B E A 
 
 I E S 
 
 - T 
 
 THE 
 
 U T 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CREATION: 
 
 OR, A NEW MORAL SYSTEM OF 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY: 
 
 IN FIVE VOLUMES: 
 
 Confifting of 
 
 QUADRUPEDS, 
 
 BIRDS, 
 
 FISHES AND REPTILES, 
 
 INSECTS, 
 
 TREES AND FLOWERS, 
 &C. &C. 
 
 Defigned to infpire Youth with Humanity towards the 
 Brute Creation, and bring them early acquainted with 
 the wonderful Works of the Creator. 
 
 Who can this field of miracles Jur’vey , 
 
 And not avith Galen, all in rapture , fiayy 
 £ eh old a God ! adore hiniy and obey , 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 L O N D O N I 
 
 PRINTED FOR G. RILEY, NO. 33, LUDG ATE-STREET } 
 AND SOLD BY S. HAZARD, BATH* 
 
 * 795 . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f» 7'-' 
 
 : ^ 
 
 <1 ~ 
 
 
\Z7 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE 
 
 o n 
 
 INSECTS IN GENERAL; 
 
 PARTICULARLY ADDRESSED TO 
 
 OUR YOUNG READERS, 
 
 ^\.MONG the various fubje&s which Nature offer* 
 to the infpe&ion of natural hillorians, no objedt what* 
 ever feems more to claim their attention than Insects, 
 Though their minutenefs may, at firfl view, feem a juft 
 argument for that contemptible idea which the vulgar 
 entertain of them—though the unthinking part of man*- 
 kind may look on them as the refult of chance, or as 
 the refufe of nature—yet he that views them with due 
 attention, and refledfs on the art and mechanifm of 
 their ftrudlure, which collects fuch a number of veC- 
 fels, fluids and movements, into one point, and that 
 too frequently invilible to the naked eye, cannot but 
 b difeover 
 
preliminary discourse. 
 
 difcover them to be the work of an all-wife Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 Thofe animals which by their to* chiefly attnft our 
 attention, are hut the foalleft part of an.ma.ed nature ; 
 the whole earth fwarms with living beings, every plant, 
 tvery grain and leaf, fupports the life of thoufands. 
 Vegetables feem, at firft fight, ,o be the parts of orga¬ 
 nized nature, which are produced in the ^eateft abun- 
 dance; but, upon minuter infpeaion, we fhall find 
 each fupporting numbetlefs minute creatures, who fill up 
 the various gradations of youth, vigour, and old age, m 
 the fpace of a few days exiftence. 
 
 Vegetables ate generally produced but once in a fea. 
 fun ; bat among ioftA*. efpeeially of the fmaUer ktnds, 
 a finale fummer fuffices for feveral generat.ons. Thefe 
 therefore would multiply in greater abundance than 
 the plants on which they fubfift. but that they are de- 
 flroyed by other animals, and often by eacn other; 
 the fpider feeds on the fly, the birds upon the fp.ders, 
 and they in turn make the food of man, and ef every 
 beaft of prey. 
 

 
 FRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. iH 
 
 The firft, kind, we commonly call Worms er Grub3, 
 as alfo Caterpillars. Thefe humble animals move for¬ 
 ward but flowly : when they advance from one place 
 to another, they ftretch themufculous (kin, which fepa- 
 rates the firft ring from thofe that follow, and thruft 
 it forwards to a certain diftance; then they contract 
 and wrinkle the Ikin on the fame fide, bringing for¬ 
 wards the fecond ring, and fo on. 
 
 The fecond fort of infedts are flies of various kinds, 
 whofe bodies are covered by fmall plates, not unlike 
 our ancient armour, the pieces of which are lengthened 
 by unfolding, and fliortened by running over each 
 other. Thefe lead a more luxurious life, transfer 
 themfelves from place to place with rapidity, and fpend 
 their little exiftence in feafting and propagating their 
 kind. 
 
 The third fort are ants, fpiders, and others, whofe 
 bodies are divided into two or three portions, joined by 
 a fort of ligament. Of all the race of reptiles thefe feem 
 to be endowed with the greateft fhare of fagacity. The 
 wifdom of the ant (fee our difeuflion of this curious little 
 creature in p. 181) is confpicuous in their forming them- 
 b a felves 
 
 
iv PRELIMINARY DISCOURS*. 
 
 felves into a kind of little republic, and therein obferv- 
 ing, if we may be allowed the exprefiion, their own 
 peculiar laws and policies ;. but the. cunning of the fpi- 
 der feems to exceed that of moft other infers : its va¬ 
 rious artifices to enfnare its prey, is no lefs remarkable 
 than its contrivance of a cell or retreat behind its web, 
 where it feafts upon its game with all the fafety ima¬ 
 ginable, and conceals the fragments of thofe carcafes 
 which it has picked, without expofing to public view 
 the leaf!: remains of its barbarity, which might diftin- 
 guiili its place of abode, or create the leaft jealoufy in 
 any infers, that their enemy is near them. 
 
 When we compare the elephant with the ant, how 
 contemptible, at firft view, does the latter appear ? 
 I3ut, when we furvey that little animal through a mi- 
 crofcope, as we have reprefented it, confider the art 
 and mechanifm of its flru&ure, and the fluids cir¬ 
 culating in veflels fo fmall, as almoft to efcape the niceft 
 cbfervation, we are loft in wonder and aftonifh- 
 ment, and are led to conclude, what a little dif¬ 
 ference there is between the great and little things of 
 this life. 
 
 Stine 
 
X_7 - 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. T 
 
 Some infedls are richly adorned with robes of various 
 colours, as blue, green, red, gold and filver, and 
 many other embelli foments. We need only look upon 
 fiiining flies, Cantharides, Butterflies and Caterpillars, 
 to be convinced of this truth, The fame wifdom which 
 has given them thefe ornaments, has armed them from 
 head to foot, and has enabled them to fight, and to 
 defend themfelves. Though they do not always catch 
 what they lie in wait for, or ihun what is hurtful; 
 yet they are provided with what will beft ferve them 
 for thofe purpofes. The common leech has long teeth, 
 the wafp and the bee have a powerful fling, and the 
 fnail, of one clafs, is covered with a ftrong (hell, which 
 is fo hard as to defend it from external injuries, and fo 
 light, as to enable it to carry it wich it wherever it 
 goes. The moft delicate, fuch as Catecpillars, are 
 furniflied with hairs, which ferve to break the (hocks 
 they may receive, and to weaken the blows, or to pre¬ 
 fer ve them from the rubs that might hurt them. The 
 generality of infers are quick in their flight, to get 
 out of the way of danger; fome by the help of 
 of their wings, of which there are numberlefs inftances; 
 and others, fuch as moft of the inhabitants of trees, 
 
 ^ 3 by 
 
•PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 by the affiftancc of threads, which they can throw out, 
 -and hang by them under the leaves, on which they live. 
 Others again, like the grafshopper, can leap to a great 
 -diftance, and fo get out of danger. 
 
 It is alfo wonderful to confider the various organs 
 by which feme infe&s are aflifted to live, and the in- 
 ftruments they make ufe of, each according to their 
 jirofeflion. The filk-worm is ikilful in fpinning, having 
 two difUIFs and fingers to draw out the thread; the 
 fpidercan make nets and webs, and is therefore provi¬ 
 ded by nature with implements for that purpofe; the 
 wafp, by means of two fmall faws, w hich hang one on 
 each fide his mouth, procures from the rails and polls, 
 which he meets with in the fields, and dfewhere, fuch 
 wood as is neceffary in the ere&ion of their common ha¬ 
 bitation ; bees have ferapers, fpoons, and trowels, if we 
 may be allowed to give them thofe names, which they 
 life in the formation of their combs, and for other pur¬ 
 poses : the trunk of this little animal is more wonder¬ 
 ful than that of the elephant; for this ufes his only for 
 his own convenience, but the trunk of the bee extra&s 
 the healing balfam even from poifonous herbs, if we 
 may credit the writings of feme highly-efleemcd authors: 
 
 the 
 
PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. v tf 
 
 the method in which they perform this operation is 
 beyond human comprehcnfion, for all the art of man 
 has never yet been able to extra A liquor from plants 
 with that flail. Let not the youthful part of our rea¬ 
 ders, while they pride th'em&Ives in human accom- 
 pliflimeuts,-think too meanly of infedts formed for their 
 ufe, fmcc nature lias bellowed on the very lovveft of 
 them fomething which it has denied to mankind. 
 
 They are formed for motion, rather to provide fuf- 
 tenance, than to avoid danger. As from their natural 
 weaknefs they are the prey of every fuperior order of 
 animals, they feem to find fafety only in their minute- 
 nefs or retirement; but even with every precaution 
 they furnifh out a repafl to birds, who, while to us 
 they feem {porting in the air, are then employed in 
 procuring their nereffary fubfifUnce. The infe& itfelf, 
 however, is at the fame time in purfuit of f >me inferior 
 order of infe&<, for there are the lame hoftiiities among* 
 the fmallefl as there are among the largefi animals. 
 
 It was formerly the common opinion, that all forts 
 of infedfs proceeded from cormntmn. n..* ,■ c. . 
 
 of'infers proceeded from corruption; but this ha? 
 been long exploded, cfpeciaily fince the invention of 
 
 b 4 
 
 Kucro^ 
 
4 iii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 tnicrofcopes. And indeed, it would be abfurd to fup- 
 pofe, that thefe animals, which are perfedt in their 
 kind, fhould be the effedt of chance. The motions 
 of thefe creatures may feem to us without any defign ; 
 and yet, it is certain, that they tend to a certain end, 
 even thofe of the fmalleft as well as the largeft. No 
 infedt abandons its eggs to chance ; for they are never 
 miftaken in laying them in places where they may re¬ 
 ceive proper nourifhment, as foon as they are hatched. 
 The Caterpillars, that feed upon cabbages, are never 
 found upon willows, nor thofe of willows upon cab¬ 
 bages. The moth delights to be among curtain?, wool¬ 
 len fluffs, or papers, but never upon plants, nor in 
 mud, nor yet in corrupted aliments; and yet the con¬ 
 trary happens to flies, who lay their eggs in flefh ; and 
 therefore it is plain, it is inftindl, and not chance, 
 that diredls their choice. That this does not arife from 
 the corruption of the flefh is plain from experiment; 
 Ence beef frefh killed, and put into an open veffel, co¬ 
 vered over with a piece of filk, fo thin as to let in the 
 air, and yet thick enough to hinder the eggs of the fly 
 from paffing through it, will be found to produce no 
 hiaggots. However, the flies being attradled by the 
 fmell, will come in crowds to the covering, and endea- 
 a vour 
 
PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. ; e 
 
 vour to enter In, and perhaps lay fame of their egg-, 
 upon the filk, but they will penetrate no farther; from 
 whence it is plain, that corruption produces nothing. 
 
 Summer is the feafon of their pleafutes: many of 
 them never live above a Angle feafon, while the ephe¬ 
 mera continues but a few hours. Such however as are 
 more long-lived, take the proper precautions to provide 
 for their fafety in winter, and fix upon the moft con¬ 
 venient fituations for fpending that interval; and fuch 
 as want food, lay in the proper ftores for fubfiftence. 
 But the greateft number want no fuch neceflary flock, 
 for they fleep during the continuance of the winter. 
 Some caterpillars, for inftance, having fed during the 
 fummer, retire, at the approach of cold, to a place 
 of fafety, and there, by fpinning a thread like a cobweb, 
 hang themfelves in fome commodious place, covered 
 with a factitious coat, which at once ferves to keep 
 them warm, and guard them from external injuries. 
 Here they continue in this torpid ftafe till the return¬ 
 ing fun calls them to new life; then they expand new 
 wings, become butterflies, and feem employed fcarce 
 m any other manner than that of reproducing their 
 kinds. Thus we fee among infeCts thofe different offi- 
 
T 
 
 m PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE; 
 
 Jb 
 
 as of eating, flccping, and generation, make different- 
 feafons in their lives. Were we to compare them with 
 other animals, we fhould find, that while thofe purfue 
 fuch pleafures by frequent returns, thefe experience 
 each but once in their lives, and die. 
 
 There are feme infers, however, which lay up pro- 
 vifions for the winter,- of which the bee and the foreign 
 ant are remarkable inftances. The wafp, the hornet, 
 and the wild bee, are not lefs affiduous in laying in a 
 proper flock of food, and fitting up commodious - 
 apartments; but this is wholly for the fake of their 
 young; for they forfake their nefts in winter, leave 
 their young furnilhed with every convenience, and retire, 
 themfclves to other places. 
 
 In general, all infers are equally careful for pofterity, 
 and find out proper places wherein to lay their eggs, 
 that, when they are hatched and produce young ones, 
 there maybe fufficient food to maintain them ; whether 
 they choofe trees, plants, or animal fubftances, ftill the 
 j>afcent creature finds a bed, which at once fupplies 
 food and prote&ion. The plumb and the pea, etch 
 fcem to give birth to infers peculiarly formed for re- 
 t fiding 
 

 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 15 ding in them. The pear and apple produce a white 
 moth; on the oak leaf are hatched feveral, of beautiful 
 colours, white, green, yellow, brown, and variegated. 
 T he manner in which thofe infers lay their eggs is fuf. 
 ficently curious; they wound the leaf half through, 
 and then depofit their eggs in the little cavity. As the 
 mfe£t encreafes, its nidus, or bed, encreafes alfo, fo 
 that we often fee the leaves of trees with round fwel- 
 1 'ngs on the furface, upon opening of which we may 
 difcover numberlefs infeifs, not yet come to maturity. 
 On oak trees, as we elfewhere obferve, thefenefts ap¬ 
 pear like little buds, and are in fait only gems, or buds, 
 which are increafed in th/cknefs, when they ought to 
 have been pufhed out in length. Among thefe cafes, 
 formed by infeifs, the Aleppo galls maybe reckoned 
 as the moft ufeful; the infeits of which, when come 
 to maturity, gnaw their way out, as may be feen by 
 the little holes in every nut. But all thefe are formed 
 by the ichneumon kinds of flies, namely, of thofe kind, 
 which are vulgarly called the Blue-bottle By. 
 
 Thofe kinds, however, which do not wound the leaf, 
 ta e great pains to lay their eggs on the furface, in the 
 eiaitcft and moft curious manner. When thus depofited. 
 
^7 
 
 PRELIMINARY discourse* 
 
 they are always fattened thereto with a glue, and coin 
 ftantlyat the fame end. Thofe which lay them in the 
 waters, place them in beautiful rows, and generally in 
 
 a fizy fubftance, to prevent their being carried away 
 with the motion of the water. Upon polls, and on the 
 fides of windows in country villages, little round eggs 
 have been feen refembling pearls, which produced 
 fmall hairy caterpillars, and thofe, like the reft, are all 
 laid in very regular order. The gnat, though fo very 
 fmall, is yet very curious in the manner of depofiting 
 her eggs, or fpawn. It lays them on the water, but 
 fixes them to fome floating fubftance by means of a 
 flalk, which prevents them from finking. The eggs 
 are contained in a fort of tranfparent jelly, and very 
 neatly laid : when hatched by the warmth of the fea- 
 fon, they fink to the bottom, where they become fmall 
 maggots, flick to the Hones, and provide themfelves 
 cafe's, or cells, which they creep into or get out of at 
 pleafure, and thus continue till they take the ufual 
 change into that of a fly. 
 
 There are reckoned no lefs than three hundred kinds 
 of Caterpillars which are already known, and the cu^ 
 rious are ftill making new difeoveries: their fhape, 
 
 their. 
 
PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. ,iii 
 
 the ,r colour, their inclinations, and their manner of 
 living, diflinguilhes the feveral forts from each other- 
 and yet they are all perfect in their kind. 
 
 There is an animal lately difcovered, whofe powers 
 of generation are ftill more extraordinary than any 
 thing hitherto taken notice of. The animal is called 
 the Polypus, a fmall reptile found on aquatic plants* 
 and m muddy ditches. This- furprizing creature* 
 though cut into ever fo many parts, flill continues to 
 live in every divifion, and each, in Jefs than three 
 days, becomes in every refpea a perfect Polypus, like 
 that which was at firft divided. This, I think, may 
 be juftly efteemed the loweft of animated beings, and 
 fcarce to be ranked above the fenfitive plant, ex¬ 
 cept by being endowed with a locomotive faculty, or 
 a power of moving from one leaf to another. It is 
 thus that Nature chufcs to mix the kinds of beings by 
 imperceptible gradation, fo that it becomes hard to 
 determine where animals end, or vegetables begin. 
 
 In this there are evident marks of her wifdom in fill¬ 
 ing up every chafm in the great fcale of being, fo 
 that no poffible exiftence may be wantiug in her up*. 
 
 verfal 
 
siv preliminary discourse. 
 
 verfal plan. Were we to alk why thefe minute crea¬ 
 tures, in general little regarded by men, except from 
 the prejudice they are to his labours, were formed 
 in fuch great abundance, it would be no eafy talk to 
 find a reply. For man’s ufe they were not made, a* 
 they are allowed to be noxious to him ; nor for the 
 fuflenance of other animals that may be of ufe to him, 
 fince the advantages of the latter cannot compenfate 
 for the damage done by the former ; perhaps the wifelt 
 anfwer would be, that every creature was formed for 
 itfelf, and each allowed to feize as great a quantity of 
 
 fiappinefs from the univerfal ftock, as it was able: thus 
 
 each was formed to make the happinefs of each; the 
 weak of the ftrong, and the ftrong of the weak *, but 
 ftill every order found happinefs in proportion to its 
 abilities. Thus we fhall find, that though man may 
 be reciprocally ufeful to other animals, yet in fome 
 sneafure they were formed for his ufe, becaufe he ha* 
 been endowed with every power of rendering them 
 fubfervient, and enjoying their fubmiflion. 
 
 Having thus taken a general view of what we in¬ 
 tend particularly to deferibe in the following pages 
 
^7 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xt ~ 
 
 •f this volume, it remains only to admonilh the 
 youthful reader, not to confider thofe matters as dry, 
 trifling, or tedious, which, if properly attended to, 
 will enlarge his ideas of the infinity of creation, and 
 infpire him with that juft fenfe of gratitude, which 
 is due to the great Author of the univerfe. If nature 
 has given him a genius, that prompts him to ad¬ 
 mire the beauties of human mechanifm, to what a 
 pitch muft his admiration and aftonifhment be raifed, 
 when he beholds only the wonders difplayed in a com¬ 
 mon infe<5t, which he, perhaps, before looked on 
 with the utmoft contempt and indifference ! He will 
 foon be induced to believe, that tfie moft fumptuous 
 and voluptuous dreffes, which art has manufactured 
 to add a Iuftre to pomp and power, fall infinitely fhort 
 of that magnificent garb, which Nature has bellowed * 
 on the beautiful butterfly. Into what hiftory will he 
 look, to find thofe people, who are governed by 
 laws equal to what he will obftrve in the republic of 
 Bees ? From the indefatigable Ant he will learn lef- 
 fons of frugality and induftry; and by the cunning 
 Spider, he will be taught to guard againft the arti¬ 
 fices of thofe who lay fnares to catch the thought- 
 
 left 
 
xv ; PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 lefs and inexperienced. In Ihort, he Jwill here fee 
 the bofom of Nature laid open to his view, her won¬ 
 derful operations explained, and the care fhe takes 
 in the increafe and prefervation of the minuted parts of 
 her works. 
 

 natural history. 
 
 I N S E C T S. 
 
 THEIR GENERAL nature* 
 
 INTRODUCT 10 N. 
 
 Definition.—I nfe&s are fmall animals,breathing 
 
 through vent-holes, arranged along their Tides, and 
 provided with a {kin, of a bony nature. Their body is 
 compofed of a head, trunk, limbs, and abdomen. 
 
 vol.iv. 
 
 B 
 
 Form 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 % 
 
 Form and Structure.— Not having occafion to 
 fly far, they are not made fo lharp before as birds: but 
 their wings have fufficient ftrength and a&ivity to con¬ 
 quer all the refiftance they meet with, in their fliort 
 paflages through the air. Having neither bones, flefli, 
 nor Ikin, as in other animals, they are covered with a 
 curious coat of mail, which both guards and flrengthens 
 the body, while it renders the Infedt more adapted to 
 the purpofcsof feeking its food, and performing every 
 other fun&ion of its being. 
 
 Eyes and Antennje. —The eyes of the Fly-tribes 
 are two little crefcents, or immoveable caps, round the 
 head of the Infedt; and contain a great number of mi¬ 
 nute eyes, crofling each other in the form of lattice- 
 work. Curious obfervers relate they have counted fe- 
 veral thoufands in each combination. Lewenhoek cal¬ 
 culated as many as 8000. The caufe of their eyes 
 being fo numerous, is to fupply the defedl of vifion 
 arifing from their eyes being immoveable. Thus Infedts 
 have eyes in every diredtion. How admirable muft 
 their fight be, which enables them to difcern objedts, 
 with their innumerable quantity of eyes, with as little 
 
 confufion 
 

 I N S E C T S. 
 
 S 
 
 confulion as other animals do with only two! Theft 
 antenme are fmail horns, projeding from their head 
 “ fuch a manner as to preferve the light of fo many 
 uxed eyes from being injured. 
 
 Motion.— The admirable mechanifm in thofe that 
 creep, the car ions oars of thofe that fwim, the incom- 
 parab.y formed feet of thofe that walk, the firentnh and 
 elaftic force of thofe that leap, and the talons of thofe 
 - iat dig afford the mod ample matter for contem¬ 
 plating the endlefs ivifdom of the Creator. Each 
 particularly adapted to the kind of motion peculiar to 
 the refpedi ve lnfed : which is exemplified in the Grafs- 
 hopper Water-Beetles, Crickets, &c. To render their 
 progrefs.through the-air as eafy as pofiible, Infect, are 
 provided with wings, formed of the lighteft membranes 
 and the fincil articulations. To poife the body, fome 
 have four wings ; while fuch as have only two, have 
 pointels, or poifes, under each wing. 
 
 Pirts. Infeds are compofed of joints, mufclcs, 
 tendons, and nerves; with eyes, brain, flomach, e»-‘ 
 trails; and with every other part of an animal body! 
 
 B 2 How 
 
4 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 How is the mind abforbed in wonder, when it confidera 
 that the fmalleft Animalcula, which the microfcope can 
 only render vifible, is pofleffed of all the above-related 
 parts ! May we not, therefore, fay with Galen, when 
 fuch exquhite workmanfhip appears in the minuteft 
 Infedi—What mull be the wifdom employed by the 
 Almighty in forming the more noble parts of the 
 Creation ! 
 
 Sagacity. —^Vhcther by mftindl, or adlual fagacity, 
 Infedts are fecured againft winter, our admiration is 
 equally raifed. When cold and wet oblige them to 
 retire, fome entomb themfelves, as in their Aurelia, or 
 Chryfalis {late; others provide themfelves in fummer 
 with fuflicient provifions for their winter fubfiftance; 
 and fome of the InfeA-tribe exift in a fleeping ftate, 
 without changing their nature, or being under the ne- 
 ceffity of requiring that food which is denied them by 
 the change of feafon. This caufed Solomon moft wifely 
 to fay, “ Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard, confider her 
 ways, and be wife; which, having no guide, overfeer, 
 or ruler, provideth her meat in the fummer, and ga- 
 thereth her food in the harveft* J> 
 
 Cart 
 
XT" 
 
 INSECTS. f 
 
 Care of their Young.— Infetfs, with the great- 
 eft care and affedion, carry their young in their mouths, 
 which is particularly obferved in the Ant tribe. But 
 their care, in general, deferves the greateft admiration. 
 They depofit their eggs in fach places as fccure, produce, 
 and fubfift their offspring. According to the fpecies, 
 their eggs are laid in waters, on woods, or on vegetables, 
 where the young find a fubfiliance agreeable to their 
 nature. Particular woods, herbs, and plants, are chofen 
 by the parent-infed to fofter their future offspring. 
 Thus Nettles, Ragwort, Cabbage -1 eaves, Oak-leaves, 
 Currant and Goofeberry bufhes, < 5 cc. have their pecu¬ 
 liar Infeds. Some, whole eggs requiring more warmth, 
 depofit them in the hair of animals, the feathers of 
 birds, and even in the fcales of fifties. Others make 
 their nefts by perforating earth and wood, where they 
 depofit their eggs with fueh neatnefs as to gratify the 
 moft curious obfcrver. And, to preveut their eggs be¬ 
 ing injured, they inclofe them in the leaves of vege¬ 
 tables, curioufly glued together. 
 
 Food.— Every fpecies of Infed has a food peculiar 
 to itfelf, Caterpillars, for inftance, are not only limited 
 B 3 to 
 
6 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 to herbage, blit, likewife, to a peculiar kind. Sooner 
 than difobcy this ordinance of Nature, they will perifh 
 with hunger, unlefs they meet with a plant fmiilar to 
 that to which they are attached. To this general rule, 
 we admit there are fome few exceptions in Caterpillars, 
 that will fubftft on any vegetable. This feems to be 
 wifely regulated, in order to prevent the moft ufeful 
 parts of vegetation being deflroyed by Caterpillars feed¬ 
 ing, for initance, on Apple-trees only. 
 
 Use. _Let no peffon confider the Infe& part of the 
 
 Creation, as only worthy tobe crufhed to death by the 
 foot, or to be made the cruel fport of though tlefs child¬ 
 hood : for, in the words of the ingenious and immortal 
 bhakd'pear, “ The poor Beetle, crufh-’d beneath the 
 foot, feels a pang as great as when a Monarch falls. 
 Surely their weaknefs ought to be their fureft prote&ion 
 againft fuch treatment. But, when it is confidered 
 that we derive the greateft embellifhments, and medi¬ 
 cinal aids, from their virtue, fclf-intereft, if not grati¬ 
 tude, fhould proted their defencelefs lives from being 
 deftroyed by Man. To them we are indebted for our 
 filk, honey, cochineal, and feveral medicines that are 
 
 indifpenfibly 
 

 INSECTS. 7 
 
 fndifpenfibly neceffary topreferve our lives from being 
 the prey of maladies that might, othenvife, prove in- 
 curable* Added to this. Caterpillars are indifpenfitle 
 food for birds, in their infancy, which have then their 
 cries heard and relieved by the Creator, producing this 
 fubfiltance, fo admirably adapted to their tender tex¬ 
 ture. Eut fomctimes it muft he allowed, that the Al¬ 
 mighty puniOies the ingratitude of Man, by fending 
 hofts of Flies, Locufts, and Caterpillars, in array aganiffc 
 him. This Ihould teach us not to defpife even a worm, 
 which has been too frequently rendered one of our moft 
 powerful and dreadful enemies. Let us not think our- 
 felves rich, great, or independent, while the Almighty 
 can punifh our prefumption with fo inconhderable an 
 inilrument. 
 
 To mbs. --The Caterpillar, fatiated with verdure, re¬ 
 tires voluntarily from life, and feeks the grave. Previous 
 to their retreat, they change their fldns, ceafe to feed, 
 while they build themfelves a tomb, or fepulchre. A 
 few days condu# fome of them into a new ftate, of fu- 
 perior exigence. Inftead of crawling the earth, they 
 wing the air. The intermediate flate between the 
 ® 4 Worm 
 

 8 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Worm and the Fly, and which is fo ftnking a pi&ore 
 of difTolution, is called the Chryfalis date. What ap¬ 
 pears the tomb of the Worm, is the embryo of the But¬ 
 terfly ; which, here acquiring a perfect form, burfts the 
 harriers of the grave, and fpeeds its flight into another 
 world of enjoyment. What a Contrail of being is there 
 between its laft and former ftate! The Caterpillar is 
 terreftrial, and crawls heavily along the ground. The 
 Butterfly is agility itfelf, and feems almoft to difdain 
 repofing bn the earth, from whence it derived its being. 
 The firft is fhaggy, and of hideous afpeft ; the latter 
 is arranged in the greateft fplcndor and beauty of 
 glowing colours. The former was obliged to confine 
 itfelf to a grofs food ; but this imbibes the effence of 
 flowers, regales on dews and honey ; and perpetually 
 varies its pleafure, in the full enjoyment of Nature, 
 which it moil delightfully embellifties. 
 
 A collection of thefe beautiful and variegated Infers 
 is a fplendid fpeaacle, where the richeft and mod di- 
 verfified colours delight andaftonifh the eye with their 
 ihadeanddifpofltion. The fight alone enraptures. But, 
 
 what a fublimity of refleflion they afford to the Con- 
 
 templator 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 9 
 
 templator of Nature l The period of the Caterpillar’s 
 reptile exigence being accomplilhed, it entombs itfelf, 
 for the purpofe of rifing again a fuperior being. The 
 Chryfalis is, at once, the tomb of the Caterpillar, and 
 the cradle of the Butterfly. Under a tranfparent veil, 
 this miracle of Nature is effected ; from whence, like 
 the fons of Man riling from the tomb at the day of re- 
 jfurre&ion, the Butterfly breaks the barriers of its grave, 
 and wafts itfelf into the air of heaven. Here it enjoys 
 the effulgence of light, and refpires the breeze, em¬ 
 balmed with the fwcets of Nature. Succefsful in his 
 rifling every nedlareous flower, his reft is the harbinger 
 of enjoyment. His airy wings convey him from plea- 
 fure to pleafure, while they captivate Man with their 
 beauteous and variegated fplendor. And in this re¬ 
 velling from efience to eflence, he is not to be caught 
 but by a finall net of gauze, or filk, upon a wire, placed 
 at the end of a light wooden handle, 
 
 What a fcene of wonders does not the Butterfly dis¬ 
 play ! Its eyes of net-wotk ; its wings befprinkled 
 With a farinaceous dull, of which every grain is a tile 
 laid over a fine net of gauze; and the infinite variety 
 of form, colour, richnefs, and beauty, of it6 embellilh- 
 B 5 meats, 
 

 lo NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ments, render it fo wonderful, that the Ladies of China 
 are faid to fpend their whole lives in the ftudy of this in¬ 
 comparable Infedt. They inclofe, in a box filled with 
 fmall flicks, a number of Caterpillars, ready to fpin their 
 bag; and when they hear the fluttering of the Butterfly’s 
 wings, they releafe them into a glazed apartment filled 
 with flowers. We have alfo, in England, Ladies diftin- 
 guiflied by their tafle and knowledge in Natural Hif- 
 tory. May their amiable example, and our refpe<5lful 
 attention, banifh the modern attachment to fafhion and 
 frivolity ! 
 
