c>o v -*+ ■ W O 0^ "*<*• Y> ^ ^ V , . ** $% a o v ^ ^ ^>* V «% *>^ a o N *0 » 1 % ^ iJy r % %* ^ v^ ^ ^ ^ '^o ^ 'A «^ %- 'V\ .,-S 1 ^ v ^ ,0o. v v «* \ \ xv OUTLINE OF LECTURES ON AMERICAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY DURING THE COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. BY HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. REVISED EDITION. Department of American History. University of Pennsylvania. 1902. 52. THE UBRAffY OF 30NGRESS, '.'i'lto Rf.lSIVED OnpvniflHT ENTRY CLASS C L XXo. No. - ' f 3 2. oopy 3. Copyright, 1898, and 1902, BY HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The original edition of The Outline, while primarily intended for use in classes in the University of Pennsylvania, found its way into the hands of other teachers and private students, and thus rendered another edition necessary. In the present revised edition numerous changes, suggested by class use, have been made, and several additional sections have been added, particularly in connection with the develop- ment of England's administration of the Colonies. To meet the convenience of some, brief outlines of the history of all the original Colonies have been included, although the chief emphasis is still laid upon the development of certain typical Colonies, with especial refer- ence to their institutional development. The bibliography has been selected with a view to meet the needs of a large class in a general course on Colonial History. The secondary works best adapted to that end have been cited, with additional references to some of the more important special histories and monographs or magazine articles of value for further study. Recent works have been included in this edition. With few exceptions, no attempt has been made to give refer- ences to the original sources, save to the several convenient collections of documents and contemporary writings. The chief printed sources for the Colonial Period are found in the British Calendar of State Papers Colonial (published to 1692), and the various Colonial Records and Archives published by the several States. For references to the same, consult Channing and Hart's Guide to American History, §§ 28, 29, and §§ 77-143 in passim ; also the notes in MacDonald's Select Charters. For additional bibliography, and full titles to works published prior to 1896, consult also the above-mentioned Guide. For those that cannot have access to a large library, the following works are suggested for a brief course of reading on the period covered bv this Outline : Secondary work : The historical writings of John (3) 4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. Fiske (10 vols.), referred to within, cover the entire period, with exception of the French and Indian Wars. For the latter, consult either Hinsdale's Old Northwest, or Sloaue's The French War and The Revolution. For a briefer course, read J. A. Doyle, The English in America (3 vols.); Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies (2 vols.); Richard Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic. For a description of the social conditions of each colony consult Henry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America. The above should be supplemented by the following collections of the sources : William MacDonald, Select Charters; Albert B. Hart, History as Told by Con- temporaries, Vols. I and II. Abbreviations. — C. & H. Guide refers to Channing & Hart's Guide to American History ; Hart to Hart's History as Told by Contemporaries ; J. H. U. Studies to Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Politics ; O. S. Leaflets to Old South Leaflets ; Charters and Consts. to the edition edited by Poore ; Winsor to Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. The other abbreviations are believed to be self explanatory. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS CONNECTION WITH HISTORY. * Bibliography : Charming & Hart, Guide to American History, sees. 77-78; Thwaites, The Colonies, ch. i; Channing, Student's History of the U. S., 1-18; Shaler, Nature and Man in America, chs. vi-viii; Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History chs. xv-xvi; Shaler, U. S. of Am., I, chs. i-iii. i. Importance of Geography in its Relation to History. 1. Political Geography influenced by Physical Geography. 2. Physiography of North America. 1. Configuration. a. Form and natural divisions. b. Coast line. c. River and Lake systems. 2. Climate. a. Effect upon European races. 3. Resources and Products. a. Agricultural. b. Mineral. c. Animal. 3. Natural Conditions Affecting Settlement. 1. Physical conditions which affected the Spanish. a. Why the Spanish were not more successful. 2. The French. 3. The English. a. Seeming disadvantages proved to be blessings. * This star before a group of references indicates that one reference from the group is required. (5) AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6 4. Effect of Physical Geography upon Subsequent History. 1. Effect upon the Political Development of the English Colonies. 2. Three stages of settlement corresponding to the three great physical divisions. a. First Period to end of the 18th century. b. Second Period, 1790-1850. c. Third Period, 1850 to present time. 3. Effect of certain products upon Political History. a. Tobacco and Cotton, their relation to the Slave Trade. 4. Physical features which weakened the South in the Civil War. II. ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN AMERICA AND THE NATIVE RACES. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 79-80; Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 1-19; Winsor, America, I, ch. vi; Bryant & Gay, United States, I, chs. i-ii. i. Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in North America. 1. Recent discoveries. a. Paleolithic implements. b. Other discoveries. 2. Opinion of Archaeologists. 3. Paleolithic Man: His antiquity. 4. Conclusions. 2. The Native Races. * Higginson, Larger History, 1-26; Fiske, America, I, 21-51, 125-147; Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, ch. v; Short, North Americans of Antiquity, ch. vii. i. Theories as to their origin. Bancroft, U. S., Ill, 307-317; Morgan, " Montezuma's Dinner," No. Am. Rev. CXXII, 265; Fiske, I, 24-38. 2. Stages of development. Morgan, Ancient Society, and Houses and House Life, ch. X. a. Different theories. b. Evidence. 3. Relation with European Colonists. a. Effect upon the Colonists. b. Effect upon the Indians. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 7 4. Estimate of their number. Bancroft, III, 251-253. III. PRE-COLUMBIAN EXPLORERS. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 81; Fiske, America, I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, I, ch. ii; Bryant & Gay, U. S., I, ch. iii-iv; Weise, Discoveries of America to 1525, 21-50; Payne, History of America, I, 94-106. i. Various Legends and Traditions. 1. Buddhist Priests: The Fusang Story. 458. Mag. of Am. Hist. XXVII, 30. 2. Arabians in the Xlth century. Winsor, I, 72. 3. Irish legend: Vllth century. 4. Welsh legend: n 70. Bowen, America Discovered by the Welsh. 2. The Norse Discovery : 1000. Higginson, 27-52; Slafter, Voyages of the Northmen. i. Physical and Historical conditions which make such a discov- ery probable. 2. The testimony of the Sagas. * Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 3; Old South Leaflets, No. 31; Hart, History by Contemporaries, I, No. 16. a. Credibility of their evidence. Fiske, I, 164; Winsor, I, 61-69. b. Why unknown to the rest of Europe. c. Conclusions. 3. Later Possible Voyages. 1. The Zeni Brothers, 1 380-1 390. Bryant & Gay, I, 76-85; Fiske, I, 226-239; Winsor, I, 111-115; Lucas, Voyages of Nicolo and Antonio Zeno. 2. Fisherman. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 8 IV. GENERAL CAUSES OPENING THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE TO EUROPE. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. Si; Thwaites, ch. ii; Fiske, Dis. of Am., I, ch. iii; Payne, Hist, of Am., 23-72; Winsor, America, I, ch. i; Jacobs, The Story of Geographic Discovery. Maps: Fiske, I, 265, 304, 356, 357; II, 114, 125, 147, 153! Winsor, II, 103, 104, 112, 126, 165, 177, 180. i. Ancient and Mediaeval Ideas of Cosmography. 1. Different theories. a. Continental: Ptolemy's World. b. Oceanic theory: Eratosthenes. c. Sphericity of the Earth: Aristotle, Strabo, Roger Bacon. O. S. Leaflets, No. 30. 2. Geographers and Cartographers of the XV. Century. a. Toscanelli's Map: 1474. Its connection with the Discovery of America. Genuineness doubted. Fiske, I, 356; Payne, 112-115; Vignaud, La Lettre et La Carte de Tos- canelli. b. Behaim's Globe. 1492. Winsor, America, II, 104; or, Winsor, Columbus, 1S6-190. 2. General Situation in Europe at the Close of the Middle Ages. 1. The " Renaissance." a. Its nature: a general awakening. b. Its antecedents and causes. 1. Connection with the Crusades. c. Different phases: " Discovery of Man," "Discovery of the World." 2. Commercial and Maritime Activity: One phase of the Renais- sance. a. Rendered possible, by improvements and inventions. 1. Compass and astrolabe. Winsor, II, 94-98. b. Special Causes: Commercial conditions. 1. Relation of Europe with the East. a. Central Asia opened to Europe: XII. to XIV. Cen- turies. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. g i. The Mogul conquest and its results. 2. Marco Polo and other travelers' reports. O. S. Leaflets, No. 32; New Eng. Mag., Aug., '92; Harper's Mag., XLVI, 1; Yule, Marco Polo; Weise, ch. ii. 3. Character and extent of trade: oriental products a necessity to the West. b. Communication overland cut off: closing of the old routes. 1. Restoration of Native Dynasty in China. 1368. 2. Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. 1453. 3. Search for an "outside" route to " Cathay." Fiske, I, 316-334. a. Portuguese Activity. 1. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1463), and his suc- cessors. Beazley, or Major's, Heury the Navigator. 2. The rediscovery of the Islands in the Atlantic. 3. Voyages along the coast of Africa. Fiske, I, 324. a. Relation of these voyages to Columbus' plans and the discovery of America. b. The successful voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497. 4. Other voyages: Cousin, 1488; Cabral, 1500; Cortereal, 1501. Fiske, II, 18-22, 96. b. Activity of Other European Nations: Spain, England. V. COLUMBUS AND THE NAMING OF AMERICA. 1. Christopher Columbus. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 82-83; Fiske, America, I, ch. v, Bryant & Gay, I, ch. vi; Weise, chs. iii, iv; Payne, America, uSetseq.; Adams, Markham or Winsor's Life of Columbus. Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, chs. ii-iv; Mag. of Am. Hist, XXVI, 241; XXVII, 1, 98. 1. Early career and preparation for his work. 2. His ideas as to cosmography. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I0 3. Attempts to gain a patron. a. Experience in Portugal. b. Assistance from Spain : Terms of contract. Fiske, I, 417. 4. His First Voyage. a. Discovery made. * Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 1; Hart, I, No. 17; O. S. Leaflets, Nos. 29, 33. b. The effect upon Europe. 1. Spanish activity: exploration and colonization. 2. English activity: Voyages of the Cabots. (See post, p. 12.) 5. Estimate of Columbus' work and character. 2. The Naming of America. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 84; Fiske, II, 129-145; Payne, 202-210; Winsor, America, II, ch. ii; Harper's Mag., Oct., 1892. i. Americus Vespucius of Florence. a. His voyages to the "New World:" Doubtful and authentic. Fiske, II, 71-107. b. Letters to Lorenzo de Medici. Fiske, II, 108-112. 2. The Origin of the Name America. a. Meaning of the phrase " New World." b. Waldseemiiller's u Cosmographiae Introductio," and its proposal, 1507. Hart, I, No. 20. c. The extension of the name to the entire continent. d. Americus exonerated of any attempt to supplant Columbus. VI. WHERE EUROPEAN NATIONS PLANTED THEIR INSTITUTIONS. A Summary of the Results of Exploration and Settlement by the leading European Nations at the opening of the XVII Century. * Charming, Student's History, ch. i; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, ch. ii; Toner, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1895, 515-557. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. H I. Basis for the Determination of Ownership of Newly Discovered Lands. i. Priority of discovery. 2. Exploration. 3. Consummated by possession and settlement. Story, Commentaries, \\ 1-37. II. Claims of European Nations at the Opening of the XVII. Century. 1. Spain: Summary of Her Claims. 1. By virtue of the Bull of Alexander VI, of 1493, and the Con- vention of Tordesillas, 1494. Hart, I, No. 18; Weise, ch. v; Harrisse, The Diplomatic History of America; Bourne, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1S91, 101-130. a. Papal title repudiated by France and England. Payne, 243-46. 2. Priority of Discovery and Exploration. *C. & H., Guide, sees. 82-86; Higginson, Larger History, ch. iii; Bryant & Gay, I, ch. vii; Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, ch. vi-vii; Morris, Hist, of Colonization, I, 230-259. a. Columbus' and his Followers' Voyages. 1492-15 12. b. Discovery of the Pacific: Balboa, 1513. c. Florida: Ponce de Leon, 1513, 1521. d. Conquest of Mexico: Cortez, 1519-21. e. Circumnavigation of the Globe: Magellan, 1520. Winsor, America, II, ch. ix; Fiske, II, 191-210. f. Atlantic Coast: Gomez, 1524; De Ayllon, 1526. g. Expeditions in the Mississippi Valley and the Southwest: 1. Wanderings of Cabeza-de-Vaca, 1527-36. Old South Leaflets, No. 39; Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept, 1894, 83. 2. Coranado's expedition, 1540-42. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 13; Hart, I, No. 24. 3. De Soto's expedition, 1539-43. O. S. Leaflets, No. 36; Hart, I, No. 23. h. Conquest of South America. Moses, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, chs. iii-x ; Prescott, Conquest of Peru; Morris, I, 244-259. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I2 3. Ey virtue of settlement. 1. Permanent Colonies and Sphere of Influence. a. St. Augustine, 1565, and Santa F6, 1580, only Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States. 4. Spanish rule in America. Moses, chs. i, ii, xi, xii; Blackmar, in J. H. U. Studies, viii, No. 4. 2. France: Summary of Her Claims. 1. Discovery and exploration. * C. & H., Guide, sees. 87-88; Doyle, English Colonies, I, 82-98; Bryant & Gay, I, ch. viii; Higginson, Larger History, ch. v; Payne, 246-247, 257-266. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World. a. Verrazano's voyage, 1524. Hart, I, No. 34; O. S. Leaf., No. 17; Winsor, America, IV, 26; Mag. of Amer. Hist., 11,449 J Fiske, Dutch & Quaker Colonies, I, 58-68. b. Cartier voyages, 1 534-1 535. Hart, I, No. 35. 2. By attempted colonization. a. In Florida by Huguenots, 1562-65. Parkman, Pioneers, 32-47, 96-130; Bryant & Gay, I, ch. ix; Higginson, Explorers, 143-166. 3. Results: No Colonies at the opening of the Century. a. Reasons for failure: Hostility of the Spanish; Civil and Re- ligious Wars in France. b. Significance of failure. 3. England : Summary of Her Claims. 1. By Virtue of Discovery and Exploration. C. & H., Guide, sees. 92-96; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. i. a. The Cabot Voyages, 1497-1498. * Fiske, Dis. of Am., II, 1-22; Weare, Cabot's Dis. of Am.; Winsor, Am., Ill, 1-7; New Eng. Mag., Feb., 1898; Hart, I, Nos. 26, 48; Am. Hist. Leaf., No. 9. i. Various problems of these voyages: Latest evidence. Winship, Cabot Bibliography; Dawson, The Voyages of the Cabots; Harrise, John Cabot; Tarducci, John and Sebastian Cabot. b. The English Seamen. C. & H., Guide, sec. 93; Higginson, Larger History, ch. iv; Froude, English Seamen of the XVI. Century; Payne, Voyages of Eliza- bethan Seamen; Payne, Select Narratives from Hakluyt. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. j^ i. John Hawkins, 1562-67. Hart, I, No. 29; Winsor, III, 60-64. 2. Francis Drake, 1570-80. Hart, I, No. 30; Corbett's Drake; Winsor, Am. Ill, 65-73. 2. By attempted colonization. a. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his Patent, 1578-83. Higginson, Explorers, 169-174; Hazard, Historical Collections, I, 24. b. Sir Walter Ralegh, 1584-90. Hume, Ralegh, chs. iv-v; Winsor, America, III, ch. iv. 1. Charter, 1584. Charters & Consts., II. 1379; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 71. 2. Colonies: Roanoke, "The Lost Colony," 1584-87. Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V, Pt. iv, 107. 3. Results no colonies at the opening of the Century. a. Reasons for failure. 1. Left to individual enterprise of subjects. 2. Fear of Spanish invasion of England. 4. Situation at the Opening of the XVII. Century. 1. Causes for the revival of interest in colonization. a. By the French, b. By the English. 2. Cause for the cessation of Spanish activity in colonization after I570. 5. Effect of the New World upon the Old World. Seeley, Expansion of England, ch. v. VII. ENGLISH COLONIZATION. " The Expansion of England." The transplanting of Englishmen and English Institutions in the New World. The Development of English Institutions into American Institutions. 1. Continuity of History. 1. In General. 2. Illustrated in the History of the English Colonies in America. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. iq. The Political Heritage. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 146; Taylor, Origin and Growth of the English Const., 1-17; Crane & Moses, Politics, 82-91; Stevens, Sources of the Const, of the U. S., 1-9; Stubbs, Const. Hist, of Eng., Ill, ch. xxi; Ashley, The Amer. Federal State, 31-41; Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom; Montague, Elements of Eng. Const. History; Medley, Manual of Eng. Const. History. i. The chief elements of the English Government in the XVII. Century. a. Constitutional development in England. 1. The Representative system: An Anglo-Saxon institution. Fiske, Am. Political Ideas, ch. ii; Fiske, Beg. of New England, 1-49. 2. Growth of the system. Hosmer, chs. iv-vii. 3. Its continuous existence on English soil. b. Local Government : The Germ of the Representative System. Channing, Town and County Government, J. H. Univ. Studies, II, 439-453; Howard, Local Const'al Hist, 31-49; McMaster, in Sbaler's U. S., II, 475, 476; Morey, Annals of Political Science, VI, 207-211; Medley, 360-384. 1. Parish or Township: Open Vestry: Select or Close Vestry. 2. Boroughs. 3. The Hundred. 4. County System, or Shire. 5. Connection with the Central Government. c. The National Government. 1. A single executive: The King: The Council. 2. A bi-cameral legislative body: Parliament, House of Lords, House of Commons: Rights of Parliament: Franchise. Stubbs, Const. Hist., Ill, 469 et seq; Medley, chs. iii-v. 3. The Judicial System. Medley, cb. vii. 2. " The Rights of Englishmen." 1. Rights guaranteed by Magna Charta and the Common Law. Hill, Liberty Documents, chs. i-iv. a. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ^ b. Speedy trial: Trial by Jury. c. No taxation except by vote of Parliament. d. A share in their own government. 3. The Influence of the Reformation upon the Political Develop- ment. 1. Freedom of Conscience. Fiske, Beginnings of New Eng., 58, 59. 2. Importance of the Individual. Scott, Development of Liberty, 24-26, 298-302. 3. Its Democratic tendencies. 4. Political Significance of the fact of Colonization in the XVII. Century, The Period of Political Ferment in England. 1. Effect of the contest for English Free Institutions in the Old World upon the New World. Social, Industrial and Religious Situation in England at the Open- ing of the XVII. Century. * Cheyney, Industrial and Social History of England, chs. vi, vii; Prothero, Select Statutes and Documents. 1. Social Condition. a. Class Divisions and Distinctions. * Hart, I, No. 44. 2. Industrial Conditions. a. Problems of over-population. 1. Chief causes: Transition period. Decline of agriculture and increase of wool growing. 2. Attempted remedies by legislation. Poor laws, Prothero, 41, 45, 67, 72, 96, 100, 103, 253, 271; Acts for Maintenance of Husbandry, ibid., 93, 95, 96. b. Material for colonization. Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, 59, 60, 576-584. 3. The Religious Situation. Post, p. a. The Established Church. b. The growth of dissent. c. The attitude of the Government. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. j6 4. Motives which actuated the English in their Colonizing Enter- prises. * Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 44-60; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 74; Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, ch. i; Hart, I, Nos. 45- 49; Neill, Virginia and Virginiola. i. Various incentives. a. Patriotic: Rivalry with Spain. b. Cupidity, c. Adventure, d. Economic and Political dis- content, e. Religious oppression. f. Northwest passage. 2. Comparison with the motives of the Spanish and French. Hart, I, Nos. 19, 40. VIII. VIRGINIA, A TYPE OF THE SOUTHERN COLONY. PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 97; Thwaites, ch. iv. i. The London and Plymouth Companies. Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 60-79. 1. Origin and nature: Trading corporations or joint stock com- panies: Precedents. Osgood, Pol. Sc. Quar. XI, 264-273; Morey, Annals, I, 535-544; Cawston & Keane, Early Chartered Companies, ch. i-vi. 2. Purpose: Inducements to colonization. Bruce & Eggleston, as above. 3. Influence of these companies. 2. The London Company: A Chartered Commercial Company. * Doyle, English Colonies, I, 108-12, 125-28, 136-42, 156-66, 175-83; Eggleston, Bk. I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, III, 127-53; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, chs. iii-vi; J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 263-267; Neill, The Virginia Company; Cooke, Virginia; Brown, The First Re- public in America; Brown, Genesis of the U. S. (for documents); Willis, in Trans, of Royal Hist. Soc, X (N. S.), 59-71. i. The First Charter. 1606-1609. Poore, Charters & Consts., II, 1888; MacDonald, Select Charters, i. a. Parties to the charter. b. Territory. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I7 c. Governmental power. d. Guarantee of the rights of the Colonists. e. Settlement at Jamestown, 1607. Hart, I, Nos. 62, 63; Am. Hist. Leaflets, Nos. 27, 28. f. Capt. John Smith: Estimate of his work and writings. Favorable. Fiske, Old Va., I, chs. iii-iv. Unfavorable. Brown, The First Republic in America. General criticism. Eggleston, Beg. of A Nation, 31-38; Winsor, III, 161. 2. The Second Charter. 1608-1612. Charters & Consts., II, 1893; MacDonald, 11. a. Why granted ? b. New boundaries and their interpretation. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 73-78; Fiske, I, 144-45- c. King yields power to the Council: Importance. d. The fortunes of the Colony: Dale's "Blue Laws," 1611. Fiske, I, 163-167; Bryant & Gay, I, 300; Force, Tracts, III; Price, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1899, 311-363. e. Introduction of tobacco culture: effect. Hart, I, No. 83; Fiske, I, 174-177; Eggleston, 84-85. 3. The Third Charter. 161 2-1624. Charters & Consts., II, 1902; MacDonald, 17. a. Changes effected by the new charter: The stockholders secure complete jurisdiction. Fiske, I, 177-79, 185-89. b. New land tenure: in severalty: good effect. c. Condition of the colony under the absolute rule of the Com- pany. d. The Liberal element gain control in England : The Era of Political Development. 1. The Great Charter of Nov. 13, 1618, and the Ordinance of July 24, 1621. MacDonald, 34; Brown, First Republic, 293, 329; Preston, 32. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. !8 2. Gov. Yeardley and "The House of Burgesses:" The inauguration of representative government in Amer- ica. 1619. Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1893, 301-316; Chandler, in J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 268-273; Brown, First Republic, 242-243 ) 249-251, 266, 293, 309-310, 313-332; Winsor, Amer. Ill, 142-145. a. Composition of the Assembly. b. Proceedings and influence. Hart, I, No. 65. c. The position of Governor and character of Government. Kaye, The Colonial Executive, J. H. TJ. Studies, XVIII, 267-279. The Labor System : Forced Labor. a. Indentured servants: effect. Bruce, I, 241 et seq; Neill, 160, 161. b. Introduction of Negro Slavery, 1619: effect. Introduction of Family Life, its effect. Eggleston, 57-58, 72; Neill, 245-247; Bruce, 613-618. Overthrow of the Company. Fiske, I, 238-241; Eggleston, 86-89, 9 I- 94- a. Causes : Factions in Company : Hostility of the King: 11 Seminary of Sedition." b. Charges against the Company and its defence. Hart, I, Nos. 66, 67. c. Commission of Inquiry appointed, 1623. Hazard, I, 155. d. Petitions of the Virginia Assembly, 1823-24. Neill, 407-411. e. Virginia Company and the House of Commons. Va. Mag. of Hist, VI, 382-384. f. Charter annulled by writ of quo warranto, 1624. g. Commission for Managing of Virginia, 1624. Va. Mag. of Hist, VII, 40-43; Cal. of State Papers, I, 62. h. Effect upon the Colony. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 IX. VIRGINIA: SECOND STAGE: A ROYAL PROVINCE. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 98, 99; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. vii, II, chs. x-xii; Doyle, I, chs. vii-ix, esp. 185-201, 207, 208, 212-266; Neill, Virginia Carolorum. A. Political Relations with the English Government to the Middle of the XVIII Century. B. Development of Domestic Institutions: 1624-1750. A. Political Relations with England: 1624-1700. I. Sub- Periods: a. 1624-1649. Period of little interference and of continued growth. b. 1649-1660: Under the Commonwealth: Practically a self- governing commonwealth: Rapid advance. c. 1 660-1677: After the Restoration: Political Reaction and Tyranny. d. 1677-1700: Quarrels with the Royal Governors. Stagnation. e. 1700-1750: Royal Government and its normal results. 1. The Political Situation at Accession of Charles I. 1. The Colonists claim the "Rights of Englishmen." 2. The Proclamation of the King, announcing policy of direct government. Hazard, I, 203-205; Cal. of State Papers, I, 73; Neill, Va. Carolorum, 10-13. 3. The meeting of the Assembly permitted by the King: a. As he desires monopoly of the Tobacco trade. Neill, 47-55. b. Assembly refuse to grant his request, but precedent for their rights established. 4. The Constitution of a Royal Province. 2. Period of little interference and continued growth. 1624-1649. 1. Governor Harvey's Administration. 1629-39. Fiske, I, 293-299; Doyle, I, 194-198. a. Quarrel with the Burgesses: "The first American Revolu- tion." 2. Governor Berkeley's First Administration: 1642-52. a. His instructions, b. Treatment of the Puritans. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 20 The Relations of the Colony to the Commonwealth. 1649-1660. Doyle, I, ch. viii; Fiske, II, ch. x; "Leah and Rachel," Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 343; Neill, Va. Carolorum, ch. vii. 1. Attitude of Virginia toward the Puritan Revolution. a. Appeal of Gov. Berkeley. Hart, I, No. 68. b. An asylum for the Cavaliers: Results, immediate and remote. 2. Surrender to the Commissioners of the Long Parliament. Hart, I, No. 69; Neill, 220-223. 3. Self-Government acquired and maintained. a. The Assembly elects Governor and Council, and removes the same. b. Attempt to restrict the suffrage fails. " Hard and unagree- able to reason that any shall pay equal taxes and not have a voice in elections." 1655. The Navigation Acts. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; MacDonald, 106, 119, 133, 168; Beer, Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies, chs. i-iii; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 45-51; Eggleston, in The Cen- tury, VI, 251-254. i. Inauguration of the policy: First measures: Under the Com- monwealth: Under Charles II. ; Acts of 1660, 1663,1672. 2. Effect upon the Colonists. a. In general. b. In Virginia: Berkeley's complaint. Hart, 1, 240. 3. Early acts not strictly enforced. The Colony after the Restoration : 1660-1677. Reaction and Tyranny. Doyle, I, 230-257; Fiske, II, ch, xi. i. Gov. Berkeley's Second Administration. 1658-1677. Neill, 268-292. a. Legal relations with the English Government. 1. Report to the Lords of Trade. 1671. Hart, I, No. 70; Neill, 330-338. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 b. Political Reaction. i. In the Central Government. a. Arbitrary power of the Governor. b. The Long Assembly, 1661-1676. c. Restriction of the suffrage, 1670. 2. In the Local Government. a. Close Vestry in the Parishes, 1662. b. County Courts, appointive and aristocratic. 3. Economic Tyranny. a. The Culpepper- Arlington Grant, 1673. c. Bacon's Rebellion. 1676-1677. Neill, 345-370; Eggleston, in Century, XVIII, 418. i. Causes: Political and Economic Tyranny. 2. Immediate Occasion: Berkeley's Indian Policy. 3. Proclamations of Berkeley and Bacon. Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 445-465- 4. Course and End of the Contest. Hart, I, No. 71; Colonial Tracts, Nos. 8-10. 5. Social and Constitutional Reforms of Bacon's Assembly, 1676. 6. Royal Commission of Inquiry. Summary of the Griev- ances of the various Counties. Va. Mag. of History, esp. vols. II, III, in passim (documents). 7. Results. a. Some reforms. b. Restrictions upon the Assembly. c. The proposed new charter lost. Neill, 382, 383. 6. The Colony under Royal Governors. 1677-1700. Quarrels be- tween the Assembly and the Governors. Fiske, II, 108-123; Doyle, I, 259-268. i. Culpepper's Administration: 1680-84. a. Tobacco-cutting Riots. 1682. 2. Lord Howard of Effingham. a. Resident Governor. Quarrel with Assembly. b. Non-resident Governor. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 22 3. Nicholson and Andros. 1688-1705. Hart, II, No. 33. a. Assembly refuse to appropriate money unless their own Treasurer expends it. b. Removal of the Capital to Williamsburg. c. Nicholson plan for union and taxation of the Colonies. Fiske, II, 129, 130. Royal Government to 1750. Fiske, II, ch. xvii. i. The Administration of Gov. Spotswood, 1710-1722. a. Ability, and activity. b. Disputes with Assembly. c. His correspondence and recommendations to the English Government. d. Created Postmaster General. 2. Later Governors. a. Hugh Drysdale, 1722-26. b. William Gooch, 1727-1749. c. Robert Dinwidddie, 1751-1758. 3. The Expansion of Virginia. a. Spotswood explores the Blue Ridge, 1716. b. The coming of the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. c. The settlement of the Shenandoah Valley, 1730-. d. Contrast of the Tidewater with Western Counties. X. VIRGINIA. 1624-1750. B. Development of Domestic Institutions. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, chs. iv, v; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. vii; II, ch.xiv; Doyle, I, ch. xiii; Lodge, Eng. Colonies, ch. ii; Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1891, 18-29. i. Social and Industrial Systems. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia. 1. Social Grades and Classes. Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, 284-288. a. Tendency of these distinctions. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 b. Plantation life. Hart, I, Nos. 87, 88; II, No. 82; Woodrow Wilson, Geo. Washing- ton, ch. i. 2. Classes of Laborers. Bruce, I, ch. ix; II, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, in The Century, VI, 853- 871; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIII, Nos. vi-vii, p. 299; Ballagh, Hist, of Slavery in Virginia; Eggleston, Transit, etc., 293-305; Neill, Va. Carol- orum, 34-36, 54-59, 277, 278, 295; Butler, in Am. Historical Rev., II, 12; Fiske. I, 188, 229; II, 176-202; Doyle, I, 382-39 1 ; Hart, II, No. 107. a. Indented Servants. " Redemptioners." 1. Cause of their presence in large numbers. 2. Terms of service, and their condition. b. Negro Slaves. 1. Introduction. 2. Growth of system. Causes. 3. Industrial Pursuits of the Southern Colonies illustrated in Virginia. Bruce, in passim, esp. II, chs. xii-xiii; Eggleston, in The Century, V, 431; Lib. of Am. Lit., II, 265, 279, 306; Hart, I, Nos. 87-88. a. Agriculture. b. Some Commerce. c. Little Manufacturing. 4. Results of Industrial System. a. Economic. b. Social. c. Political. d. Moral. e. Educational. 2. Political Institutions. 1. Local Government. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 147; Channing, Town and County Govt, J. H. Univ. Studies, 11,474-489; Howard, Local Government, 117- 124, 388-407; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 28-44, 98-99; Fiske, Civil Govt., 57-67; McMaster, in Shaler's U. S.. II, 475-4791 Taylor, English Const., 27-40, 35-39; Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1891, 23-26; J. H. Univ. Studies, III, 152 et seq. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 24 a. The English Parish. b. Reasons for the development of the Parish and County System. c. The Vestry: open vestry becomes a close vestry. Fiske, II, 98. i. Powers and functions. 2. Contrasted with South Carolina Vestry. d. Few towns: Attempts to establish them by legislation. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 211-213. e. The County. 1. The unit of representation for the Assembly. 2. How the power passed into the control of the great planters. 3. The County-seat, or "Court-House." 4. Powers of the Court: administrative as well as judicial. 5. Officers of the County: Sheriff: County-lieutenant. f. The results of the system. 1. Aristocratic tendency. 2. Contrasted with the local government of New England. 2. Colonial Government. a. Gradual separation of the functions of government. b. Executive and Administrative. 1. Vested in Governor and Council. 2. Source and extent of authority. c. Legislation. Chandler, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 268-273. i. The Law-making power. 2. Representative system retained and developed. a. Bi-cameral system introduced in 1680. 3. Assembly asserts its exclusive right over taxation in 1623, 1631, 1632, 1642, 1645, I 65i, 1666, and main- tains it to 1765. Henry, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1893, 315. 4. Franchise: Attempts to restrict suffrage fail until 1670, when freeholders alone qualified. Chandler, in J. H. U. Studies; XIX, 279-287. 5. Assembly dispute the use of the veto power. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 d. Judicial Power. i. Development of the Judiciary. a. Monthly Courts, 1628: Justices of the Peace. b. Shire Courts, 1634. c. Fusion of the two into County Court, 1642. 1. It absorbed all local power except in ecclesiastical matters. d. Superior Court of Judicature: Governor and Council. e. Appeal to Privy Council in England. f. Peculiar laws and punishments. Religious and Educational Institutions. Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America, 74-115: Neill, Va. Caro., 165-168, 198-203, 285, 292, 296-303; Eggleston, Transit, etc., ch. iv in passim; Fiske, II, 116-117, 123-129, 245-254, 261-263. 1. The Established Church. a. How maintained: Act of Uniformity, 1643. b. The character of the clergy. Hart, I, No. 85. 2. The Dissenters and their treatment. J. H. Univ. Studies, XII, 175; XIII, 153-188. a. Appearance of Puritans, and their expulsion by Berkeley. b. Puritans during the Commonwealth period. c. Numbers constantly increase after the Restoration. d. Treatment of Quakers and Baptists. 3. Educational Facilities. Boone, Education in the U. S., 9-60 in passim; Eggleston, Transit, etc., 158-160, 249-254. a. Few schools. Hart, I, 296. b. Early attemps to found a college. c. Berkeley's attitude toward education. Hart, I, No. 70. d. William and Mary's College founded, 1692: James Blair. Hart, I, No. 89. e. Other opportunities for education. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 36 f. "The Virginia Gazette," 1736: First Newspaper in the South. 4. Summary: Tendencies revealed in the development of the insti- tutions of Virginia. XL MARYLAND : A TYPICAL PROPRIETARY COLONY. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 100-101; Thwaites, ch. iv; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, chs. viii, ix; II, ch. xiii; Doyle, I, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, Bk. Ill, ch. i; Browne, Calverts, esp. chs. ii, v, vi, viii; Winsor, America, III, ch. xiii; Mereness, Maryland as a Proprietary Province; Browne, Maryland; Lodge, English Colonies, chs. iii, iv; Bozman, Maryland (documents). i. The Calverts : The Family of the " Lord Proprietor." 1. Their position in England: Conversion to Catholicism. 2. Early attempts at colonization: Avalon. 3. Created Baron Baltimore: 1625. 2. The Charter of Maryland : 1632. MacDonald, 53; Preston's Documents, 62. i. Granted to Cecil, Second Lord Baltimore. 2. Boundary. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16, p. 12; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 78. 3. Jurisdiction conferred. Osgood, Am. Historical Rev., II, 644; III, 31, 244. a. Precedent: Feudal character. Lapsley, Palatinate of Durham. b. Provisions fixing power of the Proprietor. c. Rights guaranteed to the colonists. d. Religious provisions. 3. Maryland Settled : 1634. 1. Reason for founding Colony: Condition of Catholics in England. 2. The Proprietor's Instructions to Colonists. Hart, I, No. 72. 3. Was it a Catholic Colony ? 4. Lord Baltimore and the Jesuits. Dennis in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1900, 105-126. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 2 7 Institutional Development, i. The Land System. Mereness, Pt. I, chs. i-iii. 2. The Legislative System. Browne, Cal verts, ch. v; Fiske, I, 283-285; Doyle, I, 286-298; Morey, Annals of Pol. Sc. I, 544-547; Mereness,*Pt. II,[ch. ii. a. Struggle over the initiative of legislation. b. Primary Assembly or Folk-moot. 1635. c. Proxy system develops. 1638. d. Representative system gradually established. 1650. e. Bi-cameral system established. 1650. 3. Local Government. Mereness, Pt. II, ch. vi; Howard, Local Govt., "274-81; Fiske, Civil Govt., 74-/7; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 146-149; Taylor, Eng. Const., 32-33; J. H. Univ. Studies, I, No. vii, III, Nos. v-vii. a. The Hundred. b. The Manor: Court Baron and Courf Leet. Dissensions in the Colony. Fiske, I, 2S6-318; II, 131-138. i. Quarrels with Clayborne and Virginia. Latane\ J. H. Univ. Studies, XIII, 129-153. a. First phase. 1634-37. Hart, I, No. 74. b. Second phase: Ingle. 1644-46. c. Third phase (see below). Cobb, The Rise of Reiigious Liberty, 362-380; Petrie, in J. H. Univ., X, No. 4; Winsor, III, 530-535; Browne, ^Calverts.^chs. vi, viii; Mereness, 430-437. a. Increase of the Puritan element. b. Toleration Act. 1649. MacDonald, 104; Hart, I, No. 84. 1. Causes which led to its passage. 2. Who passed it? c. The policy of the Proprietors. 3. Struggle between the Proprietary Government and the Parlia- mentary Commissioners, 1652: Contest of the Sects. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 2 8 a. Protestants win. 1655. b. Puritan Assembly and its notion of a Toleration Act. c. Restoration of Baltimore. 1657. Hart, I, No. 75. d. Fendall's Rebellion. 1660. 6. The Colony after the Restoration. Fiske, II, 150-162; Cobb, 380-398. 1. An era of peace but political reaction to 1675. a. Restriction of suffrage, 1670, and other reactionary measures. 2. An era of unrest, 1675-1691. a. Policy of new Proprietor irritates colonists. 1. Long Assembly. 1669-1676. 2. Nepotism: Conflicts in the Assembly. 3. Taxation on tobacco. 4. Restriction of Suffrage. 1670. b. Rebellions. Sparks, Causes of Maryland, Rev. of 1689, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 477; Steiner, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1897, 281. i. First attempt a failure. 1676: Davis and Pate. 2. Second attempt successful. 1689: John Coode. 3. A Royal Colony. 1691-1715. a. Episcopal Church established, 1692, 1700. Fiske, II, 162-173. i. Unpopularity of the Establishment. 2. Toleration. How far practiced. Hardship of Catholics. 3. Character of the clergy: Thomas Bray. 4. Growth of dissent. b. Proprietary Government re-established: 1715. Steiner, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1S99, 231. XII. THE CAROLJNAS. C. & j^H. Guide, sec. 102; Thwaites, 87-95; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, ch. xv; Wiusor, V, 285-335; Doyle, I, ch. xii ; Bryant & Gay, II, chs. xii, xv; Lodge, chs. v-viii; McCrady, So. Ca. under Prop. Govt.; McCrady, So. Ca. under Royal Govt.; Whitney, Government in So. Ca., J. H. U. Studies, XIII, Nos. i, 2; Rivers, Hist. Sketch of So. Ca.; Bassett, Const. Beginnings of No. Ca.; J. H. U. Studies, XII; Hawks, History of No. Ca. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 x. Early attempts of French and English to Colonize. 2. Royal Grants. « 1. To Sir Robert Heath, 1629. Col. Rec. of N. C, I, 5- a. Proprietary charter similar to Avalon charter. b. No colonies planted by Heath. Charter repealed, 1664. c. Miscellaneous settlements. Virginia dissenters on the Chowan, 1653. New Englanders on Cape Fear, 1660; abandoned, 1663. 2. The first charter to the Eight Proprietors, 1663. 31 ° to 36 . MacDonald, 120; Charters and Consts., II, 1382. 3. The second charter to the Proprietors. 1665. MacDonald, 148; Charters and Const., II, 1390. 4. The two charters compared. a. Territorial grant increased 29 to 36 30'. b. Governmental features, little change. Osgood, Amer. Hist. Rev., Ill, 46-48, 251-254. c. Religious provisions. 3. Later Settlements. 1. The Albemarle Colony (Northern), 1662-64. 2. Clarendon (Middle), 1665; abandoned, 1690. 3. The Ashley River Colony (Charleston), 1670. 4. The Scotch at Port Royal, 1683. Destroyed, 1686. 4. Proprietors' Provisions for Government. 1. Proposals of 1663 and Concessions and Agreements of 1665. Hart, I, No. 78*. Col. Rec. of No. Ca., I, 79. 2. The Fundamental Constitutions, 1669. Text, MacDonald, 149; Charters & Consts., II, 1397; Col. Rec. of No. Ca., I, 157; Carroll's Collections, II, 361; Analysis, in Bassett, J. H. U, Studies, XII, 97-169; McCrady, Prop. Govt., 94-1 ix ; Doyle, I. 334-34o; Fiske, II, 272-276. a. Two sets. Locke's connection with them. b. Reasons for drawing them up. c. Chief features and peculiar provisions. d. Notable provision relative to toleration. Cobb, Religious Liberty in America, 1 15-123. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 30 e. Alteration of the Constitution, and condition of the Province, 1682. Hart, I, Nos. 80, 8r. f. Resisted by the People. Abandoned, 1693. McCrady, 226, 227, 247. 5. An Era of Disturbances and Slow Growth. 1670-1719. 1. Dissatisfaction with the Government. a. Inferior governors. 2. Troubles over trade regulations in Albemarle Colony. a. Culpepper rebellion, 1677-79. b. Rule and banishment of Sothel, 1688. c. Temporary union of the two Colonies, 1691. 3. Religious difficulties. Cobb, 123-129. a. Gov. Johnson's bigotry in the Southern Colony, 1703-06. b. Intolerance in the Northern Colony,™ 1704-17 n. Corey's rebellion, 1711. 4. Troubles with the Spanish. a. Port Royal destroyed, 1686. b. Charleston attacked, 1706. 5. Troubles with the Indians. a. In the Northern Colony, 1711-13. b. In the Southern Colony, 1713-16. 6. The End of the Proprietary Government. 1. In South Carolina. a. Popular revolutions against the Proprietary Government, 1719-20. McCrady, Prop. Govt., 641-656. b. Gov. Nicholson first Royal Governor, 1721. McCrady, Royal Govt., 26 et seq ; Hart, II, No. 33. 2. In North Carolina. a. Unrest and discord, 1719-29. 3. Proprietors' agreement with the Crown, 1729. 7. Under Royal Government. 1. Separation of the Colonies. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 2. Features of the Government. a. Governors' Instructions and their importance. McCready, 1-50. 8. Development of the Two Colonies : Contrasts. 1. Population and Races. 2. Prosperity and Industries. 3. Slavery and Poor Whites. a. Negro insurrection in South Carolina, 1740. b. The Black Code. 4. Aristocracy and Democracy. a. The Vestries in South Carolina. b. Lack of towns. 5. Churchmen and Dissenters. 6. The Coast and the frontier settlements. 7. Schools and the lack of them. 9. Piracy. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 361-369. i. Its growth and extent. 2. Attempts to suppress. XIII. GEORGIA, AN i8th CENTURY COLONY. C. & H. Guide, sec. 103; Thwaites, ch. xiii; Bryant & Gay, III, 140-169;. Winsor, V, 357-392; Lodge, chs. ix, x; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 333-336; Jones, History of Georgia, 2 vols. i. James Oglethorpe and his Philanthropic Schemes. Bruce, Life of Oglethorpe. 1. Formation of the Georgia Company, 1732. 2. Its project. Hart, II, No. 39. a. Assistance to poor debtors. b. A military outpost against the Spanish. 2. The Charter. 1732. MacDonald, 235-248; Poore, I, 369; Jones, Georgia, I, 90. 1. Territorial grant. 2. Governmental features: a limited Proprietary: Trustees. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 32 3. Settlers without political privileges. 4. Slavery prohibited. 3. Settlements. 1. Savannah founded, 1733. 2. The Salzburg Germans' settlements, 1734. Hart, II, No. 40. 3. Inland settlements, 1734-36. 4. Scotch Highlanders. 4. Slow Development. Causes. Hart, II, Nos. 42-44. 1. Spanish attacks, 1736-42. 2. Dissatisfaction of the Colonists with: a. Government of the Trustees after 1743. b. Scarcity of labor: Slavery permitted, 1749. c. Land system: concessions, 1750. 5. A Royal Province. 1. Trustees surrender Charter, 1752. 2. Boundary enlarged after cession of Florida, 1763. 3. Gradual growth of population: Slaves numerous. 4. A frontier community. XIV. NEW ENGLAND COLONIZATION. 1. The English on the Coast of New England. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 96, 109; Higginson's Explorers, 205-225; Doyle, II, 14-25; Winsor, America, III, 172-184. I. Early explorers: Gosnold, Pring and Weymouth. 1602-1605. 1. The Plymouth Company: Its attempt to colonize. a. The Popham Colony, 1607. 2. Capt. John Smith's voyage and map, 1614-15. Hart, I, No. 90. 2. Causes leading to Successful Colonization. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, iio-m; Eggleston, Beginnings of a Nation, Bk. II, chs. i-ii; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, ch. ii; Arber, The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers; Gardiner's Puritan Revolution. For ecclesiastical documents of Elizabeth's reign, cf. Prothero, 183-249; for James I. reign, Ibid., 283-311, 413-438. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 The Religious Situation in England early in the XVII. Century. a. Nature of the English Reformation. 1. The English Established Church. 2. Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. 1559. Prothero, i, 13. 3. Persecuting Statute of 1593. Prothero, 89-92; Arber, 35-36. b. Rise and Development of Puritanism. 1. Its appearance: "The Marian Exile " and its results. 2. Its characteristics. 3. Its political influence. Hart, I, No. 93. c. The English Puritans. 1. Conformists or Low Churchmen. 2. Non-Conformists. a. Separatists or Independents. b. Presbyterians. d. The Policy of the Stuarts toward the Puritans, i. The Hampton Court Conference: 1604. 2. Persecution and its consequences. 3. Intolerance the rule throughout Christendom. Eggleston, 163-164. The Political Situation in England early in the XVII. Century. Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom, chs. vii, ix, x; Prothero, 400-411, 435-439- a. The Political Philosophy of the Century. 1. The Stuart theory of government: The Divine Right of Kings. 2. The opposing theory: The Parliamentary Doctrine. b. The Stuarts and the Constitution. 1. Arbitrary policy of James I. 1603-25. a. Struggle with Parliament over the taxing power. Prothero, 280-319. b. The Bates Case. 1606-08. Prothero, 340-352; Hallam, Const. Hist., I, 314. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 34 c. Monopolies. d. Disregards other rights of Parliament and the Nation. 2. Arbitrary policy continued by Charles I: 1625-49. a. The struggle over the taxing power renewed. 1. Forced loans. 2. The Petition of Right: 1628. O. S. Leaflets, No. 23; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. vi. 3. Ship money: Hampden Case: 1637. O. S. Leaflets, vol. III. b. The strain upon the Constitution. 1. King rules without Parliament: 1629-1640. 2. The Long Parliament and the Civil War: 1640-49. a. The Grand Remonstrance, 1641. O. S. Leaflets, No. 24. b. The outbreak of the Civil War: 1642. 3. Parliament rules without the King. Importance of the struggle in the Mother Country upon the Colonization and Development of the English Colonies. XV. THE PILGRIMS AND THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, m-113; Thwaites, ch. vi; Eggeston, Bk. II, ch. iii; Fiske, New England, 79-87; Doyle, II, 11-15, 27-73; Arber, the Pilgrim Fathers; Amer- ican History Leaflets, No. 29; Winsor, America, III, 257-276; Dexter's Pilgrims; Griffis, The Pilgrims in Their Three Homes; Brown, The Pilgrim Fathers; Good- win, The Pilgrim Republic; Ames, The Mayflower and Her Log; Bradford, His- tory of Plymouth Plantation; Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers. 1. The "Pilgrim Fathers." 1. Who were they? Separatists. 2. The "cradle of the movement;" Austerfield and Scrooby Church. 3. Persecution drives them to Holland, 1608. Hart, I, No. 49. 4. The residence in Holland and reasons for immigration to America, 1608-1620. Hart I, No. 97; Arber, chap, xxvii. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 5. Their leaders: The Seven L,eyden Articles. Neill, Eng., Colonization, 96-98. 6. Agreement with the Virginia Company and Merchant Adven- turers of London. Ames, ch. iii. 7. Failure to receive a charter from James I. a. The Planting of the Colony. 1. The Mayflower Compact. MacDonald, no; Hart, I, No. 98, Charters and Const., I, 931. a. Principles underlying it. 2. "The landing." What was it? Hart, I, No. 99; Ames, chs. v, ix; Arber, 434-436. 3. Sufferings and privations of the Colonists. Hart, I, Nos. 100-J02. 4. Experience with communism. Hart, I, No. 100. 5. Relations with the Indians. Hart, I, Nos. 100-101. 3. Political Development. Bib. Haynes in J. H. U. Studies XII, pp. 436; Osgood, in Pol. Science Quarterly, XI, pp. 694-715. i. Early form and principles of government. a. Primary Assembly. b. Governor and Assistants. 2. Gradual development of the Representative System, 1638-1658. a. Franchise. 3. Judicial System. 4. Relation of Plymouth with the English Government. 5. Patents from the Council of New England: 1621, 1630. MacDonald, 51; Hazard, I, 298. 6. Relation to the other New England colonies. 7. Final incorporation of the "Old Colony" with Massachusetts, 1691. Hart, I, No. 104. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 36 4. Life in the Colony. 1. Educational advantages. 2. Religious System. Cobb, Religious Liberty in America, 133-148. 3. Population and material resources — why not more prosperous ? XVI. MASSACHUSETTS, A TYPICAL NORTHERN COLONY. * Bib. C & H., Guide, sees. 114-118; Thwaites, ch. vi; Doyle, II, 83-112, 141-144; 253- 256; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, 80-1C9; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, Bk. II, ch. iv; Twichell's, John Winthrop, chs. iii, vi, viii, ix, xiv; Winsor, Mem. Hist, of Boston, I, ch. ii; Cobb, Religious Liberty in Amer., 148-197; Cawston & Keane, Early Chartered Companies, 206-211; Howe, The Puritan Republic, chs. i-iii; Young's Chronicles (for documents); Mass. and Its Early History, Lowell Inst. Lectures. i. The Grand Council for New England and its Charter. 1620. Charters & Consts., I, 951; MacDonald, 23; Winsor, America, III, 295-310; Osgood, Pol. Science Quar., XL, 273-277, 502-533; Hart, I, No. 51. i. Its plans and its failure to colonize. 2. Its grants. Haven, in Mass. and Its Early History, 143-162. 3. Early settlements in Massachusetts: 1620-28. 2. Causes of the " Puritan Exodus." Hart, I, No. 105. 1. " The times out of joint." 2. The scheme of Rev. John White, and its realization. 3. Origin of the Mass. Bay Company and its grant from the Coun- cil of New England. 4. Endicott conducts a company to Salem, 1628. 3. " The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay: 1629." C. & H., Guide, sees. 117-118. 