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 CANADA: 
 
 ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. 
 
 
 
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 CAN ADA 
 ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. — 
 
 TWO LECTURES, 
 
 ‘ DELIVERED BEFORE THE MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE, 
 
 TORONTO, 
 
 ON THE 13rn AND 27TH FEBRUARY, 1852. 
 
 BY THE REV. ADAM LILLIE. 
 
 | WITH AN APPENDIX 
 
 CONTAINING 
 INFORMATION BEARING UPON THE RESOURCES AND POSITION 
 
 oF THE 
 
 United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. 
 
 BROCKVILLE: 
 DAVID WYLIE, PRINTER, RECORDER OFFICE. 
 
 a 
 
 1852. 
 
 
 
“G 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 «THe GrowTH AND Prospects or CanapA,” is a subject of 
 so great importance, of so universal interest, so little understood 
 and so much misunderstood, that we are happy to have an oppor- 
 tunity of re-printing from the Journal of Education for Upper 
 Canada for March, 1852, the very able Lectures of the Rev. 
 
 } a * 
 
 ADAM LILLIE, lately d ‘livered before the Mechanics’ Institute of 
 
 the City of Toronto. Mr, Lituin’s talents and industry admira- 
 bly qualify him for the Statistical investigations which he has 
 undertaken and pursued with so much fairness and so great 
 labour, and we may add, with so satisfactory, and so many un- 
 expected results. 
 
 It is below the impulses of a generous and a noble mind to 
 seek to depreciate the character, and institutions and progress of 
 a neighbouring community ,whether ofa city, a church, or a coun- 
 try ; and we are persuaded every true hearted Canadian will 
 cordially respond to the remark of the eloquent MAcAULAY, in 
 reference to the people of the United States :—“ It is scarcely 
 possible that an Enelishman of sensibility and imagination 
 should look without pleasure and National pride on the vigorous 
 and splendid youth of a great people, whose veins are filled with 
 our blood, whose minds are nourished with our literature, and on 
 whom is entailed the rich inheritance of our civilization, our 
 freedom and our glory.”—(.Miscellaneous Writings—Review of 
 Southey’s Colloquies on Society). But it must indicate impulses 
 less generous and noble to depreciate the character, the institu- 
 tions, the progress of one’s own Country. Too much of this 
 spirit has been indulged in Canada, to the great injury of our 
 social contentment and public happiness. One of the most for- 
 midable obstacles with which the Department of Public Instrus-~ 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
 
 
 tion has had to‘contend, has been the impression and assertion 
 that Canada was too far behind the neighbouring States to adopt 
 such a system; and the arguments to the reverse have often 
 been received with great distrust, and sometimes with absolute 
 incredibility. Mr. Lituim’s Lectures is the first attempt by a 
 general examination and comparison of Statistics, to remove the 
 erroneous and injurious impression which has long and exten- 
 sively prevailed, as to the comparative progress of Canada and 
 the United States. By this inquiry, we think Mr. LiLite has 
 
 sure every American will admit the candour and diligence with 
 which Mr. Littre has proseeuted his inquiries, while every 
 Canadian must rejoice at the conclusions which these inquiries 
 have established—conclusions which should excite in the mind 
 of every inhabitant of Canada increased respect and love for his 
 Country, and prompt him to labour with more confidence and 
 energy than ever for its advancement and prosperity. 
 
 The present Edition has been most carefully revised and cor- 
 rected; and some slight additions have been made to it. 
 
 
 

 
 PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. 
 
 The Present Edition comprises One Thousand Copies, with an Appendix em- 
 bracing— 
 
 I. A Table of the Agricultural Census of the United Counties of Leeds and 
 Grenville, for the years 1851-2. 
 
 II. General and Comparative Remarks upon the Extent and Resources of these 
 Counties, showing the advance made for a period of years. 
 
 Ill. A Brief Sketch of Brockville, ‘‘the capital” of the United Counties, and 
 Prescott, the County Town of Grenville; and a rapid glance at the Twenty-five 
 Villages contained wholly, with Smith’s Falls which is only partially, located 
 within the Counties of Leeds and Grenville. 
 
 IV. Extracts from the “ Municipal Act’ of Canada West, showing briefly but 
 truthfully the essence of the Law under which Bonds are issued, and debts con- 
 tracted by the Municipalities, and their payments guaranteed to the Public—added 
 thereto a Letter from the Hon. Wm. Bb. tivhards, Attorney General of Canada 
 West, bearing upon the same. 
 
 This Pamphlet, embodying the Appendix, is issued with the consent of Mr. 
 Lillie ; to whom Canada is now, and Britain will hereafter, it is not doubted, be- 
 come deeply indebted for his patriotic researches and able compilation of so much 
 valnable matter as is contained in his Lectures, in relation to the position of Cana- 
 da, about which much ignorance unfortunately prevails in Britain. 
 
 The present Edition is published for gratuitous circulation, exclusively in Eng- 
 land, Ireland and Scotland, with the exception of a few copies that may find their 
 way into the hands of friends. It is not issued as a private speculation; no 
 profit will be derived to the firm at whose expense it is now published, and 
 whose name is purposely withheld, beyond a participation in the indirect benefits 
 that may accrue to them in common with other Canadians, by thus aiding in dis- 
 pelling a portion of the ignorance that has hitherto existed in relation to the actual 
 growth and progress of Canada. So far as relates to the Appendix, no literary 
 merit is aimed at; it is intended to contain simply a few facts connected with, and 
 a rough and general outline of the past and present resources and position of the 
 United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. The publishers therefore ask a careful 
 perusal of the contents of the pamphlet by the friends of Canada abroad; by the 
 philanthropist and the more immediate friends of the emigrants daily leaving or in- 
 tending soon to leave their native land to seek a distant home ; by the patriotic and 
 loyal who would desire to see a portion of the redundancy of Her Majesty’s subjects 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 4 
 
 transferred to a less confined home, without a sacrifice of their attachment to British 
 Institutions ; and by European capitalists looking for a safe and moderately profit- 
 able investment for a portion of their capital. 
 
 Canada has ever been very modest in advertising her resources, and setting forth the 
 advantages she possesses in so eminent an extent, before the world. The conse- 
 quence has been that her near neighbours, the Americans, more energetic in this 
 respect, have reaped proportionate benefits thereby. Until but recently, English 
 capital has sought the United States in preference to Canada, and their stocks in the 
 London money market have theretore marked high. Recently, however, Canada 
 Bonds are at a higher rate of premium than American Stocks. Canada is yet in its 
 infancy, but it is gaining strength daily, like a healthy youth; and enjoys largely the 
 blessings of Self-Government under Free British Institutions. With a Population 
 under Two Millions, there is room enough and to spare for Twenty times that 
 
 1 
 
 number on its broad, healthy, and fertile surface. Her resources, as extensive as 
 
 they are varied, will, as they become developed, offer a sure security for increased 
 investment of a portion of the redundant capital of Britain, while the honourable 
 character which Canada has ever sustained in her dealings, is a guarantee that her 
 Laws are so framed as to render repudiation on her part, or on that of any of her 
 Municipalities, as creditors, under any circumstances, impossible. 
 
 Norre.—The Publishers ars indebted to M‘Kay’s Directory, and other Works, for 
 valuable information. 
 
: 
 : 
 : 
 - 
 ' 
 - 
 } 
 } 
 
 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. <= The sigagens fo: wanes 
 
 ing, to ‘all your attention,—int ‘sting in itself from its relation to 
 the progress of our race and the providence of Go 
 
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 A 
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 —— must to us 
 
 have a special interest, Btn of its reference to ourselves. My 
 theme is the Growth and Prospects of Canada—in other words Bethe 
 
 ’ : 
 > ‘ 
 
 , ‘ S iy oe , ta weve? | Res « eee 
 advancement we are ourseives maki i. With the antic ipati OnS Wes 
 may cherish for « urseives and our chiiaren, 
 
 , , : . 
 ? 
 
 By the e llent Lectu ce ered by Mr. Robertson, in the 
 early part of the the story of Canada, I am happily 
 relieved from the necessity of occupying your time with prelimi- 
 narv detail Lience with vour pel ssion, | will proceedeat once 
 to the LO} y >| { Vy prenuisil Lna : Sp) uk ¢ L1l@ ul , though 
 
 better : Cul ted wit! ib « nd have h setan rials j lating to it more 
 wit in im } is new th 1 Canada Hast, 
 partl LOO | risol SO Len mad > Detween 
 the two s ~ ff only \ n onine » Uppe 
 Canada. 
 
 fs he Population of Canada al the time of its surre nder to Britain 
 in 1760 is variously stated at 60,000 and 69,275, exclusive of In- 
 dians. Of the esti t} mer hat riven by the Board of 
 Registration and Statisties, \ h Lextract from one of Mr. Scobie’s 
 very valuable Alma (that for 1850) ;* the latter that supplied by 
 Mr. Smith, (in his cell work on which I have taken the 
 Liberty Ol Gra W 11) : I ry i he re} rt OL WYOVETHO!I i r ay. 
 
 With the exception of a few trading Stations, of which Kingston 
 and Detroit Wi re the eh t th ; Population Was confined LO the 
 
 Lower part ol the Province: nearly the whole of its Upper port Hon 
 
 : : : : ; : s7 1 . = aan a 
 being then a wilderness, oecupied by the hed Manas a hunting 
 : i . LY 
 prounad, rrom 1770, parties, chi fly old soldiers, began to come In 
 . - - 
 1 1 is. 3 ; ee, | Pipe ee SOF - — 
 irom the otner side: to whicn some con siderable additions were 
 
 . : ; : : ' ° ‘ : ; 41. r a | Qt¢4. ~ 
 made,aiter tne Declaration of the nae penaence Of tne United } yiates, 
 
 ————— ee = = —— - -_-—_— oe + 
 
 _ } * . }* ; ; > : Lf 7 «rr. Tieiot - 9 y" . 
 * Scobie’s Canadian Almanac and RK p ory of | seful Knowledge, for the year 
 1850, conts ining Statistical, Astronomical, D: partmental , Ecclesiastical, Educational, 
 
 Financial and General Information, Svo. pp. 80. Publishe id annually. Toronto: H. 
 Scobie. 
 
 + Canada, Past, Present, and Future : being a Historical, Geographical and Statisti- 
 cal Account of Canada W a containing 10 County Maps and one General Map, with 
 a Business Directory. 3y W. H. Smith, author of the Canadian ‘Sanat eer, royal 8vo,, 
 Vol. I., pp. exxiv, 290, Ae and 24 = 518. Toronto: Thomas Maclear, Publisher. 
 
 
 

 
 6 
 
 by United Empire Loyalists from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 
 who located themselves along the frontier ‘Townships. So late, 
 however, as 1791, the date of the Constitutional Act, the whole 
 Population of Upper Canada is declared to have been “ calculated 
 at less than 50,000.” According to the authority already quoted 
 (that of the Board of Registration and Statistics) it amounted in 
 1811, twenty years after the separation of the Provinces, to only 
 77,000. Hence it is not more than forty years since its growth 
 can be said to have commenced, if so much as that: 
 
 From that time it has, with occasional interruptions, advanced 
 steadily, and, especially during the last twenty-five or thirty years, 
 at a rapid rate. Bouchette reports the Population to have been in 
 1824—151,097 ; which, taking as he does, 77,000 as the number in 
 1811, makes it nearly double in thirteen years.—(Vol. I. p. 108.) 
 
 If for the sake of securing all possible exactness we connect with 
 the above Mr. Smith’s statement of the numbers in 1814 (95,000) 
 and 1825 (158,027) respectively, the rate of increase, though 
 somewhat reduced, is still 67 or 68 per cent in eleven years. 
 
 Between 1824, (from which period the calculations agree) and 
 1834, a rise takes place from 151,097 to 320,693 ; which is doubling 
 in ten years, with 18,499 over. The next fourteen years brings us 
 up from 320,693, to 791,000—the return for 1850. Within the 
 brief space of a quarter of a century there is an advance from 
 151,097 to 791,000 ; which gives us at the close of that period over 
 five times our Population at its beginning—more than ten times 
 our Population in 1811, or according to Smith, close upon ten times 
 that of 1806. 
 
 Lower Canada, during the same time, rose from 423,630 to 
 791,000; the same number with the Upper Province ; being an in- 
 crease of nearly 90 per cent. 
 
 Taking Canada as a whole its Population has increased from 
 60,000 to 1,582,000 in ninety years. Hence in 1850 it was over 
 twenty-six times what it was in 1760; more considerable than 24 
 times what it was in 1825, when it numbered 581,657. From the 
 returns already made, it is believed the census just completed will 
 show a Population for the united Province close upon, if not 
 over, 1,800,000 ;—thirty times its amount ninety-two years ago, 
 nearly three and one-tenth times what it was only twenty-seven 
 years since. 
 
 “ All this,’ exclaims Haman (Est. v. 13), at the close of a glow- 
 ing description of the height to which he had been elevated and 
 the glory with which he felt himself encircled, “ all this availeth 
 me nothing, so long as Mordecai the Jew sitteth at the king’s 
 gate.” What “availeth” it, some of us peevishly exclaim, that we 
 are growing at a rate which cannot be denied to be rapid, so long 
 as our neighbours on the other side of the Line are so far out- 
 stripping us? How far do you conceive, are they outstripping us? 
 Let us look at the facts, however terrible they may prove to be. 
 Wise men hold it well in very bad cases to know the worst. 
 
 Compare we then Upper Canada first with the Free States of 
 the Union, then with the State of New York, and lastly with Ohio, 
 
 
 

 
 > 
 
 Michigan, and Ulinois conjoined; and see what the result 
 will be. 
 
 According to the American Almanac for 1851, page 212, and 
 “The World’s Progress” (a “ Dictionary of Dates” published by 
 Putnam of New York in 1851) page 481, the Free Population of 
 the United Sates, was, in 1800, 5,305,925. The latter work, (Ap- 
 pendix, p. 704) states it to aniount to 20,250,000 in 1851. In 1810 
 it was 7,239,814, (page 481). 
 
 Thus it is in 1850 about (not quite) four times what it was at the 
 commencement of the century; while Upper Canada contains, as 
 we have seen, over ten times the Population it possessed in 1811; 
 or, at the lowest calculation, ten times its amount in 1806. The 
 slow growth therefore turns out to be a rate of progress not much 
 under thrice that of our neighbours whoare supposed to be moving 
 ahead of us so fast. Slow growth this of rather an anomalous 
 description. Taking the ten years between 1840 and 1850, the 
 difference is less: though during that time we have advanced at a 
 rate fully twice that of the Free States, whose increase has been 
 45 per cent. (that of the whole States being 334; ( World’s Progress, 
 p- 704), while ours has been 94 or 95 per cent. ; 
 
 In Lower Canada the increase for the thirteen years between 
 1831 and 1844 was nearly 35 per cent—to wit, 34°94 (Scobie’s 
 Almanac 1850, p. 53). An inerease of fifty per cent. has taken 
 place within the last seven years in the County of Quebec; which 
 has advanced from 12,800 in 1844, to 19,074 in 1851. 
 
 Let us turn now to the State of New York, one of the best in the 
 Union. That State contained in 
 
 FOLUiS bees cu ORD Ras 959,049 Inhabitants. 
 
 1820)... 88 ee FR svisl,381Z,812 do. 
 
 1940.05) > -cued ike . 2,428,921 do. 
 
 ft eee ee. ee 3,200,000 do.— World’s Progress, pp. 443, 704. 
 
 In 1850 its Population is thus three one-third times (a trifle 
 over) what it was forty years before, that of Upper Canada being 
 in the same year close upon eight one-third times what Smith 
 makes it in 1814; or over ten times its amount in 1811, as stated 
 by the Board of Registration. 
 
 Not amiss this, we should think, for a country of whose slow 
 growth so much is heard. 
 
 It is, however, towards the West the tide is flowing. Let us pass 
 with it, and mark the results. 
 
 For the purpose of comparison we have chosen the States of 
 Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois combined, chiefly for these two rea- 
 sons ; first, because they have been, we believe, among the most 
 rapid in their growth—sufficiently rapid at all events to make the 
 comparison fair for the West ; and secondly, because our Statistics 
 enable us to take in a longer period than we could have done in 
 the case of some other States which we should else have been dis- 
 posed to include. 
 
 Availing ourselves once more of the aid of our old friend, “ The 
 World’s Progress,” we ascertain the united Population of these 
 three States to have been in 1810, 247,570—viz. Ohio, 230,760; 
 Michigan, 4,528 ; and Illinois, 12,282. They stand as follows in 
 
 
 

 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1850—Ohio, 2,200,000; Michigan, 305,000 ; and Illinois, 1,000,000 ; 
 
 in all 3,505,000, or fourteen one-six times their number forty 
 This assuredly is a splendid increase ; enough, and 
 
 years before. a 
 more than enough to justify the most glowing of the descriptions ‘a 
 we hear of what the West is destined to become. ‘ 
 How will poor Canada West stand in comparison now? Let us } 
 see. ‘ 
 As already observed the Board of Registration and Statistics i 
 gives the P pul lation of Upper Canada as 77,000 in 1811. Between ls 
 that and 1850, when it is set down at 791.000, there intervenes a zh 
 period of 39 ye ars, Within which we have an pate es of close upon My: 
 thirteen times (tw lve six-sevenths) to set over ainst fourteen i OB 
 one-sixth times in 40 yé % oes not this bring rhea sufficiently 5 
 near to prevent their despising one another; to make them re egard Pe 
 one another with respect and. interest? 
 Here, it will be observed, the statement « f the Board of Regis- Bs 
 tration is followed. Should it be objected that Mr. Smith makes , 
 
 the numbers larger 1n the earlier period, being unwilling to ques- ‘a 
 
 
 
 tion the accuracy of that gentleman, who has evidently t aken great a 
 
 pains to inform himself, and produce a work emin ently reliable— | 
 
 thereby laying the community under an obligation, of which, I od 
 
 trust, they will show there p  argnarr in the proper way,—l : 
 . know only one satisfactory 1 .ethod of disposing of the difficulty, 
 
 namely, to take as the basis of Co! aparison a period at which the 
 
 representations substantially c ineide. 
 
 For 1810 then let us substitute 1830, which will allow twenty 
 
 : 
 t and comparison. In that year Ohio, Michi- 
 
 years s for deve loy pment ant 
 can ag illinois Conk sined in all 1,126,851 1 nhabitants: Ohio num- 
 
 ’ 
 | 
 : 
 
 bering | 937.637; Michigan 3 1.639. and Tlinois 157.575. Hence the 
 number in 1850 (3,505,000) wag three and one-fifth or one-sixth 
 times that of 1830, | 
 
 
 
 ‘rained in 1830, 210,437. Twenty years after, 
 
 Canada West conta 
 namely in 1850 (1849, Smith) it numbers as we have seen, 791,000 
 h ti in the former year; 
 
 eC 
 —-over three and three-fourth times what it did 
 which makes the scale descend handsomely in our favour. 
 
 Thus it turns out that Canada West is ad vancing ata rate fully 
 equal to that of the best of the Western States. 
 
 These comparisons, triumphantly as it has come out of them, can 
 hardly be denied to be unfair to Upper Canada, or at all events to 
 stretch fairness to its utmost limit; because they set selected por- : 
 tions of the States against her as a whc and because the Wes- . 
 the extent of P the native portion of the : 
 
 tern States are growing, to t! 
 immigration, at the expense of e the others. Of the increase of the 
 
 Western States a large portion consists not of additions to the 
 country as a whole, but of mere remov als from one part of it to 
 increase shown to have taken place in Canada 
 
 another; while the int 
 West, is an increase on the whole. ‘The difference which this fact 
 
 makes in the calculations will be Justi ‘ated immediately, though 
 already it can hardly fail to have been observed from the dispro- 
 portion in the rate of growth above exhibited between the newer 
 States and the Union as such, 
 
 
 
 4 -> o.. 
 

 
 9 
 
 There are one or two remarks of a general nature which I would 
 first make in relation to the States in the West. 
 
 Their most rapid increase takes place usually during the earlier 
 periods. To no inconsiderable extent it springs from the wish 
 to obtain possession of the lands at the orig! nal Government prices. 
 As soun as the prospect presents itself of an early sale of these, 
 often before they are surveyed, a rush 1s made upon them. By and 
 by, the best portion of the lands being taken up, while numbers, 
 large numbers it may be, still come in, the crowd moves in another 
 direction; or waits in anticipation of the early opening of some 
 newer territory. At this moment parties are passing on from the 
 older to the newer portions even of Iowa, while others are looking 
 with desire mingled with hope to the vast regions on the Missouri 
 River, still in the hands of the Indians. 
 
 How far our friends on the other side are gainers on the whole 
 by these unlimited facilities for the obtaining of new lands may 
 admit of a question. From what I observed in the West last sum- 
 mer during a journey of 3200 miles through Michigan, Illinois, 
 Missouri and Jowa, I should doubt the immediateness, at all events, 
 of the gain. The issue will by and by perhaps be good ; and that 
 isa great deal—the grand point indeed so far as the race is con- 
 eerned—but this spreading out so largely involves now, I am dis- 
 posed to think, no small amount of unnecessary hardship ; holds 
 civilization, for the time being, at a lower le vel than it would other- 
 wise reach; and tasks the church and the nation to supply to the 
 extent needed, the means of Christian and general instruction ; 
 though in the latter case it may be chiefly the agents that are 
 wanted from abroad, as an appropriation for schools is generally 
 made in these newer regions, at an early period, if not from the 
 very first. 
 