 This beautiful tribe of infers has been divided into 
 Diurnal and Nodturnal flies; or, more properly fpeak- 
 ing, into Butterflies and Moths; the one only flying 
 by day, the other mofl ufually on the wing in the night. 
 They may be eafily diflinguifhed from each other by 
 their horns or feelers ; thofe of the butterfly being club¬ 
 bed, or knobbed at the end; thofe of the moth, taper¬ 
 ing finer and finer to a point. 
 
 The butterflies, as well as the moths, employ the 
 fhort life afligned them in a variety of enjoyments. 
 Their whole time is fpent either in queft of food, which 
 
 every 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 IZ 
 
 every flower offers; or in purfuit of the female, whofe 
 approach they can often perceive at above two miles 
 diftance. Their fagacity in this particular is not lefs 
 aflonifhing than true ; but by what fenfc they are thus 
 capable of diftinguifhing each other atfuch diftances is 
 not eafy to conceive. 
 
 The eggs of the female butterflies are difpofed in the 
 body like a bed of chaplets ; which, when excluded, are 
 are ufually oval, and of a whitifh colour : fome, how- 
 ever, are quite round ; and others flatted, like a turnip. 
 The covering or (hell of the egg, though folid, is thin 
 and tranfparent; and in proportion as the caterpillar 
 grows within the egg, the colours change, and are dis¬ 
 tributed differently. The butterfly feems very well in- 
 ftru&ed by nature in its choice of the plant, or the leaf, 
 where it fhall depofit its burthen. Each egg contains 
 but one caterpillar; and it is requifite that this lit¬ 
 tle animal, when excluded, fhould be near its peculiar 
 proviflon. All the eggs of butterflies are attached to 
 the leaves of the favourite plant, by a fort of fize or 
 glue ; where they continue, unobferved, unlefs carefully 
 fought after. The eggs are fometimes placed round 
 the tender flioots of plants, in the form of bracelets, 
 B 6 con filling 
 
.• —- : 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY- 
 
 confuting of above two hundred in each, and generally 
 furrouriding the fhoot, like a ring upon a finger. Some 
 butterflies fecure their eggs from the injuries of air, by 
 covering them with hair, plucked from thier own bo¬ 
 dies, as birds fometimes are feen to make their nefts* 
 fo that their eggs arc thus kept warm, and alfo entirely 
 concealed. 
 
 I 
 
 Some of the caterpillar kind in particular, that feem 
 fitted only to live upon leaves and plants, will,however, 
 cat each other ; and the ftrongeft will devour the weak, 
 in preference to their vegetable food. That which 
 lives upon the oak, is found to feize any of its compani¬ 
 ons, which it conveniently can, by the firft rings, and 
 infli(ft a deadly wound: it then feafts in tranquillity on 
 its prey, and leaves nothing of the animal but the hulk. 
 
 In order to give our Young Readers as clear an idea 
 of Infevfls, in their Worm and Caterpillar ftate, as the 
 limits of our plan will allow, we have fele&ed the fol¬ 
 lowing fubje&s, as the moft beautiful and curious 
 we could find, in Dr. Lifter’s Latin Treatife, and others, 
 on this part of Animal Nature, in the Vermicular or 
 Worm part of their being, &c. 
 
v 7 
 
 INSECTS. 13 
 
 SERICARIA_The SILKWORM. 
 
 ITHOUT entering into the defcription of a Na- 
 turalift of this Worm, we ftiall confine ourfelves to that 
 which we think will be more ufeful, pleafing, and in- 
 terefting. It being more an objedl of univerfal fer- 
 vice, than of finguiar beauty, induces us to prefer 
 B 7 giving 
 
TZ7 
 
 14 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 giving an account of its utility, than any elaborate ac¬ 
 count of its figure, or colour. 
 
 Where thefe Worms are bred, they no fooner leave 
 the eggs than they are fed with Mulberry-leaves, with 
 which they are fupplied every morning, when the old 
 leaves are carefully removed. This Infecft, when firft 
 produced, is extremely fmall, and entirely black. In a 
 few days it affumes a new habit; which is white, tinged 
 with the colour of its food. And before it goes into its 
 Chryfalis ftate, it afiumes two other drefles. At this 
 time, it appears difgufted with the world, and volunta¬ 
 rily retires to its folitary grave, which is moll admirably 
 formed with its thread. How wonderful muft be the 
 ftru&ure of its body, to furnifh fuch a thread; and how 
 aftonifhing the inftindt which teaches it to make, of 
 this felf-produced material, its own tomb! And how 
 muft it diminifh the pride of Man, to confider that he 
 is indebted, for his moft gaudy array, to a fubftance, of 
 which a Worm forms its fepulchre ! Refledl on this, ye 
 Potentates of the Earth ! and acknowledge, with hum¬ 
 ble gratitude, your debt to the Silkworm; and diveft 
 yourfelves of the vain arrogance you aflame, when ar¬ 
 rayed in the robes of maiefty ! 
 
 When 
 
INSECTS. 15 
 
 When the Chryfalis {late begins, the Infed proceeds 
 to fpin its (ilk, in which it is buried. Like the pierced 
 iron plates of a wire-drawer, this Worm produces the 
 thread through a pair of holes in an inftrument placed 
 under its mouth. Two drops of gum ferve it as diftaffs, 
 fupplying the fubftance of which {he fpins the thread ; 
 for the gum is no fooner in the air, than it lofes its 
 fluidity, and changes to the fllk, in the due fize of 
 which the Worm is never deceived. She always pro¬ 
 portions the thread to the weight of her body. The 
 cone of filk being formed, and opened, is found to con- 
 fift of the Worm, changed to a Nymph, and buried in 
 its centre, a down or flue, which is the bad part of the 
 filk, and the perfed part, all ranged with great com- 
 padnefs and propriety. It may be a matter of won¬ 
 der how fo fmall a Moth as this little Worm muft necef- 
 farily produce, lhould be able to burft the million-fold 
 barriers of her place of regeneration. 
 
 The fame Omnifcent Being who taught it how to 
 cred this place of reft, taught it, at the fame time, to 
 find an eafy accefs to her aerial exiftence. The new 
 Animal, with its horns, head, and feet, direds its 
 B 8 efforts 
 
iC 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 efforts to that end of the cone It has left purpofely light 
 enough to admit its paffage to another world of en- 
 joy men t. 
 
 Of breeding Silk-Worms. 
 
 There are two methods of breeding filkworms; for 
 they may be left to grow, and remain at liberty upon 
 the trees where they are hatched; or they may be 
 kept in a place built for that purpofe, and fed every day 
 with frelh leaves. The firfl method is- ufed in China, 
 Tonquin, and other hot countries ; but to breed them 
 in Europe, they muft be Iheltered and prote&ed from 
 every external injury. For this purpofe, a room is 
 chofen, with a fouth afpe&; and the windows are fo 
 well glazed, as not to admit the leaft air ; the walls are 
 well built, and the planks ofthe floor exceeding clofe, 
 fo as to admit neither birds nor mice, nor even fo much 
 as an infedt. In the middle there fhould be four pillars 
 ere&ed, or four wooden polls, fo placed, as to form a 
 pretty large fquare. Between thefe are different (lo¬ 
 ries made with ozier hurdles; and under each hurdle 
 there fhould be a floor, with an upright border all 
 round. Thefe hurdles and floors mull hang upon pul¬ 
 leys, fo as to be placed, or taken down at plcafure. 
 
 When . 
 

 INSECTS* i; 
 
 When the worms are hatched, fome tender mulberry 
 leaves are provided, and placed in the cloth or paper 
 box in which the eggs were laid, and which are large 
 enough to hold a great number. When they have 
 acquired fome ftrength, they muft be diftributed on 
 beds of mulberry leaves, in the different {lories of the 
 fquare in the middle of the room, round which aperfon 
 may freely pafs on every fide. They will fix themfelves 
 to the leaves, and afterwards to the flicks of the hur¬ 
 dles, when the leaves are devoured. They have then 
 a thread, by which they can fufpend themfelves on 
 occafion, to prevent any ftiock by a fall. Care muft 
 be taken that frefh leaves be brought every morning, 
 which muft be flrewed very gently and equally over 
 them; upon which the filkworms will forfake the re¬ 
 mainder of the old leaves, which muft be carefully 
 taken away, and. every thing kept very clean ; for no¬ 
 thing hurts thefe infevfts fo much as moifture and un- 
 cleanlinefs. For this reafon, the leaves muft be gathered 
 when the weather is dry, and kept in a dry place, if it 
 be neceffary to lay in a ftore. As thefe animals have 
 but a fiiort time to live, they make ufe of every mo¬ 
 ment, and almoft continually arc fpinning, except at 
 
 ihofc 
 
is NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 thofe intervals when they change their {kins. If mul¬ 
 berry leaves be difficult to be obtained, the leaves of 
 lettuce or holy-oak will fuftain them : but they do not 
 thrive fo well upon their new diet; and their filk will 
 neither be fo copious, nor of fo good a quality. 
 
 Though the judicious choice, and careful management 
 of their diet, is abfolutely necelTary, yet there is another 
 precaution of equal importance, which is, to give them 
 air, and open their chamber windows, at fuch times as 
 the fun ffiines warm eft. 
 
 After fome days it leaves off eating, and feems to fleep 
 for two days together; then it begins to flir, and puts it* 
 felf into violent motions, till thelkin falls off the fecond 
 time, and is thrown afide by the animal’s feet. All fhefe 
 changes are made in three weeks or a month’s time; 
 after which it begins to feed once more, ft ill in its ca¬ 
 terpillar form, but a good deal differing from itfelf be¬ 
 fore its change. In a few days time it feems to fleep 
 again; and, when it awakes, it again changes its 
 clothing, and continues feeding as before. When it 
 has thus taken a fufficiency of food, and its parts ar£ 
 
 difpofed 
 

 INSECTS, i* 
 
 difpofed for afiuming the aurelia form, the animal for- 
 fakes, for the laft time, all food and fociety, and pre¬ 
 pares itfelf a retreat to defend it from external injuries, 
 while it is feemingly deprived of life and motion. 
 
 This retreat is no other than its cone, or halt of filk, 
 which Nature has taught it to compofe with great art; 
 and within which: it buries itfelf, till it a flumes its 
 winged form. This cone or ball is fpun from two little 
 Iongilh kinds of bags that lie above the inteftines, and 
 are filled with a gummy fluid, of a marigold colour. 
 This is the fubftance of which the threads are formed; 
 and the little animal is furniflied with a furprifing appa¬ 
 ratus for fpinning it to the degree of finenefs which its 
 occafions may require. This inftrument in fome mea- 
 fure refembles a wire-drawer’s machine, in which gold 
 or filvef threads are drawn to any degree of minutenefs; 
 and through this the animal draws its thread with great 
 affiduity. As every thread proceeds from two gum 
 bags, it is probable that each fupplies its own ; which, 
 however, are united, as they proceed from the animal’s 
 body. If we examine the thread with a microfcope, it 
 will be found that it is flatted on each fide, and grooved 
 
 along 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 to 
 
 along its length : whence we may infer, that it is 
 doubled juft upon leaving the body; and that the two 
 threads ftick to each other by that gummy quality of 
 which they are poffefled. Previous to fpinning its 
 web, the filkworm feeks out fome convenient place to 
 ere£t its cell, without any obftru<5tion. When it has 
 found a leaf, or a chink fitted to its purpofe, it begins 
 to wreathe its head in every dire&ion, and faftens its 
 thread on every fide to the fides of its retreat. Though 
 all its firft eflays feem perfectly confufed, yet they are 
 not altogether without defign; there appears indeed, 
 no order or contrivance in the difpofal of its firft 
 threads; they are by no means laid artfully over each 
 other, but are thrown out at random, to ferve as an 
 external fhelter againft rain ; for nature having ap¬ 
 pointed the animal to work upon trees in the open air, 
 its habits remain, though it is brought up in a warm 
 apartment. 
 
 It is generally a fortnight or three weeks before the 
 aurelia is changed into a moth ; but no fooner is the 
 winged infedl completely formed, than having diverted 
 itfelf of its aurelia Ikin, it prepares to burft through 
 
 its 
 
 
v 7 
 
 INSECTS. it 
 
 its cone, or outward prifon : for this purpofe it extends 
 its head towards the point of the cone, butts with its 
 eyes, which are rough, againft the lining of its cell, 
 wears it away, and at laft pufhes forward, through a 
 paffage which is fmall at firft, but which enlarges as 
 the animal encreafes its efforts for liberty. 
 
 The animal, when thus fet free from its double con¬ 
 finement, appears exhaufted with fatigue, and feem3 
 produced for no other purpofe but to tranfmit a future 
 brood. It neither flies nor eats; there are few, how¬ 
 ever, of thefe animals fuffered to come to a (late of 
 maturity ; for as their burfting through the cone de- 
 ftroys the filk, the manufacturers take care to kill the 
 aurelia, by expofing it to the fun, before the moth 
 comes to perfection. This done, they take off the flofs, 
 and throw the cones into warm .water, (lining them 
 till the firft thread offers them a clue for winding all 
 off. They generally take eight of the filken threads 
 together ; the cones (till kept under water, till a pro¬ 
 per quantity of the filk is wound off: however, they 
 do not take all; for the latter parts grow weak, and 
 arc of a bad colour. As to the paper-like fubftance 
 
 which 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 %% 
 
 which remains, fome ftain it with a variety of colours, 
 to make artificial flowers ; others let it lie in the water, _ 
 till the glutinous matter which cements it is all dif- 
 folved: it is then carded like wool, fpun with a wheel, 
 and converted into filk ftnffs of an inferior kind. 
 
 By calculation, one of thefe Worms ,will produce be¬ 
 tween nine hundred and a thoufand feet of filk at one 
 fpinning i and fo thin and light is its texture, that the 
 whole weighs no more than % \ grains. And as they 
 were particularly formed to furnifh Mankind with a 
 fubftance for drefs, that might render us more agree¬ 
 able to each other, and thus enhance the few pleafures 
 of our exiftence, Nature has caufed one Fly to lay as 
 many as 500 eggs. How grateful, then, ought we to 
 be to the Creator who thus forms, yearly, fuch an 
 infinity of thefe manufacturers of the moft agreeable 
 apd beautiful fubftance the world affords, for our ufe 
 and embellilhmcnt! 
 
 FHALjENA 
 
V 7 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 n 
 
 PIIAL^NA PAVONIA.—EMPEROR MOTH. 
 
 Lepidoptera. 
 
 Insects of the Lepidoptera Order are divided into 
 three genera, Papilio , Sphinx , and Phalana % Butterflies, 
 Hawk Moths, and Moths. 
 
 Generic Character. The antennae fetaceous, 
 decreafmg in fize from the bafe to the apex. The 
 wings, when at reft, are generally deflected. They 
 fly in the night. 
 
 Specific 
 
 
 
 

 a4 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Specific Character. Antennas feathered. No 
 trunk. Wings expanded, horizontal, rounded, entire, 
 with a large eye in the centre of each; the firft red- 
 brown waved; the fecond orange. The antennae of 
 the male are broader, and the wings of the female 
 larger, waved with black and white, and bordered 
 with yellow. Caterpillar green or yellow, fpinous, 
 on thorns and brambles. Length of the moth one inch. 
 
 Albin has given a figure of the male and female 
 Emperor Moth, and deferibes a male to have changed 
 to the aurelia Hate as above reprefented July 16, and 
 March 18 following to have produced the Ely. But 
 the time of their appearance depends on the proportion 
 of heat and- cold ; what the author mentions was pre¬ 
 ferred from the feverity of the winter, in a warm room; 
 the ufual time to find them in the caterpillar date is 
 Augufl, and in April the fly. 
 
 The lingular provifion which nature makes for the 
 prote&ion of this Fly deferves particular notice ; when 
 the time of its continuation in the caterpillar ftate is 
 expired, like all others, it refufes to eat; it then, by 
 much labour, forms a kind of bag or purfe, of a very 
 tough fubflance ; this it fixes againft the trunks of trees, 
 
S3 1 -— 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 &c. by a number of hairs or filaments, ■which remain 
 on the external furface. It lines the outer cafe by one 
 of a finer texture, the top of which is dofed by feveral 
 briflles that unite in the centre, exadlly reprefenting a 
 cap, and excludes almoft the pofiibility of its receiving 
 an injury during this defencelefs ftate. In this bag it 
 paffes to the aurelia, and remains until the birth of the 
 perfedl infedl.—Our figure reprefents the chryfalis or 
 aurelia as in the bag. 
 
 Were we to unite the feveral accounts of authors 
 refpedting its food it would appear a general feeder ; 
 it will however live on the rofe, the elm, and the wil¬ 
 low; and on thorns and brambles particularly. 
 
 > 
 
 * a 
 
 PIIAL7ENA 
 
\~7 
 
 26 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 PHALjRNA BUCEPHALA,—BUFF-TIP MOTH. 
 
 Lepidoptera. 
 
 Generic Character. A 
 
 XjLNTENN^E taper from the 
 
 bafe to the apex, and are fetaceous. Wings in general 
 defle&ed when at reft. Fly by night. No Trunk. 
 Wings reverfed, firft Wings horizontal and fecond 
 credl. 
 
 5 
 
 Specific 
 
^ —- 
 
 INSECTS. a 7 
 
 Specific Character. Antennte feathered. Firft 
 Wings grey, with two double tranfverfe brown waves, 
 and a large yellowifli brown fpot at the extreme angle. 
 Second Wings plain, light yellow, length fcarce one 
 inch. Caterpillar hairy, yellow with black fpots. 
 Feeds on Oaks, Aih, &c. 
 
 The delicate affemblage of beautiful down which 
 cloath the upper wings of the Buff-tip Moth is its chief 
 recommendation ; the hiflory affords but little for ob- 
 fervation, it is hatched from the egg in Auguft, and 
 in June following the fly is perfect. 
 
 Whilft happy in its apparent fecurity, ranging the 
 plain to experience the pleafures of liberty, to banquet 
 in the ne&areous profufion of the vegetable kingdom, 
 or catch the dew-drop from the humid air, to infpirit 
 and refrelh his parched fyflem from the mid-day heat, 
 he becomes an unreflfling viclim to the-feathered tribe* 
 

 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Tiie AMERICAN EMPEROR. 
 
 THE ingenious Mr. Lifter fays that, after he had 
 fupplied this Caterpillar with various hinds of herbs, 
 which it was tired of eating, he has placed before it 
 fome Nettles; fuppofing it might be pleafed with a 
 different hind of food. He faw, with great admiration, 
 that the lnfe& became fo joyous as to feem, by its 
 motion, to congratulate itfelf on fuch a repaft being fet 
 
 before 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *9 
 
 before it. But, fuch was the avidity with which the 
 Nettles were eaten, that not any remained of them in a 
 very fliort time. Having thus nonriftied itfelf for a 
 few days, it began in O&ober to prepare for tranf- 
 formation. Being then put under a glafs, the Infetf; 
 affixed itfelf to the centre, and thus hung fnfpended. 
 Having attained the ftate of transformation, it fo 
 ftrongly moved itfelf, and ft ruck the glafs with fuch 
 force, as even to caufe the vibration of the noife to laft 
 while forty was counted. On the 12th of December, 
 the fame Author obferves, that a perfedt Infedt was pro¬ 
 duced, which was exceedingly beautiful, andrefembled 
 in variety of colours the Peacock. It lived 40 days; 
 in which time he fays that he knew not any food on 
 which it fubfifted. 
 
 The 
 

 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The MEADOW BUTTERFLY. 
 
 "W HEN the Coleworts and Cauliflowers begin to 
 heart, the perfect Infeft of this Caterpillar is chiefly 
 found dcpoflting her eggs upon the leaves. The heat 
 of the fun foon vivifies the eggs, and brings forth the 
 faid Caterpillars, which immediately begin to confume 
 the vegetables above mentioned. They bear the heat 
 of the lun very eafily ; but they cannot endure long 
 
 rams, 
 
INSECTS. qr 
 
 rains, and frequent flurwers; for in fuch weather they 
 wade fo faft as, in a very Ihort time, to have no more 
 remaining of their being, but the Ikin. This Worm 
 begins to purge itfelf, and prepare for its transforma¬ 
 tion, about the 3d of Auguft; and on the 17th of the fame 
 month the Butterfly is produced. This perfcd Infed 
 is very inadive, and flow in its motion. It however 
 generally exifts during the winter; and fometimes it 
 has been found alive when the fpring has been far 
 advanced. 
 
 THE 
 
 
 
NATURAL HISTORY- 
 
 1 
 
 The 
 
 MAGPYE or CURRANT MOTH. 
 
 TL HIS kind of lnfe<ft Is of all the moft difficult to be 
 obtained. Lifter fought in vain, a confidence time, 
 to find in what place and manner it depofited the eggs. 
 After many trials and enquiries, he placed one upon a 
 leaf, which he had no fooner done, than it began to 
 
 cover itfelf with a woolly fubftance, feeming y as a 
 
 prefervation 
 
V_ 
 
 
 INSECTS. 33 
 
 {.refervation again!! wet or cold. The leaf being in a 
 little time opened, he found a green feed : and he found 
 that the Infedt fed on goofe-berry leaves, or curlimr 
 vines i and alfo the leaves of white, black, and red cur¬ 
 rants. -J t began about the end of June to prepare for its 
 ftate of transformation, in which it remained until the 
 13th of July, When a Butterfly, fpotted with black and 
 white, fprung forth, to enjoy its new ftate of perfedf 
 being. When touched, or fuffered to fall, it remained 
 10 mononlefs as to appear entirely dead. 
 
 Thp 
 
34 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The NUT-TREE MOTH. 
 
 THIS Worm, or Caterpillar, delights in Rofe-leavcs; 
 but they are not fo ravenous as others; for they have 
 long intervals between their meals. They feldom 
 change the ir leaf until it is entirely confumed. Their 
 to lcur is very elegant. The upper part of the body is 
 a beautiful yellow. But they are not fo beautiful 
 
 after 
 
35 
 
 INSECTS, 
 after as before feeding; for their fan i, fo chin as to 
 be tinged by the colour of whatever food they eat. 
 Before it difpofes itfelf for transformation, the body 
 
 Z:v ; ed r oiour - tws infc<a *»»- 
 
 mence .ts Aureha ftate about the beginning of June; 
 
 brought f ° f DeCember a P erfe,a 
 ought forth, as above delineated. 
 
 C* 
 
 Thc 
 

 The TIGER MOTH. 
 
 These Caterpillars feed on the leaves ofredRofes, 
 and red G.ofeberry-bulhes. Some have their feet m 
 the middle of their body, and others at the extremes. 
 When they change plaee from one fituation to another 
 they afcend by attaching themfelves to the bough with 
 »heir feet, by which they raife the body like a ferpent, 
 
 5 
 
insects. 37 
 
 and, thus, gain their defired fituation. They hold 
 thcmfelves fo faft by their feet, that they can fcarcely be 
 taken from the part to which they adhere. They pre¬ 
 pare for trans r ormation by cleaning their bodies; which 
 being done, they commence their Chryfalis ft*te about 
 the ift of April, and on the 24th of July the perfeft 
 Infe& is produced. 
 
 C 3 
 
 The 
 
3* 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The name of this Caterpillar, in Greek, is 
 
 PHOBERAN. 
 
 HIS Caterpillar is found near a village called Grocd, 
 in Flanders. It is generally feen fitting on a branch of 
 Willow, in the form we have defcribed it. It feeds on 
 ihe leaves of the fame tree. It eats very leifurely, and, 
 when fatisfied, it forms itfelf as wc have reprefented. 
 
 The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 39 
 
 The hinder part of the body refembles the beard, face, 
 and head of a Goat. When you take it, it ftrikes as if 
 in the greateft anger. It has two hooks on the back, 
 with which it guards and preferves itfelf from the at¬ 
 tacks of other creatures. It is therefore called by Lifter, 
 the Phoberan. When it eats, the head appears tied to 
 the body. With a flight thread, or filament, not unlike 
 the joining of the head and body of a Spider. 
 
 On the ift of September, it refigns itfelf to its ap¬ 
 proaching transformation. Twenty-two days after, 
 appears a beautiful Butterfly, diftinguiihed for its 
 beauty and variety of colours. Before the perfe# Li¬ 
 fe#, it depofits its eggs, which are coloured with dif¬ 
 ferent green hues. 
 
 C 4 
 
 THE 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 4PL 
 
 ■ ■ i - ^ 
 
 THE FIRST ORDER. 
 
 Jnftas •with Cruflaceons Elytra covering the Wings* 
 
 SCARABiEUS.—T nt Beetle. 
 
 A.IX Infers having wings covered with the elytra, 
 or cafes of the wings, were ufually called in Latin, Sca- 
 rabasus; until Linnaeus difcriminated them, and con- 
 fined the term to particular Beetles, diftinguifhed by the 
 horns on their head, and thorax or breafl. 
 
 Of the Beetle there are various kinds; all, however, 
 concurring in one common formation of having cafes to 
 their wings, which are the more neceffary to thofe in- 
 fe&s, as they often live under the furface of the earth, 
 in holes which they dig out by their own induftry. 
 Thefc cafes prevent the various injuries their real wings 
 
 might 
 
.41 
 
 I NSE C T S. 
 
 might fuftain, by rubbing or crufliing againft the fides of 
 their abode. Thefe, though they do not aflift flight, yet 
 keep the internal wings .clean and even, and produce a 
 loud buzzing noife, when the animal rifes in the air. 
 
 If we examine the formation of all animals of the 
 beetle kind, we fhall find, as in the fhelbfifli, that 
 their bones are placed externally, and their mufcles 
 within. Thefe mufcleS are formed very much like thofe 
 of quadrupedes, and are endued with fuch furprizing 
 flrength, that, bulk for b.ulk, they are a thoufand time* 
 ftronger than, thofe of a man. The flrength of thefe 
 mufcles is of ufe in digging the animaVs fubterraneous 
 abode, where it is moft ufually hatched, and to which 
 it moft frequently returns, even after it becomes a 
 winged infedl, capable of flying. 
 
 Befide the difference which refults from the fhape 
 and colour of thefe animals, the fize alfo makes a confi- 
 derable one; fonie beetles being not larger than the 
 head of a pin, while others, fuch as the elephant 
 beetle, are as bigas one sfift : But the greateft difference 
 among them is, that fome are produced in a month, 
 and in a Angle feafon go through all the ftages of their 
 e^iftence, while others take near four years to their 
 produdion ; and live as winged infc&s a year more. 
 
 C 5 
 
 Tus 
 
L 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 43 
 
 LUCANUS.— The STAG BEETLE. 
 
 T 
 
 X HE Stag Beetle is the largeft, and mdE Angular in 
 its Ihape, of any in this country. It is known by two 
 maxillae, projecting from its head, and refembling the 
 horns of a Stag. Thefe maxillas are furniffied with teeth, 
 from their root to their point. The elytra have neither 
 flreaks or fpots. The whole Infect is of a deep brown. 
 It is fometimes found in oaks, near London, where it is 
 much fmaller than thofc of the fame fpecies found in 
 woody countries. As their horns pinch feverely, they 
 are carefully to be avoided. The greateft beauty they 
 pofiefs is their maxillae, or jaws, fometimes appearing 
 like coral. 
 
 The. I.ucani feed on the oozings from Oaks, where the 
 females depofit their eggs. The larvae, or grubs, lodge 
 under the bark, or in the hollow of old trees; which 
 they bite, and reduce to fine powder. Here they trans¬ 
 form themfelves into Chryfalis. Thefe Infects are 
 moftly found in Kent and Sufiex. 
 
 Ihe ufe of their porrectecl maxilla?, or jaws, is to 
 loofen the bark, to which they affix themfelves, while 
 they fuck the juices oozing from the tree. 
 
 C 6 
 
 SCAR A- 
 
44 
 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 SCARAB^US AURATUS. 
 
 The GOLDEN BEETLE. 
 
 (Seethe f mailer InfeB , page 4 'l.) 
 
 J^HE larva, or grub, of this Tnfedl, injures the roots 
 cf trees and plants. The Beetle is found upon flowers, 
 and particularly upon the Rofe and Piony. The whole is 
 a burniflied green, and tinged with red,fo as to rcfemblc 
 the fineft polifhed copper. The elytra are adorned with 
 a few tranfverfal fpots, which add to the other embel- 
 lifhments of its brilliant colouring. Such is its amazing 
 fplendor, that it rivals the emerald, and is, therefore, 
 admired as the moft beautiful Infed produced in Eng¬ 
 land. 
 
 \ 
 
 The 
 
 
The ELEPHANT BEETLE. 
 
 THE Elephant Beetle is the largeft of this kind hi¬ 
 therto known, and is found in South America, particu¬ 
 larly Guiana andouiinam, as well as about the river 
 Oroonoko. It is of a black colour, and the whole body 
 is covered with a very hard filed, full as thick and as 
 flrong, as that of a fmall crab. Its length, from the 
 hinder part of the eyes, is almofl four inches, and from 
 the fame part to the end of the probofeis, or trunk, 
 four inches and three quarters. The tranfverfe diameter 
 of the body is two inches and a quarter, and the breadth 
 C 7 of 
 

 46 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 of each elytron, or cafe for the wings, is an inch and 
 three tenths. The antennae, or feelers, are quite horny; 
 for which reafon the probofcis, or trunk, is moveable 
 at its infertion into the head, and feems to fupply the 
 place of feelers. The horns are eight tenths of an inch 
 long, and terminate in points. The probofcis is an 
 inch and a quarter long, and turns upwards, making 
 a crooked line, terminating in two horns, each of which 
 is near a quarter of an inch long ; but they are not per¬ 
 forated at the end like the probofcis of other infedts. 
 About four tenths of an inch above the head, or that 
 fide next the body, is a prominence, or fmall horn, 
 which, if the reft of the trunk were away, would caufe 
 this part to refemble the horn of a Rhinoceros. There 
 is indeed a beetle fo called, but then the horns or trunk 
 has no fork at the end, though the lower horn refem- 
 bles this. The feet are all forked at the end, but not 
 like lobller’s claws. 
 
 LERMES- 
 
IN S E C T S. 
 
 47 
 
 DERMESTIDES. 
 
 Cbdra&eriftics. 
 
