last, is suppressed. 
 
 "3. The place of the provisional President shall be filled by a sub- 
 stitute, named by Congress, according to the terms of the law just 
 cited. 
 
 " 4. If, in this election, the vote of the deputations should be tied, 
 in place of determining the choice by lot. Congress shall decide, voting 
 by person. 
 
 " 5. The functions of the substitute shall cease, when the provi- 
 sional President shall return to the exercise of power. 
 
 "6. On the 15th day of May next, the legislatures of the states 
 shall proceed to the election of a President of the Republic, according 
 
ELECTION OF ANAYA PRESIDENT SUBi^TlTUTE. 479 
 
 to the form prescribed by the constitution of 1824, and with no other 
 difference, save voting for one individual only. 
 
 "7. Tlie same legislatures shall at once transmit to the Sovereign 
 Congress, the result of the election, in a certified dispatch." 
 
 This decree was passed upon the 30th March ; and at the same sit- 
 ting. Congress, having been informed, through a minister, that Presi- 
 dent Santa Anna wished at once to depart for the army, immediately 
 resolved itself into permanent session, and elected, to fill the newly 
 created office of president substitute, Senor Pedro Maria Anaya, a 
 person of patriotism, integrity and capability, who was popular witli 
 the three great classes, the clergy, army, and people ; and who, 
 moreover, not having been an actor on the changing political arena, at 
 this important period possessed the advantage of having no bitter 
 political enemies. — He was installed into office on the 2d day of April, 
 and as soon as the ceremony was over, Santa Anna left for the army, 
 which had already taken up the line of march. 
 
 This action of congress, in thus abolishing the vice presidency, 
 was, by the minority thereof, in a few days after, protested against in 
 the most energetic manner, and declared " irregular and unconstitution- 
 al ; " and to this protest the legislature of the powerful State of Ja- 
 lisco added its remonstrance in a short time, but it produced no effect. 
 The president substitute, Anaya, entered upon the duties of his office 
 witli vigor, and in conjunction with Gen. Bravo, left in command of 
 the forces at the capital, began making strong efforts to still farther 
 arouse the spirit of resistance against the invaders, both in the capital 
 and nation. 
 
 At Cerro Gordo, Santa Anna and his generals spared no exertion 
 necessary to still further increase the formidable defenses. — This posi- 
 tion was wild and rugged in the extreme. — A small river of clear 
 water running eastwardly dashed over the rocks and wound its way 
 along in the romantic bottom of a wide and terrible ravine, into the 
 perpendicular depth of which, five hundred feet, it is awful to look 
 down from the rocky bights, which now formed the position of 
 the right of the Mexican army. — The mountain tropical birds sailed 
 through its depths, far below tlie point of vision, while the opposite 
 precipitous boundary of dark and naked rocks, at the distance of half 
 a mile across the chasm, effectually forbade descent into the depths. 
 No passage, therefore, could be attempted across this from the north- 
 west to the southeast, save at one point, in the latter direction, where 
 with infinite labor, along a natural ravine, that met the other at right 
 angles, the old Spanish road had been constructed, which descended to 
 it, five miles from Cerro Gordo. — A magnificent stone bridge, of lofty 
 
480 BA'n'I.K CKOIINI) OK CI'.KKO <;()IM)(). 
 
 arclics, spiiiiiicd [ho slrcaiii, and llic road, Icaviiitr il af'lcr (•i(»Hsiii^ a 
 small plain, called I'laii del Mm, rose ai^aiii (Voin its deptlis by a Hj)iial 
 asi^cul around tlu; brow of a lofly inoiintaiii, turned to tlie norlhwe.st, 
 and lollowed a |)arallel course, as it rapidly ascended anionjr tlie rocky 
 hill.s which were int(;rHj)(;rHed with lon^ and decj) jrlcns and j)recipitouH 
 ravines, not so lar^re as iIk; former, hut terrihh; to look into, and inostly 
 impassable; winding aroiind these hills, and on the precipitous edges 
 of these chasms, the road came to the pass of (/(-rro (iordo; — this 
 was looked down upon from either side by imposiiijLr eminences, their 
 brows now surrounded by breastworks, frowning with cannon, and 
 bristling with bayonets; wliile in the rear, from strong batteries jjro- 
 trnded the mouths of heavy cannon, bearing down upon the pass, ren- 
 dering it impossible f(K a foe to advance ; — along this road the invaders 
 nuist come, 
 
 Cen. Santa Anna established his headquarters in tli(; rear of these 
 hills, on a j)lain, and near the (;dge of the terrible southern ravine. — 
 As it was impossible to descend into its depths to obtain water from the 
 river, a small stream from the hills still in his rear was diverted and 
 conveyed to this spot, by a diteh. — Me placed his hospitals and stores 
 around him, and strengthened his immediate position, by a battery of 
 seven pieces of artillery, as a precaution of reserve, and backed them 
 by a body of four thousand lancers, under the command of Gen. Cana- 
 lizo. — In front of him, as he looked towards the east, rose the lofty hills 
 between which came up the pass. — That on the right, was bounded by 
 the southern ravine on its flank, and ended abruptly in threr; spurs on 
 its eastern extremity; from these, one could sec down on tfie hot and 
 lower regions of the tierras cali(!ntes, and the distant gulf l)ounded the 
 view. — On the left, Cerro (Iordo arose in its bulk near a thousand 
 feet, and in front of that, to the east, the lower but lofty hill of Telc- 
 grafo stretched out its long extent, every fool of its surface under the 
 
 plunging fire of the guns of Cerro Gordo Around the northern base 
 
 of this, and of Cerro (Jordo, ran a derjp ravine, considered impassa- 
 ble. — At the narrow mouth of the pass, he established a battery of 
 five cannon, bearing down its extent; the road was also ditched and 
 barricaded ; here, too, he stationed heavy bodies of inf mtry. — On 
 the top of Cerro Gordo, to the left, w ore placed six pieces of artil- 
 lery, and three thousand choice troops under (Jen. Arnpudia, with 
 Gen, Vasquez as second in command. — On the hill to the right, along 
 its brow, from the commencement of its ascent, at the mouth of the 
 pass, to its termination on the first eastern spur, twelve hundr(;d yards, 
 all the way looking down on the road as it wound round the gorge, 
 were breastworks lined with infantry, and a battery of three cannon 
 
i'()>-l'il()S OF 'iJJK MEXICAN 'JJiOOJ*}-;. ^f,l 
 
 rnidwav. 'l'\i<:H<'.,lij</<:i\it'r willj iIk,- firtrt ';:i«U;rn hjjur of th'r '-riiiiK^nce, 
 whicli ov<;rhiJH(/ the roa'i for fi:<lfa iriilf^ \)iA'or<i it rrnUn' d tli'; {>;«>:, and 
 on whi';ti w(rr<; j/ioijntf;d h<rvr;ii pir;<f;K of arlJlU;ry, w-is; pla.';<;d uiidfrr the 
 fX>mf/r<ind of <^*C'n. Itouiulu!^ d«; la Vr:;(a. — Th'; t;f;';ond, or C(;ntr:d Kpur, 
 sC'paraUjd from each of the olfierw hy a deep ravine, and heing, hy llie 
 elopintr position of the j^round for a rnile in front of it, more easily 
 approaxdied, was stronger; with two lineri of rock defense, mounting 
 eight pieces of artillery, and supported hy a force of two thousand 
 men, consisting of the hattalions of /achapuistia and Ifallanque, a 
 body of artillery of the line, and t)ie piquets of Matamoras and Liher- 
 tad — some of the oldest and hesl troops of the Mexican army. — Thiji 
 important post was commanded hy Gen. Jo^e MarL'i Jarero, witli J'ost 
 Capt. iJon Buenaventura Aranjo, a brave officer, second in command. 
 
 'I'he third, and Bouthern spur, f]anke<l hy the deep cliasm, and fronts 
 ing like llie other two, on the same line to the east, was also def<;nded 
 by a sUjne breastwork, and mounted six pieces of artillery, part of them 
 «o disposed, as to bear upon a column advancing upon the central bat- 
 tery. ']'hij< post was commanded by Gen. Luis Pirison. 
 
 In all his arrangements for the approaching wnflict, tlie tx>mman- 
 der-in-chief displayed great generalship ; and, with full confidence in 
 their fiuc;ess, and with tlie knowledge, tliat upofi the event of this bat- 
 tle wa>! slaked every hope of Mexico, the subordinaU; generals and the 
 army awaited the approach of the daring inva/iers. 
 
 On the 8th of April, the advance of the Arnericams, under Gen. 
 Twiggs, left Vera Cruz, on their rnarcli t^jward the inU;rior. On the 
 10th, proceeded a large division under Maj. Gen. Patt/.-rson. On the 
 12th, Gen. Hcott with the dragoons. On the l.'ith, the division of 
 Gen. Worth followed, with the artillery ; and on the 18th, the brigade 
 of Gen Quitrnan brought up the rear. 
 
 Gen. Twiggs's force arriving at Plan del Itio, on the 11th, after a 
 hot skirmish with the advance of the Mexican lancers, {/awsed on until 
 they were within direct gun-shot of the formi<iable intrenchments, 
 without f>eing aware of their existenf;e — with such t^elerity and silencer 
 had Santa Anna made his arrangements. — 'i'wiggs fell back Uj Plan 
 del Rio, and awaited the appr<>a/;h of J-'atterson's division, which, fol- 
 lowed by (iftntrdl iSc/jtt and Gen. Worth's division, soon arrived, and 
 thfi two aLnuKiti lay at a distance of five, miles apart. 
 
 Santa Anna, his officers and soldiers, were now most active. — 
 The general was over all parts of the field, again and again, directing 
 all operations upon the various points for defense. Tlje main atta^ik 
 he expected would be upon tlie right ; for no one in liis army dreamed 
 tiiat tlie lofty hill of Cerro Gordo could be stormed. Ujxnj his right 
 .SI 
 
482 BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO. 
 
 the trees and brush were cut down for a distance of two hundred 
 yards in front, and along the slope of the hill down to the road below. 
 From this position, he could look direcdy down upon the American 
 camp in the deep valley below ; every movement there was percepti- 
 ble to, and prepared for, by him. 
 
 Gen. Scott, on the other hand, was equally active. In addition to 
 the rei'onnoisances made by Gen. 'J'wiggs, others more daring, were 
 completed by the engineers, and by Gen. Pillow in person. The 
 result of these, from the nature of the ground, and the impossibility 
 of approach by a small party was extremely unsatisfactory, but still 
 enough for Gen. Scott to form his plan of attack. One important 
 item, the artillery on the right, was undiscovered in these reconnoi- 
 sances. — On the 17th of April, Gen. Twiggs advanced, cut a new road 
 to the right of the main one, and crossing some ravines before deemed 
 impassable, took possession of the higlit of Telegrafo, the long and 
 high hill in front, and below the lofty Cerro Gordo, the Mexican left. 
 Santa Anna, from the latter hill, seeing this movement, sent a large 
 force to regain Telegrafo. — A sharp action immediately took place, 
 but the Americans retained possession of the important eminence ; 
 and during the night, reinforced by Gen. Shields's brigade, mounted on 
 the hill, three 24 pounders, and the next morning, the 18th, opened a 
 heavy upward lire upon the hight of Cerro Gordo. — Santa Anna was 
 there, but left shortly afterwards, for his headquarters. Gen. Ampu- 
 dia also left, leaving the post in command of Gen. Vasquez. 
 
 Soon after this firing had commenced, the Mexican lines were as- 
 sailed in all parts, with the utmost impetuosity. — Gen. Pillow vigor- 
 ously assaulted the strong right; Col. Harney, with Twiggs's brigade, 
 ascended the hill of Cerro Gordo ; Col. Riley, with the 2d brigade, 
 winding round the base of that, attacked in rear the fortifications 
 on the road ; while Gen. Shields led his brigade still further round 
 from the base and in the rear of the hill, and suddenly and violently 
 assaulted the headquarters of Santa Anna himself, taking the seven 
 gun battery, routing the Mexican infiintry, and putting Gen. Canalizo's 
 body of cavalry to a complete and disorderly flight. — Col. Harney, 
 after experiencing a desperate resistance on the top of Cerro Gordo, 
 carried it with the bayonet. — Col. Riley, after resistance equally 
 strong, routed the forces at the entrance of the pass, and captured the 
 battery there. 
 
 (ien. Pillow, on the right, furiously assaulted the strong works, and 
 not dreaming of artillery, was received by such a destructive lire of 
 canister shot, from eight pieces in front, live on the next battery to 
 to his right, and four on the one to his left, and the lire of two thou- 
 
FJEFEAT OF THE MEXI("AN AIJMV. 483 
 
 sand muskets, that his foremost regiment, the 2(1 'IViinessee, was swept 
 away instantaneously. — More formidable preparations for another 
 assault were immediately made ; but, Generals La Vega, Pinson and 
 Jarero, seeing that the hight of (Jerro fJordo was carried, which com- 
 manded, from the left, and rear, their position, and that their retreat 
 was entirely cut off, surrendered tlieir whole forces prisoners of war ; 
 while the fugitives from the other parts of the field, lied along the 
 Jalapa road, as rapidly as fear could urge diem, followed and cut 
 down, by the American dragoons and infantry. 
 
 Gen. Santa Anna barely escaped, on one of the mules of his car- 
 riage. — Gen. Ampudia with difliculty and by stratagem eluded the p<ir- 
 suit of the dragoons, which continued for sixteen miles. — Never was 
 a batUe more fully lost, never was a rout more complete, more final, 
 more disastrous. The Mexican army was for the present annihilated. 
 Gen. Canalizo's lancers passed through Jalapa, in fear and haste, 
 where, a few days before, they had boasted, that each man wouhl bring 
 a captive enemy tied in triumph to his horse. The Mexican loss 
 in this batde, was fifteen hundred killed and wounded, four thousand 
 prisoners, including two hundred and eighty-five oflficers, and five 
 generals, viz., Pinson, Jarero, La Vega, Noreiga, and Obando. Gen. 
 Vas(]uez was killed at his post. Forty-two pieces of cannon, most 
 of them brass, eight thousand stand of arms, many wagons and pack 
 mules, and an immense materiel fell into the hands of the Americans. 
 Sixteen thousand dollars in silver, was found in Santa Anna's carriage. 
 
 This result of the batde was so astounding, so unlocked for, by 
 all parties in Mexico, that the utmost consternation and dread spread 
 itself widely around. — The city of Jalapa immediately surrendered 
 to the conquerors ; the famous castle of Perote was found by the small 
 division under Gen. VV^orth, who entered there on the 22d at noon, to 
 be entirely deserted, save by Col. Velasquez, who had been left to 
 deliver it into their hands. The splendid city of Puebla yielded on 
 the advance of Worth, on the ir)th of May; and there can be no 
 doubt, that if Gen. Scott had continued his march immediately to the 
 capital, he would have taken it without even a show of resistance. 
 Indeed, nothing else was expected by the citizens of the city of Mex- 
 ico, who for several days after, were thrown continually into the 
 utmost terror, by reports that the Americans were coming. 
 
 The wretched survivors of the Mexican army, who reached die 
 city, less than two thousand in number, brought with them, besides 
 their woful, shattered appearance, the most exaggerated accounts of 
 American prowess. Alarm and confusion reigned supreme; so com- 
 pletely had everything been staked upon the result of the battle of 
 
484 ORGANIZATION OF GUERRILLA FORCES. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, tliat now all were completely overwhelmed by the defeat. 
 There was no army remaining, no artillery, no munitions of war, no 
 generals. 
 
 Santa Anna escaped to the town of Orizaba, wnth a wretched rem- 
 nant of fugitives ; but to his great joy and relief, the American general 
 advanced no further than Puebla, and reduced his forces, by discharg- 
 ing and sending home seven of his regiments — those who had enlisted 
 for only twelve months, whose time as yet had not expired — a portion 
 of his best troops. 
 
 The government of Mexico, tliough astounded by their reverses, yet 
 made renewed efforts to stay the invaders. Referring to the history of 
 Spain, their mother country, and noting tlie success of the guerilla, or 
 partizan method of warfare there, when employed against the French 
 in Napoleon's wars, they determined to rouse the whole country to 
 form guerrilla bands, under partizan leaders, who should emulate one 
 another in their endeavors to annoy the invaders in every possible 
 manner. Santa Anna had before, when retreating from Buena Vista, 
 commenced this scheme, and forwarded orders to the governors of 
 states, prefectos of districts, and alcaldes of towns, to rapidly orga- 
 nise guerrilla bands, taking for this purpose all the available popula- 
 tion. But not until after this battle, did the new cause receive much 
 impetus. It was now determined on with enthusiasm. Gen. Salas 
 was among the most conspicuous of its supporters ; he issuing the 
 following proclamation a few days after the battle of Cerro Gordo, 
 and while Santa Anna was yet a fugitive at Orizaba. 
 
 PROCLAMATION. 
 
 The citizen, Mariana Salas, General of Brigade, and Colonel of the Regiment 
 Hidalgo, to my fellow citizens ; 
 
 " My friends : The present moment is the most proper to excite the public spirit, and 
 form a nation of men truly free. When an enemy triumphs by his union, to rob us 
 of our dearest interests, there is nothing more sure and more certain, than to vanquish 
 him by valor and constancy. 
 
 « For this end, I have obtained permission to raise a Guerrilla Corps, with which to 
 attack and destroy the invaders, in every manner imaginable. Ilie conduct of the 
 enemy, contrary both to humanity and natural rights, authorises us to pursue him with- 
 out pity (mixericordia). Wah without pity, and death ! will be the motto of the 
 guerrilla warfare of vengeance. Therefore, I invite all my fellow citizens, especially 
 my brave subordinates, to unite at General Headquarters, to enroll themselves, from 
 nine until three in the afternoon, so that it may be organised in the present week. 
 [Signed] JOSE MARIANA SALAS." 
 
 These bodies of guerrillas were now rapidly formed. The follow- 
 ing articles, issued by D. Miguel Orbe, the curate, or principal priest 
 
CAPTURE OF TUSPAN. 485 
 
 of Huauchinango, who, with many of his brotherhood, now hiid aside 
 the "sword of the spirit" for more tangible weapons, the sabre, lance, 
 and escopeta, are given as the terms upon which they were enrolled : 
 
 "He who subscribes this, pledges himself to the five following 
 articles : 
 
 " 1st. To die defending and avenging Our Lady of Guadalupe, and 
 the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion which he professes. 
 
 "2d. To defend the integrity and independence of his nation. 
 
 "3d. To pursue, with death, the Anglo Americans, their followers, 
 defenders or allies, whoever they may be. 
 
 " 4th. To abjure and detest the personal party, of whoever have 
 destroyed their country. 
 
 " 5th. To respect all legitimate authority, whatever it may be, in 
 every thing not repugnant to the preceding articles. 
 
 " These five articles shall be the fundamental rule of the guerrilla, 
 and shall be denominated. La Insurgente Gudalupana.^'' 
 
 Leaving now the disturbed capital, the shattered army, the forming 
 guerrilla bands, and the alarmed population, let us turn our attention 
 back to some time previous to this, reviewing the movements of the 
 American fleet, and of the disastrous operations of defense in Northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 The port of Tuspan, situated about midway between Tampico and 
 Vera Cruz, was now the only one of any note on the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, which had not fallen into the hands of the invaders ; but this 
 did not long remain an exception. Gen. Cos, whose name has been 
 identified in connection with the invasions of Texas, now commanded 
 the division of the Mexican army which were posted at and near 
 this coast. His headquarters were at Tuspan ; he had, at this time, 
 near a thousand troops as a garrison for the place, the fortifications of 
 which had been much improved and strengthened, by mounting the 
 pieces of artillery which had been taken from the U. S. brig of war 
 Truxton, of 10 guns, which had been wrecked at the mouth of Tus- 
 pan river, on the 15lli of August previous. 
 
 On the 17th of April, the same day upon which the battle ol'Cerro 
 Gordo commenced, the American fleet, consisting of the frigate R;iri- 
 tan, the sloops of war Albany, Germantown, John Adams, and Decatur, 
 the steam frigate Mississippi, three smaller stcau)ers, the Spitfire, 
 Vixen, and Scourge, three schooners, the Bonita, Petrel, and Reefer, 
 and three bomb vessels, the Etna, Vesuvius, and Hecla, appeared ofi' 
 the mouth of Tuspan river ; and ihc following day, the 18th, the town, 
 about five miles up the river, was attacked by the small steamers, the 
 gun schooners, and heavy barges from the larger vessels. The forts 
 
486 CAPTURE OF ALYAKADO AND FLACOTALPAM. 
 
 of La Pania, La Palma Sola, on tlie river, and the hospital fort in the 
 town were captured, with eight pieces of artillery, three vessels and 
 three launches. Gen. Cos and his forces precipitately retreated to- 
 ward the interior. Of the guns found at Tuspan, all those which had 
 helouged to the wrecked brig were carried off by the American fleet, 
 the others were destroyed, while the town remained in possession, 
 iield by one of the vessels before it. The ports on the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico were now all closed to the Mexicans. The American fleet was 
 stationed along the coast, and kept up a vigorous blockade. 
 
 A little before this time, on the 31st of March, 1847, the spirits of 
 tlie Mexican nation had been still further depressed, by the fall of 
 Alvarado, the next port to the southeast of Vera Cruz, and also of the 
 town o( Flacotalpam, situated on the Alvarado river, above the former 
 place. T'hese towns, with their artillery, munitions of war, &c., 
 surrendered to the United States' steamer of war Scourge, which, 
 appearing off the bar of Alvarado river, on the night of the 30th, 
 opened a brisk and effective fire upon the forts there, and renewed 
 it upon the following morning, until a flag of truce was shown, 
 when the steamer entered, passed up to the town, and the com- 
 mander, Lieut. Charles G. Hunter, received the surrender of the 
 place ; immediately pursued a fleet of small vessels loaded with muni- 
 tions of war, which were endeavoring to escape up the river," captured 
 and burned two of them, and arriving at the town of Flacotalpam, 
 summoned it, and received its surrender. The loss of Alvarado was 
 more severely felt by the people of Mexico, because it had already 
 twice successfully resisted the attacks of the whole American fleet ; 
 which, at this very moment, under Commodore Perry, was on its way 
 to make a third attack, supported by a large division of the American 
 army then on its march, under Gen. Quitman, fiom Vera Cruz. This 
 large force of army and navy, arrived at the place shortly after its 
 surrender. Alvarado w'as an important town, and the loss of that, pre- 
 ceded by Vera Cruz, and so soon followed by that of Tuspan, entirely 
 stopped tlie passage of all supplies by this coast to the interior. 
 
 While these events had been transpiring in the southern and eastern 
 parts of Mexico, the people of the states of Durango and Zacatecas 
 were excessively alarmed by the approach of the victorious column 
 of the enemy, which under Col. Doniphan, had twice defeated the 
 Mexican forces, and for a considerable period established themselves 
 in the wealthy city of Chihuahua. As they now moved to the south- 
 ward to join Gen. Wool's colunm at Sallillo, every town on their 
 route was deserted by the Mexican forces, and Durango was believed 
 
CAPITUl.ATIOxV OF CALIFORiMAN FORCES. 487 
 
 to be especially the next object of their attack; but much to the relief 
 of the inhabitants, they passed on, leaving the state entirely. 
 
 Disaster to the Mexican nation had rapidly followed disaster. In 
 California they perceived with pain, that the efforts of the population 
 to throw off the authority of their conquerors, had been destroyed by 
 their complete defeat at Los Angelos, and that they had been forced 
 to treat with their victors under Lieut. Col. Fremont, agreeing to 
 retire peaceably to their homes, giving up their arms and artillery, 
 and pledging themselves not again to partake in hostilities against the 
 United States during the war. The nation of Mexico learned the 
 determination of their victorious enemy to take permanently from 
 them the valuable province of Upper California, as they had already 
 taken that of New Mexico. This determination was rendered 
 apparent to them by the following proclamation of Gen. Kearney, the 
 military commander of the forces of the United States in California. 
 
 The Californians had excited this formidable insurrection, as 
 has been mentioned in the former pages of this work, but had been 
 defeated by Gen. Kearney in the action of San Pasqual, on the 
 morning of Dec. 6th, 1846, and again, under their commander Gen. 
 Jose Ma. Flores, were defeated by the combined forces of Commo- 
 dore Stockton and Gen. Kearney, under the command of tlie latter 
 at San Gabriel, on Jan. 8lh, 1847, after a hard fight of one hour and 
 a half, and were yet again defeated by the same force at Mesa, on 
 the following day, Jan. 9th. Genl's. Flores and Pico, after their 
 gallant effort to regain possession of their province from their inva- 
 ders, having thus entirely failed therein, and learning that another 
 body of the enemy, the California battalion under Lieut. Col. Fremont, 
 four hundred strong, were near by on their march from the valley 
 of Sacramento ; and also that still another body equally strontr, the 
 Mormon battalion under Col. Cooke, were close at hand, after the 
 long march of two thousand miles across the desert, which route Gen. 
 Kearney himself had traveled ; and that yet another regiment, one 
 thousand strong, under Col. Stevenson, were on their way by sea from 
 the United States, and would shortly arrive, seeing no hope for success, 
 determined to save themselves, by capitulation of their forces ; and 
 immediately offered this to Gen. Kearney and Commodore Stockton ; 
 but these commanders would not receive such capitulation, on the 
 ground that those thus making it had already broken their parole. 
 Upon this repulse, the Mexican leaders rapidly advanced to meet Col. 
 Fremc^nt, and sending to him flags of truce and offers of capitulation, 
 he, ignorant of the refusal of tlie other commanders, accepted their 
 offers, and entered into articles of capitulation witli liiem. 
 
488 PROCLAMATION OF GEN. KEARNEY. 
 
 Thus ended the resistance to the invading forces of the United 
 States in Upper California, and the whole province was now quietly 
 in possession of that power. 
 
 PROCLAMATION TO THE PEOPLE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The President of the United States having devolved upon the undersigned the civil 
 government of Cahforiiia, he enters upon the discharge of his duties witli an ardent 
 desire to promote as far as possible the interests of the country and well being of its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The undersigned is instructed by the President to respect and to protect the reli- 
 gious institutions of California, to take care that the religious rights of its inhabitants 
 are secured in the most ample manner, since the Constitution of the United States 
 allows to every individual the privilege of worshiping his Creator in whatever man- 
 ner his conscience may dictate. 
 
 The undersigned is also instructed to protect the persons and property of the quiet 
 and peaceable inhabitants of the country, against each and every enemy, whether 
 foreign or domestic ; and now assuring the Californians that his inclinations, no less 
 than his duty, demand the fulfillment of these instructions, he invites them to use their 
 best efforts to preserve order and tranquillity, to promote harmony and concord, and to 
 maintain the authority and elHcacy of the laws. 
 
 It is the desire and intention of the United States to procure for California as 
 speedily as possible, a free Government like that of their own territories, and they will 
 very soon invite the inhabitants to exercise the rights of free citizens in the choice of 
 their own representatives, who may enact such laws as they deem best adapted to their 
 intere-sts and well being. But until this takes i)lace, the laws actually in existence, 
 which are not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, will continue in 
 force until they are revoked by competent authority ; and persons in the exercise of 
 public employments will for the present remain in them, provided they swear to main- 
 tain the said Constitution and faithfully to discharge their duties. 
 
 The undersigned by these presents absolves all the inhabitants of California from any 
 further allegiance to the Republic of Mexico, and regards them as citizens of the 
 United States. Those who remain quiet and peaceable will be respected and protected 
 in their rights ; but should any one take up arms against the Government of this ter- 
 ritory, or join such as do so, or instigate others to do so — all these he will regard as 
 enemies, and they will be treated as such. 
 
 When Mexico involved the United States in war, the latter had not time to hivite 
 the Californians to join their standard as friends, but found themselves compelled to 
 take possession of the countrj-, to prevent its falling into the hands of some European 
 power. In doing this, there is no doubt that some excesses, some unauthorized acts 
 were committed by persons in the service of the United States, and that in consequence 
 some of the inhabitants have sustained losses in Iheir property. These losses shall 
 be duly investigated, and those who are entitled to indemnification shall receive it. 
 
 For many years California has suffered great domestic convulsions ; from civil wars 
 like poisoned fountains, have flowed calamity and pestilence over this beautiful region. 
 These fountains are now dried up; the sUirs and stripes now float over California, and 
 as long as the sun shall shed its light they will continue to wave over her, and over 
 tlie natives of the country, and over those who shall seek a domicil in her bosom ; 
 
GEN. KEARNEY'S PROCLAMATION. 489 
 
 and under the protection of this flag agriculture must advance, and the arts and sciences 
 will flourish like seed ni a rich and fertile soil. 
 
 Americans and Californians ! from henceforth one people. Let us then indulge 
 one desire, one hope ; let that be for the peace and tranquillity of our country. Let 
 us unite like brothers, and mutually strive for the improvement and advancement of 
 this our beautiful country, which within a short period cannot fail to be not only beauti- 
 ful, but also prosperous and happy. 
 
 Given at Monterey, capital of California, this 1st day of March, in the year of 
 our Lord 1847, and of the Independence of the United States the 7 1st. 
 
 S. W. KEARNEY, Brig. Gen. U. S. A. 
 
 and Governor of California. 
 
 All these tidings of evil were now pouring in upon the Mexican 
 government and people. Only one short year had elapsed since their 
 numerous and powerful army in all its display of martial pomp, with 
 fluttering banners, and triumphant music, had moved to the Rio Grande, 
 with determination and all confidence to repress the advances of 
 iheir northern enemy, and to re-conquer that fair and extensive coun- 
 try of Texas, which had been wrested from them. In this year 
 reverse upon reverse, defeat upon defeat, had befallen them. At Palo 
 Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Brazito, Sacramento, San Diego, 
 Bucna Vista, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and in a multitude of smaller 
 actions, tlieir armies had been defeated, their citizens slaughtered. 
 Instead of the banners of the Mexican army moving in triumph on 
 the banks of the Sabine, as they had fondly hoped, after traversing 
 and subjugating Texas, and then being ready to inflict punishment 
 upon the United States, that army had scarcely entered the confines of 
 Texas, before they were driven from thence with defeat, slaughter, and 
 disgrace. Their victors, in turn, had become their invaders; not only 
 confirmed in the loss of Texas, they beheld within a few months, the 
 extensive and valuable province of New Mexico in the hands of the 
 Americans, not again to be returned to them ; they saw too, following 
 this loss, that of the fair province of California. They beheld all their 
 generals defeated in their utmost exertions to hold their ground against 
 their active foes; their northern cities in possession of the enemy, and 
 the fairest provinces of the east traversed by the invading armies. 
 Their every sea-port, fort, castle, and strong hold on one coast of Mexico 
 was now in possession of the armies of the United States: while the 
 powerful fleets of the latter, both in the gulf and Pacific, held in check 
 every succor offered, and spread consternation on the coasts when- 
 ever their white sails appeared on the horizon. The famous castle 
 of St. Juan De UUoa, and the strong and rich city of Vera Cruz, the 
 keys to the gulf, and the entrances to their capital, they saw but the 
 depots of the enemy's materiel, the landing place of their forces. 
 
490 RESOLUTIONS OF MEXICAN CONGRESS. 
 
 But to tho credit of the Mexican nation he it said, that at this dark 
 hour they thoujrht not of peace, l)ut determined .still more stron<^ly to re- 
 sist to tlie hist what tliey regarded as opj)ression. Immediately after 
 the disastrous haltlc of Cerro Gordo, on the 20th of April, in the midst 
 of the alarm and confusion incident therefrom, the Mexican Congress, 
 in extraordinary session, passed the following resolutions unanimously. 
 
 'I'he soverclKii coiistitiUMit MiJxican Congress, in use of tlic lull jxiwcrs willi wliich 
 the iiihiiliitiiiils of the repulilic luive invested it for tlie sacred oiyect of saving its 
 nationality, and as a failhtul interjiretcr of the firni determination with which its 
 constituents are decided to carry on tlie war which the United States are now making 
 on tho nation, without desisting on account of any kinil of reverses ; and considering 
 that under these circumstances the first puhlic necessity is, that of preserving a center 
 of union, to direct the national defense with all the energy that circumstances demand, 
 and to avoid even the danger of a revolutionary power arising, which might dissolve 
 the national union, destroy its institutions, or consent to the dismemherment of its 
 territory, has determined to decret- as follows : 
 
 Art. 1. — The supreme government of the union is authorized to dictate all Jieces- 
 sary measur('s for the purpose of carrying on the war, delL'nding the nationality of the 
 republic, and saving the federal re[)ulilican form of government under which the nation 
 is constituted. 
 
 Art. 2. — Tiic preceding article docs not authorize the Executive to make a i)cace 
 with the United States, conclude a negotiation with foreign powers, nor dispose, in 
 whole or in part, of the territory of tlie republic. 
 
 Art. \l. Neither does it authorize him to make contracts of colonization, impose 
 
 punishments, nor confer any civil or military employments other than those whose 
 appointments are expressly entrusted to him by the constitution. 
 
 yl,/, 4. Every agn-ement or treaty shall be null and void which may be made 
 
 between the United States and any authority whatever, which, subverting tlie actual 
 order of affairs, should set aside or take the place of the legally established supreme 
 powers of the union. 
 
 Art. 5.— Every individual is declared a traitor, let him be a private person, or public 
 functionary, who, cither in his private capacity or invested with any authority, incom- 
 petent or of revolutionary origin, may enter into treaties with the United States of 
 
 America. 
 
 Art. f). In the event that the actual Congress finds it impossible to continue its 
 
 sessions, a i)ermanent coimnittee shall be immediately installed, to be composed of the 
 oldest individuals then found present of each deputation. 
 
 Art. 7. 'I'his conunittce, in the ab.sencc of Congress, shall perform the duties of a 
 
 government council ; shall appoint, in case of vacancy, the person who is to take 
 charge temporarily of the executive powers of the republic; shall regulate the 
 counting and taking of the votes in the election of a new President: shall give jios- 
 Bcssion to the elected jhtsou, and shall call together the national re[)resentati()n. 
 
