J, 1 j BOOKS printed /or J o h n W H i s t on and Lo c k- yer Davis in Fket-ftreet, and John Ward at the Royal Exchange. J fmall Number being left of the followit^ printed in OStavo^ are now fold at Two Shillings and Six-pence fewed. I ct H EOF H RA STV S's Hipry of Stones, with an Engli/h Verfion, and illuftrated with critical and phi- lofophical Notes, including the Modern Hiftory of the Gems and precious Stones defcribed by that Author, and of many other Native Foffils. By John Hill, M. D. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Bourdeaux, and Author of the Na- tural Hiftory of Foffils. To which are added, two Letters, one to Dr. Par fans, F. R. S. on the Colours of the Sapphire Tur- quoife ; and the other to Martin Folkes, Efq; Prefident of the Royal Society, upon the Elfedts of different Menffruums on Copper. Both tending to illuftrate the Dodrine of the Gems- being coloured by Metalline Particles. n. New and Extraordinary Obfervations concerning the Predidion of various Crifes by the Pulfe, independent of the critical Signs delivered by the Antients ; made by the long Experience of feveral eminent Phyficians ; and illuftrated with many new Cafes and Remarks. To which are added, fome General Hints on the Nature, the Ancient Obfervance, and Modern Negled of Crifes. By James Nibell, M. D. The Se- cond Edition. Price two Shillings. THE HISTORY O F T H E FIVE Indian NATIONS O F C A N A D A, WHICH ARE The B A R R I E R between the English and French in that Part of the World. WITH Particular Accounts of their Religion, Manners, Cuftoms, Laws» and Government ; their feveral Battles and Treaties with the European Nations} their Wars with the other Indians AND A true Account of the prefent State of our T kade with them. In which are ihewn. The great Advantage of their Trade and Alliance to the Britijh Nation ; and the Intrigues and Attempts of the French to engage them from us ; a Subjeft nearly concerning all our American Plantations, and highly meriting the Confideration of the Britijh Nation. By the Honourable Cadwallader Golden, E/q, One of his Majejifs Counfel, and Surveyor-General of New-York. To which are added. Accounts of the feveral other Nations of Indians in North-Jmerica^ their Numbers, Strength, and the Treaties which have been lately made with them. The SECOND EDITION. L O N D O N: Printed for John Whiston at Mr. Boyle’s Head, and Lockyer Davis at Lord Bacon’s Head, both in Fleets Jlreet, and John Ward oppofite the Royal Exchange^ ' MDCCL. TO THE HONOURABLE GENERAL OGLE THORPE, SIR, T he Indian Affairs have ever appeared to your Judgment of fuch Importance to the Welfare of our own People, that you have ever carefully applied your Thoughts to them ; and that with fuch Succefs, that not only the pre- lent Generation will enjoy the Bene- fit of your Care, but our lateft Po- fterity blefs your Memory for that Happinefs, the Foundation of which was laid under your Care, pro- vided that the People here, whofe Duty D EDICATION. Duty and Intereft is chiefly concern- ed, do on their own Parts fecond your Endeavours, towards fecuring the Peace, and advancing the Profperity of their Country. The following Account of the Five Indian Nations will fliew what dan- gerous Neighbours the Indifins have once been ; what Pains a neighbour- ing Colony (whofe Intereft is oppo- fite to ours) has taken to withdraw their Affedions from us; and how much we ought to be on our Guard. If we only confider the Riches which our Enemies receive from the Indian Tirade (though we were under no Ap- prehenfions from the Indians them- felves) it would be highly imprudent in us to fufFer fuch People to grow Rich and Powerful, while it is in our Power to prevent it, with much lefs Charge and Trouble, than it is in theirs to accomplifli their Defigns. Thefe DEDICATION. V Thefe Confiderations alone are fuf- ficient to make the Indian Affairs defer ve the moil ferious Thoughts of every Governor in Afnerica. But I well know, beiidcs; that your Excellency’s Views are not connned to the Intereft of one Country on- ly- The Five Nations are a poor and, generally called, barbarous People, bred under the darkeft Ignorance ; and yet a bright and noble Genius {bines through thefe black Clouds. None of the greatelf Roman Heroes have difcovered a greater Love to their Country, or a greater Contempt of Death, than thefe People called Barbari- ans have done, when Liberty came in Competition. Indeed, I think our /»• dians have outdone the Romans in this Particular ; feme of the greateft of thofe have we know murdered them- a felves DEDICATION. felves to avoid Shame or Torments ; but our Indians have refufed to die meanly, or with but little Pain, when they thought their Country’s Honour would be at Stake by it ^ ; but have given their Bodies, willingly, to the moft cruel Torments of their Ene- mies, to fhew, as they faid, that the Eive Nations conflfted of Men, whofe Courage and Refolution could not be fliaken. They greatly fully, however, thofe noble Virtues, by that cruel Paflion, Revenge ; this they think it not only lawful, but honourable, to exert without Mercy on their Coun- try’s Enemies, and for this only it is that they can deferve the Name of Barbarians. But what, alas! Sir, have we Chriftians done to make them better ? We have indeed Reafon to be alhamed, that * This will appear by feveral Inftances in the Second Part of this Hiftory. thefc V DEDICATIO!^. thefe Infidels, by our Converfktion and Neighbourhood, are become vvorfe than they were before they knew us. Inftead of Virtues we have only taught them Vices j that they were , intirely free from before that Time. The narrow Views of private Intereft have occafioned this, and will occafi- on greater, even publick Mifchiefs, if the Governors of the People do notj like true Patriots, exert themfelves, and put a Stop to thefe growing Evils. If thele Practices be winked at, inftead of faithful Friends^ that have manfully fought our Battles for us, the Five Nations will become faith- lels Thieves and RobberSj and join with every Enemy that can give them any Hopes of Plunder. If Care were taken to plant and cultivate in them that general Bene- volence to Mankind, which is the true firft Principle of Virtue, it would effectually eradicate thofe horrid Vices> occafioned by their unbounded Re- a 2 vcnge j dedication, venge 5 and then they would no longer deferve the Name of Barba- rians, but would become a People, whofe Friendlhip might add Honour to the Britifl> Nation. The Greeks and Romans-, Sir, once as much Barbarians as our Indians now are, deified the Heroes that firft taught them thofe Virtues, from whence the Grandeur of thofe re- nowned Nations wholly proceeded ; a good Man, however, will feel more real Satisfaction and Pleafure, from the Senfe of having any Way forwarded the Civilizing of a barbarous Nation, or of having multiplied the Num- ber of good Men, than from the fondeft Hopes of fuch extravagant Honours. Thefe Confiderations, I believe, will induce you. Sir, to think a Hiftory of the Five Nations not unworthy of your Patronage ; and on thefe only it is that I prefurae to of- i DEDICATION. fer my beft Endeavours in this, who am, with the greateft Refpeft, SIR, Tour mojl obedient, and fnofi 'humble Servant, Cadwallader Golden. ( xi ) THE PREFACE TO THE First Part. r HOUG H every one that is in the leajl acquaint' ed with the Affairs of North- America, knows of what Confequence the Indians, commonly known to the People of New-York by the Name of the Five Nations, are^ both in Peace and War •, / know of no Accounts of themy ptbliffed in Englifh, but what are very imperfebly and indeed meer ‘Tranflations gh Senterree. I believe the Speaker ^ in that Time., embctUjhcd and a- domed his Figures., that they might have their full Force on the Imagination, while the Interpreter con- tented himfelf with the Senje, in as few (V irds as it could be exprejjed. He that firfi writes the Hijlcry of Thing:', which are not generally known, ought to avoid, as much as 2 poJfihUy jdv Prefacs to the First Part. pojftbky to make the Evidence of the 7 ruth depend in* tirefy on his own Veracity and Judgment ; and for this Reafon I have related fcveral TranfaSlions in the Words of the Regifters, when this is once donCy he that Jhall write afterwardsy need not a 5 l with fo much Caution. ‘the Hijlory of thefe Indians, 1 promife myfelfy will give an agreeable Amufement to many j almojt e- very one will find fomethingin it fuitedto his own Palate j but every Line will not pleafe every Man \ on the con* traryy one will naturally approve what another con- demnSy as one dejires to know what another thinks not worth the Trouble of reading , for which Reafouy I thinky it is better to run the Rtfque of being fometimes tedious to certain RtaderSy than to omit any Thing that may be ufeful to the World. I have fometimes thought y that Hiftories wrote with all the Delicacy of a fine Romanccy are like French Dijhesy more agreeable to the Palate than the Stomach, and lefs wholefome than mere common and coarfer Diet. An Hiftoriajfs Views mufi be curious and extenfivCy and the Hifiory of different People and different Ages requires different Rules, and often different Abilities to write it ; / hope therefore the Reader will, from thefe Confiderationsy receive this firft Attempt of this kind, with more than ufiial Allowances. The Inhabitants of New- York have been much more concerned in the Tranfadlions, which followed the Tear 1688, than in thofe which preceded it. And as it requires uncommon Courage and Refolution to engage willingly in the Wars againji a cruel and barbarous Enemy, 1 Jhould be forry to f 01 get any that might defefve to be remembered by their Country, with Gratitude on that Occajion. A V o ( XV ) If* i w — — if J VOCABULARY V O F ir, ®‘ Sc//ie Words and Names ufed by the French Authors, who treat of the Indian Affairs, which are different from the Names of the ii« fame People or Places, ufed or underjlood by 'k the Englifli, and may therefore be ufeful to thofe who intend to read the French Accounts, or compare them with the Accounts now pub-' lijhed. ud, Oiit. .1. The fame are called by the Eng- liih, or by the Five Nations. O Wenagungas, or New- England Indians, and are fometimes called the Ea- ftern Indians. Adirondacks. Dionondadies, or Tuinonda- deks, a Branch or Tribe of the Quatoghies. Mohawks, called likewife Ma- quas. Enitajiche. Caneraghik. ScheneAady. But the Five Nations commonly call the Gcver- hi tsu Names ufed by the French. jm ik ^^^^Benaguies. md m n 'lllilH id Algonkins. Amihouis. tki v/ili Aniez, Bay des Puans. Chigagou. CorJaer, orGorlard. VO A VOCABULART.&cc. jtvi Names ufed by the The fame called by the Englifh, French. Five Nations. Detroit. Hurons. Hinois. Iroquois. Lac Huron. X^ups. Manhattan. Mafcoutecs. Mourigan. Miamies. Miffilimakinak. Miflifakies. Oneyouts. Ontario lac. Orange. Outagamles. Outawas. Renards. Sauiteurs. Shaouonons. Tateras. Terre rouge. Tongorias. Tfonontouans. Governor of New-York by this Name, and often the People of the Province of New-York in general. Teuchfagrondie. Quatoghie. Chidtaghicks. The Five Nations. Caniatare, or Quatoghe lake. Scahkook Indians. New-York City. Odiflaftagheks. Mahikandpr, or River Indi- ans, living on Hudfon’r Ri- ver, below Albany. Twightwies. Teiodondoraghic. Achfifaghecks. Oneydoes. Cadaracku! Lake. Albany. Quackfies, and Scunkliks. Utawawas, or Dewagunhas Quakfies. Eftlaghicks. Satanas. '1 oderiks. Scunkfik. Frighecks. •Senekas, THE T THE CONTENTS. T he IntroduBiotiy being a fieri View of the Form of Government of the and of their Laws and Cuftoms. pag. i PARTI. C H A P. L Of the Wars of the Five Nations, with the Adiron- dacks and Quatoglues. — — a* C H A P. II. ^e Wars and Treaties of Peace of the Indians of the Five Nations with the French, from 166^ to 1683, and their Affairs with New-York in that time. — . . , CHAP. III. Of the TranfaSlions of the Indians of the Five Na- tions with the neighbouring Englilli Colonies. 36 CHAP. IV. Mdnf De la Barres Expedition^ and fome remark- able TranfaSlions in 1684. — 59 CHAP, The CONTENTS. j- ff CHAP. V. the Englifli attempt to trade in the LakeSy and the French attack the Senekas. — 7* CHAP. VI. Colqnel Dongan’j Advice to the Indians. Adario’r Enterprize, and Montreal facked by the Five Nations. — — 80 P A R T n. C H A P. I. the State of Affairs in New-York and Canada at the time of the Revolution in Great- Britain. 91 CHAP. II. A treaty between the Agents of Maflachufets-Bay, New-Plymouth, and Connefticut, and the Sa- chems of the Five Nations at Albany, in the Tear — — — 100 CHAP. III. An Account of a general Council of the Five Na- tions at Onondaga, to con/tder of the Count De Frontenac’j Meffage. 105 CHAP. IV. the French furpnze Scheneftady. the Mohawks Speech of Condolance on that Occafton. 1 1 3 CHAP. The CONTENTS, * CHAP. V. fhe Five Nations continue the fVar with the French. The Mohawks encline to Peace. Their Conference's Governor. f tliePlVE (tilawaes. Albany TLlc Miamis A ^Twightwis ^ ;/i^ ^ ' Branches of Mifiisipi Mary X.AHD vA ^MAP i/ie Cou9?/r^ l/u JFjVP JVLA2P0JV^S, ^e/on^cn^ fo f/i^ J^raiMHce P ^ O P J5^; an// of the JjJUSLES ?tear nfiich Hie JVaiiand of FaP JjVjy TAN'S hi/e,nuth ^?a/To^ (ZA.NAI)A . TheTu^cjtrcn^ arf 7107U re^Aoru/ a ^i^iJTafiortX ^ tiu, men ^ ^ tf^^rcA^elnn. TA£:cJuefTm^tvttfi u> at f/i^ Onaa^ae^ ri*Me-j m/u^ ^Ae^ maataa/t^ta^ hn^ard, CanaeAx . Cl ] ""the INTRODUCTION, BEING A Jhort P'iew of the Form of Govern- ment of the Five Nations, a7id of their Laws Cujiomsy &c. , ’ I T is neceflary to know fomething of the Form of Government of the People, whole Hiftory one is about to know, and a few Words will be fuffici- ent to give the Reader a Conception of that of the Five Nations^ becaufe it ftill remains under original Sim- plicity, and free from thofe complicated Contri- vances, which have become neceflary to the Na- tions, where Deceit and Cunning have increafed as much as their Knowledge and Wifdom. The Five Flations (as their Name denotes) con- fill of fo many Tribes or Nations, joined together by a League or Confederacy, like the United Pro^ Vinces^ and without any Superiority of the oneover the either. . This Union has continued fo long, that the Chrillians know nothing of the Original of it ; The People in it are known by the Englijb under the Names of Mohawks^ Oneydoes., Ononda?as^ Cayugas^ and Sennekas. ' Each of thele Nations is again divided into three Tribes or Families, who dillinguilh themfelves by three different Arms or Enligns, the ’Tortoife^ the Bear , and the Wolf ; and the Sachems, or old Men of thele Families, put this Enlign, or Mark of their B Family, T/Je INTRODUCriON. Family, to every publick Paper, when they fign Each of thefe Nations is an abfolute Republick by itfelf, and every Caftle in each Nation makes an independent Republick, and is governed in all pub- lick Affairs by its own Sachems or old Men. The Authority of thefe Rulers is gain’d by, and confifts wholly in the Opinion the reft of the Nation have of their Wifdom and Integrity. They never execute their Refolutions by Force upon any of their People. Honour and Efteem are their principal Rewards ; as Shame, and being defpifed, their Puniftiments. They have certain Cuftoms, which they obferve in their publick Tranfaftions with other Nations, and in their private Affairs among themfelves 5 which it is fcandalous for any one among them not to ob- ferve, and thefe always draw after them either pub- lick or private Refentment, whenever they are broke. Their Leaders and Captains, in like Manner, ob- tain their Authority, by the general Opinion of their Courage and Conduft, and lofe it by a failure in thofe Virtues. Their great Men, both Sachems and Captains, are generally poorer than the common People ; for they affeft to give away and diftribute all the Prefents or Plunder they get in their Treaties or in War, fo as to leave nothing to themfelves. There is not a Man in the Miniftry of the Five Nations, who has gain’d his Office, otherwife than by Merit ; there is not the leaft Salary, or any Sort of Profit, annexed to any ^ Office, to tempt the Covetous or Sordid •, but, on the contrary, every unworthy Aftion is unavoidably attended with the Forfeiture of their Commiffion ; for fheir Authority is only the Efteem of the People, and ceafes the Moment that Efteem is loft. Here we fee the natural Origin of all Power and Authority among a free People, and whatever artificial Power or So-* vereignty any Man may have acquired, by the Laws and Conftitution of a Cpuntiy, his real Power will rhe INTRO D VC TIO N. be ever much greater or left, in Proportion to the liiteem the People have of him. The Five Nations think themfelves bv Nature fu- perior to the reft of Mankind, and call themfelves On^ue-horme ; that is, Men furpafting all others. This Opinion, which they take Care to cultivate in- to their Children, gives them that Courage, which has been fo terrible to all the Nations of merica *, and they have taken fuch Care to imprefs the fame Opinion of their People on all their Neighbours, that they, on all Occafons, yield the moft fubmiftive Obedience to them. I have been told by old Men in Nezv England^ who remembred the Time when the NIohawks made ^Var on their In- dians^ that as foon as a fingle Alohuwk was difcover^d in the Country, their Indians raifed a Cry from Hill to Hill, A Mohawk \ A Mohawk \ upon which they all fled like Sheep before Wolves, without attempt- ing to make the leaft Refiftance, whatever Odds were on their Side. The poor New F^gland Indians immediately ran to the Chriftian Houfes, and the Mohawks often purfued them fo clofely, that they entered along with them, and knocked their Brains out in the Prefence of the People of the Houfe ; but if the Family had Time to fhut the Door, they never attempted to force it, and on no Occafion did any Injury to the Chriftians. All the Nations round them have, for many Years, intirely fubmitted to them, and pay a yearly Tribute to them in JVam^ pum * \ they dare neither makeWar nor Peace, with- • Wampum is the Current Money among the Indians : It is of two Sorts, White and Purple ; the White is worked out of the Infide of the great Conques into the Form of a 3ead, arid per- forated, to firing on Leather; the Purple is worked out of ‘the Infide of the Mufcle Shell ; they are wove as broad as one^sHand, and about two Feet long ; thefe they call Belts, and give and re- ceive at their Treaties as the Seals of Friendfhip j for lefTer Matters a fingle String is given. Every Bead is of a known Value, and a Belt of a lefs Number, is made to equal one of a greater, by fo many as is wanting faflcned to the Belt by a String. B 2 out nc INTRODUCriO N, out the Confent of the Mohawks. Two old Men commonly go about every Year or two, to receive this Tribute ; and I have often had Opportunity to obferve what Anxiety the poor Indians were under, while thefe two old Men remained in that Part of the Country where I was. An old Mohawk Sachem^ in a poor Blanket and a dirty Shirt, may be feen if* fuing his Orders with as arbitrary an Authority, as a Roman Dictator. It is not for the Sake of Tribute however, that they make War, but from the Noti- ons of Glory, which they have ever moft ftrongly imprinted on their Minds ; and the farther they go to feek an Enemy, the greater Glory they think they gain ; there cannot, I think, be a greater or ftronger Tnftance than this, how much the Sentiments, im- prefledupon a People’s Mind, conduce to their Gran- deur, or one that more verifies a Saying often to be met with, though but too little minded. That it is in the Power of the Rulers of a People to make them either Great or Little ; for by inculcating only the No- tions of Honour and Virtue, or thofeof Luxury and Riches, the People, in a little Time, will become fuch as their Rulers defire. The Five Nations^ in their Love of Liberty, and of their Country, in their Bravery in Batt\e, and their Conftancy in enduring Torments, e- qual the Fortitude of the moft renowned Romans. 1 fhall finifh their general Character by what an Ene- my, a Frenchman.