MSGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1 PRESENTED TO THE LIBRARY BY Estate of the Late Sir he rbe r t 3. Ho lt * McGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY QACJ 1 AO ACC. NO. OHv ) 1 *•*«- REC D 1 942 S r( -* M-GILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE NEW dFlova 15 rt t.i mum, $rc. $*c. I ILnarawd by 1 Wan/*' ir—rTT- Tj f) ~L^idon FuhlifluJ Mar L 18 t* by GLtarsltj Iltet Street Patnkd hy SyJMvards Undoniu y AscUpias tubercSU - Acanthus _ moUvs. , 2 Oramie Apccynum 1 Smooth A ears Breech ISEZSfcr - T - /"• ^ f*- /*S ^ A THE NEW .fflora Viitannirit, ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THREE PLANTS, ENGRAVED BY SANSOM, FROM THE ORIGINAL PICTURES, AND COLOURED WITH THE GREATEST EXACTNESS FROM D RAJ VINOS BY SYDENHAM EDI YARDS. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: 1‘RINTEI) FOR JOHN STOCKDALE, PICCADILLY, BY T. HENSLEY, BOLT-COURT, FLEET-STREET. 1812 . &£ A 'f A £; r A A t . h 1 6. PLATE I. 1. ACANTHUS MOLLIS. \ SMOOTH BEAIl’s BREECH. This genus comprehends several hardy herbaceous plants of the perennial flowering kind, which are in use for the purpose of orna- ment in pleasure-grounds, &c. and also one of the evergreen shrubby sort for the stove. It is of the class and order Didynamia Angiospermia, and ranks in the natural order of Personates. The characters are: that the calyx is a perianthium, with leaflets in three alternate pairs, unequal, and permanent: the corolla singlc- petalled and unequal, having a short tube closed with a beard : no upper lip; very large under lip, which is flat, straight, very broad, three-lobed, obtuse, and of the length of the upper lip of the calyx : the stamina have four filaments, subulate, shorter than the corolla, the two upper rather longer, recurved and incurved at the lop: the antherte are oblong, compressed, obtuse, the lateral ones parallel, and villous before: the pistillum has a conical germ, a filiform style of the length of the stamina, and two acute lateral stigmas: the pericarpium is a subovate pointed capsule, two-celled and two- valved, with a contrary partition, alternate claws, curved and fas- tened to the partition: the seed is ovate, gibbous and single, but sometimes double. The species most commonly cultivated are: 1. A. mollis , Smooth Acanthus; 2. A. spinosus, Prickly Acanthus; 3. A. ilicifolius , Holly- leaved Shrubby Acanthus. The first, or Smooth Acanthus, according to Miller, has the stem from two to three feet in height. The leaves are oblong, smooth on B 3^5 I &2 2 both sides and shining, from a span to a foot m length, divided deeply into opposite ovate lobes, which are bluntly toothed and finely ciliate about the edges, placed on roundish petioles, with a flat channel running along the upper surface. Both the leaves and flower stems rise directly from the root: the former, by spreading closely upon the ground in circular clusters, produce a good effect. But though the leaves are said to be smooth, they are not without white bristles on both sides, especially along the nerves. The flou - ers are white, and come out from about the middle to the top ol the stalk. They make their appearance in July or August, continuing in blow a month or six weeks, and then produce seed. There is a variety of this plant in which the leaves are larger and less sinuated, the upper side shining. The second sort, or Prickly Acanthus, has the leaves deeply jagged in very regular order; each segment is terminated by a sharp spine, as are also the petioles and the calyx of the flowers, so that the plant is troublesome to handle. In both these species the leaves and stalks are annual. The Holly-leaved Acanthus is an evergreen shrub, which rises about four feet in height, dividing into many branches ; the leaves being similar to those of the common holly both in size and shape, and also armed with spines in the same manner. The flowers come out singly in an upright raceme at the end of the stalk, are white, and shaped like those of the Common Acanthus, but smaller. The two first are thick, fleshy, fibrous-rooted plants, which spread considerably, and penetrate the earth to a great depth. They are found in their native state in Spain, Italy, and Portugal ; but grow without difficulty in the open ground in this climate. The last is a very tender plant, which in this climate requires the constant heat of the stove to preserve it. It is a native of South America, and also of both the Bast and West Indies. It is retained in hot-houses for the purpose of variety. Culture . — Both the Smooth and Prickly Acanthus are found to succeed in any common soil without much attention to the nature of the exposure, and are said by Miller to be lasting plants, which may 3 be propagated either by seeds or the parting of the roots. If by the former method, the seed should be sown in a light dry soil towards the end of March, either in slight drills or on the plain surface, and immediately raked in. When the season proves favourable, the plants appear in May, and all the after-culture they require is to keep them clean from weeds, and, where they stand too close, to thin them out, so as to leave them about six inches apart; which is room sufficient for them to grow in until the autumn, when they should be transplanted into situations where they are designed to remain. The first, as being the most tender, is advised to be planted in a warm border near a wall, and which, as the plants do not mul- tiply so fast by their roots, do not require more room than about three feet ; but the second, as it spreads its roots to a great distance, should have more than twice that space. From this last sort being hardy, it may be proper to be planted between shrubs to fill up va- cant spaces ; where it will grow without difficulty, provided the ground be light and not over wet; and when in flower will thus make an agreeable variety. When they are propagated by their loots, the operation may be performed either in spring or autumn; but the former should only be removed in the spring; for, if transplanted in the au- tumn, and the following winter should prove cold, it will run the hazard of being destroyed. The roots in these cases should not be parted too small, and the plants be at once placed out where they are to remain. As these plants take very deep root, when planted in wet ground, the roots are liable to rot in the winter. They have frequently been traced more than four feet: they should not therefore be wholly removed after they have been growing long in a place; but the side shoots be annually taken off, otherwise they will be apt to spread so far as to overpower the neighbouring plants or shrubs. The remaining culture is only that of affording the flowering stems due support when it becomes requisite, and carefully clearing away the decayed stalks in the autumn. When these plants are once established in a piece of ground, they are observed by Miller to be eradicated with great difficulty. Bolli the Smooth and Prickly Acanthus are mostly kept in the nurseries for the purpose of sale. The Shrubby species of Acanthus may be propagated with the greatest certainty by sowing seed that has been procured from abroad, fn pots; to be plunged in a bark-bed in the stove until the plants are raised, when they are to be managed in the same manner as other hot-house plants. Layers and cuttings likewise sometimes succeed, when planted in pots and placed in the same situations. 2. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. ORANGE APOCYNUM. This genus comprises various plants of the flowery, perennial, herbaceous, and shrubby exotic sorts; and ol the Swallow-wort and DogVbane kinds. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Digynia , and ranks in the natural order of Contortce. The characters of which are : that the calyx is a five-cleft, sharp, very small, permanent perianthium. The corolla monopetalous, flat or reflex, five-parted; the divisions ovate-acuminate, slightly bending with the sun. The nectaries five, growing to the tube of the fila- ments below the anthers, fleshy, or cowled; protruding from the bottom a sharp horn, bending inwards. The stamina consist of five filaments collected into a tube, swelling at the base: the anthers oblong, upright, and two-celled, terminated by an inflex membrane lying on the stigma, having a reversed wing on each side, growing broader downwards with its edge contiguous to the next. The pol- len is collected into ten corpuscles, inversely lanceolate, flat, hanging down into the cells of the anther by short threads, frequently flex- uose; which are annexed by pairs to five cartilaginous, twin tuber- cles, each placed on the tip of the wings of the anthers, adhering to o the angles of the stigma, between the anthers. The pistillum con- sists of two oblong acuminate germs; styles two, subulate: stigma common to both, large, thick, five-cornered, covered at top by the apexes of the anthers, umbilicate in the middle. The pericarpium has two follicles, large, oblong, acuminate, swelling, one-eelled, one-valved. 'The seeds numerous, imbricate, crowned with down: the receptacle is membranaceous and free. The species are very numerous, but those most commonly in cultivation are; 1 . A. vincetoxicum, Common Swallow-wort, or Tame-poison; 2. A. tiigra, Black Swallow- wort; 3. A. Syriaca, Sy- rian Swallow-wort, or Dog’s-bane; 4. A. purpurascens, Purple Vir- ginian Swallow-wort, or Dog’s-bane; 5. A. verticillata, Verticillate Swallow-wort; 6 . A. decutnbens. Decumbent Swallow-wort, or Dog’s- bane; 7 ~A. tuberosa , Tuberous-rooted Swallow-wort, or Dog’s-bane; 8. A variegata, Variegated Swallow-wort; 9- A. arborescens, Arbo- rescent Swallow-wort; 10. A. fruticosa, Shrubby or Willow-leaved Swallow- wort; 11. A. undulata, Wave leaved Swallow- wort; 12. A. crispa, Curled-leaved Swallow-wort; 13. A. curassavica, Curassoa Swallow-wort, or Bastard Ipecacuanha; 14. A. volubilis , Twining Swallow-wort; 15. A. gigantia y Curled flowered Gigantic Swallow- wort. The first species has the root very large and much branched : it is composed of many strong fibres, which are connected at the top, like those of Asparagus. From this arise many stems, in number proportioned to the size of the root, near two feet high, very slender at the top, woody, round, hairy, and not branched. The leaves are cordate-ovate, acuminate, smooth, hardish, quite entire, glaucous- green, the midrib and sometimes the edge of the leaves a little hairy: the petioles short. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered, re- sembling proliferous umbels. The calyx small, green, divided at the end into five bristles. The corolla is commonly white: the follicles ovate-acuminate: the seeds small, brown, and wrapped in white cotton. It flowers in June, sometimes in May, and continues flower- ing to August, and is a native of most parts of the continent of Europe. It is said to vary, will, yellow flowers; and there is a variety with broader leaves. , c . The second species agrees with the above m the shape of its roots, leaves, and flowers; but the stalks extend to a greater length, and toward their upper part twist round any sticks or other plants near them; and the flowers are black. It is by no means so common as the foregoing, having been found only in the south of France, the mountains about Nice, and in Spain. It flowers at the same time with the other. The third creeps greatly at the root, and sends up strong steins upwards of four feet high; towards the top of them the flowers come out on the side; these are of a worn-out purple colour, smelling sweet; and sometimes they are succeeded here by large oval pods. It flowers in July, and is a native of North America. The French in Canada eat the lender shoots in spring as Asparagus. The flowers are highly odoriferous. The fourth species has many stems, as thick as the little finger, at bottom quadrangular with blunted angles, and of a brownish green colour; above round and green, a little hairy. The leaves are on short petioles, from four to six inches long, and two or three broad; the midrib purple. The flowers have the petals of a dusky herba- ceous colour, the horns of the nectaries pale and gaping, not erect but horizontal. It is a native of North America, and flowers from July to September. The fifth species rises with slender upright stalks, at the top of which grow umbels of small white flowers, appearing in July, but never succeeded by pods in this climate. The leaves are frequently four together. The peduncles forming an umbel are opposite to the leaves. It is a native of North America. The sixth has declining stalks, which are hairy, and eighteen inches in length. The leaves are narrow. The umbels grow at the exlremily of the branches, are compact, and the flowers of a bright orange colour. It is a native of North America. In the seventh species the stems are a foot high, hairy, round, and dusky red. The leaves alternate, except on the upper part of 7 the stem. Below where it branches are generally two leaves, and at the place of branching four: on the branches themselves the leaves are again alternate. The flowers are of a bright orange colour. The tuberous roots very large. It is a native of North America, and flowers from the end of July to September, sometimes ripening seed in this climate. The eighth, according to Linnaeus, is allied to the third; but Dil- lenius thinks that it approaches very near to the Amoena, but that the stems arc shorter, and commonly variegated with dusky purple spots; the leaves broader and rounder, more excavated, less rigid, not shining or hoary underneath, with the oblique veins deeper, so as to be even grooved ; the flowers larger, pale, dusky flesh-coloured, sweet-smelling, the horns of the nectaries standing out and gaping more. According to Miller, it resembles the fourth sort, but the leaves are rough, and the umbels of flowers more compact; they come out on the side of the stalk, are of an herbaceous colour, and are not succeeded by pods in this climate. It is a native of North America. In the ninth species the stem is shrubby, rough with hairs, up- right, as thick as the finger. The leaves opposite, on very short pe- tioles, ending rather obtusely, but with a minute point, and smooth. The peduncles from the summit of the stem, umbelled, villose. The corollas are white. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and flowers in December. In the tenth the nectaries are compressed without a claw, instead of which are two long reflex ears. The follicles are inflated, and set with soft prickles. It is also a native of the Cape, and flowers from June to September. The eleventh is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and flowers here in July. The twelfth has the stem pubescent, branching at bottom. The leaves subsessile, repand. One umbel of yellow flowers terminates the stem. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. The thirteenth species has the stem from a foot to two or three feet in height, upright, simple, or generally so, round, pubescent, and milky. The leaves opposite and decussated, petioled, acute, entire, and smooth on both sides. The flowers in umbels: umbellules terminating, or opposite to the terminating leaflet in pairs, pedun- cled. Involucre none, but only a few subulate leaflets. The pe- duncle the length of the leaves: pedicels shorter, one-flowered. Ca- lyx of five, lanceolate, reflex leaflets: corolla reflex. Nectaries five, round the middle corpuscle, ovate, ear-cowled obliquely inwards, with a little horn from the nectareous base, sabre-shaped, bent in- wards. In the middle is a truncate corpuscle, hollowed at the tip, bluntly five-cornered, covered with five scales at the sides, and gaping with as many chinks. Scales hollowed within. Glands five, loundish, black, to which are fixed above, within the scales, pairs of glandu- liferous pedicels, in place of anthers; these glands are oblong, pel- lucid, panduriform, and filled with prolific moisture. Germs two, ovate, acuminate; styles two, subulate, hid within the column; stigmas simple, and obtuse. Follicles oblong, acuminate, toothless, ventricose, and smooth. It is a native of South America, the West- Indian Islands, and China near Canton, and flowers from June to September. The fourteenth species is quite smooth, with shining branches^ The leaves petioled, ovate-subcordale, and veined. The umbels quite simple, on peduncles the length of the petiole. The flowers greenish. It is a native of Malabar, Ceylon, &c. The fifteenth rises to six or seven feet in height. The leaves are thick; the flowers white; the pods very large; the base of the pe- tiole bearded above. The nectaries do not put forth awl-shaped horns, but solid converging plates. It flowers from July to Sep- tember. Culture . — The method of propagating the different hardy kinds, as the first eight species, is by parting the roots and planting them out, either in the autumn as soon as the stems decay, or in the early spring months before the new shoots are protruded. They require a rather dry soil, as when there is too much moisture they are apt to have their roots destroyed by it in the winter season. They are like- 9 i w wise capable of being raised from seed, when it can be procured, by sowing it in beds or pots of light fresh earth in the spring months. With the seventh and eighth species, the pots should be plunged in a hot-bed, and as soon as the plants present themselves they should be exposed gradually to the influence of the open air to strengthen their growth, and when sufficiently vigorous, be either pricked out on warm borders, or in the situations where they are to remain. In the former method they must be transplanted the March following into the places where they are to grow. In either mode occasional shade and water must be provided, and in the winter the roots be protected from the action of the frost by being covered with old tan, litter, or mats. These two sorts may also be occasionally increased by planting the offsets in the early spring. They last many years when proper care is taken of them in the winter; but do not bear frequent removing well, or flower so strongly under such circumstances. In the culture of the ninth and three following sorts the pro- tection of a green-house is essentially necessary in the winter season. The ninth and tenth kinds may be increased either by seeds or cuttings. In the first manner the seed should be sown in small pots filled with a light earthy compost, placing them in a hot-bed ; and when the plants have attained a proper degree of size and strength they must be pricked out into separate pots, a due degree of shade and water being given till they have stricken fresh root, and after- wards as occasion may require. The eleventh, twelfth, and other Cape sorts, may be propagated by sowing the seeds in the latter end of March or beginning of April on a moderate liot-bed, covered with light mould, under glasses, or even sometimes in the open air; and when the plants are become sufficiently strong and a few inches in height, they may be placed out into separate small pots filled with light fresh earth, being at first properly shaded and supplied with moisture: after being fully rooted they may be exposed in warm situations in assemblage with other 10 exolic plants till the beginning of the autumn, when they must le- ceive the shelter of the green-house. The principal attention which is afterwards necessary with plants of this description is, that of properly potting them as they inciease in size, and carefully exposing them in the open ait during the summer months. These sorts are likewise capable of being raised by setting the cuttings of the shoots in the latter end of the summer in shady situa- tions, and after they have stricken good roots carefully lemoving them into pots, to be managed as the seedling plants. The thirteenth and following kinds require to be kept constantly in the stove of the hot-house. They may be increased by sowing the seeds in the spring either on a hot-bed, or in pots, and plunging them into the hot-bed; the plants, when sufficiently grown, being in the first mode transplanted into separate pots of good earth, to be, as in the latter method, plunged into the tan-bed in the stove of the hot-house. Plants of the thirteenth species should be annually raised, as they decline in the production of flowers after the first year. The first kinds may be employed in the fronts of the clumps and borders of pleasure, or other grounds, where they have a good effect in mixture with other plants of similar growth. The second sorts afford an agreeable diversity in the green-house during the winter, and in the compartments about the house in the summer season. Those of the last description present a pleasing variety among other stove plants. Tl2 Tainted by J\d. FJva rds Aqmstcmma cvrem/i ria 1 Bost ( a mpi/m Zen Jen FubltfkeJ June 1 1*0* fy A /// /'/// s f h, firm, red, round, and streaked: the leaves somewhat convex, or rather so contracted as to have the form of a boat, and pointed; the older ones rather blunt: the upper surface is a mixture of red and green, the lower more or less purple: the petioles are tinned with purple, channelled, roughish; winged at top with the leaf: the racemes very red: the branches smooth, the lower one spreading: the calyxes five-leaved: leaflets oblong, blunt, mem- branaceous, and red: the brae teae subdulato-setaceous, red, longer than the flowers, closely surrounding the glomerules. The fourth species, or Pendulous Amaranthus, has the stem ge- nerally two feet high, green, obscurely angular, grooved and streaked, smooth, covered at top with thin, whitish, scattered hairs: the upper part nods on account of the great length of the racemes: the leaves are smooth, bright green, blunt, emarginate, with an incurved trans- parent point: the petioles much shorter than the leaf: the racemes terminating, elegantly purple, very long, cylindrical, composed of flowers very closely glomerate: the calyxes five-leaved: the leaflets oblong, red, acuminate, membranaceous: the bractese oblong, point- ed, and scattered. The fifth, or Tree Amaranthus, rises to the height of seven or eight feet, sending off numerous horizontal branches at every ten or twelve inches: the leaves are rough, green, and luxuriant: the spikes are seldom half the length of those of the other sorts, but are much thicker. It is said to degenerate gradually into the smaller kind. The seeds, which at first are white, also become red. It flowers in August and September. And it is a native of Persia, &c. In the sixth species, the stem is a foot and a half or two feet in height, grooved, green with red streaks, smooth, and slightly pubes- cent aiming the flowers: the leaves are green, spotted with brown above, red beneath, blunlish with a reddish short point: the petioles red, channelled, and smooth: the racemes red and green, with branchlets spreading and nodding a little: the calyx five-leaved: the y r»- 75 leaflets oblong, pointed, white-membranaceous, with a red nerve, and a point of the same colour. It varies of a shining red colour, — with a red stalk with pale leaves, — with a green stalk with variegated leaves, &c. As first cul- tivated in this climate, according to professor Martyn, the stem was wholly red and smooth; the petioles, ribs, and nerves of the leaves underneath purple; the spikes purple, much spreading, and a little nodding. They were of course very beautiful, and made a gay ap- pearance for the two first years: but afterwards the seeds degene- rated, and the plants had little beauty; which is the same with some other species of this genus. It is a native of the East Indies. In the seventh species, the stem is erect, a foot and a half or two feet in height, smooth, except under the leaves, where it is a little scabrous, reddish, roundish, streaked, and grooved: the leaves are red and green, acute, with elevated veins: the petioles are channel- led, and of a reddish colour: the racemes are naked, red, lateral, short, and placed about the stem without order: the calyxes are five- leaved: the leaflets oblong, aeule, membranaceous, and red. It varies with leaves more or less red, — with very red and paler racemes, with a green and red, — with a rough and smooth stalk. It flowers from July to September. And it is a native of Virginia. Culture . — The propagation in most of these species is not effected without considerable trouble, as they require the aid of artificial heat, in order to bring them forward in the greatest perfection. There are a few, however, that may be raised in the open ground without the assistance of heat applied in the above manner. The two first, as being the most tender, demand much greater attention and more artificial heat in producing them, than those of the third, fourth, and fifth kinds. And the sixth and seventh species are capable of being raised with still less heat than those of the above soils, though not in the fullest perfection without a slight degree of it. % \ In all the different species the business is accomplished by sow- ing the seeds annually in the early spring months, as about the latter end of March or beginning of April, on beds of good earth, either 76 - over heat or in the natural ground, according to the nature of the plants. The earlier the sowing can be performed, the belter growth the plants will attain in the summer season. In raising the two first sorts in the greatest lustre and perfection, the aid of two or three different hot-beds is necessary; which should be covered with frames and glasses, so as to slide with ease and con- venience. The first of these hot-beds should be small, and made in the ordinary way, for the purpose of receiving the seed, and which may likewise serve for that of other annuals of the tender kind of similar growth. They should be earthed over the top within the frames, to the depth of five or six inches, with good light dry mould. In this the seed should be sown in small shallow drills, and covered over very lightly with fine sifted mould: the glasses are then to be placed over. In these situations the plants should be suffered to re- main till they have attained the height of two or three inches, air being admitted in fine days, and the glasses covered at nights with garden mats. When the plants are in this situation, a second hot- bed is to be prepared in the same manner, into which the young plants are to be pricked out to the distance of about four inches from each other, moderate waterings being occasionally given, and the plants well shaded from the sun till they have taken fresh root. Air should now be admitted more freely when the weather is fine, by raising one end of the glasses, and the night coverings be carefully applied. After the plants have remained in these beds a month or six weeks, and are become tolerably strong in their growth, so as to require more space, the final hot-beds should be made ready. These ought to be of much larger dimensions. When the frames are placed over them, earth to the depth of four or five inches should be laid over; and the plants, after being taken up with balls of earth about their roots, planted in pots of about the twenty-fourth size, water being immediately applied in a sparing manner, and the pots plunged in the earth of the beds, the frames being raised occasionally, as the plants advance in growth. The lights are to be constantly kept on, but air freely admitted by raising the ends daily, and water applied every day or two. Towards the end of June the plants will have 77 risen to nearly their full size; when they may be placed out in the open air, where they are fully seen when the weather is line and settled, each of them being supported by a handsome stick. In their after culture, they require to be kept constantly in the pots, and to have water freely applied almost every day when the season is hot. In order to procure the seed of these kinds in perfection, it is the best method to put a few of the best plants in a deep frame towards the latter end of the summer, that they may, by being more per- fectly sheltered by the glasses, be rendered more fully ripe. In the culture of the third and fourth sorts, as they are more hardy, one or two moderate hot-beds at most will be fully sufficient for raising the plants. In these cases, the seeds should be sown upon a moderate hot-bed towards the end of March ; and when the plants come up they should have a considerable share of air admitted to them in mild weather, in order to prevent their drawing up in too weak a state: and when they are become large enough to be trans- planted out, another moderate hot-bed should be provided, into which they should be removed, placing them at six inches distance in every direction, care being taken to water them as well as to shade them from the sun in hot weather, until they have taken new root: after which the air should be freely admitted to them at all times when the season is favourable. Their waterings should likewise be frequent, but not given in too great quantity at a time. As the plants advance in growth, and the warmth of the season increases, they should have a greater proportion of air, that by degrees they may be hardened so as to bear the open exposure. In the beginning ot June the plants may be taken up with large balls of earth about their roots, and planted some into pots, and others in the borders or other parts of the pleasure-grounds, shading them carefully until they have taken good root: after which they should be frequently watered in hot dry weather, especially those in the pots; as every evening or oftener. As the Tree Amaranthus does not thrive well in pots, it should be planted in a rich light soil, and be allowed plenty of room, and a 78 ( full supply of water, as often as may be neccessary. In these cir- cumstances it frequently attains a considerable size, especially in dry seasons. The two last species are capable of being raised upon warm dry borders with tolerable facility; but they neither attain the full growth, afford such large dower-spikes, or appear in such early perfection, as when managed in the manner of the above. In preserving the seed of the last five sorts, some of the largest and finest spikes should be collected, as they ripen towards the latter end of September, and exposed to the full sun in some dry airy situ- ation until they become perfectly dry, when the seeds may be rub- bed out and put by in a dry warm place. Persons who are curious in raising these annual plants in great perfection, find it convenient to have a glass case erected, with up- right sloping glasses on every side, having a pit in the bottom for tan, in which the pots are plunged. If this be raised eight or nine feet to the ridge, and the upright glasses are five feet, there will be room and light enough to raise these as well as many other plants of a similar growth to great perfection: and, by such a contrivance, many of those tender annual plants, which rarely perfect seeds in this climate under other circumstances, may be brought forward so as to ripen their seeds in a perfect manner. All these plants are highly ornamental, the more tender sorts be- ing mostly distributed in mixture with others of the showy kinds in places immediately about the house; while those that are more hardy afford much ornament and variety in the borders, clumps, and other situations in gardens or pleasure-grounds. They should have rather open exposures, and be distributed towards the fronts, espe- cially those of the low growing kinds. ; ‘w ; 2 ^ ,w PLATE VIII. VJ 1. APOCYNUM ANDROS/EMIFOLIUM. This genus contains hardy, herbaceous, perennial and shrubby tender exotics, of the flowering kind. It belongs to the class and order Tentandria Digynia , and ranks in the natural order Contortie. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, five-parted, acute, short, and permanent perianthium: the corolla is monopela- lous, bell-shaped, and semiquinquefid : the divisions revolule: the nectary consists of five glandular oval capsules surrounding the germ: the stamina consist of very short filaments: the an therae ob- long, erect, acute, bifid at the base, converging: the pislillum con- sisting of two ovate germs: the styles short: the stigmas roundish, bifid at the top, rnuricate, glued to the anthers: the pericarpium consists of two long, acuminate, one-valved, one-celled follicles: containing many very small seeds, crowned with long down; the receptacle subulate, very long, rough, and free. The species are: 1 . A. andrommifolium, Tutsan-leaved Dog’s- bane; 2. A. canabinum. Hemp Dogs-bane; 3. A. hypericifolium , St. John’s Wort-leaved Dogs-bane; 4. A. venetum, Venetian Spear- leaved Dogs-bane; 5. A. frutescens, Shrubby Dog-bane; 6. A. reti- culation, Net-leaved Climbing Dogs-bane. The first has the steins about three feet in height, and upright. The leaves are opposite ; and these and the stems abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they arc broken. The corollas are white, with the nectaries of a purplish cast. But, according to some, they are pale red with a tinge of purple, the flowers being FLY-CATCHING DOG S-BANE 80 pendulous. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers from July to Sep- tember. It is perennial. The second species has the rools perennial, and creeping, lhe stems are brown, and about two feet in height. The leaves are smooth, in pairs, abounding with a milky juice, like the former. Towards the upper part of the stem, the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, in small bunches, and are ot an herbaceous white colour, and small. It is admitted for the sake of variety. It flowers as above; and is a native of the same place. The stems afford a liempy substance. In the third the root is likewise perennial, and creeping. The stems annual, upright, round, branched, a foot and half in height, and filled with a white pith. The leaves opposite, sharpish, quite entire, subsessile; the upper ones on the extreme twigs petioled, not revolute. The peduncles umbelled, and terminating. The flowers small, and inodorous. The leaflets of the calyx are oblong, con- cave, erect, and green. The corolla white, and longer than the ca- lyx. Between the filaments there is a roundish, green gland. The whole plant is smooth, and abounds with a milky juice. It is a na- tive of North America, and flowers in June and July. The fourth species has the root perennial, and creeping. The stems about two feet high. The leaves opposite and smooth. The flowers grow erect, at the top of the stems in small umbels, and are much larger than in the former sorts. It is a native of the islands in the Adriatic sea, and flowers in July and August. There are varieties with purple, and with white flowers. In the fifth the stem is woody, five or six feet in height, dividing into several branches. Leaves opposite, petioled, smooth, quite entire. The peduncles from the axils, opposite; being oppositely branched. The corolla salver-shaped. The flowers are in loose bunches, small, and of a purple colour; but never succeeded by pods in this coun- try. It is a native of the East Indies, &c. The sixth species has a twining stem, by which it rises to a con- siderable height. The leaves are dark green, very shining, with a 81 beautiful net of milky veins. It is a native of the East In- dies, &c. Culture . — The four first species are capable of being easily pro- pagated, by dividing their creeping roots either in the early spring months, before they protrude their stems, or in the autumn. The soil most proper for them is that of the light dry kind, as, where there is much moisture, they are apt to be destroyed in the winter season by their roots becoming rotten. In the second species the roots sometimes spread in a troublesome manner. The fourth species requires a very dry, warm exposure; as it is less hardy than the former. It is best to remove it when necessary in the early spring, when it is about to send forth its stems. The two last species are best propagated by layers or cuttings from their young shoots, which should be made during the summer season, being dried in the stove some days before they are planted out. They are likewise capable of being raised by seed, when it can be procured, as they seldom afford any in this climate. In either method, pots of light sandy earth should be employed. In the for- mer, the layers or cuttings, after being planted out in them, should be placed in a mild hot-bed; and in the latter, after the seeds are sown, the pots should be plunged into a tan-bed. When the plants are up they must be watered sparingly, and kept constantly in the tan, being changed into larger pots as they advance in growth, great care being taken not to over-pot them, as they thrive best where their roots are a little confined. Under good management, they mostly flower in the second year. The first kinds are sufficiently hardy to bear the exposure of the open air; but the latter sorts require the constant protection of the stove. The former are well adapted for producing variety in the clumps and borders of walks in pleasure-grounds; and the latter for ornament in the stove, where, from their beautiful ever-gteen leaves, they have a fine appearance. M ( 82 2. antirrhinum purpureum, PURPLE TOADFLAX. This genus includes various plants of the herbaceous flowery tribe, commonly known by the titles of Snap-Dragon, Calf’s- Snout, and Toad-Flax, or Frog s-Mouth. It belongs to the class and order Didynamia Angiospermia, and ranks in the natural order of Fersonatce. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted permanent perianthium: the divisions oblong, the two lowermost gaping: the corolla is monopetalous and ringent: the tube oblong, swelling, and opening above with a mouth having two lips, the upper one two- parted and reflex on each side, the under one trifid and obtuse: the palate convex, usually closed by a prominency between the lips, produced from the under lip, the throat being concave beneath, hav- ing a prominent nectarium at the base of the corolla, produced downwards and prominent : the stamina consist of two short and two long filaments, enclosed under the upper lip; the anther® converg- ing: the pistillum a roundish germ, style simple, of the length and in ihe situation of the stamens: the stigma obtuse: the pericarpium a roundish capsule, obtuse, two-celled, of different form and aper- tuie in the different species: the seeds numerous: the receptacles uniform, solitary, and affixed to the partition. The species of most importance for cultivation are: 1. A. linaria , Common Yellow Toad-Flax; 2. A. cymbalaria. Ivy-leaved Toad- Flax; 3. A. triphyllum. Three-leaved Toad- Flax; 4. A. purpureum. Purple Toad-Flax ; 5. A. monspessulanum, Montpellier Toad-Flax; 6. A. sparteum, Branching Toad-Flax ; 7- A. trisie. Dark-flowered Toad-Flax; 8. A. pelisserianum , Violet-coloured Toad-Flax ; 9- A, multicaule, Many-slalked Toad-Flax; 10. A. alpinum, Alpine Joad- Flax; 11. A. dalmaticum, Dalmatian Shrubby Toad-Flax; 12. A. gc- mstafolium , Broom-leaved Toad-Flax; 13 . A. majus. Great Toad- Flax, or Snap-Dragon; 14 . A. bellidifolium , Daisy-leaved Toad-Flax, or Snap-Dragon. The first species has a hard woody creeping perennial root: the stems several, from one to two feet in height, full of leaves, round and smooth: the leaves pointed, smooth, and of a blueish colour, growing without order: the flowers yellow with the palate orange, villose, in a thick terminal spike: the nectary long and awl-shaped: the upper segment of the calyx a little longer than the rest : the two lower ones gaping, widest: the capsule cylindric, splitting at the top into several equal divisions. It grows by road -sides, and flowers from June to August. By culture the flowers become larger and finer. The second species has a fibrous perennial root, inserting itself so into the crevices of walls and rocks as scarcely to be eradicated: the stalks are numerous, growing in a tuft, creeping at bottom, branched, round, purplish and stringy: the leaves roundish, shining, somewhat fleshy, some opposite, others alternate, frequently purplish: lobes of the lower ones blunt, upper acute, the smallest only three-lobed: the petioles long and grooved above: the peduncles from the axils, one-flowered, round, a little longer than the petioles: the tube of the corolla short: the upper lip purple, with two deeper veins; seg- ments of the lower whitish: the palate yellow: the mouth or entrance into the tube villous and saffron-coloured: the nectary purple and conical, the length of the calyx: the germ purple: the capsule wrinkled, opening at top into several segments: the seeds are black, roundish and wrinkled like the nut of the walnut. The whole plant is smooth, but has a disagreeable smell. There is a variety with a white flower. The third is an annual plant, which rises with an upright branch- ing stalk near a foot and half high, with oval, smooth, gray leaves, placed often by threes, and sometimes by pairs, opposite at the joints; the flowers grow in short spikes at the top of the stalks; they are shaped like those of the common sort, but have not such long tubes; they are yellow, with saffron-coloured chaps. It flowers in July and August, and the seeds ripen in autumn. It grows na- turally in Sicily. There are varieties of this with a purple standard and spur; and with purple flowers. In the fourth species the root is perennial: the stem two feet high, round and smooth: the leaves smooth, and marked with thiee nerves underneath, spreading, alternate: the lower verticillale: the racemes are terminal, simple, erect, long, with pedicels longer than the flower: the calyx minute: the corolla all purple, paler without, with the palate pubescent at the edge; spur the length of the corolla, bending outwards: the capsule subglobular: the seeds three-sided- angular, or a little compressed: the angles acute, margined, smooth, and vernacularly wrinkled between them ; the colour of smoke. It is a native of Italy. The fifth has a perennial root, from which arise many branching stalks near two feet high, with very narrow leaves growing in clus- ters, and of a grayish colour. The flowers are produced in loose spikes at the end of the branches; they are of a pale blue, and have a sweet smell. These appear in June; and there is often a succes- sion of flowers on the plants till winter: the bractes are lanceolate, one at the base of each peduncle: the corolla pale blue, with darker spots; spur nearly as long as the body of the corolla: the calyx very small, and the segments acute. In the sixth species the stem is a foot high, quite smooth, pani- cled, erect, but not very stiff, with wand-like branches. Primordial leaves, before the stalk shoots up, lernate, oblong; the rest alternate, awl-shaped, channelled, smooth, fleshy, and straight; the flowers are racemose: the calyxes smooth, or rather somewhat villose: the co- rollas yellow: the palate smooth, with a tinge of red in the retuse elevation of it. The seventh has several smooth stems, eight or nine inches long, usually decumbent: the leaves rather fleshy, convex and glaucous : the calyx and bractes only pubescent: the corolla very dark purple. with the spur streaked: it often varies of an ash, yellow, or lighter purple. By Curtis it is said to be of a fine rich brown inclining to purple: the capsule is shaped like the human skull. It is a na- tive of Spain, and flowers during most of the summer months. The eighth species has an annual root: the stem six or eight inches high, erect, round, very smooth, branching a little: the leaves very remote, rather fleshy and smooth: the radical or lower ones three or four together: the flowers in a head or corymb, and small: the calyx erect, not close, but with distant divisions: the corolla pur- ple, with a white palate marked with obscure veins, purple: the upper lip longest; spur straight, as long or longer than the corolla. It is a native of France, &c. The ninth is an annual plant, from whose root proceed many stalks, which are lax and rushy, very slender, and about a foot in height; on the lower part they have five very narrow, linear, obtuse leaves at each joint; but upwards they are sometimes by pairs, and sometimes single: the stalks are divided into many small branches, with little yellow flowers coming out singly at a distance from each other, which appear in July, and ripen their seeds in August. It is a native of Sicily. There are two varieties of this plant, one with a deep yellow- coloured flower, the other with a sulphur-coloured flower. In the tenth species the root is perennial : the stems slender, branching at bottom, growing thicker towards the top, from two to seven inches long, ascending, round and smooth : the leaves quite entire, without veins, and thick; the lowest smaller, and in fours: the upper ones solitary, or two opposite, or sometimes three: the flowers in a close raceme at the ends of the stalks; they are very elegant, of a fine violet purple colour, with a rich gold colour in the middle, and are in blow most part of the summer. It is a native of the Alps. The eleventh species rises with a strong woody stalk, three feet high, having smooth, spear-shaped leaves, placed alternately, and sitting close to the stalk. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches in short loose spikes; these are of a deep yellow co- ( lour, much larger than those of the common sort, and stand upon short foot-stalks. It dowei-s in July, but the seeds rarely ripen m this climate, which makes the plants scarce. It is a native of Crete, See. ... . , The twelfth is a biennal or perennial plant, which rises with au upright, branching stalk from three to four feet high, having spear- shaped, alternate leaves, ending in acute points, and of a grayish colour. The dowers are produced at the end of the branches, m loose panicles : they are of a bright yellow colour. It is a native of Siberia, &c. In the thirteenth the root is biennial : the stem from a foot or eighteen inches to two and even three feet in height, upright, round, solid, smooth at bottom, but pubescent higher up: the leaves are lanceolate or ovate, blunt, the lower mostly opposite, the upper inclined to be alternate: the dowers in a spike, pointing one way, large and handsome, on a very short, hairy peduncle, supported by a short, concave, acuminate bracte: the nectary obtuse, scarcely pro- minent: the capsule obliquely opening at top, unequal at the base; vulgarly compared in shape to a calf’s head: the tops of the stalks and the calyxes are usually viscid. It is a native of the south of Europe, and dowers in June and July. There are a great many varieties, as with red, yellow, purple and white dowers, red with white or yellow mouths, white and red, yel- low and red, yellow and white, purple and white, purple with yellow mouths, with scarlet dotted with gold colour, with double dowers, and variegated leaves. The fourteenth species is a biennial, or at most a triennial plant, which frequently perishes soon after the seeds are ripened. Ihc stem is erect, two feet high, branching, terminated with a long thin spike: the stem-leaves small and three-parted, sometimes five-parted, very different from the broad, serrate, radical ones: the bracles one- flowered, linear, long, sometimes trifid: the dowers very small, on short peduncles, in a very long raceme, containing frequently an hundred dowers: the segments of the calyx almost capillary: the corolla blue, nodding, quinquefid, two of the divisions erect, three 87 nodding; throat open without any palate; spur short, bent back ; the anthers reflex, dark blue. It is a native of Spain, &c. Culture . — In most of the plants of the Toad-Flax kind the pro- pagation may be readily effected by sowing the seeds either in the autumn or the spring, in situations where they are to remain, and where the soil is light and not enriched by manure. The seeds of the third, sixth, and eleventh species are best pul into the ground in the spring; and those of the fourth, fifth, eighth, and ninth in the au- tumn. The first species may be increased by the trailing stalks which put out roots from the joints. It will succeed in any soil or situation. The fourth and fifth species may likewise be propagated by parting the roots. The seventh and tenth may be raised by cut- tings, which should be planted out in a shady situation in the sum- mer season, and when they have taken good root they may be removed into pots of light earth of the poorer sort. The striped varieties must also be propagated by cuttings, in the same way as the above. The plants raised by cuttings should be sheltered during the win- ter months, fresh air being admitted freely in mild weather. When protected under a hot-bed frame they succeed better than in the green- house, as in the latter situation the plants are apt to be drawn up weak. The plants raised from seed should be removed into pots of light sandy earth, especially in the eleventh species, till they have taken fresh root, being then exposed in assemblage with other hardy exotic plants till October, when they should be placed in a hot-bed frame to be protected from frost. Some may likewise be planted out in warm situations on rubbish or poor sandy soils, where they will fre- quently stand in mild winters, as in such situations they resist cold the best. In the Snap dragon kind the propagation may be accomplished either by the seed or by cuttings. When the former method is prac- tised, the seeds in the thirteenth species should be sown in the spring, as in April or May, in the. places where they are to remain, where they will produce flowers in the following spring. But in the fourteenth species the seed should be sown in the autumn on borders or other places, where they are to remain. They must be thinned in the following spring, and they mostly flower in the second. 11 the former of these sorts be designed to grow on rocky barren situations, the seeds should be sown in March, where they are to remain. Where the latter mode is employed, the cuttings should be made in the summer season, and planted out in a proper shade till they have stricken root. These are most of them plants adapted to the purpose of orna- ment, either in rocky barren situations, or in the borders, clumps 01 other parts of gardens and pleasure-grounds. The first species is particularly suited for covering rock work, and the thirteenth also grows well in such situations, and it, as well as most of the other species, is adapted for the purpose of affording variety in the larger borders or other compartments. They last the longest in dry poor rocky situations. 'Wtvtw ' 1 / / 1 ^ Faints J by Syd JZ Awards Ion Jo 11 Fibli/heJ . I u*f 1*1 SOS bv GKearsley lint Street A rye mo no me.rtcana Azalea nui/i/lora cocci nea. 1 Sfearican A raemone Scarlet Aza/ea F my rare J by t A an/a m VJ PLATE IX. 1. ARGEMONE MEXICANA. MEXICAN ARGEMONE. This genus comprehends a planl of the annual kind: The Prickly Poppy. It belongs to the class and order Polyandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Rhceadece. The characters of which are: that the calyx is a three-leaved, roundish perianth: the leaflets roundish with a point, concave and caducous: the corolla consists of six roundish petals, from erect spreading, larger than the calyx: the stamina consist of numerous filiform filaments, the length of the calyx: the anthers are oblong and erect: the pislillum is an ovale, five-angled germ: there is no style: the stigma thickish, obtuse, reflex, quinquefid and permanent: the pericarpium is an ovate, five-angled, one-celled, half-valved cap- sule: the seeds numerous and very small: the receptacles linear, fastened to the angles of the pericarpium, but not gaping: the half- valved capsule distinguishes this from the Papaver. There is only one species cultivated in the garden: A. Mexicana. It is an annual plant, rising to the height of two or three feet, with stems armed with prickles: leaves sinuate or jagged, soft, shining, stem-clasping, the points of the jags ending in sharp yellow spines; on the upper side there are milky veins, as in Our Lady’s Thistle; on the under, small prickles along the midrib and veins: the flowers are solitary at the ends of the stem and branches: the corolla is yellow, with from four to six petals: the calyx consists of two or three prickly leaves; the stigma is capitate, small, with five notches: the capsule N 90 superior, having five or six ribs from tob to bottom, and between the ribs armed with bristle-shaped spines; at the top is the flatted stig- ma: the seeds are very numerous, round, black, loug , wit a com pressed scar on one side: the valves of the capsule vary in number wpll as the oetals, from four to six. It is a native of Mexico, and flowers in July and August. . , , Culture . — As this is an annual plant, it may be easily raisec iy sowing the seeds thinly in spots of light earth in the places where the plants are to remain. As the plants shed their seeds, they mostly continue for several years after they have been once introduced. / 2. AZALIA NUDIFLOltA COCCINEA. SCARLET AZALIA. This genus contains plants of the hardy deciduous flowering shrubby kinds. The Upright American Honeysuckle. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogynm, and ranks in the natural order ot Bicomes . The characters of which are: that the calyx is a five-parted, acute, erect, small, coloured, permanent perianthium: the corolla is monopetalous, bell-shaped, semiquinquefid; the sides of the divi- sions bent in: the stamina consist of five filiform filaments, inserted into the receptacle and free: the anthers are simple: the pistillum is a roundish germ: the style filiform, the length of the corolla, and permanent: the stigma is obtuse: the pericarpium is a roundish cap- sule, five-celled and five-valved: the seeds many and roundish. The species chiefly cultivated are : 1. A. nudifiora , Naked-flowered Azalia; 2. A. viscosa. Viscid-flowered Azalia. The first in its native situation often rises to the height or hitecn feet, but here is never more than half that height. It sends out seve- ral stems from the root. The leaves are oblong, smooth, alternate 91 VJ and petioled. The peduncles are axillary, long and naked, sup- porting a cluster of red flowers, which are tubulous, swelling at their base like those of the hyacinth, and contracted at their neck ; they are divided at the top into five equal segments, which spread open. The five stamens and style are much longer than the petals, and stand erect. It is a native of Virginia. There are varieties of this plant with scarlet flowers; with pale red flowers; with curly white flowers; with red and white flowers; and with variegated flowers. The second is a low shrub, rising with several slender stems near four feet high: the leaves come out in clusters at the ends of the shoots without order: they are spear-shaped, and narrow at their base; their edges are set with very short teeth, which are rough: the flowers come forth in clusters between the leaves at the extremities of the branches; they are white, with a mixture of dirty yellow on the outside: the tube is an inch long, and at the top they are pretty deeply cut into five segments; the two upper are reflex, the two side ones bent inward, and the lower one is turned downward: the sta- mens are a little longer than the petals, and support oblong saffron- coloured anthers. The style is much longer than the stamens, and is crowned by an obtuse stigma. These flowers have much the ap- pearance of those of Honey-suckle, and are as agreeably scented ; more so than the foregoing sort. They appear the middle of July, but are not succeeded by seeds in this climate. It is a native of North America. This plant has varieties, with white striped flowers; with narrow petal led flowers; and with clustered flowers. Culture . — These plants may be raised without much difficulty, in rather moist soils where the situation is shady. As they never pro- duce seeds in this climate, they must be increased by layers from the young shoots, or by offsets from the roots. The best season for either of these methods is the early part of the autumn, when they should be set out where they are to grow, or be planted in rows in the nursery manner. It is useful to protect the roots during the win- i 92 ( ter, by covering the ground about them with old tan, or other simi- lar substances. . , , Where the seeds can be procured, plants may be raised by sow- ing them either in pots or on warm borders; in the former metho , forcing their growth by plunging them in mild hot-beds. These shrubby plants are suited for affording variety in shru e. ries and other places, both on account of their fragrant smell and the beauty of their flowers. . I'll . . * • ■ FI to. Fainted by Syd. Edwards I.ond*m J’uldifhed . Tan U$O0 by G- Ken ley F feet < Street Engraved by F Snuff m Bianoma radic/i u.i . Butomus // u/F/f ah/s 1 Ash bared Trumpet f lower ' Flcwenny Bad/ PLATE X. 1. BIGNONIA RADICANS. ASH-LEAVED TRUMPET FLOWER. This genus comprehends several plants of the shrubby and tree exotic kinds. The Trumpet Flower, or Scarlet Jasmine. It belongs to the class and order Didynamia Angiospet'mia, and ranks in the natural order of Personate. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, erect, cup- form, five- cleft perianthium: the corolla monopetalous, campanu- late; tube very small, the length of the calyx: throat very long, ven- tricose beneath, oblong-campanulate: border five-parted, the two upper divisions reflex, lower patulous: the stamina consist of four subulate filaments, shorter than the corolla ; two longer than the other two: the anthers reflex, oblong, as it were double: the pistil- lum is an oblong germ, the style filiform, having the situation and form of the stamens: the stigma is capitate: the pericarpiurn is a two-celled, two-valved silique: partition membranaceous, parallel and thickened at the sutures: the seeds are very many, imbricate, compressed, and membrane-winged on both sides. The species chiefly cultivated for ornamental purposes are: 1. B. catalpa, Calalpa and Tree Bignonia. 2. B. sempervirens , Evergreen Carolina Bignonia, or Yellow Jasmine. 3. B. unguis. Cut-claw Big- nonia. 4. B. radicans, Rooting Ash-leaved Scarlet Bignonia. The first is a deciduous tree, rising with an upright stem, covered with a smooth brown bark, to the height of thirty or forty feet in it s native situation, but not nearly so high in this climate: it sends out many strong lateral branches, having very large, heart-shaped, or 94 / ovate, leaves on them, placed opposite at every joint The flowers are produced in large branching panicles towards the end of the branches; they are of a dirty white colour, with a few purple spots, and faint stripes of yellow on their inside: the lube of the corolla is much shorter, and the upper part more spreading than in the fourth sort: the segments also are deeper cut, and waved on their edges. The flowers are succeeded by longer taper pods in its native situa- tion ; but these have not as yet been produced in this climate. It is a native of South Carolina, and flowers in August. The second species rises with slender stalks, which twist them- selves round the neighbouring plants, and mount to a considerable height : the leaves come out single and opposite to each other at every joint: they remain green through the year. J lie flowers come out from the wings of the leaves at every joint, sometimes but two, at other times four at each joint; these stand erect, are trumpet-shaped, yellow, and have a very sweet scent; and, in the countries where they grow naturally, are succeeded by short taper pods filled with small winged seeds. It is a native of South Caiohna. The third rises with slender stems which require support. The leaves are small, ovate, entire, and placed opposite at every joint; at the same places come out the tendrils, by which the plants fasten themselves to whatever grows near them: the flowers are axillary, and shaped like those of the Foxglove* They are not succeeded by pods in this climate. It is a native of the West-Indies. The fourth species has rough stems, which send out many trailing branches, putting out roots at their joints, and thereby fastening themselves to the trees in their natural places of growth, and climb- in- to a great height: when it is planted against walls, it strikes into the mortar of the joints so strongly as to support the branches, and will rise to the height of forty or fifty feet. The leaves are opposite at every joint, composed of four pairs of leaflets, terminated by an odd one; they are serrate, and end in a long sharp point. The flow- ers are produced at the ends of the shoots of the same year, in large bunches; they have long swelling tubes, shaped somewhat like a 9o trumpet, whence the plant has the appellation of Trumpet Flower. The corolla is of an orange colour, and opens at the beginning of August. It is a native of Carolina. There is a variety of this with small flowers. Several other species of this genus are equally deserving of cul- tivation. Culture . — These plants are capable of being raised either from seeds, layers, or cuttings of the stronger shoots, according to the species. In the first, the best methods are those of sowing the seeds, ob- tained from abroad, in pots of light fresh earth, in the early spring season, plunging them immediately in a moderate hot-bed of tan or dung: when the young plants appear, they should be placed in warm sheltered exposures till the autumn, when they require the protection of frames and glasses, or of a good green-house, free air being ad- mitted when the weather will permit. After the plants have attained sufficient growth in these situations, they may be removed from the pots, planted out in warm situations where they are to remain, or in the nursery, protection being given them in the winter season when it proves severe. Some however prefer raising plants of this sort by setting the cuttings of the young shoots in the early spring, in pots of the same earth, plunging them in moderate hot-beds till they have stricken full root, water and shade being occasionally given them, gradually as the summer advances enuring them to the full air, in order to harden them. On the approach of autumn, they should be taken under shelter of some sort when the weather is severe. In the spring- following they may, if necessary, be planted out where they arc to stand, or be put in the nursery ground. These plants succeed best in such soils as are rich, and rather inclined to moisture. All the other species may likewise be raised from seeds, by being- managed in the same manner as the preceding one; but a more ready method is by layers, made from the young shoots in the autumn or spring seasons; which may be taken oft' and planted out, either where they are to remain, or in the nursery-ground, after they have had a twelvemonth’s growth. They are also capable of being in- creased by cuttings of the more strong shoots, planted out and ma- naged in the same way as in the first sort. In all the kinds, the plants raised from seeds are much longer be- fore they produce flowers, than when they are propagated by layers or cuttings of the flowering plants. The chief culture, after the plants are fully established, is that of cutting out all the small weak shoots of the preceding yeai, in the winter season, and shortening the stronger ones to the length of about two feet, in order to induce flowering shoots to be sent out foi the ensuing summer. These plants are all of long duration, when caie- fully managed. The first species, though late in putting out its leaves and flowers, is a highly ornamental shrubby tree, that may be introduced with propriety and great effect in the back but more conspicuous pai ts of large borders, or the middle of large clumps and other planted parts of shrubberies and grounds. When in full foliage it has a fine appearance, affording an agreeable diversity in such situations. It is likewise well suited for planting out singly on the more spa- cious lawns or other open parts, where the situations are not too much exposed, as when permitted to take its natuiul growth it pio- duces a good effect. The second species is more tender, requiring the protection of mats or other coverings in winter, in the time of frosts, and the ap- plication of tan or litter about the roots. It succeeds best, and has the finest appearance, when planted against a warm wall, where it has room to climb and spread. The third and fourth species arc much more hardy, though they should have some protection when frosts occur in the winter. r Ihey are very ornanymtal when planted against high walls or buildings, especially the latter, as it will fix on the crevices, and extend itself over a vast surface. If trained up against high trees, it also produces a fine appearance when in flower. 