 Art. 8. — The powers which the present decree confers on the government, shall 
 cease as soon as the war is concluded. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 •Santa Anna's flight — His accounts of the battle — Joined at Orizaba, by Gen. Leon 
 — Efllijits of the President yulwtitutw, A nay a, to fortify tlie Capital — Decree of 
 amnesty Ibr political offenses — Liljerty of the press restricted — (Jity of Mexico 
 declared in a state of siege — Disposition for defense — Proclamation of G(jvernor 
 Trigucros — Santa Anna marches for Puebla — His attack at Aiuazoque, upon Gen. 
 Worth — His repulse — Puebla taken possession of by the Americans — 8anla Anna 
 arrives near the city of Mexico — Dissatisfaction of the popula<^e — He tenders his 
 resignation — Is admitted with his Army, and assumes the direction of the 
 government. 
 
 Gen. Santa Anna, in flying from the Hital rout of Cerro (iordo 
 with six of his aids, striking off to the left of the main road 
 through the chapparal, was joined by about twenty-five fugitive lancer.s, 
 and arrived at tiie hacienda of Tusamapa, on the night of the 18th; 
 the next day he continued his flight to Orizaba. He was now in 
 one of tiiose unfortunate extremes of whicfi his whole life has been 
 so proUfic ; — reduced repeatedly to the last extremity, merely to rise 
 again. — One day at the head of a powerful army, the next a fugitive 
 with hardly a corporal's guard attending, and with the whoUi ap- 
 parent voice of the nation united against him. Again we see him 
 with larger armies than before ; — men, arms, munitions of war, and 
 money, raised so suddenly by his indomitable and almost incredi- 
 ble energy, that he seems several times ahnost to have executed the 
 vain boast of Pompey of old, "that he had but to stamp his foot upon 
 the ground, and an army would rise." By no means scrupulous in 
 his employment of methods, in directing and governing a nation pro- 
 verbial for dishonesty and chicanery, his actions to this end will not 
 bear the test of justice or honor, but nevertheless have always been 
 effectual to his purpose. Never despairing himself, he could infuse 
 into his routed troops the same confidence. Having deceived the 
 populace scores of times, they were still willing to be deceived again. 
 The slightest temporjiry advantage that he g;iined was immedi- 
 ately transmitted to the capital, and magnified into great importance, 
 while his severe reverses were covered over, and accounted for with 
 such plausibility of false reasoning, and coloring of fiicts, that the 
 
 (491) 
 
492 GEN. SANTA ANNA AT ORIZABA. 
 
 nation having only access to these, believed him still, in the main, 
 victorious. 
 
 From the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, on the evening of the 17th, 
 after the advance of the enemy, under Gen. Twiggs, had taken the 
 hiffht of Telegrafo, Santa Anna writes a voluminous account of the 
 action to President Anaya, claiming a victory, by reason of the main 
 works not being attacked ; making it appear that he had entirely re- 
 pulsed the enemy from these. This dispatcii was carried with all 
 haste to the capital, and there produced its intended effect, of rejoic- 
 ing and enthusiasm among the fickle populace. 
 
 From Orizaba, on the 22d of April, he writes the account of the 
 action of the 18th, in which he magnifies the American force to dou- 
 ble its actual strength, and reduces his own to one half its real comple- 
 ment. He finds fault with Gen. Canalizo for retreating, and blames 
 part of his troops for their inexperience, &c. ; but says not a word of 
 his terrible loss of officers and men ; promises to perform great ex- 
 ploits upon and against the rear of the enemy, and endeavors to excite 
 still more strongly, the patriotism of the people. 
 
 He was joined at Orizaba, by Gen. D. Antonio Leon, with a fresh 
 force of two thousand troops. He here also gave his full sanction 
 to the movements of Salas and others, in forming guerrilla bands, 
 and issued commissions to the officers. Being much in want of 
 money, he exacted a loan of sixteen thousand dollars from the citi- 
 zens of Orizaba, and made an energetic appeal to President Anaya 
 for more funds, and also arms. This demand was partially granted by 
 the president substitute ; not, however, until after a difficulty with 
 Gen. Bravo, the military commander of the city of Mexico and sur- 
 rounding federal district ; this general not being willing to spare 
 anything from the city, which might contribute to its defiMise against 
 the enemy. 
 
 On the 27th, fortifications were commenced rapidly at the city gates. 
 On the same day, President Anaya issued a proclamation granting a 
 full and unconditional pardon and amnesty, for all political offenses, 
 and urged upon the people of Mexico the necessity of uniting against 
 the common foe, now threatening tlic capital. Contributions of private 
 individuals were given liberally toward the casting of cannon ; and 
 in many places the bells of the churches were presented by the 
 ecclesiastical to the civil power, for this purpose ; but, of the vast 
 wealth of gold and silver possessed by the church, these dignitaries re- 
 fused to yield any portion towards relieving the pressing emergencies 
 of the government. 
 
 President Anaya and Gen. Bravo, seconded by Don Ignacio Tri- 
 
MEASURES FOR DEFENSE OF THE CAPITAL. 41] 
 
 gucros, the govornor of iho city, acted with great energy in their meas- 
 ures for placing the capital in a proper condition of defense. On the 
 5th of May, the city was declared to be in a state of siege; and, as a 
 main object of the government was to give full confidence to the peo- 
 ple of their ability to defend it, and as some of the papers of the day 
 had criticised severely the conduct of Santa Anna, Ampudia, Canalizo, 
 Morales, Landero, Minon, Heredia, Garcia Conde, and in fact, every 
 leader, whose fortune it had been to encounter the everywhere conquer- 
 ing invaders, a decree was issued at this time by the president substi- 
 tute, whicli, after declaring that the abuse of the liberty of the press 
 had been scandalous, that the papers had promoted desertions, distrust 
 and disunion in the army, and in the minds of the citizens, and the 
 enemy had tbus been indirectly assisted, and the defense of the coun- 
 try been rendered every day more difficult ; he forbade the insertion 
 thereafter, in any paper, of any remark or communication calculated 
 to cast censure upon the supreme authorities, or in any way to throw 
 the least discredit upon the Mexican army, or upon its commanders; 
 and positively prohibited the press from engaging in any political or 
 military discussions whatever ; and these regulations to continue while 
 the capital remained in a state of siege. 
 
 The press, by this order, was completely muzzled, and the people 
 no longer heard of disasters, which from every quarter assailed by the 
 Americans, were coming upon them ; but, on the contrary, were con- 
 tinually encouraged and gratified, by the most false and extravagant 
 accounts of Mexican prowess and success, on the one hand, and 
 American loss and disaster on the other. 
 
 On the 7th, three decrees were issued by Gen. Bravo : one order- 
 ing, under severe penalties for noncompliance, all persons havino- in 
 their possession, as private property, arms of any description, to pro- 
 duce and give them up for the use of the nation, taking therefor a cer- 
 tificate of value, receivable in payment of public dues. 
 
 The second decree ordered, that every person owning or possessing 
 more than one horse, should place them at the disposal of the govern- 
 ment, receiving for their value a like certificate ; no person, on any 
 consideration being allowed to keep but one. These decrees ofl'ered 
 liberal rewards to any one who should inform upon any other Avho 
 failed to comply with the provisions thereof. 
 
 The third decree was the more important, as it forced the whole 
 available population into the ranks of defense, and showed the spirit 
 and resolution with which the government of Mexico were determined 
 to resist in their most important stronghold, the attack of the Ameri- 
 cans. It will be seen, that no one was excused from active service. 
 
494 DECREES OF GEN, BRAVO. 
 
 This decree was made known by Governor Don Ignacio Trigueros, in 
 the form of the following 
 
 PROCLAMATION. 
 
 HEADaUARTEUS, AllMY OF THE CeNTER, ' 
 
 Mexico, May 6, 1847. 
 
 The Federal District of this State being declared in a state of siege, it becomes my 
 
 duty to comply with the 6th article of the law of the 26th of April last ; and, in order 
 
 to meet the anxious wishes of the patriotic citizens of this city to arm themselves to 
 
 repel our unjust invaders, I hereby, in confonnity with the powers in me vested, ordain : 
 
 1. That all Mexican citizens, of the age of fifteen to sixty years, residing in the 
 Federal District, will present themselves for enrollment at the place in their quarter or 
 section which may be designated by the municipal authorities. 
 
 2. The Selectmen of the city, and those who in the other settlements of the district 
 exercise their functions, will, on receipt of this decree, designate in their respective 
 quarters or sections the place where the enrollment is to be made ; presiding over them 
 cither in person or by substitutes. 
 
 3. The same functionaries will, within six days from the publication of this decree, 
 deliver unto the chief of the staff a register, containing in regular order the age, pro- 
 fession or occupation, residence, and whether single or married, of all Mexicans of the 
 ages of fifteen to sixty years, who may reside in their quarter or section. 
 
 4. In conformity with these returns, the persons enlisted will be divided into two 
 classes — one class containing the unmarried and the widowers without children, from 
 the age of fifteen to forty years ; and the other class the married men and the widowers 
 having family, and also bachelors fi-om forty to sixty years. 
 
 5. From those enlisted will be formed as many battalions of each class as there may 
 be in each quarter or section. Should any remain over, they may be fomied into one 
 or more companies or squadrons, according to their number. 
 
 6. The force of these battalions is to be in accordance with the law of the 12th of 
 June, 1846. 
 
 7. The General-in-Chief will appoint the person wiio, during the state of siege in 
 which this district may find itself, shall command the battalions and companies formed 
 by this decree, and whose functions shall cease as soon as the siege is raised. 
 
 8. Every enhsted citizen shall receive a certificate proving his enlistment, signed by 
 the commander of the corps to wliich he may be attached, and by the Selectmen of 
 his quarter or section, and countersigned by the chief of the staff of the General-in- 
 Chief. 
 
 9. Of the bodies which may be formed in each quarter or section there will be 
 created, according to their number, one or more brigades, to be commanded by a person 
 to be designated by the General-in-Chief. 
 
 10. All citizens will attend daily drill, and will perform such other duties as may 
 be ordered, under the penalties established by law. 
 
 11. Whoever, at the approach of the enemy, the beat of the drum, or at the sound 
 of any other signal calling to the common defense, shall not present himself at the 
 place to which he may be ordered, or shall show cowardice, lukewarmness or indiffer- 
 ence, or shall abandon the post in which he may be placed as guard or sentinel, fail in 
 respect to his superiors, or commit any other military crime, shall be punished accord- 
 ing to the ordinances. 
 
SANTA ANNA'S ATTACK [TON GHN. WOKJ'H. 495 
 
 12. Whoevor shall, in order to escape enlist luent, coneeul his age, either by cxag- 
 gcrdtini; or ilimiiiishing it, shall be looked upon as a traitor, and will be punished 
 accordingly. 
 
 13. The authority or person who shall in any manner cover or aid in concealing 
 the crime specified in the preceding article, will be subject to the same j)unishinent. 
 
 14. Whoever shall hide himself and shall not have the certilicate mentioned in 
 Article No. 8, will be enrolled in the regular army. 
 
 15. The bodies created by the decree are destined solely and exclusively to repel 
 the invaders and to maintain order, and will render services to that effect according to 
 the law of 2Gth April last. 
 
 16. All who are enrolled and perform active duties as members of the National 
 Guard, or who may be serving in garrison, will be exempt from serving in these bodies. 
 
 17. Owners of hotels, inns and boarding houses, must make a daily return of the 
 persons who enter their houses, and of those who leave, under the penalties established 
 by law. 
 
 All of which I conununicate to your Excellency for speedy publication in this capital 
 and settlements in this district. God and Liberty. NICOLAS BR.WO. 
 
 To Do.v luxAcio Tiuoi EKos, Govcmor of the Federal District. 
 
 S;iiit:i Anna liaving in tlio .short period of twenty days, again raised 
 a respcftable force, consisting of about tliree thousand men, on the 6tii 
 of Mav commenced his marcli for the city of Puebht, where lie arrived 
 on the 11th. On the r2lh, while engaged in the distribution of sup- 
 plies to his soldiers, the information was brought to him of the ad- 
 vance of a division of Americans, under Gen. Worth, followed by 
 another, under Gen. Quitman. He immediately marched out, and at 
 Amazoque attacked Worth, but being too weak to eflect his object, 
 he retired with the loss of about ninety killed and wounded. Leav- 
 ing then the city of Puebla to the invaders, and unable to resist the 
 torrent setting against him, he continued his retreat to San Martin Tex- 
 m:ducan, on the road toward the capital, and thence to Ayotla, twenty 
 miles from Mexico ; here he was compelled to halt on account of 
 the murmurings of the populace, who supposed by this movement, 
 that the intention of the commander-in-chief was to defend the capi- 
 tal w^ithin its own walls; a measure, which, if adopted, they said, 
 would bring destruction on their families and property. 
 
 Halting here, therefore, on the 18th of May he dispatched to the 
 minister of war, within the city, a long communication, in which he 
 referred to these murmurs, recapitulated his own actions in behalf of 
 the nation since his return from exile, complained of the distrust and 
 enmity exerted toward himself personally, declared his willingness to 
 yield up his fortune and his life, if needed, to save the nation, &c. 
 He recommended most energetically, that every measure be taken for 
 the defense of the city ; and finally, directed the minister to lay this 
 communication before Anaya, the president substitute, and if his views 
 
496 SANTA ANNA ENTERS THE CAPITAL. 
 
 should not be recognised by that officer, further directed, that his 
 resignation of the offices of first magistrate of the Republic, and com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army, be immediately tendered, and his pass- 
 ports forwarded to him. 
 
 On the 18di, Don Manuel Maria de Sandoval, the minister of war, 
 replies to him, that his excellency Anaya coincided with his views^ 
 and invited him to take formal possession of the capital with his army 
 — which then was immediately done. 
 
CHAPTER in. 
 
 Appiioach of the Mexican Army to the city of Mexico — Murmurs of the Populace — 
 Tender of Resignation by Santa Anna — Non-acceptance of the same by the Mexi- 
 can Congress — CoaUtion of the separate States — Withdrawal of the Revenues of 
 the General Government — Dictatorial powers of the President — Deposition and im- 
 prisonment of opposing Generals — Progress of the Fortifications — Arrival at the 
 Capital of the force of Gen, Alvarez — Renewal of restrictions on the Press — Silence 
 of the Peace Party — Mediation of the English Minister, and the reception by Santa 
 Anna, of Propositions for Peace from the United States — Action of Congress thereon 
 — Convocation of a Council of Army Officers — Their Decision — Gen. Valencia's 
 force arrives from San Luis Potosi. 
 
 The army entered the city upon the next day, the 20th; Santa Anna 
 assumed the supreme command, and Anaya retired into privacy. The 
 first act of the president's renewed administration was to repeal the 
 decree of restrictions, which Aniya had placed upon the liberty of the 
 press. The next was, on the 21st, for the president and members of 
 congress to swear to observe the new constitution, founded on that of 
 1824. Much parade was exhibited to the populace on this occasion; 
 the congress, in procession, accompanied by the commander-in-chief, 
 and an imposing escort, passed through the principal streets of the city 
 to the cathedral, where a "Te Deum" was sung, to give due solemnity 
 to the act. The president then proceeded to apply all his energies to 
 the requisite preparations for the defense of the capital ; and in a few 
 days, these endeavors, in addition to the previous ones of Anaya, had 
 placed an army of ten thousand men at his control, with their numbers 
 continually increasing. One body of these, on whom he relied much, 
 was composed entirely of deserters from the Americans, who had 
 been induced, by the promises of his proclam-itions, to come over to 
 the cause of Mexico. 
 
 But, while this success attended the extraordinary efforts of the 
 commander-in-chief, another difficulty arose, in the renewed murmurs 
 of the populace, with respect to the burdens imposed upon them in 
 constructing the formidable series of defenses, which he commenced 
 at the Penon, eight miles from the city, Mexicalzingo, in the same 
 neighl)orliood, and other places. A strong party, too, within the city, 
 at heart tired of war, secretly opposed his eflbrts. 
 
 32 (497) 
 
498 SANTA ANNA AGAIN TENDERS HIS RESIGNATION. 
 
 On the 20th, either weary of his arduous duties, or wishing more 
 firmly to establit^h himself (and judging IVoiu his actions and charac- 
 ter, most probably the latlcr), he tenders to congress, in a long and 
 ably written document, his resignation of ihe ofiicos of president of 
 the Rejniblic, and commander-in-chief of the army. In this commu- 
 nication, he takes care, as usual, to recapitulate his services since his 
 return, laments his condition, but more particularly that of his coun- 
 try, congratulates himself upon having in so short a time, placed the 
 capital in a state of defense suiticient to withstand all the force the 
 enemy could then bring against it, and declares that he has done his 
 duty, and that now forever he renounces public life. This resignation 
 was immediately followed by that of Gen. Bravo, the commander of 
 the troops in the city, and also by that of Gen. Rincon. Gen. Al- 
 monte was arrested, on a charge of having a correspondence with the 
 enemy ; and Gen. Arista, then under arrest, and on his trial before 
 a court martial, for the surrender of Malamoras, a year previous, was 
 set at liberty, to assist in the preparations for defense, while all pro- 
 ceedings against him were suspended. 
 
 The Mexican congress, however, as Santa Anna probably had fore- 
 seen, would not accept his resignation at this juncture ; all saw in 
 him as the commander, their only hope of resisting the invaders in 
 their attack soon expected on the city, and insisted upon his retaining 
 the direction of aflairs and the command of the army. And thus, 
 this extraordinary man, had, in less than six weeks after the battle of 
 Cerro Gordo, not only regained his former standing with the people, 
 but placed his power more securely than before — raised an army 
 nearly equal to his first, and had replaced his losses with a success 
 which would have appeared at first view wholly impossible. 
 
 But the Americans did not move against the capital as soon as its 
 alarmed inhabitants anticipated. Several weeks elapsed, before they 
 prepared to leave the beautiful and populous city of Puebla, in their 
 onward march. Every moment of this time was improved by the 
 commander-in-chief of the Mexicans, his soldiers, and the populace, to 
 add to the strenijth of the fortifications. A spirit of entliusiasm was 
 aroused, and they performed the labor and daily drills with pleasure, 
 and gained confidence, that in iIh; approaching struggles for the pos- 
 session of the city, they should be victorious. 
 
 But at this important crisis, many of the stales of the republic 
 sesmed only anxious to preserve themselves from the impending dan- 
 ger, and withdrew their aid from the central government. A coalition 
 was formed at Lagos, on June 6lh, by deputies from the States of Ja- 
 lisco, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, Mexico, and Queretero, and the sec- 
 
COALiriOX OF STATED. 499 
 
 tion of Aj^uas Calientos, claiming to be a state, by wbicb these 
 coinbinod for mutual defense ; opposed themselves dei-idedly to peace, 
 but united tlieir efl'orls to act independently of the central <rov('rnment 
 in repelling the invaders, although to that government they promised 
 assistance. To em!)arras« the supreme executive still more, while 
 Zacatecas, a powerful state, refused to furnish a single battalion of sol- 
 diers, or the least pecuniary aid for the defense of the capital of the 
 republic, that of Jalisco proceeded another step, in diverting tlie reve- 
 nues arising from the tobacco monopoly within her limits, from the 
 central government, and appropriating it to herself. Anarchy now 
 prevailed in the Mexican Republic to a greater extent than ever had 
 been known before. 
 
 The war was still carried on, if predatory attacks on the trains, and 
 small parties of the enemy, could be dignified by the name of warfare, 
 by partisan leaders commanding small forces, and responsil)le to no 
 higher authority, and actuated by nought save the hope of [)lunder; 
 and even these operations were confined to the immediate vicinity of 
 the national road, from Vera Cruz to Puebla. The inhabitants of 
 other sections of country regarded every movement with apathy, 
 talked loudly of glory, opposed all their influence to any peace with 
 the enemy, but did not lift a finger to assist the struggling, tottering gov- 
 ernment, now unable to inforce its decrees, save at the capital, 'J'he 
 large revenue derived from the duties on exportation of the precious 
 metals from the mining districts of Zacatecas, was wholly witlulrawn, 
 1-y the faitldess officers applying it to their own use, or permitting, for 
 want of power or disposition to prevent, the metals to be smuggled 
 ofT on the western coast, in the most public manner, by English ships. 
 Revenues from the custom houses of the seaports and frontier, had 
 been for some time at an end. But. deprived of all these resources, sur- 
 rounded by faithless friends and treacherous subordinates. Gen. Santa 
 Anna roused all his energies, and directed all his power to the one 
 purpose — that of saving the city of Mexico from the possession of the 
 Americans. 
 
 At this time, he was clothed with nearly the authority of a dictator. 
 Fiy the decree of congress of the 20th of April (see page 490), 
 which was construed to its utmost latitude, all the restriction placed 
 upon the absolute power of the President, consisted in these items — 
 Having no authority to conclude a peace with the United States ; — 
 none to conclude negotiations with foreign powers; — none to alienate 
 any portion of the territory of the republic, or to enter into contracis for 
 the colonization of any part thereof; — none to impose any punishment, 
 or to confer any new civil or military employment, other than tjiosa 
 
500 DICTATORIAL POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 recognized by the constitution. — These restrictions were more nominal 
 than otherwise. Santa Anna made a vigorous use of the extraordi- 
 nary powers conferred upon him. On the 2d of June, he withdrew 
 his tender of resignation to congress, alledging as his reasons therefor, 
 that when he oflered it, the enemy were nut advancing from Puebla, 
 but that, now having heard of his resignation, tliey were about to do 
 so; — :ul(Hng also, that a multitude of appUcalioiis had poured in 
 upon him from all classes of the population, beseeching him to continue 
 to hold the reins of government, as the only person capable of saving 
 the republic in the present emergency. 
 
 He was now emphatically "the government," the master mind to 
 whoso dictates the congress, populace and army, bowed. He formed 
 a new cabinet of Tornel, Rejon, Ibarra and Baranda; — but these 
 he retained a few days only, and changed his ministers in rapid 
 succession. Congress now throwing the whole burden of defense 
 upon him, rarely found a quorum (seventy-one) of its members in 
 their places, by which to do business, — and indeed, such a quorum 
 was only found when the President wished a measure passed to 
 aid him in the execution of his authority or seat him more firmly 
 in power. In a few days after the withdrawal of his resignation, 
 he, finding that he was not the successful candidate in the election 
 for President, which had been held by the difierent states on the 15th 
 of May, and the votes for which were to have been counted by con- 
 gress on the 15th of June, by a singular stroke of policy induced 
 the passage of a decree through that body postponing the counting of 
 the votes until January, 1848; — thus giving him full authority until 
 that time.* In his gigantic schemes for the defense of the city, in 
 which he seemed almost to create materiel, he spared for himself and 
 his subordinate officers no time or labor. Those of the latter whose 
 efforts did not second promptly the directions of his energetic mind, 
 were removed, imprisoned, or banished. Among those thus proscribed 
 within the space of a few days, were Generals Bravo, Rincon, Mihon, 
 Canal izo, Urrea, Garcia Conde, Requena, Morales, Almonte, Ampu- 
 dia and Arista. The latter was sent to close confinement in the castle 
 of Acapulco, on the Pacific, Ampudia was banished from the capital 
 
 * The result of this election had been as follows : Aguas Calicntes, Sonora, Sinatoa 
 and Tamaulipas, voted for Gen. Almonte. Querctaro, Oajaca and Michoacan, 
 for Gen. Herrera. Mexico, Guanajuato and San Louis Potosi, voted for Senor Angel 
 Trias. Puebla, for Sr. Ocampo. Chiapas, for Sr. Anaya. Chihuahua, for Gen. 
 Santa .^nna. Durango, for Sr. Elorriaga. Zacatecas voted for Sr. Lafragua. Jalisco, 
 Coahuila, Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Yucatan, New Leon, the Califomias, and New 
 Mexico, did not vote. 
 
ARRIVAL OF GEN. ALVAREZ. 501 
 
 to Cuernavacii, while Rincon, whose offense, like that of Bravo, con- 
 sisted in expressing his opinion that a defense of the capital against 
 the Americans could terminate only in disaster and defeat — hy chang- 
 ing his expressions, recovered the favor of the President, and was re- 
 stored to his command. Bravo by following the same course was 
 also restored. The places of those of this list of general officers, as 
 well as many inferior ones, who did not in like manner recover their 
 standing, were filled by others anxious to execute the mandates of the 
 President, and dependent on him, many of them having newly given 
 commissions; eight hundred and thirty-five of these being issued 
 in the course of a single month from the 24th of May. 
 
 Governor Trigueros resigned the direction of affairs within the city, 
 and his place was quickly filled by the President, who appointed 
 Ignacio Gutierez, governor of Mexico, in his stead. That general 
 also was directed to take charge of the fortifications already mentioned 
 as erecting by command of Santa Anna, at the Penon, a hill within 
 the limits of the federal district, and which commanded the neck of 
 land between lakes Texcuco and Xochilmilco, over which came the 
 road from Puebla, the main thoroughfare to the city. Beside the fortifi- 
 cations at the Peilon and Mcxicalzingo, another hill on the same neck, 
 other strong works were erecting at Chalco, Ayotla, Guadalupe, Cha- 
 pultepec, Molino del Rey, Churubusco, and all other assailable points 
 on and at the termination of the long causeways that enter the city in 
 various directions. These fortifications, under the command of Gene- 
 rals Gaona, Martinez, Polomina, Anaya, the former president-substitute, 
 and other officers, were constructed by the combined efforts of the 
 citizens and of the troops ; overlooked by the untiring vigilance of 
 Santa Anna himself. To labor on these defenses, the lepcros, or 
 immense beggarly population of the city, were driven at the point of 
 the bayonet Upon these works the artillery was rapidly mounted, 
 of which already seventy pieces had arrived from Acapulco, San Luis 
 Potosi, and other places ; while from the extra bells of the city many 
 more had been cast at Chapultepec and at Toluca ; — every foundry in 
 and about the city was compelled, night and day, to continue the 
 manufacture of shot and shell. 
 
 On the 6th of June the command of General Alvarez, who before 
 this time had been for years nearly independent of the general govern- 
 ment, in the soudi of Mexico, arrived at the capital widi a force of 
 nearly eight tliousand men. These, with the troops that liad arrived 
 from other places, swelled the army of Santa Anna to upward of 
 thirty thousand. In this number were included many officers, and large 
 bodies of soldiers, who had been taken prisoners by tlie Americans at 
 
502 LlBliKTV OF THE PKESS AGAIN UE8TRICTED. 
 
 Vera Cruz and Corro Goriio ; and liberated, on their parole given, 
 not to serve aj^ain during the war. This parole tliey were compelled 
 to break, ami were forced into the ranks. This niinil)er included also 
 the CiiiARDiA Nacional (National Guard), or rather, militia of the city, 
 whicli, witii oilier Iiattalions ol" tlie same nature, I'ornied rallier more 
 than one third the force. With the arms that had been collected in the 
 city, and those procured by vigorous efforts from other sections, a 
 sufficient supply was obtained for the equipment of this body : con- 
 siderable sums of money, too, had been obtained by tlie commander. 
 
 It will be remembered, Uiat one of the first acts of Santa Anna, 
 when reassuming the direction of government, after his return from 
 the battle of Cerro Gordo, was to annul the decree of Anaya, which 
 restricted the liberty of the press; but now his course was altered; 
 the papers of the city iiad reviewed the battle of Cerro Gordo in 
 a severe and condemnatory manner ; and had also spoken of the 
 president's banquet, given to his friends on his birth-day, the i;Uh, in 
 terms not complimentary to him, as a patriot, in a suffering commu- 
 nity ; they had also loudly condemned his arbitrary proceeding with 
 regard to the generals iniprisoned or banished from the capital ; but 
 more immediately, had severely reviewed his action in creating and 
 promoting so many officers, for their participation in the former battles, 
 pronounced by them to be disgraceful and ruinous. Santa Anna, 
 finding their influence strong against him, yielded to tlieir remon- 
 strances, in behalf of the imprisoned generals, and on the 14ih June 
 issued a decree granling amnesty for all political offenses ; but having 
 yielded this point, finding them still more bold in their opposition, on 
 the 18th he arrested several of the editors, and packed them off, .suns 
 ceremonie, to Acapulco and San Luis Potosi; he then established a 
 severe censorship over the whole press, forbidding die appearance 
 of any article reflecting upon the generals, or on the army itself, or 
 on the measures of government; or any items upon the progress of 
 the formidable fortifications constructing, as the knowledge contained 
 in these became immediately known to tlie Americans. Finding 
 these restrictions not sufficiently to answer his purpose, on the 11th 
 of July he supj)resse(] the issuing of all the papers in tlie capital, save 
 the '■'JJiario del Gohitrno,'''' which pul)lished only such matter as was 
 agreeable to himself. 
 
 Having thus arbitrarily silenced all opposition, Santa Ann;i turned 
 again his undivided attention to the defenses, while not an opponent 
 in tlie city dared to open his lips against any measure adopted. The 
 governor of the state of Puebla remonstrated against the act of (xene- 
 ral Canalizo's taking military jurisdiction over the civil power of that 
 
KEJECTION OF AMERICAN PROPOSITIONS OF PEACE. 503 
 
 state ; l)ut, acting under the command of Santa Anna, and supported 
 by Oeneral Alvarez, who with part of his force had moved as a corps 
 of observation upon tlie enemy, Canalizo paid no attention to the 
 governor's remonstrance. 'I'he peace party, which, while the Presi- 
 dent had allowed the liberty of the press, had increased in numbers, 
 and had boldly spoken their sentiments through their paper, El Ra- 
 zonador, now Avere heard from no more. The slightest intimation of 
 such an opinion consigned him who entertained it to a prison. 
 
 In this state were now the city of Mexico and the Mexican army, 
 expecting an attack from the invaders, on or about the last of that 
 month (June), when a new turn was given to their prospects by the 
 submittal to the President, through the English minister, of proposi- 
 tions of peace from the government of the United States, with the 
 information, also, that a commissioner, N. P. Trist, clothed with all 
 necessary powers to conclude such a peace, was in the camp of Gen. 
 Scott, at the city of Puel)la, and awaited the action of the Mexican 
 government. As this was beyond the province of Santa Anna, it was 
 referred to the action of the Mexican congress, but was for many 
 days untouched for want of a quorum. This quorum of members 
 of congress could not be assembled, to act upon the propositions of 
 peace until the 13th of July ; when, seventy-four members having 
 met, the subject was laid before them. They, after a short consulta- 
 tion, being determined to throw all the responsibility on Santa Anna, 
 passed a resolution to this effect — that it belonged to the executive, 
 under the constitution, to receive all ministers, and other public 
 agents, and to make treaties of peace, alliances, &c. ; that the func- 
 tions of congress were limited to the approving or disapproving of 
 these treaties, when made, and that, consequently, until a treaty 
 should be submitted in due form, congress could take no constitutional 
 action on the subject. 
 
 Having passed this resolution, the members of congress individually 
 withdrew ; nor could they again, at that time, be collected by the 
 President, who, finding himself in an awkward dilemma, issued a 
 proclamation, stating to the people the action of congress in the matter, 
 and complaining that his own hands were tied by the decree of 20th 
 April, which not only positively forbade him from making a treaty 
 with the Americans, but declared any person a traitor who should do 
 so; — he recommended the repeal of this decree, stating, that as the letter 
 of the American minister was courteous, the dignity of the Mexi- 
 can nation required that an answer should be given to it, &;c. This 
 proclamation had no effect ; tlie members of congress had scattered, 
 determined to take no part of the responsibility thus resting on Santa 
 
504 REJECTION OF AMERICAN TKOPO-ri'IONS OF PEACE, 
 
 Anna, for peace or war. Ho, however, to .shift some part of tlie same 
 from himself, called a council of general officers of the army, and 
 placed the subject before them. This council, thus without precedent 
 called upon to act upon such a momentous subject, decided " that it 
 was inexpedient to enter into negotiations for peace, until another 
 opportunity should be offered to Mexico to retrieve her fortunes in 
 the field." 
 
 The commander-in-chief, adopting their decision, in fault of one 
 from congress, the constitutional authority, dismissed informally the 
 propositions of peace, which had been before him for near a month. 
 In a few days after this decision, on the 3Ist of July, his force was 
 increased by the arrival of General Valencia from San Luis, with five 
 thousand troops of the line and thirty -six pieces of artillery, all eager for 
 the approaching contest. The army now at the city amounted to thirty- 
 two thousand men, well armed and equipped ; of these over twenty 
 thousand were regular troops : in position, he had one hundred and 
 seventeen pieces of artillery. Valencia, who had thus opportunely 
 arrived, had left San Luis Potosi, with his division, upon his own 
 responsibility. He had succeeded General Villamil in command of 
 the army stationed there to prevent the southward movement of the 
 North American force, then at Saltillo and Monteiey, under General 
 Taylor. Finding no probability of the latter general advancing, Va- 
 lencia, with his force, moved on to the capital, where, shortly after 
 his arrival, he found work to do. But, leaving the consideration of 
 the city of Mexico, now fully prepared for the expected attack of the 
 Americans, let us turn to the operations, in the mean time, of the 
 guerrillas, on the route from Vera Cruz to Puebla ; the capture of 
 Tobasco, &c., all happening before the time to which the termination 
 of this chapter has brought us. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Movements of Guerrilla Forces — Padre Jarauta's attack upon the Train under CoL 
 Mcintosh — Americans reinforced bj' Gen. Cadwallader — Americans evacuate Jala- 
 pa — Defeat of Guerrillas, at La Hoya — Capture of Tobasco — Expected movement 
 of Gen. Taylor toward San laiis Potosi — Release of Prisoners by Santa Anna- 
 Sent to Tampico — Peceived by Gen. Garay — Attempted Rescue — Defeat, &c. 
 