 Lect us look now for a moment or two at the effect of compari- 
 sons of selected portions, that the severity of the test to which Ca- 
 nada has been subjected may be seen. 
 
 Take, by way of experiment, the Home District" —(we use the 
 old name for greater convenience)—setting it over against the 
 States selected. 
 
 That District contained in 
 
 i 2 oe “open 294 Inhabitants. 
 ee eee 16,609 = do. 
 J” AS kk 46 ,288 do. 
 Te Pere eee 83,301 do. 
 TODO cae wie one vos winnie ose esis 113,607 do, 
 
 Here we have an increase in 51 years of more than 500 times ; 
 while Ohio, whose Populatien amounted in 1800 to 45,365, shows 
 in fifty years an increase of between 48 and 49 times. . To be sure 
 by carrying it back ten years farther—to 1790 when it numbered 
 3000—it is brought up in 1850 to over 730 times; but this only 
 increases the advantage of the Home District, which in the year 
 in question contained none at all. 
 
 ee) 6 ac ae 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 * In 1852, the United Counties of York, Ontario, and Peel—the metropolitan 
 Counties of Upper Canada, contained according to Borehette, 1,36) 600 acres. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 The Population of Indiana was in 1850, when it numbered 
 
 1,000,000—177§ times what it was in 1800 (5,641); but this it will 
 be perceived is greatly under the Home District within the same 
 time. 
 
 Here we see how conclusions drawn from particular cases may 
 mislead when applied generally. 
 
 While in Upper Canada there have been differences in rate of 
 growth, yet the comparative rate is hardly less satisfactory than 
 the amount on the whole, the different sections having generally 
 maintained a fair proportion to dne another. 
 
 The Gore and Wellington Districts (formerly one) present us, 
 for instance, with an increase of more than 19 times in 33 years ; 
 having advanced between 1817 and 1850 from 6,684 to 130,661. 
 Within the same period the Western District has risen from 4,158 
 to 31,199—an increase over seven times; London from 8,907 to 
 46,805—between five and six times increase; Norfolk County 
 from 3,137 to 17,504—between five and six times; Niagara District 
 from 12,540 to 46,543—nearly four times; while in seven years 
 Oxford has nearly doubled, having increased between 1841 and 
 1848 from 15,621 to 29,219. 
 
 The following extract from a statement furnished by the Clerk 
 of the Peace to the Board of Registration and Statistics, shows the 
 extraordinary progress of the Huron District in a period of 9 years. 
 The Population of the Huron District, (now the United Counties 
 of Huron, Perth and Bruce) in 1841 was 5,600. In 
 
 1847, six years thereafter......... 16,641.—Increase, 11,043. 
 1848, one year thereafter..... ~«--2U,450.—Increase, 3,807. 
 1850, two years thereafter......... 26,933.—Increase, 6,483. 
 
 According to the census just taken, the above District contains 
 37,480 inhabitants; thus making its present Population between 
 six and a halfand seven times (63 about) what it was eleven years 
 ago, a rate of progress which promises to place it ere long, near as 
 it is, among the most populous portions of the Country. 
 
 Well, it may perchance be said, it would seem all is right thus 
 far; for we have not merely been increasing in numbers as rapidly 
 as our neighbours when we had supposed our growth slow com- 
 pared with theirs; but more rapidly, much more rapidly : what how- 
 ever is to become of us in the future? The immense European im- 
 migration pouring in annually to the States, will certainly in a short 
 tie turn the tables completely against us. This is another popular 
 fallacy. In spite of all we have heard on this topic, or may have 
 joined in saying on it, the balance here too is in our favour, largely 
 in our favour. We receive, in proportion to our numbers, a much 
 larger share of immigration than our neighbours. 
 
 “The World’s Progress” (p. 309) sets down the immicration 
 from Europe, during the year ending 30th September, 1848, at 
 218,453. For the year ending June 30th, 1849, it amounted to 
 299,610; (Ibid. 698). Since that it has risen, I believe, to some- 
 thing over 300,000. The immigration into Canada amounted in 
 1845 to 25,375; in 1846, including 2,864 from the United States, 
 it reached 35,617; being exclusive of these 32,753. 
 
 
 
 
 ‘& 
 

 
 11 
 
 For the sake of comparison reckon that for the States 300,000; 
 and that for Canada 30,000: this will come, we presume, on both 
 sides, very near the fact. 
 
 Throwing the Slaves out of the calculation, the Population of 
 the States is to that of Canada about as fifteen to one; while the 
 addition made to it by immigration, instead of being (what it would 
 require to be to equal our increase from the same source) as 
 fifteen is only as ten to one. 
 
 Thus is our assertion demonstrated that here too the palance is in 
 our favour, largely in our favour. 
 
 In the Globe of last Saturday,* as doubtless many now present 
 have observed, the fact which I have just stated was shown in re- 
 gard to the immigration from the British Islands. You will per- 
 ceive it holds in relation to the entire immigration. Though I had 
 made my calculations before I saw that article, the confirmation it 
 afforded of the conclusions I had reached, (for which, I confess, I 
 had hardly been prepared,) gratified me much. My notice of this 
 matter will be excused, as I would not like to seem to take a good 
 idea even from a newspaper without acknowledgment, the gentle- 
 men of the press having the same right which others have to the 
 credit of their own productions. 
 
 In Davis’s “ Half Century” (Boston 1851) the immigration into 
 the United States between 1830 and 1850, is estimated (p. 29) at 
 1.500.000, or over. Scobie’s Almanac for 1848 (p. 54), reports 
 466,179 as the Canadian immigration for the 18 years between 
 1829 and 1846 inclusive. For the two deficient years add a tenth, 
 46.618—the number for the twenty will amount to 512,797. Be- 
 tween our Population and that of the States the discrepancy was 
 much greater during the period in question than it is now. Call 
 the proportions, however, the same then as now (in doing which we 
 relinquish a very large advantage) our immigration compared with 
 that of our neighbours is more than five to one. Theirs, instead 
 of fifteen which their Population requires, is only three to our one 
 —hardly that. 
 
 On this topic we would merely add that the immigration to Ca- 
 nada for 1851, was up to 11th Oct., 40,299 (Canada Directory, p. 
 581). 
 
 As illustrating the success which has attended settlement in 
 Canada West, I would mention that in the eight years from 1844 
 to 1851, inclusive, £92,655 4s. were remitted through the Canada 
 Company alone by Emigrants to their friends in the British Isles 
 and Germany, to bring them out to this Province ; according to the 
 
 
 
 * 7th February, 1852. 
 
 + The Canada Directory : containing the names of the professional and business men 
 of every description in the Cities, Towus, and principal Villages of Canada: together 
 with a complete Post Office Directory of-the Province ; a Directory of Public Offices, 
 Otficers, and Institutions ; aad a variety ol Statistical and Commercial ables, exhi- 
 biting the Population, Trade, Revenue, Expenditure, [mports, Exports, Pubisc We rks, 
 &c., &c., of Canada, and a variety of other useful information, brought down to No- 
 vember, 1851: By Robert W. S: Mackay. Royal Svo., pp. 692. Montreal: John 
 
 Lovel. 
 
 
 
 
 
12 
 
 
 
 published statement of the Company, the number and amount of 
 these remittances were as follows, viz :— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number. Amount. Years. 
 LT aki hand. ME A AMP ER bond hod beets 1844. 
 400 2aiu. SeitGiins > Stee 20 6 Buick. £0 ole eee 1845. 
 
 11D cicaetdkstes i s.0 BMA, 35 Beck vernon bed 1846. 
 AMES si Er Gs Geeks 2 0 5 fl BiG Raa eer a 1847. 
 a. RET eae eet EB: oof eT 1848. 
 20 EES Se ae Bee 33. 7 nde diercesws 1849 
 “yd ee MG | ABs dst ox ceasing 1850 
 a sa ~, MiesIG 16. 10;. <s-3 <5: cope 1851 
 13,233 £92,655 4 0 
 Be it observed I am not depreciating the United States. For i 
 
 running them down the facts brought out furnish no room. Did 
 they, however , do so, I would scorn to use them for such a purpose. 
 The man who can seek to elevate himself, or that which is Avs at 
 another’s expense, I despise. Moreover, he who thus acts pays 
 himself, his friends, his country, a very poor compliment. I wish 
 simply to show that taking what is recognized on all hands as the 
 very beau ideal of progress—an example of it hardly, if at all, to 
 be parallele -l—we are progressing at a rate which should, not mere- 
 ly, stifle complaint, but inspire the warmest gr atitude and the 
 brightest hope. In what I am doing I consider myself but as 
 giving God, our Helper, the source and sustainer of the progress 
 described, “ the glory due unto his name.” 
 
 Hitherto I have dealt exclusively with the increase of our Popu- by . 
 lation, that which,in connection with its character, forms the basis 
 of National prosperity. Let us now direct our attention to the in- 
 
 ee 
 
 erease which has been going on, at the same time, in the quanti- 
 ties of land under cultivation, in agricultural and other products, in 
 stock, and in the property represented by the Assessment Rolls, 
 with the rise in the value of Land. | 
 The Western District (Counties of Essex, Kent and Lambton— ‘ 
 coutents 1,616,640 acres) contained in— ) 
 1842,.....65: 69,345 Acres of Land under Cultivation. | 
 T8445 comets 82,726 do, do. 
 Gs Sixwes 115,708 do. do. 
 SOU ee cee << 425,279 Acres were occupied. 
 How much cultivated, J cannot say. | ' ; 
 In the London District, (Counties of Middlesex and Elgin,-- 
 contents 999,040 acres) the quantities under cultivation were in— 
 DD eer OVENS Site 112,633 Acres, 
 ot SE ee Sr Se 130.329 do. 
 R418 TIS a Svaateawes es 177,752 do. 
 Yhe Brock District (County of Oxford—contents 584,320 acres) 
 stands as follows :—In 
 LOA ik. oes cs demhee 67,397 Acres cultivated. 
 3844,..6 den cvivewes 83,046 do. 
 1945, «24s Gis cog 125,741 ‘do. 
 We find in the Gore District (Counties of Halton, Wentworth, 
 and Brant—741,761 acres) :—In 
 a | 
 ) fe . % 
 
 
 

 
 13 
 BB4Q gs Se lv ececviness 222,098 Acres under cultivation. 
 = SERPS Sarr ier 266,848 do. do. 
 Ss cheats cece cust peaUpIe do, do, 
 
 The Home District (Counties of York, Ontario and Peel—con- 
 tents 1,361,600 acres) shows the following returns :—In 
 
 SR nc s cere Oma is 90a 0s 4,281 Acres cultivated. 
 SR Cire op Pee ne ce vn aw.es eee 8 6 14,578 do. do. 
 Daa tere 6 op 40.3.0 poesia es 39,732 do, do. 
 STE Ses Bid Nie censor ae ~ 101,290 do. do. 
 ROG... cuties Read ee WeeN sca ss 253,708 do. do. 
 (. . MyRSRtarers pee ee 376,909 do. do. 
 
 By way of specimen of the increase of products between 1842 
 and 1848, we select two or three items. The former of these years 
 
 yielded, in Upper Canada, 2,321,991 bushels of wheat; 478,117 of 
 
 oats ; 3,699,859 lbs. maple sugar; 1,302,510 lbs. of wool: the latter, 
 7,558,773 bushels of wheat—an increase as compared with the for- 
 mer year of 4,336,782 bushels; 7,055,730 bushels of oats——being 
 an increase of 2,267,563 bushels; 3,764,243 lbs. maple sugar——an 
 increase of 64,384 lbs.; with 2,339,756 lbs. of wool—a quantity 
 exceeding that of the former year by 1,037,246 Ibs. 
 
 To illustrate the increase in stock, we give (Smith, vol. i. p. 122) 
 the returns for Upper Canada of horses, milch cows and oxen for 
 
 
 
 
 
 the years 1825, 1835, 1845, and 1847. ‘These are In 
 Horses. Milch Cows. Oxen. 
 1820,.ccctcceet 22,089. se ccees 3) | eee 23,900 
 1835). cs cccoeee 40,124. wc eseed 109,606 ...,...46,066 
 Tot Renee re 98,598. ....... 199,537........ 65,127 
 OT RR 113,812........ 918,653. ....«.- 72,017 
 
 A table is given in Scobie’s Almanac for 1850, of the crops of 
 the United States for the years 1840 and 1847; from which it ap- 
 pears that in proportion to Population, we are much before our 
 neighbours as to quantity of agricultural products, with the excep- 
 tion of rye and maize, in which, especially the latter, they greatly 
 
 exceed us. There were produced for each inhabitant in the first of 
 
 the years compared—4:96 bushels of wheat in the States ; in Canada 
 __§-62: in the States—7-21 oats; 9°85 in Canada. Canada yield- 
 ed 16°62 bushels of potatoes, while the yield of the States was only 
 6-35. For the second year (1847) the quantities stand: the States 
 __wheat, 5°50 bushels; oats, 8°09; potatoes, 4°86: Canada, 10°45 
 wheat; 9°75 oats; 6°57 potatoes. 
 
 The Assessed value of Property in Upper Canada was :—In 
 
 Wwe: $ {se £2,236,874 7 8 
 LRG o +. dais cao e ee . +. «3,880,994 13 6 
 1OAB 5 certs wes Se oS 7,778,917 9 6 
 0 Site ais SR <3" 8,567,001 1 0 
 
 Of these returns it is to be observed that they show only the re- 
 lative increase of value; and not, except about the earliest period, 
 its true amount. 
 
 The difference between the real and assessed value, about the 
 times compared, will be illustrated by the following extract from a 
 letter addressed by James Scott Howard, the intelligent and re- 
 spected Treasurer of the County of York (late Home District), te 
 
 B 
 
 
 
14 
 
 William Gamble /sq., Chairman of Finance Committee, bearing 
 date, Treasurer’s Office, County of York, January 30th, 1850: 
 which confirms at the same time the view-already given of the 
 progress of that District. 
 
 “In 1801,’ that letter says, ‘* the Population was only 942; in 1848, it had in- 
 creased to 83,000! Making an average increase in the 47 years of 1746, or a total of 
 82,058! The cultivated land in the same year was supposed to be but 4281 
 acres, While in 1848, it had reached to 376,909 acres. ‘The Assessed value of pro- 
 perty in 1801, would amount to £12,555 ; but in 1848, it amounted to £1,105,396. The 
 great increase in the value of land, is strongly illustrative of the progress made. 
 When the Assessment law of 1819 was passed, the Legislature estimated cultivated 
 lands, on an average, at twenty shillings per acre, and uncultivated at four shillings; 
 in 1848, the people themselves valued the former at £5 15s. 5d. per aere, and the 
 latter at £3 3s. 3d.,—nearly five hundred per cent. advance on cultivated, and nearly 
 1500 per cent, on nncultivated. But to show in addition the rapid progress, it is only 
 
 necessary to take one example out of many, and that is that the entire taxes of the 
 now populous and wealthy Townships of Whitby and Pickering, in 1801, amounted 
 together only to £3 Os. 3d., while in 1848, the former paid £864 15s. 5d., and the lat- 
 ter £695 18s, 3d.,—making altogether £1560 13s. 8d.” 
 
 The letter from which the above is taken, is accompanied by 
 a set of tables which show, on an estimate, excluding a considera- 
 ble number of items in consequence of want of information—— 
 
 * Real property to the amount of £4,992,236; Personal property £1,206,487, and 
 the products of 1848, £517,359; making a grand total of six millions, seven hundred 
 and sixteen thousand, six hundred and eighty-two pounds,””— Minutes of the Municipal 
 Council of the County of York, 1850. 
 
 The general correctness of the above estimate is corroborated by 
 the returns of the aggregate value of the assessed property of the 
 County in 1851, made by the several ‘Township Clerks; which 
 show a total of £5,865,627—the particulars of which are given in 
 the Minutes of Council for 1851, 
 
 The rise described in Mr. Howard’s letter as having taken place 
 on the price of Land in the Home District, may, we conceive, be 
 taken as not far from the average rise throughout the Upper Pro- 
 vince—the greater portion of it at least. For example, in Oxford, 
 wild Land cost in 1795, 2s. 6d. per acre; in 1817, 12s. 6d.; in 1850, 
 £1 10s. to £2 10s. Its price in the Township of Townsend, Norfolk 
 County, was, in 1796, 1s. 3d. per acre; in 1817; 7s. 6d.; in 1850, 
 £2 12s.: cleared land £5 6s. In Pelham, Niagara District, un- 
 cleared land broyght in 1790, 1s. 3d.; in 1817, £2; in 1850, £3, 
 per acre; cleared £6. 
 
 In particular sections of the Country, prices range much above 
 those just named. Uncleared Lands on the road between Brant- 
 ford and Paris, which were purchased in 1834 at £1 per acre, could 
 hardly be obtained now under £7 10s., if even at that price. In 
 this District there are Townships where they would run quite as 
 high; and we believe it to be the same in other parts of the 
 Country. | 
 
 We have seen that the returns of the Township Clerks for 1851 
 rate the property of the County of York at considerably over five 
 times the estimate for 1848. During the three intervening years, 
 an actual increase had of course taken place; though to what ex- 
 tent it may not be easy to say. It can hardly be supposed to have 
 
 
 
 
 
Se ee —P a = 
 
 
 
 TTT 
 
 i) 
 
 been such as to reduce the difference between the real and assessed 
 values, as formerly calculated, to much under five times. Suppose 
 four times to be about the difference obtaining through the country 
 venerally, that would make the value represented by the returns 
 for Canada West in 1847, £34,268,004 4s. Lest 1 should have 
 the difference too great, throw in a year, and reckon the above 
 as a fair approximation to the actual value for 1848. Is not this 
 a fair amount of property (though certain descriptions are not 
 included in the estimates) to be distributed among 791,000 indivi- 
 duals, old and young? It allows for each, children, as well as 
 os adults, an average of £43 1s. 44d. Can the country which is in 
 possession of this be justly held to be very poor? 
 
 Convert the above sum into dollars and cts., it makes $137,072,016 
 80 cents. Well, say you, what of that? You shall see. 
 
 Whether the real and assessed va'ues correspond as nearly in the 
 State of New York as they now do in Upper Canada, I cannot 
 say ; but suppose them to do so, and assuming the calculation given 
 above to make a fair approximation to correctness, the not disagree- 
 able fact is brought out that, in proportion’to our Population, we are 
 not much poorer than our neighbours of the Empire State. 
 
 According to the American Almanac for 1851 (p. 237), the value 
 of the taxable property of the State of New York for 1845, was 
 #666,089,526: something less than five times ours, with a Popula- 
 tion over four times; including also, be it remembered, the wealth 
 of the City of New York. 
 
 While these calculations are not given as certainly representing 
 the facts to which they relate, but rather as suggesting an interest - 
 ing subject of enquiry; we may claim to have been at least as 
 philosophically and as profitably employed in making them as in 
 crumbling over our poverty, real or supposed, compared with our 
 neighbours on the other side of the Lake. 
 
 The contrast which Canada West presents now to the published 
 descriptions of it by travellers of comparatively recent date, is re- 
 markable indeed. 
 
 Talbot states (vol. i. p. 110) that when Col. Talbot commenced 
 his settlement in 1802, “there was nota single christian habitation 
 within forty miles of his residence.” This city, then York, he 
 
 % describes, after 1818, as being the most westerly town in the Upper 
 Province ; and asserts that between this and Amherstburg, a dis- 
 tance of 325 miles, few villages, and those few of a diminutive 
 size, are to be met with. Dundas, Ancaster, and Burford, he de- 
 clares to be the only places which, from the multitude of their in- 
 
 habitants bear the least resemblance to villages; and the whole 
 
 Population of the three together, he represents as “ not exceeding 
 
 600 souls.—(Vol. i. p. 120.) Thirty years before the time of his 
 
 writing (he published in 1824), “ there was not,” he says, “a single 
 human habitation between York (this city) and the French settle- 
 ments on the St. Clair, excepting the widely scattered and undis- 
 turbed retreats of the numerous Indian tribes, most of whom,” he 
 adds. “have since retired to more remote regions.” —Vol. i. p. 121. 
 Dr. Howison, the third edition of whose sketches bears date 1825, 
 
 
 
16 
 
 in describing a journey which he took from the Talbot Road to the 
 head of Lake Erie, mentions (p. 199) that his road lay through 
 what were then called the Long Woods, where there was a stretch 
 of 37 miles of uninterrupted forest with only one house within the 
 whole distance ; just such a solitary trip as I had myself the plea- 
 sure of making last summer in Iowa, with the exception that the 
 solitude consists there of prairie, instead of forest. 
 