^ fays of them, Monfteur De la Po- tcrie^t hi his Hiftory of North America, When we fpeak (fays he) of the Five Nations in France., they are thought, by a common Mif- take, to be mere Barbarians, always thirfting af- ‘‘ ter human Blood ; but their true Charadter is very different. They are indeed the fierceft and moft for- midable People in North America., and, at the fame lime, are as politick and judicious, as well can be conceived \ and this appears from the Manage- ment of all the Affairs which they tranfaft, not only with the French and EngliJIo, but likewife with al- 2 moft: Tlje INTRODUCTION. moft all the Indian Nations of this vaft Contl- “ nent.” Their Matters of Confequence, which concern all the Nations, are tranfaded in a general Meeting of the Sachems of each Nation. Thefe Conventions are commonly held at Onnondaga, which is nearly the Center of their Country ; but they have fixed on Jl- bany for the Place of treating with the Bri/i/h Colonies. They ftrialy follow one Maxim, formerly ufed by the Romans to increafe their Strength, that is, they en- courage the People of other Nations to incorporate with them *, and when they have fubdued any Peo- ple, after they have fatiated their Revenge by feme cruel Examples, they adopt the reft of their Cap- tives ; who, if they behave well, become equally efteemed with their own People ; fo that fome of their Captives have afterwaVds become their greateft Sachems and Captains. The Tufiaroras., after theWar they had with the People of Carolina., fled to the Five Nations, and are now incorporated with them ; fo that they now properly indeed conflft of fix Nations, though they ftill retain the old Name of the Five Nations among the Englijh. The Cowetas alfo, or Creek- Indians, are in the fame Friendlhip with them. The Fujkaroras, fince they came under the Pro- vince of New York, behave themfelves well, and re- main peaceable and quiet ; and by this may be feen the Advantage of ufing the Indians well, and I be- lieve, if they were ftill better ufed (as there is Room enough to do it) they would be proportionably more ufeful to us. The Cruelty the Indians ufe in their Wars, to- wards thofe that do not or can.'iot refift, fuch a.s Women and Children, and to their Prifoners, after they have them in their Power, is defervcdly indeed held in Abhorrence : But whoever reads the Hiftory of the fo famed ancient Heroes, will find them, Pm afraid, not much better in this Refpeft. Does Beha- viour to Heitor's dead Body, in Homer, appear left B 3 favage > Jlc INTRODUCTION. favage ? This Cruelty is alfo not peculiar to the Five Nations, but equally pra(5lifed by all other In- dians. It is wonderful, how Cuftom and Education are able to foften the moft horrid A<5tions, even a- mong a polite and learned People j witnefs the Car- thaginians and Phtsnicians burning their own Chil* dren alive in Sacrifice ; and feveral Paflages in the JewiJh Hijlory ; and witnefs, in later Times, the Chriftians burning one another alive, for God’s Sake. When any of the young Men ofthefe Nations have a Mind to fignalize themlelves, and to gain a Reputa- tion among their Countrymen, by fome notable En- terprize againft their Enemy, they at firft communi- cate their Defign to two or three of their moft inti- mate Friends •, and if they come into it, an Invitation is made, in their Names, to all the young Men of the Caftle, to feaft on Dog’s Flefti •, but whether this be, becaufe Dog’s Flelh is moft agreeable to Indian Pa- lates, or whether it be as an Emblem of Fidelity, for which the Dog is diftinguilhed by all Nations, that it is always ufed on this Occafion, I have not fufficient Information to determine. When the Company, is met, the Promoters of the Enterprize fet forth theUndertaking in the beft Colours they can j they boaft of v/hat they intend to do, and incite others to join, from the Glory there is to be obtained ; and all who eat of the Dog’s Flelh, thereby inlift them- felves. The Nighjt before they fet out, they make a grand Feaft, to this all the noted Warriors of the Nation ' are invited ; and here they have their War Dance, to the Beat of a Kind of a Kettle-drum. The War- riors are feated in two Rows in the Houfe, and each riles up in his Turn, and lings the great A<5ts he has himfelf performed, and theDeeds of his Anceftors ; and this IS always accompanied with a Kind ofa Dance, or rather Adlion, reprefenting the Manner in which they were performed ; and from Time to Time, all prefent jpm in a Ciiorus, applauding every notable Aft. They exaggerate I rhe INTRODUCTION. exaggerate the Injuries they have at any Time re- ceived from their Enemies, and extol the Glory which any of their Anceftors have gained by their Bravery and Courage ; fo that they work up their Spirits to a high Degree of warlike Enthufiafm. I have fometimes perfuaded fome of their young In- dians to aft thefe Dances, for our Diverfion, and to {hew us the Manner of them ; and even, on thefe Occafions, they have work’d themfelves up to fuch a Pitch, that they have made all prefent uneafy. Is it not probable, that fuch Defigns as thefe have given the firft Rife to Tragedy ? They come to thefe Dances with their Faces painted In a frightful Manner, as they always are when they go to War, to make themfelves terrible to their Enemies •, and in this Manner the Night is fpent. Next Day they march out with much For- mality, dreffed in their fineft Apparel, and, in their March, obferve a profound Silence. An Officer of the regular Troops told me, that while he was Com- mandant of Fort-Hunter^ the Mohawks ^ on one of thefe Occafions, told him, that they expefted the ufual military Honours as they paffed the Garifon. Accordingly he drew out his Garifon, the Men pre- fented their Pieces as the Indians pafled, and the Drum beat a March ; and with lefs Refpeft, the Officer faid, they would have been difTatisfied. The Indians pafled in a Angle Row, one after another, with great Gravity and profound Silence ; and e- very one of them, as he pafled the Officer, took his Gun from his Shoulder, and Ared into the Ground near the Officer’s Foot : They marched in this Man- ner three or four Miles from their Caftle. T he Women, on thefe OccaAons, always follow them with their old Clothes, and they fend back by them their Finery in which they marched from the Caftle. But before they go from this Place, where they ex- change their Clothes, they always peel a large Piece of the Bark frpm fome great Tree ; they commonly B 4 chufe rhe INTRODUCTION. chufe an Oak, as moft lading upon the fmooth Side ot this Wood they, with their red Paint, draw one or more Canoes, going from Home, with the Number of Men in them padling,which go upon the Expedition ; and fome Animal, as a Deer or Fox, an Emblem of the Nation againft which the Expedition is de- iigned, is painted at the Head of the Canoes ; for they always travel in Canoes along the Rivers, which lead to the Country againft which the Expe- dition is defigned, as far as they can. After the Expedition is over, they ftop at the fame Place in their Return, and fend to their Caftle, to in- form their Friends of their Arrival ; that they may be prepared to give them a folemn Reception, fuited to the Succefs they have had. In the mean Time, they rcprefent on the fame, or fome Tree near it, the E- vent of the Enterprize, and now the Canoes are painted with their Heads turned towards the Caftle i the Number of the Enemy killed, is reprefented by Scalps painted black, and the Number of Prifoners by as many Withs, (in their Painting not unlike Pot- hooks) with which they ufually pinion their Cap- tives. Thefe Trees are the Annals, or rather Tro- phies of the Fivs Niitions : I have feen many of them y and by them, and their War Songs, they pre- ferve the Hiftory of their great Atchievements. The folemn Reception of thefe Warriors, and the Accla- mations of Applaufe, which they receive at their Return, cannot but have in the Hearers the fameEf- fedl, in railing an Emulation for Glory, that a Tri- umph had on the old Romans. After their Prifoners are fecured, they never of- fer them the leaft Male-treatment, but, on the con- trary, will rather ftarve themfelves, than fuffer them to want •, and I have been always aftured, that there js not one Inftance, of their offering the leaft Vio- lence to the Chaftity of any Woman that was their Captive. But notwithftanding this, the poor Prifoners afterwards undergo fevere Punifhments before they receive rhe INTRODUCTION. receive the laft Doom of Life or Death. The War- riors think it for their Glory, to lead them through all the Villages of the Nations fubjeft to them, which lie near the Road •, and thefe, to (hew their Af- fection to the Five Nations, and their Abhorrence of their Enemies, draw up in two Lines, through which the poor Prifoners, ftark naked, muft run the Gauntlet and on this Occafion, it is always obferved, theWomen are much more cruel than the Men. The Prifoners meet with the fame fad Reception when they reach their Journey’s End ; and after this, they are prefented to thofe that have loft any Relation in that or any former Enterprize. If the Captives be ac- cepted, there is an End to their Sorrow from that Mo- ment ; they are drefled as fine as they can make them } they are abfolutely free (except to return to their own Country) and enjoy all the Privileges the Perfon had, in whofe Place they are accepted ; but if other- wife they die in Torments, to latiate the Revenge of thofe that refufe them. If a young Man or Boy be received in Place of a Hufbanci that was killed, all the Children of the Deceafed call that Boy Father •, fo that one may fometimes hear a Man of thirty fay, that fuch a Boy of fifteen or twenty is his Father. Their Caftles are generally a Square furrounded with Palifadoes, without any Baftionsor Out- works; for, fince the general Peace, their Villages lie all open. Their only Inftruments of War are Mufquets, Hatchets, ancl long (harp pointed Knives ; thefe they always carry about with them : Their Hatchet, in War-time, is ftuck in their Girdle behind them ; and befides what Ufe they make of this Weapon in their Hand, they have a dexterous Way of throwing it, which I have feen them often praeftife in their Exer- cife, by throwing it into a Tree at a Diftance : They have, in this, the Art of directing and regulating the Motion, fo that though the Hatchet turns round The INTRODUCTION. as It flies, the Edge always flicks in the Tree, and near the Place at which they aim It. The Ufe of Bows and Arrows are now intirely laid afide, except among the Boys, who are flill very dexterous in killing Fowls and other Animals with them. They ufe neither Drum nor Trumpet, nor any Kind of mufical Inftrument in their Wars ; their Throats ferve them on all Occafions, where fuch are neceflary. Many of them have a furprifing Faculty of raifing their Voice, not only in inarticulate Sounds, but likewife to make their Words underflood at a great Diflance ; and we find the fame was pradifed by Homer's Heroes, Th'ice to its Pitch his lofty Voice he rears , — — O Friend ! Ulyfles Shouts invade' my Ears. The Five Nations have fuch abfolute Notions of Liberty, that they allow of no Kind of Superiority of one over another, and banilh all Servitude from their Territories. They never make any Prifoner a Slave i but it is cuflomary among them to make a Compliment of Naturalization into the Five Nations ; and, confidering how' highly they value themfelves above all others, this mufl be no fmall Compliment. This is not done by any general Adt of the Nation, but every Angle Perfon has a Right to do it, by a Kind of Adoption. The firft Time I was among the Mohawks, I had this Compliment from one of their old Sachems, which he did, by giving me his own Name, Cayenderongue. He had been a notable W arrior ; and he told me, that now 1 had a Right to afiume to myfelf all the Ads of Valour he had performed, and that now my Name would echo from Hill to Hill all over the Five Na- tions. As for my Part, I thought no more of it at that Time, than as an Artifice to draw a Belly full of ftrong Liquor from me, for himfelf and his Com- panions ; but when about ten or twelve Years after- wards, my Bufinefs led me again among them, I dired- ed I'he INTRODUCTION. ed the Interpreter to fay fomething from me to the Sachems ; he was for fome Time at a Lofs to under- ftand their Anfwer, till he had afkcd me whether I had any Name among them : I then found that I was really known to them by that Name, and that the old Sachem, from the Time he had given me his Name, had aflumcd another to himfelf. I was a- dopted, at that Time, into the Tribe of the Bear, and, for that Reafon, I often afterwards had the kind Compliment of Brother Bear. The Hofpitality of thefe Indians is no lels remark- able, than their other Virtues ; as foon as any Stran- ger comes, they are fure to offer him Viftuals. If there be feveral in Company, and come from a-far, one of their bcft Houfes is cleaned and given up for their Entertainment. Their Complaifance,on thele Oc- cafions, goes even farther than Chriftian Civility al- lows of, as they have no other Rule for it, than the furnilhing their Gueft with every Thing they think will be agreeable to him ; for this Reafon, fome of their prettied Girls are always ordered to walh them- felves, and drefs in their bed Apparel, in Order to be prefented to the Stranger, for his Choice ; and the young Lady, who has the Honour to be preferred on thefe Occafions, performs all the Duties of a fond Wife, during the Stranger’s Stay: But this lad Piece of Hofpitality is now either laid afide by the Mohawks, or, at lead, they never offer it to any Chridian. This Nation indeed has laid afide many of its anci- ent Cudoms, and fo like wife have the other Nations, with whom we are bed acquainted j and have adopt- ed many of ours ; fo that it is not eafy now to didin- guidi their original and genuine Manners, from thofe which they have lately acquired ; and for this Rea- fon it is, that they now feldom offer Viftuals to Per- fonsof any Didinftion, becaufe they know, that their hood and Cookery is not agreeable to our delicate Palates. Their Men value themfelves, in having all Kind of Food in equal Kdeem. A Mohawk Sachem told rhe INTRODUCTION. told me with a Kind of Pride, That a Man eats e- very Thing without Diftinflion, Cats, Dogs, Snakes, Frogs, &c. intimating, that it is Womanilh, to have any Delicacy in the Choice of Food. I can however give two ftrong Inftances ot the Hof- pitality of the Mohawks, 'N)\\c,h. fell under my own Ob- fervation ; and which fhew, that they have the very fame Notion of Hofpitality, which we find in the ancient Poets. When I was laft in the Mohawks Country, the Sachems told me, that they had an Englijhman among their People, a Servant who had run from his Matter in New Fork. I immmediately told them, that they mutt deliver him up. No, they anfwered, we never ferve any Man fo, who puts himfclf under our Proteftion. On this I infitted on the Injury they did thereby to his Matter i and they allowed it might be an Injury, and replied, though we never will deliver him up, we are willing to pay the Value of the Servant to the Matter. Another Man made his Efcape from the Goal of Albany, vihtrt he was in Prifon on an Execution for Debt ; the Mohawks received him, and, as they proteded him againft the Sheriff and his Officers, they not only paid the Debt for him, but gave him Land, over and above fufficient for a good Farm, whereon he lived when I was latt there. To this it may be ad- ded, all their extraordinary Vifits are accompanied with giving and receiving Prefents of fome Value ; as we learn likewife from Homer was the Pradice in old Times. Polygamy is not ufual among them ; and indeed, in any Nation, where all are on a Par, as to Riches and Power, Plurality of Wives cannot well be in- troduced. As all Kind of Slavery is banifhed from the Countries of the Five Nations, fo they keep them- felves free alfb from the Bondage of Wedlock ; and when either of the Parties becomes difgutted, they feparate without Formality or Ignominy to either, unlefs it be occafioned by fome fcandalous Offence in rhe INTRODUCTION. one of them. And in Cafe of Divorce, the Children, according to the natural Courfe of all Animals, fol- low the Mother. The Women here bring forth their Children with as much Eafeas other Animals, and with- out the Help of a Midwife, and, foon after their Deli- very, return to their ufual Employment. They alone al- fo perform all the Drudgery about their Houfes, they plant their Corn, and labour it, in every Refped, till it is brought to the Table : They likewife cut all their Fire- wood, and bring it Home on their Backs, and in their Marches bear the Burdens. The Men dif- dain all Kind of Labour, and employ themfelves alone in Hunting, as the only proper Bufinefs for Soldiers. At Times, when it is not proper to hunt, one finds the old Men in Companies, in Converfati- on ; the young Men at their Exercifes, fhooting at Marks, throwing the Hatchet, Wreftling, or Run- ning, and the Women all bufy at Labour in the Fields. On thefe Occafions, the State of Lacedamon ever occurs to my Mind, which that of the Five Nations^ in many Refpeds, refembles ; their Laws, or Cuf- toms, being, in both, form’d to render the Minds and Bodies of the People fit for War. Theft is very fcandalous among them ; and it is neceflary it Ihould be fo among all Indians, fince they have no Locks, but thofe of their Minds, to preferve their Goods. There is one Vice which the Indians have all fallen into, fince their Acquaintance with the Chriftians, and of which they could not be guilty before that Time, that is, Drunkennefs : It is ftrange, how all the Indian Nations, and almoft every Perfon among them, Male and Female, are infatuated with the Love of ftrong Drink ; they know no Bounds to their Defire, while they can fwallow it down, and then indeed the greateft Man among them fcarcely de- ferves the Name of a Brute. They V ^he INTRODUCTION. They never have been taught to conquer any Paf- fion, but by fome contrary Paflion ; and the Tra- ders, with whom they chiefly converfe, are fo far from giving them any Abhorrence of this Vice, that they encourage it all they can, not only for the Pro- fit of the Liquor they fell, but that they may have an Opportunity to impofe upon them. And this, as they chiefly drink Spirits, has deftroyed greater Numbers, than all their Wars and Difeafes put toge- ther. The People of the Five Nations are much given to Speech-makings ever the natural Confequence of a per- fect Republican Government: Where no Angle Per- fon has a Power to compel, the Arts of Perfuafion alone muft prevail. As their befl: Speakers diftinguifh themfelves in their publick Councils and Treaties with other Nations, and thereby gain the Efteem and Ap- plaufe of their Countrymen, (the only Superiority which any one of them has over the others) it is probable they apply themfelves to this Art, by fome Kind of Study and Exercife, in a great Meafure. It is impoflible for me to judge how far they excel, as I am ignorant of their Language ; but the Speakers whom I have heard, had all a great Flu- ency of Words, and much more Grace in their Manner, than any Man could expeft, among a Peo- ple intirely ignorant of all the liberal Arts and Sci- ences. I am inform’d, that they are very nice in the Turn of their Expreflions, and that few of themfelv’’es are fo far Matters of their Language, as never to offend the Ears of their Indian Auditory, by an unpolite Hxprefll- on. They have, itfeems, a certain UrbanitaSs ox Ani- cifats in their Language, of which the common Ears are ever fenfible, though only their great Speakers at- tain to it. They are fo much given to Speech-making, that their common Complements, to any Perfon they , refpeft, at meeting and parting, arc made in Ha- rangues. 2 They rbe INTRODUCTION. They have fome Kind of Elegancy in varying and compounding their Words, to which, not many ofthemfelves attain, and this principally diftinguilhes, their beft Speakers. I have endeavoured to get fome Account of this, as a Thing that might be acceptable to the Curious ; but, as I have not met with any one Perfon who underftands their Language, and alfo knows any Thing of Grammar, or of the learned Languages, I have not been able to attain the leaft Satisfadion. Their prefent Mihifter tells me, that their Verbs are varied, but in a Manner fo dif- ferent from the Greek or Latin., that he cannot dif- cover by what Rule it was done ; and even fufpeds, that every Verb has a peculiar Mode : They have but few radical Words, but they compound their Words without End *, by this their Language be- comes fufficiently copious, and leaves Room for a good Deal of Art to pleafe a delicate Ear. Sometimes one Word among them includes an entire Definition of the Thing *, for Example, they call fVine Onehor radefehoengtferagberie, as much as to fay, a Liquor made of the Juice of the Grape. The Words ex- prelfing Things lately come to their Knowledge are all Compounds : They have no Labeals in their Lan- guage, nor can they pronounce perfedly any Word wherein there is a Labeal ; and when one endeavours to teach them to pronounce thefe Words, they tell one, they think it ridiculous that they muft fliut their Lips to f{->eak. Their Language abounds with Guttu- rals and ftrong Afpirations, thefe mike it very fono- rous and bold ; and their Speeches abound with Me- taphors, after the Manner of the Eaftern Nations, as will beft appear by the Speeches that I have co- pied. As to what religious Notions they have, it is diffi- cult to judge of them ; becaufe the Indians., that fpeak any Englijh, and live near us, have learned many Things of us j and it is not eafy to diftinguifti the Notions they had originally among themfelves, from >1 ,T/: dl ; ^'<1 ; ■ -1 'j ' d' I I; -: :’ !.'' ' i . /.. 'i ii-,!!" ; ;j|: V-h li: The INTRODUCriON. from thofe they have learned of the Chrijlians. It is certain they have no Kind of publick Worlliip, and I am told that they have no radical Word to ex- prefs God^ but ufe a compound Word, fignifying the Preferver, Suftainer, or Mafter of the Univerfe; neither could I ever learn what Sentiments they have of a future Exiftence. Their funeral Rites feem to be formed upon a Notion of fome Kind of Exiftence after Death : They make a large round Hole, in which the Body can be placed upright, or upon its Haunches, which after the Body is placed in it, is covered with Timber, to fupport the Earth which they lay over, and thereby keep the Body free from being prefled ; they then raife the Earth in a round Hill over it. They always drefs the Corps in all its Finery, and put Wampum and other Things into the Grave with it ; and the Relations fuffer not Grafs or any Weed to grow on the Grave, and fre- quently vifit it with Lamentations ; But whether thefe Things be done only as Marks of Refpedb to the Deceafed, or from a Notion of fome Kind of Ex- iftence after Death, muft be left to the Judgment of the Reader. They are very fuperftitious in obferving Omens and Dreams I have obferved them fhew a fuperftiti- ous Awe of the Owl, and be highly difpleafed with fome that mimicked the Cry of that Bird in the Night. An Officer of the regular Troops has inform- ed me alfo, that while he had the Command of the Garrifon at Ofwego, a Boy of one of the far Weft- ward Nations died there ; the Parents made a regu- lar Pile of fplit Wood, laid the Corps upon it, and burnt it ; while the Pile was burning, they flood gravely looking on, without any Lamentation, but when it was burnt down, they gathered up the Bones with many Tears, put them into a Box, and carried them away with them ; and this Inclination, which all ignorant People have to Superftition and amufing Ceremonies, gives the Popifh Priefts a great Advan- tage *7 rhe INTRODUCTION. It tage in recommending their Religion, beyond what kip, the Regularity of the Proteftant Docftrine allows lej- of. ]fiii5 Queen Anne fent over a Miflionary to refide among jft; the Mohawks, and allowed him a'fufficient Subfiftence bi from the privy Purfe ; flie fent Furniture for a Chap- ol* pel, and a valuable fet of Plate for the Communion em Table ; and (if I am not miftaken) the like Furniture and Plate for each of the other Nations, though uij that of the Mohawks was only applied to the Ule defigned. The common Prayer, or at leaft a con- ilb fiderable Part of it, was tranflated alfo into their Lan- bg gu^e and printed ; fome other Pieces were likewife )jjii tranflated for the Minifter’s Ufe, vi'z. An Expofition , || of the Creed, Decalogue, Lord’s Prayer, and Church jjj, Catechifm, and a Difcourfe on the Sacraments. But .