 Supported by General Alvarez, near Puebla, the guerrilla forces, 
 under Padre Jarauta, an enthusiastic priest, and Juan Cliimaco Rebol- 
 ledo, an active partisan leader from Jalapa, made vigorous attacks 
 upon all detached parties of the enemy, and hara.ssed every train 
 and command on its way from the coast, at Vera Cruz, to join the 
 headquarters of the Americans at Puebla. The road, as it passed 
 around the bases of the mountains, or through deep and lonely glens 
 and mountain-passes, offered, at various points, favorable situations 
 for ambuscades and surprises. Aware, from their friends in Vera 
 Cruz, of the time when any train of the enemy would start from the 
 latter place, also of its strength and contents, their preparations were 
 made accordingly. 
 
 On tlie 6th of June, Padre Jarauta attacked a large train, tinder 
 the command of Col. M'Intosh, carrying several hundred thousand 
 dollars in specie, with an escort of five hundred infantry and dragoons, 
 at a point about twenty miles from Vera Cruz, and six from the National 
 Bridge. The result of this attack was highly satisfactory to the guerril- 
 las. They drove back the advance of the enemy — attacked the main 
 body vigorously both in front and Hank — captured twenty-eight wagons, 
 two hundred pack-mules, and seventy-five thousand dollars worth of 
 army stores, with a loss to the Americans of forty killed and wounded, 
 while the guerrillas suflVred but little. The shattered train collected 
 itself together, and would have fallen entirely into their hands, but for 
 the rapid march of another body of the enemy to their aid, under 
 General Cadwallader, five hundred strong, with two pieces of artil- 
 lery, from the gates of Vera Cruz. That general, taking the command 
 of the Americans, Jarauta and ReboUedo were disappointed in their 
 efforts to make any further serious impression upon them, not so 
 much from the fact of their reinforced .-^trengtli, for tlie guerrilla forco 
 
 ( 505 ) 
 
506 ACTIONS OF GUERRILLA FORCES. 
 
 were more than correspondinolv increased by the accession of all the 
 available population of tliat whoh^ section of country, but by the able 
 arrangements of CadwalUider, and the firm front of the Americans, 
 now with their confidence restored. 
 
 Jarauta's vexation was further increased at this lime, by the escape 
 of a minor train of the enemy, not two hundred strong, which unbe- 
 known to liim was advancing from the opposite (hrection, going 
 to Vera Cruz. This little train, aware of its danger, pushed on in the 
 night, crossed the national bridge widi a loss of only five men, and 
 arrived safely in Mcintosh's camp, immediately before the arrival of 
 Cadwallader from the opposite course. 
 
 Driving off tlie pack mules, securing part of Uie plunder from the 
 captured wagons, and destroying the latter, the guerrillas fell back, and 
 made a strong stand at the bights of the national bridge, where, after 
 a lapse of four days, on June 10th, they were vigorously attacked in 
 their turn by Cadwallader's forces. The defense of the hight was 
 firm ; but the invaders, by die assistance of their artillery, cleared the 
 ground, with a loss to the Mexicans of forty men. Jarauta retreated, 
 and again attacked Cadwallader near Cerro Gordo; but, overcoming all 
 obstacles, the A merican com mander, fighting foot by foot, readied Jalapa, 
 and joined his forces to the garrison there. Although thus disap- 
 pointed. Padre Jarauta did not relax his exertions; but stimulating his 
 men with the hope of complete victory, and encouraging them by a 
 recital of die partial success which had thus attended them, and ex- 
 horting them, even by their religious enthusiasm, to give no quarter 
 to the heretical invaders, he made immediate preparations for another 
 assault, provided now as he was, with captured ammunition, arms, 
 and stores. 
 
 On the 17th of June, another force of the Americans, under Maj. 
 Gen. Pillow, of 1800 men, with six field pieces and one hundred and 
 twenty-five wagons, issued from the gates of Vera Ouz, on Uieir 
 march to ttie interior. This column suflered much from the heat of 
 the sun in toiling over the sand hills in the neighl)orliood of Vera 
 Cruz, and when over them, were immediately assaulted by the guer- 
 rillas in waiting. 
 
 Jarauta kept up this attack daily upon the heavy column, causing it 
 much loss, until at Calera, nine miles beycmd the national bridge, he 
 assaulted it with all liis strength, but was repulsed with a loss of nearly 
 one hundred men : he continued to harass the enemy, until the col- 
 umn had passed Cerro Gordo, and arrived near Jalapa. Here leaving 
 the enemy to be attacked on the road between Jalapa and Perote by 
 Gen. Alvarez, this indefatigable military priest returned to the vicinity 
 
CAPTURE OF T0BA8C0. 507 
 
 of Vera Cruz, and visiting the country above Alvarado, was near 
 being cajiturecl by the American governor of that place. Capt. Mayo, 
 hearing of him, had promptly ascended the river in the U. S. ste;uncr 
 of war Petrita, with a force, in pursuit; but the wily priest escaped. 
 
 Gen. Scott having directed the concentration of his forces, the city 
 of Jalapa was evacuated by the American garrison of twelve hundred 
 men, under Col. Childs, on .Tune 17th. That oflicer uniting his force 
 to that of Gen. Cadwallader, the column, then two thousand two hun- 
 dred strong, with six pieces of artillery, marclied for Perote, surprised 
 and routed on its march the guerrilla forces at the pass of La Hoya, 
 on the 20th. The guerrillas fought well, but were also exposed to an 
 attack of a force of Americans, from the casde of Perote, in their 
 rear ; they were completely routed, and Cadwallader's command ar- 
 rived without loss at Perote, where it remained until joined by that of 
 Gen. Pillow, which passed through Jalapa after its evacuation. The 
 two bodies united, were of such strength, that no resistance was made 
 to their further advance to Puebla. 
 
 On the 16th, the city of Tobasco, against which an unsuccessful 
 attempt had before been made, fell into the hands of the invaders ; 
 being taken by the naval force under Commodore Perry, who, with a 
 squadron, composed of the war steamers Spitfire, Scorpion, Vixen, 
 and Scourge, the bomb vessels Etna, Vesuvius, and Stromboli, brig 
 Washington, and schooner Bonita, appeared ofl'the mouth of Tobasco 
 river on the 15th, and proceeded up, arriving before the town on the 
 16th, after having landed below a thousand seamen and marines, 
 with ten pieces of artillery. The Mexican forces retreated after one 
 volley, though the forts kept up the fire upon the steamers for some 
 time afterward. Much pains had been taken to place Tobasco in a 
 proper state of defense ; the points for which had been admirably 
 chosen, but were not defended with gallantry. Under the regulations 
 of a tarifl' established by themselves, the Americans opened this, 
 together with the other captured seaports, to the commerce of the 
 world. 
 
 Tobasco, however, after being occupied for six weeks by tlie Ameri- 
 cans, was abandoned on account of its unhealthiness. Every port on 
 the gulf, from the mouth of the Rio Grande to Yucatan, was before 
 this in possession of the enemy; while those on the Pacific were 
 under a vigorous blockade. 
 
 The American army in the northern provinces, under Gen. Taylor, 
 was daily expected to move to the southward, to join that of Gen. 
 Scott, taking in its route the populous city of San I^uis Potosi. To 
 oppose such a movement the Mexican army of the north was 
 
508 GE.\. VILLAMK. AND GEN. 'J'AVl.OR. 
 
 stationed ii\ tlio city of San Luis Potosi, and Gen. Valencia ap- 
 pointed to the command, which he assumed on the 5th of June. — 
 Gen. Mora y Villaniil, who had hefore lieen in the command of this 
 army, was ordered to the capital. — A siiort, pithy, and not very 
 pleasant correspondence had been carried on l)y tlie latter <)eneral 
 with Gen. Taylor; in which he, on May lOtli, by authority of 
 President Anaya, under a flag of truce, incpiires of General Taylor, 
 " Whether his (Taylor's) wishes and instructions are to prosecute the 
 w^ar in conformity to the laws of nations, and as war is conducted by 
 civilized nations, or as barl)arous tribes carry it on among themselves ; 
 it being understood, that Mexico is disposed and resolved to accept the 
 manner which is proposed or carried out, and awaits the result, in 
 order to dictate its measures accordingly." 
 
 To this singular and impertinent inquiry, the blufl* old American 
 general immediately responded, in a communication dated May 19th, 
 by expressing his surprise at the interrogation, declining to give a 
 direct answer to a question so insulting — refers to his own acts, and 
 those of his army^ — speaks of the single massacre of Mexicans as 
 having been immediately preceded by one of those cold-blooded acts 
 of assassination of American soldiers, which had followed each other 
 successively, from the time the American troops first entered upon the 
 soil of Mexico, and finally, throws back the threat contained in the 
 close of Villamil's letter, &c. 
 
 The government of .Mexico had neglected to perform its stipulations 
 entered into between Santa Aima and Gen. Taylor after the l)attle of 
 Buena Vista, with regard to the exchange of prisoners, and had left 
 those prisoners in confinement, in the city of Mexico, until the pres- 
 ent month June, — allhough more than 10,()t)() Mexican prisoners had, 
 in the mean time, been liberated by Gen. Scott, after the capitulation 
 of Vera Cruz :md the battle of Cerro Gordo. Now, while it was 
 determined to lil)erate these American prisoners, by a singular act of 
 Mexican faith, the government released the soldiers alone, keeping 
 the ofiiccrs still in captivity. On the Sth of June, these soldiers, 
 one hundred aiul eighty in number, were sent from the city toward 
 Tami)ico undv.r charge of a Mexican colonel, and about twenty lancers. 
 Although tlu! American army was nearer at Piiehla, this long route to 
 Tampico was selected, rallier than dclixer tlu'ui to swell the ranks of 
 Gen. Scott. 'J'heir being sent tovvanl Tampico, led afterwards to an en- 
 gagement between the Mexican forces near that city and a part of the 
 American garrison, the result of which, being unlavorable to the 
 Americans, who were driven back into the city with a loss of one 
 fourth their number, greatly elevated the sj)irils of the Mexican nation. 
 
BATTLE (JF JILIJIJ'J'J.A. 50 -j* 
 
 being Ijla/oiicd at tin; capital as a j^rcat victory achieved over the inva- 
 ders. — 'i'lio Ijody of prisoners after twelve days niandi arriv(,d at, 
 Iluejulla, one hundred and twenty miles in the interior frinn Tanipico. 
 Here they were delivered over to (««;n. (iaray, in command ol' the 
 Mexican forces th(;re. — That ofFicer detained them, treat(;d them 
 kindly, and sent hack to the capital for instructions concerjiing them. 
 Impatient of this delay, eifrht of them escaped, and after a variety of 
 adventures arrived in Tampico. Jjcarning that the rejuainder were 
 thus detained, (aA. Gales, commander of thai city, immediately 
 dispatched a force of one hundred and twt'iily men, with a field piece, 
 under command of Col. De Russey, to rescue ihem. 'J'his Quixotic 
 expedition, leaving 'I'ampico on I2th July, was allovved by Gen. 
 Garay to advance four days march, until, at liio Calahoso, at a 
 point midway between Huejulla and 'I'ancayoca, eight miles from 
 each, he had his numerous troops stationed in ambush, and suddenly 
 attacked the Am(;ricans in front ; (juickly followed that by another 
 attack on their flanks and their rear, — capturing all their provision 
 train, and surrounding them. — They fought desperately for an iiour, 
 when their ammunition for the field piece being exhausted and 
 their situation perilous, they forced their way back to Tancayoca, 
 fired upon the whole way ; — into this village they entered, their pro- 
 gress disputed at every step. Here they supplied themselves with 
 a Utile ammunition, and in the night, during a heavy storm, silently 
 continued their retreat, thus escaping another parly in their lear, by 
 which they must have been captured. 'I'hey were overtaken and 
 harass(;d all that day and the succeeding one by the troops of Ga- 
 ray — wiio then would inevitably have made prisoners ol the whole 
 of them but for the arrival of a reinforcement of one liundred and 
 sixty Americans, with two pieces of artillery, ammunition, and pro- 
 visions. This reinforcement had been sent on a sieam'.r, by the 
 American commander at Tampico, on the first news of tiieir reverses. 
 In this expedition, the American soldiers fought with their accustomed 
 bravery; but the extreme folly with which it had Ijeen planned by the 
 commander at Tampico, and the unmilitary style in which it was 
 carried out l)y its commanding officer, rendered it an object of derision 
 to the Mexicans, and of great annoyance to the invaders. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 \i'pnoAru of Iho Americans from Puehia — Preparations for defense — Battle of Con- 
 treras — Defeat of Valencia — Battle of Chnrutiusco — Defeat of Rincon — The Armis- 
 tice — Congress retires to Toluca — Political Parties — Puros — Motlcrados — Monar- 
 quistas — Attack on American train — Renewal of hostilities — Review of actions of 
 Santa Anna — Battle of Molino del Rey — Its results — Destruction in both armies 
 — Scott's movements in feigning attack on the southern gates of Mexico — Can- 
 nonade of Chapultepec — Battle of Chapultepec — Results — Defeat of Bravo — 
 Santa Anna outgeneralled — Attack on the gates of Bclcn and San (Josmc — Cap- 
 ital evacuated by night — Surrender of the Capital to the American army — Imme- 
 diate insurrection of the people — Recapitulation of the actions and losses of the 
 American army. 
 
 All expectations that the terms of Trist, the commissioner of the 
 United States, would be accepted by the Mexican government, having 
 vanished, the Americans made immediate preparations for an advance 
 from the city of Puebla. On the arrival there of a body of reinforce- 
 ments, two thousand five hundred strong, from Vera Cruz, under Gen. 
 Pierce, Scott set forward on August 6th. This advance of the enemy 
 was immediately made known, by express, to Santa Anna; and, ac- 
 cording to previous arrangement, the information was communicated 
 to tlic Mexican army and people in the city of Mexico, by tlio dis- 
 charge of the heavy alarm-gun in the IMaza in front of the Cathedral 
 and palace. This piece of artillery was discharged at twelve o'clock 
 on the 9th, and as its report, circling out from the Plaza, echoed and 
 reverberated through the streets and along the squares of the immense 
 city, it was answered by innumerable shouts of exultation even, that the 
 Americans were at hand, and that the long-expected contest would 
 now take place. Instantaneously all business, all trade, and every me- 
 chanical operation ceased ; the professional man and tlie artisan, the 
 gentleman and the beggar, dropping every other consideration, seized 
 upon dieir arms ; the roll of drums called out all the regular troops, 
 and, as rapidly column after column displayed itself in brilliant uni- 
 form, and line equipments, their great nuinher and regular aj)pearance 
 reflected ixjufidence from one corps to another, and among the whole 
 mass of the citizens. The whole body of thirty-two thousand men 
 were under arms in a short lime; but only part of them left the city 
 (510) 
 
PREPARATIONS OF THE MEXICANS. 511 
 
 on that (lay, tlu; 9tli, for tlio linos of tlefciisc, \vhi(;]i, now fiiiislieil and 
 admirably constructed, were from eight to nine miles from the capital. 
 On the 10th, no business of any description was attempted, in the 
 city; not a shop, save those at which provisions and coal were sold, 
 was allowed to be opened — every one was engaged in the martial 
 scene, so imposing, that for many years the people of that city, 
 famed fur military display, had not seen so gorgeous a pageant. Bat- 
 talion after battalion of troops were reviewed, and passing under the 
 critical eye of Santa Anna, with loud music, and a proud step, swept 
 on to the city gates. The veterans of San Luis Potosi, who had 
 fought at Buena Vista, now under General Valencia, challenged the 
 admiration of all for their soldierly bearing. Many different corps, 
 which had met the Americans at Palo Alto, Monterey, Vera Cruz, and 
 Cerro Gordo, though those fatal defeats were impressed upon their 
 remembrances, now, having confidence in their position, their strong 
 lines of defense and their numbers, were eager to meet the invaders 
 again. The troops heretofore untried, who never as yet had seen Ins 
 ^^incricanos, were loud in their expressions of the effect of their 
 prowess, yet to be exerted. The Pinfos, or soutliern Indians, under 
 Alvarez, who for years had been regular cavalry soldiers, now in their 
 rude style, well equipped and mounted, pressed along in clattering 
 columns, with gay flags on their forest of lances, only fearful that they 
 should not find, among the smaller force of the Americans, opportu- 
 nity for each to exercise his deeds of valor. But when the four 
 battalions of Victoria, Hidalgo, Independence, and Bravo, a body 
 two thousand strong, wheeled in the large Plaza, and with martial 
 step passed in review of the commander-in-chief, surrounded by 
 his glittering staff, the excitement and tumultuous enthusiasm was 
 at its hight; — from these troops much was expected. They were 
 known by the name of Polkas — they were genUemen soldiers — 
 from the ranks of higher life alone were they drawn ; and the Cas- 
 tilian blood warmed in their checks, at the remembrance of the 
 deeds of their ancestors, famous in histcry. To see and to en- 
 courage all the other troops, assembled to defend the capital, as in 
 deep and serried columns they moved for llie (jai'^s, filling the long 
 streets with their steady succeeding lines of infantry, accompanied 
 by the heavy tread of the close bodies of cavalry, and the rumbling 
 wheels of the heavy cannon, and wagons of ammunition, the ladies 
 had crowded in thousands to their balconies and windows, waved 
 their white handkerchiefs and extended their hands to the soldiers, 
 and given many smiles of approbation to the officers prancing along 
 below — but when the Polkas appeared, no effort was too much for the 
 
512 ADVANCE OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. 
 
 ladios to make, giving their smiles, tlicir happiest looks of encour- 
 agement and recognition, from the lialconies, housetops and windows 
 unto ilieir brave fathers, brothers, lovers, and ac(jiiaintances in the 
 ranks below. Flowers and tokens were showered down upon them, 
 and happy smiles of pride met them at every glance ; every soldier 
 was recognised, and he determined to render himself illustrious in the 
 approaching conflict. The bells rang cheerily, as the columns, already 
 victorious in antic^ipatioii, moved out to the lines. These four bat- 
 talions of the PoIkdH were ordered to the fortifications at the Pefion, 
 on the national road, by which the Americans were advancing, as the 
 strength of the battle was expected there. They were supported by 
 the brigade of Gen. Perez; in all, seven thousand men, and twenty- 
 five cannon ; while the other brigades were stationed at Mexicalzingo, 
 Churulnisco, Chapultepec, and the other defenses — save the splendid 
 force of Gen. Valencia's veterans, which, five thousand strong, with 
 a fine park of twenty-three pieces of brass artillery, supported by 
 two thousand of the best of Gen. Alvarez's cavalry, was held as a 
 movable reserve, ready to act on any part of the line of defense that 
 hould be most severely attacked by the American columns ; and the 
 remainder of Alvarez's cavalry were ordered to march and keep near 
 the rear of the advancing Americans, to fall upon them in their re- 
 treat. All the other divi.^ions and brigades were stationed in the for- 
 tified lines. 
 
 On the 10th, from the fortified hights of Penon could be seen, in 
 the distance, the approaching column of the advance of the American 
 army. This army, in four columns, was ten thousand five hundred 
 strong, with one thousand wagons, and a large park of artillery. 
 Approaching near the hights, so strongly fortified before them, the 
 American engineers could be seen in rapid movement, taking surveys 
 of the works, while the army halted at Ayotla, awaiting the result of 
 these reconnoissances. On the 12th the second column of the Ame- 
 ricans arrived, followed, on the 13th, by another, and the rear was 
 brought up by the fourth column, on Saturday, the 14th. During 
 these days the American engineers, supported by bodies of cavalry, 
 continued their observations ; and although they were seen, the Mexi- 
 can forces, confident of success in any attack, disturbed them not, 
 but remained quiedy within their strong lines. 
 
 On the night of Sunday, the 15th, Gen. Santa Anna received posi- 
 tive assurance, from his scouts, that the Americans, having recon- 
 noitered the route to the southward, around the lake of Xochilmilco, 
 had that afternoon sent a strong advance, under Gen. Worth, in that 
 direction. Seeing that the object of the invaders was to complete the 
 
AMKRiCA.N-i AIV, ANCE TO HA.\ A LfiCSI IM:. :,\''. 
 
 circuit of ifi': 1 ikf, ;ui'l rijipro.'ird tfic fily iilonrr tlic wcslcrii Ijiitik of" 
 thJH waU-r, hy ill'- vill;i((fH f^f San Aijj.njHtiri(; aji'i San Aritrinio; and 
 thai iiotwitlifilandinrA the main fore; of th'' Am'^ricanH vva- hiill (:n- 
 carnp';'! Iifioro tfi'i J'f;non, llic atta/;k of tlial rortificatiori wa:i in r'-ality 
 ahan'lori'd Ity llifni, li'; irnnirdiat'ily altcr'-'l hi:-i arraii/.'<;rfi<-(jif to r/icftt 
 this ri'-'.v (Icsivn of tho orir-niy. Karly, \.\i<.i<:i'')ri-, on lh»; i/ioruiiif.' 
 of Monday, th« JOlh itiKt., Iif; ordcrf;d tti<; four battalioiiH of J'olkaw, 
 mf;nlion<'d, to rnarcli rapidly by ih'; n»;ar(;r rout^; around tin; norllif^rn 
 bank of lli'; lake and forestall llif; invadfjr.s in tli<:ir <;Xp';cl<;d o'-<'up;jt,ion 
 of San AuiiuhUui:, takinj/ with lliern many of lli'; pi(;f;f;H of artill<.-rv 
 already mounted at the PeTion. He f^rdererl Cifrri. I'erez'H brij/ade to 
 fnar<:li to Churuhuneo, in the rear of San Auj/uKline and San Antonio, 
 ant) on the seeond defenne, where were a fort at the t;rid;/e or cauHe- 
 way, and a ffjrtified chureh of f.m;at Htrenj:!th. — He directed (/en. Va- 
 lencia's hrij^ade, with itH accompanying^ artillery and cavalry, to mr^ve 
 tfjward the left also, to meet any diversion of tfie Americans. On 
 'i'uesday, the 17th, tlie battalions passing.' through ChurubuHco and 
 San Antonio, arrived at the villaj/e of San Autrustine, but upon exami- 
 nation of tlie place, it was found impracticable to make there a huf> 
 cessful stand ; — conseqiiently, Santa Anna ordered the force to fall 
 back three miles on the causeway to San Anf/jnio, the latter pla/;e 
 being nine miles from thfj city. Followinff close upon tlic rear of the 
 retirinrr Mexican force, and skirmishing.' witfi them, came into San 
 AuffUBtine, the American advance, which had now arrived in sif/ht of 
 the domes and spires of the " Halls of the .Montezuma;-;," v/ithout 
 experiencing any loss of moment ; having been, however, slif/htly 
 attacked on this day and the day previous, by the .Mexican cavalry, 
 who, as has been mentioned, had been detached to operate on their 
 rear. 
 
 On Wednesday morning, the 10th, the advance of American" pro- 
 ceeded up the causeway towarri the capita!, but in corrn'ng near San 
 .Antonio, were received with a discharge of artillery that sU^pped tlieir 
 progress. — They t/'>ok possession of the hacienda of Carrera, under 
 the fire of San .Antonio, while their engineers recofinoiU;red the 
 immense field of rugged volcanic sU^^ne which lay U» their left, or 
 Pt'lrc4!a1, which had always been considered Ia' tfie .Mej^icans, im- 
 passable trj troops, on ■^cc/mnX of it« sharp surface, rou^h precipiceii, 
 and deep chasms. Notwithstanding this belief, the force of Gen. 
 Valencia, 7,000 strong, had been stationed on the hill of Maj/dalena, 
 on the western side of this Ptdcf/rnl, ric/^r the vilbge of Contreras. 
 When the advance parties of the Americans appeared in view, in 
 searf-h of a road by which ^';ey might turn the strong fortifieatioos 
 
514 COMMENCEMENT OF THE BATTLE OF CONTRERAS. 
 
 of San Antonio, Valencia, at 2 P. M., opened upon them a heavy 
 fire from his twcnty-tliree pieces of artillery, and continued it until 
 evenino-. The fire was returned from three mountain howitzers. 
 The American general taking position on one of llie volcanic hills, 
 directed the operations, and !)y liis increase of force showing Valencia 
 that his intention was, if possible, to force the position, that general 
 immediately sent an Aid to Santa Anna at San Antonio, requesting 
 reinforcements. — Santa Anna moved late in the afternoon to his sup- 
 port, with Gen. Perez's brigade, and other corps, amounting to five 
 thousand men, with diree pieces of light artillery. He encountered 
 the Americans, drawn up near the camp of Valencia, but strange to 
 say, did not attack them — firing only a half dozen shots from the 
 fieldpicces upon the enemy, posted between himself and Valencia, he 
 sent around them Aids with orders to the latter, to abandon his posi- 
 tion, and fall back to San Angel on the second line of defense. To 
 this Valencia sent a positive refusal, stating that his position was ad- 
 vantageous, his entrenchments strong, and his troops full of ardor to 
 defeat the enemy. Gen. Santa Anna, however, on the approach of 
 night, repeated his orders, and then fell back with his reinforce- 
 ments to San Angel, four mdes. Here meeting with another heavy 
 detachment under Gen. Rangel, who had been sent from the city, 
 by Gen. Lombardini, upon the demand of Valencia, Santa Anna 
 halted these, and ordered the brigade of Gen. Perez to its former posi- 
 tion at Churubusco, in front of the main body of the Americans, while 
 he reinforced the position of San Antonio, immediately in front of 
 Churubusco, under command of Gen. Bravo, leaving Valencia's force 
 unsupported. That officer continued his heavy cannonade upon 
 the enemy, and at night distributed honors and promotions among 
 his oflicers and troops, who eagerly awaited the approach of the 
 next day to recommence their fight. Valencia posted strong pickets 
 around his position, especially guarding with two hundred horse 
 the mouth of a ravine which led from the front round to the rear 
 of his camp. Such then was the positions of the armies on the night 
 of the 19th. While the Mexican army was thus lying upon the field, 
 and at their fortifications, within the city the Divine Host or Sacra- 
 mental Bread was exposed upon the altars of the churches, and was 
 bowed before by the thousands of inhabitants remaining there, the old 
 men, the decrepit and sick, and the whole female population, all pray- 
 ing devoudy for the success of dieir army. The feeling within the city 
 was deep and intense, but hope and confidence were in the ascendant. 
 The night was dark and a heavy rain added to its gloom. Owing 
 to this, Valencia's pickets were withdrawn, and the American general, 
 
BATTLE OF CONTRERAS. 515 
 
 Smith, in command of the forces near Contreras, during the storm 
 silently proceeded up the ravine and phiced his troops upon either 
 flank and in the rear of Valencia; and in the morniuir. a little after 
 sunri?e, he made a furious attack with musketry and the bayonet 
 upon all sides of Valencia's position ; and after a severe contest of 
 seventeen minutes, completely routed him, with a terrible destruction 
 of killed and wounded ; — taking all the fine park of artillery and the 
 ammunition — dispersing the cavalry completely — securing over a 
 thousand prisoners ; and most of those who escaped, did so by disen- 
 cumbering themselves of their arms, which were thickly strewed all 
 along the road. This defeat of Valencia was equally unexpected to 
 both Santa Anna and Scott — the latter being at the time on his 
 march with Worth's and Quitman's divisions, to reinforce Gen. 
 Smith ; and the former also en route, with Gen. Rangel's brigade 
 and other corps, to the support of Valencia. — Counter orders now 
 were issued to both these supporting and opposing forces. Scott 
 ordered his reinforcements back to attack San Antonio, while Santa 
 Anna, sending Rangel's brigade into the city, ordered Gen. Bravo to 
 fall back from San Antonio and make a firm stand at the strong works 
 of Churubusco. 
 
 Such was the disastrous result of the battle of Contreras, in which 
 the Mexicans had been put to complete rout, and the first prestige of 
 defeat spread through the army. Santa Anna having ordered Valencia 
 to be shot, wherever found, that general presented himself no more 
 before his commander-in-chief; but passing through Mexico, contin- 
 ued his retreat with a few attendants, to Toluca. Valencia had been 
 ambitious of defeating the enemy by himself, and proof against him 
 was nearly positive, that his eyes were fixed upon possession of the 
 power enjoyed by Santa Anna. Hence his disobedience of the orders 
 of that general, and the apathy of the latter in affording him assistance 
 on the evening of the 19th, is accounted for. From the city of Mex- 
 ico the rising smoke had been seen, and the reports of the artillery 
 heard in the distance, but the exulting hopes of the inhabitants were 
 dampened shortly after by the tidings of defeat. 
 
 The object of Gen. Santa Anna now being to repulse the Ameri- 
 cans in their advance, at the strong works of Churubusco, for this pur- 
 pose he ordered Gen. Rangel's command again from the city, and with 
 them, the brigade of Gen. Perez, the battalions of Bravo and Independ- 
 ence, under Gen. Bravo, which had fallen back from San Antonio, and 
 a body of Alvarez's cavalry, the battalion of American deserters, 
 and part of the fugitives from Valencia's rout — comprised in all, 
 over twenty thousand men. 
 
516 BATTLE OF ClIUKUBUSCO. 
 
 At ChurubiiHco, four miles iVoiii the cily gales, tlie river, of tlie same 
 name, runs eastwardly toward the lake, and partakes of the nature of 
 a canal, having .straight and level banks; at the point crossed by the 
 causeway which leads to San Augustine, was a heavy stone bridge, at 
 the extremity of which, toward the advancing foe, a strong fort was 
 erected. Three hundred yards to tlie west of this fort, the massive 
 church, or rather convent of San Pablo was situated, in the hamlet 
 of Churubusco ; while, in the rear of this and of the convent, and still 
 further westwardly, was a large stone hacienda ; this was the right of 
 the Mexican aruiy — the left extended down tlie canal. 
 
 The victorious American column, direct from the battle at Contre- 
 ras, advanced through Coyoacan, to the attack of these works, wliile 
 the body which had been held in check by Gen. Bravo, at San Anto- 
 nio, seeing that post about to be evacuated, pressed the retreating col- 
 umn so closely, that they captured some of the artillery, and took part 
 of Alvarez's troop prisoners ; and, keeping up with the column in its 
 retreat, arrived at Churubusco, as soon as that body. Part of the 
 Mexican force which thus fell back from San Antonio, were the bat- 
 talions of Hidalgo and Victoria (Polkas), from W'hose intrepidity 
 much was expected ; but which expectation they now grievously dis- 
 appointed, by strangely neglecting to stop at Churubusco, and con- 
 tinuing directly on, for the cily gates, which they entered — not having 
 fired a single shot ; here these gallant fellows dispersed lo their homes, 
 leaving their comrades without lo stand the brunt of the battle. 
 
 The body of Americans that thus had followed up Bravo was under 
 command of Gen. Worth ; they were checked for a moment, by the 
 fire of artillery, but then attacked the tele de pont, or fort at the head 
 of the bridge, with ardor ; while the other column advancing from 
 Coyoacan, under Gen. Twiggs, attacked the church at Churubusco, 
 which was strongly fortified, and garrisoned partly by the other two 
 Polka battalions, of Independence and Bravo, who fought well, having 
 no possible chance lo retreat. These were supported here by the ar- 
 tillery, of which about twenty pieces were in position at the various 
 points, and the fire of which made gn^at havoc in the ranks of the 
 Americans. Another cokunn of the latter, under the command of 
 Gen. Shields, attacked the hacienda at the Mexican right; this col- 
 umn, consisUng of five regiments, was received by nearly seven thou- 
 sand troops of the line. 
 
 The battle, at one P. M., raged from right to left. The roar of 
 artillery and musketry was so unremitted, that the words of command 
 given on either side could scarcely be heard. A dense cloud of smoke 
 hung (ner the field, and tlie ground was strewed with the dead and 
 
EN'JURE DEFEAT OF TllV) MEXU'AN ARMY. 517 
 
 dying. The conflict between these thiiiy thousand conihataiits con- 
 tinued unabated ia violence lor two hours, wlien the Mexican right 
 gave way before the impetuous attack of Shields, and in retreating, 
 crowded along tlic narrow causeway to the capital, in coni'used, dense 
 masses. Shordy after, tlie column on the left, under Hen. Worth, 
 triumphantly assaulted die fort at the biidge, routing Perez's troops, 
 and capturing the artillery and colors ; and finally, in twenty minutes 
 after, Gen. Rincon, in command of the fortified church, finding him- 
 self surrounded, and with no means of retreat, surrendered to the 
 division of Gen. Twiggs. 
 
 Gen. Perez's forces fled in confusion to the Perton. Tlie battalions 
 of Iixh'pendence and Bravo, and the U;gion of American deserters, 
 were taken prisoners, which with the portions of oUier battalions, 
 were in numl)er about two thousand, among them Generals liincon, 
 Anay:i, (Jaray, and a due pnjportion of inferior ofllcers of all ranks. 
 During the day the loss of the Mexicans at Contreras, 8an Antonio, 
 and Churubusco, killed, wounded, and prisoners, had been above five 
 thousand men. — Forty-five pieces of artillery had fallen into the hands 
 of the Americans, and more ammunition than had been used by the 
 American army since the landing at Vera Cruz. 
 
 The rout at Churubusco was complete and terrible. In the hot 
 pursuit oi' die crowd of fugitives, the American cavalry dashed up 
 to the gates of the city, and came near capturing Santa Anna him- 
 self. At night only 11,000 troops were collected within the walls, 
 the shattered remnant of the 32,000 Uiat had entered the actions 
 in the morning. Those that thus remained, were discouraged and 
 friglitened, and had the American army entered Uie gates, the city in its 
 tuinuliuous alarm and confusion, must have surrendered with hardly a 
 show of resistance. The streets were crowded with fugitives, ofiicers 
 hastening to and fro, and women ruiming wildly, shrieking in excess 
 of fear, or hurriedly searching for those of immediate connection with 
 them, now among the missing, either dead or prisoners. — The Mexi- 
 cans in the » ity, writing to their friends in the country, descril)e the 
 fearful scene within the capital that evening and the; following night, 
 as being one of confuoion, t(!ars, shrieks, and distress unbounded. In 
 some parts of the city, alarm after alarm, that th»^ Americans were 
 coming, was raised by the panic-struck soldiers, and men, women and 
 children, fled for their lives. In stupid amazement and terror, the 
 crowds on the liouse-tops and stee[)les, had beheld the flying battalions 
 pursued by th^; (;neiny, crowding into the gates, while groans and (;ries 
 arose from the streets as the multitude of wounded were hurried along. 
 It was a learful niirht. 
 
