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THE HISTORY 
 
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 Containing an account of its 
 
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 \ ANTIQUITIES, EDIFICES TRADE, \ 
 
 AND CUSTOMS* 
 
 \ And a S>escription of the 
 
 I LINCOLN:' "' ■' ' t 
 
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 c :^yr-^.n 
 
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HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 r*^*^'*^.t>t't^ 
 
 THE EARLY AXD PROGRESSIVE HISTORY OF LINCOLN TO 
 THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 Etymon of the name— Its condition under the Romans — 
 — Vestiges of its having once been a Roman station — • 
 State of under \he Picts^ Saxons^ and Danes — At the 
 period of the Norman conquest — The castle built — First 
 became a bishoo''s see — Adhered to Stephen in the 
 struggle with the empress Matilda — Also to king John 
 during his contest with the rebellious barons — The 
 king''s court and parliament held in this city-'-The part 
 which it took in the civil wars between Charles and his 
 parliament. 
 
 IN describing the origin and progress of any place, 
 whether an empire, a district, a city, a town, or only a 
 village, our curiosity is first directed to the etymological 
 peculiarities, if any, of its name, as such peculiarities are 
 often found to be connected with some local or historical 
 circumstances which mutually elucidate each other. With 
 regard to Lincoln, indeed, several accounts prevail as 
 to the origin of its present mode of nomination. By 
 
 B 4 the 
 
24 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 the early Britons it was called Lindcoit : by Ptolemy 
 and by Antoninus Lindum, and by the venerable Bede 
 Lindecollina. From the latter probably arose its modern 
 name, as Lincoiu seems to be an easy corruption of 
 Lindecollina. Two reasons have been assigned for this 
 appellation : one, because of its situation, being built 
 upon a hill, ( collinus ) the other, from its havinf^ the 
 privileges of a Roman colony ( colonia. ) The former, 
 however, seems the more probable derivation, as it agrees 
 with the name given by the Saxons, viz. Lin8o-collyne. 
 When the Norman conquerors under William reigned in 
 this country, we find Lincoln designated by 'he name of 
 iV<c^o/, . according to the authorities of some writers: but 
 Mr. Gough, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, justJy 
 asks, '' may one suirgest a suspicion, that Nicho] is owing 
 to some misreading of /«ro/, or LincoU or to the imperfect 
 pronunciation oi ^^he Normans, as the French h \^e dis- 
 guised miny proper names in latter tiuses?" There is a 
 latin distich by Alexander Nerkh^^m,* («nd not Necham, 
 as the authors of ihe Mayna Britannia write it) in his 
 treatise De divina Sajjientia^ relating- to this city. 
 
 Lindisiae columen Lincolnia, sive columns, 
 Munihca felix gente, repleta bcnis. 
 
 These moiikish lines have been thus rendered intt 
 English, with an elegance and taste, not much surpassing 
 the original : 
 
 Her pillar thee, great Lincoln, Lindsey owns. 
 Famed for thy store of goods and bounteous sons. 
 
 The early history of Lincoln, like the early history of 
 every countrv, is involved in fable and obscurity. — 
 
 Legendary 
 
 * He was a canon of Exeter and abbot of St. Mary's in Cirences- 
 ter. He was a poet, according to the criterion of tho- e days, and so 
 deeply versed, it is said, in the arts and sciences, that he was the 
 MiRAcuLUM iNGENii. Hc was bom at St. Alban's in Hertfordshire, 
 and died in 1217. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 25 
 
 Legendary talcs are nvtiltiplied to supply the place of Tacts; 
 and iniacM nation, fertile to suppose ^Yhat no aullientic re- 
 cord can prove, inverts with all the boldness of truth. 
 To the antiquary, and to rhe reader of antiquities, it may be 
 pleasing to disentangle intricacies, to separate fiction from 
 reality, and to adjust the various degrees of probability, 
 with the faint hope of ultiniritely establishing the existence 
 of facts : but it is our purpose to follow a more certain 
 and more pleasing course: to leave in obscurit) that which 
 the lapse of ages has destined to continue so, and to tell 
 only that which may be considered as authentic. 
 
 The first glimmering of historical lio:ht which Mrikes 
 the eye of the inquirer, is the period ol the Roman inva- 
 sion of Britain, when Lincoln was occupied us a Roman 
 station, differing in some local peculiantios how. ver from 
 the town built by the Britons, win-oh, it is i! oijeht, stood 
 on the very top of the lull, and extended mufh farther 
 northward than Newport-irate, as is evident from certain 
 remaiiis of ramparts and ditches still visible. Voriiiner, 
 the British kiii<?;. who so frequen^'y defeated the Saxon 
 invdders, died in this ciiy, and was buried here. 
 
 Lincoln, when occupied by the Romans as a military sta- 
 tion, was dojbllessa place of some importance. The form, 
 indeed, of thf;ir Lindum may be clearly ascert?nied even 
 at this remote period. It was a parallelogram, divided into 
 four equal parts, bv two streets v^hich crossed it at right 
 angles. The northei n boundary of the Roman city reached 
 as far as where the southern limits of the British or^ had 
 extended, and here they built a strong wall, from v st to 
 west, enclosing an area of about 1 300 feet in lerigth, 
 by 1200 in breadth ; this wall had only one entrance or 
 aperture, and that was near the middle, where it is still 
 standing, and is known by the name of Newport-gate, 
 *Mhe noblest remnant'" says Dr. Stukeley *' of this sort in 
 Britain." Of the other ibrtihed gates, three in number, 
 which guarded the extremities of each of the streets al- 
 ready mentioned, all important traces have been for many 
 years demolished. 
 
 The 
 
2S HISTORY or LINCOLN, 
 
 The Romans built another wall, on the south, of the 
 same len&;th of the former, and exactly parallel to it. — 
 Here also, they erected a g;ateway, called, from its posi- 
 tion, the South-gate. It was directly opposite to Newport- 
 gate, and of similar construction, standing about ninety-one 
 feet north of the present Bail-gate.* " South-gate was pulled 
 down" says Mr. Gough, ''about the beginning of the last 
 century by the proprietor of the house adjoining to it on 
 the easL side of the street. In a chamber now ( 1788 ) occu- 
 pied by a barber, may be seen the east postern entire : but 
 of the principal gale nothing now remains except the foun- 
 dation stones on each side tlie street, and one jamb between 
 the houses on the west side, with tw^o or three cuneiform 
 stones just above the springing of the arch. Ii was not 
 without great difficulty *h.4t this venerable piece of anti- 
 quity was demolished. The w^orkmen, with a huge piece 
 of timber shod with iron, like a battering ram, ba.tered 
 in pieces one of the stones in or near the crown of the 
 arch, expecting that the whole would then fail together, 
 but every stone being as it were a key, the rest shrunk 
 together and fixed as firm as ever." 
 
 These two parallel walls were connected at each end by 
 two other walls running in a direction north and south, 
 and about 1200 feet in length, having also a gate in the 
 centre of each, called the East and West-gates. The 
 latter is conjectured to have stood where now is to be 
 found the sally-port of the castle : the former was entire 
 as late as the year 1740; Gough says ''that it was a little 
 north of the present gateway, but walled up and making 
 part of the gable end of a dwelling house, a stable be- 
 longing to the White Bear Inn being built against the 
 other part. This gate had been of the same dimensions 
 as Newport-gate, and buih in the same manner, except 
 that the arch had a key-stone in the crown, which New- 
 port-gate had not. The ground being raised ten or twelve 
 feet to the very spring of the arch, the posterns were quite 
 buried. About the vear 1730 Lord Burlington caused 
 the rubbish to be dug up to the foundation of the jambs 
 
 on 
 
 * Bail-gate stood near the entrance of the present county hospital, 
 and divided the city from the bail. It was r«aioved about 1777. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 27 
 
 Cn each side, and had it quite opened for a belter view, 
 when it presented a most venerable appearance. Near 
 it was found a lar<2;e brass coin of Trajan. About twenty- 
 five years ago it was taken down by Sir Cecil Wray, 
 when he built a new house now (1T88) belonging to 
 Mr. Thorold." 
 
 Such seems to have been the out-line of the Roman 
 station here. From the lour gates ran two streets which 
 intersected each other at right angles, and divided the city 
 into four equal quarters. That which formed the south- 
 west quarter is now occupied by the castle, and the close 
 and the cathedral are to be found in the two easterly. — 
 And here again we willingly recur to the statements of 
 Mr. Gough, whose laborious accuracy and patient research 
 are too well known to require commendation. 
 
 "The close ef the cathedral" says he "takes in very 
 near half of the old Roman city eastward. The west wall 
 of the close beginning at the South-gate on the brow of 
 the hill, runs northward almost up to Newport-gate and 
 leaves little more than the breadth of a lane, formerly 
 called East-byght, between it and and the Roman wall 
 from Newport-gate to East-gate. By the two walls run- 
 ning thus parallel round the whole north-east corner of 
 the Roman city, and within so small a distance of one 
 another, it may be imagined the city wall was ruined be- 
 fore bishop Sutton's time, who, by licence of Edward I, 
 built the Close-wvall for the security of the canons and 
 other ministers of the church, resorting thither at midnight 
 to say matins. But the circuit of the close reaches consi- 
 derably beyond the old Roman city to the east: for the 
 Roman wall w^ent in a direct line through where the 
 chapter-house and upper transept of the church, now stand, 
 to the brow of the hill, from whence, at the enlargement 
 of the Roman city, it was continued down by the Were- 
 dyke to the Tow^er-garth at the Water-side." 
 
 In speaking of that part of Lincoln called the bail, 
 the same author observes, that " it was undoubtedly the 
 old Roman Lindum; the vestiges of whose walls arc 
 yet visible on every side." 
 
 Having 
 
•^8 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Having thus endeavoured to establish the scite and di- 
 mensions of the old Roman city,* as a matter of local 
 interest and curiosity, ( oiiiitting; all idle antiquarian details 
 and conjectures) we shall now proceed to take a brief 
 view of its principal historical events, from the period of 
 its occupation by the legiondary troops of Rome, down to 
 the latest time at which any thing has occurred worthy of 
 commemoration. 
 
 When the Romans finally abandoned Great Britain, 
 Lincoln shared probably, not only in common with the 
 other principal stations, from the predatory incursions of the 
 Picts, Saxons and Danes, but, it is likely that from its 
 maritime situation on that part of the coast most obnoxious 
 to the warlike descents of those fierce barbarians, it became 
 more frequently subject to all the vicissitudes of war and 
 conquest. It is not certain at what period the Saxons 
 became possessed of this city, but we find from the autho- 
 rity of Matthew of Vv'^eslminster, that so early as the year 
 518, Arthur pursued a Saxon army as for as Lincoln, 
 which was then besieged by another Saxon army under 
 Cerdie, who, on the arrival of the Britons under their 
 renowned leader, was forced to retreat. Previously to 
 this however, Edwin, king of Northumberland, ob- 
 tained possession of Lindsey, and made Penda, king of 
 Mercia, his vassal ; and Paulinus preached Christianity in 
 Lincoln, and converted the governor and his family. 
 During the struggles between the Saxons and the British, 
 there can be little doubt that Lincoln suffered much, and 
 it is thought by Leland that the old tovrn was nearly de- 
 stroyed "and new Lincoln made out of old Lincoln." 
 The Saxons fortified the southern part of the hill with 
 ditches and ramparts, walled the town, and erected gates. 
 No event, however, of any memorable character occurred 
 during the heptarchy. 
 
 In hastenino; to the period of the Norman conquest, we 
 are told by William of Malmsbury that Lincoln was then 
 
 one 
 
 * its length from east to west was 1300 feet, and its breadth from 
 north to south 1200. 
 
ins TORY OF LINCOLN, 29 
 
 one of the most populous cities of England, and a market 
 for all sorts of ooods eomin{i; either by land or water. It 
 appears indeed from the Domesday Bqpk, that it con- 
 tained 1070 mansions, 900 bur<i;esscs, and 12 largemen,* 
 having sack and soke. But tlic ambition, or the pride, 
 or the fears of the conquerer, led him to depopulate in 
 part this flourishing phice. Orders were issued to build 
 four strong castles: one of these was to be erected at 
 Hastings, a second at Nottingham, a third at York, and 
 a fourth at Lincoln. Consequently a spacious and war- 
 like edifice was erected in 1086, on the ridge of the hill 
 where the city was situated. It occupied nearly a fourth 
 part of the Roman city; and, to make room for its erection, 
 240 mansions were destroyed. Little of it now remains 
 however except the gates, wall, and keep. The gaol is 
 within it; and opposite on the west side is an entrench- 
 ment thrown up by king Stephen. Its position admirably 
 qualified it either to repel foreign invasion, or to overawe 
 the turbulent inhabitants, should they strive to shake off 
 the burden of a foreign yoke. It was 644 yards in cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Lincoln first became a bishop's see about this time, 
 when it was declared in synod that they sliould be re- 
 moved to the chief cities in their diocese. Previous to 
 this decree, many of them were settled in small towns 
 or villages. Remigius de Fescamp, one of the early 
 followers of William, and the first bishop of Lincoln, 
 accordingly removed thither from Dorchester in Oxford- 
 shire, and immediately after his translation began to lay 
 the foundation of a cathedral, which he completed in 
 four years, but which he did not live to consecrate. 
 
 In the reign of Henry the first, a navigable canal was 
 made, or enlarged, from the river Witham at Lincoln to 
 the Trent near Torksey, and it was probably the first of 
 the kind that was ever a^empted in England. It wa« 
 about seven miles in length, and is now called the Foss- 
 dyke, of which some account has been already given in 
 
 the 
 
 * These signify legal men, or such as we call good men of the jury. 
 
30 KISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 the introductory chapter. A communication was thuj 
 formed with the river Trent, and down that by the Humber 
 to the sea. Thus being accessible for foreign vessels, 
 besides possessing the advantage of inland navigation, the 
 city soon became populous and eminent. Some historians 
 relate that at this period it engrossed a very considerable 
 portion of the export and import trade of the kingdom. 
 
 In 1110 Lincoln was nearly consumed by an accidental 
 fire, and in 1185 it sustained considerable damage by an 
 earthquake. 
 
 Among the historical events of which Lincoln has been 
 the theatre, we must not omit the part she took in the strug- 
 gles between Stephen and the empress Matilda, for the 
 succession to the crown of England. The latter, with her 
 partizans, took possession of Lincoln in 1140, strongly 
 fortified it, and stored it abundantly with provisions. — 
 The citizens of Lincoln, however, were not so well af- 
 fected to her as to Stephen, and they inviting him to their 
 aid, he marched thither in person in 1141, and laid close 
 seige to the castle, " in hopes" says Hume, (Hist, of Eng. 
 vol. I. p. 255, ed. 4to. 1762) "• of rendering himself soon 
 master of the place, either by assault or famine. The earl 
 of Gloucester hastened with an army to the relief of his 
 friends: and Stephen, informed of his approach, marched 
 into the field, with an intention of giving him battle. 
 After a violent shock, the two wings of the royalists were 
 put to flight: and Stephen himself, surrounded by the 
 enemy, was at last, after exerting great efforts of valour, 
 borne down by numbers and taken prisoner. 
 
 Matthew of Westminster, in describing this battle, 
 which it seems was contested with an obstinacy equal to 
 the stake at issue, gives the following striking description 
 of the valour of Stephen. 
 
 " King Stephen, being deserted by his army, and left 
 almost alone in the field of battle, yet no man dared ap- 
 proach him, while grinding his teeth and foaming like a 
 mad boar, he drove back, with his battle axe, whole troops, 
 
 who 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. Si 
 
 >\lio came to assail him, and killed the bravest of them, 
 to the eternal renown of his courape: and if but a hun- 
 dred such men had been there with him, a whole army 
 could not have surprised his person : but his battlo. axe and 
 sword breakmg, he was stricken down with a stone, and 
 seized upon by William de Kahames." 
 
 It was not long, however, before Stephen was released 
 from prison, and restored to his throne by capitulation, and 
 in 1144 he passed his christmas at Lincoln. In the deed 
 of pacification, which was drawn up between the empress 
 and Stephen, by which prince Henry, his son, was to 
 succeed to the crown, it is expressly stipulated that the 
 castle of Lincoln should be confided to the care of Jordan 
 de Bussey, who, on taking possession, was sworn to de- 
 liver it to prince Henry, or whom he might appoint, on 
 the death of Stephen. 
 
 After this period, Lincoln soomsto have been considered 
 as a place of importance in the estimation of future mo- 
 narchs. Henry II. after being crowned in London, was 
 crowned a second time here in 1155, or according to 
 Rapin in 11 58. He was not, indeed, crowned in the city 
 of Lincoln, because, as Carte observes, a superstitious 
 notion prevailed among the people, that for a king to 
 wear his crown within the walls, was the sure omen of 
 some disaster. The regal ceremony, therefore, was per- 
 formed at a place in the suburbs called Wickford. 
 
 It would be a dull and thriftless occupation, to ourselves 
 and to our readers, were we to chronicle down every 
 thing which may be found in the annals of English history 
 that occurred at Lincoln. Passing over, therefore, 
 various unimportant events,* we shall proceed to the 
 memorable reign of king John, in the third year of 
 which, David, king of Scotland, met him here, and on 
 
 Nov. 
 
 * One shall be singled out from the mass: Richard I. in a par- 
 liament held at Nottingham in 1194. deprived Gerhard de Canville 
 of the possession of the castle, &c. of Liricr.ln, and the shrievalty of 
 the county, and offered them to sale ! It does not appear, however, 
 that the royal auctioneer had any bidders. 
 
33 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Nov. 22, (lid homao;p to liim in the presence of a vast 
 multitude of people, assembled on a hill without the city. 
 
 When the barons wag-ed the noble war of liberty 
 af^ainst their tyrannical sovoreif^n, that war, whose sacred 
 object has rendered them illustrious in all after ages, tlii« 
 city was taken by Gilbert de Gaunt, who had been created 
 carl of Lincoln, by Lewis the dauphin of France, whom 
 the barons had injudiciously invited to their aid. This 
 interference of a foreign power made many disinclined to 
 support a cause which all had at heart, and, consequently, 
 John found persons disposed to rally round his person 
 w^ho detested his government. The castle held out for 
 the king against all assaults, and John, having raised a 
 powerful army, marched in the autumn of 1216 to relieve 
 it. Taking the nearest way from Norfolk across the 
 washes, he lost, in that dangerous pass, all his carriages, 
 treasure, portable chapel, regalia, and other baggage. — 
 This accident so affected him, that, added to the distraction 
 of his affairs, it is said it hastened his death. Nor did the 
 allegiance of the inhabitants cease with his demise. The;^ 
 continued their fealty to his son and successors, and en- 
 dured all the privations and horrors of a siege by the 
 partizans of the dauphin, who now wished to contest the 
 sovereignty with Henry III. At length, after the lapse 
 of above a year, they succeeded in overthrowing the 
 forces of the confederates, by the aid of Fulk de Brent, a 
 powerful baron in the king's interest, who threw himself 
 with a reinforcement into the castle, and of the earl of 
 Pembroke who attackeci the besiegers in front. The 
 slaughter was not very great : many endeavored to escape 
 in boats down the Witham, but were drowned in the at- 
 tempt ; the greater part were made prisoners. This battle 
 was fought on the 4th of June, 1218, and was a death- 
 blow to the French interest in these realms. The riches 
 of the city and the confederate camp became spoils to the 
 king's army, and the discomfiture was hence insultingly 
 denominated Lewis-fair. Each royalist w ore a white cross 
 on his breast, on account of the battle being fought in the 
 Whitsuii week. It began at two o'clock, and ended at 
 
 nine : 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 93 
 
 nine; "so expeditions'' says Matthew Paris " were the 
 merchants in transacting the business at this fair." 
 
 It appears that the castle and bail of Lincoln continu- 
 ed in the crown till the time of Edward I. when they 
 were vested in the person of Henry dc Lacy; and passed, 
 with all the other parts of his inheritance, to the earl of 
 Lincoln, and thus became aniiexcd to the duchy of Lan- 
 caster. Accordingly we find that John of Gauiit, the 
 duke of that palatinate, made the castle his summer resi- 
 dence, and greatly improved its appearance and accom- 
 modations: building, if we may believe tradition, a winter 
 palace for himself in the southern suburbs below the hill. 
 
 Edward I. frequently held his court, and met his par- 
 liament in this city. Here, in 1301, he wrote his cele- 
 brated reply to the pope's letter, advising his holiness 
 not to interfere in the internal affiiirs of the kingdom, 
 and maintaining his right to the crov.n of Scotland by 
 a species of royal sopliistry not very unfamiliar in the 
 present day. Here also, in 1305, he held another par- 
 liament, in which he confirmed Magna Charter, a fine 
 and perfect copy of which national deed is still preserved 
 among the archives of the cathedra!.* Edward TLalso 
 held two parliaments here, the first of which was specifi- 
 cally assembled to devise etrectivc measures against the 
 inroads of the Scots. 
 
 (A. D. 1352.) In the 26th year of the reign cf Edward 
 III. the staple of wool was removed from Flanders to 
 England; and the staple towns appointed on that occasion 
 were — Westminster, Chichester, Canterbury, Bristol, 
 Hull, and Lincoln. The last was also made a staple for 
 leather, lead, and various other articles : privileges vvhich 
 proved highly beneficial to the city, as by the trade which 
 they promoted, Lincoln was gradually enabled to recover 
 from the effects cf the military ravages it had sustained 
 at various times. 
 f c la 
 
 * This has been carefully copied under the direction ofMr. Wtn, 
 lllincworth, tor the ♦'Parliamentary Reports on the puolic record? 
 y'^ Great Britaivi." 
 
M HISTORY OF LINCOLN* 
 
 In 1386, the unfortunate Richard IT. visited Lincohiy 
 and granted to the mayor (John Sutton) and his succes- 
 sors, the privilege of having a sword carried before them 
 in their processions. 
 
 In 1446, Henry VI. came here, and held his court in 
 the episcopal palace. In this reign also, Bernard Fitz 
 Allen, a person of good family and a carmelite of 
 Lincoln, built a library here, and furnished it with books; 
 some of them were his ovv^n writing, but the greater part 
 were purchased, or else, as the authors of the Magna Bri- 
 tannia slyly observe, the library *' would have been but a 
 small one, and of little value." 
 
 In the reign of Edward IV. a rebellion broke out, 
 and Sir Robert Wells, the son of Lord Wells, whom 
 Edward had treacherously caused to be beheaded, out of 
 revenge for the murder of his father, took up arms and 
 excited a violent commotion in the county. Collecting 
 about 30000 men in Lincoln, he marched with them to 
 Stamford, in the vicinity of which place the king's forces 
 were. These he attacked with great violence, and a 
 sanguinary battle ensued, in which sir Robert, with gir 
 Thomas Deland, being taken, the Lincoln men were so 
 terrified, that they threw off their coats, and ran for it ! 
 This conflict is still called "TAe battle of Lose-coat-field.^' 
 
 King Henry VII. visited Lincoln after the battle of 
 Bosworth Field, where he spent three days in offering 
 up public prayers and thanksgivings, and in making 
 splendid processions, in commemoration of the signal 
 and decisive victory which he had gained over the 
 usurper, Richard III. 
 
 The next remarkable occurrence which took place at 
 Lincoln was in the reign of Henry VIII. in 1533. — 
 Cromwell, the minister of that king, obtained an act of 
 parliament to enforce the reading of the Lord's prayer, 
 the creed, and the ten commandments in English : but 
 the good citizens of Lincoln, acting upon the principle 
 of the latin adage omne ignotum -pro magnifico^ and 
 not very desirous to understand what they prayed for, 
 
 resisted 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 35 
 
 resisted this daring innovation. The monlrs, of course, 
 had a hand in iomentiug their enmity, for their empire 
 was built upon ignorance ; and every step die people 
 advanced in the road of knowledge, was followed in- 
 evitably by a retrogade motion of themselves towards the 
 no very comfortable abyss that awaited thera. Be it as it 
 may, the inhabitants of Lincoln were resolved not to 
 pray in their mother tongue, nor rehearse the articles of 
 their creed in their mother tongue ; supposing, no doubt, 
 that latin was better understood by the saints and angels, 
 whose interposition they implored, than english. A 
 commotion was accordingly excited, and the malcontents 
 were headed by a person under the feigned name of 
 Captain Cobbler, They amounted to nearly 20000 men, 
 against whom the king prepared to nidrch in person. 
 This being known to the insurgents, they sent to his 
 majesty a list of their grievances, with an humble request 
 that he would pardon their having taken up arms against 
 him. The king perused this, pacified their resentments, 
 and granted them his pardon, upon their laying dowa 
 their arms. He received, however, forty pounds from 
 the city of Lincoln, in consideration of his clemency; 
 and he levied similar fines upon the other towns, which 
 he called a benevolence^ and which was paid for his 
 pardon to the rebels. 
 
 When the civil wars began, in the reign of Charles I. 
 Lincoln again stood conspicuous for its loyalty. That 
 monarch visited the city, and received froDi the recorder, 
 Charles Dailson, strong assurances of the attachment of 
 its citizens, and their determination to support his cause. 
 In consequence of this, his majesty convened a meeting 
 of the nobility, kniirh^Ss gentry, and freeholders of the 
 county, whom he adilressed in a speech, vindicating the 
 measures he had hitherto pursued to check the spirit of 
 rebellion then raging throaghout the country, and ex- 
 horting them to a cordial perseverance in their loyal 
 determinations, of supporting the govei ument, the laws, 
 and the religion of their ancestors. This was on the 
 1 5th July, 1 642 ; and the speech may be veen in the 
 volume of Reliqucs SucrcB^ or Works of King Charles t. 
 c 2 In 
 
;^6 BISTORY OF LINCOE!?^. 
 
 In the following year, a plot was discovered, lh« object 
 of which was to deliver up the citj to the king, it being 
 then in the possession of the parliamentarian forces. — 
 This s'^heme was partially defeated ; but in 1644, we find 
 the royalists in possession of it : for on May 2nd of that 
 year, the earl of Manchester besieged it ; and drove, after 
 some resistance, the besieged into the minster and castle^ 
 The resistance wa>5 vigorous, and the earl of Manchester 
 at length resolved to attempt the taking of it by storm : 
 the king's troops made a gallant resistance, and endea- 
 voured to repel the besiegers, by throwing down upon them 
 huge stones, which did considerable execution. They 
 found, however, that longer resistance was impracticable^ 
 and they surrendered. Among the prisoners were sir 
 Francis Fane the governor, colonels Middlemore and 
 Bandes, two lieutenant colonels, two majors, twenty 
 captains, and about seven hundred private soldiers. One 
 hundred horse, and eight pieces of ordnance were also 
 taken. Of Manchester's party, eight were killed, in 
 which number were captain Ogelby and lieut. Saundecs, 
 and about forty were wounded. 
 
 Since this ^period, no event of any signal importance 
 with respect to Lincoln has taken place ; and we shall 
 therefore proceed to consider its history, as connected 
 with its ecclesiastical establishments, both under the papal 
 and the reformed church. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF LINCOLN, 
 
 ITS CATHEDRAL, EARLY MONASTIC 
 
 ESTABLISHMENTS, &C. 
 
 Christ ianiii} when first -preached in Lincoln — Bri^ 
 enumeration of the various bishops who have presided 
 over that see, from the earliest times to the present 
 moment — Extent of the jurisdiction of this see — 
 Account of the cathedral — When founded, and by 
 whom — Its architecture — Account of it byMr.Southey 
 -—List of the various churches that formerly existed^ 
 or that still exist in Lincohi — Account of it* early 
 monastic institutions. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY was introduced at a very early 
 period into this island. Bede affirms that in the second 
 century king Lucius addressed himself to Eleutheous^ 
 the Roman pontiff, for doctors to instruct him in the 
 christian religion ; and, having obtained his request, 
 embraced the gospel. This tradition, however, is dis- 
 credited by Mosheim, who says " it must be rejected by 
 such as have learning enough to weigh the credibility of 
 ancient narrations.'' 
 
 The first authentic record we have of the introduction 
 of Christianity into this country was in the iixth century, 
 when St. Augustine arrived to preach the gospel, sent 
 hither by pope Gregory the great. The various fluc- 
 tuations which accompanied the progress of the christian 
 faitli in this island, need not be here dwelt upon, and we 
 c 3 «h4ll 
 
38 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 shall therefore only state, that Paulinus,\vho accompanied 
 Augustine, is esteemed the first who taught the word of 
 life in the province of Lindsey. To him is ascribed also 
 the holy work of having converted Blecca, the governor 
 of Lincoln, who built a curious church there. 
 
 Without wandering further into the obscure and 
 uncertain traditions of this period, we may now proceed 
 to observe, that the first bishop of Lincoln was Remigius, 
 a man who had linked his fortunes with William, and 
 came over here to prosper or to fail wiih him. When 
 the synodal decree was issued, which ordered all the 
 bishops' sees to be removed to the chief towns of their 
 respective dioceses, Remigius translated his from Dor- 
 chester to Lincoln *, where, finding the church which 
 Elecca had built in a state of great dilapidation, he 
 preferred building himself a magnificent cathedral, to re- 
 pairing the old church. Accordingly he bought, in the 
 highest part of the city, several houses, with the grouad 
 belonging to them, and erected a structure which still 
 remains to win the admiration of all beholder?. He 
 dedicated it to the Virgin Mary, and endowed it with 
 forty-four prebends. An account of this building will be 
 hereafter given. He died four days previous to its con- 
 secration, (to which all the bishops of England were 
 invited by him) and was buried on the 15th of May, 
 1092, in the upper north transept. His character seems 
 to have been amiable. It was related that he used to 
 feed daily one thousand poor persons for three months in 
 every year, and clothed those among them who were either 
 blind or lame. Besides the cathedral he rebuilt the monas- 
 tery of Bardney, which had been destroyed by the Danes. 
 He also built a hospital for lepers in Lincoln. Nor did he 
 rest coldly satisfied wuth his own practical benevolence, 
 he employed his influence to excite similar benevolence 
 in others. He instigated his royal master to erect Battle 
 Abbey, in Sussex, on the spot where the battle was 
 fought, w^hich gave him the dominion of England : and 
 another at Caen, in Normandy. 
 
 Af 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 'SW 
 
 As a necessary part of the ecclesiastical history of 
 Lincoln, we shall now subjoin a brief but accurate 
 t^numeration of (he various bishops who have been trans- 
 lated or appointed to its diocese, from the time of RemigiuB 
 to the present period. 
 
 Hohert JBloet, 
 
 A Norman, vsucceeded to this see upon the death of 
 Remigius. He was a man of great and singular probity. 
 He consecrated the church which his predecessor had 
 built, and added several ornaments to it, as silk palls, 
 embroidered hoods, silver crosses, &c. &c. He also 
 added twenty-one more prebends to it, and endow^ed them 
 >vith the purchase of several farms. He w^as consecrated 
 in 1092, and continued in the bishoprick for near thirty 
 years. He died suddenly, of an apoplexy, at Woodstock, 
 as he was riding w ith the King, (Henry I.) and engaged 
 in conversation with him. He was buried at Eynsham, 
 in a monastery of his own building. During his time 
 the bishoprick of Ely was taken out of that of Lincoln., 
 and was erected into an independent see. 
 