97 2. BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS. FLOWERING RUSH. •' \ * • Tins genus contains a plant of the flowery perennial aquatic kind. The Flowering Rush, or Water Gladiole. It belongs to the class and order Enneandria Hexagynia, and ranks in the natural order of Tripetaloidea. The characters are: that the calyx is a simple, three-leaved, short involucre: the corolla consists of six petals, roundish, concave, wi- thering; three outer alternate, smaller, more acute: the stamina con- sist of nine subulate filaments: the anthers are bilamellate: the pistil- lum has six germs, oblong, acuminate, ending in styles: the stigmas are simple: the pericarpium consists of six capsules, oblong, gra- dually attenuated, erect, one-valved, gaping on the inside: the seeds are very many, oblong-cylindric, obtuse at both ends, fixed to the wall of the capsules. There is only one species: B. umbellatus, Umbellatcd Butomus, or Flowering Rush. It has a thick, oblong, fibry, perennial root: the leaves are ensi- form, long, triangular, smooth, quite entire, spongy, at bottom sheathing, at top flat and twisted: the scape upright, round, smooth, from one to three or five and six feet high: the flowers to thirty, each on a single round peduncle, from an inch to about a fingei s length* forming an upright umbel, surrounded at bottom by an involucre of three withering membranous sheaths; besides a smaller stipule to each peduncle: corolla handsome, near an inch in breadth; commonly of a bright or pale flesh-colour, purple or rose-colour. It is a native of most parts of Europe, and Flowers in June and July. There are varieties with white flowers; with red flowers; with deep purple flowers. o Culture . — The propagation in this plant is effected either by seed or the roots. In the first mode the seed may be sown thick, in any watery or boggy place, in the autumn, and left to natuie. In the second method the roots should be removed any time after flowering, and such as admit of it, divided, planting them at once in the places allotted them, where they flower annually for a great length of time. These plants are very ornamental on the sides of waters, or in soft boggy situations, in pleasure grounds. TawieJ by S\d JEJwnrdr LvhJi'H 116\>5 by L-rK.’a rslry F7ssf< t'hvsJ -Eng rural byFS t itUvm j fiP ( e y. ru mjriUicoju m $ulbocodiu m- ver/tum Hfitum capihitu /// ' f ru ^^y J lares- ear Spring 3 u/bocodium fierry Tieaded Stra wberry -JBlih % t PLATE XI. 1. BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM. SHRUBBY HARES-EAR. This genus comprises plants of the evergreen shrubby kind. Hare's Ear, or ./Ethiopian Hartvvort. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Digynia, and ranks in the natural order of Umbellata. The characters are: that the calyx is an universal umbel, with fewer than ten rays; partial with scarcely ten rays, erect-expanding: involucre universal many-leaved; partial five-leaved, larger: leaflets expanding, ovate, acute: the perianthium proper obscure: the co- rolla is universal uniform: floscules all fertile: proper, of five, in- voluted, entire, very short petals: the stamina consist of five simple filaments: the anthers roundish : the pistillum is an inferior germ: the styles two, reflected, and small: the stigmas very small : there is no pericarpium: fruit roundish, compressed, striated, splitting in two: the seeds two, ovate-oblong, convex and striated on one side, flat on the other. The species for the purpose of ornamental culture are: 1. B.fru- ticosum , Shrubby Hare’s Ear, or ./Ethiopian Hart wort; 2. B. difformc. Various-leaved Hare’s Ear; 3. B.frutescens, Grass-leaved Shrubby Hare’s Ear. The first is an evergreen shrub rising to the height of five or six feet, and dividing into many branches so as to form a large regular bush. The stem is covered with a purplish bark; the branches arc well furnished with oblong, smooth, shining, stiff leaves, of a sea r green colour, placed alternately, four inches long, and one broad in the middle; at the ends of these the flowers are produced in umbels: 100 they are yellow at first, but fade away to a brown: they come out in July and August, but seldom perfect seeds in this climate. It is a native of the South of France. The second species rises with a shrubby stalk to the height of five or six feet, sending out some side branches, which in the spring have on their lower parts leaves composed of many small flat leaflets, finely cut like those of coriander, and of a sea-green colour; these leaves soon fall off, and the upper part of the branches is closely covered with long rush-like leaves having four angles, coming out in clusters from each joint. The flowers grow in spreading umbels at the extremities of the branches; are small, of an herbaceous colour, and succeeded by oblong channelled seeds. It is a native of the Cape, and flowers from June to August. The third has a shrubby branching stem of moderate growth: the leaves are sharp and rather fleshy ; and the flowers in small umbels at the end of the branches. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in August and September. Culture . — These sorts of plants may be propagated either by seeds or cuttings. In the first method the seeds should be sown in autumn, soon after they are ripe, in pots of light mould, and placed in a frame, to have shelter from frost during winter, and in spring plunged in a hot-bed, especially the two green-house kinds, which soon brings up the plants. These should be inured to the full air, and, when of proper growth, transplanted into separate small pots, shade and occasional waterings being given in the summer: in autumn the plants should be placed in a green-house or frame, and in spring following those of the first sort planted out in the nursery-ground. In the second method the cuttings should be planted out in spring, in pots of light earth, plunging them in a moderate hot-bed, where they readily take root. The common shrubby kind may also be raised by cuttings in the common ground, by planting them in the later summer months, and sheltering them occasionally from the frost during the winter; or by planting them in pots at the same lime, and placing them in a garden-frame for occasional shelter from frost. In cither method 101 \ the. cuttings emit roots in the spring; water being freely given in summer, and shelter again in winter. In the spring following they should be planted out in a sheltered place in the nursery, to attain proper growth for the shrubbery quarters. The first affords, an ornamental effect in the fronts of clumps and other parts of shrubberies, and the others in assemblage with other potted plants of similar growth. 2. BULBOCODIUM VERNUM. SPRING BULBOCODIUM. Tins genus contains a plant of the bulbous- rooted flowering pe- rennial kind. Mountain Saffron. It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Spathacece. The characters are: that there is no calyx: the corolla hexapeta- lous, funnel-form: claws very long, linear: throat connecting the petals: border erect: petals lanceolate, concave: the stamina con- sist of six subulate filaments, inserted into the claws of the petals: the anthers are incumbent: the pistillum is an ovate subulate germ, obtusely three-cornered, and superior: the style is filiform, the length of the stamens: the stigmas three, oblong, erect and channelled: the pericarpium is a triangular, acuminate capsule, angles obscure, and three-celled: the seeds are numerous. There is only one species cultivated for ornament, B. vernum, Spring-flowering Bulbocodium. In this the bulb or root resembles that of common colchicum in shape, but is much smaller; it is covered with a dark-brown skin. In January, or before the middle of the following month, the flower springs up inclosed within three brownish-green leaves, which open- ing themselves as soon almost as they are out of the ground, show their buds for flowers within them very white ofteniimes, before diey \ 102 open far, and sometimes also purplish at first appearing. There is frequently only one flower, but never more than two flowers on a root; they never rise above the leaves, or the leaves much higher than them, whilst they last; they are smaller than those of colchicum; at first are of a pale red or deep blush colour, but afterwards change to a bl ight purple, and continue long in beauty, if the weather be not severe. After the flowers are past, the leaves grow to the length of four or five inches, and in the middle of them the seed-vessel rises up. It has the habit of colchicum, but differs in having only one style: from the crocus, which it much resembles, it is also distinguished by the number of its stamens. It is a native of Spain, &c. Culture . — This may be increased by otf-sets removed at the lime when the flower and leaf decay, every second or third year; also by sowing the seed in pots filled with loamy earth, in autumn, shelter- ing them in a frame from frost during the winter: the plants appear in spring, which, on the decay of the leaves, should be taken up for planting in the borders in the following autumn, where they flower the year following. When the roots are not frequently taken up, they flower much stronger, and produce a greater increase than when treated in the contrary manner. The plants should have a warm situation, and fresh soil that has not been improved by manure. They afford an agreeable variety in beds, borders, and clumps, of pleasure and other grounds. 3. B L I T U M CAN TAT U M. BER RY-HEADED ST R AWBERRY-B LITE. This genus comprises different plants of the annual herbaceous ornamental kind. The Elite, or Strawberry Spinach. Jt belongs to the class and order Monandria Digynia , and ranks in the. .natural .order of Hohr&cert. The characters are: that the calyx is a three-parted, spreading, permanent perianthium, the divisions ovale, equal, two more gaping than the other: there is no corolla: the stamina a setaceous filament, longer than the calyx, within the middle division, and erect: the an- ther is twin: the pistillum is an ovate, acuminate germ: the styles are two, erect, and gaping, the length of the stamen: the stigmas are simple: the pericarpium is a very thin capsule, (rather the crust of the seed) ovate, a little compressed, contained within the calyx now become a berry: the seed single, globular and compressed, the size of the capsule. The species mostly cultivated for ornament are: 1. B. capitation, Berry-headed Strawberry Blite; 2. B. virgatum. Slender- branched Strawberry Blite; 3. B. Tartaricum, Tartarian Strawberry Blite. The first is an annual plant, with leaves somewhat like those of Spinach. The stalk rises about two feet and a half high, when cul- tivated in gardens. The leaves on the lower part of it are of the same shape with the root-leaves, only smaller. The upper part of it has flowers coming out in small heads at every joint, and is termi- nated by a small cluster of the same. After the flowers are past, these little heads swell to the size of wood strawberries, and when ripe have the same appearance; being very succulent, and full of a purple juice, which stains the hands, and was formerly used for culi- nary purposes as a colouring ingredient. There are varieties, with white and red leaves. The second species seldom grows more than one foot high, with smaller leaves than the first, but of the same shape. The flowers are produced from the axils, almost the whole length of the stalk: they are small, and collected into little heads, shaped like those of the first, but smaller, and not so deeply coloured. It is a native of the South of France. There are varieties, with striped leaves, and with white flowers. The third rises near three feel high : the leaves are triangular, ending in very acute points, as also the indentures on the edges of the leaves. The flowers are axillary in small heads. The fruit is of the same shape and colour as those of the first, but smaller. This w 104 differs from that in the shape and indentures of the leaves; and in having leaves placed between the fruits the whole length of the stalk, which is not terminated by heads as in the first, but has leaves above the heads. Martyn supposes this is probably no more than a variety of the second sort. Culture . — These plants are raised by sowing the seeds annually, in the early spring months, in patches of three or four together, in the borders or clumps where they are to remain, the mould in the places being broken down and rendered rather fine before they are put in. They may also be sown on beds of light earth, and when they rise to a sufficient growth be transplanted to the places where they are to grow, which should be done before the flowering stems rise. The first is the best method. A few may also be raised in pots for particular purposes, which must be kept occasionally watered in dry seasons, and supported by sticks. When planted out in the natural ground, they must be kept clear from weeds, and properly thinned, and have support when necessary, to prevent their being pressed down by the weight of the fruit. They often rise freely from self-sown seeds. They are chiefly cultivated for the ornament which the fruit affords in the latter end of summer, which is as large as that of the common strawberry, and of a red colour. They have a good effect when set out in assemblage with other potted plants in conspicuous situations about the house. • . . • . ‘ !*lfj 'hi-'* • s PLATE XII. 1. CALLA jETH IOPICA. ETHIOPIAN CALLA. Tins genus contains a plant of the herbaceous flowery perennial green-house kind. ./Ethiopian Arum. It belongs to the class and order Gynandria Polyandria , and ranks in the natural order of Piperita. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed spatlie, ovate- cordate acuminate, coloured at top, very large spreading, permanent:' the spadix finger-shaped, quite single, erect, covered with fructifica- tions: there is no corolla: the stamina consist of some filaments intermixed with the germs the length of the pistils, permanent, com- pressed, truncate: the anthers are simple, truncate, and sessile: the pistillum to each is a roundish obtuse germ: the style simple, very short: the stigma acute: the pericarpium contains as many berries as there are pistils, four-cornered, globular, pulpy, and one-celled (several-celled): the seeds numerous (six to twelve,) solitary, oblong, cylindric, and obtuse at both ends. The species cultivated for ornament is C. JEthiopica, ./Ethiopian Arum, or Sweet Calla. It has thick, fleshy, tuberous roots, which are covered with a thin brown skin, and strike down many strong fleshy fibres into the ground. J he leaves arise in clusters, having foot-stalks more than a foot long, which are green and succulent: the leaves are eight or nine inches in length, and of a shining green, ending in a sharp point, which turns backward: between the leaves comes out the scape, which is thick, smooth, of the same colour as the leaves, rising above them, and terminated by a single flower shaped like those of the 106 arum: the hood or spathe is twisted at the bottom, but spreads open at the top, and is of a pure white colour. In the centre of this is situated the spadix or club, which is of an herbaceous yellow colour, upon which the small herbaceous flowers are closely placed; it is only about half the length of the spathe; it is succeeded by roundish red berries. It is a native of the Cape. Culture . — This plant is readily increased by offsets from the root, which should be separated in the autumn, and planted out singly in pots of light earth, where they become full plants the following year. The plants may be kept in the full air during the summer, but dur- ing the winter should have the protection of the green-house or a garden-frame. These plants, from the singularity of their growth, and their being constantly furnished with leaves, have an agreeable effect, and pro- duce much variety among other potted plants. 2. CORONILLA EMERIS. SCORPION SENNA. This genus comprises plants of the evergreen and deciduous shrubby kinds. It belongs to the class and order Diodelphiu Decciiidvio , and lanks in the natural order of Papilionacea. The characters are : that the calyx is a simple umbellule: pe- rianth one-leafed, very short, compressed, bifid, eiect, the thiee inferior teeth smaller; the two superior conjoined ; permanent: the corolla papilionaceous : standard heart-shaped, reflected on all sides, scarce longer than the wings: wings ovate, converging at top, gaping at bottom, obtuse : keel compressed, acuminate, ascending, usually shorter than the wings: the stamina consist of diadelphous filaments (single and nine-cleft), ascending at almost a right angle, the tips widish; anthers simple, small: the pistillum is a columnar, oblong 107 VJ germ: style bristled, ascending: stigma small, obtuse: the peri- carpium is a legume, very long, columnar, straight, contracted with an isthmus between each seed ; two-valved, one-celled, parting by joints: the seeds many. The species are: 1. C.juncea , Linear-leaved Coronilla; C. Valen- tina, Small Shrubby Coronilla; 3. C. argent ea. Silvery-leaved Coro- nilla; 4. C. glauca, Great Shrubby Coronilla; 5. C. Emerus, Scorpion Senna. 1 he first rises from two to four feet high, with many slender woody branches, as in broom: the leaves are linear, spear-shaped, small, and somewhat fleshy: the flowers stand upon pretty long axillary peduncles, in small bunches, are of a bright yellow co- lour, and appear for six or seven months together, but have not produced seeds in this climate. It is a native of the South of France. The second species rises three or four feet high: the leaflets nine or eleven, oblong-cordate or wedge- form retuse, with a small point or none, glaucous, somewhat fleshy, having the colour of rue in the early spring: the flowers are on long axillary peduncles in close bunches, small and deep yellow. It has a strong odour, and is a native of Spain. The third is a very humble shrub, rarely growing more than two feet high, when planted in a good soil; but in a dry barren place, not much above one foot: the stem is hard and woody, from which the branches are produced on every side near the ground, so as to form a low bushy shrub. At the joints where the leaves are produced arc two ear-shaped stipules. The flowers are on long slender axil- lary peduncles, yellow, and have a strong sweet scent: it pro- duces plenty of flowers in May, making a fine appearance; the seeds ripening in August. Its silvery colour is said to be occa- sioned by its growing on a poor dry soil. It is a native of the island of Crete. The fourth species seldom grows more than three or four feet high, with a woody branching stem: the leaflets five or seven, 108 glaucous, wedge-form, seldom obcordate, with a small reflex point : the flowers bright yellow, in a roundish bunch: they are remark- ably fragrant during the day. It is a native of the South of France. The fifth rises from two to six feet in height (eight or nine in gar- dens): the stem not very straight, branched and brachiate (so weak as sometimes to want support): the leaflets three or four pairs, gra- dually larger, almost cordate, glaucous and smooth: the peduncles umbelled, with from three to five yellow flowers. Miller kept this species under its old name of Emerus , dividing it into greater and less; the former being common in gardens, but the latter in veiy few* It is a native of France, flowering in April. Culture . — As the first four sorts, and especially the second, are rather tender, though they will succeed in the open air in mild win- ters, they should in common be potted, to be moved to the shelter of a green-house, or glass frame, or some place in a sheltered situa- tion in the full ground. The last sorts are hardy and elegant flower, ing-shrubs, for the clumps and other parts of extensive pleasure- grounds. The four first kinds may be increased by seeds sown in the spring, either on a warm border, or in a slender hot-bed; but the latter is the best mode, as it produces them more forward, in pots of rich earth half an inch in depth, plunging them in a hot-bed when ne- cessary. When the plants are two or three inches in height, they should be pricked out in separate small pots, giving shade, water, and air, hardening them gradually to the lull an, about the middle of summer, in which they may remain till autumn, then removing them to the shelter of a frame during winter, covering them only in time of frost, or very severe weather. The last sort, or Scorpion Senna, may be raised plentifully both by seeds, layers, and cuttings; the seeds being sown in March, in a bed of light earth, and covered half an inch deep, giving occasional waterings in dry weather. When the plants have had one or two years’ growth, they should be removed into nursery rows, and in two 109 or three more they will be large enough for planting in the shrub- bery, or other places. The layers of the young shoots may be laid down in autumn or winter, giving them a gentle twist. When they are perfectly rooted, they should be taken off, and planted out as above. The cuttings of the young shoots should be planted in the spring, or autumn, in shady borders, giving water the following spring and summer. When well rooted they should be removed, as in the above methods. 6 PLATE XIII. 1. CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. This genus comprises a plant of the aromatic shrubby deciduous kind. It belongs to the class and order Icosandria Pohjgynia, and ranks in the natural order of the Rosacea. The characters of which are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, pitcher-shaped, squarrose perianthium: leaflets coloured, lanceolate; the superior ones gradually larger, resembling petals: there is no corolla, except the calycine folioles, representing petals: the stamina consist of numerous subulate filaments, inserted into the neck of the calyx : the anthers oblong, furrowed, growing to the top of the fila- ments: the pislillum consists of a great many germs, ending in subu- late compressed styles of the length of the stamens : the stigmas are glandulous: there is no pericarpium, the calyx being thickened, obo- \ ate, and berried : the seeds are very many and tailed. The only species cultivated is C. floridus , Carolina All-spice. It rises to the height of eight or ten feet where it grows naturally, but seldom more than four feet high in this country, dividing into many slender branches near the ground; covered with a brown aro- matic bark, with two entire leaves placed opposite at every joint on short foot-stalks : the flowers grow single on short peduncles at the extremity of the branches; they have two series of narrow thick pe- tals, which spread open, and turn inward at the top, like those of the starry anemone colour; these are of a dusky purple colour, and have a disagreeable scent. They appear in May. The strong aromatic scent has obtained it the title of All-spice. Unified by Jrd jLJ*tinLr Jjondon J&n 12&06 by GKearslej Fleet Street En t jniYe,i brjp, } C a/ycanthus f/ortclns > Colutea arborescent Ceanct/ius America mis Carolina A /spice " Common 3 ladder Lett na New Terse j Tea Tire There are varieties with long leaves and with round leaves. Culture . — This is increased by laying down the young branches, or one-year’s shoots, which may be taken oft' in a twelvemonth, and set where they are to remain, as they do not bear transplanting well afterwards. The effects of drying winds should be guarded against in the summer, and frosts in winter; the former by very moderate waterings, and the latter by coverings of bark. The best season for laying down is the autumn, and for planting out, the spring. This shrub is capable of bearing the open air, but requires a dry soil and warm exposure. It is very ornamental in the fore parts of clumps or borders in shrubbery and other ornamented grounds. 2. COLUTEA ARBORESCENS. COMMON BLADDER SENNA. This genus contains plants of the hardy deciduous flowering shrubby kind. Bladder Senna. It belongs to the class and order Diadelphia Decandria , and ranks in the natural order of Papilionacece. The characters are : that the calyx is a one-leafed perianthium, bell-shaped, five-cleft, erect, nearly equal, permanent: the corolla is papilionaceous; standard, wings, and keel differ in figure and va- rious proportion; wings pressed close together, lanceolate: the sta- mina have diadelphous filaments, (single and nine-cleft) ascending: anthers simple: the pistillum is an oblong germ, compressed, atte- nuated at each end: style ascending: stigma is a bearded line ex- tended from the middle of the style to its tip, from the upper part: the pericarpium is a legume very large, very broad, inflated, transpa- rent and membranaceous, the upper suture erect, the lower gibbous, one-celled, gaping on the upper suture at the base: seeds several, kidney-shaped. The species cultivated arc: 1. C. arborescens , Common Bladder Senna; 2. C. cruenta, Oriental Bladder Senna; 3. C. Pococlcii, Po- cock’s Bladder Senna; 4. C. frutescens. Scarlet Bladder Senna. The first has several woody stems, which grow to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, sending out many woody branches, with winged leaves, composed of four or five pairs of oval lobes, placed opposite, terminated by an odd one; these are indented at the top in form of a heart, and are of a grayish colour. The flowers come out from the wings of the leaves upon slender peduncles about two inches long, each sustaining two or three yellow flowers, whose stand- ard is reflexed and large, with a dark-coloured mark on it. Isative of the South of France, &c. The second species has a woody stem, which sends out many branches on every side, which do not rise above seven or eight feet high; these are not so strong as those of the first sort, and the leaves are composed of five or six pairs of small heart-shaped leaflets, ter- minated by an odd one. The flowers proceed from the side of the branches, standing upon peduncles, each sustaining two oi tluee flowers, shaped like those of the first sort, but smaller; they are of a dark red colour, marked with yellow, appearing in June, the seeds ripening in autumn. It was found in the Levant. The third is a shrub which seldom grows more than six or seven feet high in this country. The branches are very slender, and much more pliant than those of the common sort, and therefore it grows less erect. The leaves are composed of nine pairs of leaflets, and are much smaller. The flowers arc of a brighter yellow, appeal a month earlier than in the common sort, and there is a succession of them till late in the autumn, which renders it much more valuable; and the branches not shooting so luxuriantly nor so upright, it is in less danger of being broken by strong winds in summer. It is a na- tive of the Levant. The fourth species is a hoary shrub, with tomentose leaflets, smooth on the upper surface. It rises from two to four feet in height in favourable seasons, and in a warm situation ; plants of three years standing will sometimes be six feet high. The stem is weak, the 113 side branches grow erect, and the leaves have ten or twelve pairs of leaflets. The flowers are sustained on axillary peduncles, three or four together, and are of a fine scarlet colour, coming out in June- It is a native of the Cape. Culture . — All these plants are capable of being increased by sowing the seed in the early spring months, as in February for the three first sorts, and the two following months for the fourth, upon beds of common earth, covering them in to the depth of about half an inch. When the plants have attained sufficient growth, as in the following spring for the former sorts, and when they are three or four inches high in the latter, they should be removed, and the first sorts planted out in rows in the nursery, and the last in warm sheltered situations or in pots, to be protected during the winter. This sort may likewise be rendered much forwarder, so as to flower the same year, by having recourse to a hot-bed. The three first species are also capable of being raised by layers from the young shoots, made either in the autumn or spring seasons; but as the fourth sort does not continue long, and is more tender than the others, new plants should be raised from every seed two or three years. They are all beautiful ornamental plants, especially the fourth, and may be introduced into the clumps, borders, and other parts of shrubberies and pleasure-grounds, where they produce a fine effect by their foliage and flowers. The last sort should, however, have a dry warm soil and sheltered sunny situation. 