|,j as that Minifter was never able to attain any tolera- I b ble Knowledge of their Language, and was naturally jjjjj a heavy Man, he had but fmall Succels *, and his Al- lowance failing, by the Queen’s Death, he left them. Thefe Nations had no Teacher, from that Time, till within thefe few Years, that a youngGentleman, out of pious Zeal, went voluntarily among the Mohawks. He was at firft intirely ignorant of their Language, and had I’ no Interpreter, except one of the Indians, who under- flood a little Englifh, and had, in the late Mifliona- ry’s Time, learn’d to read and write in his own Lan- guage. He learned from him how to pronounce the Words in the Tranflations, which had been made for the late Miffionary’s Ufe. He fet up a School, to teach their Children to read and write their own Language •, and they made furprizing Proficiency, con- ^ lidering their Mafter did not underftand their Lan- guage. I happened to be in the Mohawk Country, ® and faw feveral of their Performances ; I was pre- ’f® fent at their Worfliip, where they went through fome Part of the Common Prayer with great Decency, I was likewMfe prefent, feveral Times, at their private K Devotions, which fome of tlieni performed di^ly, C Moritihg. rhe IN^RODUCriON. Morning and Evening. I had alfo many Opportunities [ of obferving the great Regard they had for this young Man ; fo far, that the Fear of his leaving [ them made the greateft Reftraint on them, with which he threatened them, after they had been guil- ty of any Offence. Soon after that Time, this Gentle- man went to Ettglatid, received Orders, and was fent by the Society, Miffionary to Albany, with Liberty to fpend fome Part of his Time among the Mo~ hetwks. I had lately a Letter from him, dated the feventh of December, 1641, in which he writes as follows: Drunkennefs was fo common among them, that I doubt, whether there was one grown Perfon of “ either Sex free from it ; feldom a Day pafled, »* without fome, and very often forty Or fifty being “ drunk at a Time. But I found they were very fond of keeping me among them, and afraid I ftiould le^ve them, which I made Ufe of to good Pur- . pofe ; daily threatning them with my Departure, “ in Cafe they did not forfake that Vice, and fre- quently requiring a particular Promife from them fingly ; by which Means (through God’s Bleffing) there was a gradual Reformation ; and I know not that I have feen above ten or twelve Perfons drunk among them this Summer. The Women are almoft ^11 entirely reformed, and the Men “very much. They have intirely left off Divorces, and are legally married. They are very conftant and devout at church at:d Family Devotions. ** They have not been known to exereife Cruelty to Prifoners, and have, in a great Meafure, left off « going a fighting, which I find the moft difficult, of all Things, to difTuade them from. They feem “ alfo perfuaded of the Truths of Chriftianity. The ' “ greateft Inconveniency I labour under, is the Want of an Interpreter, which could I obtain, for two ^ Years^ I fhould hope to be tolerably INTRODUCTION. Maifer of their Language, and be able to render “ It eafier to my Succeflbr.” This Gentleman’s uncommon Zeal deferves, I think, this publick Teftimony, that it may be a Means of his receiving fuch Encouragement, as may enable him to purfue the pious Purpofes he has in View, The Mohawks, were they civilized, may be ufeful to us many Ways, and, on many Occafions, more than any of our own People can be ; and this well delerves to be confidered. There is one Cuftom their Men conftantly ob- ferve, which I mufl; not forget to mention ; That if they be fent with any Meflage, though it demand the greateft Difpatch, or though they bring Intelli- gence of any imminent Danger, they never tell it at their firft Approach ; but fit down for a Minute or two, at leaft, in Silence, to recoliedl: themfelves, before they fpeak, that they may not Ihew any De- gree of Fear or Surprize, by an indecent Expreffion. Every fudden Repartee, in a publick Treaty, leaves with them an ImprefiGon of a light inconfiderate Mind ; but, in private Converfation, they ufe, and are delighted with brilk witty Anfwers, as we can be. By this they Ihew the great Difference they place between the Converfations of Man and Man, and of Nation arid Nation •, and in this, and a thou- fand other Things, might well be an Example to the European Nations. C2 THE ■ '" •■ -j" ''I -■-* .'- :- ■ -•/ ;.i< •. .■•/. n, ^ ^ _ '.- -A . -- .. .s" *r» ’ ir'A , riO i-rTO ?rr!; ,..., . ."TV'ti-' 'b i 7 Am A ;, ......;7r^"o;rC'yrf » * 1 ■ 1 ■ : * ' ■ ill , -hI ^ ii.o ; ; : : -iJriAJC* c:. r:i::: tiii u :* 11 -ii V.-.r,- (A ,In. '•:•-• A' ytsirnj ro t '•vA ^th- ./!.= A'5 s:; '>i IIjv' y.d'. ins ; ad r;"'> : Icj*. 1. , / I *1- » 'a:> . 1; ; A ^ ... >■.. J ■ ■ • ‘ ■ ■ -do *:: > AA. / > A i -;h:;:.r£> 03 •; - i' ? '• - ! f?P'it'; • J' ■ii.'t.'irfi ^:*iiyr;vT r.* i ; ‘VA '.nisv/iriA Vb . ' ..♦'•:•?■ a.^ui; b -L Ys:Ij ;• - • » * ^ t- - *' • ^ \ ^ « .*k -■ ''. !«■ -ruir/A b;::r, lAArA :■- ?.r-; ^ :'bv?‘Y ,y ' *•'' .:, -vr rr . •11 f .i:’--' i: -r;; ,:A-A:i;! I a *a;; • 3 v^a.v,.-a: ( 21 ) THE HIS TORY) O F T M E Five /A^Z)/^iV Nations, DEPENDING On the Province of NEW^TORK, PART I. l!he Hiftory of the Five Nations, from the Time the Chrijiiamfirft knew any Thing of them^ to that of the Revolution in Great-Britain., CHAP. I. Of the Wars of the Five Nations with the A- dirondacks and Quatoghies. T H E firft Settlers of New-Tork having been little curious in inquiring into the Indian fairsy further than what related to Trade ; or, at leaft, having negleded to tranfmit their Dif- coveries to Pofterity, it is much more difficult to give a juft Hiftory of thefe Nations before, than fince the Time of their being under the Crown of C 3 England, IT ^he History of the England. What we can learn of Certainty, howeveT, is this. The French fettled at Canada in the Year 1603, fix Years before the Dutch pofleffed them- felves of New-Netherlandst now called New-Tork^ and found the Five Nations at War with the Adi- rondacksy which, they tell us, was occafioned kt the following Manner. The Adirondacks formerly lived three-hundred Miles above Trois where now the Utawa- was are fituated ; at that Time they employ’d them- felves wholly in Hunting, and the Five Nations made planting of Corn their Bufmels. By this Means they became ufeful to each other, by exchanging Corn for Venifon. The Adirondacks^ however, va- lued themfelves, as delighting in a more manly Em- ployment, and defpifed the Five Nations, in follow- ing Bufinefs, which they thought only fit for Women. But it once happened, that the Game failed the A- dirondacks, which made them defire fome of the young Men of the Five Nations to aflift them in Hunting. Thefe young Men foon became much more expert in Hunting, and able to endure Fa- tigues, than the ASrondacks expelled or defired \ in Ihort, they became jealous of them, and, one Night, murdered all the young Men they had with them. The Five Nations complained to the Chiefs of the_ Adirondacks, of the Inhumanity of this Adion ; but they contented themfelves with blaming the Mur- derers, and ordered them to make fome final I f Prefents to the Relations of the murdered Perfons, without being apprehenfive of the Refentment of the Five Nations ; for they looked upon them, as Men not capable of taking any great Revenge. This however provoked the Five Nations to that Degree, that they foon refolvcd, by fome Means, to be revenged 5 and the Adirondacks being informed f It is flill a Cullom among the Iniiam^ to expiate Murder by Prefents to the Relations of the Perfon killed. of I^art I. Five Indian Nations. 2^ of their Defigns, thought to prevent them, by tc-Ch a p ducing them with Force to their Obedience. I. The Five Nations then lived near where Mont v— ' Real now ftands ; they defended themfelves at firft but faintly againft the vigorous Attacks of the Adi- rondacks, and were forced to leave their own Coun- ^ try, and fly to the Banks of the Lakes where they live now. As they were hitherto Lofers by the War, it obliged them to apply themfelves to the • Exercife of Arms, in which they l^came daily more and “ more expert. Their Sachems^ in order to raife their Peo- “ pie’s Spirits, turned them againft the * Satanas, a ? lefs warlike Nation, who then lived on the Banks of s the Lakes ; for they found it was difficult to remove “■ the Dread their People had of the Valour of the • Adirondacks. The Five Nations foon fubdued the Satanas, and drove them out of their Country ; and k their People’s Courage being thus elevated, they, k from this Time, not only defended themfelves « bravely againft the whole Force of the Adirondacks, c but often carried the War into the Heart of the Adi- i rondacksh Country, and, at laft, forced them to t leave it, and to % into that Part of the Country, fc where Rebeck is now built. % There are more Inftances than one in Hiftory, of t poor difpirited Nations, that by fome fignal Affront y. or Abufe have had their Spirits fo raifed, that they have not only performed notable Things on a fud- den, but, if they happened, at the fame Time, to be A led and governed by wife Men, have fo far kept (k up, and improved that Spirit, that they have be- ib come, in a Manner, a different People. Let us ex- amine Hiftory, and we fhall find, that the different ii Figure every Country has made in theWorld, has been it ever principally owing to the Principles which werein- jt culcated into, and carefully cultivated in the People. fl! * They are called Skamonons, by the French, and live now on one of the Banks of th« MifiJJipL C 4 In I 24 "The History of the Ch A p.In this chiefly confifts the Art of making a Nation I- glorious, or the Crime of debafing them into Servi- tude or Slavery. It was from the Notions of Liber- ty, Honour, and Glory, and fuch wife and gene- rous Principles, which the meaneft Citizen among the bid Romans entertained, that they became fo great and powerful, and a Terror to all Nations ; as the fordid, timorous, cunning Artifices, and the Love of Wealth and fenfual Pleafures, cultivated among the prefent Romans^ has debafed them now into the meaneft and leaft feared Nation on the Earth. The Hiftory of the Five Nations will readi- ly ftiew, how far the ancient Roman Principles have been cultivated among them. Soon after this Change of the People of thele Nations, the French arrived at Canada, and fettled at Rebeck ; and they thinking it advifeable to gain the Efteem and Friendftiip of the Adirondacks, in whofe Country they fettled, Monfteur Champlain, the firft Governor of Canada, joined the Adirondacks in an Expedition againft the Five Nations. They met a Party of two-hundred Men of the Five Na- tions in CorlaFs Lake, which the French, on this Occafion called by Monfteur Champlain's Name, and both Sides went aftiore to prepare for Battle, which ' proved to the Difadvantage of the Five Nations. -The French, in fhoit, kept themfelves undifcover’d, till the Moment they began to join Battle ; and their Fire-arms furprifed the Five Nations fo much, that they were immediately put into Confufion ; for, before that Time, they had never feen fuch ^Weapons. The Trade with the French, Ibon after this, drew moft of the neighbouring Nations to §ueheck, and they all joined in the War againft the Five Nations. The Adirondacks having their Numbers thus in- creafed, and their Fire-arms giving them newCon- liuence, propoled nothing lels to themfelves, than the intire Deftruftion of the Five Nations. Upon this parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. 25 this, their young Warriors became fierce and info-Ca a p: lent, and would not be kept under any Difcipline or I- Subjedlion to their Captains ; but, upon all Occafi- ons, rafhly attacked the Enemy, who were obliged to keep themfelves upon the defenfive ; and to make up what they wanted in Force, by Stratagems, and a Ikilful Management of the War. The young Men of the Five Nations foon perceived the Ad- vantages they gained by this Condudt, and every Day grew more fubmiflive to their Captains, and di- ligent in executing any Enterprize. The Five Nations fent out fmall Parties only, who meeting with great Numbers of the Adiron- dacksy retired before them with feeming Terror, while the Adirondacks purfued them with Fury, and without Thought, till they were cunningly drawn into Ambufcades, where moft of their Men were killed or taken Prifoners, with little or no Lofs to the Five Nations. The Adirondacksy by this Means, wafted away, and their boldeft Soldiers were almoft intirely de- ftroy’d, while the Number of the Five Nations were increafed, by^the Addition of the Prifoners, which they took from the Satanas. The wifeft and beft Soldiers of the Adirondacks^ when it was too late, now at length difcovered, that they muft learn the Art of War from thofe Enemies that they at firft defpifed ; and now five of their Captains endeavoured to perform by themfelves fingly, with Art and by Stratagem, what they could not do by Force at the Head of their Armies i they had however no longer any Hopes of conquering, their Thoughts were only fet on Revenge. It is not improper to obfcrve here, once for all, that in writing the Hiftory of Indians, it is often ne-. ceflary to give an Account of the Enterprizes of fingle Perfons, otherwife the Indian Genius can ne- ver be known, or their Manner of making War un- derftood. An Indian named Pi/karet was at this Time ^5 History of the Chap. Time one of the Captains of greateft t'ame among I. the Adirondacks : This bold Man, with four other «>— V— ^ Captains, fetout for Trots- Rivieres in one Canoe, each of them being provided with three Mufquets, which they loaded with two Bullets apiece, joined with a fmall Chdn ten Inches long *, they met with five Canoes in Sorel River, each having ten Men of the Five Nations on Board. Pijkaret and his Captains, as foon as thofe of the Five Nations drew near, pre* tended to give themfelves up for loft, and fui^ their Death Song, * then fuddenly fired upon the (^noes, which they repeated with the Arms that lay ready V loaded, and tore thofe Birch Veflels betwixt Wind and Water. The Men of the Five Nations were fo furprized, that they tumbled out of their Canoes, and gzwsPiJkaret and his Companions the Opportunity of knocking as many of them on the Head as they pleafed, and faving the others, to feed their Re- venge, which they did, by burning them alive with the moft cruet Torments. This however was lb far from glutting Pijkarefs Revenge, that it fcemed ' rather to give a keener Edge to it ; for he foon after undertook another Enterprize, in which none of his Countrymen durft accompany him : He was well ac- quainted with the Country of the Five Nations, and fet out about the Time the Snow began to melt, with the Precaution of putting the hinder Part of his Snow Shoes forward, that if any Ihould happen upon his Footfteps, they might think he was gone the contrary Way ; and, for further Security, went along the Ridges and high Grounds, where the ^ Snow was melted, that his Track might be often loft $ when he came near one of the Villages of the Five Nations, he hid himfelf till Night, and then entered a Cabin, while every Body was fall afleep, mur- • It is a Cuftom among the Indian Prifoners of War, when led to J^eath, to hng an Account of their own Exploits ; and this they ar? hardy enough to continue even in the inidft of Tor- tures. dered Part I. Five Indian Nations, 27 ! deied the whole Family, and carried their Scalps in- C 9. ' to his lurking Place. The next day the People of I. ■ the Village fearched for the Murderer in vain. The k following Night he murdered all he found in another s Cabin. The Inhabitants next Day fearched like- t wife in vain for the Murderer ; but the third Night t a Watch was kept in every Houfe. Pijkaret in the *1 Night bundled up the Scalps he had taken the two former Nights, to carry, as the Proofof his Vidory, ii and then ftole privately from Houfe to Houfe, till >1 at laft he found an Indian nodding, who was upon y the Watch in one of the Houfes j he knockt this d Man on the Head ; but as this alarmed the reft, he lb was forced immediately to fly. He was however s, under no great Concern from the Purfuit, being 7 more fwift of Foot than any Indian then living. He let :y his Purfuers come near him from Time toTime, and t‘ then would dart from them. This he did with De- ll flgn to tire them out with the Hopes of overtaking fc Him. As it began to grow dark, he hid himfelf, eb and his Purfuers ftop’d to reft. They not being appre- IB henfive of any Danger from a Angle Man, foon fell lit afleep, and the bold Pi/karet obferving this, knock’d 1C- them all on the Head, and carried away th& Scalps d 1 with the reft. Such Stories as thefe are told among :l, the Indians, as extraordinary Inftances of the Cou- Ij rage and Condudl of their Captains. The Indians n will often travel thus three or four Flundred Miles M fingly, or two or three in Company, and lurk about ttl their Enemy’s Borders for feveral Weeks, In Hopes [Is to revenge the Death of a near Relation or dear ill Friend. Indeed they give themfelves fo very much up to Revenge, that this Pallion feems to gnaw ltd their Souls, and gives them no Reft till they fatisfy j(. it. It is this Delight in Revenge, that makes all barbarous Nations cruel ; and the curbing fuch Paftlons is one of the happy Efleds of being ci- f vilized. d The 28 Hoe History of the C H A p. The hive l^ations are fo much delighted with I* Stratagems in War, that no Superiority of their Forces ever make them ncgledt them. They amufed the Adirondacks and their Allies the ^atoghies (call- ed by the French Hurons) by fending to the Frenchy and deliring Peace. The French defired them to receive fome Priefts among them, in Hopes that thofe prudent Fathers would, by fome Art, recon- cile them to their Intereft, and engage their Affedi- ons. The Five Nations readily accepted the Offer, and fome Jefuits went along with them : But after they had the Jefuits in their Power, they ufed them v- only as Hoftages, and thereby obliged the French to ftand neuter, while they prepared to attack the Adirondacks and ^mtoghieSy and they defeated the ^atoghies in a dreadful Battle fought within two Leagues of S^uebeck. The French own. That if the Five Nations had known their Weaknefe at that Time, they might have eafily deftroyed the whole Colony. This Defeat, in Sight of the French Settlements, ftruck Terror into all their Allies, who were at that Time very numerous, becaufe of the Trade with the Frenchy which furnilhed them with many the moft ufeful Conveniencies ; for before that Time the Indians had no Iron Tool among them. The NipecerinienSy who then lived on the Banks ofS/. Laurence River y fled upon this to the North- ward, believing that the extreme Coldnefs of the Climate, and a barren Soil, would be the fecureft Defence againft the Ambition of the Five Nations. The Remainder of the ^atoghies fled with the Utawavms Southweftward *, and for the greater Secu- rity, fettled in an Ifland, which being further than the Name of the Five Nations had then reached, they trufted to the Diftance of the Place, and the Advantage of its Situation. Their laft Expedition having fucceeded fo well, the Five Nations gave out, that they intended next W' inter Part I. Five Indian Nations, G’c. 2^ Winter to vifit Tonnendio, (the Name they give to C h a p. the Governor of Canada ; ) thefe Vifits are always I. made with much Shew. Under this Pretence they gathered together looo or 1200 Men. Their out Scouts met with Pijkaret near Niccolet River, and Hill pretending a friendly Vifit to the Governor of Canada, as their only Defign, he told them, that the Adirondacks were divided into two Bodies, one of which hunted on the North Side of St. Laurence Ri- ver at Wabmake, three Leagues above ^rois Rivieres, and the other at Nicolet. As foon as they had gained this Information, they killed him, and returned with his Head to the Army. The Five Nations divided likewife into two Bodies ; they furprized the Adiron- dacks in both Places, and in both cut them in pieces. Thus the moft warlike and polite Nation of all the Indians in North America, was almoft intirely de- ftroyed by a People they at firft defpifed,^ and by a War which their Pride and Injuftice brought upon them ; and we here fee, that all the Advantages of Numbers, Courage and Weapons, is not equal to good difcipline in an Army. A very few Adirondacks only now remain in Ibme Villages near Rebeck, who ftill wafte away and decay, by their drinking ftrong Waters, tho’ when the French fettled at Rebeck, 1500 fighting Men of them lived between that Place and Sillerie, which are only a League diftant, befides thofe that lived at Saquenay, Trois Rivieres, and fome other Places, And fince this decifive Battle, the Adirondacks have never been confidered as of any Confequence, either in Peace or War. The ^atoghies and Ataveawas now loon began to be in Want of the European Commodities, which had made them confiderable among their new Friends, In order therefore to fupply themfelves anew, they returned to Trade at^.ebeck-, and by this Means the Place of their Retreat was difeovered to the five Nations ; and they not having their Re- venge JO • The History of the Chap. vengc fatiated, while the ^atogbies had a Being, I- foon convinced them, that no Extent of Country could fet bounds to that Paffion, when it rages in the Hearts of the Five Nations, for they foon after at- tack’d them in their new Settlement. The ^a- tqghies had the good Fortune to difcover the Five Nations Time enough to make their Efcape, and fled to the Putewatemies, who lived a Day’s Journey further, where they, and all the Neighbouring Na- tions, fecured themfelves in a large Fort. The Five Nations foWovitd, but, being in Want of Provifion, they could not attempt a Siege, and therefore pro- pofed a Treaty with the Putewatemies, which was , accepted. The Putewatemies acknowledged the Five Nations as Matters of all the Nations round them, applauded their Valour, and promifed them their Friendlhip, and to fupply them with Provifions; they would not however trutt themfelves out of their Fort, but fent out a Supply ; and even this they did, only withDefign to do that by Treachery, which they durtt not attempt by Force ; for the Provi- fions were poifoned. The Treachery was dilcovered however to the Five Nations, by an old ^atoghie, who had a Son Prifoner among them ; his Afledion for his Son overcoming even his Hatred to his Coun- try’s Enemies. This Treachery highly enraged the Five Nations againft the Putewatemies, and the neighbouring People; but Famine obliging them to retire at this Time, they divided their Armies into Parties, the better to provide for their Subfittence, by Hunting ; one of thefe Parties in their Chace fell in with a Village of the Chicklaghichs ( called by the French Hinois) and furprized the old Men, Women and Children, when the young Men were abroad hunting ; but the young Men, upon their Return, gathering together all the rett of the Villages, pur- fued this Party of the Five Nations, and recovered the Prifoners. This I Part I. Five Indian Nations, This was the firft Time that the Five Nations hadCn been feen in thofe Parts, but their Name was become I fo terrible, that the CMgtaghcicks^ notwithftaading this Advantage, left their Country, and fled to the Nations that lived weftward, till the General Peace was fettled by the French^ and not till on that Oc- taflon returned to their own Country. SFbe Wars and Treaties of Peace of the Indians of the Five Nations with the French, from 1 665 to 1683, and their j^airs with New- York /« ! N Jutte 166^ Monfieur De Trqfi appointed Vice-- Roy of America by the French King, arrived at uebeck, after he had vifited the French IJlands in the Weft Indies, and brought with him four Companies ^ of Foot , and in September of the fame Year, Mr, Courfel arrived Governor General of Canada ; he brought with him a Regiment and feveral Families, M with all Things neceflary for eftablilhing of a Colony. B- Their Force being now thus confiderably augment- Is ed, the French Governor refolved to chaftifc the k Infblence of the Five Nations •, and for that Purpofe, » in the Winter, fent out a Party againft the Mohawks, ito but thefe by the Cold, and their not knowing the ct, Ufe of Snow Shoes, fufFered very much, without Itl doing any Thing againft the Enemy. [1» This Party however fell in with * Skenebiady, 3 IS fmall Town which Corlear (a confiderable Man lil 3mong the Dutch) had then newly fettled. When H they appeared near Shenebiady, they were almoft dead II- with Cold and Hunger ; and the Indians, who were ^ * The French call this Town Corlear, from the Perfons Name who firft fettled there. It is fituate on the Mahavoks River 1 . CHAP. II. Time. lit 1b fixteen Miles from Albany. 