518 PKOPOSALS FOR AN ARMISTICE. 
 
 The lo&s to the Ainencans daring this memorable day, in killed 
 and wounded had been a little over a thousand, mo.st of which had 
 been at and al)out Churubusco. — At Contreras their loss liad been light. 
 
 It had not been the intention of the American general to enter the 
 city after the first battles, he determining to allow the Mexican gov- 
 ernment yet another opportunity of negocialing a peace, while yet the 
 capital remained in their possession. — On the morning of the 21st, 
 Sehor Pacheco, minister of internal and foreign relations (secretary 
 of state), dispatched an embassy, consisting of Gen. Villamil and Se- 
 ilor Aranjois, to the head-quarters of the enemy at Coyoacan, request- 
 ing an armistice of thirty hours, to collect the wounded and bury the 
 dead, &c. The terms proposed were rejected by Gen. Scott, who, 
 however, sent in other proposals, given below, which led to the ar- 
 mistice, of which much has been said by both nations. The corres- 
 pondence is given in full. 
 
 HEAD-aUAHTERS OF THE AHMT OF THE U. S. AMERICA, ■> 
 
 Coyoacan, August 21, 1847. 5 
 To His Excellency the President and General-iii-chief of the Republic of Mexico. 
 
 Sir : — Too much blood has already been shed in this unnatural war between the 
 two great republics of this continent. It is time that the diflferences between them 
 should be amicably and honorably settled ; and it is known to your Excellency, that a 
 commissioner on the part of the United States, clothed with full powers to that end, is 
 with this army. To enable the two republics to enter on negociation, I am willing to 
 sign, on reasonable terms, a short armistice. 
 
 I shall await with impatience until to-morrow morning, for a direct answer to tiiis 
 communication ; but shall in the mean time, seize and occupy such positions outside 
 of the capital, as I may deem necessary to the shelter and comfort of this army. 
 
 I have the honor to remain, with high consideration and respect, your Excellency's 
 most obedient servant, Winfield Scott. 
 
 To this letter the following reply was returned, by the Mexican 
 secretary of war : 
 
 Ministry of War and Marine,^ 
 Mexico, August 2 1st, 1847. 5 
 To His Excellency Gen. Winfield Scott, Commander-in-chief of the Army of the 
 
 U. S. America. 
 Sir : — The undersigned. Minister of War and Marine of the Government of the 
 United States of Mexico, is instructed by his Excellency the President, commander- 
 in-chief, to n ply to your communication, in which you propose to enter into an armis- 
 tice, with a view to avoid the further shedding of blood between the two great rej)uhlics 
 of this continent, for the purpose of hearing the propositions which may be made for 
 this purpose, by the commissioner of his Excellency the Presid»^nt of the United States 
 of America, who is at the head-quarters of the American army. 
 
 It is certainly lamentable, that, in disregard of the rights ol the Mexican republic, 
 the shedding of blood has become inevitable, between the first republics of the Ameri- 
 
TERMS OF ARMISTICE. 519 
 
 can continent : and your Excpllency, with great propriety, qualifies this war as unna- 
 tural, as well on account of its origin as the antecedents of two people identified hy 
 their relations and their interests. The proposition of an armistice to terminate this 
 scandal, has been received with pleasure, by his Excellency the President, commander- 
 in-chief, as it will enable the propositions to be entertained which the commissioner of 
 the President of the United States may make for the honorable termination of the war. 
 
 Accordingly, the President, conmiaiider-in-chief, directs me to say to your Excel- 
 lency, that he accepts the proposition to enter into an armistice, and for this object he 
 has appointed the brigadier generals, D. Ignacio Mora y Villaniil and D. Benito Qui- 
 jano, who will be present at the time and place which may be designated. 
 
 His Excellency also instructs me to communicate his satisfaction that the army of 
 the United States should occupy convenient and fitting quarters, trusting and hoping 
 that they will be out of reach of the fire of the Mexican fortifications. 
 
 1 have the honor to be with high consideration and respect, your Excellency's most 
 obedient servant, Alcohta. 
 
 THE ARMISTICE. 
 
 The undersigned, appointed respectively, the three first by Maj. Gen. Scott, com- 
 mander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, and the two last by his Excellency 
 D. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president of the Mexican Republic, and com- 
 mander-in-chief of its armies, met with full powers, which were duly verified, in the 
 village of Tacubaya, on the 22d day of August, 1847, to enter into an armistice for 
 the purpose of giving the Mexican government an opportunity of receiving proposi- 
 tions for peace, from the commissioner appointed by the President of the United States, 
 and now with the American army, when the following articles were agreed upon : 
 
 1. Hostilities shall instantly and absolutely cease between the armies of the United 
 States of America arid the United Mexican States, within thirty leagues of the capital 
 of the latter States, to allow time to the commissioner appointed by the United States, 
 and the commi-sloner to be appointed by the Mexican Republic, to negotiate. 
 
 2. This armistice shall continue as long as the commissioners of the two govern- 
 ments may be engaged in negotiations, or until the commander of either of the said 
 armies shall give formal notice to the other of the cessation of the armistice, and for 
 forty-eight hours after such notice. 
 
 3. In the mean time, neither army shall, within thirty leagues of the city of Mex- 
 ico, commence any new fortification or military work of offense or defense, or do any 
 thing to enlarge or strengthen any existing work, or fortification of that character, 
 within the said limits. 
 
 4. Neither army shall be reinforced within the same time. Any reinforcements in 
 troops, or munitions of war, other than subsistence, now approaching either army, 
 shall be stopped at the distance of twenty-eight leagues from the city of Mexico. 
 
 5. Neither army, nor any detachment from it, shall advance beyond the line it at 
 present occupies. 
 
 6. Neither army, nor any detachment or individual of either, shall pass the neutral 
 limits established by the last article, except under flag of truce, bearing the corresj)ond- 
 ence between the two armies, or on the business authorised by the next article ; and 
 individuals of either army, who may chance to straggle within the neutral limits shall, 
 by the opposite party be kindly warned ofl", or sent back t(j their own armies under a 
 flag of truce. 
 
 7. The American army shall not by violence obstruct the passage, from the open 
 
520 liATIFlCA'I'lON OF THE AKMlSl'ICE. 
 
 country into the city of Mexico, of the ordinary supplies of food necessary- for the con- 
 sumption of its inhabitants, or the Mexican army within tlie city ; nor shall the Mex- 
 ican authorities, civil or military, do any act to obstruct the passage of supj)lies from 
 the city or the country, needed by the American army. 
 
 8. AH American prisoners of war remaining on the hands of the Mexican army, 
 and not heretofore exchanged, shall inunediately, or as soon as practicable, be restored 
 to the American army, against a like number, having regard to rank, of Mexican pri- 
 soners captured by the American army. 
 
 9. AH American citizens who were established in the city of Mexico prior to the 
 existing war, and who have since been expelled from that city, shall be allowed to re- 
 turn to their respective business or families therein, without delay or molestation. 
 
 10. 'J'he better to enable the belligerent armies to execute these articles, and to favor 
 the great object of peace, it is further agreed between the parties, that any courier with 
 dispatches that either army shall desire to send along the line, from the city of Mexi- 
 co, or its vicinity, to and from Vera Uruz, shall receive a safe conduct from the com- 
 mander of the opposing army. 
 
 11. The administration of justice between Mexicans according to the general and 
 state constitutions and laws, by the local authorities of the towns and places occupied 
 by the American forces, shall not be obstructed in any manner. 
 
 12. Persons and property shall be respected in the towns and places occupied by 
 the American forces. No person shall be molested in the exercise of his profession ; 
 nor shall the services of any one be required without his consent. In all cases 
 where services are voluntarily rendered, a just price shall be paid, and trade remain 
 unmolested. 
 
 13. Tho.se wounded prisoners who may desire to remove to some more convenient 
 place, for the purpose of being cured of their wounds, shall be allowed to do so with- 
 out molestation, they still remaining prisoners. , 
 
 14. Those Mexican medical officers, who may wish to attend the wounded, .shall 
 have the privilege of doing so, if thek services be required. 
 
 15. For the more perfect execution of this agreement, two commissioners shall be 
 appointed, one by each party, who in case of disagreement, shall appoint a third. 
 
 16. This convention shall have no force or effect, unless approved by their excellen- 
 cies the commanders, respectively of the two armies, within twenty-four hours, reckon- 
 ing from the 6lh hour of the i'.id day of August, 1 847. 
 
 J. A. QUITMAN, Maj. Gen. U. S. A. IGNACIO DE MORA Y VILLAMIL. 
 
 PERSIFEPv F. SMITH, Bvt. Brig, Gen. BENITO QUIJANO. 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE, Brig. Gen. U. S. A. 
 A true coj)y of the original. 
 
 G. W. LAY, U. S. A., Military Secretary to the Gencral-in-Chicf. 
 
 HF.ADaUAHTKHS OF THE AllMY U. S. AMERICA, ^ 
 
 Tacubaya, Atifrust 23, 1847. 3 
 Considered, approved, and ratified, with the express understanding that the word 
 " supplies," as used the second time, without qualificatioti in the seventh article of this 
 military convention (American copy) shall be taken to mean, as in both the British 
 and .American armies, arms, munitions, clothing, equipments, subsistence (for men), 
 forage, money, and in general all the wants of an army. That word " supplies," m 
 the Mexican copy, is erroneously translated " viverci," instead of " recursos." 
 
 WIN FIELD SCOTT, 
 General-in-Chief of the U. S. \. 
 
POSITION OF THE AMERICAN ARMV. 521 
 
 The following is a translation of Santa Anna's ratification: 
 
 National Palace op Mexico, ^ 
 Auguat -23, 1847. 3 
 Ratified, suppressing article nine, and explaining article four to mean that the tem- 
 porary peace of this armistice is to be respected in the capital, and at a distance of 
 twenty-eight leagues around the capital, translating the word " supplies " by " recursos," 
 meaning evcrytliing the array may stand in need of, except arms and ammunition. 
 
 ANTONIA LOPEZ DE S.ANTA ANNA. 
 
 HEADaUARTERS OF TUE ArmY U.S. AMERICA,^ 
 
 Tacubaya, August 24, 1847. 5 
 I accept and ratify the foregoing qualification, added by the President (jcneral of the 
 Mexican Republic. WINFIELD SUOTT. 
 
 A true copy of the original. 
 
 G. W. LAY, U. S. A., Military secretary to the General-in-Chief. 
 
 HEAOaUARTERS OF TUE ArMY U. S. AmERICA, 
 
 Tacubaya, August 23, 1847, 
 
 CAj'i 
 
 To his Excellency, the President and General-in-Chief of the Mexican Republic: 
 
 Sir — Under a flag of truce I send Lieut. Semmes, of the U. S. Navy, who will 
 have the honor to exchange, with such odicer as may be appointed for the purpose, the 
 ratification of the military convention that was signed yesterday by commissioners from 
 the American and Mexican armies. 
 
 I particularly invite the attention of your excellency to the terms of my ratification, 
 and have the honor to remain, with high consideration and respect, your excellency's 
 most obedient servant, WINFIELD SCOTT, 
 
 General-in-Chief of the U. S. A. 
 
 National Palace of Mexico 
 August 23, 1847. 
 To his Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army : 
 
 The letter of your excellency, of this date, was received, in which you are pleased 
 to state, that Lieut. Semmes, of the U. S. Navy, will exchange, with another officer 
 appointed for that purpose, the ratification of the military convention, which was signed 
 yesterday by the commissioners of the Mexican and American armies, and calls par- 
 ticular attention to the terms of the ratification. 
 
 His excellency, the president, orders the undersigned to inform your excellency, 
 which he has the honor of doing, to send the ratification within the time agreed upon 
 by the armistice, and also to call the attention of your excellency, to the terms of the 
 ratification by iiis excellency the president. LINO .lOSE ALCORTA, 
 
 Minister of State, and of War and Marine. 
 
 On the night of the 20th, the advance of the Americans had halted 
 at Portalis, two and a half miles from the southern gate of the city. 
 On the 21st they advanced, and took possession of Tacubaya; while 
 the various detachments under Generals Worth, Pillow, Twiggs, and 
 Qnitnian remained quartered in the villages of Coyoacan, Mixcoac, 
 San Augusiin, and others. They exhibited to the inhalutants of these 
 
522 COAGRESS RETIRES TO TOLUCA. 
 
 villages, the same princij)les of order and moderaliou which, in other 
 cities captured by them, had made their presence to be regarded, by 
 the better chiss of Mexicans, rather as an advantage, than a terror. 
 While the negotiations were going on, they busied themselves only 
 with the burial of the dead, both their own and the Mexican, and in 
 attending to the wounded of both parties, and guarding their numerous 
 prisoners. While extending the greatest kindness to all lliese of 
 Mexican race, they treated with great severity those of the legion of 
 St. Patrick, which was entirely composed of deserters from the Ame- 
 rican ranks, and who, having been placed in the front of the battle at 
 Churubusco, by Santa Anna, were taken prisoners by their former 
 comrades. Fifty of these were hung, as soon as their cases could be 
 investigated by a hastily organised court martial. 
 
 At the time of the appointment of commissioners to conclude the 
 armistice, Pacheco had issued a summons to each member of congress, 
 (one hundred and forty in number), to assemble immediately, to con- 
 sider on the propositions for peace ; but of the whole number only 
 twenty-five obeyed the summons. The members of congress having 
 placed all the responsibility upon Santa Anna, would not take any 
 part of it on themselves. Individually retiring to Toluca, seventy of 
 them met, and in informal session resolved, that they would listen 
 to no proposals for peace, while the army of the United States threat- 
 ened the capital, occupied the finest cities of the repubhc, or her 
 fleets blockaded the Mexican ports. This done, they dispersed. 
 Gen. Valencia, then there, amused them and the people, by issuing 
 high-sounding proclamations, breathing war to the last, and con- 
 demning tlie conduct of the commander-in-chief. But, of little mo- 
 ment to Santa Anna, upon whom the burden now rested, were either 
 the resolutions of the deputies, or the proclamation of Valencia. He 
 was in a peculiar situation; and though his acts appear to indicate 
 that he was at heart inclined favorably to consider the proposals of the 
 United Stales, yet he was prevented from expressing this opinion by 
 the circumstances in which he was placed. 'JMiese seemed to be 
 more perilous than ever. The state of political aflairs within the 
 city was more distracted. Previous to the arrival of the American 
 army before the city, he had by the strong force of military power, 
 silenced the utterance of every sentiment in opposition to himself; 
 but, although the various parties were no longer permitted to ex- 
 press their opinions publicly, they had cherished them with in- 
 creased rancor toward him ; and now, in the conl'u.-ion incident to 
 defeat, they were the more loudly spoken, because of their previous 
 suppression. 
 
POLITICAL rAKl'IE.S IN THE CAPITAL. 523 
 
 The opinions and movements within the city of Mexico, always 
 have governed tlie nation. Like the revolutions in Paris, whicli liave 
 immediately changed the whole face of France, so it has been in Mex- 
 ico, As a general rule, he who was supported by the capital, was fully 
 in power over the whole country; and so uncertain has been the ten- 
 ure, that in the provinces neither the governments nor the people have 
 been enabled positively at any day to say, under what executive officer 
 the nation was, or what principles or form of constitution was tlie foun- 
 dation of their action. Within this city now, was confusion in par- 
 ties, and great bitterness of expression between them. Let us review 
 those whose actions bore so potently upon the conduct of Santa Anna ; 
 a glance at their particular aims, will enable the reader to see the 
 principles which had actuated the great parties of this unhappy nation, 
 for some years before this period. 
 
 First, the Pitros, democrats, opposed the views of Santa Anna. 
 This party, comprising many, and the more influential, of the middle 
 class, and many of the lower, regarding the United States as a pattern 
 republic, worthy of imitation, have for years held the following opin- 
 ions : Being Roman Catholics, in common with the whole popula- 
 tion, they were in favor of curtailing the immense revenues of the 
 church to such an amount as would support the worship and ceremo- 
 nies alone ; would reduce the immense number of the priests, curates, 
 and friars, to that which should suffice only for the performance of 
 their worship. Believing, also, a large standing army to be injurious 
 to their civil liberty, and seeing, too, that by it all the revolutions were 
 accomplished, they made no concealment of their opposition to it, and 
 would reduce it to a small establishment ; they would, also, promote 
 the elevation of the lower classes, encouraging equality, liberty, free- 
 dom of thought and political expression, and, the more li!)eral among 
 them, would even permit much more toleration in religion. 
 
 This party were cordially united against Santa Anna — whose 
 opinions were so directly contrary — and at this time strenuously 
 opposed a peace, the effect of which would be to place him perma- 
 nenUy in power. The governor of the city, Don Francisco M. de 
 Olaguibel, was of this party, and united, at this moment, the influence 
 of it against the peace — issuing a strong manifesto in opposition. 
 
 Diametrically opposed to t!ie Puros, were the Mo)Uirqi(idas. — 
 These, strong in influence, but not in numbers, observing the miserable 
 condition to whicli Mexico had been reduced under republican govern- 
 ment, and seeing no hope of the termination of revolutions and tur- 
 moils, were strongly in favor of a monarchy, and contended, that a 
 king alone could bring prosperity to the country, believing that the 
 
524 PUKOS— MOiS'AKQUISTAS— MODERADOS. 
 
 people of Mexico were not suited for a repiil)lie. They were also in 
 favor of the monopolies and privileges enjoyed by the church. Their 
 opinions were ably supported by a large portion of the clergy, and, 
 as has been mentioned, warmly approved of by the late areiibishop 
 of Mexico. At the head of these Monarquistas was Gen, Mariano 
 Paredes y Arrillaga, or, as commonly called, Paredes; who, returning 
 from exile in disguise, landed at Vera Cruz on the 14th of August, 
 and escaped from there before the American authorities had notice of 
 his arrival. He had proceeded to Mexico, and was now concealed in 
 the neighborhood, having oflered his services to Santa Anna, but had 
 been proscribed by him. 
 
 This party of Monarquistas were bitterly opposed to Santa Anna, 
 and still more so, to peace with the United States. Under the gov- 
 erment of their leader, Paredes, the war had been commenced, and 
 they wished it to continue. 
 
 The third great party was the Moderados. These took a middle 
 stand, were opposed to the ultra-democratic opinions of the Puros, and 
 equally so to the aristocratic principles of the Monarquistas. Some 
 of this party were friendly to Santa Anna, but by no means the ma- 
 jority ; although his political tenets, if indeed he had any, were 
 thought to be more in accordance with the opinions of this, than either 
 of the other parties, yet they were distrustful of him ; and while many 
 were openly in favor of jjeace, they dreaded that he should make it. 
 The party was strong, comprising many of the better portion of the 
 middle classes, the inferior clergy, &c. They were not so bitterly 
 opposed to the United States as the others, and at heart some of them 
 would even be happy to be annexed to that power, in hopes of enjoy- 
 ing the blessings of a good government. 
 
 The leperos, or beggarly population of the capital, who in propor- 
 tion exceed those of any city of the new world, were clamorous against 
 a peace, though they acted from no principle, and belonged to no party 
 whatever. These, moved entirely by impulse, knew nothing of the 
 causes of the war, and cared nothing for its results, could they but be 
 amused with accounts of victories upon paper. 
 
 Santa Anna at this crisis, sustained by neither of these parlies, relied 
 only on the army, of which he had still, within the city, fifteen thou- 
 sand miMi, having again collected the shattered remnants of defeated 
 battalions ; the army was attached to hiin, as it had always been. — 
 During the progress of the negotiations, which occupied the time 
 from the 22d of August to the 6th of September, not a soldier ar- 
 rived at the beleagured capital for its assistance — not a dollar was 
 received by the government. It was now impossible for the execu- 
 
ATTACK ON THE AMERICAN TRAIN. 525 
 
 tive to think of concluding a peace with the commissioner of tlie 
 United States, and diis was made apparent a (hiy or two after 
 the armistice had commenced ; l)nt every day of th;it armistice was 
 valuahU' to him, and his instructions to the Mexican commissioners 
 were, as he himself states in a letter to one of his friends, to pro- 
 long it to the utmost, until he should liave time to reorganise his 
 troops, and estahlisli their conlidence. The number of these now, 
 exclusive of the Polkas who had acted so disgracefully and were dis- 
 banded, was much superior, in fact double, the available forces of the 
 Americans; and knowing the severe losses which had befallen them, 
 he hoped yet, with the aid of the population, to prevent tliem from 
 entering the city. Every consecutive hour added to his advantage, 
 while it was correspondingly disadvantageous to the Americans. — 
 While the commissioners for peace met and delil)erated, and while 
 the American general was even sanguine of its completion, the wily 
 Mexican had new fortifications constructing every night, with surpris- 
 ing rapidity, but in direct violation of the terms of the armistice. An 
 American train, in accordance with those terras, under tlie escort of a 
 body of Mexican cavalry, entering the city for provisions, were at- 
 tacked and stoned in the street, by the leperos and lower orders of 
 ptiros, incited, from the balconies and windows, by inchviduals of 
 standing and influence — the same valiant gentlemen, who, as Polkas, 
 had made such a rapid retreat from Churubusco, before the battle 
 commenced. This outrage was in immediate view of Santa Aima, 
 who, while he made no effort to save the defenseless teamsters, apolo- 
 gised to Gen. Scott, for that and another similar outrage — the sacking 
 of a wareliouse within the walls, in which provisions had been col- 
 lected for tlie American army. This apology prevented the armistice 
 being terminated by the latter general on the instant, and gave to Santa 
 Anna what he most needed — time. He issued a decree, forbidding any 
 foreigners or others from going to the American camp without a per- 
 mit from himself; and another, ordering the Polkns to reappear in tlie 
 ranks — but the latter had no etfect. He had the support of the Eng- 
 lish and Prussian ministers — tliat of congress he looked not for. He 
 convoked a council of iirmy ofllcers, and as usual, after a lung recapitu- 
 lation of his services, tendered to them his resignation; but they refused 
 to hear of it — hoped that peace might be made — but were ready in the 
 contrary event to give up their lives in his support. To this refusal 
 he yielded with apparent good grace. As his determiualion again to 
 fight became known within the city, the swarming crowds of that 
 densely populated capital, turned out each night, to work on the de- 
 fenses at and near the city gates, and the strong fortress of Chapulte- 
 
526 COMMUNICATION FROM GEN. SCOTT. 
 
 pec. The Polkas, even, could do this ; and women, in multitudes, 
 assisted, being driven on by fear, and excittnl by the most unfounded 
 reports of American outrage and cruelty. 
 
 F\ir a few days only, could the American general be thus deceived; 
 and a decisive step was taken by him toward bringing the matter to 
 a conclusion on the 6lh of September, by his sending under a flag of 
 truce, the following communication to Santa Anna : 
 
 HE\DatTAKTEnS AllMT OF ILviTKI) 8tATES, 
 
 Tacubaya, Sept. 6, 1847. 
 To his Excellency, the President and General-in-Chief of the Mexican Republic: 
 
 The 7th and ]2lh articles of the armistice or military convention which I had the 
 honor of ratifying and exchanging with your excellency, on the 24th ult., stipulate 
 that the army under my command, shall have the privilege of obtaining supplies from 
 the city of Mexico. There were repeated violations of these articles soon after the 
 armistice was signed, and I have now good reasons for believing that within the last 
 twenty-four hours, if not before, the 3d article of the same convention was violated 
 by the same parties. These direct breaches of good faith give to this army a full right 
 to commence hostilities without giving any notice. However, I will give the neces- 
 sary time for an explanation, satisfaction, or reparation. If these are not given, I 
 hereby formally notify you, that if I do not receive the most complete satisfaction on 
 all these points before twelve o'clock to-morrow, I shall consider the armistice as ter- 
 minated from that hour. 
 
 I have the honor to be your excellency's obedient servant, 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 To this Santa Anna made the following reply : 
 
 HEADat)ARTEHs Army of Mexican Republic, ^ 
 Mexico, Sept. 6, 1847. 5 
 To his Excellency, General Winfield Scott, Cornmander-in-Chief of the Army of the 
 
 United States: 
 
 By the note of your excellency under this date I learn, with surprise, that you con- 
 sider that the civil and military authorities of Mexico have violated articles 7, 12 and 
 3 of the armistice which I concluded with your excellency on the 24th of last month. 
 
 The civil and military authorities of Mexico have not obstructed the passage of pro- 
 visions for the American army ; and if at times their transmission has been retarded, 
 it has been owing to the imprudence of the American agents, who, without having 
 a previous understanding with the proper authorities, gave occasion for popular out- 
 breaks, which it has cost the Mexican goverinnent much trouble to repress. Last 
 night, and the night before, the escorts for the provision train were ready to start, and 
 were detained only because Mr. Hargous, the agent, desired it. The orders given to 
 suspend the intercourse between the two armies were addressed to private individuals, 
 and not to the agents of the army of the United States, and were intended purposely 
 to expedite the transmission of provisions to the army, and to confine the intercourse 
 to that object exclusively. In return for this conduct, your excellency has prevented 
 the owners or managers of the grain mills, in the vicinity of the city, from furnishing 
 any flour to the city — which is a true breacli of the good faith your excellency had 
 pledged me. 
 
REPLY OF SAjNTA ANNA. 527 
 
 It is false, tliat any new work or fortificiitioii lias been undertaken, liceause one or 
 two repairs have only served to plaoe them in tiie same condition they were in on the 
 day the armistice was entered into, accident or the convenience of the moment having 
 caused the destruction of the then existing works. You have had early notice of the 
 establishment of the battery covered with the mud walls of the house of Garry, in 
 this city, and did not remonstrate, because the peace of two great republics could not 
 be made to depend upon things grave in themselves, but of little value compared to 
 the result in which all the friends of humanity and of the i)rosperity of the American 
 continent take so great an interest. 
 
 It is not without great grief, and even indignation, that I have received communica- 
 tions from the cities and villages occupied by the army of your excellency, in relation 
 to the violation of the temples consecrated to the worship of God, to the plunder of 
 the sacred vases, and to the profanation of the images venerated by the Mexican peo- 
 ple. Profoundly have I been aifected by the complaints of fathers and husbands, of 
 the violence offered to their daughters and wives ; and these same villages have been 
 sacked, not only in violation of the armistice, but of the sacred principles proclaimed 
 and respected by civilised nations. I have observed silence to the present moment, in 
 order not to obstruct the progress of negotiations which held out the hope of termina- 
 ting a scandalous war, and one which your excellency has characterised so justly as 
 unnatural. But I shall desist olfering apologies, because I cannot be blind to the truth, 
 that the true cause of the threats of renewing hostilities, contained in the note of your 
 excellency, is that I have not been willing to sign a treaty which would lessen consid- 
 erably, the territory of the Republic, and not only the territory of the Republic, but 
 that dignity and integrity which all nations defend to the last extremity. And if these 
 considerations have not the same weight in the mind of your excellency, the respon- 
 sibility before the world, who can easily distinguish on whose side is moderation and 
 justice, will fall upon you. 
 
 I flatter myself, that your excellency will be convinced, on calm reflection, of the 
 weight of my reasons. But, if by misfortune, you should seek only a pretext to de- 
 prive the first city of the American continent of an opportunity to free the unarmed 
 population of the horrors of war, there will be left me no other means of salvation, 
 but to repel force by force, with the decision and energy which my high obligations 
 impose upon me. 
 
 I have the honor to be your excellency's humble servant, 
 
 ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA. 
 
 The treaty referred to above, by Santa Anna, or rather the propo- 
 sitions of Mr. Trist, on behalf of the United States, for such a treaty, 
 had been comprised in eleven articles, in substance as follows : 
 
 Art. 1st. i^tipulated that hostilities should cease upon the ratification of the treaty. 
 
 2d. Provided for the liberation of all prisoners of war, with the j)romise of the United 
 States to recover Mexican prisoners from the Camanchcs, and other Indian tribes. 
 
 3d. Declared that all hostilities should be immediately suspended ; and on the rati- 
 fication of the treaty, all captured cities, forts, castles, Sec, with their artillery, within 
 the limits of Mexico, as defined by the treaty, should be given up to the Mexican 
 government. 
 
 4th. Defined the boundary line to be, the liio Grande, the southern and tvesiern 
 boundary of the province of New Mexico, the river Gila to the Colorado, ike lat- 
 ter river to the gulf of California, then a line down the middle of that gulf to the 
 
528 TERMS OF PEACE PROPOSED. 
 
 Pacific. (Thus ceding to thfi United States, Texas, New Mexico, Upper and Lower 
 Californin.) 
 
 5th. 'I'hat the United States, making no claim for the expenses of the war, should 
 pay to Mexico $ . 
 
 6th. 'J"he [Jnited States agreed to pay, to ihe amount of three millions of dollars, 
 the claims of her ciiizens against Mexico, both those decided, and those that should yet 
 be decided, which should have originated prior to May 13th, 1846. 
 
 7th. Stated, that in case of difficulty in such decision, the archives of each govern- 
 ment shall he at the disposal of the commissioners. 
 
 Sth. (lave the United States the exclusive right of way across the isthmus of Te- 
 huantepec, to and from the Pacific ocean. 
 
 9th. Provided that all goods introduced into Mexico by the United States, should be 
 free from confiscation, or from the payment of any duties. 
 
 10th. Declared that the treaty of commerce of 1831, should be renewed between 
 the two countries for eight years. 
 
 11th. Stipulated that this treaty of peace .should be approved by the President of 
 the United States, and the ratifications thereof exchanged in the city of Washington 
 within — months, or as soon as possible. 
 
 These propositions had been submitted to the Mexican commis- 
 sioners on the 27th of August ; but, after much deliberation, it was 
 not until the date of the communication of the American general, 
 .oiore noticed, that they offered any definite proposals of their own. 
 The American commissioner had, however, agreed to withdraw the 
 claim to Lower California. On the 6th, seeing that no more time 
 was to be gained, Santa Anna instructed the commissioners to pre- 
 sent to Mr. Trist, their counter project, or ultimatum, as directed by 
 himself. This was contained in fifteen articles, and in substance as 
 follows : 
 
 Art 1st. Was a desire, merely, of lasting peace between the two republics. 
 
 2d. Demanded all prisoners to be given up; all Mexican.', prisoners to Indians, 
 within the limits of the United States, to be liberated and returned to their homes, by 
 the latter power. 
 
 3d. Required all forts, towns, territory, and artillery taken by the United States, to 
 be returned to Mexico. 
 
 4th. Defined the dividing line to commence in ihe gulf of Mexico, opposite the 
 soutfiern mouf/i of Corpus C/iristi tmy, t/ience, across tftat bay, to t/ie mouth of the 
 river Nueces, up tliat to its source, titence on a line direct to the sout/ieastcrn corner 
 of New Mexico, tlience along the ea^ntern boundary of New Mexico northwardly 
 to the 27 Ih parallel of latitude, thence weM along that parallel to the Vacifc. (Thus 
 ceding to the United States, Texas to the Nueces, and a small strip of Indian terri- 
 tory, with a little of Upper California.) Mexico agreeing not to found any settle- 
 ments between the Rio Grande and the Nueces. 
 
 5th. Required that the United States should pay to Mexico the sum of ? , 
 
 at the city of Mexico. 
 
 6th and 7th. Stipulated that the United States should pay the claims of her citizens 
 upon Mexico. 
 
 8th. To the same effect as the 6'.h article of Mr. Trist's proposition. 
 
RENEWAL OF lIOSTiLiTIEiS. 529 
 
 9th. Pnividcd that the I\om;ui Catholic religion slioiiKl he rcspc\-tp(] in th<> ceded 
 (territory. 
 
 10th. i'rovided that citizens of Mexico inii;ht return from the L'liited States williout 
 being taxed. 
 
 11th. That all grants of land made hy Mexico, in the ceded territory, should be 
 respected. 
 
 r2th. Tliat the United States should solemnly bind itself, not to admit, hereafter, 
 the annexation to itself of any territory, by this treaty now within the limits of Mexico. 
 
 I3th. All goods in the ports occupied by the Americans, to pay the regular Mexi- 
 can duties, or be confiscated. 
 
 14th. That the government of the United States should fully satisfy all claims of 
 Mexican citizens for damage done to their property, by the Americans, during 
 the war- 
 In addition to this, the guaranty of England was required, that the 
 United States should perform the stipulations of the treaty. 
 
 These proposals, as had been foreseen, were rejected by the Ameri- 
 can commissioner. On the following day the negotiations closed, and 
 both armies prepared for an immediate renewal of hostilities. On 
 the same day, Santa Anna issued an address to the nation, stating that 
 the enemy were about to recommence hostilities; that they had offered 
 to give advantageous offers of peace to Mexico, but, that tlie proposi- 
 tions which w(;re tendered by them, would have destroyed the republic, 
 and converted it into a miserable colony of the United States, &c,, and 
 energetically exhorted all to fly to the defense of their country. 
 
 Gen. Herrera, as commander of the forces of the city, also issued 
 an address to the clergy and the people, bescecliing the former to use 
 all their influence in sustaining the defense of the capital — exhorted 
 the latter to assist in the defense, from their house-tops and windows, 
 if the Americans should gain footing in the city, advising them to use 
 all means of destruction that could be made available — fire and sword. 
 
 In tlie afternoon, Synta Anna sending a strong division of infantry 
 and cavalry to Chapnltojxc and Molino del Key, awaited the attack 
 of the enemy. 
 