 THE antennas, ot horns, end in a head of an oval 
 form ; the thorax, or breaft, is of a convex form ; and 
 the head is fo bent as to lie almoft concealed under the 
 thorax. 
 
 DERMESTIS VIOLACEUS. 
 
 The VIOLET BEETLE. 
 
 This InfeCt is exceedingly beautiful, and is much 
 fmaller than, though nearly refembling, the Stag Beetle. 
 The elytra are of a deep violet; the thorax, or breaft, 
 is covered with green hairs, and the legs are black. 
 The whole creature, glittering with its brilliancy, 
 charms its obferver. The larva and the perfect infeCt 
 being found in dead bodies, evince that the Creator 
 has power to produce the moft beautiful effects from the 
 moft difagrceable of mediums. How different is this 
 from human ability ! With the choiceft of Nature's pro¬ 
 ductions, combined to almoft infinity, Man is not able 
 C 8 to 
 
4* 
 
 NATURAL HISTO Y. 
 
 to imitate the fplendor of this Infe&, which is produced 
 hy the Almighty from a dead and putrid body. 
 
 
 BYRRHUS SCRO PHUL ARIUS. 
 The NETTLE BEETLE. 
 
 T*HIS Tnfe-ff is found moftly in flowers. Its oval body 
 is black, except where the under part of the abdomen 
 appears white, from the multitude of minute fcales with 
 which this part is covered. The elytra not only inclofe 
 the wings, but the fldes and under part of the body. 
 Thefe elytra are black, with white and red fcales, re- 
 fembling embroidery. Thisfpecies is found in gardens. 
 If rubbed, the fmall fcales fall, and caufe the Jnfed to 
 appear entirely black. 
 
INSECTS. 4 9 
 
 The MAY-BUG, or Doree Beetle. 
 
 JThE May-Bug, or Doree-Beetle, has, like all the 
 rell, a pair of cafes to its wings, which are of a reddifh- 
 brown colour, fprinkled with a whitifh duft, which 
 cafily comes off. 
 
 In about three months after the eggs have been de- 
 pofited in the earth, the InfeCfc begins to break its 
 fliell, and a fmall grub or maggot crawls forth, and 
 feeds upon the roots of whatever vegetable it happens 
 to be neareft. All fubftances, of this kind, feem equal¬ 
 ly grateful, yet it is probable the mother Infcft has a 
 
 choice 
 
 
SO NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 choice among what kind of vegetables fhe fhall depofit 
 her young. In this manner, thefc voracious creatures 
 continue in the worm Hate, for more than three years, 
 devouring the roots of every plant they approach, and 
 making their way under ground, in queft of food, 
 with great difpatch and facility. At length they grow 
 to above the fize of a walnut, being a great thick white 
 maggot,as delineated in page 49, with a red head, which 
 is feen moft frequently in new turned earth, and which 
 is fo eagerly fought after by birds of every fpecies. 
 
 When largeft, they are found an inch and an half 
 long, of awhitilh yellow colour, with a body confift- 
 ing of twelve fegments or joints, on each fide of which 
 there are nine breathing holes, and three red feet. 
 The head is large, in proportion to the body, of ared- 
 difh colour, with a pincer before, and a femi-circu- 
 lar lip, with which it cuts the roots of plants, and fucks 
 out their moifture. As this Infeft lives entirely under 
 ground, it has no occafion for eyes, and accordingly 
 it is found to have none ; but is furnifhed with two 
 feelers, which, like the crutch of a blind man, ferve 
 to dire& its motions. Such is the form of this animal, 
 that lives for years in the worm ftate under ground, ftill 
 voracious, and every year changing its fkin. 
 
 It 
 
I N S E C T S. 
 
 51 
 
 It is not till the end of the fourth year, that this ex¬ 
 traordinary Infe< 5 t prepares to emerge from its fubter- 
 raneous abode, and even this is not effedled, but by a 
 tedious preparation. 
 
 About the latter end of autumn, the grub begins to 
 perceive the approach of its transformation, it then 
 buries itfelf deeper and deeper in the earth, fometimes 
 fix feet beneath the furface, and there forms itfelf a 
 capacious apartment, the walls of which it renders 
 very fmooth and fhining, by the excretions of its body. 
 Its abode being thus formed, it begins foon after to 
 Ihorten itfelf, to fwell, and toburft its laft Ikin, in or¬ 
 der to affume the form of a chryfalis. This, in the be¬ 
 ginning, appears of a yellowifh colour, which heightens 
 by degrees, till at lafl it is nearly red. Its exterior 
 form plainly difcovers all the veftiges of the future 
 winged Infedt, all the fore parts being diftindtly feen; 
 while behind, the animal feems as if wrapped in Twad¬ 
 dling clothes. 
 
 The young May-Bug continues in thisflate for about 
 three months longer, and it is not till the beginning 
 of January, that the aurelia divefts itfelf of all its impe¬ 
 diments, and becomes a winged InfeCt, completely 
 formed. Yet Hill the animal is far from attaining its 
 
 
 natural 
 
 
5* 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 natural ftrength, health* and appetite. It undergoes 
 a kind of infant imbecility, and, unlike moil other In- 
 feds, that the inftant they become flies, are arrived at 
 their ftate of full perfedion, the May-Bug continues 
 feeble and fickly. 
 
 Its colour is much brighter than in the perfed animal, 
 all parts are foft, and its voracious nature feems, for a 
 while, to have entirely forfaken it. 
 
 About the latter end of May, thefe Infeds, after 
 having lived for four years under ground, burft from 
 the earth, when the firft mild evening invites, them 
 abroad. They are at that time feen riling from their 
 long imprifonment, from living long only upon roots, 
 and imbibing only the moifture of the earth, to vifit 
 the mildnefs of the fummer air, to choofe the fweeteft 
 vegetables for their banquet, and to drink the dew of 
 the evening. Thefe voracious little cannibals, are in 
 fome feafons fo numerous in many parts of this country, 
 and fo dellrudive 'to the vegetable produdions, that 
 premiums are allowed for gathering them; which the 
 poor country people do in moft incredible quantities. 
 
 Of all the beetle kind, this is the moft numerous, and 
 therefore deferves the chief attention of hiftory. Like 
 them, all other beetles are bred from the egg, which 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 53 
 
 is depofited in the ground, or fometimes, though fel- 
 dom, in the barks of trees; they change into a 
 worm; they fubfift in that ftate by living upon the 
 roots of vegetables, or the fucculent parts of the bark 
 round them. 
 
 It will be endlefs to give a defcription of all, and yet 
 it would be an unpardonable omiffion not to mention 
 the particularities of fome beetles, which are lingular 
 either from their lize, their manners, or their forma¬ 
 tion. 
 
 That beetle which the Americans call Tumble-Dung, 
 particularly demands our attention ; it is all over of a 
 dulky black, rounder than thofe animals are generally 
 found to be, and 10 ftrong, though not much larger 
 than the common black beetle, that if one of them be 
 put under a brafs candleftick, it will caufe it to move 
 backwards and forwards, as if it were by an invifible 
 hand, to the admiration of thofe who are not accuf- 
 tomed to the fight; but this llrength is given it for 
 much more ufeful purpofes than thofe of exciting hu¬ 
 man curiofity, for there is no creature more laborious, 
 either in feeking fubfiftence, or in providing a proper 
 retreat for its young.They are endowed with fagacity to 
 difcover fubfiftence by their excellent fmelling,which di¬ 
 rects 
 
5,4 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 teds them in flights to excrements juft fallen from man 
 or beaft, on which they inftantly drop, and fall unani- 
 moufly to work in forming round halls or pellets there¬ 
 of, in the middle of which they lay an egg. Thefe 
 pellets, in September, they convey three feet deep in 
 in the earth, where they lie till the approach of fpring, 
 when the eggs are hatched, the nefts burft, and the 
 infeds find their way out of the earth. They aftift 
 each other with indefatigable induftry, in rolling thefe 
 globular pellets to the place where they are to be 
 buried. This they are to perform with the tail fore- 
 moft, by raifmg up their hinder part, and fhoving 
 along the ball wdth their hind feet. They are always 
 accompanied with other beetles -of a larger fize, and 
 of a more elegant ftrudure and colour. The breaft of 
 this is covered with a fhield of crimfon colour, and 
 fhining like metal; the head is of the like colour, mixed 
 with green, and on the crown of the head ftands a fhining 
 black horn, bended backwards. Thefe are called the 
 y W gs of the beetles , but for what reafon is uncertain, 
 ft nee they partake of the fame .dirty drudgery with the 
 reft. 
 
 The 
 
The larger Capricorn green BEETLE. 
 
 The larger Capricorn green Beetle, with the fcent 
 of niulk is a very large beautiful infedt, all over of a 
 glofly, lovely, blue-green colour, with a call of a ftiining 
 golden yellow. The body is blue on the upper part, 
 and the wings under the cafe are black. The legs are 
 of the fame bluifti green colour, only fomewhat paler, 
 and the bread is pointed at each extremity. Between 
 thefe points there are three little tubercles near the 
 
 wings, 
 
5 6 . 
 
 NATURAL HJSTORY. 
 
 wings, and three fmaller towards the head. The cafes 
 of the wings are oblong, and fomewhat in the fhape of 
 a lance, with three ribs a little raifed and running 
 longways. '1 he feelers are nearly as long as the body, 
 and are compofed of many fmall joints, which grow 
 fmaller near the ends. It is fometimes found among 
 old willow-trees, and has a fort of mulky fmell. 
 
 
 The Ruffian Capricorn BEETLE, with very longhorns , 
 is about three quarters of an inch long, and is all over 
 grey. The cafes of the wings are blunt, and furniihed 
 with many fmall hairs; and among them there are 
 feveral fmall tubercles. A dufky blackifn fhade iuiis 
 acrofs the wings, which at the hinder, part bends to¬ 
 wards the middle. The bread: is pointed at each end, 
 and has four beautiful yellow fpots towards its hinder 
 part. The eyes are black, and there is a black fpot 
 near the feelers, which five times as long as the 
 body. They are grey, and confift of ten joints, which 
 are fhorter the nearer they are to the bead; but the 
 wings are black, ftreaked with brown. The female has 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 $7 
 
 an elongation at the vent, which renders the body one 
 third of the length of the feelers. It is found atnong 
 oldi wood, but is not very common with us, 
 
 ->»•„* 
 
 The black Capricorn BEETLE, with a hairy grey 
 breajly has an oblong and fomewhat deprelTed body, of 
 a deep black, with a little mixture of grey. It is co¬ 
 vered with many Ihort hairs with prominent tubercles 
 between them ; but all the breaft is hairy and black, 
 though the hairs are white, which give it a greyifh 
 appearance; only on its hinder part there are two 
 fniooth prominent fpots. The feelers are flender and 
 black, and about half the length of the body, and there 
 is an undulated line on the cafe of the wings, but fo 
 faint, that it is fcarely vifible. It is found among tim¬ 
 ber, but is not very common with us. 
 
 ^ • • ;-i* ^ v. ‘ . '.-/.A 
 
 coc< 
 
natural history. 
 
 XHis Genus, of which we have given five fpecimenr, 
 b, c , dj e , comprehends thofe fmall Beetles which 
 have red and yellow grounds, fpotted with black ; and 
 are known even by children, who call them Lady-Birds. 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 S9 
 
 t)f the different Larva; of the Coccinella, the moft 
 curious is that which, from its tufts of hair, and Angu¬ 
 larity of figure, Mr. Reaumur calls the White Hedge- 
 Hog. It feeds on the leaves of trees; and having 
 exirted a fortnight in its Vermicular ftate, it turns to a 
 Chryfalis, without divefting itfelf of its fur; and, three 
 weeks after, it takes flight from its tomb as a perfect 
 Coccinella. When firft produced, the colours of the 
 elytra are nearly white; but, in a little time, they 
 change to that lively brilliancy for which they are fo 
 juftly admired. Their eggs are oblong, and of an am¬ 
 ber colour. This beautiful little Infedf is frequently 
 found on Thirties. 
 
 BROOKS defcribesthe Coccinella as follows: 
 
 ** The LADY-COW, •with reddifh cafes for their 
 wings, and /even black fpots thereon, is an infedl well 
 known even to children, and has a black head with two 
 white fpots on the forehead, and a black breaft, which 
 is whitifh near the edges. The cafes of the wings are 
 of an orange colour; there are three black fpots to¬ 
 wards the bafe of each, and one that is common to both, 
 which with the former makes feven in all. The feelers 
 
 are 
 
6o NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 are very fmall and clavated; and the under part of this 
 iufe& is black. 
 
 «< The LADY-COW, with red cafes for the wings, and 
 two block frets thereon , that is one on each, has its bread: 
 black, only there is one large white fpoton its hde, and 
 two very fmall ones near the bafe ; as alfo two others 
 of the fame fize at the infertions of the feelers. The 
 belly and legs are black, as are the feelers likewife; and 
 it is common to be met with on alder and other trees, 
 as the former is among hedges in the fummer time. 
 
 “The LADY-COW, with black cafes for the wings , 
 with four redfrots thereon , that is two on each cafe, has 
 its bread: entirely black, and the fpot on the cafes of 
 the wings are of a blood-red colour; but that which is 
 neareft the bread: on each is larged. They are met with 
 on maple trees in the North parts of England, and are 
 fometimes feen, though but fcldom, in the hedges near 
 London.” 
 

 INSECTS. Ct 
 
 CHRYSOMELA. 
 
 Chara&er, 
 
 The Chryfomelae have their antenna;, or feelers, 
 fhaped like bead-necklaces. This Genus contains a 
 great variety of beautiful Infers, differing in fize, co¬ 
 lour, and abode. They are found almoft every where, 
 in Woods, Gardens, &c. When caught, they emit a 
 difagrecable-fmelling liquor, 
 
 CHRY. 
 
 / 
 
 
 i 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 6z 
 
 CHRYSOMELA GRAMINIS. 
 
 The GRASS CHRYSOMELA. 
 
 (*1 
 
 This beautiful Infed, like moft of the Genus, hat 
 an oval -and very convex form. The colour is a fine 
 gloffy green, fomewhat tinged with blue; which affords 
 a moft charming reflea. The eyes are yellow, and the 
 thorax and elytra are fpotted. It is found in the mea¬ 
 dows, in May and June, upon Water-Betony, Dead-Net¬ 
 tle, Mint and other labiated plants. By fome it is called 
 the Blue-Green Chryfomela. 
 
 The glittering colours with which feveral fpecies of 
 this Genus are cmbellifhed, difplaying the fplendor of 
 gold and copper, have conferred on them the pompous 
 name of Chryfomela. The Larvas prey upon the fub- 
 ftances of leaves, without touching the fibres. The 
 leaping Chryfomela infeft the tender leaves of plants 5 
 which fhould be carefully guarded from their depre¬ 
 dation?. 
 
 
INSECTS. 62 
 
 Genus XII. 
 
 THE antennas grow gradually larger from each ex- 
 tremity to the middle, and are f.tuated between the 
 
 «yes. The breaft, and wing cafes, are covered with 
 protuberant fpines. 
 
 HISPA ARTA. The BLACK HISPA. 
 
 This pretty, Angular Infe<ft, of which we have 
 
 V. t0 ° btain 3 C ° rreA f,gUre ’ is of a (I «P 
 
 pohihed black. The upper part of his body is ciothed 
 
 entirely with long and ftrong briftles, like the Ihell of a 
 
 chefnut, or rather in the manner of a hedge-hog. The 
 
 cafe of the horns has even a thorn at its end, to guard 
 
 the Infe<a from injury. The breaft has a row fet tranf- 
 
 verfely, which are forked. And the elytra, or wino-- 
 
 cafts, are covered with a great number that are fingle. 
 
 The points of all are firm and piercing. This Infea 
 
 was found by Barbut, in the month of July, at the 
 
 root of fome longgrafs, in a field near Paddington. This 
 
 Fiy.ng Hedge-Hog, if we may be allowed the term, is 
 
 difficult to be taken. It bears its antennas ere<ft before it, 
 
 a-1 ..ii dians of its progrefs through the aerial element. 
 
 CERAM. 
 

 c 4 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 CERAMBYX MOSCHATUS. 
 
 Th$ NUTMEG CERAMBYX. 
 
 t*j 
 
 The body of this Infedt is entirely green, tinged 
 with blue and gold- colour, which tenders it moft de¬ 
 lightfully refplencfcnt. It is fometimes found competed 
 entirely of blue and gold. The elytra are long, foft, 
 and flexible, and finely fhagfeened. This beautiful 
 creatiire lsfotinduport thfe Willow, which it perfumes 
 with an odd Ur like that of a rofe, fo as to fcent a whold 
 meadow. Thus, wd perceive, that 1 Nature beftoWs ort 
 this infeft this ritoft grateful odbut, to fupply the want 
 of thofe delightful fcents of which meadows are de¬ 
 prived by the fleld flowers being Ihornby the fcytbeof 
 the mower ; forit is obferved, this charming Cerambyt 
 is produced in its : perfc& ftate about the general time 
 of making bay* 'What care dod$ Providence take to 
 accommodate man with a neVer-ceafmg variety of de¬ 
 lights, adapted to charm every fenfe! 
 
 LEP- 
 
insects. 6 , 
 
 L E p T u R A. 
 
 Char after.' 
 
 T 
 
 HFJR antenna: arc fetaceous or briflly ; the elytra 
 
 dimm,fh !n breadth awards the extremity; and the 
 thorax is round and flender. 
 
 LEPTURA arcuata. 
 
 The RAIN-BOW LEPTURA, 
 
 v [a) 
 
 V ARIES In refpedt to fizc, and is of a deep black 
 ground, refembling velvet. The antennx are of a 
 bright yellow, and nearly as long as the body. The 
 elytra are adorned with high flame-coloured crofs bars, 
 which are formed by a down of a moft refulgent golden 
 yellow. Viewed through the microfcope, it appears 
 bke velvet inlaid with topazes; and, when affifted with 
 
 ^ the 
 

 66 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 the folar rays, nothing can excel its infinity of fplendor. 
 This moft wonderful Infedl for beauty is the poor tenant 
 of a decayed tree, on which it may be frequently found, 
 cfpecially on an Alder. 
 
 The Larvae are found with thofe of the preceding 
 Genus, which they greatly refcmhle in appearance and 
 mode of exiftence. 
 
 CASSIDA.—The SHIELD-BEETLE. 
 
 This Genus, which Barbut ranks under the ninth 
 clals, is thus named, from concealing its head under 
 the margins of the thorax, as if it were defended with 
 a helmet. Many of this fpccies are found in foreign 
 countries. Their Larvae form for themfelves a kind of 
 umbrella, which flickers them from the fun and rain. 
 Thefe Infers inhabit Thiflles and knotty plants. One 
 fpecies of them produces a Chryfalis, rcfembling an ar¬ 
 mor ULefcutcheon. This brings forth that Angular 
 Caflida, which is fo diftinguiflied for its variegated 
 beauties. Many are found upon the wild Elecampane, 
 growing on the fide of ponds. 
 

 INSECTS. 67 
 
 L A M P Y R I S. 
 
 Character* * 
 
 These Infe&s are chiefly diftinguiflied by their 
 emitting a light in the dark ; and are, therefore, called 
 Fire-Flies. The females are apterous, or without 
 
 wings. 
 
 D i 
 
 I.AM- 
 
68 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 LAMPYRIS NOCTI L U C A, 
 
 The GLOW-V/ORM. 
 
 Contrary to the general order of Nature, the 
 male of this Infed is lefs than the female. But the 
 greateft difference between the fexes is, the male being 
 covered with brown elytra, fhagreened and marked 
 with two lines longitudinally. The two laffc rings of 
 the abdomen are not fo bright as thofe of the female, 
 but they have four luminous points- 
 
 The Glow-worm, which is frequently feen in woods 
 and meadows at night, irt'June, is the female of the 
 figure we have given. The fhining light it emits 
 dire&s the male to his tend,er partner, which, not 
 being able to fly, is thus moll wonderfully provided by 
 Providence with a felf-pofleffing ray, in the fun’s ab- 
 fence, to fhew its mate the fpot where it is anxioufly 
 waiting its company. Thus are the banks and hedges 
 adorned with their little illuminations, while the 
 nightly traveller is charmed with their beauteous fplen- 
 »<?ur. 
 
 Their 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *9 
 
 Their luminous power depends on a liquor placed 
 at the lower extremity of the InfeCt, which by fusion 
 renders it more fliining, or by dilating or contracting 
 itfelf withdraws or emits it at pleafure. That the light 
 is caufed by a fpecies of phofphorus, is evident, from the 
 animal, when crulhed, leaving upon the hand a lumi¬ 
 nous matter, which continues its luftre until it is dried. 
 
 The perfect InfeCl flies in Autumn evenings, and 
 frequents plantations of Juniper-trees. 
 
 The FIRE-FLY of the Eaft-indies. 
 
 (See the Ir.ftH on the lefty and at the bottomy cf the laft Cut.} 
 
 This Fly. is about an inch long, and an inch bro^d. 
 Their head is brown, and has two fmall horns or feejers. 
 They have four Wings. On their backs, they have a 
 black bag, containing a luminous fubftance, which is 
 concealed by their wing?, unlefs expanded during their 
 flight. In rainy feafons, they fwarm among trees, and 
 feed upon their bloffoms. Of thefe flies there are 
 D 3 feveral' 
 
7 0 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 feveral fpecies in the Eaft-Iudies. Being deftined, feem- 
 ingly, to roam by night, in order to avoid the exccfiive 
 heat of the fun by day in thofe fultry climates, how 
 providentially has Nature accommodated them with a 
 fubftance that renders their aerial courfe perceptible to 
 each other! But when they alight, and fwarin upon 
 trees, their luminous fubftance, being no longer ufeful, 
 js concealed and preferved by their clofed wings. 
 
 LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA of Martklco. 
 
 The FIRE-FLY of Martinico. 
 
 I HIS Fly, according to the Pere de Tertre, is lefs 
 than the common Fly. They emit a fparkling golden 
 light, which is extremely agreeable. But the Infedl 
 withdraws, and lets it fhine at intervals, alternately, 
 thrbughout the night. This effulgence is contained in 
 a whitifh fubftance, of which the Infedl is fo full, as to 
 make it appear through the crevices of its Jkin at its 
 pleafure. 
 
 Thcfe 
 

 INSECTS. 
 
 Thefe different Fire-Flies feem deflined by Nature 
 not only to chear the bofoni of darkfome night, but to 
 guide the wandering Savage thiough the pathlefs 
 wood, or defert wild. Indeed, by their light, he may 
 lay more fecret fnarfcs for his ftaggy prey on the moun¬ 
 tain, or his finny prey in the deep, than he could by the 
 prefence of the fun. Thus, being deprived of that arti¬ 
 ficial light which he can only poffefs from civilization, 
 Nature has fortunately;created-thefe adaurable Infers 
 for his convenience. 
 
 D 4 
 
 CAIVT- 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 7* 
 
 
 CANTHARIS. 
 
 Cbarader. 
 
 Their horns or feelers are briftly; their breaft is 
 margined ; and their elytra, or wings-cafes, are flexible. 
 They are commonly called Spanifti Flies ; but this is 
 erroneous, as they are a diftind Genus from the Can- 
 
1 
 
 INSECTS. 73 
 
 CANTHARIS LIVIDA. 
 
 The LEAD-COLOURED CANTHARIS. 
 
 (See the InfeSi on the top of the Cut.) 
 
 This Infc& varies in the colour of the elytra; hut 
 this difference only arifes from the difference of fex. 
 Their horns are all black, except the articulations near 
 the bafe, which are yellow. They have black eyes; and 
 the head, in both fexes, is a.yellowifh red. The wing- 
 cafes are filky, flexible, and appear as if ftrewed with 
 filver-duft, when viewed by a magnifying glafs. The 
 abdomen, or belly of this Fly, is black ; except the laft 
 rings, which are yellow. It is found upon a flower. 
 
 
74 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 CANTHARIS PECTINICOMIS. 
 
 The COMB-HORNED CANTHARIS. 
 
 THE antennas or feelers, of this Fly, are blaclc, 
 combed, and as long as the body. The bread and elytra 
 are Of a beautiful fcarlet. It has blade legs, and yel¬ 
 low eyes. It is a pretty Infed, and is found among 
 flowers. 
 
 This Genus contains a number of beautiful Infe&s, 
 the colours of which vary according to the difference 
 of fex, feafon, &c. which renders it unneceffary to de- 
 feribe them. They frequent flowers: and their Larvx 
 are fimilar to thofe of the Cerambyces, and are to be 
 found in the trunks of decayed Willows, and other old 
 trees. Although thefe Infe&s are frequently con¬ 
 founded with the Cantharidcs, yet they differ effenti- 
 ally : for the Cantharis have five articulations in the 
 tarfi, or intermediate part between the leg and foot; 
 but the Cantharides have Live articulations, or joints, 
 only, on the two firft pair of legs, and four only to 
 the tarfi of the lafl pair. 
 
 The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 15 
 
 The SKIPPER. 
 
 (Seethe InfeEl at the right-hand , at the bottom of the Cut 
 page 11,) 
 
 Chara&er. 
 
 X HEIR horns are briflly; and they have an elaftic 
 fpring, or fpine, which proje&s from the hinder extre¬ 
 mity of the breaft. • 
 
 PLATER SANGUINEUS. 
 
 The BLOOD-COLOURED SKIPPER. 
 
 X HE breafl of this Infedt ends, underneath, in a long 
 point, or fpine, which enters, as if with a fpring, into a 
 cavity in the upper part of the undcr-fide of the thorax. 
 By this admirable conflru&ion, the Skipper is enabled, 
 when upon its back, to leap in the air, and, thus, 
 alight on its feet. It varies in fize ; and, when young, 
 the elytra are of a beautiful red : but in a few days they 
 
 D 6 
 
 left 
 

 jb NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 lofe this fplendid hue, which is then changed to po- 
 liJhed black; and, when viewed through a microfcopc, 
 to nearly a chefnut-colour. The hreall is glittering, 
 and appears with dark down, interfperfed with fome 
 black hairs. The female is black, and marked with fpots 
 of a deeper dye, occalioned by a velvet down, lying in 
 tufts, which are only to be diftinguifhed by the glafs. 
 
 The larvae are found in the trunks of decayed trees, 
 where they are transformed into pei feS Infedls, which 
 flutter upon flowers, wander over fields, and conceal 
 themfelvcs in thickets, or under the bark of trees* 
 
 CICIN- 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 77 
 
 C I C I N D E L A. 
 
 (See the InfeEl on the left hand at the bottom of the Cut 
 
 page 72.) 
 
 CharaEler . 
 
 T, HE horns arc briftly ; the jaws porrcdeci, and 
 armed with teeth ; the eyes are prominent; and the 
 bread is rather round, and margined. 
 
 CICINDELA CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 The F I E L D-S PARKLER'. 
 
 X 1 HE Field-Sparkler is one of our mod beautiful In¬ 
 fers. The upper part of its body is rough, and of a 
 fine green, tinged wth blue. The under fide, legs, and 
 horns are of a ftiot colour, gold, and a red, inclining 
 to the copper hue. The eyes, being prominent, give 
 the head a broad appearance. The bread is pointed 
 and narrower than the head; which charaaerizes the 
 Cicindelae. Like the head, the bread is rough ; and of a 
 D 7 grccu 
 
78 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 green colour, tinged with gold. The elytra are deli¬ 
 cately and irregularly dotted, with fix white fpots oil 
 each. This Infedt runs wdth great fwiftnefs, and flies 
 with facility. At the beginning of fpring, it is found 
 in dry, fandy places, where its Larvae alfo inhabit. 
 Thefe are a long, foft, whitiih worm, with fix legs, 
 and a fcaly head. They make a perpendicular hole in 
 the ground, at the entrance of which they keep their 
 head, to catch other Infedts which fall in it. A fpot of 
 ground is fometimes entirely perforated in this manner. 
 
 The perfedl Infedts of this Genus are moftly fo very 
 beautiful, as to merit the attention of the curious in 
 microfcopic obfervations, as well as in natural re- 
 fearches ; for fome are minute, though not inferior in 
 fplendor to the larger : which renders them proper ob¬ 
 jects for the delightful amufement of the magnifying-- 
 glafs. And here it may be proper to obferve, that 
 living objedtsare always to be preferred to thofe which 
 are dead, by the enquirer into the produce of Nature. 
 The perfedt Infedts of this Genus are, like their 
 Larva;, perfedt tigers in their difpofition for prey, 
 which they attack, and deftroy, with every effort in 
 their power. 
 
1 
 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 79 
 
 BUPRESTES GUTTALA, 
 
 The SPOTTED BUPRESTES. 
 
 THE whole body of tliis InfedV is of a green and gold 
 colour, with a blue tinge underneath. But it is chiefly 
 diftinguilhed by four white concave fpots upon the ely¬ 
 tra, The entire upper part of this Infedt appears mofl 
 beautifully dotted, when feen through a microfcope. 
 
 The Larva is fuppofed not to have been yet difeo- 
 vered: but from the fimilarity of the perfedl Infe<5t 
 with the Elater, and both being found among timber 
 and decayed trees, the Larva and Metamorphofis may 
 be imagined to correfpond. 
 
 D S 
 
 CACA- 
 
2o 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 CACABUS G R A N U L A T U S. 
 
 The GRAINED BULL-HEAD. 
 
 (See the IvJ'eft delineated cn the top of the Cut.) 
 
 -T*HIS Species is not only one of the larged, but the 
 moil beautiful and brilliant this country produces. The 
 head, bread, and wing-cafes, are of a coppery green. 
 Tjie elytra have three longitudinal rows of oblong raifed 
 fpots. All the under-part of this Inlbdl is black. But 
 

 INSECTS. Si 
 
 having no wings beneath the elytra, Nature has pro¬ 
 videntially fupplied it with fuch legs as enable it to run 
 with amazing fwiftnefs. This Infe& is frequently 
 found in damp places, under ftones and heaps of de¬ 
 cayed plants in gardens. The colour fometimes va¬ 
 ries ; for it is frequently found coloured with a beauti¬ 
 ful purple. 
 
 The Larvas live under ground, or in decayed wood, 
 where they remain, until metamorphofed to their per- 
 fd6t fiate, when they proceed to devour the larvx of 
 other Infedts, and all weaker animals they can conquer. 
 