 These wildernesses are now filled with Towns and Villages— 
 many of them of considerable size and beauty; and numbers of 
 them wealthy. Let us look at a few of them. , 
 
 The site of this large and handsome city, was, in 1793, oceupied 
 by a single Indian Wigwam (Talbot, vol. i. p. 100); inhabited as 
 would appear from Bouchette (vol. i. p. 89), by two families of 
 Mississaugas. By a gentleman, Thomas Ridout, Esq., of the Bank 
 of Upper Canada, who came to this city in 1797, when it contained 
 only twelve families, I have been informed that the Indians were 
 so numerous and powerful in the neighbourhood, and withal dis- 
 posed to be so troublesome, that a block house was erected by the 
 Government for the protection of the citizens from their depreda- 
 tions. A few years ago I had the pleasure of dining with an old 
 farmer on the Don, who told me he built, I forget whether the first 
 or second house init. The lot, on King Street, of course, was given 
 him for nothing, on condition of building on it; and he might 
 have had as many as he pleased on the same terms. The Govern- 
 ment House was at that time a tent; erected, I believe, in the 
 ravine east of the present site of the Parliament Buildings. Hav- 
 ing been an old Loyalist Volunteer, my friend received his supplies 
 of flour from the Commissariat, there being then none to be had 
 anywhere else. He had the choice of the whole neighbour- 
 hood, including the present site of greater part of the city, as a 
 farm ; but he selected the bank of the Don, three miles from this, 
 on account of its being better land—a choice which will not sur- 
 prise any one if the description given by Talbot makes any approach 
 to the truth. His account which we quote asa curiosity, is as fol- 
 lows 
 
 ‘The situation of the Town is very unhealthy; for it stands on a piece of low 
 marshy land, which is better calculated for a frog-pond, or beaver-meadow, than for 
 the residence of human beings. The inhabitants ate, on this account, much subject, 
 particulariy in spring and autumn, to agues and intermittent fevers; and probably 
 five-sevenths of the people are annually affected with these complaints. He who first 
 fixed upon this spot as the site of the capital of Upper Canada, whatever predeliction he 
 may have had for the roaring of frogs, or for the effluvia arising from stagnated waters 
 or putrid vegetables, can certainly have had no great regard for preserving the lives of 
 
 His Majesty’s subjects. The Town of York possesses one great advantage, whichis that 
 of a good but defenceless harbour.”»— Vol. i. , 102. 
 
 _ it was in 1794 (Bouchette, vol. i. p. 89) that the ground was 
 fixed on and the Government Buildings commenced. The Popu- 
 lation of the City was :—In 
 
 
 
 Roan tes ee 806.2... 18470504." EQUUS o ciae 5 Rv « asters 1,677 
 1830...... 2,860...... 1832) 25s. 4,000...... 1842) civ 15,336 
 BEG hc 19,7065 vis 2% 1850....25,166. It is now, 1852, 30,763. 
 
 According to the census returns for last year, the Assessed value of 
 
 
 
 és (eee eee Yee 
 
 t 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4) 
 
 
 

 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 property in the City of Toronto was £3,116,400. The annual 
 
 value at 6 per cent. amounts to £186,983 5s., on which there is a 
 
 taxation of £17,429. 
 Goods imported at the Port of Toronto during the year 1851 :-- 
 
 For duty,...... Pala Wega ss > so culek pei £656,552 3 8 
 Dn. Pies cok s Chest trea « 0 6c airs 38,045 3 7 
 Total duties collected,, . ........., s. 94,330 5 8 
 Exports to United States Ports,........ 81,841 19 8 
 
 No precise account was kept of the Exports from Toronto to Mont- 
 real, Quebec, or the Ports on Lake Ontario and the River St. Law- 
 rence, but it may be safely estimated at four times the amount of 
 those to the United States, or £327,364. 
 
 Sixteen daily, semi-weekly, weekly and monthly newspapers 
 and periodicals, are now published in Toronto, devoted to the pro- 
 motion of Religion, Education, Medical Science, Literature and 
 Politics. 
 
 From Talbot’s description of the city I will select a few items 
 which will ussist you in forming some idea of the improvement 
 that has taken place. 
 
 ‘‘ It contains,” he says, ‘‘ 1336 inhabitants, and about 250 houses, many of which 
 exhibit a very neat appearance. The public buildings are a Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, a Roman Catholic Chapel, a Presbyterian and a Methodist Meeting House, 
 the Hospital, the Parliament House, and the residence ot the Lieutenant Governor.” 
 
 “ The Episcopal Church is a plain timber building of tolerable size, with a small 
 steeple of the same material. It has an extensive burial-ground, which is tastefully 
 fenced and planted.” 
 
 ‘The Roman Catholic Chapel, which is not yet completed, is a brick edifice, and 
 intended to be very magnificent.” 
 
 ‘‘The York Hospital is the most extensive public building in the Province, and its 
 external appearance is very respectable.” 
 
 Speaking of the streets, which he describes as “ regularly laid out, intersecting each 
 other at right angles ;” he states that ‘‘ only one of them is yet completely built; and, 
 in Wet weather, the unfinished streets are, if possible, muddier and dirtier than those of 
 Kingston.” 
 
 How changed the picture now. Into any extended description of 
 the difference I cannot enter, which, to do it justice, would require 
 a lecture for itself. With the Hospital, which still stands, compare 
 the splendid Provincial Lunatic Asylum. Look at the elegant 
 Cathedral, close by, which occupies the site of the “plain timber 
 Episcopal Church, with its small steeple of the same material.” 
 Pass up the street and cast your eyes on the Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral—to which no one would hold the epithet “ magnificent” 
 to be misapplied, with its chaste Bishop’s Palace by its side. Walk 
 a few steps further, and look at the noble buildings in course of 
 erection for the Provincial Normal and Medel Schools—which are 
 not less creditable to the country, as indicating something of the 
 feeling with which education is regarded, and to the architects 
 and contractors of whose skill they afford such a favourable speci- 
 men—than ornamental to the city. From the Normal School re- 
 turn to St. Lawrence Hall, and tell me how many handsomer 
 structures you have seen in your travels. Step on through King 
 Street, with its splendid stores, and Yonge and Wellington Streets, 
 with their beautiful Banks and Mercantile establishments. Call 
 one of the numerous cabs which offer their accommodation, and 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 treat yourself to a sight of the beautiful churches and other public 
 buildings; Trinity College and the University grounds and build- 
 ing, with our villas on every hand, and tell me where on the old 
 continent or the new, you will find a city, which, for its age, ex- 
 cels what was so lately muddy Little York. 
 
 Toronto is, however, but a specimen of what is going on through- 
 out the country. Hamilton, for example, which was aid out in 
 1813, and contained in 1836 only 2846 inhabitants, had grown by 
 1846 to 6832, and numbered in 1850, 10,248. By the census just 
 completed it is brought up to 14,199. It had in 1850 thirteen 
 churches, was lighted with gas, had four foundries, with manufac- 
 tories of various. sorts, several banks or bank agencies, a large 
 number of wholesale establishments, with a multitude of handsome 
 buildings, public and private, and an extensive trade. The annual 
 value. of assessed property in the city of Hamilton, in 1851, (being 
 but six per cent. on the estimated value of property in the city) was 
 £94,259 8s. The duties collected there in 1850, amounted to 
 £59,398 12s. 2d. 
 
 Dundas, the neighbour of Hamilton, distant from it only five 
 miles—one of the three places described by Talbot as numbering 
 600 souls among them—had in 1845 a population of 1700, in 1850 
 2500; and it now contains 3519. It had in 1850 seven churches, 
 three flouring mills—one of them with six run of stones ;—a paper 
 mill; a large foundry; an axe factory; a woolen factory, the pro- 
 prietor of which (Mr. Paterson) had the honour of taking a prize 
 at the World’s Fair for blankets—as had also Mr. Gamble, of Pine 
 Grove, Vaughan,—with other factories of one sort and another, 
 too numerous to mention; several bank agencies; many hand- 
 some buildings, public and private ; and though last, not least, a 
 newspaper. 
 
 Brantford was surrendered by the Indians and surveyed in 1830. 
 In 1844 its population was somewhere near 500. The census of 
 1850 gives it as 3200. Now it is 4000. Its increase during. the 
 last ten years has been nearly 300 per cent. It hasseven churches ; 
 a brick town hall and market house, which cost £2200; a brick 
 school house, erected at an expense of £700; with two foundries ; 
 four grist mills; a stone-ware manufactory; there bank agencies ; 
 two newspapers, with many large stores and handsome dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Within seven miles of Brantford stands Paris, which from a 
 population somewhere near 300 in 1834, had grown in 1850 to 1810, 
 with six churches; five resident ministers; two flouring mills, 
 with seven run of stones ; two plaster mills ; a woolen factory ; two 
 foundries ; a tannery ; a planing machine ; a soap and candle factory ; 
 a saw mill; a bath brick manufactory; a bank agency and news- 
 paper; with private residences, in regard to which it is not too 
 much to say that they are worthy of the eminently beautiful sites 
 they occupy. The present population, as shown by the census just 
 taken, is 1905—to which it has risen from 761 since 1844, 
 
 Woodstock, which was surveyed in 1833, contained in 1850, 
 1200 inhabitants, with six churches ; several mills; manufactories 
 
 
 
ee 
 ET — 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 of various sorts, and a goodly number of fine houses—not a few of 
 them brick. 
 
 Ingersoll, situated a few miles from Woodstock, has increased 
 about one hundred and forty per cent. during the last four years, 
 having in that time advanced from 500 to 1212. 
 
 London, surveyed in 1826, contained in 1850, 5124 inhabitants : 
 twelve churches, of which three were brick ; several bank agencies 
 and insurance companies; three foundries; with other works of 
 various. sorts, among them a large coach factory ; three newspapers ; 
 a brick school house (in which I saw last autumn,.close on 600 
 
 oo’ scholars), erected at a cost of £1700. Of the handsomeness of its 
 | buildings I need say nothing, for this is recognized by all who visit 
 it. ‘The census just taken shows a population of 7173. 
 
 Turning aside a little from the road by which we have been 
 leading you, we come on Galt, a beautiful town, which from 1000 
 inhabitants in 1845, had risen in 1850 to 2200; with six churches; 
 two bank agencies; two newspapers; a paper mill, and numerous 
 manufactories. Within three miles of Galt is Preston, a thriving 
 town, containing a population of 1150. 
 
 Seventeen milés north east from Galt, stands the town of Guelph, 
 of which the survey was commenced only in 1827, and whose po- 
 pulation, numbering 700 in 1843, reached in 1850, 1860. 'This 
 handsome town contained in the latter years seven churches ; two 
 bank agencies; several insurance offices; three grist mills; a saw 
 mill; a carding and fulling mill; a foundry; a woolen factory ; 
 four tanneries; a grammar school, a library and reading room, and 
 two newspapers. 
 
 The town of Stratford contained in 1840 only about a dozen 
 houses——it has now a population of 1000. 
 
 The town of Goderich, which 22 years ago was in the midst of 
 an unsurveyed wilderness, 60 miles from any settlement, now con- 
 tains a population of 1329, 
 
 Niagara, reported by Howison (p. 74) to contain 700 or 800 in- 
 habitants, has now got 3400; while St. Catherines, of which he 
 speaks (p. 148) as a “village presenting no claim to notice,” has, 
 according to the recent census, a population of 4369. 
 
 According to Talbot (vol. i. p. 58) Quebec contained in 1816, 14,880 
 
 “ inhabitants. Its population in 1850 was 37,365. It is now over 
 40,000. Montreal, which now numbers 57,718, contained in the 
 same year (1816) 16,000. Cornwall is described by him as con- 
 taining 200; its population in 1850 was 1506. Prescott he sets 
 down at 150; now ‘it is 2156. ~ Brockville is represented by this 
 same writer to contain 450 souls. Its dwellings, he describes as 
 built of wood, and tastefully painted. It had then “no church” 
 though it possessed a parsonage-house. These wooden buildings 
 have long ago given place to elegant stone structures, which testify 
 at once to the wealth and taste of their proprietors. It contained 
 in 1850 a population of 2757, with six churches-—several of them 
 stone. 
 
 Kingston, described by Talbot (vol. i. p. 98), as the largest town 
 in the Upper Province, contained when he wrote, 2336 inhabitants. 
 
 
 

 
 20 
 
 Its population in 1850, amounted, after various mishaps, to 10,097. 
 Tt is now 14,725; it is, besides, though the dark colour of the stone 
 of which its buildings are erected gives them a somewhat sombre 
 aspect, a very handsome city. Its market house is a noble struc- 
 ture. It has eleven churches, several of them beautiful, and is the 
 seat of a University—that of Queen’s college ; and of a Roman 
 Catholic college (Regiopolis) and cathedral. 
 
 “ Between Kingston and York” (Toronto), Talbot says, “ there 
 are two or three very small villages, the largest of which is Belle- 
 ville, containing about 150 inhabitants.” In 1850, Belleville con- 
 tained a population of 3500 ; and Cobourg and Port Hope——the two 
 villages, I presume which he thought too small and insignificant to 
 name—the former 3700, with seven churches, a college (Victoria, 
 which is rendering important service, especially to that region of 
 Country), with an attendance of 60 students, two grammar schools, 
 and a cloth factory, “ employing about 175 hands, and turning out 
 800 yards of goods per day ; and the latter (Port Hope), 2200, with 
 four churches, three. bank agencies, several insurance societies, and 
 a weekly newspaper. 
 
 Since Talbot’s time a number of new towns have sprung into 
 existence between the cities named, of which we can notice only 
 Bowmanville, laid out about 1832, which contained in 1850, 1750 
 inhabitants, with eight churches, two bank agencies, a weekly 
 newspaper, with four grist mills,—the proprietor of one of which, 
 Mr. Simpson, obtained a prize at the World’s Fair for a barrel of 
 flour ;—saw and oatmeal mulls, a cloth factory, three tanneries, and 
 two potteries. 
 
 To compare any of our cities, as to growth, with cities of such 
 world-wide repute as Boston or New York, may perhaps be deem- 
 ed somewhat too bold. As this, however, is an adventurous age, it 
 may be worth while, were it but to prove we are not behind the 
 times, to run the hazard. 
 
 Begin we then with Boston—New England’s noble capital— 
 which taken all in all, is without question one of the fmest cities 
 in the world. Boston contained :—In 
 
 
 
 1790,.... 18,038 Inhabitants. 1830,.... 61,391 Inhabitants. 
 1810,.... 33,250 do. 1840,.... 93,000 do. 
 1820,.... 43,298 do» 1850,... .135,000 do. 
 
 World’s Progress, pp. 212, 694. 
 
 Dividing the above into two periods of thirty years each, Boston 
 contains at the close of the first, about two and a half times its 
 number of inhabitants at the commencement ; while the close of 
 the second shows three and one-tenth times the number of the 
 beginning. The population of 1850 is eight times, or nearly, that 
 of 1790: Toronto being in 1850 over six times what it was eighteen 
 years before, to wit in 1832; more than seventy-five times what it 
 was forty-nine years before, or in 1801. Between 1840 and 1850, 
 the increase is—on Boston, 45 per cent; on Toronto, 95. The re- 
 cent census makes the increase between 1842 and 1852—100 per 
 cent. ° ee 
 New York, the emporium of the New World,—a city that for its 
 age, will, we suppose, vie with any on earth—numbered :--In 
 
 
 

 
 1790,.... 33,131 Inhabitants. 1840,....312,710 Inhabitants. 
 1810, ... 96,373 do. 1850,....517,000 do. 
 1830,... .202,548 do. 
 Vorid’s Progress, pp. 444, 701. 
 Its increase thus stands as compared with Toronto, two and a 
 half times in the twenty years between 1830 to 1850, against six 
 times in the eighteen years between 1832 and 1850, or nearly eight 
 times in the twenty years between 1832 and 18: 52 ; sixteen times 
 
 Pi 
 vy 
 } 
 
 in sixty years against seventy -five in forty-nine ; sixty-six per cent. 
 between 1840 and 1850, against ninety-five. 
 
 Fiamilton contains now, 1852, over five times its population in 
 1836,— an interval of only sixteen years. In 1850, Montreal con- 
 tained over three times that of 1816; - Quebec fully two and 
 one-eighth times——now over two and peerthird—Sasic Sorel about 
 four and one-half times, or 6646 inhabitants in the place of 1500. 
 New Orleans had in 1810'a opulation of ate LS ; 1830, 46,310 ; 
 in 1850, 119,25 tf Rochester was "1820, 102; in 1830, 
 9269; in 1850, 36,561. In 1810 Buffalo conta: 1ed 1508, in 1830, 
 8653 ; in 1850, 40,266,— (American Alm. 1852, p. 200). Thus, in 
 
 850, New Orleans numbered between two and a half and three 
 times what it had done in 1830; Rochester nearly (485 under) 
 four times; and Buffalo about four and two-third times; while To- 
 ronto contained in the same year. 1850, all but nine times its po- 
 pulat in 1830 (2860); and Hamilton about four and a-half times 
 hak it numbered in 1836 
 
 Perchance we may be asked how our Canadian cities compare 
 in growth with Ci inati, or St. Louis? Very favourably, we 
 reply, as the follo statistics } 
 
 The population of Cincinnati was in 1850—when it reached 
 115,590,—about twelve times its amount in 1820, thirty years before, 
 when it numbered 9642—[ Worl Progress, p. 245];—while T'o- 
 ronto had, in the same year, 1850, « cables times its population in 
 1817—-that is 33 years before; and has now, 1852, over twenty- 
 five and a-half times. 
 
 Davis’s “ Half Century” (p. 29) reports Cincinnati at only 82,000 
 —nearly 24,000 less than the statement we have adopted. We 
 have given the larger number, because being professedly taken 
 from the census of 1850, we SUPP Sse a the more correct; and be- 
 
 vause too we would do our ne eh bour full justice. 
 
 Saint Louis contained in 1820, 4597 inhabitants; and in 1850, 
 70,000——a, trifle over anteen' tin 1es the previous number. ‘Toronto, 
 as we have seen, had in the latter year, eighteen times its popula- 
 tion in 1817. 
 
 During the last ad years our growth has thus, in_ its rate, ex- 
 ceeded that of both these cities, which among those of the West 
 hold first rank; as it has also done that of Detroit, which in the 
 interval 10 question shows an advance of nearly fourteen times 
 (from 14.22 to 21,0! 57) against seventeen times in three years more. 
 
 To the specimens already given of rise in the value of land in 
 the rural districts, we add a few illustrative of what has been tak- 
 ing place in the towns and cities. 
 
 In 1840, the Government paid £19,000 for 32 acres of land in 
 
 D 
 
 
 
9” 
 
 ~~ 
 
 Kingston ; part of a lot of 100 acres which had cost the party from 
 whom the purchase was made £500. Bishop Macdonnell paid, in 
 1816, £500 for 11 acres in the same city. The front portion of the 
 block was laid out in 1840, in quarter acre lots, which brought 
 from £160 to £250 a-piece. 
 
 Perhaps it way be said that land in Kingston had, at the time in 
 question, an undue value given it by the circumstance of the city’s 
 being made the seat of government. Be it so; Brantford has never 
 been the seat of government: yet two lots in Colborne Street, 
 which cost originally £10 for sixty-six feet, were sold last summer 
 —the one for £25, the other £30 per foot. A lot was pointed out 
 to me last autumn, in one of the second or third rate streets in 
 London, for which I was told from £7 10s. to £9, could easily be 
 got. 
 
 Quarter acre lots in Guelph, which in the year 1830 were pur- 
 chased for £5, command now from £300 to £400, and in some 
 spots even higher prices. A lot in Goderich was recently leased at 
 the annualrent of £30, which the proprietor bought 20 years ago 
 for £10, 
 
 Forty acres of land in this city, extending from Richmond up to 
 Gerrard Street, were sold, how long ago I cannot say, by Hon. Mr. 
 Crookshanks to the late Hon. Mr. M‘Gill, for 23s. 9d. per acre; 
 which now average in value, I presume, not less than £750 per 
 acre. The M‘Gill property, valued by the proprietor in 1823 at 
 £4000, is now supposed worth from £75,000 to £100,000. Six 
 acre lots in Yonge Street, which cost in 1825, £75; could not be 
 purchased now, probably, under £1000. 
 
 Between 1850 and 1852, an increase of 9622 took place in Mont- 
 real, which makes it now more than three and a-half times what it 
 was in 1816. 
 
 Bytown is described by Bouchette (vol. i. p. 81,) as containing 
 when he wrote, about 1830, nearly a hundred and fifty houses. 
 Its population, reported by the late census as over 8000, is there- 
 fore now probably eight times what it was in the year above 
 named. The value of its rateable property is £448,595 16s. 8d; 
 and its assessed yearly value £26,869 8s. The land on which it 
 stands, purchased for £80, Smith sets down in his Gazetteer-— 
 published several years ago——as worth £50,000, or over. 
 
 Those who have been for any length of time acquainted with the 
 Country, must be struck with the improvement going on in the 
 character of the houses; the handsome frame, or brick, or stone 
 dwelling, rapidly taking the place, in all the older localities, of the 
 log-cabin. 
 
 The roads are likewise improving fast. For example, in the 
 spring of 1837, I journeyed from Brantford to Hamilton in company 
 with a friend. We had a horse which, according to the fashion of 
 these now ancient times, we rode in turn. Night came on ere we 
 reached Hamilton. The road was in such a state that neither of 
 us could venture to ride. Compelled to dismount, we had for the 
 sake of safety, to plunge on through the mud, leading our horse, 
 and sinking deep almost at every step. Such was my exhaustion, 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 that on reaching the friend’s house whether we were going, I had 
 to rest myself by leaning my back against the door. A macada- 
 mized road of the first class now stretches, and has long done, 
 over the puddle through which we thus laboriously forced our 
 way. 
 
