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 Travellers Companion, 
 
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 Inftructions for collectmg^Refervii^Ol^ects of 
 
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 /srrjj/ wmot/z^y my mnes e/f/er If// me/// 
 Knowledge in General . 
 
 Seerji/tf E el/S/se/i c#rr#cled'&ff'nZar(fed' 
 
 BY Jolm Coaklej Lettfom MDKRSASA 
 
 -L /K'\ V9 O. r \. * 7huledy^eS, k/’./Jr/Zy. \j j ^ 
 
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 Written Originally in Low-Dutch 
 
 fO. SW AM ME%T> AM, M. D. 
 
 

 TO THE 
 
 READER: 
 
 T HE account of fo wonderful an In fed 
 ( and what is there indeed in the whole 
 ..Creation , if curiouily examined , but 
 
 would excite our greateft Admiration, and force 
 us to adore the Infinite Wifdom of the Maker? ) 
 I doubt not but will be acceptable to the Ineeni- 
 °us. Our Author, the Accurate and laborious 
 Dr. Swammerdam, as by his other Treatifes fo well 
 received , fo no Iefs by this, hath highly defer ved 
 of the Learned y it containing fo many Curious 
 and New Difcoveries. It was Printed in Low- 
 Dutch in ottavo. Amu 1675. containing above 
 420 pages: what made it fo large, was his fre- 
 quent, Pious Meditations, and Poetry upon the 
 various accidents of the Life, and extraordinary 
 Mechanifm of this Creature; fo natural a guide fuch 
 Philofophy is to Divinity, that the Apoftle himfelf 
 * tells us, rcc y!> .doejx. let dvr* clmo ilIIitzco; XfijrfK^ toTs 
 'WfACtC-t vofySpct: X«0o.gj»TA<, 7)Tg aV v ivvet/JLU 
 
 %} TO Tira .1 etom « "fhe Wif- 
 
 * i fym.i.io. 
 
 <1 (T-) 
 
 A 2 
 
 “ clom 
 
The Treface f 
 
 « dom of God receives (mail honour from thofe 
 
 « vulgar heads, that rudely flare about, and with 
 “aerofs Rufticity admire His Works; T note 
 « highly Maonifie him, whote judicious inquiry 
 a into his Ads, and deliberate refearch into lus 
 u Creatures, return the Duty of a devout and 
 
 “ learned Admiration *. 
 
 But the Contemplations for fome reaions are 
 omitted in this Tranflation ; and we here only 
 prefent you with the Philosophical part, the Na- 
 tural Hiftory and Anatomy of this ftrange Fly : 
 a_Fly that in all Ages has exerciled the Pens or the 
 mofl I ngenious ; but never any with that luccels 
 
 and happinefs , as our Authors. . 
 
 My chief defign in the Publication is the im- 
 provement of Natural Hiftory ; which is better 
 written from Natures own Copy, than the faulty 
 Tranfcripts of her many Commentators. Befides^ 
 the mofl that hitherto we have had, is but the 
 Shell; far greater Treafureslye hid within; and 
 if we would underftand how ’tis that Nature 
 oives Life and Motion to thefe Automat*, we muft 
 unloofe the Cafe, and take afgnder the feveral 
 Wheels and Springs, and carefully oblerve how 
 foe joyns them all together. Not only, jj PhyficiC, 
 but a great part of Philofophy will receive a vaft 
 improvement from fuch an Analyfc of, Animal bo- 
 dies : And an Hiftory of Animals can’t rationally 
 be writ without their Anatomy ; unlefs we 
 
 * Hdtgio Medici , p. m. i o. 11 See the Preliminary pifccxrfe to the Anatomy of 
 the T'orpcfs. 
 
 would 
 
the 'Reader, 
 
 v/ould content our felves in admiring their Cloth- 
 ing and Paint, and (till remain ignorant how- ’tis- 
 they live and differ from one another. 
 
 Of late feveral things have been done this way ; 
 enough to encourage a farther profecution of it; 
 and a great means to it, I think, maybe, to make 
 common, fuch helps and afliitances, as others la- 
 bors and travails in it, have already furnifhed. The 
 Anatomy of one Animal, will be a Key to open 
 feveral others ; and until luch time as we can have 
 the whole compleated ; tis very defirable to have 
 as many as we can of the moft different, and 
 anomalous. This curious piece being in a Lan- 
 guage lefs known to the generality of the Learned 
 here, a Tranllation of it was undertaken, , tho 
 otherwife out of his way ) by a perfon of my ac- 
 quaintance, who had no other defign than to, 
 gratifie the Ingenious and Curious in thefe Stu- 
 dies, that are unacquainted with that Language ; 
 and fince this was his aim, ’tis hoped he may 
 receive a favourable Cenfure, if in all things he: 
 have not fo fully anfwered hxpe&ation. 
 
 I doubt not but upon a ffrid enquiry we may 
 meet with Ephemerons herein England-, if not the 
 i^&ft of the Dutch , which is here defcribed,. 
 yet feveral other forts Our rflay-fly will well 
 deferve to be examined; and what is here per- 
 formed, will very much facilitate the Anatomy 
 of other Infeds too : Which if it fhall have 
 
 that: 
 
The Preface, <3cc. 
 
 that fuccefs as to encourage other undertakers in 
 fuch pleafant and no lefs ufeful Studies, how- 
 ever Ignorance may deride the Curiofity, I fhall 
 have fully attained my aim in handing this Tran- 
 flation to the Ingenious Reader. 
 
 Echv . . Tyfon, M. D. 
 
On the History of the Sphemeyon, 
 
 A Lt hough the Great Creators Wifdom {bone 
 
 rr, . Both m his Foot-ftool, and his Throne 
 Though greater Bodies make the louder noife > 
 Ter in the letter is a. Voice, ? 
 ^ ^ Voice, though Rill 
 
 lha { dot,J Remind with Admiration fill 
 An d gives to man the Product of his will. 
 
 J lolecl-world but lately known , 
 
 Doth both his Skill and Glory too, declare , , 
 
 They a Creator own 
 A'o lefl than does the Sun, 
 
 Their Rife , their Life, their End , 
 
 0/ Wife pow’r comprehend. 
 
 J r’j / (’^ T Great with Small *»»***, 
 
 * ^iftle-Herauld s ^ fcwJtii* 
 
 Jehovah’s Mighty Name , , 
 
 T hey tell his praife , 
 
 And Trophies to his Wifdom raife 
 
 r -L 1 1 nf- *°~ S * n much exprefl. 
 
 Like the M Limners 4r/, that mo fl af eels the lef 
 The [matte fi Ant Providence &/; J ' 
 
 , d ,7 Fore % ht Preach i 
 
 And here in this Ephemeron ?ve fee 
 An Embltme both of Change, W ^Mortality., 
 Mow from mufi be the Piaffick force. 
 j the [mall Eggs contain ? 
 
 That 11 ater makes notworfe 
 A Body fluid, cold ; ’ 
 
 Nay hatches ’em at lafl , 
 
 ^ ,w f ds gentle heat of Hen, Sun, 
 
 At ” tn gfoflrangc, fo bold. 
 
 As Jcar.ce perhaps no Author ever told 
 Or heretofore was done : 
 
 Truth m new moulds is cafl. 
 
MS uture Age mxy more m f°!p . 
 
 Wh*t from the Former f ‘ x tfg\ 
 
 This Treafure , where's enough, we from W^ep j, 
 
 7 has the Worm to bore a Cell 
 
 Wherein hemtay fecurely dwells 
 Whofe hard fare, joyn'd with Eafe, and S o , 
 Perhaps doesfomething toretardhis g ronth ‘ 
 Thigh meat fc ir 7 , 7 e^ drink fore is good ft ore, 
 Tipple (bill (reaming by his door, 
 hike other Natives both begot and bred, 
 
 Where Thetis (hews her Briny head 
 Jndmpwmfwggers o'r the dead 
 mu mo, both Worm M Man th*t Element af.ro. 
 
 Both moiftemng> 
 
 is fo natural nought can be more, 
 
 „ Congenial tt> their fir ft beginning 
 
 As to a Spider is her Spinning, 
 
 And is a means to both of getting high ei . 
 
 After a long Subaqueous abode, 
 
 TheWatry Native longs to range abroad 
 
 Shoots through his liquor, and nofooner ftyes 
 
 The Stranger Element, the Skies, 
 
 The Poets Metamorphotis 
 Was not more ft range, more quick than this, 
 gin drips, his burthen leaves, and thehmore ninwlyB lies. 
 
 J 'I s ’ Jf m mm) , f„,s the Infide does tonum ? 
 
 All here made plain 
 And obvious to the mean ft C apacity, 
 
 What parts the W orm, and Fly, 
 
 What makes the Change of Name, 
 
 What parts are alter'd, what the fame, 
 
 Into all which he that de fires to pry, 
 
 Needs now no Microfcope, but fees with half an eye. 
 
 f; U 
 
 r, GVIDOTT. 
 
 EPHE - 
 
 
 
i 
 
 *• 
 
 ETHEME%1 FIT As 
 
 OR THE 
 
 r ' < 
 
 Natural Hiftory 
 
 AND J 
 
 A N A T O MY 
 
 or THE 
 
 EPHEMIRON- 
 
 A Fly that lives but Five Hours . 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 That the Ephemcron it Produced out of an Egg. 
 
 A S all Vegetables proceed from a known Fructi- 
 fying Seed; fo is alfo the Production of all. 
 Animals and InfeCts, viz., out of a Seed or 
 Egg : So that nothing we difcern to have 
 life, but it proceeds from an Egg, Man as well as all 
 other Creatures. And notwithftanding the Common 
 Opinion that many InfeCts named Exanguious, are 
 chance-births, taking their original from Corruption, 
 that is, out of the motion of the moifture and warmth 
 which proceedeth from' Corrupting matter, either in 
 Inanimate or Senfitive Bodies, or Vegetables ; conftant 
 experience teacheth us the contrary, as, among other , 
 appeareth in this account of the Production of the 
 Ephemeron , which .proceedeth from a Vifible arid 
 
 B - known 
 
£ Bpbemeri Vi 'to. 
 
 known Seed, contrary to that a re Pro- 
 prejudiced to the contrap/. Water ; us if fuch a 
 
 Suced out of putrifymg Clay and Water , ^ 
 
 rhmcr-VrcMtor the maftln- 
 
 in all Ages to be admired, and n*rd y X 
 geaiousand Wife tobe defcnbed. crea ture,fur- W™*- 
 
 b This (^E^T^^^^fTiXtr Two’very^ 1 - 
 nilhed with TWO lroa1 ' “S nS ’ n a udnl at longefo in 
 
 longandftra«htlmrvtA ^$g>nd ^ rly in 
 
 this lliape or form but 1 1\ e Homs, ^ ^ M^er, 
 all the .months or entrances . j/g/?' about Mid- 
 dle Wael, the Leek, a J d ’ r for Three 
 
 fummer flying on the. Sur ac difference, that thofe 
 dayes fucceeding ; fame 
 
 which have lived Secc^d and Third 
 
 Seafonwhen 
 
 "ftssR t*> 2-*3 *k£&©^ 
 
 rifenoutof the .water Z it 
 her Skin, and having for - _ r l water {he fhoot- 
 
 werefported above the_ r ee^^ or ovarium in the miw. 4 . 
 
 tioms effected, and l^^r and on the land they 
 &e"s M te in this following relation 
 
 tK * L m a nd fliape but Five Hours, I. have for the farit 
 
 who 
 
 llatfwrit of thefe lnfeas that they ^alfo found at 
 
 at the c "’ b v v,mht ’ 
 
Ephentm Vita. ^ 
 
 ter dam, and feveral other places. As alio that D. de 
 Mey hath given a particular narration thereof, as may 
 be found at the end of the Hiftorical Obiervations of 
 Goedaert , And not only in our Age, but in Ibme 
 Ages pall mention hath been made of thele or -the like 
 Iniech by the Philofophers, as by Plin% y Arifiotk, Mi- 
 an, and others, who have made learch into the 
 nature of Infects, and by whom this Inleft is defcribcd 
 under the name of Htmtrob'ms, Ephemeras, and Diaria, 
 as appeareth in their writings j as allbin the foremen- 
 tioned Book of Anger ins Ctutim , publifhed An. 1634, 
 But what degree of knowledge they have had of this 
 Infeft,. and what for truth they have recorded 
 thereof, will appear to thole who lhafl take the pains to 
 examine them according to this Treatile. 
 
 The Eggs of the Ephemeron being in the foremen- 
 tioned manner (hot in the water,, and befprinkled with 
 the Milt or Seed of the Male, they fink gradually, and 
 are by means of the ftreaming water fpread here and 
 there on the clay or ground ; as alfo for that by 
 '(f) m. 4 . their fhape, which is a (/) flattifh round, they are 
 i%. i. fitted for a fpreading in their finking ; and therefore if 
 with the point of a knife you fhall let them down Iei- 
 furely in the water, you will find them neatly leparate 
 one from the other. 
 
 How long thele Eggs remain under water unhatch- 
 ed, or in how many days the tender limbs of the worm 
 are fo far grown as to have ftrength to break through 
 the fhell or skin, is very difficult to be declared, not- 
 withftanding by often digging in the Clay, in learch 
 for them, or by keeping Tome of their Eggs in a veflel 
 with Water and Clay, lome knowledge thereof might 
 be attained. It fhall fuffice for the prefent to lay, that 
 the Egg of the Ephemeron produceth a Six-legged 
 Worm, which the Seamen and Fifhermen name 
 SiDefoCt: Sag, or as hereafter jfhall be 
 
 mentioned. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
4 
 
 Epbemeri Vna, 
 
 CHAP. I I- 
 
 Out of the Egg of the Ephqneron froteedeth it Six- 
 Legged Worm. 
 
 T HE Time when the Worm is hatched and 
 named or tfatt,' being to me unknown ; 
 
 X w iH proceed in my difcoveries ; and firft, if after iome 
 confiderable time you dig in the Clay about the places 
 where thefe worms are, you will find a great number 
 of Six-legged and very fmall worms; which differ not 
 in form and ftiape from thofe which are bigger : I faid, 
 a confiderable time, becaufethey grow but f lowly, tor 
 in the following year in the month of June , when the 
 full grown Worms filed their Skin, thefe Worms are 
 in fize but of about (4) one Holland inch long, in*. 
 
 ’ part of the length of the (*) full grown Worm 
 
 Befides thefe Two forts of Worms fo confiderably 
 different infize, there is at the fame, time alfo found in 
 the Clay a (y) third fort, which exceed the fmalled 
 fort, being double the fize of them, and aie lefs than 
 the full grown. B.efides,thofeof each Size and Age ciit- 
 fer fomewhat in length and thicknefs among them- 
 felves. So that whereas the full grown Worm at the 
 time that it is ready for flight is about Three Holland 
 inches long, die middle fort are about Two^oftiic xanie 
 inches long, and the fmalleft about One inch. 
 