 Alexander de JBlois, 
 
 Archdeacon of Salisbury, and chief justice of England, 
 was consecrated July 22, 1123. The year afterwards 
 the cathedral was burnt down, which he rebuilt; and, to 
 prevent similar accidents, arched it with stone. He in- 
 creased the number of prebends. He also built several 
 castles ; an ostentatious fancy, which he shared in 
 common with his uncle Roger, the celebrated bishop of 
 Salisbury. These castles, however, he had not the 
 pleasure of retaining ; for the king (Stephen) first impri- 
 soned Alexander, and then seized upon his castellated 
 edifices. When the bishop was liberated, he began to 
 judge rightly of the folly of rearing buildings for other 
 men to live in, and he henceforth directed all his atten- 
 tion and wealth to his episcopal church ; which he so 
 improved and adorned that it soon became the finest 
 cathedral in England. Suitably with this determination, 
 to concern himself only with religious functions, he built 
 and endowed two monasteries ; one at Haverholrae, for 
 c 4 canons 
 
40 HISTORY OF LINCOLN". 
 
 canons regular and nuns; another at Tame, for white 
 monks. He visited Rome twice, in 1112 — 1111: and 
 was made pope''s legale. He visited the pope a third 
 time, in France, 1147; and while abroad cauoh; a lever, 
 of wliich he died soon alter his return lo England. He 
 >vaf5 succeeded by 
 
 Mobcri de Chesnctj^ 
 
 Of norman ancestry, but of entrlish birth, in Sep- 
 tember, 1147. He was an archdeacon oi Leicester, and 
 very y-oung' at the time of his appoint iiient to ihe see of 
 Lincoln. By various indiscreet grans to !hs rektions 
 and others, he very much imp:ure<l the ie\eii >"< of his 
 diocese; bit afterwards mailo some compensHiion, by 
 erecting almost the whole of the episcopal pal;\ce at Lin- 
 coln, and oroviding' a house for himself and successors, 
 near the Temple in London. He died January 8, 1 J 67. 
 and the see remained vacant for seventeen years, in- 
 ducing a belief that there would be no more bishops of 
 Lincoln. At the expiration of six }cars. indeed, t^»<-oJV<"]/ 
 Plantas^enet^ a natural son of Henry IL was appointed 
 to the see ; he very piously received the revenues, 
 without ever visiting- his diocese, or beini:: consecrated. — 
 Hence, though he paid oft' some debts left by his prede- 
 cessor, and bestowed two bolls upon the church, besides 
 some other gifts, he is scarcely reckoned amongst the 
 bishops of Lincoln, and the eye of chronology has been 
 turned rather to his successor, 
 
 Walter de ConstanUs, 
 
 Who was appointed to the see when GeoflVey resigned 
 it in 1 1S2. He was consecrated at Anjou by the Arch- 
 bisliop of Canterbury, and did not enter upon his 
 bishoprick without many alarms, in consequence of a vague 
 prophecy, (which the recent vacancy seemed to counte- 
 nance) that no bishop of Lincoln would long continue to 
 fnjoy the dignity prosperously. This persuasion probably 
 made him willing to exchange it for the bishoprick of 
 Houen in Normandv, ( to which he >vas translated in 
 
 nsn 
 
HISTOl^Y 01-' LINCOLN. 41 
 
 1181) lliou^^li by no means so profitable a one as that ol* 
 Lincoln. Tlio' soo was again vacant for two years; 
 ^vllen, in 1 18(5, 
 
 IT ugh, 
 
 Prior of the cartliuisian monastry of William, in Somer- 
 j^otshire, was appointed to it. He was a man of exem- 
 plary piety, and, by the austerity of liis life, acquired 
 great reputation in his time, when relioion was thougjlit 
 to consist in mortification and sincere faiih, to be 
 founded upon the e\(ermination, or at least suppres- 
 sion, of all the instinctive lacultios of man. He very 
 njuch enlarged the church of Lincoln, and added many 
 splendid buildings for the iiccommodation and luxury of 
 iiis sucessors; having, no doubt, a view to his own en- 
 joyment first of all. It is said he abhorred the thoughts 
 of simony: no mean merit in an ageof prelatical grandeur 
 and enervated morality. It is also added, that in se- 
 lecting persons for ecclesiastical preferment, he was uni- 
 Ibrmly guided by sincere reference to their individual 
 (jualilications. Wliat a lesson for modern bishops! He 
 died at London, of a (juartan fever, November 17, 1200. 
 His body was conveyed to Lincoln for interment, where 
 it happened to arrive just at that period when king John 
 was there to meet the king of Scotland. The entrance 
 of such a holy corpse into the city, excited all the piety 
 of the two monarchs, and they both hastened to lend their 
 regal shoulders to the task of conveying the bier from the 
 gates of Lincoln, as far as the church, in which he was 
 buried, near the altar of St. John the Baptist. In the 
 year 1220 he was canonized at Rome: and on October 
 7, 1282, his bones were put into a silver shrine, accord- 
 ing to some, and according to others, ( Saunderson — 
 and Cough, Sepul. Mon. vol. L page 233 ) they were 
 deposited in one made of pure gold. Whether made 
 of gold or silver, however, it is certain it was precious 
 enough to tempt the rapacity of the puritans in the seven- 
 teenth century ; and, during the civil wars, it was carried 
 away, when bishop Fuller erected, in its stead, a plain 
 altar tomb over the grave. Being a saint, miracles of 
 
 course* 
 
42 hlSTOUY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 course were imputed to him: but a modern reader would 
 not be much edilied by an account of them. Holy and 
 ireek, however, as seems to have been his character, he was 
 not without some of the prelatical arrojrance that belonojs 
 to papacy, for he ordered the bod\ of Fair Ro!?amond, the 
 well known courtesan of Henry II. to be dug up, as 
 contaminatinfr the sancity of Godstow nunnery, to which 
 «^he had been a liberal benefactress when living:. — It ^'^'t'ls 
 the vice of the times, indeed, and must not therefore be 
 regarded as the personal delinquency of the bishop. — 
 He-buik what is now called the new work: and also 
 that beautiful piece of architecture, the chapter house. 
 
 JViUiam de BloiSy 
 
 Prebt'ndary and precentor of Lincoln, was appointed 
 his successor in 1201, and consecrated in 1203. He 
 died in 1206, after which the see was vacant for three 
 years, when it was filled by 
 
 Hugh IVaUis, or de Wells, 
 
 Who was chancellor of England. Of him nothing 
 very remarkable is recorded. It may therefore suffice 
 to say, that he united himself with the barons against the 
 weak and perfidious John, for which he was excommu- 
 nicated by the pope. The sentence however, he commu- 
 ted for the payment of one thousand marks, and he lived 
 many years afterw\irds, to do good offices. He died 
 Febniarv T, 1234, and was buried in his own church.— 
 By his will he left considerable sums to be distributed in 
 charitable purposes, 
 
 Robert Grostete. or Greaiheady 
 
 Succeeded to the vacant see, and was consecrated 
 June 11, 12:^5. He was a man of obscure origin, but 
 of eminent learning. He was born in Suffolk, and de- 
 serves comuiemoration no less for his talents than hi^ 
 integrity. He studied at Oxford, and then travelled into 
 France* with a view to arquire the french language. He 
 
 wrote 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 43 
 
 wrote numerous works, some say amounting to two hun- 
 dred: many of them arc extant in M. S. in the libraries 
 of Westminster, Lambeth and Cambridge. Some of 
 them were printed, of which a catah)guc may be seen in 
 the Ano;lia Sacra II. ^45. He seems to have had .•» 
 mind that outstripped the notions of his age: the times 
 he lived in were not ripe enough for his wisdom. " He 
 was," says Gough, who has given a plate of his tomb, 
 "a protestant in popish times, whose superior judgment 
 struggled hard to break the ice of reformation in the 
 thirteenth century." He treated the abuses of the papal 
 power with very little ceremony, especially its inordinate 
 ambition, and the practice of appointing Italian priests 
 to english benefices. Having some quarrel with the 
 pope, he went to Rome to argue his opinions before his 
 holiness, and though received with civility, yet, on his 
 leturn, he wrote a'lettcr to the pope, in which he very 
 freely animadverted upon the gross perversions to which 
 the papal power was applied, and drew an invidious 
 comparison between the more immediate successors of 
 St. Peter, and those who had then recently filled the chair. 
 This exasperated his holiness, who exclaimed, upon read- 
 ing the bishop of Lincoln's opinion, "what! shall this 
 old dotard, whose sovereign is my vassal, lay down rules 
 for me ? By St. Peter, I'll make such an example of him 
 as shall astonish the world." The reader of course an- 
 ticipates that he excommunicated the daring prelate, who 
 had ventured to whisper truth in the ear of power : but 
 his fulminations produced little effect; for Grostete ruled 
 over his diocese for eighteen years, with great wisdom 
 and piety, and died October 9, 1253. In all his ser- 
 mons he inveighed strongly against the pride, avarice, 
 and tyranny of the papal power ; and during his last 
 illness, openly pronounced the pope to be a heretic, and 
 anti-christ. A rare instance of firmness and integrity, if 
 we consider the age in which he lived, when the thundcru? 
 of the Vatican had power to shake the proudest throne in 
 Europe to its centre. 
 
 It may be added, that the ingenious antiquary, Pegge, 
 has published a life of this exemplary bishop, under the 
 
 following: 
 
44 ftlSTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 following title: " The life of Robert Grossteste, the cele- 
 brated bishop of Lincoln, with an account of the bishop's 
 works, and an appendix." 
 
 Henry Lexington, 
 
 Was promoted to the see, December 30, 1253, and 
 consecrated in the followini^ May. He did not long 
 enjoy it, however, for he died in 1258, and was buried 
 in the cathedral. His successor was 
 
 Benedict for Richard) de Gravesend, 
 
 Dean of the church, who was consecrated November 
 3, 1258, and died December 18, 1279. He was in- 
 terred in the south aisle of the cathedral, near the last 
 two bishops. The inscription, in saxon characters, i? 
 still visible. 
 
 Oliver Sutton, 
 
 Also dean of this church, was elected to the sec 
 February 6, and consecrated March 18, 1280. He died 
 suddenly, while in the very act of prayer, November 13. 
 1299. He was buried in the cathedral. 
 
 John d'Alderhy, 
 
 Was nominated to the see ia 1300, and died at Stow, 
 in 1319. He was buried in the cathedral, but had so 
 great a reputation for sanctity, that numbers of the 
 common people flocked to visit his tomb, from motives of 
 superstitious veneration. It was in consequence ' re- 
 moved. Mr. Gough relates, that in making a vault, a 
 few years since, the workmen, accidently or designedly, 
 broke into the grave of this bishop, whence the mason 
 stole a patten, and some other things, in which he was 
 aitled and abetted by one George Hastings, then verger : 
 the latter was tried for the theft, and acquitted ; but dis- 
 missed from his office, and the patten was carefully 
 deposited in the vestry. When the new pavement was 
 laid, in 1T83, the grave was again opened, and covered 
 with blue slabs, taken from the old pavement. 
 
HISTORY OP LINCOLN. 45 
 
 Thomas Beake, or Le JBec, 
 
 Was chosen by tiie canons of Lincoln, January 24, 
 J 31 9, l)ut died a lew months after his election. Hence 
 his name has been altogether oinitted by some, in the li^t 
 of bishops. 
 
 Henry Buryhersh, or Hurwoshj 
 
 Was consecrated bishop of Lincoln at Boulog:ne, in 
 France, in July, 1320. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and allied to some noble and powerful fomilies. When 
 Edward IL was persecuted by his queen and subjects, 
 the bishop of Lincoln, who had been formerly deprived 
 of his temporalities by the king, for some oftence which 
 he had committed, now revenged the disgrace, by ap- 
 pearing in arms against him. Nor w^as disloyalty his 
 only crime. He was distinguished for his avarice, and 
 the vexatious oppressions which he inflicted on the poor 
 of his diocese. Camden relates, that at " Tinghurst, in 
 the county of Bucks, Henry Burwash, or Burghersh, 
 bishop of Lincoln, and chancellor of England, in the 
 reign of Edward II, with whom he was a very great 
 favourite, took in the land of many poor people, without 
 making the least reparation therein, to complete hie 
 park." Those whom he wronged, however, though they 
 could not make him disgorge his ill-gotten acquisition 
 during his life, obtained its restitution after his death, by 
 propagating a story, easily believed in that credulous 
 »ge, that the defunct bishop appeared in the habit of a 
 park keeper, and declared that his soul could not rest, 
 but must assume that shape and- office, till the canons of 
 Lincoln restored the park to its former owners : and 
 their pious belief of the tale induced them to do so. He 
 died at Ghent, in Flanders, whither he accompanied the 
 king, (Edward III.) in December, 1340. His body was 
 brought to England, and interred near the east end of 
 his cathedral ; where a monument was erected, of which 
 Mr. Gough has given a plate. (See Sepulc. Monu. vol. I. 
 p. 2, pi. 35.) At his feet lie his brother Robert, a 
 knight, and his eon Bartholomew who founded a school 
 
46 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 at Lincoln, and endowed it with a sufficient maintenance 
 for live priests, and iive poor scholars lor ever. He was 
 succeeded by 
 
 Thomas Seake, or Le JBec, 
 
 A relation of the former bishop of the same name. Very 
 little is known of him, but that he was a learned man, 
 accordins; to Walsingham : that he was consecrated 
 July 7/1342, and died February 1, 1346, and wat 
 interred iu the upper north transept of his eathedral. 
 
 John Synwell, 
 
 Or, as others write it. GYxXEWELL, or Gindwell, was 
 consecrated iu 1347, and died August 4, 1362. He 
 built the chapel of St. Mary Magdalen. 
 
 JoJui Buckingham, or JBeckingham, 
 
 Was consecrated June 25, 1363. Some say that he 
 was an illiterate man, while others contend that he was 
 well skilled in the divinity of the schools. It is of little 
 consequence what he was. His brief history is this. 
 In 1397, the pope was offended at some part of his con- 
 duct, and translated him to Lichfield, a sec of much 
 •mailer value. He was indignant at this, and refusing 
 to descend from the eminence he had once stood upon, he 
 preferred rather to retire from the world in disgust, 
 and end his days in a cowl, among the monks of a mo- 
 nastery at Canterbury. He was a great benefactor to 
 William of Wickham's college in Oxford, and contri- 
 buted largely towards the erection of Rochester bridge. 
 
 Henry Beaufort,^ 
 
 The brother of king Henry IV. succeeded to the 
 vacant see : but he was translated to that of Winchester, 
 in 1404, upon which event, 
 
 =^ This ambitious prelate was distinpiiishod as the bisbop of 
 Winchester, during the turbulent period yf the Lancastrian usur- 
 
 Philip 
 
HISTORY OV LINCOLN. 47 
 
 Philip Repingdon, 
 
 Abbot of Lcicesier, and cbancellor of Oxford, was. 
 consecrated March 29, 1405. He was a man of learn- 
 ing, and what, in those days, was called a poet. At 
 one time he very strenuoasly del'ended the doctrines of 
 Wickliffe, and inveighed bitterly ag-ainst the corruptions 
 of popery ; but shrewd suspicions have been entertained, 
 that those corruptions, well directed, liad power over 
 him, for he soon returned into the bosom of holy mother 
 church, read his recantation at St. Paul's Cross, and 
 received a cardinalate from Rome, in 1408. He wrote 
 many books. According to some accounts, he loved re- 
 tirement, and voluntarily resig;ned his bishoprick in 1420, 
 for a life of seclusion and study. He died about the year 
 1423, and was buried in the south aisle of the cithedral, 
 where a marble tomb w<is erected to his memory, and the 
 following' inscription engraven on a brass plate : 
 
 Marmorea in tumba, simplex sine felle columba, 
 Rey'mgton natus, jacet hie Philippus humatus, 
 Flos, adamas cleri, pastor gregis ac preco veri ; 
 Vivat ut in coelis, quern poscat quisque fidelis. 
 
 These monkish rhimes,not very remarkable for their 
 excellence, served to perpetuate his memory. 
 
 Richard Fleming, 
 
 His successor, received the jurisdiction of the see of 
 Lincoln from the pope, May 12, 1420, and was trans- 
 lated hence to the see of York, in 1424, by the same io- 
 fluenceat Rome. But his nomination to York was resisted 
 by the king (Henry V.) merely, it maybe presumed, 
 
 to 
 
 pation. He was made a cardinal by the pope, and acquired 
 immense wealth, though he made no other display of it to iLcoin 
 cathedral, than bequeathing at his death two hundred pourtN He 
 died in 1447, and was buried m Winchester cathedral, where a 
 stately njonument was erected to his memory. Every reader re. 
 members the picture of his death, as delineated by the niatchle- 
 Hand ol bhakspeare, in the second part of Henry VI. 
 
48 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 to shew tliat the papal juri>idiction in this country 
 was not paramount. Fleming accordinoly returned to 
 Lincohi, and died at his palace at Sioalord, Jaiuiary 25, 
 1430. He was buried in a chapel which he built, on the 
 north side, near the east end of the cathedral. There ie 
 a fine monument in the chapel, with his tigure hewn in 
 freestone, and pontifically liabited. Beneath is a stone 
 figure of a skeleton, in a shroud. He founded Lincoln 
 college, Oxford. 
 
 William Grey^ 
 
 Was translated from the see of London to that of 
 Lincoln, in 1431. The reader must remember, that in 
 those days, the revenues of the latter see >vere much 
 greater than those of the former. He died at Buckden 
 in 1435. No memorial remains of him. He was buried 
 in the cathedral. 
 
 Willi a m Aln w ich, 
 
 Keeper of the privy seal, in the reign of Henry VL 
 was translated to this see, from that at Norwich, in 1436. 
 He died in 1449. He was buried in the nave of the 
 cathedral, near the western door. His repute for learning 
 and piety was so great, that he was confessor to the king. 
 He embellished the cathedral, by building the stately porch 
 at the great south door. He was succeeded by 
 
 Marm a duke L u m ley, 
 
 Who was translated from Carlisle to Lincoln, in 1450. 
 He died the year after, in London, and was privately 
 buried in the charter house, or Chartreuse monastery 
 there. He gave two hundred pounds towards building 
 queen's college, Ctambridge, of which university he wa» 
 chancellor. 
 
 John Chadwoi'thy 
 
 Was appointed to the see in 1452- and died in 1471. 
 He was buried in the cathedral. 
 
 Thomas 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOL^^ 49 
 
 Thomas Scot, 
 
 Called Roiherham from tlic placo of his nativity, was 
 .translated from RoclirRtcr to Lincoln in 1471 ; and, nine 
 year* afterwards, to York, when he was succeeded by 
 
 John Riissely 
 
 In 1480. His learning and piety are celebrated by 
 sir Thomas More in his history of Richard III. He 
 was the first fixed chancellor of Oxford: before his time 
 the office was annual. He added a chapel to the 
 cathedral, and built great part of the episcopal palace 
 at Buckdcn. He died at his own manor of Nettlcham, 
 January 30, 1494, and was buried in the cathedral. 
 
 William Smith 
 
 Was nominated to the see in 1495. He laid th« 
 found.ition of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, but died 
 (1513) before its completion. He was buried near the 
 west door of the cathedral. To him succeeded 
 
 Thomas Wolsei/, 
 
 Who was dean of this church. He was consecrated 
 bishop March 26, 1514. As cardinal Wolsey, what 
 reader of cnglir^h history is ignorant of his birth, ac- 
 tions, or death? To relate them here, therefore, would 
 be superfluous. His ambition was not to be circamscribed 
 by the dignity of this bishoprick: in a few months he was 
 translated to the see of York, and procured for his suc- 
 cessor, his friend 
 
 William Atwater, 
 
 Who was consecrated November 12, 1514, and died 
 in February 1520, in his 8Tth year. He was buried in 
 the nave of the cathedral, where w^as a marbje tomb, 
 having the effigy of a bishop engraven on it, with an 
 iriPcription. 
 
 » ./©Art 
 
so HISTOTiY OF LINCOLNr 
 
 John hongland 
 
 Succeeded him. He was a man of some note m ihc 
 reign of Henry VIII. and chiefly conspicuous for the 
 insidious use of his power as confessor to the king, to 
 accelerate the divorce between him and his queen Cathe- 
 rine. He was consecrated May 5, 151^. He acquired 
 great popularity by hjs preaching, and left several com- 
 positions and sermons behind him in latin, which were 
 printed in 1557. He built a chapel in the cathedral in 
 imitation of bishop RusselPs, with a similar tomb for 
 himself. Dying, however, at VVcoburn in 1547, he was 
 privately interred in Eton college chapel. He was much 
 attached to the church of Rome, and his zeal prompted 
 him to connive at the debaucheries of Catherine Howard 
 the king's fifth wife, because she was a catholic. — 
 During his life, Henry seized all the treasures of Lincoln 
 cathedral, and compelled the surrender of several lands to 
 the crow 1 which formerly belonged to that see. He was 
 succeeded by 
 
 Henry Holheach, or Holbechj 
 
 A very pliant tool to the odious tyranny of Henry. 
 As a reward for his servility he was translated to the see 
 of Lmcoln in 1547, in tiie first year of the reign of 
 Edward VI. Equally compliant to his new master, he 
 surrendered all its episcop<-i estates in one dav, and re- 
 duced the see of Lincoln, from being one of the richest^ 
 to one of the poorest in the kingdom. In liea of these 
 valuable possessions, the king granted him seme unim- 
 portant appropriations, which added very little to the 
 revenue. As if this sacrifice were not sufficient, he 
 abandoned for ever the episcopal palace in London, 
 leaving to his successors, who no doubt reverence his 
 memory, no other residence than that at Lincoln. — 
 During his time the church was again plundered, though 
 already stripped pretty b:i.re, and the spire, said to be 
 higher than that of Salisbury cathedral, fell down, as if 
 convulsed with sorrow at the lamentable fate of its body. 
 
 He 
 
mSTOTlY OP LINCOLN'. 5l 
 
 He died Aii^ast 12, 1551^ and was privately buried ia 
 Ihe cached ral. 
 
 John Taylor 
 
 Succeeded, June 20, 1552. He was a zealous pro- 
 testant, unawed by tlie sanguinary h'xgoivY ^^ Mary, who 
 deprived him of his see, and would probably have 
 inilicled some severer marks of her zeal upon him, had 
 not his death rendered persecution needless. This hap- 
 pened at Ancervvicke in Buckinghamshire, but at what 
 period is not known. 
 
 John White 
 
 Was consecrated bishop of Lincoln, April 1, 1554. 
 In 1556 he war, translated to the see of Winchester. 
 He had been warden of Wickham^s college at Win- 
 chester, and, not expecting any promotion, held caused a 
 tomb to be made for himself there; he was, however, 
 raised to the see of Lincoln, and, by a singular coin- 
 cidence, translated hence to the see of Winchester, 
 where he found his cemetery ready for his bones. He 
 was a mm of austere life, and eminent for his piety and 
 learning. He was appointed to preach queen Mary's 
 funeral sermon, in doing whicli he gave so much offence 
 by his catholic big(.try, to Elizabeth, that she deprived 
 him of his bishoprick in 155D. He retired to his sister's 
 house in Hampsiiire, and passed the rest of his dayi in, 
 seclusion. 
 
 Thomas Watson^ 
 
 Dean of Durham, and master of St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, was consecrated August 15, 1557. He was 
 a zealous catholic, and soon excited the anger of the 
 reformers and of Elizabeth, whom he threatened to ex- 
 communicate, and wliO, in return, deprived him of his 
 benefice. Nor was this the only persecution he under- 
 went. He was confined in the tower of London from 
 1559 to 1582, and then removed to Wisbech castle, 
 where he ended bis days. Such was the toleraot conduct 
 D 2 oT 
 
52 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 of a proteslant queen ! Watson was a man of learning, 
 as far as school divinity then extended, and he was 
 a benefactor to the cathedral of Lincoln, by obtaining 
 the restitution of some of those possessions which the 
 courtly acquiescence of Holbech had alienated, and also 
 the acquisition of several estates then vesred in the crown. 
 He was the last catholic bishop of Lincoln, and, upon his 
 being deprived, 
 
 Nicholas EulUngJiam 
 
 Succeeded, and was consecrated January 21, 1559. 
 He was kind enough to surrender all that his predecessor 
 had obtained, and when he had stripped the see of its 
 recent weaUh, he procured himself to be translated to a 
 richer one (Worcester) leaving to his successor the pioug 
 opportunity of conforming himself more strictly to the 
 apostolical example of contentment with little. That 
 successor was 
 
 Thomas Cooper^ 
 
 Who was consecrated February 24, 1570, and trans- 
 lated to Winchester in 1583, where he died in 1594. 
 He seems to have been a good man, and wrote several 
 books, which probably ingratiated him with Elizabeth, 
 who was proud of her own pedantry, and loved pedantry 
 in others, which she mistook for learning. 
 
 William Wichham, 
 
 Was consecrated December 6, 1584, and translated t# 
 Winchester February 22, 1594. 
 
 William Chaderton 
 
 Was translated from Chester to Lincoln in 1595, and 
 died in 1608. He was buried at Southoe, within a mile 
 ©f his palace at Buckden. To him succeeded 
 
 William 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 53 
 
 William Barlow^ 
 
 Who was translated from Rochester in 1008, and died 
 suddenly in 1013. lie was an eminent preacher, and 
 was a])pointcd one of (he four to preach before hit 
 majesty at Hampton court, for the purpose of converting 
 some scotch presbyterians lo the true doctrines of the 
 church of England. 
 
 Richard Neale^ or Neil, 
 
 Was promoted to the see of Lincoln in 1614. He 
 had been successively bishop of Rochester, Litchfield, and 
 Coventry ; and he was afterwards removed to the see of 
 Durliam in 161T ; then to that of Winchester in 162T ; 
 and lastly to York in 1631. He died October 31, 16ia, 
 three days before tlie lonjjj parliament began to ait, and 
 was buried in St. Peter's church, Westminster. His 
 memory was afterwards branded by the puritans. 
 
 George Moimtaigne 
 
 Succeeded to the see of Lincoln upon the promotion 
 of bishop Neale in 1617. He was consecrated December 
 14 in that year. Like his predecessor he had many re- 
 movals. In 1621 he was made bishop of London; in 
 162T he succeeded to the see of Durham, and in three 
 months afterwards was removed to York, where he died 
 in 1628. 
 
 John fViUiams 
 
 Was consecrated bishop of Lincoln November IT, 
 1621. He was a distinguished character during the tur- 
 bulent period of Charles I. and the commonwealth. He 
 w^as brought forward under the auspices of the duke of 
 Buckingham, and was a servile flatterer of the court. 
 Jealous of the rising power of Laud, he united himself 
 with the country party and the puritans ; severely fined 
 by the star-chamber upon frivolous pretences, his oppo- 
 sition was aggravated. He was a man of great powers 
 ©f mind, but wanted steadiness of principle. He was 
 D 3 episcopalian 
 
54 HISTORY OP LIN("OLK. 
 
 episcopalian or puritan, courtier or roundhead, just as 
 the colours of the momont made thoso characters desi- 
 rable or otherwise. He was translated from Lincoln to 
 York in 1611. He engao'cd in the civil wars, and 
 besiegied his own castle of A hereon way in Wales, 
 which had fallen into the hands of the roy^lisis. Hp 
 aucceedid in taking it, and retained possession of it till 
 his deatli, which happened on the 2fith of March, 1649. 
 He was succeeded in the episcopal see of Lincoln by 
 
 Th omas J Vin n iffe, 
 
 Dean of St. PauFs, who was consecrated February 6, 
 1642. He was a man of learning', piety, and cliarity ; 
 but his virtues were fallen upon evil times. During- the 
 civil commot'ons, which raged in their u-most fury while 
 he held the see, he saw himself deprived of all liis tem- 
 poralities, his episcopal palaces demolished, his cathedral 
 robbed of its remaining ornaments, and his church 
 converted into a barrack for soL ieiy. He himsielf re- 
 tired to Lambourn, where he died in 1654, and was 
 buried in Lambourn church. 
 
 Robert Sanderson 
 
 Succeeded Dr. Winniffe, affer the re^Jtoration. He 
 was consecrated October 28, 16^)0, but did not long 
 tMijoy his dignity, for he died January 29, 166^^. He 
 was buried in the chancel ol Euckden church. Sander- 
 son was a man who had shared many of the troubles 
 which befel his royal master, to whom he seems to have 
 been firmly attached. He distinguished himself for his 
 learning and acuteness. He was eminent as an anti- 
 quary, and well skilled in heraldry. Sir W. Dugdale 
 was much indebted to him in the compilation of his 
 Monasiicon Anglicanura : and bishop Usher, speaking of 
 him, says "that when he proposed a case, to the judicious 
 Sanderson, he grasped all the circumstances of it, re- 
 turned the happy answer that met his own thouirhts, sa- 
 tisfied all his scruple?, and cleared all his doubts." To 
 him succeeded 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 5^ 
 
 J3en/amin haney, 
 
 Who was translated iVom tliesce of Peterborough, and 
 consecrated bishop of Lincohi lf)63. In 1667 he was 
 removed from hence to that of Ely, where he died in 
 1671. 
 
 William Fuller, 
 
 Bitrhop of Limerick in Ireland, was translated to the 
 see of Lincohi, upon the removal of Laney in 1667. 
 He is said to have had much knowledi^c ot antiquities, 
 and he very assiduously hiboured to adorn the cathedral, 
 which had suffered so much in the late wars. He rescued 
 from destruction the tombs 'A some of the early bij'Iiops, 
 and embellished them with new insci iprions. He died at 
 Kensir.ji^ton near Lonclun, April 22, 1675, and was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 Thomas Barlow, 
 
 Who was consccr.'.'ed Jun-^ 27 in diai year. A rigid 
 calvinist i-; principles, yet he .«rl no objeeiion to epis- 
 copacy, as honour and emolument vvere excluded from 
 the adherence to his o'vn doctrines. He accep^ed the 
 dignities and the profits of the !)ishoprick, but he could 
 not consent to perform the corresvondin.^ duties. He 
 never once visited Lincoln, and was hence s!yled the 
 bisliop of Buckden, at which place he cominonly resided. 
 While James was kinnr. Barlow was obsequious ; when 
 that monarch abdicated the throne, the bishop abdicated 
 his duty ; and had the unfortunate monarch recovered*^ 
 his crown, no doubt our pious prelate w^ouid have re- 
 covered his loyalty. He died in 1691, and was buried 
 in Buckden church. 
 
 Thomas Tenmson 
 
 Succeeded bim, and was consecrated January 10, 
 1692. He was afterwards ( 1691 ; promoted to the 
 archbishoprick of Canterbury, in which character he is 
 better known as an eminent divine. Burnet has given a 
 just character of him in his history ; he was undoubtedly 
 one of those men w ]io have contributed, by their learning 
 D 4 and 
 
56 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 and ability, (o raise the name of tljc cno;lish clergy to 
 that proud eminence which it holds throughout all Eu- 
 rope. When he succeeded Tilioison in the archiepiscopa' 
 iee of Canterbury, he was succeeded in the bishoprick of 
 Lincoln by 
 
 James Gardiner, 
 
 Who was consecrated M.irch JO, 1691, and died in 
 1705. He was buried ia the cathedral, under a raised 
 marble monument. 
 
 William Wake, 
 
 Another distinguKsiu ] divine, was consecrated bishop 
 of Lincohi October 21, 1 iOi/, and in 1715 succeeded 
 Tennison as archli-hop of Canterbury, recommending as 
 his suceceiS^^or to the see of Lincoln 
 
 JEdmtmd Gibson, 
 
 Who was consecrated February 12, 17lB, and trans- 
 lated to the see of London in 1723 He pjb-i.^hed a 
 very oood edition of Camden's i ritannia. He was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 Mi chard Reynolds, 
 
 Bishop of Bangor, who held the see from 1723 to 
 1740. 
 
 John Thomas 
 
 Was translated from St. Asaph to Lincoln in 1740, 
 and from thence to that of Salisbury in 1761, in which 
 year 
 
 John Green 
 
 Was consecrated. He held the see till 1771, when he 
 was appointed ciuion residentiary of St. Paul's, and died 
 in 1779. To him succeeded 
 
 Thomas Tliiirlow, 
 
 Brother of the Lord Chancellor. In 1787 he was 
 translated to the see of Durham, when 
 
 Georga 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. 5T 
 
 George Pretyman Tomline, 
 
 The present bisfiop, was appointed ; a prelate distin- 
 guished ibr his taieiits, ol" which he lias recently given a 
 decided proof in his work upon Calvinism. 
 