 They are frequently known by the name of the 
 Ground-Beetle. Some are found fo early as the begin¬ 
 ning of March, in paths, &c. where the fun warms the 
 earth with his vivifying beams. Many of the larger 
 fpecies have been found between the decayed bark and 
 wood of Willow-trees. 
 
 MELOE 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 8% 
 
 M E L O E. 
 
 Character. 
 
 T 
 
 A RE horns refemble necklaces; the breaft is rather 
 round; and the elytra are foft and pliant. 
 
 TvIEl.OE VESIFICATORIUS, or CANTHARIDES. 
 
 The SFANISH FLY. 
 
 (See the lower Infcft in the Cut page So.'J 
 
 rHERE are feveral fpecics of this Infed, differing in 
 fize, figure, and colour. But all are apparelled, by 
 Nature, with great luftre. Green, azure, and gold 
 colours, blend their hues to embellilh them. They 
 are moftly natives ofthe fouthern parts of Europe. The 
 fpecies ufed medicinally is nine or ten lines in length, 
 of a fiiining green colour mixed with azure, and very 
 prolific. Thefe Infe&s are fometimes obferved to fly 
 in fwarms. A difagreeable fmell, like that of mice, 
 indicates their approach. By this fcent, they are found 
 
 by 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 by the gatherers, who colled them for the Apotheca¬ 
 ries. When dried, fifty of them fearcely weigh a 
 dram. Shrubs, and particularly the leaves of A-fh-tree, 
 are their food. So corrofive are the odorous particles 
 emitted by this Infed, that great caution is required 
 in taking them. For many have fuffered greatly, 
 by only having gathered a quantity of them with their 
 bare hands in thd heat of the fun: fome hive been op- 
 prefTed with fleep by fitting under trees on which fwarms 
 of Cantharides have fettled. Contrary to the general 
 cuftom of Nature, the female courts the male. The 
 Larvae are produced from the ground, where the eggs 
 are always depofitsd. Thefe Infeds, reduced to pow¬ 
 der, are exceedingly efficacious as blifters, in abforbing 
 or drawing off humours which threaten the eflential 
 parts of life. But the Cantharides is, notwithflanding, 
 a moft formidable poifon, if taken internally, without 
 the greateft caution. Some who have been afilidedby 
 their incautious ufe of them, have found the heft anti¬ 
 dotes to he milk, olives, campliire, and oil of fweet 
 almonds. 
 
 The Larvre of the Mcloes, inhabiting this country, 
 greatly refemble the per fed Infeds; for they are of 
 
 the 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 84 
 
 the fame colour, are as large, and are as flow in their 
 motion. They are generally found buried deep in the 
 the earth, where they metamorphofe themfelves into 
 perfedt Cantharides. 
 
 We have introduced the Meloe Veflcatorlus, which 
 is generally known by Cantharides or Spanifh Fly, to 
 (hew in what it is different from a preceding Genu c , 
 called the Cantharis, for which it is frequently mi flak cn. 
 
 CUR- 
 
\ • 
 
 i 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 SS 
 
 CURCULIO, orWEEVEL. 
 
 Of •which •we have given fvefpeclmens , a, b, C, d, e. 
 
 i HIS Infed feeds upon corn, the infide of which it 
 eats, and leaves the bran. In this tribe, Nature dif- 
 penfcs the riches of her moft refulgent colours, fo as to 
 dazzle the eye with fplendor. But it is the microfcope 
 that muft admit us to thisfcene of fuperlative beauty. 
 
 The 
 
 
NATURAL HISTORY^ 
 
 S6 
 
 The Curculio Regalis, found in Peru, is a wonderful 
 inftancc of the profufion of beauty Nature can bellow 
 on even what is generally deemed the tnoft inconfider- 
 
 able ofher produces. 
 
 The Larvae, refembling oblong, foft worms, arcr 
 greatly dreaded for the injury they do in granaries. 
 Corn-lofts-are frequently laid wafle by their ravages. 
 The Infedl, having remained within the grain until it has 
 devoured the meal, lies concealed under the empty hulk, 
 until it paffes its Aurelian Hate, and takes its flight as a 
 Curculio. While one fpecies feed on corn, others dc- 
 ftroy, in the fame manner, beans, peas, and lentils. 
 To difeover the grain infefled by the Larva;, it is thrown 
 into water, when that part which fwims is certainly 
 perforated by the Curculiones. The heads of Arti¬ 
 chokes and thiflles are often deftroyed by thefe dedruc- 
 tive Infers. This animal being fo delightful in appear¬ 
 ance, and fo deftrudtive in its nature, is a leffon which 
 teaches, that beauty may elTedl our ruin while it capti¬ 
 vates our fenfes. 
 
 t OR- 
 
 I 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 87 
 
 FORFICULA. 
 
 Character. 
 
 nr 
 
 A HE horns are briftly; the wing-cafes are half the 
 length of the wings, which, being folded, are, notwith- 
 ftanding, covered by the elytra; and the tail is forked* 
 
 FORFICULA AURICULARIO, 
 The EARWIG. 
 
 This Species is entirely of a deer colour. The horns 
 are prettily intermingled and variegated. The wings 
 are of the fame colour as their elytra, or cafes. This 
 Infedt is found in wet fand, near pools and rivulets; and 
 particularly on Grape-vines. It is generally known, 
 and dreaded by many for its tendency to creep into the 
 human ear. That it has this habit, the Editor of this 
 volume can affirm from experience : but, that perfons 
 need be alarmed, left it ffiould, thus, reach the brain, 
 and caufe death, he denies; .for the leaft acquaintance 
 
 with 
 
8 S 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 with the anatomy of the head, will evince the impoffi- 
 bility of the Infed: reaching the inner part of the cra¬ 
 nium by the^ avenue of the ear, from there being no 
 communicative paffage from one to the other. The for¬ 
 ceps with which Nature has provided its tail, for de¬ 
 fence, is capable of Jiiting fo as to caufe, for the mo¬ 
 ment, rather a painful fenfation. Although furnifhed 
 with this defence, the Earwig has been obferved not 
 to ufe it, even when he has been furrounded with a 
 fwarm of Ants. But it will frequently pinch the finger 
 of perfons attempting to take them with their hands. 
 
 The Larva differs very inconfiderably from the per¬ 
 fect Tnfetf. 
 
 
 THE 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 89 
 
 THE SECOND ORDER. 
 MANTIS. 
 
 Character of the Genus , 
 
 The head is unfteady, and has a nodding motion. 
 The mouth is armed with porre&ed jaws; and the an¬ 
 tennas, or feelers, are briflly. They have four wings, 
 which are membranous, and wrap round the whole 
 body. The firft pair of feet have teeth like a faw; and 
 the brealt is narrow, and extends to a confiderable length. 
 
 3 
 
 MANTIS 
 

 MANTIS GAN GY LODES. 
 
 The WALKING LEAF. 
 
 THIS Infed is remarkably fhaped. The head is 
 joined to the body by a neck longer than the body itfelf. 
 It has two polifhed eyes, and two fliort feelers. The 
 breaft is long, narrow, and margined. The ely¬ 
 tra, which cover two thirds of the body of the In- 
 fed, are veined, and reticulated, or netted. The 
 
 wings 
 
INSECTS, 
 
 9 
 
 tvings are veined, and tranfparent. The hinder leg 
 are very long, the next fhorter ; and the foremoft pai; 
 of thighs are terminated with fpines. The reft have 
 membranous lobes, which ferve as wings to them in 
 their flight. This Infecft might, therefore, bejuftly 
 called the Mercury of this part of the Creation. The 
 top of the head is membranous, fliaped like an awl, 
 and divided at its extremity. This animal is one of the 
 innumerable inftances which Nature affords, to indicate 
 the infinite wifdom of the Creator. Whenever any 
 part of his workmanlhip is found to deviate frpm the 
 general fyftem, it is ftill formed to anfwer the defign of 
 its exiftence. This Infe&, having fuch long legs, could 
 never have fuftained itfclf in the air, had not Provi¬ 
 dence beftowed on it a fpecies of wings, to balance its 
 weight. Thefe are the inftances with which Nature 
 teems; and which would make’the Atheift tremble, 
 had he but fenfe to contemplate the admirable defign, 
 fyftem, and application, with which they are charao 
 tcrifed, as 
 
 -parts of one ftupendous whole; 
 
 Whofe body Nature is, and God the foul. 
 
 Thit 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 This Genus is generally of a very beautiful gree* ; 
 but the colour, foon fades, and becomes that of dead 
 leaves; which has caufed the inhabitants of China, 
 where’they are found, to call them by the name of 
 Walking 1 eaves. 
 
 The Larvx very much re fcmble the perfect lnfe& i 
 but it is feldom ften in this country. 
 
 Genus ITL 
 
 Character «. 
 
 THE head is bent inwards, armed with jaws, and 
 furnilhed with palpae, or fpir.il tongues. The -ongs 
 are fo defle£ed as to wrap round the fides of the body. 
 All the feet are armed with two crotchets, or nails; 
 and the hinder-are formed for leaping. 
 
 TETTL 
 
TETTIGONIA —-T HE GRASSHOPPER. 
 
 Of this variegated tribe, the little Grafshopper that 
 breeds in fuch plenty in every meadow, and that con¬ 
 tinues its chirping through the fummer, is beft knowa 
 to us; and, by having its hiftory, we fhall be pofieflbd 
 of that of all the reft. This animal is df the colour of 
 green leaves, except a line of brown which ftreaks the 
 
 % back, 
 
9* 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 back, and two pale lines under the belly, and behind 
 the legs. 
 
 A foort time after the Grafshopper aflumes his wings, 
 it fills the meadow with its note: which, like that 
 among birds, is a call to courtlhip. The male only of 
 this tribe is vocal; and upon examining at the bafe of 
 the wings, there will be found a little hole in its body, 
 covered with a fine tranfparent membrane. This is 
 thought, by Linnaeus, to be the inflrumentit employs 
 in finging; but others are of opinion, the found is pro¬ 
 duced by"rubbing its hinder legs againft each other : 
 however this be, the note of one male is feldom heard, 
 
 but it is returned by another; and the two little ani¬ 
 mals, after many mutual infults of this kind, are fcen 
 to meet and fight defperately. The female is generally 
 the reward of viaory ; for, after the combat, the male 
 feizes her with his teeth behind the neck, and thus 
 keeps her for feveral hours. 
 
 Towards the latter end of autumn, the female pre¬ 
 pares to depofit her burthen; and her body is .then 
 fecn greatly diftended with her eggs, which foe carries 
 to the number of an hundred and fifty. In order to 
 make a proper lodgment in the earth for them, Na¬ 
 ture has furnifoed her with an inllrument at her tail, 
 
 fomewhat 
 
 A 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 95 
 
 tome what refetnbling a two-edged fword, which fhe 
 can fheathc and unfheathe at pleafure : with this fhe 
 pierces the earth .as deep as fhe is able ; and into the 
 hole, which her inftrument has made, fhe depofits her 
 eggs, one after the other. 
 
 Having thus provided for the continuation of her 
 pofterity, the animal herfelf does ijot long furvive ; but, 
 as the winter approaches, fhe dries up, feems to feel 
 the eife&s of age, and dies from a total decay. Some, 
 however, affert, that fhe is killed by the cold ; and 
 others, that fhe is eaten by worms : but certain it is, 
 that neither the male nor female are ever feen to furvive 
 the winter. In the mean time, the eggs which have 
 been depofited continue unaltered, either by the feverity 
 of the feafon, or the retardation of the fpring. They 
 are of an oval figure, white, and of {he confiftence of 
 horn : their fize nearly equals that of a grain of anife: 
 they are enveloped in the body within a covering, 
 branched all over with veins and arteries ; and, when 
 excluded, they crack, on being prefled between the 
 fingers : their fubftance within, is a whitifh, vifeous 
 and tranfparent fluid. 
 
 Generally, about the beginning of May, every egg 
 produces an Infett, about the fize of a flea ; there at 
 
 firft 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 96 
 
 firfh arc of a whitifh colour ; at the end of tw® or three 
 days they turn black ; and foon after they become of 
 a reddifh brown. They appear, from the beginning, 
 like Grafshoppers wanting wings ; and hop among the 
 grafs, as foon as excluded, with great agility. 
 
 Thefe infe&s are generally vocal in the midft of fum- 
 mer ; and they are heard at fun-fetting much louder 
 than during the heat of the day. They are fed upon 
 grafs; and, if their belly be prefled, they will be feen 
 to return the juices of the plants they have laft fed upon. 
 Though unwilling to fly, and flow in flight, particu¬ 
 larly when the weather is moift or cool, they are fome- 
 times feen to fly to confiderable diftances. If they arc 
 caught by one of the hinder legs, they quickly difen- 
 gage themfelves from it, and leave the leg behind them. 
 This, however, does not grow again, as with crabs 01 
 fpiders; for as they are animals but of a Angle year's 
 continuance, they have not fufficient time for repairing 
 thofe accidental misfortunes. The lofs of their leg alfo 
 prevents them from flying ; for, being unable to lift 
 themfelves in the air, they have not room upon the 
 ground for the proper expanfion of their wings. If they 
 be handled roughly, they will bite very fiercely; and 
 when they fly, they make a noife with their wings. 
 
 They 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 I 
 
 I** 
 
 They generally keep in the plain, where the grafs is 
 luxuriant* and the ground rich and fertile : there they 
 depofit their eggs, particularly in thofe cracks which 
 are formed by the heat of the fun. Such are the habits 
 and nature of thofe little vocal Infers, that fwarm ill 
 our meadows, and enliven the landfcape. 
 
 The Grafbhopper, having many flomachs, has caufed 
 feveral authors to alfert that they chew the cud, like 
 lorne other larger animals. 
 
 * 
 
 E 
 
 The 
 
9« 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Thi LOCUST. 
 
 'I 'he Scripture, which was written in a country 
 where the Locuft made a diftinguifhed feature in the 
 piaure of Nature, has given us feveral very finking 
 images of this animal's numbers and rapacity. It com¬ 
 pares an army, where the numbers are almoft infinite, 
 to a fwarm of Locufts : it deferibes them as rifmg out 
 of the earth, where they are produced; as purfumg a 
 fettled march to deftroythe fruits of the earth, and co- 
 eperate with divine indignation. 
 
 When 
 
V 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 When the Locufts take the field, as we are allured, 
 they have a leader at their head, whole flight they ob- 
 ferve, and pay a flridl attention to all his motions. 
 They appear at a^diftance, like a black cloud, which, 
 as it approaches, gathers upon the horizon, and almoft 
 hides the light of the clay. It often happens, that the 
 hufbandman fees this imminent calamity pafs away 
 without doing him any mifehief; and the whole fwarm 
 proceed onward, to fettle upon the labours of fome 
 lefs fortunate country. But wretched is the diftri& 
 upon which they fettle : they ravage the meadow and 
 the palture-ground ; ftrip the trees of their leaves, and 
 the garden of its beauty; the vifitation of a few minutes 
 deftroysthe expectations of a year; and a famine but 
 too frequently enfues. In their native tropical climates, 
 they are not fo dreadful as in the more fouthern parts of 
 Europe. There, though the plain and the foreft be 
 flripped of their verdure, the power of vegetation is fo 
 great, that an interval of three or four days repairs the 
 calamity: but our verdure is the livery of a feafon ; 
 and we mull wait till the enfuing fpring repairs the da- 
 mage. Befldes, in their long flights to this part of the 
 world, they are famifhed by the tedioufnefs of their 
 journey, and are therefore more voracious wherever 
 
 E 7 , 
 
 they 
 

 joo NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 they happen to fettle. But it is not by what they de¬ 
 vour that they do fo much damage, as by what they 
 deflroy. Their very bite is thought to contaminate the 
 plant, and to prevent its vegetation. To ufe the ex- 
 preffion of the hufbandman, they burn whatever they 
 touch ; and leave the marks of their devaftation for 
 two or three years enfuing. But if they be noxious 
 while living, they are ftill more fo when dead; for 
 wherever they fall, they infe& the air in fuch a man¬ 
 ner, that the fmell is unfupportable. 
 
 Orofius tells us, that in the year of the world 3800, 
 there was an incredible number of Locufls which infec¬ 
 ted Africa; and, after having eaten up every thing 
 that w r as green, they flew off, and were drowned in 
 the African fea ; where they caufed fuch a flench, that 
 the putrefying bodies of hundreds of thoufands of men 
 could not equal it. 
 
 In the year 1690, a cloud of Locufls was feen to enter 
 Ruflia in three different places; and thence to fpread 
 ihemfelves over Poland and Lithuania, in fuch aflonifh- 
 ing multitudes, that the air was darkened, and the 
 earth covered with their numbers. In feme places they 
 
 were 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 lot 
 
 were feen lying dead, heaped upon each other four feet 
 deep; in others, they covered the furface like a black 
 cloth: the trees bent beneath their weight; and 
 the damage which the country fuftained exceeded com¬ 
 putation. In JBarbary their numbers are formidable, 
 and their vifits are frequent. In the year 1724* Dr. 
 Shaw was a witnefs in that country of their devafta- 
 tions. Their firfl appearance was about the latter end 
 of March, when the wind had been foutherly for fome 
 time. In the beginning of April, their numbers were 
 fo vaftly increafed, that, in the heat of the day, they 
 formed themfeiyes into large fvvarms, which appeared 
 like clouds, and darkened the fun. In the middle of 
 May, they began to difappear, retiring into the plains 
 to depofit their eggs. In the next month, being June, 
 the young brood began to make their appearance, form¬ 
 ing many compadl bodies of feveral hundred yards 
 fquare ; which afterwards marching forward, climbed 
 ihe trees, walls, and houfes, eating every thing that 
 was green in their way. 
 
 E 3 
 
 The 
 
101 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The CRICKET. 
 
 THIS InfevSI very much refembles the Grafshopper 
 in its ftiape, its manner of ruminating, its voice, its 
 leaping, and methods of propagation. It differs in its 
 colour, which is uniformly of a ruffy brown; in its 
 food, which is more various; and in its place ofrefi- 
 den which is moft ufually in the warmeft chinks be¬ 
 hind a country hearth. They are, in feme meafure, 
 obliged to the bad mafonry employed in making pea- 
 fants houfes for their retreats. The fmalleft chink 
 ferves to give them fhelter; and where they once make 
 their abode they are fure to propagate. They are of 
 a moft chilly nature, feldom leaving the fire-fide ; and, 
 if undifturhed, are fecn to hop from their retreats to 
 chirrup at the blaze in the chimney. The Wood- 
 Cricket is the moft timorous animal in nature; but the 
 Chimney-Cricket, being ufed tonoifes, difregards them. 
 Whether the voice of this animal is formed in the 
 fame manner with that of the grafshopper, is not yet 
 afeertained; nor do we well know the ufe of this voice, 
 fince anatomical infpe&ion has not been able to difeo- 
 ver the fmalleft organs of hearing. Still, however, we 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 m 
 
 can make no doubt of their power of diftinguifhiug 
 founds, though probably not in the fame manner whh 
 the more perfedl ranks of nature. Certain it is, that 
 they have been often heard to call, and this call is as 
 regularly anfwered by another, although none but the 
 males are vocal. 
 
 As the Cricket lives chiefly in the dark, fo its eyes 
 feem formed for the gloomincfs of its abode ; and thofe 
 who would furprize it, have only to light a candle un¬ 
 expectedly ; by which it is dazzled, and cannot find 
 the way back to its retreat. It is a very voracious 
 little animal, and will eat bread, flour, and meat; but 
 it is particularly fond of fugar. They never drink, 
 but keep for months together at the back of the chim¬ 
 ney, where they could paflibly have had no moifture* 
 The warmth of their fituation only ferves to increafe 
 their mirth and loquacity. 
 
 The great Scaliger was particularly delighted with the 
 chirrupping of Crickets, and kept feverai of them for 
 his amnfement, enclofed in a box, which he placed in 
 a warm fituation. Others, on the contrary, think there 
 is fomething ominous and melancholy in the found, and 
 E 4 ufe 
 

 104 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Vfe every endeavour to banith this infedl from their 
 houfes. 
 
 Ledelius tells us of a woman who was very much in¬ 
 commoded by Crickets, and tried, but in vain, every 
 method of banifhing them from her houfe. She atlatt 
 
 accidentally fucceeded; for having one day invited le- 
 
 veral guefts to her houfe, where there was a wedding, 
 inordertoencreafethe feftivity of the entertainment, 
 flie procureed drums and trumpets to entertain them. 
 Thenoifeofthefe wasfo much greater than what t e 
 little animals were ufed to, that they inftantly forfook 
 their iituation, and were never heard in that manfion 
 more. 
 
 The 
 
' 
 
 The MOLE CRICKET. 
 
 Of all the Cricket kind, that which is called the 
 Mole Cricket is the moft extraordinary. This animal 
 is the largeft of all the Infedls with which we are ac¬ 
 quainted in this country, being two inches and an half 
 in length, and three quarters of an inch in breadth. 
 The colour is of a duiky brown; and, at the extremity 
 of the tail, there are two hairy excrcfcences, refem- 
 bling, in fome degree, the tail of a moufe. The body 
 conlills of eight fcaly joints, or feparate folds, is brown 
 on the upper part, and more deeply tinged belovy. 
 
 E .5 The 
 
 n 
 
lo6 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The wings are long, narrow, and terminate in a Ikarp 
 point, each having a blackifh line running down it: 
 however, when they are extended, they appear to be 
 much broader than could, at firft fight, be fuppofed. 
 The fiiield of the breaft. is of a firm texture, of a black- 
 ilh colour, and hairy. The fore-feet, which are this 
 animal’s principal inftruments of burrowing into the 
 earth, are ftrong, webbed, and hairy; it generally, 
 however, runs backward; but it is commonly under 
 ground, where it burrows even fafter than a mole. It 
 is thought alfo to be amphibious; and capable of living 
 under water, as well as under ground. 
 
 Of all Infers this is the moft detefted by gardeners, 
 ns it chiefly refides in that ground which lieslight, and 
 where it finds fufficient plenty under the furface. Thus, 
 in a fingle night’s time, it will run along a furrow which 
 has been newly fown, and rob it of all its contents. 
 Its legs are formed in fuch a manner, that it can pene¬ 
 trate the earth in every dire&ion; before, behind, and 
 above it. At night it ventures from its underground 
 habitation, and, like the Cricket* has its chirping 
 ♦all. 
 
 Nothing 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 107 
 
 Nothing can exceed the care and afliduity which 
 thefe animals exhibit in the prefervation of their young. 
 Wherecver the neft is placed, there feems to be a fortifi¬ 
 cation, avenues and entrenchments drawn round it: there 
 are numberlefs winding ways that lead to it, and a ditch 
 drawn round it, which few of its infedl enemies are 
 able to pafs. But their care is not confined to this only; 
 for, at the approach of winter, they carry their neft 
 entirely away, and fink it deeper in the ground, fo that 
 the froft can have no influence in retarding the young 
 brood from coming to maturity. As the weather 
 grows milder, they raifc their magazine in proportion ; 
 till, at laft, they bring it as near the furface as they 
 can, to receive the genial influence of the fun, without 
 wholly expofing it to view ; yet, fhould the froft un- 
 cxpe&edly return, they fink it again as before. 
 
 E * 
 
 
 FUL- 
 
I0 g NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The FIELD CRICKET. 
 
 TTHIS Infedt is of a blackifh colour, and the male ha* 
 a longer body than the female; the head, in proportion 
 to the body, is large, and the eyes big and prominent. 
 The forehead is furnifhed with two feelers without joints, 
 but it can turn them any way it pleafes. It has fix feet 
 or legs of the fame colour as the body, and thofe behind 
 are the longeft, that it may leap the better. The wings 
 feem to be lightly variegated with fculptures, feeming 
 almofl to cover the whole body, and the tail is forked. 
 The bulk of the body of the male is lefs than that of the 
 female, for this laft has a larger belly, and grafs-green 
 eyes, with red feelers, and a tail like a trident. They 
 are found in the fields in the fummer time, making 
 holes in the ground, where they build their neft, and 
 where they lie concealed in a mild winter ; but in one 
 that is fevere, they die in their holes. They make a par¬ 
 ticular fort of noife with their wings, which is plain 
 from this; namely, that when their wings are taken off 
 the noife ceafes. They fing day and night, and delight 
 in the fun, fitting at the mouths of their holes. They 
 frequent pafture-grounds and meadows that are quite 
 open, for they fhun fhady places. They fing moll when 
 people are at a diflancej for when they come near 
 they are Client, and get into their holes. 
 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 
 FUI-GORA CANDELARIA. 
 
 The LANTERN FLY. 
 
 The head and breaflof this Infed are generally the 
 colour of a muddy brown; the elytra are of a lively 
 green, fpotted with a pale yellow ; the wings are of a 
 beautiful yellow, and have their extremities bordered 
 with a gloffy black. When the Infedi flies, the waving 
 E 7 ©f 
 
II© 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 of the elytra caufe the tranfparent fpots to appear in the 
 night like radiant flalhes, forming various figures, ac¬ 
 cording to the fancy of the wondering beholder. Thi* 
 Fly is a native of China. 
 
 The Weft- Indian FIRE-FLY, Pete du 'Tertre affirm?, 
 is like a living fiar, of which there are great Humbert 
 that in dark nights make the air feem full of curious 
 lights, which fhine and fparkle more than the ftars in 
 the fky. They do not fliine at all in the day, and there¬ 
 fore are never taken notice of by any that are un¬ 
 acquainted with them. They have fomewhat of the ap¬ 
 pearance of diity Beetles, and delight to be among 
 rotten wood till the fun is fet, and then they fly here 
 and there. Teeming to be fo many lighted candles car¬ 
 ried in the woods and houfes by invifible hands. They 
 will purfue the light of a candle, and other things that 
 fparkle or fhine, with fo much ardour, that they often 
 kill tliemfclves, like our Moths. He tells us. very 
 gravely, and no doubt with fome truth, that the poorer 
 popilh clergy, when they want candles or oil, catch one 
 
 of. 
 
Ill 
 
 INSfiCTS.- 
 
 of thcfe flies, by whole light they will be able to read 
 their matins as eafily as if they had a lamp. While 
 they are alive and in fuU health, a flame feems to pro- 
 ceed from all parts of the body; but when they are 
 fick, it grows weak, and when they die, it is quite ex- 
 tinguifhed. When they are caught, they live but fifteen 
 days, or three weeks at moil. 
 
 E 8 LAN- 
 
Hi 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 LANTERN FLY of the East-Indies, 
 
 T*HIS Lantern Fly is a nocturnal infe< 5 t, that has a 
 hood, or bladder, on its head, which appears like a lan¬ 
 tern, in the night: but by day it is clear and trans¬ 
 parent, and very curioufly adorned with red and green 
 ftripes. Such a fhining light iffues from this part of the 
 Infe&, that it is poffible to read by it. The wings, and 
 whole body, are elegantly adorned with a mixture of 
 red, green, yellow, and other fplendid colours. The 
 
 creature 
 
 < 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 113 
 
 creature contra&s or dilates the hood, or bladder, as it 
 pleafes. When taken, they withdraw their light; but 
 when at liberty, they fuffer it to Ihine again, with all 
 its wonderful refplendency. 
 
 Thefe Flies are as luminous as a lighted torch, while 
 they refled a luftre on all neighbouring objeds. They 
 are in continual motion during the night; but the mo¬ 
 tion is various, and uncertain: fometimes they rife, and 
 then fink. They will frequently difappear, and the 
 next inftant rife in another place. They commonly 
 hover about fix feet from the ground. It is faid, there 
 is not a night in the year in which they are not feen. 
 In the coldeft winter they are more frequently ob- 
 ferved, than in the warmeft fummer. Neither rain or 
 fnow hinders their appearance. From all thefe circum- 
 ftances many fuppofe it to be the Ignis Fatuus, or Jack- 
 in-the-Lantern : which, many have contended, is an 
 inflammatory meteor, exhaled from marfhy lands, over 
 which it is obferved to wander in the darkefi. night. 
 
 In Henanas ingenious account of the Indian Lantern 
 Fly, published among her Infeds of Surinam, Ihe fays, 
 
 when 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 TU 
 
 tvhen file once had bought fome infe&s from the per* 
 ions ufually employed in colle&ing them, Ihe had 
 brought her the Lantern Flies, which lhe fhut up 
 in a large cheft; and not knowing they ftione by night, 
 being waked out of her fleep by an unufual noife, flic 
 goi out of bed, and ordered a light to be brought. It 
 immediately appeared that the noife came from the 
 cheft; which, being opened, there came as it were, a 
 flame of fire as often as a new infedt flew out, which 
 at length being obferved, they gathered the little crea¬ 
 tures together again* 
 
 CICADA. 
 
 Charaftcr, 
 
 The head bends downwards; the feelers arebriftly; 
 the four wings are membranous; and the feet are 
 adapted to leaping. 
 
 (See the two Jmall Jnfetfs in /age 109.J 
 
 CICADA 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 I 
 
 CICADA SPUMERIA. 
 
 The FOAMY FROG-HOPPER. 
 
 A.MONGST the Species found in this Country, of 
 this Genus, this is one of the largeft. It is a brown, 
 tinged with green. The head, breaft, and elytra, are 
 beautifully dotted : on the laft are two white fpots. 
 Before the Infed has meramorphofed itfelf, the Larva 
 which produces it, lives and refides upon plants : but it 
 is not perceived, unlefs the fpot of its devouring is cer¬ 
 tainly known ; for by emitting, from every part of its 
 body, foamy bubbles, refembling fpittle, under which 
 it conceals itfelf, the Larva is not eafily difeovered: but 
 when this froth is removed, the Larva is found: but it 
 is foon covered again, by a frefli emiffion of froth. 
 Thus the Larva is enabled by Nature to prelerve itfelf 
 againft the injury of the weather, and from being de- 
 ftroyedby other Infeds. This is another* inftance of the 
 variety of means adopted by the Creator to preferve the 
 balance of all things. As the Larva of this Infed is 
 liable to be preyed upon by different animals, it is pro¬ 
 vided with the. power of emitting this foam, as the 
 
 only protection againft its enemies. 
 
 * CICADA 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Ii6 
 
 CICADA SANGUINOLENTA. 
 
 The CRIMSON FROG- HOPPER. 
 
 This is thought the fineft Species which we, in 
 this country, poffefs of this Genus. The elytra alone 
 have fix large beautiful crimfon fpots: both the elytra 
 are black at their extremity; and the wings are a of dufky 
 colour, and tinged with a little red at their bafe. This 
 Infedl, not leaping much, is eafily taken ; but not near 
 liondon ; as it is very feldom found near the Metropolis. 
 It varies according to the different fize of the crimfon 
 fpots obferved on its elytra, or wing-cafes. 
 