1. The Charter. Old South Leaflets, No. 7; MacDonald, 37; Preston's Doc, 36; Charters & Consts., I, 932. a. How was it secured ? AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 b. Limits of the grant. c. Character of the power and jurisdiction conferred. Osgood, in Pol. Science Quar., xi, 502. i. Schools of interpreters. d. Provisions indicating rights of the settlers. e. Purpose, ostensible and real, of parties to the grant. Old South Leaflets, No. 50. 4. The Great Migration, 1629-1640. Century, III, 350. i. "The Cambridge Agreement," Aug. 26, 1629. Hart, I, No. 106; Young, 281. 2. The transfer of the Charter and Company to New England: Its significance. 3. Leaders, character and number of colonists. 4. Early settlements. a. Why did they settle in towns? b. Effect upon political institutions. 5. Development of Political Institutions. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 118, 147; Haynes, J. H. U. Studies, XII, 377; Osgood, Pol. Science Quar., vi, 1; Howe, chs..ii, xiii; Morey, Annals of Pol. Science, I, 549-550, IV, 207-209; Twichell's Win- throp, chs. vi, viii, ix, xiv; Taylor, in Mag. of Atner. Hist., II, 708-715. i. Form of government established in 1630. a. At first in the control of the Governor and Assistant. 2. Admission of "Freemen:" Oct., 1630-May, 1631. a. Occasion. b. Significance. The company becomes a political and ceases to be a commercial organization. 3. The Suffrage: Aristocratic Theocracy established. a. Limitations to Church membership. 1631. 1. Reasons for Restriction. 2. Compare with English requirement. 3. Protest against the restriction: 1646. Hart, I, No. III. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 38 Rise of the Representative System : Opposition to Aristocracy. Hart, I, No. 107. a. Causes. 1. General. 2. Special: The Protest of Watertown : 1631. "No Taxa- tion without representation." b. Inauguration of the System: 1632-34: A Democratic Revo- lution. 1. Apportionment and Method of Election. Bishop, History of Elections, 123-140, 130-145. a. By Court of election: 1634. b. Ballot and Proxy system introduced: 1634-1637. c. Nominating system: 1639. d. Sealed returns: 1644. Establishment of the Bi-cameral Legislature: 1644. a. Germ of the two Houses. b. Cause of the division into two Houses. "The Sow business." Haynes, J. H. U. Studies, XII, 4"- c. Results of the system. d. Composition and functions of the two Houses. e. Effect upon the position of the Governor. Kaye, The Colonial Executive, J. H. U. Studies, XVIII, 282-292. Town Government: The Political Unit. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 1 18, 147; Channing, J. H. U. Studies, II, 458-474; Howard, Local Const. Hist., 50-99, 319-357; Fiske, Civil Govt., ch. ii; Howe, ch. xii; Hinsdale, American Govt., 3^8-395; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 13-32; Goodnow, Com. Adm. Law, 165-171; Taylor, Eng. Const., 27-32, 39, 40; Adams, Three Episodes of Mass. History, II, 810; Peters, A Picture of Town Govt, in Mass. a. Origin of Town Government. 1. Different theories. b. The English parish or town; how reproduced in N. Eng. c. Town government defined by the General Court, 1636. 1. Were any in existence prior to this? d. Later laws in regard to town government. e. Form of town government. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ™ i. Town meeting. a. Nature and Functions. b. Attendance and participation in. c. Effect, immediate and remote. 2. Selectmen: Moderator. a. Functions and term. f. Relation of the town to the Church. g. Peculiar laws and regulations, i. Effecting trade and labor. 7. Judicial System. a. Assumption of Judicial power by the Magistrates. 1. Early courts. Monthly (1632) and Quarterly (1636). b. Matured system. 1. Petty Courts in Towns (1638). 2. County Courts (1643), "Sessions of the Peace." 3. Superior Court: Governor and Assistants. 4. "The Great and General Court:" The Supreme Court. a. Its judicial functions decline after 1642. 5. Appeal to Privy Council in England prohibited. 8. Code of Laws. Howe, ch. iii. a. Causes leading to adoption. 1. The Law of Moses vs. The Common Law. 2. Demand for a code of laws, 1634-39. b. "The Body of Liberties," 1641. Am. Hist. Leafs., No. 25; MacDonald, 72. 1. A Bill of Rights. 2. Significance. c. Revised Code of 1648. Mass. Hist. Soc. Col., 3 Series, Vol. VII. 1. Chief features. 2. New political principles announced. 6. Development of Military, Land and Educational Systems. 1. Military System. a. Necessity. b. Trained band in each town. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 4 c. Reorganization into regiments by counties. (1644.) d. Officers: Choice and eligibility. e. Analogy to English system. 2. Land System and Registrations. M. Eggleston, J. H. U. Studies, 4th Series, Nos. XI-XII; Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, 279-284. a. Land granted by General Court to Society of Settlers. (Corporation.) b. Method of administration by Society or Town. 1. Common ownership. 2. Later granted to individuals. 3. In some cases, control retained by original proprietors. c. Comparison with system in Proprietary Colonies. d. Registration of Land Titles. 1. General survey and registration by towns ordered, 1634. 2. System of County registration established, 1643. 3. Educational System. Boone, Education in the U. S., 14-30, 37-53; Eggleston, Transit, etc., 207-219, 225-249. a. Character of the settlers of Mass. 1. Well educated and religious. b. Early steps. 1. First recorded public action, by Boston. (1635.) 2. Act of the " General Court " establishing a College, 1636. Hart, I, No. 137; Old South Leafs., No. 51; Johnson, in Lib. of Am. Lit, I, 325. 3. Name changed to Harvard, and first "Commencement," (1642). c. The "General Court" advised all towns to take active measures, (1642). d. Compulsory education : First law establishing common schools (1647). e. Reasons for establishment. 1. Preamble of act of 1647. f. Comparison with England and the other colonies. g. Influence upon the life of the people, immediate and remote. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 4! XVII. THE "EXPANSION" OF NEW ENGLAND. Expulsions and Secessions from the Bay Colony. 1. The Founding of Providence Plantations and Rhode Island. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 119, 120; Eggleston, Bk. Ill, ch. ii; Doyle, II, 1 13-126, 179-190; Cobb, Religious Liberty, 181-193, 423- 440; Strauss, Roger Williams; Arnold's Rhode Island, I; Field, State of Rhode Island, etc., I; Greene, Rhode Island. i. Roger Williams. 1. His early history in the colonies. 2. Cause of his controversy with the Mass. authorities. a. His peculiar views. Hart, I, p. 373. b. His acts. 3. Reasons for banishment from Mass. 4. Settles Providence Plantations, 1636. Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 402-4. a. Form of government: Pure Democracy. b. Doctrine of "soul liberty." Roger Williams a "Path- breaker." 2. The Antinomian Controversy and its connection with the settle- ment of Rhode Island. Howe, 215-233; Eggleston, Bk. Ill, 326-341; Doyle, II, 126-141. i. Ann Hutchinson; Her religious views and activities. 2. The Controversy: Its connection with politics: Vane and Winthrop. 3. Trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson and her supporters, 1638. Hart, I, No. 108. 4. Founding of Rhode Island, 1638-39. 5. Early form of government. a. First American Federation, 1639. b. Constitution drawn up, 1641. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 42 3. Constitutional History of Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions. Doyle, II, 181-189, 236-244, 267-271, 308-319; III, 127-130; Foster, Town Govt, in R. I., J. H. U. Studies, IV, 73-88. 1. Patent from the Long Parliament secured by Roger Williams, 1643. Charters & Constitutions, II, 1594; MacDonald, 91; Preston, no. 2. Form of government of the four towns: union of 1647. 3. Charter granted by Charles II, 1663. Charters & Consts., II, 1595; MacDonald, 125. a. Chief features. b. Full liberty in religious matters. 1. Was this always observed? Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 405-6; No. 116, p. 409. 4. Peculiar practices owing to strong local spirit. 5. Aristocratic tendencies. a. Restricted franchise. b. Laws of inheritance. II. The Colonization of Connecticut and New Haven. * Bib. C. & H. Guide, sees. 121-122; Fiske, 122-137; Eggleston, 315- 326, 343; Doyle, II, 149-60; III, 120, 243; Walker's Hooker, chs. v-vi; Johnston, Connecticut, chs. vi, xi, xii; Trumbull, Connec- ticut; Cobb, 238-280. i. Colonization of the Connecticut River Valley. 1. Grants to Lords Brook and Say and Seal. Hazard, I, 318. 2. Rivalry of the Dutch and Pilgrims on the river, 1635. Hart, I, No. 117. 3. The Mass. exodus, 1635-36. Hart, I, No. 118. a. Causes of the immigration. Democracy vs. Theocracy. b. Leader of the movement. Thomas Hooker. 4. Early constitutional history. Osgood, in Pol. Science Quar., IV, 408-411; Ibid., XIV, 261 etseq.; Andrews, River Towns of Conn., J. H. U. Studies, VII, Nos. 7-9; Annals, I, 165. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 43 a. Relations to Mass. Bay Colony. b. Early government. c. Connecticut Const, or "Fundamental Orders:" 1639. Hart, I, No. 120; MacDonald, 60; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Pres- ton, 78. i. Its importance. 2. Founding of the New Haven Colony. 1638. Doyle, II, 154-162, 190-199; III, 116-125; Johnston, ch. vii; Trum- bull, ch. vi; Leveremore, Rep. of New Haven; Cobb, 280-290. i. The leaders and their purpose. 2. Form of government established in 1639. Theocratic. Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Hart, I, No. 94. 3. Federation with other towns, 1643. MacDonald, 101. 4. Joined to Connecticut by the Charter of 1662, against its desire. Hart, I, No. 121. 3. Connecticut after 1662. 1. The Charter secured from Charles II, 1662. Charters & Consts., I; MacDonald, 116; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Preston, 96. a. Chief features. b. Extent of grant. 2. The " Blue Laws," True and False. Hart, I, No. 144; Prince, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1898, 95-138. 3. Material Development and characteristics of the colonists. III. The Founding of Maine and New Hampshire. Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 123; Doyle, II, chap. vii. See/^48. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 44 XVIII. THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION, 1643-84. *Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 124; Thwaites, chap, vii; Fiske, chap, iv; Doyle, II, 220- 236, 247-251, 284-302, III, 155; Fisher, Evolution of the Const., 218-21 ; Howe, ch. xiv; Morey, Annals of Pol. Science, VI, 211-226; Salmon, The Union of Utrecht Am. Hist. Ass. Report, 1893, 135-148. i. Formation and Membership. 1. What colonies included ? 2. What colonies excluded? Why? 3. Reasons for formation. a. Domestic. b. Foreign. 4. Possible precedents: The Union of Utrecht. 2. The Articles of Confederation. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 7; MacDonald, 94; Preston, 85. i. Chief provisions. 2. Inequality of the Union. 3. Methods of procedure. Hart, I, No. 129; Plymouth Colony Records, vols, ix, x. 3. External Relations of the Confederacy. 1. With the French. 2. With the Dutch. 3. With the Long Parliament. 4. Internal Relations. 1. Dealings with the Indians. Hart, I, Nos. 92, 133. 2. Troubles with Gorton. 3. Friction between Mass. and Conn. 4. Attitude toward the Quakers. 5. Decline of the Confederation. 1. Causes, a. The " first nullification act." Hart, I, No. 131. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 6. Results. 1. Germ of co-operation and union. 2. Precedent for union. 3. Provisions of Constitution which reappear in the Federal Const. XIX. STRUGGLE FOR THE CHARTER, AND RELATION WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 127; Doyle, III, 190-225; Howe, chs. xv, xvi; Winsor, Mem. Hist, of Boston, I, ch. x; Twichell's Winthrop, 119-126, 176-181, 219-225; Osgood, Pol. Science Quar., II, 446-455; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 49-62. i. First Attempt to Annul the Charter, 1635-1640. Hart, I, No. 109. 1 i. Danger from the Crown. Hart, I, No. 128. a. Cause of the King's hostility. b. Quo warranto proceedings: 1635. c. Dilatory policy of Mass. authorities. d. Preparations for defense. Doyle, II, 1 19-120. 2. Deliverance. 2. Relations of the Colony to the Long Parliament and Government of Commonwealth. 1. Parliament's claim of authority, 1641-1647. 2. Position of the colonists. 3. Remonstrance: Replies of the General Court. Bancroft, U. S., I, 416-417, 441-443. 4. Independence and Sovereign acts of colony. 3. Relations with the Government of England after the Restora- tion, 1660. Cobb, 223-229; Bancroft, II, 70-81; N. Y. Col. Doc, III, 57, 61, 95; Hart, I, No. 132. 1. Declaration of the Rights of the Colonists (1661). Winsor, Memorial Hist, of Boston, I, 352. a. Statement of their relation to the Crown. b. Significance of this document. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 46 2. King's reply and orders in regard to Regicides (1662). 3. Negotiations of Agents of Mass. with the King. 4. The Royal Commissioners (1664). a. Action of the Commissioners. b. Action of the General Court. c. Address of the General Court. d. Results. 4. The Navigation Acts. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; ante, p. 20. i. Attempt to enforce them in New England. a. Mission of Edward Randolph (1676-81). Mem. of Edward Randolph, (Prince, Soc. Pub.), I. 2. Resolutions of the General Court that the Trade Act did not apply to them, " not being represented in Parliament," 1680. Bancroft, II, 122. a. Importance. 5. The Charter Annulled, 1684. Hart, I, No. 135; Fiske, 253-266. i. Renewed hostility of the King. a. Causes. 2. Proceedings and Defense (1683-84). 3. Position of the Colonists. Bancroft, II,*i24, 125. XX. THE GOVERNMENT OF ANDROS, 1686-89. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, Sec. 128; Doyle, III, 239-243, 260-271, 288-294; Fiske, ch. vi; Howe, ch. xvii; Chalmers, I; Palfrey, III. 1. The Government ad interim under Dudley, 1685. 2. Colonial Policy of James II. Hale, Fall of the Stuarts. 3. Andros Government. 1. Extent of his commission. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 2. Powers and instructions. 3. His tyrannical course. 4. His reception in other colonies. Hart, I, No. 122. The Revolution of 1688-89. 1. In England. a. Flight of James II. b. William and Mary. c. The Bill of Rights. Hill, ch. ix. d. Significance. 2. The Revolution of 1689 in New England. Hart, I, No. 136; Lib. of Am. Lit, II, 72. 3. In the other colonies. 4. Results. The New Charter, 1691-1774. Charters & Consts., I, 942-954 ; MacDonald, 205. i. Extent: Included New Plymouth. 2. Changes in the Government. a. Executive appointed by the King. b. Judges appointed by the Governor. c. Property qualification for the suffrage. 3. Powers retained by the Freemen. 4. Attack upon the Charter, 1721. Palfrey, IV, 335~336, 486-489. See post, — . 5. Explanatory Charter, 1725. MacDonald, 233. 6. Quarrels with the Governors. Winsor, Boston, II, in passim. 7. Contrast with Royal Provinces. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 48 XXL MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. *Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 123; Doyle, II, ch. vii; Bryant & Gay, II, 419-449; Palfrey, I, 522-528; Winsor, III, 321-330; York Deeds, Bk. I, Int. 18-74; Williamson, Maine; Varney, Maine; Belknap, New Hampshire, I; Barstow, New Hampshire. 1. Maine. i. Early Explorations and Temporary Settlements. 1. De Mont's Grant: T603. 40°-6o° N. lat. Poore, I, 773. 2. The English on the Coast. 3. The Sagadahoch or Popham Colony, 1606-08. Ante p. 32. Ballard, Mem. Vol. of Popham celebration. 2. Early Grants. Haven, Grants under Council of New England, in Mass. and Its Early History, 129-162. i. Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason. 1622. MacDonald, 36. a. Robt. Gorges comes out as Governor*, 1623. 2. Grant of Council of New England to Gorges, 1629: confirmed, 1635- 3. Other grants, 1630-31. 3. Gorges' Royal Charter, 1639. Poore, I, 774; Hazard, I, 442. 1. Gorges Lord Proprietor. 2. Extent of territory. 3. Governmental power. 4. Early Settlements and Gorges' Government. 1. Saco and Agamenticus, 1623-24. 2. Government of the Colony. Williamson, ch. vi. a. Gorges Constitution. b. First General Court, Saco, 1640. c. Charter of City of Georgeana, 1642. 3. Excluded from the New England Confederation. 4. Six governments at Gorges' death, 1647. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 5. Relations with Massachusetts. 1. Towns annexed to Massachusetts, 1652-58. 2. Detached from, by the Royal Commissioners, 1665. Hart, I, No. 124. 3. Reannexed, 1668. 4. Massachusetts purchases the Gorges claims, 1677. a. Governed under the Gorges charter. b. Description of Maine. Hart, I, No. 125. 6. Under the Andros Government, 1686. 7. Annexed to Massachusetts by the Province Charter, 1691. II. New Hampshire. 1. Early Grants. 1. Mariana grant to John Mason, 1621. 2. The joint grant to Mason and Gorges, 1622. 3. Grant of Council of New England to Mason, 1629. Poore, II, 1270; MacDonald, 51. 4. Grant of Massonia, 1635. Poore, II, 1273; MacDonald, 59. 2. Early Settlements. 1. Settlement on the Piscataqua, 1622-23. 2. London Puritans at Dover, 1628. 3. Massachusetts exiles at Exeter and Hampton, 1629. 4. Church of England colonists at Portsmouth, 1630. 3. Government of the Colony. 1. Early towns independent. 2. Agreement of 1639. Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 290, 291. 3. Towns annexed to Mass., 1641-43. a. Concessions of Mass. 4. Revival of Mason's Claim, 1652. 5. Created a Royal Province, 1679-1685. a. The Royal Commission. Poore, II, 1275. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 50 b. Governor Cranfield unpopular and driven out. 6. Under Andros Government, 1686. 7. Reunited with Massachusetts, 1690. Hart, I, No. 126. 8. Under a new Proprietor, 1691-92. 9. Royal Government revived. a. Under the supervision of the Governor of Mass., 1698-1741. b. Condition of the Colony by Lt Gov. Wentworth, 1731. Hart, I, No. 21. c. Boundary determined, 1737. 10. A Separate Royal Province. 1 741-1776. a. Final separation from Mass., 1741. b. The Mason claim purchased, 1749. 4. Church and State. Cobb, 290-300. i. Religious Establishments. 2. Religious tests. XXII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL LIFE IN THE PURITAN COLONIES. I. Social Life. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, viii; Lodge, Hist, of the Colonies, chap, xxii; Eggleston, Century, VIII, 387, and Hist. U. S., chaps, xvi-xix; Howe, chs. v-ix; Earle, Customs and Manners in Old New England; Fisher, Men, Women and Manners in Colonial Times; Chamberlain, Sam'l Sewall and the World he lived in; Adams, Three Episodes of Mass. History, II, chaps, vi, vii; Doyle, III, chaps, i, ix; Higginson, Larger History, chap. viii. i. Class Divisions. 1. Aristocratic society. 2. Sumptuary laws regulating dress, to preserve this distinction. 3. Preeminence of the professional class, especially the clergy. Hart, I, No. 96. 4. Contrast with the structure of Southern society. a. The Northern more democratic and homogeneous. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ^ 2. Social life centered in the Church. Adams, II, chap, ix; Eggleston, Transit, etc., ch. iv, in passim. 3. Family Life. Hart, I, No, 149. 1. Marriage encouraged. 2. Treatment of bachelors. 3. Training of children. 4. Attitude toward amusements. 4. Fashion. " On the Frivolities of Fashions " by Nath. Ward (1647). Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 276. 5. New England Life as seen by Outsiders. Hart, I, Nos. 145, 146. II. Industrial System and Economic Conditions. Bib. Weeden's Economic and Social History of New England ; Wright, Industrial Evolution of the U. S., chs. i-iii, vii-ix, in passim; Howe, ch. vi, and as above. 1. Industrial Pursuits. 1. Agriculture. Eggleston, Century, V, 431. 2. Commerce and Ship building. Century, VI, 234. 3. Fisheries. 4. Manufacturing. 2. System of Labor. 1. Free. 2. Slavery. Moore, Hist, of Slavery in Mass.; Mag. of Amer. Hist., xxi, 62, 156; xxv, 490. a. Extent. b. Reasons for failure. c. The first " anti-Slavery " tract. Hart, II, No. 103. 3. Results of the system. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 III. Religious Life and Moral Influence. 1. Relation between Church and State. Doyle, III, 66-67; Cobb, ch. v. i. Political significance. Lauer, Church & State in New England, J. H. U. Studies, X, No. II-III; Walker, Thomas Hooker; Borgeaud, Origin of Dem. Consts. 2. The Church : Its organization and government. Old South Leaflets, No. 55. 1. The Congregational System. a. The Church. b. The Society or Corporation. 2. The Pastor, Teacher and Deacons. a. Choice. b. Salary, paid by town. 3. The Synod: A voluntary organization of the churches. 3. The Puritan Sabbath. Earle, Sabbath in Puritan New England; Adams, II, chap, x; Howe, ch. vii. i. Sabbath laws in New England. Hart, I, No. 143. 2. Compulsory attendance upon church. 3. The tithing man: the regulation of the morals and conduct of the community. 4. The Meeting-House and Church Services. Eggleston, Century, III, 352, XI, 901; Adams, II, chap. ix. i. The Sermon. 2. The Hymns. Hart, I, No. 138. 5. Religious controversies. Cobb, 181-213. 6. Religious Experience. Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 170, 216, 276, 389. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 7. Intolerance of the Puritans. Adams, Mass., Its Historians and its History; Hart, I, No. 112. 1. Early instances. Ante, p. 41. 2. The treatment of the Quakers. 1656-60. Bib. C. & H. Guide, sect. 125; Cobb, 213-223; 259-261, 287-288, 293; Hart, I, Nos. 140-142; Letters and Petitions of the Quakers, Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 394, 401; Hallowell, Quaker Invasion of Mass. Doyle, III, 98-114, 400; Ellis, Puritan Age, ch. xii. 3. Extenuating circumstances, if any. 8. Opposition to the Established Puritan Church. Cobb, 223-238. i. Baptists. 2. Episcopalians. 9. Superstition of the Puritans. 1. The Salem Witchcraft. 1691-93. C. & H. Guide, sect. 129; Doyle, III, 298-311; Hart, II, Nos. 16-18. 2. Practice and belief in the rest of the civilized world. Burr, Translations and Reprints, vol. iii, No. 4, 3. Point of view from which to be regarded. IV. Educational Influences. Boone, Education in the U. S. ; Palfrey, History of New England. i. Educational System General. 1: Connecticut. a. First law. 1650. b. Yale College founded, 1700. Hart, II, No. 90. 2. New Hampshire. a. First law, 1658. 3. Rhode Island. a. First law, 1664. 2. Introduction of printing, and diffusion of papers and pamphlets. 3. Culture and ability of the clergy. Hart, I, No. 96. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 54 4. Effect upon politics, religion and society. V. Political Ideas and Institutions. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 147; Thwaites, chap. viii. i. Similar in the other New England Colonies to those in Mass. Bay. 1. Democratic influence — strong. a. Popular elections. b. Frequent elections. c. Town meetings; their tendency. Hart, II, No. 78. THE MIDDLE COLONIES. INSTITUTIONALLY, AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHICALLY, THE LINK BETWEEN NEW ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH. XXIII. NEW YORK. * Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 104: Thwaites, ch. ix; Winsor, Nar. & Critical Hist., iv, 395- 409; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, I, chs. iv-ix; Lodge, ch. xvi; Eggleston, Century, III, 724; Wilson; Mem. Hist, of the City of New York, I; Bryant & Gay, I, 339-369, 429-449; Roberts, New York, I, chs. iii, iv, v, vi; Roosevelt, New York, 1-89; Broadhead, New York, I ; O'Callaghan, New Netherland, 2 vols. I. The Dutch Rule. 1. The Netherlands, its Political and Institutional Development. Broadhead, I, ch. xiii; Fiske, I, chs. i, ii; Campbell, Puritans in England, Holland and Amer., II, chs. xix, xx; Jameson, in Mag. of Amer. History, VIII, 315-321. 2. The Dutch and Henry Hudson. 1. His voyage and exploration. Higginson, Explorers, 281-296; Fiske, I, 80-95; Hart, I, No. 38. a. Purpose. b. Results. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 3. Enterprise of the Dutch Trading Companies. Hart, I, Nos. 150-151. 1. Dutch merchants' activity, 1613-14. a. Trading posts: Manhattan. b. Explorations of Block and May. 2. The United New Netherland Co. Charter, 1614. N. Y. Col. Doc, I, 47; Broadhead, I, 60. a. A commercial grant only. b. Renewal of charter refused : Dutch politics. 1618. 3. The Dutch West India Co. Hazard, I, 121-131; Broadhead, I, 134, 148; Mag. of Atuer. Hist., XVIII, 273-288 ; O'Callaghan, I, 89. a. Charter: Governmental and commercial grant, 1621. b. Provisions for government of the Province of New Nether- land, 1623. 1. Relation of the Company to the Government. 2. The Amsterdam Chamber. 4. Permanent settlements and experiments in government. Hart I, No. 153. a. Fort Orange, 1623. b. Purchase of Manhattan, 1626. c. Cosmopolitan character of colonists. d. The first Director-Generals: Minuit and Van Twiller. 4. The Patroons and their system. 1. Charter of Privileges and Exemptions, 1629. MacDonald, 43; Broadhead, 1, 187, 194; Elting, in J. H. U. Studies, IV, 12-17; Fiskel, 133-137, 170-172 ; O'Callaghan, I, 112-120, 218-222. a. Feudal features. b. Inducements to settlers. 2. The early manors on the North and South Rivers. 3. Results of system — immediate and remote. a. Early modification: Articles of colonization, 1638-41. b. Rent riots in the XIX. Century. 5. Struggle for Political Rights under Kieft. 1638-44. O'Callaghan, I, 240-250, 283-295, 305-318. I. Paternalism. a. Director-General and other officers. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 56 2. Representative Boards. a. Indian troubles lead to choice of Twelve Men. 1641-42. Their proposed reforms. b. The Eight Men, and their appeals to Holland. 1643-44. 3. Recall of Kieft, no reforms. 6. Stuyvesant's Administration : Struggle for political rights con- tinued. O'Callaghan, II, esp. chs. vii-ix. i. Character of Stuyvesant. Tuckerman, Stuyvesant. 2. The Nine Men and their contest with the Director-General. 1647-51. a. Their memorial to the States-General. 3. Growth and prosperity of the colony. 4. Struggle for local governmental rights. McKinley, The Eng. and Dutch Towns of New Netherlands; Amer. Hist. Rev. VI, i. a. The English towns of Long Island secure it. b. Municipal government for New Amsterdam : granted 1653. Jameson, in Mag. of Amer. Hist. VIII, 321. c. Local government in other Dutch towns. d. Contrast between the English and Dutch towns. 5. Struggle for Representation renewed. a. The popular Assembly of 1653: Their remonstrance. b. Ten years without representation, 1653-63. c. Assemblies of 1663-64. 1. Dutch representative bodies. 2. Union and disaffection of English towns. d. Results. 7. Relation with the Swedes on the Delaware. 1638-1655. Post p. 62. 8. Rivalry with the English. 1. With Plymouth, on the Connecticut, 1633. 2. With Connecticut and New Haven Colonies. 3. English settlements on Long Island, 1639. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 4. With the New England Confederation. 5. Stuyvesant's peace policy; treaty of Hartford, 1650. 6. Rival claims. 9. Conquest of New Netherlands, 1664. Hart, I, No. 155; Mag. of Am. History, XIX, 233, i. Causes and motives. 2. The Capitulations. N. Y. Col. Doc. II, 250. 3. Importance of the conquest. 4. Immediate results. 5. The reconquest and restoration (1673-74). 10. Features of Dutch Life. 1. Population. 2. Customs. 3. Religious affairs. Cobb, 301-325. a. Reform church established, 1638. b. Toleration to 165 1. c. Exceptions and persecutions under Stuyvesant. 4. Industries. 5. Influence of the Dutch in American History. Campbell, Puritans in England, Holland and America, II, ch. xxii; Griffis, Influence of the Netherlands; Harper's Mag., Vol. 88, 213; Fisher, The Evolution of the Const, of U. S., ch. ix. 11. English Rule in New York. *Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec, 105; Thwaites, chap, ix; Fiske, II, 25-61, 168-257; Winsor, America, in, 385-411; v, 189-207; Wilson, Mem. Hist, of N. Y. City, I-II; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, ix, xiv; Bryant & Gay, ii, 319-354; Lodge, 295-311; Roberts, I, ch. xii. i. Grants to the Duke of York, Proprietor, 1664, 1674. Charters & Consts., 783, 786; MacDonald, 136; Mag. of Am. Hist, VIII, 24; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 92-96. 2. Transition from Dutch to English Rule. McKinley, in Amer. Hist. Rev., VI, 693. 1. Governor Nicolls' Policy. a. To the English towns of Long Island. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 58 b. To the Dutch towns. c. To settlements in New Jersey. 2. The Duke of York's Laws. The Col. Laws of N. Y., I, 6-73 ; Penna. Charter and Laws, 3-59 (pub. by State of Penna.). a. Source, nature and purpose. b. Comparison with New England laws. c. At first applied to English towns only. d. Gradual extension to other settlements. 3. Local Government. a. In the English towns. b. In New York City. Jameson, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., VIII, 598-611; McKinley, op. cit. i. Modification of Dutch system, 1665. 2. Dongan's Charter, 1683-86. Mag. of Amer. Hist., XVI, 37. c. In the Dutch towns on the Hudson. d. In the settlements on the Delaware. 3. Struggle for a Representative Assembly. Jour, of the Leg. Council, I, Introduction; N. Y. Col. Laws, I, In- troduction. 1. Under Governor Nicolls. a. Law making power of Court of Assizes. b. English towns seek a charter, 167 1. c. English towns temporarily unite with Connecticut. 1673-74. 2. Under Governor Andros. 1674-1683. a. Renewal of agitation for assembly. b. Andros and Duke of York's Correspondence. N. Y. Col. Doc, HI, 230, 235, 317, 318, Appx., 1675; Egerton, Eng. Col. Policy, 104. c. Rebellion or Assembly imminent. 3. Under Governor Dongan, 1683-1688. Hart, I, No. 156; Mag. of Amer. Hist., VIII, 106. a. Inauguration of new political institutions: His instructions. N. Y. Col. Doc, II, 331; Broadhead, II, 37. b. Election of an Assembly, 1683. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. eg c. The Charter of Liberties. N. Y. Col. Laws, I, 111-116; Broadhead, II, 3S3; Mag. of Amer. Hist., XVI, 30. i. Leading provisions and source. d. The Duke of York becomes King, 1685. 1. He revokes representative government. 4. James II's Colonial Policy. 1. Consolidation of the Northern Colonies. 1688. N. Y. Col. Doc, II, 537, 543. 2. Andros government: Law making power. 5. Leisler's Revolution, 1688. Hart, I, No. 157; Doc. in Fiske, II, Appx., 357-369. i. The occasion. 2. The Anti-Catholic panic. 3. Leisler's government and Assembly, 1688-91. 4. The Colonial Congress, 1680. 5. Leisler's arrest and execution. 6. His character and motives. 6. New York a Royal Province, 1691-1776. Description in 1695, Lib. of Am. Lit., ii, 209. 1. Reconstruction of the Government. a. A Representative Assembly finally established. b. Royal Governors. 2. Struggle to maintain Popular Government. a. Assembly versus Governor. 1. Salary question. 2. Money bills. 3. Annual assemblies. 3. Religious Liberty. Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 325-361. a. Status of Catholics. b. The English Church. c. Status of Dutch Reformed and other sects. d. Religious disputes between the Governor and Assembly. 4. Liberty of the press. a. Zenger's trial and results. 1732. Hart, II, No. 72; Fiske, II, 248-257. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 60 XXIV. NEW JERSEY. *Bib. C. & H. Gnide, sec. 106; Winsor, III, 420-449, V, 217-222; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 10-16, 92-98, 139-147; Bryant & Gay, II, ch. xx; Lodge, chs. xiv, xv; Lee, New Jersey, Colony and State; Raum's New Jersey; Mulford's New Jersey; Smith, Nova Caesarea (for documents); Whitehead, East Jersey. i. Early Settlements. 1. Dutch. a. On the North River. b. On the Delaware (South River), Ft. Nassau, 1623. 2. English settlers from New Haven. 1641. 2. Grants of the Duke of York to Berkeley and Carteret, 1664. MacDonald, 139. i. Reason for the grant. 2. The name, Nova Caesarea. 3. Proprietary government. a. Concessions and agreements, 1665. MacDonald, 141 ; Hart, I, No. 164 ; Scott, in J. H. U. Studies, III, No. 8. 3. Settlements. 1. By Proprietary Colonists at Elizabethtown, 1665. 2. By New Haven and other New England Colonists. 1665-67. a. Reasons for. b. Founding and local government of Newark, etc. Hart, I, No. 165. 4. Early Government. 1. First Assembly at Elizabeth. 1668. a. Puritan code of laws adopted. b. The Assembly and Gov. Carteret quarrel. c. No legal Assembly for 7 years. 2. Contest over the quit rents. 1670. 3. The unauthorized assembly, 1671. a. Rebellion against the Proprietary Government. 5. Berkeley sells his undivided share to Quakers, 1672. 1. John Fenwick and Ed. Billings purchasers. 2. William Penn becomes interested. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6l 6. New Grant to Carteret, 1674. MacDonald, 171; Hart, I, No. 166. 1. Division recognized. a. East Jersey to Carteret. b. West Jersey to Quaker party. 2. The division made: Quintipartite deed, 1676. MacDonald, 171. 7. Quaker Settlements in West Jersey. 1. Fenwick colonizes Salem, 1675. 2. Penn and others send out colonists, 1677. a. Burlington settled. 3. Quaker immigration: yearly meeting established. 1681. 8. Government of West New Jersey. Hart, I, No. 168. i. " Concessions and Agreements." 1677. MacDonald, 174; Liberty Bell Leaflets, No. 2; Smith, 521. a. Drawn by Penn. b. Liberal character. 2. First Assembly, 1681. 9. Government of East New Jersey. Hart, I, No. 167. 1. Purchase from Carteret's heirs by Penn and associates. 1681. 2. Frame of government, 1683. MacDonald, 190. a. Iyiberal character. 10. Struggle of the Jerseys to maintain their independence. 1. Andros asserts Duke of York's jurisdiction. 1675-79. 2. Duke of York's release, 1680. 3. James II. secures temporary surrender of the East Jersey patent. 1686-88. 4. Final surrender of proprietary rights of both colonies to the Crown. 1701-02. Hart, II, No. 26. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6 2 ii. New Jersey a Royal Province, 1702-1706. 1. East and West Jerseys united. 2. Presided over by Governor of New York, 1701-1738. 3. Independent Governor, 1738-1776. 4. Features of the government. a. Suffrage and representation. b. Quarrels with the Governors. c. Riots and insurrections, 1744-1748. Hart, II, No. 30. 5. Religious affairs: Quakers and Politics. Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 399-418. 6. General prosperity and reasons therefor. XXV. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. *Bib. C. & H. Guide, sees. 107, 108 ; Thwaites, chap, ix; Sharpless, Two Centuries of Penna. History, esp. ehs. i-iv; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, chs. xii, xvi; S. G. Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania; and Pennsylvania, Colony and Com- monwealth; W. R. Shepherd, Hist, of Proprietary Government in Penna.; Winsor, America, III, 469-95, V, 208-217; Lodge, English Colonies in America, chap, xii; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, xi, xvi; Proud or Gordon, Penna.; Young, Mem. Hist, of Philadelphia; Sharpless, A Quaker Experiment in Government. i. Settlements in the Delaware Valley prior to 1681. Sharpless, Penna. 17-19 ; Vincent's or Scharf's Delaware ; Hart, I, Nos. 150, 151, 158-160. 1. Dutch settlements, 1623-38. See Ante, p. 60. 2. Swedish settlements. Winsor, IV, 443-488. a. Influence of William Usselinx. Jameson, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Papers, II. b. Designs of Gustavus Adolphus. c. First settlements, 1638. d. Relations with, and conquest by, the Dutch. 1650-55. Fiske, I, 237-242. e. Transfer to the English, 1664. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 3. English colonists. a. Attempts of New Haven colonists, 1635-42. b. Quaker forerunners on both banks of the river. 1675-1681. 4. English rule under the Duke of York, 1664-1681. 2. Rise of the Quakers. Fisher, Making of Penna., chaps, ii-iii; Sharpless, 30-39; Janney or Evans, History of the Friends. 1. Characteristics and Opinions of the Quakers. Hart, II, No. 98; Applegarth, The Quakers in Penna., J. H. U., Studies, vol. X, Nos. viii-ix; Scott, Development of Const. Lib., 63-81. 2. George Fox and the growth of the movement in England, 1640. 3. The persecution of the Quakers. a. In England. b. In the Colonies. 3. William Penn. Janney, Dixon or Clarkson, Life of Penn; Fisher, The True Wm. Penn. i. His early life and conversion to the Society of Friends. 2. His connection with the colonization of New Jersey by Quakers. 3. His connection with the Stuarts. 4. Reasons for desiring to found a colony. 4. Grant and Charter to Penn, as Proprietor, 1681. Poore, II, 1509; MacDonald, 183; Preston, 130; Penna. Charter and Laws, 81. i. Extent of grant. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 98-104, 110-118; Janney, chs. xii, xviii. a. Secures grant of Delaware from the Duke of York. b. Later boundary disputed. Shepherd, ch. vii; Fisher, Making of Penna., chs. x-xi; Penna. Mag. of Hist., ix, 241-271; Sharpless, 181-184. i. Maryland and Virginia. 2. Connecticut. 3. New York. 4. Mason and Dixon's Line; 1763-67. Hart, I, No. 77; II, No. 38. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 64 2. Chief provisions of the Charter. a. Position of the Proprietor: new restrictions. b. Law Making power. c. Taxation. d. Religious toleration. 3. Compare with Maryland and the other Proprietary grants. Osgood, in Am. Hist. Review, iv, 31. 5. Measures taken to attract emigrants. Shepard, ch. iv. i. Penn's " Concessions. " Poore, II, 1516; Penna. Charter & Laws, 467. a. Its character. 2. Penn's Constitution or " Frame of Government " of 1682. Poore, 15 18; Penna. Charter & Laws, 91; MacDonald, 192. a. Drawn in England. b. Penn's political philosophy. c. Nature of the government. d. Relation between Proprietor and colonists. 3. Laws agreed upon in England. Penna. Const. & Laws, 99-103. 4. Results of these measures. Hart, I, No. 161. a. A large emigration. 1. From England. 2. From the Continent. b. Settlement of Philadelphia. 6. Penn's first visit, and the establishment of the government, 1682-83. * Fisher, Penna., 1-35; Shimmell, Penna., 112-138. I. Penn calls Assembly at Chester, Dec, 1682. a. Purpose. b. "The Great Body of Laws," Dec. 7, 1682. Penna. Charter and Laws, 107. c. Chief provisions relating to — 1. Religious freedom and Sunday Laws. AMERICAN COLONIAL, HISTORY. 65 2. Regulation of moral conduct. 3. Suffrage. 4. Arbitrators, or "Peace Makers." 2. The Act of Settlement, March 19, 1683. Penna. Const. & Laws, 123, 488. 3. The Frame of Government of April 2, 1683. Penna. Const. & Laws, 155; Poore, II, 1527; MacDonald, 199. a. Changes effected. Treatment of the Indians. Fisher, Penna., ch. vii; Sharpless, 1-16, 45, 58-62, 129-182. i. The Indians of Pennsylvania. 2. The Great Treaty and Penn's policy. Hart, I, No. 162; Lib. of Am. Lit., II, 227. 3. The "Walking Purchase," 1737. The Growth of the Colony. 1. The variety of races represented. Fisher, Making of Penna., chs. iv-viii; Sharpless, 186-197; Fiske, II, 348-356. a. The English and Welsh Quakers. b. The Germans. Kuhns, German & Swiss Settlements of Penna.; Bittinger, The Germans in Colonial Times; Proceedings of the Penna.-German Soc, vols, vii-ix. i. Causes for emigration. 2. The early comers, various sectaries, 1683- Hart, I, No. 163. 3. The great emigration, 1709-1776. a. Palatines. Hart, II, No. 29. b. The Reformed and Lutheran. 4. The Redemptioners. Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in Penna. c. The Scotch-Irish. Hanna, The Scotch-Irish in America, II, ch. iv. 2. The Areas settled by the different races. 3. The political relations and influence. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 66 9. The Province after Penn's departure. Fisher, Penna., 35-65; Sharpless, 66-83. 1. Disturbance in the colony to 1693. a. Causes and attempted remedies. 2. A Royal Colony. (1693-1694.) a. Penn deprived of his authority and placed on trial. b. Gov. Fletcher and the Assembly. 3. The Restoration of Penn's authority. a. Changes in the government. 1. Markham's Frame, 1696. Poore, II, 1531; Peuna. Charter & Const., 245; MacDonald, 217. 10. The Return of Penn and his Last Acts in the Colony, 1699-1701. 1 The Charter of Privileges, 1701. Poore, II, 1536; MacDonald, 224. a. Its chief provisions. 1. Release of the "Territories." (Delaware.) Hart, II, No. 27. 2. The Legislative Body, Unicameral. a. Its powers. b. The reappearance of the Council. 3. The rights of prisoners. 4. Liberty of conscience. 5. Provision for amendment. 11. Penn's Difficulties and Last Years. Sharpless, 90-108. i. Hostility of the Lords of Trade and Colonel Quarry. 2. Financial troubles. a. Ford's frauds and Penn's imprisonment. 1707. 3. Partisan politics in the Colony. a. The Proprietary party and James Logan. b. The Popular party and David Lloyd. c. The resolutions of 1704 attacking Penn. d. Penn's disappointment. 4. Projected sale of the Province to the Crown. 1703-12. 5. His illness and death. 1712-18. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. fy 12. Continuous Struggle between the Proprietary Interests and the Assembly to the Revolution. Sharpless, chs. vi-x. i. Financial Questions. a. Governor's Salary. b. Restriction upon paper money issues. c. Taxation of the Proprietary estates. 2. Secret Instructions. 3. War measures and appropriations. a. The demands of the Crown and Quaker conscience. b. Withdrawal of Quakers from Assembly in 1756. 4. Selfishness of the Proprietaries arouses the Colonists. a. Assembly appeals to the Crown, 1757. 1. Franklin's mission and its success. b. Agitation for a Crown Colony, 1 757-1 764. 5. Parties and Local Divisions. Lincoln, The Revolutionary Movement in Penna., chs. i-iii. a. The Quaker Assembly. b. The friction between the Eastern and Western Counties. 1. Differing Indian Policy. 2. Unequal representation. 3. The Scotch-Irish vs. the Quaker. 4. The political influence of the Germans. 5. Results as affecting the Revolutionary contest. XXVI. INSTITUTIONAL LIFE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. *Bib. Lodge, Eng. Colonies, chs. xiii, xvii; Fiske, II, chs. xv-xvii; Earle, Colonial Days in Old New York; Fisher, Men, Women and Manners; Scott, Development of Constitutional Liberty, ch. vi: Budd, Colonial Legislature in Penn., 1700-1712. 1. Chief Characterists. 1. Little that was distinctive in institutions. 2. Diversity of population, very marked. 3. Variety in institutional life and customs. 2. Local Government : " The Mixed Systems." Fiske, Civil Government, 78-79; Howard, Local Const. Hist., 102- ii7» 358-364, 368-387; Holcomb, Penna. Boroughs, J. H. U Studies, Vol. IV, No. iv. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 68 i. The chief difference between local institutions in New York and Pennsylvania. 2. Influence upon the West. 3. Religion. Cobb, 301-361, 399-417. 440-453- i. In New York. a. Under the Dutch. b. Under the English. 2. New Jersey. a. Puritan and Quaker influence. b. No established church. 3. In Pennsylvania and Delaware. a. Religious freedom. b. The test acts. Stills, in Penna. Hist. Mag., IX, 188-220. c. Various sects and influences. Hart, II, No. 97, p. 278. 4. In General. a. Toleration for Protestants by end of 17th century. b. Laws against Romanists. 4. Educational Facilities and Attainments. Fisher, Penn, ch. viii; Boone, Education in the U. S. i. New York. a. Schools established under the Dutch. b. Extent and influence. c. Under the English. 2. Pennsylvania. Sharpless, 197-207. a. No general system. b. Early schools in Philadelphia and vicinity. 1. First medical school in America. 1765. c. The beginnings of the Univ. of Penna., 1740-1749. d. Scientific and Literary activities. 1. American Philosophical Society. 1769. 2. Literary facilities. 3. Early newspapers. 1719-1739. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 69 3. Compare with New England and trie South. 5. Industrial Life and Occupation. Wright, Industrial Evolution of the U. S., chs. ii, iii, vi-viii; Hart, II, Nos. 25, 28. i. Agriculture, favored by physical conditions. 2. Manufacturers. 3. Foreign Commerce, extensive. 4. Indented servants. Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in Penna.; Hart, II, No. 105. 5. Slavery. a. Extent. Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V, 337. b. Early Protests against Slavery, 1688, 1737. Hart, II, Nos. 102, 106; Lib. of Am. Lit, III, 78, 84. 6. Social Life. 1. Social classes: degree of separation. 2. Houses and furnishings. 3. Dress and customs. 4. Social gatherings and pastimes. XXVII. FRENCH EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION AFTER 1600. 1. Early Settlements in Canada and the North. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 89; Winsor, America, IV, 103; Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Bourinot's Story of Canada, chs. ii-vi; Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 39-41. i. Revival of French activity in America at opening of the XVII. Century. a. Causes. b. De Monts in Acadia: 1603-04. Parkman, Pioneers, 245-257. c. Champlain's Explorations: New England, 1604; Quebec, 1608; Lake Champlain, 1609; Lake Huron, 1615. Higginson, Explorers, 269-278. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 70 d. English capture and restore the French settlements. 1629-32. e. Growth of the French colonies. French Exploration of the Interior. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 90-91; Bryant & Gay, II, 499-553! Ban- croft, U. S., Ill, 109-174; Parkmau, Conspiracy of Pontiac, ch. ii; Parkman, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Winsor, The Mississippi Basin; Winsor, America, IV, chs. v-vi; Moore, The Northwest under Three Flags, ch. i; Bourinot, chs. xii, xiii; Hart, I, Nos. 42-43, II, Nos. 109-111. i. Lakes Superior and Michigan discovered, by 1635. 2. Joliet and Marquette discover the Mississippi: 1673. Thwaites, Marquette; Hart, I, No. 42. 3. Hennepin at the Falls of St. Anthony: 1680. 4. La Salle explores Mississippi to its mouth. 1681. Hart, I, No. 43. a. Attempt to settle and his death. 1684-87. 5. Iberville and Bienville in Mobile Bay and the Lower Missis- sippi: Biloxi: 1699-1701. Hamilton, Colonial Mobile. 6. New Orleans founded: 1717. King, New Orleans, Place and People. 7. " The Chain of Forts." XXVIII. RIVALRY OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH: THE STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 131-132; Winsor, America, V, 407, 490; Parkman, Frontenac and New France, 208-285, 335-387; Parkman, A Half Century of Conflict; Park- man, Montcalm and Wolf; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Sloane, The French War and the Revolution, chs. iii-ix; Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. ii; Froth- ingham, Rise of the Republic, I, 84-94, 131-157; Johnson, the Old French Wars; Drake, The Border Wars of New England; Winsor, The Mississippi Basin; Hins- dale, The Old Northwest, chs. iii-v; Moore, chs. ii-v; Hart, II, Nos. 112, 117, 120, 123-129; Bourinot, Story of Canada, chs. xiv — xviii; Bourinot, Canada, ch. i.; Fiske, New France and New England. i. General Causes of Rivalry. 1. Character and interests of the French and English nations. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. yj 2. Opposite tendencies and character of their colonists. 3. The Government and Administration of the French Colonies. Morris, Hist, of Colonization, I, 360-384; Hart, II, No. 112; Bourinot, Canada, 27-36; Bourinot, Story of Canada, ch. xi. 4. Geographical relations. 2. Colonial Extension. 1. French plans and policy. 2. Gov. Dongan of N. Y. tries to block French extension westward. 3. English confined to the seaboard. 3. The Inter-Colonial Wars. Mag. of Amer. Hist., XI, 421; New Eng. Mag., XXI, 567. i. King William's War: 1690-1697. (William and Louis XIV.) a. Immediate causes: Struggle for Acadia and New France. b. Strength of combatants. c. Chief events. d. Results. Peace of Ryswick. MacDonald, 222. 2. Queen Anne's War: 1702-1713. (Spanish Succession.) a., b. } c, d., as above, e. Peace of Utrecht. MacDonald, 229. 3. King George's War: 1744-48. (War of Austrian Succession.) a., b. } c, d., as above, e. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. MacDonald, 251. 4. The French and Indian War: 1754-1763. (The Seven Years' War.) Bradley, The Fight with France for North America. a. Causes in America. Struggle for the Mississippi and Louisiana. 1. The French claim: The Ohio Valley. 2. The Virginia claims to the Valley of the Mississippi. 3. Preliminaries to the contest. b. Field of operations and leading events. c. Peace of Paris: 1763. MacDonald, 261; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5. I. Geographical results. France abandons the continent. a. Territory ceded by France to England. AMERICAN COLONIAL, HISTORY. 73 b. Territory ceded by France to Spain. c. Territory ceded by Spain to England. 5. Results of the Struggle. a. On the political and social institutions of America. b. On the relations of the Colonists to England and each other. c. On the World's history. 6. England's organization of the ceded territory. a. Proclamation of 1763. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5. 1. Province of Quebec. 2. East and West Florida. 3. Atlantic Colonies confined to seaboard by proclamation. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, ch. viii; Winsor, The Westward Move- ment; Channing, Student's History, 136-138. 4. Comparison: England's Colonial Policy with that of France and Spain. Morris, Hist, of Colonization; Moses, Spanish Rule, chs. ii, xi, xii. XXIX. PLANS OF UNION AMONG THE ENGLISH COLONIES. *Bib. Carson, One Hundredth Anniversary of the Const, of the U.S., 11,439-503; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 83-95; 110-121, 132-151; Thorpe, TJ. S., I, 185- 211; Fisher; Evolution of the Const., ch. vi; Am. Hist. Leaflets, Nos. 7, 14; Am. Hist. Studies, No. 3; Preston, 146, 176. i. The New England Confederation. See Ante, p. 44. 2. Joint Indian Treaty Conventions and Congresses. 1684-1751. 1. Gov. Dongan of N. Y. calls first. 1684. Nine in all. 3. Leisler's Convention. 1696. 4. William Penn's Plan of Union : 1697. 5. Plans of Board of Trade. 1. Plans between 1660-1697. 2. Report of 1697. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 73 6. D'Avenant's Plan : 1698. 7. "A Virginian's Plan:" 1701. 8. Livingston's Plan : 1701. 9. Board of Trade's Plan : 1721. 10. Coxe's Plan : 1722. 11. Kennedy's Plan : 1751. 12. Dinwiddie's Plan : 1754. 13. Summary of the above plans. 1. Democratic plans, local self-government preserved. 2. Royalists' plans, centralization. 3. Reason for non-action: Community of interests unappreciated. 14. The Albany Convention : 1754. Egerton, British Colonial Policy£i7o-i86; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 377-382; Winsor, VI, 65-67; and as above. i. Occasion for the call of the Congress. 2. Colonies represented. 3. Franklin's Plan: Debated: Adopted, July 11. MacDonald, 253; Preston, 176. 4. Chief features of plan adopted. a. New and important principles embodied. 5. Rejection: Why objectionable to: a. The English Government. b. The Colonial Assemblies. Hart, II, No. 125. 6. Contemporaneous plans: 1754. a. Hutchinson's Plan in Mass. Assembly. b. Plans of Lords of Trade. 15. Elements of Union or Disunion. 1. Difficulties of Union: Wide separation and differences in inter- est and institutions. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 74 2. Conditions favorable to Union: Community of interests and relations to Mother country. Scott, Reconstruction during the Civil War, chs. iii-iv ; Crane and Moses, Politics, ch. ix. XXX. THE ENGLISH COLONIES TO THE MIDDLE OF THE XVIII. CENTURY. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 133, 146-148; Thwaites, ch. xiv; Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. i; Channing, The United States, ch. i; Sloane, French War and Rev., ch. ii; Ashley, The Amer. Fed. State, 43-65; Eggleston, The Transit of Civilization; Lodge, Colonies; Fisher, Evolution of the Const.; Wilson, The State, sees. 832-862; Schouler, Const. Studies, 9-28; Wright, Industrial Evolution of the U. S., chs. ii, iii, vi-viii; Bancroft, IV, ch. vi; Smith, The Thirteen Colonies, 2 vols. x. Social, Economic and Moral Conditions and Institutions. 