 Again were the contending armies ready for llie strife. Again had 
 the efforts of the Mexican commander placed the capital in such a state 
 of defense, as to present a formidable front to the invaders ; twice had 
 it been completely in the power of the American general — after the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo, and after that of Churubusco. At either time, 
 on account of the excessive alarm and confusion of the inhabitants and 
 soldiers, it might have been taken by Scott with a trifling loss. Bui, 
 as Santa Anna had raised the capital from its alarm and despair, after 
 the battle of Cerro Gordo, and had already cost the American general 
 the tenth part of his number » make his present stand, so now, during 
 34 
 
530 SANTA ANNA AS A GENEKAL. 
 
 the few clays consumed by llie armistice, he had again placed himself 
 and his forces so as to cause the invaders yet a greater sacrifice of life, 
 in accomplishing their object. 
 
 The historian, in impartially reviewing the eflbrts and actions of 
 Santa Anna during the year that had elapsed from the time he landed 
 at Vera Cruz from exile, to the present mument, when he again stands 
 recovered to meet Gen. Scott, as well as in his subsequent actions, 
 must accord to him, notwithstanding his uniform ill fortune, the char- 
 acter and ability of a general of the first degree. IIow much had he 
 accomplished in one year ; how well had his plans been laid. Not 
 a single error of judgment can be pointed to, in his course for de- 
 fense ; while not an error was committed by his opponents, but that 
 he had been ready to turn to advantage. Permitted by them, he had 
 landed alone, when called back to his distracted country ; he found 
 that country embroiled by the actions of his political and personal 
 enemy, Paredes, in a war with a powerful nation, whose armies, 
 already victorious, were advancing on her territory, while her own 
 troops, under minor and inferior generals, were retreating terrified. 
 He found distraction within the nation, confusion and revolution in the 
 capital itself, and the armies of the enemy pouring in from difierent 
 directions. He had raised army after army. His sudden movement 
 and attack on Gen. Taylor, at Buena Vista, was most judicious. He 
 was repulsed by the strong arrangements of position of the latter 
 general, and the unconquerable courage and gallantry of the American 
 soldiers. The conflict was bloody and long; and who will say, that 
 as far as Santa Anna's arrangements are considered, they were not 
 planned to the best advantage. But he had not men like those of 
 the American force. His retreat, his masterly movements to conceal 
 his repulse, his encouragement of his soldiers, his advance upon the 
 capital, his able manner of silencing the revolution then in agitation 
 there, without offense to either party, uniting the troops of both to 
 his own — his rapid movements to, and arrangements at, Cerro Gordo; 
 his energy and skdl in taking advantage of the error of Scott, in that 
 general's discharge of troops and subsequent delay at Puebla — his ar- 
 rangements for defense, at the capital— all show bis energy and gen- 
 eralship in the most favorable light. The destruction among the inva- 
 ders before the strong works of Churubusco, even by part of his force, 
 after the defeat of the morning, shows what, in all probability, would 
 have been the result, had Valencia obeyed his orders, and fallen back 
 to that point widi his seven thousand troops and twenty pieces of ar- 
 tillery, and he tlu n to have fought with fresh and full forces, without 
 the discouraging prestige of defeat which there rested upon his army 
 
COMPARISON OF THE OPPOSINC AKMIES. 531 
 
 Vv'uh what tact had ho again taken advanta<r(! of the dchiy of the 
 American general, after that defeat, and now stood once more on the 
 defensive. The eonehision is irresistilile, that had Santa Anna been 
 supported by otricers and sohUers equal, or anywhere near equal, 
 to those commanded by Scott, the latter general's delay at Puebla 
 would have been fatal to him — even tiie delay of the armistice would 
 have been so, as subsequent events have proved. It must be admit- 
 ted, that defeated as Santa Anna has been, the fault has not been with 
 him. Compare his generalship taken with his resources with that of 
 the victorious American, and he suffers not in the comparison. The 
 latter general, witli all of his able plans, and triumphant success, still 
 made some serious errors ; but the effects of these were effaced by the 
 gallantry of his subordinate officers and soldiers, every one of whom 
 was a host in himself; freely, when necessary, giving up his life in 
 the contest — never thinking of retiring. He was supported by a host 
 of officers, generals in themselves ; backed by a strong consolidated 
 government, whose fleets lay near, and who poured in supplies of 
 every sort ; encouraged, and supported, too, by other victorious col- 
 umns in different sections of the country ; his own army though very 
 small, was composed of the best material the world could produce. 
 
 Santa Anna made no mistakes. Once, only, was he completely 
 deceived and out-generaled — in the attack on the city, subsequent to 
 this. But the effect of his judicious arrangements and superior gen- 
 eralship, was frustrated entirely by the incompetency, insubordina- 
 tion, and cowardice of his inferior officers, who looked to their own 
 advancement rather than to the good of the nation, and also, the ineffi- 
 ciency of his soldiers. His armies, formed so hastily, were in part 
 but a miscellaneous rabble, defeated in heart, even before beincf broncrht 
 into the field ; and his regular troops were rendered inefficient, bv the 
 conduct of their leaders ; backed by no one, no government to provide 
 supplies — government, commander, commissary, quartermaster, engi- 
 neer, all himself; a victorious enemy everywhere around him — bis 
 supplies stopped, his resources destroyed, and, more disadvantageous 
 than all, disaffection, discord, and opposition from distracted parties, 
 even in his very presence, and throughout the entire nation. 
 
 The conclusion is unavoidable ; and an enemy must even accori! to 
 him the possession of extraordinary ability and great generalship ; and 
 it must be apparent, that had he possessed the undivided support of 
 the nation, with men, money, means, but more especially such soldiers 
 as those whicli opposed him, his success woiild have been such, that 
 his name would have stood high in the roll of military heroes. 
 
 Santa Anna, expecting die attack of the Americans at or near Cha- 
 
532 POSITIO^ OF TK(30PS AT MO].L\(J DEL REV. 
 
 pultepoc, on the 7th placed a hirge portion of liis troops in that Lt- 
 tress and its neighborhood, under Generals Bravo, Perez, Alvarez, and 
 Leon ; while the remainder were posted at and in the vicinity of the 
 southern gates of the city. 
 
 Chapultepec is a high mound, situated about three miles southwest 
 of the city, connected with it, at the garila, or sentry box, of Belen, 
 by a long causeway, with wide ditches on either side, and an aque- 
 duct, running along the top. A similar causeway runs due west from 
 the city, at the gate of San (^osme, and passes out some distance 
 north of ('hapultej)ec, but is connected witti that by a shorter cause- 
 way running to the foot of the mound. These passages were bar- 
 ricaded at several points. Chapultepec, itself, has been noted in the 
 history of Mexico, as the ancient residence of the Montezumas. For 
 a thousand yards further west from the fortress which crowned its 
 summit, the sloping ground was shaded by a grove of timber, and 
 here were the identical huge cypresses which stood in the time 
 of Cortes. At the extremity of this grove were the large and strong 
 buildings of Molino del Rey, or King's Mill ; a line of fortifications 
 extended northwest from this, for four or five hundred yards, to the 
 Casa Mata — a very strong old Spanish fort. Gen. Perez, with the 
 11th and 12th regimoiits of the line and four pieces of artillery, was 
 placed at this point; while the cavalry of Gen. Alvarez was stationed 
 a little farther to the left, being on the extreme flank. On the right, 
 at Molino del Rey, Gen. Leon commanded a heavy force, consisting 
 of the battalions of Union, La Patria, Mina, a body of troops from 
 Puebla, another body from Queretaro, and detachments from other 
 quarters. Gen. Bravo commanded at the fortress of Chapultepec, 
 now in the rear, but within effective range of any part of the lines. 
 The whole force here was upward of ten thousand men ; while Santa 
 Anna, confident of an attack upon that point, observed and directed 
 every movement. 
 
 Nor was he wrongly directed by his judgment ; for, on the next 
 morning, the 8th, at the first dawn of day, drawn up on llie plain be- 
 low, in front of tlie whole hue, and on the left flank, were the bodies 
 of Americans under Gtui. Worth, supported by three batteries of ar- 
 tillery, wliicii, as soon as tlie light enabled them to see, opened upon 
 the latter position. 
 
 The fire thus commenced a litde after five A. M., and was rapidly 
 kept up against the Mill and Casa Mata. After this fire had been 
 productive of nuu-h injury, especially at the Mill, tlie Americans as- 
 saulted the works on the right, center, and left. The attack on the 
 center was made by a stornnng column under Major Wright, which. 
 
BATTLE OF MOLING DEL REV. 533 
 
 by its impetuous cliargo, Rjrccd the lines of Mexican troops back, and 
 took possession of the four field pieces ; but, by the efforts of (ien. 
 Leon, they were driven l)ack in disorder, and with loss. Being rein- 
 forced by part of Gen. ('adwallader's brigade, they again rapidly 
 advanced to the same point; while upon the left of the Mexican line, 
 another column, under Col. Garland, supported by a battery of artil- 
 lery, rushed with impetuosity, exposed to the fire from Chapultepec. 
 At the same moment, another heavy column, under Col. Mcintosh, 
 supported by a field hatter}-, also, furiously attacked the position of 
 Casa Mata, on liie right, (len. Perez received this assault with firm- 
 ness, and his destructive fire strewed death among the ranks of the 
 brave assailants. 
 
 The battle now raged furiously, and the firing was more rapid and 
 constant, than at Churubusco. The destruction on both sides was 
 great, and for a long time the result was extremely doubtful. Santa 
 Anna now ordered Gen. Alvarez, with his large body of cavalry, sup- 
 ported by infantry stationed at the extreme right, to make a charge on 
 the flank and rear of the Americans. Alvarez commenced his move- 
 ment for a charge, which, if he had made with vigor, would inevitably 
 have secured the victory for the Mexicans ; but he was met by a rapid 
 fire of grape and canister from Duncan's battery, on the American left, 
 and opposed vigorously by a small force of dragoons, under Major 
 Sumner ; and, though he might have overcome both, retreated. But 
 soon after this, the assaulting column of Americans, of the 5th, 6th, 
 and 8th regiments of infantry, against which he had been ordered to 
 move, were routed and driven back from Casa Mata, by the fire of 
 Perez. 
 
 Seeing the perilous situation of his troops, and astonished at the 
 strong defenses, of which he had not known. Gen. Scott, who had 
 now approached the scene of action, with all haste ordered other 
 forces, under Generals Pillow and Pierce, to reinforce Gen. Worth, for 
 the troops of the latter amounted to l)ut little over three thousand. But 
 before these reinforcements could arrive, having to come from two to 
 four miles, Gen. Perez withdrew his force from Casa Mata ; and soon 
 after, the other two American columns, on the center and left, having 
 routed the command of Gen. Leon — after the death of that oflficer — all 
 the Mexican troops, including those under Gen. Alvarez, were in full 
 retreat for Chapultepec and the city, under the fire of the American 
 field batteries, as well as from the captured gims. Many were killed : 
 among them ("olonels Balderas, Hucrta, and Gelati ; a vast number 
 wounded and dispersed, and eight hundred taken prisoiu-rs. The 
 main body retreated to Chapultepec, l)ut many in tlieir flight threw 
 
534 RE.SULT OF THE BATTLE. 
 
 away llieir anus, most of whifli, with ammunition, &;c., fell into the 
 hands of the Americans. About one half of the whole force arrived 
 at Chnpultepec, one fourth dispersed to the city, and the rest were 
 killed, wounded, or prisoners. The Americans also suffered severely, 
 losing, in killed and wounded, about eight hundred men, among them 
 fifty officers. 
 
 'J'he batde was over by 9 A. M. An immediate attack upon Cha- 
 pultepec was expected by Santa Anna; but to his great surprise, the 
 Americans collected their dead and wounded, blew up the fortress of 
 Casa Mata, and at 12 M., had entirely evacuated the ground, and 
 retired to 'I'acubaya. The Mexican forces, the same evening, reoc- 
 eupied the position they had held in the morning. 
 
 The result of the battle was of little advantage to the Americans. 
 The object of Gen. Scott had been, simply to destroy the cannon 
 foundrry, which he was informed, existed at the Mill — but nothing 
 of importance was found there. 
 
 The fact of the Americans falling back, and leaving the hard con- 
 tested ground, immediately led the Mexicans to believe that the object 
 of attack had been the fortress of Chapullepec ; but that, from the 
 desperate resistance, and consequent loss, the enemy were obliged to 
 retire. They would not believe that the capture of the mill alone had 
 been the only object. Consequently, Santa Anna, from the posses- 
 sion of the ground, claimed a victory. Proclamations and circulars, 
 announcing the fact, were sent to all the departments forthwith, and 
 their reception occasioned the most extravagant joy. 
 
 There was no rejoicing in the American camp that night. They 
 had won a brilliant victory after one of the most strongly-contested 
 actions of the war ; but they felt that nothing had been gained by their 
 loss of lives and blood. The order for the battle was most severely 
 commented upon by the subordinate officers, as indeed, it had been 
 when first issued, the previous evening. 
 
 Although Santa Anna had so well divined the purpose of the Ameri- 
 can leader in preparation for the assault upon Molino del Key, he was 
 not so successful in penetrating his next movement. Gen. Scott, deter- 
 mining to attack the city at the western gates of Belen and San Cosme, 
 for the purpose of deceiving the Mexican general, arranged, in open 
 daylight, his forces, on the llth, before the southern gates of Piedad 
 and San Antonio, with part of his artillery, while he sent a sninller 
 force to take possession of the previously captured position of .Mdliiio 
 del Rey, as though he was about to attack Chapullepec; and in fur- 
 therance of tills plan, on the same night he planted three ballorrics, 
 and, on the morning of the 12tli, opened a heavy fire upon the latter 
 
BATTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC. 535 
 
 fortress, which was kept up during the day, with much injury to the 
 works and loss to the garrison; among others, severely wounding 
 Gen. Don Nicolas Soldaaa, whose loss, at this time, was much felt. 
 Seeing the cannonade so incessant. Gen. Bravo concluded that the 
 main attack was to be at that point, and sent to Santa Anna, in answer 
 to a message irom the latter, for reinforcements. The commander- 
 in-chief sent to him the battalion of San Bias, under Col. Xicotencatl, 
 which was posted in the woods, outside of the fortress, not exposed 
 to the enemy's fire. Toward evening, however, Santa Anna becom- 
 ing convinced that the fire upon Chapultepec was only a feint of the 
 American commander, and that the real attack would be at the south- 
 ern gate, witlulrew this battalion to support that position : to which 
 he also moved all his available artillery, leaving, however, the ten 
 pieces at Chapultepec, to return the fire of the enemy — the only force 
 left in the fortress being the 1 Ith regiment of the line, under Gen. 
 Perez, and the battalion from Toluca. The latter, however, being 
 excessively panic-struck from the effect of the American fire, deserted 
 their posts whenever opportunity offered. 
 
 The force of Americans, under Gen. Twiggs, before the southeni 
 gates, appeared as if momentarily about to make an assault upon the 
 city, while their fire of shot and shell was kept up without intermis- 
 sion, until near evening, when the fire upon Chapultepec was by f;ir the 
 most severe. This circumstance still confirmed the opinion of Santa 
 Anna, that this last was but a feint — thinking that after the severe loss 
 the Americans had sustained at Molino del Rey, that they would make 
 no serious effort in that quarter. He visited Chapultepec in the even- 
 ing, communicated with Gen. Bravo, and promised him assistance, if 
 it should be needed, and again returned to the southern gates. 
 
 The fire of the American artillery, vi^hich, in addition to their own 
 pieces, had been increased by so many captured guns, having been 
 kept up with great vigor during the day, ceased at night, and both 
 armies slept upon their arms — thus ended the 12th. 
 
 Now came the final struggle. On the morning of the 1.3th, at half 
 past five, the American artillery reopened its fire before tlie southern 
 gates, and also from their batteries to the west, upon Chapultepec ; 
 this fire was returned with spirit. Santa Anna again placed the main 
 body of his troops, near the southern gate of San Antonio, and awaited 
 the attack. But before this gate, notwithstanding the heavy fire of 
 artillery kept up, was only one division of the Americans, under Gen. 
 Twiggs; and even a brigade of that, Gen. Smith's, was silently on its 
 march toward Chapultepec, where, already in position for an attack, 
 were three divisions of the Americans, under Generals Pillow, Quit- 
 
53(5 liAT'JM.K OF C]I\l'LJI,'J"[:iM':C. 
 
 mail, and Woilli, wliilo Scott liinisolf was iirar, (lirccting the opera- 
 tions ; thus, only a sinirlc brigade, that of Cul. Itiley, reniaincul before 
 the southern gate, keepinjr Santa Anna in susfjense, and witlulrawing 
 his attention from (Miapuhepee. Tlie coniiuaiuler of that lorlresa. 
 Gen. IJravo, se(;in<r tlie stroiitr (hspo.sition ol" the enetny about liini, 
 was yet of a (bircrciil opinion IVoni Saiila Anna, ami still belu:viiijr an 
 assault was about to be niacU; in I'oree upon that j)lace, sent to iiim 
 for reinCoreeuients, and received the brigades of Cenerals Kangel and 
 Peila iJarragan; but these were directed oidy to take position at the 
 fool ol' the liill of Chapultepec;, as a i)reeautionary measure. 'J'o the 
 earnest requests of Gen. IJravo, thai they would come into the lortress, 
 they answered that they could only do so by the ordcirs of the J*re- 
 eident. This order not being givtin. Bravo was left to defend himself. 
 At a little before I) A. M., the heavy firing of the enemy upon the 
 fortress momentarily ceased (the concerted signal of attack), and im- 
 mediately the division of Gen. Pillow moved from near Molino del 
 Key on the west, and came up through the wood, carrying, with the 
 bayonet, a strong redoubt, situ.ited about midway, and, impetuously 
 advancing upon the ditches and walls of the fortification, tiioiigii sutfer- 
 iug heavily, threw up their scaling ladders, and rapidly following ea(rh 
 other, poured upon the walls. 
 
 At the sanu! time, another division, under (.'en. Quitman, quickly 
 approaching from the southeast, forcing their way over a long <'ause- 
 way, cut with ditches and fortilied with barricades, overcoming all 
 obstacles, and strewing their path with dead and wounded, rushed 
 impetuously up that side of the hill, and entering the outer inclosure 
 of the fortress, pressed into the desperate encounter, scaling the walls, 
 and seemed to disregard the murderous lire! poured upon them, and to 
 court only death. 
 
 Simultaneously, at the connnand of Scott, Gen. Worth rapidly ad- 
 vanced from the west, where he had been stationed in rear of I'illow, 
 passed around the northern base of the hill, joining a pari of Pillow's 
 division, already engaged with the right flank of the force under Gen- 
 erals Itangel and IJarragan, routed it, and attatdiing their main body, 
 sent them (lying along the causeways in retreat toward the city, at the 
 same moment that the fortress above, after nearly three hours defense, 
 had yielded to the assault of Quitman and Pillow. Numerous flags 
 of the Anuu-icans were rapidly appearing from the battlements, amid 
 the long and joyous shouts of the victors in full possession. 
 
 Gen. Perez was killed, Gen. Bravo and a thousand of his command 
 were taken prisoners, with all the artillery and ammunition. So sud- 
 den and furious had been the final assault, that not even the mines 
 
FINAL AT'l'ACK O.N TiiK CI'IT. 537 
 
 were fircfl, whifl) had boen prepared under ground at the west of 
 the fortress, U) l)h)w up the Ainerieans as they approaclied ; for these 
 had moved so rapidly over the trearJierous surface, in pursuit of the 
 fuf^itives from the captured redoubt, that if they had l)een fireri, the 
 explosions would have destroyed as many friends as enemies. I'ut at 
 Bravo's command to fire them, the engineers in whose charge they 
 were, had disappeared in the confusion of the l)attle, nor could they be 
 found before the enemy were scaling the walls in every direction. 
 
 The surprise and mortification of Santa Anna at seeing liirnsclf 
 so completely outgeneraled by Scott, and Chapultepec in possession 
 of the enf;my, were extreme; but with the utmost haste he detached 
 the greater portion of his troops from their position near the gate of 
 San Antonio, to meet the Americans, who were now rapidly advancing 
 upon tfie g;iritas of San Cosme and Helen, he leaving only a small por- 
 tion at tlie former garita, to defend it against the threatened assault of 
 (ien. Twitrgs ; but even that was not necessary, for (ien. Sr-oit, in a 
 few moments after the capture of (Jhapultepec, ascended that fortress, 
 and looking down on the city and the long causeways which led to it, 
 covered by the flying battalions of Generals Rangel and Barragan, 
 closely pursued by his own troops under Gen. Worth and Quitman — 
 the former making for San Cosme to the left, and the latter toward 
 Belen,from there directly opposite — imrhediat(;ly sent to their support 
 all his available troops, reserving only one shattered regiment, the 
 15th, to garrison the fort; dispatching an order to (ien. Twiggs, who 
 in compliance, withdrew his forces and artillery, and hastily marched 
 for the scene of actual engagement. 
 
 'J'he tables were completely turned upon Santa Anna. This stroke 
 of policy of Gen. Scott had deranged all his preparations for defense; 
 lie had but few guns at the western gates, nor was there time now to 
 remedy his mistake with regard to the intended point of attack. 
 
 LeadinL' his forces rapidly up, at one P. M. he met the column un- 
 der Gen. Quitman, furiously fighting for the possession of the garita 
 of Belen, having tnken the defenses on the causeway. The assault 
 was vigorous — the defense desperate and bloody. Leaving this post, 
 under command of Gen. Terres, supported by a strong reserve under 
 Gen. Garay, and the guns of the citadel of Cuidadela, Santa Anna 
 hastened further on, to the garita of San Cosme, where the tmops of 
 Gen. Worth, already in possession of several buildings, were fighting 
 fiercely with Gen. Rangel, avoiding as much as possible the terrible 
 fire poured upon them, by digging through the walls of the houses. 
 All efforts to stay their progress were unavailing; blood flowed in tor- 
 rents, but the enemy gained house after house, advancing into the city. 
 
538 SURRENDER OF THE CAPITAL. 
 
 Night closed tlie fighting at the gate of Belen — Quitman throwing up 
 tiefcns's, and mounting the artillery sent to him. While at San 
 Cosmo, Worth at dark having obtained tiie full entrance, planted a 
 heavy mortar and a piece of artillery, which threw shot and shells 
 in numbers into the heart of the city. 
 
 At 10 1*. M. Santa Anna called a council of ofTicers at the citadel 
 of Cuidadela, and because of the foothold which the enemy had ob- 
 tained within the city, it was determined to evacuate it with the re- 
 maining troops, and retire by the northern road to Guadalupe, three 
 miles distant. In this council, overwhelmed by his failures, Santa 
 Anna lost his temper, and accused Gen. Terres and other officers, for 
 that which he had oidy to blame himself — in being so deceived by the 
 feints of Gen. Scott. 
 
 The retreat commenced at midnight, and soon after, Maj. Palacios, 
 with a deputation from the ayuntamiento (common council), was sent 
 by that body to Gen. Worth, with an ofl'er of surrender. Being 
 referred to Gen. Scott, at Tacubaya, the firing ceased while they pro- 
 ceeded to that place. Arriving there, at four o'clock on the morning 
 of the 14th, they demanded terms of capitulation, which were refused, 
 but protection promised, and they returned. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th September the two divisions of the 
 American army entered the city — Worth halting at the Alameda or 
 public garden, and Quitman after taking possession of the Cuidadela 
 proceeding to the square in front of the national palace, upon which 
 he hoisted the stars and stripes. Directly after Gen. Scott had ar- 
 rived at the palace, a general insurrection took place, and furious eflbrts 
 were made to expel the Americans. This raged with tiie utmost 
 violence for over twenty-four hours, witli great loss of life on both 
 sides, but more especially among the citizens ; for the exasperated 
 soldiers broke into every house from which a shot liad been fired, 
 and put to death many there found within, and destroyed the prop- 
 erty. Hy this severe measure, which was oidy adopted as a last ex- 
 tremity, the powerful insurrection was quelled. During it Santa 
 Anna and Gen. Alvarez, each at the head of a body of cavalry, reen- 
 tered the city ; but finding that all was lost, again retired — leaving the 
 Americans in quiet possession. 
 
 Tims, had this small and gallant army, to the astonishment of the 
 ■world, cut its way from the coast to the capital ; and after the batdes 
 ami capture's of Vera ("ruz, Cerro Gordo, Jalapa, Perote, Puebla, 
 Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Key, Chapultepec, 
 Belen and San Cosme — a series of fights by which they had been re- 
 duced to six thousand — were in quiet possession of a ciiy of two hun- 
 
SUMMAUV OF AMERICAN LO«S. 539 
 
 dred thousand iahabitants. Their losses and achievements in these 
 late battles, arc thus recapitulated by Gen. Scott, in his dispatch to 
 goveinnient : 
 
 August 10, 20, — Killed, 137, includin<r 14 oHicers. Wounded, 
 877, includinfr 62 o/licers. Missing, pro!)ably killed, 38 rank and 
 file. Total, 1052. 
 
 September 8. — Killed, 1 1(5, including 9 officers. Wounded, GG5, 
 including 49 officers. Missing, 18 rank and file. Total, 789. 
 
 September 12, 13, and 14. — Killed, 130, including 10 oflicers. 
 Wounded, 703, including 68 officers. Missing, 29 rank and file. 
 Total, 862. 
 
 Grand total of losses, 2703, including 383 oflicers. 
 
 On the other hand, this small force has beaten, on the same occa- 
 sions, in view of their capital, the whole Mexican army, of (at the 
 beginning) thirty-odd thousand men, posted always in chosen posi- 
 tions, behind intrenchments, or more formidable defenses of nature 
 and art;*kdled or wounded of that number more than seven thousand 
 oflicers and men ; taken 3730 prisoners, one seventh officers, includ- 
 ing thirteen generals, of whom three had been presidents of the Re- 
 public ; captured more than twenty colors and standards, seventy -five 
 pieces of ordnance, beside fifty-seven wall-pieces, twenty thousand 
 small arms, an immense quantity of shot, shells, powder, die. 
 
 * The Mexican fortifications referred to, according to the report of Capt. Lee, of the 
 American engineers, were as follows : 
 
 Penon, 20 batteries, for 51 cannon, and 15 inf. breastworks. 
 
 Mexicalsingo, ... 8 .."... 38 . "... • 1 
 
 San Antonio, .... 7 .."... 24 .".... 2 " 
 
 Churul)Usco, .... 2 ..<'... 15 . "... • " 
 
 (-ontreras 1 .."... 22 . "... . " 
 
 Chapultepec, .... 7 .."... 19 .".... 7 " 
 
 At the city 47 . . " . . 177 .".... 17 
 
 Total defenses, ... 92 batteries, 340 cannon, '12 inf. breastworks. 
 To these, must be added as defenses, the numerous canals which surrounded the 
 city, and extended on either side of the long causeways. These canals were mostly 
 twenty-five feet wide and five feet deep. The Casa Mata ; the strong buildings of 
 Molino del Rey ; the adjoining breastworks and battery; and, the strong citatlel of 
 Cuidadeia. must also be added to the account. And, also, the fortress-like construc- 
 tion of the stone, flatroofed, iron barred, parapetted houses of the city (from which 
 alone the American army sulTered much in the assault and subsequent insurrection), 
 may be considered as defenses of the most formidable character. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Santa Anna resigns— Pcna y Pena succeeds — Siege of Puebia — Battles of Hua- 
 mantla and Atlixco — Santa Anna deprived of command — Santa Anna's " Exposi- 
 tion" — Election of President Anaya — Battle of Matamoras — Anaya's term ex- 
 pires Pena y Pena again assumes the presidency — Movements of Gerf. Lane — 
 
 Santa Anna's last address — Signing of treaty of peace. — The armistice — Circular 
 of Rosa — Santa Anna — Paredes — Jarauta — Zenobia — Alvarez — Almonte — Battle 
 of Santa Cruz do Resales — Condition of Yucatan— Treaty ratified by the senate 
 of the U. S. — Arrival of American commissioners — Meeting of congress — Ratifi- 
 cation of the treaty — Departure of American armies from Mexico — Gen. Herrera 
 elected president — Revolution of Paredes and Jarauta. 
 
 General Quitman was immediately appointed governor of the city 
 of M(;xi(;o, by Gen. Scott; and a number of orders were issued by 
 him, with regard to the popuhition, troops, Alc. ; the most important 
 of which was the levying of a contribution upon the capital of one 
 hundred and lifty thousand dollars, for the use of the American army. 
 This was the first indication to the Mexicans of the decision of the 
 government of the United States, to carry on the war in a more 
 rigorous manner. 
 
 Santa Anna, in his altered circumstances, was not long in deciding 
 upon his course. On the 14th, from Guadalupe, he dispatched circu- 
 lars to the governors of the diflerent states, informing them of the 
 capture of the capital upon that day. On the I61I1, from the same 
 place, he issued a decree, in which he directed tlie meeting of con- 
 gress on the 5lii of 0(;tober, at Qnerctaro — one huiulred and twenty- 
 five mdcs north of Mexico — as the future scat of govermncnl; and, 
 announcing his determination immediately to attack the enemy's line 
 of conmtunication from Vera Cruz, as commander-in-chief of the 
 army, he resigned the other important authority witli which he was 
 clothed, that of president of the republic, and in accordance with the 
 provisions of the constitution of 1821, called to assume it, until con- 
 gress should elect his successor, Don Emanuel i'cna y I'ena, chief- 
 justice of the supreme court of Mexico, to l)e assisted l)y (Jenerals 
 Herrer.i and Alcorta. He then ordered II(;rrera, at the liead of about 
 four thousand trooj)s, to march to Queretaro, and as soon as tiiat body 
 left, he, witli two thousand cavalry under Gen. Alvarez, on the 18th 
 (.')40) 
 
PE\\ y IFAA ASSUMES TUF. PRE iIDr.XCJV. 541 
 
 evacuatod Oiudiiliipe, and coinnipncod his maroh for Piiebla, to a'tar-k 
 the American irnrrison thoro, h^aviiij; (he vicinity of the capital in the 
 undisputed ]M).-ses,^i()n of the enemy. 
 
 On the 27th of September, Pena y Pena, from Toliica, accepted the 
 appointment of the powers of the provisional presidency, and after 
 appointiiiir Don liiiis de la Kosa minister of foreign and internal refla- 
 tions, issued a circular to the <^overnors of the states, accompanied by 
 another from Rosa, urging upon the governors to expedite the meeting 
 of the deputies in congress at Queretaro — to preserve order in the 
 states, and by all possible means to assist the president "in making 
 head against the tremendo\is ditricnlties of his situation," and " in sus- 
 taining the independence and nationality of Mexico, and preserving 
 from every assault the federal institutions," &c. The president then 
 proceeded to Queretaro; many of the members of congress soon fol- 
 lowed — some of whom, having been taken prisoners by the Ameri- 
 cans, were liberated for the purpose, and provided with passports 
 of safety by Gen. Scott. 
 
 Leaving the review of the shattered government, thus attempting to 
 reorganise itself, let us follow Santa Anna in his sudden movement 
 asfainst the Americans at I^uebla. When the army of Gen. Scott left 
 Puebla for the citv of Mexico, on the 6th of August, Col. ('hilds had 
 remained as governor, with a detachment of four hundred men, encum- 
 bered with eighteen hundred sick. 'J'his little force, in possession 
 of the convent and the fortified bights near the city, held the place 
 with its popidation of seventy thousand, in perfect quiet, during the 
 time in which the batdes of Contreras and Churubusco had been 
 fought, and that also consumed by the armistice ; but on the reception 
 of the news of the rumored defeat of the Americans at Molino del 
 Rey. on the night of the 13th of September, the populace rose, en 
 masfie, upon the American garrison. This attack was directed by 
 Gen. Rea, a Spaniard by birth, and a good officer, who was then in 
 command of about three thousand regular troops ; it was continued 
 night and day, without intermission, with cannon shot, Init principally 
 musketry. By the addition of the populace his forces increased 
 daily, and the fierceness of the attack proportionibly increased. Put 
 the little h;ind of AmericTUs seemed determined to die rather than to 
 yield. From the bights of Loretto they poured down shot and shell 
 upon the citv ; from the convent tliev made desperate sorties upon 
 the buildings, from the tops and windows of which they were assailed 
 by such a destructive fire ; and in the hottest of the siege, afterward, 
 digging though the walls of an entire square, they turned the barri- 
 cades in the streets, burned them, and captured the guns. 
 
542 8IE(:?. OF PUEBLA. 
 
 SaiUa Anna arrived on tlie 22(1, and took the command. His rein- 
 forcements increased the number of the assailants to eight thousand 
 men, beside the populace. On the 25th he sent a communication to 
 Col. Childs by a flag of truce, stating the amount of his army — that 
 he had come to relieve the inhaliitants of Puebla from the domination 
 of the forces of the United States, from whom they had suffered so 
 much ; offered that the garrison might march out with the honors of 
 war, and proceed either to join Gen. Scott, at the city of Mexico, or 
 return to Perote ; and finally, in case of noncompliance, threatened 
 the most rigorous measures, «fec. Col. Childs, in reply, denied that 
 the citizens of Puebla had suffered at all from the troops of the Uni- 
 ted States — declined the proffered terms of surrender, stating that he 
 had the necessary means, and should defend his position to the last. 
 
 For the space of six days and nights succeeding did Santa Anna 
 make the most vigorous exertions with his whole force, to dislodge 
 the Americans ; but the latter withstood the continued assault with 
 the firmness of a rock. There had been no action during the war 
 in which the persevering valor and obstinacy of resistance of the 
 American troops had been so brillianUy illustrated, as in this contest. 
 AVith scarcely time to eat or sleep, they fought without intermission, 
 from hour to hour, from day to day — the places of those who fell, in 
 exposed situations, were instantly filled by others. 
 