 COCCUS. 
 
 Cbara&er . 
 
 ThE trunk is placed in the breaft ; the hinder part 
 of the abdomen is briftly. The males have two ere& 
 wings; while the females are apterous, or without any. 
 
 COCCUS 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 COCCUS PHALARIDIS. 
 
 Ta* COCHINEAL FLY. 
 
 The feet and body of this Infe& are nearly of a pink 
 cofour, and fprinkled with a little white powder. The 
 wings and four threads of its tail, are of the cleared 
 white. It is found on a fpecies of grafs called Phalaris. 
 
 The 
 
J18 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The female forms, on the ftalk of this dog-grafs, a 
 white downy neft, in which fhe depofits her eggs. 
 Being brought over with exotic or foreign plants, they 
 are fometimes found in hot-houfes. When the dried 
 Cochineal is fteeped in water, or vinegar, the parts of 
 the body unfold themfelves, and become fo vifible, as 
 to difplay even the ligaments of the legs. 
 
 7 he Indians in Mexico, where the propagation of the 
 Cochineal is a confiderable concern, gather them, and 
 put ten or twelve in mofs, or the flue of the Cocoa: 
 they are then hung upon the thorns of the Indian Fig- 
 tree, which grows in great quantities round their habi¬ 
 tations. They arc fo prolific as to afford three gather¬ 
 ings of them every year. As foon as they are col- 
 lcdled, they are deftroycd. Some they kill by the heat 
 of ovens; and others, by throwing them into hot water : 
 while many are deflroyed upon the hot plates ufed for 
 roafting maize, Three pounds of frefli Cochineal 
 Weigh but one pound when dried. Cochineals will 
 preferve, for ages, its colouring particles. This valu¬ 
 able Infedt is ufcd for dying fcarlet and crimfon. The 
 Englifh mix it with Gum Lac, to dye their cloths. The 
 
 Cochineal 
 
INSECTS. ii* 
 
 Cochineal furniflies painters with many beautiful and 
 fplendid tints: as the richeft carmine is made from this 
 Iriledt. It is computed, that 880,000 lb. of thefe 
 Infedls is imported yearly into this Kingdom. Were it 
 propagated in our American Iflands, where the climate 
 is congenial with this Infedt, great advantages might 
 he derived : and as the Cochineals of Europe refemble 
 greatly thofe of America, they might, probably, be 
 produdlive of emolument. 
 
 The above account is confirmed by Broth, who fays, 
 "Cochineal, as they appear in our {hops, when 
 brought from America, are of an irregular (hape, con- 
 vex on one fide, and a little,concave on the other; but 
 are both marked with tranfverfe ftreaks or wrinkles. 
 They are of a fcarlet colour within, and without of a 
 blackifh red, and fometimes of a white reddifii aih- 
 colour, which are accounted the heft, and are brought 
 to us from Mexico. They were a long while taken 
 for fruit, but they are now known to be infers ad¬ 
 hering to the prickly pear-tree or (hrub. 
 
 u The Cochineal Insect is of an oval form, of 
 the fize of a Email pea, with fix feet and a fnout or 
 
 trunk; 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 iZO 
 
 trunk ; it brings forth its young alive, and is nourifhed 
 by fucking the juice of the plant. Its body confifts of 
 feveral rings, and when it is once fixed on the plant, it 
 continues immoveable, being fubjedt to no change. 
 Some pretend there are two forts, the one domefiic, 
 which is beft, and the other wild, that is of a vivid co¬ 
 lour : however, they appear to be the fame, only with 
 this difference; that the wild feed upon uncultivated 
 trees, without any affiftance; whereas the domeflic are 
 carefully, at a flated feafon, removed to cultivated trees, 
 where they feed upon a purer juice. Thofe who take 
 care of thefe infe&s, place them on the prickly pear- 
 plant, in a certain order, and are very induftrious in 
 defending them from other infe&s; for if any other 
 kind come among them, they take care to brulh them 
 off with foxes tails. 
 
 « Towards the end of the year, when the rains and 
 cold weather are coming on, which are fatal to thefe 
 infers, they take off the leaves or branches covered 
 with cochineal, that have not attained their utmoft 
 degree of perfedlion, and keep them in their houfes till 
 the winter is pall, Thefe leaves are very thick and 
 
INSECTS* 
 
 lit 
 
 juicy, and fupply them with fufficient nourifhment, 
 while they remain within doors. When the milder 
 weather returns, and thefe animals are about to exclude 
 their young, the natives niake them nefts, like thofe 
 of birds, but lefs, of tree mofs, foft hay, or the down of 
 cocoa-nuts, placing twelve in every neft. Thefe they 
 fix on the thorns of the prickly pear-plant, and in three 
 or four days time they bring forth their young, which 
 leave their nefts in a few days, and creep upon the 
 branches of the plant, till they find a proper place to 
 reft in and take their nouriftiment; and when the fe* 
 males are fecundated by the males, they produce anew 
 offspring; fo that they have a harveft, as it were, thrice 
 a year. 
 
 « When the native Americans have gathered the co¬ 
 chineal, they put them into holes in the ground, where 
 they kill them with boiling water, and afterwards dry 
 them in the fun, or in an oven, or lay them upon hot 
 plates. From the various methods of killing them, 
 arife the different colours which they appear in when 
 brought to us. While they are living, they feem to be 
 fprinkled over with a white powder, which theylofe as 
 e foon 
 

 t%% NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Toon as the boiling water is poured upon them. Thofe 
 that are dried upon hot plates, are the blacked. What 
 we call cochineal, are only the females; for the males 
 are a fort of fly, as in the Kermes. They are ufed both 
 for dying and in medicine, and are faid to have much 
 the fame virtue as the Kermes; tho’ they are now fet- 
 dom ufed alone, but are mixed with other medicines 
 to give them a more beautiful colour. ” 
 
 THE 
 
insects. 
 
 US 
 
 THE FOURTH ORDER. 
 INSECTA NEUROPTERA. 
 
 NEUROPTEROUS Infe&s have four tranfparent, 
 membranous, and uncafed wings, which are veined 
 like net-work. Their tail is unarmed, or llinglefs: but 
 it is frequently furnilhed with appendices, like pincers, 
 by which the males are diftinguilhed. 
 
 LIBEL- 1 
 
124 
 
 natural history. 
 
 L I B E L L U L A.—The DAMSEL. 
 
 THIS Genus of Infe&s is well known to every body. 
 The largeft fpecics is produced from a water-worm, that 
 has fix feet, which, yet young, are very fmall, is tranf- 
 formed to a Chryfalis, that has its dwelling in the 
 water. People have thought they difcovered them to 
 have gills like fifties. It wears a maflc, as perfedlly 
 formed as thofe that are worn at a mafquerade ; and 
 this mafic, fattened to the Infed’s neck, and which it 
 moves at will, ferves it to hold its prey, while it devours 
 it. The period of transformation being come, the 
 Chryfalis makes to the water-fide, undertakes a voyage, 
 in fearch of a convenient place; fixes on a plant, or 
 ftickg fall to a bit of dry wood. Its ikin, grown 
 parched, ffdits at the upper part of the thorax. The 
 winged Infe& iflues forth gradually, throws off its 
 Hough, expands its wings, flutters, and then flies off 
 with gracefulnefs and eafe. The elegance of its flender 
 fhape, the richnefs of its colours, the delicacy and re- 
 fplendent texture of its wings, afford infinite debght to 
 the beholder. 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 
 In order to accomplifh the purpofe of Nature, the 
 male, while hovering about, watches, and then feizes 
 the female by the head, with the pincers with which 
 the extremity of his tail is armed. The ravilher travels 
 thus thraugh the air, till the female yields to his fuperior 
 ilrcngth. Thefe flies are feen thus coupled in the air, 
 exhibiting the form of a ring. The female depofits her 
 eggs in the water, from whence fpring Water-worms, 
 which afterwards undergo the fame transformations. 
 
 LIBEL* 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 126 
 
 LIBELLULA GRANDIS. 
 
 The GREAT DAMSEL. 
 
 THIS fpccies is the largeft of any this Country affords. 
 Its head is yellow, efpecially forwards; its eyes are 
 brown, and being very large, meet on the top of the 
 head, and are often fct with dots, raifed and fhining, 
 which would conflitute a very diftin&ive chara&er, if 
 it were conftant; but fometimes thofe dots are abfent, 
 or there are, at moft, but one or two. The thorax is 
 dun-coloured, with two oblique bands on each fide, of 
 a lemon-colour. The abdomen, which is very long, is 
 likewife of a deep buff, often fpotted with white on the 
 top and bottom of each fegment. The fmall laminae 
 that terminate the abdomen are very long in this fpe¬ 
 cies. The wings have more or lefs of the yellow dye, 
 with a brown fpot on the exterior edge. At the rife of 
 each wing there is a fmall protuberance, of a dark 
 brown colour. 
 
 LIBEL- 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 r*7 
 
 LIBELLULA VIRGO.— The VIRGIN. 
 
 T 
 
 X HIS beautiful Libellula has a large head, reticu¬ 
 lated, prominent, brown eyes, that are not in contadfc 
 with each other. The fpace intervening between the 
 eyes, exhibits three brown flemmata, placed in a 
 triangle. The neck, on which the head is relied, is 
 fhort and narrow. The thorax is larger, of a bright 
 green and blue colour. From the inferior part of the 
 thorax arife the fix legs, long, and charged with a 
 double row of fmall fpines, a circumflance common to 
 this Genus. From the upper part come forth the four 
 wings, all of equal fize. They are much reticulated, 
 and have on their middle a large cloud, of a bluilh 
 brown, that occupies above one half of them. The 
 bafe and extremity of the wing are the only parts not 
 charged with the fame colour, being only of a yeF* 
 lowilh hue. On the outer edge of the wing there is no 
 fpot; which is uncommon in this Genus. The abdo- 
 m en long, cylindric, and conlilling of nine or ten feg- 
 ments, is of a blue colour, fometimes bordering on 
 green, and very bright. This beautiful Infedt is met 
 with in meadows, on the banks of ponds. 
 
 4 
 
 LIBEL- 
 

 JJ5 natural history. 
 
 UBELLULA PUELLA. 
 
 The wings of this Infedt arc whitifh, nicely veined 
 . , ., k w hh a Hack fpot on the exterior edge to¬ 
 wards the extremity. The colour of the head is a Wden 
 blue with trown eye.- The thorax, which is blue, i 
 ador’ned with three brown longitudinal “ one^on 
 . • dc U e and tw.o narrower ones on the fide . 
 
 r ents of the abdomen are blue, with a black ring 
 f g T r ds thc;r poacrior extremity. They are nine in 
 number ; the two laft larger than the reft, and entire y 
 brown. This Infcd is found in meadows. 
 
 The remaining Libellula is only a variety in colour, 
 the body being of a fine red. 
 
 EPHE- 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 12? 
 
 E P H E M 
 
 CharaBer. 
 
 era. 
 
 I he mouth has neither teeth nor fpiral tongue, 
 e wings are ere&, and the hinder fhorteft. The 
 
 F 
 
 EPHE- 
 
natural history. 
 
 150 
 
 EPHEME R A.— Tbe DAY-FLY. 
 
 (Sec tie Infix on the top of the Cut, w the preceding page.) 
 
 T'HESE Flies derive their name from the fhort period 
 of their exiftence. Some of their different fpccics live 
 feveral days; while others, that take their firft flight at 
 the letting of the fun, die before that luminary rifes 
 again. Some have only the life of an hour : others 
 exift but half an hour.. 
 
 The Ephemerae, before they fly, have been m feme 
 manner fifhes : and, what is very remarkable, they have 
 been obferved to remain as long as one, two, and three 
 years, in their Larva and Chryfalis Hates. Both the 
 Larva and Chryfalis have fmall fringes of hair on each 
 fide; which, when moved in the water, ferve them as 
 fins. The plying of thefe little oars is exceedingly cu¬ 
 rious The Larvae make their refidcnce by peifoiatu g, 
 Q r making holes in the banks of rivers; and, when the 
 ■water falls, or decreafes, they make other holes lower 
 in order to have ready accefs to their favorite element 
 
INSECTS. ijr 
 
 Flames attra5t them fo, as to caufe them to form a 
 thoufand circles round fuch a light, with an amazing 
 regularity. One fmgle female will lay feven or eight 
 e g° s > which fink to the bottom of the water, where 
 they are depofited. The Larvae which they produce 
 conftrudt habitations to flielter them from every danger. 
 The Flies, having propagated, immediately die in 
 heaps. Fiihermen conhder thefe multitudes of de- 
 flroyed infe&s as manna for the fdh. We can, there¬ 
 fore, perceive, that even this Infe&, which cannot, for 
 its very fhort exiftence, be of much fervice during life, 
 is, by the wifdom of the Creator, fo calculated, as t# 
 be of efiential fervice even in its departed ft^te. 
 
 f 
 
 f * 
 
 MYRMJ 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 13a 
 
 MYRMELION. 
 
 CharaEler. 
 
 HE mouth is armed with jaws, two teeth, and four 
 long fpiral tongues. The tail, in the male fex, is forked. 
 Their feelers are club-formed, and as long as the breaft, 
 and the wings bent downwards. 
 
 MYRMELION.—The ANT-EATER. 
 
 (See the InJeB at the bottom of the Cut , page 129. J 
 
 AlS few Infe6ls afford greater entertainment, or gra¬ 
 tify curiofity, by their wiles and Rratagems, than this ; 
 W e {hall forbear all uninterefting defcription, to confine 
 
 ourfelves to what we think more effentiah Before the 
 
 head 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *33 
 
 head of the Latvse is placed a dentated forceps, with 
 which they catch and fuck flies, and ants efpecially. 
 This animal having a retrograde motion, which prevents 
 its being able to purfue its prey, it has recourfe to the 
 following ftratagem. Having dived into the fand, or 
 foft mould, it hollows out furrows, that meet in a centre, 
 and grow deeper by degrees. The fuperfluous fand it 
 carefully removes from the fcene of a&ion : after this, 
 it digs a hole, like a funnel, at the bottom of which this 
 animal ftations itfelf, fuffering only its extended for¬ 
 ceps to be feen above it. Ruin awaits the infedl that 
 falls, unfortunately, into this cavity. The Myrmelio, 
 being apprifed of its approach, by grains of fand rolling 
 down to the bottoni, immediately overwhelms the 
 fallen prey with a fhower of duft, which it calls with 
 its horns. It then drags the poor captive to the bottom 
 of the hole, where it is immediately deflroyed. Such,, 
 is the rapacity of this creature,that it will prey in this 
 manner even on its own fpecies. * This is one of the 
 few inftances Nature affords, of any one fort of animal 
 preying on its fellow-creatures. To the difgrace of 
 man, this definition of each other is very rarely fanc- 
 F tioned 
 
tiA natural history. 
 
 tioned by example, in all the infinite courfe of beings 
 with which the Creation abounds. 
 
 The perfect'InfeSt of the Ant-Eater is very feldom 
 found; when it is, it is chiefly in Tandy places, near 
 rivulets. 
 
 YHR 
 
 * 
 
 
THE FIFTH ORDER. 
 INSECTA HYMENOPTERA, 
 
 HyMENOPTEROUS Infers have four membra, 
 nous wings : and mofl of their tails have flings; ex¬ 
 cept the males, which are harmlefs. 
 
 C Y N I P E D E S. 
 
 CharaEler , 
 
 A HE mouth is armed with jaws; but has no trunk. 
 The fting is fpiral, and concealed moftly in the body. 
 
 *4 
 
 CYNIPS. 
 
, s6 NATURAL history. 
 
 C Y N I P S._ The GALL-FLY. 
 
 (See the JtnaU H e£l iB t age 129 ') 
 
 This Infea is of a burnilhed ftining brown co¬ 
 lour: the horns are black, the feet chefnut, and the 
 wings are white. The Gall-Fly is produced in thole 
 little fmooth, round, and hard Galls, which are found 
 faftened to the fibres under Oak-leaves. This gall is 
 caufed by the overflowing of the fap of the leaf, occa- 
 fioned by the Fly having pierced it, for the puipofe of 
 depofiting there its eggs. Sometimes, mflead of the 
 Cynips, a large Infea proceeds from the Gall, and 
 which is called an Ichneumon. Thislatter Infea is not 
 the real inmate of the Gall: he is a panfite, whofe 
 mother depofited her egg in the yet tender Gall; and, 
 when hatched, produces a Larva, that devours the 
 Larva found there of the Cynips. Of this Genus there 
 is a Species, which produces the Galls of which the Not- 
 way ink is made. 
 
 flying 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *37 
 
 FLYING INSECTS 'with iivo ivings. 
 
 HE Breeze, or Gad-Fly, is of the fize of a common 
 blue flefh Fly, and has black large eyes, with feelers 
 that con fill of a long thread like a brittle, and the body 
 is yellow, only it is furrounded with a black belt of- 
 ftripe ; the belly is of a tawny colour, except the laft 
 joint, which is black. The tail is long, bending under 
 the belly, and the wings are whitifh, and have a black 
 line, with three black lpofsnpon each. The female is 
 faid to lay her eggs under the back of cattle, under the 
 Ik in, where it lives in the ftate of a Maggotallthe 
 winter. 
 
 The Grey Fly, or Trumpet-Fly, is confiderably big¬ 
 ger than the common Blue Fly, and the body is of a 
 dufky-grey colour, approaching to black; it is fmooth, 
 except about the breaft, which is befet with a great 
 number of yellow long hairs; the wings are large and 
 tranfparent, the body oblong, and the eyes large and 
 black. The female lays her eggs in the nottrils of 
 flieep, deer, and fotne other animals. It is called the 
 Trumpet-Fly, from the noife it makes in the hot days 
 of fufnmef* _ 
 
 F S THs 
 
i. 3 8 natural history. 
 
 The Hornet Fly is as big as a common Hornet, and 
 is fo like it, that one may be eafily taken for the other. 
 The head is large, the fnout long and black, with a 
 fliarp point, and the eyes are prominent, the bread is 
 large and bunched, and of a dufky colour, but the 
 wings, legs, and belly, are of an iron-grey ; the body 
 on its upper part is black and yellow, and condds of 
 feven joints, the three uppermoft of which are black, 
 and the reft yellow. 
 
 The Wafp Fly is of the fize of a common wafp, and 
 very much refembles it in fhape and colour. The head 
 is fmooth and yellowilh, the body blunt, and all its 
 joints, at the edges, are of a pale yellow, and the fnout 
 is long, and pointed at the end. 
 
 The Virginian Hornet Fly is of the fize of our larged 
 Flies, and has a black head, with a diver line that runs 
 from the fhoulders to the mouth ; it has large black eyes, 
 a long and ftrong weapon on its mouth, the fhoulders 
 are of a blackifli brown, and it has two diver wings. 
 At the back part are feven or eight joints of a whitifh 
 colour, but the other parts are blackifh, except the belly, 
 
 which is of yellowifh afh-colour, with a greenifh eaft. 
 
 The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *39 
 
 The Muscovite Hornet-Fly has a very long body, 
 with oblong large eyes, that take up the greateft part 
 of the head; the fnout is black, hardifli, and divided 
 into three parts, with which it can penetrate through 
 cloth, and hurt thefkin of theperfon that wears it. 
 
 The Common Horfe-Fly is pretty large, and has a 
 body of an oblong fliape, and rounded at the end ; it 
 is of a grey colour, and has a fmooth fkin, with large 
 eyes, and large tranfparent wings. Each of its legs 
 are terminated by four ihort and fharp claws, and it 
 has a clavated fnout, in the fliape of a cylinder,- it being 
 blunt at the end, and the tongue is like a brittle. 
 
 The Swallow’s-neft Fly is but fmall, and has a fmall 
 head. The breaft is fomewhat in the fliape of a cone, 
 and the body is broadett at the extremity. The wings 
 are long, but remarkably narrow, and the legs are all 
 terminated with fix Ihort claws. The former of thefe 
 are exceedingly troublefome to horfes and cattle, and 
 flick on firmly wherever they lay hold; fometimes 
 they will make horfes almofl mad ; the lafl is frequent¬ 
 ly feen on the necks of horfes. 
 
140 NATURAL history. 
 
 The Great Horfe-Fly has a greyifh head, and large 
 Hack eyes, with broad tranfparent wings, but of a 
 dufky colour, marked with iron-grey lines. Thebreaft 
 ■and body are grey, only the back part under the wings 
 is a little yellowifh, and in the centre of each of the 
 rin^s, all the way down the back, there is a triangu ar 
 white fpot. The thighs are black and the kgs yel- 
 low. 
 
 The Eaft-Indian Horfe-Fly is a moft pernicious Infeed, 
 and flings and bites moft terribly. It is about two 
 inches broad, and as much long, and of a brown co¬ 
 lour, with a yellow ftreak along the body. F ley 
 build their nefls very curioufly on the rafters of barns 
 or out-houfes, as the E&ft-lndian Wafps do on the 
 twigs of trees; in thefe the lay their eggs, and hatch 
 their young ones; they feed upon fruit, and after they 
 are kiiled have a moft difagreeablc fmell. 
 
 The Green EIorfe-Fly was brought from China, and 
 has the body and under wings of a fine fhinmg green, 
 which has the luftre of polifhed metal; the tips of 
 their wings, and their under fide, are dulky or black, 
 
INSERTS. 
 
 I41 
 
 but the upper wings are of a light browti, vei*y thin and 
 tranfparent. 
 
 The Purple and Brown Horfe-Fly is a native of the 
 Wed-Indies, and the wings are of a dirty purpliih 
 brown, with fome tranfparent fpots thereoir. 
 
 The Burrel-FIy has an ohlong body, which is divi* 
 ded into three principal parts, namely, the head, the 
 flioulders, and the belly, which lad has five or fix 
 joints or rings. It is all over of a whitifli colour, incline 
 ing to grey, and has a ftrong, brawny, long fnout. 
 In July and Augufl it is very troublefome to horfes and 
 cattle. Moufet gives us an inftance of a horfe that 
 was tied with a halter to a tree in a wood, where he 
 was killed in fix hours time by thefe Flies, which he 
 fnppofed was owing to the great lofs of blood, of which 
 they are very fond. 
 
 The Fly with white wings, and a black fpot on each, 
 has a large red head, and a fliort blunt black body, and 
 black legs; the eyes are large, and, while fitting, it is 
 conftantly fhaking its wings; they are common in or. 
 chards upon apple-trees. 
 
 * 7 
 
 The 
 
, 4 i NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The Hairy Fly is of a large kind, and has a tody of 
 a black oral fhape, and its extremities are covered with 
 a great number of yellowiih hairs, as well as the breaft. 
 The head and legs are black, and the wings tranfparent. 
 only they are whiteft towards the bafe, and have each 
 a large iron-grey fpot towards the outer edge. This i» 
 not a very common Fly. 
 
 The Elack Fly is pretty f?rge, and has a body of an 
 eval blunt lhape, the breaft is oblong, the head and 
 eyes large, and the legs are black. The Tides are marked 
 each with a very large pale-coloured fpot, and the tail 
 Is befet with black hairs ; moreover, the fides of the 
 belly are covered with fomewhat of a fhelly fubftance. 
 
 Of FLIES, -which in a worm fate feed upon trees , and plan's, 
 and the InfeBs thereon, are tlefe : 
 
 1. The Fly, with a black oval body, with two 
 marks in the lhape of half-moons, and three yellow belts. 
 
 2. The Fly, with an oval body, and three pair of 
 whitifh half-moons, called by authors the Elephant's 
 Trunk. It feeds in its worm -ftate on the pear-tree. 
 
 3. The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 141 
 
 3. The Oblong Yellow-bodied Fly, with black tranf- 
 vcrfe lines. 
 
 4. The Oblong Yellow-bodied Fly, with three pair 
 of yellow fpots. 
 
 5. The JLong-bodied Fly, with fix three-cornered 
 yellow fpots. 
 
 6. The Fly, with the body in the lhapeof a cylinder, 
 with fix fpots in thefliape of half-moons, on the back. 
 
 7. The Grey Fly, with four black fpots on the back. 
 
 8. The oblong-bodied Fly, whofe hinder legs are 
 Jargeft. 
 
 9. The Fly, whofe body is marked with three yel¬ 
 low circular lines. 
 
 . Of FLIES that have variegated bodies , there are , 
 
 1. The Black Fly, with the bafes of the wings of 
 an iron-grey. 
 
 2. The Fly, with a grey bread, and the bafe of the 
 belly marked with a yellow fpot, and having the ed¬ 
 ges of the fegments whitifh. 
 
 3. The Black Fly, with all the fragments of the body 
 except the firft, yellow, and a black mark in the middle. 
 
 4. The Fly, with a yellow bread, with four yellow 
 
 F 8 tranf- 
 
£44 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 tranfverfe lines on the belly-part, the firft being larger 
 than the reft, and interrupted. 
 
 5. The Fly, with four yellow ftreaks on the breaft, 
 and three of the fegments of the belly-part yellow. 
 
 6. The Black Fly, with a white body, and two black 
 ftreaks thereon. 
 
 q. The Brown and fomewhat Hairy Fly, with the 
 edge of the belly fharp, and having three yellow lines, 
 with a triangular fpot. 
 
 g. The Bee-Fly, produced from the long-tailed mag¬ 
 got of neceflary-houfes. The Black Fly with a velvet 
 body, marked with three tranfverfe lines. 
 
 9. The Black Fly, with two yellow belts on the back. 
 
 10. The Black Fly, with iron-grey wings, and three 
 white interrupted belts on the back. 
 
 11. The Brown FJy, with iron-grey wings, and the 
 edges of the fegments of the body grey. 
 
 Of the Hairy FLIES, there are , 
 
 1. The Black Fly, with the edges of the wings thin, 
 fcallcpped and whitifh. 
 
 2. The Common Hairy Dung-Fly, with a fpot on 
 each of the wings. 
 
 The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *4 3 
 
 3 - The Black Fly, with the bale of the belly-part 
 tyhite, and its extremity brown. 
 
 4. The Fly, with a grey breaft, and the point of the 
 belly-part white, and the wings marked with an iron- 
 
 grey fpot. 
 
 5. The Fly, with a grey breaft, and a black body, 
 having a dufky iron-grey fpot on each of the wings. 
 
 6. The Fly, with a white body, except behind, 
 where it is black, and having white wings, marked 
 with a black fpot. 
 
 7. The Fly, with a yellow breaft, and a brown fpot 
 on the wings. 
 
 8. The Grey Fly, with iron-grey wings, and abrowa 
 fpot on each. 
 
 Of FLIES, that lave variegated wings, there are, 
 
 T. The Fly, with black wings tipped with white. 
 
 2 . The Fly, with two black fpots on each wing. 
 
 3. The Fly, with white wings and a finglc black fpcck. 
 on the extremity of each. 
 
 4. The unguiculated winged Fly, with white wings 
 and a black fpot in the middle. 
 
 5. The Black Fly, with the wings variegated on the 
 fore part, with black and white. 
 
 6. The 
 

 j 4 « NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 6. The Fly, with grey wings, fpottedwith blade. 
 
 7. The Grey Fly, with unguiculated wings, fpotted 
 With brown. 
 
 . 8. The Fly, with white wings, whofe edges are 
 black, and marked with black fpots. 
 
 9. The Fly, with white wings, and three brown 
 fpecks, and a brown fpot at the end. 
 
 ic. The Fly, with white wings, marked with four 
 grey ftreaks, and as many fmaller, running alternately 
 between them; 
 
 II. The Fly, with white wings, marked with four 
 ftreaks, and having five pair of fpots on the back. 
 
 , 12. The Green-eyed Fly, with white wings, and 
 
 marked with the letter S, in a double line, of a brown 
 colour. 
 
 13. The Fly, with white unguiculated wings, 
 marked with four brown ftreaks, and having the extre¬ 
 mity of the bread: yellow. 
 
 14. The Fly, with pale wings, marked with black 
 veins, and two tranfverfe undulated brown lines, and 
 brown tips. 
 
 15. The Fly, with membranaceous wings, fpotted 
 with black, and three rows of black fpecks on the body. 
 
 APIS. 
 
A P I S.—' The BEE. 
 
 These Infers are divided into fcveral Species, which 
 are diftinguiftied from each other, by genius, talent, 
 manner, and difpofition. Some live in focicty, and. 
 fliare the toils: others dwell, and work, in folitude; 
 building the cradles of their families, as the Leaf-cutter 
 Bee doe:, with a rofe-leaf; the Upholfterer, with the 
 
 gaudy 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 148’ 
 
 gaudy tapeftry of the corn-rofe; the Mafon-Bee, with 
 plafter; and the Wood-Piercer, with faw-duft. But 
 all, in general, are employed, in their little kingdom, 
 with providing for their pofterity, and contributing to 
 the general welfare of thdr community. 
 
 Of Bees there are three forts; the Plebeians, the 
 Drones, and the Queen. The Queen, or Parent-Bee, 
 is the foul of the hive ; to her all the reft are fo attached, 
 that they will follow her wherever fhe goes. If fhe 
 happens to die, all their labours are at an end, an uni- 
 verfal mourning enfues, and all her fubjedts die, by 
 rejecting their food. Should a new Queen arife, be¬ 
 fore this cataftrophe attends the hive, joy renovates 
 their fpirits, and their toils are renewed. This has been 
 tried by removing the Chryfalis of a Queen-Bee from 
 one hive, to another which had loft its own Emprefs. 
 But this attachment is only in proportion to the utility 
 lhe affords to the commonwealth. She is fo prolific, 
 that file lays 15 or 18,000 eggs, which produce 800 
 males, four or five Queen-Bees, aud the reft Neuters, 
 or Plebeians. Their cells differ in fize ; the largeft are 
 for the males, the royal cells for the Queens, and the 
 
 fnivdleft 
 
INSECTS- 
 
 149 
 
 fmalleft for the Neuters. The Parent-Bee depofits in 
 thofe cells fuch eggs as will produce the fpecies for 
 which the refpedive cells are deftined. In two or 
 three days the eggs are hatched ; when the Neuters 
 turn nurfes to the reft, which they feed, moft tender¬ 
 ly, with unwrought wax and honey. After twenty- 
 one days, the young Bees are able to form colonies, 
 with fuch indefatigable activity, that they will do more, 
 in one week’s time, than they will during all the reft 
 of the year. Sometimes there are Bees lefs laborious, 
 who fupport themfelves by pillaging the reft of the 
 hivc6; on which a battle enfues between the induftrious 
 and the defpoiling Infeds. Frequently contentions will 
 arife among them, when a new colony feek their habi¬ 
 tation in a hive already occupied. Their foes are the 
 the Wafp and Hornet; which will rip open their bel¬ 
 lies with their teeth, in order to fuck out the honey 
 contained in the bladder. Sparrows, fometimes, are 
 feen to take one in their-bill, and one in each of their 
 claws. 
 