 Twelve or fourteen years ago I travelled several times between 
 Guelph and Hamilton. Of the character of the road it would be 
 useless to attempt giving a description to those who have not seen 
 it. The thought of the journey used almost to terrify me. On one 
 of these occasions——of which the recollection is still fresh, and 
 likely long to be—I. met a friend midway ; when turning aside 
 round a large mud hole, half occupied by a great stump, we halted 
 under the shadow of the huge pines which skirted the road; and 
 inquired of one another’s welfare, and of the “ going” very much 
 as ships meeting at sea make mutual inquiries as to longitude, 
 latitude, course, and so forth. Not far from the time of which I 
 speak, a minister, who had just come out from England and was 
 going to Guelph with his family, was, by a shrewd friend who ac- 
 companied him, taken round by Brantford—a distance of 57 miles 
 or thereabouts——instead of proceeding direct from Hamilton, 26 
 miles, under the idea that had the new-comers gone through the road 
 I have mentioned, they would, on reaching their destination, have 
 imagined themselves to have got whence there was no egress. No 
 trick like this, which was reckoned a clever one at the time, would 
 now be neceSsary; as between Hamilton and Guelph there is an 
 excellent macadamized road. At present the journey from Toron- 
 to the latter place, which would then have required nearly two 
 days, is performed in about twelve or fourteen hours, and will, 
 when the projected railway opens, be accomplished, without fatigue 
 and at a trifling-expense, in a couple of hours, perhaps less. 
 
 Ere long, the plank road, which is so fast pushing the venerable 
 corduroy back into the woods, will have to retire before the rail- 
 ways with which the land is likely to be covered. 
 
 How improved is our condition in regard to the conveniences of 
 life, compared with what it was a few years ago. 
 
 The first steamboat on the St. Lawrence was built in 1809. It 
 made its passage between Montreal and Quebec, for which it 
 charged nine dollars (eight down), in thirty-six hours actual sail- 
 ing, being sixty-six in all between the two ports. A second was 
 launched in the spring of 1813, whose time was twenty-two and 
 half hours. The passage is now made up in fourteen hours, or less, 
 and down in about eleven, at a charge varying from two and a-half 
 to three dollars for the cabin, 2s. 6d., I think, for the deck. The 
 year 1816 added two to the number of the St. Lawrence steamers. 
 The first Upper Canada Steamers belong to the year 1817, when 
 two were built, one to ply between Prescott and Kingston, the 
 other on the bay of Quinte. Now they cover our lakes and rivers, 
 and every year is adding at once to their comfort and beauty. The 
 charges too at which theiraccommodation are afforded, are generally 
 speaking moderate. In 1849, their number on Canadian waters 
 amounted to 103; with a tonnage of 16,156 tons: since which time 
 
 
 

 
 24, 
 
 a large addition has been made to their number, no fewer than 
 eleven having been built in 1850 (‘Tables of Trade and Navigation, 
 p. 441); how many since, I cannot say. We are to have a daily 
 this summer, it is intimated, a through line to Montreal; and a 
 mail line, touching at the intervening ports. 
 
 In 1792 we were blessed, it would seem, with an “ annual win- 
 ter express between Montreal and the Upper Countries,” compre- 
 hending Niagara and Detroit. The improvement was thought 
 very great when it came as often as once in three months. Now 
 we have not merely the mail distributing its precious load daily 
 through almost every part of the land, and in its remotest regions 
 once or twice a week; but the electric telegraph, by which we 
 can, in a few moments, communicate with all the main parts of the 
 country, and the leading cities on the other side of the Lines. A 
 message which I gave in last summer to the office in Chicago 
 about 12 o’clock noon, was delivered in Montreal within two hours, 
 the distance being somewhere, we believe, about 1200 mules. 
 
 ‘lo get an idea of the ee office accommodation we enjoy, it is 
 worth your while to look into Scobie’s excellent Almanae for this 
 year, where you W ill find over five pages of names of offices and 
 post-masters. for the trifling sum of three pence we can sena a 
 letter, or as many of them as may be brought within half an ounce 
 weight, from one end of the land to the other. Nor is this all, we 
 have a cheap book and parcel : as well as letter post age. 
 
 The mercantile progress of the country outstrips, af possible, its 
 progress in the respeéts we have been contemplating. At least it 
 fully equals it. 
 
 In 1805, 146 vessels, with a tonage of 25,136 tons arrived at 
 Quebec; the vessels numbered in 1827, 612, with 1 pare tons ; 
 
 while in 1849 the vessels reached 1184,. besides 144 t o Montreal, 
 in all 1248, with a DENSaS of 502.513 tons. Ty e tonnage arrived 
 ut Quebec last year amounted to 531,427—hesides 230 vessels to 
 
 Montreal ( Globe ord | Fe 852). In the year 1849, the tonnage 
 of vessels registered in the Province was 87,461 tons, nearly 34 
 times the amount of the whole tonnage to the eee in 1805. 
 The vessels were 723, (Scobie’s Almanac, Eg) e but five times 
 
 the number trading ‘to the country in the yea ee ». The value of 
 
 the imports to Quebec was in 1850—£688, ve 10s. 9d.3; in 1851— 
 £833,929 5s. 10d. 
 
 According to an agreement made with Lower Canada in 1795, 
 by which the Upper Province was to receive. an eighth of the 
 “duties payable on go ods, wares, or merchandize, entering the 
 Lower Province,” the share of Upper Canada amounted in 1801 
 to £903 currency. The Customs of Up per Canada yielded in 1846, 
 £391,171 Is. 3d. For the Uni ited Province the duties collected in 
 1850 reached the sum of £615,694 13s. 8d. 
 
 Canada imported in 1850 articles to the value of £ 4.24.5,517, 
 Its exports, during the same year, of its own Bath ota 
 amounted to £2,669,998—(Sc obie’s Almanac, 1852). During 1850, 
 1250 vessels passed down the W and Canal and 1259 up; “while 
 last year the down vessels amounted to 1752, and those going up 
 
 f 
 4 
 4 
 : 
 
 ots tails, 
 
 Pld « 
 
 er. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 t- 
 
 Ve 
 en 
 
 25 
 
 to 1748.—( Quebec Gazette—Toronto Globe, Feb. 8rd, 1852.) The 
 vessels passing through the Welland, St. Lawrence, ‘and Chambly 
 Canals in 1850, numbered 13,808, (11,3 379 British, 2429 Foreign) ; 
 with a tonnage of 1,190,475 tons. On these £4556 7s. 14d were 
 received as tolls, while the gross revenue of the canals, including 
 Burlington Bay Canal and Saint Ann’s Locks, amounted to 
 £65,772 10s. 64d. For the years 1847, 1848, 1849, and 1850 re- 
 spectively, the receipts were £50,131 16s. ld--£46,493 15s. 6d,— 
 £56,200 15s. 5d,--and £65,772 10s. 64d.--The average nett re- 
 venue being £45,272 18s. 54d.—T ables of ‘Trade and Navigation. 
 
 How we stand in relation to some of these points when compar- 
 ed with the United States, the following returns will show. 
 
 The total Customs received into the Treasury of the United 
 States for the year ending June 30th, 1849, amounted, as given by 
 the American Almanac for 1851, to $28,346,738 82 cents——that 
 is, between eleven and twelve times the Customs of Canada 
 (£615,694 13s. 8d.—-$2,462,778 74 cents) with a population more 
 than fifteen times ours. 
 
 The value of the products of the Unitea States exported in 1849, 
 was $132,666,955—(American Almanac 1851, p. 172)—less than 
 thirteen times ours in 1850 (£2,669,998 or $10,679,992) for a popu- 
 lation fifteen times as large. 
 
 Between the value of the imports of the two Countries for the 
 years specified the difference is still greater, those of the States 
 being under nine times ours—to wit—$147,857,439--against 
 £4:,245,517 or $16,982,068. 
 
 In the President’s Message for last year the exports of 1850 are 
 shown to have reached a sum considerably higher; but as the dif- 
 ference is described to have arisen, not from the increased guan- 
 tity o { products exported, but from a temporary rise in price in the 
 
 earlier part of the year, it affords no fair basis for comparison. 
 
 From a table given in the American Almanac for 1851, (p. 165; 
 see also Davis’s “ Half Century,” p. 29) showing the exports, im- 
 ports, &c. for each year between 1791 and 1849, it appears that 
 the exports of the United States reached their highest value in 
 1839, when they rose to $162,092,132, being $1,892,252 over fif- 
 teen times ours (the proportion of the population) for 1850. 
 
 Small as this excess is, it is in appearance only that it exists, be- 
 cause the sum above named includes, not as it ought to do, the pro- 
 ducts of the country merely, but the entire exports. The difference 
 between the two in that year I have no means of ascertaining ; but 
 in 1849 it was $29,425,177. Suppose it to have been the half of 
 this in. 1839, an addition of thirteen millions or thereabout would 
 be necessary to bring up the exports of the United States in their 
 highest year to ours for 1850, the difference in population being 
 taken into account. 
 
 In 1850, 1509 vessels entered inwards at the Ports of Quebec and 
 Montreal, with a tonnage of 522,116 tons, besides 132 with 4457 
 tonnage by sea and St. "Lawre nee; while the outward vessels from 
 these two Ports were 1587, w ith a tonnage of 543,963 tons, to 
 which are to be added 119 vessels from Gaspe. The total number 
 
 
 

 
 26 
 
 of vessels outward and inward was 3338; and the total tonnage, 
 the inward Ports being excluded, 1,066,079 tons. In the above 
 trade 37,582 men were employed.— Tables, &c. pp. 438, 439. 
 
 The number of vessels entering the United States during the 
 year ending 30th June 1850, was 18,512 (8412 American, 10,100 Fo- 
 reign), with 18,195 (8376 American, 9816 Foreign) clearing there- 
 from, in all 36,709. The tonnage entering and clearing was 
 8,709,841 tons.—(Amer. Alman. 1852, p. 180). Instead of fifteen 
 times ours, which the population would require, the number of 
 vessels was thus only eleven times, and the tonnage not much over 
 eight times. The number of men and boys employed 391,941— 
 (American Almanac, 1852, p. 180.)—was about ten and a half 
 times ours. 
 
 In Canada, 87 vessels (eleven of them steamers as we have 
 seen), with a tonnage of 33,138 tons, were built during the year 
 1850.—(Tables, &c. p. 441). Those built in the States during the 
 same time were 1360 (159 of them steamers), with a tonnage of 
 272,218, 54-ninety-fifths—(Amer. Alman. 1852, p. 179). Hence, 
 in ‘proportion to population, our neighbours exceed us by 55 in the 
 number of ships built ; but fall short nearly one half in the amount 
 of tonnage; theirs being, instead of fifteen times, but a little over 
 eight and one third times ours. Compared with ours, therefore, 
 their vessels must on the whole have*been small, not very far ex- 
 ceeding one half, a fact to be accounted for, we suppose, by their 
 including a large proportion of canal boats, and other similar craft. 
 
 Of the imports from Canada into the United States during the 
 year 1850, the value reached $4,521,306. In’so far as the nature 
 of the vessels was discriminated, the value of the business done at 
 the ports of Oswego, Rochester and Buffalo during 1850, was—in 
 American $717,045; in Canadian $1,783,040.—(Tables, &c. p. 
 443), thus over two thirds, approaching three fourth of the value of 
 the trade of these ports, during the year mentioned was in Cana- 
 dian vessels. 
 
 It is time our remarks on the material interest of the Country 
 were brought to a close. Thanking you for your patience and 
 courtesy, I must reserve what I have to say on its higher interests 
 —those, namely, of a mental, spiritual, and civil character,——as also 
 its prospects, till this night fortnight, when, with your permission, 
 the subject will be resumed. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 

 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—In accordance with the intimation 
 given at the close of last Lecture, I have to call your attention, 
 this evening, to the progress which is being made by Canada, 
 Canada West especially, in her higher interests, or those of a men- 
 tal, spiritual and civil character; with the prospects which are 
 opening upon her. 
 
 Mr. Smith tells us that the number of newspapers in Canada in 
 1810 was five, which were all published in the Lower Province. 
 Kingston has now, if Iam not mistaken, as many; Hamilton has, 
 I believe, one more ; Quebec somewhere about twice, and Mont- 
 real and Toronto each more than thrice the number. Canada 
 West, which in that year had none, and only eight or ten when 
 Bouchette published (vol. i. p 111), must, I conclude, from a list I 
 have just seen, have over ninety—not much probably under a hun- 
 dred. ‘The whole number in the Province I cannot positively say ; 
 but judge it must be at least a hundred and fifty—or thirty to one 
 what it was forty-two years ago. 
 
 This, I am disposed to believe, our friends on the other side 
 would call going ahead. Ninety where within the memory of by 
 no means “ the oldest inhabitant” there were none, they would at 
 all events, recognize as a very creditable advance. 
 
 On few things do our neighbours pride themselves more, justly 
 we believe, than on their newspapers. Yet, young as we are, we 
 have nothing to fear from comparison even here. 
 
 The number of newspapers in the United States, as stated by 
 Davis in his “ Half Century” (p. 93) was 200 “as nearly as can 
 be ascertained,” in 1800; 359 in 1810; 1000 in 1830; 1400 in 1840; 
 and in 1850 about 1600. Of this last number 371 were in the New 
 England States, and 460 in New York. The ‘“ World’s Progress” 
 (p. 445) reports 1555 in 1839. A calculation I have lately seen 
 reckons them now 2800. 
 
 Taking this latter as their present number the supply would be, 
 in proportion to population, equal to about 180 to us; or 90 to Ca- 
 nada West, which is rather under than over the fact. 
 
 With twenty millions of people to whom to look for subscribers, 
 provided he succeed in securing the general respect, an editor can, 
 of course, afford an expense for the procuring of information and 
 the command of talent, which would otherwise be beyond his 
 reach. Hence should individual papers be found among our neigh- 
 
 
 
—— 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 bours excelling ours in fullness and ability, it would be but what 
 was reasonably to be anticipated. Whether this be the case in 
 fact, or to what extent, I cannot say; but from the specimens I 
 have seen on both sides, which have been somewhat numerous, I 
 question whether ours will not, on the whole, compare favourably 
 with theirs in character. My impression is that they will. With- 
 out pledging myself for the correctness or propriety of all their con- 
 tents—which, I conceive, their conductors would not always de- 
 fend on reflection—lI but state the truth when I say that the amount 
 of good writing and good thinking contained in them has often sur- 
 prised me. 
 
 The number of book-stores‘found in our cities and larger towns, 
 viewed in connection with the extent of theirstock ; and the books 
 contained in the libraries of our vartous institutions and met in our 
 dwellines, would seem to indicate that a taste for reading exists; 
 while the character of many of them shows it to be to a considera- 
 ble extent correct ; though, we doubt not, improvement in this par- 
 ticular is at once possible and desirable. 
 
 In Iducation—one of the first interests of a community—a pro- 
 gress highly satisfactery is being made,as the following particulars 
 derived from the Chief Superintendent, the Rev. Dr. Ryerson’s 
 very valuable Report for 1850 demonstrate. 
 
 he number of Common Schools in operation in 1846 was 2589 ; 
 containing 101,912 pupils, and being sustained at an expense .of 
 £67,906 19s. 13d. In 1850 the Schools numbered 3059, and the 
 pupils 151,891; with an expenditure of £88,429 8s. 71d—an in- 
 crease of 470 on the Schools; 49,979—close on fifty per cent.,—on 
 the pupils; and on the amount of expenditure, £20,522 9s. 5ad. 
 Besides this, £14,189 14s. 04d. was appropriated to the erection or 
 repair of School Houses—an item of which, previous to 1850, no 
 return was made. As compared with 1842 the sum available for 
 the salaries of common School Teachers was considerably more 
 than doulle—being £88,429, against £41,500. 
 
 Between 1847 and 1850 the private Schools have increased in a 
 still greater ratio, having advanced from 96, with an attendance of 
 1831, to 224, with 4663 Scholars—a result gratifying on a variety 
 of accounts. The Academies and District Grammar Schools have 
 advanced, within the same time, from 32, with 1129 pupils, to 57, 
 with 2070; which is nearly doubling both the Institutions and their 
 attendants in the brief space of three years. : 
 
 The grand total in attendance on Educational Institutions was in 
 1842, 65,978; in 1846, 101,912; and in 1850, 159,678. 
 
 Compared with previous years there is in 1850 some diminution 
 in the number of Pupils in Colleges and Universities ; which will, 
 we trust, prove only temporary, the attendance having risen be- 
 tween 1847 and 1849, from 700 to 773. 
 
 The following particulars, derived from the American Almanac 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 * Annual Report of the Normal, Model and Common Schools in Upper Canada for 
 the year 1850; with an Appendix. By the Chief Superintendent of Schools. Printed 
 by order of the Legislative Assembly. Crown 8vo. p. 396. 
 
 
 
cy. 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 for 1851, will assist us in forming an idea as to how we stand when 
 compared with our neighbours, in regard to the number of our 
 common Schools and the parties being educated in them, with the 
 sums expended in their support. 
 
 In Ohio, with a population over two and three-fourths ours, there 
 were in 1848, 5062 Schools, with 94,436 pupils, sustained at a cost 
 of $224,801 44 cts.—or £56,200 7s. 3d.; of which $149,205 44 cts. 
 were from public funds, and $75,596 from other sources (p. 277). 
 
 Illinois, whose population is over a fourth more than ours, had in 
 1848, 2317 Schools, with an attendance of 51,447 pupils, supported 
 partly by the proceeds of a School Fund and partly by Tax. The 
 amount expended for the year I could not gather from the state- 
 ment given (p. 286). 
 
 Michigan with a population nearly two-thirds ours, had in 1849, 
 3060 Schools, containing 102,871 pupils; towards the support of 
 which $52,305 37 cents were paid from the School Fund, and 
 $75,804 92 cents from Taxation—in all $128,110 29 cents, or 
 £32,275 1s. 5d. 
 
 Michigan had thus in 1849, in proportion to its population, about 
 the same number of Scholars we had in 1850. While, however, 
 the number of Schools was a third more than ours, in proportion to 
 population (one more only in fact); the sum paid for their support 
 was much under one half—a circumstance which, when we con- 
 sider that our teachers are under, rather than overpaid, suggests 
 doubt as to efficiency. With them the number of female teachers 
 is much larger than with us, which accounts, in part, for the diffe- 
 rence. 
 
 With a population a fourth over ours, Illinois had in 1848, 271 
 fewer Schools than we had in 1846, with only about half our num- 
 ber of pupils; about one-third our number of pupils in 1850, with 
 742 fewer Schools. 
 
 Ohio had in 1848, with a population two and three-fourths ours, 
 about double our number of Schools, with 7476 less than our num- 
 ber of pupils in 1846; considerably under two-thirds our number 
 in 1850. ‘The amount paid for their support came short of ours in 
 1846 by £11,706 11s. 104d. 
 
 It would thus appear that in the very important matter of Com- 
 mon Schools we are decidedly before the States just named, which 
 may, we suppose, be taken as a fair specimen of those of the West 
 generally. 
 
 The number of Schools in the State of New York in 1849, was 
 13,971—a little more than four and one-half ours for 1850, with a 
 population about four and one twenty-secondth. Of pupils in at- 
 tendance, the number was 778,309; exceeding ours, according to 
 population, in a proportion somewhere near four and one-fifth to 
 four and one twenty-secondth. On the support of these Schools 
 the sum expended was $1,115,153 62 cents, or £275,788 7s. '74d.— 
 under three and one-fifth times ours. For our population then we 
 have in 1850 spent a considerably larger sum on Common Schools 
 than did the State of New York in 1849. 
 
 The pupils taught in private Schoolsin New York State are sup- 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 posed to amount to about 75,000; a number about equal to four 
 times ours, after allowance for the difference in population. In this 
 particular,*our neighbours have largely the advantage of us.— 
 American Almanac, 1851, p. 236. 
 
 Massachussets had in 1849, 3749 public Schools, with an attend- 
 ance of about 180,000 pupils (173,659 in summer—191,712 in win- 
 ter); costing $836,060, or £209,015. Making allowance for the 
 difference in population,—about a fourth more than ours ;—the 
 number of Schools and pupils is nearly the same as ours for 1850 
 —rather under than over——but in proportion to population, the sum 
 paid for tuition is considerably (£10,000) more than double. This 
 liberal dealing with their Teachers reflects high honour on the 
 Bay State ; which will, we doubt not, find the money thus expend- 
 ed one of her best investments. Over and above her public Schools, 
 this State had in the same year (1839) 1111 private Academies 
 and Schools incorporated and unincorporated ; in which 31,447 
 pupils were receiving instruction, at an additional cost of $302,478. 
 
 Thus we are initiated, in some measure, into the secret of the 
 superiority of Massachusetts over her sister States; of the respect 
 she commands every where ; and of the influence she is exerting 
 in the newer regions, whither her sons are carrying her churches: 
 and schools and modes of feeling, and where their efforts will by 
 and by be crowned with a success which will more than reward 
 them. 
 