 But another force threatened Santa Anna. Brig. Gen. Lane having 
 left Vera Cruz on the 18th of September, had added to his command 
 that of Major Lally,* at Jalapa, and was now rapidly approaching 
 
 * Major Lally's force, consisting of near a thousand men, with seventy-six wagons, 
 had commenced the march for Puebla, from Vera Cruz, on the 7th of August. It 
 having been reported that a million of dollars in gold was to be carried up by this 
 train, Padre Jarauta, and Aburto, in command of the guerrilla forces, had, by the pro- 
 mise of fifty dollars a man, in case of success, induced three thousand men to join 
 their standard. With this force Jarauta, on the 9th, attacked Laily, near San Juan ; 
 on the lOlh, at Paso Ovijas; on the 12th, at Puente Nacional ; on the 14th, on the 
 road near Plan del Rio; on the 15th, at Cerro Gordo; on the 17th, at Lasanimas. 
 Lally having thus fought his way through, arrived at Jalapa on the 20th, with a loss 
 of one hundred and five men killed and wounded, not losing a single wagon. A rein- 
 forcement of two hundred men under Capt. Wells, however, which had been sent out 
 from Vera Cruz with nine wagons of ammunition, on the l.'Jth, to join Major Lally, 
 was not so fortunate. Having been attackeil on the 14th and 15th, the forces of Ja- 
 rauta entirely defeated them at the national bridge, and cajitured all their wagons, 
 with important dispatches. They retreated to Vera Cruz, with the loss of one fifth 
 of their number killed, wounded, prisoners, and disabled from the heat and fatigue. 
 Having met with this severe reception on the route, Major Lally remained at Jalapa 
 until joined by Gen. Lane, a month afterward. 
 
BATTLES OF lldAM '.NTLA A\U ATLIXCO. 543 
 
 Perot(!, on his march to rohovo llio Americans at Piiehla. This infor- 
 mation being coinmnnicatod to Santa Anna, from Jalapa, he withdrew 
 half his men, on the 31st of September, with six pieces of artillery, 
 from the attack on (^ol. Chihls, and marched to meet Gen. Lane; 
 but tiiat general delaying at l*erote longer than Sanla Anna had expect- 
 ed, the latter took np his headquarters at Hnaniantla, having given 
 orders to Rea to continue the attack upon, and subdue, the small 
 garrison under Ciiilds. 'i'here was no cessation to the conflict in 
 Puebla. Gen. Rea left no means untried to subdue tlie garrison : nor 
 did he retire until driven away by the approach of Lane, after the 
 result of the battle fought by Santa Anna. 
 
 Gen. Lane, with about two thousand men, and two batteries of artil- 
 lery, with a large wagon train, approached near Ihiamantla on the 8th, 
 and on tlie following morning, leaving the train on the road in charge 
 of part of his men, with the remainder he rapidly marched toward 
 Huamantla, at the moment that Santa Anna had withdrawn most of 
 his fop-e from thence for the purpose of surprising Lane on the road. 
 The Mexican troops left in town were at first dispersed by the Amer- 
 ican dragoons ; but the Mexican general having ordered the main body 
 of his force to their support, the Americans were repulsed, until in turn 
 supported by their infantry, when the Mexicans \vere routed, with 
 the loss of two pieces of artillery, and many killed and wounded. 
 American loss, thirteen killed, eleven wounded (and according to Santa 
 Anna's report, twenty-four prisoners). 
 
 Gen. Lane withdrew from the town after the battle, and the next 
 day resumed his march, entering Puebla on the 13th ; the last of the 
 besieging forces retiring to Atlixco, and thus relieving the garrison, 
 which had heroically sustained the attack of ten times their num- 
 ber for thirty days and nights. The Americans, thus reinforced, 
 now becaine the assailants. Gen. liane, on the 19th, maiched toward 
 Atlixco, ten leagues from Puebla, where the division of Rea had re- 
 tired, and where the legislature of the state was then in session. He 
 encountered the troops of Alvarez and Rea, and after a rumiing fight 
 — in which the latter retreated — came upon the hiL'hts overlooking 
 the town after sunset, and, by a bright moonlight, cannonaded the 
 pl-ice, by a well directed plunging fire, for nearly an hour, which 
 caused great destruction. The Mexican troops continued their flight, 
 joined by tlie meml)ers of the legislature and most of the inhabitants. 
 The toM'n was spared, on the application of the members of the 
 ayuntamiento ; was occupied that night, and searched for arms the 
 next morning, after whicli the invaders returned to Puebla. This 
 blow upon Atlixco, where many guerrilla parties had been fitted out, 
 
544 GOVERNORS SUMMONED TO QUERETARO. 
 
 and where :i number of the principal opponents of peace iiad retired, 
 struck much terror into the minds of all of these. 
 
 TIk; batUe of Huamantia was the close of the contests of Santa 
 Anna with iUc armies of the United States. His troops were desert- 
 ing him, and, in one week after that action he rt^ceived a notice from 
 Pena y Pena, through Rosa, directing him to turn over the command 
 of thf! army to (icn. Kincon, who had been exclianged ; or, until 
 that general should arrive, unto (icn. Alvarez; and himself await 
 the action of a court martial, before which to give an account of the 
 numerous battles he had lost. This direction, so humiliating to him, 
 he obeyed ; and, turning the command over to Gen. Alvarez, took 
 leave of his troops in an address, dated at Huamantia, October 16th, 
 and retired to Tehuacan. 
 
 The events of the succeeding tliree months, or until the conclusion 
 of the treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico, are not 
 in themselves of so important a nature as those that have been rela- 
 ted. President Pena y Pena arrived at Queretaro on the 12th of Oc- 
 tober, and appointed as his secretary of war Gen. Mora y Villamil. — 
 '~'n the 14th, Senor Rosa addressed another appeal to the deputies 
 of congress, endeavoring to assemble that dilatory body. On the 
 20th, in the name of tlie president, he summoned the governors of the 
 States of Puebla, Mexico, Queretaro, Miclioacan, (inanajualo, Jalis- 
 co, San Luis Potosi, and Zac^atecas, to meet the executive on the 10th 
 of November, to consult on the exigencies of the nation. Pena y 
 Pena — after suspending Santa Anna, and ordering Gen. Paredes (who 
 had published a long address to his countrymen, from Tulancingo), into 
 a nominal state of arrest at Teloloapan, and directing a court martial to 
 investigate the conduct of Gen. Valencia at the battle of Contreras, 
 according to his request — turned his attention to the state of the army ; 
 and attempted some reforms, which soon drew down upon him con- 
 demnation from the officers and soldiers thereof: to but litde purpose, 
 however, as they failed to intimidate him. 
 
 Among the deputies who were in attendance at Queretaro, the same 
 dissensions appeared as formerly, wilh the addition of the formation 
 of a new party, the Santanistas, or adherents of Santa Anna, who 
 united their influence with the Puros, against the Moderados. The 
 Monarquistas had no voice in the assembly, though they were most 
 busy througiiout the nation in disseminating their views, and with 
 much apparent success. 
 
 While waiting for the assembly of a full quorum of congress, the 
 deputies carried on the strife of politics ; in which they were joined 
 by the various papers of the city of Mexico, and tl;e different states, 
 
dispe:i>I().\ of gi;errili-a forces. 545 
 
 many of which parliciilurly ojiposcil the president's oflbrts to reform 
 the army. 
 
 'J'lie remnaiil of the .Mexican army, in all its divisions, at liii.s 
 time, was about as follows : At Queretaro, under Generals Lombar- 
 dini and Reyes, one thousand men ; Santa Anna's army, now under 
 Gen. Rincon, four thousand ; the garrisons of Ma/atlan, La Sonora, 
 and Acapulco, four thousand ; in the states of Tobasco and ("hiapas, 
 two thousand; under Urrea, Carvajal, and Canales, two thousand; 
 the brigade at Potosi, commanded by Gen. Fillisola, three thousand; 
 at Toluca, under Gen. Pena y Barragan, two thousand ; in the state of 
 Oaxaca, one thousand ; the whole force of the guerrillas from Vera 
 Cruz to Puebla, three thousand ; total force, thirty-one thousand men. 
 The last item, however, of guerrilla forces, was shortly after this very 
 much reduced by the attacks and operations of Gen. Lane, at Puebla, 
 and Gen. Patterson, at Vera Cruz and Jalapa. Lane having a force 
 of above 3000 men at Puebla, entirely prevented Generals Rincon,' 
 Alvarez, and Rea, from making any demonstration in that state ; while 
 Gen. Patterson, with a force of nearly 4,000, broke up the various 
 rendezvous of the guerrillas about Vera Cruz, and completely dispersed 
 them. He garrisoned the strong hold at the national bridge ; and leav- 
 ing Vera Cruz with his main .body, on 2d November, marched on 
 to Jalapa, and louted them from that neighborhood — executing two 
 of their oflTicers, who had f)roken their parole, having been prisoners 
 before. By the large number of American troops pouring into Verii 
 Cruz, and these vigorous operations of their generals, the guerrillas 
 were entirely dispersed, for the time. Padre Jarauta, pressed by 
 Gen. Patterson, and knowing that in a few days Gen, Butler would 
 issue from Vera Cruz, with yet another army of near 6,000 men, 
 became disheartened, and on the 4th of November sent an offer of 
 surrender to Gen. Patterson, at the national bridge ; but not liking 
 that general's answer, he left that section of country, with but a few- 
 followers, and proceeded to the vicinity of the city of Mexico, where 
 he was again pursued, routed, and wounded, by the troops of Gen. 
 Jiane, whose name became terrible to the guerrillas. So completely 
 was the road abandoned by them, at this period, that the first Ameri- 
 can return train, consisting of six hundred wagons and a proper es- 
 cort, which left the city of Mexico on the 1st of November, for Vera 
 Cruz, was not, during its passage of fifteen days, attacked in a sin- 
 gle instance, or annoyed at any of the passes by a single hostile shot. 
 
 * Generals Rincon and Bravo being prisoners to the Americans, had been exchanged 
 for Captains Heady, Clay, and others. 
 
 35 
 
546 SANTA ANNA'S " EXPOSITION ' TO CONGRESS. 
 
 The inhabitants of the whole section of coiuury, from tlie capital to the 
 coast at Vera Cruz, were completely dispirited. A garrison of Amer- 
 icans, under Col. Hughes, was again placed in Jalapa. 
 
 A quorum of deputies having arrived at Queretaro, the Mexican 
 congress opened its session on November 2d. Senor D. Jose Maria 
 Godoy, from Guanajuato, was elected president of the body; and 
 Senor D. Jose Maria Hernandez, from Durungo, vice president. 
 
 One of the first subjects presented to the congress assembled, was a 
 bold and novel communication or " Exposition," as he termed it, from 
 Gen. Santa Anna, written on November 1st, from his retirement at 
 Tehuacan. Always fond of power, and smarting under the order of 
 Pefta y Pefia, deposing him from the command of the army, and in- 
 formed of all the proceedings at Queretaro — of the increase of the San- 
 tanistas — of the disaffection of the multitude of army officers at the 
 attempted reforms, he judged it a proper time to regain his lost sta- 
 tion. In a communication to Pefia y Peha of the same date as hi.s 
 " Exposition," he contended, that he never did resign the office of 
 president in explicit terms; that he only temporarily submitted to a 
 division of that office from the power of commander-in-chief, with 
 which he again took the field , and that the circumstances which led 
 to that having ceased, he now claimed the office of president, until 
 congress should, in due form, accept his resignation then given, and 
 now repeated, &c., &c. 
 
 In the " Exposition " he urged the same positions, and finally ask- 
 ed congress to accept his resignation in legal form. 
 
 The cflect of this would have been, to pronounce Poi\a y Peila'r^ 
 administration an usurpation of power; and, consequently, his acts — 
 and among them the deposing of Santa Anna, void ; and would tlui.s 
 have left the latter, after his resignation of the office of president 
 had been accepted, yet at the head of the army. The plan of Santa 
 Anna was, however, unsuccessful; and he still remained at Tehuacan. 
 
 Notwithstanding the strenuous efibrts of the Puros and Santanista.s, 
 the Moderados triumphed in the election. The ibrmer president sub- 
 stitute, Anaya, was elected to the presidency, to occupy that station 
 until the counting of the votes from the difVerent states, which had 
 been postponed, as before mentioned, by the influence of Santa Anna, 
 until January 8lh, 1848. 
 
 The administration of Anaya thus continued only two months. 
 He retained the ministers of Pena y Peha in ofiice, adding to the cabi- 
 net that personage himself. The whole tenor of the acts of his term 
 were towards the completion of a peace with the United States; and 
 a secret communication was opened with Mr. Trist, the commissioner 
 
ET.ECTION OF IMlEylDENT ANAYA. 547 
 
 of the Uiiitod Stiiles, for that meeting which resulted in the appoint- 
 ment of commissioners by Anaya for that purpose ; and by the mid- 
 dle of December, these negotiations, based on the former proposals of 
 the American commissioner, were in a state of forwardness; entirely 
 unknown, however, to the body of the nation, or to the disaHected 
 parties. 
 
 The Mexican congress having, after a session of a few days, made 
 provision for a new congress to be assembled on the Isl of January, 
 1848, closed its labors. Most of the members dispersed; all the op- 
 posing leaders, and many of the old deputies, however, remaining at 
 Queretaro. Against Anaya's course, and ajainst a peace, the Puros, 
 headed by (Jomez Farias, issued a strong manifesto; while the San- 
 tanistas endeavored to get up a pronunciamento, or revolution, in 
 which they were joined by the disaffected oflicers of the army, who 
 saw in a continuation of the war their only hope even of subsistence. 
 The firm front, however, of the president, who called together the 
 faithful troops, and planted artdlery in the streets, gave no hope of 
 success to them, while the manifesto of the Puros was productive 
 of but little effect. The nation generally, especially near the scenes 
 of action, were becoming wearv of the war, and at heart in favor of 
 peace upon any honorable terms. To this, however, there were many 
 exceptions. 
 
 While the assembly of governors of states, which had been directed 
 by Pciia y Peiia, had resolved, generally, to support the existing ad- 
 ministration of Anaya, by assistance in funds and influence, and in 
 keeping order in the various departments ; and while the governor of 
 the state of Puebla, Senor Don Isunza, had, without request, sent in 
 to Governor Childs, at the city of Puebla, all the American prisoners 
 under his control ; — the states of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, and .la- 
 lisco, influenced by the Puros and Santanistas, formed a coalition for 
 the purpose of carrying on the war by themselves, and throwing 
 embarrassments in the way of the administration. Santa Anna, too, 
 from Tehuacan, sent in his ofTicinl accoiuit of the battles wliich result- 
 ed in the loss of the capital ; excusing his own p^irt, saying not a word 
 of his own failure in anticipating the designs of the enemy, but laying 
 the whole fault of the loss of (3hapultepec at the door of General 
 Bravo. This produced much effect among the oflicers of the army 
 and Santanistas generally, and drew from Bravo a long defense of his 
 conduct. President Anaya, fully sustaining the action of his prede- 
 cessor Pena y Pena, with regard to Santa Anna, and disregarding the 
 united action of the Puros and Sant inistas, firmly held on his way, 
 supported by his cabinet, determined to have peace concluded ; — 
 
548 OPERAT10N8 OF THE AMERICAN TROOPS. 
 
 the other opposition to his policy, though not shown at Queretaro, was 
 widely extending itself under the action of tlie Monarquistas. Padre 
 Jarauta, now arrived in the valley of Mexico, joined this party ; and 
 meeting Parades, entered into a full compact to support him ; though 
 he remained for the present to act with General Rea, in command of 
 guerrillas, against the Americans. 
 
 Although the commissioner of the United States was in communica- 
 lion with those of Mexico, and a treaty was in a state of forwardness, 
 the operations of the American forces did not appear to have reference 
 toward the immediate conclusion of a peace. The President of the 
 United States had officially announced that the powers of the commis- 
 sioner were ended, and that he was recalled.* Troops more nume- 
 rous had been poured into the southern portion of Mexico. The 
 northern army, under General Taylor, had been weakened to 
 strengthen the southern, to such an extent, that that general had left 
 the command to General Wool, and returned to the United States. 
 While large bodies were arriving every day at Vera Cruz, General 
 Lane, General Patterson, General Butler, and General Marshall, were 
 sweeping on with new forces from the coast to the capital. Already 
 the American army in the south numbered nearly thirty tliousand 
 men ; while fresh troops in New Mexico, under General Price, had 
 eflectually subdued all symptoms of rebellion, and again were advan- 
 cing upon Chihuahua. The forces of the Americans had also been 
 
 * The efforts of the .'American commissioner to negotiate a ])eace were great and un- 
 remitted, but appeared to be made more on his own account than on that of his govern- 
 ment. No sooner had the American army triumphantly entered the capital, than Mr. 
 Trist, under date of September 20, addressed a note to the govcrniiient of Pena y Pena, 
 with thi' information that he was still ready to negotiate terms of peace. This com- 
 munication was for some time unanswered ; and on the 3 1st of October, the reply of 
 Rosa, the Mexican minister, was, that with every desire for peace, he doubted whe- 
 ther any good results would be accomplished. Three weeks after this time, on the 
 22d November, Pena y Pena, then secretary under Anaya, by direction of the latter, 
 again wrote to Trist, reviewing all past correspondence, appointing commissioners, 
 <&c. The American commissioner replied on the 24th, that his authority was revo- 
 ked, and himself recalled. (This had been twice done by the American government, 
 once under date of October 2d, and again on October 26th.) Three days after this 
 re[)lv to Anava's administration, Trist replied to his own recall, and dispatched that 
 to Washington City; then renewed the correspondence with Pena y Pena, through 
 influence of a mediating party at Queretaro, and declared that he would j)ersonalIy 
 assume the responsibility of concluding a peace with the Mexican government, if they 
 were strong enough to make it. This led immediately to the appointment of com- 
 missioners for that purpose, who, on December 9th, met at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near 
 Mexico. 
 
BATTLE OF MATAMOROS. 549 
 
 increased in California ; while the strontr port of Mazailan, on llu; Pa- 
 cific, afler a lonjr l)lockade, had fallen before the squadron of (\)ni- 
 modore Shulirick. Th(> American frigate Congress, the sloop of 
 war Portsmouth, and one small merchant brig, all under the command 
 of Commodore Titvallette, had appeared before the port of Cuaymas, 
 also on the Pacific, on the 1 5th October, and planting mortars on 
 the islands in the harbor, on tlie 19th cannonaded and bombarded that 
 town, and took possession of it. 
 
 General Rea, who, by order of the president, now commanded in 
 the state of Puebla, had established his head quarters in the town 
 of Matamoros, fifty-five miles from the city. His force consisted of 
 near eight hundred men, with three pieces of artillery. Early in the 
 morning of the 23d of October, he was surprised by the American 
 general. Lane, who had marched during the night from Puebla, with 
 one hundred and sixty mounted men and one piece of artillery. The 
 suddenness of tliis unexpected attack completely routed the forces 
 of Rea, which precipitately fled from the streets, with the loss of sixty 
 men ; leaving their artillery, a great quantity of small arms and ammu- 
 nition, one hundred horses, and twenty-one American prisoners who 
 had been in their hands. 
 
 Lane remained in the town during the day and the next night, occu- 
 ])ied in destroying the stores, &c.; and on the morning of the 24th 
 commenced his return for Puebla; but was met by the whole fijrce 
 of Rea in the mountain pass of Galaxra, and another battle ensued. 
 The advance of the Americans drove in that of Rea, but were forced 
 to retire before the main body of the Mexicans ; but, on being sup- 
 ported by their artillery, Rea withdrew from its range, and confined 
 his operations to harassing the Americans as they continued their 
 march towards Atlixco, near which place he drew off his command ; 
 and the Americans, having accomplished their object, returned to 
 Puebla. 
 
 The character of the war had now changed ; and the American gov- 
 ernment declared that the conquered country should thereafter bear 
 the burdens of the war. 
 
 Measures more strict were at once ordered by General Scott, with 
 regard to the guerrillas, directing such to be shot when taken, as well 
 as those who had before broken their parole. On account of the 
 frequency of ihc latter occurrence, he had refused to parolr llie nu- 
 merous prisoners he had taken at the battles near the city, until the 
 Archbishop of Mexico interceded \'ov tliem, and administered to them 
 each the oath, granting them a certificate signed by himself and tlie 
 first alcalde of the city, and being himself rc*[)'iiisible for them. This, 
 
550 ASSESSMENTS LEVIED BY AMERICAN GENERAL. 
 
 together with tlie summary punishment of ihe officers sliot at Jalapa 
 by General Patterson, had a strong efl'ect upon the people of the 
 country. Though at Orizaba a strong guerrilla force still remained, 
 under tlic command of (Jolonel Zenobia, who, a little after this lime, 
 on January 4th, at Santa Fe, near Vera Cruz, making an attack on 
 the rear of an American train, under Colonel Miles, killed many 
 Americans, and captured three hundred pack mules bearing near one 
 hundred thousand dollars worth of property. 
 
 On ihe 31st of December, llie American commander issued an 
 order levying assessments on the several Mexican states as follow, in 
 article 1st of said order: 
 
 Head Quarters of the Aumv, J 
 Mexico, December 31, 1847. 5 
 [General Order— No. 395.] 
 1. To support, in part, tlie military occupation of the republic of Mexico by the 
 army of the United States, the several states of this republic, already occupied, and 
 others as they shall become occupied, are, or will be assessed, by the year, in dollars, 
 as follows : 
 
 Chihuahua, $49,188; Coahuila, $5,059 ; Chiapas, $21,692 ; Durango, $85,.556; 
 Guanajuato, $255,876; Jalisco, $236,338 ; Mexico, state and federal district, $068,- 
 332 ; Michoacan, §287,712 ; Nueva Leon, $50,437 ; Puebla, 424,276 : Oaxaca, $84,. 
 100; Queretaro, $85,944; San Luis, $11 1,260; Sinaloa, $33,524; Sonora, $5,000 ; 
 Tobasco, $59,060; Tamaulipas, $71,332; Vera Cruz, $271,548; Zacatecas and 
 Aguas Calientes, reunited, $249,076. 
 
 [By the second article, all transit duties were abolislied, and the 
 tobacco monopoly ; the third article made the governors and revenue 
 collectors responsible for the amounts ; article fourth, provided that 
 the said sums should become due, from any state, from the first day 
 of the month in which the American troops occupied the same ; fifth 
 article provided, that part of the amount might be paid in subsistence 
 and forage ; sixth article declared, that in case of failure in payment 
 by any state, the properly of the public functionaries should be seized 
 and confiscated to pay it; the seventh article provided, that in case 
 the foregoing did not satisfy the demand, that the commanding ofiicer 
 of the United States' troops in tlie said state should make the amount 
 from the property of the wealthier inhabitants; eighth, declared that 
 receipts should be given by the quartermasters, paymasters, and com- 
 missaries ; ninth, stated that all the dues heretofore collected, from 
 •he tax on gold and silver, for the use of the Mexican government, 
 should be continued for the use of the American army; tenth, stated 
 the rate of tax on production, on smelting, on assaying, and on coin- 
 age, &c. of the precious metals ; eleventh, appointed the places for 
 collection of said tax ; t\v(;lfth, made tin; like penaliies for nonpay- 
 
PEN A Y PEN A ASSUMES THE PRESIDENCY. 551 
 
 inent of tliis tax as mentioned in articles sixth and seventh, and pro- 
 vided for receipts for the same as in article eighth ; thirteenth, an- 
 nounced the intention of sjireading the American troops over the 
 repuhlic of Mexico, and oave strong commands to the Amerii'an sol- 
 diers for their proper government, &c. ; fonrteenth, declared that the 
 laws of war would be observed towards all Mexicans in arms who 
 should observe those laws ; but for the treatment of guerrillas, refers 
 to the previous order (in which they were to receive no quarters — 
 if taken prisoners, to be tried by a drumhead court martial, and if 
 found guilty, shot instanter).] 
 
 The promulgation of this order produced a great effect among the 
 Mexican people ; many of whom, of all parties, began seriously to 
 fear for the preservation of their nationality. 
 
 Several causes of dispute had existed, previous to this, between the 
 ayuntamiento of the city and the American governor, General Smith,* 
 in each of which the council were forced to yield to the strong arm of 
 power. On the 26th of December, the governor dissolved the ayun- 
 tamiento, against their will, and installed a new set of menil)ers. 
 
 Immediate measures were taken, by the American commander, for 
 the collection of the revenues as mentioned in the foregoing articles. 
 A force of a regiment of infantry, a squadron of cavalry, and two 
 pieces of artillery, under Colonel Withers, proceeded to the silver 
 mines of Real del Monte ; and preparations were also apparent 
 among the American troops, for their onward movements in occupy- 
 ing tlie whole republic. At Queretaro, the population became ex- 
 ceedingly alarmed, and many of the families able to do so, removed 
 themselves and their efTects far into the interior. 
 
 The 1st of January, 1848, arrived, but no congress was assembled; 
 not more than thirty of the deputies could be mustered. The Slh 
 came on — they were still unassembled. Pre;^ident Anaya's term of 
 office being expired, he relinquished the presidency again into the 
 hands of Pena y Peua, who assumed it, as before, by his right of 
 chief justice; and ex president Anaya immediately entered die cab- 
 inet as minister of war, Don Riva Salacio as minister of justice, 
 while Senor Rosa, before in Pena y Pena's administration, was ap- 
 pointed as minister of internal and foreign relations. 
 
 The new president showed himself as favorable to the conclusion 
 of a peace as his predecessor had been. In a few days after he had 
 assumed the direction of afi'airs, a pronunciamento was made l)y Ma- 
 
 • The first governor, General Quitman, left for the United States on the 1st of 
 November. 
 
552 PRUAUNCIAMENTO OF SAN LUIS. 
 
 riaiio Avibi, guvernur of ilie slate of San Luis I'olusi, and a special 
 decree issued by hiiu on January 12th, repudiating the acts of the 
 government at Queretaro ; declared the ties that bound the states to- 
 gether severed ; stating the intention of that state to carry on the 
 war; inviting the cooperation of the other states; and calling for a 
 convention of such states as might adopt these principles, to adopt a 
 chief executive, &lc., &c. This plan, however, met with not much 
 favor; the governor being arrested, by order of the legislature, on hia 
 attempt to pronmlgate it as a law. The people of the state of Oajaca 
 slio-htly responded to it, and a revolutionary movement at the same 
 time look place, under the direction of General Alvarez, in the state 
 of Mexico, in which the governor, Olaguibel, was deposed ; but this, 
 too, soon subsided. The pronunciamento had, however, the effect to 
 draw a long message to the people from Peila y I'ena, another from 
 Rosa, and a third from General Bustamente, to whom the command 
 of the revolutionary forces was offered — all condemning the move- 
 ment, and advancing opinions favorable to peace. The latter general, 
 immediately after this, was appointed commander in chief of the 
 Mexican army, and issued another address to his countrymen, an- 
 nouncing that fact. 
 
 The operations of the Americans, though not extensive, were ac- 
 tive; notwillistanding the commissioners liad met to treat of peace. 
 Gen. Valencia and his aid, Col. Arista, were taken prisoners, on the 
 night of January 1st, at the hacienda of the former, by a detachment 
 of Americans who were in pursuit of Padre Jarauta. Generals Mi- 
 non, Torrejon, and Gaund, were also captured by Col. Dominguez, 
 conmiander of a company of Mexicans in the service of the U. States. 
 Toluca was taken possession of, on January 12th, by the American 
 general, Cadwallader. Cuernavanaca also was occupied by Colonel 
 Clark. Jarauta was suddenly attacked, on January 12th, at Teoti- 
 huacan, by Col. Hays, eight of his men killed, and himself wounded. 
 In the night of the 22d, General Santa Anna, at Tcluiacaii, was 
 informed that a force of Americans from tlie capital, under the inde- 
 fatigable General Lane, was advancing upon liim by forced marches. 
 Hardly had he availed himself of this information to escape with his 
 followers, before tlie American troops entered the place. Disappoint- 
 ed in securing Santa Anna, who retired to Coscatlan, they proceeded 
 on to Orizaba, taking possession of that city and then of Cordova ; 
 breaking u[) llie rendezvous of guerrillas under command of Colonel 
 Zenobia, and destroying all arms and public .stores. General Lane, 
 in returning to Puebla, made a rapid circuit to Teoiihuacan, in pursuit 
 of Padre Jarauta and General Rea, cut to pieces a detachment of Rea's 
 
MOVEMENTS OF GEN. LANE. 553 
 
 force iiiulcr cominaiul of Colonel Falcon, and spread the utmost con- 
 sternation tlirougli the entire country. Returning to Mexico on Feb- 
 ruary 9th, General Lane, with ihe same command, made a i^ecret and 
 rapid march on the 17tli, towards 'J'ulancingo, with the object of ta- 
 king (Jen. Paredes prisoner; but that ofTicer esca])ed, by lleeing 
 from his house a few minutes before it was surrounded. I'adre Ja- 
 rauta, with three hundred men, was at Sequaltaplan at this time ; but 
 on the second day after, at sunrise, he, too, was surprised liy the sud- 
 den appearance of Lane's diagoons ; his force was routed and thsper- 
 sed, with the loss of one hundred killed, more wounded, and fifty 
 prisoners taken. Jarauta escaped with only a few men, completely 
 dispirited and dismayed. The command of Lane again r(!turned to 
 the capital. 
 
 This w^as the last fighting near tfie valley of Mexico ; for, on the 
 2il of February, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, the efforts of the respective 
 commissioners had resulted in the signing of a definite treaty of peace 
 between the Mexican republic and the United States. Aiopyof this 
 treaty had been immediately dispatched to ttie government of the Uni- 
 ted States at Washington, for ratification, and another to the Mexican 
 goverimicnt at Queretaro. By this treaty (which is hereafter inserted 
 in fidl, as signed by the commissioners), a military convention was 
 agreed upon, for the arrangement of the terms for the suspension of 
 hostilities, while the two governments should be acting upon the rati- 
 fication of the treaty. The armistice thus agreed upon was not con- 
 cluded till the 29th of February, upon which all ofiensive operations 
 on the part of the invaders ceased, and they remained quietly in pos- 
 session of the captured cities and posts. 
 
 Wliile the American army had been in possession of the capital, 
 difficulties had arisen between General Scott, its commander in chief, 
 and Generals Worth and Pillow, and other officers, which resulted in 
 a court of inquiry being directed by the government of the United 
 Slates. General Scott was suspended, and Major General Wm. 0. 
 Butler appointed commander in chief. Scott yielded up llie com- 
 mand of the American army to Butler on February 19th. 
 
 On the other hand. General Santa Anna's position with the Mexi- 
 can government had become still more unpleasant. After tlie reply 
 of General Bravo to his official accounts of the battle at the city, he 
 again addressed a communication to the congress, complaining that 
 his reports were misconstrued ; but l)y this communication he arous- 
 ed another opponent. General Terres, who had never forgiven him for 
 the gross insults placed upon the latter at the citadel of Cuidadela, on 
 the memorable niglit of tlie 13lh September, immediately previous 
 
nr)! I'osrnoN of (jkn. santa anna. 
 
 to the ex iicii.ilioii (il llic Ciij)!!:!!. 'I'lir power :ni(l popiiliirity of 
 N;ml;i Aiiiiii, lor (lie picsciil, wcrr coiiiplclil v ^oiic His iorinor 
 (ViciuIn were imw illiii;^ lo prolccl liiiii. Wlicii f1}iii;; IVoiii llic sudden 
 :iiiil iiric.\|)t'ctc(l ;ilt:ick of (Jciicr.il liiuic, iiilo llu; .stale of Oajaca, 
 llu' piMtpIi' llicic icrii.scd lo slicker liiin, or even allow liiiii lo rc- 
 tiiaiii. I'ldiii lia\ Iml; heeii the presideiil of tlie repiililic, a dictator in 
 power, coiniiiaiider of all the armies of ijie nation, he saw liiiiiHelf a 
 fuf;ilive, refused, by one of tlio snialhu' states, even an asylum from 
 llic pursuit of Ins enemies. Wliile in this situation, he addressed 
 till' followiui; counuiHiicalion to Anava, minister of war, the last from 
 him ; for, .-liord\' afterwards, liavmi; ol)lained his ]iasKporls, conntcr- 
 sijrned hy llic American eoniniander, he was escorted from Jalapa 
 lo the coast at Antii^ua, near Vera (-ruz, hy a battalion of Amer- 
 ican arlillcrv, and there (MuharUed lor Jamaica. Tinu' only will show 
 whether he will aj^ain appear upon iIk' chani^ini^ jxililical arena of the 
 
 unhappy repid)lic of Mexico. 
 
 C'AHCAT i./VN, l''cl)riiary 1, 1848. 
 
 Most I. mill III sir : At 'rciuiMciiri 1 vv;is |>rc|)iiritiR X\w. iiccorii|)atiying note, lo be 
 forwarded (o your cxcrllfncy, when tlic iicopio wcro siiddcidy invaded early in the 
 niorniii); ot the ~ lih nil., iiy tour hundred (hui^ooiis of tlic enemy, nnder the eoininand 
 oflien. Lane. They eaiiic iVinii Mexico, and hy the express order of (icn. Scott, to 
 take |)osKessii)n of my person in soino way or otlier. (ieii. Lane, l)y hurried marches 
 nnd jouriieyinij; hy iiiKlil, KUeceeded in reaciiing the vicinity of 'J'ehuacan vvilliout hc- 
 inp; perceived. Kortuimtely, iiowever, I was informed of his npproacii two liours 
 iK'fore he came, nnd thu.s was safe from his chilches wilii my family ; nnd with a 
 small escort which iiccomi)anied me, I took refnu;e in tlie (own of 'I'cotillan del (^a- 
 niiro, where there was a force from the state of Oajaca. My persecutors forced o[)en 
 the doors of my hahitalion, aiul .seaiched for me wilii extraordinary activity, exlend- 
 iiif; their search to dillerenl houses of the place. The greater part of my Cfjuipnge was 
 destroyed hy the invading soldiers, and their chiefs took my wrought silver plate, two 
 cones, H new uniform, and otlier things of less value, as I liave heen informed. 
 