 The Neuter Bees colled from flowers their honey 
 and unwrought wax ; they roll themfelves over the (la¬ 
 mina, 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 mina, and thus caufe the dufty effence to flick to the 
 hairs which cover different parts of-their bodies. Be¬ 
 ing thus laden, they proceed with their burden to the 
 hive; where they are met by other Bees, thatfwallow 
 the wax they bring: this being afterwards refined in 
 the laboratory of their flomachs, is again produced by 
 the mouth, as genuine w^ax, in the form of dough, 
 which is next moulded into cakes cf an admirable 
 ftrudlure. 
 
 From the nedtareous effluvia of flowers the Bee col- 
 ledts the honey, by means of its probofcis, or trunk; 
 which is amoft aftonifhing piece of mechanifm, confift- 
 ing of more than twenty parts. Entering the hive, the 
 lnfedt difgorges the honey into cells, for winter fubfif- 
 tence ; or elfe prefents it to the labouring Bees. A 
 Bee can collet, in one day, more honey than a hundred 
 chemifts could extrad! in a hundred years. 
 
 When they begin to form their hive, they divide 
 into four parties; one is deputed to the fields, to col¬ 
 led! materials; another is ordered to -work on thefe ma¬ 
 terials; a third is left to polifh the rough work of the 
 
 cells; 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 7 5* 
 
 «eHs; and the fourth is allotted to provide food for the 
 labourers. There are waiters always attending, to 
 ferve the artizan with immediate refrefhments, left he 
 fhould be too long abfent from his work, by going to 
 gather it himfelf. - 
 
 So expert, are thefe Bees, that an honeycomb, com- 
 pofed of a double range of cells, backed one againft ano¬ 
 ther, and which is a foot long, jind fix inches broad, is 
 completed in one day, fo as to contain 30CO Bees. The 
 cells arc moft curioufly compofed of little triangular 
 fides, which unite in one point, and exadlly conform 
 to the like extremities of the oppofite cells, refpe&ive- 
 ly. At every cell, the Creator has, moft wifely, taught 
 them to form a ledge, which fortifies each aperture 
 againft the injuries they might receive from the fre¬ 
 quent ingrefs and return of the Bees. 
 
 How grateful ought we to be for the creation of this 
 admirable Infetft ! To his toil and wifdom we are in¬ 
 debted for one of the moft agreeable and wholefome 
 fubftances afforded by Nature. Were it not for the 
 Bee, thefe flowery fweets would be loft in the “ defert 
 “ air,” or decline with the fading flower. All the va¬ 
 rious ufes to which wax is applied, would be loft to 
 man, had not the Bee an exiftence. 
 
 every 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 lljVJLRY fwarm confifts of three kinds of Bees, the 
 mofl numerous of which are the common fort, whofe 
 bufinefs it is to gather the honey and wax. Thefe may 
 be called the labouring* Bees, and, according to the 
 moft curious obfervers, they are neither male nor fe¬ 
 male. The fecond fort are the drones, and thefe are 
 males. Of the third fort, there is generally but one 
 which w'as commonly called the king, but is now known 
 to be the queen; for it is a female, and is always the 
 mother of a numerous poftefity. 
 
 A Bee 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *53 
 
 A Bee confifts of three parts, namely, the head, the 
 breaft, and the belly. The head is armed with two 
 jaws and a trunk. Thefe jaws, or rather nippers, play 
 in opening and {hutting, to the right and left, and are 
 tifed inflead of handseto take up the wax to knead it, and 
 to throw out whatever is ufelefs. One of thefe is as 
 long again as the other, and the Iongeft is a little thicker 
 on one fide, but becomes lefs gradually to the other 
 end ; it is a little crooked or bent about the middle, 
 and is furrounded at the bafe with four hollow branches, 
 like-the pieces of a reed cut into four parts ; the other 
 is more thick, hut very fliort, with branches that are 
 hardly vifible, they being very clofe to each other ; in 
 the firft there is a trunk defigned for labour, and in the 
 fecond there is another,, folded up in its {heath ; and 
 by the hrft trunk, a Bee can gather more honey in a 
 day, than a hundred chemifts in a hundred years. It is 
 Iongj pointed, fupple, and moveable every way, and the 
 Bee can thruft it to the bottom of the cup of the 
 flower, notwithftanding the leaves and the {lamina are 
 in the way, where it fucks out the honey, and carries 
 it to the hive. But as this trunk, if h were always ex¬ 
 tended* would be incommodious, and might be broken 
 
 5 *y 
 

 JS4 natural history. 
 
 ty a thoufand accidents, it is compofed of two pieces, 
 united by a fpring or joint, in fuch a manner, that after 
 it has performed its work, it may be fhortened, or 
 rather folded up, and lb preferved from danger, by the 
 help of four ftrong fcaks, two of which lie immed.ately 
 upon it, ; and the two others, which are larger, and 
 more hollow, cover them all. 
 
 The middle of the body of the Bee, or corllet, is 
 furnilhed with fix legs or paws, and four wings, of 
 which two are large, and two arefmall. It is all over 
 covered with hair, that ferves to retain the particles of 
 wax which fall from' the top of the ftamina to the bot¬ 
 tom of the cups ; at the end of which claw there are 
 two (mail hooks, which by the help of a microfcope, 
 appear to be like two fickles, proceeding from the fame 
 handle, having the points oppofite to each other. Thefe 
 crooked nails, which are ufeful to fupport the Bee 
 upon many ocoafions, lie upon two fpungy cuihions, to 
 render cheir common walking more foft and eafy. 
 
 The belly of the Bee is joined to the corllet by a 
 thread, and is divided into fix rings, which fometimes 
 
 Ihortcu 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 fiiorten the body, by flipping one over another; the 
 infide of the belly confifts of four parts, the inteftines, 
 the honey-bag, the venom, and the fling. The inteftines 
 ferve for the digeftioil of the food, as in all other ani¬ 
 mals, and the honey-bag is as tranfparent as cryftal, 
 containing the honey that the Bee has fucked from the 
 flowers, of which the greateft part is carried to the hive, 
 and poured into the cells of the honey-comb, and the 
 remainder ferves the Bee for nourifliment; that in the 
 hive being to ferve for winter provision. The bladder 
 of venom, or gall, is at the root of the fting, of which 
 the Bee lets fall fome drops through a pipe, into the 
 wound made by the fting, that it may have a worfe 
 eftedh The fting is compofed of three parts, namely, 
 of the (heath and the two darts; the (heath terminates 
 in a very fine point, only there is an opening a little 
 below it, thro* which the venom pafles. Both the 
 darts have feveral fmall points or barbs, like thofe of a 
 fiih-hook, which render the fting more painful, and 
 hinder the darts from flipping out again ; or at lead not 
 without much difficulty to the Bee. The (heath itfelf 
 has a (harp point, and makes the firft wound, which is 
 followed by that of the darts, and pouring out the 
 
 venomous 
 
JS 6 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ■venomous fluid. This (heath is combed to pretty 
 ftrong mufcles, by which it is drawn back, unkfs the 
 fling flicks too faft, and then it is drawn out of the 
 body of the Bee along with it. The pain caufcd by the 
 wound is attended with a little (welling, which will 
 continue feveral days, unlefs the fling be immediately 
 taken out. 
 
 The DRONE, which may be feen cn the right fide 
 in page I 52 , may be diftinguiflied from the working 
 Bee, not only by the trunk, the teeth, and the eyes, 
 but by the corflet, which is more hairy than that of 
 the common Bee, and the rings of the belly are more 
 fmooth. Befides, the hairs of the bru&es of the hind 
 feet are more crowded together, and fhorter. The 
 body is generally larger and longer, by about a third 
 part, and the head in particular is more round, and more 
 full of hair. Add to this, that at certain feafons, there 
 are two flefhy horns behind, about a third part as long 
 as the body, and fometimes longer; and between thefe 
 horns there is. a flelby fubftance, which riles upon the 
 hinder part of the body, and is crooked like a bow. 
 
 The inward parts are alfo different, for he has no Ring? 
 
 and 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *S7 
 
 and within the body there is- little elfe but thick, white, 
 crooked velTcls, that are pretty folid, and contain a 
 milky fluid. They have a honey-bag, indeed, like the 
 reft ; but there is no fmall pipe or canal, which runs 
 from the bag to the neck, by which means, the common 
 Bees depofit their honey in the magazine ; for if you 
 prefs a Bee ever fo little, the honey will come out by 
 this pipe, which it will not do in the Drone; and con- 
 fequently it brings nothing to the common flock. It is 
 well fed, never works, nor goes into the fields, but 
 wanders about the hive at full liberty. Its having no 
 fling, perhaps, may be owing to the want of an enemy 
 to defend itfelf againft. However, it appears, that the 
 Drones are defigned only for the multiplication of their 
 kind; therefore, when the fummer is paft, and the 
 queens have done breeding, the other Bees ufe the Drones 
 ill, and drive them away from the hives, that they may 
 not be a burthen to the reft, fincc they then would do 
 nothing but eat. They likewife fall upon the young 
 drones that are not yet hatched, pull them out of their 
 cells, kill them, and throw them out of their hives. It 
 ks to no purpofe for the drones to ftruggle, for if they 
 will not go away freely, they take them by the wings 
 
 and 
 
S 5 S NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 and (houlders, and thruft them out, leaving only a very- 
 few behind, and thofe of a fmall kind, that they may 
 not devour too much of the honey, and thefe are kept 
 only for the next year’s ufe ; for this is obfervablc, that 
 the queen is full of eggs in the beginning of the fpring, 
 though the Drones are not then much different from 
 other Bees in fize. As for the drones that are driven 
 away, they either die with hunger, are killed by the 
 rain, or are devoured by birds; and fometimes the 
 ground will bo almoft covered with them near the 
 hives. 
 
 The QUEEN, as exhibited on the left fide of the three 
 figures in page 152, is longer, but not fo thick as the 
 Drone, and the wings are very fhort, in proportion to 
 the length of the body; for they fcarcely cover it half 
 way. The trunk is much fiiorter, and more {lender, than 
 that of the working Bee; but longer and thicker than 
 that of the Drone. The corflet is broken, and the rings 
 of the belly are of a deep chefnut-colour. The fting is 
 much larger than that of the common Bee ; but inftead 
 of being ftrait, turns bade a little towards the belly, and 
 
 the bladder of venom is*proportionable thereto. Her 
 
 egg* 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 e^gsare diftributed into two ovaries, one of which is on 
 the right fide, and the other on the left. Each ovary 
 is an aflemblage of veffels, all which terminate in a 
 common canal, and they are full of eggs at the time of 
 
 breeding. 
 
 The ancients were of opinion, that the generation of 
 Bees was occafioned by putrificd fubftanccs, and not in 
 a manner analogous to that of other animals. Some 
 who have built their faith too much on what Virgil ha3 
 faid in the fourth book of his Georgich, in the fable of 
 the Ihepherd Anftaus, and have taken a bull of two 
 years old, have flopped up his noftrils, and afterwards 
 killed him, and fo left him to putrify. But this pro¬ 
 cedure wasfo far from producing fwarms of Bees, that 
 they only met with thoufands of maggots, and a dread-' 
 ful flench. Others have publifhed variety of fictitious 
 ftories, to acquaint the world in what manner thefe 
 infects generated. 
 
 During the greater part of the year, there is but one 
 female in every hive, which may readily be diftinguiflied 
 from other Bees, by the fbape of her body, as was 
 
 before 
 
*6© NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 before obferved; but it is fomewhat difficult to find 
 her out. The males, who may be feen by hundreds, 
 fpend almoft their whole fives in company with the 
 female. Tor this reafon, they are feldom out of the 
 hive, but they fie idle therein, doing nothing at all but 
 feeding upon the honey, which the working Bees have 
 gathered. A fingle Bee is fufficient for flocking the 
 whole hive, for fhe is moft amazingly fertile, and on 
 her alone depends the hope of a future progeny. It is 
 certain, that all the Bees leave-off working, and take no 
 farther care of futurity, after the death of the Queen. 
 Betides*, if any other female Bee be put in among them, 
 ffie is immediately acknowledged for Queen. The life 
 of all the reft is nothing in comparifon of her's. They 
 do her all manner of ferviccs, and pay her all the 
 Bomage, that is due from fubje&s to a fovereign : for 
 fhe never goes abroad without a numerous guard ; they 
 keep her body clean with their trunks, and follow her 
 wherever ffie goes. In ffiort, the life of the reft of the 
 Bees depends upon that of the Queen, for in a few days 
 after her death, they will all fuffer thcmfelves to die 
 with hunger. 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 161 
 
 The working BEES, one of which wc have exhi¬ 
 bited in page 152, are always very provident in pro- 
 viding cells for the young; and will leave off their 
 common employment, to conftruil proper receptacles 
 for the eggs. They build, purpofely, little cells, of a 
 roundilh oblong fhape, and extremely folid, and employ 
 great plenty of wax in this work. This pofition is 
 greatly different from that of the other combs: thefe 
 fort of Bees know, or at lead appear to know, what 
 number of eggs the queen lays in a year, from whence 
 proceed other females, that give birth to feveral thou- 
 fands of the working Bees, and feveral hundred males. 
 Sometimes they lay but three or four at firft, and fome- 
 times none at all; but in this laft cafe, the hives pro- 
 duce no fwarms. The fecundity of this Bee is fuel., 
 that in feven or eight weeks time, Ihe will produce io 
 or 12,000 Bees and upwards. Generally fpeaking, Ihe 
 lays but one egg in each cell, becaufe it would not be fuf- 
 fxcient to hatch any more. In two or three days time 
 according to the heat of the weather, the egg will ap¬ 
 pear hatched at the bottom of the cell. It has the 
 appearance of a kind of maggot, which is always white, 
 and placed in the fame attitude, that is, rolled up like 
 G ' a "ng, 
 
1 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 a ring, lying foftly in a bed of a kind of jelly, of a 
 whitifh colour, and this is what the brood feeds upon. 
 The common Bees are a kind of nurfes to the brood, 
 and have greater affedion for it than the lured nurfi* 
 among mankind. They take great care in vifitmg each 
 cell, and in examining whether any thing is wanting. 
 They are fed with honey and wax, prepared in the 
 h „, ics of the Bees; and in lefs than fix days time, the 
 worm comes to its full growth. When the Bees per- 
 ceive that the worms have no farther occaf.on for feed- 
 in<r, they flint them up in their lodgings, and wall them 
 up, if the expreffion may be allowed, with wax. Then 
 the worm continuing in a ftate of petfed reft, begins 
 to grow larger, and lines the walls of the cell with 
 filken tapeftry, which they fpin in the fame manner as 
 Caterpillars, before they undergo their laft transforma- 
 rion. But it is obfervable, that the Bees bring them 
 more nourifhment than they are able to confume. Be¬ 
 fore they fpin their covering, they eat up al them pro- 
 vifion of jelly, leaving the bottom of the cell clean and 
 dry. In a day’s time, or longer, they obtain their full 
 vrowth, and then they caft off their lkins, which ferved 
 them in their worm ftate, and become an Aurelia or 
 
 
INSECTS. r6 . 
 
 Nymph. The worms that produce Drones, arc of the 
 lame fize as thofe of the working Bees. Thefe laft 
 take care of them with the fame application; and it 
 may well be imagined that they are not lefs attentive 
 to thofe which are to be metamorphofed into female 
 ees; for it has been obferved, that they fupply them 
 with nourifhment in greater profufion. 
 
 When all parts of the Aurelia have acquired the con- 
 Alienee proper to the parts of the Bee, then that which 
 .s to appear opens its prifon, by piercing with its teeth 
 the waxen cover about its middle. The Bees then 
 flock about it, and feem to exprefs their joy, that they 
 are going to be metamorphofed; and this they difeover 
 by their good offices. Two or three of them lick and 
 clean all its fides with their trunks, and fome of them 
 feed it with honey. Others again begin immediately 
 to cleafe the cell that has been juft left, and carry away 
 
 the filth out of the hive. As foon as the external 
 
 parts of the young Bee become dry, i, begins to dif¬ 
 eover what employment it is to have during life 5 for it 
 immediately proceeds out of the hive, and goes quell 
 
 wltTl an<1 ^ n0t 3t aU at a lofs to find its way 
 
 !t *° the C °IP mon habitation. After this foil fally, 
 
 G 2 it . 
 
i 6 4 natural history. 
 
 it begins fometimes to gather the powder of the 
 
 ftamina; and M*W affures ns, that he has feen 
 
 one of thefe, on the very day it came into the world, 
 return hack with two large balls of this fubftance. 
 When the Bees firft begin to break their prifons, 
 there is generally above 100 of them m a day •.info- 
 much that, in the fpace of a few weeks, the number of 
 the inhabitants becomes fo great, that the hive cannot 
 contain them; and then they begin to fally out m 
 {warms. Young Bees are the browned, with red hair 
 and the old are of a lighter colour, with red hair. The 
 (warm is made on purpofe to feek out a new fettlement; 
 at the head of which is the Queen , for one of thefe 
 fufficient to conduit the whole fwarm. A out ive o. 
 fix days after the birth of a female Bee, fire is ready to 
 lay her eggs, and confequcntly is in a condition to p ace 
 herfelf af the head of thefe that are difpofed to follow 
 her. 
 
 While the BEES have room enough in their hives, 
 they remain quietly together; but when it becomes 
 too little, then the old Bees continue in them, and the 
 young fally out, to go and feek a new fettlement; if 
 „>,v fiiould refufe, a bloody battle would enfue, and 
 
'C 7 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 16? 
 
 therefore the young ones are generally wife enough to 
 fubmit. The young Bees, thus going out to feek new 
 quarters, have always a Queen at their head; and they 
 fly about, buzzing in the air, all in a company, p ret ty 
 dofe together, till perhaps they fettle on the trunk, or 
 the braneh of a tree, or in the large hole of a wall, or 
 •n fome hollow tree, or hive, which the country people 
 feldom fad laying in their way, after they have rubbed 
 n With thyme, or other odoriferous herbs. When 
 they move from place to place, the Queen always leads 
 
 the- 'T’Z TT firft int0 the hoIe the >' defign for 
 them abode and all the reft follow her. The owners 
 
 ' Ct ‘. he f m k ;° W there is a lodging provided for 
 them, by the found,ng of a bell, or a brafs kettle, which 
 makes fueh an impreffion upon them (for perhaps they 
 take it for thunder, which will be followed by a great 
 ^theyimmediateiyeonftder with Ittention 
 the place that is provided for them, and they imme- 
 fl^tely enter in. Then feme one takes up the hive 
 ery gently, and places it upon a bench, or fome fuch 
 thrng, where ‘he bottom may be fo elofe, that no infedls, 
 pours from the grdfcnd, can enter in. There is 
 ahvays a fmall hole left at the bottom of the hive, fo 
 them to go in and out. 
 
 O 3 
 
 THE 
 
*66 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 the bee comb, 
 
 THE fubliance they build their cells with, is nothing 
 c ]f e but the wax which is gathered from the different 
 forts of flowers; and the defign of their work is a 
 lodging for themfelves and their young. When they 
 begin to work in their hives, they divide themfelves 
 into four companies, one of which roves in the fields 
 in fearch of materials, and the others employ them¬ 
 felves in laying out the bottom and partitions of their 
 cells ; others make the infide fmooth from the corners 
 or angles, take away the fupcrfluous wax, and bring 
 
insects. 
 
 .1^7 
 
 the work to perfeSion. The fourth company brinv 
 food for the reft, that they may not leave their work" 
 
 tnwinr n ° ,1 f g ‘° th ° fe tHat S ° int<> fiel* 
 
 h/mr Tc* beCai,fethe y ma X Provide food for 
 
 thofe thTt, 7 ° ften CHange their employment; 
 thofe that have been at work, being permitted to go 
 
 ^broad, and thofe that have been in the fields already, 
 
 take their places; and doubtlefs, thefe fort of chants 
 
 •S a great alleviation of their labour. They have 
 
 l°ther T h . %n3 ^ Uh ' Ch tHey Unde rftand each 
 5 for when any one wants food, it bends down 
 
 ™ " thC ^ fr ° m Wh ° m is «pe<fted, which 
 epensus honey-bag, and let, fome drop, fail i„ to its 
 trunk, which at this time is opened wider, on purpofe 
 o receive it. Their diligence at labour i, fo gre3t 
 that in a day’, time they are able to make cells, which 
 SZtL ; ’ to contain three 
 
 tha T n h tf rr e OWP0fed " 3 ^portion 
 
 Aan thofe of wafp 5; for in thefc ^ bottoms fer _ 
 
 ‘"ate m a point defigned tb receive the egg, which 
 perhaps could not be fo certainly hatched^ 
 lutd upon a broad bottom. The bottoms of thefe 
 
 G 4 cells 
 
x6S NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 cells are compofed of little triangular panes, which* 
 when united together, terminate in a point, and lie 
 exa&ly upon the extremities of other panes of the 
 fame fhape in the oppofite cells. Thefe lodgings are 
 compofed of a double row of cells, which touch at 
 the bottom, and are fufpended perpendicularly, with 
 a fpace between each two, large enough to give the 
 bees a free paffage in and out, and narrow enough to 
 preferve the neceffary heat. All the cells are defended 
 by a border, which makes the door a little lefs than 
 the infide of the fliell, which renders their work* 
 ftronger, and is the more neceffary, as bees will live 
 feven or eight years. Their houfes or cells do not be* 
 come weak by length of time, fince each egg firft 
 turns to a maggot, and then into a bee, at which 
 time the outward covering is left behind, and united 
 dofe to the fides of the fhell, infomuch, that they be¬ 
 come more fubftantial every year. They have cells 
 that ferve for feveral purpofes, namely, to lay their 
 young in, for their wax, and for their honey. 
 
 Thefe cells are of fo regular a form, and applied fo 
 ingenioufly one againft another, that every thing 
 Teems to be difpofed, with fuch fymxnetry, and fo 
 ' ' well 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 1 69 
 
 ■Well finiflied, as to exceed even the efforts of human 
 ifiduftry. Al! the cells are hexagons, that is, they 
 lave fix equal fides; and this figure not only takes up 
 the Ieafl room, but is the moil capacious. 
 
 It is no eafy matter to fee them at work, except by 
 the affiftance of a glafs hive. They are always ready 
 to aflilt each other in laying the foundation of fome 
 new comb, or in enlarging the old, though a fpedlator 
 might conclude, from the hurry that they are in, that 
 there was nothing but confufion among them. How¬ 
 ever, it ts eafy to perceive that their teeth are the 
 mftruments by which they model and fafhion their 
 combs. They begin at the bottom of their building 
 and fevcral of them work at a time at the cells, which 
 have two faces. But if they are Hinted, with regard 
 to time, they give the new cells but half the depth 
 which they ought to have, leaving them imperfecl, 
 and put off finilhing them till they have flcetched 
 cat the number of cells which are neceffary for the 
 prefent time. The conftrudlion of their combs coils 
 them a great deal of labour, for they are not able to 
 make them in molds, as at firft fome might think 
 they were. They are all bufied in ereiting, lhapinoy 
 and policing the cells that are unfiniihedj and the 
 G S ufe 
 
1?B . NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ufe they make of them, is to lodge their honey, an* 
 to depofit their brood therein ; for there the eggs' 
 itjereafe and grow, tiU they are transformed into Bees. 
 Bit the cells defigned for the worms to change into 
 drones, ought to be larger than the reft; and for 
 that reafon, they make fome with greater diameters 
 than others. The cells of the brood, at different 
 times, ferve for the honey-combs; however, thofe 
 that were defigned for the honey only are much deeper 
 than the reft. When the harveft of honey is fo plen¬ 
 tiful, that they have not fufficient room for it, they 
 either lengthen their combs, or build more, which ar* 
 much longer than the former. 
 
 Sometimes they work at three combs at a time : for 
 when there are three workhoufes, more bees may be 
 employed at a time, without embarraffing each other, 
 and they can perform their bufuiefs more readily. 
 The combs are generally parallel to each other, and 
 are flightly fattened to the top of the hive. There is 
 always a fpace between two combs, which are lik* 
 ftreets, that will only admit two at a time a-breaft. 
 Though the combs confift of very thin leaves of wax, 
 yet when they are full of honey, they become heavy. 
 The bees have a method of conne&ing their combs to 
 

 insects ,,, 
 
 • the lides of their hive; for which reafon, thofe that 
 make them Ihould place fmall flicks acrofs each other, 
 to ferve as fupports to the combs that are to be built, 
 which will fave the bees a great deal of labour. 
 
 The fubftance wherewith they make their combs 
 is gathered from flowers, but not from every fort 
 indifferently j for it is only on the ftamina of flowers, 
 that yield proper materials for making their wax; for 
 they find none ready made. It is very common to fee 
 bees fitting upon flowers, with their bodies all over 
 powder, which they could have got no where elfe 
 Sometimes they are fo full of it, that they become 
 quite yellow, and might be miftaken for another infeed. 
 However, they take care to clean themfelves with the 
 hrulhes of their feet, and to make the powder into 
 ewo fmall balls, which they place in the two triangular 
 cavities of their hinder legs. Sometimes thefe balls 
 are as large as a grain of pepper, a little flatted. 
 
 V /hen the flowers are not fully blown, the bees 
 pinch the tops of the ftamina with their teeth, wherein 
 they know the grains of dull areinclofed; and by this 
 means they force them open. Some of thefe balls are 
 ^ ^ yellow, 
 
, 7 1 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 yellow, others red, others of a whltilh yellow, 
 and others again green. This fubftance, how- 
 ever, does not, as is generally fuppofed, become wax, 
 till it has been eaten and digefted by the bee. In 
 April and May the bees are bufy from morning to 
 evening, in gathering this fubftance for malting the 
 wax; but when the weather becomes hot, in June and 
 July, they work only in a morning, till about ten 
 o’clock; becaufe, when the powder of the ftamina has 
 been moiftened with the dew, or with the fluid that 
 they tranfpire, it is of a more proper confiftence than 
 that at other times, to be moulded into a mafs. 
 
 It is faid, that the fecond ftomach is the organ by 
 which this powder is altered, digefted, and conneaed 
 into real wax, and is thrown out through the fame 
 paflage that it went in. It is with this fort of pafte 
 that they build their combs, and when it is dry, it 
 becomes the fubftance, named Bees-wax. Every comb 
 newly made is white ; but they become yellowilh as 
 they grow old, and the very oldeft of all become 
 almoft black. But all thefe do not furnifh wax equally 
 white, as is well known to thofe whofe bufinefs it is 
 to blanch it. 
 
 However, 
 
INSECTS. i 71 
 
 However, as it is neceflary for bees to make a pro* 
 vifion of rough wax, there is in every hive a pretty 
 large portion of the combs, whofe cells are filled with 
 nothing but wax; and thefe are like fo many little 
 magazines, where the bees go to depofit their little 
 balls, one after another; while other bees take care td 
 knead them, prefs them, and place them in order. 
 Thofe provifions of undigefied wax, which fome have 
 called bee-bread, ferve them in winter, as feeding up¬ 
 on honey alone would give the animal a fcowering, 
 that would quickly carry it off. The bees fometimes 
 come out of their hives at four o’clock in the morning, 
 and continue labouring till eight in the evening. 
 They fly backwards and forwards four or five times m 
 a day, and fometimes more, for this depend^ on the 
 length of their journies, and the plenty of flowers* 
 
 It is obfervable, that the bees extract but a fmall 
 quantity of real wax out of the powder which they 
 gather; becaufe a great part of the materials of wax 
 ferves to feed them; it is alfo remarkable, that the 
 drones never employ themfelves in making wax, all 
 their nourifhment being honey. With regard to the 
 honey, it is but lately taken notice of, that there are 
 G 7 veflels 
 
i M NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 veffels in flowers full of a fweet fluid, to which, au¬ 
 thors have given the name of ne<ftarium, and it is to 
 thefe that the bees refort, to gather the liquor, which 
 afterwards becomes honey. For this purpofe, they 
 make ufe of their trunks, and with thefe the bees 
 conduvft - the fluid to their mouths, caufrng it to run 
 along the upper part of their trunks. '1 he powder of 
 the ftamina produces the nouriflunent of bees; and it 
 is very well known, they do not make honey on pur¬ 
 pofe for us. The fweet fluid falls from the oefoph^gus, 
 or gullet, into the firft ftomach, which, while it is 
 filled with honey, is in fliape like an oblong bladder. 
 Children that live in country places are well acquaint¬ 
 ed with this bladder; and they even feek for it in the 
 bodies of the bees, and more efpecially in thofe of 
 humble bees, to fuck out the honey. When a bee 
 . lias fufficiently filled its firft ftomach, it returns back 
 to the hive, where it throws up the honey into a cell. 
 There is reafon to believe that the honey does not 
 return out of the body unchanged; bccaufe the firft 
 ftomach is capable of contra&ion, in the fame manner 
 as that of ruminating animals. It often happens, that 
 the Bee, inftead of flying back to the hive, goes back 
 to places where the other Bees are bvfy in their feve* 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 x : 7J t 
 
 fal employments, and offers them honey, perhaps to 
 hinder them from leaving off their work to go in 
 fearch of food. Some of the honey-combs are always 
 left open for common ufe, but many others are flopped 
 up till there is a neceflity for opening them ; each of 
 thefe are covered carefully with wax fo clofe, that the 
 
 covers feem to be made at the fame time. This prac¬ 
 tice tends to preferve the honey in the fame degree of 
 fluidity as they defign it ihould have. 
 
 * 2 
 
NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 a 76 
 
 The I C H N E U M O N. 
 
 X HE mouth has jaws, without any tongue. The 
 horns contain more than thirty joints; and the abdo¬ 
 men is generally joined to the body by a pedicle. 
 The fling is inclofed in a cylindrical fheath, compofed 
 of two valves. 
 