 Havinir given this chronological summary of the va- 
 rious bishops who have presided over the ecclesiastical 
 ftifairs of Linccin, and among whom there are some 
 names tlio^ reflect a high lustre upon the reformed church 
 of rMii'h'ud, v.e shall now proceed to state, briefly, the 
 extent and jurisdiction of this see in past and present 
 times. 
 
 The jurisdiction of this see was very great before the 
 reformavion, and the revenues were, of course, propor- 
 tionably extensive. " Except the two archbishopricks,'^ 
 says Camden's editor, " and the principulity bishopricks 
 tliat had baronies belonging to them, viz. Winchester, 
 Durham, and Ely, no' see in the kingdom was so well 
 endowed ; msomuch that we meet with no bishop trans- 
 laced from hence to any see except Winchester, before 
 the reign oi Elizabeth, though since, no less than ten out 
 of seventeen have left this for other sees. Nor was it 
 less remarV'ible for ms many palaces, or places of resi- 
 dence for the bishops, w^ithin the diocese; for ihey had, 
 before 1547, eight furnished in the diocese, besides 
 othns. In this county, Lincoii;, Sleaford and Nettleham; 
 in Rutland, Liddinnton ; in Huntingdonshire, Buckden; 
 in i-'ackinghaiiisJiire, Wooburn and Tinghurst; in Ox- 
 fordshire, Banbury Castle ; and two more at Newark, 
 county oi Nottingham *, and Lincoln place. Chancery- 
 lane, London. All these, except about thirty manors, 
 were given up in the first of Edward VI. by Holbeach, 
 so that flow, this see, above all others, consists in the 
 propriety of rectories and tythes." Camden himself ob- 
 serves, "that the diocerse of Lincoln, not confined within 
 the narrow limits which, in the early Saxon church, 
 satisfied the bishop of Sidnacester, who presided ever 
 this county, takc^ in so many counties, that it is ready to 
 sink under its own greatness ; and though Henry II. 
 took out of it the diocese of Elv, and Henry YIH, those 
 
 -of 
 
5S HISTORY OF LINCOLN; 
 
 cS Potcrborouph and Oxford, it is still reckoned the 
 hiroesl ill England for jurisdiction and number of coun- 
 ties, and comprehends one thousand two hundred and 
 forty-seven parish churches." 
 
 Our next business will be to present a faithful account 
 of the past and present condition of that l)eautifal fabric, 
 tJie cathedral ; and here we cannot do better than avail 
 ourselves of the accurate and elegant description from the 
 pen of Mr. Britlun. 
 
 '•The C^t;iedral," says he, '-or as it is usually 
 called, the Minster, is justiy ti.e pride and glory of Lin-, 
 coin. This magnilici^-'nt building, frOni its situation on 
 the highcs; part of a hill, and the fiat slate of the country, 
 to the south east and south west, may be seen at the dis- 
 tance of twenty miles. Raised at a vast expcnce, by the 
 nmnificence of several prelates, it discovers in many parts 
 singular skill and beauty, particularly its western fronts 
 which cannot fail to attract the attention of the most 
 unobservant traveller. And of all the ancient fabrics of 
 this description now remaining in England, no one do- 
 serves the attention of a curious encpiirer more than this, 
 ' whose floor,' says Fuller, in his humourous style, ' is 
 higher than the roof of many churches!' It ma)M)e said 
 to be a building jiroportioned to the amplitude of the 
 diocese, and is justly esteemed one of the most extensive 
 and regular of its kind, notwithstanding it was erected at 
 different periods, and has undergone various alterations 
 in later times. After the see was removed to this place, 
 the new bishop, Remigius, according to Henry of Hun- 
 tingdon, purchased lands oa the highest parts of the city, 
 near the castle, which made a figure with its strong- 
 towers, and built a church, strong and fair, in a strong 
 place, and in a fair spot, to the virgin of virgins, in spite 
 of all the opposition from the archbishop of York, who 
 laid claim to the ground, placing in it forty-four preben- 
 daries. This afterwards bein..: damaged by lire, was 
 elegantly repaired by that muniticent and pious bishop of 
 JLincoln, Alexander. The hrst foundations were laid in 
 the yeac 1086, by bishop Remigius^ aud the building was 
 
 cuniinugd 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN, 59 
 
 continued by him and his successor, Robert Bloct. — 
 Soon after the death of this bishop, the church is sai<l to 
 Iiavc been burnt down,* about A. D. H2T, and rebuilt 
 by bishop Alexander, his successor, with an arched stone 
 roof, to prevent the recurrence of a like accident iri" 
 future ; and it is stated that he set his whole mind upon 
 adorning his new cathedral, which he made the most 
 magnificent at that t;mc in England. But though thus 
 rendered pre-eminent for size and decorations, it was 
 made more elegant, &c. by St. Huph of Burgundy, in 
 the time of Henry II. This prelate added several parts, 
 which were then named the new works.f To siiew what 
 these consisted in, and the periods when dilferent altera- 
 tions and additions vsere made to this structure, I shall 
 transcribe a passage from the ninth voiunie of the Ar- 
 chaeologia, tiie substaricle of vThicii appears to have been 
 derived from ihc arciiives of the cathedral." 
 
 'A. D. 1124. The church was burnt down. Bishop 
 Alexander is, in the historical accounts given to the pub- 
 lic, said to havfc re-;i'i't it wi^h an arched roof, for the 
 prevention of the like incident. But John de Scalby, 
 canon of Lincoln, and bishop D'Alderby's registrar and 
 societary, s,.ys of Robert de Chesney ( who succeeded 
 Alex^ndei ) that he ' Primus Ecclesiam voltis lapidies 
 €ommunivit, 114T. 
 
 ' 1186. John de Scalby says of Hugh the burgundian, 
 tisliop of Lincoln, that he ' fabricanas ecclesiie a funda- 
 mentis construxit novam.' This can relate only to 
 allerations and repairs of the old church, for the new east 
 end was not begun to be built till one hundred and 
 twenty years after.' 
 
 ' 1244 — 5. The great tower fell down, and greatly 
 damaged the church. Very little was done to repair this 
 
 disaster, 
 
 * Mr. Gough says ' only damagiid.' 
 
 f It appears, from various documents, tbat all additions made, 
 to ancient structures were called new works. Various alterations, 
 &c. were made at Ely cathedral, ne-iirly at the sr\roe periods that 
 others were making at Lincoln; and they are called new worVs> or 
 *nova opera.* 
 
60 HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. 
 
 disaster, till the time of Oliver Sutton, elected bisihop 
 1279. The first thinp; vhich he set about was extending 
 the close wall, but not so far to (he east as it now is, for 
 it was, as will be seen, further enlaroed ; and he after- 
 wards completely repaired, in concurrence with the dean 
 and chapter, the old church : so that the whole was 
 finished, painted, and white-washed, after the year 12-90. 
 Wlien (his work was done, the gTrat lower was carried 
 up no hijj^her than to the part Wiicro th^ large windows 
 be^;in, and where the bells now hang-. The upper part 
 was, with the other new work, begun sixteen years after* 
 
 ' irJCG. The dec'tnand chapter contracted with Richard 
 de Stow, mason, to attend to, and em}>loy other mason* 
 under him, for the new work ; at which time the new 
 additional cast end, as Well as the upper parts of the 
 great tower and the transepts were done. He contracted 
 to do the plain work by measure, and the fine carved 
 work and images by the day.' 
 
 ' ini3. The d€an and chapter carried the close still 
 further eastward, so as to enlarge the canon's houses and 
 mansions, the chancellery, and other houses at the east 
 end of the minster yard/ 
 
 * 1321. In this year the new work was not finished, 
 for bishop Burghw^ish, finding that those who were en- 
 trusted to collect the money given by voluntary contri- 
 bution, and legacies to the church, detanied the same, and 
 were backward in their payments, published an excom- 
 munication against all offenders in this way, which tended 
 ' in retardationem fabrics;.' 
 
 ' 132 J. It maybe collected, the whole was finished 
 about 13:?4; but this is no where specified. The late 
 bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Lyttleton, conjectured that all was 
 finished about 1283. Conjectures are led into this mis- 
 take, by supposing that the work was finished soon after 
 king Henry III.'s charter, granted for enlarging the 
 church and close. 
 
 M380 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOL.V. 61 
 
 "* 1380. John Wclburn was treasurer. He built the 
 tabernacle at the liigh altar, (!ic north and east parts are 
 now standing;; and the south was rebuilt after, to make 
 the north and south sides uniform. He was master of 
 the fabric, and the principal promoter of making the tw^o 
 stone arches under the w^st towers, and the vault of the 
 Ijigh tower; and caused the statues of the kings over the 
 west great door to be placed there.' 
 
 ' N. B. This new work is all of the regular order of 
 gothic architecture, as I have supposed it to be finally 
 established by the free masons. The rest of the church 
 is in part the opus romanum, and partly of the style of 
 the first essays of the gothic' Communicated by Mr. 
 Bradley to governor Pownal. 
 
 These notices are important, for it is interesting to 
 ascertain the dates, &c. of such ancient buildings as are 
 beautiful or grand. The one now under consideration 
 presents, in its different parts, both these characteristics; 
 the principal of which I shall endeavour to describe and 
 particularize. 
 
 " The cathedral church consists of a nave with its 
 aisles, a transept at the west end, and two other tran- 
 septs, one near the centre, and the other towards the 
 eastern end ; also a choir and chancel, with their aisles 
 of corresponding height and width with the nave and 
 aisles. The great transept has an aisle towards the east ; 
 attached to the western side of this transept is a gallilee, 
 or grand porch ; and on the southern side of the eastern 
 aisle are two oratories, or private chiipels, while the 
 north side has one of nearly similar shape and ch'tracler. 
 Branching from the northern side are the cloisters, 
 which communicate with tlie chapter house. The church 
 is ornamented with three tow^ers ; one at the centre, and 
 two at the western end. These are lofty, and are deco- 
 rated with varied tracery, pillars, pilasters, w^indows, &c. 
 To furnish the reader with an adequate idea of the di- 
 mensions and general size of this structure, I subjoin the 
 following table, the measurements for which were made 
 
 by 
 
6t HISTORY OF LINCOLNr 
 
 by Mr. T. P^spin of LoiUh ; and I believe are moF^ 
 accurate than any hitherto published/' 
 
 "The height of the two western towers, one hundred 
 and eighty feet. Previous to the year 1S08, eacli of 
 these was surmounted by a central spire, the height of 
 which was one hundred and one feet. The great tower 
 in the middle of the church, from the top of the cornejr 
 pinnacle to the ground, is three hundred teet ; its width 
 is fifty -three feet. Exterior length of the church, with 
 its buttresses, five hundred and twenty-four feet ; interior 
 length, four hundred and eighty-two feet; width of wes- 
 tern front, one hundred and seventy-four feet ; exterior 
 lentrth of great transept, two hundred and fifty feet ; and 
 interior, two hundred and twenty-tw^o feet; the width is 
 sixty-six iect. The lesser or eastern transept, is one 
 hundred and seventy feet in length, and forty-four in 
 width, including the side chapels. Width of the cathe- 
 dra], eighty feet ; height of the vaulting of the nave, 
 eighty feet. The chapter house is a decagon, and 
 measures, interior- diameter, sixty (eet^ six inches* The 
 cloisters measure one hundred and eighteen feet on the 
 north and south sides, and ninety-one feet on the eastern 
 'and western sides..'' 
 
 " Such are the princip'il measurements of this spacious 
 fabric ; to describe the whole of which would occupy a 
 volume. Therefore, in the following particulars, 1 can 
 only advert to, and notice a few of its most prominent 
 features." 
 
 '• Though it will not be an easy task to define and 
 discriminate all the remaining portions of Remigius'ii 
 and Alexander's buildings, yet there are some parts 
 which may be confidently referred to as the works of 
 these prelates. The grand western front, wherein the 
 greatest variety of styles prevail, is certainly the work- 
 manship of three, if not more, distinct and distant eras. 
 This is apparent to the most cursory observer ; and on 
 minutq inspection by the discriminating architect and an- 
 fii^uary, is very decisively displayed. Tbii portioa of 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY Of LINCOLN. 63 
 
 the fabric consists of a large square-shape facade; the 
 uhole of wliich is decorated with door-ways, windows, 
 arcades, niches, &c. It has a pedimcnc in the centre, 
 and two octan^'^uiar strir-case turrets at the extreme 
 angles, surmounted by plain spire-sliaped pinnacles. — 
 This front may be described as divided into three dis- 
 tinct, though ^lot separated parts; a centre and i's two 
 lateral sides. The lirst presents three perpendicular 
 divisions, and three others from the bottom to the top. 
 In the lowest are three door-ways, a large one in the 
 centre, which directly opens to the nave, and two smaller 
 ones facing the side aisles. These arches are semi- 
 circular, ^Yith various architrave mouldings, ornamented 
 with carved figures, foilage, &c. and on each side are 
 columns, which are also decorated with sculpture. These 
 door-w^lys arc of handsome proportions, and the sculp- 
 ture is but little mutilated. On each side of the two 
 small doors is a large niche under a semicircular arch, 
 above which are some pieces of ancient emblematical 
 sculpture in relief. Over the great western df>or-way 
 are some statues of kings, &e. under decorated canopies, 
 and above them is the large western window, with mul- 
 lions and tracery ; a circular window, with a cinquefoil 
 mullion, is seen above this, at the sides of which the flat 
 wall is ornamented with a sort of treleis work, or lo- 
 zenge-shaped tracery. This facing prevails in the 
 lateral gables, north and south of the two western 
 towers; also within the towers. 
 
 *'The upper transept and the choir appear the next in 
 point of date. These are in the sharp-pointed or early 
 english style, and their architecture is very irregrilar, 
 having pillars with detached shafts of purbeck marble in 
 different forms, but all very light; those on the sides of 
 the choir have been formerly strengthened. Some of the 
 arches are high and pointed, others obtuse, with strajcrht 
 upright lines above their imposts ; a few small arches are 
 semicircular, and many are of the trefoil shape. / The 
 vaulting is generally simp-'e^the ribs of, a few groins only 
 have a billetted moulding ; a double row of arches or 
 arcades, one placed before the other, is continued round 
 
 the 
 
64 HrSTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 tlie inside, beneath the lower tier of window?. The win- 
 dows, which are lofty and narrow, are placed two or 
 three tog;ether ; th.e great buttrt^sses in front are orna- 
 mented in a sinj^ular manner, with detached shicfts, 
 terminating in rich foilage ; the parapet is covered with 
 lead, and the aisles have a plain stone parapet, with a; 
 biltetted moulding underneath. Some of the sculpture 
 is well executed ; but the arches and mouldinos are very 
 imperfect. This part of the fabric was probably built 
 by bisliop St. Hugh. The great transept, the j^aliilee 
 porch,* and (he vestry, are nearly ot the same, but in a 
 later style. The vestry is vaulted, (he groiiu ;g having 
 strong ribs; and beneath it is a crypt, with groins, con- 
 verging into pointed arches.'"" 
 
 "The uave and cen^tral tower were next rebuilt, 
 probably begun by Hugh de Welis, as the style of their 
 architecture is that of the latter part of the reign of 
 John, or the beginning of Henry III. It seems to have 
 been carried on from the west, as the two arches next 
 that end are narrower than the others; perhaps they 
 stand on the old bases. The clustered pillars of the nave 
 are not uniform, some being worked solid, and others 
 having detached shafts; the upper windows are clustpji-ed 
 three together,, and two are included within each arch of 
 the aisles. The lower part of the north wall is plainer 
 than the south, whence it may be concluded that this was 
 built first. Part of the great tower was erected by 
 bishop Grosthead, who also finished the additions whicli 
 had been begun to the old west front ; for there is the 
 same fascia or moulding under the uppermost story as is 
 continued twice round the rood tower, juul altered it to 
 its present foYm. The part extending- Itohv /lie smaller 
 transept to the east end, was probably built by. bishops 
 Gravesend, Sutton, and D'Alderby, about the conclusion 
 of the thirteenth, or commencement of the fourteenth 
 century. Over the south porch, which is highly orna- 
 mented, is a representation of the final judgment, in bold 
 
 relief, 
 
 * This is said to have been formerly appropriated to the use v( 
 probationary peiutenf'i, previous to their being re - a 1 mi tied iute 
 v»mmnnion with the faithful. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 65 
 
 relief. The lower windows have slender clustered pil- 
 lars, with capitals ; and the heads are ornamented with 
 circles, cinquefoils, and other devices : but the larf^e 
 cast window does not correspond in richness with the 
 other component parts. The upper windows have double 
 mullions, and a gallery runs between the upper and 
 lower tiers. Bishop d'Alderby built the upper story of 
 the rood tower, and added a lofty spire which was con- 
 structed of timber, and covered with lead. This was 
 blown down in a violent storm of wind, A. D. 1547; 
 and the damajres then sustained were not wholly repaired 
 till the year 1775. 
 
 " Bishop Alnwick probably raised the western towers, 
 and erected the wood spires, the taking down of which, 
 lately by the dean and chapter, has provoked much sple- 
 netic animadversion. He added also the three west win- 
 dows, and the figures of our kings, from the conquest to 
 Edward III. The arch of the centre window is much 
 older than its mullions. The ceilings of the towers, and 
 facing of the interior parts of the three west entrances., 
 are of the same age. The great marigold window, ai 
 the soutli end of the lower transept, was built about the 
 time of £dward III. 
 
 '' Various chapels were erected, and chantries found- 
 ed at diiferent periods, for the interment of the great, 
 and the performance of mass, to propitiate the Deity in 
 favour of their departed spirits, and those of their friends 
 and relations. A chantry was founded within the close 
 of the cathedral, by Joan de Cantalupe, in the thirty- 
 firs* of Edward III. for a warden and seven chaplains, 
 to pray for the soul of Nicholas de Cantalupe, her husband, 
 as also for her own soul after death, and for the souls of 
 all the faithful departed. John Welbourn, treasurer «f 
 this church, fortieth of Edward III. founded a chantry 
 here. In an ancient MS. of the dean and chapter, 
 containing copies of deeds and charters respecting this 
 chantry, &c. is a curious instrument, which conveys the 
 house which belonged to 'Elye' (Elias) the son of a jew, 
 tu who 
 
<>B HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 \vlio was hanired at Lincoln, and the lands of another 
 jcvv, who was outlawed. 
 
 " Richard Flemmincr, bishop of Lincoln, built a 
 chapel near the north door, whcr<^ a statue lies on an 
 altar tomb of marble, in his pontiMcal robes. Bishop 
 Russell, in the time- of Henry VI L also built one lor the 
 place of his interment, on the south side of the presby- 
 tery. And in imitation of this, during the succeeding 
 reign, bishop Loiioland erected another for the like 
 purpose. This is a beautiful and interesting specimen of 
 the architecture of the age. 
 
 " The late earl of Burlington, whose taste for arrhi- 
 tecture gave him 'he title of the english Palladio, in a 
 question of precedency between the cathedrals oj Y.»rk 
 and Lincoln, gave a deci'^ion in favour of the latter ; and 
 preferred the west front of it To any thing of the kind in 
 Europe, observing, 'Th-.t whoever had the conducting 
 of it, was well acquain ed with -he noblest buildings of 
 old Rome, and had united some of their greH^est 
 beauties in that very work.' That nolhinL', mifh be 
 wanting to render this church as splendid in furniture as 
 it was elegant in its decorations, it received the most 
 lavish donations. Indeed so sumpmonsly was it suppliv-d 
 with rich shrines, jewels, vestments, &c. that Dugdale 
 informs us Henry VI J L took out ot its immense treasure 
 no less than two thousand six hundred and twenry-(»ne 
 ounces of gold, and four thousand two hundied and 
 ei«"hty-five ounces of silver, besides pearls and precious 
 stones of the mos' costly kind. Also two shrines, one 
 called St Hugh's, of pure gold ; and the other of massy 
 silver, called St. John d'AiderbyV : at the same time 
 the episcopal mitre is said to have been the richest in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 " From the time the custom of burying in churches 
 was adopted till the present, this cathedral has had its 
 share of costly sculpture ; its chapels, walls, and columns 
 have been ornamented or disfigured by monumental re- 
 cords and emblems of mortality. But when the observer 
 
 viewft 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 67 
 
 views the state of such ])ious memorials, and compares 
 them with the number and grandeur of those which 
 history relates to have been erected in the different 
 periods, he is strong^ly reminded of the transitory nature 
 of the very exerfions made to counteract the oblivious 
 ravages of time ; and of the ineffectual mode of securing 
 to ourselves or others the meed of posthumous fame, by 
 the pomp of monument or lettered slone. Of many of 
 these tombs not a vestige remains, nor are the places 
 known where once they stood. 
 
 '' At the reformation, for the purpose of finding se- 
 creted weaUh, and under the pretence of discouraging 
 superstition, many of them were destroyed. Bishop 
 HoJbech and Dean Henneage, both violent zealots, 
 caused to be pulled down or defaced most of the hand- 
 some tombs, the figures of saints, crucifixes, &c. so that 
 by the close of the year 1 548, there was scarcely a 
 perfect tomb, or unmutilated statue left. What the 
 flaming zeal of reformation had spared, was attacked by 
 the rage of the fanatics in the time of Charles I. — 
 During the presidency of bishop Winniffe, in the year 
 1645, the brass plates in the walls, or flat stones, w^re 
 torn out, the handsome brass gates of the choir, and 
 those of several chantries pulled down, and every re- 
 maining beauty, which was deemed to savour of super- 
 stition, entirely defaced; and the church made barracks 
 for the parliamentary soldiers. 
 
 " In 1782, the floor of the cathedral was new paved, 
 which occasioned a great change in the state of inscribed 
 stones, and the alterations lately made in the transepts 
 and choir, have totally disarranged many of the principal 
 tombs. In the choir were four monuments, one of which 
 is said to have belonged to Ilemigius, the first bishop. — 
 Mr. Gough observes, ' both Remigius who began to- 
 b\!ild this church, and his successor Bloet, who finished 
 it, are said by Willis to have been buried in the church 
 of Remigius' building ; the first in the choir, the other 
 in the north transept, and both to have had contiguous 
 monuments, or as he calls them, chapels on the north 
 fi 2 side 
 
€8 HISTORY OP LINCOLN. 
 
 aide of the choir.'' It seems probable thaf the present 
 monuments ascribed to both were erected over their re- 
 mains within the old choir, when it was reb.iilt by 
 bishop Alexander in the reierns of Henry I. and Stephen. 
 This choir was continued further east about the close of 
 Henry III/s reio-n. and the s^^reen, rood-loit, and stalls, 
 made in that of Edward M. To one of these periods 
 may those monuments therefore be ascribed. The 
 kni.t'hts on the front, of this monumenl may denote sol- 
 diers placsd to p,uard our Lord's sepulchre ; as on a 
 tomb in the north side of the altar at Northwold iii 
 Norfolk, where are three armed men between three 
 trees, all in a reclinmir posture. Aiuother monument 
 commemorates Catharine Swinford, wife of John of 
 Gount, duke of L^nca^ter. Her hrure is engraved oh 
 a brass plate, and the following inscription is preserved 
 pn the hllet : 
 
 ' Ici fifist Dame Katherine, duchesse de Lancastre 
 jadvs femmt^ de la tres noble & tres p-racious f)ri:ice 
 John due de Luir-stre ; fils a tres noble roy Edward 
 le tierce. La quelle Katherine moreulr le x jour de May 
 Fan de yrate mil. cccc. tierz. De quelle alraes Dieu eyt 
 mercy & pitee.' Amen. 
 
 " \t the foot of the above is another monument, t« 
 the memory of Joan countess oi Wesfmoreland. She 
 Avas only dau^ihter of John of Gaunt, by the above wife, 
 and was also interred here in November 1440. Attached 
 to a monument of grey marble, on a fillet of brass, was 
 tjiis inscription : 
 
 ' Filia Lancastr. ducis inclyta, sponsa Johannis 
 
 Westmerland primi subjacet hic coraitis. 
 Desine. scriba, suas virtutes promere, nulla 
 
 Vox valeat merita vix reboare sua. 
 ^tirpe, decore, fide, tum fama, spe, prece, prole, 
 
 Actibus A; vira poUuit in.mo sua. 
 Nario tota do. '? '>'o morte Deus tulit ipsam 
 
 In Bncii iesto, C. quater M. quater X.' 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN, 69 
 
 "In the south aisle were twenty-four monuments*, 
 among- which were those to bishops Repingidon, Graves- 
 end, and Grosthead. In our lady's chapel was a marble 
 ahar monument, or cenotaph, with the figure of a queen, 
 and on the edge, in old english characters, this inscription: 
 
 * Hie sunt sepulta viscera Alianore quondam Regine 
 Anclie Uxoris Regis fCdvardi filii Regis Henrici cujus 
 A.iiiue Propitietur Dt^us. Amen. + Paternoster.' 
 
 " On the north side of the same chapel were two cu- 
 rious tombs of freestone, arched and carved. One of 
 those, with the figure of a man in armour, Mr. Sanderson 
 supposes was intended for sir John Tiptoft, m the time of 
 Edward III. Under the small east window is a chan« 
 try, founded by Nicholas lord Cantalupe. In this, under 
 a lotty pinnacled canopy, is an altar tomb of speckled 
 marble, ascended by steps, having three large shields on 
 the sides, with the figure of a man, armed as a knight, 
 designed for the said lord Cantalupe. And another 
 under a like canopy, with a figure in his robes, to the 
 memory of dean Wymbish. At the east end of this 
 chantrv is a flat stone, with the brasses gone, to th* 
 memory of lady Jane Cantalupe. I14 the centre of the 
 east end is a chantry, which was founded by Edward I, 
 wherein the bowels of his queen Eleanor were interred. 
 
 " Bartholomew lord Burghersh, brother to the bishop 
 ©f that name, lies opposite to him, in the north wall of 
 what was Borough's, or rather Burghersh 's, or St. Ca- 
 tharine's chapel, on a tomb under a canopy ; his firure 
 is of freestone, in armour ; at his feet, a lion; under his 
 hecid a helmet, from which issues a lion on his side, like 
 another with two tails, on a shield held over his head ^y 
 two angels. On ^he front of the ^omb, over six arches, 
 which have formerly held twelve figures, are twelve 
 coats. * 
 
 " On the north side of the lady chapel, or rather oa 
 
 ihe south side ot St. Catharine's, or Borough's chr'<^ei, 
 
 E 3 north 
 
 -'^ G*agh, Sepul. Mon. vol. I. part II, p. 108, 
 
70 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 north of the other, at the feet of bishop Burfi:hersh, is aa 
 altar tomb without canopy or figure. The cover is 
 made up of two flat blue slabs, the uppermost and lar2:est 
 feeemin<i;ly reversed, and the other a iVaginent of a grey 
 slab, once charged with a brass shield and ledge, neither 
 of which seem to have belonged to this tomb originally. 
 On the north side are live arches, with ten figures of 
 men and women, all buttoned with roses ( one man 
 holding a scroll), and all standing in pairs, and in the 
 spandrils of eacii arch over them, these coats beginning 
 from the east. " Mr. G. particularly describes the arms, 
 gives the various conjectures which have been formed of 
 the person for wliom this monument was intended, and 
 concludes — ' Notwithstanding the various opinions about 
 this tomb, it is most probable it was erected by John 
 lord Wells, who died thirty-fifth of Edward III. 186J, 
 seized of vast possessions in the county of Lincoln.'* 
 
 " In the aisle, on the north side of the choir, is the 
 pedestal of a monument, which Stukeley supposed to have 
 been formerly the shrine of St. Hugh the Burgundian, 
 and in his Itinerarium Curiosum, he has given an 
 engraving of a raised altar tomb, with an elegant 
 pinnacled shrine, of a pyramidal shape, under this name. 
 But Mr. Lethieiilicr,in the first volnmeof the Archaelogia, 
 observes, that no instance occurs of a saint having two 
 shrines dedicated to him in the same church. 
 
 "The imputation of the jews having from time to time 
 crucilicd children, has been, by Rapin and some other 
 historians, considered as an unfounded calumny. It is 
 mentioned however by Matthew Paris, an historian of 
 veracity, w ho was unidvcly to be deceived as to an event 
 which happened during- his life time. The fact is 
 established, Mr. Lethieulier thinks, beyond all contrvidic- 
 tion, by a commission from the king to Simon Passelier 
 and William de Leighton, to seize for the king's use 
 the houses belonging to the jews, w ho were hanged at 
 Lincoln for crucifying a child, &c. 
 
 *' Many 
 
 * Gough, Sepul. Mon. to!. I. part II. p HI, 11!!. 
 
MISTORY OF LINCOLN. ^^ 
 
 *' Many defaced monuments, and others which had 
 lost both figures and inscriptions, were 'aken up duriii^ 
 the new pavino:, and are intended to be placed in the 
 aisles of the choir, or in the cloisters. On the north 
 side of, and connected with the cathedral, are the cloisters, 
 of which only three sides remain in the orijiinal state. 
 Attached to the eastern side is the Chapter house, a lolty 
 clej»ant structure. It forms a decap;oii,. nineteen yards 
 in diameter, the jTroined roof of which is supported by 
 an umbilical pillar, consisting of a circular shaft, with 
 ten small fluted columns attached to it ; havino; a band in 
 the centre, with foliated capitals. From this the groins 
 issue, resting on small columns on each side. One of 
 the fen sides forms the entrance, which is of the same 
 altitude as the Chapter house. In the other sides are 
 nine windows, bavins; pointed arches, with two liirhl* 
 each. Seven of these have five arcades beneath each ; 
 and under the two others are four. 
 
 The Library over the north side of the cloister was 
 built by dean Honey vvood, whose por rait by Ilannemaa 
 is sfill here preserved. In this room is a larL'"e collection 
 of books, with some curious specimens of roman antiqui- 
 ties: one is a red crlazed urn, bavins; at the bottom the 
 makers name, Donatvs, F. Also several frajrments of 
 pottery, among which are many urns and vessels of va- 
 rious construction. A very large one of baked earth, 
 unglazed, is of a roundish shape, with a short narrow 
 neck, to which are affixed two circular handles. It is 
 one foot four inches m diameter, and two feet four 
 inches in heisiht. There is also a very curious g-lass 
 phial, of a bluish green colour, Ai'ith a handle near the 
 mouth ; it is three inches diameter, by nine inches and a 
 half high. I'S contents consist of pieces of bones of too 
 large a size ever to have been put in through the present 
 aperture. This circumstance has excited much surprise; 
 but it would hence appear probable, that in some in- 
 stances the romans, alter they had blown the vessel and 
 deposited the sacred relics, again heated the glass, and 
 gave the upper part of it the requisite shape, 
 
 K 4 "The 
 
VZ HISTORY Ot" LINCOLN. 
 
 " The officers belonging to the cathedral, are the 
 bishop, dean, precentor, chancellor, subdean, six arch- 
 deacons, fifty-two prebendaries, four priest vicars, five 
 lay clerks or singing men, an organist, seven poor 
 clerks, four choristers, and six burghersh chanters. The 
 dean is elected by the chapter, upon the king's letters 
 recommendatory ; and upon the election being certified 
 to the bishop, he is instituted into the office of dean, and 
 collated to some vacant prebend, to entitle him to become 
 a residentiary. The precentor, chancellor, and subdean, 
 are under the patronage of the bishop, who collates 
 to these several dignities. To t!ie precentorship and 
 chancellorship, prebends are annexed. And when the 
 subdean is collated, if he is not already a prebendary, 
 the bishop confers on him a vacant prebend, and by the 
 statutes of the church, the above dignitaries, being pre- 
 bendaries, are of course residentiaries." 
 