2 theft The History of the Chap, then in that Village, had intirely deftroyed them, if II. Ctf^/ftzr,(inCompaffion to his fellow Chriftians)had not / contriv’d their Efcape. He had a mighty Influence over the Indians ; and it is from him, and in Re- membrance of his Merit, that all Governors of New- ITork are called Corlear by the Indians to this Day, tho’ he himfelf was never Governor. He perfuaded the Indians^ that this was a fmall Party of the French Army come to amufe them, that the great Body was gone diredtly towards their Caftles, and that it was neceflTary for them immediately to go in Defence of their Wives and Children. This they believed, and readily obeyed ; and as foon as the Indians were gone, he lent to the French, and fupplied them with Provifions and other Neceflaries to carry them back. The French Governor, in Order to reward fo fignal a Service, invited Corlear to Canada j but as he went through the great Lake, which lies to the Northward of Albany, his Canoe was overfet, and he was drowtied ; and from this Accident that Lake has ever fince been called Corlear*s Lake, by the People of New- Fork. There is a Rock in this Lake, on which the Waves dalh and fly up to a great Height ; when the Wind blows hard, the Indians believe, that an old Indian lives under this Rock, who has the Power of the Winds ; and therefore, as they pafs it in their Voyages over, they always throw a Pipe, or fome other fmall Prefent to this old Indian, and pray a favourable Wind. The Englijh that pafs with them fometimes laugh at them, but they are fure to be told of Carlear'% Death. Your great Country- man Csrlear (fay they) as he paflTed by this Rock, jefted at our Fathers making Prefents to this Old Indian, and in Derifion turned up his Backfide, but this Affront coft him his Life. In the following Spring the Vice-Roy and the Go- vernor of Canada, with twenty eight Companies of Foot, and all the Militia of the Colony, marched into the Country of the Mohawks, with a Defignto 2 deftroy Parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. deftroy this Nation, which by their Wars not only C prevented their Commerce wirh the weftern Indians^ but likewife often put their Colony in Danger. It^ certainly was a bold Attempt, to march above 700 Miles from Slueheck through vaft unknown Forefts. The Mohawks hdwever, on their Approach, Men, Women, and Children, retired into the Woods, and all that the French were able to do, was to burn fome Villages, and to murder fome old Sachems that (like the old Roman Senators,) chofe rather to dye than to defert their Houfes. The French were fo conceited before, of their Superiority over the Indians in their Skill of War, and their Weapons, that they thought they could not efcape, but the little Honour or Advantage they got by this Expedition leflened their Vanity, and made them defirous of Peace ; and the Five Nations remaining fearful of the French fire Arms^ it was with- out much Difficulty concluded in the Year 1667. The Five Nations however being naturally very cnterprizing and haughty, one of their Parties fome Time after met with fome French in their hunt- ing, and quarrelled with them. 'I'he Indians had the Advantage, they killed feveral of the French^ and carried one Prifoner into their own Country. Monjieur de Coiirfel fent on this to threaten the Five Nations with War, if they did not deliver up thefe Murderers ; and the Five Nations^ to (hqw their pub- lick Difpleafure at this Breach of Peace, ^ fent Agariata^ the Captain of the Company that did the Mifchief, with forty others, to beg Pardon but Monfteur Courfel was refolved to make an Example of Agariata^ and ordered him to be hanged in Sight of his Countrymen *, and the French think that this Severity was a great Means of preferving the Peace till the Year 1683. The Dutch^ who fettled in the Nethcrlands^XiO'^ called New-Tork^ in 1 609, entered into an Alliance with the Five Nations^ which continued without any D Breach 34 ^he History of the Cha p. Breach on either Side, till the Evgltjh gained this II. Country. The Dutch gained the Hearts of the Five OnOW mtions by their kind Ufage, and were frequently ufeful to the French, in faving thofe of them that were prifoners from the Cruelty of the Indians. In 1 664, New-Ihrk being taken by the Englijh, theylikewife immediately entered into a Friendfhip with the Five Nations, which has continued without the leaft Breach to this Day ; and Hiftory, I believe, cannot give an Inftance of the moft Chriftian or moft Catholick Kings obferving a Treaty fcr ftricftly, and for fo long a Time as thefe Barbarians, as they are called, have done. The EngUJh and French (Peace being every where fettled) now endeavoured to extend their Commerce and Alliances among the Indian Nations, that live to the weftward of New-Tork. The French however, in their Meafures, difcovered always a Defign of conquering and commanding ; for with this View Mr. de Frontenac, who had fucceeded in the Go- vernment of Canada, in the Year 1672, perfuaded the Five Nations to allow him to build a Fort on the north Side of Cadarackui Lake, under Pretence of a Store for Merchandife, and the Security of his Tradei-s, and under the fame Pretence built feve- ral other Forts at fome other confiderable Places far in the Country. The EngUJh znADukh, on the contrary, profecuted their Meafures only with the Arts of Peace, by fend- ing People among the Indians to gain their Affedi- ons, and to perfuade them to come to Albany to trade ; but the War with the Dutch, which happen- ed about this Time, prevented even thefe honeft Defigns from having the Succefs they otherwife might have had; for in the Year 1673, New-Tork being furprifed by the Diitih, and reilored the next Year to the EngUJh, the Alterations of Govern- ment, and of Matters, obttrufted very much any Meafures that could have been taken for the publick Good. ! P It > •) ft d :e re :e ;o o(' II 0 - d k [i lis k d li 8 ej ;d fk iff S rC' id Part L Five Indian NATioNs/©^r. 3^ Good. Their Trade was likewife confiderabJy hin- Ch a p. dcred by the War which the Five Nations had at II. that Time with the * River Indians^ which forced many of thofe Indians to feek Shelter among the Utawawas^ who fell under the French Government at laft ; however, the Englijh^ Dutch and French having all made Peace in Europe^ and the Govern- ment of New-Tork iikewife having obtained a Peace between the Five Nations and Mahikindars or River hidians^ both th^EngliJh and French were at full Li- berty to profecute their Defigns of extending their Commerce among the Indians^ which both did with very confiderable Succefs and Advantage to the In- habitants of their refpedlive Colonies. But this Juftice muft be done to the French^ that they far exceeded the Englijh in the daring Attempts of fome of their Inhabitants, in travelling very far among unknown Indians^ difcovering new Countries, and every where fpreading the Fame of the French Name and Grandeur. The Sieur Perot travelled in the Year 1667 as far as the Fall St. Mary beyond Mijfilimakinak., and having learned thofe Indians Language, gained them over to his Country’s Intereft. The Courage and Refolution of many of thefe Adventurers are defervedly recorded by the French ; but the Englijh give it another Turn, and fay it is the Barrennefs and Poverty of Canada that pufhes the Men of Spirit there, upon Enterprizes, that they would not have attempted, if they had lived in the Province of New-Tork. The chief Reafon, in my Opi- nion, however, of the French having fo far fucceeded beyond the Englijh is, that the Indian Affairs are the particular Care of the Governor and other principal Officers in Canada., who have the greateft Know- ledge and Authority •, ^whereas thofe Affairs in New- Tork are chiefly left to the Management of a few * The Indians living on the Branches of HudfQ/C% River, within or near the Englijh Settlements at that Time. D 2 Traders i 36 T^he History of the Traders with the Indians^ who have no Care for, or Skill in publick Affairs, and only mind their private Intereft. CHAP. III. Of the I’ranfaSHons of the Indians of the Five Nations with the neighbouring Englilh Colonies. Chap.^T^HE Five Nations being now amply fup- III. J. plied by the Englifh with Fire-Arms and Ammunition, give full Swing to their warlike Genius, and foon refblved to .revenge the Af- fronts they had at any Time received from the Indian Nations that lived at a greater Diftance from them. The neareft Nations, as they were attack’d, commonly fled to thofe that were further off, and the Five Nations purfued them. This, to- gether with a Defire they had of conquering, or Ambition of making all the Nations round them their Tributaries, or to acknowledge t\\t Five Nati- ons to be fo far their Maflers, as to be abfolutely d’.recfted by them in all Affairs of Peace and War with their Neighbours, made them overrun great Part of North- America. They carried their Arms as far South as Carolina., to the Northward of New-England., and as far Weft as the River Mifftffipi, over a vaft Country, which extends twelve hundred Miles in Length, from North to South, and about fix hundred Miles in breadth ; where they intirely deftroy- ed many Nations, of whom there are now no Accounts remaining among the Englifb. Thefe- warlike F.xpeditions often proved trouble- fome to the Colonies of Virginia and Maryland ; for not only the Indians that were Friends to thofe Colonies became Vidims to the Fury of the Five Nations^ but the Chriftian InhaJiitants likewife were frequently involved in the fame Calamity. The Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 37 The French having a long Time felt the Incon-C h a p. veniencies and Dangers they were in from this reft- III. lefs warlike Spirit of the Five Nations, made ufe of this Time of Peace to guard againft it for the fu- ture, and were very diligent in purfuing the moft prudent Meafures. They fent fome of their wifeft Priefts and Jefuits to refide among them, and the Governors oi New-Tork were ordered, by t\\tDuke of Tcrk, to give thefe Priefts all the Incouragement in their Power. The chief View of thefe Priefts was, to give the Indians the higheft Opinion of the French Power and Wifdom, and to render the Eng. U[h as fufpecfted and as mean as poflible in their Eyes. They waited likewife for every Opportunity to breed a (parrel between the Englijh and the In~ dians, and to withdraw the Five Nations from fight- ing with thofe Nations that traded to Canada. *For thefe Purpofes thefe Priefts were inftrumental in turning the Refentment of the Five Nations againft the Indians, that were in Friend fiiip with Virginia and Maryland. The Governor of Maryland, on the other Hand, to prevent the ill Conlequences, that might happen by Wars between Nations that were in Friendftiip with the Englijh, and lived in their Neighbourhood, fent Colonel Courfey, in the Year 1677, to Albany, to increafe the Friendfhip between Virginia and Maryland on the one Part, and the Five Nations on the other j and, accordingly, both Sides gave mutual Promifes at Albany : But this good Un- derftanding was foon fhaken by fome Parties of the Oneydoes, Onondagas, and Scnckas, who were out when this Treaty was made, and were ignorant of it. One of them met with the Sufguehana Indians, who were in Friendfhip with Alarylani, and fell upon them •, they killed four of the Sufguehanas, and took fix Prifoners. Five of thefe Prifoners fell to the Share of the Scnckas, who, as foon as they arrived in their own Country, fent them back with Prefents, to fhew that they kept their Promifes with D 3 Maryland j 38 *The History of the Cha 9. Maryland ; but the Oneydoes detained the Prlfoner Il'i- they had. '■“'v-*-' Another Party, that went againft the Canagejfe Indi- ans (Friends of Virginia) were furprifed by a Troop of Horfe, who killed one Man, and took a Woman Prifoner : The Indians^ in Revenge, killed four of the Inhabitants, and carried away their Scalps, with fix Chriftian Prifoners. The Mohawksy all this while, kept ftriftly to their Words, and fufFered none of their Men to go towards Virginia and Maryland. There is Reafon to think that the Dutchy who lived about Albany at that Time, fpirited up the In- dians againft the Englijh *, the national Differences, that were then recent, bred a Rancour in their Spi- rits. Some Dutchmen perfuaded the Oneydoesy that the Englijh at New-Tork wei;e refolved to deftroy them, and put them into a terrible Difturbance ; for here the Dutch and the French Priefts joined in the fame Meafures. The Commandant at Albany hear-, ing 'of this, fent two Interpreters of the Indian Lan- guage, to perfuade the Oneydoes to come to Alba- ny, in Order to be aflured of the Englijh Friend- fhip, and to have their Jealoufy removed ; which being done, Swerife, one of the chief Sachems of the Oneydoes, excufed his Countrymen at Albany the fifteenth of February 167®, by laying the Blame on ,the People of Schenellady, who had informed not one, but feveral of their People, and at feveral Times, that the Englijh defigned to cut them all off i and faid, had they not Reafon to believe the Peo- ple of Schenellady, who are Friends and Neighbours to the Englijh ? 'Fhey brought with theni a Chrifti- an Woman and her Child, that had been taken Pri- foners, and reftored them, praying the Governor to ufe his Intereft to have their People reftored, that_ had been taken by the People of Virginia ; but they kept another Chriftian Woman and her two Chil- dren, which they faid they did only till fuch Time Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 39 Time as their Prifoners Ihould be reftored, or C h a p. fome Canajloga Indians given in their Place. III. When the Five Nations make Peace with another Nation, that has taken fome of the Five Nations Prifoners, if thefe Prifoners be dead, or cannot be reftored, they ufually demand fome Indians^ in Friendftiip with the Five Nations, in their ftead ; who either are adopted in Place of their dead Friends, or reftored to their own Nation j and fome- times they defire fome of their Enemies to be given to them, and even thofe frequently are adopted by a Father in Place of a Son, or by a Sifter in Place of a Brother, and, moft frequently, by a Wife in Place of a Hulband loft in the Wars 5 but if they chance not to be agreeable to the Relations, then they are certdnly made Sacrifices to their Re- venge. Governor Jndrofs, being acquainted by Letter with this laft Propofal of the Oneydoes, required the immediate Delivery of the Chriftian Prifoners, and promifed to write to Virginia to have the htdian Prifoners lav’d. Some Prefents being given to the Oneydoes, and they promifed to bring them in a Month’s Time. They, at the fame Time, informed the Com- * mandant at Albany, that eight of their Men were then out againft the People of Virginia ; that they knew nothing of what was now promifed-, and there- fore, in Cafe they fhould do any Harm, tney de- fired that it might not be taken as a Breach of their Promifes they now made. They promifed likewife to inform the Governor of every Thing thefe Par- ties Ihou’d happen to do. In the laft Place they laid, we fhall be very forty if any Thing Ihould happen to the Prifoners that we have promifed to reftore, left it fhould create fome Jealoufies of us, we hope that you will confider that they are mor- tal. Accordingly, in May following,, the Oneydoes brought the other three Pritoners to Albany, and, ^ D 4 4p The History of the Chap. on the Twenty-fourth of that Month, Swerife^ III. when he delivered them to the Commandant at Al ~ banyy and the Commiffioners for Indian Affairs, faid, “ Brethreuy “ We are come to this Place with much Trouble, “ as we did laft Winter, and renew the Requeft “ we then made, that fix Indians be delivered to “ us in the Room of thefe fix Chriftians, in Cafe “ our People, who are Prifoners, be dead. “ None of us have gone out againft the Chrifti- “ ans fince we were laft here ; but we told you “ then that fome were then out, who knew nothing “ of the Governor’s Orders, and we defired, that “ if any Thing happened it might not be taken ill. Now thirteen of our People, who wertt out againft our Indian Enemies, met eighteen Men on Horfeback, as far from any of the Englijh PJan- “ tations as Cahnuaga is from Albany y they fired “ upon our People ; our Men, being Soldiers, re- “ turned their Fire, and killed two Men and two , Horfes, and brought away their Scalps. “ It would be convenient that the Governor “ tell the People of Virginiay not to fend their Men fo far from Home •, for if they Ihould meet our “ Parties in their Way , againft our Enemies, the “ Cahnowasy whom the Englijh call Arogijliy we canr “ not anfwer for the Confequences. “ We have now obferved the Governor’s Orders, in bringing the three other Chriftian Prifoners ; “ and we truft the Affair of our Prifoners wholly to the Governor. “ We have now performed our Promifes : But where are our Prifoners j or, if they be dead, “ the others in their Room, now when it is fo late “ in the Spring However, we will ftill truft this to the Governor.” Then delivering^ the Prifoners one by one, faid. We have, we fay, now performed our Promifes, and Part I. Five Indian Nations, G?f. 41 “ and are not afhamed. We hope Corlaer, who Chap. f “ governs the whole Country, will likewife do that, I: : “ of which he need not be alhamed. w-r— ^ “ Corlaer governs the whole Land, from New- “ Tork to Mbany^ and from thence to the Sene- ■“ kas Land ; we, who are his Inferiors, fliall faith- ^ “ fully keep the Chain : Let him perform his Pro- ® “ mife, as we have ours, that the Chain be not “ broken on his Side, who governs the whole Coun- id << try.” Then the Commiflioners gave them Prefents for (w their kind Ufage of the Prifoncrs, ng Afterwhich5wfr/7f flood up again and fatd ; “ ! et lit “ Corlaer take Care, that the Indian Woman, Uiat M “ is wanting, be rellored, and, for thofe that .'•e lit “ killed, others in their Room, If Corlaer will ot “ give Ear to us in this Affair, we will not hereaf- ji- “ ter give Ear to him in any Thing.” «!• Hearing afterwards, that thefe laft Words were ill te- taken, Swerife, with two more of the chief Oneydoe w Sachems, excufed it, faying ; “ What we faid, of “ not hearkening any more to Corlaer, did not pro- lor ‘‘ ceed from the Heart, but was fpoken by Way of ffl “ Argument, to make Corlaer more careful to re- le “ leafe our People that are Prifoners •, and you may k “ be convinced it was fo, when you confider that it I- “ was faid after your Anfwer, and without laying “ down either Bever, or any Belt or W ampum, as i 5 i “ we always do, when we make Propofitions * ; i; “ therefore we defire, that, if it be noted, it may I “ be blotted out, and not made known to Corlaer, for we hold firmly to our Covenant, as we faid in ij “ our Propofitions.” * The Word Propofition has been always ufed by the Com- milTioners for Indian Affairs at Albany^ to fignify Propofals or Ar- tides in the Treaties or Agreements made with the Indians, 4 They, % i 42 History of the Chap. They, at. the fame Time, told them,That the6V«i5/?- . III. dowans * came to them with eight Belts, defiring ^ them no longer to profecute the War with the Vir- ginia Indians, but to go to War againft the Dewa- ganas ■}■, a Nation lying to the North-weftward ; and that the Sennckas did defire them to fet thefe Chriftians at Liberty, and to carry them to Alba- ; all which we promifed to do. TheF/w continuing however ftill to be trou- blefome to Virginia, that Government, in September following, fent Colonel William Kendall, and Colo- nel Southley Littleton, to Albaty, to renew and con- firm the Friendlhip between Virginia and the Five Nations. Colonel Littleton died at Albany, before the Indians arrived ; and Colonel Kendall fpoke firft to the Oneydoes, and told them- in a fet Speech, “ That “ their People had taken away and deftroyed their “ Goods and People, and brought Ibme of the Wo- “ men and Children of Virginia Captives into their “ Caftles, contrary to that Faith and Promife, and “ in Breach of the Peace made with Colonel Cour- “ yb'> without any the leaft Provocation, or Injury “ done, by the People of Virginia, However, through the great Rcfpedl Virginia has to their “ Nations, and hy the Perfuafions of the Governor “ of New-Tork, and the Information he has given “ the Government of Virginia, that they had qui- “ etly and peaceably delivered to him the Prifoners “ taken from Virginia, who were returned fafely ; “ and their excufing the fame, and Inclination to “ live peaceably, without injuring Virginia for the “ future ; the Government of Virginia did forgive “ all the Damages the Five Nations have done to “ the People of Virginia, though very great ; pro- “ vided that they, or any living among them, for * A Caftle of $ennekas, from whence the call the Sevnekai Tomntouan. t Comprehended under the general Name of Utaivawas. “ the Part I. Five Indian Nations, (Sc. '■ “ the future, do not offend, or moleft the Peo-CHAP. 