 There is alfo this further difference as to their Age, 
 that thofe of the (rf) firft fize have not only no wings, 
 but alfo no appearance of them ; but in the fecond fipe 
 the (e) wing-cafes appear, which in the third fee are 
 fully and plainly vifible, (f) ami as a flower in its biid, 
 growing on, and as it were creeping out. 
 
 (a)Tah. 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 ( b) Tab. 
 F'<2-b 
 
 (c) Tab. 
 Fig- V 
 
 (d) Tab. 
 Fig. r. 
 
 (e) Tab 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 (f) Tab. 
 Fig- 3 . 
 
 chap, 
 
Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 or never are found on 
 
 chap. in. 
 
 The Worm being hatched what its Firji Action is, and 
 what its Food. 
 
 H AVING observed what kind of Worm is 
 hatched out of the Egg of the Ephemeron , I fhall 
 next defcribe what the Worms thus hatched firftdo,- 
 and what is their Food. 
 
 It is very requifiteto know that the Worms rarely 
 
 ground 
 
 of the 
 
 Swimming in the body of the water, for notwithftand- 
 ing they Swim indifferently fwift, and make a kind of 
 a Snake-like motion in the water, bendingfbmetimes 
 their heads dowmvard and fometimes upward, which 
 waved motion the body followeth, yet they keep them- 
 felves always clofe the Tides or banks of the Rivers, in 
 the ffilleft places of the water where they have their 
 Cells. And where the places dug for finding them are 
 moll; Clayie, there are they found in-greateff number ; 
 yet are they feldom found on the outfides of the Clay, 
 blit they have their habitation within the body thereof, 
 and that in oblong round cavities which themlelves 
 have made, not Hoping downwards, but ftraight and 
 . horizontal, and therefore V ander Karachi in Clutiacs faith 
 true, that there Infedts have each its proper Cell. 
 
 As the Bees by an admirable and poffibif inimitable 
 art make their own Cells out of Wax ; in like manner 
 (a)tii. t. ate thefe excavated ( *) Cavities like Tubes made by 
 .rig. :. thefe Worms, and digged out according to the- fize of 
 their bodies : wherefore as- (con as thefe- Worms are 
 ■forced out of their Cells and have nothing to creep on 
 but the Surface Of the Earth, having no fupport for the 
 Tides of their Bodies, they fb on lo-e their readinefs and 
 
 fwiftnefs of motion. 
 
 notwithftandjng' they- arc - id 
 
 .rounded . 
 
^ Ephemeri Vita, 
 
 rounded with water, andby meai ns of Swimming wn 
 keep themfelves up ; yet have I found when I had taken 
 a great number of thefe out* of their Cells for to Diifecl 
 
 them, that they always fell on their backs, where they 
 
 feemed to ly as unable to raife themfelves again 
 their Legs; whereas on the contrary they being in 
 their Tube-like Cells, move very fwiftly backwards 
 and forward and all manner of ways. And the fame 
 I have alfo found common in all forts of worms, that 
 live in fuch excavated Cells, which move very fwiftly 
 in them, but taken out feem to lye as fainting away. 
 
 As I have alfo found in the Worms which live in exca- 
 vated holes of Trees ; as alfo in thofe which are found in 
 Fruits, Excrefcences of Leaves, and inthe wart-like 
 Excrefcenc.es of Plants. It is very obfervable that a 
 Wood-worm when drawn out of its Cell, immediately 
 fpins a web about its whole body, by which means it 
 isaffifted to make a new opening or Cell in the Wood, 
 which without this fupport of its body it could not do, 
 having herein need thereof to prefs its body agamlt it. 
 
 w orm out of its Cell is fo weak, that Sw imming a 
 
 in the water, and refting there a finali time, immedi- 
 ately and without order it finketh to the ground and 
 
 there remaineth lying on its back. , , 
 
 But to proceed, the W orms as foon as hatched De- 
 take themfelves to bore their Cells, the which as 
 is faid they make in the Clay, oblong, fometimes 
 ftraight & fometimes crooked, which they by degrees 111- 
 large according to the increafe of their body in bignels ; 
 fo that the old Worms live in (}) wider Tubes or (b)Tab. 1. 
 Cells, and the young W orms in (e) narrower.^ F ' S aaa 
 
 To this purpole the wife Creator hath furnuhed 2. 
 them with fit members;for befides that their T wo Fore- j#. *. 
 legs are formed fomewhat like thofe of the ordinary 
 Moles or the CfoE'CtjUtkor Gryllo-talpa , he hath alfo fur- 
 nifhed them with two Toothy Cheeks, fomewhat like 
 the Shores of Lobfters, which ferve them morereadi- 
 :ly to bore the Clay. 
 
 ; The 
 
 v 
 
Efbemeri Vital y 
 
 The Worms being placed in a Veffel with Clay 
 mixed with ibme water, yon will immediately fee 
 them begin to make their Cedis, and if it happen you 
 provide them not Clay enough, they cannot hide their 
 de%n, but will be continually wrooting the Clay 
 through and through, and hiding under the Clay 
 fometimes their head, (ometimes their body, and fome- 
 times their tail, always endeavouring to make new 
 Cells. 
 
 The V ifhermen affure us from their experience that 
 when the water of the River failerh or runneth off, 
 they then bore their Cells lower and deeper in the 
 Clay, and when the water again rifeth they alfo rife 
 higher ; which I judge to them moft needful, in confi- 
 deration of the many Lungs and Air-Veffels in thefe 
 Worms, forto fupply which they muft oft take frefli 
 air, which they could not do, if they remained in the 
 depth when the water role. 
 
 I have often experienced that thefe Worms taken - 
 out of their holes and placed in wet fand, do then 
 rather creep out of the water than go downwards to- 
 ward the bottom under the land, which they feem to 
 do as well for want of Clay, as for the warmth of the ; 
 water which feemeth hurtful to them. 
 
 Concerning what their Food is, is difficult to find 
 ©utexcept by help of Anatomy, which hath taught me 
 their Food to be only Clay : for at what time foever they 
 are opened, in their Stomach is found Clay, as alfo in 
 the thick and Imall guts, in the lame manner likewile 
 is always found in the Inteftines of Earth-worms, earthy 
 and land ; of which when they have fed, they eje£t the 
 semainder in a Crooked knobby form, as is to be feem 
 in the entrance of their Cells.- 
 
 As for the Moth which eat Wool and Furr, there 
 are two things very confiderable, and fuitingvery well 
 with this relation ; the firft, that the Cells they make 
 to them lei ves , wherein they live, and with which as. 
 their houle, Jortoife-like, they move from place. to place* . 
 
 they. 
 
g Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 they make of the matter next at hand ; the fecondis, 
 that they feed alfo on the fame : therefore when you 
 find their Cells, or rather coats or cafes to be made ot 
 Yellow, Green, Blew or Black cloth, you will alto mid 
 their dung of the fame colour : So that defiring to nave 
 irioft fine Chopt Cloth, you need but feek it in their 
 dung, and it were not poflible to find finer fhred how ers 
 or herbs than in the dung of thofe InfeCls that feed on 
 them. Which poffibly might be of good ufe for the 
 better extracting the Colours and Vertues of \ egeta- 
 bles, which appeareth after it hath rained for lome 
 days, at which time the dung of thefe Infects is in that 
 manner melted , that then walking through the Gar- 
 dens, you will difcern on the Linnen laid on the ground 
 for Whitening, fpots of feveral colours which are very 
 hard to be got out again. In thofe Boxes in which the 
 Drawi fts and Apothecaries keep their Drugs, you will 
 fbmetimes find lome Ounces of thefe Evacuations, out^ 
 of which might be extracted the vertue and colour of 
 y the Vegetable, whereas miftakingly they are often 
 fold for the Seeds of thofe Drugs. 
 
 Like as the Moth feedeth on the fame fubftance 
 whereof it maketh its Cell or Cafe, fo do alfo our 
 Worms; but as I laid, this is not to be difcovered but 
 By DiffeCting them : which way of certainly knowing 
 the Food of any InfeCt or other creature, hath not its 
 ■only ufe in thefe Infects, but alfo in Fowls, Fillies and 
 .other Animals, w hich we may defire to prefer.ve and 
 nourifli. And for the knowledge of what their food is, 
 we may in the ordinary w ? ay be much to feek. It hath 
 alfo its ufe concerning hurtful and much damage - 
 caufing creatures whole clcfiruction w'e therefore are 
 defiring. In this mariner I find commonly in the fto- 
 machof the Mole, parts of Ground-worms, which they 
 very greedily eat, and for which caufe alone they feem 
 thus to wroot in the earth. It will be therefore an ealie 
 wwy to deftroy tliem, if with the blood of a Mole you 
 jinx forne Katsbain and chopt Ground-worms, as ex- 
 perience 
 
Ephemeri Vita . p 
 
 perience hath taught : to get the blood of a Mole , clip 
 offa piece of his Nofe, whereat much bloud will iffue. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 How long this Worm feedeth : why named or Baite : 
 And how Jlrong its life is. 
 
 \ 
 
 H AVING deforibed the Egg, the Worm, and 
 its Nourilhment ; the next thing remarkable will 
 be, to confider how long it feedeth. For notwithstand- 
 ing it may leem ftrange to limit the duration of a Crea- 
 tures feeding, whole life is as to us wholly hid in the 
 earth and water ; yet it is not unfeafible by confidering 
 the differing fizes of thefe Worms. For whereas the 
 fmalleft fize worms after one years feeding, are in 
 length ’ of one Holland inch ; and that the (econd fize 
 are then in length i and ' of the lame inches, in fol- 
 loweth by confequence that every Worm is Three 
 years feeding, before it is fitted for its change, at which 
 third year the Worm now full grown is 2* inches 
 long. 
 
 Thele full fed and full grown Worms now quit 
 their Cells and the water tolly in the air, as follow- 
 ing I fhall delcribe. But as no creature is without its 
 enemy, in like manner thele Worms when they take 
 the water to attain their flight, are immediately preyed 
 on by the Fifh ; and although they have elcaped that 
 danger and attained the ule of their wings, yet are they 
 not free from a lecond danger, namely, of being prey- 
 ed on by Birds ; which hath given occafion to lome 
 Seamen, Fifhermen and other people, dwelling on the 
 Banks of the Rhine oblerving the lame to ule thele 
 Worms for a bait to filh with ; which therefore is the 
 • • C true 
 
io Efhemeri Vita. 
 
 true reafon why thefe W orms are named ^30 ^ 
 and J2D ZbZV $30 or Shore-bait by thole who live 
 about Wyk te Deurftede, Cuilenborch , and other places. 
 And from hence alfo it is that when thefe Worms are 
 become Fledg’d and have taken the Air, they are in the 
 a forefaid places named mlUC^ttC^ 330' or Hying bait, 
 whereas by thofe of Rotterdam , Scboonhoven , and 
 Dordrecht , theoldeft City in Holland , this Worm be- 
 ing Fledg’d is named ^aft, from whence- that iomuch 
 known Low-Dutch Pf over b is derived, tueV 10 
 m'ci)t3l0 l^aft, they are in multitude like Haft , for 
 thefe Worms thus fledg’d file in multitudes like the: 
 
 falling Snow. _ . . c c 
 
 At all times of the Year when the Sealon is fit for 
 Fifhing, thefe Worms make a good Bait;, for became 
 they live Three yearsin the water and clay before they 
 take their flight, they may at all times of the year be 
 dug out of the clay in thofe rivers for that ufe. 
 
 When the Fifhermen bait their hooks with thefe 
 Worms, they fix. their hook in the head of the Worm 
 where it. is hardeft and ftrongeft, and for that it lives 
 long, it is the more ufeful by its motion in the water 
 to allure the Fifh, to fwallow the hook. 
 
 The ftrengthof this Worms life may be difcerned 
 by this Experiment, that when once for drying and 
 preferving one of them, I had pierced the head through 
 with a pin, it yet lived the next day, notwithftanding 
 I had put it the whole night before in a Veffel with U- 
 rine for to kill it : yet neverthelefs being taken out of 
 their Clay Cells, and put in a Veffel'with water and 
 clay, they live not two da yes. When thefe Worms 
 therefore are to be preferved, they muff only be placed 
 in moiftfand or wetted clay, in which I have found the 
 greateft fort to live Four days, and the ffnall worms 
 Eight days, but wholly under water they cannot Tub- 
 
 fifh . 
 
 For fending thefe Worms elfowhere, there is no 
 better way than to bind forae of. the greateft hollow 
 
Ephemeri Vita • n 
 
 Heeds together, and to caufe the worms to rim in them, 
 wherein they will remain without hurting one an- 
 other, which otherwile they are fubjed to do, when 
 moving nigh one the other ; and this way they might 
 be removed into other Rivers, as Fifh are removed 
 
 C HAP. V. 
 
 A Defer ip tion of the members, or outward parts of the 
 Worm , its Colour, and Nature . 
 
 B Y a ftrift examination of the Worm, I find it diftin- 
 guifhedinto Fourteen annular incifures or divi- 
 fions, whereof the Firft containeth the Head, the Three 
 following the Breaft, and the laft Ten the Belly, with 
 its appendant T ails. 
 
 (e)Tab.tl In the ( 4 ) Head are oblervable the (A) Eyes cover- 
 F ‘ s ' l j ed with an entire Imooth Film, having on each fide its 
 brulhy hairs. When the Worm fheddeth its Skin, 
 this Film fheddeth allb gradually from the Eyes, which 
 eyes when the worm is fledged appear like a net. Some- 
 what lower under the eyes appear the two tender and 
 22 fharp-ending ( [BE ) horns, which are as it weredi- 
 c ftinguilhed into feveral Joints. Next appear the (C) 
 Toothlike fheres or cheeks which conftitute the Beak, 
 at whole beginning underneath appear feveral other 
 hairy and filmy parts, which have feme fimilitude with 
 thole found in Lobfters and Prawns. 
 
 D At the firfl ring in the Breaft are joyned the (D) Two 
 
 foremoft legs, in which is oblervable their fhape and 
 their Joints. Their fhape is lomewhat like thole crea- 
 tures which wroot in the Earth, and therefore thefe 
 feet have their ftrongeft motion outwards, whereby 
 like Moles they may the better dig away the earth. 
 