 After two days (Jen. Lane proceeded to Orizahn, where lie remains, having left no 
 very favoralile reeoljections of himself in Tehuacan. I left for this place in order to 
 look about me, and see whither I shall go, and place myself lieyoiul the n'lich of the 
 enemy, now that I cannot tight against them, in conseciuence of the mournful condi- 
 tion to which I have heen reduced l)y the government, which ordi'red tiiat I should 
 throw aside my arms. I am sen.sihlc that sjjiirious Mexicans and the invaders perse- 
 cute me at the same lime — the one calling me a Iniiliir, and the othi'r the onli/ ob- 
 stacle lo l/ir iifj^otinHim of a jiracc. Fatal [losilion in which 1 have heen placeil hy 
 the injustice of several of my fellow citizens. 
 
 When 1 shall have found an usyhim which oilers sutlicieiit security, I shall muke 
 it known to your excellency, for the intonnalion of the first magistrate of llu: re|)ublic, 
 in coin|)lianee with my duty. 
 
 Iteceive the consideration of my particular esleem. (Jod and I.iitcrty. 
 
 ANTONIO l.oi'ir/ l)K SANTA ANNA. 
 
 To his excellency the .Minister of VVar. 
 
 On the next page is the ** accomjianyin^ note" meiilioned above: 
 
Jfl.-s AlJl;IJK.S.^ '/O JHi; MIM.<]'K1C OF VVAK. 555 
 
 MohI ixnlliiil mr .- '\')\<: world tiii^i wittifMftd tin: «/ilftrnriity ;irirl forrnalily with 
 whif-.h f w;^^ c.illcd to my 'country from llifr fxilf; imf>c>sr,(I upon ti\i:^ in ronM-<jiifnc<> 
 of our poliiif-al disrord^. If. ii nolor)f)U'i, A\<.(t, lli;it ahanrlonint^ rny ov/n ronvfinicnr*! 
 with pl<-;isijr(T. I hav<; t.«rfn anxious to rri'-ftt the ex ^x-rtMu inn whirh that hij/h honf)r 
 crealfwl, to the pxl«!nt of my ahihty, ornittirii; no rnf.aris or HHrrif/c/;. f'rf»vidcn«; i» 
 wiJK; arid ju=if. fJul inrornprchfinsflhlf; in it,« works, it has not thifi tirnf; vr»urh-;afed Ut 
 favor ItiR Mfxir.an jrfioj.U: with victory, and all fh»:ir s^rf^at and «^xlraordinary ffl'orls have 
 f»f!ftn of no a- ail. A r.ifr.urastanr/: iv» larncntahjp, has induwd sornf; dastard »!nftruif:s 
 to ^o U> Ihr; r-xt<:nt of rallins; rrir; a traitor, takint; advantaE<»: of thftir \)cirin out of 
 harm's way thus to Rtif^rnatiy^; rnfr. 'I'h'-y for^'-t, that wh«'n I was in f»ow»'r and fiad 
 the ability to rnakf; ihern suffer for their (jrave fiffenstis, I was (>rfKlit(al i>f cvi-ry favor 
 and att<;ntion to them, fn vain do the^ s<;e my fortune ruine^l (<y the hands of the 
 invader, arid the frankness with whieh from rny privalf; puryw: f pairl the soldiers wlio 
 rnarehe^l in the rarnpai^n, rew.ivin({ no indemnity for the ohvious dangers through 
 whieh I ruri on the field of liattle ; and, in a word, that before «»n.s*;ritins( to a defrra- 
 dinjf frfta/^e, J preferred the hazards of war. 
 
 I'eeause fortune has denied rne her favors, and f have faile/| in rtr/ enterpris^-s, 
 without reward U> the generous frankness with whieh I resii.;ne'l power in r,rder t/< 
 rx)ntinue the c.ftiiiffaiiiri., I was suddenly withdrawn from the theater of the war, in 
 vifilation of the fundamental law, deeply wounde/l in my ftj^-lings, and atiandoned 
 to this retirerrifrrit for more than three months, a.s if for no other reason than that an 
 ignominious (;ear^ rnit^ht f»e ever present to my thon^hts. It would seern to have 
 b*!en due, als'), that I might patiently sufTer, without f/einjf able to defend my^rlf from 
 the outras^es and treaeherous insults which r;/rwardly Mexicans iuf\if;Uu\ upon me 
 through the pTesa, in j>res<!TK;e rjf the rnva/lers v/h'/rn J had fous(ht. The divrre/lit, 
 whieh onduet s'* infamous always brings upon an afniMe,d eouritry,did not restrain 
 them- 7'o this ia t^* te adde/J, that, to enable rne to live out of the way of the l>anditti 
 traveling a'')Out here in large j>arties, f have had to sjKmd more than two thousand dol- 
 lars, neee^s-Mrjr tr* maintain a small es^vjrt, whr;Ti through the s/-;arrrit,y of means in ifie 
 treasury, f serve/J my country without pay. 
 
 L'rider such circumstances, when my »^;rvicx'S se^rn unne/;essary, rny situation has 
 Fje<in rnrjst jrainful, no one cjjn justly ri^,T(tttr:h ntf, if f ernpk^y myself in f>r')Vit\'ni(( 
 for r/ry inn^yent family; and if, in r:oris*rjuence, I have det^nr mined f^* seek an asylum 
 on a foreign s^)ll, where I can pass rny last days in that tranquillity whic}i / can never 
 find in the land of my birth, A victim at one time to tfie fury of factions, pers'cut^id 
 hy therri without Turrry, f can sr-arr*ly fail t/> doubt, that rny rnisfcyrtune will go f/i far 
 rven. as Ut s^e rne deprived of the c/zns'^lation which man has in dying and }><-ing 
 buried in the land of his fathers, though / have mr>ist>;ne/] it with rny hlorxJ, and fought 
 to have a cemetery. 
 
 'J hi.s c/,riviftion inducAs xnf, to solidf, as I now respectfully do, due perrni.s*iori r>f 
 the sijprerrie government, to leave this republic, taking rny journey as circurnst^inces 
 shall f<*rrmit. And I exf^rct of your excellency, that this being acx;ord'^) as J ask, that 
 you will do rrie the favor of sending f/> this pla/e, with all pf-rssible dispatch, a passport 
 in regular form, f can sincerely assure you, that the honorable distin':tioris which 
 the magrianirni'y rA the nation has thought me wortiiy of, for s ,ch s^-rvices as I have 
 been able to render it, will forever live in rny memory, arid that my gratitude for its 
 nngular favw shall ^;e eterrial. 
 
 f have the \utrt(it to '/ffer t/^ y»»jr excellerK-y the corisiderafioos of rriv f^rticular 
 e«te*rTn. G'irl and I,if*Tt7. AXTOMO I,OPf:Z DK HAN'fA A.N'.NA. 
 
 Tc* his <xcellen/ry the .Vfinist^rr r>f War, Tf:h'//jr/jri, Jaa'wri/ 22, \H\H. 
 
556 SUSPExN'SION OF HOSTILITIES. 
 
 Although this was sent to the minister of war on tlie 1st of Febru- 
 ary, Santa Anna was not able to leave the country for more than a 
 month afterwards. Both the treaty and the armistice had been con- 
 cluded before he left the coast, on the 5th of March, after a varied resi- 
 dence of nineteen months, from the period of his recall from banish- 
 ment by the revolution of Gen. Salas. 
 
 Helow are given in full the terms of the armistice, which termina- 
 ted all the operations of the Americans, so destructive of every hope 
 of llie Mexican people. Following the armistice is given the treaty, 
 as signed by the commissioners. The articles that were expunged 
 by the senate of the United Slates are so designated. 
 
 As the armistice closed the hostilities, it is given first, though the 
 treaty is of previous date. 
 MILITARY CONVENTION FOR I'HE PROVISIONAL SUSPENSION 
 OF HOSTILITIES. 
 
 The undersiirncd met, in the city of Mexico, on the 29th of February, 1848, for 
 the purpose of com[)lying with the second article of the treaty of peace, which was 
 signed al the town of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the '2d instant, in which it is agreed as 
 follows : 
 
 " Immediately upon the signature of this treaty, a convention shall be entered into 
 between a commissioner, or commissioners, appointed by the general-in-chief of the 
 forces of the United States, and such as may be appointed by the .Mexican govern- 
 ment, to the end that a provisional suspension of hostilities shall take place ; and that 
 in the j)laces occupied by the said forces, constitutional order may be reestablished, as 
 regards the political, administrative, and judicial branches, so far as this shall be per- 
 mitted by the circumstances of military occupation." 
 
 When, having mutually exhibited and examined their respective full powers, which 
 were found lull and satisflictory, they agreed upon the following articles: 
 
 Ahtulk I. — 'I'here shall be an absolute and general suspension of arms and hos-^ 
 tilities througliout the whole Republic of Mexico between the forces of the United 
 States of America, and those of the United Mexican Slates, and consequently, imme- 
 diately after the publication of this convention for the suspension of hostilities, in any 
 place or district, no act of hostility of any kind shall be committed by the forces of 
 either party ; and if any persun or persons be guilty of any breach of this article, lliey 
 shall be individually liable to be tried and condemned under the laws of war. 
 
 AuTici.K 11. — The troops of the United States shall not advance beyond the posi- 
 tions already occupied by them, toward any part of the Mexican territory not now in 
 their possession, nor extend in any manner the limits of their present oceu[)ation; nor 
 shall the troops of the United States advance from the positions now occupied by them ; 
 but each party may move freely and peaceably, a.-; they find most ronvenient, within 
 the limits of their occupation — neither passing through a territory occupied by the 
 other. 
 
 AiiTii i,K III. — All persons of either nation, not belonging to the army, may travel 
 without molestation wherever business may call thorn, subject to the laws of the coun- 
 try; but all persons belonging to the army, traveling from the posts of one toward 
 llios(! of the other, shall be accompanied by a (lag of truce or a safe conduct. 
 
 Ahtici.k IV. — In the Federal District, and in all States occupied by the American 
 troops, the collection of all the contributions of war |)rovided for by General Orders 
 Nos. :J7(; and 'M■^, of the commander-in-chief of said forces, due or becoming due 
 for the months of February and March, shall be suspended until the expiration of this 
 convention; and upon the ratification by the Mexican government of thi- treaty of 
 peace signed on the 2d inst., all such contributions for the months of February and 
 March, and afterward, shall be entirely remitted. Hut the tax on gaming houses, 
 liquor shops, and places of public amusement shall continue to be collected as now, 
 in each place occupied by the American troops, until the exchange of the ralilicaiions 
 
THE ARMISTICE. 557 
 
 of the treaty, wilhout prejudice to the ri!j;hts of the municipal authorities to collect 
 taxes as heretofore. 
 
 AuTiiLE V. — With a view to tlu; ret-stahUshinenl of constitutional order as regards 
 the political, administrative and jiuiici.il branches, it is a^^reed, that in all places occu- 
 pied by the American forces, the citizens of the Mexican Republic shall be free to 
 exercise all their political rights in electing and installing the general, state, and mu- 
 nicipal authorities which bi-long 1.) the territorial divisions fixed by ihe Mexican laws 
 and constitution. The American authorities will respect the exercise of those rights, 
 and will consider those as duly elected, who are held as such by the MexK'an govern- 
 ment. And in like manner will be considered those civil appointments made by the 
 Mexican general or state government. 
 
 Ahticle VI. — Whenever an election is to be held in any town or place occupied 
 by the American troops, upon due notice thereof being given to the commanding ofl'i- 
 cer, he shall march the whole of his force out of the limits of such town or place, 
 and there remain witli them until after the hour at which such elections should be con- 
 cluded, leaving within the town or place only the force necessary for the security of 
 his barracks, hospitals, stores and quarters. 
 
 And no person belonging to the American army shall by any means, or on any con- 
 sideration, attempt to obstruct or interfere witii any elections; in order that they may 
 be conducted according to the Mexican law. In Vera Cruz the troops shall retire 
 within the walls of the fortifications, and there remain until the elections are 
 concluded. 
 
 Article VII. — The Mexican authorities, whether general, state, or municipal, 
 shall have full liberty to establish and collect, in the places occupied by the .American 
 troops, all taxes and revenues in conformity with the laws of the country, to appoint 
 all officers and agents necessary for the purpose, to dispose of such revenues as Ihev 
 may think fit, without any intervention on the part of the .American troo[)s; excejiting 
 from this stipulation, all duties collected in the custom houses, all internal duties on 
 transit, and those collected on the precious metals in the places occu|iied. 
 
 But if the Mexican government desire to reestablish the tobacco monopoly, it shall 
 give public notice of its intention sixty days, to be counted from the dale of this con- 
 vention, in order that the holders of that article may have time to dispose of it. Nor 
 shall any tax be laid upon any one belonging to the American army, nor on its 
 necessary supplies. 
 
 Aiirici.K VIII — In all places of the Mexican Republic, the revenue and adminis- 
 trations of the post office shall be reestablished as they (ireviously existed. All post 
 houses, post-offices, public stages, horses, mules, and other means of transportation, 
 shall receive liie protection of the forces of both parties, and the whole shall be n)an- 
 aged and conducted by the persons appointed in conformity with the law, by the 
 Mexican government. 
 
 Ainici.K IX. — Should there be any stock or deposit of tobacco, stamped paper, or 
 playing cards or other articles of commerce belonging to the Mexican government, or 
 to that of any of the States, in any place occupied by the .-American troo()s, and of 
 which they have not taken jiossession ; such articles may be freely taken possession 
 of by the Mexican government, and transported in such manner, and to such jilaces, 
 as may suit its convenience. 
 
 Ahticlk X. — Immediately after the publication of this convention, all public 
 offices not in the occupation of the .American troops, and all archives, uleiisils, and 
 furniture of such offices shall be delivered up to the officers of the general or State 
 governments; and as soon as other convenient places can be provided for the troops 
 and officers now oi-cupying them, all convents of nuns, colleges for eilucalion, ]Hililic 
 hospitals, and other buildings for charitable purposes, shall be immediately vacated and 
 delivered up. 
 
 AitTici.K XI. — In all places occupied hy the American troo{)s, the federal and state 
 courts of justice, and civil tribunals of every grade, may enter freely and wilhout any 
 interru()tion, upon the exerci.se of their appropriate functions in conformity with the 
 Mexican law. Nor will the American military tribunals, created by their authority, 
 take cognizance of, or interfere in any cause or matter, unless a person beli)nging to 
 the .American army be originally a party, or the interest of the .American government 
 or army be concerned ; in which cases the jurisdiction shall remain in tluin ; and the 
 Mexican tribunals recognized and to be respected by the American army, shall be those 
 
558 THE ARMISTICE. 
 
 (Icsignrtted as legal hy the proper authority of the Mexican general or state govern- 
 ments res()Pctively. 
 
 Article XII. — In the federal district there may he organized and arrned, a force 
 of six hundred men of police or national guard, to preserve order and maintain police, 
 and in other places occupied hy the American forces, the commanders thereof and the 
 Mexican civil authorities shall agree on the estahlishment of a convenient force for 
 similar purposes. 
 
 AiiTici.K XllF. — In future, as heretofore, in all the places occupied, Mexicans, or 
 foreigners resident in Mexico, shall enjoy the protection of person and property guar- 
 antied hy the constitution and laws of the Repulilic ; and as has heretofore heen done, 
 all supplies taken for the American army shall be paid for at fair prices. 
 
 AuTULK XIV. — The commanding otlicers of the American forces on the northern 
 frontier of Mexico shall use all their influence to prevent the incursions of savages 
 into the Mexican territory, and the rohbcry and ill-treatment of the inhabitants. And 
 the Mexican forces may assemble, op[)ose, an<l |)ursue said Indians, even within the 
 lines occupied by the American troops, without being considered as infringing the 
 provisions of this convention. 
 
 Ahticlk XV. — The .American army will continue to respect as hitherto, the tem- 
 ples and free exercise of the religion of the j)eople of the Mexican Republic, in public 
 and private; and church property shall lie suiiject only to such laws as were in exist- 
 ence, or may he p)assed by the Mexican government. 
 
 .AiiTicLK XVI. — If any body of armed men be assembled in any part of the Mex- 
 ican Republic, with a view of committing hostilities, not authorised by either govern- 
 ment, it shall be the duty of either or both of the contracting parties to oppose and 
 disperse such body, without considering those who compose it as having forfeited the 
 protection of the laws of nations, uidess they have been guilty of robbery or murder. 
 The performance of this duty shall not be considered an infraction of this convention 
 
 Ahticlk XVII. — This convention shall remain in force during the period fixed by 
 the treaty signed on the 2d instant, at Guadalupe Hidalgo ; or, until one party shall 
 give to the other notice of its termination with the following additional delay, viz. : 
 Five days for all places within sixty leagues of the capital, seven days for all places 
 within ninety leagues, and twenty days for all other places. The ratification of this 
 convention shall i)e exchanged at Mexico, within seven days from its signature. 
 
 In faith of which this convention has been signed in quadruplicate by the commis- 
 sioners, the day, month, and year first mentioned. 
 
 IGNACIO DE MORA Y VILLAMIL, 
 BENITO QUI.IANO, 
 W. .1. WORTH, Bvt. Maj. Gen. 
 PERSIFOR F. SMITH, Bvt. Brig. Gen. 
 
 This is a true copy of the original, which was approved of in the city of Queretaro 
 by the general-in-chief of the army, by order of his excellency the president, which 
 was communicated to us with the note of his excellency the minister of war, under 
 date of March 4, which follows : 
 
 '< On this day I transmit to the general-in-chief of the army of operations at Que- 
 retaro, the following copy: 
 
 " His excellency, the president /jro teni., in a council with the ministers, has exam- 
 ined the armistice, agreed between the Mexican Generals Don Ignacio de Mora y 
 Vilamil and Don Benito Quijano, and the generals of the .American army, Worth and 
 Smith, and you are hereby authorised, as general-in-chief of the army of operations, 
 to give your signature to the said document accompanying those two originals, signed 
 by the aforesaid generals. 
 
 " .After having ratified these documents, you will forward them to this ofTice." 
 
 In consequence of this order, the general- in-chief has sanctioned the armistice, the 
 copy of which I return, with the two copies that you transmitted me, wilh your note 
 of the 2d of the present month, to be ratified by the general-in-chief of tiie Worth 
 American armv. Be pleased to send it to this ofTice so that it be published in due 
 form of law. " IGNACIO DE MORA Y VILLAMIL, 
 
 BENITO QUIJANO. 
 
 Ratified by me, in the city of Mexico, the 5th of March, 1848. 
 
 W. O. BUTLER, 
 Major General U. S. A. Commanding. 
 
THE TREATY. 559 
 
 TREATY 
 
 Of Peace, Friendshiji, liiiiiits, and Setlloinent, between the United States of America 
 
 and the Mexican HepuMic, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of 
 
 February, and ratified with the amendments, by the American Senate, March tent!), 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 In the name of Ahnighty Ciod : 
 
 The United ^States of America and the United Mexican States, animated by a sin- 
 cere desire to put an end to the calamities of the war which unl)a[)pily exists iietween 
 the two republics, and to establish, on a solid basis, relations of ])eace and friendship, 
 which shall confer reciprocal benefits mi the citi/.ciis of both, and assure the concord, 
 harmony, and ninlual corifid<'nce wherein the two people should live as goofl neigh- 
 bors, have, for that purpose appointed their respective plenipotentiaries; that is to say, 
 the President of the (Jnited States has appointed N. P. 'J'rist, a citi/iii of the United 
 States, and thi^ President of the Mexican Republic has appointed Don l,uis Cionzaga 
 Cuevas, Don Bernardo ('onto, and Don Miguel Atristain, citizens of the saiil Repub- 
 lic, who, after a reciprocal coinnuinication of their respective [)Owers, have, under the 
 protection of Almighty find, the author of peace, arranged, agreed upon, and siijned t!ie 
 following treaty of peace, friendshif), limits, and settlement, between the United States 
 of America, and the Mexican Republic. 
 
 AuTicr.E I. — There shall be firm and universal peace between llie United States 
 of America and the Mexican Republic, and between their respective countries, territo- 
 ries, cities, towns, and peo])le, without exception of places or persons. 
 
 AuTicLE II. — Immediately on the signature of this treaty, a convention shall be 
 entered into between a commissioner or commissioners appointed by the general-in- 
 chief of the forces of the United States, and such as may be appointed by the Mexi- 
 can government, to the end that a provisional suspension of hostilities shall lake place; 
 and that in the places occupied by the said forces, constitutional order may be reestab- 
 lished, as regards the political, administrative, and judicial branches, so far as this shall 
 be permitted by the circumstances of military occupation. 
 
 AuTici.E III. — Immediately upon the ratification of the present treaty bv the gov- 
 ernment of the United States, orders shall be transmitted to the commanders of their 
 land and naval forces, re(iuiring the latter (jirovided this treaty shall then have been 
 ralified by the government of the Mexican Republic) immediately to desist from block- 
 ading any Mexican ports; and recjuiring the former (under the same condition), to 
 commence at the earliest moment practicable, withdrawing all the troops of the iJnited 
 States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic, to points that shall be selected by 
 common agreement, at a distance from the seaports not exceedinii thirtv leagues; 
 and such evacuation of the interior of the republic shall be completed with the least 
 possible delay ; the Mexican government hereby binding itself to all'ord every facility 
 in its power for rendering the same convenient to the troops, on their march, ami in 
 their new positions, and for promoting a good understanding l)etween them and the 
 inhabitants. In like manner, orders shall be dispatched to the persons in charge of 
 the custom houses at all [)orts occupied by the forces of the United States, requiring 
 them (under the same condition) immediately to deliver possession of the same to the 
 persons authorised by the Mexican government to receive it, togetlier wilh all bonds 
 and evidences of debt for duties on im[)ortalions and on exportations, not yet fallen 
 due. Moreover, a faithful and exact account shall be made out, showing the entire 
 amount of all duties on imports, and on exports, collected at such cusmm houses, or 
 elst;wherc in Mexico, by authority of the United States, from and after the day of the 
 ratification of this treaty by the government of the Mexican Republic ; and also an 
 account of the cost of collection, and such entire amount, deducting only the cost of 
 collection, shall be delivered to the Mexican government, at the city of Mexico, within 
 three months after the exchange of ratifications. 
 
 The evacuation of the capital of the Mexican Republic by the troops of the United 
 States, in virtue of the above stipulation, shall be completed in one month after th 
 
560 THE TREATY. 
 
 orders flirrc stipulatod for shall !i;ivp been received by the commander of said troops, 
 or sooner if possible 
 
 Airnii.K IV. — Imiiiedialely after Ibe excbange of ratifications of the present treaty, 
 all casll<'s, forts, territories, places, ami possessions, which have been taken and occu- 
 pied by the forces of the LInite<l States during the present war, within the limits of the 
 Mexican Kepublic, as about to be established by the following article, shall be deti- 
 iiitely restored to the saiil Repulilic, together with all the artillery, arms, apparatus of 
 war, munitions, and other public property, which were in the said castles and forts 
 when captured, and which shall remain there at the time when this treaty shall be 
 duly ratified by the government of the Mexican Republic. To this end, immediately 
 upon the signature of this treaty, orders shall be dispatched to the American officer 
 ■commanding such castles and forts, securing against the removal or destruction of any 
 such artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, or other jiublic property. The city 
 of Mexico, within the imier line of intrenchments surrounding the said city, is com- 
 prehended ill the above stipulations, as regards the restoration of artillery, apparatus 
 of war, iVc. 
 
 The final evacuation of the territory of the Mexican Republic by the forces of the 
 United Slates, shall be completed in three months from the said exchange of ratifica- 
 tions, or sooner if possible; the Mexican Republic hereby engaging, as in the fore- 
 going article, to use all means in its power for facilitating such evacuation, and ren- 
 dering it convenient to the troops, and for promoting a good understanding between 
 them and tlie inhabitants. 
 
 If, however, the ratification of this treaty by both parties should not take place in 
 time to allow the embarkation of the troops of the United States to be completed before 
 the commencement of the sickly season, at the Mexican ports on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 in such case a friendly arrangement shall be entered into between the general -in-chief 
 of the said troops and the Mexican government, whereby healthy and otherwise suita- 
 
 ■> places, at a distance from the ports not exceeding thirty leagues, shall be designated 
 for the residence of such troops as may not yet have embarked, until the return of the 
 healthy season. And the space of time here referred to as comprehending the sickly 
 season, shall be understood to extend from the first day of May to the first day of 
 November. 
 
 All prisoners of war taken on either side, on land or on sea, shall be restored as 
 soon as practicable after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. Jt is also 
 agreed, that if any Mexicans should now be held as captives by any savage tribe within 
 the limits of the United States, as about to be established by the following article, the 
 government of the .said United States will exact the release of such captives, and cause 
 them to be restored to their country. 
 
 Ahthie V. — The boundary line between the two republics shall commence in the 
 Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the moutli of the Rio Grande, oth- 
 erwise called Rio Bravo Del Norte, or opjiosiie the mouth of its dee|)cst branch, if it 
 should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea : from thence up 
 the middle of that river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, 
 to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of Ni-w Mexico, thenw- westwardly 
 along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town 
 called Paso), to its western termination, thence northward along the western line of New 
 Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the river (Jila (or if it should not intersect 
 any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and 
 thence in a direct line to the same) ; thence down the middle of the said branch and of 
 the said river, until it empties into the Rio (Jolorado ; thence across the Rio Colorado, 
 following the division line between Upper and I,ower California, to the Tacitic Ocean. 
 
 The southern and western limits of New Mexico mentioned in this article, are 
 those laid down in the map, entitled " Map of the United Mexican States, as orga- 
 nised anil defined by various acts of the Congress of said Republic, and constructed 
 accordins to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published at New York, in 1847, 
 by .1. Disturiiell." Of which map a copy is added to this treaty, bearing ttie signa- 
 tures and seals of the undersigned [ilenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all 
 ditlicully in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from Lower Califor- 
 nia, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a straight line, drawn from the mid- 
 dle of the Rio (iila, wdiere it unites with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pa- 
 cific Ocean — distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the port 
 
THK TREATY. 561 
 
 of San Dici^o, accnidiiig to tho jilan of said port, mailc in tlic year 17'S"~. In Don 
 Juan Pantojcr, seconil sailing nia>ler of tlie !S|)anish fleet, and iui!)!islied at Madrid, in 
 the year iSO'-i, in the atlas to tlin voyag(! of the schooners .Sutil and Mexieana, of 
 which i)lan a co()y is hereunto added, signed and sealed by the resjici'tivu j)leni- 
 potenliaries. 
 
 In order to designate the hnundary line with due precision, upon authoritative maps, 
 and to establisli on the ground landmarks which shall show the limits of both republics, 
 as described in the present article, the two governments shall each apjjoiiit a commis- 
 sioner and a surveyor, who, l)efore the ex])iration of one year from the date of the ex- 
 change of ratilication of this treaty, shall meet at the jjort of San Diego, and jjroceed 
 to run and mark the said boundary in its whole course to the mouth of the Ivio Bravo 
 del Norte. They shall keep journals, and make out plans of their operations ; and 
 the result agreed upon by them shall be deemed a part of this treaty, ami shall have 
 the same force as if it were inserted therein. The two governments will amicably 
 agree regarding what may be necessary to these persons, and also as to their respective 
 escorts, should such be necessary. 
 
 The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously respected by each 
 of the two re[)ublics, and no change shall ever be made therein, except by the express 
 and free consent of both nations, lawfully given liy the general government of each, 
 in conformity with its own constitution. 
 
 AuTicLK VI. — The vessels and citizens of the United States shall, in all time have 
 a free and uninterrupted passage by the fiulf of California, and by the river (Colorado, 
 below its confluence with the CJila, to and from their possessions situated north of the 
 boundary line defined in the preceding article; it being understood, that this pas- 
 sage is to be by navigating the Gulf of California and the river Colorado; and not 
 by land, without the express consent of the Mexican government. 
 
 If, by the examination that may be made, it should bo ascertained to be practicable 
 and advantageous to construct a road, canal, or railway, vi'hich should, in whole or in 
 part, run upon the river Gila, or upon its right or its left hank, within the space of one 
 marine league from either margin of the river, the governments of both republics will 
 form an agreement regarding its construction, in order that it may serve eijually for the 
 use and advantage of both countries. 
 
 AiiTi(t.K Vn. — The river (Jila, and the part of the Del Norte lying below the 
 southern boundary of New Mexico, being, agreeably to the lifih article, divided in the 
 middle between the two republics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Hravo, below 
 said boundary, shall be free and common to the vessels and citizens of both countries ; 
 and neither shall, without the consent of the other, construct any work that may im- 
 pede or interrupt, in whole or in part, the exercise of this right — not even for the pur- 
 pose of favoring new methods of navigation. Nor ehall any tax or contribution, 
 under any denomination or title, be levied upon vessels, or persons navigating the 
 same, or upon merchandise, or effects transported thereon, except in the case of land- 
 ing upon one of their shores. If, for the ])urpose of making said rivers navigable, or 
 for maintaining them in such state, it should be necessary or advantageous to estab- 
 lish any tax or contribution, this shall not be done witliout the consent of both 
 governments. 
 
 The stipulations contained in the present article shall not impair the territorial rights 
 of either repniilic, within its established limits. 
 
 AitTicLK VIII. — Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to 
 Mexico, and which remain, for the future, within the limits of the United State.", as 
 defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to 
 remove, at any time, to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which they 
 possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds where- 
 cver they please, without their being subjected, on this account, to any contribution, 
 or tax, or charge whatever. 
 
 Those who shall prefer to remain in said territory, may either retain the title and 
 rights of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. liut 
 they shall be under the obligation lo make their selection within one year from the 
 date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty ; and those who shall remain in the 
 said territories after the expiration of that year, without having declared their inten- 
 tion to retain the character of Mexican citizens, shall be considered to have elected to 
 become citizens of the United States. 
 
 36 
 
562 TIIH TREATY. 
 
 In tlio said territories, property of every kind, now belonging to Mexicans not 
 entablished there, shall be inviolably respected. The jjiesent owners, the heirs ol 
 these, and all Mexicans who may hereafter uc{jiiire property by contract, shall <'njoy, 
 with res[joct to it, guarantees e<iually ample, as if the same belonged to citizenH of the 
 United States. 
 
 AiiTicLK IX. — The Mexicans, who, in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve 
 the character of citizens of the Mexican I{epui)lic, coiiforniaiijy with what is stipu- 
 latetl in the preceding article, shall lie incor|)orated into the Union of the United 
 States, and adniittiul as soon as possi!)Ie, according to the princi|)les of the federal con- 
 stitution, to the enjoyment of all the rigiits of citizens of the United States, In the 
 meantime, they shall be maintained and prolected in the enjoyment of their liberty, 
 their property, and the civil rights now vested in tiieiii, according to the Mexiciin laws. 
 With resj)ect to ])olitical rights, tlicir coMdilioii slial! be on an e(|uality with that of the 
 inhabitants of the other territories of the United Stales, and at least ecfuallv good as 
 that of the irdiabitants of Louisiana and the Floridas, when those provinces, by trans- 
 fer from the French Republic, and the crown of Spain, became territories of the 
 United States. 
 
 The most amfile guaranty shall be enjoyed by all ecclesiastics and religions corpo- 
 rations, or connnunities, as well in the discharge of the olllces of their ministry, as 
 in thi; enjoyment of their property of every kind, whether individual or corporate. 
 1'his guaranty shall embrace all temples, houses, and edifices dedicated to the Roman 
 Catholic worship; as wi'll as all [iroperty destined to its support, or to that of schools, 
 hospitals, or other foundations fijr charitable or beneficial jjurposcs. No property of 
 this nature shall be considered as having become the property of the American gov- 
 ernment, or as subject to be by it disjiosed of, or diverted to other uses. 
 
 Finally, the relations and communication between Catholics, living in the territories 
 aforesaid, and their respective ecclesiastical authorilic^s, shall be open, free, and exempt 
 from all hindrance whatever, even allhough such authorities should not reside within 
 the limits of the Mexican Re[)ublic, as deliued by this treaty ; and this freedom shall 
 -continue so long as a new demarkation of ecclesiastical districts shall not have been 
 made conformably with the laws of the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 [This ajiicle is expiing:ed, and in its slead, the Senate lias adopted and inserted substan- 
 tially, the third article of the treaty with France of 180;f, for the cession of Louisiana, to the 
 effect that inhahitants of the ceded territory ahall be incorporated in the Union of the United 
 Slates, and admilled as soon as congress shall determine, according to the principles of the 
 federal constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens 
 of the United States; and in the nieainimc, they shall be maintained and protected in tlie full 
 enjoyment of their liberty, properly, and the religion which tliey profess.] 
 
 AuficLE X — (Expunged.) — All grants of land made by the Mexican governinent, 
 or by the comjieient authorities, in territories prtwioiisly ap[)ertaining to Mexico, and 
 remaining for the future within the limits of the 1,'nited States, shall be respected as 
 valid to the same extent that the same gratit.s would be valid if the said territories had 
 remained withiii the limits of Mexico. But the grantees of land in Texas, put in 
 possession thereof, who, by reason of the circumstances of the country since the begin- 
 ning of the troubles between Texas and the Mexican government, may have been 
 prevented from fullilling all the conditions of their grants, shall bo under the obliga- 
 tion to fullill the said ctjndilions within the periods limited in thi; same respectively, 
 such periods to be now counted from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this 
 treaty ; in deduilt of which, said grants shall imt be obligatory on the State of Texas, 
 in virtue of the stipulations contained in this article. 
 
 'I'he foregoing stipulation in regard to grantees of land in Texas, is extended to all 
 grantees of land in the territories aforesnid, elsewhere than in Texas, put in possession 
 under such grants; and in default of the fulfillment of the conditions of any such 
 grant within the new period, which, as is above stiinilalcd, begins with the day of the 
 exchange of ratilicatioiiis of this treaty, the same shall be null and void. 
 
 The Mexican govcTnment declares that no grant whatever of lands, in Texas, has 
 been made since the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, 
 and that no grant whatever of lands in any of the territories aforesaid, has been made 
 since the thirteenth day «)f May, one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. 
 