1. Population: Races and distribution. a. Social conditions and classes. b. Westward extension. Fiske, Old Virginia, ch. xvii; Hart, II, Nos, 134-137. c. The new immigrants and the frontier. 2. Economic conditions: Variety of employment. a. Labor systems: Slaves and White Servants. Hart, II, Nos. 105-108. b. The Slave Trade and the Royal African Company. Collins in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1900, 141-192; Bancroft, III, ch. xxiv. c. Methods of exchange: Trade and currency. Hart, II, Nos. 88, 89. d. Land Systems. 3. Religion and Toleration. a. Religious status of the different colonies. b. Degree of toleration granted. 4. Intellectual Life. Eggleston, Transit, 1 17-129, ch. v; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of the Colonies. a. Educational standards and opportunities. b. Colonial literature. 5. Peculiar Laws and Punishments. Earle, Curious Punishments of By-Gone Days. a. Based on English precedent. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. yc b. Paternalistic character. c. Sumptuary laws and laws regulating prices. d. Punishments and treatment of criminals. e. Late survivals of certain punishments. 2. Summary of the Political Institutions. 1. Nature and types of Colonial Government. Hart. II, No. 50. a. Charter: (Corporations.) b. Proprietary Province. c. Royal Province. 2. Departments of Government: Division of Powers. a. The Executive: Governor, assisted by Council. (See post, p. 80.) b. The Legislative: Nearly all Bi-cameral. Hart, II, Nos. 61-68. c. The Judiciary. Hart, II, Nos. 69-74. d. Relation between the Departments. 3. Suffrage and Qualifications for Office. Bishop, Hist, of Elections; McKinley, Hist, of the Suffrage (Univ. of Pa. Pub.); Miller, Qualifications for Office, Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1899, I, 89-105. 4. Political Methods. Becker on Nominations and Party Machinery in Colonial New York, Amer. Hist. Rev., vi, 260-275; vii, 56-76; Lincoln, The Revolu- tionary Movement in Penna. ; Schaper, Sectionalism and Repre- sentation in S. Ca., Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept, 1900, I, 245-353, 5. Types of Local Government. Hart, II, Nos, 75-79. 6. Principles of Government. a. Colonial method of representation: Triumph of localism. b. Power of the Representatives of the People. c. Contrast with English Political Development. Ashley, 64, 65. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 76 XXXI. RELATION OF ENGLAND TO HER COLONIES: DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. * Chalmers, Introduction to the Revolt of the Colonies, 2 vols. ; Egerton, British Colonial Policy, Bks. I and II; Greene, Provincial Governor; Osgood in Pol. Sci. Quar., II, 440-460; Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1898, 66-72; Crane & Moses, ch. viii; Lecky, England II, pp. 1-21; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 13-28; Story, Commentaries. \\ 169-170; Thorpe, U. S., I, 1-19. i. Prior to the Restoration- 1606-1660. Egerton, Bk. I, chs. ii, iii ; Bk. II, ch. i; Kaye, J. H. U. Studies, XVIII, 307-316. i. Relations with Virginia under James I. (see ante. pp. 16-18.) a. 1606. Under the Charter. King and Special Council. b. 1609-23. King and Privy Council. c. 1623-24. Special Commissions. 2. Under Charles I. a. 1625. Proclamation of the King. Ante, p. 19. b. 1631. New commission for better plantation and governing. Hazard, I, 312-314; Cal. of State Papers, I, 130. c. 1634, 1636. Archbishop Laud and others form a permanent governing board. Cal. of State Papers, I, 177, 232; Hutchinson, Mass., I, 502. 1. Chief object, religious uniformity. 2. Supervision of emigration, 1637. Hart, I, No. 183. 3. Proceedings against Massachusetts. Ante, p. 45. 3. Under Long Parliament and Commonwealth. a. 1643. Parliamentary Board of Commissioners: Earl of Warwick. Hazard, I, 533. b. Parliamentary Joint Commission: A Council of State. Hazard, I, 533; Gardiner's Documents, 261. i. Relations with Virginia and Maryland. Ante, pp. 20, 27. 2. With New England. Ante, p. 45. c. Cromwell's policy. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 77 i. Schemes of colonization. Strong, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1898, 79. 4. Results: No system of supervision permanently established: Practical independence of the Colonies. a. From the Restoration to the English Revolution. 1660-1688. Beer, Commercial Policy of England, 123-125; Egerton, Bk. II, chs. ii, iii; New York Col. Doc, III, xiii-xvii, 30-36, 229, 230; IV, 146-148. I. Period of Experiments. a. 1660, July 4. Committee of the Privy Council. b. 1600, Nov. 7. Council of Trade. c. Council for Foreign Plantations. 1. 1660, Dec. 1. Established. Hart, I, No. 184; Cal. of State Papers, I, 492, 493. 2. 1670, 1671. Reorganized. Cal. of State Papers, III, 178; Palfrey, III, 32, 33. d. 1672-1674. Councils of Trade and Foreign Plantations united. 1. Abolished in 1674. Egerton, 98, 99. e. 1675-1696. Committee of the Privy Council. Cal. of State Papers, 1675-76, 171; Palfrey, III, 275. i. Again given charge by Charles II. 2. Continued under James II. and William III. to 1696. 2. Tendencies and Results. a. Efforts to enforce religious uniformity abandoned. b. Era of Proprietary Grants under Charles II. to stimulate colonization. c. Acts of Trade and attempted enforcement. d. James II. inaugurates policy of consolidation and direct administration. 3. From the English Revolution to the American Revolution. 1689-1775. Egerton, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Bancroft, III, 100-108, 389-396; IV, in passim. 1. The Imperial Organs of Government. a. The King. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 78 b. The Privy Council. c. The Secretary of State for Southern Department. d. Commissioners of the Treasury. e. Commissioners of the Admiralty. f. Bishop of London. g. Subordinate Commissioners and Agents: The Board of Trade, Surveyor-General of the Customs, Surveyor- General of the Woods, etc. h. The Parliament. 2. Their Respective Functions and Relations. 3. The Board of Trade. a. Established, May 15, 1696. N. Y. Col. Doc, IV, 145-148; Hart, II, No. 46. b. Its composition and functions. 1. An advisory and administrative bureau. 2. Its importance and activity. 3. Typical examples of its work. Hart, II, Nos. 67, 89. 4. The King and Parliament. a. The effect of the Revolution of 1688-89 on the position of each. Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. ix. b. Parliamentary Legislation. 1. Commercial Legislation. Post, p. 80. 2. General Legislation: Typical Acts. a. Act for punishment of Colonial Governors. 1700. b. Regulation of the value of foreign coin. 1708. c. Colonial Post Office Act. 17 10. Wooley, Colonial Post Office; Fiske, Old Va., 373-375. d. Act for Recovery of debts. 1732. e. Regulation of naturalization, 1739, 1756, 1761. f. Prohibiting issue of paper money, 1740, 1750, 1760, 1763. g. Regulating apprenticeships. 1767. 5. Appeals from Colonial Courts to the Privy Council. Hazeltine, in Amer. Hist. Assoc Rept., 1894, 310-322; Story, I, 123, 126-128; Lecky, III, 321; Thayer, Cases in Const. Law, I, 34. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 79 a. Precedents and Practice: Regulation Act of 1689. b. Opposition to. c. Important typical cases: Winthrop vs. Lechmere, 1728. Phillips vs. Savage, 1738. Clark vs. Tousey, 1742. d. Influence upon later American constitutional law. 6. Ecclesiastical Relations. Cross, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept, 1896, I, 231-241; also Monograph in Harvard Historical Studies; Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America, ch. viii. a. Jurisdiction first vested in Archbishop of Canterbury. b. Later in Bishop of London. c. Connection and administration. d. " Commissary " or special agents. e. Society for Propagation of the Gospel : Its efforts. f. Ecclesiastical functions of Royal Governors. g. Schemes to secure Colonial Bishops. 1. Why desired. 2. Reasons for opposition to. 3. A contributing cause of the Revolution. Chamberlain, John Adams and tbe Rev., 19-44. Extension of Imperial Control over the Colonies. Egerton, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Chalmers, I, 302, 342, 412, 413 ; II, 5, 6, 37, 38, 43- I. Attack upon the Charter and Proprietary Colonies. a. Early recommendations of the Board of Trade, 1701, 1705, b. Their memorials neglected. c. Bill against introduced in Parliament, 1720. d. Defence of the Charters by Jeremiah Dummer, Agent of Mass. 1 72 1. Hart, II, No. 48 ; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xi ; Palfrey. IV, 335, 336, 486-489; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of Colonies, II, 116-120. e. Report of the Board of Trade. 1721. N. Y. Col. Doc, V, 591-629. f. By 1729 eight Royal Colonies. g. Colonial Agencies in England : Their effectiveness. Tanner, in Pol. Sci. Quar., XVI, 24-49. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 80 5. Royal and Proprietary Officers in the Colonies. 1. The Governor. Greene, The Provincial Governor; Hart, II, Nos, 53-60. a. Character of appointees and method of appointment. b. Importance of Commission and Instructions. c. Multiplicity of powers and difficulty of position. d. Quarrels with the Assemblies: Typical cases. Greene, chs. viii-x. 2. The Council. a. Administrative and Legislative functions. b. Judicial functions. 3. Other Administrative and Judicial Officers. a. Secretary and Treasurer. b. Custom officers. c. Admiralty officers. 6. England's Commercial and Industrial Colonial Policy. 1. The Mercantile System: The Colonial Policy of the Age. 2. Restrictions upon Commerce. Beer, chs. i-iii, vi, vii; Egerton, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Cunningham, H, 284-286, 292-294, 326-333; Lecky, III, 324-336. a. The Navigation Acts. Amer. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; MacDonald, 106, no, 119, 168. i. Object: Commercial monopoly. 2. Chief features. 3. Early administration. 4. Change in customs administration, 1672. 5. Activity of Randolph. Mem. of Ed. Randolph. (Prince Soc. Pub.) b. The Act of Trade, 1696. MacDonald, 212; Hart, II, No. 45. i. First systematic attempt to enforce the Acts. 1696-1713. 2. Difficulties of administration. See Mem. of Randolph; Letters of Col. Quary, Penna. Mag. of Hist., April, 1900, XXIV, 61-80; Hart, II, No. 34. c. The Molasses Act of 1733. MacDonald, 248. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 8l d. Why not resisted prior to 1760. 1. Lax enforcement: Smuggling. Hart, II, No. 87; Ashley, Surveys Historic and Economic, 336-360; Trevelyan, Amer. Rev. I, 127-134. 3. The Effect: Were the Acts injurious or beneficial? Ashley, op. cit, 309-335; also in Quar. Jour, of Economics, XIV, 1-29; Channing, in Amer. Antiquarian Soc. Proc, Oct., 1889. 4. Restraints upon manufactures. Beer, ch. iv; Ashley, 320-328. a. Wool and woolen goods: 1699, J 73^- b. Hat trade and apprentices: 1732. c. Iron manufactures: 17 19, 1750. 5. Encouragement of the production of naval stores. Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies; Beer, ch. v. 6. Taxation for Revenue. a. Revenue provisions of the early charters. b. Tariffs and trade regulations of the Colonies. Hill, in Quar. Jour, of Economics, VII, 90 ; Fisher, in Papers of Amer. Hist. Assoc, III, 467. c. Taxes levied by Parliament. 1. Tonnage and Poundage. 1660. 2. Plantation Duties. 1672. 3. Collectors of Revenue sent out. 1676. 4. Systematic efforts to collect revenues. 1696-1713. d. Suggestions of Revenue Taxes. Bancroft (last rev.), II, 246, 251-253, 411-418, 443, 458, 532. i. Gov. Nicholson of Virginia. 1695. 2. The Lord Treasurer after Queen Anne War. 17 13. 3. Early suggestions of a Stamp Duty. a. Ex-Governor Keith. 1728. Hart, II, No. 49; Penna. Hist. Mag., XII, 29. b. London Merchants. 1739. c. Dr. Douglas. 1749. 4. Board of Trade proposes import taxes. 5. Conference of Colonial Governors propose stamp and import duties. 1755. 6. Change in principle from commercial monopoly to one for revenue. 1765. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 82 7. The Rights and Duties of the Colonists as Englishmen. 1. The Common Law rights: How far applicable? Reinsch, The Eng. Common Law in the Early Amer. Colonies (Univ. of Wis. Bulletin, No. 31.) 2. Charter rights: How far valid? 3. Colonists' conception of their rights. Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xi; Hart, II, No. 47. 4. Objection to English Imperial System. 8. Increasing divergence between American and English ideas and institutions. 1. Engendered by separation and physical conditions. 2. By different social, economic and political conditions. 3. By the diffusion of the spirit of freedom and democracy in the colonies. 4. The result: the breach constantly widening and separation but a question of time. INTER-COLONIAL UNION AGAINST ENGLAND: 1760-1776. STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN. XXXII. THE INAUGURATION OF THE NEW COLONIAL POLICY. ♦Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 134; Frothingham, ch. v; Lecky, England, ch. xii; Winsor, America, VI, ch. i; Channing, The United States, 41-56; Fiske, The Am. Rev., I, 11-27; Egerton, British Colonial Policy, 187-204; Thorpe, U. S., I, 29-59; Wood- burn, Causes of the Am. Rev., J. H. U. Studies, X, 553; Sloaue, French War and Rev., chs. x-xii; Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. ii; Hosmer, Samuel Adams. i. The New Issue in Constitutional Government. 1. George III. idea of government. Hart, II, No. 130 ; Fiske, I, 38-45 ; Mag. of Amer. Hist., XXVIII, 43i- a. In England. b. In the Colonies. 2. The Enforcement of the Navigation Acts. a. Means: Writs of Assistance. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 83 1. Nature and legality. 2. James Otis' Argument against their legality and pre- sentation of the "Rights of the Colonies." Hart, II, No. 131 ; Hill, Liberty Doc, 159, 160 ; Tudor's Life of Otis, ch. vi; Tyler, Literary History of tlie Revolution, I, 30-52; Thayer, Cases on Const. Law, I, 48-55 ; Hosmer, Life of Thos. Hutchinson, chs. iii-v; Thorpe, U. S., I, 29-31. 3. Later writings of Otis, and source of his argument. a. Locke, " Essay on Government." 3. The " Parson's Cause: " 1763. Hart, II, No. 37. a. Patrick Henry's speech: attacks King's veto power. Tyler, Patrick Henry, ch. iv. 2. Grenville's threefold policy. 1. Rigid enforcement of the Navigation Acts. a. Changes in the Acts: Sugar Act, April 5, 1765. MacDonald, 272. b. Machinery for execution. c. Effect: trade injured and colonists irritated. 2. Maintenance of a Standing Army in the Colonies. a. Quartering Act, April, 1765. MacUonald, 306. b. Ostensible cause: Pontiac's Conspiracy. c. Real cause: Prevention of resistance by the colonists. 3. Taxation of the Colonies. a. Precedents and Suggestions. Ante, 81. b. Reason for the proposed taxes : Justice of colonial taxation. c. Grenville proposes stamp duties : March 9, 1764. Hart, II, No. 133. d. Colonists protest, but suggest no alternative. e. The Stamp Act passed: March 22, 1765. MacDonald, 281; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 21. i. Reception in the Colonies : Methods of resistance. a. Popular meetings and mob violence. Hart, II, Nos. 139, 140. b. Organization of Sons of Liberty and inauguration of a boycott of English goods. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 84 c. Action by the Colonial Assemblies. 1. Virginia: Henry's resolutions: May 30, 1765. Frothingham, 180. 2. Massachusetts: Call for a Colonial Congress: June 6. 3. Response of the other colonies. d. The Stamp Act Congress: 1765. 1. Character and authority. 2. Its Work : Declaration of Rights : Oct. 19. MacDonald, 313 ; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xii ; Hart, II, No. 141 ; Preston, 188. 3. Results: a. Precedent established. b. Unites and intensifies common interests. 2. The Stamp Act Repealed : 1766. Hart, II, No. 144. a. Franklin's Examination in House of Commons. Hart, II, No. 143; Hill, Liberty Doc, 158, 159. b. Pitt's speech. Hart, II, No. 142; Adams, British Orations, I, 98. c. The Declaratory Act. MacDonald, 316; Windsor, America, VI, 32. d. Results of the controversy. Frothingham, 189, 190, 193. XXXIII. THE REVENUE CONTROVERSY : COERCION versus ACTIVE RESISTANCE, 1767-1774. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 135, 136; Frothingham, chs. vi-ix ; Winsor, America, VI, 39-41; Fiske, Am. Rev., I, 28-98; Lecky, ch. xii; Fgerton, 205-233; Thorpe, U.S., I, 59-108; Channing, United States, 56-71; Lodge, ch. xxiii; Woodburn, Causes of the Revolution; Sloane, chs. xii-xiv; Hart, Formation of the Union, 28-68; Tyler, Literary History of the Rev.; Trevelyan, The Amer. Rev. I, chs. i-v, in passim. i. Political Theories as to the Relation of the Colonies to England. Bancroft, V, chs. xxi, xxii; Sloane, chs. x-xii; Channing, U. S., 28- 40; Johnson's U. S. History and Const., 35-39; Chamberlain, in John Adams and The Rev., 137-165; Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, III, 52-74; and as above. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 85 1. English Theories. a. Moderate view : Pitt. Hart, II, No. 142; Hall, Chatham's Colonial Policy, Amer. Hist. Rev., V, 659-675. b. Government view: Mansfield, the Crown lawyer. Adams, British Orations, I, 150. 2. American or Colonial Theories. a. General opinion : No internal taxation without representa- tation. 1. Representation and Franchise in England and America. 2. Virtual and actual representation. b. Views of the extreme radicals: Samuel Adams. 