 The length of this extract will be amply compensated by 
 its value, as it contains by far the most succinct, and yet 
 perspicuous, account of this structure, so justly celebrated, 
 that can perhaps be found. It may not, however, be unin- 
 teresting to the reader to peruse the impression produced 
 by this magnificent edifice, upon a fictitious, but ingenious 
 traveller : we allude to don Espriella, a reputed Spa- 
 niard : but all the merit of his volumes belongs to Mr. 
 Soiithey, who is known to have been the writer of them. 
 Indeed he did not manage his assumed character with 
 sufficient dexterity to escape detection. He thus de- 
 scribes his approach to this venerable building, from 
 Dunham ferry. " We now entered upon a marsh, and 
 once more beheld the cathedral upon its height, two 
 leagues distant. This magnificent building stands at 
 the end of a long and high hill, above the city.— To 
 the north there are nine windmills in a row. It has 
 three towers, the two smaller ones topped with the small- 
 est spires I have ever seen ; — they were beautiful in the 
 distance— yet we doubted whether they ought to have been 
 there, and in fact they are of modern addition, and not 
 of stone, so that on a nearer view they disgrace and dis- 
 figure the edifice.* Imagine this seen over a wide plain. 
 
 this 
 * These were taken down in the year 1807. 
 
HISTORY OP LINCOLN. 7S 
 
 this the only object, — than which the power of man 
 could produce no finer. The nearer we approached, the 
 more dreary was the country — it was one wide fe», — 
 the more beautiful the city, and the more majestic the 
 cathedral : never was an edifice more happily placed ; it 
 overtops a city built on the acclivity of a steep hill, — its 
 houses intermingled with gardens and orchards. To see 
 it in full perfection, it should be in the red sunshine of 
 an autumnal evening, when the red roofs, and red brick 
 houses would harmonize with the sky, and with the 
 fading foliage. 
 
 " The exterior of Lincoln cathedral is far more beau- 
 tiful than that of York, the inside is far inferior. They 
 have been obliged in some places to lay a beam from one 
 column to another to strengthen them ; they have covered 
 it with gothic work, and it appears at first like a con- 
 tinuation of the passages above. It is to be wished that 
 in their other modern works, there had been the same 
 approximation to the taste of better times. A fine reman 
 pavement was discovered not many years ago, in the 
 centre of the cloister : they have built a little brick buil- 
 ding over it to preserve it, with commendable care; but 
 so vile a one, as to look like one of those houses of 
 necessity which are attached to every cottage in this 
 country, and which it is to be hoped will one day become 
 as general in our own. A library forms one side of the 
 cloister quadrangle, which is also modern and mean. 
 Another work of modern time, is a picture of the annun- 
 ciation, over the altar. 
 
 " Most of the old windows w^re demolished in the 
 days of fanaticism ; their place has not been supplied with 
 painted glass ; and from the few which remain, the effect 
 of the coloured light crowning the little crockets and pin- 
 nacles, and playing upon the columns with red, and 
 purple, and saffron shades of light, made us the more re- 
 gret that all was not in the same stale ot beauty. We 
 ascended the highest tower, crossing a labyrinth of narrow 
 passages; it was a long and wearying way ; the jackdaws 
 who inhabit these steeple? have greatly the advantage of 
 
74 HISTORY OF LIN'COLX. 
 
 ws in oeuing- to the (op oftliem. How very much muse 
 tl)e birds be oblig;e(l to men lor building- cathedrrtis I'oe 
 their use. Ii is something higher tlian York, and tlie 
 labour of climbing u was compensated by a bird's eye 
 Tievv all around us. 
 
 . " We ascended one of the other towers afterwards to 
 see Gieat Tom^ the largest bell in EnuUnd. At first it 
 disappointed me, but the disappointment vvore oft", and 
 we l)eca>ne sitislied ihat it was as ore;u a thing, as ir was 
 said to be. A tall man might siand in it upright ; the 
 mouth incisures one and twen;y eiiirlish feet in circum- 
 ference, and it would be a large tree of which the girth 
 equalled the size of its middle. The hours are struck 
 upon it with a hammer. I should tell you, that the 
 method of soundin;- bells in England is not by striking, 
 but by swiiiiiing them; no bell, however, which ap- 
 proaches nearly to the size of ihis is ever moved, except 
 this; it is swung on Whitsunday, and when the judges 
 arrive to try the prisoners,- another tit occasion would 
 be at executions, to which it would give great solemniiy, 
 for the sound is heard tar and wide over the fens. On 
 oiher occasions it was disused, because it shook the 
 tower, but the ston<^s have now been secured with iron 
 cramps. Tom, which is the familiar abbreviation of 
 Thomas, seems to be the ouly name which they give to 
 a bell in this country." ' 
 
 Round the crown thereof is this inscription : 
 
 ST^TKirVS S.NCIVS A PAFRE \.V FILIO PilOCKDENS 
 SV.WITKR SONANs AD SALVIKM, ANNO UOMINI IMO, 
 DECEMBtUS 3 IlEGNl JAC:OiU ANGIJH8* ET SCOTIE 44'-\ 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the 
 Son, sweetly sounding to salvation : anno dom. ^ Decem- 
 ber, 1610, in the 8th year of king James of England, 
 44th of Scotland. 
 
 And round the skirts is the followinc": 
 
 LAVPFNnVS STANTDN, DKCANVS. ROCiKlUS PARKF.R, 
 PKECEN'rOil, ET VlAf.lsrKR FAlitnCIE GEOKCJIs K N :), 
 C .Ni El.l. vKlV"^. l-.r VlAClsrEK 1- BKlv:lE. '•l('!l>RD\S 
 GLAYION, AkCnU)l.\COiNVd, LlNCULiN. 
 
 TRIWSLATION. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 73 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 liawrcnce Staunton, dean. ^ 
 
 Roger Parker, precentor, master of the fabric. 
 George Eland, chancellor, master of the fabric. 
 Richard Clayton, archdeacon of Lincoln. 
 
 The weight of this surprising bell is nine thousand 
 eight hundred a'id ninety-four pounds. It has been 
 gauged, and will hold four hundred and twenty-four 
 gallons, ale measure. The compass of its mouth is about 
 seven yards a half, and two inches.* 
 
 Great Tom of Lincoln has never travelled beyond the 
 precincts of his own church, but wa§ manufactured en 
 the spot; for which purpose a furnace was erected in the 
 minster yard, in the year IGIO; from which he was 
 cast by Henry Holdlield of Nottingham, and William 
 Newcomb of Leicester, bell-founders, and partners in 
 this concern only ; which connection arose from the for- 
 mer being a man of the first eminence in his profession, 
 and to whom such a charge could with safety be com- 
 mitted, and the latter living within the diocese; for the 
 honour of which it was deemed necessary he should have 
 some concern in the business. Many beautiful specimens 
 of Holdfield's work are still to be seen in this and the 
 neighbouring counties; one, in particular, is the ninth 
 bell of that fine peal of ten in St. Mary's at Nottingham, 
 cast in 1595, wliich is singularly elegant; the ornaments 
 are similar to those upon Great Tom, and the tones of 
 both are uncommonly line. 
 
 In order to render this view of the ecclesiastical his- 
 tory of Lincoln complete, both as to its past and present 
 state, we have freely brought before the reader every 
 thing that could tend to produce that effect ; and we shall 
 now conclude this division of our work with a general 
 view of the churches and other religion?^ edifices which 
 formerly adorned, or still continue to adorn this cele- 
 brated city. 
 
 It appears from authentic records, that previously to the 
 reformation there were no less than fifty-two churches, 
 
 exclusively 
 
 • Don Espiiftlla's statement of the circumference is not correct. 
 
16 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 exclusively of the cathedral, in Lincoln, and besides 
 various religious houses of diflerent denominations. But 
 the ceaseless and decaying hand of time has silently 
 mouldered away the greater part of these sacred edifices v 
 and only twelve now remain triumphant over the rava2;cs 
 of succeeding centuries. The followmg list of their names 
 and situation, as far as the latter has always been cor- 
 rectly ascertained, will be acceptable to the general 
 reader, and especially to the resident in Lincoln. Those,. 
 to which an asterisk is prefixed, are still remaining. 
 
 NAMES. SITUATION. 
 
 St. John Baptist Newport. 
 
 St, Nicholas Ditto. 
 
 *St. Paul N. E. side of the Castle. 
 
 St. Bartholomew W, side of the Castle. 
 
 St. Peter's in the Bail. 
 
 All Saints ...Near the Deanery. 
 
 *St. Mary Magdalene N. side of Exchequer gate. 
 
 St. Margaret S. K. side of Cathedral. 
 
 *St. Peter Eastgate. 
 
 St. Leonai-d Ditto. 
 
 St. Giles Ditto. 
 
 St. Laurence - - Skinner's lane. 
 
 St. Cuthbert "Near Bull-ring lane. 
 
 *St. Martin Near Dunstan Lock. 
 
 St. Peter In the old Fish market. 
 
 St. John Ditto. 
 
 St. Faith By the Fish closes. 
 
 *Sr. Michael on the Mount, Near the front of the Palace. 
 
 St. Clement ..West gate. 
 
 St. Andrew Within the Palace. 
 
 St. Gregory Closegate 
 
 St. Trinity Ditto 
 
 St. Dennis -- --Thorngate 
 
 *St. Swithin Near the Sheep market. 
 
 St. Edward the king. 
 
 St. Augustine. 
 
 St. Panond. 
 
 St. Rumbold. 
 
 St. Peter by the pump.. 
 
 Holv 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 77 
 
 m 
 
 NAMES. SITUATION. 
 
 Holy Innocent. 
 
 St. Clement — 
 
 St. Andrew ^Beyond the Bar. 
 
 All Saints. . 
 
 St. Peter .. 
 
 *St. Botolph Near the Bar. 
 
 *S«. Peter Is ear the Gowt bridge. 
 
 Sr. Andrew. 
 
 S . Margaret. 
 
 Sf. Michael. 
 
 Holy Cross. 
 *S-.Mark. 
 *Sk Mary-de-Wijrford Old Conduit. 
 
 St. Peter Broadt-aie. 
 
 "^Sr. Peter's at Arches Near the Stone-bow. 
 
 St. James ^ 
 
 St. Stephen > Newland. 
 
 St. Mary Crackpool — ) 
 
 St. Georsre Hi<rh brido-e. 
 
 *St. Benedict Near the Corn hill. 
 
 St. John Com hiH. 
 
 St. Trinity Near the Greeston stairs. 
 
 St. Edward. 
 
 Of those to which no " local habitation " is assie-n^d, 
 tradition has not preserved even ihe slightest memory of 
 their site: while of others, the authority is sometimes du- 
 bious, by which they have been collated to. 
 
 Our account of the ecclesiastical history of Lincoln 
 shall be terminated by a brief survey of the remains of 
 some of the religious edifices above enumerated. The 
 pro2:ress of relig:ion in the different states of Europe pre- 
 sents many remarkable facts to the philosophical historian, 
 and to the sagacious enquirer into the moral progress 
 of man in society. While, in some countries, the slow 
 developement of reason, and the discoveries of science, 
 have preserved to a biiiotted priesthood all their pernicious 
 influence upon the welfare of the community, in others, the 
 
 rapid 
 
78 HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. 
 
 rapid diffusion of knowledge has led, not only to a refor- 
 mation of theolooical abuses, but, to a more enlightened 
 system of general policy, as the best preservative of re- 
 ligious freedom. Thus, while a considerable portion of 
 Kurope remained under the disqualifying operations of a 
 corrupt faith, England early followed in the tract pointed 
 out -by the first reformers, and divested herself of those 
 shackles which the ignorance and credulity of many ages 
 had rivetted upon her. Her spurious piety, however, 
 ■was at one time so great, that she merited aiul obtained 
 the appellation of '' the isle of saints^'''' but that venerable 
 denomination was soon abolished when she herself abol- 
 ished the tributary servitude in which she was held by 
 the court of Rome. Lincoln was not behind the other 
 divisions of the empire in her exemplary endeavours to 
 provide for the maintenance and endowment of the pro- 
 fessors of religion at this period. Besides monasteries, 
 nunneries, and other buildings erected for pious uses, 
 Lincoln could boast of more than iifty churches, though 
 few ol these have survived the assaults of time. Their 
 former existence however forcibly demonstrates the piety 
 of the inhabitants, the influence of the clergy, and the 
 vvealih of the community. Exclusively of the cathedral, 
 only twelve of these religious edifices, as has been already 
 mentioned, now vemain ; and it has frequently been re- 
 gretted by men of taste and science that their structure 
 exhibits so litile skill, magnificence or fitness, that scarce- 
 ly any of them are deserving of elaborate description. — 
 Among the most distinguished for their antiquity or ar- 
 chitecture are St. Paul's, St. Martin's, St. Benedict's, St. 
 Mary-de-Wigford, and St. Peter at Goats or Gowts. 
 
 St. Paul's 
 
 Is situated near the Mint wall, and though not remark- 
 ble for elegance, yet affords valuable materials for the 
 research of the antiquary, as it is conjectured that it was 
 built on the remains of one erected by Paulinus. Dr. 
 Siukelcy very carefully examined it, and he was of opin- 
 ion that in many parts there had been more than one re- 
 building on the foundation ; and he carried conjecture so 
 far iis to conclude that the north door, by which the 
 
 church 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. Tft 
 
 'cluirch ispnterod down a fliL'ht ol'«ix s'ops,hplon*.Td to the 
 ori'iiuil church, and was that througli which I51ccca and 
 his family went when they attended divino servi' e. The 
 eyes ol'an antiquary, it sliouid be remembered, have a pj;r- 
 ticiilar sajifUity in riiscoverinij' the traces ol whatever is 
 wanted; and thoug-h it is commonly imajiined that ima- 
 gination is the very last quality that is to be found in the 
 composition of an annquary's brain, yet it would be very 
 easy to shew that this, like many other popular errors, 
 is lounded altosre'her u[)on false prfmises. for it is hardly 
 possible to discover more imagination, more fancy, more 
 in/enuity in fiction than are presented in the volumes of 
 antiquarian research.* 
 
 Whatever claims to antiquity , however, migrht be possess- 
 ed by the former fabric, its present condition has little to 
 attract curiosit\ , beino of mean appearance and unskiliully 
 cosn rijcted. It should no be forgotten ihai 'he advocates 
 for Its remote antiquity, contend that its very name is 
 an rtddi'ional proof, St. Paul being nothing more than an 
 abbrev'iation of St. Paulinus. 
 
 St. Martin's 
 
 • The followin* is ap amusing instance which may bf added to 
 the man\ aifea<iv upon record, uf the- facility with which anti- 
 quaries mak- discoverits 
 
 In 1119, >orar PX(ravaiion$ i)eing made in Pans hy order of the 
 police, in search of stolen articles said t«i be hidden between Belle- 
 ville and Mont Mart re. a stone «as fovnid with in inscrifition id 
 roman characters winch was deemed worthy ot the exanm ^tion 
 of the gcni (-men t»t (he acatlemy and a ciaimi'tee wa"^ named 
 fyr this purpose. Here is the uiscription in its oiigmal order. 
 
 1 C 
 
 I 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 £ 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 N 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 A N 
 
 E S. 
 
 'i'he academy of inscriptions being completely puzzled, had 
 jrecourse to the leaineil author of the primit.ve world, ( onnt de 
 Ge >. lin, who was inclined to think it antedeliivian, or at least as 
 ancient as the skeletons of unknown aniinals found in th« neigh- 
 bourhood. Ha had written to the late learned Mr. Bryant on the 
 
so HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 St. Martin's 
 
 Church is still prebendal ; it consists of a nave and a 
 chancel, with a modern tower built in the last century, 
 by alderman Lobsey. In a chapel to the north of the 
 chancel, is a large monument of alabaster, with two 
 whole length recumbent figures, to the memory of sir 
 Thomas Grantham and his lady, dated 1618. The fi- 
 gures, however, are greatly damaged by the falling down 
 of the canopy, which happened some years since. 
 
 St. Martin's also lays some claim to antiquity. In 
 the Pembroke cabinet there was, in Camden's time, 
 a curious silver medal, *' having on one side a sword 
 
 rsciAv^ 
 
 and -< ART I >- and on the other Lincolnia Civt, round 
 
 (AxA) 
 
 a cross, which seems to have been struck by the preposi- 
 tus or chief magistrate of the city, in the Saxon times, 
 before the conquest. The cross and saint's name prove 
 • it to be christian, and would induce a belief that St. Mar- 
 tin wag a tutelar saint of the city before the foundation 
 of the cathedral, one of the principal churches here being 
 dedicated to him, and antiently of royal patronage, till 
 William I. granted it to Remigius.* 
 
 To 
 
 subject, and was preparitig a dissertation to shew that the roman 
 characteis were (Jerjved fn»tt! thtise of the inscription, wluch were 
 verv rude and primitive, and seemed to be the only remains of the 
 Celtic empire. 
 
 Meanwhile, a member of the academy of a more cool and saga, 
 cious turn, visited the spot in order to determine the localities 
 of this jcrand and interesting discovery. The visit and the stone 
 makiiitr a injise in the vilUge, the beadle waited on the academy, 
 recognised an old acquaintance of fifty years, and thus read the 
 antediluvian inscription — 
 
 lei le chemin des Anes, 
 
 That is, in plain english, "This is a road for asses ;" for those 
 animals, which are very useful, have been employed from time 
 immemorial, in carrying plaster from the kilns ; and the paths 
 wind so much, and sometimes end in nothing, that this admonition 
 became wholesome and salutary. 
 
 * St. Martin was the son of a Hungarian soldier: was himself 
 a soldier in early iile ; afterwards bishop of Tours, and when 
 ficad, a saint ! 
 
IHSTORY OF LINCOLN^ 81 
 
 To the r(»m<iins of the ancient church, a modern (ower 
 has been added ; and the vvliole editice has been v^umplete- 
 \y repaired. An origan alr^o, built lor the purpose by 
 Mr. Kniilaiid, cind purchased by voluntary sub><cripiion, 
 was opened in it on (he 9th of April, 1809. Here are 
 Sunday evening lectures. 
 
 8t. Benedict's or St. Benaet's 
 
 Ciiurch, exhibits manifest proofs of having been erect? 
 cd at different periods of time. Its structure is mean, 
 consisting of a small nave and a south aisle, with a square 
 tower at the west end. It is supposed to have been built 
 in the Saxon times, but it has more marks of Norman 
 than Saxon architecture about it. The tower is nearly 
 twenty-five feet high, wiih four windows; the south win- 
 dows, which are placed high, have a projecting moulding 
 over them; and under the nave, which formerly extend- 
 ed further to the west, is a row of curious diminutive 
 heads. ^' The aisle has a handsome east wmdow, in the 
 style of king Henry VITs time : and 'he windows of the 
 nave appear to have been enlarged in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. On the floor are many ancient monumental flat 
 marbles ; but their brasses are gone. Against the west 
 wall is a square brass plate, to the memory of alderman 
 Becke and family, on which are engraved the efligies of 
 him, his wife, and children; date 1620." 
 
 St. Mary's-de-Wigford, 
 
 ( VVickford or Wickinford) is decidedly of Norman 
 architecture, and in its rudest style. If has a square 
 tower, which is plain up to the belfry story, and without 
 buttresses: the base ol the uppermost story is frinoed 
 b^ a round moulding, and is narrower than the lover 
 parts of he tower. This church has a nave, chaniel^ 
 and a north aisle; a sou'h poich, and the lofty sq..<'.re 
 tower at the west end of the nave, already described. — 
 The belfry has lour windows, each of which is divided 
 by a to umn, producing two lio;hts: the bi tiemenrs are 
 Kghl, ori4rtiu«u.eu with fig-ures at liie au^xe;*, and he 
 E Whole 
 
^2 HISTORY OF LINCOLK. 
 
 wliole compartment is evidently of a more modern daf<5 
 ihan any other part of the building'. The south side of 
 the nave is co-eval with the tower. b'rom the singula-, 
 rity of the arch of the west door, this part of the edifice 
 may be considered as very ancient. The arch is circular, 
 and clearly of Saxon origin : above this arch, on the 
 right side, is a Roman inscription much obliterated. — 
 Against a door way, (now blocked up) in the north wall, 
 is a statue of an upright female figure, much defaced. 
 The editor of Camden, speaking of this church, says 
 *• it bears great marks of antiquity. The epitaphs wi hia 
 it are all cut in white or blue slabs, with various de^^ 
 vices, but scarce any ot them whole." I's antiquity, 
 however, though undoubtedly grear, presents, by a rem^k- 
 able anomaly, nothing to excite or grauly the curiosiiy of 
 an antiquary. 
 
 St. Peter's at Gowts or Goats, 
 
 Is the next religious edifice, in the order of succes- 
 sion, to which we shall now turn our attention, h is situ- 
 ated on the south side of an old buildnig, opposite lo what 
 18 called John of Gaunt''s house, which is a very old struc- 
 ture, and was probably some religious house, and this 
 the chapel annexed. Its present name, which seem« fo 
 have no meaning, is perhaps some corruption of the word 
 Gaunt. In its style of architecture, this church is almost 
 a counterpart of St. Mary't^, only it is more perfect, and 
 apparently less ancient. The figure of St. Peter, with 
 the key in his hand, that miraculous key which has hood- 
 winked men's faculties for so many generations, is carved 
 in a conspicuous part of the front. The nave and chan- 
 cel, which are very lofty, ap|)ear to have been built at 
 the same period with the tower: on the north side of the 
 former is a short thick column, with two circular arches, 
 through which the communications were formerly made 
 with thejiorth aisle, which is now taken down. On each 
 side of the chancel are narrow lancet windows, like loop 
 holes ; and on the north side is a door way, having a flat 
 :Aich built up. The south aisle, which k in the ttyle of 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 83 
 
 the fourteenth century, has a porch, and is separated 
 from the nave by iwo loft) elegant pointed arches, under 
 one of which is a small stone font, of high antiquity, 
 round the outside of which is a row of small circaiar 
 arches. Oa the south side of the chancel is a chapel, 
 Willi some remains of painted glass in its east window. 
 
 Su Swithin's. St. Peter's at Arches, St. Botolph's, 
 and Si. Peter's in eastgate, are al! of them modern struc- 
 tures, Thn first vas erected in 1801 upon the site of 
 a former building destroyed by lire in 1644. The se- 
 cond was.brnlt about the year 1T23. The altar piece, 
 which IS very fine, ^vas painted in 1728, by Francis 
 Pamini. a Venetian. This church has an excellent or- 
 grm, a peal of eight bells, and a set of musical chimes. 
 The I bird was erected about the same time as St. Peser's 
 at Arches ; but is utterly unworthy of notice. The last 
 is a newly erected ediiice, and remarkable only for its 
 simplicity. 
 
 Besides these places of regular worship, there are in 
 L<incoln others for the Roman catholics, baptists, calvi/* 
 aists, uiiitarians; and methodists. 
 
 F Z CHAPTER III. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE CIVIL HISTORY OF LINCOLN, 
 
 Lincoln^ Us divisions — Magnitude — Site — Peculiarly 
 adapted for trade — When first represented in parliament 
 — Charter — Freedom of the city, how obtained — Right 
 of election, in whom vested — List of members returned 
 
 — The Monson family — Peers who derived their title 
 from Lincoln — Manners and customs— Smoking, its 
 
 anti-social character — Tuttings — Charitable assemblies 
 
 — Literature — State of education — Schools — Eminent 
 meny ^c. (Sfc. 
 
 LINCOLN is divided into twelve parishes,* within 
 the city : but the lour townships which are also subject 
 to its jurisdiction, make the whole number sixteen. — 
 The number of houses which they contain, amounts, 
 according to a late government survey, to about sixteen 
 hundred, accommodating a population of eight thou- 
 sand eight hundred and sixty-one persons, according to 
 the last population returns. Many of the houses are old; 
 though there are some very good buildings both above 
 hill and below hill. A considerable improvement of the 
 city has been accomplished by making a new road. 
 
 Lincoln, though not the seat of any fixed manufacture, 
 yet carries on some considerable trade in corn and wool, 
 quantities of which are sent into Yorkshire by vessels, 
 
 which 
 
 * Several people suppose that Lincoln is now a larger place than 
 it was one or two centuries back ; tlier^ is some doubt about that 
 matter. Mr. John Davies was chamberlain of the west ward in 
 1737, and in his charge of such rentals and out rents as were then 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 8d 
 
 "which obtain a back freightage of coals, and other articles 
 necessary for the use of the interior. Its local peculiarities 
 dinghlarly adapt it in some degree, for carrying on trade. 
 By thr; navigation of the Witham, it commands the 
 production of all the south easrern part of the county, and 
 forms a connexion with Boston and the eastern coast. 
 On (he other hand the Foss-dyke opens a communication 
 with Gainsborough and Hull, with thje Ouse, and its tri- 
 bu ary streams, which supply it with the productions and 
 manutdctures of Yorkshire, and with the Derbyshire, 
 Nottingham, and Saflford^hire canals, by which it receives 
 coal, pottery. lime,&c. While under the Norman sway, 
 Lincoln was '• a market for commodities brought both by 
 sea and water. '' From that time however, till within the 
 last century its trade gradually declined, and the Foss- 
 dyke, the principal support of the city, was nearly choked 
 up. In this condition the corporation granted a lease of 
 it, for nine hundred and ninety-nine years, to Mr. Ellison 
 ofThorne, commencing from 1741. Previously to this 
 period coals were sold at twenty one shillings the chal- 
 dron; hvt when Mr. Ellison, at 'a vast expence, cleared 
 this communication, and re-opened the river in 1745, 
 they were oifered and sold at thirteen shillings. '• From 
 that time to the present, this long neglected canal has 
 been improving, and the increasing number of vessels 
 daily floating on its surface, renders it an almost inex- 
 hausiible mine of wealth to the lessee, an incalculable 
 benefit to the commercial part of the city, and a never 
 failino; source of employment to the industrious poor." 
 ' ^ F 3 The 
 
 due and j)aval}le to the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and conimonalty 
 <»f the (.'.ty of Lincoln, to be collected by the said chamberlain, 
 the following are mentioned. 
 
 Mr.JohnBailey for the chambers over Newland gates 00 01 00 
 Mr. John Harvey for St. Faith's leys ar>d a com- ) qq jq ^q 
 
 mon lane in Painter street i 
 
 Mr Guakman for a tenement and close at Batter- } qq i\ qo 
 
 cross in NewlaniJ ^ 
 
 N. B. It is supposed thatPainter street was beyond Newland, but 
 thrre is no street by that name now, neither any place named 
 Butlercross, or any other cross. 
 
8(5 irSTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 The city of Lincoln is a county of itself, having four 
 townships in the neighbourhood subject to it, viz. Brace- 
 bridge, Canwick, Branston, and Waddington. These are 
 called the " liberty of Lincoln. *' This privilege was 
 conferred in the r?rd Geo. I. In all official acts it is styled 
 " the city and county of the city of Lincoln. " Its vis- 
 countial jurisdiction extends twenty miles round : a privi- 
 lege said to be unequalled by that of any city in the kingdom. 
 
 Lincoln was first represented in parliament in the 49(b 
 of Henry III. Some faint and uncertain traces of earlier 
 representation have been urged by those who easily take 
 that for granted, which they are seekin<i, to establish.* 
 The right of election is in the citizens and freemen. The 
 number of voters is estimated at about eleven hundred. 
 The polilica} influence, though by no means absolute, was 
 possessed by lord Delaval, who had a seat at Doddington, 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 As a borough, Lincoln has as high claims to antiquity 
 as any one in England ; and its corporation is older tha!i 
 most others. The cordvvainers and the weavers are the 
 only incorporated companies. The former was erected 
 into a corporation twenty-one years before the cordwainers 
 of London, and the latter at the same period, both being 
 incorporated by the royal charter of Richard II. in 1389. 
 This therefore may be considered as the most ancient 
 company of linen weavers iu the nation, being composed 
 of those unfortunate natives of Brabant, who were driven 
 from their native country some years before, and who 
 rewarded the nation that had granted them an asylum^ 
 by introdflcing a lucrative aikd hitherto unknown trade. 
 
 Lincohi, like all other corporate places, exercises a 
 sort of monopoly which is highly injurious to the general 
 advancement and freedom of trade. All persons who have 
 not obtained their freedom, if they carry on any kind of 
 
 trade, 
 
 * It is salfl that in the 26th Edward I. Willielmus Disney, and 
 Johannes Marmion, were summoned to pariiament as its first 
 representatives. 
 
HiStORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 gt 
 
 trade, are obliged to pay an annual acknowledgement to 
 the sherifis for the time being, lor permission so to do. 
 
 This city had no mayor till 1:?84, its principal civil 
 governor being a port-reeve, an officer whose business it 
 was to guard the gates of cities and fenced towns. Edward 
 II. however, perhaps with a view to facilitate the obtain- 
 ing supplies for his Scottish wars, granted Lincoln the 
 privilege of being governed by a mayor. Two years 
 after, a parliament was holden here, which voted a 
 ioldier and provisions for sixty days, from each village 
 and hamlet in the kingdom, to serve the king during his 
 wars. Of the corporation charters granted to Lincoln, 
 only the last, that of Charles L 1628, has ever been 
 extracted from the public records of the city. This, there- 
 fore, we have given in the appendix to the present work. 
 
 " From a perusal of the charter," observes an intelligent 
 writer, " it is evident (hat it is not the original one, and 
 that the elections and customs there confirmed, were 
 what had been for a long time in common and received 
 usage in that city ; that the privileges of the citizens had 
 been progressively acquired ; and that all then wanting, 
 was a renewed grant or charter, to enforce the observ- 
 ance of their regulations, and to secure v^hat time had so 
 gradually established. Yet though there was every ap- 
 pearance of their privileges being well secured, this 
 corporation did not enjoy the independence it merited, and 
 to which, as part of a free nation, it had a right, for 
 in the year 1647, three of its aldermen* were turned out 
 of office by the parliament, for having borne commissions 
 in the army of their sovereign; and in 1661,t seven 
 aldermen, two sheriffs, the town clerk, and many of the 
 common council, were displaced by Charles IL for having 
 favoured the measures of parliament; ^o that whichever 
 party they served, the consequence appeared to be the 
 §ame. " 
 
 F 4 These 
 
 ^ The names of these three aldermen were Robert Becke, William 
 Bishop, and Anthony Kent. 
 
 fThe aldermen displaced in 16(51, were Robert Marshall, John 
 Becke, William Marshall, Edward Emisf, Wil'iam Hall. John 
 Leach, and Rooert Smierby. Their places were supplied by 
 
^8 
 
 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Those however, were the necessary consequence of 
 that tumultuous state of civil discord in which (he voice 
 of neither law n(T re ison could be heard, bur e^ch party 
 as n happeucd to obtain the ascendancy, punished the 
 afihprents of its less fortunate rival. It mio-ht have indeed 
 been exported, that when these causes ceased to operate, 
 and when from the return of order, peace, and jrood faith, 
 the civil occupations of society resumed their itifluence, 
 Jjiiicoln, from its local advamaices. wo;ild have rison ra- 
 pi<lly to eminence .mioni" our provincial towns. But thi?> 
 did not happen, Her proi ress, on the contrary, was 
 slow and dubious, and it w.^s not till one individual, 
 actuated no doubt as much by personal as by patriotic 
 motives, rn ^ calcularidjr upon future .id van a (res to accrue 
 as well to the city as to his own pos;eiify, ob'ained the 
 lease of the Foss-dyke, already aiiuded to, and by perse- 
 rering revived the droopmo- th.iracler of Lincoln, and 
 created a prodigious source of wealth to his family. 
 