 C 2 Every 
 
n Epbemeri Vital 
 
 Every Leg hath four joyntsand one Nail; the firft 
 joynt is joyned to the Bread: ; the fecond joyned to the 
 firld, is fomewhat bent, as is alfo the third ; butwith- 
 allof a more, horn-like fubftance than the other, and 
 having fmall points. fticking outlike teeth of a lad Red 
 colour, and with many hairs on the Tides. . The fourth 
 joint is very (mail and armed with a Nail, in which 
 are very neatly placed the fmall mufcles with their in- 
 ftrtions, which very curioufly move the joints of the 
 horn-like bony legs. t 
 
 At the Second ring of the Breaft, being the third 
 of the body, which feemeth moft properly to- repre- 
 sent the Back, and which is covered above, and under 
 with a horn-like bone, appear faftnedthe (D) fecond p 
 pair of Legs, containing each five joints, and one 
 nail, here and there beftt with hairs. Somewhat more 
 backward appear on each- fide the (F) knobs, or wing- g. 
 cafes, in which are inclofed the firft pair of wings : 
 Theft are here and there interwoven with Air-veifels 
 which appear on the outfide like common Veins, 
 or Nerves. When the Worm is. ready for {bed- 
 ding its Skin, theft inclofed wings neatly and curi- 
 oufly folded appear through theft inclofing films or 
 cafes. 
 
 At the Third Ring of the Breaft being the Fourth 
 of the Body, appear the Second pair of wings which 
 are much fmaller,, and wholly covered, with the firft 
 pair, which alfo in a manner cover the laft pair of Legs, 
 containing alfo each five joints and one nail, and belet 
 with ftveral hairs for adornment 
 
 The Firft Ring of the Belly, or the Fifth of the whole 
 body, appeareth fmooth and even, without conjum 
 ftion of Legs, Wings, or ought elft : To the Six fol- 
 lowing Rings on either fide of the Belly are neatly ad- 
 joyned (FF) the always trembling and moving GUIs, FF 
 with which according to Clhtius the Worm ftvimmeth ; 
 but miftakingly, for theft parts are truly the Gills of 
 this Worm : . in Crabs , , Lobjlers , and the 
 
 which. 
 
(*)Tab.2 
 
 £jg. i. 
 
 Epkemeri Vita. ^ 
 
 which in many things agree with the form of thefe- 
 Worms, are found the fame parts, and placed almoft 
 m the fame manner, however with this difference,, 
 that in the Lobfters and Crabs they are inclofed in the 
 hard Scale that covereth its back, and that in them* 
 they are placed higher in the body than in our Worm 
 
 as it alfo is in the fatten. In the Figures of Kjxcht 
 
 are Twelve of thefe Gills, reprefented on each fide, 
 
 but by miftake, for there are-in all but Twelve, viz.. 
 Six on each fide. ’ 
 
 T lgl !f h Nint , h Rin S s of Belly, or the 
 Twelfth and Thirteenth of the Body, are wholly 
 
 fmooth and even, but the Tenth Ring of die Belly, and. 
 
 F °? k te n? th -r° le Bcd y 1S adorned with (G) three hairy 
 and buffiy Tails, befides two crookeduppendices which* 
 in the Females are not fo vifible, and in the Males have- 
 tome other appendices. 
 
 As to the Colour of the Worm,, the fmalleft are of 
 a pale Blue fomewhat inclining to Grey, which ra- 
 ther proceedeth from the tranfparent Inteftines, than- 
 from the true Colour of the Worms outfide ; alfo the 
 eyes inafi thefe Worms are a Brown black, and the 
 Black is fpeckt with pale Brown fpeeks, the which ac- 
 eordmg to the age of the W orm grow blacker. T he 
 Beak of thefe Worms- is- pale, with fad red teeth, as 
 are alfo the Two tooth-like Sheresor Cheeks, which are 
 as it were a.part of the mouth: the hornlike bony parts, 
 
 fad Red' 85 ^ the NaiJs °- f the feet > are Kkewife * 
 
 Tlie Wings which as it were bud forth change gra- 
 dually from a Pale into a Yellowifh Colour, which in 
 time further change* into a Brown blue, till at length 
 it becomes of a Browmfli black. The whole Worm in 
 time attained! a pale Yetlttw, and the BTackiffi foots, 
 on its back, which conftitute, the upper parts of the. 
 Belly, are gradually changed into a deeper Colour. 
 
 r x ?! 111 J , to be confidered the Sex. The 
 
 Male hath its Eye in largenefs double to that; 
 
Epbemeri Vita. 
 
 of the (*) Female. The body of the Male is commonly (iga. *. 
 much lefs than that of the Female, which according 
 to my obfervation is the lame inalUnfeasandis fo 
 contrived by Nature, or rather by the W 
 
 of Nature, that for the great number of Eggs the be 
 male beareth,it might have a fufficient containing p ace. 
 
 The Tails of the Male are the longeft ; befides they 
 have three or four other appendices which in the fe- 
 male are hardly vifible, and of which fome appear on 
 the Tides, and fome under. The Male reprefen ted in the 
 firft Figure of the fecond Plate is the biggeft I have 
 ever feen, notwithftanding of Females many larger 
 
 ^Concerning the Nature of this Creature, I pretend 
 to little experience thereof, only I can affure you that 
 among all the diverfe forts of Infers I have been ac- 
 quainted with, I never met with one better natured 
 and more harmlefs than this; for how often or how 
 much foever it is touched or handled, it feemeth always 
 to be well pleafed ; and left at reft, it immediately be- 
 taketh to its work of making its Cell. Only I have ob- 
 ferved in the fmalleft fort, that when they are handled 
 fomewhat too hard, they bend their head toward their 
 breaft, and thereby make themfelves as it were inner . 
 Among all itsaaions, none is more Arrange than the 
 motion of its Gilts, of which it hath on each fide of- 
 its body ( c ) Six, which are moved fo orderly and con- 
 tinually trembling, that it is admirable. FF - 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Efhemeri Vital 
 
 1 5 
 
 ' C H A P. VI. 
 
 The Anatomy of the inward parts of this Inf eft, 
 
 H AVING deferib’d the Egg, the Worm, its 
 Nourilhment,&- duration of Life, its outward parts 
 and its nature ; I could now fitly proceed to its Change;, 
 but for that this Change is fo extreme fudden as con- 
 fining alone in the Ihedding of two Films, and Ibme 
 members, 1 judged it better for the more clear un- 
 demanding of the difference between the Infed fwim- 
 ming,and the lame Flying, (that is, between the Worm 
 and the Ephemeron) firft to confider the inward 
 parts, the rather alio for that we dilcern the lame 
 parts in both forms of this Infed. 
 
 And now that Fhave undertaken to defcribe the in- 
 ward parts of the Worm, and that to effed it, T en- 
 ter in a path untrod before, yet will I not with Chains, 
 bewail the want of Books Treating hereof : for befides 
 that Nature it lelf beft dilcovereth its wonders, and 
 the Books are lo far only to be received, as they agree 
 with the truth of the natural appearances of things ; 
 I; therefore pity thole who depending on the experien- 
 ces of others receive alio therewith their endlefs un- 
 truths, and therewith deceive their Readers, Second- 
 ly it is impolfible, in the variety of Experiences, by 
 our Conceptions and Realbn alone to keep the right 
 path of truth, and with a clear Judgment to pals a 
 truelentence on the oblervationsof others; the more 
 lor that w T e find'the mod: certain Experiences not agree- 
 ing with our judgment, or rather prejudice, tobe .ob- 
 fiinately rejeded : wherefore I appeal to r he Experi- 
 ences themleives, notwithftanding I might complain, 
 that for want of a lufficient number of Worms, X'bould 
 not Anatomize , their parts to a full exadnefsy nor to 
 - ■ ' my 
 
i4 Epbemeri Vita, 
 
 my own fatisfa&ion. But afterwards I have learned 
 that the Works of God are unlearchable and incompre- 
 henfible as is his Being. Wherefore we need not fur- 
 ther fearch into thefe his Works, than with admira- 
 tion of.-our ignorance in the lame, to Praife and Love 
 their Maker. 
 
 That I may as much as is poffible clearly reprelent 
 my Oblervations, I lhall withal delcribe the manner I 
 haveufed in the Year 1670. to attain the true Dif- 
 leftion of the parts of the W orm, for I will at no hand 
 either deceive my felf or others. But before I proceed 
 to the delcription of the IntelHnes, I lhall to affid the 
 memory, in fhort, enumerate all the outward parts 
 oblervable in the W orm, and then, which are the in- 
 ward parts in the Male, and which in the Female. 
 
 The outward parts of the Worm are the Head, the 
 Scull, the Horns, the Eyes, the Teeth, the Beak, the 
 Tongue with its hairy Films, which appear in the 
 Worm in the fame manner as in the Lobfier ; the Bread, 
 the Legs, the Nails, the Wings, the Belly with its 
 appurtenances, the uppermod twelve Gills, and the 
 under ten Finns, the Tails with their appendices, and 
 lafrly the openings of the Air-velTels under the bread. 
 
 The Inward parts in the Male befides the Bloud and 
 the Films, are the Mufcles, the Fat, the Stomach, 
 the Guts, the Lung-velTels, the Heart, the MedntU 
 Jpindu, and the Seed-veffels. 
 
 In the Female having the fame parts, is alone this 
 difference, that in dead of the Seed-bladders or Milt, 
 is found the Egg-cluder, which is dictated with thin 
 Films, throughout woven with very many air-velfels. 
 
 But whereas for want of a diffident number ol 
 Worms, I have not exadly enough examined the in- 
 ward parts of the Head and Eyes, I Utah therefore 
 fpeafi little of them, as alio of the parts of the Bread^ 
 which for the mod part is filled with the Mufcles of 
 the Legs and Wings. 
 
 When 
 
Ephemeri Vita. ij 
 
 When a Male Worm (eafily diftinguilhed by the 
 largenefs of its eyes) is placed on a finall Deal board, 
 covered either with black paper or linnen which fpot- 
 teth not, with its belly upwards, and there fixed with 
 a very fine Needle, you will find immediately iflue out 
 of the wound in the Skin, a thin watery moifture which 
 is the true bloud of this Worm, however it appeareth 
 not of a Red colour as in Earth-worms, in which, as 
 hi Four-footed Animals it is Red. To open the Skin, 
 there is nothing more fit, than a veryfharp and fine finall 
 ScilTers, for that the Lancets, although never fbfharp, 
 are not in this work ufeful, for they alwayes tear up 
 fome of the parts and ftrain them afunder ; efpecially 
 when they are of unequal hardneffes. 
 
 When with a fiharp fine Lancet, or the point of a 
 fharp grounded Needle, you leifurely and with patience 
 ieparate the upper Skin from the under parts, then ap- 
 peareth immediately the under Skin very thin and 
 filmy, which, railed with diferetion, the Mulcles of the 
 Belly appear, and not only thole Mulcles which extend 
 inaftraight line from one Ring of the Body to the 
 other, but alfo thole which are placed oblique, and 
 tranfverle, and others alfo which lerve to the motion 
 of the Gills, the fecond Film appeareth alfo like threads, 
 and leemeth to be faft joyned with the forementioned 
 Mulcles. 
 
 Next the Mulcles, appeareth and is fall joyned to 
 them a very fine and thin Film, which I judge to b e 
 the Peritoneum , above and under the lame appeareth 
 the Fat, which is compoled of finall and very thin 
 White bladders, which contain in them the true Fat, 
 in the form of a liquid OiU when thefe bladders are 
 viewed without a Micro lcG>pe, it would eafily be judged 
 they were the Fat it lelf, whereas they are but as the 
 thin and extreme tender Veficles thereof, which con- 
 tain that liquid Fat. Like as it is alfo in man, and all 
 other beafts, as will appear when thefe Fat- containing 
 Veficles, which are of a like proportionate magnitude 
 
 D (nail 
 
ig Epbemeri Vh<$, 
 
 fiiall be view’d by a Microfcope. The younger the 
 beafts are the better this Fat appeareth, tor then it is 
 fpread here and there on the Films, and not lo dole 
 placed up together as in beafts ot more Age. 
 
 Next appeareth the (*) Stomach, with the Guts wnJ.f 
 thereon depending, viz,, the Throat-gut, or bnU, '*• 
 otherwife the upper Gut of the Stomach, which ihoot- 
 eth forward in the form of a thin thread from the 
 Mouth or Cheeks through the back and breaft, and 
 conftituteth the upper part of the Stomach.. Where this, 
 fmall Gut is joyned with the Stomach, it appeareth 
 commonly ftraitned, (^0 which alfb. appeareth m A 
 the lower part of the Stomach, otherwife the nethei 
 ( B ) mouth of the fame. ® 
 
 The Stomach (C) notwithftanding.it is compofed c 
 of feveral parts, yetfeemethtobeconftituted of a thin 
 and very tender Film inwardly befet with rimples or 
 very neat pleats, outwardly it appeareth wholly fmooth 
 ana extended, efpecially being filled with food, or 
 blown full of Air with a fine Glafs pipe \ V eins and 
 Arteries there appear none:, for the watery colour of 
 the bloud hindreth the difcerning of thofe parts, and for 
 which caufe thefe Infers are named Exanguious, or 
 without bloud. 
 
 Notwithftanding the (C) Stomach appeareth fup- 
 plied with many fmall Veins which feem to be bloud- 
 veffels, yet being viewed with a Microfcope they clear- 
 ly appear ’to be branches of the (£) Lung-veftels, 
 which communicate their Branches not only to the Sto- Fi s-J- 
 mach, but to all the outward and inward parts of the 
 body, fo that the very Bones and Nails are furnifhed 
 therewith. T he.( Guts adjoyned to the Stomach ( C ) Ta». 4; 
 appear both in form and conftitution threefold, as the Fi S- “>• 
 inward bended or (£> D ) thin Gut. The thick or dd 
 ( E ) pleated Gut, and the ftraight ( F) or terminating E F 
 Gut, within the thin Gut, fomewhat low backwards 
 appear fome Pleats (G) like half circles in the fame c, 
 manner as the Valves in the thin Guts of men, where 
 
 they 
 
 l 
 
they are named by Anatomifts Annular or Conniven - 
 tes. Somewhat lower where it formeth the ( E ) thick 
 Gut appear fomewhat long ftrokes, which are very 
 neat and lively, like io many long and extended Mul : 
 culous threads in the hollow thereof, which agrees 
 fomewhat with the 550 CC&, which in four-footed Crea- 
 tures is a part of the Paunch ; next followeth the ( F) 
 ftraight Gut which appeareth very neatly pleated, till 
 it extendeth as it were out of the body with an indiffe- 
 rent opening at that end by which the Excrements are 
 font forth. 
 
 c The (C) Stomach is placed between the \th and 
 4> < » jth Ring of the body, where with the thin Gut it takes 
 
 8 up all the remaining part of the Belly, as the 6, 7, 8, 
 xo’ii, 9 ’ 9,10, and nth Rings, whereas the three laft of the body 
 •> l 3 > *4* as the 12, 1 3, and 14 th contain the thick and ftraight 
 Gut. Like as the Stomach is furnifhed with a great 
 number of Air-veffels, fo alfo are the Guts, and efpe- 
 cially the ftraight Gut, and that chiefly in that parr, 
 where it isfurniflhed with (4) two Mufoles for prel- 
 im * 'if/ fing out its Excrements. 
 