3. CEANOTHUS AMERICAN US. NEW JERSEY TEA-TREE. This genus comprises plants of the tree and shrubby exotic kinds. It belongs to the class and order Peutandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Dumo-sce. 114 The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, turbinate pe- rianthium; border five-parted, acute, close-converging, and perma- nent: the corolla has five equal petals, roundish, of an arched sac- cular shape, compressed, very obtuse, spreading, smaller than the calyx, seated on claws the length of the petal, growing from the in- terstices of the calyx: the stamina consist of five subulate, erect fila- ments, opposite to the petals, the length of the corolla: the anthers are roundish i the pistillum is a superior, triangular germ: the style cylindric, semitrifid, the length of the stamens: the stigma obtuse the pericarpium is a berry (capsule), dry, three-grained, three-celled, obtuse, retuse, and set with tubercles: the seeds solitary and ovate. The species commonly cultivated are: 1. C. Americanus, Ameri- can Ceanothus, or New Jersey Tea; 2. C. Asiaticus , Asiatic Ceono- thus; 3. C. African us, African Evergreen Ceanothus. The first in this climate is a shrub, which seldom rises more than three or four feet high, sending out branches on every side from the ground upwards: the branches are very slender, and, as it is pretty late in the spring before they begin to shoot, keep growing very late j consequently, unless the autumn proves dry and mild, the tender shoots are often killed down very low by the early frosts; but in favourable seasons, the extreme parts of the shoots only are injured by the cold: these branches are garnished with oval-pointed leaves, placed opposite, deciduous, and of a light green colour : the flowers are produced at the extremity of each shoot in close thick spikes, and composed of five small petals, of a clear white colour, making a fine appearance, as the whole shrub is covered over with flowers. These appear in July, and in mild seasons again in October. It is a native of North America, where the leaves are sometimes used as tea. The second species rises with a shrubby branching stem, four feet high. The branches are alternate, flexuose, striated and smooth: the leaves are alternate, resembling those of the pear, acuminate, smooth, at the ends of the small branches, scarcely an inch in length, on petioles half the length of the leaves : the racemes from each axilla usually two, small, the length of the petioles, consisting of f 115 many florets, on very short pedicels, caducous, one often ramainiug which bears fruit: hence the raceme is toothletted from the falling of the flowers, which are of a greenish colour: the berries are large. It is a native of Ceylon, &c. The third species rises to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a woody stern, covered with a rough dark-coloured bark, and sends out many weak branches, which hang downwards: these while young are green, but afterward change to a purplish colour: they are gar- nished with oblong pointed leaves, of a lucid green, smooth, and slightly serrate on their edges : the flowers are small, of an herba- ceous colour, coming out from the side of the branches; sometimes appearing in July, but not succeeded by seeds in this climate, nor do the plants often produce flowers; being chiefly preserved for the beauty of their shining evergreen leaves. It is a native of the Cape, and sometimes known by the title of Alaternoides. Culture. — This, in the first sort, may be effected either by seeds or layers. In the first mode the seeds should be sown, as soon as procured, in pots of light earth, lightly covered in, placing them in a frame, to have occasional shelter in bad weather; and in spring plunge them in a hot-bed to bring up the plants, hardening them gradually to the full air in summer, but in autumn removing them to have shelter until the following spring, when they should be planted out in separate small pots, or in a nursery-bed in the full ground, being covered occasionally again in the following winter, as they require protection from severe frost the two or three first years of their growth. In the latter method, some of the youngest branches should be laid down in autumn, in the usual way, which become rooted in twelve months, and in the spring after should be planted out. Some of the first young shoots may also be laid down during the summer, in order to have the greater chance of success. In the second species the propagation may be effected by seeds, which should be sown in pots of light earth, plunging them in the bark-bed, and likewise by laying the young shoots down in the au- 116 tumn, plunging the pots as above: the plants afterwards should be managed as other woody exotics of the stove. The third sort is raised expeditiously by laying down the young shoots, either in their own pots, or others placed for the purpose, in the autumn. They are also capable of being increased by young cuttings, planted in the spring in pots, plunging them in the bark, or other hot-bed about two months. They afterwards require only the ordinary culture of greenhouse plants. The first is an elegant little flowering shrub, for the more conspi- cuous compartment of the shrubbery, being planted in a moderately dry soil and sheltered situation, in the fronts of the clumps or borders. The second affords variety in the stove; and the third is worthy of a place in the greenhouse collection, for the beauty of its shining green leaves. s si VtiinUii b\ Svt/JZdwtmk. ( // /a pa // a /a /npu/u 'tth>ubr*r Nc/l/r (t’ a a a /a f‘ fHth'Ti j Pubhjhfd Alltf 1 Phil'S, by (-1 7lVrlev Fbvt Street 0 ( o/eh i cunt autumnal*, A ith/ /// /ini C focus. 2 Catananche cam lea,, li hie t at ti it a nr he. JEnyravai by F, fanfim 7*i 129 where they are broadest, diminishing gradually to a sharp point; they have small serratures on their edges, which scarcely appear. The dowers grow in a close spike at the end of the stalks ; are white, and almost like those of the Foxglove. It is a native of North America. According to some, it varies with white flowers, with rose-coloured flowers, with red flowers, and with purple flowers. In the second species, the roots do not creep so far as those of the first : the stalks are stronger, the leaves much broader, and oblique; they are deeply sawed on their edges, and stand upon short foot-stalks; the corolla is of a bright purple colour, and consequently makes a finer appearance than the above sort. It is a native of Vir- ginia. The third species resembles the first; but the stalks and leaves are very hairy, and the flower is of a purer white. It is a native of New England. Some assert this to vary with white flowers, with blue flowers, with red flowers, and with purple flowers. < The fourth has a cylindric, pubescent, upright stem, a foot and half high, putting out several side branches: the leaves are oblong- lanceolate, ending in a point: the flowers in short loose spikes from the divisions of the stalks, and of a purple colour. It is a native of North America. They all flower in the autumn, from September to November. Culture . — The mode of propagation in the three first species is by the roots, which multiply easily, being parted in autumn, or early in spring, and planted where they are to remain: but the fourth sort must be raised annually from seed, by sowing it in autumn as soon as perfectly ripened. The plants rise the following spring, and may be planted out in the borders during the summer months. They are hardy plants, and succeed in most soils and situations. All these plants have a very ornamental effect for some time in autumn, after the principal bloom of most others is over; and, from being of different colours, produce much variety when planted in the borders of pleasure-grounds. s 130 2. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE. AUTUMNAL CROCUS. This genus comprehends plants of the perennial flowering bul- bous-rooted kind. It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Trigynia , and ranks in the natural order of Spatliacecz* The characters are : that there is no calyx (except scattered spathes): the corolla six-parted: tube angulated, rooted; divisions of the border lance-ovate, concave, erect: the stamina consist of six subulate filaments, shorter than the corolla: anthers oblong, four- valved, incumbent: the pistillum is a buried germ within the root, styles three, thread-form, length of the stamens: stigmas reflex, chan- nelled: the pericarpium is a three-lobed capsule connected inter- nally by a suture, obtuse, three-celled, sutures gaping inwardly: the seeds many, nearly globular, and wrinkled. The species cultivated are: 1 . C. autumnale, Common Meadow Saffron; 2. C. montanum , Mountain Meadow Saffron; 3. C. variega- tum , Variegated Meadow Saffron. The first has a bulbous root, about the size and shape of the tulip, but not so sharp-pointed at the top; the skin or cover is also of a darker colour: these bulbs are renewed every year; for those which produce the flowers decay, and new roots are formed above: the flowers come out in autumn; these arise with long slender tubes from the root, about four inches high, shaped like those of the saffron, but larger: the number of flowers is generally in proportion to the size of the roots, from two to seven or eight: in March the green leaves appear, these are commonly four to a full-grown root; they are folded over each other below, but spread open above ground, standing cross-ways: they are of a deep green, and when fully grown are five 131 or six inches long, and one and a half broad. The seed-vessel comes out from between the leaves in April, and the seeds ripen in May, after which the leaves soon decay. It is a native of most parts of Europe. 1 here are varieties, with white flowers; with striped flowers; with broad leaves; with striped leaves; with many flowers; with double purplish flowers ; with double white flowers ; with many white flowers. The double sorts are chiefly cultivated in the garden. The second species has a smaller root, with a darker coat: the leaves come up soon after the flowers decay, and continue green all winter; long, narrow, and spread on the ground, decaying in June: the flowers are of a reddish purple colour, and appear from August to September. It is a native of Spain, &c. In the third the leaves are smaller than those of the common sort, for the most part three in number, and of a paler and fresher green colour, lying close upon the ground, broad at the bottom, a little pointed at the end, waved about the edges: the root is not so large as that of the common sort: the flowers are smaller, but very beau- tiful, whitish, with deep blue or purple spots. It is rather tender, and blows about October or November. Il is a native of the Greek islands. Culture. —These plants are increased by dividing the bunches of their roots at the time their leaves decay, in the latter part of the sum- mer; as from the latter end of June till the middle of the following month, planting the separated bulbs or off-sets to the depth of about three inches. They are sometimes planted in beds, in rows at eight or ten inches asunder; but they may be dispersed in the fronts of borders and clumps with success. It is of advantage to lake up and divide the bunches of root- bulbs every two or three years. New varieties may be raised from seed sown in boxes, or large pots, in autumn, covering it a quarter of an inch deep, and placing them in a warm situation till spring, when the plants will appear, which should have only the morning suu during summer, giving wa- 132 ter in dry weather; and in the second summer, when their leaves decay, planting them out to flower, either in beds, or other me- thods. They are of a hardy nature, and produce a fine effect, by their curious growth, as well as flowers, in the autumn and winter seasons. 3. CATANANCHE CiERULEA. BLUE CATANANCHE. This genus contains a plant of the herbaceous perennial flowery kind. Candia Lion’s-foot. It belongs to the class and order Syngenesia Polygania JEqualis , and ranks in the natural order of Composite. The characters are : that the calyx is common imbricate, turbi- nate; leaflets very many, loosely incumbent, acute, scariose; the squamule ovate-acuminate, concave, lax, glossy and permanent; the corolla is compound, generally imbricate, uniform; corollets her- maphrodite, very many; the exterior ones longer. Proper monopetalous, ligulate, linear, truncate, five-toothed: the stamina consist of five capillary filaments, very short: the anthers are cylindric, and tubular: the pistillum is an oblong germ: the style filiform, length of the stamens: the stigma bifid and reflex: there is no pericarpium: the calyx unchanged: the seeds solitary, turbinate- ovate: down from a five-awned calycle: the receptacle is chaffy. The species chiefly cultivated is C. ccerulea. It is perennial, sending out many long, narrow, hairy leaves, which are jagged on their edges. Between the leaves the flower- stalks come out, which are in number proportioned to the size of the plant; as from an old thriving root there are frequently eight or ten, and young plants seldom send out more than two or three. These stalks rise near two feet high, dividing into many small branches upward, with leaves like those below, but smaller, and have few or no jags on their edges; each ot the peduncles is terminated with single heads of flowers, of a blue colour, having a dry, silvery, scaly calyx. It is a native of the south of Europe, flowering from July to October. There is a variety with double flowers. Culture. It is increased by sowing the seeds in the early spring* on the borders where the earth is light : the plants when sufficiently strong may, some of them, be removed into pots; but they flower best when left where sown. The double sort is best increased by slipping the roots and planting them out either in the early autumn or spring seasons; but in this way the roots should not be divided into too small parts, as that prevents their sending up a sufficient number of stalks for flowering. These are very ornamental plants for the borders or clumps, where sufficiently dry, warm, and protected, as they continue several years. Some plants may likewise be preserved in pots, to set out in assemblage with other potted plants. PLATE XVI. 1. CONVALLAR1A MAJALIS. LILY OF THE VALLEY. This genus contains plants of the hardy herbaceous peiennial flowery kind. Lily of the Valley, and Solomon’s Seal. It belongs to the class and order j Hexandxia Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Sarmentacex. The characters are: that there is no calyx: the coiolla is mono- pelalous, bell-shaped, smooth: border six-cleft, obtuse, open re- flected : the stamina consist of six subulate filaments, inserted into the petal, shorter than the corolla : anthers oblong erect: the pistil- lum is a globose germ : style filiform, longer than the stamens, stig- ma obtuse, three-cornered: the pericarpium is a globose berry, three- celled, before maturity spotted: the seeds are solitary or in pairs, and roundish. The species cultivated are: 1 . C. maialis, Sweet-scented Lily of the Valley; 2. C. polygonatum , Single-flowered Solomon’s Seal; 3. C. multiflora. Many- flowered Solomon s Seal; 4. C.verticil/ata,ls ai- row-leaved Solomon’s Seal ; 5. C. racemosa , Cluster-flowered Solo- mon’s Seal. The first has a perennial root, with numerous round fibres trans- versely wrinkled, creeping horizontally just below r the surface to a considerable distance. The whole plant is smooth. Four or five alternate, oblong, blunt, slightly nerved, purplish scales surround and bind together the base of the leaves and stalk. There are two leaves, petioled, elliptic or lanceolate, pointed at each end, from four to five inches long, and near an inch and half broad in the middle, quite entire, upright, smooth, nerved, one usually larger, of a bright green colour; petioles clasping, round, the outer dotted with red, and tubular, to receive the inner, which is solid. Scape late- ral, the length of the leaves, upright, smooth, semi-cylindrical. The flowers from six to eight, in a raceme, nodding, white, and fragrant- It is a native of Europe; flowering in May. Hence it is termed May, and sometimes Conval Lily. There are varieties with narrower leaves, with broader leaves, with double variegated flowers; with double reddish or red flowers; with double white flowers. The second species has a twisted root, full of knot: on a transverse section of it characters appear that give it the resemblance of a seal, whence the name of Solomon’s Seal. The stem is from a span to near a foot in height, of a harder texture than the third species: the leaves are simple, inclined, angular, twisted, sometimes three-edged } four inches long and one broad, oval-lanceolate, half embracing the stem, glaucous underneath, frequently bending down on one side. The flowers sweet-scented, generally solitary, but sometimes two, on long axillary peduncles, much larger than in the third sort. The berries are black. It is a native of the North of Europe. It varies with double flowers, &c. The third has a round stem, from eighteen inches to two or three feet high, erect and unbranched: leaves usually bent upwards, and to one side, underneath glacous, five inches long and two broad; (he lower ones oval, the upper oval-lanceolate, half embracing the stem. The flowers are several together (from two or three to seven or eight), axillary, on branched compressed peduncles. The berries round, of a blackish blue colour, purple and red. This is a larger plant than the second sort. It is a native of the North of Europe. There are varieties with double flowers. The fourth sort has a perennial root, toothed : the stem is simple, angular, striated, erect, eighteen inches high. The leaves narrower than the other sorts, lanceolate, entire, smooth, three or four in a whorl, three or four inches long, and from half an inch to an inch in breadth, bright green, and glaucous beneath. The peduncles are 136 / axillary, solitary, branched, pendulous, and from two to 'six-flow- cred. The flowers of a greenish white colour. The berries violet or deep red. It flowers in June; and is a native of the North of Eu- rope, &e. The fifth species has the stems two feet high, unbranched, with many oblong leaves embracing them at the base, resembling the leaves of Plantain. The flowers are small and while, and are pio- duced in single spikes at the top, and are succeeded by small red berries, about the same size as in the first sort. It flowers the begin- ning of June, and is a native of Virginia, &c. Culture . — In all these sorts of plants their culture may be effected by parting their roots, either in the autumn or spring months, but the former is the better season, planting them out where they are to remain. They afterwards only require to be kept free from weeds, and removed every three or four years, according as their roots may be increased. As they succeed best in rather shady situations, they are well suited for affording variety and ornament in shady places, such as the borders or the sides of walks in woods and wilderness parts of pleasure-grounds, producing considerable variety by the singularity of their growth and the beauty of their foliage and flowers. They also grow well in many other situations that are more open. 2. CERINTHE MAJOR. GREAT HONEY-WORT. This genus furnishes plants of the hardy, ornamental, flower- ing, annual kind. The Honeywort. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Asperifolia. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted perianthium ; divisions oblong, equal, permanent: the corolla is monopetalous and \ 137 bell-form: tube short, thick : border tube-bellied, rather thicker than the tube: mouth five-cleft; throat naked, pervious: the stamina consist of five, subulate filaments, very short: anthers acute, erect: the pistillum is a four-parted germ: style filiform, length of the sta- mens: stigma obtuse: there is no pericarpium: calyx unchanged the seeds two, bony, glossy, sub-ovate, outwardly gibbous, and bilo- cular. . The species cultivated is C. tnajor, Great Honeywort. It rises with stems eighteen inches high and more, round, smooth, branching, and leafy: the leaves are glaucous, becoming blue by age, smooth, without prickles, but ciliated about the edge, and doited with white: the branches are leafy and nodding; with flowers among the leaves, hanging on long peduncles: the tube of the corolla is yel- low, but the border purple. It is a native of Italy, flowering in June and the two following months. There are varieties with smooth leaves and purple flowers, and with prickly leaves and yellow flowers. Culture . — The plants are raised by sowing the seeds annually in the autumn or early spring months in patches in the borders, clumps* or other parts. The autumn sowings should be made as early as possible. They also rise from the self-sown seeds. They should be managed as other hardy annuals. These are plants proper for be- ing planted out about the apiary, or in the small beds or borders. % , . PLATE XVII. 1. CHELIDONIUM GLAUCUM. YELLOW-HORNED POPPY. This genus furnishes a plant of the hardy herbaceous flowery kind. It belongs to the class and order Polyandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Rlioeadeaz. The characters are: that the calyx is a two-leaved roundish pe- rianlhium: leaflets subovate, concave, obtuse, caducous: the corolla has four roundish flat petals, spreading, large, narrower at the base: the stamina consist of very many filaments (thirty), flat, broader at top, shorter than the corolla: the anthers are oblong, compressed, obtuse, erect, and twin: the pistillum is a cylindric germ, the length of the stamens: there is no style: the stigma headed and bifid: the pericarpium is a cylindric silique, sub-bivalve: the seeds very many r ovate, increased, and shining: the receptacle linear, between the valves of a kind of circumambient suture, not gaping. The species worthy of cultivation as an ornamental plant is C. glaucum, Sea Celandine, or Yellow-horned Poppy. It has a strong stem: the root-leaves are pinnatifid, waved, va- riously lobed, and indented ; pinnas gradually larger upwards^; hairy on both sides: stem-leaves embracing, deeply indented, rough above, smooth beneath: the branches are dichotomous: the flowers are of a scarlet colour, and succeeded by long horn-shaped pods. The root, according to some, is annual, but others assert it to be pe- rennial. Culture . — These plants are raised from seed, which should be sown either in the autumn or spring where the plants are to remain; \J 139 or they may be raised in a seed-bed, and be afterwards planted ou where they are to flower. Some seed should be sown annually, as the plants seldom continue longer than two years. It is hardy, and succeeds in almost any soil or situation. The plants afford ornament and variety in the borders both from their flowery nature and the peculiarity of their long-horned pods. This genus affords plants of the shrubby evergreen kind. Rock Rose. It belongs to the class and order Rolyandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Rotacece . The characters are: that the calyx is a five-leaved permanent perianthium : leaflets roundish, concave; of which two alternate ones are lower and smaller: the corolla has five petals, roundish, flat, spreading, very large : the stamina consist of numerous capillary fila- ments, shorter than the corolla: anthers roundish, small: the pistil- lum is a roundish germ: style simple, the length of the stamens: stigma flat, orbiculate: the pericarpium is a roundish capsule, co- vered with the calyx: the seeds numerous, roundish, and small. The species are: 1. C. populifolius, Poplar-leaved Cistus, or Rock Rose; 2. C. laurifolius , Bay-leaved Gum Cistus; 3. C. ladaniferus, Spanish Gum Cistus; 4. C. incanus , Hoary Rock Rose, or Rose Cis- tus; 5. C. halimifolius, Sea Purslain-leaved Cistus; 6. C. Monspe- liensis , Montpelier Gum Cistus; 7. C. creticus , Cretan Ladaniferous Cistus; 8. C. albidus , White-leaved Cistus; 9- C. crispus , Curled leaved Cistus; 10. C. salvifolius. Sage-leaved Cistus. In this numerous genus there are other species that may equally -deserve cultivation. - 'r 2. CISTUS LADANIFERUS GUM CISTUS The first has a stiff, slender, woody stem, six or seven feet high, sending out many branches the whole length: these and the leaves are hairy; the calyxes also very hairy: burthe branches and leaves, when further advanced, become naked: the leaves are large, of a light green colour, sessile, with many nerves: the flowers are pro- duced at the ends of the branches, on naked peduncles: the corolla is white, and soon drops off; and the petals, according to Linnaeus, are tinged with purple on their edges; the stamens yellow; and the calyxes, before they unfold, three-cornered in their appearance. It is a native of Portugal, flowering in June and July. The second species rises with a strong woody stem, to the height of five or six feet, sending out many erect hairy branches : the leaves are lanceolate, acute, thick, dark green above, and white beneath, very glutinous in warm weather; but, according to Linnaeus, wrink- led, green on both sides, and scarce visibly hairy; the petioles be- coming purple at the base: the flowers are produced at the ends of the branches upon long naked peduncles, branching on their sides into smaller ones, each sustaining one large white flower with a hairy calyx. It flowers in June and July, and is a native of Spain. The third grows to the height of five or six feet, with a strong woody stem, sending out many hairy branches: the leaves are smooth on their upper side, but veined on their under, on short foot-stalks which join at their base, where they form a sort of sheath to the branch: the corolla is white, the size of the officinal Poppy : the germ has ten swellings: stigma sessile, without any style. It is a native of Spain, &e. It flowers from June till August. Mr. Curtis objects to the propriety of the name ladaniferus , as it is not the plant from which ladanum is produced, though in a warmer climate it affords a gum of a similar kind. There are varieties with large white flowers, and a purple spot in the middle of the petal, and with entire white flowers. The fourth species has a shrubby stem, branching to a large bushy head, three or four feet high : the branches villose; the leaves are not at all nerved, ending in a point, a little flexuose in the disk, ending at the base in coalescent sheathing petioles, or rather obovate'- 141 spatulate; the lower more connate, and in a manner sheathing: the calyxes hairy, with subcordate leaflets: the petals purple, emarginate or obcordatc, quite entire and concave. It is a native of Spain. The fifth species is an upright shrub, three or four feet high: the branches are round, ash-coloured, angular at top, the younger ones doited with yellow: the leaves are petioled, opposite, lanceolate, very white, scarcely soft, without veins, obtuse, flat, about an inch in length: the peduncle terminating, compound, white; supporting three or four bright yellow flowers, which appear in June and July. It is a native of Portugal. There are varieties with numerous leaves and sulphur-coloured flowers, and with yellow flowers with purple spots in their bases. The sixth rises with a slender stem, from three to four feet high, sending out many hairy branches from the bottom upwards: the leaves are very dark green, in warm weather covered with a glutinous sweet-scented substance: the peduncles, which come out at the ends of the branches, are long, naked, and sustain many while flowers, rising above each other; their calyxes are bordered, and end in sharp points. It flowers from June to August, and is a native of Nar- bonne. There is a variety with olive-shaped leaves and sulphur-coloured flowers. The seventh species is branching, diffused, a foot and half high and more: the stem and branches round, and somewhat villose: the leaves from broad stem-clasping, petioled, first spatulate, then ovate or lanceolate, somewhat acute, wrinkled, sometimes waved, roughish, thickish, quite entire, viscid, closely set on both sides and round the edge with white hairs of different lengths, some simple, others branched or headed, scarcely visible to the naked eye: peduncles one flowered, terminating the. last leafy twigs, erect and villose: the flowers of a rose-purple colour: these appear in June and July, and the seeds ripen in September. It is a native of the Levant. This is the species from which the drug called ladamim is pro- cured. The eighth has a shrubby stem, branching from bottom five or ( 142 six feet in height: much resembling the fourth, but differing in the branches being tomentose, not hairy: the leaves paler, soft, horizon- tal, sessile, by no means either petioled or sheathing, broad-lanceo- late, mostly three-nerved : the flowers long from the branches, of a bright purple colour: it is a native of Narbonne, & c. In the ninth, the branches are weak, slender, woody, spreading horizontally: it is seldom more than two or three feet in height: the peduncles and calyxes are covered with a thin wool: the flowers are of a purple or white colour, appearing in June and the following month. It is a native of Portugal. The tenth has a slender, smooth stein, covered with a brown bark, never rising more than three feet high, and sending out many weak branches, spreading horizontally. The leaves are obtuse, without veins, not so soft as in many other species: the peduncles lateral, solitary, one-flowered, longer than the leaves: the corolla is white, and somewhat smaller than that of the other rock-roses. It flowers from June to August, and is a native of Italy, &c. Culture . — All these sorts are capable of being either raised by seeds or cuttings in common earth, or on hot-beds; but the seed method produces the best plants. The seeds should be sown in the early spriug, in a warm border near half an inch deep, and the plants will come up in six weeks; or, to render them more forward, in pots, and plunged in a moderate hot-bed. When the plants are of some growth, they should have the full air in mild weather, and frequent waterings, as well as occasional shade from the sun, while young; and when an inch or two high, some may be planted out separately in small pots, others in rich borders, occasional shade and water be- ing given during summer. In autumn the potted plants should be removed to a frame, to have shelter from frost. Those in the full ground should also be shielded in frosty weather with mats. In spring, those remaining in the seed-bed should be planted out, and those in pots shifted into larger ones ; to be continued another win- ter, and in the spring following be planted where they are to remain. In the latter method, cuttings, five or six inches Jong, should be planted in beds of rich earth, occasional shade and water being 143 given. When well rooted, they should be removed into separate pots: but by being planted in pots in spring, and plunged in a hot- bed, they are rendered much forwarder. In other respects they re- quire the same management as the seedlings. 1 hese are beaulilul evergreen shrubs, effecting a fine variety at all seasons, both from their leaves being of different figures, sizes, and shades of green and while, and their being very profuse in most ele- gant flowers, which though of short duration, there is a daily suc- cession of new ones for a month or six weeks on the same plant; and when these different species are employed, they exhibit a constant bloom for near three months. They are mostly hardy enough to prosper in the open ground in any dry soil; and if they have a sheltered situation it will be an ad- vantage, as in open exposures they are rather subject to injury from very severe frost; for which reason a plant or two of each sort should be potted, to have shelter in winter in the green-house. The second and fifth are the most tender sorts. In shrubbery borders and clumps they should be placed towards the fronts, in assemblage with other choice shrubs of similar growth. All the sorts should be suffered to assume their own natural growth; the straggling branches being only cut in with a knife. PLATE XVIII. 1. CRASSULA COCCINEA. SCARLET-FLOWERED CRASSULA. This genus contains plants of the succulent kind for the green- house and stove. Lesser Orpine, or Live-Ever. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Pentagynia , and ranks in the natural order of Succulents. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed perianth, five- cleft; divisions lanceolate, channclled-concave, erect, acute, converg- ing into a tube, permanent: the corolla has five petals, claws long, linear, straight, converging, connected at the base with the ovate bractes at the border, reflex-expanding: nectaries five; each with a very small emarginate scale, annexed outwardly to the base of the germ: the stamina consist of five subulate filaments, length of the tube, inserted in the claws of the corolla: anthers simple: the pis- tillum has five germs, oblong, acuminate, ending in subulate styles the length of the stamens: stigmas obtuse: the pcricarpium consists of five capsules, oblong, acuminate, straight, compressed, gaping in- wards lengthwise: the seeds many and small. The species are: 1. C. coccinea, Scarlet-flowered Crassula ; 2. C. perfoliate Perfoliate Shrubby Crassula; 3. C. cultraia, Sharp-leaved Crassula; 4. C. punctata, Dotted-leaved C rassula; 5. C. nudicaulis, Naked-stalked Crassula; 6. C. orbicularis , Starry Crassula. There are several other species that may be cultivated. The first has a reddish jointed stem, about three feet high, divid- ing at top into many irregular branches: the leaves so closely oppo- site, as to appear to be in four rows.: the flowers at the ends of the PainUd by JvJ..EJ-#anJs hcndcn PublijhsJ June 1.1SC6 by O Ktarrley Fleet Street Eiwmed bvFJart/ihn Cra/mla cocci nett y Cylisus Laburnum. 