 In the character of the instruction given in our Schools, an im- 
 provement is taking place fully equal, we believe, to the progress 
 making in other respects. Here the Normal School is, under the 
 superintendance of its able and indefatigable masters rendering us 
 great service. 
 
 The substitution which there seems a disposition to make, 
 wherever practicable, of large School Houses, erected on the most 
 approved principles, and supplied with all the facilities of instruc- 
 tion which the best text-books, maps, plates, apparatus and ‘so forth 
 afford,—but above all with such a number of qualified Teachers 
 as admits of proper subdivision of labour and classification of pupils 
 —in the place of the small, ill-ventilated room in which the 
 scholars have been wont to be shut up with their single and op- 
 pressed master, is peculiarly gratifying. Schools like those in 
 London and Brantford, which I have had the pleasure of seeing 
 in operation, I should think it difficult for any one to visit without 
 wishing to see the country covered with them. 
 
 As illustrative of the spirit of our Schools, it is worthy of ob- 
 servation that, while no violence to conscience is attempted or 
 countenanced, the Bible is read in 2067 of them, or fully two- 
 thirds of the whole; and that in many cases, ministers of the 
 gospel, of various denominations, hold, by the choice of the com- 
 munity, the place of superintendents. 
 
 The increase of visits paid to the Schools by “ clergymen, 
 councillors, magistrates and others,’ which were in 1850, 18,318 
 against 11,675 in 1847, shows a growing interest in them which 
 is pleasing; but the fact by which the country’s feeling in respect 
 
 
 

 
 /~ 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 to them is expressing itself most unequivocally, is the readiness, 
 unanimity, and liberality with which the people are taxing them- 
 selves for their support. 
 
 For the improvements we have been tracing, so full of hope for 
 
 the future, it is but justice to acknowledge that we are largely in- 
 debted to the intelligence, the singleness of purpose, and the untir- 
 ing industry with which the Chief Superintendent of Schools is 
 devoting himself to his very important avocation ; in connexion 
 with the generous and enlightened liberality of the Government 
 and the community. 
 _ inthe number and extent of School Libraries, we are greatly 
 exceeded by our friends in the States; but they are beginning to 
 be introduced among us, and will, we hope, ere long, become uni- 
 versal. 
 
 Our facilities are increasing in the higher departments of educa- 
 tion, as well as the more common. To the number of our Gram- 
 mar Schools, considerable additions are, as we have already seen, 
 being made; and we have occasion to know that their general im- 
 provement, with the placing of their advantages within the more 
 easy reach of the community, is engaging the anxious attention of 
 those, (not a few of them at all events,) entrusted with their man- 
 agement. 
 
 Our Provincial University, with its staff of well qualified Profes- 
 sors, to which important additions are being made, is now, too, hold- 
 ing out a first-class education to the youth of the country, at a 
 charge little more than nominal—(£3 currency, or $12 per annum 
 being the entire sum exacted in the Faculty of Arts)—a boon of 
 which, I trust, they will show their appreciation by the extent to 
 which they shall avail themselves of it. 
 
 Though a denominational institution, Trinity College claims 
 also to be mentioned here as augmenting the facilities for educa- 
 tion in the higher departments, professional and general. Queen’s 
 and Victoria Colleges, already noticed, may again be named in this 
 connexion as increasing these facilities. 
 
 In Canada East, the Directory for 1851 (p. 554), reports, besides 
 the High Schools of Montreal and Quebec (institutions of a high 
 order) and certain Academies in the eastern Townships: nine Col- 
 leges, with an attendance of 1500 pupils—exclusive of the Semi- 
 naries of Quebec and Montreal, the former of which numbers 
 twenty-two professors, with 385 students; the latter eighteen pro- 
 fessors, and 250 students. Quebec has also a Historical and 
 Montreal a Natural History Society, both excellent institutions ; to 
 which is to be added M‘Gill College, which possesses, we believe, 
 University powers. Over and above the Medical Faculties con- 
 nected with the Universities, the Province contains also several 
 private Medical Colleges of a respectable character. 
 
 A list, confessedly incomplete, is furnished in the Directory (p. 
 099) of Libraries in the different parts of the Province containing an 
 aggregate of 43,296 volumes. ‘I'he largest number reported in any 
 one Library is 10,000—that of the Montreal Seminary ; and the next 
 8000—being that of Montreal College. From a report lately issued 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 32 
 
 of the Seminary at Quebec, I perceive that Institution has a Lib- 
 rary of nearly 12,000 volumes for the exclusive use of members 
 and professors, besides two smaller ones for more general use. 
 
 A list is given in the American Almanac for 1851 (pp. 196-199) 
 of 121 Colleges and Universities, extending, as to time of founding 
 from 1636—when Harvard was instituted—to 1849; with four 
 Libraries containing 10,000 volumes each; two 11,000; five 
 12,000; one 14,000; one 15,000; three 16,000; one 17,000; one 
 19,000; one 23,000; one 25,000; one 31,000 (Brown University) ; 
 one (Yale) 49,000; and one (Harvard) 84,200. With some of these 
 we have nothing to compare, our institutions being as yet in their 
 infancy ; though we hope to have in time. The aggregate num- 
 ber of volumes in the 121 Libraries is 789,967. Besides these 
 there are Libraries found in all the larger cities; many of them of 
 considerable extent and value. As much as ten years ago I had 
 the pleasure of looking at one in New Bedford, Massachusetts, 
 which contained 10,000 volumes; and I spent a couple of hours on 
 the evening of the 3rd of July last in examining one in Saint 
 Louis—the Mercantile Association Library—which, though in- 
 cluding only about 5000 volumes, is of the first class as to charac- 
 ter. ‘Lhe books embraced almost every department of knowledge 
 —history, civil and ecclesiastical, theology, law, medicine, science 
 and art, poetry, biography, travels and general literature ; are ad- 
 mirably chosen; and many of them the best editions to be had. 
 To the young men especially of that city they constitute a trea- 
 sure of the highest order. Nor could I help cherishing pleasing 
 hopes in regard to these young men, when I saw some of them 
 perusing these valuable works with apparently deep interest amid 
 the report of fire-arms and the discharge of fire-works on the eve 
 of their grand National Festival, The high gratification the above 
 fine Library afforded me, with the courtesy shown me by the in- 
 telligent and gentlemanly Librarian and other parties present, must 
 be my excuse if I have dwelt too long on this institution. Glad 
 should I be to see such a collection of books open to the mercantile 
 community of this city. And why should there not be? With a 
 fair measure of effort it might, in a moderate time, be secured. 
 
 In a sketch, however brief, of the intellectual progress of our 
 country, it would be unpardonable, here especially, to omit notice 
 of the increase in number and advance in character of our Mecha- 
 nics’ Institutes, which, with their Libraries, and Apparatus and 
 Lectures, promise soon to cover the land. If what has taken place 
 in the case of the Institute whose members | have now the honour 
 of addressing, may be received as a specimen of what is going on 
 elsewhere, the country is certainly to be congratulated. Not many 
 years ago the attendants here were indeed “ few and far between.” 
 Now this commodious hall is generally filled with an audience as 
 intelligent, attentive and respectful as a modest man need wish to 
 have before him. 
 
 To the notices already furnished in relation to the Educational 
 Institutions of Lower Canada, may here be added that in 1850, 
 there were in that portion of the Province, during the first six 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 pan? 
 a 
 
 33 
 
 months, 1879 Schools, with 73,551 Scholars; towards which £12,693 
 had been paid out of the public School grant; and that between 
 1842 and 1850 £249,530 had been paid to Teachers, and £52,921 
 for the erection and repair of School Houses.—Scobie’s Almanac 
 for 1852, p. 31. 
 
 There is a particular of higher importance still than any hitherto 
 named in which we are making a progress very marked, namely, 
 in facilities for religious instruction and worship. Our churches 
 and ministers are multiplying fast. In some respects the rapidity 
 of the increase may perhaps be a disadvantage, as it has a tendency 
 to keep the congregations smaller and weaker than they might 
 otherwise be ; yet the earnestness of which it furnishes evidence is 
 commendable, while it, at the same time, prepares beforehand a 
 supply for the multitudes pouring in upon us so fast. 
 
 From a Report of a Committee of Assembly, presented 15th 
 March, 1828, it appears there were at that time in Upper Canada, 
 236 ministers—about half of them Methodists, some of whom had 
 come in as early as 1792. ‘The number at the commencement of 
 1851, as stated in the Canada Directory, p. 553, was 869—one to 
 every 870 of the population. At this moment they can hardly be 
 under 900. In 1828 the number of churches was 141, or from that 
 to 150; 66 of them being Methodists. They are reported in 1848 to 
 amount to 895—six times their number only 20 years before. Now 
 they must be as many as 950, or from that toa 1000. MNRapidly as 
 our population is growing, it thus appears that the churches are in- 
 creasing faster—being now six times as numerous as they were 
 twenty years ago, while our population, as we have seen, number- 
 ed in 1850 something more than five times what it was twenty- 
 five years before. 
 
 This is a fact worthy of notice as indicating the feeling of the 
 country. Not merely, however, are the churches as to number 
 keeping pace with, outstripping the increase of the population ; but 
 in character they are rising with the wealth of the community ; 
 becoming in proportion to that, at once, more commodious and more 
 handsome. In their case as in that of the dwellings of the people, 
 brick and stone are, in many parts, taking the place of wood. 
 
 The Home District in 1850, contained 163 churches. In the Gore 
 District they had risen between 1817 and 1848, that is, in thirty- 
 one years, from 4 to 64, exclusive of those in the Wellington, for- 
 merly included in the Gore District. Seventeen years ago Paris 
 contained none. All denominations worshipped in the School 
 House. In the fall of 1834 I recollect being told by a brother 
 minister that he had on the Sabbath before been one of three who 
 waited turn for the use of the house. Now Paris contains, as has 
 been noticed already, six churches (one stone and one brick) with 
 five resident Protestant ministers. Brockville, you will recollect, had 
 no church when Talbot visited it. Now it contains seven. Brant- 
 ford, which had none eighteen years ago, now contains eight. In 
 this city, instead of the four which ‘Talbot names, we have now 
 twenty, exclusive of four or five at Yorkville—which in his time, 
 
 
 
 ‘and much latter had no being, its site—now occupied with so many 
 
 handsome villas—being covered with woods. 
 
 
 

 
 34. 
 
 Furthermore, the organizations to which Christianity has given 
 birth elsewhere, such as Bible, Tract, Missionary, Temperance and 
 Anti-Slavery Societies ; with Sabbath Schools, and Institutions for 
 the relief of the destitute and recovery of the sick, are found in‘ac- 
 tive operation among us: conferring their varied blessings on those 
 who need and will accept them; besides holding a place in the 
 public esteem and enjoying a measure of its patronage which give 
 promise of growing strength and service for the future. 
 
 This city contains four Theological Institutions—to which a fifth 
 will probably soon be added—where a considerable number of 
 young men are preparing for the ministry among the different de- 
 nominations. 
 
 In Lower Canada the Directory, p. 553, reports 641 clergymen ; 
 being one to 1190 of the population. 
 
 All, I presume, whatever their difference of opinion in regard to 
 some points, will admit that during the period which has passed 
 under review, no small improvement has taken place in our laws, 
 our Civil arrangements, and in the understanding and application 
 of the principles of government. Things are now placed to such 
 an extent in the hands of the people that, if they fail to move on in 
 harmony with their notions of propriety, they will find it difficult 
 to discover parties other than themselves on whom to throw the 
 blame. Our Municipal Institutions are, we believe, working well 
 on the whole—improving the country, while they are at the same 
 time, by the duties to which they call them, giving the people the 
 consciousness of power, and teaching them so to use it as to pro- 
 mote the general prosperity and ensure peace and general satisfac- 
 tion. 
 
 Other topics wil] suggest themselves to you of which note 
 might be taken, perhaps ought to be; but we must hasten to a 
 close. 
 
 In the face of the facts above adduced, what is to be thought, 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, of the depreciatory comparison so often 
 made between ourselves and our neighbours as to rate of progress ? 
 They are, in my opinion, as erroneous as in their operation they 
 are calculated to be mischievous. The impression which forced 
 itself most strongly on my mind during the journey to which I 
 have referred elsewhere, was the striking coincidence in appear- 
 ance, with the exception of prairie in place of forest, and condition 
 between these States and Canada West. They are progressing 
 rapidly ; but so are we. New towns presents themselves on every 
 hand ; small, it is true, many of them ; yet destined to be large ere 
 long. Thus too it is with us. With theirs our towns compare very 
 favourably ; so do our rural districts. My belief is that a Cana- 
 dian farmer would return from such a tour as I made somewhat 
 disposed to boast; that he would say our cultivation is at least 
 as good as that of the West; and our farm houses as good, and pro- 
 vided as comfortably. | 
 
 In the progress of our neighbours I rejoice ; and would be happy, 
 instead of wishing it retarded, to see it accelerated. This would 
 gratify me, net merely for their sake and for the sake of the world, 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 Ae | 
 
 
 
35 
 
 but for our own. We have an interest in their growth, which 
 operates as a spur and encouragement tous. Toa young country 
 like this it is an advantage which cannot easily be rated too high, 
 to have an intelligent, energetic people along side of us, whose ex- 
 perience, whether successful or otherwise, we can turn to account. 
 
 The good qualities which we all recognise in our neighbours 
 form an additional reason for the cultivation of a spirit of respect 
 and kindness towards them. Add to this our oneness in origin, in 
 language, and in whatever is most important im thought and feel- 
 ing; and the cherishing of any other spirit will be seen to be, not 
 a simple impropriety, but an offence, a crime. God, moreover, 
 seems to have marked out one high and honourable destiny for us 
 —the privilege of showing on one of the most splendid of theatres, 
 what Christianity and freedom and intelligence can do for men; 
 and of realizing their united blessings in proportion to the fidelity 
 with which we fulfil the trust committed to us. What is good 
 among them let us imitate: but let us act with discrimination ; and 
 not like children, hold their cake and rattle to be better than our 
 own, and brawl for them, merely because they are theirs. 
 
 The time you have been already detained, forbids my dwelling 
 on the Prospects of our noble Country, however inviting the theme. 
 My belief is that it is destined at no distant day, to hold a high and 
 honourable place among the nations ; and to exert an influence, wide 
 and powerful, on the world’s well-being. . 
 
 Of these anticipations we have an earnest in the progress we 
 have been contemplating; as we have a pledge for them in her 
 extent and natural advantages, and in the character of her people 
 and her institutions ; taken in connection with the correcter views 
 beginning to be entertained in relation to her, and the apparent 
 plans of the infinitely wise and gracious Sovereign of the universe. 
 
 A few words on some of these points, with a practical suggestion 
 or two, and we close. 
 
 According to Bouchette (vol. i. pp. 64, 182), Canada contains an 
 area of 346,863 square miles—Lower Canada 205,863, and Upper 
 Canada 141,000—an extent about six times that of England and 
 Wales. Surely here we have ample room and verge enough—space 
 to expand till we become, so faras numbers can make us, a mighty 
 nation. 
 
 The writers whom I have had opportunity of consulting, speak, 
 with one consent, in high terms of the agricultural capabilities of 
 our country. 
 
 Howison declares the “ soil”? of Upper Canada to be “in general 
 excellent, and likewise of easy cultivation ;” (p. 247)-- points out 
 its superior adaptation to the production of fruit (246) and flowers 
 (281); and affirms its capability, under proper culture, of yielding 
 crops very much superior both in quantity and quality to those ob- 
 tained while he was resident in it (248). The “climate” he de- 
 scribes as being, “in the westerly parts of the Province particular- 
 ly, alike healthful and agreeable,” (242). He looks also with con- 
 fidence for its improvement as the land becomes cleared (242, 247). 
 In respect to the prospects of emigrants, he expresses himself as 
 
 —— 
 
 
 
36 
 
 follows :-—After relating that he had “ resided eight months in the 
 most populous and extensive new settlement in the Province, and 
 daily witnessed the increasing prosperity of thousands of people, 
 most of whom had been forced from their native land by poverty,” 
 he continues: “ No one who emigrates to Upper Canada with ra- 
 tional views, will be disappointed. The country is becoming more 
 agreeable every day, and only requires a large population to render 
 it equal, in point of beauty, comfort, and convenience, to any 
 part of the earth. The delightful asylum which it affords to the 
 poor and unfortunate of every class, is a circumstance that has 
 hitherto been little known or appreciated, and one which is of par- 
 ticular importance at the present time, when agricultural and com- 
 mercial embarrassments have reduced so many individuals to a 
 state of destitution and misery” (272). There is much in this 
 writer of a similar character, which we cannot quote. (See pages 
 214, 215,252, 271, 278, 281, 283.) 
 
 “The climate of Upper Canada,” Talbot writes, vol. ii. pp. 157, 
 168. “although verging towards the extremes of heat and cold, is 
 oeeeeees-very fine, highly favourable to the growth of grain, and 
 the production of the finest fruits ; and the soil, though badly culti- 
 vated, is not surpassed in fertility by any tract of land of equal ex- 
 tent on the American continent.. All kinds of grain which are 
 among the productions of the Mother Country, are cultivated here 
 with astonishing success; and many fruits and vegetables, which 
 in Great Britain and Ireland are only raised at immense labour and 
 expense, attain in Canada, without the assistance of art, a degree 
 of perfection wholly unknown in more northern Countries.” 
 
 The extremes of heat and cold are less in the western peninsula 
 of Canada than they are several degrees south of it, as proved from 
 observations extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, 
 which may be seen in a Treatise on the Climate of Western Cana- 
 da, by H. Y. Hind, of the Normal School, published in 1851. 
 
 “In point of salubrity,” Bouchette avers in his accurate and fine 
 spirited work, vol. i. p. 349, “no climate in the world can perhaps 
 be found to exceed that of Canada, which is not only a stranger 
 naturally to contagious or fatal disorders, but extremely conducive 
 to longevity. In the early periods of the settlement of the Upper 
 Province, the fever and ague were indeed very prevalent; but as 
 the cause of this local affection was gradually removed by the 
 draining of marshes in the progress of cultivation, it has almost en- 
 tirely disappeared.” Of the different portions of the Country he 
 speaks in terms very similar, while passing them under review. 
 
 Though less acquainted with Lower than with Upper Canada, 
 I have travelled a good deal in it, and think it a fine Country. 
 Scenery more beautiful than that on the river St. Francis, especial- 
 ly about Melbourne or Sherbrooke, it would be difficult to find any 
 where. Of the township of Dunham, Grandby and its neighbour- 
 hood, Abbotsford and the region lying between that and St. Hya- 
 cinthe, the same may be said. The townships, which consist ge- 
 nerally, I believe, of good land, afford excellent opportunities for 
 settlement ; as does also the Country on the Ottawa, part of which, 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 
 
37 
 
 however, belongs to Upper Canada. Numbers of the Lower Canada 
 Towns are very handsome, and exhibit satisfactory marks of 
 progress. Montreal and Quebec are beautiful cities, and becoming 
 more so every year—growing rapidly, the former especially, and 
 destined to advance at an accelerated pace. The proposed steam 
 communication with Europe, and the projected railroads, taken in 
 eonnection with the energy of their inhabitants, will, it may be 
 expected, contribute largely to their prosperity. 
 
 All who have lived among them bear testimony to the amiable 
 eharacter of French Canadians; and friends in Montreal, on whose 
 judgment I feel I can rely, have informed me that great improve- 
 ment is going on among them, as well as among the Einglish-speak- 
 ing portion of the population. 
 
 The Geological Survey which has for some years been going for- 
 ward under the able superintendence of Mr. Logan, is bringing to 
 light a variety and amount of mineral wealth surpassed in few 
 quarters of the globe. An interesting catalogue of the minerals 
 already discovered, with their respective localities,—prepared by 
 Mr. Logan for the World’s Fair,—may be seen in Scobie’s Alma- 
 nac for the present year, as also in the Canada Directory for 1851. 
 
 Facilities for commerce, almost unbounded, are furnished by our 
 rivers and splendid lakes—justly termed inland seas—which will 
 be ere long increased by our railroads already in progress, OF pro- 
 jected, with others sure to follow them. 
 
 For a vigorous and honourable use of these advantages, and 
 hence for the future greatness of the country, we have a onarantee 
 in the character of our population. 
 
 We have to be sure the reputation of being deficient in enter- 
 prise. On the supposition of the truth of this charge, I should like 
 to know how the progress we have been contemplating, of which 
 but a very hurries and imvyertfect sk teh has been | resent . is to be 
 
 accounted for. [can think of only two theor . which its ex- 
 : ; ; ee, Re ; root (TIC 
 planation ean be attempted—to wit, that oO » eelebrated David 
 rere: Oe 5 a be Oras 4] a ~ 2a oe ane werell 
 Hume, which would annihilate the handson bui 3s and well 
 
 Giled stores which we imagine ourselves to see aroun 1 us. with the 
 elegant steamers that seem to ply on our lakes and rivers and the 
 
 cultivated farms and barns bursting with plenty, apparently pre- 
 sentine themselves to our vision—and the comfort bh] ooking peo- 
 ple with whom we conceive ours lves to be1 ne and minglin 
 where so lately there was nought but wilderness; and have us be- 
 lieve them to be all pure matters of fancy, 1 <isting im our 
 own foolish brains (though on that | ' thes . must | 
 
 unreal); or one on which, when a | have | | t] rection 
 ~~ > tJ RtENS BASS | | aaa oe vy »2liay 
 of the old trias \ (vathnedral ¢ L1] Ll, wll eeh declared 
 
 . Ay, * ‘ . > oe ; g ar | DS otal > piad eee - $7 
 
 to me, Witho i O} but.to har : nh pu 1) rit quring voae 
 ~t oe * tT) : | ‘ » = ain Sedans Be & : See 3 “17 
 might. Perhaps these benevole} niry Nave wx land may sii 
 
 A 
 be at work here: and if may be. to them we owe what we speak of 
 in our ignorance and pride, as the works of our own hands. 
 