 As this ch' pter, which is devoted to the detail of every 
 subject connected, however remotely, with the civil con- 
 dition of Lincoln, will necessarily embrace numerous 
 and dissimilar topics, any thing like arrangement seems 
 scarcely practicable. The various matters, therefore, 
 shall follow each other with as much attention to classi- 
 fication as can be paid. 
 
 The freedom of the city might formerly be jiurchased 
 for thirty pounds. In 1808, this sum was augmented to 
 fii y pounds, and in 1814, to one hundred pounds. Ap- 
 prentices, however, gain their freedom by serving seven 
 years to a freeman. 
 
 The right of election is in the citizens and freemen, two 
 members being returned by them to serve in parliament. 
 Ljncoln was represented as early as the 49th of Henry 
 II L but the names of the first two that were elected, 
 
 do 
 
 Robert Ross, William Dawson, Richard Kite, John Kent, Georgo 
 Bracebridge, Thomas Hadnev, and Kdward (Jhcales. The RherifFs 
 John iMiddlebrook and John Goodenap, weio exchanged for John 
 Townson and Henry Mozley ; and the town clerk, Mr. iJoulb, was 
 r'>inovpd to make room ior I nomas Fisher. 
 
HISTORY OF L1N*C0L)«. 89 
 
 do not appear on the roll*. The folknvine: i*^ an accurate 
 list of tho nieml;ers from the above period flown to the 
 present time ; which, as a piece of local history, could 
 not with propriety be omitted in a minute topographical 
 account of a single city. 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS 
 
 Returned to Parliament for the City of Lincoln. 
 
 Henry III. Burgesses, as h 's already been mentioned, 
 were first summoned in the 49th of this monarch''s reign : 
 init their names are not recorded. 
 
 Anno Anno 
 Rejj. Pom. 
 
 Edward I. 26 1298 Ricardus de Bella. 
 
 Alexander filius Johannis. 
 28 1300 Stephanus Stanham, 
 
 Willielmus de Cause.* 
 .30 1,302 Johannes fihus Ricardi. 
 Willielmus de Cause. 
 Edward II. 1 1307 Willielmus Cousin. 
 
 Alexander tilius Martini. 
 2 1308 Johannes Edwards. 
 
 Alexander filius Martini. 
 
 4 1310 Thomas Gamel. 
 
 Henricus Windestow. 
 •> 1311 Thomas Gamel. 
 
 Henricus Windestow, 
 
 5 1311 Thomas Gamel. 
 
 Rogeriis de Tolil. 
 
 6 1312 Thomas Gamel. 
 
 Henricus Scoyll. 
 
 7 1313 Thomas GaraeJ. 
 
 Henricus Scoyll. 
 
 8 1314 Willielmus de Pontefracto. 
 
 Henrv Scoyll de Lincoln. 
 8 1314 Hugo Scarlet. 
 
 Heniy Scoyll de Lincoln. 
 
 Willielmus 
 * A parliaaient was held at Lincoln in this year, and one in 1315. 
 
90 HISTORY OF LINCOLV. 
 
 Anno Anno 
 
 12 i:3i8 VVillielmus do Hokefhorne. 
 .Fohannes tie Fame. 
 Edward Til. I l;-27 Willielmus de H;ikcthoriie. 
 
 Johannes de P^ame. 
 
 1 1327 Willielmus de Hakethonie. 
 
 Waltrrus de Eboraco. 
 
 2 1328 VVillielmiis Nottin<rham. 
 
 Johannes Weston. 
 2 1328 Walicrus de Eboraco. 
 
 Hobertus llakethorne. 
 4 1330 VVilliehnus Hakethorne. 
 
 Hnf^!;o de Carlton. 
 
 4 1330 VVillielmus Hakctbornr. 
 
 Henricus Draper. 
 
 6 1332 HuiTo de Carbon. 
 
 WilHehiius V^irby. 
 
 6 1332 Williehniis de Hakethorne. 
 
 Thomas Cause. 
 
 7 1333 Thomas Carbon. 
 
 Williebnus Hakethorne. 
 
 5 1334 Willielraus de Hakethorne. 
 
 C ihe other illegible. ) 
 
 8 1334 Willielmus de Hakethorne. 
 
 Thomas de Carleton. 
 
 9 1335 Wilbebiius de Haketborne. 
 
 Willielmus Virby. 
 9 1335 Willielmus de Hakethorne.. 
 Simon de Grantham. 
 
 10 1336 Hugo de Edlin^rion. 
 
 Willielmus de Hakethoriie- 
 
 11 1337 Thomas Bottiler. 
 
 Willielmus Virby. 
 
 11 1337 Willielmus de Hakethorne. 
 
 Richardus Fitz-Martin. 
 
 12 1338 Henricus Sales. 
 
 Johannes Judkyn. 
 12 1338 Willielraus de Hakethorne, 
 Richardus Hakethorne. 
 
 Thomas 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. 
 
 iri 
 
 Anno 
 
 Anno 
 
 Kej?- 
 
 Dom. 
 
 12 
 
 1:^38 Thomas Bottiler. 
 
 
 Willielmus Verley. 
 
 13 
 
 1339 Hu^^o (!e Stokes. 
 
 
 Johannes Judkyn. 
 
 13 
 
 1339 lloberf.s de Dallerby. 
 
 
 Wiliitimus Verley. 
 
 U 
 
 1310 Willielmus Hakethorne. 
 
 
 Willielmus Verley. 
 
 14 
 
 1340 Willielmus Hakethorne. 
 
 
 Nicholas Welton. 
 
 15 
 
 1341 Willielmus Hakethorne. 
 
 
 Willielmus Verlev. 
 
 n 
 
 1343 Willielmus Verley. 
 
 n 
 
 1343 Walterus de Ebor. 
 
 
 Alanus de Huddleston. 
 
 20 
 
 1346 Willielmus de Verley. 
 
 
 Simon Erneburgh. 
 
 21 
 
 1347 Robertus Dolderby. 
 
 
 Willielmus Humberstom 
 
 '22 
 
 1348 Walterus Kelliby. 
 
 Thomas Locton. 
 24 1350 Walterus Keliiby. 
 
 Robertus de Dolderby. 
 
 26 1352 Johannes Outhorpe. 
 
 C only one chosen.) 
 
 27 1353 Robertus badderly. 
 
 Robertus Kelby. 
 29 1355 Walterus de Kelby. 
 
 Johannes de Bolle. 
 31 1357 Johannes Outhorpe. 
 
 Johannes Beke. 
 
 33 1359 Stephanas Stanham. 
 
 Johannes Blake. 
 
 34 1360 Johannes de Outhorpe. 
 
 Wilhelnuis Wisurn. 
 34 1360 Walterus Kelby. . 
 Petrus Ballasyse. 
 
 Walterus 
 

 43 
 
 1369 
 
 
 46 
 
 1372 
 
 
 47 
 
 1373 
 
 
 47 
 
 1373 
 
 
 50 
 
 1376 
 
 ICHARO 11. 
 
 1 
 
 i:]T7 
 
 
 o 
 
 1378 
 
 
 2 
 
 1378 
 
 HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. 
 
 Anno Anno 
 Reg. Dom. 
 
 36 1362 Waltcrus Kelby. 
 Johannes tie Boilc. 
 
 38 1364 Walierus Kelby. 
 
 Johannes de Bolle. 
 
 39 1365 Johannes Rodes. 
 
 Johannes W<-'!ton. 
 42 1368 Johannes Golderston. 
 Johannes Dell. 
 Walterus Kelby, 
 Johannes Sutton. 
 Walterus Kelby. 
 Johannes Sutton, 
 Rogerus Tatteshal. 
 Johannes Suttcn. 
 Rogerus Tatteshal. 
 Johannes Sutton. 
 WilJieimus Belay. 
 Johannes de Hodieston. 
 Hugo Garwell. 
 Johannes Blake. 
 Hugo GarwelU 
 Johanne:-^ de Outhorpe. 
 Thomas Horncastre. 
 Rogerus Tirynn;ton. 
 3 1379 Johannes de Huddleston. 
 Johannes Duffield. 
 
 5 1381 Robertus de Sutton. 
 Robertus de Ledes. 
 
 6 1382 Thomas de Horncastre. 
 Robertus de Salteby. 
 
 7 1383 VVillielmus de Snelleston. 
 Nicholas de vVerk. 
 
 7 1383 Willielmus de Snelleston. 
 Johannes Prentys. 
 
 8 1384 Robertus Sutton. 
 Johannes Dor field. 
 
 9 1385 Robertus Sutton. 
 
 Simoii Messinghara 
 
 Robertug 
 
HISTORY OP LINCOLK. ^^ 
 
 Anno Atmo 
 l>eg. Dom. 
 
 10 1386 Robertus Sutton. 
 
 Robertuft de Saltby. 
 
 11 1387 Thomas Thornhasrh. 
 
 Johannes Bcllessise. 
 
 12 1388 Gilbertus de Beseby. 
 
 Robertus de Ilarewortk 
 
 13 1389 Nicholas de Werk. 
 
 Robertas Peke. 
 
 15 1391 Robeitiis de Sutton. 
 
 Robertas de Ledes. 
 
 16 1392 Robertus de Thornhagb. 
 
 Johannes BellcshuU. 
 
 17 1393 Robertus de Sutton. 
 
 Robertus de Messingham. 
 
 18 1394 Robertus de Ledes. 
 
 Robertus de Harworth. 
 
 20 1396 Robertus Sutton. 
 
 Robertus Appleby. 
 
 21 1397 Semannus de Laxfield. 
 
 Johannes Thorley. 
 Hbnry IV. 1 1399 Robertus de Sutton. 
 
 Willielmus de Blyton, 
 
 2 14.00 Gilbertus de Beseby. 
 
 Robertus de Hareworth, 
 
 3 1401 Willielmus Biyton. 
 
 Johannes Balderton. 
 
 4 1402 Willielmus Biyton. 
 
 Johannes Balderton. 
 
 5 1403 Semannus Laxfield. 
 
 Willielmus de Dalarby. 
 
 6 1404 Robertus de Appleby. 
 
 Nicholas Hodelston. 
 8 1406 Ricardus Worsop. 
 Thomas Fos'er. 
 Henry V. 1 H13 Johannes Daiderby. 
 
 Thomas Foster. 
 2 1414 Thomas Tcrring. 
 Johannes Riley. 
 
 Hamunduf 
 
94 HISTORY OF LINCOLX. 
 
 Anno Anno 
 Keg. Dom. 
 
 3 1415 Hamundus Sutton. 
 Johannes Bigg. 
 
 5 HIT Thomas Archer. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 
 7 1419 Ricardus Worsop. 
 
 Thomas Foster. 
 
 8 1420 Johannes Bigg. 
 
 Hamo Sutton. 
 ^ 9 1421 Willielmus liedenhara. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 Hknry VI. 1 1422 Hamo Sutton. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 
 2 1423 Hamo Suttoa. 
 
 Robertus Ferriby. 
 
 3 1424 Henricus Sutton. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 
 6 1427 Henrieus Tamworth. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 
 7 1128 Johannes Clifton. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 11 1432 Willielmus Markby. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 13 1434 Willielmus Markby. 
 
 Robertus Walsh. 
 20 1441 Willielmus StanloTv-. 
 
 Robertus Gegg. 
 25 1446 Johannes Vavasour. 
 
 Willielmus Gressington. 
 
 27 1448 Johannes Richby. 
 
 Robertus Sutton. 
 
 28 1449 Johannes Richby. 
 
 Robertus Sutton. 
 
 29 1450 Johannes Saynton. 
 
 Robertus Sutton. 
 Edward IV. 12 1472 Johannes Saynton. 
 
 Johannes Putt. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ♦ From the 17ihof F.tUard IV. which is the date of the last 
 i«iuri s of parliament in tlie tower, now known, to the ist of Ed- 
 sard VI. the returns are j!I lost.— Bradv. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 93^ 
 
 Anno Anno 
 
 Reg. Dorn. 
 
 Henry VIII. 33 1542 
 
 Edward VI. 1 1547 
 7 1452-3 
 
 Mary. 1 1553 
 
 I 1554 
 
 Philip & Mary. 1-2 1554 
 
 2-3 1555 
 
 4-5 1557 
 
 F.LIZABETH. 1 1558-9 
 
 5 1563 
 
 13 1571 
 
 14 1572 
 
 27 1585 
 
 28 1586 
 31 1588 
 35 1592 
 39 1597 
 43 1601 
 
 James 1. 1 1603 
 
 Georire St. Poll. 
 Thomas Grantham. 
 Georae St. Poll. 
 Thomas Grantham. 
 George Sf. Poll. 
 Thomas Grantham, 
 Georae St. Poll. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 William llotheram, JlJ. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 Geortre St. Poll. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 Georc:e St. Poll. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 George St. Poll. 
 Francis Kempo. 
 Robert Mounson. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 Robert Mounson. 
 Robert Ferrars. 
 Robert Mounson. 
 Thomaj^ Wilson, L. L. D. 
 John Wellcom. 
 Thomas Wilson. 
 Stephen Thimbleby, Rec, 
 John Joyce. 
 John Saville, 
 Thomas Fairfax. Jun. 
 Georg;e Antoa, Rec. 
 Peter Evers. 
 George An^on, Rec. 
 Charles Dymock. 
 Thomas Mounson. 
 William Pelham. 
 John Anton. 
 Francis Biillingham. 
 Sir Thomas Grantham. 
 Sir Edward Tyrwhitt. 
 
 Sif 
 
<)6 
 
 JUSTORV OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Charles I, 
 
 Charles II, 
 
 l.;v-i^ 
 
 James II. 
 
 Aimo Anno 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 Dnni 
 
 I6U Sir Lewis Watson. 
 
 Sir Edward AyscougU. 
 1620 Sir Lc\\\^ Watson. 
 
 Sir Edward Ayscough. 
 1623 Sir Lewis Watson. 
 
 Thomds Hatcher. 
 1625 Sir Thomas Grantham. 
 
 John Mounson. 
 1625 Sir Thomas Grantham. 
 
 Sir Robert Mounson. 
 1628 Sir Thomas Grantham. 
 
 Sir Edward Ayscough. 
 1610 Thomas Grantham. 
 
 John Farmery, L. L. D. 
 1610 Thomas Grantham. 
 
 John Broxhohne ( in whose 
 place ) Thomas Lyster. 
 1653 ( Members returned only for 
 
 the county.) 
 1651 William M^shall, ^/^. 
 
 Original Peart, Aid, 
 ; 1656 Humphrey Walcot. 
 
 Original Peart, Aid. 
 1658-9 Robert Marshall, ^W. 
 
 Thomas Meers. 
 
 1660 John Monson. 
 Thomas Meers. 
 
 1661 Sir Robert Bowles. 
 Thomas Meers. 
 
 1678 John Monson. 
 Thomas Meers. 
 
 1679 Both Members re-elected:' 
 1681 Sir Thomas Hussey. 
 
 Thomas Meers. 
 1685 Henr\ Monson. 
 
 Sir Thomas Meers. 
 1688 Henry Monson. 
 
 Sir Christopher Nevile- 
 
 WlLLFAA* 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 <jn 
 
 William (fc Ma 
 
 Anno 
 Keg. 
 
 RY.2 
 
 Anno 
 Uom. 
 
 1690 
 
 
 7 
 
 1695 
 
 
 10 
 
 1698 
 
 
 IJi 
 
 1700 
 
 
 13 
 
 1701 
 
 Anne. 
 
 1 
 
 1702 
 
 
 4 
 
 1705 
 
 
 7 
 
 1708 
 
 
 9 
 
 1710 
 
 
 12 
 
 1713 
 
 George I. 
 
 1 
 
 1714 
 
 
 8 
 
 1722 
 
 George II. 
 
 1 
 
 1727 
 
 
 7 
 
 1733 
 
 
 14 
 
 1740 
 
 
 20 
 
 1746 
 
 
 27 
 
 1753 
 
 George III. 
 
 1 
 
 1760 
 
 • Sir John Monson 
 Tyrwhitt was elected. 
 
 Sir John Bolles. 
 
 Sir Edward Hassey. 
 
 Sir John Bolles. 
 
 William Monson. 
 
 Sir John Bolles. 
 
 Sir Edward Hussev. 
 
 Sir John Bolles. 
 
 Sir Thomas Meers. 
 
 Sir John Bolles. 
 
 Sir Edward Hussey. 
 
 Sir Thomas Meers. 
 
 Sir Edward Hussey. 
 
 Sir Thomas Meers. 
 
 Thomas Lisrer. 
 
 Sir Thomas Meers. 
 
 Thomas Lister. 
 
 Richard Grantham. 
 
 Thomas Lister, 
 
 John Sibthorp. 
 
 Thomas Lister. 
 
 Richard Grantham. 
 
 Sir John Tyrwhitt. 
 
 John Monson. 
 
 Sir John Tyrwhitt. 
 
 Sir John Monson.* 
 
 Charles Hall. 
 
 Charles Monson. 
 
 Coningsby Sibthorp. 
 
 Charles Monson. 
 
 Sir J. de la Font. Tyrwhitt. 
 
 Charles Monson. 
 
 Coningsby Sibthorp. 
 
 George Monson. 
 
 John Chaplin. 
 
 George Mon«;on. 
 
 Coningsby Sibthorp. 
 
 Thomas 
 
 made a peer, ia wLose place sir John 
 
y^ HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Anno Anno 
 Reg. Dom. 
 
 8 1768 Thomas Scrope. 
 
 Hon. Const. J. Phipps. 
 14 1774 Lord Viscount Lumley. 
 
 Robert Vynor. 
 '^0 1780 Sir Thomas Clarges.* 
 
 Robert Vyner. 
 24 1784 Sir Richard LumlcySaville. 
 
 John Fenton Cawlhorne. 
 30 1790 Hon. Robert Hobart. 
 
 John Fenton Cawthorne.t 
 36 1796 Richard Ellison 
 
 Hon. George Rawdon.;}: 
 42 1802 Richard Ellison. 
 
 Humphrey Waldo Sibthorp. 
 46 1806 Richard Ellison. 
 
 Hon. William Monson. 
 48 1808 Richard Ellison. 
 
 Hon. William Monson.§ 
 52 1812 John Nicholas Fazakerley. 
 
 Sir Henry Sullivan, bart.ij 
 
 We have thus traced, and with extreme accuracy, the 
 list of all the different individuals who have, in the pro- 
 gression of centuries, represented the ancient and 
 important city of Lincoln in parliament. There do not 
 appear among them any names of distinguished celebrity 
 in the history of the country ; but many of them recal to 
 the present inhabitants of the city the ancestors of families 
 
 who 
 
 * Sir Thomas Clarges died in 1782, in his place John Fenton 
 Cawthorne was elected. 
 
 t John Fenton Cawthorne expelled, in whose place George 
 Rawdon was elected. 
 
 J George Rawdon died in 1800, in whose place Humphrey 
 
 Sibthorp wos elected. 
 
 § William Monson died in 180S, in his place the earl of 
 iVlexl)orough was elected. 
 
 (I Sir Henry Sullivan died in 1814, in whose place Coningsky 
 Waldo Sibthorp was elected. 
 
HISTORY OP LINCOLN. 99 
 
 who still stand high among the wealthy and most re- 
 spected inhabitants of the county. The family of Monson, 
 in particular, seems to have represented the city in many 
 successive parliaments, and the followinir brief particulars 
 of its origin will therefore be acceptable. 
 
 The first, of whom tradition has preserved any notice, 
 was William Monson, who was educated at Baliol Col- 
 lege, Oxford. Literaturp, however, had less attractions 
 for him than the activity and dangers of a warlike life ; 
 and entering into the naval service of his country, he 
 soon rendered himself eminent. He commanded in 
 several expeditions against the Spaniards, and rose first 
 to the dignity of vice-admiral, and afterwards to that of 
 admiral. He was kniglited by the earl of Essex at the 
 siege of Cadiz, and took a carack of 1600 tons at Ca- 
 zimbria in Poriugdl. He wrote an account of the wars 
 of Spain, from 1585 to 1602, in folio, and dedicated, 
 says Wood, to his son, John Monson. *' This worthy 
 knight," observes the same laborious antiquary, ** was 
 in great renown in the beginning of the reign of king 
 James I. and ihe last time I find him mentioned in the 
 sea service is in 1605, in which year he conveyed over 
 sea Edward the old earl of Hertford, when he was sent 
 ambassador to the archduke for the confirming of a 
 peace ; in v^'hich voyae;e, it is observed by a certafn 
 peison, that the royal ships of England did then (being 
 the first time as he saith) suflfer an indignity and affront 
 from a dutch man of war, as he passed by them without 
 vailing.*' 
 
 His son, sir John Monson, knight of the bath, was 
 not educated at the same university as his father. He 
 followed the profession of the law, and became distin- 
 guis-hed for his legal knowledge and forensic acuteness. 
 During the civil war, he remained faithfully attached to 
 the fortunes of the kinc, and was always consulted by 
 Charles in all cases of difficulty and moment, such was 
 his reputation for wisdom, and such the royal confidence 
 in his fidelity- His loyalty, however, procured him the 
 cemmon reward when the rebellious faction prevailed; 
 L.cf C. • o 2 bis 
 
100 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 his estates were sequpr^tered, and he paid a fine of 
 two thousand six hundred and forty-two pounds for 
 liberty to pass the rest of his hfe in peace and obscurity. 
 While he continued secluded from the world, he wrote 
 the following works : 1. An Essay upon Afjiictions, 
 2. An Antidote against the Erro/s of O^n^iions, 8(c, 
 S. Supreme Power^ and Common Ris^kt. He died in 
 1684, in the 84th year of his a-e ; and was buried 
 at South Carhon, in the church of which is a monument 
 to his memory. Of the succeedino; branches of this 
 family nothing remarkable is recorded. 
 
 Though this city does not at present confer any title 
 in the english peerage, the pao-es oi our history bear 
 ample testimony to the many illustrious individuals who 
 derived their civil and patronymic honors trom it. The 
 earls of Lincoln were for many '•entunes distinguished 
 for their power and opulence; and the blood of the an- 
 cient line still flows m the veins of our modern nobility. 
 The following is a correct series of the various families 
 who, at different periods, derived their titles from the 
 city of Lincoln: — 
 
 Egga had the honor of being officiary earl of Lincoln, 
 in the year 716, being then co-witness to the charter of 
 king Ethelbald, granted by that monarch to the monks of 
 Crowland. To him succeeded Morcar, after a consider- 
 able lapse of time ; and those are the only two saxon 
 earls of Lincoln that history or tradition mentions. Aftor 
 the conquest the title was revived, and maintained with 
 more regular succession. 
 
 William de Romara, a norman, was earl of Lincoln ; 
 but in him the dignity did not seem to be hereditary ; for 
 though he had a son, who succeeded to his estates, 
 he did not inherit his title, which remained unappro- 
 priated till the reign of Stephen, who conferred it upon 
 
 Gilbert de Gaunt, who received it with conditions 
 similar to those that attended the assumption oi" it by 
 William de Romara ; it was not descendible to his heirs. 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. lOl 
 
 The next earl of Lincoln was Simon de S. Lize, the 
 youn2:es.t son of earl Simon, who, soliciting; some lands 
 from Henrv II. for >ervices which he had rendered him, 
 not only ob'ained the territories he sought, but the title 
 of earl of Lincoln, and the kino's daughter in marriacre 
 also. When the ^^eak and faithle>s tyrant John excited, 
 by his VIC3S, domestic rebellion and foreign invasion, 
 Lewis, (he dauphin of France, who came into this 
 country to aid the revolted barons, created 
 
 Gilbert de Gaunt. ( of the same family as the preceding 
 Gilbert) earl of Lincoln. This however, proved but a 
 fleetinc" honor ; lor no sooner was the authority of Lewis 
 displaced, and himself driven out of the kingdom, than 
 thosp who derived their dignity or importance from him 
 sunk also. Hence, Gilbert de Gaunt found that no one 
 would recoo-nise him hs earl of Lincoln, because no man 
 recoo-nised the authority that made hira such ; and he there- 
 forf» s]>ontaneou^ly relinquished a title, which, if he had 
 per misled in keeping, he must have retained only m bar- 
 ren possession. 
 
 Ranulph de Blandevil was the next earl of Lincoln, 
 being created by Henry IIL who was mainly indebted 
 to him for being able to ascend the throne of his father. 
 In succeedinir to tho title, he also succeeded to the pos- 
 sessions of Gilbert de Gaunt, who, having linked him- 
 sell firmK to the fortunes of Louis, fell when he fell. 
 This earl (Ranulph de Blandevil) bestowed, a little 
 before his deaUi. the earldom of Lincoln by charter, to 
 his sister, Harvise, wife of Robert de Quincy ; this 
 grant, accordinc; to the words of the charter, was only 
 so far forth as it appertained to him, that she might be 
 countess thereof. Hence, her husband 
 
 Robert de Quincy became earl of Lincoln in his wife^s 
 right. She, at her demise, bestowed it in like manner 
 upon 
 
 John de Lacy, constable of Chester, and the heirs he 
 should beget upon the body of Margaret her daughter. 
 The gentleman, it seems, was successful in accomplishing 
 
 6 3 the 
 
lOS HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 the views of hie mother in law, and actually did beget, 
 on the body of Margaret, a son named Edmund, but he 
 dying before his mother, left his honours to be enjoyed by 
 his son 
 
 Henry, who was the last earl of Lincoln of this fa- 
 mily, for when he lost his sons by untimely deaths, he 
 contracted his only dauirhter Alice, then but nine years 
 old, to Thomas, the eldest son of Edmund, earl of Lan- 
 caster, on condition, that if he should die wiihout issue 
 of his body, or if they should die without heirs of their 
 bodie<?, his castles, lordships, &c. should come in the 
 remainder to Thomas, the eldest son of Edmund, earl of 
 Lancaster, and his heirs for ever. But this Alice having 
 no children by her husband Thomas, who was beheaded 
 at Pontefract castle, lost her reputation by her light be- 
 haviour, because she, without the king's consent, was 
 married to sir Eubulo le Strange, with whom she had 
 been formerly too intimate, at which the king was so 
 offended, that he seized her estate ; yet sir Eubulo le 
 Strange, and sir Hugh France, her third husband, are in 
 some records called, in her right, earls of Lincoln. She 
 lived to a great age, and dying without issue, 
 
 Henry, earl of Lancaster, grandchild of Edmund by 
 his second son, had this her large patrimony, by virtue 
 of the above-mentioned conveyance ; and from this time 
 it became the inheritance of the house of Lancaster; 
 nevertheless the kings of England have from .ime to time 
 conferred on several persons the earldom of Lincoln, viz. 
 king Edward IV. created 
 
 John de la Pole earl of Lincoln : and after him king 
 Henry VIIL made 
 
 Henry Brandon earl of Lincoln. They were both of 
 them the sons of dukes of Suffolk ; and both dying 
 without issue, ihis honour lay dormant, till 
 
 Edward, lord Clinton and Say, lord admiral of 
 England, was advanced by queen Elizabeth, in the 14th 
 year of her reign, to the title of earl of Lincoln. He 
 
 was 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 10^ 
 
 was one of her majesty's privy council, and of those 
 appointed for the trial of the duke of Norfolk. 
 
 Henry, his eldest son, succeeded him in his estates and 
 honour. He was one of the peers in the commission for 
 the trial of Mary queen of Scots. He had two sons by 
 Catharine, the daug:hter of the earl of Huntingdon, viz. 
 Thomas and Edward. 
 
 Thomas succeeded him in his honour, aad left it to 
 his son 
 
 Theophilus, who had only one son, who died in his 
 life time; he had been married to Ann, the daughter of 
 John, earl of Clare, and left a son, 
 
 Edward, who succeeded his grandfather Theophilus 
 in this earldom; but he dying without issue, the honour 
 devolved upon the posterity of the above-mentioned Ed- 
 ward, the son of earl Henry, and brother of earl Thomas. 
 This Edward wasknigtiied, as was also his son Francis, 
 who, by Priscilla his wife, had a son, 
 
 Francis, who, upon the death of earl Edward, suc- 
 ceeded him, and became earl of Lincoln in 1691. He 
 married Susanna, daughter of Anthony Pennington, Esq. 
 by whom he had issue, Henry, George, and Susanna, 
 and dying in 1693, was succeeded by 
 
 Henry, his eldest son. who married lady Fras. Pelham, 
 eldest si>fer to the first duke of Newcastle; and the title 
 of earl of Lincoln now belongs to the eldest sons of tke 
 dukes of Newcastle. 
 
 In adverting to the manners and customs of a provin- 
 cial city. It ma\ easily be supposed that few habits wil4 
 be found which discriminate them from the rest of the 
 country. Yet, peculiar districts commonly have some 
 local practices which strike as novelties now, only per- 
 haps because they have survived their general diffusion 
 throughout the land: they have fallen into disuse else- 
 where, and being no longer remembered, when observed, 
 G 4 the* 
 
104 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 they impress the. spectator or inquirer with the belief of 
 their local and limited character. Certainly there is no- 
 thing in the general manners of the inhabitants of this 
 city, or its circumjacent parts, which remarkably di-tin* 
 guish it from other provinces of the kingdom. The 
 amusements of the lower class somewhat resemble those 
 of the dutch, and ^he similarity may have been occasioned 
 by an approximating similarity of climate. The labourer 
 or the artisan, when the toils of the day are over, (and 
 but too oi'ten before they are done) takes his post in some 
 neighbouring alehouse, and there, with his pot of beer 
 before him, and his pipe in his mouth, he looks as so- 
 lemn as a dutch burgomaster, and is certainly qui'^e as 
 iin«5ociable. It is wonderful how the pipe could ever 
 become the emblem of social harmony ; unless harmony 
 consists in silence, and society in sittirg; so enveloped in 
 smoke that nobody can see his neighbour. The com- 
 mon, and almost uniform operation of a pipe of tobacco 
 and a mug of good ale, is to wrap the possessor of those 
 fortunate luxuries in the mantle of helf-gratiiication, and 
 having all his immediate wants satisfied, he never recol- 
 lects that there is another human being in the house, till 
 he requires to have his pipe fi'led, his mug replenished, 
 the candles snuffed, or the fire poked. Every person 
 knows, indeed, that the fumes of tobacco have a slightly 
 narcotic and a sedative quality, and hence, no doubt, the 
 calm and tranquil stupidit\ which generally accompanies 
 smoking ; and we are only surprised, that with such 
 facts, obvious to every one, it should ever have been 
 honoured with the reputation of promoting conviviality, 
 and an interchange of sentiments. ''The Lincoln 
 smokers," says an intelligent observer, " never open 
 their mouths tor any thing like conversation; but, en- 
 veloped in smoke, they remain like so many pieces of 
 furniture, till they have taken their full lowance, or are 
 reminded of their being wanted by some new customer. 
 Unlike their yorkshire or thpir nottinghamshire neigh- 
 bours, they never join in an equal club, and endeavour 
 to amuse one another by singinir, or the witty repartee : 
 but an air of sombre melancholy pervades these dumb 
 
 compotations. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 105 
 
 compotatwns, and nothing like joy or hilarity ever at-, 
 tends such meetings./' 
 
 The same writer mentions a curious, but happily 
 obsolete custom which formerly prevailed in Lincohi, to 
 the manifest depravation of the moral babits of its ci- 
 tizens. This was called tuUings, 
 
 " The tuttings," says he, " from their singularity, 
 deserve a short notice, especially as the custom of holding 
 them is now fast descending into the vale of oblivion ; 
 and as it may enable our readers to form some idea of 
 . the minner in which the common people of Lincoln used 
 formerly to divert themselves. The following is the 
 mariner in which these meetings were generally held : — 
 A landlady who wished to have a tutting, gave notice of 
 her intention to all her female acquaintances, whe'her 
 married or single. On the day and hour specified, the 
 visitors assembled, and were regaled with tea (so tar all 
 well) but on the removal of that, the table was re- 
 plenished with a bowl and glasses, and exhilarated with 
 potent punch, when each guest became a new creature. 
 About this time the husbands or cecisbeos arrived, paid 
 their half guineas each lor the treatment of themselves 
 and partners ; joined the revelry, and partook of the 
 amusements proposed by their cheres amies. Each fe- 
 male then, anxious to please her partner for the evening, 
 displayed every captivating charm, either in the enliven- 
 ing catch, the witty double entendre^ ihe dance, or beat- 
 ing of the tambourine, till every decency was often for- 
 gotten, arid the restrain's of modesty abandoned. This 
 custom, which was confined solely to the lower ranks, is 
 now very properly almost abolished ; we are only sur- 
 prised that it should have been so long continued, to the 
 bane of every principle of decorum and good manners." 
 