 TllF 
 
I N SEC T S. 
 
 17 ? 
 
 Char after. 
 
 o 
 
 V^NE ddhnguiflung and Ariking chara&er of thefe 
 fpecies of flies, is the almoft continual agitation of 
 their antenna. The name of Ichneumon has been 
 applied to them, from the fcrvice they do us, by 
 deftroying Caterpillars, Plant-lice, and other Infe&s; 
 as the Ichneumon and Mangoufle deflroy the Croco¬ 
 dile. The variety to be found in the fpecies of Ich¬ 
 neumon is prodigious among-the fmaller fpecies. The 
 nudes perform their courtfhips in the moil paffionate 
 and gallant manner. The pofterior part of the females 
 is armed with a wimble, viflble in fome fpecies, no 
 ways difcovcrable in others; and that inflrument, 
 though fo line, is able to penetrate through mortar 
 and plafter. The flru&ure of it is more eafdy feen in 
 the long-wimbled fly. The food of the family to be 
 produced by this fly, is the Larva of Wafps, or Ma- 
 fon-Bees; for it no foonerperceives one of thofe nefls, 
 than it fixes on it with its wimble, and bores through, 
 the mortar of which it is built. The wimble itfelf, 
 of an admirable flru&ure, confifls of three pieces; 
 
 - two 
 
1/8 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 two collateral ones, hollowed out into a gutter, ferve 
 as a Iheath ; and contain a compadfc, folid, dentated 
 Item; along which runs a groove, that conveys the 
 egg from the animal, which fupports the wimble 
 with its hinder legs, left it ftiould break ; and, by a 
 variety of movements, which it dexteroufly performs, 
 it bores through the building; and depofits one or 
 more eggs, according to the fize of the Ichneumon, 
 though the largeft drop but one or two. Some agglu¬ 
 tinate their eggs upon Caterpillars eggs, though^ 
 very hard; and depofit their own in the infide: 
 when the Larva is hatched, its head is fo fituated 
 that it pierces the Caterpillar, and penetrates to its 
 very entrails: thefe Larvae pump out the nutritious 
 juices of the Caterpillar, without attacking the vitals 
 of the creature; which appears healthy, and even 
 fometimes transforms itfelf to a Chryfalis. It is 
 not uncommon to fee Caterpillars fixed upon trees, 
 as if they were fitting upon their eggs; and 
 it Is afterwards difcovered that the Larvae, which 
 were within their bodies, have fpun their threads, 
 with which, as with cords, the Caterpillars are fatt¬ 
 ened down, and fo periih miferably« 
 
r N S E C T s. 
 
 179 
 
 The Ichneumons performed fpecial fervice in the 
 years 1731 and 173a, by multiplying in the fame 
 proportion as did the Caterpillars: their Larva; de- 
 ftroyedmore of them than could be effe&ed by human 
 induftry. Thofe Larvx, when on the point of turn¬ 
 ing into Chryfalis, fpin a filky cod. Nothing is 
 more furprifing and Angular, than to fee thofe cods 
 leap, when placed on the table or hand. Plant-lice, 
 the Larvas of the Curculiones, Spider’s eggs, are alfo 
 fometimes the cradle of the Ichneumon Fly. Car- 
 cafes of Plant-lice, void of motion, are often found on 
 rofe-tree leaves. They are the habitation of a fmall 
 Larva; which, after having eaten up the entrails, 
 deftroys the fprings and inward economy of the Plant- 
 loufe, performs its metamorphofu under fhelter of the 
 pelliculc which enfolded it, contrives itfelf a fmall 
 circular outlet,.and Tallies forth into the open air. 
 
 There are Ichneumons in the woods, which dare 
 attack Spiders, run them through with their fling, 
 tear them to pieces, and thus avenge the whole nation 
 of flies of fo formidable a f#e: others, deflitute of 
 wings (and thofe are females), depofit their eggs in 
 Spiders oefts, The Ichneumon of the bedeg uar, or 
 
 fweet* 
 
x8o NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 fweet-briar fponge, and that of the rofe-tree, perhaps, 
 only depofit their eggs in thofe places, becaufe they 
 find other infers on which they feed. 
 
 The Genus of the Ichneumon flies might, with 
 propriety, be termed a race of diminutive canibals. 
 
 1 0 R- 
 
 
 4 
 
The LARGE WOOD ANT, 
 
 As viewed through the Micrcfcope . 
 
 Liti 
 
 F O R M I 
 Character. 
 
 Little upright fcale is (ituated between the breaft 
 and the belly. The feelers are broken, and have the 
 
 firft 
 

 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 firft articulation longer than the reft. The Females and 
 Neuters have a fting, concealed in the abdomen. The 
 males and females are winged; and the Neuters are 
 apterous, or without wings. 
 
 FORMIC A.—Tme ANT. 
 
 j^JoT to impofe upon our Readers thofe fables 
 which have been related of this remarkable Infedt, we 
 fhall confine ourfelves to the moft authentic accounts, 
 and to our own obfervations, in what we fliall briefly 
 mention refpedHng the Ant. Safidtorius fays, when 
 the Ants carry any corn to their habitations, they 
 carry it, exadlly in form and intention, as they do bits 
 of wood, for the conftrudfcion of their dwellings merely. 
 For what purpofe fhould they provide corn for the 
 winter, when they pafs that feaforl without motion? 
 But, from what we have lately obferved ourfelves, we 
 rather imagine this error arofe from fome perfons 
 having feen them dragging a number of their Aurelias, 
 ♦ when 
 
V_' 
 
 INSECTS. „ 3 
 
 when they have been removed, by a hoe or fpade, again 
 to their repofitories ; for thefe Aurelias are exactly of 
 the fize and colour of a grain of wheat. The great 
 prudence Ants difeover is in flickering themfeives 
 from cold, which, when fevere, almoft deprives them 
 ©f motion. 
 
 At the beginning of March, if the weather be warm, 
 they go abroad in fearch of nourilhment. If corn be 
 thrown to Ants, they will remove it, from place to 
 place, by fome dragging, others lifting, and two or three 
 more pulhing forward, the weighty maffes, as a grain ol 
 wheat mull be confidered in proportion to their fize 
 and ftrength. They have the precaution to make a 
 bank, near fix inches high, above the entrance; and to 
 make feveral roads, to go out and in, by what may be 
 called their terrace-walk. From May or June, they 
 work until the feafon’s change difeontinues their in- 
 duflry. ( This labour is entirely for the prefervation 
 of their brood, which is produced during the fine wea¬ 
 ther. When they attack fruit, they tear it into final! 
 bits, and thus is each Ant enabled to carry home hig 
 provender. Liquors, which are fweet, they have a 
 
 mods 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 mode of faving, and carrying home for their yottog. 
 They fend their foragers to feek for food : if one of 
 them proves fuccefsful in finding fome, he returns to in¬ 
 form the republic,-and immediately they fallyfrom their 
 town, to capture the prize. To prevent any delay, ob- 
 ftru&ion, or confufion, they have two tracks.; one for 
 the party loaded, and the other for that which are 
 going to load themfelves. Should any be killed, fome 
 of them inflantly remove the flain to a dillance. When 
 provifions are fcarce, they portion them according to 
 their prefent and future wants. 
 
 A neft of Ants is a fmall well-regulated republic, 
 united by peace, unanimity, good underftanding, and 
 mutual affiftance. Great police in their little labours, 
 prevents among them thole diforders which frequently 
 embarrafs and perplex the happinefs of even man, who 
 afiumes to himfelf the title and confequence of Lord of 
 the Creation. Each Ant has its tafk afiigned it; whilft 
 one removes a particle of mould, another is returning 
 home to work. They never think of eating, until all 
 their talk is performed. Within their common, but 
 -frbterraneous hall, which is about a foot deep, they 
 
 affemble* 
 
INS E C T S* 
 
 
 
 aiTemble, form their focial communities, flielter them- 
 felves from bad weather, depofit their eggs, and pre* 
 fervc their 'Aurelias ; which, refembling grams of corn, 
 as was obferved before, has caufed.many to miflake 
 them for their granaries.. 
 
 the 
 
NATURAL HISTOR\. 
 
 THE SEVENTH ORDER. 
 
 INSECTA APTERA. 
 
 .AlPTEROUS Infe&s are difUnguifhcd from thofe of 
 every other Order, by neither fex having wings. 
 
Vw’ 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 Figure i. 
 
 This fmall fpider is of a fcarlet colour. It was 
 found in a wood the beginning of June. They are 
 like wife found on trees in gardens. They are the only 
 fpecies of Spiders that are thought to be venomous, ex¬ 
 cept the Tarantula : for Spiders are, in general, more 
 frightful than injurious. This Spider, and all the reft 
 here deferibed, are drawn from Nature ; and are exactly 
 the lize of the Spiders themfelves. 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 Has fix eyes. It was found in a wood in April. Thq 
 colour is chiefly dark, with a broad ftreak of light colour 
 in the middle of its hack ; and the form of a diamond, 
 of the fame colour, on the upper part of its belly. The 
 legs are beautifully fpotted. 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 This fmall long-legged Spider is fo finely marked, 
 that it is impoflible to deferibe it, either in words or 
 colours; there being fo admirable a combination of 
 
 green. 
 
j 38 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 green, red, and black, Interchangeably difpofed into 
 themoft agreeable forms. The legs are as curiouily 
 ' marked with the fame colour. Its fmall eyes are not 
 difcernible. 
 
 Figure 4. 
 
 This is one of the Leaping Spiders. It has eight 
 
 eyes, placed in a circle; and all that have their eyes, 
 thus difpofed, leap at their prey, like a cat feiziog a 
 moufe. It is extremely nimble ; and was taken in. a 
 garden. When viewed through a nncrofcope, its 
 beauty appears unparalleled. Black, chefnut, red, and 
 white, are moft admirably difpofed into the moll beau- 
 tiful forms; but to the naked eye, it only appears 
 rough, hairy,and grey fpeckled. Dr. Hook gives the 
 following diverting account of this Spider, as defcnbed 
 by Mr. Evelyn in his Travels through Italy : 
 
 “ Of all the forts of Infe&s,” fays he, “ there is none 
 has afforded me more diverfion than the fmall Grey 
 Jumping Spider, prettily befpeckled with black fpots 
 over the body, which the microfcope difcpvers to be a 
 kind of feathers, like thofe on Butterflies wings, or the 
 
 body 
 
V^ F 
 
 INSECTS. i $ 9 
 
 ”feody of the White Moth. It is very nimble by fit9, 
 fometimes running”, and fometimes leaping like a Grafs- 
 hopper; then Handing Hill, and fetting itfelf on its 
 hinder legs, will very nimbly turn its body, and look 
 round itfelf every way. Such,” fays Mr. Evelyn, “ I 
 did frequently obferve at Rome, which, efpying a Fly 
 at three or four yards diftance, upon the balcony where 
 I Hood, would not make diredtly to her, but crawl 
 under the rail, till, being arrived right under her, it 
 would Heal up, feldom miffing its aim .* but, if it 
 chanced to want any thing of being perfectly oppofite, 
 would, at firft peep, immediately Hide down again; 
 till, taking better notice, it would come, the next time, 
 exadlly upon the Fly’s back; but, if this happened not 
 to be within a competent leap, then would this Infe& 
 move fo foftly, as the very ffiadow of the dial feemed 
 not to be more imperceptible, unlefs the Fly moved; 
 and then would the Spider move alfo in the fame pro¬ 
 portion, keeping that juft time with her motion, as if 
 the fame foul had animated both thofe little bodies ; 
 and, whether it were forwards, backwards, or to 
 either fide, without at all turning her body, like a well- 
 managed horfe: but if the capricious Fly took wing, 
 and pitched upon another place, behind our huntrefs, 
 
 then 
 
1 9 0 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 then would the Spider whirl its body fo nimbly about, 
 as nothing could be imagined more fwift; by which 
 means, Ihe always kept the head towards her prey, 
 though, to appearance, as immovable as if it had been 
 a nail driven into the wood, till, by that lndifcermble 
 progrefs, being arrived within the fphere of her teach, 
 fee made a fatal leap, fwift as lightning, upon the Fly, 
 catching him in the pole, where fhe never quitted hold 
 till her belly was full, and then carried the remainder 
 home. I have beheld them inftruaing their young 
 ones how to hunt; which they would fometimes d.f- 
 cipline for not well obferving; but when any of the 
 old ones did mifs a leap, they would run out of the 
 field, and hide themfelves in their crannies, as afhamed, 
 and not be feen abroad for four or five hours after : for 
 fo long have I watched the nature of this ftrange Infe&, 
 
 the contemplation of whofe wonderful fagacity and 
 addrefs has amazed me: nor do 1 find, »n any chace 
 whatfoever, more cunning and ftratagem obferved. I 
 have found feme of thefe Spiders in my garden, when 
 the weather, towards the fpring, is very hot; but they 
 are nothing fo eager of hunting as they are in Italy.” 
 

 I?I 
 
 THE CARTER, or LONG-LEGGED SPIDER, 
 
 The CARTER, or Long-Legged SPIDER, for 
 two particularities has very few creatures like it; the 
 firft, which is difeoverable only by the*microfcope, is 
 the curious contrivance of his eyes, of which he has only 
 two, and thofe placed upon the top of a fmall pillar or 
 hillock, riling out of the middle of the top of its hack, 
 or rather the crown of its head; for they were fixed on 
 the very top of this pillar, placed back to back, with 
 4 the 
 
^ NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 the tranfparent parts, or pupils, looking towards either 
 fide, but fomewhat more forward than backwards. 
 Thefe eyes, to appearance, feemed to be of the very 
 fame figure with that of the larger two-ey d crea- 
 tures, feeming to have a very fmooth and very protu¬ 
 berant cornea, and in the midft of it to have a very 
 black puple, encompaffed about with a kind o grey 
 Ins. Whether it were able to move thefe eyes to an 
 fro, I Have not obferved; but it is not very likely he 
 fhould, the pillar or neck feeming to be covered and 
 fliffened with a crufty foell; but nature, m all proba¬ 
 bility, has rupplied that defedt, by making the cornea 
 fo very protuberant, and fetting it fo clear above the 
 fhadowing or obfirudliug of its profpeft by the body, 
 that it is likely each eye may perceive, though not fee 
 diflindlly, almoft an hemifphere ; whence having fo 
 fmall and round a body, placed upon fuch long legs, it 
 is quickly able fo to wind and turn it, as to fee any 
 thing diftina. This creature, as do all other Spiders, 
 differs very much from moft Infeas in the figure of its 
 eyes; for the bed microfcspe does not difeover its 
 eyes to be any ways knobbed or pearled, like thofe of 
 other Infeas. The fecond peculiarity which is obvious 
 
 to the eye, is alfo very remarkable, and that is the pro¬ 
 digious 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 m 
 
 tfigious length of its legs, in proportion to its GnaH 
 round body, and which are jointed, juft like thofe of a 
 crab, but every one of the parts are fpuu out prodigi- 
 oufly longer in proportion ; each of thefe legs are ter¬ 
 minated in a fmall cafe or (hell, fliaped almoft like that 
 of a mufcle-lhell, fattened to the body in fo admirable 
 a manner, as does not a little manifeft the wifdom of 
 Nature in the contrivance; for thefe long leavers (as I 
 may fo call them) of the legs, having not the advantage 
 of a long end on the other fide of tixt Hypomocblwn, o r 
 centers, on which part of the legs move, mutt necef- 
 farily require a vaft ftrength to move them, and keep 
 the body balanced and fufpended, inforauch, that if we 
 fhojild fuppofe a man’s body fufpended by fuch a coni 
 tnvance, an hundred and fifty times the ftrength of a 
 man would not keep the body from falling on the 
 breaft. To fupply therefore each of thefe legs with its 
 proper ftrength, nature has allowed to each a large 
 cheft or cell, in which is included a very large and 
 ftrong mufcle ; and thereby this little animal is not 
 only able to fufpend its body upon lefs than thefe eight, 
 but to move it very fwiftly over the tops of grafs and 
 leaves. This creature feems to throw its body upon 
 the prey, not unlike a Jumping-Spider. The whole 
 ** Fabrick. 
 
2 9 4 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Patrick, -when viewed by the microfeope, appeared i- 
 very pretty one-, and could it luve been differed, a, 
 many Angularities might have been found within it 
 as without; perhaps for the moll part, not unlike the 
 
 parts of a crab, which this little creature does m many 
 things very much refemble. I omit the defection of 
 the horns of the mouth, which feemed like that of a 
 crab’s; the fpecklednefs of his fhell, which proceeded 
 from a kind of feathers, or hairs, and the hair.nefs or 
 his legs, his large thorax and little belly, and the like, 
 „nd fhall only take notice, that the three parts of t le 
 body, namely, the head, bread and belly, are in this 
 creature drangely confuted, fo that it is difficult to de- 
 termine which is which, as they are alfo in a crab; and 
 indeed, this feems to be nothing elfebut an Air-Crab, 
 being made more light and nimble, proportionable to 
 the medium wherein it refute; and as air feems to 
 have but one thoufandth part of the body of water, fo 
 does this fpider leem not to he a thoufandth part of the 
 bulk of a crab. 
 
 All kinds of fpiders feem to be crea'ures of prey, 
 and to feed on other fmall Infeeds; hut their ways of 
 
 catching 
 

 INSECTS. 
 
 m 
 
 catching them are very different: The Shepherd Spi, 
 , r ^ runnin § 0 " ns his prey ; the Jumping Spider by 
 leaping on it; other forts weave nets, or cobwebs, 
 whereby they mfnare them ; nature having both fitted 
 them with materials and tools, and taught them how 
 to work and weave their nets, and lie perdue, and to 
 watch diligently to run on a fly as foon as entangled. 
 
 The Foot of a Spider is of an admirable and won- 
 dcrful mechanifm, whereby he is able to fpin, Ware, 
 and climb, or run on his curious tranfparent clue' 
 Mr. Albin, in his Nataral H.Jhry of Spiders, juft pub- 
 lifhed, has collected near two hundred different forts 
 of thefe Infects. Their thread or web feemsto be fpun 
 out of fome vifcous kind of excrement, lying i n their 
 belly; which, tho’ foft when drawn out, is prefentlv 
 by reafon of its fmallnefs, hardened and dried by the 
 ambient air. ; 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 A R A N E A. 
 
 Character. 
 
 X^HIS Infed has eight feet, as many eyes, 
 armed with two crotchets, two fpiral tongues 
 bottom of the abdomen has two inftruments, 
 pers, adapted for fpinning- 
 
 a mouth 
 ; and the 
 like nip* 
 
 t 
 
 aranea 
 
The DIADEM’D SPIDER. 
 
 Of thefe Infers there are many different fpecies; 
 but the moft beaii'iful is that we have delineated, as 
 above. That which moftly diflingui/hes the Spider, is 
 the manner of forming its web : fhe firft choofes a place 
 where there is a cavity, that fhe may have a clear paf- 
 H 3 fag« 
 
ip8 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 fage to pafs freely on each fide, and to e ^ ca P c occali- 
 onaliy. She begins, by dropping on the wall fome of 
 her gum; to which Ihe attaches her firft thread, which 
 lengthens as Ihe pafTes to the other hde, to which Ihe 
 fixes the thread in a fimilar manner: thus Ihe pafles 
 and repaffes, from fide to fide, until Ihe has made what 
 may be termed the warp of her web, exa&ly the fize 
 file intends it Ihould be, or which Ihe thinks will anfvver 
 her purpofe of.preying on the palling fly. It is obferved 
 that, in order to finilh her work the fooner, Ihe fpins 
 feveral threads at one time: after thus finilhing, Ihe 
 then erodes her work with threads, in the fame direc¬ 
 tion as the weaver throws the woof with his Ihuttle. 
 To prevent her being feen, Ihe weaves a fmall cell in 
 the web, where Ihe lies, unobferved, until the tremulous 
 thread informs her of fome prey being entangled in 
 her toils: Ihe then darts along the line, and feizes the 
 vidlim, then devoted to deftruaion. Many fuperficial 
 obfervers of Nature have wondered from whence the 
 Spider could be fupplied with the gum Ihe ufes in the 
 many webs Ihe is obliged to make, or repair : they never 
 refleaed, that the fame Providence which knows the 
 Spider is hated, and that her web is always in danger 
 of injury, could furnilh her with a magazine of both 
 
 gum 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *99 
 
 
 gum and thread, for fuch exigences; and that when 
 the magazine was exhaufled, it could, by the fame 
 means, be replcnifhed. However, it muff be admitted, 
 the recruits fail in time; for when the Infedl grows 
 old, it is deprived of its weaving materials : it is there¬ 
 fore obliged to depend on the generous compafiion of 
 the young Spider, who will frequently refign its own 
 web to the infirm Infedl, and weave for itfelf another. 
 
 The web of the Garden Spider differs almoft as much 
 from the web of a Houfe Spider,, as a net does from a 
 clofe-weaved piece of cloth: but it is, perhaps, more 
 curious in its formation. They greatly refemble a 
 wheel, that has bars crofling the fpekes at equal di- 
 fiances. Thefe fpaces are in proportion to the fize of 
 the prey the Spider defigns fhall not pafs through them. 
 Being too fmall for large flies, moths, butterflies, See. 
 to pafs through, with their expanded wings, fuch ge¬ 
 nerally fall the vidlims of the Spider, whenever they 
 unknowingly fly againfl its web. 
 
 Having given this general defeription of what ismoft, 
 extraordinary in the Spider, we fhall now fay a few 
 H 4 words 
 
aca NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 words on the Aranea Diadema, or the Diadem’d Spider. 
 This Infedt grows very large. The upper part of its 
 belly is moll beautifully embellilhed with black and 
 white dots and circles : in the middle of them is a band, 
 compofed of oblong-lhaped fpots, of a pearl colour ; re- 
 fembling, in their arrangement, the fiHet of an Eaftern 
 King .* the ground of this fillet, when viewed in the 
 fun, through a glafs, is perhaps one of the richeft and 
 moll fplendid fpedtacles Nature has to exhibit in all 
 her tribe of Infedls. The eyes are eight in number, 
 fparkling, and placed on the crown of the head: the 
 legs arc long, yellow, encircled with dark brown, and 
 furnilhed with brillles. This moft extraordinary Infedt 
 has been found in Kew*Gardens. 
 
 Tii* 
 
The TARANTULA. 
 
 This Tnfe<5f being of this Genus, and much refem- 
 bling a Houfe Spider, we fhall clofe our brief Syflem 
 of Infedls, with a few words on this extraordinary 
 animal. The bite of it, in hot countries, producing 
 the moft aflonilhing effects, naturally firft arrefts our 
 attention. The quantity of the poifon emitted into 
 the wound, is too inconfiderable to render it immedi- 
 H $ ately 
 
201 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ately perceptible; but as it ferments, it caufes, In 
 about five or fix months, the mod frightful diforders. 
 The perfon bit, at this time, laughs and dances incef- 
 fantly, is all agitation, and afiumes a moft extravagant 
 fpccies of gaiety; or elfe is affli&ed with a moft dif- 
 mal melancholy. At the return of the period when 
 the bite was given, the madnefs renews; and the dif- 
 tempered party repeats his former inconfiftencies, by 
 fancying himfelf a king, or a ftiepherd, or fome other 
 characfter^ according as his fhipwrecked realon is 
 driven againft the rocks of abfurdity. He has no 
 regular train of thought: all his mind and feelings 
 are but a chaos of wildnefs and extravagance. Some¬ 
 times thefe unhappy fymptoms will continue feveral 
 years, until death relieves the fufferer. Thofe who 
 have been in Italy, where the natives are frequently 
 afiliefted with this malady, tell us, the only cure is 
 mufic, from fuch an agreeable and fprightly inftrument 
 as the violin, which is, therefore, one of the moft 
 common fpecies of mufic in that country : no village, 
 or cottage, fcarcely is without it. The tune is chofen 
 according to the natural temper and difpofition of the 
 patient: this is difeovered by playing feveral tunes, 
 until the unhappy fufferer, by his gefturcs, {hows that 
 
 one 
 

 1 N S E C T S. 
 
 20 $ 
 
 ofie is found agreeable to his fancy : this is thought an 
 infallible fign of a cure being effected. The patient 
 immediately begins to dance, and rifes and falls in 
 concert with the modulations of the tune. This is 
 continued until he begins to perfpire, which inftantly 
 caufes an external evacuation of the venom. In this 
 manner are thofe afflicted with the bite of a Taran¬ 
 tula cured. But is it not an extraordinary inflance of 
 Providence, that inftrumental mufic fhould have at¬ 
 tained fo great and general a perfection as it has in 
 Italy, where it is necefiary to preferve the lives of the 
 natives, who would otherwise frequently die fron* 
 the bite of this baneful and venomous InftCt ? 
 
 Tin Z I M B. 
 
 AVING obferved the following curious account 
 of the Zimb, extracted from the Travels of the inge- 
 nioirs Mr. Bruce, by the Editor of the Monthly Re¬ 
 view, with that tafte of feleCtion, and accuracy of 
 wfertion, which fo jullly dillinguifh his judicious 
 
 H 6 
 
 arrange- 
 
304 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 arrangement of that periodical publication ; we could 
 not refrain from copying it, as a moft valuable addi¬ 
 tion to our fmall Compendium of Natural Hiftory. 
 
 This Infe& is called the Zimb, or Tzalfalya. It is 
 a little larger than the Bee ; with wings of pure gauze. 
 The head is large; the upper jaw fharp, and furnifhed 
 with a lharp-pointed hair, about a quarter of an inch 
 long: the lower jaw has two of thefe pointed hairs; and 
 the three, joined into one pencil, make arefiftance to 
 the finger, nearly equal to that of a hog's brittle. As 
 loon as this winged affafiin appears, and his buzzing is 
 heard, the cattle forfake their food, and run wildly 
 about the plain till they die, worn out with fatigue, 
 affright, and pain. The inhabitants of Melinda, down 
 to Cape Gardefan, to Saba, and the fouth coaft of the 
 Red Sea, are obliged to put themfelves in motion, and 
 remove to the next fand, in the beginning of the rainy 
 feafon : this is not a partial emigration : the inhabi¬ 
 tants cf all the countries, from the mountains of 
 Abyffinia, northward, to the confluence of the 
 Nile, and Aflaboras, are, once in a year, obliged to 
 change their abode, and feek prote&ion in the fand* 
 of Beja, 
 
 The 
 

 INSECTS. oo 5 
 
 The elephant and rhinoceros, which, by reafon of 
 their enormous bulk, and the vaft quantity of food and 
 water they daily need, cannot ftiift to defart and dry 
 places, are obliged, in order to refill the Zimb, to roll 
 themfelves in mud and mire, which, when dry, coats 
 them over like armour. 
 
 Of all thofe who have written of thefe countries, the 
 Prophet Ifaiah alone has given an account of the Zimb, 
 or Fly, and deferibed the mode of its operation, Ifaiah, 
 chap. vii. ver. 18 and 19. Providence, from the be¬ 
 ginning, it would appear, had fixed its habitation to one 
 fpecies of foil; which is a black, fat earth, extremely 
 fruitful. And, contemptible as it feems, this Infe& 
 has invariably given law to the fettlemcnt of the coun¬ 
 try : it prohibited, abfolutcly, thofe inhabitants of the 
 black earth, called Mazaga, houfed in caves and moun¬ 
 tains, from enjoying the help of labour of any beads of 
 burden. It deprived them of their fleih, and milk, for 
 food; and gave rife to another nation, leading a wan¬ 
 dering life, and preferving immenfe herds, by con-* 
 during them into the fands, beyond the limits of the 
 black earth, and bringing them back when the danger 
 from thislnfedt was over. 
 
 H 7 
 
 In 
 
NATURAL HIST (TRY. 
 
 In the plagues brought on Pharoah, it was by means 
 cf this Infe< 5 t that God faid he would feparate his peo¬ 
 ple from the Egyptians. The land of Gofhen, the pof- 
 fUTion of the Ifraclites,was a land of paflure, not tilled, 
 nor Town, becaufe not overflowed by the Nile; but the 
 land overflowed by the Nile, was the black earth of 
 the* valley of Egypt : and it was here that God con¬ 
 futed the Zimb ; for he fays, It {hall be a fign of tfiis 
 ieparation of the people, which he had then made, that 
 not one Fly fhoidd be feen in the fand, or pafture-’ 
 ground, the land of Gofhen. And this kind of foil has' 
 ever fince been the refuge of all the cattle emigrating' 
 from the black earth, to the lower part of Albara : fu 
 powerful is the weakefl inflrument in the hands cf the 
 Almighty. 
 
'THE SMALL SILVER-COLOURED 
 
 B O O K - W O R M, 
 
 MAGNIFIED. 
 
 A S among greater animals there are many that are 
 fcaled, both for ornament and defence, fo are there not 
 wanting fuch alfo among the lcfler bodies of Infers, 
 whereof this little creature gives us an inftance. It is 
 a fmall white filver-ftiinlng worm or moth, found much 
 convcrfant among hooks and papers; and is fuppofed 
 to be that which corrodes and eats holes through the 
 H 8 leaves 
 
•icS NATURAL H 15 TORY. 
 
 leaves and covers: It appears, to the naked eye, a fmali 
 glittering pearl-coloured moth, which upon the re¬ 
 moving of books and papers in the fummer, is often ob*» 
 ferved to feud away to fome lurking cranny, where it 
 may the better protedl itfelf from any apparent dan¬ 
 ger. Its head appears big and blunt, and its body- 
 tapers From it towards the tail, fmaller and fmaller, 
 being fhaped almoft like a carrot. The body is divided 
 into fourteen feveral partitions, being the appearance 
 of fo many feveral fhells or fhields that cover the whole 
 body *, every of thefe- fhells arc again covered or tiled 
 over- with a multitude of thin tranfparent fcalcs, which* 
 from the multiplicity of their refle&ing furfaces, make 
 the whole animal appear of a perfedt pearl-colour. 
 I bis InfeA was furnilhed on either fide of its head with 
 a duller of eyes; and each of thefe clufters were befet 
 with a row of fmali briftles, much like the Cilia or 
 hairs on the eye-lids; and, perhaps, they ferved for the 
 fame purpofe. It had two long horns; curioufly 
 ringed or knobbed, having at each knob fmali liairr, 
 or briftles, here and there difperfed among them : be^ 
 fules thefe, it had two fhorter horns, or feelers, which 
 were knotted and fringed, juft as the former. 4 had 
 three tails, in every particular refembling the two 
 
 longer 
 
longer horns that grow out of the head. The legs of 
 it were fcaled and haired juft like the reft, but are not 
 expreficd in this figure, the creature being intangled all 
 in glue, and fo the legs of this appeared not through 
 the glafs, which looked perpendicularly upon the back. 
 The body is befet with fharp-pointed briftles, like 
 fpears. Dr. Hooke fays, “ This animal probably feeds 
 upon the paper and covers of books, and perforates in 
 them feveral fmall round holes.” Mr. Alb in calls it 
 the Cloth**Worm, or Moth, and fays it is the very 
 creature that eats the woollen cloth; and that it is pro¬ 
 duced from a fmall grey fpeckled moth that flies 
 a-nights, and creeps in among woollen cloths, and 
 tficre lays her eggs, which are hatched in their feafon by 
 the natural heat of the woollen; upon which thefc 
 little creatures feed, till they change into a flying 
 like their animal parent. To prevent the havock 
 that this little creature (which is one of the teeth of 
 time\ is wont to make among woollen cloths, &c. 
 They fhould fometimes be aired and brufhed, before 
 the wJrm feafort comes on the eggs to hatch, which 
 will absolutely deftroy the eggs, and preferve the 
 garment!. 
 