1 (Fra riel /7c were/ Cnahu/a ' Laburnum \ LW branches in close umbels, of a fine scarlet colour. It flowers in July and the following month. .The second species rises with an upright stem ten or twelve feet high, if it be not broken or injured, but requires support; the stems being slender, and the leaves very weighty: the latter are about three inches long, thick, succulent, pale green, acute, hollowed above, and having a convex ridge beneath: the flowers terminating in large clus- ters, of a whitish herbaceous colour, with short tubes, and the brim cut into five parts. The flower-stalk is thick and succulent, gene- rally turning first downwards, then upwards again, somewhat in the form of a syphon. It flowers in July, but does not produce seeds in this climate. I he third has a weak succulent stalk, about two feet high, send- ing out many irregular branches: the leaves thick, plain above, con- vex beneath, deep green, the borders set with a few silver}' hairs: the stalk which supports the flowers rises from the top of the branches, and is from four to six inches long, putting out several side branches, which grow erect; these are terminated by large clusters of small greenish flowers, which appear in June and the following month, but the flower never fully expands. In the fourth species, the stems are very slender, full of joints, and trailing: the leaves thick, succuknt, heart-shaped, connate, grayish, in a double row, hollow dotted: the stems are divided, grow about eight or nine inches long, and are terminated by clusters of small white flowers, sitting very close to the top: these appear in spring, and again in the latter part of summer. The fifth never rises with a stalk, but the leaves come out close to the ground, forming a sort of head; they are smooth, somewhat hairy, set with excavated dots, succulent, taper, ending in points, and frequently put out roots. Out of the centre of these arises the flower-stalk, branching into two or three shoots at top, each termi- nated by clusters of greenish flowers, which do not open. It flowers in May, and sometimes again towards the latter part of summer. The sixth species is a low perennial plant, having open spreading heads, very like those of some sorts of Ilouseleek, growing on the Culture . — These plants are all capable of being increased by seeds* and many of them by cuttings and layers. In the first mode the seed should be sown, either on beds or where the plants are to remain, in the spring, as about March, being in the first mode, when of sufficient growth, transplanted into nursery rows, to remain till of a proper size for being planted in the situations where they are to grow. When sown where they are to remain, they only require to be kept perfectly free from weeds, and trimmed to one good plant in a place, giving the tender sorts the protection of mats during the severity of the winter season. The trees of most of the sorts afford seeds in abundance in the autumn. The cuttings should be made from the young shoots ten or twelve inches in length, and planted out in a rather moist, shaded situation, either in the early autumn or spring months, in rows twelve or eigh- teen inches apart, and eight or ten in the rows. They mostly become well rooted in the course of twelve months; and should then be kept perfectly clear of weeds. Layers may be laid down either in the summer, autumn, or spring seasons; and when the plants are well rooted they should be taken off and planted out in nursery-rows, as described above. In the nursery they only require to be preserved from the injury of weeds, and to have the land dug well between the rows annually in the autumn, till they are removed ; being suffered to take then- natural growth in a great measure. Most of the sorts are hardy, and succeed well in almost any soil or situation. The third sort should have a dry soil and sheltered situation, as it is liable to be injured by frost. It may also be planted in pots, and placed in the green-house during the winter. They are all very ornamental plants for the borders, clumps, and other parts of ornamented grounds, affording much variety by their numerous beautiful bunches of flowers. The large sorts should be placed towards the back parts, and those of less growth towards the fronts and more conspicuous parts. PLATE XIX. I. CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. PERSIAN CYCLAMEN. This genus contains plants of the low, herbaceous, flowery, pe- rennial tuberous -rooted kind. Snow-Bread. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Precise. The characters are: that the calyx is a half-five-cleft perianthium, roundish, permanent: divisions ovate: the corolla one-petalled : tube somewhat globose, twice as large as the calyx, small, nodding : bor- der bent upwards, five-parted, very large: divisions lanceolate: neck prominent: the stamina consist of five very small filaments in the tube of the corolla: anthers straight, sharp, in the neck of the co- rolla, converging: the pistillum is a roundish germ: style filiform, straight, longer than the stamens: stigma sharp: the pericarpium is a globose berry, one-celled, gaping five ways at the top, covered with a capsular shell : the seeds very many, somewhat ovate, cornered: the receptacle ovate and free. The species cultivated are: 1. C. Europaum , Common Cycla- men; 2. C. Coum, Round-leaved Cyclamen; 3. C. Persicwn , Persian Cyclamen ; 4. C. hederafoliim , Ivy-leaved Cyclamen. The first has a tuberous root, oblately spheroidal, white within, brown without; from which proceeds, within the ground, a very short stem, and from that the leaves and one-flowered peduncles or scapes : the leaves are kidney-form, roundish, very blunt, slightly crenulate, deep green, and spotted above ; beneath commonly red purple, smooth, on very long round red petioles: the flowers droop- ing, sweet-scented, and purple. It is a native of Austria. 150 The second species has a round, solid, tuberous root, and low naked stem, furnished with plain orbicular leaves, and short weak petioles; the under side of the leaves very red in the beginning of winter, but that colour goes off in the spring; the upper side smooth, of a lucid green, spreading flat open: the flowers are very bright purple, appearing in the middle of winter. It is a native of the South of Europe. - There are varieties with purplish flowers, and with flesh-colouied flowers. In the third, the leaves are stiff, on strong fleshy petioles, near six inches long, of a purple colour, as are also the veins of the leaves underneath; but the upper side is veined and marbled with white: the corolla is pure white, with a bright purple bottom. It floweis in March and April, and the seeds ripen in August. There are varieties with entire white sweet-scented flowers, and with veined and marbled leaves, with pale purple flowers, and bright red or purpled bottoms. The fourth has a large, orbicular, compressed root: the leaves are numerous on petioles six or seven inches long, marked with black in the middle: the flowers appear before them on long fleshy scapes about August; soon after which the leaves come out, continue grow- ing all the winter and spring till May, when they begin to decay. After the flowers are fallen, the peduncles twist up like a screw, in- closing the germ in the centre, and lie close to the ground among the leaves, which serve as a protection to the seed, which ripens in June, It is a native of Italy. There are varieties with white and with purplish flowers. Culture . — These plants are all capable of being increased by sowing the seeds in large wide pots, tubs, or boxes, filled with good light mould, mixed with a little sand, in the latter end of summer or beginning of autumn, covering them to the depth of about halt an inch, exposing them at first in situations that have only the morning sun, but afterwards removing them into more warm and sunny ex- posures; and as the winter approaches, placing them under the pro- tection of frames and glasses, or some other contrivance, fresh air 151 V being freely admitted when the weather is mild and suitable. In this way some plants of the hardy sorts will appear about the beginning of the following year, and of all the kinds in the spring. During the beginning of summer, when the weather is hot and dry, slight water- ings should be given occasionally; but when their leaves begin to decline in the latter end, they should be removed to an eastern as- pect, with only the morning sun, and, as their roots are then in an inactive stale, have little or no water. They should be kept free from weeds in the autumn, and have some fresh mould applied over the surfaces of the pots or tubs in which they grow, protecting them again in the winter as before, continuing the same management as in the preceding year, till the decline of the leaves in the latter part of the summer, when they should be carefully taken up, and the more hardy sorts planted out in the situations where they are to re- main, as those of a warm, dry border; and the tender kinds removed into pots, to have protection from frosts in winter. As the Persian sort is the most impatient of cold and moisture, it should constantly be kept in pots filled with light sandy earth, or a compost of loam and lime-rubbish, and be placed in such situa- tions in the frame or green-house as to have as much free air as possible in mild weather in winter. Some of the sorts will generally begin to flower in the course of one or two years after being thus planted out; the first kind often about Christmas, which is succeeded by those of the Persian sort. The plants in the borders should have the protection of mats or other contrivances, in severe winters, as by such means they produce a greater abundance of flowers, and these more fair and beautiful. The varieties of the different sorts are best preserved and conti- nued by planting pieces of the divided roots, immediately after they have been separated in the summer season, in pots, tubs, or other places, as above: but in this mode they do not increase in an expe- ditious manner. These plants are very ornamental, though of small growth, in their variegated large foliage, as w'ell as their elegant flowers, which in some of the sorts are fragrant, as those of the spring kinds. 152 The hardy sorts produce a fine effect in the fronts of borders or clumps in pleasure-grounds, and those of the tender kinds among other potted plants in the green-house. The proper period of removing these plants for any purpose is about the beginning of June, when the leaves decline; but they should not be often removed, as the roots do not lose their fibres as in some others of the tuberous and bulbous rooted kinds. 2. CROCUS VERNUS. SPRING CROCUS. This genus comprehends plants of the low-flowering ornamental bulbous-rooted perennial kind. It belongs to the class and order Triandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Ensata. The characters are; that the calyx is a one-leaf'ed spathe: the corolla a simple, long tube: border six-parted, erect: divisions ovate- oblong, equal : the stamina consist of three subulate filaments, shorter than the corolla: anthers sagittate: the pistillum is an infe- rior, roundish germ : style filiform, length of the stamens: stigmas three, convolute, serrate: the pericarpium is a roundish capsule, three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved : the seeds several, and round: the corollets six-parted, equal: stigmas convolute. The species are : 1. C. officinalis, Autumnal or Common Officinal Crocus; 2. C. vermis, Spring Crocus. The first has a roundish bulbous root, as large as a small Nutmeg, a little compressed at the bottom, and covered with a coarse, brown, netted skin ; from the bottom of the bulb many long fibres are sent out, which strike pretty deep into the ground; the flowers come out at the upper part of the root, which, with the young leaves, whose lops just appear, are closely wrapped about by a thin spatha or sheath, which parts within the ground, and opens on one side: the 153 tube of the flower is very long, arising immediately from the bulb, without any foot-stalk, and at the top is divided into six ovate ob- tuse segments, which are equal, and of a purple blue colour. In the bottom of the tube is situated a roundish germ, supporting a slender style, which is not more than half the length of the petal, crowned with three oblong golden stigmas, spreading asunder each way, which is the Saffron. It flowers in October, and the leaves continue grow- ing all winter; but it never produces seeds in this climate. It is supposed by Martyn to be a native of Asia. The chief varieties are: the Sweet-smelling with a smaller, and more compressed root, having a deep blue colour, but varying to a sky-blue: the Mountain, which has a flower of a paler blue colour; the Many-flowering blueish, with numerous sky-blue flowers; and the Small-flowering, having a small deep blue flower. The second species has a pretty large compressed bulb, covered with a light brown, netted skin, from which arise four or five leaves of a purplish colour on their lower parts: from among these come out one or two flowers, sitting close between the young leaves, never rising above two inches high, and having an agreeable odour. From the centre of the tube a slender style proceeds, which is crowned by a broad flat stigma of a golden colour. After the flower is past, the germ pushes out of the ground. In the wild state, it is most commonly white, with a purple base. It is a native of Italy, Sac. The chief varieties are : the broad-leaved purple variegated, which has a flower of a deep blue colour, and striped ; the broad- leaved plain purple ; the broad-leaved violet- coloured, or large deep blue; the white with a purple bottom; the broad-leaved white variegated; the broad-leaved with many violet-purple flowers striped with white; the broad-leaved ash-coloured; the broad-leaved large yellow; the broad-leaved small' pale yellow ; the broad-leaved small yellow. striped with black; the narrow-leaved small brimstone; and the narrow-leaved small white. In modern catalogues, many other varieties of different colours x 4 154 are introduced 4 as blue and purple, yellow and while, or striped. New ones are also continually imported from Holland. The usual varieties at present in gardens are: the beautifully striped Scotch; the blue; the blue striped; the white; the yellow of several shades, larger and smaller ; the yellow striped with black ; the cloth of gold, &c. Culture . — The culture in both these sorts is easily effected, by planting the bulbs or off-sets taken from the roots; the first sort in July, or the beginning of the following month, and the latter any time when the weather is open, from September to the beginning of April in the following year; but the more early it is performed, the stronger they flower; by means of a dibble or trowel, to the depth of about two inches, the ground being previously well dug over, and left some time to settle. They may be set either in beds by themselves in rows, at the distance of eight or nine inches, and six or eight inches apart, or in patches of five or six roots in each, on the fronts of the clumps, borders, or other parts of gar- dens and pleasure grounds, putting them in a varied manner, both in respect to the sorts, and the order in which they are planted. Where the soils are tolerably dry, they may remain two or three years without being disturbed, but should then be taken up at the time the leaves decay, in order to separate the new bulbs or off-sets for further increase, as well as to new dig the ground. The larger bulbs should be separated from the small ones, and put up, each by themselves, in order to be planted at the proper season; the former in the above manner, and the latter in beds in rows six inches dis- tant, to remain till they are of a proper size. As the bulbs increase fast, a large slock may with care soon be provided. But when this is not practised, bulbs of the different species and varieties may easily be procured from the nursery and seeds-men. In the culture of these plants, great injury is frequently done by trimming off the green leaves at the lime the flowers decline, in r X order to prevent litter; as by such means the future blow is rendered more weak and less beautiful. Where new varieties are wanted, recourse must be had to the seed, which must be sown in the spring season, cither where the plants are to remain, in a bed of light mellow earth, or in pots filled with the same sort of earth. The first species is the plant which is cultivated in fields, and from the stigma of which the preparation known under the title of English Saffron is made. PLATE XIX* 1. DAHLIA PINNATA. PURPLE DAHLIA. 2. DAHLIA CROCATA. YELLOW DAHLIA. This genus was established by the late Cavanilles, in honour of Dr. Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, and the friend of Baron Alstraemer. It belongs to the class and order Syngenesia Polygamia Frustranea , at least in this cold climate. The stems die every winter, but the root is perennial and tube- rous, not very dissimilar to that of the Artichoke. Four species have been described. 1. Pinnata , pinnated as it is called, and figured by Cavanilles in his Ic. Pl. v. 1. tab. 80. It is also figured under this name in the 4th vol. of Andrews’s Bot. Repository. In the Annates clu Mas. National Hist. Nat. v. 3. M. Tliouin calls this species Purpurea , but its colour varies from the common Pinnata, being very deep; and Mr. R. A. Salisbury suspects that this Purpurea of Tliouin is the true Rosea of Cavanilles. A paler coloured variety of th ePinnata, the seeds of which were sent to Holland-House with the name of Rosea by Cavanilles, has been lately figured by Mr. Hooker in the Paradisits Londinensis, and described by the above-mentioned botanist, under the name of Sambucifolia : that it is not the true Rosea of Cavanilles, Ic. is un- questionable; for the leaves were simply pinnate, not bipinnate. 2. Rosea, Rose-coloured. It is so called and figured by Cava- nilles in his leones ,* but the plant called Rosea by Mr. Thouin in the Annales , is most probably the very variety of the first species figured by the name of Sambucifolia in the Paraclisus Londinensis. 3 . Coccinea, Scarlet. This is figured in Curtis’s publication; but we entertain a doubt if it is the same with Cavanilles’s plant, if the colour is well copied. The plant, we understand, is dead. 4. Crocata, Saffron-coloured. This plant is not mentioned in any work previous to the Paradisus Londinensis , where it is figured and described by the name of Pidentifolia. Though the parcels of seeds which came from Cavanilles himself had the title of Crocata , the flowers turned out yellow. It is not intended here to describe minutely these plants; it is sufficient to say, that they elevate themselves majestically like the Holy-hock, and bear both axillary and terminal showy flowers late in the autumn. Culture, rhe first Dahlias introduced into England were lost by taking too much care of them. As they are natives of the hilly parts of Mexico, they will thrive in the open ground very well, and accus- tom themselves in a very few generations to ripen seeds here an- nually. By giving the history of those plants which have grown in the gardens of Holland-House, Kensington, it is only meant to offer hints for their culture, leaving the rest to future experience and ob- servation. On the 20th of May, 1804, the Right Honourable Lady Holland sent home from Spain a parcel of seeds. Though so late in the sea- son, part of them were sown in pots in a hot-bed, and among these was the Dahlia Pinna t a, with a wrong name on the parcel. When the plant was about fourteen inches high, it was planted in the open ground and grew luxuriantly, pushing up several stems to the height of seven and eight feet. The Coccinea and Crocata, the seeds of which also came up, but did not grow so full. In the middle of September the first flowers appeared, by which the plant was known to bethe Pinna t a of Cavanilles, and it was figured by Mr. Andrews the same year. The seeds did not ripen, and the roots were taken / 158 up on the approach of a sharp frost, and placed in the green-house in a pot for the winter. In the spring of 1805 all the parcels of seed sent from abroad were sown, and many Dahlias came up among them, which at the time of flowering showed four distinct species or varieties. It seems that Cavan illes, and the French botanists after him, mean to make as many species as there arc different coloured Dahlias; but the learned Mr. Salisbury, one of the Vice Presidents last year of the Linnean Society, considers them all simply as varieties of only two distinct species, and has in the Paradisus Londinensis named them, not according to their colour, but after the differences of their leaves, being inclined to believe that they will in time vary like the China Aster and Mary gold. And, in fact, with regard to the Dahlia Phmata, now commonly called Purpurea, we have great reason to confirm that botanist’s suspicion, having seen nine different varieties of it, either in the colour or multiplication of the petals. The flower, in its natural state, has only eight ligulated petals: a few had twelve. There was also one plant with arclidouble flowers, exceedingly pale : another with archdouble flowers, exceeding deep purple, exactly like that figured in the Annales du Mm. but the flowers were so complicated together, and the autumn of 1805 so cold, they never expanded. We must observe, that the' leaves of this plant were bipinnated, but whether it is a real distinct species is not yet positively ascertained. The Dahlia llosca was in the year 1805 the most handsome, and ripened plenty of seeds. The Purpurea ripened fewer and weaker seeds, though they now (10th May, 1806) come up freely; the plants, however, look weak. Of the seeds of Coccinea and Crocata, no plants have yet appeared, though to the eye they seemed as per- fect as those imported from Spain. All the plants of 1805, except one, were taken up before Christ- mas, and planted in pots or large pans; but though kept in a very cold o-reen-house, they began to push new shoots in the middle of April and will be planted in the open ground without the help of \ any artificial heat. Some rich mould round the roots is the only cul- ture they require. The plant left all the winter out of doors was situated close to a south wall; and though it had no covering of any kind, it is now pushing up new shoots. It is necessary to add, that several plants of Dahlias have been raised by cuttings, which are now in good health, and which will probably flower and produce seeds next autumn. 10th July, 1806*. Above a hundred plants of Dahlias are now growing in various parts of the gardens at Holland-House in the highest luxuriance: among them are several of the yellow-flowered Bidentifolia, raised from seeds saved there last year, though the au- tumn proved so unfavourable. One plant of the Purpurea of An- drews’s Bot. Repository is already showing flowers. The true Rosea of Cavanilles, with doubly pinnated leaves, is also growing most vigorously, and one of its stems has been pinched to produce lateral shoots for cuttings. A plant left in the middle of one of the borders of the French garden at IIolland-House by mis- take, and exposed to the severity of the winter, without any shelter, is as strong and vigorous as any of the other two-year old plants; so that there is not a doubt that this magnificent genus will soon be a common ornament of the gardens in this island. In plate 19* is a representation of a plant of the Dahlia Pinnata , or Purpurea. PLATE XX, 1. DAPHNE CNEORUM. TRAILING DAPHNE. This genus comprises plants of the low shrubby ornamental, evergreen, and deciduous kinds. It belongs to the class and order Octandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Vepreculce. The characters are : that there is no calyx : the corolla one-pe- talled, funnel-form, withering, including the stamens: tube cylindric, imperforate, longer than the border: border four-cleft; divisions ovate, acute, flat, spreading: the stamina have eight, short filaments, inserted into the tube; the alternate ones lower: anthers roundish, erect, two-celled : the pistillum is an ovate germ: style very short: stigma headed, depressed-flat: the pericarpium a roundish one- celled berry: (drupe berried superior;) the seed single, roundish, fleshy. The species are : 1 . D. Mezereum , Mezereon; 2. D. Laureola, Wood or Spurge Laurel; 3. D. tartouraira. Silvery-leaved Daphne, or Tartouraira; 4. D. cneorum, Trailing Daphne; 5. D. odora, Sweet- smelling Daphne. The first is a shrub, growing to the height of from three or four to five or six feet, with a strong woody stalk, putting out many woody branches on every side, so as to form a regular head. The leaves are smooth, about two inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad in the middle, placed without order. The flowers come out very early in the spring, before the leaves, in clusters all round the shoots of the former year. The fruit is a superior berried drupe, first green, then red, of an ovate-globular form; with a thin succu- 71 . 20 . Pamli'J bv Sy with white spotted flowers, and with red flowers and white borders, or Painted Lady Sweet-Williams. It is observed by Martyn, that the broad-leaved sort, with very double flowers of a deep purple, inclining to blue, bursting the calyx, is not so much esteemed; but that the double Rose Sweet-William, with flowers of a fine deep rose-colour, and smelling sweet, is much valued, as it does not burst. The Mule, or Fairchild’s Sweet-Wil- liam, which is one of the narrow-leaved double sorts, supposed to have been produced from seeds of a Carnation impregnated by a Sweet-William; the flowers are of a brighter red than in either of the former; their bunches not quite so large, but the flowers have an agreeable smell. The narrow-leaved kind are in general the most productive of double flowers. The second sort, in its natural state, has the root large, woody, 171 and branched: the stems a foot or eighteen inches high, decumbent at bottom, jointed and branched: the leaves are glaucous, smooth, linear, a line in breadth: every branch is terminated by one, two, or three flowers. These flowers, in the improved garden plant, have a spicy odour. There are both single and double varieties, with reddish flowers with variegated red and while flowers, with variegated red, white, and purple flowers, with variegated red, scarlet, purple, and white flowers, and with variegated red or purple above and white under- neath. The Carnations are distinguished by modern florists, from the difference of variegation, into four classes: — as Flakes, having two colours only, and their stripes large, going quite through the leaves. Bizarres, with flowers striped or variegated with three or four different colours, in irregular spots and stripes. Fiquettes , having a white ground, spotted or pounced with scarlet, red, purple, or other colours. Fainted Ladies, with the petals of a red or purple colour on the upper side, and entirely white underneath. Each of these classes have numerous sub-varieties, especially the third, which was formerly in most esteem with florists; but of late years the Flakes have been in greater request.