 It is with pleasure we turn from this description of a 
 local custom, to another, which happily for this country is 
 not local, though it deserves to be recorded to the honour 
 of Lincoln, that there are few cities or towns where it 
 prevails more generally. 
 
106 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 *' Anioncr the customs almost peculiar to this city, may 
 be ranked tiie frequent holding of subscription meetings, 
 under (he name of cliaritable assemblies. When any 
 inhabitant of good character is overtaken by sudden mis- 
 fortune, any respectable widow burthened with a number 
 of children, or aged man incapable of providing for his 
 own support ; some leading lady or gentleman steps 
 forward and solicits, by public invitation, the company 
 of the charitable to an assembly for the benefit of the 
 sufterer ; every respectable individual thinks himself 
 bound in honour to attend ; and, on entering the room, 
 gives what he pleases to the palronesa or patron of the 
 meeting, who collect the subscriptions. The generous 
 solicitors are considered as treasurers ; pay out of the 
 fund the expences of the assembly, and present the over- 
 plus, in such periodical sums as they think proper, to the 
 object of (hat evening^s charity. The subscription is 
 always sufficiently large to relieve the distressed object. 
 Eight or nine of these assemblies are sometimes mtide in 
 a year,* and produce a sum (thus voluntarily given to 
 objects who, otherwise, must either have been starved, 
 or at least solely supported by their respective parishes) 
 at the average of almost four hundred pounds per annum. 
 
 This 
 
 * From the followins: statement a true idea of the nature of 
 those assemblies may be formed : 
 Dec 14, 1BU8 — I he Mayor and Mrs. Carter, patrons, I. s. 6: 
 
 for Ann Simpson and John Hurrel 46 3 6 
 
 Dec. 28 — Mrs. Williams and J. Fardell, esq. for 
 
 Widow Ai-knl 33 16 
 
 Jan. '20, 1809— Mis. White and H Hutton, esq. for 
 
 Widows Wood and Williams 30 
 
 Feb 20. — VIrs Iliin};woith and alderman Gibbeson, 
 
 for widow Skeltoi) 51 3 
 
 April '20 Fund for the education 
 
 ofchildr-n 17 II 
 
 May 17. — The Mayor, for relief of tne english prisoners 
 
 in France 40 
 
 Oct 31. — Committee and Dr. Charlesworth, fur Lying- 
 
 inCliaiity 50 
 
 Dee IS. — The .Vlayor and Miss Kllison, for widows 
 
 Slack and Hunt 62 5 
 
 Feb. 16, 1810 —Mrs. Brand and the Rev. Mr. Kent, for 
 
 widow Welbourne 53 16 G 
 
HFSTORY OF LINCOLN. 107 
 
 *' This is a cuslom, which, while we adniiic, we cannot 
 help retrroltin^ should be almost confined to Lincoln,* 
 and that anion^^st the many opulent towns with which 
 this kinf:;dom abounds, and which we fear are not alto- 
 gether destitute of oi)jects of compassion, this city should 
 nearly stand alone in the laudable practice ol" pourinc^ 
 balm into the wounded bosom of those who have for- 
 merly perhaps seen belter days. This flattering; proof 
 of the estimation in which the sufferers are held by their 
 townsmen, must invigorate their exertions, and cheer 
 their drooping spirits. They see that their misfortunes 
 are pitied, and their conduct respected; that they are not 
 suffered to languish for the remainder of their lives in a 
 workhouse, or owe a miserably protracted existence to 
 the frigid charity of a parochial officer. 
 
 " This custom is fraught with many advantages : the 
 parish rates are kept low *, because a person formerly in 
 a respectable situation, fosters the spirit of independence 
 which he has hitherto possessed, and trusts to industry 
 and diligence for his support ; in the fullest confidence^ 
 that, should his endeavours prove fruitless, the generosity 
 pf his neighbours will raise him up and save him from 
 the debasing situation of a pauper. Harmony and good 
 neighbourhood are also preserved among; the inhabitants, 
 by the frequent recurrence of these meetings, where they 
 seem to experience (what the motive so much deserves, 
 and what every good man would wish for) the blessing 
 of that God who directs his followers to clothe the naked 
 and to feed the hungry ; and who commands the eulogist 
 of generous actions to '' go and do likewise." 
 
 Lincoln, imitating the laudable example afforded by 
 Manchester and Liverpool, has this year C1814) laid the 
 foundations of a public library which promises to expand 
 into a valuable and extensive institution. Till this pe- 
 riod, however, Lincoln was wholly destitute of that first 
 
 evidence 
 
 • About twenty years ago, a letter appeared in the Gentleman'R 
 magazine, describiii;: and recommending these charitable assem- 
 blies ; since which time ihey have been occa»ionally adopted in 
 other market towns in this county. 
 
108 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 evidence of a hitrhly cultivated state of society. An 
 attempt was made, indeed, in 1809, to remove this re- 
 proach ; but rhouiih countenanced by most of the neigh- 
 bouring nobility and gentry, and a considerable propor- 
 tion ot the principal inhabitants of the city, it proved 
 ineffectual. The second effort has prospered better. — 
 The following are the principal provisions which regu- 
 lated the Ibrmaiion of the Lincoln library, and which 
 are to secure its progressive increase and improvement: — 
 
 Rules 1, 2, 3, 6, and T. -Every person paying in ad- 
 \'ance live guineas purchase money at entrance, as a sup- 
 ply for raising a sufficient stock of books ; and subscribing 
 in advance one guinea annually, to support and carry on 
 the design ; shall be a proprietor or member, be entitled 
 to a share in the stock, and have an equal power, by vote 
 or otherwise, in directing all affairs relative to it. Pro- 
 prietors of four shares subscribing annually one guinea; 
 or proprietors of two shares choosing to subscribe annually 
 one guinea and a half; or proprietors of one share sub- 
 scribing annually two guineas; shall, in taking out books, 
 have double the privileges of ordinary members: and so 
 on in proportion. Every proprietor shall have a right to 
 transfer his property in any manner in which personal 
 property is usually transferred : but in all cases of aliena- 
 tion by sale, a right of preemption shall be vested in the 
 committee, the purchaser or transferee being liable to all 
 fines and engagements due upon the share ; and the sum 
 of ten shillings and sixpence shall, in all cases of transfer 
 or descent, be paid by the new proprietor for the use of 
 the society. 
 
 The president shall personally superintend the meeting 
 and proceeding's of the committee, or shall appoint a 
 deputy to take the chair. He and another member of the 
 comiuitree shall, whenever they think proper, visit the 
 library, examme the accounts of the librarians, and 
 observe whether proper care is taken of the books, &c. 
 and shall report their observations at the next meeting. 
 The president shall have the privilege of ordering books, 
 not exceeding the value of one pound, betwixt the 
 
 monthly 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 10^ 
 
 monthly meetinc^s, on entering; the-order, subscribed with 
 his name, in the proposinir book: also ol" calling a meeiinu; 
 extraordinary of the committee, whenever circumMances 
 seem to require it. The committee shail consist of a 
 president and fourteen members ; any four ot whom, 
 with the president or his deputy, shall be competent to 
 act ; but if the president be absent, and have not ap- 
 pointed a deputy, the other members shall choose a 
 chairman for the day : In all cases of votiRg, where the 
 numbers are equal, the chairman sh^ll have a casting 
 vote. The mayor and the residentiary in residence (if 
 severally proprietors) the principal librarian, trea«^'irpr, 
 and secretary, shall be, ex officio, permanent member* 
 of the committee. They shall meet on ihe tirst Tuesday 
 in every month at half past eleven o'clock, unless a 
 different hour be previously agreed upon and notified ; 
 and the chair shall be taken, not later than half an hour 
 after the specified time. 
 
 _If the president fail to appoint a deputy in his absence, 
 he shall pay two shilling-s and sixpence. Every other 
 member, unless confined by sickness, or out of town, 
 shall be fined one shilling for non-attendance; if absent 
 three tim^s successively (except for the rea<sons above- 
 mentioned) he shall lose his seat in the committee. Any 
 one coming later than half an hour after the time spe- 
 cified, or going away betore the chair is vacated, shall 
 forfeit sixpence. The committee shall have the sole 
 power of selecting- and purchasing books; shall fix the 
 time to be allowed for reading each volume, which is to 
 be written on a paper in the inside of the cover They 
 shall determine what books are to remain in the library 
 for reference only, and what are to circulate. They may 
 at any time call a general meeting- of pro])rietors ; may 
 shut up the library for the purpose of examinins" into its 
 state ; and may sell or exchange, after a year's circula- 
 tion, any duplicates, pamphlets, and fugitive literature, 
 (the proposer of a modern novel being considered as 
 sponsor for the same at two thirds ot (he prime cost.) — 
 They may impose discretionary fines, nut exceeding in 
 any instance one third of the shop-price ot the work, 
 
 when 
 
110 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 when a book is casually dama^red ; but if any one shall 
 deface or lose a book, or set of books, or volume of a set, 
 he shall be obliged, within three months after due no- 
 tice, to replace such book, or set, or volume, to the 
 satisfaction of the committee ; or shall make such other 
 reparation as they may deem proper. They may also 
 frame whatever provisional rcfj^ulations appear expedient. 
 The commiitoe shall be vested with a power of raising 
 each annual subscription one third from January 1820, if 
 at that time there appear to exist a necessity, from the 
 depreciation of money, or other circumstances: and so 
 on, every ten years. A vacancy happenin^^; in the com- 
 mittee shall be immediately supplied by their choice of 
 a supplementary member, who also shall be competent 
 to fill any vacant office. 
 
 Rules Ifi, 17, 22, 23. 24, and 26. -Periodical pub- 
 lications shall remain in the library until the succeeding 
 number come in : and pamphlets shall remain one month, 
 prior to their circulation, except when there are dupli- 
 cates. All other new publications shall lie on the table 
 fourteen days before they are marked off for circulation; 
 after which the ])roposers shall, throughout the fifteenth 
 day, be entitled to take them out first. No book, within 
 the first year of its circulation, shall be entered twice to 
 the same person, till it has remained in the library at 
 least one week after being returned in due course. The 
 yearly subscription shall be paid in advance on or be- 
 fore the first Wednesday of January annually ; and, 
 after that day, no one in arrear shall have another book 
 from the library. If any proprietor refuse to pay his 
 subscription, more than one full year, he shall, after 
 having received due notice, forfeit a share in the library. 
 A dated list of forfeitures and subscriptions in arrear^ 
 shall be exhibited in the library room. 
 
 A present of books, natural curiosities, mathematical 
 or philosophical instruments, or of any work of art 
 (valued in the judgment of the committee at not less than 
 ten guineas) from a non-resident, rshall constitute the 
 donor an honorary member, and entitle him to the free 
 
 use 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. HI 
 
 use of the library rooms. A present of the same nature 
 (of the value of twenty guineas) from a resident, shall 
 confer upon the donor similar privileges. A stranger, 
 intending to stay in Lincoln or the neighbourhood not 
 raore than a months nMy be introduced into ihe rooms? 
 by having his name stibscribed in the admission book by 
 two members: and further, by paying five shillings in 
 advance per morth, shall be entitled to take out books 
 as AD ordinary proprietor. Such stranger shall be ame- 
 nable to the rules and laws of the society ; for the due 
 observance of which, and for any fines he may incur, the 
 members who introduce him shall be responsible. In 
 the room set apart fur reading, no conversation shall be 
 allowed, under such penalties as the committee shall think 
 proper to impose. 
 
 It is obvious that some of these rules have that imper- 
 fection which is incident to all new institutions, and 
 which practical experience alone can rectify ; but their 
 general tendency is well calculated to promote the 
 ultimate objects for which they are framed. 
 
 It may be mentioned, that in addition to this public 
 library, and the ordinary circulating: libraries, there i» 
 another which happens to be nearly useless from its 
 dilapidated state ; we allude to the library beloncring to 
 the cathedral, consisting of a tolerable quantity of musty, 
 worm-eaten volumes, which are exhibited to the gaping 
 curiosity of strangers, but contribute nothing to the 
 intellectual resources of the community. 
 
 Connected with the actual state of literature in this 
 city, the question of what learned and eminent men the 
 county has produced, seems to deserve some attention ; 
 and we find, in the second volume of the Magna Bri- 
 tannia^ the following enumeration of them, which, as a 
 portion of incidental and collateral history, we here 
 introduce :— 
 
 John Thory, doctor of physic, who styles himself 
 Balliolaraus Anglus, supposed to be descended of the 
 Thorys of Boston, or Ingoldmells, in this shire. He 
 
 was 
 
1 12 HISTORY OF L[iSC0LN. 
 
 was a person well skilled in several tongues, and a noted 
 poet in his rime. He wrote a Spanish dictionary ; and 
 translated a Spanish grammar into english : Lond. 1590. 
 Letters and Sonnets to Gabriel Harvey, anno. J 593. A 
 book entitled The Councellor : i. e. A Trea'ise of the 
 Councels and Councellors of Princes; Lond. 1589, &c. 
 
 Charles TurnbuU, an Oxonian famous for his admirable 
 knowlediie in mathematics. He vvroie a perfect and easy 
 treatise of the use of the celestial globe, as an introduc- 
 tion to astronomy, and for the use of navigators; 1597. 
 He built and made those several sorts of dials that stand 
 upon a pillar in the midst of Corpus Christi quadrangle, 
 of which college he was master of arts and fellow, 
 
 Thomas Wilson, doctor of laws, secretary of state and 
 privy councellor to queen Elizabeth. He was famous in 
 that great station for three things ; 1. Quick dispatch and 
 industry. 2. For constant intelligence and correspon- 
 dence. And 3. For a large and strong memory. He had 
 been, while he was in Cambridge, tutor to Henry and 
 Charles Brandon, dukes of Suffolk, and afterwards 
 servant to them. When they died, he wrote their lives, 
 and put it before certain books of verses made upon their 
 deaths by the scholars of Cambridge and Oxford. Lond. 
 1552. The Art of Rhetoric; Lond. 1553. The Rule 
 of Reason; Lond. 1567. And a discourse upon Usury ; 
 Lond. 1572. He died in 1581 ; and his family settled 
 At Sheepwash in this county. 
 
 Fines Morison, brother of sir Richard Morison^ 
 president of Mounster in Ireland, was fellow of Peter- 
 house in Cambridge, and obtained leave of that society 
 to travel ; rambled about many parts of the world for 
 eight years; and upon his return went into Ireland, and 
 became secretary to sir Charles Blouut, lord lieutenant 
 of that realm. Here he composed a large account, in 
 latin, of his travels through the twelve dominions of 
 Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Den- 
 mark, Poland, England, Scotland, and Ireland, which 
 he afterwards translated into english, but they were not 
 
 published 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 113 
 
 published tilltliree years after his death, which happened 
 A.D. 1614. 
 
 Sir Thomas Mounson, knight and baronet, master of 
 the armory, and master falconer to his majesty king James 
 I. and such a one as no prince in Christendom had the 
 like. He was twice brought upon his trial, upon sus- 
 picion of having a hand in the poisoning of sir Thomas 
 Overbury, but at length came off clear. He was a per- 
 son of excellent breeding, and a great lover of ingenuity, 
 especially of music, in which as he had good skill, so he 
 was a patron to the professors of it. 
 
 Robert Grebby, one of the chaplains of New college. 
 Oxford, was a true scholar, and spent all his lime in 
 reading and writing, especially in divinity and philo- 
 sophy, in which last he was a great sceptic. This gen- 
 tleman having been always dubious of the immortality of 
 the soul, did, some years before his death, make a con- 
 tract with two of his acquaintance (one of whom was 
 named Good, and commonly called tutor Good ) that 
 were of the same mind, that he that died first of the three, 
 should make known to either of the other two his then 
 state and being. Mr. Grebby (commonly called father 
 Grebby) died first, and soon after his resemblance ap- 
 peared in the night time in the chamber of Mr. Good, 
 and opening his curtains, said to him with a trembling 
 and faint voice; 
 
 Sors tua mortalis, non est mortale^ quodoptas, 
 
 and then vanished. Mr. Good desired to have seen him 
 again, but never could. At the same time, the other 
 person, who was residing upon his benefice in Oxford- 
 shire, had a dream that the said resemblance did appear 
 to Mr. Good, and that the doubt among them was 
 resolved, which both of them at times affirmed ; the last 
 in a bantering way, and Mr. Good with some shyness, 
 unless to his philosophical acquaintance, most of whom 
 believed him. He died in 1654. 
 
lU HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Dr. John Pell, nridster of arts ot' Trinity collepie in 
 Cambridge, a great scholar and linsvuist, 3'et ncitlier 
 scholar nor fellow of that Rociety, because he minded his 
 study so much that nobody minded hnn ; yet leaving the 
 colleo;e bc'-ame famous (stranire tiiaf his worth was not 
 discerned in the college, where learninf*' is pretended lo 
 be loved, .admired, and rewarded) for he was soon after 
 made professor of the mathematics at Amsterdam, where 
 his learned co!leap;ue Le Ger Vossius, heard hmi with 
 admiration, and by him he is styl^^d, a person of various 
 eriidition, and a most acute mathem-itician. In ]^'4B the 
 prince of Oranj^ie called him to be professor of philosophy 
 an I mathematics in hisSchola Illiistris at Breda, founded 
 that year, whither William lord Brereton was sent to 
 be his scholar. In Ifiot? he returned into Enoland, and 
 two years alter, Oliver, lord protector, sent him envoy 
 to the switz cantons ; and because it was known, that 
 in that public employment, which he held four years, he 
 acted nothinir to the injury of the ch.irch of Enoland, 
 Dr. Sanderson, bishop of Lincoln, at the restoration, or- 
 dained him; and Dr. Sheldon, then bishop of London, 
 pave him the livinns of Tobbing and Laundon-cum- 
 Bass.^ldone m Essi >: ; and, when removed to Canterbury, 
 made him his chapUin, where he was expected to have 
 been made a dean, but not beini^ active, he never 2;ot 
 hither than a rector; and in that post, being a shiftless 
 man, he died poor, and was buried at the charge of 
 Pr. Busby and Dr. Sharp. He wrote divers curious 
 treatises in mathemntics, and was the lirst inventor of 
 the marginal working in algebra. lie died in 16fi5. 
 
 Among the trrcat names which are connected with this 
 county, ehher by birth, habitation, or exploits, it would 
 be impossible to forget the two earls of Lindsey, whose 
 zeal, loyalty, and couraire, were alike conspicuous. The 
 following account of Robert, is derived from^ Lloyd's 
 Memoirs, a copious, though not always an impartial 
 work : — 
 
 He was born December Ifi, 157?, at London, the 
 <rve<it father, like Paulus iEmilius, being amazed with 
 *" three 
 
HISTORY OT LINCOLN. 115 
 
 three ^Ud tidinc;?; at a time ; the taking of Bellefont by 
 his re«rim nr. tlie routine.- of the dake of Guise's guards 
 by his brigades, and the birth of his sprightly son by his 
 wife. 
 
 Queen ElizabetTi would needs be god-mother to the 
 young general, as ^he called him, and the earls of Essex 
 and Leicester god-fathers, christening him Robert, (a 
 name, she observed, happy in soldiers and statesmen, as 
 Henry was in kings ; John in divines ; Edward in 
 lawyers ; Elizabeth in queens ; William in physicians ; 
 Edward and Francis in scholars and politicians) and en- 
 joining a trial of his temper, as Pharaoh did of Moses, be- 
 fore discretion might be dij^sembled. when he discovered 
 more inclination to the armour than the gown, being 
 manly in his very gewgaws and rattles; and almost, with 
 Scanderbeg, calling, the very first word he spoke, for a 
 sword; and being once, by sir Walter Raleigh, offered 
 the same choice that Achilles was by Ulysses, that is, the 
 softer fairings of pictures, little books, &c. and those 
 more severe, of little swords, pistols, &c. he betrayed an 
 carlo's manhood by his choice of the latter, laying hold, 
 the first thing, when gentlemen came to the house, upon 
 their sword and dagger. 
 
 Much of his accomplishments he owed to his father's 
 well-disciplined house, more to the strict university ; 
 more than that to a sober and manly court ; more yet to 
 his four years' travels ; and most of all to his under- 
 takiniTs in the low countries ; where his entertainments 
 were free and noble, his carriage towards officers and 
 soldiers obliging, especially those of his own country, 
 his engagements in every action and council remarkable, 
 his designs on the enemy restless, and his assaults for- 
 ward, being with the first generally at a breach or pass ; 
 thrice unhorsed, but never daunted, before Newport. — 
 His courage growing from his dangers, seldom using a 
 bed abroad, and having but little use of it (as sleeping 
 but four hours a night usually ) at home ; hardening 
 thereby his body, and knitting his soul. 
 
 H 2 Thft 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 The first expedition wherein he appeared, was in the 
 company of the earls of Essex and Nottingham to Calais, 
 where his great spirit was so impatient of delay, that 
 when it was voted that they should set upon the town and 
 ships, he and the earl of Essex threw up their caps, and 
 were so forward, that he was knighted in the market 
 place ; where he said an old woman with a stone knocked 
 down the esquire, and the general commanded him to 
 rise a knight. 
 
 His next adventure was with sir Thomas Vere to 
 Brill, where he bestowed his time m observing the exact 
 way of modern and regular fortifications. 
 
 His third expedition was Cwith Gilbert Talbot, earl of 
 Shrewsbury, then ambassador) to make observation upon 
 the renowned french king, Henry IV. and his court 
 (the safest and most useful travelling is in an ambassador's 
 company, and the best places to travel in is Holland to 
 see all the world, and France to see any part of it) 
 AVhence he stepped to see the siege of Amiens, so ho- 
 nourably managed by sir John Baskervile and sir Arthur 
 Savage. 
 
 His fourth sally was Caffer a voyage with the earl of 
 Cumberland, to take the Spanish caracks at ^"orto Rico) 
 with the northern ambassadors, the lord Zouch and Dr. 
 Perkins, to view the strength, interests, and alliance of 
 the danes, swedes, muscovians, &c. and upon his re- 
 turn, a short journey after the earl of Essex, to see the 
 obstructions to, and the benehts of, the conquest of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 And the last voyage under queen Elizabeth, was with 
 his countrymen sir Richard Leveson and sir William 
 Mounson, to take the great carack worth 1000000 crowns, 
 in ihe very sight of the Spanish fleet, and under their 
 castle, to the great loss of the Spaniards, but the infinite 
 advantage of the english, who were looked upon now as a 
 people to be feared, not to be invaded; thus diverting the 
 power of Spain, that ever and anon threatened us, to de- 
 i'end itself. 
 
 Upon 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 117 
 
 Upon king James' arrival, he took a private journey 
 to view the inierests, rarities, politics, ma«!:nificence3, 
 and the designs of Italy, to prepare himself with the 
 more advantage to wait on the earl of Nottinj^ham, in 
 the splendid embassy to the slow and reserved court of 
 Spain, whence after a view of the frimous sieE^e of Os- 
 tend, he returned to be one of the knights of the bath, 
 at the installation of Charles, duke of York, afterwards 
 king of England. 
 
 When the civil war broke out, Charles appointed the 
 earl of Lindsey lord general of the army, and at the 
 head of his army, a-foot, with a pike in his hand (having 
 trained up his soldiers by skirmishing, before he brought 
 them to battle) he appeared at Edge hill, October 23, 
 1642, too prodigal of his person, which was not only to 
 till one place, but to inspire and guide all the army. But 
 it is a maxim of the duke of Roan, that never great 
 persons performed great undertakings, but by making war 
 in person; nor failed, but by doing it by their lieutenants. 
 Here, rather oppressed with numbers, then conquered by 
 powers, opposing his single regiment to a whole brigade, 
 and his person to a whole company, after eighteen 
 wounds, passages enough to let out any soul out of a 
 body above sixty, but that great one of the earl of Lind- 
 sey, he was forced to yield himself, first to the numerous 
 enemies about him, and next day, being hardly used, to 
 the enemy, death ; his side winning the day and losing 
 the sun that made it. 
 
 Upon Edge hill the noble Lindsey died. 
 Whilst victory lay bleeding by his side. 
 
 At Edge hill, that was true of him and his country- 
 men, the loyal gentry of Lincolnshire, that was observed 
 of Cataline and his followers — that they covered the 
 same place with their corps when dead ; where they stood 
 in the fight, whilst living. 
 
 Montague, earl of Lindsey, his son and successor, 
 
 hemg embarked in the same loyal cause, was taken 
 
 H 3 prisoner 
 
nS HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 priHoncr Hi. llic s.iino fif^lil, and kept at London near 
 a yoar, when hcm\r roloasod, he relurnod to ihn king 
 At. Oxford, whrre lio waH the more wolcomo, becaiHe 
 lie liad, by hiH ronfir^jment, brouf»;ht over to his majes- 
 ty heveral lordw and j^rnileinpn, who immediately jol- 
 lowed him thither. At Oxford he laboured to further 
 an accommodation between his majrsty and parliament, 
 and wliihi tliat could not be eflerted, as dexterously 
 maria«red the kin^V cause at Newberry and fVaseby, 
 when the kinj^'s caus*; was ho deplorable, that he was 
 forced to truHt his enemies. His lordship, with the duke 
 of Richmond, yielded himsell up to the army ; and 
 thonjrh, after a considerable imprisonment, he was re- 
 leased, he was sequesterc'd, decimated, c^.c. to the loss of 
 above Keven thousand pounds. When the kinf^ fell into 
 his enemies' hands, he urchI all possible apphcation to 
 yave his life, not only offering a ransom, or himself an 
 hostage, and if nothing but blood would satisfy them, to 
 Jiuffer death in his stead ; but when all he could do did 
 not prevail, he, with some other honourable persons, pro- 
 cured orders for, and gave attendance upon, his majesty's 
 funeral. In the banishment of king Charles II. he made 
 a provision privately for his majesty and his friends, aud, 
 with general Monke, consulted all along for his resto- 
 ration, which being eflecled, he was made one of his 
 majesty's privy council, lord lieutenant of l^incolnsshire, 
 a commissioner for the trial of the king's murderers, lord 
 chamberlain at his ccjronation, and a knight of the most 
 noble order of the garter. He died at Kensington, anno 
 J >f':;. 
 
 This county has further been eminent for the highest 
 sf, 1,1 ions; f(»r not to rise higher, in the reign of queen 
 Klizabelh, the nien of this shire had the highest ofliccs. 
 
 Kdward, lord Clinton and Say, was made lord high 
 admiral ol England for life. 
 
 William Cecil, was made lord liigh treasurer. 
 
 John Whitgift, was archbishop, of Canterbury. 
 
 Peregrine 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 119 
 
 Peregrine Bertie, was lord general of France. 
 
 Sir Edmund Anderson, lord chief justice of the com- 
 mon pleas. 
 
 Thomas Wilson, doctor of laws, and secretary of state. 
 
 All these were countrymen and contemporaries, and, 
 ihouiih born in flic r,ame shiie. none of th^m akin to each 
 other, but all raised themselves by God's blessintr, the 
 queen's favour, and their own deserts, without any help 
 or assistance from each other. 
 
 To ihis list of eminent men may be added the name of 
 Dr. Willis, who was a native of the city of Lincoln. He 
 was educated at Brazen-no-e colleice. Oxford, where he 
 fook a master's decree in the year 1740. After en»«.'ritig 
 into holy orders he was preferred to the rectory oi St. 
 John's, Wapping. Havinp; a partiality to rhe medical pro- 
 fession, he determined to adopt it; for which purpose, in 
 the } ear 1 759 he accumulated the deo;rees of bachelor and 
 doctor of physic at his own university. In tins profession 
 he soon became eminent; and paying particular attention 
 to a malady, whose causes and cure were little understood, 
 he became celebrated for the treatment of insanity. He 
 went to reside in his native coun«^ry, and opened a large 
 house for ibis purpose at Gretford, where he was so 
 successlul, that on a late relapse of our soverei^jn, his 
 advice was' sought for on th.it melancholy occasion. — 
 Having ibrtunaiely restored the king's health, the fame 
 of his professional service to this country, induced the 
 court of Portugal to solicit his as^^is^nnce for the queen, 
 then labouring under a similar affliction ; but though 
 after some months trial, he was unsuccessful- his reputa- 
 taion remained undiminished. It was a connroied case, 
 which completely baffled all medical skill, and resi-ted 
 the force of medicine. At the time of his de itb, a num- 
 ber of afflicted persons of family and respectability we -e 
 under Ki'^ rare a* Gretford and Shiilin-hnrpe. where 
 the doctor h^d ebtabiishments .or such paueiilii. He lived 
 H 4 higlijv 
 
rZO HIS TOR y OF LINCOLN. 
 
 liiglily esteemed, and died greatly lamented, at an ad- 
 vanced age, December the 5th, 1807; and his rew.ains 
 were interred in GretCurd cliurch. 
 
 Having thus enumerated the principal names of those 
 individuals whose characters have shed a lustre upon 
 the place of their nativity, the next consideration natu- 
 rally leads us to the means, by which mental capacity is 
 enabled to expand and display its energies. It is in vain 
 that a soil is fertile, if it be prolific only in weeds; and 
 weeds alone can thrive, where the fostering hand of cul- 
 tivation docs not extend its labours. Man is a creature 
 so largely dependent on the circumstances, by which he is 
 surrounded, that he cannot develope even the endow- 
 ments, which nature may have bestowed upon him, with- 
 out the aid of concurring events. Had Newton been 
 born in the reign of Alfred, he would have been some- 
 thing above the rest of his countrymen, by the mere un- 
 assisted energies of his character; but he could not have 
 disclosed those wonderful operations of his mind, which 
 re(}uired the existence of antecedent and contemporary 
 events for their production. There can be no doubt 
 that men of transcendent genius have been born in every 
 age, that is, men born with the capacity of greatness ; 
 but wanting a fit theatre for action, adequate causes and 
 requisite opportunities, they have passed through life, 
 eminent only in their own narrow circle, vxithout filling 
 the world with their renown. Hence, there is no less 
 of philosophical truth than of pathetic poesy, in the well- 
 known stanzas of the poet : 
 
 Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid, 
 
 Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire. 
 
 Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, 
 Or wakM to ecstacy the living lyre. 
 
 But KNOWLKDGE to ihci'r eycs her ample page. 
 Rich with the spoils of tiuje, did ne'er unroll; 
 
 Chill penury repressed their noble rage 
 And froze the genial current of the soul, 
 
 FuH 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 12^ 
 
 Full iiiiany a g;em of purest ray serene, 
 
 The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear, 
 
 Full many a flowV is born to blusli unseen. 
 And waste its sweetness in the desart air. 
 
 Some village Hampden, thai with dauntless breast, 
 The little tyrant of his fields withstood. 
 
 Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest. 
 
 Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. 
 