2. Conflict of the Two Theories. 1. The Townshend Acts: June 29, 1767. MacDonald, 320-330. a. Reorganization of the Colonial Customs Service. 1. Board of Revenue Commissioners. 2. Writ of Assistance legalized. b. Coercion of the Colonial Legislatures. 1. Attack upon the New York Assembly. MacDonald, 317. c. New Revenue Duties: External taxes. Hart, II, No. 145. i. Reception of these measures. a. Change in Colonial Doctrine to "No legislation with- out representation: " Gradual acceptance of the radi- cal views of Adams. b. The "Farmer's Letters" of Dickinson. Hart, II, No. 149; Tyler, Lit. History, I, 234-238; Dickinson's Writings, I, 167-173; 275. c. i ' Sons of Liberty ' ' and non-importation societies. Tyler, ch. xi. d. Massachusetts circular letter: Feb. 11, 1768. MacDonald, 330; Mace, Manual, 151. i. Mass. commanded to rescind and other Assemblies ordered to ignore it. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 86 2. The Colonists refuse to obey this order. e. The Virginia Resolutions of May 16, 1769. MacDonald, 334; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xiii; Frothingham, 232-37- 2. Non-importation forces partial repeal of these measures. 2. Drifting into Revolution. 1. The quartering of troops and the " Boston Massacre: " 1770. Hale, II, No. 151. 2. Burning of the "Gaspee," 1772. 3. Committee of Correspondence organized. a. Local Committees proposed by Mass., 1772. b. Colonial Committees proposed by Virginia: March 12, *773- MacDonald, 336; Frothingham, 280. 4. Resistance to Tea Importation: " Boston Tea Party," 1773. Hart, II, No. 152; Old South Leaflets, No. 68. 5. England retaliates : Attempt to coerce Massachusetts: 1774. a. " The Intolerable Acts." MacDonald, 337-356. b. The Quebec Act. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 141; Coffin, The Quebec Act; Moore, ch. vi; Bourinot, Canada, 44-49. c. Mass. sustained by the other Colonies. 1. Jefferson, " Summary View." Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 11. 6. Massachusetts calls a Continental Congress, June 17, 1774. Chamberlain, John Adams and the Rev., 19-35, 44-96; Frothingham, 330-332, 359-373- a. The Congress meets at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. Hart, II, No. 153. 1. Its composition. 2. Its work. a. Supports Mass. The Suffolk resolves and its reply to the same. Mace, Manual, 172-178. b. Declaration of Rights, Oct. 14, 1774. MacDonald, 356; Preston, 192. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 87 c. The American Association. MacDonald, 362; Preston, 199; Hart, II, No. 154; Ford, in Pol. Sci. Quar., VI, 613. d. Its ultimatum. e. Provision for another Congress. 3. Its Effect. a. In America : Sentiment of union and resistance strengthened. b. In England : King commands more repressive measures against Mass. Conciliatory policy fails. MacDonald, 367. c. The issues joined. 7. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress assembles. Oct., 1774- a. Organizes for resistance. Frothingham, 392-398. 8. New England Restraining Act. March 30, 1775. MacDonald, 368. 9. The Battles of Lexington and Concord. April 19, 1775. Hart, II, No. 191. XXXIV. STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN: ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF INDEPENDENCE. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 137 ; Frothingham, chs. x-xi ; Thorpe, I, 109-165; Sloane, chs. xvi-xix; Fiske, American Revolution, I, chs. iii, iv; Lecky, ch. xiv; Higgin- son, Larger History, 249-293 ; Hart, Formation of the Union, 70-106; Sabine, Loyalists of the American Revolution; Channing, United States, ch. iii. I. The Second Continental Congress. May 10, 1775. Hart, II, No. 185. a. Its nature and composition. b. Its authority examined. " A head without a body." c. Necessity of organization leads it to assume sovereign powers. 1. Organizes an Army and Navy. 2. Declares war. 3. Issues continental currency. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 88 4. Establishes Treasury and Post Office Departments. 5. Advises the colonies to institute provisional governments. 6. State papers issued July, 1775. MacDonald, 374-389. d. Strength of the government during the war. 2. Origin and Growth of Independence. Transition from the Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen to that for the Rights of Man. 1. Promoted by American institutions and training. 2. Sentiments of independence born: Early predictions. Frothingham, 245, 343, 349, 369, 402, 428, 437, 442, 443. 3. Americans refute the charge. 4. Attitude of New England and its leaders. 5. Attitude of the Middle and Southern Colonies. Frothingham, 465-467, 483. 6. The King's course promotes it. MacDonald, 389-396. a. Refusal to receive petition. b. Colonists proclaimed rebels: Aug. 23. c. Trade and intercourse with America prohibited: Dec. 22. d. Mercenary troops hired. 7. Independence Impending. Winsor, America, VI, ch. iii; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of Rev., I, ch. xxii. a. The " Mecklenburg Declaration:" May 15, 1775. Frothingham, 422-429; Mag. of Amer. Hist., XXI, 31, 221. b. The attitude of Congress during the winter of 1775-76. c. "Common Sense," by Thos. Paine, Jan., 1776. Tyler, I, 452-74; Hart, II, No. 186. d. Action of Colonial Assemblies, April, 1776-May 15, 1776. e. Action of Congress. 1. John Adams' motion: May 15. 2. Lee's motion: June 7. 3. Vote postponed: Reasons. 4. Procedure upon Independence. 5. Jefferson and the Declaration. Tyler, I, ch. xxiii; Hart, II, No. 188; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 11. L.qFC. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 89 6. Adoption of the Declaration, July 4. MacDonald, Doc. i; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xiv; Preston, 210. 7. Strength of the indictment. Friedenwald, in International Monthly, July, 1901. 8. Political Doctrines of the Declaration: Source. Fisher, Yale Rev., II, 403; Ritchie, Pol. Science Quar.,VI, 656; Channing, U. S., 85-87. 9. Signing of the Declaration. Chamberlain, John Adams, etc., 99-133. 8. Justification of the Revolution. 3. The Treatment of the Loyalists. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the Amer. Rev; Hart, II, Nos. 166-169; Bourinot, Canada, 76-86; Bourinot, Story of Canada, ch. xxi; Tyler, in Amer. Hist. Rev., I, 24. i. Number and activity. 2. Laws of the various States against them. 3. Administration of these laws. 4. Emigration and subsequent history. XXXV. THE TRANSITION FROM COLONIAL TO COM- MONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS. * Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 143 ; Jameson, Constitutional Convention, sees. 125-158 • Thorpe, Hist, of Amer. People, I, chs. iii-v; Thorpe, U. S., I, 169-184; Fiske, Criti- cal Period, ch. ii; Frothingham, 421, 428, 441-451, 4S1, 482, 491-493, 561-568; Web- ster, Annals of Am. Academy, IX, 380; Morey, Annals, IV, 201; Hildreth, U. S., Ill, 374-395; Schouler, Const. Studies, 29-69; Small, J. H. Univ. Studies, VIII, 1; Chamberlain, Yale Review, II, 248; Bancroft, U. S., IX, 428-434. 1. The Colonial Governments in 1775. 1. Legal relation to England. 2. Provisional Governments. 2. The Advice of Congress sought and followed. Jameson, sees. 127, 128; Gushing, Transition from Provisional to Commonwealth Government in Mass., 161-164; Journal of Cong., I, 215, 219, 260; II, 158, 166. 3. Formation of the State Constitutions of the Revolutionary Period. Bib. Mass: Cushing, as above; New York, Dougherty, Pol. Science Quar., Ill, 489; Penna., Ford, Pol. Science Quar., X., 426; Hard- AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. g ing, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1894, 371; Maryland, Silver, J. H. U. Studies, XIII, No. x; New Jersey, Elmer in Proc. of N. J. Hist. Soc, II, 133-153; New Hampshire, Hart, II, No. 186. 1. Mode of formation and ratification. Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment of Consts., 137-145. 2. Leading Features. a. Source and general character: selection and preservation of colonial institutions. b. Bills of Right: Origin and general nature: Influence. c. Legislative Department. 1. Form: Bi- or Uni-cameral; Name; Term; Qualifications. 2. Powers: Very extensive. d. Executive Department. 1. Form : Governor or Executive Board ; Election ; Term ; Qualification ; Councils. 2. Powers: Degree given: Very limited. e. Judiciary Department. 1. Form: Selection; Term; System of Appeals. 2. Powers: Extent. Lacked security and independence. f. Suffrage: Property and Religious Qualifications. g. Relation between Church and State. h. Amendment: Provision for. i. Defects. 3. Relation to the Government of the United States. a. Sovereignty of the States. b. Is the Union older than the States? XXXVI. FORMATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDER- ATION : NATIONALISM Versus PARTICULARISM. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 142; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. iii; Frothingham, 561-577; Thorp, U. S., I, 212-242; Hildreth, III, 139, 266, 395-398; Curtis, Hist, of the Const., I, 53, 114-149, or (new ed.), I, 36, 86, 72, 87-103; Bancroft, Hist, of Const., I, ch. i; Landon, Const. History, 42-62; Lalor, I, 575, II, 932; Story, Com., sees. 222-243; Bancroft, U. S. (last rev'.), IV, 243-44, 260, 316-17, V, 10-15, 199-208, 284, 454-55, 508; Jameson, Const. Conventions, sees. 158-162; Schouler, Const. Studies, Part II, ch. iii. i. Formation of the Articles of Confederation. 1. Nature of Federal Government. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 2. Plans before the Continental Congress. a. Galloway's Plan: 1774. Frothingham, 367-68; Fisher, 238-39; Tyler, I, 369-3S3. b. Franklin's Plan: 1775. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. c. Committee appointed "to prepare the form of a confedera- tion." June ii, 1776. d. Report Dickinson's Draft, July 12, 1776. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. 1. Compare with Franklin's plan. 3. Debate on the Dickinson Draft. a. Apportionment of taxes. b. Apportionment of representation: Slave representation. Hart II, No. 189. c. Question of the Public Lands. d. Powers of Congress and the States. e. Difficulties of framing an acceptable plan. 1. Triumph of "Particularism" by 1777. 2. Decline of the character of Congress. Hart, II, No. 190. 4. The Articles of Confederation. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20; Preston, 219; MacDonald, Select Docu- ments, 6; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xv. a. Agreed to by Congress, Nov. 15, 1777. b. Genesis of the Articles: Foreign precedents. Friedenwald, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1896, 228-230. c. Analysis of the Articles. 1. Nature: "A League of Friendship." 2. Radical error at basis: Doctrine of sovereignty. 3. Powers of the Congress over: a. Foreign Affairs. b. Domestic Affairs. 4. Prohibitions upon the States. 5. Defects: a. In Form. b. In Powers granted. c. In means to enforce Powers. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. n 2 Ratification. a. Opposition to ratification. Small States call for cession of Western Claims. (See post, p. 93.) b. Last States ratify: 1. New Jersey, Nov. 20, 1778. 2. Delaware, Feb. 1, 1779. 3. Maryland, Jan. 30, 1781. Hart, II, No. 205; Curtis, I, 89-94. c. Articles go into effect: March 1, 1781. Hart, II, No. 209. Organization of the Government under the Articles. C. & H., Guide, sec. 149. a. The Congress: Membership; Attendance; Methods of trans- acting business; The President of Congress. Hart, II, No, 190. b. Executive Boards and Heads of Departments: Committee of States. Jameson, Essays, 156-185. c. Courts of Arbitration and Appeals. Jameson, Essays, 1-45. XXXVII. PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 1. Foreign Relations. 1. The French Alliance. C. & H., Guide, sec. 139; Hart, II, Nos. 199-204. 2. The Treaty of Peace. * C. & H., Guide, sec. 141 ; Sparks, sec. 36 ; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. i ; Lecky, England, ch. xv; Winsor, America, VII, 89-184; Winsor, The Westward Movement, ch. xii; Hale, Franklin in Paris, II; Pellew, John Jay; chs. vii-viii; Sloane, ch. xxix; Hins- dale, Old Northwest, ch. x. a. The negotiations at Paris in 1782. 1. The American Commissioners. 2. The Rivalry of Fox and Shelburne. 3. Jay's suspicions of France and Spain. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 93 4. The "Preliminary Articles" signed: Nov. 30, 1782. Hart, II, Nos. 216-217. b. The Definitive Treaty: The Second Treaty of Paris. Sept. 3, 1783- MacDonald, Select Documents, 15. i. Boundaries. 2. The Loyalists. 3. The Debts. 4. The Fisheries. c. Difficulty of carrying out the Treaty: a. With Great Britain. Fiske, 1 19-133, 138-142 ; McLaughlin, Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rep., 1894, 413. b. With Spain. 1. Over the Southern Boundary. Hinsdale, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1893, 339; Ibid., 1897, 177. 2. Over the Navigation of the Mississippi. Fiske, 208. 3. Difficulty of Forming Treaties with Foreign Nations. (See Commercial Relations, post, p. 95) 2. Land Cessions and The North-West Ordinance. 1. Origin of the National Domain. *Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 150 ; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xii- xiii ; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. v; Thorpe, U. S., I, 239-241, 257-262; Adams, J. H. U. Studies. Ill, 1; Donaldson, Public Domain, 59-88; Towle, Hist, of Const. 351-360; Winsor, America, VII, 527; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 22. a. The Claims of the States. b. Basis of these claims. c. Cause of the delay in the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation: Maryland's Action, 1777-1781. d. The Northwest Cessions. 1. New York, March 1, 1781. 2. Virginia, March 4, 1784. 3. Massachusetts, March 13, 1784. 4. Connecticut, Sept. 19, 1786. (1800.) 2. The Administration of the Northwest Territory. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 04 a. The Fundamental Resolution of Congress. Oct. 10, 1780. b. Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784. c. King's futile attempt at anti-slavery restrictions: 1785. d. Land Ordinance of 1785. e. Various reports and suggestions of Committees: 1786-87. 3. The Ordinance of 1787. *MacDonald, Select Documents, 21 ; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xvi; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xiv-xv ; Stone, in Penna. Mag. of Hist., XIII, 309; Poole, North Am. Rev., CXXII, 229-265; and in Papers Amer. Hist. Assoc, III, 277-300; Cutler, Life of Manasseh Cutler, I, ch. viii ; Lalor, Cyclopaedia, III, 30-34; Winsor, The Westward Movement, ch. xiv; and as above. a. The immediate occasion for its passage. 1. The financial straits of the Confederacy. 2. The Ohio Company. 3. The Agency of Manasseh Cutler. b. The Authorship of the Ordinance. c. The Nature of the Ordinance. July 13, 1787. 1. The Government of the Territory. 2. The "unalterable compact" with the future States. a. Free soil. b. Religious freedom. c. Support and encouragement of Common Schools. d. Civil liberty. e. Admission of New States. d. The Results of the Ordinance. 1. On the growth and settlement of the West. 2. On the Slavery contest: immediate and remote. Financial Problems. Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 151; Sumner, History of American Cur- rency, 43-57; Sumner, Financiers and Finances of the Am. Rev.; McMaster, U. S., I, 139-144. 187-200, 221-295, 356-570; Thorpe, I, 246-256, 264-279; Fiske, Critical Period, 163-177, 218-220. 1. The Financial System. a. Situation during the Revolution. Hart, II, Nos. 207, 210. b. Provisions of the Articles. c. Failure of the system of Requisitions. AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. <^ 2. Attempt to Amend the Articles. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. a. Five per cent, amendment, 1781: Defeated by Rhode Island. Bates, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1894, 351. b. The Revenue Scheme, 1783: Defeated by New York. 3. Financial Difficulties in the States. a. Era of Paper Money : Trevett vs. Weeden. 4. Financial Status in 1787-89. Elliot's Funding System. Commercial Relations. Bib. C. & H., Guide, 153; Fiske, 134-163; Frothingham, 583-587; Curtis, Const., I, 276-290, 285-286; McMaster, U. S., I, chs. iii, iv; Thorpe, I, 279-288. i. Foreign Commerce. a. Difficulty of negotiating treaties. b. Difficulty of enforcing treaties. c. Great Britain's discrimination against our trade. d. Commerce Amendment proposed to coerce Foreign Nations, 1784: Failed. Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. 2. Domestic Commerce. a. "War of Imposts" between the States. b. Commercial Conventions: Virginia and Maryland. Failure and Impending Anarchy: " The Critical Period." 1786-87. 1. The Growing Impotence of Congress. a. Lack of authority, coercive power and a fixed policy. b. The States heedless of Congress. 2. Friction between the States: Danger of sectional unions. 3. Internal Disorders within the States: Universal Discontent a. Shay's Rebellion. 4. The failure to amend the Articles. a. Suggests fundamental revision. 5. The Problem before the Country: One or Thirteen? ,LnWM OUTLINE OF LECTURES AMERIGAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY DURING THE COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. BY HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. REVISED EDITION. Department of American History. 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