 And becaufo the Worm is fed with Clay, the Sto- 
 mach and Guts commonly appear filled therewith. T his 
 Clay doth almoft always appear through the Stomach, 
 the Guts, and alfo through the whole body, but it is moft 
 vifible through the back ; by which tranfparency of 
 the Worms body, it hapneth that the Worm at diffe- 
 rent times appeareth of different colours, according to 
 the colour of the Clay it feedeth on, viz. Paler, 
 Greener or Wanner ; or more or lefs digefted or chang- 
 ed in the Guts. 
 
 When the time approacheth that the Worm is to 
 Change into aFlie, then appeareth no Clay at all in 
 the Guts, the lame alfo hapneth in Wood- worms, the 
 W orms of Bees, Silk-worms, and feveral other Infers, 
 which at the time of their Change become as clear and 
 tranfparent as Cryftal, andfome other Info&s are thus 
 tranfparent during their whole life, fo that their Veins 
 
20 Ephemeri Vttct. 
 
 and Inteftmes with the motions - of the fame within 
 their body can be clearly difcerned. 
 
 Among the inward parts-of the Ephemeron, are very 
 confiderable the (*) Lung-pipe, the Air-pipe, or 
 Wind-pipe, as the fame part is named in Birds, Beafts S ' A ' A 
 and Man ; this Air-pipe or veffel is not conftituted of 
 one fingle trunk, as in the forementioned Beafts and 
 Man, but of two chief Trunks, which are placed on 
 each fide of the body, curving Snake-like, and that 
 not only in theBreaft, as in , our bodies, butalfointhe 
 Head, the Belly, the Legs, and the Wings; fo that 
 the Stomach and the Guts, together with the Mufcles 
 and Sinews, are as it were fed with Air, which truly 
 is very wonderful, for that the Reafon for which it is 
 fo formed* is to us wholly incomprehenfible, and 
 teacheth us that God in the incomprehenfiblenefs of 
 his works- is to be adored. 
 
 The Fabrick of the Lung-veftels in this InfeCt, as 
 in all other InfeCts l am acquainted with, is conftituted 
 of innumerable ftifF and curled-like parts, which in the 
 form of knotted Rings are joyned together, and fo dole 
 united by means of very thin films drawn over them, 
 that they very fitly contain the Air in them, and fend it 
 to all the parts of the body backwards and forwards. 
 
 When the Worm fheddeth its Skin, I believe, the 
 Lung-veffels alfb fhed a Skin, notwithstanding I have 
 not yet feen it, for at that time when I hapned to make- 
 thefe obfervations, I knew not of it. In the Silk- 
 worms is this Shedding of the Skin of the Lung-vefiels 
 fo confiderable, that all humane understanding mult 
 Stand amazed thereat : for in that very fmall time 
 when the Silk-w'orm fheddeth its Skin, feveral hun- 
 dreds of Air- vefiels in its body alio Shed their Skins, 
 being very thin films, all made up of thofe Rings before- 
 mentioned, which would Seem incredible in the Rela- 
 tion if I my felf had not feen it distinctly, and had Shewn 
 it alfb to others. 
 
 The 
 
MTib. }. 
 .Fig. i. 
 
 AA 
 
 BB 
 
 CC 
 
 DD 
 
 (b) Tab.4. 
 Figv. C. 
 
 (c) Tnb. }. 
 Fig. i . H. 
 
 (d) Tab. 4 . 
 Fig.i. LL, 
 
 ( e ) F'g- 7* 
 A. 
 
 (f) Fig- 4- 
 IT. 
 
 Ephemeri Vita. 1 \ 
 
 The Colour of thefe Lung-velTels is a Pearl colour 
 fomewhat Grey, which as they come to change their 
 Skin, changeth into a clear and fhining White, for 
 which caufe they are much Whiter in the Flies than in 
 the Worms; they fpreadthroughout the whole body, 
 to Communicate Air to all the parts outwards and in- 
 wards, lb that thole two great and remarkable (a) Air- 
 veftels, which appear placed on each fide of the Worm, 
 lend to all parts of the body their Branches, as in the 
 Head ( BB) to the Nerves and Brains ; in the Breaft' 
 (CC) to theMulcles of the Legs and Wings ; in the- 
 Belly ( DD ) to the oblique and ftraight thread-like 
 Mulcles. As a Ho to the ( EEE) Medulla Spinalis, tc 
 ( FEE) the Milt or Seed-velTels of the Male, to (GG) 
 the hairy Gills, to (b) the’ Stomach and (c) Guts, 
 to (IH) the outward Skin, to ( KKi) the Film of the 
 wings, to(d) the Egg-clufter in the Female, to the 
 Film (MM) that covereth the Egg-clufter, to the 
 
 (e) Eggs, as they are taken out of the body,and to the* 
 
 (f) heart. 
 
 I have had much trouble to dilcover the outward 
 openings of the Lung-velTels, for they open neither in 
 the Mouth or Throat as in other Creatures, and for that 
 Reafon they leflen gradually as they nearer approach' 
 the Head, whereas otherwife they ought thereto widen,- 
 after a long fearch they feem to me to have their open- 
 ings, under and in the Tides of the Breaft, almoll in 
 the fame manner as I have afterwards obferved it in 
 Grafboppers , where thefe openings a<re eafier to beleen ; 
 hut here in our Worm, by realon of its living an the 
 Water and Clay, are.lels, and therefore more trouble- 
 Tome to dilcover. In the Silk-worms thefe openings 
 of the Air-veftels are more vifible, for they have Tenon 
 each fide of their body, vise. Eighteen largennes, and 
 Two lelfer, which laft not having any Brown fpots are 
 not lo vifible, and never appear clearer to fight, than 
 when the Worm fheddeth its Skin, when out of all. 
 thefe Twenty openings of thefe. Air-v.elfels the fhed 
 Films thereof may be leen toiftue out, From . 
 
21 Efhemeri Vital 
 
 From thefe Obfervations, appeareth very clearly 
 the reafon why our Worms rife higher into other Cells 
 when the water of the River increafeth, for that fbme- 
 ti-mes they rauft draw frefh Air, and breath, for which 
 caufe it may alfb be (aid, that they follow the falling 
 water, left they fhould be too much dryed up by the 
 furrounding Air, and that their veffels through the 
 dripping out water might be in danger of clofing. 
 
 Thefe Lung-veffels are beft difcovered when the 
 Worms have been dead for fome days, and that their 
 inwards are become blackifh, for then they appear 
 very clear to the fight, which happens for that they 
 they are of a Pearl colour, and like new boil’d Silver, 
 and alfb for that through their ftiff and hard matter of 
 which they are made, they are not fo fubjebt to rot, 
 for which reafon alfb at that time they better keep their 
 Figure and roundnefs. 
 
 When with a Microfcope you view thefe Worms 
 on their Breaft and Belly, the whole belly feemeth as 
 interwoven with Silver-white velfels : But now to 
 know truly whether they contain Air in them, lay them 
 only in a drop of water, and then clofe or prefs them 
 with the point of a Needle whereby the inclofed Air 
 will prefently appear ; when thefe Creatures are Dif 
 febted under the water, and that with fine Sciffers 
 you clip off fbme of their Lung- veffels, they rife imme- 
 diately to the Surface of the water, which alfb do all 
 the parts of the veffels broken oft^ with their ends up- 
 wards ; in a dried Worm Diffebted, thefe Veffels are 
 very eafily difcovered, becaufe by their curled-like 
 Rings they remain conftantly open, how much fbever 
 the other parts dry up. 
 
 One of the moft remarkable things obfervable in 
 thefe Lung-veffels is the great number of them ex- 
 tending to the (a) Gills where are (PPPP)three chief j. 
 of them reprefented as cut off; the middlemoft is al- F %ppp 
 ways black, which notwithstanding juft in the 
 
 middle appeareth tranfparent White, the other two 
 
 appear 
 
G 8 
 
 (b) Tab. 2. 
 Fig. i . 
 
 FF 
 
 (c) Tab. 5. 
 Fig - » • 
 
 ss 
 
 (d) Tab. 4. 
 
 00 
 
 TT 
 
 vr 
 
 Ephemeri Vita, 2 $ 
 
 appear on each fide of the middlemoft: which is Black, 
 and they fhoot out a great number of Silver white 
 VeiTels (GG )in the Gills, which veflels are not very 
 vifible by their Colour, by realbn of the very bright ap- 
 pearance of the Gills, which are in number Six ( b ) 
 on each fide of the body, and are pure fhining White, 
 under the lame, on each fide are the Five (c ) Finns of 
 a Yellow Colour with which the Worm fwimmeth. 
 
 I had made fome other Obfervations concerning the 
 Gills and their VeiTels, which are miffing, and which 
 I cannot now find, and the Contents of them is wholly 
 out of my Memory ; lo that I remember not what is 
 theufe of(<5Y)that Feather-like hairy part which is leen 
 Under the firft and uncut pair of Gills, as alio whether it 
 is found under the other Gills, what Communication 
 thole Gills have with the Lung- velfels, and the (al) 
 Lung-vellels with ( 77) the heart, I know not, lb 
 that l ean relate no more thereof than what is repre- 
 lented in this Delineation, where all the Air-veifels- 
 about the heart are not reprelented, to prevent confu- 
 fion, only lorne are reprelented whole,, and the others - 
 ( VV") as cut of. 
 
 I have alio in all my delineations, not oblerved an 
 exabt proportion as to the fize of the parts, for that 
 leemed to me a too tedious labour and of fmall ule ; lb 
 that Fhave delineated one part lomewhat larger than 
 the other, never thinking to have made thele my Ob- 
 lervations publick, till T had anew more examined 
 them all over, which I alio afterwards found more ne- 
 celTary, as well for the greater knowledge I afterwards 
 attained concerning the parts of Infects, and alio a 
 greater readinefs in the Anatomizing of them, but the 
 kind Reader is defired to pardon what is wanting, 
 which I am confcious is very much; and who is able; 
 in many years to deferibethis Inlebt, and the wonders 
 therein obfervable, which is the realbn that I Commu- 
 nicate it thus to the world ; the more for that know amu 
 relbived to addict my thoughts more to love the Crea- 
 tor; 
 
24 - Ephemeri Vita . 
 
 tor of thefe things, than to admire him in his Crea- 
 tures. 
 
 The ( <*) heart appeareth placed above in the back (a)Td.4- 
 as it is in Silk-worms, the Worms of Bees, Wood- 
 worms, Caterpillars, and other like Infe&s, here and 
 there it appeareth fomewhat(XXXX) fwelling out, like xxxx 
 as in Silk-worms, and noted by Malpighins , and from 
 whence he concludeth, but not rightly, as I conceive, 
 that in the lame Worm fhould be more than one heart; 
 
 I have feen this heart move in the Ephemeron , but very 
 diforderly, and what I have here reprefented in the 
 Figure is but a part of it, and I have wholly forgotten 
 in what part ordivifion of the body it is placed. 
 
 Th e(l>) Medulla Spinalis in this Infe£t,is like that in all (b)tab. ?. 
 the other forts that I have yet dilfe£led,very wonderful ^ 
 and obfervable ; it contains Eleven Swellings Oblong 
 and Oval, the Firft of which reprefenteth the Brains 
 where the ** Optick Nerves very vifibly appear ** 
 fhooting forth in the fame manner like as the other 
 Nerves of the Body fhoot out from the other Ten 
 Swellings, but in greater. number from the upper Swel- 
 lings than from the under. Here and there the Medulla 
 Spinalis appeareth very neatly faftned as it were with 
 CSX) bands,, which are made partly of an horny bone, z z 
 
 and partly of a Sinewy fubftance : as is chiefly appearing 
 in the Breaft, where the Medulla Spinalis fhooteth forth 
 very ftrong Nerves to the (aa ) Mulcles which move aa 
 the Leggs and the < K bb') Wings in like manner as it bb 
 doth to the («) Mulcles of the Gills and the Finns. ( C c)TXb 4 . 
 
 Oat of every Swelling or Node of the (yd') Medulla Fig.i.cc 
 Spinalis lhoot always two very ftrong Nerves which 
 yoyn in the next Swelling, and enlarges the fame 6 be 
 whereby the Medulla Spinalis appeareth throughout as 
 if Split and Gaping ; but as it is naturally placed in the 
 body that gaping appeareth not, for whereas there 
 the arifing Nerves lie dole one to the other, they feem 
 not gaping, as lab.^.Fig.6. maybe feen where the 
 Medulla Spinalis is reprefented, as it appeareth naturally 
 
■(i)Tab. f, 
 Hg. i. 
 FFFFF 
 
 FFFFF 
 
 Ephemen Vital z^ 
 
 in the body, as alfo the Fourteen divifions correfpond- 
 ing to thole of the body in which it is placed. 
 
 When you would lee the Medulla Spinalis without 
 hurting the Worm, you mu ft blow the lame up with 
 Wind from behind, whereby the Swelling Guts will 
 prefs fo ftrongly againft the tranfparent Skin that you 
 may very conveniently lee the Natural pofition, or 
 fhape thereof, and that as well without as with a Mi- 
 crofcope, but this is chiefly practicable in the Male. 
 
 As all the other parts of the body have their Air- 
 velfels, lo hath alfo the Medulla Spinalis , and that in a 
 great number, fo that even the Brain and the Nerves, 
 receive a continual refrefhment of Air. Whether it hath 
 Veins and Arteries I have not feen, yet I firmly believe 
 it ; but in the Silk- worms I have feen it very plainly, 
 viz. feveral Veflels and Veins ifluingoutof the heart, 
 which I filled with a Coloured Liquor, notwithftand- 
 ing I cannot hitherto certainly affirm whether they are 
 Veins or Arteries. 
 
 Concerning the (<*) Seed-veflels, or Genital parts, 
 they are as vifible in the Male-worm the day before 
 he Iheddeth his Skin, as in the Male of the Ephemeron y 
 which hath Hied his Skin ; on both Tides of the Stomach 
 and the Guts appear thefe Seed- veflels, which wholly 
 agree with the Milt of Fifties, notwithstanding like 
 the Seed-bladders in men, they are fomewhat crump- 
 led and Pipe-like in Shape. 
 