- It is useless however to enumerate their sub-varieties, as they are not by any means per- manent. The properties of a good Carnation are thus stated by florists: — The stem of the flower should be straight, strong, and able to sup- port the weight of the flower without hanging down: the flower at least not less than from thirty to forty-five inches high: the petals well formed, long, broad, stiff’, and pretty easy to expand, or, as the florists term it, make free flowers, being neither too close nor too thin; the middle of the flower not advanced too high above the other parts; the colours bright, and equally marked all over the flower: the flower very full of petals, so as to render it, when blown, very thick in the middle, with the outside perfectly round. And Martyn adds, “ that the lower or outer circle of petals, commonly called the guard leaves, should be particularly substantial; should rise perpendicularly about 172 half an inch above the calyx, and then turn off gracefully in a hori- zontal direction, supporting the interior petals, which should deciease gradually in size as they approach the centre, which should be well filled with them. All the petals should be regularly disposed, and lie over each other in such a manner as that tlieii respective and united beauties may meet the eye all together ; they should be nearly flat, or at most have a small degree of inflection at the broad end; their edges perfectly entire, without notch, fringe, or indenture. The calyx should be at least an inch in length, sufficiently strong at top to keep the bases of the petals in a close and circular body: the colours distinct, and the stripes regular, narrowing gradually to the claw of the petal, and there ending in a fine point. Almost one halt of each petal should be of a clear white, free from spots." These properties are, however, chiefly expected in the fine potted varieties, which on coming into blow are usually placed together upon a stand or stage considerably raised and covered, in order to produce the fullest effect, and by protecting them to continue longer in beauty. The double varieties, as being more large and beautiful in their colours, should be principally cultivated. Some of them, especially the Bursters, are extremely large, as three or four inches in diameter over the crown. Whole Blowers and Bursters are common to most of the varieties, especially the Flakes and Bizarres; the former are those in which the calyx or outer cup is long and of equal growth, opening regularly each. way only at top, to admit a free and equal expansion of the petals all round: the flowers in these, though somewhat smaller, are more equally expanded, and require less trouble in the manage- ment of their bloom than in the Bursters. The latter are those in which the cup is large, and as it were swollen, being liable to burst on one side, and permit the petal to break out and produce irregular flowers, if care be not taken to prevent it by tying, and opening the calyx a little on the opposite side. The Whole Blowers are on this account the more convenient for culture, where much time cannot be spared in attending to the flowers. > 173 The third species has numerous barren stems, reclining and putting forth roots, the flowering stems from six to eight inches high, colum- nar below, square at top, slender, weak, but usually erect, some- times simple, sometimes branched or dichotomous, swollen at the joints, slightly pubescent: the leaves are in pairs at each joint, linear or subulate, nearly the length of the internode, converging to the stalk, and embracing it at the base, slightly pubescent; those of the barren branches narrower: the peduncles are round, down}', from the ends of the stem and branches, single, or two from the same joint, each bearing one flower: the petals are toothed at the edge, bright red above, pale beneath; but according to Ray reddish, with a ring of deeper-coloured dots surrounding the eye; with dark purplish teeth near the throat, and beset with while silvery points, with hairs pro- ceeding from them : the petals vary much in colour, being some- times of a very pale flesh colour, sometimes deep red, but always marked with a ring of deeper red dots near the centre of the flower. It is a native of Sweden, See. There is a cultivated variety in gardens with white flowers, with a beautiful purple ring, and leaves rather more glaucous than in the common sort. The fourth species has the stems ascending, a foot or eighteen inches in height, and branched: the leaves of a grayish or glaucous hue, a line and half wide, very sharp at the end : the flowers one, two, seldom three, at the ends of the branches, and sweet-scented: the calyx is of a glaucous-green, longer than in the other species : the petals large, light red or bright purple, sometimes white, with a circle of red; deeply jagged, having a red down at the base of the lamina or border. It is a native of Europe; flowering from June to August, and is perennial. The fifth, according to Dr. Smith, has a woody root: the stalks several, a span high, erect, simple, smooth, quadrangular, having two or three pair of leaves on them, one-flowered, scarcely ever two- flowered : the leaves are linear-lanceolate, bluntish, glaucous: the scales of the calyx only one third of the length of the tube, ovate- roundish, bluntly mucronate and striated : the petals areflesh-coloured, with a double row of blunt notches, marked with lines, and bearded at the base. It is a native of Switzerland. In the sixth, the flower-stems are from six to eight or nine inches high, branching out on every side; the branches grow erect, and are terminated each by one flower: the flowers have no scent, but, having a great variety of colours, they are a considerable ornament to the flower-garden from July until the autumn: they have been greatly improved by culture; some flowers being as full of petals a s die best double Pinks, and display the most glowing and vivid red colours. It is a native of China. Martyn observes, that the roots often last two years in a dry soil; but they arc generally raised from seeds annually. In the nursery- grounds it is generally known by the name of Indian Pink. Ur. Smith mentions having had a plant from Mr. Sikes’s, which seemed to be a mule between this and the first species. There are varieties with red flowers, with purple flowers, with white flowers, with variegated flowers, each single and double, and imperial large-flowered. The seventh species has the stein a foot or eighteen inches in height, procumbent at the base, and then erect, round, somewhat two-edged on the upper part, smooth, branching only at top: the leaves are like those of narrow-leaved Sweet-William, connate, lan- ceolate-linear or linear subulate, acute, quite entire, bright green, smooth, marked with lines and a rising nerve, rough on the edge, green not glaucous: the flowers are erect, usually two terminating each branch, on short peduncles; sometimes there are more, and sometimes only one: petals pale red, sometimes white, sprinkled with bloody spots: they smell very sweet, especially in the evening. It is supposed by some perennial, but by others biennial, or annual. It succeeds best in a calcareous soil. It is a native of Denmark, &c. flowering in July and the following month. The varieties of pinks principally cultivated in the garden are as below, flowering in the following order. The Damask Fink, which is the first of the double sorts in flower; it has but a short stalk; the flower is not very large, nor so double 175 as in many others; the colour is of a pale purple, inclining to red. It is very sweet in its smell. ilie White Shock, which is thus denominated from the whiteness of its flowers, and the borders of the petals being much jagged and fringed: the flower-stalks are eight or ten inches in height. Its scent is not so agreeable as in some other sorts. The Pheasant’s Eye , of which there are different varieties, and frequently new ones introduced, some of which have very large double flowers; those which burst their pods are the least esteemed. They have firm flower-stems, eight or ten inches high : the flowers large, whitish, or blush-coloured, with dark purple spots in the middle. That sort of Pheasant’s Eye called Bat’s Pink often flowers again in autumn. The Cob Pink, the stalks of which are much taller than in those of the former sorts; twclveor fifteen inches high ; the flowers very double, and of a bright red colour; it has the most agreeable odour of all the sorts ; flowering from the latter end of May to the middle of July. J he O/d Man s Head Pink, and the Painted lMdy, flower in July, at the same time with the Carnation, to which they are more nearly allied than to the Pink. The first, when in its proper colours, is purple and white striped. and spotted, but it is frequently of one plain colour, as purple: it continues flowering till the frost in autumn puts a stop to it, and the flower having an agreeable scent renders it va- luable. The latter is chiefly admired for the liveliness of its colour ; as it is not so sweet, or of so long continuance, as the other. The Clove Pink has a large deep red flower, affording a strong scent of the Clove. Martyn thinks it probable that the Red Pinks take their rise from the Carnation, whilst the Pheasant’s Eye Pinks seem to derive their origin from the fourth. Some give them all as variations of the third; which is not, he conceives, likely. There are single and double flowers of each of these sorts. Culture. — Though the culture in these ornamental plants is effected without much difficulty, considerable attention is necessary in the management of some of life sorts, to have them flowei in the utmost perfection and beauty. Culture in the Sweet-William Kind .—' The single sorts of these plants are readily increased by sowing seed which has been caiefully collected in a bed of light earth, that has not been much enriched by manure, in the latter end of March or beginning of the following month, either over the surface or in slight drills, covering it in well : when the plants have attained a proper growth, as about the latter end of June, they should be removed and set out on other small beds prepared for them, planting them out six or eight inches dis- tant each way, watering them and keeping them perfectly free from weeds till the following autumn or spring, when they must be taken up with good balls of earth about their roots, and set out where they are to flower. It is by this method that new varieties are produced. Although these plants are perennial, they should be raised every year from seed, to have them blow strong and in perfection. These and the double sorts may be continued by slips or layers. In the former mode the slips should be planted out either in the early autumn or spring months where they are to remain, giving them a little water at the time, when the weather is dry. When the slips are taken from the young plants, they should be made quilt down to the roots, so as to have fibres to them. In this way the plants are often good and flower well. Cuttings or pipings managed in the same way also succeed well. In the latter method the more tender branches should be laid down in the summer months, water being frequently given when the weather is hot and dry. After they have taken root perfectly the} should be separated or taken off, and planted out where they are to remain, or in beds of light earth, to be afterwards removed, a little water being given at the time. A few of the best should be potted in the beginning of autumn, in order to be more conveniently removed under shelter during the severity of winter. These plants should neither be kept too moist or dry, as in both situations they arc liable to sustain much injury by the canker. The seed for the culture of these plants should be collected, when perfectly ripened, from the best and most perfect flowers which have grown at a distance from any bad or inferior plants, and be kept in a dry situation. Culture in the Gillijlower or Cur nation Kind . — These plants may be laised with facility in the beds or borders of pleasure-grounds or gar- dens where the soil is moderately light and dry; but in order to have them in the greatest superiority and perfection, it is the practice of florists to employ a compost prepared by mixing the surface vege- table mould of old pastures with well rotted stable-dung from old hot-beds, or neat’s dung in the same state and sea-sand, in the pro- portion of a third of the former and a fourth of the latter. These ma- terials should be well blended, and lie for a considerable length of time, being frequently turned before they are made use of. This mould may be employed both for fdling the pots with and for form- ing the beds; and in preparing it for these purposes it should not be sifted fine, but merely well broken down and reduced by the spade. These flowers may be increased and new ones produced by seeds, which should be sown on beds formed of the above compost, or on the common borders of light fine mould, from about the middle of March to the same period in the following month, raking it in evenly to the depth of a quarter of an inch, giving slight waterings when necessary, to promote their vegetation. The fine sorts are likewise often sown in pots or boxes, in order that they may be readily placed so as to have only the morning sun when the season is hot and dry. After the plants are come up they should be kept clear from weeds, and be watered occasionally, and about July, when the wea- ther is moist, be taken up and pricked out in nursery-rows on beds three feet in width, setting them six inches distant, and watering them well at the lime and afterwards till they have taken fresh root. At the beginning of autumn, as about September, they will have 2 A 178 I attained a large growth, and require to be removed into other beds or situations for flowering, in which they should be set out in rows eight or nine inches distant each way. Some place them in the quincunx manner, as producing a better effect. In this situation they should be protected in severe weather during the winter by the application of mats upon hoops placed over the beds. The culture they require in these beds is merely that of keeping them free from weeds, occasionally stirring the earth between them by a hoe, and as their flower-stalks advance giving them the support of handsome sticks. They should remain in these situations till they flower, after which the singles should be taken out and made use of as there may be occasion, in order to afford full room for the double sorts, the finest and most perfect of which being made stage or principal flow- ers, and the others set out in the borders; the whole being increased as there may be necessity by layering both the first and succeeding years. The layer method is that which is principally employed in in- creasing and continuing particular varieties, as being the most cer- tain. For this purpose the radical leafy shoots proceeding from the crowns of the plants, when of six or eight inches growth, are the most proper. These should be laid down into the earth about the latter end of June or beginning of the following month. The work is performed by stripping off the leaves from the lower part of the shoot, cutting off a little of the top, and then fixing upon a strong joint about the middle, to slit it with a sharp knife nearly half way through in a slanting manner, so as nearly to reach the joint above, forming a sort of tongue on the under side of the shoot, removing the bark from the enlarged part or joint to promote the striking root. The mould about the root of the plant should then be stirred, and fresh added where it is wanting, forming a slight drill or opening for the branch to be gently laid down into in a horizontal manner with the cut part in the earth, the top being left out and raised a little to keep the slit open, pegging the main part of the branch down by short hooked sticks, drawing the earth over the cut part. When this :VVV \;v V'VT \ melhod has been practised on all the branches, a good watering should be given to settle the mould about them, and frequently repeated when the season is dry. When the layers thus formed have stricken good roots, which is mostly the case in six or eight weeks, they should be taken off with the root-fibres as entire as possible, and after having the sticky parts about the bottom and the top leaves trimmed oft, be planted out either in pots or beds, in the latter melhod at six or eight inches distance, with a dibble, a good watering being immediately given, and repeated every two days for ten days or a fortnight till the plants become well rooted. They should be removed from these beds with balls of earth about their roots in the beginning of the autumn into small pots, to have shelter during the winter, and in the early spring be placed in large ones for flowering; but when there is room, it is a better practice to plant them at once in the pots, as frequent trans- planting injures their growth. Some florists, however, think it bene- ficial. The less fine sorts may at the above season be planted out in the clumps, borders, or other parts, or be left in the beds for flowering. These flowers may likewise lx; increased by cuttings or pipings in the manner directed below in raising pinks. In the winter management of the plants, the fine potted sorts should about November be removed under the protection of a deep frame covered with glasses, and plunged closely together in a slight bed of old tan, dry sand, or earth. In this situation they should have a free admission of air when the weather is mild, but be covered in frost, and care should be taken that there be no stagnation of mois- ture, by the holes in the bottoms of the pots l>eing obstructed. The flowers in the beds should be covered by mats or other con- trivances when the weather is severe at the same season. In the spring their culture should be continued by removing those fine varieties planted out in small pots in the autumn into large ones for flowering, and such as have remained in the nursery-beds into the borders or large pots nine or ten inches over at top, to afford flowers, in each of which the business should be done by preserving 180 balls of earth about their roots, about the beginning of March or the following month. The work is performed by closing the holes in the bottoms of the pots with pieces of oyster shells or tiles, then filling them half way up with the earth prepared as above, placing the plants with their balls of earth in them, and filling up the vacan- cies on the sides with more fresh mould, closing it well up about the bodies of the plants so as they may stand nearly as high as the tops of the pots, giving a good watering at the time. When the plants have been thus potted they should be placed in a sheltered sunny situation in the open air, being frequently refreshed with water in hot dry weather. It is the practice with some florists to plant two flowers in a large pot; but it is better as well as more convenient for layering only to have one, the plants flowering stronger and making more free shoots. In the summer treatment of the flowers the care of frequent wa- tering should be continued when the weather is hot and droughty, and the surface mould be occasionally stirred to promote the growth and preserve neatness; and when the flower-stalks are a little ad- vanced, handsome painted sticks should be placed for their support, both in the pots and other situations, to which they should be neatly lied as they proceed in their growth. When they approach the pe- riod of flowering, the curious sorts should be removed to a stage constructed for the purposse, and provided with an awning to pro- tect them from being injured by the scorching heat of the sun in the middle of the day, and the effects of too much w et, by which they are continued much longer in beauty. Stages of this nature are formed in different methods, according to the fancy of the persons who make use of them. The following is a neat mode of constructing such apparatus: a platform is erected at the height of eighteen inches or two feet, constituted of two ranges of planks, in order to contain two rows of pots, sustained by posts in one or two row's underneath with an open-work roof five or six feet in height, covered by means of painted canvass, or some other suitable material, the whole being supported by upright posts, accord- ing to the taste of the proprietor. 181 The body of the stage should be neatly painted, for the purpose of effect as well as preservation. Instead of these stages some make use of a sort of caps or umbrellas formed of tin or other materials, supported on stems or sticks, one for each plant; but these are neither so convenient nor afford so good an effect as the former in displaying the beauties of the flowers. But whatever contrivances are made use of for the protection and display of these curious flowers, the tying of the plants to the support- sticks should be continued as the stems advance; and some curious florists contrive to keep them erect at the tops by the use of fine wire or other similar means. And in order to procure the flowers as large and fine as possible, they trim off all the side-shoots from the stems, leaving only one or two of the top flower-buds to expand. When the flowers begin to open, care should be taken to prevent their bursting and expanding in an irregular manner, especially in the bursters, by making a little opening or two in the indentings at the top at equal distances in other places, by means of fine small pointed scissars. The regular expansion of the flowers may likewise be much assisted, especially where one side is more expanded than the other, and they are in pots, by turning the pots, that the contrary sides may have the full influence of the sun. Some florists likewise, to blow the curious sorts as broad and fine as possible, make use of a kind of spreading, stiff, white paper collar, cut open on one side and placed round the bottoms of the flowers to expand the petals upon to the utmost extent; but the practice is not in general advisable. As these plants flower less perfectly as they increase in age, it is proper to provide fresh supplies of new varieties of them annually by sowing seed obtained from the best sorts in the spring season, as directed above, and likewise to continue the most valuable double varieties by means of layering in the summer months every year, or the planting of cuttings or pipings, but the first is by much the best mode. In order to have good seed, some plants of the best and most • r/V 182 curious sorts should be preserved distinct, and suffered to flower and ripen their seed in a perfect manner, which should then be taken oft in the pods when the weather is dry, and, after being hardened a little, rubbed out and put up in a bag to be placed in a dry situa- tion. Culture in the Pink Kind.— AW the species and varieties of these plants may be increased from seeds, and the perennial sorts likewise by layers, slips, cuttings, and pipings. Where the best sorts only are grown, great care should be taken, in providing the seed, that it be always had from the best and most perfect kinds. It should be sown in the manner directed for Carnations, in the beginning of March or the following month, and the plants be ma- naged in a similar manner, only, as hiking more hardy in their nature, with less tenderness. The sixth species is best increased by sowing the seed on a very gentle hot-bed the beginning of April, as the vegetation is thereby much forwarded. When the plants appear air should be admitted freely, to prevent their drawing up weak, and when of a little growth they may be pricked out with good roots, if the weather be suitable, on a bed of light earth, at about three inches distance, proper shade and water being given. W hen they are of considerable growth, as about the letter end of May, they should be removed with good balls of earth about their roots, and planted where they are to remain for flowering. The layers should be laid down in the latter end of July or begin- ning of the following month, in exactly the same manner as has been directed for Carnations, giving them the same culture in every respect. Where there are large plants that spread considerably in a lateral manner, their shoots may be covered with earth in the spring to the depth of an inch or two; they will thus often take root, form good plants, and be in a state to be planted out in the beginning of the autumn. The slips of the young shoots either made from the sides of the C\ 183 principal ones or from the roots, so as to have fibres to them, and planted out in February or the two following months in beds of good mould to a good depth, readily take root and become good plants before the end of the summer; at which time, or in the following spring, they may be removed with good balls of earth about their loots, to the places where they are to flower. Cuttings made from the firm shoots of the same year at the joints, to the length of three or four inches, when planted pretty deeply in a bed of very fine mould, or in large pots at the distance of an inch or two, and well watered at the time, readily grow and become plants after being transplanted into separate pots, or the borders where thev are to flower. Pipings made by drawing out or breaking off the top parts of the young shoots at the joints and trimming them, by which a sort of pipe is formed, on being planted and managed in the same manner, take root and afford plants. In both these last methods the rooting of the shoots is greatly promoted by their being closely covered by bell, hand, or other sorts of glasses, and having f requent slight waterings given round the sides of them. , * The seed of the different best sorts should be collected in the pods in August or the following month when perfectly ripened, choosing a dry season for the purpose, spreading them out to harden and be- come dry on paper or in some other manner, after which it should be rubbed out and kept in some dry situation till it is wanted. All the different species and varieties of these plants are highly ornamental, and many of them curious, affording an extremely fra- grant smell. The first sort in all the varieties may be made use of in the bord- ers, clumps, and other places, where they produce a fine effect by the variety of their flowers in assemblage with others of similar growth. A few of the double more curious kinds may also be cultivated in pots for adorning the more conspicuous places about the house. The second species and all the different varieties of the Carnation warn 1 184 kind are proper ornamental plants for the fronts of clumps, holders, and other principal parts of gardens or ornamented grounds, where they have a very agreeable effect from the beauty and elegance of their flowers, as well as the fragrance which they afford. The curious double sorts are mostly cultivated in pots for the con- venience of protection, and being exhibited on stages or in particular situations during the time of their blowing, as well as for the ease and facility of removal when necessary. The third sort and the different varieties of the common pink are well adapted for producing ornament in the fore parts of beds, borders, and other compartments of pleasure-grounds and gardens, both from the multiplicity of their flowers and their beauty, as well as fragrant smell. These are sometimes used for edgings, but from their spread- ing growth they require frequent cutting in. ° The fourth and fifth sorts may likewise be employed for the pur- pose of affording a greater variety. The sixth species is very ornamental from the fineness of the co- lour of the flowers, and the great length of time which they continue in bloom. It is observed by Martyn that the seventh species, from the ele- gance and delicious fragrance of its flowers, is deserving of being employed in all curious gardens. In the planting out the various sorts, the annual kinds are mostly disposed in patches of three or four plants in each; but the peren- nial kinds singly, as being more bushy and spreading in their growth. All the several species and varieties of these flowery plants may be brought to blow much more early by being cultivated in frames or the hot-house. \ PLATE XXII. 1. DODECATHEON MEADIA MEAD S dodecothean. This genus furnishes a plant of the low flowering perennial kind- It belongs to the class and order Pcntandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Precice. The characters are: that the calyx is a many-leaved, many-flow- ered involucre, very small: perianthium one-leafed, half five-cleft, permanent: divisions reflex, finally longer, permanent: the corolla one-pe tailed, five-parted: tube shorter than the calyx: (naked at the throat) border reflex: divisions very long, lanceolate: the stamina con- sists of five filaments, very short, obtuse, seated on the tube: anthers sagittate, converging into a beak : the pistillum is a conic germ: style filiform, longer than the stamens: stigtna obtuse: the pericarpium is an oblong, one-celled capsule, gaping at the tip: (subcylindric, opening into five parts): the seeds very many, and small: receptacle free, small. The only species is D. Meadea, Virginian Cowslip, or Meadea. It has a yellow perennial root, from which come out in the spring several long smooth leaves, near six inches long, and two and a half broad; at first standing erect, but afterwards spreading on the ground, especially when much exposed to the sun: from among these leaves arise two, three, or four flower-stalks, in proportion to the strength of the roots, which rise eight or nine inches high, smooth, naked, and terminated by an umbel of flowers, which are purple, inclining to a peach blossom colour. It is native of Virginia, flowering about the end of April or beginning of the following month. Culture . — The methods of propagation in this plant are either by seeds, or off-sets from the roots; but the last is the best. 2 B 186 In the first, the seeds should be sown either in the autumn, soon after they are fully ripened, or in the spring, in a moist shady spot, or in pots to be placed in such situations. "W hen the plants appeal, they should be kept free from weeds, and have occasional water when the weather is dry, being shaded from the heat of the sun. When the stems decay, the} 7 may be carefully removed and planted in moist shady places, at the distance of twelve or eighteen inches, to remain till the following autumn, when they should be finally planted in the borders and other places where there are due shade and moisture. The roots may be removed, and the off-sets carefully taken off from them about the latter end of August or the following month, and immediately planted in such situations as the above, when they will be fully established before the frosts set in. These plants are found to be hardy, but incapable of succeeding in dry soils or sunny situations. They afford ornament in the beds, borders, or other parts of pleasure-grounds. This genus affords a plant of the herbaceous hardy flowering pe- rennial kind. It belongs to the class and order j Decandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Multmliqua. very small, deciduous: leaflets oblong, acuminate: the corolla has five petals, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, with claws, unequal; of which two are bent upwards; two placed obliquely at the sides; one bent downwards: the stamina consist of ten subulate filaments, length of the corolla, situated between the two lateral declining petals, une- qual; small point-like glands scattered over the filament's; anthers 2. DICTAMNUS ALBUS. WHITE FRAXINELLA. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-leaved perianthium, 187 four-sided, rising upwards: the pistillum is a five-cornered germ, elevated from the receptacle: style simple, short, bent downwards, incurved: stigma sharp, rising upwards: the pericarpium has five capsules, conjoined inwardly at the border, compressed, acuminate, with distant tips, tw'o-valved: the seeds in pairs, ovate, very smooth, within a common aril, which is two-valved, and cut down. The species cultivated is D. albus, Fraxinella, or White Dittany. It has a perennial root, striking deep into the ground, and the head annually increasing in size: the stalks many, two or three feet high, round, here and there slightly grooved, sometimes subancipi- tal, not branched, at bottom green and beset with white hairs, ferru- ginous-red towards the lop, with resinous glands: the leaves are alter- nate, the larger above a foot in length, spreading out horizontally, ascending towards the end; the midrib liat at top and edged on both sides, convex beneath and hairy; leaflets from tw r o to five pairs, with an odd one at the end, most of them alternate, except the top pair or two, sessile or subsessile, except the end one, which is on a long winged petiole, smooth, stiff, oblique except the end one, ovate, acute, serrate, shining on both sides, about two inches long and an inch wide; the whole somewhat resemblino- an Ash leaf. The flowers c in a long pyramidal loose spike or raceme, nine or ten inches long, of a purplish colour: the branches of the raceme alternate, with a bracte at the foot of each, one or two-flowered ; l here is also a short, lanceolate, hairy bracte to each pedicel. To each flower succeeds a fruit consisting of five compressed capsules, spreading out like the points of a star. The whole plant, especially when gently rubbed, emits an odour like that of lemon-peel, but when bruised it has something of a bal- samic scent. It is a native of Germany, flowering here at the end of May. There are varieties with white flowers, with red and purple striped, and with short spikes of flowers. Culture. These plants may be increased by sowing the seeds in the beds, borders, or other parts of pleasure-grounds or gardens where the plants are to remain, in the beginning of the autumn soon / after they become ripe, or in the spring; but the former is the best season, as the plants rise stronger and with more certainty. The plants should afterwards be kept perfectly clear from weeds, and have their stems cut down and cleared away every year in the au- tumn, as well as the earth dug round them in the early spring. Some, however, advise the roots of the plants in the first autumn to be taken up and planted out in small beds at six or eight inches distance each way, to stand two or three years till they are strong enough to flower, when they are to be carefully taken up in the au- tumn, and placed where they are to remain. They continue for a great length of time, and require little culture except that of being kept free from weeds, and trimmed as above in the autumn. They are plants well suited to the middle parts of beds, borders, clumps, and other parts of ornamented grounds. c PLATE XXIII. 1. ECHINOPS SPH^ROCEPHALUS. I GREAT GLOBE THISTLE. This genus contains plants of the hardy, herbaceous, perennial and annual kinds. It belongs to the class and order Syngenesia Polygamia Segregata, and ranks in the natural order of Composite Capitate. I he characters are: that the calyx is common, many- leaved, with scales subulate, totally reflected, containing many flowers : perian- thium partial one-flowered, oblong, imbricate, cornered : leaflets subulate, loose above, upright, permanent: the corolla one-petalled, length of the calyx, tubular; border five-cleft, reflex, spreading; the* stamina consist of five capillary filaments’, very short: anthers cylin- diic, tubular, five-toothed: the pistillum is an oblong germ: style filiform, length of the corolla : stigma double, somewhat depressed, rolled back: there is no pericarpium: calyx unchanged, larger : the seed single, ovate-oblong, narrower at the base, with obtuse lip: the down obscure; the receptacle common globose and bristly. The species cultivated are: 1. E. sphceroceplialus. Great Globe Thistle; 2. E. vitro, Small Globe Thistle; 3. E. strigosus, Annual Globe Thistle. The first has a perennial root. The stalks many, four or five feet high. The leaves long and jagged, divided into many segments al- most to the midrib, the jags ending in spines; they are of a dark- green on their upper side, but woolly on their under. There are several globular heads of flowers on each stalk. The florets are com- monly blue, but sometimes white. These come out in July, and the seeds ripen in August. It is a native of France, &e. It varies with white flowers. 