 Should these theories be repudiated, a fair measure of enterprise 
 must, we think, be granted us. Look at the manner in which 
 numbers of the cities and municipalities are taxing themselves for 
 
 F 
 
 
 
38 
 
 the railroads referred to above, and other improvements. Is it thus 
 people void of e men cad are wont to act? He must be somewhat 
 fool-hardy who will charge the citizens of Hamilton with want of 
 enterprise, in the face of the fact that for the completion of the 
 Great Western Railroad they are voluntarily paying ninepence in 
 the pound on their assessed value. I am inclined, moreover, to 
 think the publishers of Smiths Canada, Scobie’s Almanac and 
 Manuals, and the Canada Directory, display a very creditable mea- 
 sure of enterprise. 
 
 The value of this qua 7 to a country like ours,—to any country, 
 —we are disposed fully: to admit. In so far as deficiency may exist, 
 we would, thereto re, counsel improvement ; but we hold the repre- 
 sentations often made on this subject, and be fe ved, it is to be feared, 
 
 by not a few from the confidence with which they are uttered, to 
 be altogether contrary to fact; and, to parties situated as we are, 
 most ungenerous and mischievous. 
 
 From what has been shown above, in relation to schools, churches, 
 and the other means of Christian instruction, the inference is irre- 
 sistible that our people are to a gratifying extent, though by no 
 means the extent desirable, imbued with the love of knowledge 
 and impressed with a reverence for God. 
 
 It is true, differences of opinion exist among us, aS experience 
 shows est to have always Save, though in* varying degrees, 
 
 wherever freedom of thought and discussion—rights most precious 
 —have been conceded ; but in one thing I trust we shall be found 
 to agree, namely, in the recognition of the fact, that it is “ right- 
 
 eousness” which “ exalteth a’nation,” together with the determi- 
 nation to be governed in all things by Heaven’s revealed will, and 
 to act towards one another in the spirit of the gospel which we pro- 
 fess in common. 
 
 But are we not ihe! prostrate on the earth, foaming with rage, 
 and struggling to bite the foot that tramples us? or at best held 
 back from rebellion, with the spirit of which we are penetrated, 
 only by the bayonets which guard us? Would that Her Majesty’s 
 troops, if they be indeed charged with keeping us in order, found 
 as,easy work elsewhere! Soldiering would then come as near as 
 might be toa sinecure. It js neither force nor fear, but a love— 
 warm as it is true—to our noble Fatherland; a -epenk for her cha- 
 racter; a gratitude for her liberality; a confidence in her justice 
 and honour ; and a fulness of symathy with her, that holds us in 
 our present connection. Our “love makes duty light. e: 
 
 Here, as elsewhere, there may be something to mend, and time 
 and patience may be required ere our institutions are perfected ; 
 but, in the mean time, we are free, if under heaven there be sucha 
 thing as freedom. Where is the nation that can claim to take rank 
 in this respect before us? “Slaves cannot breathe” in Canada; 
 “they touch our country, and their shackles fall.” Of this we have 
 among us thousands of living witnesses ; who feel themselves here 
 to be not things, but men, and able to call their wives and children 
 whom they love—THEIR own. So long as earth shall contain with- 
 in her wide circumference a single slave, may Canada be ready te 
 
 
 
 st 
 
 
 
39 
 
 welcome him, not to an asylum only, but a home; to endow him 
 with all the rights which her own free-born sons enjoy, and know 
 so well how to value; to show him the sympathy to which the in- 
 jured and the distressed have everywhere and at all times a right 
 at the hand of those to whom God has given the power to aid them. 
 Thus, we trust, it will be. 
 
 Large as the numbers are who are flocking annually to our shores, 
 { have often wondered when looking at the adyantages which 
 Canada offers to the virtuous and the diligent, that they should not 
 be very much larger. Such may command, aimost anyw here they 
 please to locate themselves, all the substantial] comforts of life with 
 a very moderate measure of exertion.» Who are the owners of our 
 handsomest and best stocked farms? Ge nerally speaking, men who 
 have procured and improved them by their own labour; many of 
 whom you find in all the older parts of the eountry—living like 
 patriarchs, surrounded by their children to whom they have given 
 inheritances. For example, I was myself intimately acquainted 
 afew years ago with an old gentleman thus situated in Flam- 
 borough West, where there are others in similar cireumstances, 
 whose property consisted when he came into the country,of 
 nothing more than the axe which he carried on his shoulder, with 
 a moderate supply of clothes for himselfand his young wife ; and 
 who, ere he could procure a place where he might lie down to 
 sleep had to make himself a tent, by throwing a blanket over a few 
 boughs which he cut from some of the trees in the yet unbroken 
 forest. 
 
 ; 
 
 Meeting some time ago with a countrvman and fellow-citizen of 
 © . : 7 fs . . 
 my own, a native of Glassow-——who had OCCU} L a resp ctable 
 
 position at home, and whom I found living in a handsome stone 
 house, with all the evidences of comfort around him, and in the 
 enjoyment of the respect of his neighbours ;—I remarked to him— 
 “T suppose you do not regret having come to Canada.” “Ohno: 
 was his prompt reply; “it has, to be sure, been pretty much a 
 struggle all the time; but I have brought up seven sons, to four 
 of whom I have given farms, and I hope by and by to be able to 
 provide them for the rest.” His time of residence in the country 
 had been, I believe, about twenty-seven years. 
 
 No small amount of the property in our cities and towns, the 
 mass of it might I not rather say? belongs, as those who hear me 
 know, to parties who have earned it by their own exertions, some 
 in mechanical and others in mercantile pursuits. A remark made 
 to me lately in relation to Paris, that the property in the hands of 
 its inhabitants had been nearly all made in it, applies substantially 
 to the entire country. Its wealth is, under God’s good providence, 
 chiefly the creation of its people——-not those of other generations 
 and the present combined-——but those who occupy it now. 
 
 General!y speaking a kindliness of feeling prevails, a freedom of 
 action is allowed provided property is not violated, and useful labour 
 is regarded with respect, which makes the country, after a time at 
 least, very pleasant to those who seek a home in it. Few, it is well 
 known, who have lived long init, leave it without regret. 
 
 
 

 
 40 
 
 These various advantages, though yet to a considerable extent 
 strangely over looked, are beginning to be on the whole bettereun- 
 derstood. May we not hope that the -y will be, ere long, appreciat- 
 ed as they ought to be ; and that we shall have increasing numbers 
 of such as shall prove themselves useful to us while benefitting 
 themselves, taking up their abode among us? Men possessing 
 means need have no fear of entrusting it in our midst, for a health- 
 ful feeling pervades our community, which wo uld secure them 
 acainst wrong whatever change might occur: though we hold the 
 apprehension of violent change to be founded on notions of the 
 condition and feeling of the Canadian people, than which it would 
 be diffiult to conceive any more entirely incorrect. In the mean 
 time let us each seek to acquit himself faithfully of the duties he 
 owes the country; among which we would take the liberty of 
 specially naming—the rec ognition of the country’s advancement ~ 
 and advantages; co-operation, as far as practicable, in every pru- 
 dent and honourable effort for its improvement ; with the avoidance 
 of every thing whe thee in word or act, having a natural tendency 
 to injure it. 
 
 We sometimes think our neighours say more than enough of 
 their growth ; but depend upon it, if they at all err here, theiz: fault 
 is a much less mischievous one, to say nothing else of it, than lu- 
 ee wailing in circumstances which ought to call forth grati- 
 tude. Feeling themselves carried forward with the general move- 
 ment, a = ana and hopeful spirit is excited—which gives them 
 strength to battle with and overcome difficulties by which they 
 might otherwise be mastered. .It would be well were such a dialogue 
 as the following (which it is but justice to the parties to say took 
 place at a time of some excitement), a specimen altogether unique 
 among us. A friend of mine being gravely told sometime ago by 
 two of his neighbours, that “ Canada was no country for the far- 
 mer, who cout d make nothing here,” turned quietly to one of them 
 and asked: “ Friend what do you reckon your farm worth”? “ Two 
 thousand pow nds, was the ready reply. “ How long have you been 
 in the country”? “ About tw enty years.” “ Did you bring much 
 with you when you came”? “No: nothing.” “Then in ‘twenty 
 years,” retorted my friend, “ You have, “besides bringing up a 
 family, mace two thousand pounds—cleared a hundred pounds a 
 year—and you téll me Canada is no country for the farmer.” 
 Addressing himself to the other he now enquired—“ and what, my 
 good Friend, may be the value of your farm? Is it worth as much 
 as your neighbour’s? s’? “Jt is worth about five hundred pounds 
 more,” the party questioned, who saw the awkward position in 
 which his companion and himself had placed themselves, replied 
 with a smile: “ Then certainly,” he was answered, “ You have. not 
 done very badly, for you have been in the country only about the 
 
 same length of time with your neighbour, and you know you told 
 me before you brought nothing with you.” 
 
 Of the above description of poor the country contains not a small 
 number, who reckon it little that they are in the possession of noble 
 farms w hich they are every year improving,and which every year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- a 
 
 “ 
 
 
 
 4} 
 
 is rising in value, with stock to which ae are constantly adding 
 —so long as they may be unable to lay by, at the same. time, 
 something handsome in the way of money. To their laying by ol 
 money I have no objection. On the contrary, I should be glad to 
 see them do it; yet all-things 5: s taken into account, lL cannot 
 think them st: anding very creatly in ne ed of ees To con ip! lainers 
 gener lly, let me comme nd the ex: aS of . pl lilosophic English- 
 man with whom I met a few years ago, ako, determined to make 
 the best of every 1 gente assured me, after dilating on the happiness 
 of his lot, that all he needed to make him impr onable was a draw- 
 —— as his house was surroun ided on all sides by Swamps. 
 
 In relation to the future destiny of the Country a weighty re- 
 somhability rests on us all, because our weasel will infallibly have 
 an influence upon it, for good or for evil. What we would wish 
 to have it become in character or circumstances, let us heartily lend 
 our aid to make it 
 
 Let us guard with special care, amid the excite nents into which 
 an honourable aul for what we hold to be true and right may some- 
 times hurry us, acainst the utterance of a wor 1, the perio rmance of 
 an act, the cherishing even ofa thought, which would excite sus- 
 picion of the country’s principle, or damage its reputation, or in any 
 way 7 it. Its interests are far too sacred to be sacri ificed to 
 
 party feeling or party projects in any quarter or in any form. From 
 my inmost soul apply to it the beautiful legen l of ry own loved 
 native city, “Let Canada ‘lonrish’—its older form especially— 
 eS Let Canada | flourish through Lone Preaching of th — : 
 
 With thanks for your atte ntion, on which I have drawn, 1 fear, 
 more largely than I ought, I bid you, Ladies and Gentleme n, 
 
 Good Night. 
 
 
 

 
APPENDIX. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
STATISTICS FOR THE UNITED COUNTIES OF LEEDS AND GRENVILLE FOR 1851-2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 : eS Ao eee SS ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N uy Pr Ou A, K 
 | 
 Township. Held by} Under | Under 3 | 
 Indivi- |Cultiva- |Crops im) Pasture, or Or- |Wood or Acres. | | Actes. | | Acres. | 
 He me Thon ida] Leo charas Wild Bsh Bs! Beh. 
 Pan : | 
 V4 Sen ol ere eee = es Re es ENN BBR RE) BY et a OTOL 
 ( Yonge,.......+++-.++| 48668, 16168 10976) 4931) 261 | 3 3037) 58751] 32 | 564) 212 | 2794 
 | Cr i) Vy Ne / ‘i il,» a ee 1k ri [ 4 7 Te . Lit ‘a 1 od fb i 1] [ 20 Lo) 8 | 7 | 790 
 Bi i} ‘ee ee a1 0p 134 4 My ht | l Fpl n> | Ds a ae | 4 +5 
 . | Bastard,.....-----+.| 44716) 17161] 12205] 4799) 156 | 27555) 2649) 34269| 123 | 229] 104 | 1213 
 on ad , el ss fetes et all 1 
 ~ J Pall wi V onan 28 @ o el 15678 611° ae AL Ty ty: ' ate | 114 2o1 ite | 1] | 1‘? 
 a ) Lescott,.....--02>+e0-}| 18522} 5080) 2003) 38081 16) 15442 1001! 10723 1 | oO | 135 | 1639 
 a } — lhe | a . mrs a ~ ] ance ee age = “a | ier rs | Thy icy 
 Pi | Kitley,..sseeseeeees! 43495) 17553} LOS bb631 fb | 2o8T2| a2 ail 163 | 24 | iv 925 fee | 
 | ok ae are y North,.......| 21994) 5967} 3815} 2117) 35 15957] 740) 3987) 1 | 15| ‘71{ 800) & 
 Leeds and Lansdown, 63228) 17948) 10763) 7031 1544 45279) 3368) 41366, 28, | 491 | 279.) 2950 : 
 \E izabethtown,......| 67429 9811] 1917 $629 205 29418] 4941) 50514] 118 | 1972 | 211 | 2996 
 | | | 1 | 
 Total of Leeds,.«  -.|347419|1! ea st ks caitan si Std Me 238592} 236 | 4145 | 1162 |14070 | | 
 a | ete See sf - se Se, ee ea | 
 sal bg pte BOR AS i | ews Aba a a gee | 
 i (Augusta,...-..-..---| 60279, 22480 11910) 10337] 283 37799 2572, 37676, 218 | 4254 | 439 | 5232 
 a rw a oo = y -| mye a nf wg oye vey ‘ yar Cyc | 7" 
 }= \Edwardsburgh,......| 49937, 16048] 12700} 3227] 121 | 33189} 1330) 16683] 123 | 2275 | 222 | 2336 
 e | » 7 | wry ~ e ma! a _ ae ‘eo. t ya pai _ me a pe 1 
 1> <Gower South,...-.. --/ 13329, 4737) 236: ! 9315) 57 8599| 540) 6725) 26 465 | 178 | 1964 
 . my Tp yr | . my Pas | Pe ll o pi ae owe an a, - a \ my oe 
 q JOxford,.......-++++-| 43489 14823] 10178| 4555] 90 | 28666) 2300, 29353] 57 | 950 | 286 | 3359 
 Sats AT nl tinrs | 2 Qn reat cw F ine my | - 
 5 \ Wolford,..--.+. +--+} 31812 11784 7338 4414] 32 | 20028} 2149) 29363, 3 54; 25 | 239 ; 
 1 J | | | 
 ] | —_——_—_—<—$—$————— ee | a] a - | | 
 rs, Sag eee 4 y x ik oe alae “ PLN SPs ore Pe Me ge ee ance aren ie es 
 | otal in Grenv ae 69872) 44491 _ 24848 933 128274) 8891/119800) 427 {| 8001 | 11d 114130 
 _—————— — ———_] . =o ee 
 Total in 185 | 15923 354.762] 29556358392, 663 {12146 | 2312 |28200 
 
 
 
| Buck Wheat. | Indian Corn, 
 
 Township. 
 p | | 
 Acres. | Bsh. | Acres, 
 
 PS ONGC in. oa taka sk ks te 596 | Odé 
 | Crosby South, / 
 Burgess,..... 
 Bastard, 
 > ) Elmsley, 
 fe ) Escott,... 
 | Kitley. 
 | Crosby North,. 
 | Leeds and Bansdow, ni, 
 | Elizabethtown,...... | 
 
 
 
 tS 
 
 to te 
 t2 
 
 =! 
 =} 
 
 —=£On © GO =) 6S OF OD 655 tt 
 
 341 | 7812 
 38 | 4064 | 
 316 
 i] | yA 
 
 94.83 
 
 t ‘ 
 er 3 | 1746 
 
 _— 
 
 ES 
 
 ot 
 
 r=} 65 
 
 t2 
 So 
 
 pes 
 H b> 2 tS oo ~3 
 
 --5 
 a = 
 
 wD 
 
 tH Orerc - 
 moO Ootws 
 2 ee fe 
 
 Re fei 
 G6 
 
 R= C1 GO G8 G5: 
 Go = 
 
 = SO & bt =) tS 
 ett LT OC 
 
 Smee Oarmea@meaa. 
 tT 
 
 5 
 — 
 ee a | 
 
 =} =p wad (Fi 
 
 = = OO be OF 
 
 5 
 
 M05 ND oe e& ee 
 
 et — 
 
 Total of Leeds,.. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 =__ 
 Hm ¢ 
 | 
 
 8907 
 | Lh] ni F 
 o4965 
 a 
 G90 
 
 ie) | 
 
 &5 ¢31 tS 
 GS =} ©) =} 
 
 ( Auguste ee soos Ady 6 | o830 | 705 si 
 Edwardsburgh,. «-| 958 fl. 88 | B4dd rar 
 Gower South,..... ul 4, | 14: 4054) 124 
 
 481 
 243 
 
 € 
 
 fae 
 tT OO fo Go 
 So oS & 
 
 He § eS SS 
 =F — Ot S3 
 
 ti 
 
 (FRENVILLE. 
 
 6 eee 2176 IGR 15 (36742 | 1|tvi5v1| 44 443 
 ) | 726 |360877| 143 _ 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ns \ 
 / 4 
 
 | Statistics for the United Pountige of pores and Grenville for 1eBE 2. Continued. 
 Clover, | : 7 a - a0 : — — 
 
 Ti r Manele law - f | 
 
 dates Ic ; iis Roe a Ye... Pax OFT om | Maple 
 wang! tak a | Beans. | Hops. | Hay. | {l'obaeco.! Wool. 
 
 | grass iW urtzel.| 1 i Hemp. | ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | Loy - | “Win 
 a ees ae B 
 Tons. Lhs j T he | wm | . = C oth, zs 
 ee ge en ee Gals. |Yards§ 
 | Lbs. } | Lbs, Yards, 
 
 Township, 
 Beh. 
 
 
 
 | WA V ONE, was bc des cl 89 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 3] 114 | 146) 14 | 5047 | 50] .. | 12802) 17366 9080 | 3231 
 I | 194-4 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crosby South,. oom we | oe 35 { 36 | 1 ila ae a a ry 
 | sts HK oo ern | tf “. | OP ee ie MS j ately ae 
 Burgess, i |] | 1 oie A, ) Te _ : rin : Ok ; 4 16 ob f 
 ) Bastard oon w | oO f =~ | t t ‘ ai i ae 00 J * @ he en) 
 i on ) d.. oreo eww 135 i ae 137 ‘() LS I { ry) | "0 | i] N) 1 #, =| I26] 4104) lang 
 = Elmsley one em r Ay | “ ' wi i u Py wr Ss —4 ae a 
 ad r ’ wae 2 ta ‘| 13 DO | iU 1 1D3 > p TTT A175 | 908 | 
 | a) Escott,... ee | ore | Sf me | 4 y n ae : z : ~ } | ibe | — 
 S | K; | heed 166 i 11] ~e iRatete: 20 Ao AOA AN? QAR ft 
 9 | ‘ll tley ee ee ee i 60) ibete: i 197 RA, ano4 [. a : d a : m ae | Pa us 24 Ee | 
 | Cr rosby N or th,. Ge ae at ea 24.1 of ry { 17 "* § : a r) | j r : 7 | | rd ) } | i} | i) ul LS | P) | 
 . [ sas tle Meet ae Lf ii Lene { } at) Fi ee | 5, oy fa’ ei | 
 | | Leeds and Lansdown; 371! 1316 | 295 177 | «@s eb 2032 4153 6. / 140 Zz - 
 | Ehzabethtown,......| 56/1 697! 146 | 149 oka “fits 10. 639 | 3633 | .. 
 l] 8 (se ed Hl ees oy I eile 18536) 16678 1719 | 5238 |192 
 | : | : det ae * SOS GTS fT tate 3a | 
 Total of Leeds,.....| 691 | 3998 540 | 1039 | 204 9933 | 26 J0965) 96444 9587 ‘25808 [548 
 | eee | es adie aaa i ——| ope ab Sec ih 82 B88 
 i ra Augusta,.. eo ee ee ee wo 102 r I Fy | ol j i | ye) | Cl rycy oy | sl ‘ F ge vier BOE 
 ~ 7 pee | i Je | OLD | 340] 33D | 550 6923 o } 791 het iQ | 5} 8 
 e Edwardsburgh, Pe a wt ea | al | 1068 168 qry a Chee ae a hi 1] “ S44 BO00 | 4,4 lob SI 
 = = rs o u FO | ro | ‘oN GOGO ve e AT | O304 1O4, | 
 (7ower South... Lees FS | oo | Q1 ary | ory ra | 4 aj H . ts | <n 4 roe | w I Od | .. | 
 7 fat hat c ‘ »/ a+ i bys vee fF 3SOaR OV) Ory oc | 
 B Oxford, ee ee ee eee | R o) t 3 wi | Cj mh | 1 Fy Fy { 3 | 1 Rr ] wy | JO _9 = UJ by Lb 26 | 
 rh Wolford,.. ow 99 id 4, | ee 101 “a ft me i Ud | . li bith: {dod 4 719 i 19 
 f aly ee ee) hes het es { 0) “si OA 1 
 | 1 } | I oe 204 ow | et Mob ] O64 a WAG 16 
 Total in Grenville 340 | 9915 | oy 39 falc ancaen 4 9 
 a | i 1 Oowe | a hae wie a 7 Pe Oo 1 Vy 59 - 
 oe} 340 | 2215 | 647 | 715 | 543 |18510 | 1339 | 39 | 536 13909] 40859) 9569 |14345 142 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § __ Total in 1851-2,.....} 1031 | 5453 | 1187 | 1754 [747 (54443 | 1723 | 65 [esas 137303 19156 (40153 (690 
 a ee ee DRS a a ES Te _ dt, J sf : -: 
 ES RRA A 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Statistics for the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville for 1851-2.—Continued. 
 