 In which they alfo agree with the Seed-bladders of 
 fome Four-footed Animals, as with the Moles, Hedge- 
 hogs, and the like. The ftiape of thefe Seed-veflels are 
 ( FFFFF ) oblong, taking up the whole belly as may 
 be feen in the Figure thereof, wdiere fbme of them is 
 reprefented without the body and fomewhat greater 
 than that in the body, thofe Veflels contain a very * 
 white Milky liquid fubftance which is the Seed, the 
 Veflels themfelves alfo are very white and conftituted 
 of a thin Film, having here and there many Air-veflels 
 interwoven in the fame. 
 
 E In 
 
Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 In the nethermoft Rings of the Belly appear two 
 other (a) parts alfo, as it feemeth pertaining to the (a) Tab.?, 
 Seed-veffels, which feem to have the fame opening Fl &- *• d<t 
 with the Seed-veffels, and with the (e) Guts, which s 
 I could not lo exaftly obferve when I made the Dift 
 fe&ion, for that a great number of thefe Infefts are 
 requifite to be opened, to repeat the fame fearch, and 
 to find that in the following which could not be found, 
 or was omitted in the former, but this number of thefe 
 Infeeds is not always attainable. 
 
 The (£) Egg-clufter in the Female is double, and ("£,) re- 
 placed ip thele Infefts in the fame manner as the Roe F ‘ s ' 3 ' 
 in Fifhes. When with a fine fharp-pointed Sciffers the 
 Skin of the Belly is a little dipt of, the (c) Egg-clufters (c) Fig. 
 appear immediately, which are placed on each lide of LL 
 the Flank of the Belly. In the middle between the fame 
 appear the (ff) Stomach, and the Guts fhining through, // 
 but fomewhat darkly, which are indifferently fail, 
 joyned to { the Films of the Egg-clufters \ MMM 
 
 the Stomach and Guts appear the clearer by how much 
 they are more filled with Clay, their nourifhment ; 
 whereby alfo the Eggs are more vifible, which by that 
 difference in colour appear the Whiter.. 
 
 This double Egg-clufter is fupplied with an innu- 
 merable number of Air-veffels, which are as it were 
 knit together with a thin Film, enclofing the Egg- 
 clufter, and by which thole Air-veffels are conducted 
 to theenclcfed Eggs.When the Film is feparated by the 
 point of a fharp and a well cutting Needle, and that a 
 part thereof with the Eggs is laid in a Spoon with wa- 
 ter, the £ggs immediately feparate one from another, 
 and there remaineth a tender bunch ( d ) of very thin 
 Veins as their Fibres,. Pearl coloured, which Fibres I 
 conceive for the mold part to be conftituted of Air- 
 veffels. 
 
 The (4) Magnitude of the Egg is fo fmall, as to be (a)Ttb.t. 
 hardly vifible, and therefore ought to be viewed by a F ‘ s ’*• 
 Mic.rofcope, being laid on Black or Blue paper which 
 
 much 
 
(b)Tab.j 
 Fig. 2 . 
 AA 
 
 Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 *7 
 
 much affifteth to the clear perception of them. 
 
 T he Form of the Egg is a flattifh round and oblong, 
 and inclofed in a reafonable ftrong Skin, which viewed 
 through a Microfeope appears cloudy ; its Colour is 
 White, -like the inward Film of an Egg-ihell : The 
 frnalnefs of the Egg feemeth to be therealon why the 
 Worms are Three years growing before they come to 
 their full growth and ready for change. 
 
 C H A P. VII. 
 
 Signs of the IV orms being ready for Change ‘ ~what is hurt - 
 ful to it ; and to which order of Natural Changerit per- 
 taineth. 
 
 T H E common preceeding figns of the Worms 
 Change at the exaft leafon of the year, are a 
 Warm and dry Spring, a Mild Winter, little Rain and 
 Snow, and a loft gliding water. The particular figns 
 that the Worm will fbon fly, are the (welling of the 
 Wing-cafes on the back, which at that time attain a 
 thicker and rounder form than formerly ; whereby the 
 watery Gluinels which otherwife is found in the Wing' 
 cafes is nOw become tougher and thicker, (b that it 
 now beginnethto attain the fhapeof the Wing, and 
 appear through ( b ) the tranfparent Wing-cafes. 
 
 Thefe figns are yet more apparent when the Colour 
 of thefe inclofed Wings change from a Pale Yellowifh 
 
 E 2 into 
 
zS Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 into a Grey colour ; and yet more certain, when the'* 
 Wing-cafes can befeparated from the Wings, without 
 hurting them; as in Tab. 3 . ( hhh ) is reprelented, 
 where the W ing is reprefented at large with its natural 
 but rare pleatings. l 
 
 t A further fign thereof is, when Differing the W orm 
 the Eggs are louncl to be full grown, hard, and Oval, 
 and alio when the outward cafe may be clearly fe para- 
 ded from the Worm and thereby c.auleit to attain the. 
 form of the flying Haft or Ephemcron. 
 
 At this time all their Inteftines are cleared of all 
 feces ; the Stomach and Guts containing nothing but 
 tra-nfparentand purified liquor, which the further from 
 Change they are, the more Clouded and Coloured 
 they are found ; their Colour being fometimes Y ellow- 
 ifh, and fometimes dark and Ruffet ; at other times, 
 there is found backward in, the thick and Ifraight Gut a 
 little Clay, whereas being now ready for Change, 
 they are very clear and tranlparent. 
 
 That which retardeth the Change of the Worm, 
 kifleth it, and hindreth its Change, is a hard and long 
 Winter,, much Snow and Rain, whereby their Cells 
 are clofed, broke, or covered with Sand, whereby they 
 come forth both fewer in number, and later in the one 
 year than the other.They are alfo hundred by too much 
 drought, which forceth them, to leave their Cells, and 
 bore new ones, from all 'which may be difcerned what 
 hindereth or furthered! the Worms growth. 
 
 Many water and other Infects are found to beinfefted’ 
 with Lice ; which extendeth fo far, that even 
 no Creature living either on Land. or Water, that hath 
 not its peculiar Louie, which feedeth on its blond and 
 moifture, even from the great Whale to the . final 1 Ant. 
 
 From w^hat hath been now related of the Signs of 
 the full growth of the Worms Wings, it clearly ap- 
 peareth to which of the Four Orders of Natural 
 Change, or flow growing on of the Limbs it pertain- 
 eth ; viz . to the Second Order, for all the Inledls there- 
 unto 
 
Ephemeri Vita . ip 
 
 unto belonging, change in the fame manner like our 
 Worm: Which Second order of Change is, That the 
 Worm- of the Ephemeron having quitted its Egg or Shell, 
 comes forth a Six-footed Worm , and by nourijbment re- 
 ceived, increafeth in all its Limbs to a full growth ; fo that 
 now on its back appear the Wings budded out ; until it 
 be grown it o a Nympha, which lofeth not its motion , and, 
 afterwards attaineth the fbape of a Flying Creature , by the 
 [bedding of its upper Skin or Coat , whereby it now becometh 
 ft for Generation. As of this and other like Changes. 
 I have treated more at large in my Treadle of Infetts, 
 where I have enumerated a great number belonging to 
 this fecond Order. 
 
 Auger in-s Clutins fupprofeth that our Worm Changeth 
 into a Nympha of the Third Order, and then like the 
 Nympha of the Silk- worm it lofeth all motion, which 
 he alfo reprefenteth in Figure, although in truth it is 
 otherwife ; from whence may appear how eafily they 
 may be miftaken, who declining the Truth of Experi- 
 ence, only depend on their o\vh Reafbnings or the. 
 Affirmations of others. 
 
 CHAP. VII I. 
 
 In how wonderful a. manner the Worm Changeth into the 
 Haft or Ephemeron. 
 
 T H E time of the Worms Change being come, and: 
 their Wings in their (^) Cafes, having attain- 
 Bg-x. aa ed their full ftiffnefs and Colour, and that the Worm, 
 is forced as it were naturally to a Change ; all the- 
 Worms thus fitted and prepared* leave their Cells, be- 
 taking themfeives to the water, and out of the water 
 to flight, which commonly hapneth in the. Evening- 
 
 between. 
 
Epbemeri Vita. 
 
 between the hours of Six and Seven, as I have oblerved 
 it in the year 1671. the 1 7 ,th of June. 
 
 Thofe other W orms that have not attained that ma- 
 turity and growth remain yet in their Cells, but thole 
 that have quitted their Cells and betaken themlelves 
 to the water, make all the fpeed pofhble to attain the 
 Surface of the water, which the one attaineth looner 
 -than the other, and then each Worm ( a ) immediate- (a) Tib. 
 ly changeth into a (£) Winged Creature, which * l s- *• 
 Change or fhedding its Skin is lb fudden, that by the ts ' l ‘ 
 ftrifteft obfervation it would be judged that they flew 
 through the water as they are. 
 
 All the Inlefts that I hitherto am acquainted with 
 have a certain time by the God of Nature allowed 
 them, to llretch out their Wings and to dry them be- 
 fore they betake themlelves to flight : and. notwith- 
 ftanding the conceived King of Bees, like our W orm 
 fuddenly leaveth his Cell, yet not before he hath for 
 lome time in his Cell Ipread out his wings and dryed 
 them. 
 
 But on the contrary our Haft or Ephemeron is almofl: 
 in the lame Minute a Worm and a Fly, for where you 
 calf your Eye on the Surface of the water, and per- 
 ceive the water to bubble, you fee them as it were . 
 flying out of the lame. 
 
 When in a Boat you lye crols the ftream, you may 
 beft perceive the bubling of the water, and the rile of the 
 W orm changed into a Flie, out of the water ; but how 
 fwift Ibever the hand is in Catching the Worm yet 
 fwimming in the water, yet can it not bring it un- 
 fledg’d to fight ; but if you bruile it a little about the 
 Bread: you may bring it unfledg’d out of the water, 
 which praftice is wholly necelfaryif you defire to view 
 it unfledg’d and in its Skin. 
 
 But how this ludden expanfion of the Wings can be 
 ctiefted is ftrange to confider, for that they have nei- 
 ther Mufcles nor Joints in the midft, being only neat- 
 ly foulded and pleated together in their cafes, and 
 
 which • 
 
Ephemeri Vita , 31 
 
 which in a very fhort time muft fhed another Film, 
 but how Vis is difficult to anfwer ; for my Concepti- 
 ons were that thefe Wings ought to have been furni- 
 fhed in their middle part with Mufcles and Joints as 
 we find in other Infers, by which means they very 
 neatly fold up their Wings in afmallroom, and by 
 means thereof alfo expand them again ; as is chiefly 
 obfervable in the Ear-worm, or Forfica , which hide 
 very large W ings under a fmall Shell or Cafe, as if they 
 had none at all ; and like as the Ear-worm by means 
 of Mufcles and Joints placed in themidftof its Wings, 
 can fold them in a fmall compafs in manner like the 
 wings in our W orm,and fuddenly expand them again : 
 
 I conceive the fame need of like Mufcles and Joints in 
 the wings of our W orm, but it hath otherwife pleafed 
 the great Creator who is various and wonderful in all 
 his works, and not to be tyed to the fame means in 
 effe&ing tfie fame thing in the one as in the other. 
 
 But yet to fay fomethingof my own obfervation in 
 relation to thelwift expanfion ofits Wings; I conceive 
 that the water preffing on all fides, and being warmer 
 on its Surface than in the body thereof, may much affift 
 to this expanfion, by reafon that thebloud at that time 
 moving from the heart to the wings, to aid or effeft 
 that expanfion, by the warmth may receive a more vi- 
 gorous motion ; as for inftance, when one hath a Vein 
 opened in his foot and holding the fame in warm wa- 
 ter, by the warmth of the water his bloud becorneth 
 more briskly moved and runs fwifter out. So alfo 
 while all thebloud and moifture of this Infe£t when it 
 fwimmeth andfheddeth its Skin is briskly moved, the: 
 furrounding water may be very affiftantto add to the 
 motion of the inclofed moifture, and fb caufe a more 
 vigorous expanfion of the wings :■ Therefore if at that 
 time their Wings are hurt or cut, they foon bleed to 
 death, or at leait the Wings flag and fpread no more.. 
 And as affiftant to the ready fpreading out of the: 
 wings isalfo the Air. which is conveighed into them by a? 
 
 greats 
 
Efhemeri Vita . 
 
 great number of Air- veil els, which may be ufeful to 
 ffiffen them, and caufe the moifture to exhale out. If 
 the Wing of the Worm when it is ready for flight be 
 cut off and laid in a fmall veffel with water, it will im- 
 mediately fpread it lelf in the fame till in a fhort time 
 it be fully expanded, that it would be ready for flight 
 if it were but dry and ftiff. I have feveral times reite- 
 rated this Experiment, and thereby learned in what 
 manner they do expand, for being laid, as before, in 
 the water, (ft) Firft the great folds do open, where- r*h. 
 upon ( b ) the Wing by degrees becometh extended in Fig . i. 
 its length, and then are expanded the (ft) long folds of (b ^ b 
 the Wing very wonderfully, till at laid the (d) Wing f ig. z. 
 fpreads out in its full dimensions as is reprefented in the (C J *• 
 (e) Figure of the Inleft according to the life, but the \ c j it' 
 reprefentation of the Wing in its folds, and the man- 
 ner of unfolding was taken by the help of a Micro- 
 Jfcope. When the Wings are yet in their folds their 
 Colour is a dark Grey, but as they expand they become 
 lighter Coloured. 
 
 The manner of the Expanfion of the Wings in other 
 Inlefts is quite different from this laft mentioned as in 
 thole of the Dragon-flie, or the Libella, or Perft, as alio 
 the Tipula terrejiris or Culex Maximus, and the Locufta 
 or Locuft, which Inlefts have their Wings placed in 
 their Cafes in a very crumpled manner, being neither 
 long-wile folded, nor again, Snake-like, as in our 
 Worm, for which reafbn their Wings are expanded 
 with more trouble, and require more time thereto. 
 
 in the §>ci)ocn4apper, the uaftficns, or the CapcE 
 iCU0 ( which are fome forts of Butter-flies ) is yet another 
 manner in the fold of their Wings, for they are dole 
 rumpled together, fo that no pleats, folds or rumples 
 appear, and neither having in their middle part or 
 iides any Joints or Mulcles, as hath the Ear- worm, as 
 before is mentioned : behdes theWings of the Cspellett 
 are beautified with an infinite number of fmall 
 Scaly Feathers, which are lo curiouflv placed one 
 
 above 
 
ww. y. 
 
 Fig - ». 
 