'S “ pie of Virginia^ or Indians living among them.” III. He fpoke to the Mohawks and Sennekas, fepa-»— ^ rately from the Oneydoes^ becaufe they had not done 2 any Mifchief, and promifed them kind and neighbourly * Ufage when they came to Virginia^ and gave them Prefents ; they returned the Compliment, with an Affurance of their Friendfhip, and condoled Colbnel ^ Littleton’s Death, after the Indian Manner, by a ® Prefent of a Belt of black Wampum, befides the Belt given, on renewal of the Friendfhip. The Onnondagas did not come till November ; on ® the fifth of which Month the Virginia Agent fpoke to them, in the fame Words he did to the Oneydoes. It does not appear, by the Regifter of Indian Af- fairs, what Anfwer the Oneydoes and Onnondagas made, but it is certain they did not obferve Friend- fhip with Virginia, but molefted them with reite- ic rated Incurfions of their Parties. It is obfervable, '•i however, that thefe two Nations, and the Cayugas, only had French Priefts among them at that Time, I! and that none of the reft ever molefted the EngUfh ; « for which Reafon, Colonel Dongan, notwithftanding ic the Orders he had received from his Matter, and M that he himfelf was a Papift, complained of the ill K Offices thefe Priefts did to the Englifh Intereft, and P forbid tYit Five Nations to entertain any of them j 0 though the Engli/h and French Crowns, while he i! was Governor of New-Tcrk, feemed to be more • than ever in ftrifl Friendfhip. c The French had no Hopes of perfuading the Five ji! Nations to break with New-Tork direflly, but they [S were in Hopes, that, by the Indian Parties doing p frequent Mifchief in Virginia, the Government of k New-Tork would be forced to join, in refenting the Injury, and thereby that Union, between the Go- 'i!> vernment of Ne^v-Tork and the Five Nations, would ■ be broke, which always obftrudted, and often de- feated, the Defign the French had, of fubje(5tins all 2 North 44 History of the Qh A V. North America to the Crown oi France. For this in. Reafon, the Governors of New- York have always, '—•■V—-' with the greateft Caution, avoided a Breach with thefe Nations, on Account of the little Differences they had with the neighbouring Colonies. Thefe new Incurfions of thefe two Nations were fo trou- blefome to the People of Virginia.^ that their Gover- nor, the Lord Howard of Effingham.^ thought it ne- ceflary, for their Security, to undertake a Journey to New-Tork. I fhall give a particular Account of this Affair, which was thought of fuch Confequence, that a Peer of England left his Government, and travelled four-hundred Miles, to treat with the Five Nations ; and fhall take this Opportunity of defcribing fbme Ceremonies they ufe, in making Peace. T. he Sachems of the Five Nations being called to Albany, eight Mohawks, three Oneydoes, three On- r.ondagas, and three Cayuga Sachems, met his Lord- fhip there ; and, on the thirteenth of July, 1 684, he, accompanied by two of the Council of Virginia, fooke to tlie Sachems as follows, m the Prefence of Colonel Thomas Dongan, Governor of New-Tork, and the Magiftrates of Albany. The Senekas being far off, were not then arrived. Tropofals made by the Right Honourable Francis Lord Howard of Effingham, Gcroernor-genc- ral of his Majefy's Dominion of Virginia. To The Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onnondagas, a?/iCayugas. I T is now nbout feven Years, faid he, fince you (unprovoked) came \ntoVirginia,z Country be- “ long'ng fo the great King of England, and com- mitted feveral Mu-rders and Robberies, carrying ‘‘ away our Chriftian Women and Children Prifo- ne.s into your Caftles. All which Injuries we “ defigned k i t!‘ ):• C!- «• IP l!f, tl W; m: 9^ )ni iS: lii II 3!^: ir 1C b' It V Xr fis iiit Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 4^ “ defigned to have revenged on you, but at the Chap “ Defire of Sir £dwofiJ Androfs, then Governor- HI. “ general of this Country, we defifted from de- “ ftroying you, and fent our Agents, Colonel mi- “ Ham Kendal, and Colonel Southley Littleton, to “ confirm and make fure the Peace, that Colonel “ Courfey of Maryland included us in, when he firft “ treated with you. Wc find, that as you quickly “ forgot what you promifed Colonel Courfey, id you “ have wilfully broke the Covenant-chain which “ you promifed our Agent, Colonel Kendal, fhould “ be kept more ftrong and bright, if we of Vir- “ ginia would bury, in the Pit of Oblivion, the ‘‘ Injury then done us j which, upon Governor An- “ drofs's Intercefllon, and your Submiffion, we “ were willing to forget : But you not at all mind- “ ing the Covenant then made, have every Year “ fince, come into our Country in a war-like Man- “ ner, under Pretence of fighting with our Indi- “ ans, our Friends and Neighbours, which you “ ought not to have done, our Agent having inclu- “ ded them likewife in the Peace. You not only “ deftroyed, and took feveral of them Priibners, “ but you have alfo killed and burnt our Chriftian “ People, deftroying Corn and Tobacco, more than “ you made Ufe of, killed our Horfes, Hogs, and “ Cattle i not to eat, but to let them lie in the “ Woods and ftink : This you did, when you were “ not denied any Thing you faid you w'anted. “ I muft allb tell you, that, under the Pretence “ of F'riendfhip, you have come to Houfes at the “ Heads of our Rivers (when they have been for- tified) with a white Sheet on a Pole, and have “ laid down your Guns before the Fort ; upon “ which, our People taking you for Friends, have “ admitted your great Men into their Forts, and “ have given them Meat and Drink, what they de- “ fired. After the great Men had refreflied them- “ felvcs, and defiring to return, as they were let out ‘ - of »: n£ 46 "The History of the C H A p. “ of the Fort-gates, the young Men commonly rufhed III. into the Fort, and plundered the Houfes, taking Ci-v— ' “ away, and deftroying all the Corn, Tobacco, and « Bedding, and what elfe was in the Houfes. When “ they went away, they generally alfo took feveral « Sheep with them, and killed feveral Cows big with « Calf, and left them behind them cut to Pieces, and “ flung about, as if it were in Defiance of us, and in « Derifion of our Friendlhip. Thefe, and many “ more Injuries that you have done us, have caufed “ me to raife Forces, to fend to the Heads of our “ Rivers, to defend our People from thefe Out- “ rages, till I came to New-I'ork, to Colonel Thomas “ Dongan^ your Governor-general, to defire him, “ as we are all one King’s Subjefts, to affift me in *• warring againfl: you, to revenge the Chriftian “ Blood that you have Ihed, and to make you “ give full Satisfadion for all the Goods that you “ have deftroyed : But by the Mediation of your “ Governor, I am now come to Albomy to fpeak “ with you, and to know the Reafon of your break- “ ing the Covenant- chain, not only with us and “ our neighbour Indians^ but with Maryland^ who “ are great King Charles’s Subjefts ; for our Indians “ have given King Charles their Land ; therefore I, the Governor of Virginia, will prote<5t them, as “ your Governor, under the great Duke ofTcrk and Albany, will henceforth you, when the Chain of “ Friendlhip is made between us all. “ Now I have let you know, that I am fenfible “ of all the Injuries you have done us, and by the “ Defire of your Governor-general, I am willing “ to make a new Chain with you for Virginia, Ma- “ ryland, and our Indians, that may be more ftrong “ and lafting, even to the Word’s End ; fo that we “ may be Brethren, and great King Charles’s Chil- “ dren. “ I pro- Part I. Five Indian Nations, (:ic. “ I propofe to you, Jirft, That you call out of C “ our Countries of Virginia and Marylayid^ all your “ young Men or Soldiers that are now there. “ Secondly^ That you do not hinder or moleft our “ friendly Indians from hunting in our Mountains, it “ having been their Country, and none of yours ; “ they never go into your Country to difturb any “ of you. “ Thirdly^ Though the Damages you have done “ our Country be very great, and would require a “ great deal of Satisfadion, which you are bound “ to give ; yet we affure you, that only by the “ Perfuafions of your Governor, who is at a vaft “ deal of Trouble and Charge for your Welfare, “ which you ever ought to acknowledge, 1 have “ pals’d it by and forgiven you; upon this Conditi- “ on, that your People, nor any living among you, “ for the future, ever commit any Incurfions upon “ our Chriftians or Indians living among us, or in “ Maryland, “ For the better Confirmation of the fame, and “ that the Peace now concluded may be lafting, I “ propofe to have two * Hatchets buried, as a fi- “ nal Determination of all Wars and Jarrings be- “ tween us ; one on behalf of us and our Indians,^ “ and the other for all yo\xt Nations nmttA together, “ that ever did us any Injury, or pretended to war “ againft our Indian Friends, or thofe of Mary- “ knd. “ And that nothing may be wanting for Confir- “ mation thereof (if you defire it) we are willing “ to fend fome of our Indian Sachems^ with an A- “ gent, next Summer, about this Time, that they “ may ratify the Covenant with you here, in this “ prefixed Houfe, where you may fee and fpeak “ together as Friends. * All Indians make Ufe of a Hatchet or Axe, as an Emblem to cxprcis War. ^he History of the « That the Covenant now made between us, in this prefixed Houfe, in the Prefence of your Go- vernor, may be firmly kept and performed on your Parts, as it always has been on ours ; and that you do not break any one Link of the Covenant- chain for the future, by your People’s coming near our Plantations ; when you march to the Southward, keep to the Feet of the Mountains, and do not come nigh the Heads of our Rivers, there being no Bever-hunting there j for we ftiall not for the future, though you lay down your Arms as Friends, ever truft you more, you have fo often deceived us.”' The next Day the Mohawks anfwer’d firft by their Speaker, faying : “ We muft, in the firft Place, fay fomething to “ the other three Nations, by Way of Reproof, for “ their not keeping the former Chain, as they “ ought i and therefore we defire you, great Sa- “ chem of Virginia, and you Corker, and all here “ prefent to give Ear, for we will conceal nothing « of the Evil they have done.” [Then turning to the other Nations.] “ You have heard Yefterday “ all that has been faid ; as for our Parts, we are “ free of the Blame laid on us ; we have always “ been obedient to Corlaer, and have fteadily kept “ our Chain with Virginia, Maryland, and Bofton ; “ but ye are ftupid and brutifh, and have no Un- “ derftanding, we muft ftamp Underftanding into “ you. Let the new Chain made Yefterday be carc- “ fully preferved for the future. This we earneft- “ ly recommend to you, for we are ready to cry “ for Shame of you ; let us be no more afhamcd on “ your Account, but be obedient, and take this “ Belt, to keep what we fay in your Memory. “ Hear now, now is the Time to hearken •, the “ Covenant-chain had very near dipt, by your not 2 “ keepirg ■Chap. in. “ Ci (C (C cc 4C CC 44 44 44 Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c. “ keeping it firmly. Hold it fall now, when all for-C mer Evils are buried in the Pit. “ Y ou Oneydoesy I fpeak to you as Children ; be “ no longer childifh, or void of Underftanding. ‘‘ You Onondagasy our Brethren, you are like “ deaf People, that cannot hear, your Senfcs are “ covered with Dirt and Filth, “ You Caytigas, do not return Into your former “ Ways. There are three Things we muft all ob- “ lerve. “ Firjiy The Covenant with Corlear. Secondly^ “ the Covenant with Virginia and Maryland. “ Thirdly^ with Bojlon. We muft ftamp Under- “ ftanding into you, that you may be obedient j “ and take this Belt for a Remembrancer.” Then CadiannCy the fame Mohawk Speaker, turn- ing to my Lord, faid : “ We are very thankful to you, great Sachem of “ Virginia, that you are perfuaded by Corlear, our Governor, to forgive all former Faults. We are “ very glad to hear you, and fee your Heart foft- “ ened. Take thefe three Bevers as a Token. “ We thank the great Sachem of Virginia for lay- “ ing, that the Axe fhall be thrown into the Pit. “ Take thefe two Bevers, as a Token of our Joy “ and Thankfulnefs. “ We are glad that AJfarigoa * will bury in the “ Pit what is paft. Let the Earth be trod hard “ over it ; or rather, let a ftrong Stream run under “ the Pit, to walh the Evil away out of our Sight “ and Remembrance, and that it may never be “ digged up again. “ AJfarigoa, you are a Man of Knowledge and “ Underftanding, thus to keep the Covenant-chain “ bright as Silver ; and now again to renew it, and * The Name the Fivt Nations always give the Gavtr.ior of Virginia, E “ make ^he History of the Chap.“ make it ftronger. (Then pointing to the three III. “ other Nations, faid,) But they are Chain- break- “ ers. I lay down this as a Token, that we Mo- “ hawks have preferved the Chain intire on our “ Parts. Gives two Bevers and a Racoon. “ The Covenant muft be kept ; for the Fire of « Love of Virginia Maryla-ndhnrm in this Place, “ as well as ours, and this Houfe of Peace muft be “ kept clean. Gives two Bevers. « We now plant a Tree *, whofe Top will reach “ the Sun, and its Branches fpread far abroad, fo “ that it ftiall be feen afar off ; and we fhall Ihelter “ ourfelves under it, and live in Peace without Mo- “ leftation. Here he gave two Bevers. “ You propofed Yefterday, that if we were de- firous to fee the Indians of Virginia^ you are will- “ ing to fend fome of their Sachems next Summer, “ about this Time, to this Place. This Propofal “ pleafes me very much, the fooner they come the “ better, that we may fpeak with them in this “ Floufe, which is appointed for our fpeaking with “ our Friends •, and give two Belts to confirm it. “ You have now heard what Exhortation we have “ made to the other three Nations ; we have taken “ the Hatchet out of their Hands ', we now there- “ fore pray, that both your Hatchets may likewife “ be buried in a deep Pit. Giving two Bevers. “ JJfarigoa, fome of us Mohawks are out againft “ our Enemies, that lie afar off, they will do you “ no Harm, nor plunder, as the others do. Be “ kind to them, if they (hall happen to come to “ any of your Plantations ; give them fome To- “ bacco and fome Vidtuals; for they will neither “ rob nor fteal, as the Oneydoesy Onnondagas, and “ Cayngas have done. * The F/w Vaiions always exprefs Peace by the Metaphor of a Tree. “ The tt k. 1 }. 1111 i a, ;1» at! Its 4 dc’ /ill. \er d :tll tls If it. br: i' lie ei; »tt 1 1 : fli S>r T1 Part I. Five Indian Nations, tic. gi “ The Oneydoes particularly thank you, great Sa- C h a p* « chem of Virginia^ for confenting to lay down the III. “ Axe. The Hatchet is taken out of all their -v— ^ “ Hands. Gives a Belt. “We again thank Affarigoa, that he has made a “ new Chain. Let it be kept bright and clean, and “ held faft on all Sides ; let not any one pull his “ Arm from it. We include all the four Nations^ “ in giving this Belt. “We again pray AJfarigoa, to take the Oneydoes “ into his Favour, and keep the Chain ftrong “ with them j for they are our Children. Gives a “ Belt. “ The Oneydoes give twenty Bevers, as a Satisfac- “ tion for what they promifed the Lord Baltimcre^ “ and defire that they may be difeharged of that “ Debt.” The two Governors told them, that they would ufe their Endeavours with the Lord Baltimore^ to perfuade him to forgive what remained. Then the Indians defired that the Hole might be dug, to bury the Axes, viz. one in Behalf of Vir- ginia and their Indians, another in Behalf of Ma- ryland and theirs, and three for the Onnondagas, 0- neydoes, and Cayugas. The Mohawks laid, there was no Need of burying any on their Account, for the firft Chain had never been broke by them. Then the three Nations fpoke by an Onnondaga, called Thanohjdnihta, who faid : “We thank the ^yt^tSachern of Virginia, that he “ has fo readily forgiven and forgot the Injuries “ that have been done ; and we, for our Parts, glad- “ ly catch at, and lay hold of the new Chain. “ Then each of them delivered an Axe to be buri- “ ed, and gave a Belt. “ I fpeak in the Name of all three Nations, and “ include them in this Chain, which we defire may “ may be kept clean and bright like Silver. Gives a “ Belt. , E 2 “ We Tloe History of the We defire that the Path may be open for the “ Indians under fffdrigoa’s Proteftion, to come “ fafely and freely to this Place, in order to confirm “ the Peace. Gives fix Fathom of Wampum. Then the Axes were buried m the fouth-eaft End of the Court-yard, and the Indians threw the Earth upon them ; after which the Lord Howard told them, fince now a firm Peace is concluded, we fhall hereafter remain Friends, and Virginia and Maryland will fend once in two or three Years to renew it, and fome of our Sachems ftiall come, ac- cording to your Defire, to confirm it. Laft of all the Oneydoes^ the Onnondagas^ and Cayugas, jointly fang the Peace-fong, with Demon- ftrations of much Joy ; and thanked the Governor of New-Tork for his efFeftual Mediation with the Governor of Virginia in their Favour. Colonel Dungan had gained the AfTeftions of the Five Nations^ and they efteemed him much. They defired the Duke of TcrVs Arms to put up- on their Cajlles, which, from the Sequel of their Story, we may fuppofe they were told would fave them from the French. Colonel Dungan defired them to call Home thole of their Nations that had fettled in Canada.* To which they anfwered, Cor- Isar keeps a Correfpondence and Friendlhip with Ca- nada, and therefore he can prevail more than we can. * The French Priejis had. from Time to Time, perfuaded fe- veral of the Fi'Ve Rations to leave their own Country, and to fet- tle near Montreal ; where the French are very induftrious in en- couraging them. Their Numbers have been likewile increafed by the Prifoners the French have taken in War, and by others that have run from their own Country ; becaufe of fome Mif- chief that they had done, or Debts which they owed theChrifti- ans. Thefe Indians are all profefs’d Papills, and for that Reafon are commonly called the praying Indians by their Countrymen, and they are called Cahnuagas by the People of Albany ^ from the Place where they live ; the French value them on Ac- oount of the Intelligence they give in Time of War, and their Knowledge of the Countries, 2 Let Part I Five Indian Nations, & c . Let Corlear ufe his Endeavours to draw our Indians Chap. Home to their own Country. III. The Government of the Majfachufets Bay had ap- pointed Colonel Slephamis Cor t land , one of the Coun - cil of New-Tork, their Agent at this Time, to re- new their Friendfhip likewife with the Five Nations, and to give them fome final 1 Prefents ; which was accordingly done. The Governor of New-York, Colonel Dungan, con- cluded with this Advice to them : Keep a good Un- derftanding among yourfelves; if any Difference happen, acquaint me with it, and I will compofe it. Make no Agreement with the French, or any other Nation, without my Knowledge and Approbation. Then he gave the Duke’s Arms to be put up at each of their Caftles, in Hopes it might deter the French from attacking them, (as they were threatened from Canada) by this fo manifeft a Declaration of their being under the Proteftion of the Crown of Eng- land, when the two Crowns were in the ftri<5tefl Friendfhip •, but it is probable the French chofe this very Time to attack them, to bring them off from that Confidence they feemed to have in the Eng- lijh. It may be proper, before I proceed, to infert here alfo a remarkable Speech made by the Onnondagas and Cayugas to the two Governors, on the fecond Day of Augujt, viz. “ Brother Corlear, “ Your Sachem is a great Sachem, and we are but “ a fmall People •, but when the Englijh came firft “ to Manhatan,* to Aragifke f and to Takokrana- “ ll» they were then but a final! People, and we “ were great. Then, becaufe we found you a good “ People, we treated you kindly, and gave you Land ; “ we hope therefore, now that you are great, and • Knv-Tork. t Vhgmln. II Merylani. F, ; “ we Parti. Five Indian Nations. “ Lake, with this Belt of Wampum, and this other Ch a p. “ fmaller Belt to the Du.ke of York his Brother: And HI- “ we give you, Corlear, this Bever, rliat you may -v— > “ fend over this Propofition, “ You great Man of Virginia, we let you know, “ that great Penn did fpeak to us here in CorleaPs “ Houle by his Agents, and defired to buy the “ Sufquehana River of us, but we would not heark- “ en to him, for we had fattened it to this Govern- ment. “ We defire you therefore to bear witnefs of what “ we now do, and that we now confirm what we “ have done before. Let your Friend, that lives “ on the other Side the great Lake, know this, “ that we being a free People, though united to the “ Englijh, may give our Lands, and be joined to “ the Sachem we like bett. We give this Bever to “ remember what we fay.” The Senekas arrived foon after, and, on the fifth of Auguft, fpoke to the Lord Howard in the follow- ing Manner : “ We have heard and underttood what Mifchief “ hath been done in Virginia ; we have it as perfedt “ as if it were upon our Fingers Ends. O Corlear ! “ we thank you for having been our Interceflbr, fo “ that the Axe has not fallen upon us. “ And you AJfarigoa, great Sachem of Virginia, “ we thank you for burying all Evil in the Pit. We “ are informed, that the Mohawks, Oneydoes, On~ “ nondagas, and Cayugas, have buried the Axe al- “ ready •, now we that live remotett off, are come “ to do the fame, and to include in this Chain the “ Cahnawaas, your Friends. We defire therefore, “ that an Axe, on our Part, may be buried with one “ of AJfarigoa*s. O Corlear ! Corlear ! we thank you “ for laying hold of one End of the Axe 5 and we “ thank you, great Governor of Virginia, not only “ for throwing afide the Axe, but more efpecially “ for your putting all Evil from your Heart. Now E 4 “we 56 History of the C H A p, “ we have a new Chain, a ftrong and a ftraight III. “ Chain, that cannot be broken. The Tree of Peace is planted fo firmly, that it cannot be “ moved, let us on both Sides hold the Chain “ faft. “ We underftand what you faid of the great Sachem, that lives on the other Side the great ‘ ‘ Water. “ You tell us, that the Cahnawaas will come “ hither, to ftrengthen the Chain. Let them not make any Excufe, that they are old and feeble, or that their Feet are fore. If the old Sachems can- “ not, let the young Men come. We lhall not fail “ to come hither, tho’ we live fartheft off, and then the new Chain will be ftronger and brighter. “We underftand, that becaufe of the Milchief “ that has been done to the People and Caftles of “ Virginia and Maryland, we mull not come near “ the Heads of your Rivers, nor near your Planta- “ tions, but keep at the Foot of the Mountains j “ for tho’ we lay down our Arms, as Friends, we “ lhall not be trufted for the future, but looked on “ as Robbers. We agree however to this Propofition, “ and lhall wholly ftay away from Virginia : And “ this we do in Gratitude to Corlear, who has been “ at fo great Pains to perfuade you, great Governor “ of Virginia, to forget what is pall. You are wife “ in giving Ear to Corlear’s good Advice, for we “ lhall now go a Path which was never trod be- “ fore. “We have now done fpeaking to Corlear, and “ the Governor of Virginia ; let the Chain be for “ ever kept clean and bright by him, and we lhall “ do the fame. “The other Nations from the Mohawks Country “ to the Caryugas, have delivered up the Sufquehana “ River, and all that Country, to CcrleaVs Go- “ vernment. We confirm what they have done by “ giving this Belt. ” Coll. part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. Coll. Bird, one of the Council of Virginia, and Chap; Edmond Jennings Efq ; Attorn^ General of that Pro- III. * vince, came with four Indian Sachems, (according ® to the Lord Howard''^ Promife) to renew and con- firm the Peace, and met the Five Nations at Alban‘S in September 1685. Coll. Bird accufed them of having again broke their Promife, by taking an Indian Girl from K an Englijh Man’s Houfe, and four Indian Boys Prifoners. « They excufed this, by its being done by the Par- in- ties that were out when the Peace was concluded, ai who knew nothing of it ; which Accident they had iffl provided againft in their Articles. They faid, the four Boys were given to the Relations of thofe Men fef that were loft ; and it would be difficult to obtain of their Reftoration : But they at laft promifed to deli- ar ver them up. ta- The Senakas and Mohawks declared themfelves lii free of any Blame, and chid the other Nations. V. So that we may ftill obferve the Influence which 0 the French Priefts had obtained over thofe other Na- on, tions, and to what Chriftlan like Purpofe they ufed is it. e* The Mohawks Speaker faid, “ Where fhall I feek K “ the Chain of Peace ? Where fhall I find it but (js “ upon our * Path ? And whither doth our Path It “ lead us, but into this Houfe ? This is a Houfe of If “ Peace ; ” after this he fang all the Links of the Chain over. He afterwards fang by Way of Admonition jj; to the Onondagas, Oneydoes, and Cayugas, and con- (, eluded all with a Song to the Virginia Indians. lii] The French Priefis however ftill employed their In- fluence over the Onnondagas, Cayugas, and On^'does -, and it was eafy for them to fpiritup thelndians (natural- > * The Mohaukj Country is fituated between the other Nations f and Albany. I ^8 "The History of the CHAp.ly revengeful) againft their old Enemies. A Par- Ill. ty of the Oneydoes went out two Years after this againft the Wayanoak Indians^ Friends of Virginia, and killed fome of the People of Virginia, who af- fifted thofe Indians. They took fix Prifoners, but reftored them zt Albany, with an Excufc, that they did not know they were Friends of Virginia. But Coll. Bmgan on this Occafion told them. That he only had kept all the Englijh in North- America from join- ing together to deftroy them i that if ever he Ihould hear of the like Complaint, he would dig up the Hatchet, and join with the reft of the Englijh to cut them off Root and Branch ; for there were many Complaints made of him to the King by the Englijh, as well as by the Governor of Canada, for his favour- ing of them. We have now gone through the material Tranf- aftions which the Five Nations had with the Englijh, in which we find the Englijh purfuing nothing but peaceable and Chriftian-like Meafures ; and the Five Nations (tho* Barbarians) living with the People of New-Tork, like good Neighbours and faithful F'riends, and generally with all the Englijh 2M0, ex- cept when they were influenced by the Jefuites •, at the fame Time, one cannot but admire the Zeal, Courage, and Refolution of thefe Jefuites, that would adventure to live among Indians at War with their Nation ; and the better to carry their Purpofes, to comply with all the Humours and Manners of fuch a wild People, fo as not to be diftinguifhed by Strangers from meer One of them, named Milet, remained with the Oneydoes till after the Year 1694-, he was advanced to the Degree of a Sachem, and had fo great an Influence over them, that the other Nations could not prevail with them to part with him. While he lived with them, the Oneydoes were frequently turned againft the Southern Indians (Friends of the Englijh fouthern Colonies] Part I. Five Indian Nations, and were always wavering in their Refolutions againft the French at Canada. We (hall now fee what Effe< 5 l: the Policy of the French had, who purfued very different Meafures from the EngliJ/j. CHAP. IV. Mr. De la BarreV Expedition^ and fame remarkable ’Tranfaiiions in 1684. f 1^ H E French^ in the Time they were at Peace Chap. J with the Five Nations, built their Forts at Taidonderaghi and Mifftlimakin^, and made a Settle- ment there. I hey carried on their Commerce among the numerous Nations that live on the Banks of the great Lakes, ancbthe Banks of the MiJJiJftpi ; they not only profecuted their Trade among thefe Nations, but did all they could to fecure their Obe- dience, and to make them abfolutely fubjeA to the Crown of France, by building forts at the confiderable Pafles, and placing fmall Garifons in them. They took in (hort all the Precautions in their Power, not only to reftrain the Indians by Force, but likewife to gain their Affe^‘\f^ “ our Women had taken their Clubs, our Children “ and old Men had carried their Bows and Arrows “ into the Heart of your Camp, if our Warriors “ had not difarmed them, and kept them back, « when your Meflenger, Obguejfe, came to our Caftles. It is done, and I have faid it. Hear, “ Tonnondio, we plundered none of the French, but “ thofe that carried Guns, Powder, and Ball to the « Iwikties and Chitlaghicks, becaufe thofe Arms “ might have coft us our Lives. Herein we follow “ the Example of the Jefuits, who Have all the “ Caggs of Rum brought to our Caftles, left the “ drunken Indians fhould knock them on the Head. “ Our Warriors have not Bevers enough to pay for “ all thefe Arms, that they have taken, and our “ old Men are not afraid of the War. This Belt “ preferves my Words. “ We carried the Englijh into our Lakes, to trade “ there with the Utawawas and ^atoghies, as the “ Adirondacks brought the French to our Caftles, to “ carry on a Trade which the Englijh fay is theirs, “ We are born free, we neither depend on Yonnmt- , “ dio nor Corlear. “ We may go where we pleafe, and carry with “ us whom we pleafe, and buy and fell what we “ pleafe : If your Allies be your Slave®, ufe them “ as fuch, command them to receive no other but “ your People. This Belt preferves my Words. “We knock’d the Twihtwies and CbiSiaghicks on “ the Head, becaufe they had cut down the Trees “ of Peace, which were the Limits of our Country. “ They have hunted Bevers on our Lands : They “ have atfted contrary to the Cuftoms of all Indi- “ ans ; for they left none of the Bevers alive, they “ killed both Male and Female. They brought F 3 “ the \ yo History the C H A p,.“ the Saianas * into their Country, to take Part IV. “ with them, after they had concerted ill Defigns “ againft us. ^Ve have done lels than either the “ Englip or French, that have ufurped the Lands “ of fo many Indian Nations, and chafed them front « their own Country. This Belt preferves my « Words. Hear, Tonnondio, what I fay is the Voice « of all the Five Nations *, hear what they anfwer, “ open your Ears to what they fpeak : The Seve- « kas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneydoes, and Mo- “ hawks fay, that when they burled the Hatchet at « Cadarackui (in the Prefence of your PredecefTor) “ in the Middle of the Fort, they planted the Tree « of Peace in the fame Place, to be there carefully “ preferved, that, in Place of a Retreat for Sol- « diers, that Fort might be a Rendezvous for Mer- « chants j that, in Place of Arms and Ammu- “ nition of War, Bevers and Merchandife fhould “ only enter there. “ Hear, Tonnondio, take Care for the future, “ that fo great a Number of Soldiers, as appear « there, do not choak the Tree of Peace planted “ in fo fmall a Fort. It will be a great Lofs, if af- “ ter it had fo eafily taken Root, you fhould flop its Growth, and prevent its covering your Coun- “ try and ours with its Branches. I aflure you, in “ the Name of the Five Nations, that our Warriors “ fhall dance to the Calumet of Peace under its “ Leaves, and fhall remain quiet on their Matts, “ and fhall never dig up the Hatchet, till their Bre- “ thren, Tonnondio or Corlear, fhall either jointly “ or feparately endeavour to attack the Country, “ which the great Spirit has given to our An- “ ceftors. This Belt preferves my Words, and this “ other, the Authority which the Five Nations has “ given me.” * Called Sav:ancns by the French. Thai 71 Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. Then Garangula addreffing himfelf to Monfieur le Maine, faid : « Take Courage, Obguejfe, you have Spirit, « fpeak, expldn my Words, forget nothing, tell I « all that your Brethren and Friends fay to lofi~ « nondie, your Governor, by the Mouth of Ga- ' “ ranguk, who loves you, and defires you to ac- “ cept of this Prcfent of Bevef, and take Part with “ me in my Feaft; to which I invite you. This « Prefent of Bever is fent to Tonnondio on the Part “ of the Five Nations^ il S' When GaranguWs Harangue was explained to i Monfieur de la Barre, he returned to his Tent, < much inraged at what he had heard. I Garangula feafted the French Officers, and then ' went Home, and Monfieur de la Barre fet out in ’ his Way towards Monreal ; and as foon as the General ’ was imbarked, with the few Soldiers that remained in Health, the Militia made Ae belt of their Way to their own Habitations, without any Order or [ Difcipline. .... j- • f Thus a very chargeable and fatiguing Expedition (which was to ftrike the Terror of the French Name ' into the ftubborn Hearts of the Ftve Nattons) ended * in a Scold between the French General and an old Indian. « j. ^ ^ ! C H A P. V. i ? •The Englifh attempt to trade in the Lakes, and i the French attack the Senekas. T H E Marquis de Nonville having now fucceeded ^ p. Mon(\t\xtdelaBarre, m the Year 168 5, and ha- ving brought a confiderable Reinforcement o o . lers with him, refolved to recover the Honour the ij F 4 72 7he History of the Chap. French had loft in the laft Expedition, and revenge V. the Slaughter ihe Five Nations continued to make of the ‘Fwibtwies and ChiSiaghicksy who had put themfelves under the French Proteftion ; for the Five Nations having intirely fubdued the Qn 5 la- ghicks *, after a fix Years War, they refolved next to fall upon the FwihtwieSy and to call theih to an Ac- count for the Difturbance they had given fome of their People in their Bever Hunting. The Five Nations have few or no Bever in their own Country, and for that Reafon are obliged to hunt at a great Diftance, which often occafions Difputes with their Neighbours about the Property of the Bever. The Bever is the moft valuable Branch of the Indian Trade, and as the Twihtwies carried their Bevers to the Frenchy the Englijh encouraged the Five Nations in thefe Expeditions, and particularly, in the Begin- ing of the Year 1687, made the Five Nations a Prefent of a Barrel of Powder, when their whole Force was preparing to go againft the Twihtwies. The Englijh were the better pleafed with this War, becaufe they thought that it would divert the Five Nations from the Virgmia Indians : But the French were refolved to fupport their Friends more effedu- ally by a powerful DIverfion, and to change the Seat of the War. For this Purpofe Mr. de Nonville fent, in Mey- *^87, great Quantities of Provifion to Cadarachii Fort, and gathered the whole Force of Canada to Montreal. His Army confifted of fifteen hundred French of the regular Troops and Militia, and five hundred Indians that lived near Montreal and ^e- heck. He fent likewife Orders to the Comniahdant at MiJJihmakinak to aftemble all the Nations living round him, and to march them to OniagarCy in or- der to join the Forces of Canada defigncd againft the SenekaSy and the other Officers pofted a- * Called lliiniiis by the French. inong Part I. Five Indian Nations, G’t. 7^ mong the Indians Weft ward had the like Or-CnAP. ders. V. The Twihtwies received the Hatchet with Joy from the Hands of the French Officer. The Outa- gamies, Kikabous^ and Mafkuticks^ who were not u- fed to Canoes, were at firft perfuaded to join the IwibtwieSy who were to march by Land to Teuchfa- grondie, where there was a French Fort, at which they were to be fupplied with Ammunition. But after the French Officer left them, the Utagamies and Majkuticks were diffuaded by feme of the Ma~ hikander Indians, who happened to be with a neigh- bouring Nation at that Time. The Futewatemies, Malhominies, and Puans of- fered themfelves willingly, and went to the Rendez- vous at MiJJilimakinak ; where they were received by the Utawawas with all the Marks of Honour u- fually paid to Soldiers. Though the Utawawas had no Inclination to the prefent Enterprize ; they could not tell however how to appear againft it, otherwife than by inventing what Delays they could, to pre- vent their March. In the mean while a Canoe arrived, which was fent by Mr. de Notmille, with his Orders to the Officers. This Canoe, in her Paflage, difeo^ered fome Englijh, commanded by Major Mac Gergoty, in their Way to Teiodonderaghie. The Englifh thought (after they had an Account of the new Al- liance their King had entered into with the French) that the French would not difturb them in profecu- ting a Trade with the Indians every where, and that the Trade would be equally free and open to both Nations. With thele Hopes a conliderable Number of Adventurers went out, under the Condu(5k of Major Mac Gergory, to trade with the Indians that lived on the Banks of the I-akes ; and that they might be the more welcome, perfuaded the Five Nations to fet all the Dionondadie Prifoners at Liber- ty, who went along with the Englijh, and conduced them ^he HlSTOilY rf the Ch a p.thefn towafdsi Miphnakinak, m Teio^deragbie ; but V. the Evglijh found themfelves miftaken, for the 1.1-^ French Commandant at •leiedonderaghie, as fooil as he had Notice of this, fent three- hundred French to intercept the Englijh. , , • ,-i * The Utawawas and Dionondadies having hkewife an Account of the Engli/h^ defigned to fupport their own Independency, and to incourage the Englijh Trade. The return of the Dionondadie Prifoners made that Nation very hearty in favouring the Englijh^ they therefore marched immediately off, with Defign to join Major Mac Gergory ^ but the Utawawas were divided in their Inclinations, their Chief, with about thirty more, joined the French^ the reft remained in fufpence, and flood neuter. The Utawawas thus wavering, difcOncerted the Meafures oi tht Dionondadies^ for they began to fuf- ^t€tt\icUtawawaSy and therefore immediately re- turned to fecure their Wives and Children that they had left near the French Fort with the Uta~ ‘wawas. The Englijh and their Effe< 5 ls were feized without any Oppofition, and were carried to the French Fort AtTeiodonderaghie. T^e: Englijh brought great Quantities of Rum with them, (which the Indians love more than their Lives) and the French being afraid, that if the Indi- ans took to Drinking, they would grow ungovern- able, did what they could to keep them from it. They were moft concerned that the Putewatemies (who had no Knowledge of xhe.EngliJh,,ot of that be- witching liquor, and were firmly attached to the French) Ihould not tafte it. ThtUtawawas ftill contrived Delays to the March, and having got fome of the Puteiuatemies privately by themfelves, they offered them a Cag of Rum, and faid : We are all Brethren, we ought to make * Hiftory de le Amerique Septentrionale, par Mr. de la Pb- teric, Tome ii. Cap. i6. “ one Part I. Five Indian Nations, (Sc. “ one Body, and to have one Soul. The French C “ invite us to war againft the Five Nations y with “ Defign to make us Slaves, and that we fhould “ make ourfelves the Tools to cffedl it. As foon “ as they (hall have deftroyed the Five Nations^ “ they will no longer obferve any Meafures with us, “ but ufe us like thofe Beafts they tie to their Ploughs. “ Let us leave them to themfelves, and they will never be able to accomplifh any Thing againft the Five Nations.** But the Futewatemies had entertained fuch Notions of the French^ as made them deaf to the Politicks of the Utawaojoas. The French however grew jealous of thefe Cabal- lings, and therefore refolved to delay their March no longer, and would not ftay one Day more for the Utofwawas, who defired only fo much Time to pitch their Canoes, and went away without them. Mr. Tontiy Commandant among the Chid a-, ghicksy met with another Party of the Englijh of a- bout thirty Men, in Lake Erie, as he marched with the Chicktaghicks and 'Tvsihtvoies, and other neigh- bouring Nations, to the general Rendezvous. He fell upon the Englijh, plundered them, and took them Prifoners. The French divided all the Mer- chandize among the Indians, but kept the Rum to themfelves, and got all drunk. The Deonondadie Prifoners, that conducted the Englijh, joined with the Mihikander Indians that were among Mr. ‘Ton- ti*s Indians (who had privately difluaded about twenty of the neighbouring Nations from going with 'Tonii ) and endeavoured to perliiade all the Indians to fall upon the French, while they were drunk, and deftroy them ; faying, the French are a proud, im- perious, covetous People, that fell their Goods a: an extravagant Price ; the Englijh are a good na- tured honeft People, and will iornifti you with e- very Thing at reafonabie Rates. But thefe Argu- ments were to no Purpofe, for thefe far Indidns had cuter- J’he History of the entertained an extraordinary Opinion of the French Power, and knew nothing of the EngUJh. The French and Putewatemies being gone from TeiodonderaghiCy the Utawawas began to be afraid of the French Refentment, and therefore, the better to keep up the Colour they had put on their Delays, inarched over Land, with all poffible Expedition, to the general Rendezvous near Oniagaray where all the French Force, both Chriftians and InSanSy was to meet. The Five Nations being informed of the French Preparations, laid afide their Defign againft thtFivih- twiesy and prepared to give the French a warm Re- ception. Upon this the Prieft at Onondaga left them, but the Prieft at Oneydo had the Courage to ftay. The Senekas came to Albcn^ to provide Ammunition, and the Commiflioners made them a Prefent of a confiderable Quantity of Powder and Lead, befides what they purchafed. They were under a great deal of Concern when they took Leave of the Commiflioners, and faid, “ Since we are to “ expeft no other Afliftance from our Brethren, “ we muft recommend our Wives and Children to “ you, who will fly to you, if any Misfortune fhall “ happen to us. It may be we fhall never fee you “ again ; for we are refolved to behave fo, as our “ Brethren fhall have no Reafon to be afhamed of “ us.” We muft now return to Monfieur de Nonvide's Army. • Monfieur Campagnie marched eight or ten Days before the reft of the Army, with between two and tnree hundred Cannadians. As foon as they arrived at: Cadarackuiy they furprifed two Villages of the Five NationSy that were fettled about eight Leagues trom that Place, to prevent their giving any Intelli- gence to their own Nation of the French Preparati- ons, or of the State of their Army, as it was fup- poled they did in the laft Expedition under Mon- I ) i k e- tit to A ni d fC. at II jtt HI ll)L P ;oc di jii ft: 3*1 if* a f, flit’ ifc fc Part I. Five Indian Nation^;, (^c. fieur ^ la Barre. Thefe People were furprifed when C they leaft expefted it, and by them from whom they feared no Harm, becaufe they had fettled there ^ the Invitation, and on the Faith of the French. They were carried m cold Blood to the Fort, and tied to Stakes, to be tormented by the French Indi~ ans, (Chriftians,^ as they call them) while they con- tinued linging in their country Manner, and up- Se ^ with their Perfidy and Ingrati- While Monfieur deNonville was at Cadarackui Fort he had an Account, that the Cbicktaghicks and Twwtwtes waited for the ^mtoghies and Utawawas at Lake St. Clair , with whom they defigned to march to the general Rendezvous, at the Mouth of the Senekas River. For this Expedition was chiefly defigned againft the Senekas, who had abfolutely refuted to meet Monfieur de la Barre, and were moft firmly attached to the Englift,. The Senekas, for this Reafon, were defigned to be made Examples of the Refentment to all the other Nations of Indtans, _ TheMelTenger having affured the General, that it was Time to depart, in order to meet with the weltern Indians^ that came to his Afliftance^ he fee out the twenty-third oijme, and fent one Part of his Army m Canoes, along the North Shore of the L o’ with the other Part, pafled alono* the South, that no Accidents of Wind might pre- vent the one or the other reaching, within the Time appointed, at the Place the Indians were to meet If happened, by reafon of the good Weather, that both arrived on the fame Day, and joined the weftern Indtans Trondequat, As foon as the Men were put on Shore, they haw led up the Canoes, and began a Fort, where four hundred Men were left to guard the Canoes, and the Baggage. Here a * In the S:ra:gms between Lake Erie and ^atoghie Lake. young ^he History ef the .young Cannadian was ftiot to Death, as a Deferter» L cJnduaing the Englifh into the Lakes, though the two Nations were not only at P^ce, ‘^eir Kings in ftrifter Friendftup than ufual. But thi Piec?of Severity is not to wondered this War was undertaken, chiefly to put a Stop to the Englijh Trade, which now began to pxt^d ft- felf far into the Continent, and would in its Confe- quence ruin theirs. The next I^y the A^y bepn to march towards the chief Village of the Senekas, which was only feven Leagues carrying ten Bifleets for his Provifion. The Mm Trader! made the Van with Part of the Mians, the other Part marched in the Rear, whle the regular Troops and Militia compofed the mam Body. 1 he Army marched four Leagues the firft I>ay without difeovering any Thing •, the next Day the Scouts ad- vanced before the Army, as far as the Corn of the Villages, without feeing any Body, though they pafl3 within Pifl:ol-lhot of five-hundred 6enekas, Jlut lay on their Bellies, and let them pafs and repafs without difliurbing them. v r i, On the Report which they made, the French haft- ened their March, in hopes to overtake the Children, and old Men ; for they no longer doubt- ed of all being fled. But as foon as the reach- ed the Foot of a Hill, about a Quarter of a League from the Village, the Senekas fuddenly miied the Warfhout, with a DIfeharge of their Fire-arnvs. This put the regular Troops, as well as the Militia, into Inch a Fright, as they marched through tne Woods, that the Battalions immediately divided, and run to the Right and I jetf, and, in the Conn. fion, fired upon one another. When the SemMS perceived their Difordcr, tliey fell in among them pell-mell, t\W the French Indians^ more ufed to iura Way of fighting, gathered together and repulied the Senekes. I'here were (according to the traich Accounts) a hundred Frcncb>nen, ten FrenctJ ^ Part I. Five ffiDiAN Nations, Csc. J and about foprfcore Senekas killed, ip tha Ren- C hap ^ counter. y „ Monfieur de NonviUe was fo difpirited with the , Fright that his Men had been put into, that bis /». dians could not perfuade him to pnrfue. He halted j the remainder of that The next Day he marched on with Defign to burn the Village, but ® when he came there, he found th‘at the