 Butter. | Cheese. | Beef. 
 
 | | | 
 
 ; Balls, | | Calves | Horses 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mileh \ : | 
 Oxen, or) | or | of all 
 | 
 
 Lba. Lbs. | Barrels. 
 
 Cows. | 
 
 Steers Heifers.) ages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aes | sre) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 { 
 | 
 ( Yonge,..............{ 5863 | 616 | 1798 | 1693 | 1117 | 4869 | 1966 133765) 3046) 148 
 | srl AU ig Sata 3818 | 348 | 756 | 612| 385|1982| 916 45290) 16930) 1484 
 UTP ORS, whe cae as cde 336 | 106 | 98 | 85 | 33 320 | 253 5250} .. 12 | 
 fz | Bastard,............) 9078 | 1161 | 1832 | 1646 | 1159 | 5600 | 2715 119812) 7059] 2534) 
 [a y Eimsley,...-..+-...-| 1532 | 319| 618 | 740} 272 | 1488| 739 71070} 2332). 82 | 
 BY} Bscott,.«--4.4---.---| 2214 509 | 537 | 415 | 283 | 1474 | 656 44730) 1140, 176 
 | Kitley,..0+-.+-+-----| 9369 | 924 | 1783 | 1812 [1141 | 5166 | 2066 121746] 8933) 2694 
 bess Nonh....o.... . 1806 | 329 | 522 | 361 | 209 | 1256 | 752) 15224) 520, 329 
 Leeds and Lansdown,| 6539 | 1155 | 1985 | 2016 | 1129 | 5340 | 2332 101714| 10108} 853 
 | Elizabethtown, ......] 9736 | 783 | 2032 | 2198 | 2013 | 7156 | 2238 | 95005! 43652) 262 
 SEs SE Geer ah | | a SP: ete 9S Re eal sh 
 Boo Reeds, 2550281 | 6250 fasu1_ 11508 | 7741 [34751 |14633 735606 /100720) 26343) 11005; 
 j TSH —_— |} ale —— —— 
 ie AUSUStA,... 20200 - «+ (10126 | g09 9463 | 1928 | 1694 | 5855 } 1978 | 167631] 376 | DAD O34 
 = \Edwardsburgh,......| 7351 | 572 | 1856} 1548 | 980 | 3621 | 1339 | 150061] 17662) 309 g 1333 
 [2 <GowerSouth,........| 1941 | 253] 41g | 985| 934 | 1116] 384] 31950] 22431 78 | 979 
 Pe (orloln----+++-+++4] 7778 | 623 | 1311 | 1220 | 877 | 4061 | 1659] 92926) 4441] 296 | 1264 | 
 pS (oltond,...----++++--| 6154 | 554 | 1214 | 1097 | 747 | 3506 | 1498 | 73056, 3146) 375 | 1499 | 
 
 
 
 Total ‘in Sa es | 2804 | | 7262 | 6078 | | 4462 18159 | 6788 | 515624 65184, 1303 | 6007 | 
 Total in 1851-2,.....++ J83641_ 905 9054. 119603. 17586_ 12203 52910 "21221 (125 1230)185904| 39374170 
 
 ALY: vd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ns 91 | 
 
7S 
 
 49 
 
 Now, in order to show the increase of the United Counties of 
 Leeds and Grenville, it will be necessary, in as brief a manner as 
 possible, to contrast the Statistics contained in the foregoing Tables 
 with such information as we can conveniently lay hands upon. 
 From a table furnished by James Jessup, Esq., Clerk of the Peace, 
 we learn that the population of the United Counties in 1830 was 
 21,375; in 1835, 28,504; in 1840, 34,765; in 1845, 36,350 ; in 1850, 
 44,306 ; (Brockville and Prescott not included in the two last men- 
 tioned years) while in 1852, the population is 48,751, (Brockville 
 and Prescott excluded), so that since the year 1830 the population 
 has more than doubled. 
 
 With the increase of population there has also been a correspond- 
 ing increase in all those materials which tell of real progress. 
 Taking the same years as are given above, we find that the num- 
 ber of acres of land under cultivation was in 1830, 61,199; in 1835, 
 82,813; in 1840, 113,938; in 1845, 127,751.45 in 1850, 153,099; in 
 1552, 190,796. The increase in the amount of land under cultiva- 
 tion is here shown to be more than three times the quantity of 
 what it was in 1830, and the present average value of which may 
 be stated at about £5 per acre. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large number of forest trees which must 
 have fallen during the period stated under the axe of the hardy 
 farmer, there are many broad acres still to be brought under the 
 plough, the wood or wild land amounting in the present year to no 
 less than 354,762 acres, the value of which may be quoted at from 
 15s. to 20s. per acre. 
 
 Lhe number of saw-mills in 1830 was 44; in 1835, 51 ; in 1840, 
 97; in 1845, 65; in 1850, 74; the number being in. 1850, 111; an 
 increase of over 150 per cent, and it being fully expected that for 
 the present year no less than from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 feet of 
 lumber will be produced in the United Counties alone, worth at 
 the mill about £2 ver M. feet, most of which will find its way to 
 the markets of the United States, and being about one tenth of the 
 whole exportation for 1851 from Canada to that country, and upon 
 which an import duty of 20 per cent is paid. 
 
 Turn now to the horse, and contrast the number of these noble 
 animals in the years noted above. In 1830 there were 2668 
 horses in the United.Counties; in 1835, 3924; in 1840, 5756; in 
 1845, 6391; in 1852, 12,203, being nearly six times the number 
 in 1830, 
 
 Take horned cattle, excluding cows, and how stands the case? 
 In 1830 there were 6222; in 1835, 6689: in 1840, 6845; in 1485, 
 8550; in 1850 the returns are entered under the head of “ neat cat- 
 tle,” which includes all of the bovine species. In 1852 there were, 
 takins them as “ neat cattle,” and including all, as in 1850, 46,243 ; 
 Or setting them down separate ly, that is excluding milch COWS, 
 26,640. The milch cows were 1n LS30, 1862 ; in 1835, 9649 ; in 
 1840, 11,800 ; in 1845, 13,717; in 1850 not known; in 1852, 19,603 ; 
 being two and a half times more than in 1830; and from the 
 quantity of butter made, as appears by the census, these cows 
 yielded in butter, each, an average of about 64 lbs. In 1830 and 
 
 
 
' 
 ; 
 
 50 
 
 the following years up to 1850, we have no account of the number 
 of factories established or in operation; they must therefore have 
 been few. In the later year, however, we find them stated at 176. 
 This number includes tanneries for the manufacture of sole and 
 other kinds of leather. Pot and pearl ash factories, the latter for 
 buildings and machinery require only a small outlay ; furnaces and 
 foundries, shingle factories, nail factory, and manufactories for 
 scythe snaths, hay and manure forks, grain cradles, shovels, sad- 
 dle-trees and hames, pails, rakes, wheel heads, &c. ‘These articles 
 are manufactured by the aid of machinery, some driven by steam, 
 others by water power, and are fully equal, and superior to, goods of 
 like kind made in the United States or imported from Great Bri- 
 tain. In addition to the above there are at present in operation 
 seven oat and barley mills, and nineteen fulling and carding mills, 
 besides an extensive woollen factory. The tanneries will tan and 
 produce the present year not less than 50,000 sides of sole and 
 upper leather, and kip and calf skins, the sole leather in quality 
 equal to any manufactured in the United States. 
 
 Till 1849, when the new municipal law came into operation, 
 the property of the country was rated at a nominal value; it is 
 now rated at its real value. In 1830, the nominal value in Leeds 
 and Grenville is set down at £250,963 16s.; in 1835, £329,352 
 18s. 8d.; in 1840, £409,623 12s 3d.; in 1845, £456,415 19s. 7d.; 
 in 1850, £480,182 7s. 3d. In 1851, neither the census or any sta- 
 tistical information was taken; but the aggregate value of all tax- 
 able property for that year, as returned by the several municipali- 
 ties, amounted in the townships to the sum of £1,314,853 8s. 2d.; 
 and in the incorporated towns of Brockville and Prescott, £24,607 
 17s. 5d., being the rental value of property in these towns, equal 
 to six per cent on the assessed actual value (£410,100), thus mak- 
 ing the actual value of real property in the United Counties amount 
 to £1,724,953 8s. 2d. in 1851, against the nominal value of 
 £250,963 16s. in 1830. The returns for 1852 were not completed 
 when this was prepared for the press. 
 
 Then, as respects roads, the march has been onward. In 1849 
 there was only about 5 miles of macadamized road in the two 
 Counties, now there are constructed and in course of construction 
 four great leading plank and macadamized roads, running from, 
 and connecting with, the St. Lawrence to the rear, embracing a 
 united distance of about 125 miles, at a cost when fully completed, 
 including the first 5 miles, of about £36,000. Of these roads, four 
 are owned by private companies, the others by the United Coun- 
 ties. Tolls are collected upon those portions of the roads that are 
 already made. 
 
 In pointing out Leeds and Grenville as a desirable locality for 
 the establishment of manufactories, from the immense water power 
 available, it may not be out of place to mention the educational 
 establishments of the Counties. By the annual report of the Chief 
 Superintendent of education submitted to Parliament at their last 
 meeting, honourable notice is taken of the school houses of both 
 Counties. Each possessesa greater number of stone buildings than 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51 
 
 any other County in the Province, Leeds having 131 school houses 
 and Grenville 82, in all 213, not including the schools of Brock- 
 ville and Prescott, the County grammar schools, nor the schools 
 kept up by private persons, many of these being in operation inde- 
 pendent of the common or national schools, 
 
 _ 
 
 Tue Unirep Counties or LEEDS AND GRENVILLE, formerly known 
 as the District of Johnstown, are in length about 55 miles, their 
 breadth being about 30 miles. On the east, they are bounded by 
 the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. These 
 latter Counties contain a population of about 40,000. The Town 
 of Cornwall is the « capital” of these Counties. Besides being 
 rich in an Agricultural sense, they are also so as respects the pro- 
 duction of sawn and square Lumber, Pot and Pearl Ashes, &c., 
 and offer great inducements for immigrants, the land being gene- 
 rally good and held at moderate prices, while there is at present a 
 great demand for labourers and mechanics, not only in the interior 
 of the Counties, but along the front on the St. Lawrence, where 
 several public improvements are going on. 
 
 The extreme northern boundary of Leeds and Grenville is 
 marked by the Rideau River, Rideau Lakes, and Rideau Canal, 
 on the latter of which are works of the most beautiful and substan- 
 tial kind. These waters form a continuous line of navigation for 
 Steam Boats and other craft upwaras to the great western Lakes, 
 or downwards to the Ocean by the Ottawa and St. Lawrence 
 Rivers. 
 
 Leeds and Grenville are divided from the United Counties of 
 Lanark and Renfrew by the Rideau waters, over which several 
 excellent bridges have been built. The River Ottawa bounds the 
 northernly limits of Lanark and Renfrew, over the waters of which 
 floats the timber from the valuable and almost inexhaustible lum- 
 bering region of North Western Canada. Perth is “ the capital” of 
 Lanark and Renfrew. There is still a large quantity of land in 
 these Counties, which might be purchased by immigrants at a very 
 reasonable rate. They also contain may fine farms in a most ex- 
 amplary state of cultivation. ‘There are also many manufactories 
 established, where are produced numerous articles suitable to the 
 wants of the surrounding population. Water power is likewise 
 plentiful, formed by various streams which are scattered through- 
 out the district. The population of Lanark and Renfrew amounts 
 to about 33,000, and the inhabitants rank amongst the foremost in 
 Canada for intelligence, energy and industry. 
 
 On the east Leeds and Grenville are bounded by the United 
 Counties of Frontenac, Lennox, and Addington, which have a po- 
 pulation of about 36,000, the city of Kington being the « capital.” 
 
 Leeds and Grenville-are bounded on the south by the noble St. 
 Lawrence, on the opposite bank of which, at an average distance of 
 about two and. a half miles, lies the State of New York. Fronting 
 Leeds and Grenville, on this majestic river, are located the greater 
 
 
 

 
 ; 52 
 
 portion of the far famed “thousand isles.” The St. Lawrence, it 
 need scarcely be added, is navigable to the ocean, by means of 
 its splendid canals to avoid the rapids, for steamers and other 
 vessels of 400 tons burthen, its surface being daily studded during 
 the season of navigation with every variety of craft, freighted with 
 immigrants and manufactures from Europe, as well as the produc- 
 tions of Canada and the United States. 
 
 Leeds and Grenville are distant from Montreal about 130 miles. 
 To and from the latter city there is daily communication by nume- 
 rous first class steamers, at a cost, to immigrants, of about 2s. 6d. 
 per head. There is also daily communication between these coun- 
 ties and the eastern States of the United States, to New York and 
 Boston, by Railroads, the distance being about 450 miles, and the 
 time occupied, ranging from 20 to 30 hours. The fare onthe Rail- 
 roads, to immigrants, averages about 10s. Either of these routes 
 offer inducements not to be found on other routes, although the 
 route by the St. Lawrence is much the superior to the immigrant, 
 anxious for a cheap and healthful passage; while, to those already 
 settled, or who may yet settle within the bounds of Leeds and 
 Grenville, they offer ready modes of reaching the best markets with 
 the products of the soil. In fact in this respect the advantages are 
 superior to those possessed by almost any other district in Canada. 
 
 These Counties are also extremely healthy, the water pure, the 
 air bracing, and the summers free from intense heat. The winters, 
 though long in the estimation of Europeans,—yet render travelling 
 on sleighs for pleasure or business quick and pleasing,—the snow 
 being always good during winter for this travel. 
 
 The United Counties contain the Towns of Brockville and Pres- 
 cott, and twenty-five villages, beside fifteen townships averaging 
 about 36,000 acres to each township. ‘The soil is excellent, and 
 
 suited for any description of crop. In many localities plenty of 
 
 good stone for building is to be found, and taken all in all, there are 
 few districts so favourably situated for manufacturing or agricultu- 
 ral pursuits. Men of capital would at once find scope for enterprize, 
 and the investment of their means, with a good prospect of a profit- 
 able return. 
 
 BrockvittE—Has a Population of about 3400, and is “ the capi- 
 tal” of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. Here the 
 public buildings are located and the principal courts and sittings of 
 the Counties municipality are usually held. It is situated on the 
 banks of the St. Lawrence. That noble river, in front, rolling its 
 clear waters onwards to the ocean; while westard to the great in- 
 land lakes, the vision is lost amid numerous beautiful islands that 
 lie scattered upon its surface; and eastward with the stream, im- 
 mediately below the town, three islands break upon the view, 
 and present a continuous chain, at irregular distances, from shore 
 to shore, a distance of about 5000 feet, which at a future day, 
 not far distant in these days of rapid progression in Canada, may 
 
 nf 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 j 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 > 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 form the foundation for the 
 
 pliers of a 
 the St. 
 
 a railroad bridge to span 
 Lawrence and connect Canada with the United States. 
 
 Ihe level of the shores on either side,a short distance back from 
 the edge of the river, are about 100 feet above high water mark. 
 Brockville is to be one of the terminus of the proposed “ Lake Hu- 
 ron and St. Lawrence Raj 
 
 vailroad,” which has been surveyed, and for 
 
 lions are now in course of preparation. The 
 eorcian Bay on Lake Huron 
 
 a country. 
 
 which plans and specificat 
 
 distance hence to is said to be under 
 
 sreater part of the way, most favour- 
 a railroad, and which will offer creat induce- 
 emigrant to become a settler on the wild lands ad- 
 
 able for CONStruc 
 
 ments for the 
 
 r) r 
 LIILG 
 
 joining the route. 'The distance from Brockville to Montreal is 
 
 about s reached by steam navigation in 12 to 14 
 the far 
 
 hours. passil 
 
 famed rapids ofthe St. Lawrence. or 
 
 by railroad throuch the northern front of the State of New York, 
 for about three-fourths of the distance, in 10 to 12 hours. It is dis- 
 
 tant 
 
 from 
 
 from New York and Boston—fro} 
 the tormer abont 
 
 most 
 
 n the latter about 400 and 
 miles, which may be made by Rail- 
 
 way aistance in 20 to 30 hours. Not Jess than 
 eight of the largest and firs} Class steamers. from Canadian and 
 American ports touch at the wharves daily, during the season 
 of navigation, independent of the very Many smaller steam and 
 sail craft, offering hoi riy unlimited facilities for the transport of 
 property and for travel east and west. The town is chiefly sup- 
 ported by the agriculturists in , ar, whose fine farms are scattered 
 over the land, and \ eekly pour in their surplus productions over 
 turn-pike, macadamized. and plank roads, to be exchanged for the 
 manufactures of the town, or those from Britian and the United 
 States. A number -of valuable manutactories are carried on, emer 
 
 lif a large factory for iarming utensils, some of Vhich made 
 a INnosi creditable 
 
 display in the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851, 
 one stove 
 
 p, and another in course of erec- 
 
 cf ; ; = ’ 
 loundry and machine shi 
 
 tion, a flourins and two saw-mills driven by the waters of « Mall 
 Creek,” which mingle with the St. Lawrence at the western end 
 of the Town. A steam Ssaw-miull and planing-machine, three tan- 
 
 an trea vie 
 eaiits vals 
 
 ous other mechanical trades and occupa- 
 are in suec on and employment. ‘There is also 
 an extensive brick-yard, and a commodious ship-yard. Merchants 
 stores, with goods from the four quarters of the globe, are here in 
 
 three bank offices of discount, telegraph office, post 
 office, custom officé—this port being also a 
 last, though not least, the Town boast of two weekly newspapers, 
 the Brockville Recorder and Brockville Statesman, which have 
 large circulation in the adjoining Counties.” There is also in the 
 Town an extensive public library, and a well conducted reading- 
 room, an wh may be found the leading journals of Canada, 
 Britain, and the United States. 
 
 We cannot do better than elose this brief and imperfect de- 
 scription by extracting from 
 
 a correspondent’s letter in the 
 Recorder of Sth April last, a sketch of Brockville :—~ 
 “Few Towns in North America, and none in Canada. 
 H 
 
 erles, With many 
 
 Pan | a bo 
 SSsitli Operati 
 
 abundance: 
 
 warehousing port—and 
 
 17en 
 
 will com- 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 D4 
 
 pare with Brockville, in the beauty and healthfulness of its site. 
 Situated upon a gently rising ground, on the summit of which 
 stands the Court House, a model of architectural elegance and sub- 
 stantiality, with its classic figure of Justice overlooking all be- 
 neath it. Immediately in rear the grounds beautifully “ undulate 
 like the summer ocean,” and coursing along the base of these un- 
 dulations, like the great Sea Serpent amid the billows of the 
 ‘mighty deep,’ is Mill Creek, whose waters drive the busy ‘ click 
 clack’ of various machinery. Immediately to the east and to the 
 west, some of them embowered in trees, rise the lofty spires of 
 numerous stone, rongh-cast, and brick churches, where meet our 
 towns-people to serve their God, ‘none daring to make them afraid.’ 
 Tn front, and away to the right and left, are many solid and hand- 
 some private dwellings, not a few surrounded by choice gardens, 
 orchards, and other useful conveniences so necessary to good house- 
 wives. Up and down the Main Street are numerous substantial 
 and handsome brick, rubble, and cut-stone stores, hotels, and other 
 places of business. Still further off, upon Water Street, is seen the 
 superfluous steam issuing from the work shops of the industrious 
 and enterprising bee-hive like manufacturer and mechanic. Richly 
 studded with islands in front, above and below the Town, the 
 ‘mighty St. Lawrence,’ touching the banks of the great and 
 growing Republic, rolls its clear waters to the ocean, and floating, 
 in season, ‘ Watt’s’ life moving palaces laden with the hardy emi- 
 grant from our father-land, and the fruits of trade and commerce, 
 or the produce of the backwoods-men and toiling agriculturist.” 
 