 ARANEA. 
 
210 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 SNAILS* 
 
 T ANNAEUS divides Snails into three kinds, that is, 
 the Earth, the Marfh, and the Sea Snails. Of the 
 Earth Snails there are, 
 
 1. The Snail, with an oval fhell, and five fpines, .s 
 called by Lister the Afh-coloured Snail, whofe moir.h 
 is covered in the winter with a fort of mortar. It is 
 found in gardens, and is eaten by fome. 
 
 2. The-Snail, with a yellow fhell, convex on bath 
 Tides, with a fingle brown flreak, and the lip turned up, 
 is met with in woods, groves, and bufhes. 
 
 3. The Snail, with a fhell convex on both fidcs, and 
 a fingle grey flreak, and a turned-up lip, is found in 
 the fame places as the former, and differs greatly in 
 colour, 
 
 4. The 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 
 ttt 
 
 4. The Snail, with a fhell convex oh each fide, rougft, 
 and haying five round turns, being perforated under¬ 
 neath, is found on plants and trees. 
 
 5. The Snail, with a fhell convex on each fide, and 
 four turns of the colour of horn, as alfo with a brownifh 
 ftreah, is like the former, but fmaller, and has a ilendcr 
 black body. 
 
 6. The Snail, with a fhell convex on each fide, per¬ 
 forated uuderntath with an acute turn, and an oval 
 tranfverfe mouth, is called by Petivf.r the Englifh 
 
 Snail, with a fiattifh fhell, and-a (mall clavicle, fliarp at 
 the point. 
 
 7. 1 he Snail, with the fhell of a fiattifh convexity 
 above, quite convex below, perforated with an acute 
 turn, and a mouth in the fhape of half a heart, is very 
 uncommon, and is found on craggy mountains. 
 
 8. The Snail, with an oblong tranfparent fhell, with 
 ten turns, and a roundifh mouth, in the Upfal Trans¬ 
 actions, is named the Snail with an oblong blunt fhell, 
 with a roundifh mouth, and from eight to twelve 
 tufns. It is found in mofs at the feet of trees. 
 
 9. The Snail, with a tranfparent fhell, with fix 
 turns, and nearly of a cylfadxic blunt fhape, or the 
 
 (mall 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ftia 
 
 fmall Snail with feven turns, is alfo found at the feet 
 of trees, and on the old thatch of houfe§. 
 
 jo. The Snail, with a yellow tranfparent (hell, a 
 {harp clavicle, and an oblique mouth, is found in the 
 fame places as the former. 
 
 II. The Snail, with a tranfparent yellow oval {hell, 
 has an oval lanceolatcd mouth, and a long clavicle. 
 
 Of the WATER SNAILS, there are, 
 
 X. The Snail, with a flat brown fhell, umbilicated 
 above, and having four turns, is called by Lister the 
 brown Snail, hollow on each fide about the clavicle. It 
 is found in rivets, marfhes, and ditches. 
 
 2. The Snail, with a flat white ftiell, hollow on each 
 fide, and having five fmooth turns, is found in lakes. 
 
 3. The brown Snail, flatter on one fide than on the 
 other, and four fpines on the edge (fo called by Lis¬ 
 ter; but by LiNNiEus, the Snail with a brown flat 
 fhell, hollow above, having four turns, and a pro¬ 
 minent margin) is found in all watery plates. 
 
 4. The Snail, with a flat brown fhell, and five turns, 
 having an acute margin, is called by Lister the fmall 
 browniih Snail, with the fhell flatter on one fide than 
 
 the 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 
 
 the other, without a margin, and with five turns. It 
 is found in the fame places as the former. 
 
 S' The Snail, with a flattiffi (hell, convex above and 
 hollow underneath, having four turns, and with a mar¬ 
 gin downwards, is found in rivers and marlhes. 
 
 6. The Snail, with a flat fliell, equal on both fides, 
 umbilicated, and the mouth in the Ihape of a half-moon, 
 is found in ditches, and at the feet of trees. 
 
 7. The Snail, with a long fliell, opaque, acuminated, 
 having fix turns, and an oval mouth, is called a Trum¬ 
 pet fhell by moft authors, and is found in ditches, 
 marlhes, rivers, and ponds. 
 
 8. The Snail, with a long acuminated traufparent 
 fliell, having fix turns, and an oval oblong mouth, is 
 nearly of the fame fliape as the former, and is a kind of 
 Trumpet-lhell. 
 
 9. The great dark brown Snail, with a ftreaked Ihell, 
 is called by fome the Ox-head, and is found in lakes, 
 marlhes, and rivers; it is termed by Linwjeus the 
 Snail with a longilh blunt fliell, having three turns, 
 and three livid lines. 
 
 10. The Snail, with an oblong blunt Ihell, with four 
 loofe alh-coloured opaque turns, and the mouth a little 
 oyoI, is found in the fame places as the former. 
 
 XI. 'pic 
 
214 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ii. The Snail', with an oblong fhell, which is tranf- 
 parent, having five turns, and an oval mouth, is twice 
 as fmall as the former, and is found in rivers. 
 
 ia. The Snail, with a tranfparent fhell, having four 
 turns, and a {harp Ihort clavicle, with an acute mouth, 
 by all other authors it is named a Trumpct-fhell; and 
 Lister terms it the yellowifh tranfparent Trumpet- 
 fhell, with four turns, a {harp clavicle, and a very 
 large mouth. It is found in rivers and ponds. 
 
 13. The Snail, with a tranfparent {hell, has a large 
 oval mouth, four turns, and a wrinkled furface. 
 
 14. The Snail, with a membranaceous yellowifh 
 oblong fhell, with a blunt clavicle, and three turns, is 
 called by other authors a Trumpet^fhell, and is found in 
 lakes and rivers. 
 
 15. The Nerite Snail, called by Lister the River 
 Nerite, is of a bluifh green colour, variegated with 
 fpots, and having a reddilh cover, in the fhape of a 
 half-moon, and befet with prickles. 
 
 16. The Lake Nerite Snail, fo called by Linnaeus, is 
 common in the lakes near Upfal. 
 
 Of the SEA SNAILS, there are, 
 
 1, The Nerite Sea Snail, called the reticulated Ne- 
 ritc, and by ITtjv£K the Engliih Sea common Nerite. 
 
 a. Tht 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 
 
 2 . The Snail, with a thick' oval {hell, prominent 
 on each fide, and having five furrowed turns, and an 
 undulated lip, is a fort of Trumpet-fhell, and is found 
 in the Weltern Ocean. 
 
 3. The Snail, with a long {harp {hell, having twelve 
 {freaked turns, is termed by Lister the {freaked thin 
 Trumpet-lhell, with twelve turns at leaft. It is found 
 as the former in the Weftcrn Ocean. 
 
 4. The Snail, with a long acuminated {hell, and a 
 dilated lip, having a double finuated {freak on the fore 
 part, is commonly found in the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 5. The Snail, with a roundilh, blunt, umbilicated 
 {bell, marked with five round {freaks, in the fliape of ar¬ 
 rows, and the fecond with undulated lines, is named 
 by Lister the reddilh Snail with fpotted {freaks, efpe- 
 eially on the lower turns. 
 
 6. The oblong Snail, with the {hell marked with 
 longitudinal marginated {freaks, is called by Petiver 
 the lefler white Trumpet-lhell, with ribs curioully 
 raifed* 
 
 A CAT A- 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 216 
 
 A CATALOGUE of South and North-Aw erica ft 
 Jnjefls, 
 
 It may not here be improper to give a general ac¬ 
 count of the infe&s of our American plantations, 
 though many of them have been already mentioned in 
 their proper places; efpecially, as it will be more fatis- 
 fadfory to Grangers that happen to be new-comcrs into 
 that country. 
 
 In the Weft Indies, the Ants are very numerous, 
 both in the woods and fields, and do a great deal of 
 mifehief, not only to vegetables but animals. 
 
 They have likewife various forts of Bees, Beetles* 
 Bugs, Butterflies, and Caterpillars. Of thefe, the 
 Nightlhade Caterpillar is of a very black colour, only 
 the head and fides are fpotted with white, and is co* 
 vered with yellow hair or briftlc. When a man 
 touches it with his ikin, it will caufe it to burn like 
 fire* 
 
 Chegoe* 
 
INSECT*. a ,7 
 
 Chegoes arc infefts like Fleas, and frequently get 
 tinder the nails of the hands and feet, where they caufe 
 great itching, fwell, and lay their eggs, unlefs picked 
 out with a needle. 
 
 They have likewife Crickets, Earwigs, Flies of va¬ 
 rious forts, Gnats, Lice, Locufts, Scorpions, and Spi¬ 
 ders : of which laft the great hairy Spider 13 the mod 
 remarkable, though common to be met with in thefe 
 parts ; for notwithftanding it feeds on Flies and other 
 infers, yet, when they are caught and kept in a box, 
 they will live a long time without eating. 
 
 BEES are very numerous in North America, particu¬ 
 larly in Carolina, not only in hives, but in the plan¬ 
 ter’s gardens, and in feveral parts of their large woods, 
 where they make their cells in hollow trees, in which 
 are frequently found large quantities of honey and wax* 
 The planters make their hives with a piece of a hollow 
 tree, efpecially the fvveet gum tree, which they cut 
 into a proper length for that purpofe, and lay a board 
 on the top, to flielter the Bees from the rain, fun, and 
 •ther extremities of the weather. They generally 
 
 form 
 
a iS NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 form their cells very large, which is the reafon that 
 they make ufe of fuch fort of wood. 
 
 The HUMBLE BEES are pretty common here, and 
 do not feem to differ much from thofe in Great Britain 
 and other parts of Europe. 
 
 SILK WORMS have been found in the woods of 
 Carolina, and feera to be pretty nearly the fame as 
 thofe in other parts of the world. Sometimes great 
 numbers of them have been feen together, and perhaps 
 they are thofe that the planters have made ufe of for 
 the eftablifhment of a filk manufadtory. '1 he halls of 
 Clk, that have been made by them, are as large as an 
 ordinary walnut. 
 
 BUTTERFLIES are in great plenty in thefe parts, 
 fome of which are large, and others fmall; but they are 
 all in general beautifully variegated with a great variety 
 of colours. They lay their eggs in May, June, and 
 July, and doubtlefs undergo the fame changes as thofe 
 in Europe; though travellers have forgot, or perhaps, 
 
 have not obferved this material circumfUnce, fome of 
 
 thefe 
 

 INSECTS. 
 
 tliele Butterflies are larger than any in Europe, and are 
 fo ftrong, that they will drive away the Humming 
 Birds from the flowers they have a mind to fettle upon. 
 If what a certain phyfleian fays is true, they will not 
 only live, but fly for above thirty-five days after their 
 heads are off; but this the reader may believe or not, 
 as he pleafes. 
 
 GRASSHOPPERS are very common, arid are 
 chiefly of two forts; the firft of which are much larger 
 than thofe in Europe, and the other are much of the 
 fame fize; but they are bqth more lazy and inactive 
 than the Europeans, for they are frequently feen grove¬ 
 ling in the duff, and are feldom heard to fing. They 
 feem not to be endowed with a very quick fight, for 
 they feldom ftir till a man is juft ready to tread them 
 under his feet, Inftead of a mouth, they have a trunk 
 or tube on their breafts, wherewith they fuck in their 
 food, which fome fuppofe to be nothing but dew ; how¬ 
 ever this is improbable. They have alfo fmall fharp 
 pipes or tubes on the breaft, with which they make 
 a ringing noife, which thofe not ufed to them 
 cannot tell what to make of. Their backs are 
 rough and (harp, and travellers tell us it is with eafe 
 
aJ0 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 they make the holes in the earth, wherein they lay 
 their eggs, which are hatched by the heat of the fun. 
 At firft they appear like worms or maggots, that 
 having undergone the nfual changes, turn into Grafs- 
 hoppers. The malts are the only fingers of this 
 tribe : for the females are faid to he always filent, and 
 neither one nor the other ever appear in the wi'ntel 
 fcafon. 
 
 The HOG-LICE are of two forts, and are to be 
 fcen almoft every where, efpecially under ftories, and 
 
 among rotten wood. When they are touched they 
 roll themfeWes up like ours, but at other times they 
 ate thin. 
 
 The FIRE-FLY is fo called, becaufe in the night 
 they Ihine like Glow Worms, giving a pretty flrong 
 light like fire. They are as long as the Drone Bees, 
 Bnt much thicker, and of a brownifli colour. They 
 begin to appear in May, and continue moll part of the 
 fummer. 
 
 The CRICKETS tire winged infers, like Grafs^ 
 hoppeis or LocttfU, and arc very common in thefe 
 
 1 parts; 
 
INSECTS. S2i 
 
 parts; but they are not of the houfe kind ; for they 
 are only feen and heard in the woods and corn-fields, 
 in fummer, where they fihg almoft continually. In 
 winter they get into warm places, and fometimes into 
 the houfes, where they eat large holes in linen arid 
 woollen clothsr they likewife do a great deal of mif- 
 chief to corn, and all forts of grain, of which they are 
 great devourcrs. 
 
 LADY BIRDS are alfo met with In thefe parts, 
 being much the fame as thofc in Europe, for the up- 
 permofl wings are red, fpotted With brack ; when they 
 are reduced to powder, they are of a deep purple co¬ 
 lour, and will give a tindfcure either to water or fpirit 
 of wine. 
 
 They have alfo a FLY here like the Cantharides, 
 or Spanifh Flies, which are to be met with in the 
 fummer feafon. They proceed from fmall worms, 
 which have the appearance of Caterpillars that are 
 bred upon fig-trees. Whether they have the fame 
 qualities or not in raifing blifters, is not very certain, 
 though it is fuppofed they have. 
 
 The 
 
w natural history. 
 
 The ANT has much the fame qualities here as i* 
 Europe. They lay up their hoards in the fummer 
 time, near the full moon, or while it yields a con- 
 fiderable light; hut about the new, their labour ceafes, 
 as is confidently affirmed, which feems to fhcw that 
 they Hand in need of a confiderable light to fee what 
 they are about. They wear away the ftones, that is, 
 they’ make tra&s or paths in them, by their running 
 fo often backwards and forwards, and drawing their 
 burthens along. There is a greater fort that lead 
 the way, and the lefTer drag the corn. They are very 
 neat in their habitation, and will not enter them before 
 they have taken off the dirt from their bodies: they 
 alfo make dams to keep the water out of their nefts, and 
 are careful in burying their dead. They Iikcwife throw 
 up the earth over the mouths of their nefls, wherein 
 they have three cells, in one of which they live, in an¬ 
 other they breed and bury their dead, and in the third 
 they keep their corn. When they are old, they always 
 have wings, hut do not continue long in that ftatc, for 
 they die foon after. 
 
 There.are feveral forts of SPIDERS in North 
 America, the moft remarkable of which is the moun 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 tain Spider, or rather the wood Spider, near the 
 mountains. It is of a very large fort, and exceeding 
 venomous. They are faid to make their webs fo 
 ftrong, like thofe of Bermudas, as to catch fmall 
 birds. Their fling or bite is attended with violent 
 pains at the heart, cold and heat by turns, fhortnefs 
 of breath, tremblings, cold fweats, vomitings, and 
 many'other fymptoms, which commonly end in death, 
 unlefs a proper remedy be timely applied. The cure 
 is generally performed by bathing the wound with a 
 decoaion of {linking trefoil and oil, and by fomenting 
 it with fpunges dipt in vinegar, hot omitting proper 
 cordials. The native Americans core it by fuckino- the 
 wound with their mouths, repeating it feveral times, 
 and fpitting out the venom. 
 
 The EARWIGS feem to be much the fame as 
 thofe in Europe, and therefore nothing needs to be faid 
 about them. 
 
 The common fmall black FLIES are in great plenty, 
 but they are more troublefome here than in Europe ; 
 for they will fix on a man’s ftockings, and pierce 
 4 through 
 
aa4 NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 through them with their trunks or fnouts, and caufe 
 great pain. 
 
 The large black Mackarel FLIES are alfo very com¬ 
 mon, efpecially in the fummer time; but they do not 
 differ from thofe in Europe, which fome call by that 
 name. 
 
 There are feveral forts of Ox or Gad FLIES, and of 
 various colours; but mofl: of them are yellow and 
 green, and appear to be mofl numerous in the months 
 of July and Auguft, at which time they are very 
 troublefome to horfes, attacking their eyes and heads, 
 tut no other part. 
 
 The WEEVIL, fo called in thefe parts, is a fmall 
 worm, not much bigger than a Mite. It is very de- 
 ftru&ive to Indian corn, for it will get into barrels 
 wherein it is put, and entirely fpoil it; which how¬ 
 ever they do not touch in the open fields, nor indeed any 
 thing elfe that is expofed to the wind and fun. To pre¬ 
 vent this mifehief, they fpread a little fait at the bot¬ 
 tom of the calk, and, when the corn is in, over the top. 
 
 They 
 
INSECTS. 22jj 
 
 They have BUGS here as well as in Europe, which 
 are flat and red, and exa&ly of the fame fliape ancf 
 fize as Hog Lice. They were very probably brought 
 from Europe in the ihips, and will get about beds, 
 where they are as troublefome as in London. 
 
 The Cock ROACHES here are as large as Cricket?, 
 and feem to be a fort of Beetle, of a dark brown co¬ 
 lour. They often get into the houfes, where they do 
 a great deal of milcliief to books and linen. 
 
 The TUMBLE-DUNG is aToHT oFBeetle, and is 
 fo called from its rolling of horfe-dung from one place 
 to another, till it makes it into balls of the fize of final!, 
 bullets. 
 
 The MUSKETOES, called by the Americans To- 
 quani, are of two forts, one of which is fmall, of a 
 dark colour, and very troublefome, efpecially in favan- 
 nahs and rnarihy low grounds ; for which reafon none 
 can live in fuch places except the native Americans, 
 who perhaps are defended from their bites, by the 
 greafe or fat which they every day dawb themfclves 
 with; as alfo by the colours wherewith they paint 
 * their 
 
4*6 NATURAL HISTOKT. 
 
 their bodies. The other fort are of the fame fhape arid 
 fize as the former, but their colour is whitifh ; thefe 
 are not fo troublefome as the former fort, nor are they 
 fo apt to bite They are generally brought to the 
 northern parts of America by the foutherly winds in 
 July and Auguft, in prodigious quantities; but they 
 do not flay long, for they either die, or are carried 
 hack by contrary winds. 
 
 The MUSKETO HAWKS, are Infers, fo called 
 
 from their continually hunting after Mufketoes, whicn 
 they kill and eat. It is a large Fly, with a long body, 
 large head and wings, refembling a Dragon Fly. 
 They are in great numbers in the latter end of fummer, 
 but they feldom appear in the day time, which perhaps 
 is owing to their purfuing Mufketoes all the night, 
 which are their natural prey. 
 
 The Horned BEETLE, BULL-FLY, or STAG- 
 BEETLE, is fo called from a large pair of horns on 
 its head, exa<5Uy refembling the horns of a deer. 
 They can bring them together as Lobfters do their 
 nippers, and make the fame ufe of them. This is not 
 like the Stag Beetle of Europe j for the horns are larger 
 
 and 
 
f 
 
 ^ sects. itr 
 
 3Dd ,°l a d;fferent makc . and their bodies are alfo 
 much bigger. It „ moft commotlly known tQ (he 
 
 p anters by the name of the Flying Stag. Th er 
 
 veml Vf m r u thC Children ’ 8 Decks a9 a ^arm, in fe- 
 muft /? fe * 5 ?“* ‘ f they have an >' ^ue at all, it 
 b^dks ^ UVia Which they cmit from ‘heir 
 
 The Sand FLY isfo called, from its being found ; n 
 fend banks near the rivers. It is not much bigger than 
 the Ant, but it is as troublefome as_a Mulketo e though 
 
 at never molefts any other part but the face. 
 
 - * V v, ^ 
 
 The WASPS of North America build their nefls in 
 ees of a fubltance that rcfembles cobwebs, or rather 
 
 hin brown paper. They live upon in**,, and ^ 
 
 ; upon any fort of fleih, when they can come at 
 y do not a I’P ear in W1 'ntcr, but lodge in the 
 
 .t „z. 7 sr - "« ,™t- 
 
 h.evous, f uc oevcr fti j 
 
 T^ked, or when their nefts are in danger HcweCr 
 
 «£:z end r ur to deftroy t,,cm * ty *«*«* 
 
 **** neft3 Wlth sun-powder, or rather with a wad 
 
 1 * that 
 
44 g NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 that keeps it down, for this will fet them on fire; 
 hot then they run away with all the fpeed they can£ 
 foonasthey have (hot; however, they very feldom 
 etc ape without being flung, for the Waps wdl purfue 
 them in great numbers, and the fling is a grea 
 worfc than that of the Bees. 
 
 The HORNETS, in thefe parts, build their nefts 
 i„ cavities and holes of the earth, and are made 
 much like the former. This is an ev.dent f.gn that 
 they are not exadlly the fame with ours ; but wh t 
 the difference may be, we have no eerta.n account 
 of It is faid, if they are boiled m water, the de 
 codtion, when applied to the fkin, will make the part 
 fwell, as if it were dropfical, and yet without pam. 
 As for their fling it produces a great deal of pain 
 and fome very bad fymptoms; but it may be cured 
 with a poultice of cow dung, and taking ' en.ee tuue e 
 inwardly. 
 
 The l.ABOURF.RS,' fo called in thefe parts, are a 
 kind of Hornets, which have their name from the 
 pains and labour they are at in building their nefts 
 with a fort of yellow clay. They make their rooms 
 
■ 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 2zg 
 
 " cells In thefe in a very artificial manner; for they 
 ■*re fo hard when dry, that they are broken with 
 
 olt Th ‘f* br °° d iS dC%ned t0 be takc “ 
 nf rh r ey “ m ° ft aS big as a Horne ‘> and are 
 of the fame lhape and colour, with long leg,. They 
 
 are more mild than the common Hornet, for they 
 feldom or never lling. They are obliged to mate 
 ole, , n the find by the river fides, and other moift 
 places, wh'ch often muft be very deep to come at the 
 cay. They will fometimes attempt to build their 
 nefts in the ceiling of houfes; but they are generally 
 P™ ed * after the y h ave begun to fix their clay 
 
 inTh h et rSe r D ; STI , CKl ' SreMark ab le ^it^urrowing 
 
 of the f r animalS ’ a ' ,d feems ‘° be «»* 
 
 ofthe fame fort a, ollr sheep Tick; but it has no 
 
 vent, and therefore when it has fucked the blood till 
 
 It is quite full, It generally falls oIT. 
 
 ^/f SCa 7 lCR ’ 01 ra ‘ her * bC Wa ‘drTICK, isfo 
 lied for its being common in marlhes n'ear the water 
 
 fide They are fo fmall, that their bulk is feldom 
 i ? 
 
 ** equal 
 

 ' *» 
 
 
 43 o NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 equal to that of a fmall pin’s head; but they are very 
 troublefome to thofe that travel in the woods, and 
 near the fides of rivers; for they flick fo fall in the 
 {kin, that it is almoft impoflible to pull them out; but 
 they may be deftroyed, by bathing the part with a de- 
 co&ion of the leaves of tobacco* 
 
 Some travellers take notice of a fort of Locuft in 
 North America; but it maybe doubted whether there 
 are any properly fo called in thefo parts or not; at 
 lead it is certain, that they are never met with in any 
 great numbers ; for no author whatever takes any no¬ 
 tice of any mifehief done by them, or of their appear- 
 ing in f warms. 
 
 The CATERPILLARS and PALMER-WORMS 
 areas frequent here as in other parts, and undergo the 
 * Jike changes; but as the trees are all diffofem, efpe- 
 cially before the Europeans had tranfplanted feme from 
 Europe, the Caterpillars muff be different too, as well as 
 the Flies and Butterflies that proceed from them; but 
 WC. have not met with any naturalift that has been cu¬ 
 rious enough to give us a diftina account thereof. 
 
 They 
 
INSECTS. a3I 
 
 They have a fort of GALLY WORMS, with a 
 great number of feet of different kinds; for fame of 
 them are fmooth, and others are hairy all over, about 
 the thicknefs of a man’s little finger, and near two 
 inches m length; however, they are not common, for 
 they have a great many natural enemies, that take 
 care to deflroy them. 
 
 The tobacco WORM, or CATERPILLAR, is fo 
 called from its feeding on the leaves of the tobacco 
 plant. It refembles a Gaily Worm in Ihape, but is 
 fomewhat larger, and not hairy. It has two Iharp 
 horns or feelers on its head, and the body variegated 
 with white and blaek. It has as many feet as a Gaily 
 Worm, of which it feems to be a fpecies. They do 
 a great deal of mifehief in the tobacco plantations, 
 unlefs prevented; and therefore the negroes are em- 
 ployedbyjhepianters to fearch for and kill them. 
 Ihcy do notTemir~ttrtiv-^-^ W e»wxnQ OUfi _ nature 
 whence they appear to be of the Caterpillar’kind. 
 The planters, by way of punilhment, will often oblio-e' 
 the negroes to eat them, from whence it is evident, 
 that they are not of a venomous nature, for they never 
 «lo them any harm. This punifhment i* inflicted when 
 
 the 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 *33 
 
 thefe even in our parts at home, and that the frefli 
 water has no efFed in deftroying them ; but when they 
 lie in the mud, or on the fand, they often receive a 
 great deal of damage. Sometimes the planks of Ihips, 
 when taken off, have appeared to be eaten into cells, 
 like honey-combs, in lefs than fix weeks time. 
 
 The Earth WORMS are like thofe in Europe, and 
 fo are the Snails, but thefe 1 aft are not very common ; 
 for they have a great number of enemies, that always 
 
 lie in wait to deftroy them. 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 %%% 
 
 the negroes have been negligent, and have not taken 
 care to pick them all oft the tobacco plants. 
 
 There is a fort of GLOW WORM in North-Ame¬ 
 rica, which fhines like thofe in Europe, and are com¬ 
 monly found in fwamps and wet low grounds, where 
 they fhinc fo much, that they may be feen at a great 
 diftance. 
 
 The Land WOOD-WORMS are of a fhining cop¬ 
 per colour, and are about five inches in length, but not 
 «piite fo thick as a man’s little finger. They have 
 their name from their being found in old rotten trees, 
 and their bite is fuppofed to be venomous. 
 
 The TIMBER WORM is fo called from its breed¬ 
 ing in fliips, and other timber, lying in fait water. 
 They have fmall foft white bodies, and large hard 
 black hearU nrKe 7 «rrc ma with of different fizes, 
 fomc being no thicker than a horfe hair, while others 
 are as big as a child’s^finger. When a fiiip was 
 brought into frelh water, it was fuppofed that this 
 would effe&ually deftroy the worms in the bottom; 
 but fatal experience evinces, that there are numbers of 
 
 theft 
 
thefe even in our parts at home, and that the frefh 
 water has no eifed in deftroying them; but when they 
 lie in the mud, or on the fand, they often receive a 
 great deal of damage. Sometimes the planks of {hips, 
 when taken off, have appeared to be eaten into cells, 
 like honey-combs, in lefs than fix weeks time. 
 
 The Earth WORMS are like thofe in Europe, and 
 fo are the Snails, but thefe laftare not very common % 
 for they have a great number of enemies, that always 
 
 lie in wait to dellroy them. 
 

 N 
 

 I N D E 
 
 I Page. 
 
 NTRODUCTION i 
 Silkworm - - - 13 
 
 Emperor Moth - - 23 
 
 Buff-Tip Moth - . 26 
 American Emperor - 28 
 Meadow Butterfly - 30 
 Magpye, or Currant 
 Moth • - • • 32 
 Nut-Tree Moth - - 34 
 Tiger Moth - - • 36 
 Phoberan (in Greek) - 38 
 Beetle ----- 40 
 Stag, and Golden 
 Beetle - - - - 42 
 Elephant Beetle - - 45 
 May-Bug, or Doree 
 ■■Beetle « 49 
 
 Page- 
 
 Large Capricorn Green 
 Beetle - - - - 5$ 
 Coccinclla - - - 58 
 
 Chryfomela - ^ - 61 
 Lampyris - - - - 67 
 
 Cantharis - - - • 72 
 
 Grained Bull-head - 80 
 Curculio, or Weevil 8$ 
 Walking Leaf - - 90 
 
 Grafshopper - - - 93 
 
 Locuft • - - — <jg 
 
 Mole Cricket - — - ioj 
 L antern Fly — - — 209 
 Lantern Fjy of the Eaft 
 Indies - - - - 11$ 
 
 Cochineal Fly - - 1x7 
 InTe&a Neuroptera • 143 
 
*36 INDEX. 
 
 Ephemera - - - - 129 Large Wood Ant - 182 
 
 Bee ------ 147 Infe&a Aptera - - 191 
 
 Queen, Drone, and Diadem’d Spider * -197 
 Labouring Bee - 1 52 Tarantula - - - - aoi 
 
 Bee Comb - - - 167 Small Silver-coloured 
 
 Ichneumon - - - 176 Book-worm - - 20 7 
 
 FINIS.