 These affecting images are applied to the nameless 
 dead of a village churchyard ; but let the mind of the 
 reader suppose it is contemplating the vast charnel-house 
 of the world, the sepulchre of buried generations, of 
 forgotten millions of human beings, and their truth will 
 be no less applicable and resistless. Every age, every 
 country, every hamlet, in the revolving course of tniie, 
 has produced minds of that character and description, 
 which would have led their possessors to the same height, 
 that a Shakespeare, a Bacon, and a Milton have reached, 
 if their lot had cast them upon times and circumstances 
 calculated to bring forth their occult capabilities. 
 
 An eminent writer has observed that " education forms 
 the common ^mind;" but the maxim would have been 
 more philosophical, if he had extended the influence of 
 education to every mind. Not that early instruction pro- 
 duces exactly the same degree of effect upon all minds, 
 because some are compounded of such sluggish and inert 
 materials that they have no motion but what is derived 
 from external impulse ; while others, possessing an ori- 
 ginal and salient spring of action, overleap the bounds 
 prescribed by tuition, and, instead of forming themselves 
 by precedent example, become examples for future gene- 
 rations. Still, however, something, in every intellect, 
 is to be ascribed to the early impressions received from 
 education, and, however vigorous may be the nritive facul- 
 ties, they cannot wholly shake off the trammels imposed 
 by youthful habits and associations. Gra\ , in that beau- 
 tiful fragment, which every lover of philosophical poetry 
 
 must 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY Ol- LINCOLN. 
 
 must lament is only a frao-ment, the Essay on the alliance 
 hetween education and government^ happily illustrates the 
 force and efficarv of pHuratinn • 
 
 force and efficacy of education : 
 
 As sickly plants betray a niggard earth, 
 Whose barren bosom starves her genVous birth. 
 Nor genial warmth, nor genial juice retains. 
 Their roots to feed, and fill their verdant veins ; 
 And as, in climes, where winter holds his reign, 
 The soil, tho' fertile, will not teem in vam. 
 Forbids her gems to swell, her shades to rise, 
 Nor trusts her blossoms to the churlish skies, 
 So draw mankind in vain the vital airs. 
 Unformed, unfriended, by those kindly cares. 
 That heahh and vigour to the soul impart. 
 Spread the young thought, and warm the op'nin^ heart. 
 
 Tn considering the moral and political condition of any 
 place, therefore, a topic inseparable from that considera- 
 tion, is the state of education, and the facilities for 
 diffusing it. Lincoln, thouch somewhat behind other 
 cities in public institutions for this purpose, is not wholly 
 destitute of them. Of private seminaries it will not be 
 necessary to say any thing, because they are always the 
 offspring of individual interest, and of course fluctuate 
 according as the probabilities of promoting that interest 
 change and vary. 
 
 There were formerly two grammar schools upon pub- 
 lic foundations; one in the close, maintained by the 
 dean and chapter, the other in the city, supported by 
 the corporation. In the year l.'vS^, both these vA'erc 
 united, and the master is elected, and half his salary 
 paid, by the dean and chapter ; while the usher is elected 
 and paid by the corporation, who are also bound to pay 
 the other half of the mastery's stipend, and to keep the 
 school-house in good repair. 
 
 The Blue-coat school, or Christ's hospital, joins the 
 West-gate of the Episcopal palace, and is a neat mo>iern 
 
 buildinf^ 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. ItiS 
 
 building. Richard Smith, M. D. was the founder of 
 this hospital, in 1602, who left the manor and certain 
 estates at PotXer Han worth in the county of Lincoln, for 
 the purpose of maintaining; and educating; twelve poor 
 boys in the hospital. Benefactions since left, and the in- 
 creased value of the estates, have enabled the g;overnor8 
 to increase the number (in 1815) to fifty, who wear a 
 similar dress to those of Christ's church, London. The 
 boys are taken in between the ao;es of seven and eig;ht, 
 and aprenticed out at the ajre of fifteen, with a premium 
 of sixteen pounds. The following is an account of the 
 benefactors, since Mr. Richard Smith's: — 
 
 A person or persons unknown, devised estates at t'ramp- 
 ton, Kirton, and Welton-cum-Beckering, for two more 
 boys. Peter Richer, M. D. of the bail, Lincoln, left, in 
 1732, by will, twenty pounds yearly, issuing out of 
 lands at VVmthorpe, for two more boys. Mr. alder- 
 man John Lobsey of Lincoln, left, in 1748, two hundred 
 pounds, for one boy. Mr. Edward Holland, plumber and 
 glazier of Lincoln, in 1749, bequeathed an estate, which 
 sold for two hundred and fifty pounds, for another boy. 
 Mr. alderman John Hooton of Lincoln, in 1767, be- 
 queathed two hundred and twenty pounds, for another boy. 
 In 1766, Mr. Richard Barker, schoolmaster, Lincoln, 
 bequeathed one hundred pounds, the interest arising from 
 which was to be given, every seven years, amongst such 
 poor men, educated in the hospital, as the governors 
 should deem most worthy, but not less than five pounds 
 to each. The late Mr. Gamston also bequeathed a con- 
 siderable sum of money for the support of this establish- 
 ment. 
 
 In 1813, a National school, upon Dr. Bell's plan, was 
 erected near the church of St. Peter's at arches, in 
 Silver-street. It educates 180 boys and 120 girls; a 
 number too small, we should think, for the population 
 of the place ; but if it receive due encouragement, it may 
 in the process of time be extended, so as to render it 
 more extensively useful. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 « f.*^r^j\ff\r'^<j'4 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS, CASTLE, ANTIQUITIES, &C. dc 
 
 Vestiges of the foimer roman station at Lincoln — Ancient 
 inscription — Discovery of a tessellated pavement and a 
 roman hijpocaust — Also of a sudatory— Description, 
 of the castle — Mint wall — Exchequer-gate — Lucy tow- 
 er — Priory — Bishop\s palace — Jews'' house — Netvport- 
 gate — County jail— Asylum — County hospital — City 
 jait —Theatre, Sfc, Sfc. 
 
 WE liave already observed that Lincoln was a cele- 
 bratod roman station, and indicated some of the features 
 which remain of its former condition under that people. 
 We shall now describe these vestiges more minutely. 
 
 As a military station, occupied by a colony of romans, 
 it must have been a place of some extent and consequence. 
 The form of the fortified station, as has been already 
 mentioned, was that of a parallelogram, divided into four 
 equal parts, by two streets which crossed it at right an- 
 gles. At the extremities of those were four fortified 
 gates, nearly facing the cardinal points. The whole was 
 encompassed by an embattled wall, which, on three 
 sides, was llankod by a deep ditch, but on the southern 
 side the steepness of the hill rendered a fosse unnecessary. 
 The area thus inclosed was about 1300 feet in length, by 
 1200 feet in breadth, and is estimated to have contained 
 thirty-eight acres. Tiie walls have been levelled to the 
 ground, and the gales, except that to the north, have been 
 for many years demolished. The latler, called Newport- 
 gate, is described by Dr. Stukcly, as '' the noblest rem- 
 nant of this sort in IJntain, as far as I know ;" and h^ 
 
 expresses 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 125 
 
 expresses much surprise that it had not "•• been taken 
 notice oi *' before this time. The great, or central gate- 
 way, has a semicircular arch, ot sixteen feet in diaineter, 
 which is formed with twenty-six large stones, apparently 
 without mortar. The height is twenty-two feet and a 
 half, of which eleven are buried beneath the ground. 
 On each side of the arch are seven courses of horizontal 
 «tones, called springers, some of which are from six 
 to seven feet in length. On each side of the great 
 arch are two small lateral doorways or posterns, both of 
 which are now closed up. The diameter of eacli was 
 seven feel and a half, by fifteen leet in height. In the 
 great arch there appears to have been no key stone. A 
 mass of the old ronian wall is still to be seen, eastward 
 of this gate; and to the west is another large mass, called 
 the Mmt wall, which ran parallel \Mth the town wall, 
 and IS described by Dr. Stukely as consisting of •' a layer 
 of squared stones, with three layers of brick, each one 
 foot high, then three of stone lor the same height, thei\ 
 three of brick, and twelve of stone, and then brick and 
 stone to the top." It was about sixteen feet high, and 
 forty feet long, and had scaffold holes, and marks of 
 arches. Mr. (Jough thinks this was part of a roman gra- 
 nary. Southward of the station above described were 
 other roman works, which extended from the brow to 
 the bottom of the hill. As the colony increased, this 
 was necessary ; and the southern side of the hill would 
 be found more pleasant and temperate in winter than the 
 summit. Besides, the river at the bottom would attract 
 the inhabitants, when they felt themselves protected by a 
 commanding and powerful garrison.* It appears that a 
 
 fortified 
 
 •The followlH^ aie lh<? roman ronds branching ofF from, and sta- 
 tions connet;te(i witii, LiiKluni-cf.hjma Tlie llrminc-Mrett, some- 
 times culled l^Iij^h street and OUl-street, left the station on the 
 riorih, and continued n* arly in a strai;;ht line to tlie river Humber, 
 on the southern bank of which were the roman settlements, or vi|, 
 las, Ad-Abum, VVinteringham, and Horkstuw. About five miles 
 r\orth of Luicoln, another road, or military w;iy, branched oft from 
 the former, at nearly right angles, and paf^sed westerly, l>y Scamp- 
 Ion, Stow, and Marton, where it forded the Trent, and near whicU 
 s*as Ajelocum. ' >n the ea?t (»f Lindnm, the luad called the' 
 
126 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 wall, with towers at the corners, continued from the top 
 to the bottom of the hill, where it turned at rip;ht angles 
 by the side of the river. These fortifications underwent 
 several alterations and additions during the various civil 
 wars, to which the place was subjected. Hence it is very 
 diflicult, if not wholly impossible, to define what is really 
 of roman origin, or of saxon or norman w-orkmanship. 
 It is equally perplexing to ascertain the time of establish- 
 ing the first colony here, forming the station, building 
 the walls, or extending the city. The Rev. Mr. Sympson, 
 one of the vicars choral, has offered some conjectures on 
 those subjects; and as they serve to illustrate a few points 
 respecting the roman city, I shall avail myself of some 
 passages from his writings. In faking down the roman 
 wall, several coins have been found, belonging to the 
 following emperor^: — FI. Vespasian, Nero, Carausius, 
 Julian, &c. •• From considering them, and the situation 
 in which they were found, I conjecture that this wall 
 was either built by Carausius, or built or repaired after 
 the time of Julian. When Carausius assumed the pur- 
 ple, and bade defiance to the authority and power of 
 Maximian Hercules, who was so exceedingly enraged 
 against him, that he had endeavoured to assassinate him, 
 we may reasonably suppose, that so vigilant and consum- 
 mate a general would fortify himself in the securest 
 manner; and this colony being of the greatest importance 
 to him, from its situation near to the banks of that part 
 of the Witham, which continued the communication be- 
 tween the Car-dyke and another artificial canal called 
 the Foss-dyke, to the Trent, for the convenience of car- 
 rying corn, and other commodities, from the Iceni, &c. 
 for the use of the northern praitentures ; it is not impro- 
 bable that he built the walls and gates of the old city. 
 This was about the latter end of the third century." — 
 
 From 
 
 Foss-way. branched off towards the sea coast. The same road 
 eutfired the oitv, on the sonthern side, and in a south-westerly 
 direction communicated uithCrocolana, probably at or near Brough 
 in Nottinii;h:imshire. The Ermine-street joined the last road near 
 the southern border of the station, and communicated with the 
 fJtation of Causennis, supposed to be at Aiicaster. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 127 
 
 Froro the various coins of Carausius found here, at diffn- 
 r«Mif times, Mr. Sympson supposes that the emperor resided 
 here lor some time. Among; these was one of Dioclesian, 
 with the reverse '* PAX. AVGGG,'"' which was struck 
 in honour of the peace made by Carausius and Dioclesian, 
 and Maximian. A votive tablet, with the followins: in- 
 scription, has been found among the ruins of the wall i-^ 
 
 M. LA ETII. 
 
 F MAX CT. 
 
 MI. 
 
 Mr. Svmpson reads it as follows: *' Marcus Lcpliu>; 
 ^tii ^■illus Maximo ct (et) Maximo Jovi, and I sup- 
 pose It dedicated to the emperor Maximus. 
 
 In 1 7.?9, a discovery was made of three stone coffins, 
 at I he south-west corner of the close, near the Chequer- 
 gate. Beneath these w^as a tessellated ))avement, and 
 under that a roman hypocaust. "• On the floor, a strong; 
 cement, composed of lime, ashes, and brick dust, com- 
 monly called terrace mortar, stood four rows of pillars, 
 two feet hiffh, made of brick, eleven in a row, in all 
 forty-four, besides two half pillars. The round pillars 
 beino; composed of ten courses of semi?ircular bricks, 
 laid by pairs, the joint of every course crossing that of 
 the former at right angles, with so much mortar betwixt 
 the two semicircles, rather form an oval, making the pil- 
 lars look at first sight as if they were wreathed ; the 
 square pillars are composed of thirteen courses of bricks, 
 eight inches square, thinner than those of the red ones. 
 The floor of the sudatory, resting on these pillars, is com- 
 posed of large bricks, twenty-one by twenty-three inches, 
 which lie over the square bricks on the pillars, the four 
 corners of each reachini: to the centres of the adjoining 
 pillars. On this course of brick is a covering of cement, 
 six inches thick, inlaid with a pavement, composed of 
 white tessellfie. The walls of this room were plastered, 
 and the plaster painted red, blue, and other colours, but 
 no figures discernable in either painting or pavement. 
 This pavement, which is on a level with the testudo of 
 
 the 
 
1-8 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 the hypocaust, is about (hirteen feet below the presenl 
 surface of the ground: so deep is old Liiidum buried io 
 its ruins/'* 
 
 In 1782 another similar discovery was made near the 
 Kings arms. This appears to have been also a sudatory. 
 On a floor, composed of two courses of bricks, and 
 two layers of terrace mortar, stood a number of squares 
 four feet high, their crown eight inches and a half 
 thick, supported by pillars of bricks, sixteen inches by 
 twelve, which, as well as the arches, were covered over 
 with iwo coats of mortar ; and supported a floor composed 
 of terrace and bricks irregularly intermixed. The inter- 
 vals between the pillars were two feet tiree inches, two 
 feet five inches, and two feet seven inches : several 
 of the pillars were gone. To the north beyond two rows 
 of these pillars, whose floors rise one inch and a half 
 from north to south, were passaoe?, at the end of which 
 the arches began again; but the discovery was pursued 
 no further that way, for the external wall, which is six 
 feet thick of brick and stone intermixed, extends north- 
 ward beyond the width of one arch, but how ranch fur- 
 ther cannot be traced, the arches being broken in and 
 filled with rubbish. Where the second set of arches 
 commmences, was found a hole, that goes sloping up 
 into the outer wall, beginning at the crown of the 
 arches, and seems to have communicated with some part 
 above. By the joints in the work, it is conjectured, 
 that the place with pillars, and the one with passages, 
 bad been built at different times. On the south was an 
 entrance, whose floor falls Ave inches, and is continued 
 beyond the jamb. The surface of the floor is thirteen 
 fe«t six inches below the garden, in which it is situated. 
 Numbers of fragments of urns, paterae, and other earthen 
 vessels, but none very ornamental, were found amongst 
 the rubbish ; also earthen bottles terminating in a point, 
 without any orifice. The external walls were built of 
 *ifone intermixed with brick. 
 
 • Caratlen'f Britannia, by Gough, Vol. II. p. 337. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 129 
 
 In a communication made to the society of antiquaries 
 bv John Povvnall, Esq. published in the tenth volume of 
 the Ai cha?olojiia, is a description of an ancient place of 
 sepulture, discovered in an open field, half a mile due 
 east of the Ea^t p; te of the ancient Lindum. Mr. P. 
 says, there were tound in 17^0, in digging about three 
 or four I'eet below the surface, a very curious sepulchral 
 monument, evidently roman, and of some person above 
 the rank of the lower order ; but as the urn, which the 
 sarcophagus inclosed, contained nothing but sand, ashes, 
 and burnt bones, the aera of interment could not be ascer- 
 tained. The sarcophagus consisted of a large stone 
 trough, of rude workmanship, with a cover of the 
 same ; both the stone and the cover had originally been 
 square, but the ravages of time had so worn off the an- 
 gles, as to give it the appearance of rotundity. Ano- 
 ther stone of the same kind, was found near it, of a 
 quadrangular shape, evidently used for the same purpose, 
 but without a lid or urn. 
 
 This, with many rare fragments of antiquity, were 
 preserved by the Rev. Dr. Gordon, the precentor of the 
 cathedral ; who, in a letter to Mr. Pownall, dated 
 March 2, 1791, gives an account of several earthen and 
 glass urns, which were discovered in the same field, 
 some of which were of a singular shape. He also de- 
 scribes a room, twenty feet by sixteen, which was dis- 
 covered in a quarry about one hundred yards west from 
 the other : the heieht could not be ascertained, but the 
 bottom was about twelve feet from the present surface. 
 The floor was covered with black ashes, and the walls 
 bore evident marks of fire. Two skeletons were found 
 lying on the floor, also a large stone trougrh, capable of 
 holdino- a man, but not of sufficient depth for the purpose 
 of a coffin. This was probably a sarcophagus, in 
 which, as Pliny informs us in his Nat. Hist. Lib. II. all 
 bodies, previous to urn burial, were accustomed to be 
 burnt. The doctor thinks the room mi^ht have been 
 appropriated for the reception of bodies that were pre- 
 pared for the funeral Gcreraonies. Suetonius in Nerone, 
 I and 
 
130 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 and some other writers, have described similar places 
 nnder the name of Libit ina, whither dead bodies were 
 carried previous to interment. — " Erat porro Romae 
 porta Libitina per quam cadavera ad Libitinam effere- 
 bantur."* 
 
 The same field having been broken up for the purposes 
 of quarrying, several stone coflins of various shapes have 
 at different times been discovered in the loose ground, 
 which covers a substratum of rock ; from these and other 
 circumstances, it is highly probable that this was a roman 
 burial ground for the great contiguous municipium, and 
 continued so till a different mode of burial was established 
 by the introduction of Christianity. 
 
 Fragments of roman pottery were found here in 1T86. 
 They consisted of fine close clay, cleared of hetero- 
 geneous sand, and so baked as to preserve an equal 
 hardness and uniform red colour throughout. Between the 
 castle and Lucy tower, on the side of Foss-dyke, have 
 been found some glazed earthen pipes, two feet long, and 
 between two and three inches diameter, fastened together 
 by joints. These formed part of a set of conduit pipes, 
 for the conveyance of water to the town from a spring 
 on the high ground near. In a field north-east of the 
 town, was discovered another supposed conduit of the 
 same aera. About fourteen yards to the north ol the 
 Assembly room, was a large well or cistern, of very sin- 
 gular construction, called the Blind well. It was built 
 with neat walling ; and at the top was eightnen feet dia- 
 meter, narrowing towards the bottom. This has some 
 years since been filled up. Communicating with this, it 
 appears, pipes were laid from a spring head, at a dis- 
 tance of forty-two chains. In a low ground, abounding 
 with springs, on the other side the hedge of Nettleham 
 inclosure, are trace? of a building, supposed a reservoir, 
 whence, from under a raised bank, parallel with a balk 
 pointing to the spring head, are pipes to another such 
 bank, forming with it an obtuse angle. In the bank or 
 road to which the first series of pipes point, are in places 
 raised parts, which bear a strong resemblance to a roman 
 
 rampart, 
 
 * Lazius Comm. Reipub. Rom. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 131 
 
 rampart, and a remarkable excavation is said to have 
 been discovered in it some years since, by the breaking 
 in of a loaded waggon. The whole lenp-th from the 
 mound to ihe second pipe, is sixty-three chains and forty- 
 six links, or nearly 1397 yards. The pipes are about 
 one foot ten inches long. They have no insertion, but 
 are joined by an exterior ring or circular course, with 
 a process of very strong cement, like the bed in which 
 the pipes are laid. Count Caylus, in his Receuil d'Antiq, 
 lom. II. describes a similar kind of aqueduct, which 
 supplied Paris with mineral water from Chailleot, in 
 the time of the romans. A plan of that at Lincoln i» 
 enoraved in Cough's Camden. Within the area of the 
 cathedrr.j cloisters is part of a roman tessellated pavement, 
 still preserved, and secured from the weather and injury 
 by a small building erected over it. 
 
 In 1T88, in the area of Lincoln castle, was found a 
 roman vessel, nearly entire, three feet and a half below 
 what appears to be the natural rock, and fourteen beneath 
 the present surface. It was of black pottery, and one 
 side of it was corroded. Another fragment of a roman 
 vessel, found in the rubbish of a roman building within 
 the castle, had been apparently gilt ; and was, according 
 to governor Pownall, who furnished the account, of a 
 different kind of clay to any roman earthenware he had 
 ever seen. 
 
 From these and other considerations, it is not impro- 
 bable that the romans, or romanized britons, had a 
 fortress on the site of the present castle, before its erec- 
 tion by the norman conqueror. 
 
 " Sir Henry C. Englefield, in a communication to the 
 antiquarian society, describes an arch opening into ihe 
 ditch, in a tower still remaining amid the ruins, which 
 had escaped the notice of Mr. King, in his account of 
 this structure. The tower fronts the west, having in the 
 lower part a large semicircular arch, which is sixteen 
 feet wide in the clear, turned with forty-five stones, each 
 of which is two feet deep. Above, to the right hand, is 
 I 2 a smftU. 
 
J3J5 HISTORY OF LIxNCOLK, 
 
 a small doorway, now walled up, having a semicircufar 
 arch, crossed by a transom stone in the saxon style. 
 This is six feet six inches hij^h, by two teet four inclie:s 
 and a half wide. It led from the lower to the higher 
 floor. To the left are two loop holes, covered with sin- 
 gle stones, cut circular at top. It appears, that nearly 
 eight feet of the original building is now buried beneath 
 the surface. Up a hollow pent in the rock went a flight 
 of steps, which has been destroyed. The wall of the 
 outer arch is five feet thick, but the superstructure only 
 four ; having in the centre a portcullis groove. Nearly 
 the whole of this wall is composed of the Lincoln stone, 
 of which a reddish and harder stratum has been selected 
 for turning the arches, both of the gateway and the door 
 above, for covering the beam-holes, and for clo=;ing the 
 loops. Its situation is precisely in the line of the roman 
 wall, and not far from the middle of the west side of it ; 
 and, as near as the eye can judge, is directly opposite to 
 the site of the eastern roman gate, which was destroyed 
 some years since. The learned baronet then observes, 
 " The dimensions of the arch, its materials, its being s<^ 
 far below the present surface of the earth, and its si- 
 tuation in the line of the roman wall, and opposite the 
 east gate, would at once determine me to pronounce it 
 the okl gate of the Lindum of the romans ; did not some 
 remarkable differences in this, from the north and south 
 gates still existing, seem to discountenance the suppo- 
 sition. They have an impost, this has none. They are 
 built of vast stones, this of rather small ones, (though the 
 three thin stones on each haunch of the Newport roman 
 gate, are very like those which turn this arch) yet as the 
 present castle, which was built by William the con- 
 queror, is evidently of more modern date than the tower, 
 and the tower itself appears to have been of a date pos- 
 terior to the arch in question, as appears by the different 
 thickness of the walls, <&c. I cannot help still thinking 
 that the normans and saxons both found this great arch 
 built to their hands, and so instead of destroying turned 
 it into a postern, when they dug out the ditch, and 
 built a flight of steps to it. I must end by remarking 
 
 that 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 13^ 
 
 that the diameter of this arch is much greater than any 
 other gate now about the city, the Newport having 
 been only fifteen feet, and the castle great gate thirteen 
 ieet ten inches in the clear/'* 
 
 Of the castle, built by the conqueror, little now re- 
 maMK-<; and the area is occupied by buildings appropriated 
 to uses of the municipal power. The few remaining 
 vestiges convey the same idea of original norman archi- 
 tecture as that of York, erected nearly at the same period. 
 The keep was not included, but stood half without and half 
 wifhm the castle wall, which ascended up the slopes of the 
 hill, and joined the great tower. This being situated on 
 a high artificial mount, it was equally inaccessible from 
 within and without lhe castle area. It was nearly round, 
 covering the summit of the mount; and was thus ren- 
 dered a distinct strong hold, tenable with or without the 
 castle. This accounts for the circumstance mentioned by 
 lord Lyttleton, of the earl of Chester making his escape, 
 while the castle was invested by Stephen. From the 
 keep to auother tower, placed also on an artificial mount, 
 was a covered way, by which a private communication 
 was kept up. The walls are above seven feet thick; and 
 under the place of ascent from the covered way, there is 
 something like the remains of a well, protected by the 
 massy thickness of the walls. The outer walls of the cas- 
 tle inclose a very large area, the entrance to which was by 
 a gateway, between two small round towers, still stand- 
 ing, under a large square tower, which contained mag- 
 nificent rooms. In one corner of the area is a curious 
 small building, appearing on the outside like a tower, 
 called Cob's-hall ;t which Mr. King thinks originally 
 I 3 was 
 
 * Arcbgeologia.VI. 379. 
 
 t " It is something very remarkable," observes a recent writer, 
 that no tradition is rt'maining in Lincoln, by which the etymology 
 of this little building can be explained. Cob must evidently have 
 been some person of notoriety, but whether as a warrior, an eccle- 
 aiastic or a malefactor, we are entirely ignorant. If of the latter 
 class, I should suppose the name to be Cob's hole, the word hole 
 being often made use of for dungeon. It may have been a kind 
 of hermitage for some chief, who, like the celebrated Guy Bean- 
 champ, earl of Warwick, chose to end in solitude a life till then 
 flevoted to his country, and paised in camps and fields of laltl"," 
 
134 HISTORY OP LINCOLN*. 
 
 was used as a chapel, '' havinor a fine vaulted roof, richly 
 ornamented, and supported by pillars, with a crypt un- 
 derneath, and adjoining; it a small anti-chapel." The 
 pillars were so placed airainst the loop-holes through 
 which the liirht was admitted, that they proved a defence 
 ao^ainst missive weapons.* On the north western side 
 are the remains of a turret, havinp- the curious arch 
 mentioned by sir Henry Enfrletield, which beinii: in the 
 line of the roman wall, mijrht have belonjred to a more 
 ancient building, or been a gateway to the old city. 
 
 ''The present external appearance of the castle is that 
 of an interesting ruin, increasing in beauty by dilapida- 
 tion. Its gateways are contemplated Nvith pleasure by 
 the traveller and the antiquary, though far different are 
 the feelings of those poor wretches who are doomed only 
 to view the inside of its walls ; the prospect is to them 
 gloomy and cheerless, and rendered much more so by 
 the view of the distant country from the mount, which, 
 by the contrast of its extent, perhaps displaying to their 
 view their once comfortable habitations, the depository 
 of all their souls hold denr, makes their confinement 
 doubly irksome and displeasing.*' 
 
 " The East-gate of the castle is almost too entire to be 
 picturesque, it however exhibits a pretty perfect spe- 
 cimen of early norman taste, and interests us by the 
 contrast of its round towers with the angular projection 
 between them ; the mouldings round the arch are very 
 entire and very beautiful." 
 
 "The keep is now completely in ruins, and the entrench- 
 ments thrown up against the castle by king Stephen 
 (when, in defiance of the prophecy, he entered Lincoln, 
 and besieged the castle; can with difficulty be traced, 
 from the alterations to which an open country is liable, 
 and from the improvements that have been made in that 
 
 quarter 
 
 * The great inconvenience attendant on taking the unfortunate 
 crinjinats through \\u- town to the place of execution, has in<iu<€iJ 
 the inauistrates to erect a Drop for the purpose, on the top of this 
 builcliBj, » oieasurc fraught with many advantages. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 135 
 
 jquarter by an increasing agricultural spirit, and in the 
 formation of the roads." 
 
 The prophecy above alluded to was, from the earliest 
 times, current in Lincoln. It probably had its ori^iin in 
 the enthusiastic love of liberty always displayed in this 
 -city, and which led them to dread the presence of a king. 
 
 "The first crown'd head that enters Lincoln's walls, 
 His reign proves stormy, and his kingdom falls.*" 
 
 Stephen, in defiance of this prediction, even in that 
 superstitious age, entered Lincoln with his crown on 
 his head ; and the events of his reign amply verihed the 
 prophecy. 
 
 Few places in the kingdom exhibit so many ancient 
 remains as Lincoln. Saxon, norman, and pointed 
 arches ; and doorways with turrets, walls, mullioned 
 windows, and other fragments of old dilapidated build- 
 injis, appear in every direction. Its various churches 
 and religious houses, the vestiges of which occasionally 
 meet the eye ol the enquiring traveller, are numerous; 
 and though they are highly interesting to the antiquary, 
 as tending to illustrate the progress of the arts, and the 
 history of past ages, yet a description of them all would 
 take up more room than can be allowed consistently with 
 the plan ot the present work. 
 
 Chequer, or Exchequer-gate, at the west end of the 
 cathedral, had two gate-houses; the west one was taken 
 down about ten years ago : that to the east still remains, 
 ^nd has three gateways. It consists of one large pointed 
 arch, vauhed with brick, and two lesser ones, of si- 
 milar design and execution. On each side of the large 
 arch is an elegant turret, of an octagonal shape, beau- 
 tifully surmounted with battlements. The windows are 
 of various forms and sizes ; those over the arches are 
 gothic, and project considerably from the wall. It is 
 conjectured this building was erected about the reign of 
 Edward I. 
 
 I 4 At 
 
136 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 At the bottom oF the town, near to Rravford wafer, 
 are yet the remains of a fort, called Lucy tower, whence, 
 by a subterraneous passajjje, a cominnnication is tra- 
 ditionally said to have been fornnd with the castle. — 
 Near the remains of a chapel called St. Giles's, on the 
 top of the hill, in an 'idoinin*!; close, is an entrance to a 
 sub'erraneous passaj:^^*, vulo-^rly called St. Giles" hole; 
 how far it extends has not be'^n ascertained. In and 
 aboul the city are several of these passages throuj>;h the 
 rocks. 
 
 At the north cast corner of the minster yard stood a 
 Iare;e gateway, with a g-roove for a portcullis; it was taken 
 down in 1815 : a smaller one, leads to a house called :he 
 Priory. The greater portion of this house is niidern ; 
 but on the north side is an ancient lower of tiiree stories, 
 much defaced, which, from its situation on the town wall, 
 appears rather to have been a military than a religions 
 building. The most singular feature is in the souih wall ; 
 it resembles a niched tomb, about three feet six inches 
 inlength, and over it is a recess, having an ornamenied 
 Architrave, the jambs of which are curiously carved; at 
 the back is the appearance of an aperture, now blocked 
 lip, if it was ever pierced through, like the mouth of an 
 oven. 
 
 Following the close wall, eastward, are two cas- 
 tellets, or watch towers^ each of which had two floors, 
 the lower ones vaulted, and surmounfed with flat roofs ; 
 they have battlements, and the walls are pierced with 
 loop holes. These stand at the corner of the chancellor's 
 garden. From the eastern ot these *ovvers, the wall re- 
 turns to Potter-gate, the south ft ont of which is much 
 defaced, but the north front is tolerably perfect, embat- 
 tleil, and hatrlsome. This gate is sfipposed to have 
 taken the name from a roman pottery once here. The 
 Priory-'.' ate, the two towers ol the chancellor's garden, 
 and Potter-gate, are of similar architecture, and o* a 
 
 synchronical 
 
 * This has been lately closed by the proprietor of the field, to 
 prevtji.t damages 'herein, and accidents from the curiosity of peo- 
 ple iu expluriiJg the exoavutioiis. 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 13T 
 
 sSj'nchronical date, a)>parenrly about the ead of the four- 
 teenth, or beginninjr of the fifteenth century. 
 