 (’AjTtfi. 7 . 
 1,*. 
 
 fcj Itfi. *. 
 Fig- i- 
 FF 
 
 C 
 
 DD E 
 G 
 
 (i)Tab. j. 
 Fig-i. 
 
 Tib 6. 
 Fig. i. 
 
 Ephemeri Vital ^ 
 
 above the other, and do lb wonderfully move the one 
 from the other when the Wing is expanded, that it 
 would deferve an intire Treatife: fo wonderful is the 
 wildom of the great Creator feen in the fhape ofthefe 
 Wings, and indeed what would not be wonderful of 
 which he is the Author ? 
 
 The ( a ) Efhemeron having thus quitted the water 
 endeavoureth with all poflible fpeed to attain a refting 
 place on land, which having attained, it there ( b ) fhed- 
 deth a lecond Skin, a very thin Film from its whole 
 body, viz., from its Head, Bread, Belly, Legs, Tails, 
 and Wings. And this lecond Skin fhedding on land 
 diflereth h orn the firft in the water ; for in the firli: 
 Skin-lhedding the Worm loleth wholly its former 
 fhape, which it doth not in this lecond Ihedding. 
 
 In the firft Skin-lhedding, the Skin of the Worm 
 burfting open on its Head & Back,fuddenly falleth from 
 its body and it as liiddenly betaketh to flight, but with- 
 al lofeth conflderable parts, (r) all the Gills on both 
 fides with the Ten Finns under them, befides thele 
 Gills thus Ihed there remain no hairs, which dilappear 
 lo intirely as to leave but very fmall Signs or points 
 thereof, which on the fide of the Belly make a kind of 
 a fmall lift. It looleth alio (C) its Teeth or Sheres, 
 the fhape of its ( DD ) Legs, the ( £) Wing-Cales, 
 the (G) Tails, &c. So that by this Firft Skin-lhedding, 
 it cometh forth wholly like (d) another Creature. 
 
 But although this order or method is very difficult, 
 if not impoflible to be obferved, in this fo hidden 
 Change of the Worm ; yet may it with much eafe be 
 dilcerned, if of a Worm thus ready for Change the 
 Skin be Howdy and with Art and Care taken of; for 
 then the fhedded Gills may be clearly feen remaining 
 in the died Skin ; alfo there may be feen the remaining 
 points thereof flicking out in the F lie ; there may alfo 
 be feen in the Skin the pits in which they ftuck ; in the 
 lame is alfo vifible the filed Skins of the Air-veffels of 
 the Mufcles, the Arteries, Veins, Nerves which fc- 
 
 F parate 
 
34 Efhmeri Vita. 
 
 parate one from the other, like ripe fruit that falleth 
 
 from the Tree. . ... 
 
 Further, whereas the Flie in this Firft Skin-fhedding 
 hath all its Joints and parts more extended in length, yet 
 the. horns barely Hied their Skin without any further ex- 
 trufion, and become much tenderer and fliorter in the 
 Fly than they were in the Worm. But more confi- 
 derable is the Change about the Eyes, for the horny 
 Film of the Eyes which in theW orm appeared even and 
 finooth, after the Skin is fhed in the Fly appeareth like 
 a Net, being an aggregate of many Eyes. The Legs 
 and two Tails after the Skin is Hied, become double the 
 length, and the third or middle T ail is alio fhed with 
 the Skin. 
 
 When I fay that the two Eyes in this InfeCt are made 
 of an Aggregate of many finall Eyes, which in dome of 
 thefe Infe&s, I have found to be 6 or 7000. and in lome 
 Infects fpread up and down their body, as in Spiders, 
 and the Storpion Flie, it mult not therefore be con- 
 ceived that they are in Form or make like the Eyes of 
 other known Creatures, or men, for in thefe is found 
 no Humour, but from every Globular partition of the 
 fame iffueth a Sexangular Filament which terminates 
 on the Net- like Film of thefe Eyes, and that in the 
 Nerve and Brain, fo that the manner of feeing in thefe 
 Infers is wholly different from what it is in us, in whom 
 it is effected by a Colle&ion of Raies in the Eye, but in 
 them by means of a Collection of Nervous Filaments, 
 which when they fee are only touched at the ends of 
 their Convexities by the Vifible qualities and Raies of 
 Light and Colour, as I have mentioned at large in my 
 Treatife of Bees. 
 
 Concerning the fecond Skin-fhedding of the Ephe- 
 meroft which foon fucceedeth the firft, it is obferve- 
 able that the Ephemeron in feeking a refting place for 
 to Hied its fecond Skin is wholly incurious, refting on 
 whatsoever is in its way, whether Wood, Stone, Earth, 
 Beaftor Man, and it is thus effected. 
 
WTib 
 
 fig. i t -. 
 
 (b) Tib. 
 fig. I. 
 
 Ephemeri Vita. ^ 
 
 it ?J X i C 5 itS , Feet a ™ ed wkh fliar P Nails on what 
 ghteth on, then being feized as with a cold 
 lhivenng the Skin fplitteth open in themidft of the 
 
 fnl? * r ho / ny 11] tegument of the fame, which 
 lplit mcreafes forwards fo far that the Flie can put 
 
 ' 7 ’ o/h"^’ f -f n ? ^ draweth for th its Legs out 
 
 «****?> wInl l e thc Nails of the feet remain fall 
 o that whereon the FJie had taken hold, which Nails 
 
 n- 1 ^ • d and thereby furthers and 
 facilitate the Gripping thereof, Fir ft the Head and Legs 
 are drawn out of the Skin, as you would pull your foot 
 out of your Shooe, or Head out of a clofe hacking Cap 
 fuL j n , t le ^inis drawn off the remaining parts of 
 t e body by turning the infide of the fame out wards, as 
 we ufually flea Eeles, or pull off a Glove the infide 
 outw ar d S) and when the Skin is half way over the 
 r . Wings they are like O ) captivated and bound, and 
 10 remain almall time without any perceptible motion : 
 the remaining part of the body in this fecond Skin- 
 fhedding is confiderably extended, and the Tails be- 
 come a third part longer than in the firft fhedding, 
 lo that the Tails and Legs at the firft fhedding which 
 became a Third part longer than before ; are become in 
 this lecond fhedding j longer than they were in their 
 
 firft fhedding, which yet is more confiderable in the 
 Tails, than in the Legs, for becaufe it is compofed of 
 many hollow Rings which by extrufion fbove one 
 
 •ru*! • od]er ’ and thereby this ftretching out is more 
 vilible in them than in the Legs which only lay bent in 
 the Skin, and by the fhedding thereof become extend- 
 ed in their full length. Further the hairs which in the 
 W orm did thick befet theTail,do ftand now in the Tail 
 of the Flie more thin fet, and are become finer and thin- 
 ner, for that they have now alfo twice fl^ed their 
 Skins. 
 
 The Efhemeron having now a Second time fired its 
 Skin flyeth. again to the water, on whole Surface it 
 ny£t.ii Inortingly, fometimes higher fometimes lower, 
 
 F 2 fome- 
 
Epbemeri Vua. 
 
 Sometimes twitter fometitnes flower, and beW«« 
 whiles retting otl its Tails beateth. its W g ,° e j K) [. 
 
 in the mean whiletts Tails fupporting ^ir, 
 
 lowand befet with hairs, and being without 
 
 drive and Swim the better on the r\ - which 
 finking, the which alfo happens to other 
 by means of hairs in and between which the Air bet g 
 
 inclofed they eafily Swim on the Surface of the water 
 
 as. appeareth in the Worms of the G« and GOtoe, ,y* 
 remain not thefe Ta,U always thus filled l with A>£ 
 but become empty thereof rf a pin be run through them 
 to drv them, for by that means therAir lUTumg ou , 
 
 SevKoank a/d crumpled: there is yet another 
 
 Son that our Flie thus lightly drive* on . the : wa =r 
 which is that in its body it hath a fine bladder niiea 
 with Air except it be laid to be the Stomach, now 
 only filled’ with Air, which I cannot ftri£lly fay, having 
 not fully fatisfied my felf therein i ' . . u 
 
 To proceed, this Ishereobfervable, that the (a) Male mb, 
 twice Steddeth its Skin, and the (4) Female tat once 
 which I cannot confidently affirm, yefchave not. hither- Fla . u 
 toobferved ought to the contrary for.- thi^caufe the 
 Tails of the Female, are \ fhorter than the Males. An- 
 other and more confiderable difference is, that tie yes 
 
 in the Male are double inlargenefs to thofe of the Fe- 
 male ; the third difference is, that the Gold colour o 
 the body draweth fomewhat more to Red in the Male, 
 than in the Female. Add hereto, that- to the great 
 Tails of the Male are four Appendices, which appear 
 like crooked Tags,, which in the Female are not lo.vt- 
 
 The Ephtmeron Copulateth neither in the boay of 
 the Water, nor on Land, nor in the Air ; only the 
 Female fhooteth her Eggs on the Surface of the Wa- 
 ter, on which the Male fliootethor cafteth its Milt or 
 Seed; to which end poffibfy it is provided with larger 
 Eves, that it might the better difcern the Eggs of the 
 Female in the water. As in like, manner many forts 
 
Ephemeri Vita . 37 
 
 of Fifh, without any Copulation, call their Seed in 
 the water, which they ejed not all at once in 
 one body, but fparfedly as loole and feparated Seeds. 
 That the Ephemerae Copulateth not in the water ap- 
 peareth hence, for that they come not out of their Cells 
 till liich time as they are ready for Change, except - 
 they come out to take Air, and it were impoffibie for. 
 them to Copulate in the body of- the water, for that 
 they cannot keep themfelves up in the water without 
 conftant motion ; for at any time- ceafing their motion 
 they immediately fink to the-ground, where they have 
 no firm abode, till they have bored themfelves new 
 Cells. Add hereto as the ftrongeft reafbn, that no In- 
 fed ever Generateth till having fhed itslafl Skin, at 
 leaf! not by any obfervation of mine. 
 
 Neither do they Copulate in the Air, as may eafily 
 be perceived at the time when they flic ; as alfo that 
 it were impoffibie for them to Copulate in the Air^ 
 in confideration that after the laft Skin-fhedding the 
 Legs of the Male are extended to that length that 
 Glut ius judged them to be horns. Confider alfo what 
 requifites are neceffary for to Copulate flying in the 
 Air, as is obfervable in Flies, and chiefly in the Dra- 
 gon-flie y which perform the Ad of Copulation very 
 wonderfully flying in the Air. 
 
 I conclude therefore my Obfervation-, that the Ephe- 
 merae never Copulateth either in the water or in thfe 
 Air, but only that the Female having fhed its Eggs in 
 the water, the Male fheddeth thereon its Milt or Seed 
 as before is faid. All- which in that fhort time of their 
 life in this date is effeded in that hafte and fwiftnefs 
 that it is impoffibie to make a narrower fear ch therein.- 
 
 During the whole life of this Flie iteateth nothing, 
 as is common to many other kinds of like Infeds, and 
 in fome others, this not eating continueth for fome 
 weeks, yea months ; as in Frogs, Lizards, Snakes 
 and Camelions, as I have obferved. 
 
 What,.; 
 
Ephemeri Vita . 
 
 What I have thus obferved concerning the Genera- 
 tion of the Ephemeron , is very confiderable, but yet 
 that is more confiderable in th'e Snail, whereof each 
 is both Male and Female together ; which I doubt 
 whether it is lb in any other Animal. And although 
 there are many Relations of thole they name Herma- 
 phrodites, yet doubt I whether ever any fuch hath been 
 feen. I opened once a Child reputed for fuch, but well 
 examined, it was found a real Female ; notwithftanding 
 that above the Female parts it had a riling, out of which 
 it evacuated its Urine, which hapned for that it had 
 no Urine-bladder, and the palfageof the Kidneys for 
 evacuation was in that place, which cauled the eafie- 
 believing and not confidering people to believe this 
 Child was of both Sexes. Among the Bees are Males 
 and Females, and a lort that are neither ; that we name 
 among them the Kjng, is a Female ; the Breeder which 
 is a Male, and the common Bee which is neither. The 
 lame is alio among Ants. Again thole Animals which 
 grow fait to the Rocks, or live in hard Shells, and 
 fo remove not from their place, muft needs have ano- 
 ther manner of Generating; all which compared 
 with the Generation of Vegetables having both Sexes 
 in the lame body, and the power to Generate without 
 Copulation, we may oblerve that the Omnipotent 
 God can produce the fame thing by feveral means and 
 ways. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 19 
 
 CHAP, ix: 
 
 How long the Ephemeron liveth y and what it is which 
 hafieneth its death . 
 
 T HE Ephemeron as before is laid, flying up and 
 down on the Surface of the water, liveth in that 
 ftate but between 4 and 5 hours ; that is from 6 a 
 Clock, or half an hour after in the Evening, till Eleven 
 of the Clock in the night following ; which I have 
 obferved by inclofing one in a Box in my Chamber, 
 and with fome care obferved the time of its life ; in that 
 Very fhort time they all die, and that which is obferva- 
 hle, none of them all die a natural death 011 Land ; for 
 affoon as they have fhed their fecond Skin, immediate- 
 ly they flye to the water. 
 
 Befides tha-t the life of the Ephemeron in the Bate of 
 aFlie is fo fhort, an infinite number die ere they come 
 out of the water, being devoured bytheFifli; and of 
 the other who efcape that danger by flight out of the 
 water, many are devoured by the Sea-Meawes, Swal- 
 lows , and other like Birds, while they are fhedding 
 their Skins and flying ; and having efcaped thele two 
 dangers, if in their flying they come too nigh the wa- 
 ter, or play therein on their Tails, they are caught by 
 the F'ifh ; and flying too high in the Air they are caught 
 by the Birds. 
 
 When the Ephemeron is fledg’d, then are the Koch 
 which feed thereon very fat, and of a fweet and plea- 
 fant tafte, as Dr. Nic. Tulp Burgomafter of Amjlerdam 
 hath allured me. 
 
 If thereaforibe asked ( the forementioned dangers • 
 excepted) of the fhort life of thisFlie, itistobecon- 
 fidered that the Eggs in the Worm, while yet in the 
 water are perfect, io that as foon as theFlieby fhedding ; 
 
ij.o Ephemeri Fit a. 
 
 its Skin, and extending its members is as it were New- 
 born, the Eggs are ready for ejection. Add hereto 
 that thefe Eggs when firft hatched have no need of the 
 Parents care as in other Animals : and becaule the 
 only realbn of their Change into a Flie feetneth to be 
 for Generation, which effected, the Flie dyeth ; and to 
 this eftdit is for three years growing in the water and 
 Clay, in the form of a Worm, as alio to this end.it 
 Changeth its Form into a Flie, till having call: its 
 Seed, it endeth its life. 
 