Se^eias had 2 favedhimthe Trouble; for they had laid in Alhes before they retired. I wo old IVIen only were found in the Caftlt, who were cut into Pieces and ^ boiled to make Soup for the French Allies. The French (laid five or fix Days to deftroy their Com,. ^ and then marched to two other Villages, at two or three Leagues diftance. After they had performed the like Exploits in thofe Places, they returned to the Banks of the Lake. •f J Before the French left the Lakes, they buijt z ® Fort of four Baftions at Oniagara^ on the South-fide » of the Straights, between Lake Frie and Cadarackui ttf Lake, and left a hundred Men, with eight Months Provifions in it. But this Garifon was fo clofely Ik blocked up by the Five Nations^ that they all died m pf Hunger, except feven or eight, who were acci- dos dentally relieved by a Party of French Indians. itK The weftern Indians, when they parted from the In! French General, made their Harangues, as ufual, in fell wWch they to}d him, with what Pleafure they law [e-j! a Fort fo well placed to favour their Defigns againft the Five Nations, and that they relied on his never igi: finilhing the War, but with the Deftrudion of the Five Nations, or forcing them to abandon their lOiJ Country. He aflured them, that he would adl with it fuch Vigour, that they would foon fee the Five Na- lions driven into the Sea. i[ot He fent a Detachment of Soldiers to ’Teiodonde- itp raghie, and in his Return to Canada, which was by j/r' the North Side of the Lake, he left a fiifficient M Number History of the Number of Men, and a Quantity of Provifions, at Cadarackui Fort. , m The French having got nothing but dry Blows by this Expedition, fent thirteen of the Indians, that they furprifed at Cadarackui, to France, as Trophies of their Victory, where they were put into the Gal- leys, as Rebels to their King. CHAP. VI. Colonel Dongan’i Mvice to the Indians. Adario’i Enterprize, and Montreal facked by the Five Nations. Chap. /^Olonel Dongan, who had the Indian Affairs very VI. *Ij much at Heart, met the Five Nations at Ma. foon as poffible after the French Expedition, and fpoke to them on the fifth of Augujl^ in the fol- lowing W ords, viz. « Brethren, . , • t t r “ I am very glad to fee you here m this Houte, “ and am heartily glad that you have fuftained no greater Lxifs by the French, though I believe it ** was their Intention to deftroy you all, if they could have furprifed you in your Caftles. “ As foon as 1 heard their Defign to war with “ you, I gave you Notice, and came up hither my- « felf, that I might be ready to give all the Aflift- “ ance and Advice that fo fhort a Time would al- “ low me. A* I am now about fending a Gentleman to « land, to the King, my Matter, to let him know, that the French have invaded his Territories on « this Side of the great Lake, and warred upon the ** Brethren his Subjeifts, I therefore would wil- “ lincly know, whether the Brethren have given ® ^ ■ “the I ioi! Ik [ilit Gi' laii ISV. ti # tki iim! (lip ift a' tliff' leJi fcd nib .v6; Parti. Five Indian Nations, 8i the Governor of Canada any Provocation or not ;C “ and if they have, how, and in what Manner ; “ becaufe I am obliged to give a true Account of'— “ this Matter. This Bufincfs may caufe a War be- “ tween the King of England and the French King, “ both in Europe and here, and therefore I muft “ know the Truth. I know the Governor of Canada dare not enter “ into the King of England's Territories, in a hoftile “ Manner, without Provocation, if he thought the “ Brethren were the King of England's Subje<5ts ; “ but you have, two or three Years ago, made a “ Covenant-chain with the French^ contrary to my “ Command, (which I knew could not hold long) “ being void of itfelf among the Chriftians ; for as “'much as Subjedls (as you are) ought not to treat “ with any foreign Nation, it not lying in your “ Power, you have brought this Trouble on your “ felves, and, as I believe, this is the only Reafon “ of their falling on you at this Time. “ Brethren, I took it very ill, that after you had “ put yourfelves into the Number of the great King “ of England's SuWedls, you Ihould ever offer “ to make Peace or War without my Confent. You “ know that we can live without you, but you cannot “ live without us. You never found that I told you “ a Lye, and I offered you the AfTiftance you wanted, “ provided that you would be advifed by me ; for I “ know the French better than any of you do. “ Now fince there is a War begun upon you by “ the Governor of Canada^ I hope without any “ Provocation by you given, I defire and command “ you, that you hearken to no Treaty but by my “ Advice ; which if you follow, you fhall have the “ Benefit of the great Chain of Friendfhip between “ the great King of England and the King of France^ “ which came out of England the other Day, and “ which I have fent to Canada by Anthony k Junard. “ In the mean Time, I will give you fuch Advice G “ as • > , 7he History of the “ as will be for your good ; and will fupply you “ with fuch Neceflaries, as you will have Need “ of. “ Turfty My Advice is, as to what Prifoners of “ the French you lhall take, that you draw not “ their Blood, but bring them Home, and keep “ thejn to exchange for your People, which they “ have Prifoners already, or may take hereafter. “ 2cily., That if it be pofllble, that you can order “ it fo, I would have you take one or two of your “ wifeft Sachems^ and one or two of your chief Caf- “ tains, of each Nation, to be a Council to manage “ all Affairs of the War. They to give Orders to “ the reft of the Officers what they are to do, that “ your Defigns may be kept private ; for after it “ comes among fo many People, it is blazed abroad, “ and your Defigns are often fruftrated ; and thofe “ chief Men fhould keep a Correfpondence with me “ by a trufty Meflenger. “ ^dly. The great Matter under Confidera- tion with the Brethren is, how to ftrengthen “ themfelves, and weaken their Enemy. My Opi- “ nion is, that the Brethren fhould fend Meflengers “ to the Utawawas, 'Twihtwies, and the farther In- “ dians, and to Vend back likewife fome of the Pri- “ foners of thefe Nations, if you have any left, to “ bury the Hatchet, and to make a Covenant- chain, “ that they may put away all the French that are “ among them, and that you will open a Path for “ them this Way, they being the King of England'^ “ Subjedts likewife, tho’ the French have been ad- “ mittcd to trade with them ; for all that the French “ have in Canada, they had it of the great King of “ England •, that by that Means they may come “ hither freely, where they may have every Thing “ cheaper than among the French : That you and “ they may join together againft the French, and “ make fo firm a League, that whoever is an Eire* “ my to one, muft be to both. 2 j^hly. Alio- Part I. Five Indian Nations, 83 cc (C (C iC happened at this Time in England, feemed to be a favourable Conjunilion for the Five Nations ; the Englijh Colonies, by the War at that Time declared againft gz History of the Chap, agalnft France^ becoming Parties in their Quarrel : !• For one will be ready to think, that the hive Nati~ J ons being by themfelves too powerful for the French^ as appears by the preceding Chapter, when thefe were aflifted by the Utawawas, ^atoghies, Twib- twies, ChiSiaghicks, Puteuaiemies^ and all the Wef- tern Indian Nations, and when the Englijh flood neuter ; now certainly, when not only all thefe In- dian Nations had made Peace with the Five Nations, but the Englijh joined with them in the War, the French would not be able to fl'and one Campaign. But we fliall find what a Turn Affairs took, con- trary to all reafonable Expedations, from the gene- ral Appearance of Things, and of what Importance a refolute wife Governor is to the well-being of a People, and how prejudicial Divifions and Parties are. For this Reafon, it will be neccflary to take a View of the Publick Affairs in the Province of New-Tork, and in Canada, at that Time, in order to underfland the true Caufes of the Alterati- ons, which afterwards happened in Favour of the French. The Revolution occafioned as great Divifions and Parties in the Province of New-Tork, in Proportion to the Number of People, as it did in Britain, if not greater. The Governor and all the Officers either fled or abfconded ; the Gentlemen of the King’s Council, and fome of the mofl: confiderable or rich- eft People, either out of Love, or what they thought Duty, to King James, or rather from an Opinion they had that the Prince of Orange could not fucceed, refufed to join in the Declaration the People made in favour of that Prince, and fuffered the Adminiftration to fall into different Hands, who were more zealous for the Proteftant Intereft, and who were joined by the far greateft Number of the Inhabitants. After the Revolution was eftablifhed, they that had appeared fo warmly for it, thought that they t Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. they deferved beft of the Government, and ex- C h a p. peded to be continued in the Publick Offices ; the I. others were zealous to recover the Authority they had loft, and ufed the moft perfuafive Means with the Governors for that Purpofe, while the former trufted to their Merit. This begat great Animofi- ties, which continued many Years. Each Party, as they were at different Times favoured by feveral Governors, oppofed all the Meafures taken by the other, while each of them were by Turns in Credit with the People or the Governor, and fometimes e- ven profecuted each other to Death. The publick Meafures were by thefe Means perpetually fluftuating, and often one Day contradictory -to what they were the Day before. The fucceeding Governors, find- ing their private Account in favouring fometimes the one Party, and at other Times the other, kept up the Aniraofities all King Willianfs Reign, though very much to the publick Prejudice ; for each Party was this while fo eager in refenting private Injuries, that they intirely neglected the publick Good. The Conftitution of Government i.n the Englijh Plantations, where the Governors have no Salary, but what they can attain with the Confent of the Aflemblies or Reprefentatives of the People, gave Occafion to imprudent Governors to fall upon thefe Expedients, as they fometimes call them, for get- ting of Money. And a prevailing Faction, knov/ing for what Purpofe the Governments in America were chiefly defired by the Englifl) Gentlemen, ufed this great Privilege to tempt a Governor to be the Head of a Party, when he ought to have been the Head of the Government. Indeed New-York has had the Misfortune, too frequently, to be under fuch as could not keep their Paffion for Money fecret, though none found it fo profitable a Government, as they did who followed ftricftly the true Maxims of governing, without making Money the only Rule of their Actions. The 7he History of tlx Chap, The frequent Changes of Governors were likewlfe I. prejudicial to the publick Affairs. Colonel Slauih^ V— J ter, the firft Governor after the Revolution, hap- pened to die foon after his Arrival, when fteady, as well as refolute Mcafures, were moft necefiary. But fome think, that the Occafton of all the Mis- fortunes lay in the Want of Care in the Choice of Governors, when the Affairs of America wanted a- ble Hands to manage them ; they think that the Miniftry had the faving of Money chiefly in View, when, to gratify feme fmall Services, they gave Employments in America to thofe that were not ca- pable of much meaner Offices at Home. The 0- pinion the People had of Colonel Slaugbtefs Capaci- ty gave ground to thefe Surmifes *, but, if it was fo, it happened to be very ill faved Money ; for the Mifmanagements in this Country occalioned far greater Expence to the Crown afterwards, than would have bought fuch Gentlemen handfome E- ftates, befides the great Loffes they occafioaed to the Subjects. The greatefl: Number of the Inhabitants of the Province of New-Tork being Dutch, ftill retained an Affection to their Mother Country, and by their Averfion to the Englijh weakened the Adminiftrati- on. The common People of Albany, who are all Dutch, could not forbear giving the Indians fome ill Impreflions of the Engitjh *, for the Mohawks, in one of their publick Speeches, expreffed themfelves thus : “ We hear a Dutch Prince reigns now in Eng- “ land, why do you fuffer the Englijh Soldiers to “ remain in the Fort ? put all the Englijh out of “ the Town. When the Dutch held this Country “ long ago, we lay in their Houfes ; but the Eng- “ lifh have always made us lie without Doors.” It is true, that the Plantations were firft fettled by the meaneft People of every Nation, and fuch as had the leaft Senfe of any Honour. The Dutch firft Settlers, many of them I may fay, had none of the Virtues Part II. F ivE Indian*Nations, C^c. Virtues of their Countrymen, except their InduftryCnAP* m getting Money, and they fecrificed every Thing I. Other People think honourable or moft facred, to their Gain : But I do not think it proper to give particular Inftances of this. The People of New -England were engaged in a bloody War at this Time with the OwenagungaSy Ouragies, Ponacoks, the that lie between them and the French Settlements. The Scahkooks were originally Part of thefe Indians. They left their Country about the Year 1672, and fettled a- bove Albany., on the Branch of Hudfon's River that runs towards Canada, The People of New-Eng-- land were jealous of the Scahkook Indians^ that they remembering the old Difference they had with the People of New England, and the Relation they bore to the Eaftern Indians, did countenance and aflift thefe Indians in the War againft Nnv England. They had Reafon for thefe Jealoufies, for the Scahkook In-- dians received privately fome Owenagunga Meflen- gers, and kept their coming among them fecret from the People of Albany ; and fome Scahkooks had gone privately to the Owenagmgas. They were a- fraid likewife, that the Mohawks might have fome Inclination to favour thofe Indians, becaufe Ibme of the Eajiern Indians had fled to the Mohawks, and were kindly received by them, and lived among ■ them. ^ Notwithflanding all thefe Failures of good Po- licy, in the Government of New-lTork, the French had not gained fo great Advantages, if they had not ® carefully obferved a different Condutfl, which it is : now neceflary to confider. ^ ^ Canada was at this Time in a very dlftreffed Gonr dition, the Country and out Plantations burnt and I deflroyed, their ^ Trade intirely at a ftand, great Numbers of their People (lain, and the remainder in danger of perifhing by Famine, as well as by the Sword of inveterate cruel Enemies. When fuch ' * Misfor- *The History of the Misfortunes happen to a Country, under any Ad- miniftration, though in Truth the Condudt of Af- fairs be not to be blamed, it is often prudent to change the Minifters ; for the common People never fail to blame them, notwithftanding their having aded with the greateft Wifdom, and therefore can- not fo foon recover their Spirits, that are funk by Misfortunes, as by putting their Affairs into different Hands. For thefe Reafons, it is probable, the trench .King recalled Mr. de Nonville, but rewarded him for his Services, by an honourable Employment in the Houfhold. The Count de Frontenac was fent in his Place. This Gentleman had been formerly Go- vernor of that Country, and was perfedly acquaint- ed with its Intereft •, of a Temper of Mind fitted to fuch defperate Times, of undaunted Courage, and indefatigable, though in the fixty-eighth Year of his Age. The Count de Frontenac arrived the fecond of Otiober 1689. The Country immediately received new Life by the Arrival of a Perfon, of whofe Courage and Condud every one had entertained a high Opinion. Care was taken to increafe this Im- preflion on the Minds of the People, by making publick Rejoicings with as much Noife as polTible. He wifely improved this new Life, by immediately entering upon Adion, without fuffering their Hopes to grow cold. He ftaid no longer at Rebeck, than was neceffary to be informed ot the prefent State of Affairs, and in four or five Days after his Arrival fet out in a Canoe for MonlreaU where his Prefence was meft neceffary j and the Winter was already fo far advanced, that the Ice made it impradicable to go in a larger Veffel. By this the old Gentleman increafed the Opinion and Hopes the People enter- tained of hirn, that, without flaying to refrefh him- felf after a fatiguing Sea-Voyage, he would imme- diately undertake another, that required all the Vi- gour and Fleat of Youth to withftand the Incle- mencies Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 97 mencles of the Climate and Seafon, and the DIffi- Chap. culty of fuch a Paflage. I. When the Count de Frontenac came to Montredy he increafed the Admiration the People had of his Vigour and Zeal, by pretending to go to vifit Cs- darackui Forty now abandoned, which he had built in the Time he was formerly Governor. The Clergy and People of Montred came jointly with ftretched out Arms, reprefenting the Danger of fuch an At- tempt, and the Difficulties and Hardlhips that would neceflarily attend it, praying him not to expofe a Life that was fo neceflary for their Safety. He, with feeming Reluctance, yielded to their Intrea- ties ; I fay with feeming ReluClance, for it was in- confiftent with his Prudence really to have fuch a Defign. This Shew of the Governor’s offering to go in Perfon, animated fome of the Gentlemen of the Country, who voluntarily went in the Winter, with one Hundred Indian Traders, to vifit that Fort •, and finding it in better Condition than they ex- pedled, by the Report of thofe who had abandoned it, they ftaid there, and made fome fmall Repara- tions in the Walls, which the Indians had thrown down. The Count de Frontenac brought back with him Hawerahety a Capiga Sachem, one of the thirteen Pri- foners that Mr. de Nonville took at Cadarackuty and lent to France. He was m Hopes this Indian would be ufeful in procuring a Treaty of Peace with the Five Nations, for they had an extraordinary Opinion oi Tawerahet ; and the French had found, by fad Experience, that they could not be Gainers by continuing the War t For this Purpofe the^ Count ufed Tawerahet with much Kindnefs, during his Voyage, and, after he arriyed at ^teheck, lodged him in the Caftle under his own Roof, and took fuch Pains with this Sachem,that he forgot all the ill Ufage he had formerly received. II The 98 History of the Chap. The French had the more Reafon to defire a I- Peace with the Five Nations, becaufe they knew, -v^^that they would now certainly have the EngUjb Colonies likewife upon them ; and if the Five Na- tions had been able to do fo much Mifchief by them- felves alone, they were much more to be feared, when they would be affifted, in all Probability, with the Force and Intereft of the Englijh Colonies. Four Indians of lefs Note, who were brought back along with Favoerahet, were immediately dif- patched, in this Sachem's Name, to the Five Nati- ons, to inform them of his Return, and of the kind Ufage they had received from the Count de Fronte- nac ', and to prefs them to fend fome to vifit their old Friend, who had been fo kind to them v/hen he was formerly Governor of Canada, and who ftill retained an Afedtion to the Five Nations ; as ap- peared by the Kindnefs Fawerahet and they had re- ceived from him. This was the only Method left to the French of making Propofals of Peace, which it was their Intereft by all Means to procure. The Governor of Canada, as I faid, conceived that^ there was no Way fb proper to keep up the Spirits of the People, who had got new Life by his Arrival, as by putting them upon Adion ; and in- deed their prefent miferable Condition made them forward enough, to undertake the moft defperate Enterprize, when the frequent Incurllons of the In- dians made it as dangerous to be at Home, as to at- tack the Enemy Abroad. For this Purpofe he fent out three Parties in the Winter ; one was defigned againft New-York, the other againft Conne^icut, and the laft againft Ncv>- England. ^ The Five Nations followed Colonel Dungan's Ad- vice, in endeavouring to bring off the Weftern In- dians from the French, and had all the Succefs that could be expeded, before Mr, de Frontenac ar- rived. They Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 99 They were overjoyed when they heard, that the Chap. Englijh had entered into War with the French, and I. came feveral Times to Albany to know th? Certainty ' of it, while it was only ruYnoiired about. The People of Albaty defired them to fecure any of the praying Indians that fliould come from Canada, if they found that they were ftill ruled by the Priefts ; but to encourage them, if they came with a Defign to return to their own Country. The Senekas, Cayugas, OnonMgas, and Oneydoes, the twenty feventh of June 1689, before any Go- vernor arrived, renewed the old Covenant (as they faid) which was firft made many Years ago with one Fugues, who came with a Ship into their River. “ Then we firft became Brethren, faid they, and conti- “ nued fo till laft fall, that Sir Edmond Androfs came “ and made a new Chain, by calling us Children ; but “ let us ftick to the old Chain, which has conti- “ nued from the firft Time it was made, by which “ we became Brethren, and have ever fince always “ behaved as fuch. Virginia, Maryland, and New- “ England, have been taken into this filver Chain, “ with which our Friendftiip is locked faft. We “ are now come to make the Chain clear and bright. “ Here they gave two Severs.” King James, a little before his Abdication, fent over Sir Edmond Androfs with arbitrary Powers, and he, in Imitation of the French, changed the Stile of fj^aking to the Indians, of which they were very fenfible. They difeovered a great Concern for their People that were carried to Canada ; they long hoped (they faid) that the King of England would have been powerful enough to deliver them, but now they began to lofe all Hopes of them. II 2 C II A P. 200 T'he History of the CHAP. II. \A 'Treaty between the Agents of MalTachufet’s Bay, New-Plymouth, and Connedticut, and the Sachems of the Five Nations, at Albany, in the Tear 1689. Chap. A BOUT the Beginning of September 1689, II, j\_ Colonel John Pynchon, Major John Savage, and Captain Jonathan Bull, Agents for the Colonies o{ Majfachufet’s Bay, New-Plymouth, and CmmeSikut, arrived at Albany, to renew the Friendlhip with the Five Nations, and to engage them againft the Fafiern Indians, who made Wat on the Englijh of thofe Colonies, and were fupported by the French. The Five Natwis had received four Meflengers from the Eajlern Indians, which gave the People of New- England fome Apprehenfions, and they were therefore defirous to know what Reception thefe Meflengers had met with. The Five Nations anfwered by Tahajadoris, a Mo- hawk Sachem, on the twenty fourth of September. He made a long Oration, repeating all that the A- gent from New- England had faid, the Day before, and defired them to be attentive to the Anfwer now to be made to them. They commonly repeat over all that has been faid to them, before they return any Anfwer, and one may be furprized at the Exad- nefs of thefe Repetitions. They take the follow- ing Method to aflift their Memories : The Sachem, who prefides at thefe Conferences, has a Bundle of fmall Sticks in his Hand ; as foon as the Spe.iker has finifhed any one Article of his Speech, this Sa- chem gives a Stick to another Sachem, who is par- tiailarly 3 Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. i6i ticularly to remember that Article *, and fo when an- C h a P other Article is finilhed, he gives a Stick to an- If. other to take Care of that other, and fo on. In like Manner when the Speaker anfwers, each of thefe has the particular Care of the Anfwer refolved on to each Article, and prompts the Orator, when his Memory fails him, in the Article committed to his Charge. Tabajadoris addreffing himfelf to the Agents, faid : CC When this Sachem had done fpeaking, the Mohawk Meffenger fent from Many delivered his Meflage Word for Word, as he had received it, without omitting the leaft Article. The Interpreter, while the Indian was fpeaking, read over a Paper, on which the Meffage was fet down, left any Thing Ihould have been forgot. After this Cannehoot a Seneka Sachem ftood up, and gave the general Council a particular Account of a T^aty made laft Summer, between the Senekas and the Wagmha Meflengers, (one of the Utawawa Nations) who had concluded a Peace for themfelves, and feven other Nations, to which the other four Nations were defired to agree, and their Brethren of New-Tork to be included in it. He faid the Pro- pofalsmade infeveral Propofitions were as follow. 