 The Grey friars, situated on the west side of Broad- 
 gate, is a larire. oblong building, the lower story of 
 which lies some feet under the surface of the ground. 
 It is vaulted throuchout, with a plain groined rool, sup- 
 ported by octagonal coluinns, having plain bases, and 
 neat capitals. On the south side is a row of pointed 
 windows, with butire^^ses between them. The old stair- 
 case, with its large awkward steps, is curious. The upper 
 story has a mullioned window at the east end, and a 
 coved cieliiic of wood, in the herring-bone fashion. Part 
 of this, which was the chapel, is used as the free-school; a 
 smaller room at the west end of which forms the library. 
 It was given to the city, and fitted up for this purpose, 
 by Robert Monson, Esq. A. 1). 1567. Under it is a 
 school for spinning ; and in front is the sheep market. 
 
 The Deanery was founded by dean, afterwards bishop 
 Gravesend. in 1254. The gate-house of it was built 
 by dean Fleming, whose arms are on it. The front, 
 next the minster, has the initials of Roger Parker over 
 the bow window, and the dale 1616. To this adjoins 
 an ancient building, called the Works chantry, till 1321, 
 the chancellor's house, when the present residence was 
 assigned to chanceilor Beke. It was afterwards the 
 habitation of four chantry priests, who were to cele- 
 brate daily mass lor the souls of the founders and bene- 
 factors. 
 
 The Vicar's college, now called the Old vicar's, formed 
 a quandrangle, of which at present there remains ouly 
 four good houses, inhabited by the vicars. The gate- 
 way is ornamented with the old arms of France and 
 England, quarterly between a cross botone, and a fess 
 between six cross crosslets. ''This college," Gough says, 
 " was bejTun by bishop Sutton, whose executors finished 
 the hall, kitchen, and several chambers. But the style of 
 the building would induce me to refer it to a later period. 
 -Edward III. was thc^first of our icings, who quartered 
 
 the 
 
138 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 the arms of France with those of England. Bishop 
 Sutton, therefore, probably was not the founder, as he 
 died in 1299. The long building below the quadrangle, 
 now divided into stables and hay-lofts, seems to have 
 been built by bishop Alnwick, and John Breton, prebend- 
 ary of Sutton cum Bucks; the bishop's arms, argent a 
 cross moline, and the rebus bre on a tun, being on the 
 «ast end." 
 
 The Bishop^'s palace, on the south side of the hill, 
 which, from being situated on the summit, Leland de- 
 scribes as "hanging in declivio," was buik by bishop 
 Chesney, to whom the site was granted by king Henry 
 II. and enlarged by succeeding prelates. This, when 
 entire, was a noble structure, and scarcely exceeded in 
 grandeur by any of our ancient castles. It was complete- 
 ly repaired by bishop Williams, prior to the civil war, 
 during which unhappy contest it was demolished. The 
 gateway, the work of bishop Alnwick, whose arms are 
 on the ppandrils and wooden door, was left entire. The 
 shell of the magnificient hall begun by Hugh of Burgun- 
 dy, and finished by Hugh II. who also built its famous 
 kitchen, is eighty feet by fifty, supported by two rows of 
 pillars, with three arches opening into the screen at the 
 south end, and communicating by a bridge of one lofty 
 pointed arch, witii the kitchen and other princij)al apart- 
 ments. It had four double windows on each side : part of the 
 kitchen wall, with seven chimnies in it are yet standing, 
 and the front exhibits three stout buttresses. Dr. Nelthorpe 
 obtaining a lease of the site, built of the old materials 
 a handsome stone house, in which the bishop is at present 
 accommodated, when he holds his visitations. 
 
 At the upper end of Broad-gate is an old building with 
 two handsome mullioned windows, and an arched door- 
 way, apparently a conventual-hall or refectory. Over 
 the doorway is a curious bust, having a little figure, 
 (of which only the lower part remains) sitting on its 
 shoulder. Some have conjectured that this was an 
 allegorical figure, representing St. Christopher carrying 
 
 Christ ; 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 139 
 
 Christ; but as a close near it is called St. Hugh's croft, 
 in which a fair was formerly held, it luioht allude to the 
 circumstance of the jews crucilyinf!: a child here, who 
 was canonized under the name of St. Hugh. 
 
 Adjoining to St. Andrew's church -yard,* formerly stood 
 the palace of the celebrated John of Gaunt, whose arms, 
 riiriously carved in a block of freestone, stood in the 
 front of it, till the year M'M. This was 'Mhe goodly 
 house" which Leland says belonged to the Suttons. — 
 Much of it was taken down in the year lT8i^. Some 
 foundations were dug up by the gentleman inhabiting the 
 adjoining house, who has several heads and grotesque 
 figures ol stone fragments oi the palace. In the gable 
 end of it is still remaining a curious oriel window, block- 
 ed up, and a chimney built within it. It is of a semi- 
 octagonal shape, having two trefoiled lights in front, 
 with two smaller ones on the side, covered with rich 
 carved work of foliage, busts, &c. and was mounted with 
 pinnacles, which are broken off. Opposite to this house 
 is a large building, called John of Gaunt's stables ; which 
 was most likely part of his palace. It was a large struc- 
 ture, in the norman style, and formerly consisted of a 
 quadrangle, inclosing a spacious area; the north and 
 west fronts of which still remain. The entrance is under 
 a semicircular arch ; and against the front are several 
 flat buttresses, w'ith a small carved cornice. What ap- 
 pears singular in this building is, that the windows do 
 not exhibit that mixed character discernible in many an- 
 cient structures, but are all either in the original, or in 
 quite a modern style. 
 
 The Jews' house, as it is still termed, on the side of 
 the hill, opposite a spot called the Bull-ring, is an object 
 of great curiosity. It is singularly ornamented in front, 
 and some of its mouldings are like those of the west 
 doors in the cathedral. In the centre of the front is a 
 semicircular arched doorway, with a projecting pilaster 
 
 above 
 
 * Nothing now remains of this church, but it is known to hav« 
 stood n«ar that of St. Peter at gowt*. 
 
HO HISTORY OF MxNeOLN. 
 
 above it. In tliis are now two chiinnics, one of wliich 
 appears to have formed part of the original plan. The 
 arches are circular within-side, and plain. In one of 
 the cfiambers is a Iarg;e arched fire place, and a niche, 
 with a triaiif^ular bend. This house was possessed by 
 Belaset de Wallinglord, a Jewess, w^ho was hanged for 
 clippinn; in the eighteenth of Edward I. and in tlie year 
 following it was granted, by that monarch, to William 
 do Foleteby, whose brother gave it to canon Thornton, 
 and he presented it to the dean and chapter, who are 
 the present proprietors.* 
 
 About two hundred yards to the south-west of New- 
 port IS another interesting antiquity, called the Mint wall. 
 A garden occupies the space between it and (he road. 
 
 We have before given a description of tliis wall by 
 Dr. Stukely ; but as this curious building has caused 
 many inquiries concerning its origin, we cannot omit 
 the interesting account given by Mr. Simpson and Mr. 
 Gough. 
 
 The former, in describing this wall, says "The 
 Borth-west, north, and north-east parts of the old roman 
 colony, were, iVom the flatness of the country, more 
 exposed to the incursions of barbarians than any other 
 part of it. Hence, it is probable that the upper or prin^ 
 cipal division of the camp was in that part, and the pre- 
 lorium to the north-west. This conjecture is supported 
 by the great number of beasts' horns found here; the 
 place called augurale for sacrifices being always within 
 the pretorium. On this ground, I am apt to think that 
 part of the building called the Mint wall, was the gra- 
 nary belonging to the colony, being situated in a strong 
 
 part 
 
 * This appears to have been some religious lionse, as is manifest 
 from its arched fire-place, and the uich above-mentioned, wliicli 
 )ias doubtlet^s been intended for an effigy. It certainly cannot 
 have been built purposely for the residence of a jew, as the time 
 of its eteetion seems to be that of the saxons, and jews were not 
 known in l'n;j;land till after the nojman eoiiqncsl. rb«re are se- 
 veral rude fi'-.iii'es of beads about the door-way, and other parts of 
 the structure;, butfoi want of care, they are now nearly destroyed. 
 
HISTOrilr OF LINCOLy. 1 II 
 
 part behind the pretorium, eastward. It is a paralleh)- 
 i^ram, whose Ionn;pst sides, east and west, are three hun- 
 dred feet, the shortest about seventy feet. The length of 
 the north side is entire, and there is a return at the north- 
 west ani;Ie, of some feet southward. The height is about 
 thirty (cct^ but it has been higher ; the wall is about three 
 feet thick. It is built of the stone found here, with 
 courses of ronian bricks at certain intervals. There are 
 at the foundation a double and a triple course of bricks, 
 at two feet asunder ; and four triple courses above them, 
 at intervals of five (eet. It is a building of great mag- 
 nitude, enclosing by this mensuration almost half an acre 
 of ground. Part of it also might be the roraan mint. The 
 colonies who lived under the roman laws, had generally 
 mints ; witness the prodigious number of colony coins, 
 both in the east and west, to be met with in every con- 
 siderable cabinet. If the learned are right in their ex- 
 planations of the letters in exergues of the coins of the 
 lower empire, I have seen money struck in the colony, 
 as I have many saxon coins which were undoubtedly coin- 
 ed here, having the name of this city on the reverse; and 
 they immediately succeeded the romans in the possession 
 of this country.'^ 
 
 Mr. Gough gives the following description of it : " South- 
 Avest of STewport-gate, within the walls, in the north- 
 west corner of the bail, which is still called old Lincoln, 
 is a vast angular fragment of roman work, iull thirty 
 feet high, about seventy long, and three and a half 
 thick, composed of common rough stone, intermixed with 
 courses of roman bricks, each brick two inches thick by 
 eleven wide, and seventeen long. The first is a double 
 course, lying about two feet from the ground. About 
 two feet above that is a triple course, and above that four 
 more such like ; but each at five feet distance from the 
 other. The scaffold holes, which go quite through the 
 wall, are every where left open. In levelling a skittle 
 ground belonging to the Falcon and Crown ale-house, 
 about one hundred yards from the wall, they dug up the 
 
 building, 
 
112 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 building;, as was jud<>r(l from its direction to tho founda- 
 tion of the south-west an<i,le of tho said Mint wall one 
 way, and its runninjj; parallel to (he other. This wall 
 is called the Mint wall, and it runs parallel to the town- 
 wall." 
 
 The County jail and the County hall are within the 
 castle walls; both are well calculaied to answer the pur- 
 pose for which they were built. The jail is construcred 
 on Mr. Howard's plan. The front, containing; the jai- 
 lor's and debtors' apartments, is 130 feet in leng;th.— 
 Different accommodations arc provided for master-side 
 debtors , and ihe common prison has distinct apartments, 
 both by day and ni^ht, for different descriptions ol pri- 
 soners. The area in which those confined for debt have 
 the privileg;e to walk, is nearly two acres, and very- 
 healthful ; indeed few prisons allow of more comforts. 
 
 Lincoln has not been behind the rest of the country in 
 its exertions to provide an Asylum for those who are 
 affiicied with that most deplorable of all calamities, the 
 deprivation of reason. A piece of ground at the end of 
 East-gate, on the north of the Wrag;by road, has been 
 purchased for the erection of the intended building;, the 
 plan of which has also been determined upon. The esti- 
 mated cxpence is considerable, but as only about nine 
 thousand pounds have been yet subscribed, that sum is 
 vested in the public funds, where the accumulation ot in- 
 terest will prog;ressively aug;ment the capital, till by those 
 means or the renewed exertions of the committee in 
 procurinf^ subscriptions enough shall be obtained to ac- 
 complish the projected purpose. 
 
 The County hospital, which stands on the opposite side 
 of the street to Christ's hospital, was erected entirely by 
 donations and benefactions in 1769. It is a neat plain 
 bruk edifice, and is governed by a president, always the 
 lord lieutenant of the county, and two vice presidents. 
 Such benetactors as have given, at one time, fifty pounds, 
 are governors for life; those who subscribe two guineas 
 
 annually^ 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 113 
 
 Annually, cire governors during payment, the physicians 
 and surgeons also during attendance, and tlie clergy who 
 officiate. 
 
 The City jail and Sessions house is situated on the New 
 road, and has more the appearance of a gentleman'-^ house 
 than a prison. The first stone for this building was laid 
 in 1805, by Robert Fowler, mayor, and finished in 1809, 
 during the mayoralty of Thomas Colton, who held the first 
 sessions there on the 15th of July. The assizes were 
 also held on the same day, before judge Heath, 
 
 This building, both as a sessions' house and a jail, it 
 supposed to be as complete as any in the kingdom. It is 
 visited weekly by the magistrates, to see that the unfortu- 
 nates have such attention paid to their comfort as is re- 
 quired, and upon other business. 
 
 The Theatre is a neat edifice, and stands in a yard ad- 
 joining to the High street. It was re-built in 1806. It 
 opens for about two months, annually. The interior is 
 elegantly decorated with emblematical devices, and for 
 neatness throughout, though small, is scarcely to be ex- 
 ceeded. 
 
 With a view to complete the description of those topics 
 which this chapter is intended to embrace, it is necessary 
 that we should advert to the more recent discoveries of 
 antiquarian relics. In September 1809, some workmen 
 who were employed in levelling the ground near the keep 
 of the castle, found a brass coin in tolerable preservation. 
 The ground in which it was discovered, is supposed to 
 have been the site of some ancient barrows. On one 
 eide of the coin is a head, with this inscription round it: 
 CLAVDivs c^SAR AVG P. M. TR. P. IMP. on <he reverse 
 Ceres seated, with her usual emblems ; a torch in her 
 lelt hand, and ears of corn in her right : the legend, 
 CERES AVGVSTA, with s. c. in the exergue. There can 
 be no doubt that this coin was struck during the reign of 
 Claudius, and it seems to have been in commemoration 
 of that emperor's attention to the wants of the city of 
 
 Rome, 
 
141 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 Rome, by pa«s)ns: a decree for supplyinor it 'regularly 
 with corn. Amonsr the collections of mediU this coin is 
 considered as a rarity, because the rei^n of Claudius was 
 too short to allow of many medals being struck during 
 his government. 
 
 In 1810 there were other brass coins of roman manu- 
 facture, and very small, found in the castle yard, and in 
 dieting the foundations of the judges' lodjiings on ;he 
 castle hill. Among them was a Claudius with the radiated 
 head. The rest were illegible, if we except the follow- 
 ing which was in a perfect state. Round a laureate head 
 was FLAV. L. CONSTANTINVS NOB. c. Ou the reverse were 
 military standards with the inscription gloria exercitvs. 
 In the exergue tr. S- The title nob. c. or nobilis 
 CjESAr was sometimes conferred on the younc prince^ 
 that was heir apparent to the throne, and appears to have 
 been given to Constantine by his father Constantius at the 
 time this coin was struck ; and the tr. s. or treviris 
 SIGN ATA, shews that it was struck at Treves. 
 
 " Numbers of tablets " says a modern writer, to whose 
 labours we have frequently been indebted in compiling 
 the present volume, " inscriptions, &c. have been found 
 in various parts of Lincoln, some of whieh have been 
 pre'^erved ; but the greater number have fallen a prey to 
 ruthless ignorance, and been completely destroyed. — 
 Others have been removed and placed as ornamental 
 stones in the walls of modern buildings, as if to burlesque 
 thp taste of the architects, and mislead the antiquary m 
 his conjectures." 
 
 " In the wall of a stable, in the yard of the Rein-deer 
 inn, is an oblong stone, evidently brought from some 
 other situation, and placed here to preserve it. It is 
 long and narrow, and has an inscription in two lines, in 
 saxon characters, which proves it to have been a monu- 
 ment or tomb-stone, to the memory of some illustrious 
 per on. The language is the old Norman, such as was 
 used in the tenth century, and is thus read : 
 
 Randolph 
 
HISTORY OP LINCOLN. H5 
 
 Randolf Doberton Gyt Ici. 
 
 DiEU De Sa Al.me Ayt Mkrc[. Amex. 
 forming a monumental di^ich agreeable to the taste of 
 those tmies for sepulchral inscriptions. It is thus trans- 
 lated: 
 
 Randolph Doberton lies here, 
 
 God on his soul have mercy. Amen. 
 
 There is nothing on record to inform us who this Ran- 
 dolf Doberton was; so that whether he belonged to the 
 laitv or clergy, must be mere conjecture. This stone, no 
 doubt, belonged to a monastery or church, as in the same 
 wall where it is placed, are other stones, carved, and not 
 unlike some over the porch of St. Peter's at Gowts. There 
 is a cherub's head, rudely carved, with a cross, at the 
 beginning of the inscription. 
 
 It has been supposed by some, that he was a person 
 who had followed the conqueror, and had received the 
 manor of Burton, about two miles from the city, as a giit; 
 and indeed the words are so much alike ( it being only 
 necessary to substitute an e for an o) that it does not 
 «cem improbable to have been the case. When thus 
 transposed, it would read '^ Randolf de Borlon, or Raa-^ 
 floif of Borton."' 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 *^,/^>^^^./v.n#" 
 
 ^»^^*^j^f^^.r^f-f 
 
 LINCOLN IN 1S16, MISCELLANEOUS F^CTS, dfec. 
 
 Division of Lincoln — Entrance to the city — St. Botolpk's 
 church — Gowt bridge — John of Gaunfs stables — Old 
 window — St. Mary's conduit — Corn hill — High bridge 
 — Stone bow — Butter market — City assembly room — • 
 Butchery — County assembly room — House of indus- 
 try — Depot — MonWs house, ^c. 
 
 A local history can scarcely be considered as complete, 
 without some description of its present, as well as past 
 condition, and some account of subsisting regulations, 
 conveniences, and institutions. We shall therefore con- 
 clude this volume with a brief enumeration of such par- 
 ticular facts as may interest the temporary or permanent 
 resident in Lincoln, and may serve to direct his inquiries 
 upon points not altogether unimportant, in the estimation 
 f>f what is either useful or convenient. 
 
 Lincoln is divided into two parts, called above hill and 
 below^ hill ; but this division is altogether arbirtary, and 
 so little defined, indeed, that it is doubtful whether any of 
 the inliabitants can determine, where the one commenc- 
 es or the other terminates. That part, however, w^hich is 
 called above hill, is commonly selected as a residence by 
 the more opulent and genteel portion of the community, 
 while the other is inhabited by merchants and tradespeo- 
 ple, a class of persons certainly not less respectable or less 
 valuable than those, who live upon the fortunes bequeath- 
 ed by their ancestors without contributing any thing to 
 the general stock of industry or wealth. The city is large 
 and long, and consists of only one grand street, from which 
 
 sonic 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. HI 
 
 some smaller ones brancfT off at right angles. The en- 
 r^-nnce to the city, by the London or Newark road, is by 
 the nornian south-fl;at<*. called the south Toll bar, which is 
 guarded on the outside bv tho Sincil dvke, running from 
 west to east, to some di-^tanre bolow the i)rvr.* nhere it 
 turns southward, past tho rcniain^ of an old lovver, built 
 to defend tho anoie. At present however it answers no 
 other purpose than that of a shod for cattle. 
 
 On passin*.'" the bar lodij^e, which, in its sirucfure, ex- 
 hibits no proofs of taste. Lincoln presents the apjjeara.ioe 
 of.! long street, with buildings of every description con- 
 fusedly intermingled, without any attempt at order '»r 
 uniformity. But the gradual ascent of ilw houses erected 
 on the declivity of the hill, as crowned by the cathedral, 
 forms a picture, which, to straniiers, m ist appear pecu- 
 liarly striking and sublime. Nor, as you approach rhe 
 object, which forms the commanding feature in this land- 
 scape, is the admiration of the spectator diminished. — 
 That which excited his wonder at a distance, now attracts 
 him with its elegance, and delights him with its symmetry. 
 The architecture of »he cathedral will bear the minutest 
 inspection. The more it is examined, the more, after 
 every examination, will its beauties unfold themselves. 
 The iust proportions, the chaste simplicity of the decora- 
 tions, the harmony of the parts, and the extreme lightness 
 of the edilice, considered as a whole, must, to the. critical 
 eye of taste, stamp it as one of the most elegant gothic 
 structures, that can be seen in this kingdom. 
 
 A small church stands on the right, called St. Botolph's, 
 which harmonizes well with its local situation, being that 
 of a village, but which has nothing imposing or grand m 
 its appearance. 
 
 A branch of the river Witham crosses the streel at 
 some distance beyond St. Botolph's church, over wiiich 
 there used to be two bridges, that were inconvenient .;ad 
 dangerous to passengers ; but the whole of this district 
 
 K 2 has 
 
 * On the west si<le of the road, a cross formerly stood, in memory 
 «f queen Eleanor, who died at Harby, seven miles from this city. 
 
lis HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 lins untlcrn;ono various improvements, by tlio spirited ex- 
 rrtions of the mayor, in the course of the year 1815, by 
 elrarinn: some waste j^roiind of the rubbish that had ac- 
 cumulated, aud placing;- posts, chains, and lamps from the 
 ])ridge to St. IJotolpli's clinrch. A pleasant walk has also 
 been made from the bridne to the little villaoe of Canwick, 
 tbe seat of Col. Siblhorp, by which means a considerable 
 distance is saved to tliose whom business or pleasure may 
 lead thither. The two bridges have likewise been taken 
 down, and in their place one handsome brid<;c has hccn 
 erected, which is both commodious and ornamental to the 
 city. 
 
 Adjoininjij to the church of St. Peter's at Gowts, are the 
 old buildings, called John of Canutes slables, and o;jno- 
 site to them is the oval window ; both of which have been 
 before described. 
 
 The next object wliich attracts the attention of the cu- 
 rious observer, after passing St. Mark's church, is the 
 Conduit, situated in the front of St. Mary-de-Wigford's 
 church. This is considered as one of the most beautiful 
 among the minute curiosities of Lincoln. This edifice 
 appears to have been erected in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 when gothic architcclure was in its greatest perfection ; 
 Leland, who died in the fifth year of Edward VI. njen- 
 t inning it a«, " the new castle of the conduit, " confirms 
 this conjecture. 
 
 It is surmounted by a small parapet of pierced work, in 
 the fprm of expanded roses; and this again is crowned by 
 a ba!tlcniv':nt, agreeing in size with (he whole. A mould- 
 ing runs below the open roses, and a little below that, 
 anoiher, forming a filht for a similar border of expanded 
 roses, but carved in semi-relief, instead of being j)ierccd 
 tliroiigh, like the \ipper ones: at the south-west corner is 
 a niche, which no doubt contained a statue forr.ierly. The 
 windows arc of that kind of pointed arch, which is deno- 
 minated the conipound golhic, and is the most beautiful 
 of all its varieties. On each side of the west window is 
 a circular projecting stone, appearing to have once sup- 
 .ported a statue. On the south of this edifice are two 
 
 recumbent 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. H9 
 
 recumbent figures on the wall : supposed lo be Ranulphus 
 de Kyme, a rich merchant of Lincoln, and a orcat bene- 
 factor to its relijrious establishments; and a Icmalo, pro- 
 bably his wife, in a religious habit, with a hook m her 
 hands, resting upon her breast. 
 
 On the east side of the street, between the churches 
 of St. Mary-de-Wigl'ord and St. Benedict's, is a small 
 square, used as a corn market. 
 
 The Hi<»-h bridti;c. A tradition exisis that thi^ bridge 
 had no less than Hve arches, to cross as many channels 
 of the river. It has now only one, twenty-one ieet nine 
 inches diameter, and eleven feet high, is at least four 
 hundred years old. Many old houses remain on and 
 about the bridge, which appear to have been religious 
 buildings.* It has this year (1815) been widened, and 
 has rec^eived other improvements, which are a great ac- 
 commodation to the public. 
 
 On the eastern side of the bridge is an obelisk, erected 
 in 1763, beautifully ornamented; adjoining is a conduit, 
 which supplies the city with water from the same spring, 
 as that at St. Mary's and the Grey friars. 
 
 The Stone bow is a large tower gateway, crossing the 
 hie.h street. It is said to have been built about the lolii 
 of Richard II. but from the style, probably much later. 
 This is reckoned one of the most perfect gateways m 
 Eno-land. It consists of a large gothic arch in the centre, 
 guarded on each side by a round tower ; on the outside 
 of each tower is a lesser gateway or postern "ot pointed 
 like the middle arch, but composed of that kind ot Hat 
 ^rothic, which masons distinguish by the term of elliptical. 
 
 * " Running fiom the bridge down the chapel entry, on the 
 soulh side of the river, is Scotch hall, an ancient bund.njx whose 
 th dows were formerly full of painted glass. On one stde of a 
 door casp. wilhin the court, and or; the other parts, were carved 
 Tn wood and stone, the arn.s of G< gge ( «hose mansion ,t probably 
 Us ) a chevron between two crc.cents in ch.et, and a cross patee 
 fitcheo m base ; aUo in the south window of St Bencd.ol's church 
 ad^oming. and quartered by the Grantham's i.om the. tin.e oi 
 Hecry ViU."— GouslVs Camden. 
 
150 wisronv of Lincoln, 
 
 Thn two lower liors of vvindow-i aro of (ho same sli.ipe 
 as the two poslorns. but fhw.so in (he iii)j)or slory ol an j^!e- 
 gant nuillion. Thp whole is enil»aft!o<l and decoraind 
 with inouldinffs. In a niclie in the east tower Ih a larj^e 
 ataiuo ol" the anc;ol Gabriel, holding; a scroll ; and in the 
 weMnrn one, another of the virjiin Mary, treadin*]^ om a 
 serpent; between them, over the fjrand arch, is a coat of 
 arms much defaced; and on the outside of the two towers, 
 on (he wall, are the ciiy arms. The (wo towers, and th»^ 
 lower part of this building are certainly much older than 
 the upper part, which is elo|L!,ant, and of (he style of the 
 sixteenth century. It appears not improbable, thercfom, 
 that some part of the original structure has been })ulled 
 down and rebuilt. T3efor«: the erection of (he present 
 commodious sessions house for the ci(y, (he upper room 
 of (he Sione bow was u>*cd for tha( purj)0'>e, and (he 
 apartments at the cast end as the city i:aol ; but i( is 
 evideiU (hese aj>artm»;nts were notorimually built for thitf 
 purjjose, but appear to have been used as a kitchen, very 
 probably at the <'ity feasts. Those at the west end are 
 at present let off as dwelling houses. 
 
 The FJuifcr market, w hich is situated just past the church 
 of Si. I'eler's at arches, owes its origin to the patriotic 
 exertions of a citizen of Lincoln, John Lobsey, Esq. who, 
 in 17I]fi, obtained an act of common council ibr '"^pplyin^ 
 annually, for ten years, the sum of one hundred pounds, 
 which was usually spent in the city feasts, to the improve- 
 ment of the city. It is difticult to determine, which we 
 should most applaud in this transaction ; the public-spirit- 
 ed feeiiiig of (he individual, or (he philosophical submis- 
 sion of the comu;on council, who voluntarily forewent 
 the luxuries of a f^ood dinner, to confer a bcnelit upon 
 posterity. We apprehend the history of common coun- 
 cils in general record few such instances of ma<i;nanimous 
 self devotion. The buildin<:^ consists of four rows of 
 forms, which are placed two or three deep from end to 
 end, and on which those who bring butter, fowls, or 
 any similar commodity, scat themselves and rest their 
 l^askets. 
 
 Above 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. ISi 
 
 Above the market is tlie Cily assembly room. It vva» 
 erected in 1751, and tfiou<;'h small, answers all the 
 purposes, lor which it was designed. Five or six sub- 
 scription assemblies, besides charitable ones, are usually 
 held in it during the year. Three recesses in this room 
 severally contain large- bronze statues, given by the right 
 honorable lady Monson, in 1813. 
 
 The Butchery was erected in 1771, at the expense of 
 the corporation, and, though small, is, in all other respects, 
 deserving of the commendation, which has been bestowed 
 upon It. 
 
 At the top of the hill there is a long seat, called the 
 Mayor's chair, fixed in 1732, at the expense of the cily, 
 as a resting place for the aged and weary traveller. 
 
 The County assembly room is nearly opposite to St. 
 Paul's, in the bail. It is very spacious, and neatly de- 
 corated. At this room assemblies are held at the races ; 
 there is also an annual one for the encouragement of the 
 stuff manufactory, which is supported by many of the 
 first nobility. 
 
 The House of industry stands on the north west of 
 the castle, in a most healthful situation. It contains the 
 poor of the several parishes of Lincoln, and as many 
 others, as choose to take advantage of its establishment. 
 It is governed by a board of directors, chosen from the 
 several parishes, who hold a meeting weekly. Three 
 auditors are appointed to publish a statement annually of 
 (he expenditure, &c. 
 
 The Depot, or military arsenal, which was erected in 
 1806, during the alarm of invasion, stands a little to the 
 north-east corner of Brayford, on the Gainsborough road. 
 It is a brick edifice, and is capable of holding about a 
 thousand stand of arms, from which the inhabitants were to 
 have been supplied, in case of actual necessity. It is al- 
 ways guarded by a detachment of invalids from the royal 
 artillery. 
 
 K 4 About 
 
152 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 
 
 A])out half a mile eastward of the city, are the ruiim 
 of a religious habitalion, called Monk's house, situated 
 very near the river Witham. Part of the walls of the 
 chapel, and the outer walls of the apartments, remain 
 almost entire, but have been disrobed of their roofs, and 
 Jill ornaments, time immemorial. That this buildiui^ vvas 
 a place of religious retirement, is evident from what, Le- 
 land says, *' some hold that east of Lincoln were two 
 suburbs, one towards St. Higes, late a cell to St. Mari 
 abbey at York, which place 1 take to be Icanno, where 
 was a house of monks in St. Botolpli's time, and of this 
 speakcth Btde : it is scant halve a mile from the minster." 
 There was, as we are informed, a priory of black friars 
 at the eastern part of Lincoln, so early as the twclflii year 
 of Edward J. That their residence was, what is now 
 termed " Monk's house," seems confirmed by Camden, 
 who informs us the priory mill was turned by a spring of 
 a very petrifying quality. A short distance east of the 
 ruin is a spring of this description ; and though at present 
 it does not yield suflicient water for the turning of a mill, 
 yet, on observing its former channel, (close to the ruin) 
 it appears at that time to have been of sufficient depth for 
 this purpose. It cannot, however, at present be ascer- 
 tained, that a mill acuially did stand hereabout. The 
 water of this spring is similar, in some measure, to that 
 of the petrifying springs in Derbyshire, containing a large 
 (juantily of carbonate of lime, an<l a proportion of iron ; 
 and its medicinal qualities are similar to those of the 
 waters of Spa and I^vrmont, namely, highly carbonated 
 chalybeate. It is much resorted to during the summer 
 season. Many porous stones are to be found at the bot- 
 tom of the channel, which have undoubtedly been formed 
 l)y the deposition of the carbonate on any substance it 
 niet with ; these, joining one to another, form soil and 
 ])orous masses, which become a sort of stone on being 
 exposed to the air. To the ecclesiastic antiquarian, the 
 Monk's house is an object well deserving attention. — 
 There is an excellent view of the minster, and the 
 higher part of the city, from this place, which is highly 
 ^ratifying. 
 
 On 
 
HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 153 
 
 The Catholic chapel, erected in 1799, is deserving of 
 the attention of slranjrers, and is situated in Silver-street. 
 It contains a beautiful painting of the " taking down 
 Irom the Cross."' 
 
 The Race-course is about half a mile from the west 
 side of (he city, and though without the advantage of a 
 grand stand, is allowed to be as good as any in the king- 
 dom. The races are held for three days in September, 
 
 In Silver-street, opposite the east corner of St. Peter's 
 at Arches, is the National School for Boys and Girls, 
 conducted on the Madras system. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Drury and Son, Printers. 
 
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