 Other Infects, as the Flie of the Silk-worm, which 
 are longer-liv’d, appear with their Eggs yet very im- 
 
 E erfeSt and weak, and bear them fo long, till they are 
 ard and fit for ejection, and then they alfoend their 
 
 life. 
 
 Some other Infedts, although in time they lay their 
 Eggs perfect, as the Ants and Bees, whereof the Fe- 
 male-Bee, vulgarly named the KJng, layeth in one 
 year about 6 thoufand Eggs, and yet they dye not 
 then, for they mu ft feed their young, and daily with 
 much care and labour provide them food ; which la- 
 bour and Care not being the duty of their Males, they 
 foon die after they have Generated, orelfeare mifera- 
 bly kill’d by their Confbrts. 
 
 So that if we fhould rank all Animals, the Rational or 
 Man not excepted, under one of thefe Three forenamed 
 Orders of Living; we fhould reduce Man under the 
 Third fort ; for 1 2 or 1 5 years pafs, before Man is 
 fit for Generation ; and alio more number of years are 
 required for the Second, Third, ^th, 10 th and laft 
 •Birth : the reft of the years are required to the neceffary 
 Education and Inftrubtion of the Children. So that 
 all well confidered, we may fay, that for Generation is 
 the Beginning, Middle, and end of Man’s life. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Ephenieri Vital 
 
 4 1 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 The Ephemeron does fly e Three days , and fometimes on 
 the Fourth day. Other forts ^Ephemerons. 
 
 T H E Ephemerons , as was faid at firfl: do flie for 
 Three dayes on the Surface of the water ; but 
 with this diftin&ion : that thofe which have rifen many 
 fhoufands of them out of the water, and down the 
 firft day, die the fame day : living out of the water in' 
 the whole but about Five hours ; on the Second day a 
 great number rife again out of the water, and flye and 
 die the fame day, and fo on the Third day ; and then all 
 ceafe till the fame feafon the next following year. 
 
 The truth hereof is known to many perfons, who 
 live near thofe Rivers j who fee the fame yearly ; yet I 
 have feen them alfo flie the Fourth day, but in no 
 great number; asonthe Fifth day alfo ; and therefore 
 I judge thefe Worms were later fitted for flight thatr 
 thofe that flew before ; or were letted by ficknefs or 
 otherwife. As alfo that thofe which appeared fooner, 
 were fooner fit for their flight ; and for this reafon I 
 foe not but that the Ephemeron might appear fome few 
 days fooner or later than the precife time ; for that by 
 experience it is found that they fometimes appear about 
 14 days fooner or later, according as the foafon of.the 
 year is more or lefs agreeable. 
 
 The other fort oflnfefts have almoft a like fot time 
 for their Change, which being come they cannot hin- 
 der, as I have often found, and have indeavoured by 
 foveral ways to retard their Change but in vain ; for 
 the time being come they will force it forward although 
 by the endeavoured obflruftion, it prove their hurt or 
 deftruftion : at which time notwithflanding by thefe 
 endeavoured obfiru&ions their Limbs are fo comprelfed, 
 
 G that 
 
^.2 Epbemeri Vita. 
 
 that being dead all the pleat-folds of their inward and 
 hidden parts may eafily be examined, which is of no 
 fmall ufe for thole who labour m the fearch of thele 
 
 If S all what is hitherto related of the Ephemeron be 
 well confidered, the faying of Moafet will prove true, 
 viz. ’E<p»u.e&>v five Diaria mirabilis Mafca ejt jrve for- 
 mam five viu brevitatem ftettemu*. That the Ephemeron 
 is a wonderful Flie if its Form and brevity of life be 
 confidered ; but What he farther faith thereof as aho 
 Aldrovandus. Jonftoxus and Clutius, with thofe other 
 Writers that have writ thereof, agreeth not much 
 with truth ; except that the Infed they have defcnbed 
 be fome other than what we have defcribed ; for there 
 are different kinds of Ephemerons , only I ad vile that 
 whoever in thefe matters defireth truth, thathimlelf 
 feek it in nature, which exceedeth all Writers, and 
 teacheth us more in a minutes time, than in years can 
 be learnedin Books without her. Nature s-is an open 
 book, in which her wonders are more intelligible than 
 in the relations of men fubjedt to many miftakes,hom 
 
 which I acknowledge my felf not free. 
 
 I wondered to obferve in the book of Anger Ciu- 
 that th ^Ephemeron of Dortman is only drawn from a 
 weak Memory or fancy, which obferved byGoedard who 
 was informed by many obfervations of that ^md, le at i 
 endeavoured to mend, by his own conceit and judgment, 
 but very badly, for he hath changed nothing therein but 
 what he judged to be milhaped ; having left the whole 
 draughtwhich was firft made onlybyMemory,as it were ; 
 whereby appeareth how inconfiderately the error com- 
 mitted by the one hath been endeavoured to be mended 
 by the other : which for that he only endeavoured to do 
 by his conceit, hath confequently doubled the error, 
 for that he endeavoured to make it to appear more true- 
 like, and yet he acknowledgeth never to have feen 
 the Infect. Wherefore the great Harvey hath well faid, 
 Ex fenfn permanet fenfatttm ex ptrmanentia fenfati fit 
 ’ mcmoria ; 
 
Efhemeri Vita. ^ 
 
 mentor id : ex mnltiplici memoria. experientia : ab experi- 
 entid ratio univerfalis ; defnitiones & maxima , five axi- 
 omata communia , cognitionii certijjima principia. 
 
 At the time when I was fearching and examining 
 the nature of this Infeft, I have feen feveral forts of 
 Ephemerons , but I have never feen that ofj^oefttagel 
 reprefented by Chains, and which alfo is to be found 
 in the Figures of the faid ^oefnagel, except once in 
 the way to ^letttetmeeV I found the Nymph a thereof, 
 which was hurt by being trodden on, I judg’d it 
 then to be derived from a black and toothed Water- 
 worm which hath a thick rumpled Skin, and arrived 
 to its full growth, lea veth the water, and creeping on 
 land, there changeth into a Nympha ; which in time 
 attaineth the fhape of the Ephtmeron reprefented by 
 f^OeftTagel, and afterwards fhooteth again its Eggs in 
 the water. That there are alfo other forts of Infeds, 
 and alfo fbme kinds of Ephemerons which I can fhew, 
 as among other, fbme forts which I have met with, 
 and caught in France in the River Loire by Sanmettr, 
 which in fhape differ little from thofe with us, only 
 much fmaller. I have once feen the fame Flie in great 
 troops ; chancing to walk one Evening on the Bridg 
 over the River by Saumeur , fbme of thole which flew 
 had yet faft on their Tails, the Second Skin which they 
 were fhedding, with which they flew to and again 
 over the Bridg ; I cannot relate more of this fort ; 
 nor of the other forts, of which I have kept fbme, and 
 of which there are none which live fo fliort a time as 
 doth our Ephemeron. Some of thofe kinds live longer 
 than others do, which caufeth me to conclude that 
 there are yet more differences to be obferved in them ; 
 and therefore that the W riters are not wholly to be 
 rejeff ed that write fomewhat of thefe, and other like 
 Infebts they have feen in other Countries, not wholly 
 agreeing with our Ephemeron : and it would be a great 
 prefumption in us to conclude otherwife, for God is 
 endlefs in the variety of his Works, which notwith- 
 
 G' 2 ftand- 
 
44 Ephemeri Vita. 
 
 Handing, they here and there, differ in fome accidents,, 
 yet in the chief parts they all agree, which is one of 
 Gods greateft wonders in nature.; lo that it might be 
 Laid that he had Created but one Animal hidden under 
 feveral outward fhapes,and endlels wonderful accidents. 
 
 Being in the year 1670. in the Village Sloiiton by 
 Amfierdam in the month of where as I walked 
 
 towards the Evening through the Fields, I met with 
 fuch an. infinite number of ffnall Infers fomewhat big- 
 ger than Gnats,., which relied on my body,, that I was 
 even covered therewith.Every one ofthefe while refling 
 on my body fihed a. thin Film, which done they imme- 
 diately repaired again to the waters, where they, like 
 the greater Ephemeron (port above the Surface of the 
 water. The Original of thele Xnleffs is not much un- 
 like that of our Ephemeron , for. that they alia live, in 
 Pitches and Trenches of water, which alfo at their 
 let times Change by fihedding two Skins ; the one in 
 the water, the other on Land. The Worms of this 
 fmall Ephemeron differ herein from the greater, in that 
 they live not in the Clay, or in Cells, but on ffony 
 and Sandy ground, and are therefore of a.ffronger 
 Conlfitution, than the larger Ephemerons , and their 
 Skin agreeing more with that of the Lohfier and dPrawn. 
 They have alio on the fides of their bodies Gills and 
 Finns, when in the middle of Summer if you take a 
 Hone out of the Rhine or Leek , as alfo out of fome In- 
 land waters,, you.will find fome of thefe Worms fit- 
 ting thereon; winch is alfo. found in .other Countries 
 and Rivers : as I have found in the Loire , the Seine, and 
 otherRivers of France: Whereby itappeareth that, there 
 are many forts of Ephemerons, and that therefore thole. 
 Authors are not to be reje&ed when they delcribe an 
 Ephemeron differing from ours. The laid Worms with 
 what I have befides reprelented of the Ephemeron ,1 can 
 for the moft part fhew any Gne to the life ; for that I 
 have.hitherto kept them by me, for a clearer demonftra- 
 tion of what I have writ. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 Explanation of the feveral Tables. 
 
 The Firft Table. 
 
 Fig. K 
 
 I N the Firft Figure is repre- 
 ftented the Worm one year 
 old, being in length ^ oft an 
 Holland inch ; it appeareth 
 wholly without Wings or any 
 ftgns thereof ; it hath on each fide 
 6 continually moving Gills turn- 
 edover on its back each againft 
 the other-, whereby the i o under 
 placed Finns may be clearly fteen. 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 In the ftecond Figure is repre - 
 fentedthe Worm Trvo year old , 
 in length 1* oft an Holland 
 inch ; the ftgns oft its Wings or 
 their Cafes , wherein the Wings 
 are inc lofted, appearing ; the two 
 uppermoft oft them , much bigger 
 than the two lower mo ft ; it hath 
 its Gills in a different manner 
 turned over its back , than in the 
 frft figure, which 1 therefore note, 
 for that all thefte Worms are re - 
 prefented to the life, and withal, 
 to ftgnifie how wonderful the mo-. 
 
 tion is, which they without ceaftng' 
 make with thefte- con (l ant ly trem- 
 bling Gills. 7 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 In the * third Figure is rep re- 
 fected the Worm Three years 
 old, in length about 2 \ Holland 
 inches, but among thofte oft this 
 age there is much difference be- 
 between the length and thickneft 
 of the one and the other. The 
 Worm here repreftented is a Fe- 
 male, and one oft the ftmalleft ftze> 
 oft that Sex, which difference of 
 Sex is to he diftcerned in the eyes t 
 which in the Females are much 
 fm alter than in the Males ; the 
 Wing-cafes, in which the wingse, 
 are inc lofted, appear now very 
 plain, notwithftanding the upper 
 pairfo much cover the under pair* 
 that at firft fight they are notvi- 
 fible, except the uppermoft are 
 lifted up ; here is alfto repreftented. 
 very clearly the 6 Gills, on each » 
 fide oft the body turned over the 
 back, whereby the under mo ft Fen 
 Finns oft each fide are made - vift- - 
 hie ; at this time thefte Gills are 
 never without 'motion^ yea even- 
 
 outv 
 
The Explanation of the feveral Tables. 
 
 out of the water, wherefore fome thoufands of fine hairs like Fur, 
 have judged that the Worm the fame are here very neatly re- 
 frvims by the help of them : But prefented. The Finns in this Ft - 
 I judge that is performed only by gure are not vifible ( being co- 
 the Finns, as I have named them, veredby the Gi/lsj but areal- 
 placed under them ; while for ma- ready reprefented inthefrft and 
 nyreafons l believe that the up- third Figure of the flrfl Table, 
 pcrmofi, which I name Gills, and G. The three Tails, befet 
 which agree with the G ills in Fijb, with Brujhie hairs , with their 
 do cool the blond in this Worm, Tag- like appendices. 
 
 as is done in Ftfb. 
 
 The Explanation of the Se- 
 cond Table. 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 H Ere is reprefented one of 
 the biggefl Male worms, in 
 - which all its parts are very neat- 
 ly and dtjlinclly reprefented, 
 as its 
 
 A. Eyes double in face to thofe 
 of the Female. 
 
 BB. The horns with their dif- 
 fering Articulations or Joynts. 
 
 C. The Sheeres, Beak, or 
 toothy Cheek-bones , wherewith 
 
 theyroot up theearth. 
 
 TtD. The Firfi, Second and 
 Third pair of legs with their 
 joints. 
 
 E. The Cafes of its Wings in 
 which the frft pair are inclofed, 
 like a tender flower in its bud. 
 
 FF. The always moving or 
 trembling Gills which are fining 
 and pure white ^ and befet with 
 
 Figure i. . 
 
 The long hollowed Cells in the 
 Clay in which the Worm liveth, 
 moveth,creepeth , & is fed,almofi 
 in themanner as theWorms of the 
 Bees in the combs or wax-cells, are 
 here reprefented. 
 
 AA. The Cells of the greatefi 
 fort of Worms in the Clay. 
 
 BB. The Cells' of the fmallefi 
 W orms. 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 ^d and 4 th Tables. 
 
 I have in both thefe Tables 
 ufed the fame letters, for that the 
 Explanation required it ; as alfo 
 for that they reprefent the entire 
 direction of the Worm ; fo that 
 what letters are wanting in the 
 third Table may be found in the 
 fourth : as alfo thofe which are 
 wanting in the fourth may be 
 found in the third. 
 
 J 
 
 Expla- 
 
The Explanation ofthefeverai Tables. 
 
 Explanation of the jd Table. 
 Figure i. 
 
 AAA I t He Lung or Air-veffels 
 I of the Wormjvhicb are 
 two very remarkable & constantly 
 open Air-veffelSy compofed as it 
 were of feme thoufand of curled- 
 like fiiff-ringsfy which the Air is 
 conveyed to all the inward parts 
 of theW or m ; the fame are placed 
 on both fides 7 the length of the 
 Wormy and waved Snake-like . . 
 
 BE. The Air-veffels in the 
 head of the Worm ; the fame are 
 branched out of the twofirfi men- 
 tioned great vefftls y AA y and 
 run to the Brain and Nerves. 
 