190 f The second species has a perennial creeping root, sending up several strong stalks two feet high, and branching. The leaves cut into many fine segments to the midrib, liiach blanch is leiminated by a globular head of flowers, smaller than those of the fiist, and of a deeper blue, but sometimes white: they come out in July. It is a native of the South of France. It also varies with white flowers. The third is an annual plant, with a stiff white stalk two feet high. The leaves divided, ending in many points, which have spines; then- upper side green, covered with brown hairs, theii under side white and woolly: the stalk is terminated by one large head of pale blue flowers, appearing in July. It is a native of France, 8c c. Culture. — These plants are readily increased by sowing the seeds in the autumn in the places where the plants are to grow. When they are come up in the spring, they should be properly thinned and kept free from weeds. Some of the strongest plants may likewise be removed to other situations. In the third sort the seeds are better sown in the early spring. They are well suited to afford variety in the large borders of gar- dens or pleasure-grounds, as they succeed in almost any soil. This genus contains plants of the hardy flowering biennial and perennial kind. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Digynia, and ranks in the natural order of Umbellatce. The characters are: that the calyx is a common conic receptacle, chaffs separating the sessile floscules : involucre of the receptacle many-leaved, flat, exceeding the floscules: perianthium proper five- leaved, upright, sharp, exceeding the corolla, seated on the germ: 2 . ERYNGIUM ALPINUM. alpine eryngo. 193 the corolla universal, uniform, roundish: floscules all fertile: proper five-petalled : petals oblong, the tips bent inwards to the base* straightened longitudinally by a line: the stamina consist of five ca- pillary filaments, straight, exceeding the floscules: anthers oblong: the pistillum is a hispid inferior germ: styles two, filiform, straight, length of the stamens: stigmas simple: the pericarpium is an ovate fruit, divisible in two directions: the seeds oblong, and columnar. The species cultivated are : 1. E. fcctidum. Stinking Eryngo ; 2. E. planum , Flat-leaved Eryngo; 3. E. maritimum , Sea Eryngo, or Sea-Holly; 4. E. amethystinum, Amethystine Eryngo; 5. E. alpinum, Alpine Eryngo. The first has an annual or biennial root. The root-leaves blunt- ish; the serratures terminating in harmless spines. The stem a foot high or more, green, somewhat angular, dichotomous, spreading; with the extreme branches flexuose. The leaves on the branches op- posite, stern-clasping, wedge-shaped, subconnate, with the edge toothed and semitrifid; the divisions lanceolate, all the angles ter- minating in a purplish spine. The peduncle springs from the angles of the stem ; it is straight, shorter than the internode, triangular, streaked on the sides. The involucres are composed of six leaflets or thereabouts; are horizontal, and longer than the flower; the leaf- lets are lanceolate, nerved, and have a spine at the tip and at one or two of the serratures. The common receptacle is cylindric, whence the flower is cylindric. It is of a dull white colour, appearing at the divisions and extremities of the branches. The whole plant has a very penetrating, strong, but not unsavoury smell. It is a native of Virginia, flowering in June and July. The second species has a perennial root. The stem upright, round, furrowed or streaked, whitish, about a foot and half in height, blueish at top, where it divides into three parts, each of which is terminated by a peduncled axillary flower. Lower leaves cordate ovate, obtuse, on long petioles, with unequal, mucronale notches about the edge; stem-leaves sessile; the uppermost lobed, gashed, smaller serrate, the notches spinulose. The flowers in terminating heads, fenced with a I 192 six-leaved involucre, spreading and reflex. It is a native of Austria, See. flowering in July. There is a variety with white stalks and flowers. The third has a creeping root, running deep into the ground. The leaves roundish, stiff, gray, set with sharp spines on the edges. The stems a foot high, branched, smooth, having at each joint leaves of the same form with the lower ones, but smaller. The flowers come out at the ends of the branches in roundish prickly heads, and are of a whitish blue colour; under each head is a range of narrow, stiff, prickly leaves, spreading like the rays of a star. The flowers appear in July. It is a native of Britain, &c. The young flowering-shoots when eaten as asparagus are very grateful, and of a nourishing qua- lity. The fourth species has the lower leaves divided like the fingers of a hand, into five or six segments, which are very much cut at their extremities into many parts, and have small spines. The stem is about two feet high, with smaller and more divided leaves. The upper part of the stem, and also the heads of flowers, are of the finest amethystine colour, making a fine appearance. It is a native of Styria, flowering in July. The fifth species has a perennial root. The leaves are cordate and toothed, the lower on long petioles, the upper stem-clasping. The lower leaves resemble those of Cacalia, but are more acute, and the teeth end in a soft spine. Amethystine leaves surround the ob- long head of flowers ; some of them bristle-form and reflex, others pinnatifid and lanceolate. It is curious, according to Villars, on ac- count of the beauty of the involucres, which are of a vinous azure blue, mixed with green and white. It is a native of Switzer- land, &c. Culture . — Some of these plants may be increased by seed, and the others by planting their creeping roots. The first, second, fifth, and sixth sorts are raised by sowing the seeds, in the first on a hot-bed or in pots plunged into it, but in the others in the autumn, in the places where the plants are to grow. \ When the plants have attained some growth, in the first kind, they should be removed into separate small pots, filled with light, fresh, fine mould, and replunged into the bark hot-bed, being after- wards managed as other exotic plants of the tender kind. The plants usually flower the second year, and then die. In the other species all the culture that is required after the plants appear is that of thinning them properly, keeping them free from weeds, and digging the ground about them in the early spring season. The third species must be increased by planting portions of the creeping roots of the young plants in a dry gravelly soil in the au- tumn, as soon as the stems decay. They grow the largest and most fleshy in the root in such situations as are occasionally overflowed by the sea- water. They afterwards only require the culture of being kept free from weeds. They are all proper for being introduced in the borders or other parts of pleasure-grounds for variety, except the first, which requires the protection of the stove. PLATE XXIV. 1. ERICA GRANDIFLORA- GREAT-FLOWERED HEATH. This genus comprehends plants of the evergreen, flowery, shrubby kind; mostly exotics. It belongs to the class and order Octandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Bicor/ies. The characters are: that the calyx is a four-leaved perianthium: leaflets ovate-oblong, permanent: the corolla one-petalled, bell-form, four-cleft, often bellied : the stamina consist of eight filaments, capil- lary, inserted into the receptacle: anthers two-cleft at the tip: the. pistillum is a roundish, superior germ: style filiform, upright, longer than the stamens: stigma crowned, four-cornered, four-cleft: the pericarpium is a roundish capsule* smaller than the calyx, covered, four-celled, four-valved; partitions meeting with the sutures (opposite to the sutures): the seeds numerous and very small. The species most in cultivation, according to Martyn, are: 1. E. Tetralix , Cross-leaved Heath; 2. E.cinerea , Fine-leaved Heath; .3. E. didyma , Double-anthered Heath; 4. E. arborea, Tree Heath ; 5. E. Australis, Spanish Heath; 6. E. multiflora , Many-flowered Heath; 7. E. Mediterranea, Mediterranean Heath; 8. E. lutea ,. Y el- low Heath; 9- E. halicacaba, Purple-stalked Heath; 10. E. mon- soniaua, Bladder-flowered Heath: 11. E. mucosa , Mucous Heath: 12 . E. urceolaris, Hairy- flowered Heath; 13. E. marifolia, Marum- leaved Heath; 14. E. omenta, Bloody-flowered Heath; 1 5. E. ra- mentacea, Slender-branched Heath; 16. E.pcrsohda, Blush-flowered Heath; 1 E. triflora, Three-flowered Heath; 18 . E. baccans. Ar- butus-flowered Heath; 19. E. corifolia, Slender-twigged Heath; <: n P unfed bv • f rt /<>/>! n nt hti/usfifr/i h/n Ar.ee Arv H r //,>»'■ /„ r/> 112 A. jmm 1.95 20. E.empetrifolia, Crow Berry-leaved Heath; 21. E. capitata , Woolly Heath; 22. E. tubijiora , Tube-flowered Heath; 23. E. conspiciia, Long-tubed Yellow Heath ; 24. E. cerinthiodes , Honey wort-flowered Heath; 25. E. comosa, Tufted-flowered Heath; 26. E. inassoni, Tall Downy Heath; 27. E. Plukertetii, Smooth-twigged Pencil-flowered Heath; 28. E. Petiveri, Downy-twigged Pencil-flowered Heath; 29. E. herbacea, Early-flowered Dwarf Heath; 30. E. grandijiora, Great- flowered Heath. There are many other species equally deserving of cultivation. The first has shrubby steins, from nine to twelve inches high, branched, brown, somewhat rugged from the remains of the leaves which have fallen off: branches a little woolly: the leaves are com- monly in fours, but sometimes in fives, ovate-linear, spreading, near the flowers pressed close to the stem, the edges turned in and ciliated, each hair terminating in a small round gland; the upper surface is flat, the lower concave and white: flowers hanging down one over another all one way. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe, flowering in July and August; but according to Linnaeus, twice in the year. It is not inferior to many of the foreign heaths in the beauty and delicacy of its flowers. This is distinguished from the other British heaths, not only by the flowers growing in a kind of pendulous clus- ter on the tops of the stalks, but by the leaves growing in fours, and forming a sort of cross. The second species has a perennial woody root: the stems shrubby, about a foot high, with opposite branches: the bark ash- coloured: the leaves are linear, fleshy, spreading; above smooth and shining, transversely wrinkled; towards the end beset with a few scattered hair-like points; beneath having a longitudinal furrow, which is white from a woolliness apparent to the magnifier; the edge somewhat membranaceous, and when viewed with the microscope appearing serrulate: the leaves, when young, have three flat sides, but when full grown are nearly flat: the flowers are in long clustered whorls terminating in spikes, of a deep purple colour, sonorous when struck; they come out from the sides of the young shoots ; those from the end-shools being near each other, but scattered and bare; those from the small lateral branches generally in pairs. It is a native of the middle parts of Europe, flowering from Jnne to August. The third has twisted, trailing stems: the branches between scored and singular, light reddish brown ; the more slender shoots ash-coloured, all lateral, to seven or more rising from the same point in the manner of an umbel; when beginning to flower, gradually tapering towards the end: the leaves are linear, somewhat like those of fir, bowed sideways, smooth, but not glossy, somewhat pointed, when magnified appearing to have distant serratures on the edge, which is bent in; upper surface green, slightly elevated in the middle; under whitish, convex, with a smooth furrow running along it, longer, and sometimes thrice as long as the corolla, and crowded so close as to conceal the younger shoots: the flowers roundish, on long slender peduncles, from the sides of the branches, beginning from below the middle, and extending to the ends, continuing on, in the cultivated plants, till the next season. It is a native of Britain. The fourth species is an upright shrub, growing to the height of six feet, with upright branches covered with a white nap: the leaves are very abundant, upright, smooth, almost awl-shaped, covering the branches, wrinkled when dry: the flowers very numerous, on the middle of the branches, so that the later leaves are above them; they are on branching peduncles, forming a panicle. It is a native of the South of Europe, flowering from February to May. The fifth is an upright rigid shrub, with an ash-coloured bark:, the leaves are in threes or fours, linear, obtuse, somewhat rugged on the edge: the flowers terminating, two or three, subsessile. It is a native of Spain, flowering in April and May. The sixth species has the stem the height of a man: the leaves are in fours or fives, spreading, obtuse, gibbous at the base: the flowers purplish. It is a native of the South of Europe, flowering from June to November. The seventh has the branches whitish, and angular: the leaves are in fours, seldom in fives, and even: the flowers lateral, and of a m \ purple colour, simple, coloured, lanceolate, acute, shorter by half than the corolla: style twice as long as the corolla: stigma entirely simple : it resembles the multijlora , but the corolla is absolutely ovate ; the branches angular and white. It is a native of the South of Europe, flowering from March to May. In the eighth species the stem is subdivided into narrow branches: the leaves pressed close, almost imbricate, opposite, blunt, grooved underneath, a line in length: the flowers are on the extreme branch- lets, one, two, or three together, and upright, of a yellow colour. The whole plant being covered with shining golden or silvery flowers is very beautiful and ornamental. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. It varies with yellow or white flowers. The ninth is a lofty shrub with purplish branches: the branchlets subtomentose and white: the leaves crowded very much, even, rug- ged about the edge. But, according to Thunbcrg, the stem is smooth, rugged, brown, flexuose, decumbent, strict, a span high: the branches alternate, divaricate, like the stem:, the leaves in threes, lanceolate, acute, smooth, flat above, convex beneath, with a slender groove, spread- ing. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, flowering in May and June. It is distinguished from the other sorts by the size of the flowers. In the tenth the stem is erect, pubescent leafless, two feel high: the branches scattered, frequent, spreading, covered with leaves, very short, simple: the leaves in threes, ovate, obtuse, convex beneath, with a longitudinal groove, flat above, entire, imbricate, smooth, scarcely a line in length: the flowers solitary, nodding, on pubescent reflex peduncles large and white. It is a native of Africa. This is one of the most beautiful plants of this beautiful genus. The eleventh species has a frutescent stem, determinalely branch- ed, with while, awl-shaped, decurrent lines under the scars of the leaves; which are linear, even, pressed close, scarcely longer than the interstices: the flowers terminating, subumbelled, on peduncles the length of the flowers. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 193 / In the twelfth the stem is fluxuose-erecl, ash-coloured, two feet high: the branches opposite, or in threes, cinereous-villose, wand- like: branchlets filiform, scattered, frequent, wand-like: the leaves are in threes, linear-lanceolate; beneath grooved from the revolute margins, tomentose-whitish, from erect spreading, curved a little: the flowers flesh-coloured. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, flowering in May and June. It varies with flowers very hirsute and hairy, red, and whitish flesh-coloured. The thirteenth species has the leaves three-fold oval, downy-white underneath: the flowers ovate, conic. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. In the fourteenth the branches are round and smooth ; branchlets pubescent: the leaves linear- awl-shaped, grooved, spreading, half an inch long, on appressed petioles scarcely half a line in length: the flowers axillary, and of a deep red colour. It is a native of the Cape, flowering at various seasons. The fifteenth species has the branches fdiform, ramentaceous, long, ferruginous: the leaves very narrow, upright, pressed close: the flowers umbelled, of a purple colour. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, flowering in July. The sixteenth has the stem shrubby, smoothish, with pubescent branches: the leaves linear, obtuse, erect, channelled underneath, the length of the joints, hispid or subscabrous: the flowers are um- belled, dispersed on the upper twigs, and of a flesh colour. It is a native of the Cape, flowering from February to May. The seventeenth has a brown stem, smooth below, hispid at top, erect, a foot high: the branches dichotomous, brown at bottom, and smooth, above ash-coloured, hirsute, erect, fastigiate: branchlets scat- tered all over the branches, filiform, frequent, hairy-rough, wand-like: the leaves are linear-subulate, entire, smooth, flat above, convex be- neath, with a very slender groove, incurved, from erect spreading : the flowers solitary, or two or three together, on very short drooping peduncles, ash-coloured, tomentose. It is a native of the Cape. The eighteenth species has an erect stem, branched: the leaves linear, bluntish, rugged on the edge, longer than the internodes, on white petioles: the flowers terminating, in threes, or thereabouts, nod- ding, the size of a pea, on purple peduncles, with alternate, remote, flesh-coloured bractes. It is a native of the Cape, flowering in April and May. The nineteenth has a shrubby, compound stem: the leaves linear, smooth: the flowers terminating, sessile, of a purple colour. It is a native of the Cape, flowering in August. The twentieth species has a brown, rugged stem, a foot high: the branches in whorls, like the stem, flexuose-erect; branchlets trichoto- mous and dichotomous, like the branches: the leaves in sixes, ob- long, obtuse, incurved, above three-cornered, flat, beneath grooved, rugged, especially underneath, very finely ciliate, imbricate, a line in length: the flowers aggregate, in whorls, in the middle and at the ends of the branchlets of a blood-red colour. It flowers in April and May. The twenty-first species has the stem seldom erect, commonly decumbent, smooth, flexuose, filiform: the branches filiform, flexuose, villose: branchlets capillary, frequent, tomentose : the leaves ovate, spreading, rough, with long hairs: the flowers at the ends of the ex- treme branchlets, peduncled, one, two, or three together, the whole calyxes covered close with a white wool. The twenty-second has the leaves linear, even the upper ones, ciliate : the flowers terminating, solitar}', sessile, of a purple colour. The twenty-third species has the leaves four-fold, smooth, and long yellow flowers. It flowers from May to August. The twenty-fourth has the branches compound : the leaves ob- long, convex, even, grooved underneath, ciliate, with spinules: the flowers large, heaped on the side into a sort of head, sessile, pubes- cent: calyx rough, with white hairs, as it were doubled: the corolla bright blood red, rough with white hairs, having the mouth obscurely four-cleft. It is a native of the Cape, flowering most part of the year. The twenty-fifth species has the branches heaped above the flowers: the leaves linear, bluntish, erect: the flowers heaped, lateral, below the top of the stalk. It is a native of the Cape. 200 The twenty-sixth species has shrubby filiform stems, covered all round with leaves: the leaves in fours, imbricate in eight rows, very short, elliptic, crowded, obtuse, ciliate, so that they appear villose: the fiowers red, in a terminating sessile head. It is a native of the Cape. The twenty-seventh has the leaves linear and crowded: the flowers peduncled, and nodding. It is a native of the Cape. The twenty-eighth species is a brown shrub: the branches covered with branchlets in threes, crowded, very short, pubescent, clothed with squarrose leaves; which are also crowded, alw-shaped, sub- trigonal, somewhat rugged at the edge, patulous, or standing out at the tip ; the flowers solitary, at the ends of the branchlets, drooping, on a short, pubescent peduncle, of a red colour. It is a native of the Cape, flowering from January to March. The twenty-ninth species is a small shrub, from a foot to eighteen inches in height, decumbent at bottom, then upright, branched, flex- ible: the leaves are almost covering the whole stem, deciduous, re- sembling those of the fir, thickish, having a prominent nerve, narrow, very sharp, smooth : the flowers at the tops of the branchlets, on short peduncles, alternate, among the leaves: they come out in autumn, continue closed during winter, and are then green; in May the year following the flowers are unfolded; the anthers which were inclosed are protruded, the calyx and corolla, opening, are both changed into a pale purple or flesh-colour. It is a native of Austria. The thirtieth species has the leaves linear, four-folded: the flowers large and yellow. It is a native of the Cape, flowering from May to July. Culture . — These elegant plants must be treated in different me- thods, according to their nature. The first three British sorts are capable of being propagated by sowing the seeds, either in the places where they are to remain, or in pots filled with peaty earth in either the autumn or spring seasons, but this is a tedious practice. The best method is, to take them up from the places where they grow naturally in the early autumn, with good balls of earth about their roots, planting them again imme- diately where they are to grow. 20 L They succeed best where the soil is of the peaty or moory kind, and where it has not been enriched by manure; and as they protrude their roots chiefly near the surface, it should be as little dug about them as possible. The four following sorts may be increased in the same manner as the former; but the best practice is by layers, cuttings, or slips, which should be laid down or planted out in pots filled with boggy earth, either in the early spring or the latter end of summer, plunging them in a moderate hot-bed, giving them proper shade and water. When they have taken full root, they should be removed with balls of earth about them into separate pots, being replaced in the hot-bed till they become well established, when they will be capable of bear- ing the open air in mild weather. All the other species may be increased either by cuttings or layers, but most of them by the former. The cuttings should be made from the best young shoots, and be planted in the spring season in pots filled with a composition of light boggy and loamy earth, being placed in the hot-bed, and covered with bell-glasses, and duely shaded from the sun, slight waterings being given when necessary; the layers are best made in the autumn, being managed in the same way. When the plants are perfectly rooted, they may be removed into separate pots filled with the same sort of earth, and placed in the dry, stove or green-house, where many of the plants must constantly be kept. The ninth, twentieth, and twenty-sixth species must, however, be raised by layers, as they have not yet been increased by planting their cuttings. When seeds are made use of in producing these plants, they should be sown in pots filled with the above sort of earth, in the early spring, and plunged in the hot-bed of the stove. When the plants have acquired a few inches growth, they should be removed into single pots with a little earth about their roots, and be replunged in the hot-bed in the stove, being preserved in it, or the warmest part of the green-house, during the winter. 2 d The first three sorts afford an agreeable variety in the borders and clumps, as they continue long in flower. The four following kinds are likewise hardy, and afford variety among other potted plants in the open air during the summer. The other species are more tender, but produce an agreeable effect among the stove and green-house collections, from the great beauty and continuance of the flowers in many of the sorts. 2. EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. ROSE-BAY WILLOW-HERB. This genus contains a plant of the herbaceous, flowery, peren- nial kind. It belongs to the class and order Octandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Calycanthema. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed perianthium, four-parted, superior; divisions oblong, acuminate, coloured, deci- duous : the corolla has four roundish petals, outwardly wider, emar- ginate, expanding, inserted into the divisions of the calyx: the sta- mina consist of eight subulate filaments; the alternate ones shorter: anthers oval, compressed, obtuse: the pistillum is a cylindric germ, extremely long, inferior: style filiform : stigma four-cleft, thick, ob- tuse, rolled back : the pericarpium is an extremely long capsule, cylindric, streaked, four-celled, four-valved: the seeds numerous ob- long, crowned with down: receptacle extremely long, four-cornered, free, flexile, and coloured. The species cultivated is E. angustifolium, Narrow-leaved or Rose- bay Willow-herb. It has a creeping root. The stem is upright, from three to six feet high, branched at top, round, and pubescent; the branches alter- nate. The leaves alternate, running slightly down the stem, smooth, the edge minutely and rarely indented, the midrib whitish : the la- teral nerves are nearly at right angles with this; and the leaves at their first appearance are rolled in at the edge. The flowers are purple, showy, growing in a kind of long spike, on purple peduncles, the length of the germ, bending down before the flowers open, but afterwards erect; seldom more than four or five blow together on the same spike. From the great similitude of the leaves to those of Avillow, it has obtained the name of Willow-herb, or French Willow. There is a variety with white flowers. Culture . — It is readily increased by dividing its creeping roots, and planting portions of them out in moist shady situations where they are to remain, in either the autumn or early spring. The plants may also be raised by sowing the seeds in the same situations. The plants afterwards require only to be kept within proper limits. They are well suited to shady situations, and for covering rock- work. PLATE XXV. 1. FRITILLARIA IMPERIALS. CROWN IMPERIAL. 9 This genus comprises plants of the bulbous-rooted perennial flowery kind. in the natural order of Coronaries. The characters are: that there is no calyx; the corolla is six- petalled, bell-shaped, spreading at the base: petals oblong, parallel: nectary an excavation or pit in the base of each petal : the stamina have six subulate filaments, approximating to the style, the length of the corolla: anthers quadrangular, oblong, erect: the pistillum is an oblong germ, three-cornered, obtuse: style simple, longer than the stamens: stigma triple, spreading, blunt: (style trifid, with three stig- mas:) the pericarpium is an oblong capsule, obtuse, three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved (superior): the seeds very many, flat, semi- orbicular on the outside, in a double row. The species are: 1 . F. meleagris. Common Fritillary, or Che- quered Lily; 2. F. pyrenaica, Black Fritillary; 3. F. imperialism Im- perial Fritillary, or Crown Imperial; 4. F. Persica, Persian Fritillary, or Persian Lily. In the first the root is a solid bulb or tuber, about the size of a hazel nut, white or yellowish white, roundish, compressed, divisible into several, enclosed by the withered wrinkled bulb of the preceding year as in a case. The stem from six to twelve, fifteen, and even eighteen inches in height, advancing considerably in length after flowering; it comes out from the side of the root, is simple, upright, round, smooth, glaucous, and not unfrequently purplish: the leaves It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Monogynia, and ranks Pl'M .fainted by dyd fid*ardr f.rnden fubhfheduiu^ t, l 1#&6 by. 0. Ken rs/ey Iff set Street Frill ll a rrn irnj>ertab.r. Fmn/rrw 1 ( rewu t /n pen til Engraved by FSan/tm fVt Vtl . //,//’» rvotnl Fumitory. 205 three or four, sometimes five or six, grass-like, distantly alternate, half embracing, round on the under, and hollow on the upper side, somewhat twisted and glaucous: the flower usually single, sometimes two, or even three, on the top of the stem, large, pendulous, at first somewhat pyramidal, but afterwards bell-shaped, chequered with purple and white, or purple and greenish yellow. It is a native of the southern countries of Europe, flowering in April and May. There are numerous varieties; the chief are, the Common Pur- ple, the Blood Red, the Great Purple or Red, the White, the Double Blush, the Pure Yellow, the Chequered Yellow, the Great Yellow Italian, the Small Italian, the Small Portugal Yellow, the Black, and the Spanish Black. The second species has a double fleshy bulbous root: the leaves are broader, and of a deeper green than in the first; the lower leaves are opposite, but those above alternate: the stem a foot and half high, terminated by two flowers of an obscure yellow colour, and spreading more at the brim than those of the first sort, but turned downwards in the same planner. It flowers three weeks after it; and is a native of France. The third has a large round scaly root of a yellow colour, and a strong foxy odour: the stalk rises to the height of four feet or up- wards: it is strong, succulent, and garnished two-thirds of the length on every side with long narrow leaves ending in points, which are smooth and entire: the upper part of the stalk is naked, a foot in length: the flowers come out all round the stalk upon short foot- stalks, which turn downward, each sustaining one large flower. Above these rises a spreading tuft of green leaves, which are erect, and called the Coma. It flowers the beginning of April, and the seeds ripen in July. The chief varieties are; those with yellow flowers, with large flowers; and with double flowers; but that which has two or three whorls of flowers above each other makes the finest appearance, though it seldom produces its flowers after this manner the first year after removing. The fourth species has a large round root : the stem three feet high, the lower part closely garnished on every side with leaves, which are three inches long and half an inch broad, of a gray colour, and twisted obliquely: the flowers are in a loose spike at the top, forming a pyramid; shorter than the other sorts, spreading wider at the brim, and not bent down; of a dark purple colour; appearing in May. They seldom produce seeds in this climate. There is a variety which has a much shorter stem and smaller leaves ; the stem branches out at the top into several small pedun- cles, each sustaining one dark-coloured flower. It is termed Dwarf Persian Lily. Culture . — The common mode of propagation in all these plants is by off-sets from the sides of their roots, separated every second or third year; the proper time for which is when their flower-stalks de- cay, taking the whole root up entirely, and separating them into distinct roots, then planting the smaller off-sets by themselves in nursery-beds, to remain a year or two, to acquire a flowering slate; and the larger roots, where they are to remain for flowering. They are likewise capable of being propagated by seed; but this is principally practised for new varieties; and the process is tedious; the Fritillary and Persian Lily being three years, and the Crown Im- perial sometimes six or seven, before they flower in perfection. The seeds may be sown in the beginning of autumn, in large wide pots, or in boxes of similar width, filled with light mellow earth, each sort separate, covering them evenly with fine earth half an inch deep, placing the pots, &c. to have only the morning sun all summer, or during hot dry weather, and in the full sun in winter and spring: the plants will appear in the spring, which, after the first or second year’s growth, when the leaves decay in summer, may be taken up, and the whole planted immediately in nursery-beds, in shallow drills four inches asunder, to remain till they flower. They are all hardy, and highly ornamental plants for the borders, clumps, and other parts; the fourth sort being set backwards, the third in the middle, and the others forwards. 