 
 
 Prescott—lIs situated on the river St. Lawrence, distant from 
 Brockville about 11 miles by plank and macadamized road, and by 
 water, on the high-way to Montreal. It is the County Town of 
 Grenville, and has a Population of about 2156. Fort Wellington is 
 contiguous to the ‘Town, where a detachment of soldiers is usually 
 stationed. I’ew Towns in Canada have experienced greater ups 
 and downs of prosperity and adversity than Prescott; at one time 
 considered the foot of lake and river navigation for sail and steam 
 craft; but subsequently abandoned as such. Recently, in prospect 
 of becoming the terminus of the proposed Bytown and Prescott 
 Railway, which has been already commenced, and being opposite 
 to Ogdensburgh, where is the terminus of the American Northern 
 Railroad, its sun of prosperity is again seen struggling above the 
 horizon. ‘The country immediately in rear, for agricultural pur- 
 poses, is very indifferent, yet the hand of industry is scattering im- 
 provements over the neighbourhood. A very considerable portion 
 of its trade is derived from the American side of the river, to which 
 a smal] steamer plys hourly. Prescott has it newspaper, the Prescott 
 Telegraph, its post office, custom house, schools and numerous 
 churches ; an extensive steam flouring-mill, foundry, a large num- 
 ber of merchants stores, and numerous mechanics shops of various 
 kinds. Almost all the Canadian and American steamers touch at 
 the wharves daily, giving additional life and animation to its eur- 
 rent daily business. y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 a5 
 
 Addison, in Elizabethtown ; distant from Brockville 12 miles, 
 population 150. Located in the heart of a rich agricultural coun- 
 try, on the main macadamized road to the Ottawa. Hasa school 
 house, post office, merchants’ and mechanics’ shops, and pot ash 
 manufactory. 
 
 Beverley, in Bastard ; distant from Brockville about 24 miles, 
 population about 250. Has a post office, churches and school 
 houses. Good water power, on which are erected a very large 
 flouring and saw-mill. There is also in the place a foundry, 
 tannery, merchants’ stores and mechanics’ shops of various kinds. 
 This is a growing place and offers a good opening for trade. 
 
 Burritt’s Rapids, in Oxford; distant from Brockville about 34 
 miles, population about 300. Situated on the Rideau Canal, has 
 great water power, which at present drives a flouring and saw- 
 mill, shingle and other machinery ; has its churches, school houses, 
 post office, merchants’ stores and mechanics’shops. This is an im- 
 proving village, and is romantically located. 
 
 Chamberlain’s Corners, in Kitley, distant from Brockville about 23 
 miles, population about 125. Has a post office, merchants’ stores, 
 and mechanics’ shops ; in the neighbourhood are fine wheat grow- 
 ing farms. 
 
 Easton’s Corners, in Wolford ; distant from Brockville about 24 
 miles. Has a post office, steam saw and flouring-mill, merchants’ 
 stores and mechanics’ shops. The farms_on either side of the street 
 running from the Corners have a perfect garden-like appearance. 
 
 Elgin, in South Crosby ; distant from Brockville about 34 miles. 
 It has a merchant’s store and post office, pot and pearl ashery, sur- 
 rounded by fine farms. 
 
 Farmersville, in Yonge; distant from Brockville about 15 miles, 
 population about 250, on or near to the route of the proposed rail- 
 way from the river St. Lawrence to Lake Huron; communicates 
 to Brockville by plank and macadamized road; has its churches, 
 schools, post office, merchants’ stores and mechanics’ shops, and in 
 sight, a short distance off, are saw and flouring-mills, cloth-fulling 
 and carding works. The country around is really the agricultural 
 garden of the two Counties. 
 
 Gananogue, in Leeds, on the banks of the river St. Lawrence, 
 in front numerous islands are scattered in beautiful profusion, 
 many of the finest steamers touch here daily, distant from Brock- 
 ville 32 miles on the highway from Brockville to Kingston, popula- 
 tion about 900. The water power here is unrivalled in the County, 
 and capable of driving almost any extent of machinery. It has at 
 present saw and flouring-mills, nail, hoe, pail and rake manufac- 
 tories, post office, churches, school houses, custom house, merchants’ 
 stores and mechanics’ shops. This is a desirable location for the 
 investment of capital in manufactories. 
 
 Green Bush, in Elizabethtown; distant from Brockville about 11 
 miles. Has a steam saw and grist-mill, merchant’s store and me- 
 chanic’s shop. Is surrounded by many fine farms. 
 
 Hicks’ Corners, in South Gower, distant from Brockville about 
 
 
 
—— 
 
 — 
 
 56 
 
 28 miles. Has post office, schoo] house, merchants’ stores, mecha- 
 nics’ shops, and pearl ashery. 
 
 Kemptville, in Oxford ; distant from Brockville about 34 miles, 
 situate about 4 miles from the Rideau Canal communicating 
 thereto by a navigable stream, and also on the route of the propos- 
 ed Bytown and Prescott Railroad. Population about 1000. Has 
 good water power, on which are erected flouring and saw-imills, 
 with various other machinery. Has post office, churches, school 
 houses, merchants’ stores and mechanics” shops ; lumbering to some 
 extent is also carried on in the neighbourhood. The country around 
 abounds with highly cultivated and valuable farms. 
 
 Lyn, in Elizabethtown; distant from Brockville, by plank road, 
 about 5 miles; population about 250. Has its post office, churches, 
 school houses, merchants’ stores. and mechanics’ shops. A small 
 stream runs through the Village, which well directed energy has 
 recently made drive a good saw and flouring-mill, also supplying 
 water to two large tanneries and other works. The country around, 
 although broken and uneven, is studded with many fine farms. 
 
 Lyndhurst, in Lansdown; distant from Brockville about 28 
 miles; population about 100. Has good water power, upon which 
 are saw, flouring, and cloth fulling-mills. 
 
 Mazttland, in Augusta, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, dis- 
 tant by macadamized road from Brockville about 5 miles; popula- 
 tion about 200. Has a church, school house, post office, a large 
 steam flouring-mill, merchants’ stores and mechanics? shops. Good 
 farming country in rear, and one of the finest farms contiguous to 
 the Village that there is in the two Counties. 
 
 Mallory Town, in Yonge distant on the road to Kingston from 
 Brockville about 13 miles ; population about 100. Post office, a 
 number of churches, school, merchants’ stores and mechanics’ 
 shops, and two potash manufactories, 
 
 Merrickville, in Wolford and Montague, on the Rideau River 
 Canal; population about 700; distant from Brockville over plank 
 and macadamized road about 29 miles ; the River offers most val]- 
 uable water power, second only to Gananoque, and which has 
 been improved by the erection of saw and flouring-mills, cloth 
 manufactory, shingle and other useful and profitable machinery. 
 It has its post office, churches, school houses, merchants’ stores and 
 mechanics’ shops in great number and varicty ; an agency of the 
 Provincial Insurance Company is also established here. This is an 
 improving Town, and a good point for capitalists to invest in. The 
 country about is very good for farming purposes, more particularly 
 on the east side of the River. 
 
 North Augusta, in Augusta ; distant from Brockville, by plank 
 and macadamized road, about 15 miles ; situated on a small stream 
 which drives a saw and flouring-mill, and supples water for two 
 potash manufactories. {[t has its post office, churches, school 
 house, merchants’ stores and mechanics? shops. This place is 
 improving very fast, and the country around is rapidly clearing 
 up, and presents many well improved farms ; population about 
 250. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
\ 
 
 97 
 
 Newboro, in North and South Crosby ; distant from Brockville 
 about 38 miles on the line ot the proposed St. Lawrence and Lake 
 Huron Railway, and on the Rideau Canal, where st samers, dur- 
 ing the season of navigation, daily touch. ‘This is a very flourish- 
 ing Village, and has an enxtensive saw and grist mill in course of 
 erection. It has its churches. schools, post office, merchants’ stores 
 and mechanics’ shops. In the immediate vicinity, which adds 
 much to the trade and importance of the place, are a great number 
 of very extensive saw-mills, engaged cutting lumber for the United 
 States, one of which will cut the present year, about 5,000,000 
 feet; this lumber is transported via the Canal to Kingston, thence 
 to ports of the United States on Lake Ontario. Population about 
 4.00. 
 
 Philipsville, in Bastard ; distant from Brockville about 25 miles ; 
 has its merchants’ stores and mechanics? shops. The country 
 is excellently cultivated in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Portland, in Bastard; distant from Brockville about 36 miles ; 
 population about 150. “Situated on a bay of the Rideau Lake, the 
 country around is fast being converted into good farms. It has its 
 merchants’ stores, mechanics’ shops, post office, school house, and 
 potash manufactory. 
 
 Smith's Falls, in Elmsley; distant 32 miles from Brockville b 
 macauamized road most of the way. Situated on the Rideau 
 Canal. Extensive water power is found here, which drives a 
 number of saw and flouring-mills, with various other machinery. 
 Has a post office, churches, school houses, and a great number of 
 merchants’ stores and mechanics’ shops. Very many highly culti- 
 vated farms in the neighbourhood. ‘Lhe population about 800. 
 
 Spencerville, in Edwardsbureh, distant from Brockville about 22 
 miles. A small stream runs through it, which drives a saw and 
 flouring-mill, and pot and pearl ash manufactory. It has its post 
 office, merchants’ stores and mechanics’ shops. Population about 
 250. 
 
 Vanstondale, in Escott; distant from Brockville about 17 miles. 
 Has a post office, saw and flourine mill, tannery, potashery, mer- 
 chants’ stores and mechanics’ shops. The country very rough and 
 land cheap. 
 
 White Fish Falls, in South Crosby; distant from Brockville 
 about 34 miles. Has a flouring and saw-mull, post office, mer- 
 chant’s store and mechanics’ shops. 
 
 Yonge Mills, in Yonge ; distant on the road to Kingston from 
 Brockville about 9 miles. There is a valuable water privilege 
 here upon which is erected a large flouring mill, and which is dis- 
 tant about 3 miles from, and communicates with, the St. Lawrence 
 by the stream which is navigable for small freight craft. 
 
 
 
58 
 
 ixtracts from the “ Municipal Corporation Act of Upper Canada,” 
 in relation to Corporations created under such Law issuing Bills, 
 Bonds, or incurring other Liabilities; with a Letter from, and 
 embodying the opinion of, the Hon. W. B. Richards, Attorney 
 General of Canada West, on the same. 
 
 Brockville, June 4th, 1852. 
 
 Sik,— Will you favour us with your opinion of the following 
 case. 
 
 Under the Upper Canada Municipal Corporation Act of 1849, a 
 Municipal Corporation contracts a debt and issues debentures 
 therefor, having passed a By-Law making the necessary Assess- 
 ments to pay off the debt and interest within twenty years. We 
 wish to know if the Corporation can afterwards repeal such By-Law, 
 or reduce the amount to be raised under it below the sum which 
 will be required to be paid annually to liquidate the debt and in- 
 terest within twenty years from the passing of the By-Law. 
 
 Would you also send us with your opinion, the important clauses 
 in the Municipal Act bearing upon the point. } 
 
 We remain, Your obedient Servants, 
 
 *seeeeeee eeeereeerees: 
 
 To Hon. W. B. Richards, 
 Attorney General, 
 Canada West. 
 
 Quebec, June 14th, 1852. 
 
 GENTLEMEN,—On the case sent me in your Letter of the fourth 
 instant, I am of opinion that no Municipal Corporation in Upper 
 Canada after having contracted a Debt, and issued Debentures for 
 the payment of it, can repeal or vary the By-Law imposing the 
 special rate for the payment of such Debt, so as to reduce the 
 amount annually applicable to the payment of the Debt and inte- 
 rest according to the terms of the original By-Law. 
 
 I append the three clauses of the Act to which you refer. You 
 will see how carefully the Law protects the interests of the Credi- 
 
 tors of Corporations, and what prompt measures may be resorted 
 to in collecting Debts against them. 
 
 I remain Your obedient Servant, 
 
 WM. B. RICHARDS. 
 
 To seeeeeee s*e*eeeeenee 
 
 
 
 i} 
 
 Ww 
 
 
 
 
 
gt 
 
 D9 
 Extracts from the 12th Viet. Cap. 81.—Section 177, as amended by the 14 and, 
 Vict. Cap. 109.—Sched, A. No. 24. a 
 
 “« And be it enacted, That subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, it shall 
 be the duty of such Municipal Corporations, respectively, to cause to be assessed and 
 levied upon the whole rateable property in their several Counties, Cities, Towns, 
 Townships and Villages respectively. a sufficient sum of money in each year to pay 
 all debts incurred, or which shall be incurred, with the interest thereof, which shall 
 fall due or become payable within such year, and no By-Law hereafter to be passed 
 for creating any such debt, or for contracting any loan, shall be valid or effectual to 
 bind any such Municipal Corporation, unless such By-Law shall contain a clause ap- 
 pointing some day within the financial year in which such By-Law shall be passed, 
 for the same to take effect and come into operation ; nor unless the whole of such 
 debt or loan shall by such By-Law, and by the bills, bonds, depentures, or other obliga- 
 tions thereby authorized to be issued for the same, be thereby made payable within 
 twenty years at the farthest (exclusive of the first and last days of such period) from 
 the time that such By Law shall be so appointed to take effect and come into opera- 
 tion; nor unless a special rate per annum over and above and in addition to all other 
 rates whatsoever shall be settled in such By-Law to be levied in each year for the 
 payment of such debt, or the loan to be contracted, with the interest thereof, nor un- 
 less such special rate according to the amount of rateable property in such County, 
 City, Town, Township or Village, as the case may be, as such amount shall have 
 been ascertained by the assessment returns for such County, City, Town, Township 
 or Village, for the financial year next preceding that in which such By-Law shall 
 have been passed, shall be sufficient to satisfy and discharge such debt or loan, with 
 the interest thereof, within twenty years at the farthest from the time that such By- 
 Law shall be so appointea to take effect and come into operation, and on the days and 
 times and in the manner stipulated by such By-Law, and by the bills, bonds, deben- 
 tures or other obligations directed to be issued for the amount of sueh debt or loan, 
 under the authority thereof; and it shall not be competent to any such Municipal 
 Corporation to repeal such By-Law or to discontinue such rate uftil the debt so 
 created or the loan so contracted, and the interest thereof, shall be fully paid; satisfied 
 and discharged; nor to apply the proceeds of any such special rate, or any part of 
 such proceeds, to any other purpose than the payment, satisfaetion and discharge of 
 such debt or loan and the interest thereof, until such debt or loan, with the interest 
 thereof shall-have been fully paid, satisfied and discharged: Provided always, never- 
 theless, that in the event of there being any part of such special rate on hand, and 
 which cannot be immediately applied towards the payment, satisfaction or discharge 
 of such debt or loan or the interest thereof, by reason of no part being then due and pay- 
 able, it shall be the duty of such Municipal Corporation, and they are hereby required 
 to invest such money in the Government securities of this Province, or in such othe 
 securities as the®Governor of this Province in Council shall think fit to permit, direct 
 or appoint, and to apply all interest er dividends to arise, or be received upon the 
 same, to the like purpose as the amount so levied by such special rate, and no other, 
 
 Sect. 178.—‘* And be it enacted, That any By-Law by which it shall be attempted 
 to repeal any such By-Law for raising any such loan, or for the payment and satisfac-~ 
 tion of the debt contracted for any such loan, or to alter any such last mentioned By- 
 Law so as to diminish the amount to be levied for the payment and satisfaction of such 
 loan or the interest thereof, until such loan and interest shall be fully redeemed, paid 
 and satisfied, shall be and the same is hereby declared to be absolutely null and void 
 to all intents and purposes whatsoever, and ifgany of the officers of such Municipal 
 Corporation shall, under pretence of such pretended By-Law, neglect or refuse to 
 carry into effect and execution the said By-Law for levying the necessary money to 
 redeem, satisfy and discharge such loan and the interest thereof, every such officer 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by fine or imprison~ 
 ment, or both, at the discretion of the Court whose duty it shall be to pass the sentence 
 
 ot the Law upon such offender. 
 
 Sect. 179.—** And be it enacted, That it shall be the duty ofgevery Sheriff, who 
 shall receive a Writ of Execution against any Municipal Corporation created or to be 
 created under the authority of this Act, if such Writ shall be a With a direc- 
 tion to such Sheriff%o levy the amount thereof by rate, to delivertascgpy of such Writ 
 of Execution andgegdorsement to the Chamberlain or Treasurer of such Municipal 
 Corporation, or to leave such copy at the office, place of business, or dwelling house 
 of such Chamberlain or Treasurer, with a statement in writing ol his fees, and the 
 whole amount for principal, interest and costs required to be paid to satisfy such execu- 
 
 *, 
 
 
 
 a 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
—_—— 
 
 om 
 
 = 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Me calculated to the day of the service of such « opy as aforesaid, or some day as near 
 asconveniently may be to the same, and in case such amount, with interest thereon 
 from the day mentioned in sueh statement, shall not be paid to such Sheriff within one 
 calendar month after such service it shall be the duty of such Sheriff to examine the 
 
 adjusted and settled assessment rolis of such Municipal Corporation on file in the office 
 
 te upon the same in like manner as 
 rates may be struck by such Municipal Corporation for the general Municipal pur- 
 poses of such Corporation, which rate shall be of a sufficien amount in the pound ac- 
 cording so due on such execution, with 
 judgment of such Sheriff shall be suflicient to cover 
 
 of the Clerk of such Corporation.and to Strike a1 
 
 a 
 
 g to such assessment rolls to cover the amount 
 such addition to the same as in the 
 . . * (a . . P . | r om 
 
 the interest, Sheriff’s fees and Collector’s per centage to accrue thereon to the time 
 ; } ; : " ; ° ; a ; . ~ 5 : . nt 
 
 when such rate shall probably be available fo) the satisfaction of the same; And 
 
 , by a precept or precepts 
 
 Collectors of such Municipal Co poration respectively, recit- 
 
 : : . 
 ~ ~ _ : . — ; al , - _ ° ’ 
 ing such Writ of Execu ion, and that such Municin; 
 
 thereupon such Sheriff s! 
 
 Pee Me apap ree: aes 
 hal under his hand and Seal of office, 
 directed to the different C 
 
 ’ ont) . | : . 4 
 
 cipal Corporation had neve cted.to* 
 Pa > : a . : ur F —s . Sa. 2 +} : rs “ny ~ tas ns : +} y* ; 
 Make provision according to Law for the satisiaction thereol, and contaj Nine the rol] 
 
 of ‘such rate in a Schedule to be a 
 
 a annexed fo such precept, cominand suecn Oollectors 
 respectively to levy and collect such rate within their respective jurisdictions, at the 
 time and in the Manner that they are by Law regnired to levy and collect the annual 
 rates for the general purposes of such Mu; cipal Corporation, and il at the ‘time for 
 levying and collecting such annual rates.) ext after the receipt of any such precept, 
 such Collector shall have a general rate roll delivered to them for sneh vi ar, 1t shall 
 be their duty to add a ec lun thereto; headed ‘ Execution rate in A. B. ws. The 
 Lownship,’ (or as thre CAC may by » ai ra $i nil ir colu AY? for each Exec : ion. if 
 
 more than one ), and to insert therein the amount Dy such precept required to be tevied 
 upon €ach person respectively according to the 
 
 te requirements olf such precept, and to 
 . 
 
 os 
 levy and . i] t+ the an , nt-of s! | lL veapnti raie trv . : ve ; son? ht , 
 evy and collect the amount of six n de xXecution rats irom sucn persons respectively, in 
 the same manner as such general 4 
 
 . a mui ait 
 
 annual rate js by Law directed to be levied and co}- 
 lected by such Collectors, and to return such precept with the amount so levied ‘and 
 collected thereon, after deducting kis percentage therefr m, to such Sheriff within the 
 same time as such Collectors are or shal] bY Law be required to make the returns of 
 the general annual rate aforesaid to the ¢ hamberlain or Treasurer of such Municipal 
 Corpoyation ; Provided alw ays nevertheless, firstly, that any- surplus that shall remain 
 in the hands of such Sheriff upon any such precept or 
 Execution and all interest 
 
 rest, vosts and fees thi reor. 
 
 precepts, -after satisfying such 
 1) 
 
 , Shail by such Sheriff be paid over 
 to the Chamberlain or Treasurer. of such Municipal Corporation within ten days after 
 the same shal! be so received by him and be applied to the general 
 Municipal Corporation as the surplus of any other rate; And provided also, secondly, 
 that the Clerk of such Municipal Corporation and the several Assessors and Colleetors 
 of such Corporation shail, for all purposes in any way connected with th ‘carrying into 
 effect or permitting or assisting such Sheriff to carry into effect the giqyisions of this 
 Act, with respect to the satisfaction of any such Execution, be taken and deemed to be 
 the Officers of the Court out of which such Writ of execution issued, and as such 
 shall be amenable to such Court, and may be proceeded against by Attachment or 
 otherwise to compel the performance of the duties hereby imposed upon them as any 
 
 other Officers of such Court may by Law be proceeded against for a similar purpose.” 
 
 ry 
 i) 
 : 
 
 urposes of such 
 
 LAA 
 
 DAVID WYLIE, PRINTER :-— SROCKVILLE. 
 
 
 
 
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