 CC. Branches of the Air-vef 
 fels running to the Mufcles of the 
 Breafi'. 
 
 DDDD. Branches of the Air- 
 veffels running to the Mufcles of 
 the Belly. The [aid Mufcles are re- 
 prefented on the other fide of the 
 body , wholly void of veffels , where 
 the oblique afeending Mufcles in 
 fome manner cover the fir night 
 Mufcles ; the ufe whereof is to 
 move the rings of the belly ; for 
 driving forward the blond and 
 humours ; and for difeharging 
 the Guts, in that they affifi the 
 Guts in their motion. 
 
 EEE. The Lung-veffels run- 
 ning to the Medulla Spinalis ; 
 
 wherCy about the globular parts 
 thereof they are very vifib/e. 
 
 FF FFFF. The Lung or air- 
 veffels running to the Milt y or 
 V eficula feminales of tbe Male- 
 wormy one of theft Veficuls or 
 Bags are reprefented in the bodyy 
 us it is there naturally placed ; the 
 other is placed out of the body yand 
 delineated fomewhat bigger than 
 natur ally it isy or than that which 
 is reprefented in the body. 
 
 GGGGG. The air-veffels run- 
 ning to the Gills ^ which appear 
 white like new-boiPd Silver ; two 
 of thefe Gills only are reprefented', 
 for that the other ten are repre- . 
 fented as cut offy to fherv the ten 
 Finns. See RRR. 
 
 Id. The air-veffels running to 
 the lower part of the Guts ; as al- 
 fo to the feed- veffels next to 
 them dd. 
 
 III. The air-veffels running 
 to the fat y the films y and the out - - 
 ward skinyto cool and f apply them. 
 
 KK- The air-veffels running 
 to the Wing-cafesy and appear 
 outwardly like ribs or finues \ their 
 chief efi sife I believe is , by the air 
 conduct ed there to affifi the ex- - 
 panfion of the wings ; to which - 
 purpofe ? the wings themfelves are 
 fupplyed with a great number of 
 thefe air-veffels. 
 
 PP P . Three chief air-veffels 
 running without the body to the - 
 Gillsiy the fame art here reprefent- - 
 
 esbd 
 
The Explanation of the feveral Tables. 
 
 ed as cut off, the better to fhew the moving the legs ; whither alfo 
 tinder placed Finns , befet with fome Nerves run from the Me- 
 brufhyhair , RRRRR. dullafpinalis which communicate 
 
 Off The middlemojl of the to them life, motion andfenfe. 
 three forementioned air-vefj els, of bb. gome other Mufcles of the 
 
 the perfect white Gills ; which is breaflfiut cut thro ugh, which move 
 of a black colour , and appearing the wings ; to which alfo the Me- 
 through almofi in the midfi of the dulla fpinalis fends its N erves . 
 tranfiarent white G ills, whereby it ad. Two members which I con- 
 
 feemeth as if the black firoke or ceive are pertaining to the feed- 
 line of the Gills, were marked vejfelsofthe male', of which yet 
 with white pricks. Iam not very certain. 
 
 RRRRR. The five Finns on e. The Reftum or ftraight 
 each fide of the body, befet moft on Gut cutoff', which is better and 
 one fide with dark gold-yellow, and neater ' reprefented in the fourth 
 f iff brufhy hairs. plate , Figure 5. 
 
 SS. A feather-like hairy part, hh. The very artificial fold- 
 placed under the firfi pair of Gills ', ings of the wing , as it is folded in 
 of which I have no remembrance, the wing cafe KJf. and is not to 
 neither what it is, nor alfo whether be feen but about the time when 
 it is found about the other. Gills. the Worm is ready for Change , by 
 
 TTTT. The Medulla fpinalis this wonderful manner of fold- 
 conflituted of eleven Nodes or ing, and pleating of the wings , 
 globular partitions , from whence they can be again readily unfold - 
 are derived the Nerves running ed, and expanded as is in fome 
 
 through the whole body ; and im- 
 part unto it fenfe and motion ; f -e 
 further concerning this in the 
 6 th figure of the ffh Table. 
 
 ZJff The places where the 
 Medulla Spinalis as withfirong 
 ligatures is kept in its place. 
 
 **. The Optick nerves arifing bignefs. 
 out. of the brain, or other wife out 
 of the beginning of the Medulla 
 .Spinalis, at the firfi globule 
 thereof. The natural reprefentation of 
 
 The Mufcles of the breafi, the Cell or nefi of a Caterpillar, 
 
 which 
 
 manner reprefented in the 6th 
 plate, in the 2d, 3d & yth figures. 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 Here are reprefented all the 
 defcribed parts in their natural 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 aa. 
 
Th£ Explanation of the feveral Tables! 
 
 which is wonderfully for teed ; it is 
 jmewhat more than a finders 
 length ; at the c'lofle end , fome- 
 what jharp , and Pyramidal ; 
 it is built ■ or framed of a great 
 number offmall round flicks, bit- 
 ten much of a length, which are 
 fled the one upon the other like 
 the Beams of a \iuttia.-houfe, the 
 ends laid the one over , or refling 
 on the other, and are faflned toge- 
 ther with a fine Web, inftead of 
 Lome or Clay. The true bottom 
 or foundation flicks , have twice 
 the length and thicknefs of the 
 other, which are thereon piled 
 tower-like. Befldes thisNefl is alfo 
 funounded or covered over with 
 a Web, thick, tough, and of equal 
 thicknefs, and lined within with 
 a foft down to lye in. 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 Fourth Table. 
 
 Figures 1 , 4 , 8 c 7 . 
 
 LL. Ome branches of the air- 
 
 vtJfeL, Ad. reprefented 
 in the former plate, running to 
 the Egg-clufler, or Ovarium. 
 
 MM. The air-veffels as they 
 are feen in, and upon the film 
 which covers the Egg-clufler. 
 
 .h N. The fame air-veffels toge- 
 ther with a part of the egg-clufler, 
 taken out of the body ; where ve- 
 ry neatly is reprefented how thefe 
 
 air-veffels are joy tied to the Eggs, 
 like as theflalk of a bunch .of 
 grapes i s joy ned to each grape. 
 
 0000. The air-veffels run- 
 ning to the heart ; where I have 
 not delineated all the v iff ‘Is, 
 which are fent from the two great 
 trunks of the air-veffels Ad, to 
 prevent confriflon, by reafon of 
 the very great number that run 
 thereto. 
 
 TT. Apart of the heart which 
 here and there fwelkth out ; its 
 natural place in the body is in 
 the back, and runs along the 
 whole back. 
 
 VVVK Some air-veffels cut 
 and broke off which run to the 
 heart and other parts. 
 
 XXXX. 'she parts where the 
 heart fwelkth out and wideneth. 
 
 cc. The Mufclts moving the 
 Six Gills, and five Finns placed 
 on each fide of the body, to which 
 do run conflderable Nerves td. 
 communicate to the fame', life and. 
 motion. 
 
 ff. T he Stomach and the Guts , 
 as they appear and [well through 
 the Egg-clufler • the' Stomach and 
 Guts are very neatly reprefinled 
 in the 5 th figure of this flame Ta- 
 ble. 
 
 g- The form ot fhape of tfk 
 Eggs, which are flat tiff- and ob- 
 long round. A 
 
 ii. The M/ifclesoftht Rectum, 
 or fir ( tight Gjit, which fervesfor- 
 H ejelt- 
 
The Explanation of the feveral Tables. 
 
 ejecting out of the body , the 
 superfluities of the inward parts. 
 Figure 2. 
 
 Reprefenteth the Eggs of the 
 Epliemeron, as the fame appear 
 to the naked fight without help of 
 a Microfcope , whereas all the 
 other parts have been viewed 
 and delineated by help of the 
 Microfcope. 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 Reprefenteth the double Egg- 
 clufier of the Worm, made up 
 of an infnite number of very 
 fmall Eggs , which at the time 
 when the Worm is changed into 
 /^eEphemeron,^»i flyeth on the 
 Surface of the water , are by the 
 Female foot out on the water , 
 and are befprinkled by the Male 
 Seed. So that thefe Infects are 
 Generated without Copulation. 
 Figure 4. 
 
 T he Explanation of this Fi- 
 gure is comprehended in the ex- 
 planation of the firfi Figure of 
 this plate. 
 
 Figure 5. 
 
 A. A part of the throat gut, or 
 Gula, ( which convey eth the food 
 into the Stomach ) cut off clofe to 
 the fame. 
 
 B. The lower Orifice of the 
 Stomach or Pylorus, through 
 which the food is fent into the 
 Guts. 
 
 C. "The Stomach it felf where- 
 in are reprefented fome of its 
 
 air-vefiels which run thereto 
 from the great Trunk , as they 
 are reprefented in the firfi Fi- 
 gure of the third Elate. A A. 
 
 DD. The thin gut, which it 
 as a branch of the Stomach , im- 
 mediately annexed thereto , fo 
 that the Stomach as it were nar- 
 roweth into the fame. 
 
 E. The thick or crumpled gut, 
 wherein fome long firokes or 
 ftrix are obfervable , which from 
 within appear through it. 
 
 F. The firaight gut, which ap- 
 pear eth very neatly rimpled. 
 
 G. Some tranjparent Valves, 
 like half moons , which appear in 
 the thin gut, and are feen 
 through it. 
 
 4. 5. 6. &c. Thefe Figures 
 denote eleven of thofe annular 
 divifions of the body of the W orm ; 
 and alfo Jhew where the Stomach 
 and the Guts have their natural 
 place. 
 
 Figure 6. 
 
 The Brain, the Medulla fpi- 
 nalis, and the Nerves arifing 
 out of the fame are here reprefent- 
 ed, according to the life ; fo that 
 the Nerves of the Medulla fpi- 
 nalis appear not fo gaping, as is 
 reprefented in the prfi Figure of 
 the ~$d plate IT. for there they 
 are reprefented , as they appear 
 in a Microfcope, when with a 
 fine Needle , they are feparated , 
 which can eafily be done without 
 cutting or tearing. 
 
 
The Explanation ofthefeveral Tables. 
 
 i) 2, 3. 8tc. The Figures, 1, 
 2, ?,&C. represent the natural 
 place and pofture of the Medulla 
 ijpinalis in the body • and in 
 what manner it is diftinguifhed 
 by the King-like indentings, in 
 relation to the head, breaft and 
 belly. 
 
 Figure 7. 
 
 The Explanation hereof is 
 contained in the Explanation of 
 the fir Jl Figure of this plate. 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 Fifth Table, 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 T His is the Figure of the 
 Male Ephemeron, having 
 {bed its firft Skin ; or reprefen- 
 tationof the Ephemeron as it 
 frfi cometh out of the water, 
 where it hath loft its firft Skin, 
 and from a Worm is become a 
 Fite, as a Worm it is reprefent- 
 ed. Tab. 2. Fig. 1. 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 The Female Worm as it is im- 
 mediately before its Change , is 
 here fbewn ; in which the Wings 
 are now vifible .appearing through 
 their Cafes. 
 
 JJ. Ike cafes of the Wings ; 
 which appear through the fame 
 very vifible. How thefe W ings 
 appear, when the Cafe is fhed, 
 fee in the 3 d Table, fig. 1. in 
 
 the letters hhh, where they are at 
 large reprefented. 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 Sixth Table. 
 
 Figure r. 
 
 R Eprefenteth the Figure of 
 the Female Ephemeron, 
 juft as it rifes out of the water, 
 and hath quitted its Skin , and 
 from a Worm fwimming, is be- 
 come a Flie ; and its Skin now 
 filed, may be feen 'driving on the 
 water ; as is reprefented in the 
 5 Tab. fig. 2. 
 
 / have dryed fome of thefe fhed 
 Skins , which reprefent the Worm 
 fo naturally and to the life, as 
 if yon faw the Worm alive before 
 you. 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 Reprefenteth in fome manner 
 how the wings do expand, which 
 to apprehend more clearly, it 
 ought to be known that the wing 
 reprefented in the firft Figure of 
 the third Plate, with the ' letters , 
 hhh, is there reprefentedwith its 
 natural foldings ; and is here re- 
 prefented in the manner hov it 
 by degrees doth expand, and lofeth 
 its neat pleats and folds. 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 Reprefenteth the fame wing 
 loft ng firft its Snake-like foldings, 
 and then its long folds, which are 
 
The Explanation of the fevefal Tables. 
 
 in the manner of a. Brabant s which keepeth it as a pr if oner, 
 or Vefi, firfi pleated in and caufeth it to fiver and 
 the length , and then folded a- quake, 
 gain. croft-way es, Figure .2. 
 
 Figure 4. Reprefenteth the Male Ephe 
 
 Reprefenteth the fame Wing meron almofi uncafed , fo that 
 L W 1 r It .1- ^ 1/172 vine Aw A. 
 
 almofi fully expanded. 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 Seventh Table. 
 
 T He fever al appearances of 
 the Ephemeron , (bedding 
 or fir ipping of its Skin, like a ve- 
 ry thin fioift or jbirt , are here 
 reprefentedto the life. 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 The Male endeavouring to 
 
 fed it'sfecond Skin on land much ^ - j — , 
 
 more leifurely , than it [bed its not in the form as is here repre- 
 firfi Skin in rifing out of the w'a- fented ; for the parts that did in- 
 ter, which as is before f aid, hap- clofethe wings {brink commonly 
 
 ' 'J J J J ' #.81 
 
 the two outermofi Wings and 
 the T ails, by a fmall fir ipping of 
 the Skin will become wholly freed. l , 
 
 The Explanation of the 
 Eighth Table. 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 R Eprefentetb the thin Skin 
 or film of the Ephemeron 
 in this manner {bed. 
 
 This film thus {bed, remaineth 
 
 neth in a moment. Here is re- 
 prefented the body half fiript , the 
 head, the breafi and the legs, in 
 the manner as we pull our feet 
 out of our Shooes or Boots : but 
 the Wings are in that manner 
 
 up together, andfo come to appear 
 in another form. 
 
 Figure 2. % v 
 
 The Male E phemeron having 
 now {bed two Skins fucceffively, 
 and a fumed the {bape of a flying 
 
 
 LrJZ rv ini' J Mr c — J / O 
 
 fiript, that the in fide of the Skin Infect ; the Legs which in the 
 turneth outwards , and the out fide Worm were J bort , are now ex- 
 inwards ; which is wonderfully tended to about twice the length ; 
 effected : for the File is at that which chiefly is vifible in the 
 time , like a captiv’d and bound 1 ails , whofe length by thefe two 
 bird; for the Skin thus drawn extenfions, are now become three I 
 of, {hutteth clofe to its body, like times longer than they were an 
 a firong Swafij wound, about, the Worm, . 
 
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