THE 'J'i<EATV. 563 
 
 Article XI. — Considorinc!; that a <;rcat |)urt of tho territories which, by the ])rc- 
 sent treaty are to be com[)reli('ii(leil for the future, williiu the limits of the I'liited 
 States, is mnv occupied by savai;<" tribes wlio will herealler be uiuier the control of the 
 govertimcut of the I'nitod States, and whose incursions within the territory of Mexico 
 would be prejudicial in the extreme, it is solemnly agreed, that all such incursions 
 shall be forcibly restrained by the government of the United States, whensoever this 
 may lie necessary ; and that when tliey cannot be prevented, they shall be punished 
 by the said jrovernment, aTid satisfaction for the same shall be exacted — all in the 
 same wav, and with e(iual diliirence and energy, as if the same incursions were com- 
 mitted within its own terrritory, ap;ainst its own citixens. 
 
 It shall not be lawful, under any |)retext whatever, for any inhabitant of the United 
 States to purchase or ac(iuire any Mexican, or any foreigner residing in Mexico, who 
 may have been captured by Indians inhabiting the territory of either of the two re- 
 publics ; nor to purchase or ac(|uirc horses, mules, cattle, or property of any kind, 
 stolen within Mexican territory by such Indians ; nor to [irovide such Indians with 
 firearms or ammunition, by sale or otherwise. 
 
 And in the event of any person or persons cajitured within Mexican territory by 
 Indians, being carried into thi^ territory of the ladled States, the government of the 
 latter engages and binds itself, in the most solemn matnier, so soon as it shall know 
 of such ca])tives being within its territory, and shall be able so to do, through the faith- 
 ful exercise of its influence and power, to rescue them, and return them to their coun- 
 try, or deliver them to the agent or representative of the Mexican goverinnent. 'i'he 
 Mexican authorities will, as far as practicable, give to the government of the United 
 States notice of such captures, and its agent shall pay the expenses incurreil in the 
 maintenance and transmission of the rescued cajjtives; who, iji the meantime, shall 
 be treated with the utmost hospitality by the American authorities, at the place where 
 they may be. But, if the government of the United States, before receiving such no- 
 tice from Mexico, should obtain intelligence through any other channel, of the exist- 
 ence of Mexican captives within its territory, it will proceed forthwith to efl'ect their 
 release and delivery to the Mexican agent, as above stipulated. 
 
 For the purpose of giving to these stij)ulations the fullest possible efHcacy, thereby 
 aflbnling the security and redress demanded by their true s[iirit and intent, the gov- 
 crntnent of the United Slates will now and hereafter pass, without unnecessary delay, 
 and always vigilantly enforce, such laws as the nature of the subject may recjuire. 
 And finally, the sacredness of this obligation shall never be lost sight of by the said 
 government, when providing for the removal of Indians from any portion of said 
 territories, or for its being settled by citizens of the United States ; hut, on the con- 
 trary, special care shall be taken not to place its Indian occupants under the necessity 
 of seeking new homes, by committing those invasions which the United States have 
 solemnly obliged themselves to restrain. 
 
 AiiTicLE XII. — In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the 
 United States, as defined in the filth article of the present treaty, tho government of 
 the United States engages to pay to that of the Mexican I\c[)ul)lic the sum of fifteen 
 millions of dollars, in the one or the other of the two modes below specified. 
 
 The Mexican government shall, at the time of ratifying this treaty, declare which 
 of these two modes of [)ayment it prefers; and the mode so elected by it, shall be 
 conformed to by that of the United States. 
 
 First mode of payment. — Immediately after this treaty shall have been duly ratified 
 by the government of the Mexican republic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall 
 be paid to the said government by that of the United States, at the city of Mexico, in 
 the gold or silver coin of Mexico. For the remaining twelve millions of dollars, the 
 United States shall create a stock, bearing an interest at the rate of six per centum per 
 annum, commencing on the day of the ratification of this treaty by the government 
 of the Mexican republic, and payable annually at the city of U'ashington ; the prin- 
 cipal of said stock to be redeemai)|e there, at the pleasure of the governnu'iit ol' the 
 United States at any time after two years from the exchange of ratilicatims of this 
 treaty ; six months' public notice of the intention to redeem the same being previously 
 given. Certificates of such stock in jiro[)er form, for such sums as shall be specified 
 by the Mexican government, shall be delivered, and transferrable by the said govern- 
 ment to the same by that of the United States. 
 
564 THH TREATY. 
 
 Second moJe of payment — Imtiiciliatoly after this treaty shall have been duly rati- 
 fied by the government of the Mexican republic, the sum of three millions of dollars 
 shall be paid to the said govcnmienl by that of the United Slates, at the city of Mex- 
 ico, in the gold or silver coin of Mexico. The uinaining twelve millions of dollars 
 shall be paid at the same place, and in the same coin, in annual instalments of three 
 millions of dollars each, together with iiilcre.>l on the same, at the rate of six per cent. 
 per ainnim. 'J'his interest shall begin to run upon the whole sum of twelve millions 
 from the day of the ratification of the present treaty by the Mexican government, and 
 the first of the instalments shall be paid at the expiration of one year from the same 
 day. 'J'ogether with each annual instalment, as it falls due, the whole interest accrue- 
 ing on such instalment from the beginning shall also be paid. 
 
 [Certificates, in the proper form, for the said instalments, respectively, in such suras 
 as shall be desired by the Mexican goveriimtMit, and transferrable by it, shall be deliv- 
 ered to the said government by that of the United States.] 
 
 (N. B — The first of these modes is rejected. The latter is adopted, with the ex- 
 ception of the last paragraph, within the brackets.) 
 
 ,'\kti(lk XIII. — 'J'he United Slates engage, moreover, to assume and pay to the 
 claimants all the amounts now due them, and those hereafter to become due, by reason 
 of the claims already li(]uidated and decide<l against the Mexican republic, under the 
 conventions between the two repul)lics, severally concluded on the eleventh day of 
 April, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and on the thirtieth day of January, eighteen 
 huntlred and forty-three; so that the Mexican republic shall be absolutely exempt for 
 the future, from all expense whatever on account of the said claims. 
 
 AiiTiCLK XIV. — The United States do furthermore discharge the Mexican repub- 
 lic from all claims of citizens of the United States, not heretofore decided against the 
 Mexican government, which may have arisen previously to tlie date of the signature 
 of this treaty ; which discharge shall be final and perpetual, whether the said claims 
 be rejected or allowed by the board of commissioners provided for in the following 
 article, and whatever shall be the total amount of those allowed. 
 
 Article XV. — The United States exonerating Mexico from all demand on account 
 of the claims of the citizens mentioned in the preceding article, and considering them 
 entirely and forever canceled, whatever their amount may be, undertake to make satis- 
 faction for the same, to an amount not to exceed three and one quarter millions of dol- 
 lars. To ascertain the validity and amount of those claims, a board of commissioners 
 shall he established by the government of the United States, whose awards shall be 
 final and conclusive ; provided, that in deciding upon the validity of each claim, the 
 board shall be guided and governed by the principles and rules of decision prescribed 
 by the first and fifth articles of the unratified convention, concluded at the city of 
 Mexico, on the twentieth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
 three ; and in no case shall an award be made in favor of any claim not embraced by 
 these princi[)les and rules. 
 
 If, in the opinion of the said board of commissioners, or of the claimants, any 
 books, records, or documents in the possession or power of the government of the Mex- 
 ican republic, shall be deemed necessary to the just decision of any claim, the com- 
 missioner, or the claimants through them, shall, within such period as Congress may 
 designate, make an application in writing for tlie same, addressed to the .Mexican 
 Minister for Foreign Affairs, to be transmitted by the Secretary of State of the United 
 States; and the Mexican government engages, at the earliest possible moment after 
 the receipt of such demand, to cause any of the books, records, or documents, so spe- 
 cified, which shall be in their possession or power (or authenticated copies or extracts 
 of the same) to be transmitted to the said Secretary of Slate, who shall immediately 
 deliver them over to the said board of comniissii)iiers: Provided, that no such appli- 
 cation shall be made by, or at the instance of any claimant, until the facts which it ia 
 expected to prove by such books, records, or documents, shall have been stated under 
 oath or alfirmation. 
 
 AuTicLK XVI. — Each of the contracting parties reserves to itself the entire right to 
 fortify whatever point within its territory it may judge proper so to fortify for its 
 security. 
 
 Ahticlk XVII. — The treaty of amity commerce, and navigation, concluded at the 
 city of Mexico, on the 5th day of April, A. D. 1831, between the United States of 
 
'J'lli: TREATY. 505 
 
 America and the UniteJ INIpxican Statos, cxerpt the atMitional artirlo, and except so 
 far as the sti()ulations of thi; said treaty may not lie incoin[)atit)lc with any stipulation 
 contained in the present treaty, is herehy revived for the period of eight years from 
 the day of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, vvith the same force ami virtue 
 as if incorporated therein ; it heing understood, that each of the contracting parties 
 reserves to itself the right, at any time alter the said period of eight years shall have 
 expired, to terminate the same hy giving one year's notice of such intention to the 
 Other party. 
 
 AuricLK XVIIl. — All sup[)lies whatever, for the troops of the United States in 
 Mexico, arriving at the ports in the occupation of such troops, previous to the final 
 evacuation thereof, although subsequently to the restoration of the custom houses at 
 such ports, shall be entirely exempt from duties and charges of any kind ; the govern- 
 ment of the United f^tates hercliy pledging ils faith to establish, and vigilantly to i nt'i>rce 
 all possible guards for securing the revenue of Mexico, hy [ircventing the imf)orlation, 
 under cover of this stipulation, of any articles other than such, both in kinil and in 
 quality, as shall really be wanted for the use and consumption of the forces of llic 
 United States during the time they may remain in Mexico. 'I'o this end, it shall be 
 the duty of all officers and agents of the United States to denounce to the Mexican 
 authorities at the respective ports, any attempts at a fraudulent abuse of this stipula- 
 tion which they may know of, or may have reason to suspect, and to give to such 
 authorities all the aid in their power with regard thereto; and every such attempt, 
 when duly proved and established by the .sentence of a competent tribunal, shall be 
 punished by the confiscation of the property so altem()ted to be fraudulently introduced. 
 
 AuTiCLE XI.X. — With respect to all merchandise, effects, and property whatsoever, 
 imported into [jorts of .Mexico, whilst in the occupation of the forces of the United 
 Slates, whether by citizens of either Re[iublic, or by citizens or subjects of any neutral 
 nation, the following rules shall be observed : 
 
 1. .Ml such merchandise, etlects, and property, if imported previously to the resto- 
 ration of the custom houses to the Mexican authorities, as stipulated for in the third 
 article of this treaty, shall be exempt from confiscation, although the importaiii)n of 
 the same be prohibited by the Mexican tarifi! 
 
 2. The same perfect exemption shall be enjoyed by all such merchandi.se, elVects, 
 and jiroperty, imported suh.sequently to the restoration of the custom houses and pre- 
 viously to the sixty days fixed in the following article for the coming into force of the 
 Mexican tariff, at such ports respectively ; the said merchandise, effei tw, and property 
 being, however, at the time of their importation, subject to the payment of duties, as 
 provided for in the said following article. 
 
 3- .All merchandise, efficls, and pro[ierty, described in the two rules foregoing, shall, 
 during thiir continuance at the [)lace of importation, or upon their leaving sucli [ilace 
 for the Ulterior, be exempt from all duty, tax or impost, of every kind, under what- 
 soever title or denomination. IVor shall they he there subjected to any charge what- 
 soever upon the sale thereof 
 
 4. .Ml merchandise, effects and profierty described in the first and second rules, 
 which shall have been remi)ved to any \)\nce in the interior, whilst such place was iik 
 the occo|)ation of the forces of the United Slates, shall, during their continuance 
 therein, lie exempt from all tax upon the sale or consumption thereof, and from every 
 kind of import or contribution, under whatever title or denomination. 
 
 5. But, if any merchandise, effects, or projierty, described in the first and second 
 rules, shall be removed to any place not occu|)ied at the time by the forces of the 
 United States, they shall, upon their introduction into such place, or upon their sale 
 or consumption there, be subject to the same duties which, umKr the Mexican laws, 
 they would be required to pay in such cases, if they had been imported in the time 
 of peace, through the maritime custom hou.se.s, and had there jiaid the duties con- 
 formably vvith the .Mexican tariff 
 
 6. The owners of all merchandise, effects, or property described in the first and 
 second rules, and cxi.sting in any port of Mexico, shall have the right to reshiji the 
 same, exempt from all tax, impost, or contribution whatever. 
 
 With respect to the metals, or other property exported from any Mexican port 
 whilst in the occn[iation of the forces of the United States, and previously to the 
 restoration of the custom house at such port, no person shall be required by the 
 Mexican authorities, whether general or state, to pay any tax, duty, or contribution 
 
5GG THE TKEATY. 
 
 upon anv such exportiitian, or in any mannur to account for the same to lln' -^^'i*! 
 authorities. 
 
 AuricLK XX. — Througli considerations for the interests of commerce generally, it 
 is apirecd, that if less than sixty days should elapse between the date of the signature 
 of this treaty and the restoration of the custom houses, conformably with the stipula- 
 tion in the lliird article, in such case, all merdiandise, cflects, and property wlialso- 
 over, arriving at the Mexican ports after the restoration of the said custom houses, 
 and j)reviously to the ex[)iration of the sixty days after the day of the signature of 
 this treaty, shall be admitted to entry ; and no other duties shall be levied thereon, 
 than the duties established by the tariff found in f )rce at such custom houses, at the 
 time of the restoration of llie same. And to all such merchandise, cflects, and prop- 
 erty, the rules established by the preceding article shall apply. 
 
 Atiiicle XXr. — If, unhappily, any disagreement should hereafter arise between 
 the governments of the two re|)ublics, whether with respect to the interpretation of 
 any stiiiulation in this treaty, or with res|)ect to any otber particular concerning the 
 political or commercial relations of the two nations, the said governments, in the 
 name of those nations, do promise to each other that they will endeavor, in the most 
 sincere and earnest manner, to settle the dilferences so arising, and to preserve the 
 state of peace and friendship in which the two countries are now placing themselves; 
 using, for this end, mutual representations and pacific negotiations. And if, by these 
 means, they should not be enabled to come to an agreement, a resort shall not, on this 
 account, be had to re})risals, aggression, or hostility of any kind, by the one republic 
 against the other, until the gov(>rnment of that which deems itself aggrieved, shall 
 have maturely considered, in the spirit of peace and good neighborship, whether it 
 would not be better that such dilVerence should be settled by the arbitration of com- 
 missioners appointed on each side, or by that of a friendly nation. And should such 
 course be proposed by either party, it shall be acceded to by the other, unless deemed 
 by it altogether incompatible with the nature of the diiference, or the circumstances 
 of the case. 
 
 AuTicLE XXn. — If (which is not to be expected, and which God forbid !) war 
 shall unhappily break out between the two republics, they now, with a view to such 
 calamity, solemnly pledge themselves to each other and to the world, to observe the 
 following rules, absolutely, where the nature of the subject permits, and as closely as 
 possible in all cases where such absolute observance shall be impossible. 
 
 1. The merchants of either republic then residing within the other shall be allowed 
 to remain twelve months (for those dwelling in the interior), and six months (for those 
 dwelling at the seaports) to collect their debts and settle their affairs; during which 
 periods, they shall enjoy the same protection, and be on the same footing, in all re- 
 spects, as the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations: and at the expiration 
 thereof or at any time before, they shall have full liberty to depart, carrying off" all 
 their effects, without molestation or hindrance ; conforming therein to the same laws 
 which the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations are required to conform to. 
 Upon the entrance of the armies of either nation into the territories of the other, 
 women and children, ecclesiastics, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of Uie earth, 
 merchants, artisms, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting utiforlified 
 towns, villages, or places, and in general, all persons whose occupations are for the 
 common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respect- 
 ive employments unmolested in their persons. Nor shall their houses or goods be 
 burnt, or otherwise destroyed, nor their cattle taken, nor their fields wasted, by the 
 armed force into whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall ; but, 
 if the necessity arise to take any thing from them for the use of such armed force, 
 the same shall be paid for at an ecjuitable [irice. All churches, hosj)itals, schools, 
 colleges, libraries, and other establishments for charitable and beneficent purposes, shall 
 be respected, and all persons connected with the same, protected in the discharge of 
 their duties, and the j)ursuil of their vocations. 
 
 2. In order that the fate of prisoners of war may be alleviated, all such yjractices as 
 those of sending them into distant, inclement, or unwholesome districts, or crowding 
 thein into close and noxious places, shall be studiously avoided. They shall not be 
 confined in dungeons, prison-ships, or prisons ; nor be put in irons, or bound, or oth- 
 erwise restrained in the use of their limbs. The officers shall enjoy liberty on their 
 paroles, within convenient districts, and have comfortable quarters ; and the common 
 
THK TKEATV 567 
 
 soldiers sliull be (1is[)0scil in rantdniiionts, open and extensive enough for air and exer- 
 cise, and lodged in barracks as roomy and good as are provided Ity the party in whose 
 power they are, for its own troops. Dut, it" any olficer shall break his parole by leav- 
 ing the district so assigned hini, ur any other prisoner shall esca[)C from the limits of 
 his cantonment after they shall have been designated to him, such individual, ofllcer, 
 or other j)risoncr, shall forfeit so much of the benefit of this article, as provides for 
 his liberty on parole or in cantonment. And if an oiricer so breaking iiis |iarole, 
 or any common soldier so escaping from the limits assigned him, shall afterwards 
 be found in arms, previously to his being regularly exchanged, the person so otlend- 
 ing shall be dealt with according to the estalilished laws of war. The ollicers shall 
 be daily furnished by the [larly in whose power they are, with as many rations, and 
 of the same articles, as are allowed, either in kind or by computation, to ollicers of 
 equal rank in its own army ; and all others shall be daily furnished with such ration 
 as is allowed to a common soldier in its own .service ; the value of all which supplies 
 shall, at the close of the war, or at periods to be agreed upon between the respective 
 commanders, Ix; paid by the other party, on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the 
 subsistence of i)risoners ; and such accounts shall not be mingled with, or sot off 
 against any others, nor the balance due on them be withheld, as a compensation or 
 reprisal for any cause whatever, real or pretended. Each party shall be allowed to 
 keep a commissary of prisoners, appointed by itself, with every cantonment of |)rison- 
 ers in possession of the other ; which commissary shall see the prisoners as often as he 
 pleases; shall be allowed to receive, exempt from all duties or taxes, and to distribute, 
 whatever comforts may be sent to them by their friends; and shall lie free to transmit 
 his reports in open letters to the party by whom he is cmjiloyed. 
 
 And it is declared, that neither the pretence that war dissolves all treaties, nor any 
 other whatever, shall be considered as annulling or suspending the .solemn covenant 
 contained in this article. < )n the contrary, the state of war is precisely that for which 
 it is provided; and during which, its stipulations are to be as sacredly observed as the 
 most acknowledged obligations under the law of nature or nations. 
 
 .■\i(Ti( Li; XXIII. — 'I'his treaty shall be ratified by the President of the T'niled 
 States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof; and by 
 the President of the Mexican Kepublic, with the previous approbation of its (jeneral 
 Congress: and the ratifications shall be exchanged in the city of Washington, in four 
 months from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner if jiracticable. 
 
 In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty of 
 peace, friendship, limits and settlement; and have hereunto affixed our seals respect- 
 ively. Done in quintuplicate, at the city of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day 
 of February, in the year of our l^ord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 N. P. 'PRIST, [l. s.] 
 
 EUI8 G. C LEV AS, [i.. s.] 
 
 BEILXAKDO CO.NTO, [i.. s.] 
 MIG. ATKISTALX, [l. s.] 
 
 Additional, and secret article of the treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement, 
 between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, signed tiiis day 
 by their respective plenipotentiaries. (Expunged.) 
 
 In view of the possibility that the exchange of tiie ratifications of this treaty may, 
 by the circumstances in which the Mexican Republic is placed, be delayed longer 
 than the term of four months lixed by its twenty-third article for the exchange of rati- 
 fications of the same, it is herel)y agreed that such delay shall not, in any manner, 
 affect the force and valiiiity of this treaty, unless it should exceed liie term ol eight 
 months, counted from the date of the signature thereof. 
 
 This article to have the same force and virtue as if inserted in the treaty, to which 
 this is an addition. 
 
 In faith whereof, we, the resjiective pIeni[)ofentiaries, have signed this additinnal and 
 secret article, and have hereunto affixed our seals respectively. IJone in (juinliipli- 
 cate, at the city of Guadahqje Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 N. P. 'PRIST, [i.. s.] 
 
 LL'IS G. CUEVAS, [•" «•] 
 
 BERXARUO CO.NTO, [i.. s,] 
 MIG. APKIS'PALN, [l. s.] 
 
568 ATTEMPl'ED REV^Of.UTION BY GEN. PAREDES. 
 
 Immediately after the trcaiy had been negotiated, and a copy thereof 
 dispatched to the United States for ratification, Senor Rosa issued a 
 circular to the governors of the different states announcing the fact ; 
 but the provisions of the treaty itself were withheld, from prudential 
 motives of Pena y Pena, who was not willing to give to the Puros 
 and Monarquistas the opportunity of condemning it, before it could 
 be acted upon by the government of the United States. 
 
 The governors of the states returned evasive answers to the circu- 
 lar of the minister ; most of them neither condemning nor approving, 
 but many of them demanchng to liave the terms of the treaty made 
 known. But the governors of Zacatecas and Guadalajara positively 
 refused to comply with the terms of any armistice, stating that they 
 would raise troops to defend themselves, Jalisco, too, was endeavor- 
 ino- to raise a force, and tlie authorities there had some pieces of 
 artillery in the process of manufacture. 
 
 General Santa Anna, as has been before related, on the last day 
 of March presented himself to Colonel Hughes, the American com- 
 mander at Jalapa, who, advancing to meet him with a squadron of 
 cavalrv, treated him with mucli consideration. He left his liacienda 
 of Enccrro, near Jalapa, on the 2d of April, and proceeded to Antigua, 
 near Vera Cruz, and there embarked, with his iamily, on l)oard a Spa- 
 nish brig, which on the 5th sailed with the illustrious exile to the 
 island of Jamaica, where he found a quiet and secure asylum. 
 
 At the same time the opponent of Santa Anna, Paredes, equally 
 obnoxious to the existing government, having left his retreat at Tulan- 
 cingo with such precipitation on the approach of Gen. Lane, proceed- 
 ed, not to the coast, but to San Luis Potosi, in hopes of being able to 
 raise there a revolution against the power of Pena y Pena, and in 
 favor of his monarchical principles. His appearance in the state of 
 San Luis created a great commotion. The governor, Adame, and the 
 lieut. governor, Avila, favored his scliemes, and a revolution was to be 
 set on foot ; but was quelled by the approach of a force under Gen. 
 Uuslamente, ordered by the president to march forthwith, to pre- 
 vent their designs. Paredes then retired to Aguas Calientes. 
 
 Padre Jarauta, at this time, having been also proscribed by the go- 
 vernment, whicli was anxious for t!;e cessation of all guerrilla opera- 
 tions, lietook liimself, with a few followers, to the less dangerous occu- 
 pation of robbing the Mexicans themselves, near Queretaro. 
 
 Col. Zenobia alone, with a force of guerrillas, near Vera Cruz, con- 
 tinued to attack the Americans; and even he seemed to wish no more 
 assistance — sending back, to the American commander at Vera Cruz, 
 a lieutenant and six men, who had descried to him from that post. 
 
JiATTLE OF SANTA ('Ri:Z UE KOSALES. 569 
 
 Gen. Alvarez coiitiiiiied his atteaipls to get up a proinmciainento in 
 the south, l)ut without any suceei-s, the popuhice hclng weary of the 
 war, (Jen. Ahnonte retired to his hacienchi in the north of Mexieo. 
 Most of ihe odicers unfavorabh^ to the ooverninent took up their abode 
 at (nianajuato ; and lliose disposed for peace, at Queretaro, around the 
 president, where also were; a part of the congress assembled. 
 
 In the mean time, one more battle was fought, in the north of Mex- 
 ico, at Santa Cruz dc RosaUs, near Cliihuahua, between the forces of 
 the American general. Price (who was ignorant of the treaty), and 
 Gen. Angel Trias, governor of that state, who was aware of the 
 existence of the treaty, and also of the armistice. 'J'he Americans in 
 New Mexico, under General Price, had, previous to this time, occu- 
 pied a succession of posts from the capital, Santa Fe, along down the 
 Rio Grande, to El Paso. The latter, the most southern, three hun- 
 dred miles from Chihuahua, was commanded by Lt. Col. Ralls. About 
 the first of February, that oflicer, having captured a Mexican lieu- 
 tenant, from some papers found upon his person was led to believe 
 that he would be attacked from Cliihuahua by Generals Urrea and 
 Angel Trias, witli an overwhelming force. 'J'his induced him at once 
 to send for reinforcements to Santa Fe. General Price immediately 
 marched lo his relief, and assumed the command at El Paso, with 
 sixteen hundred men, and ten pieces of artillery. Finding that Urrea 
 was not al Chihuahua, and that Gen. Trias had possession of that 
 city, Price made a rapid march with four hundred dragoons and 
 mounted men, and two pieces of artillery, towards Chihuahua, with 
 the remainder of his army to follow immediately. Hearing of his 
 approach. Gen. Trias, on tiie morning of the 7th of March, evacuated 
 the city with his troops, numbering one thousand men, and eightpieccs 
 of artillery, and took the road towards Durango. The Americans 
 entered Chihuahua on the night of ihe 7th, and, leaving their two 
 pieces of artillery, on the 8th continued in pursuit of 'J'rias, and, by 
 marching at night, overtook him at Santa Cruz de Rosales — a town 
 of two thousand inhabitants, sixty miles distant. On the morning of 
 the 9th, ihe Americans filed to the northwest of the town, and halted. 
 Gen. Trias, astonished at his being overtaken, fired a few cannon 
 shot upon the Americans, who witlulrawiiig from the range, toi)k 
 positions iuuncdiately to storm the town. 'J'rias received, l)y a flag 
 of truce, a demand for unconditional surrender. He refused this, but 
 requested of the American general an interview within the town, 
 whi(;h i)eing granted, he informed Price of the negotiated treaty, and 
 of the terms of the armistice, and demanded that he should be allowed 
 to proceed on his retreat unmolested. CJeneral Price, discrediting 
 
570 . CONDITION OF YUCATAN. 
 
 this, but believing, however, that such might be the case, deiiianded 
 of General Angel Trias, that he sliould inarch his whole force, or two 
 companies of it, with his artillery and munitions of war, back to Chi- 
 huahua, and take quarters in one portion of the city, while tlr? Amer- 
 can troops quartered in another — not to molest each other until the 
 American commander should receive directions from his government. 
 Trias, considering that in such a case himself and command would 
 be but prisoners in Chiliualuia, refused, and Price withdrew from the 
 conference, delenniued upon the attack ; hut having seen the strong 
 arrangements lor defense, he suspended his operations until the arri- 
 val of his artillery, and stationed liis troops so as to cut off the com- 
 munications from the town. In the afternoon, Gen. Trias sent two 
 flags of truce to tlie Americans : the first, asking whether he was be- 
 sieged. On receiving answer that all communications were stopped, 
 he sent the second, stating that he considered himself besieged, and 
 that hostilities would be commenced; but repeated his assurances of 
 the existing armistice to the American general. 
 
 On the 11th, General Price received the two pieces of artillery from 
 Chihuahua; and on the morning of the 10th, his battery of seven 
 pieces, which by rapid marching had come at his call two hundred 
 and twenty-five miles in three and a half days. This reinforcement 
 increased the number of the Americans to seven hundred men. The 
 battle then commenced at half past 9, A. M., by a rapid and destruc- 
 tive cannonade from the American artillery, returned with spirit by 
 Trias. This continued for two hours and a half; was recommenced 
 at half past 3, P. M., by the artillery, and the whole American force, 
 in separate columns, assaulted the dillcrent parts of the town. For 
 near six hours the conflict raged furiously, until at 9 I^.M., the Ameri- 
 cans, having penetrated through the walls of the buildings and gained 
 entrance to the plaza. Gen. 'J'rias, after a loss of three hundred men 
 killed and wounded, surrendered. American loss very small. 
 
 The prisoners and trophies were marched back to Chihuahua by 
 the American general, who took up his quarters within that city, and 
 held it until he rtMreived orders from the government to evacuate it, 
 which was not done until the 20tli of July, when he commenced his 
 return to Santa Fe. 
 
 While the senate of the United States were deliberating upon the 
 treaty, President i'eha y Pena and liis cabinet were making every 
 exertion to secure its ratification l)y the Mexican congress, .--hould 
 it be approved by tiie i'ormer power. I'^or lliis purpose, he decla- 
 red his intention, if it was necessary to procure a quorum, to ex- 
 clude from representation New [Mexico, Califi)rnia, ;ind Yucatan — the 
 
THEaTV of peace COM'IKMED. 571 
 
 two former being in the full possession of ihe Americans, and the 
 latter not having acted in conjunction with )ier sister states of Mexico 
 (luriiifT the war, and even now being overrun witli an extensive 
 insurrection of her native Indians, or peones, who, in numljer about 
 forty thousand, under their chiefs Jacinto I'at and Cecilio Chi, rava- 
 ged the whole country, sf)aring neither age nor sex of the unfortunate 
 whites, devastating the wliole interior with fire and sword. The fugi- 
 tive families were flying to the coast, and availing themselves of every 
 opportunity to escape with their lives. The governor, Don Miguel 
 Barbachaiio, in the extremity of his distress, sent to the Spanish au- 
 thorities at Havanna, to the English at Jajiiaica, to those of the United 
 States at Washington, and to the commander of the American squad- 
 ron on the Mexican coast, for assistance ; offering the full possession 
 and dominion of their country to any of those powers who would 
 .save them. They were assisted by Commodore Perry with ammu- 
 nition, by tbe authorities at Havanna with the like, by the English at 
 Honduras with two hundred men, and from .Jamaica with arms; and 
 after this lime, by American volunteers discharged from the army. 
 The details of this vast insurrection, and long continued indiscrimi- 
 nate massacre, would not repay the perusal ; suffice it to say, that it 
 commenced in July, 1847, and w^as at its worst in April, 1848; when 
 the sufferings of the people were beyond description. Since that the 
 whites have succeeded in making a stand against, and in obtaining ad- 
 vantages over their savage foes. In this condition, Yucatan could 
 send no members to the national congress ; and Peua y I'ena, there- 
 fore, was determined, in case of necessity, to reduce the quota of 
 congress by her number of deputies. 
 
 Nor in Yucatan alone was this insurrection of the peones. From 
 Tampico to Tuspan, the whole country was unsettled. Two thou- 
 sand insurgents of the same character had risen in the state of Guana- 
 juato. The northern savage Indians were also making inroads into 
 San Luis, Durango, and Sonora. 
 
 The treaty of peace was confirmed, with amendments, by the se- 
 nate of the United States, after a protracted discussion, on the 10th 
 of March, 1848, and two commissioners, Messrs. Sevier and Clifford, 
 were immediately sent to bear it to Mexico for ratification by the 
 Mexican congress; while Mr. Trist was called home, as a prisoner. 
 Mr. Clifford arrived at the city of Mexico on the 11th of April; Mr. 
 Sevier in a day or two after. Remaining in the capital a few days, 
 on the 22d they were escorted by a squadron of American cavalr}'^ 
 towards Queretaro. 
 
 No sooner was the action of the U. S. senate known by the 
 
572 AMERICAN ARMIES LEAVE MEXICO. 
 
 Mexican government, llian Peila y Pefia made most vigorous exertions 
 to obtain a meeting of congress. Money was obtained from the clergy 
 who for some time had been beroming more favorable towards the 
 treaty ; the members of congress were furnished with the necessary 
 funds, and more than a quorum were immediately assembled. The 
 president, in an able message, laid before the body the condition of 
 the nation, and the advantages that would accrue from a peace ; while 
 Rosa, as secretary of state, showed that it was impossil)le for the 
 nation any longer to carry on the war, tlieir armies being destroyed, 
 their resources gone, and the enemy every where victorious. 
 
 In the chamber of deputies the treaty met with fierce opposition; 
 but finally, on the 19th of May, it was ratified in that house, as amen- 
 ded in the American senate, by a vote of 51 to 35. On the 25th, 
 with but little opposition, it passed the Mexican senate, by a full vote 
 of 33 to 4 ; and in half an hour afterwards, the escort of the Ameri- 
 can commissioners entered the city. 
 
 Tlie ratifications were exchanged, and the war was ended. The 
 last force of American troops, which, under Gen. Kearney, had just 
 entered the capital from Vera Cruz, had arrived only immediately to 
 return. No delay was made by Gen. Butler in evacuating the city. 
 Gen. Smilli was sent immediately to Vera Cruz to superintend the 
 embarkation of the army, which in four divisions left the capital. Tiie 
 siege train, and all the artillery, commenced the march on tlie 29th 
 of May ; Gen. Patterson's division on the 1st of June, followed by 
 that of Gen. Marshall, and that of Gen. Worth brought up the rear. 
 As they marched out, the Mexican troops, which had been sta- 
 tioned at Guadalupe, entered. Tiie volunteers of Gen. Wool's army 
 in the north, left soon after ; part of the regular forces proceeded to 
 California, and part to New Mexico. Chihuahua was evacuated by 
 Geji. Price on the 20th July. 
 
 The Mexican congress declared Gen. Herrera the constitutional 
 president, and Peua y Peila was reelected ciiief justice of the su- 
 preme court. Gen. Paredes and Padre Jarauta immediately com- 
 menced a revolution, by issuing a pronunciamento against Herrera, at 
 Aguas Calientes. Tlie first movement of the new government was 
 to send Gen. Bustamente, at the head of the army, against them. 
 The result of this was, that, afterward, Paredes was routed, and Ja- 
 rauta taken prisoner and sliot.