2. F UMAR I A CAVA. HOLLOW-ROOTED FUMITORY. This genus contains plants of the tuberous-rooted low' flowery perennial kind. It belongs to the class and order Diadelphia Hcxandria , and ranks in the natural order of Corydales. Fhe chaiacters aie: that the calyx is a two-leaved perianthiuni : leaflets opposite, equal, lateral, erect, acute, small, deciduous: the corolla oblong, tubular, ringent, palate prominent, closing the throat: upper lip flat, obtuse, emarginate, reflex : the nectary the base of the upper lip prominent backward, obtuse: the lower lip entirely similai to the upper, keeled towards the base: nectary the keeled base, but in this less prominent: the throat four-cornered, obtuse, perpendicularly bifid: the stamina consist of two equal filaments, broad, one within each lip, enclosed, acuminate: anthers three at the end of each filament: the pistillum is an oblong, compressed germ, acuminate : style short : stigma orbiculate, erect, compressed : the pericarpium is a one-celled silicle: the seeds are roundish. The species are: F. cucullaria, Naked-stalked Fumitory; 2. F. sempervirens , Glaucous Fumitory; 3 . F. lutea. Yellow Fumitory; 4 . F. capnoides. White-flowered Fumitory. The first has a scaly root, the size of a large hazel-nut: the flower- stalk is eight or nine inches high: the root-leaves are in pairs, triter- nate, gashed, smooth, slender; with red petioles: the scape simple, round, length of the leaf, rufous: the raceme terminating, simple; the flowers (four or five) pendulous; of a dull white colour. It is a native of Virginia. Perennial, flowering in June and Julv. The second species is annual: the stem upright, a foot and half high, round, and very smooth, sending out several branches at top : the leaves smooth, branching, pale, divided like the common sort, 208 but the leaflets larger and more obtuse : the flowers in loose pani- cles from the sides of the stem and at the extremities of the branches, of a pale purple colour, with yellow chaps or lips: the pods are taper, narrow, an inch and half long, containing many small black shining seeds. It flowers during summer, and is a native of North America. In the third, the root strikes deep into the ground: the stems are many, succulent, diffused, about six inches high: the leaves on long branching petioles, composed of many irregular leaflets, trifid at the top: peduncles axillary, naked, longer than the leaves, supporting eight or nine flowers, of a bright yellow colour, in a loose spike: the leaves continue green all the year, and the flowers in succession from April to October. It is very like the fourth species, but is peren- nial; and according to Miller, the stalks have blunt angles, are of a purplish colour; and the flowers grow in a looser panicle, on longer pedicles. It is a native of Barbary. The fourth is annual: the stem four-cornered at the base: the leaves superdecompound, the terminating leaflets larger, and semi- trifid ; the middle segment lobed ; petioles three-cornered : the ra- cemes naked: pedicles shorter by half than the corollas, blackish at the tip. There is a succession of the flowers from May to October. It is a native of the South of Europe. Culture . — The first sort of these plants may be readily increased, by planting off-sets from the roots in a light soil, in a shady situation, in the beginning of autumn, as soon as the stems begin to decay. The other sorts may be raised by sowing the seeds where the plants are to grow, as soon as they become perfectly ripened. The only culture they demand afterwards is, that of keeping them free from weeds. They are all very ornamental in the fore parts of clumps, borders, and other parts of pleasure-grounds. fj'n JR. " V> Ja ^ ) PI. 2o. JPaint<y SrdJStfw.irtlr Lt /rJsn TubhlheJ cW by (^-JCfarslff JF/ I . PLATE XXVIIL 1. HEMEIIOC ALLIS FULVA. ' TOWN LILY. This genus contains plants of the herbaceous flowery perennial kinds. It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Liliacea. The characters are: that there is no calyx: the corolla is six- parted, bell-funnel-form: tube short: border equal, spreading, more reflex at top: the stamina have six subulate filaments, the length of the corolla, declining; upper ones shorter: anthers oblong, incum- bent, rising: the pistillum is a roundish germ, furrowed, superior: style filiform, the length and situation of the stamens: stigma ob- tusely-three-cornered, rising : the pericarpium is an ovate-threc- lobed capsule, three-cornered, three-celled,, tliree-valved : the seeds very many, and roundish. The species are: 1. H.flava, Yellow Day-Lily; 2 .H.fu/va, Cop- per-coloured Day-Lily. The first has strong fibrous roots, to which hang knobs, or tubers, like those of the Asphodel, from which come out leaves, two feet long, with a rigid midrib, the two sides drawing inward, so as to form a sort of gutter on the upper side: the flower-stalks rise two feet and a half high, having two or three longitudinal furrows; these are naked, and at the top divide into three or four short peduncles, each sustaining one pretty large } r ellow flower shaped like a Lily, having but one petal, with a short tube, spreading open at the brim, where it is divided into six parts ; these have an agreeable scent, from which some have given them the title of Yellow Tuberose. It is a nativeof Siberia, &c. flowering in June. u 222 There is a variety with smaller roots; the leaves are not near so long, have not more than half the breadth, and are of a dark green colour: the flower-stalk is a foot and half high, naked and com- pressed, without furrows ; at the top are two or three yellow flowers, which are nearer the bell-shape than the others, and stand on shorter peduncles. The second species is a much larger plant than the first, and the roots spread and increase much more; the roots have very strong fleshy fibres, to which hang large oblong tubers: the leaves are near three feet long, hollowed like those of the former, turning back to- ward the top: the flower-stalks are as thick as a man’s finger, and rise near four feet high; they are naked, without joints, and branch- ing at the top, where are several large copper-coloured flowers, shaped like those of the Red Lily, and as large. These flowers never conti- nue longer than one, but there is a succession of flowers on the same plants for a fortnight or three weeks. It flowers in July and August. Culture .— -These plants are easily increased by planting the off- sets taken from the roots in autumn in any situation, as they are ex- tremely hardy. They afterwards require no other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds, and to allow them room, that their roots may spread. The first sort may also be increased by seeds, which should be sown in autumn. The plants come up in the following spring, and these will flower in two years. A moist soil and shady situation are the best suited to their growth ; their size, and the great increase of their roots, especially in the second sort, render them most proper for large gardens and plan- tations, where they produce much variety and effect. 223 2. HIBISCUS SYRIACUS. ALTIIEA FRUTEX. This genus furnishes plants of the shrubby and flowery exotic kinds. It belongs to the class and order Monadelphia Polyandria, and ranks in the natural order of Columniferaz. The characters are: that the calyx is a double perianthium: outer many-leaved, permanent: leaflets linear: more rarely one-leafed, many-cleft: inner one-leafed, cup-shaped, half five-cleft, perma- nent: or five-toothed, deciduous : the corolla has five petals, round- ish-oblong, narrower at the base, spreading, fastened at bottom to the tube of the stamens: the stamina have very many filaments, united at bottom into a tube, at top (in the apex and surface of this) divided and loose: anthers kidney-form: the pistillum is a roundish germ: style filiform, longer than the stamens, five-cleft at top: stig- mas headed : the pericarpium is a five-celled capsule, five-valved: partitions contrary, doubled : the seeds solitary or several, ovate- kidney-form. The species cultivated are: 3. II. Syriacus, Syrian Shrubby Hi- biscus, or Althaea Frutex; 2. H. Trionum , Bladder Hibiscus, Blad- der Ketmia, or Flower of an Hour; 3. H. Rosa Sinensis , China Rose Hibiscus; 4. H. mutahilis , Changeable Rose Hibiscus, or Martinico Rose. The first rises with a shrubby stalk to the height of six or seven feet, sending out many woody branches, covered with a smooth gray bark : the leaves have the upper part frequently divided into three lobes, placed alternately on the branches, and stand on short foot- stalks: the flowers come out from the wings of the stalk at every joint of the same year’s shoot; they are large, and shaped like those of the mallow, having five large roundish petals, which join at their base, spreading open at the top in the shape of an open bell : these appear in August, and if the season is not too warm, there is a suc- cession of flowers part of September. The early flowers are suc- ceeded by short capsules; but unless the season proves warm, they do not ripen in this climate. It is usually termed Althaa f rut ex by the nursery gardeners. It is a native of Sj r ria. There are varieties with pale purple flowers, with dark bottoms? with bright purple flowers, with black bottoms; with white flowers, with purple bottoms; with variegated flowers, with dark bottoms, called Tainted, Lady Althaa frutex ; with pale yellow flowers, with dark bottoms; with variegated leaves, and with double flowers. The second species rises with a branching stalk a foot and a half high, having many short spines which are soft : usually the leaves are divided into three lobes, which arc deeply jagged almost to the ' midrib; these jags are opposite, and the segments are obtuse: the flowers come out at the joints of the stalks upon pretty long pedun- cles; the outer catyx is composed of ten long narrow leaves, which join at their base; the inner is of one thin leaf, swollen like a bladder, cut into five acute segments at the top, having several longitudinal purple ribs, and is hairy; both these are permanent, and enclose the capsule after the flower is past: the flower is composed of five ob- tuse petals, which spread open at the top, and form an open bell- shaped flower; these have dark purple bottoms, but are of a pale sulphur colour above, tinged sometimes partially with pale purple on the outside, where they are also ribbed: the capsule is ovate, the consistence of paper, pustuled with protuberances occasioned by the seeds, villose and black. It is annual, growing naturally in Italy, & c. The flowers are of short duration, in hot weather continuing only a few hours open; but there is a succession of them daily for a considerable time, in June, July, and August. It has been long known by the title of Venice Mallow. There are varieties with erect purplish stems, and the flowers larger, and their colour deeper; and with large paler-coloured flowers. 225 The third, in its native situation, grows to the size of an ordinary tiee; but here it is shrubby, the stem round, erect, with alternate, spreading branches, that are wand-like, leafy, brownish-green, and neaily smooth : the leaves alternate, spreading, unequally and coaisely serrate, entire at the base, five-nerved, bright green, very smooth, except the young ones, which are slightly downy; their pe- tioles are round, downy on the upper side: the stipules in pairs, opposite, at the base ot the petioles, linear, acute, deciduous: the flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, large, of a deep scarlet colour, resembling a double rose. It is common in China and the East Indies. It is rare with single flowers. The fourth species has a pale stem, single, smooth, spreading out wide into leafy branches at top; the wood resembling that of the fig: the leaves are the same size with those of the vine, having the roughness of fig leaves, and the form of both, or rather of the angu- lar leaves of ivy; whitish underneath: the petioles rough, thick, three or four inches in length: the peduncles thicker towards the top, sometimes tinged with red, sustaining large handsome flowers, which alter in their colour, as at their first opening they are white, then they change to a blush rose-colour, and as they decay they turn to a purple. Martyn remarks, that in the West Indies all their altera- tions happen the same day; but that in England, where the flowers last near a week in beauty, the changes are not so sudden. It is a native of the East Indies, &c. The period of its blowing in the stoves of this climate is November and December. It varies with double flowers, from which the single is frequently produced; but the seeds of the single seldom vary to the double kind. Culture . — The first sort is increased by seeds, layers, and cuttings. The seeds should be procured from abroad, and sown in pots filled with light earth in the early spring months, plunging them in a gentle hot-bed to bring them forward, or on a border in a warm exposure. They should be watered during the summer, and be pro- tected from frost in the winter. When they have had two years J 226 growth, they may be set out in nursery rows, or be planted where they are to remain. The layers should be laid down in the autumn, the shoots being cut on the backs at one or two joints, and well laid into the ground. They are generally well rooted in twelve months, when they may be taken off and removed to where they are to remain. The cuttings of the young shoots should be planted in pots of light earth in the early spring, plunging them in a mild hot-bed; or they may be planted in a shady border in the summer season. When well rooted, they should be carefully taken up and planted where they are to remain, either in the autumn or spring. The second sort is increased by sowing the seed either in the au- tumn or spring, in the places where the plants are to flower, in patches of several seeds together. When they come up, they should be thin- ned out to two or three plants in each patch. The two last sorts may be increased by sowing the seeds in the early spring months, in pots filled with rich light mould, plunging them in a moderate hot-bed under glasses, or, what is better, in the bark-bed of the stove. W T hen the plants are up, and have attained two or three inches in growth, they should be removed into separate small pots, watering them well, and replunging them in the hot-bed, where they must be kept. They may likewise sometimes be raised by planting cuttings of the young shoots in pots of the same sort of earth, in the spring or summer, giving them water, and plunging them in the bark hot-bed. They should afterwards be managed as the others. The two first hardy sorts are highly ornamental in the borders and clumps, among other flowery plants; and the two last tender sorts produce much variety by their beautiful flowers in the stove and con- servatory collections. PLATE XXIX. 1. IXIA CHINENSIS. CHINESE IXIA. This genus contains plants of the herbaceous, bulbous, and tu- berous root perennial kind. It belongs to the class and order Triandria Monogynia , and ranks in the natural order of Ensatce. The characters are: that the calyx is a spathe, bivalve, inferior, shorter than the corolla: valves oblong, permanent, the exterior wider, sheathing the interior: the corolla one-petalled, regular, superior: tube filiform, gradually enlarged, straight: border regular, bell- shaped, six-parted: divisions oblong, obtuse, equal, spreading: the stamina have three filaments, thread-subulate, inserted into the tube near the orifice, shorter than the corolla: anthers oblong, furrowed: the pistillum is an inferior, triangular germ: style simple, filiform, upright: stigmas three, filiform: the pericarpium is an ovate capsule, three-sided, obtuse, three-celled, three-valved : the seeds several, roundish, smooth. The species cultivated are : 1. 1. Bulbocodium, Crocus-leaved Ixia ; 2. I. Chinensis, Chinese Ixia ; 3. 1. rosea, Rose-coloured Ixia; 4. I. bid- bifera, Bulb-bearing Ixia; 5. I. aristata, Bearded Ixia; 6 . I.jiexuosa , Bending-stalked Ixia ; 7 - I • polystachia, Many-spiked Ixia; 8. I. ma- culata. Spotted Ixia; 9- I- crocata, Crocus-flowered Ixia. The first has a roundish bulb, placed on the withered bulb, double the size of a pea, white, covered with a bay-coloured skin: the leaves three or four, in the flowering plant radical, in the fruiting cauline, spreading horizontally, half a foot or thereabouts in length, smooth, sharpish : the stem solitary, upright, two inches high, above the up- / permost leaf, convex on one side, flat on the other; in the fruiting plant a little higher, in the cultivated one sometimes half a foot in height: the spathe terminating, two-valved : leaflets narrow-lanceolate, acute, concave, opposite ; one upright, green, almost the length of the corolla ; the other a little shorter, green on the back, but otherwise membranaceous and pellucid, patulous, whence the flower becomes as it were lateral. It is inodorous, and a native of Italy, flowering about the middle of April. It varies with white and yellow flowers, with purplish and yellow flowers, with blue and white flowers, with white flowers, and with variegated flowers. The second species has the scape round, fistulous, jointed, up- right, simple at bottom, panicled-dichotomous or trichotomous at top, smooth, almost the thickness of a finger, two feet high: the leaves alternate, embracing, equitant, acute, entire, striated, smooth, the lower a little longer, about half the length of the stem, a span long and more: the flowers from the tips of the branches of the pa- nicle, in umbels, from three to seven, peduncled: peduncles striated, one-flowered, an inch long: the spathe under the divisions and the umbel, withered. In India, the stalks rise to the height of five or six feet, but in this climate they are seldom more than half that height. The flowers are of a yellow colour within, and variegated with dark red spots; the outside is of an orange colour: these appear in July and August, and in warm seasons are succeeded by seeds. It is a native of the .East Indies, &c. The third has an ovate bulb, smooth, subtruncated: the scape three (or four) cornered, sheathed at bottom, branched, few-flowered, smooth, from a hand to a span in height: the leaves acute, grooved, smooth, the lowest, which is the longest, frequently double the length of the scape, or more, is lax and reflex ; the two or three others are about the length of the scape, and upright: the flowers at the ends of the branches rather large, coming out one alter the other: the outer spathe ovate, green; inner lanceolate, acute, membrana- ceous, sheathing the capsule. It varies with the three inner segments of the corolla yellow, and T • \J' V' V " V ' \;‘ V'<* ','" v v 1 * L ' * vir ® ^V¥VJ. 229 the three outer green; with the three inner white-yellow, the three outer greenish; with the three inner blue-white, the three outer greenish ; with the three inner white, the three outer green ; with corollas wholly yellow; or wholly blue, or rose-coloured with a yellow base ; also in the size of the flowers. The fourth species has the scape simple or branched, somewhat compiessed, striated, smooth, sheathed at bottom with leaves, from a hand to a foot in height : the leaves nerved and striated, distich, upright, smooth, a span long: the flowers three or more, large, with the rachis between the flowers flexuose : the spathe nerved and netted, gray, with a dusky tip: tube of the corolla only a line in length: border divided beyond the middle, but not to the tube: seg- ments large, ovate-oblong, very blunt, spreading. It varies with the corolla purple, red and white, yellow; with the scape very short and simple, higher and branched, and bulbiferous. The fifth has a netted bulb, the size of a hazel nut : the scape simple, round, upright, smooth, from a hand to a foot in height and more: the leaves four or five, linear, five-nerved, the middle nerve and edges thicker, acute, upright, shorter by half than the scape : the flowers pointing one way (very seldom one only) on two branches, often from five to nine on a scarcely flexuose rachis : the spathes submembranaceous, awn-toothed: the corollas white flesh- coloured. It varies with the segments of the borders of the corolla of a deep and elegant purple-violet colour within, three of them of the same colour on the outside, but the three others alternately of a pale dirty violet; one of these with two on the side of it has a double band in the throat meeting at one end; and, according to Mr. Salisbury, with whitish corollas, having a purple star, violet-coloured and yel- low. In Miller’s figures, with the corolla of a beautiful purple on the outside, but white within, and the stem terminated by two or three flowers; with the stalk terminated by two large flowers; the outside of a violet colour, edged with white, and the inside pale blue; and with one flower, and the corolla of a most beautiful purple co- lour both within and without. m \ i ‘ i $ \ * • * X 1 \ \ ■■ m 9 . . - 5 - 230 The sixth species has a very small round bulb: the leaves three or four, long, slender, grass-like, dark green: the stem very slender, round, a foot and half high: at the top the flowers are collected in a spike sitting close to the stalk, each having a thin, dry spathe, which covers the capsule after the flower is fallen. The corolla is pure white, and small. The seventh species has a bulb the size of a hazel nut: the leaves three or four, many -nerved, upright, smooth, half the length of the scape: the scape round, smooth, upright, many-spiked, from a foot to two feet in height: the branches alternate, capillary, upright, a finger’s length: the flowers on the scape and branches in spikes, on a flexuose rachis of a finger’s length : the spathes submembranaceous and awned. The flowers appear in May. It varies with the corollas yellow and violet, of one colour. The eighth species has the bulb double the size of a hazel nut ; the leaves three, four, or five, many-nerved, half the length of th e scape: the scape usually simple, seldom many-spiked, round, up- right, from a span to a foot high and more: branches filiform, upright, or spreading very much: flowers in terminating spikes, on a flexuose rachis: spathes membranaceous, gray at the base, brown at the tip, somewhat jagged: the corolla, above the mouth of the tube, has a dusky spot at the base of the border. According to Miller, the stalk is slender, stiff, a foot and half long, naked to the top, where it is terminated by a round bunch of flowers, each enclosed in an oblong spathe, which is permanent, and splits open on one side: the flowers are on short peduncles, deep yellow with a dark-purple bottom. It flowers in May and June. The ninth has the bulb a little larger than a hazel nut: the leaves about five, reflex-subfalcate, many-nerved, from an inch to a finger’s length, half or one-third of the length of the scape: the scape simple, round, or branched, somewhat flatted, flexuose, upright, smooth, from a hand to a span in height: the branches spreading very much, naked, like the scape: the brae tes gray at the base, ferruginous at the tip, slightly toothed and jagged : the flowers pointing one way, handsome, bell-shaped, with a short tube, orange-coloured with a paler hyaline or transparent mark above the mouth of the tube ; seldom two, but most commonly five or seven. It is one of the handsomest of the Ixias, and like other sorts becomes handsomer and more branched by cultivation. It varies with a short, simple, few-flowered scape, and a dark spot above the windowed or hyaline one, with a lofty, many-spiked, many-flowered scape, and with bright red flowers. Culture . — These plants may be increased by seeds or off-sets. The seeds of such sorts as can be procured should be sown in pots filled with light earth, in the spring, plunging them in a mild hot-bed. When the plants have attained some growth, they should be removed into separate pots of the same earth, being placed under the protection of a frame till they have taken root. They should be placed during the winter in a hot-bed frame. They may afterwards be removed into warm borders, being protected from frosts in the winter, and a few retained in pots under the frame, or in a dry stove They are three or four years in flowering when raised from seeds. The common way is therefore to increase them by planting off- sets from the roots, which are afforded in great plenty ; the proper season for this is in the early spring, before the shooting of the root, when the roots should be removed, and the off-sets taken off and planted out. The old roots should not be removed oftener* than every three years. When the stems and leaves decay to the roots in the borders in autumn, they should be covered over with tan a few inches thick, to protect them from frost and the depredations of mice. The hardy sorts serve to adorn the borders in the open ground, and the other tender sorts among other potted green-house plants, that require protection in winter. 2. IBERIS GIBRALTARICA. GIBRALTAR CANDY TUFT. This genus contains plants of the herbaceous, annual, peren- nial, and under-shrubby kinds. It belongs to the class and order Tetr adynamia Siliculosa, and ranks in the natural order of Siliquosce, or Cruciformes. The characters are : that the calyx is a four-leaved perianthium : leaflets obovate, concave, spreading, small, equal, deciduous: the corolla is four-petalled, unequal: petals obovate, obtuse, spreading: claws oblong, upright: of these the two exterior petals are far larger, and equal to each other : the two interior very small, reflex : the stamina have six awl-shaped filaments, upright: of which the two lateral ones are shorter: anthers roundish: the pistillum is a roundish, compressed germ : style simple, short: stigma obtuse: the pericar- pium is an upright, suborbiculate, compressed silicle, emarginate, surrounded by a sharp edge, two-celled : partition lanceolate : valves navicular, compressed, carinated : the seeds a few, and subovale. The species are : 1. 1. umbellata , Purple Candy-tuft; 2. I. amara , White Candy-tuft; 3, I. linifolia. Flax-leaved Candy-tuft; 4. I. odo - rata , Sweet-scented Candy-tuft; 5. I. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Candy-tuft; 6. I. semperjlorem , Broad-leaved Evergreen Candy-tuft; 7- I. sempervirens, Narrow-leaved Evergreen Candy-tuft; 8. I. Gibral- tarica, Gibraltar Candy-tuft. The first has an annual root, white, oblong, fusiform: the stem upright, leafy, half a foot, or from a span to a foot in height, suban- gular, green, smooth, branching: the leaves are frequent, alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth: the flowers in a hemispherical co- rymb, on peduncles half an inch in length, of a pale purple colour. It is a native of the south of Europe, flowering in June and July. There are varieties with bright purple flowers, and with white flowers. 1 he second species resembles the first very much, but is smaller: the stem is seven or eight inches high, pubescent, somewhat rugged, blanched : branches diffused, alternate, the lower ones sometimes opposite, not rising all to the same height: the leaves are alternate, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, blunt, sessile, decurrent, bright gieen, thick ish, smooth, the lower ones serrate, the rest toolhlctted, especially in front, or with a tooth or two on each side : the flowers white, in a terminating spike-like raceme; or rather, in a corymb lengthened into a raceme as the inflorescence advances. It is a na*- tive of Switzerland, &c. Ihe third has a simple, white, twisted root, having few fibres: the root-leaves lanceolate-linear, serrate, withering and falling as the stem advances: stem-leaves linear, quite entire, sessile, few, gra- dually shorter, sharpish: the stem herbaceous, straight, slender, blanched at top : branches mostly bifid : the flowers of a purple colour, in corymbs, the outer ones ped uncled, with the two other petals larger. It is a native of Spain, &c. and is annual, flowering in July. The fourth species seldom grows so large as the first, and the flowers are much smaller, but have an agreeable odour. They are in close corymbs, and are of a snowy whiteness. It is a native of Geneva. The fifth has a creeping stem: the leaves are smooth, soft; those next the root quite entire and petiolcd, those on the stem smooth and entire : the flowers are reddish purple, almost regular, in racemes, on spreading peduncles. It is a native of Switzerland, flowering from May to July. The sixth species is a low shrubby plant, which seldom rises above a foot and half high, having many slender branches, which spread on every side, and fall towards the ground if they are not supported. These branches are well furnished towards their extremity with leaves, which continue green all the year; and in summer the flow- ers are produced at the end of the shoots, are white, and grow in an umbel, continue long in beauty, and, being succeeded by others, the 234 plants are rarely destitute of them from the end of August to the beginning of June. It is a native of Persia, &c. There is a variety with while striped leaves. The seventh is of humbler growth than the sixth, seldom rising more than six or eight inches high, the branches rather herbaceous : the leaves continue green through the year, and the flowers are ot as long duration as those of the sixth species. It is a native of the Island of Candia, flowering from April to June. In the eighth species the stems are many, thick, green, striated, ascending from a foot to eighteen inches in length, divided into seve- ral branches : the leaves alternate, gradually widening from a nar- row base, ending in a blunt point, thick, smooth, veinless except in the middle, dark green above, somewhat paler underneath : the flowers terminating in corymbs, at first white, afterwards pale pur- ple, without scent. It is a native of Spain, flowering early in the spring. The stems are ridged and woody, and the leaves larger and less bluntly toothed in the cultivated plant. The flowers are also twice as large. Culture . — The four first annual sorts must be raised annually from seed, by sowing it at different times in the spring, in patches ? in the fronts of borders, clumps, and other parts of pleasure- grounds, where the plants are to flower, thinning them properly af- terwards. The fifth sort may be raised by planting the root off-sets and cuttings as below. The three shrubby perennial sorts may be increased by slips and cuttings, which should be planted out in pots, plunging them in a moderate hot-bed, or in a warm shaded border in the later spring and early summer months, water being occasionally given. When well rooted in the autumn, they should be removed into pots, being protected in the winter season in the green-house. The first sorts are very ornamental in the open ground, when properly varied. And the latter in green-house, and other potted collections. A few of them may likewise be set out in the warm shrubbery borders. " '/V M « jwRNCTjIT'. CliV » CiiV i >1 I ili IN' mil! ■ * . . -