1. We are come to join two Bodies into one. De- livering up at the fame Time two Prifoners. 2. We are come to learn Wifdom of you Senekas, and of the other Five Nations, and of your Brethren of New-Tork. Giving a Belt. We by this Belt wipe away the Tears from the Eyes of your Friends, whofe Relations have been killed in the War, and likewife * the Paint from your Soldiers Faces. Giving another Belt. 4. We now throw afide the Ax, which Tononiio put into our Hands, by this third Belt. 5. Let the Sun, as long as he fhall endure, always iliine upon us in Friendfhip. Here he gave a red Marble Sun as large as a Plate. 6. Let the Rain of Heaven wafh away all Hatred, that we may again fmoke together In Peace, giving a large Pipe of red Marble. • The Indians always paint their Faces when they go to War, to make themfelves look more terrible to the Enemy. A Soldier in the Indian Language is expreffed by a Word, which Part II. Five Indian Nations, (^ c . io^ 7. Tonondio is drunk, but we wafh our HandsCnAP. clean from all his Adions. Giving a fourth Belt. III. 8. Now we are clean waftied by the Water of Heaven, neither of us muft defile ourfelves by hearkening to Tonondio. 9. We have twelve of your Nation Prifoners, who lhall be brought home in the Spring; there he gave a Belt, to confirm the Promife. 10. We will bring your Prifoners when the Straw- berries lhall be in bloflbm, * at which Time we in- tend to vifit Corkar, and fee the Place where the Wampum is made. {New-Tork.) The Speaker added, we will alfo tell our Friends the other Utawawa Nations, and the Dio- nondadies, who have eleven of your People Prilbn- ers, what we have now done, and invite them to make Peace with you. He faid further, we have fent three Meflengers back with the WagunhaSy in order to confirm this Peace with their Nation. After the Seneka Speaker had done, the Wagunhs Prefents were hung up in the Houfe, in the Sight of the whole Afiembly, and afterwards diftributed among the feveral Nations, and their Acceptance was a Ratification of the Treaty. A large Belt was given alfo to the Albany Meflengers as their Share. The Belt of Wampum fent from Albany 'nz&xw like Manner hanged up, and afterwards divided. ^ _ New-Englaxtd, which the Indians call Kinjhon (that is a Filh) lent likewile the Model of a Filh, as a token of their adhering to the general Covenant. This Fifli was handed round among the Sachems^ and then laid afide to be put up. After thefe Ceremonies were over, SadekanahtiCy an Onondaga Speaker, Hood up, and faid. Brethren, , * The Indians in this Manner dillinguilh the Seafons of the ^ear, as tiie Time of planting Corn, or when it is ripe, when the Chefnuts blolTom, idc. jio The "iinToViY of the Cha P. we muft ftick to our Brother ^ider, and look on III. Tormdio as our Enemy, for he is a Cheat : By der they meant Peter Schyler the Mayor of Albawj^ who had gained a confiderable Efteem among them ; as they have no Labeals in their Language, they pronounce Peter by the Sound ^ider. The Meflenger from Canada had brought Letters, and fome medicinal Powder, for the Jefuit Milet^ who refided at Oneydo. Thefe Letters and the Powder were delivered to the Interpreter from Albany to be car- ried thither, that the Contents of them might be made known to the Sachems of the feveral Nations. The Jefuit was prefent all this While in their Council. Then the Interpreter was defired to fpeak what he had to fay from their Brethren at 'Albaty. He told them, that a new Governor was arrived, who had brought a great many Soldiers from That the King o\ England had declared War againft Francs, and that the People of New-England were fitting out Ships againft Canada. He advifed them, that they ihould not hearken to the French, for when they talk of Peace, faid he, War is in their Heart, and defired them to enter into no Treaty but at Albaiij, for the French, hefaid,would mind noAgreement made any where elfe. After this they had Confultations for fome Time together, and then gave the following Anfw’er by their Speaker. Brethren, our Fire burns at Albany. We will not lend Dekanafora to Cadarackui. We adhere to our old Chain with Corlear ; we will profeciite the War with Tonondio, and will follow your Advice in draw- ing off our Men from Cadarackui. Brethren, we are ' glad to hear the News you tell us, but tell us no I,ies. Brother Kinjhon, we hear you defign to fend Sol- diers to the eaftward againft the Indians there •, but we advife you, now fo many are united againft the French, to fall immediately on them. Strike at the Root, when the Trunk foall be cut down, the Branches fall of Courfe. o CorkiiT Part II. Five Indian Nations, &’c. tju Corlear and Kinfhon, Courage ! Courage ! In the Ch a » Spring to G^ebeck, take that Place, and you’ll have^ — your heet on the Necks of the French, and all their r nends in America, IH. After this they agreed to the following Anfwer to be fentto the Governor oi Canada. 1. Yonondio, you have notified your Return to us, and that you have brought back 13 of our People that were carried to France, we are glad of u. ^ You dcfire us to meet you at Cadarackui next Spnng, to treat of the old Chain ; but Tonondioy how can we truft you, after you have afted deceit- lully fo often ? Witnefs what was done at Cada- rackui ; the Ufage our Meflengers met with at Uta- wawa, and what was done to the Senekas ztUtawawa, This was their Anfwer ; however, they fent a Belt with this, which always fiiews a Difpofition to treat. 2. Yherhanfera, Oghueffe and Ertel, do you ob- ferve Friendlhip with us, if you have not, how come you to advife us to renew Friendftiip with Tonondio. they fent them likewife a Belt ? 3. Tawerahet, the whole Council is glad to hear, that you are returned with the other twelve. Tonondio, you muft fend home 'Ta'werahet and the others this very Winter, before Spring, and we will feye all the French that we have Friibners till that Time. 4. Tonondio^ you defire to fpeak with us at Cadarackui : Don^t you know that your Fire there is extinguHhed ? It is extinguifhed with Blood, you muft fend home the Prifoners in the firft Place. 5- We let you know that we have made Peace with the IVagunhas. 6. You are not to think, that we have laid down the Axe, becaufe we return an Anfwer ; we intend no fuch Thing : Our Far-fighters ftiall continue the >^ar till our Countrymen return. 7. When our Brother Tazverah:!: :V returned, then will we fpeak to you of Peace. As J I2 The History of the Chap. As foon as the Council broke up, their Refolu- III. tions were made publick to all their People, by the > Sachems of their feveral Nations. Two Sachems were fent to Albany, by their gene- ral Council, to inform their Brethren there of their Refolutions, and to bring back the Contents of the Letters fent from Canada to the Jefuit. As foon as they arrived, one of the Mohawks, that had been fent from Albany to the Council, delivered the Wagunha Belt, and repeated over diftindly all the Articles agreed to with that Nation, and referred to the Onondaga Speaker, being one of thofe fent by the Council of Albany, to recite the Anfwer to the Governor of Canada. He rifing up, repeated over the whole as before fet down, and added ; The French are full of Deceit ; but I call God to witnefs, we have hitherto uled no Deceit with them, but how we {hall aft for the future. Time only can difco- ver. Then he alfured the Brethren, that the FiiSe Nations were refolved to profecute the War, in • Peter Token whereof he prefented * ^ider with a Belt, Sefy/er, in which three Axes were reprefented. Perhaps by Mayor of this Reprefentation only three Nations joined in Albany, jf, the Cayugas and Oneydoes being more un- der the Influence of the Jefuit Milet, wholivedamong them intirely, according to their Manner of Life, and was adopted by the Oneydoes, and made one of their Sachems. The Letters from Canada to him were read, they contained nothing but common News and Compliments. The Mohawk Meflengcrs, that had been fent from Albany, had carried with them Goods to fell at the general Council. This was taken Notice of at the general Council, and gave the Indians a mean Opinion of the People of Albany, and particu- larly of Peter Schyler •, for it is exceedingly fcandalous among the Indians, to employ a Merchant in pub- lick Affairs ; Merchants, ( 1 mean the Traders with the Indians) are looked upon by them as Liars, and People Part II. Five Indian Nations, Cic . 1 13 People not to be trufted, and of no Credit, who by their Thoughts being continually turned upon Profit and Lofs, conflder every Thing with that private View. As this made a Noife at Alba)iy^ by its giving the Jefuit an Opportunity of fetting the Meflengers from Albany in an ill Light, Peter Scheyler cleared himfelf by Oath, of his having any Intereft direftly or indiredtly in thofe Goods, and fent a Belt back with his publick Juftification. The Mohawk Mef- fengers had refufed to take the Goods, as being fcan- dalous to the Dufinefs they went on ; but were per- luaded, by being told that the Goods belonged to Quider. The Magiftrates of Albany advifed the Sachems^ to fend the Jefuit Prifoner to Albany^ where he might be kept fecurely, v/ithout having it in his Power to do Mifchief, but they could not prevail. The Indians were refolved to keep all the Means of making Peace in their own Hands. CHAP. IV. The French furprife Schenedtady. The Mohawks Speech of Condoleance on that Occajion, T H E Count De Frontenac being defirous, as be- C h a p. fore obferved, to raife the drooping Spirits of the French in Canada^ by keeping them in Action, ' — and engaging the mod daring of them, in Enter- prizes that might give Courage to the reft, had fent out three Parties againft the Englijh Colonies, in Hopes thereby to leflen the Confidence which the * Five Nations had in the Englijh Afliftance, now that England had declared War againft France. The Party fent againftNew- 2 or^ was commanded by De Herville, and was ordered to attempt the furprifing of ScheneAady, the neareft Village to the Mohawks ; It confifted of 150 French BuOi-lopers or Indian I Traders, 1 14 The History of the Chap. Tradets, and of as many Indians-, the moft of them IV. French Converts from the commonly cal- — V — ■' Jed the Pricing Indians, fettled at a Place near Montreal, called Qahnuaga. I'hey were well ac- quainted with all that Part of the Country round ScianeUady i and came in Sight of the Place the 8 th of February 1 68 9- 90. The People of Schenellaiy were at that Time in the greateft Security, notwithftanding that they had Information from the Indians, of a Party of French, and French Indians being upon their March that Way. They did not think it pradicable, in that Sealon of the Year, while it was extremely cold, and the whole Country covered with Snow. Indeed Europeans will hardly think it pollible, that Men could make fuch a March through the Wildernefs in ifie fevereft Frofts, without any Covering from the Heavens, or any Provifion, except what they carried on their Backs. Tho’ the People of ScheneSlady were informed in the Evening before the Place was furprifed, that feveral fculking Indians were feen near the Place, they concluded, that they could be only fome of the ne^hbouring Indians ; and as they had no Officer of any Efteem among them, not a fingle Man could be perfuaded to watch in fuch fevere Weather, tho’, as the French owned afterwards, if they had found the leaft Guard or Watch, they would not have at- tempted the Place, but have furrendered themfelves Prifoners: They were fo exceedingly diftrcfled with the Length of their March, and with Cold, and Hunger, but finding the Place in fatal Security, they marched into the Heart of the Village, without being difcovered by any one Perfon •, then they raifed their War Shout, entered the Houfes, murder- ed every Perfon they met, Men, Women, and Children, naked and in cold Blood ; and at the fame Time fet Fire to the Houfes. A very few efcaped, by running out naked into the Woods in Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 115 this terrible Weather : And feveralhid themfelves, till Chap. the firft Fury of the Attack was over ; but thefe VI. were foon driven from their lurking Places by the'-*v-*^ Fire, and were all made Prifoners. Captain Alexander Glen, at this Time, lived at a Diftance by himfelf, on the other Side of the River, and was the moft noted Man in the Place. He had at feveral Times been kind to the French, who had been taken Prifoners by the Mohawks, and had faved feveral of them from the Fire. The French were fenfible what Horror this cruel facking of a defencelefs Place, and murdering People in cold Blood, muft raife in Mens Minds ; and to leflen this, they refolved to fhew their Gratitude to Captain Glen. They had pafled his Houfe in the Night, and obferving that he ftoodon his Defence the next Morn- ing, fomc of them went to the River Side, and cal- ling to him, affured him, that they defigned him no Injury. They perfuaded him to come to the French Officer, who reftored to him all his Re- lations that were Prifoners. Some Mohawks being alfo found in the Village, the French difmifled them, with AlTurance, that they defigned them no Hurt. 'I’his Condudf was not only neceflary to promote the Peace which the Count De Frontenac with fo much Earneftnefs defired, but likewife to fecure their Retreat, by making the Mohawks lels eager to purfue them. The French marched back, without reaping any vifible Advantage from this barbarous Enterprize, befides the murdering fixty-three innocent Perfons in cold Blood, and carrying twenty-feven of them away Prifoners. The Care the French took to footh the Mohawks had not intirely it’s Effedt, for as foon as they heard of this Adtion, a hundred of their readieft young Men purfued the French, fell upon their Rear, and killed and took twenty -five of them. I 2 This u6 'The }\isTOKY of the CnAp, Xhis A(5iion frightened the Inhabitants in and - about fo much, that many refolved to defert the Place, and retire to New-Tcrk. They were pack- ing up and preparing forthis Purpofe, when the Mo- hawk Sachems came to Albany to condole, according to their Cuftom, with their Friends ,when any Mif- fortune befals them. I fhall give their Speech on this Occafion, as it will be of Ufe to the Reader, in order to his forming a true Notion of Indian Genius. 1 hey fpoke the twenty-fifth of March as follows. “ Brethren, the Murder of our Brethren at Sche- “ ncblady by the French grieves us as much, as if it “ had been done to our felves, for we are in the fame “ Chain ; and no Doubt our Brethren of New-Eng- “ land will be likewise (adly affedled with this cruel “ Aiflion of the French. The French on this Occa- “ fion have not a<5ted like brave Men, but like “ Thiev^es and Robbers. Be not therefore difcou- “ raged. We give this Belt to wipe away^our Fears. “ Brethren, we lament the Death of fo many of our “ Brethren, whofe Blood has been fhed at “ We don’t think that the French have done can . “ be called a Virflory, it is only a farther Proof oftheir “ cruel Deceit. The Governor of Canada fends to “ Onondaga., and talks to us of Peace with our whole “ Houle, but War was in his Heart, as you now fee “ by woful Experience. He did the fame formerly “ at Cadarachii, and in the Senekas Country. This “ is the third Time he hasadted fo deceitfully. He has “ broken open our Houfe at both Ends, formerly “ in the Senekas Country, and now here. We hope “ however to be revenged of them. One Hundred “ of our braveft young Men are in Purfuit of them, “ they are brifk Fellows, and they will follow the “ French to their Doors. We will befet them fo “ clofely, that not a Man in Cattada flialldare to ftep “ out of Doors to cut a Stick of Wood ; But now ivs gather vp our Dead, to bury them, bvthis fecond “ Bdt. “ Brethren, Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 117 “ Brethren, we came from our Caftles with Tears C hap. “incur Eyes, to bemoan the Bloodflied at VI. “ mSlady by the Perfidious French. While we bury ' — “v—— ' “ our Dead murdered at Scbene5iady, we know not “ what may have befallen our own People, that are in “ Purfuit of the Enemy, they may be dead ; what has “ befallen you may happen to us ; and therefore we “ come to bury cur Brethren at Schenedady with “ this third Bjlt. “ Great and fudden is the Mifchief, as if it had fal- “ len from Heaven upon us. Our Forefathers taught “ us to go with all Speed to bemoan and lament with “ our Brethren, when any Difafter or Misfortune hap- “ pens to any in our Chain. Take this Bill of Vi- “ gilance, that you may be more watchful for the fu- “ ture. IVe give our Brethren Eye-Water to make “ them (harp fighted, giving a fourth Belt. “We are now come to the Houfe where we ufual- “ ly renew the Chain *, but alas ! we find the Houfe “polluted, polluted with Blood. h\\t\i^F.ve Nati- “ on$ have heard of this, and we are come to wipe “ away the Blood, and dean the Houfe. We come “ to invite and every one of you, and ^ider “ (calling to every one of the principal Men prefent by “ their Names) to be revenged of the Enemy., by this “ fifth Belt. *'• Brethren,be not difcouraged,weareftrong enough. “ This is the Beginning of your War, and the whole “ Houfe have their Eyes fixed upon you at this Time, “ to obferve your Behaviour. They wait your Moti- “ on, and are ready to join in any refolute Meafures. “ Our Chain is a ftrong Chain, it is a Silver Chain, “ it can neither ruft nor be broken. We, as to our “ Parts, are refolute to continue the War. “ We will never defift, fo long as a Man of us re- “ mains. Take Pleart, do not pack up and go c‘ away, * this will give Heart to a daftardly Enemy. * This was fpoke to the Englijh, from Albany, I 3 who were about removing “ We Jig ^he History of teh Ch A P. We are of the Race of the Bear, and a Bear you IV. “ know never yields, while one Drop of Blood is left. *— *v— / “ We mujl all he Bears ; giving a fixth Belt. “ Brethren be patient, this Difafter is an Affliction “ which has fallen from Heaven upon us. The Sun, “ which hath been cloudy, and fent this Difafter, will “ fliine again with its pleafant Beams. Take Courage, “ faidhe. Courage, repeating the Word feveral Times “ as they gave a feventh Belt. ( ‘To the Englifti. ) Brethren, three Years ago we were engaged in a bloody War with the French^ and you encouraged us to proceed in it. Our Succefs anfwered our Ex- pectation •, but we were not well begun, when Cor- lear ftopt us from going on. Had you permitted us to go on, the French would not now have been able to do the Mifchief, they have done, we would have prevented their fowing, planting or reaping. We would have humbled them effectually, but now we dye. The ObftruCtions you then made now ruin us. Let us after this be fteady, and take no fuch falfe Meafqres for the future, but profecute the v'lgoroufy. Giving a Bever Skin. The Brethren muft keep good W atch, and if the Enemy come again, fend more fpeedily to us. Don’t defert ScheneSlady. The Enemy will glory in feeing it defolate. It will give them Courage that had none before, fortify the Place, it is not well fortified now : The Stockadoes are too Ihort, the Indians can jump over them. Gave a Bever Skin. Brethren, The Mifchief done at ScheneSiady can- not be helped now •, but for the future, when the Enemy appears any where, let nothing hinder your fending to us by Expreffes, and fire great Guns, that all may be alarmed. We advife you to bring all the River Indians under your SubjeCHon to live pear Albany, to be ready on all Occafions. Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 119 Send to Neia-England^ tell them what has hap- C hap. pened to you. They will undoubtedly awake and IV. lend us their helping Hand. It is their Intereft, a$ -v-— » much as ours, to pulh the War to a fpeedy Conclu- fion. Be not difcouraged, the French are not fo nu- merous as fome People talk. If we but heartily unite to pufh on the War, and mind our Bujinefs, the French will foon be fubdued. The Magiftrates having returned an Anfwer on the twenty feventh, to the Satisfadion of the Indu ans, they repeated it all over, Word by Word, to let the Magiftrates fee how carefully they minded it, and then added. Brethren, we are glad to find you are not difcou- raged. The beft and wifeft Men fometimes make Miftakes. Let us now purfue the War vigoroufly. We have a hundred Men out, they are good Scouts. We expedl to meet all the Sachems of the other Na- tions, as they come to condole with you. You need not fear our being ready, at the firft Notice. Our Ax is always in our Hands, but take Care that you be timely ready. Your Ships, that muft do the prin- cipal Work, are long a fitting out. We do not de- fign to go out with a fmall Company, or m fculking Parties \ but as foon as the Nations can meet, we Ihall be ready with our whole Force. If you would bring this War to a happy Ifliie, you muft begin foon, before the French can recover the Lo(- fes they have received from u«, and get new Vi- gour and Life, therefore fend in all Hafte to Aifw- England. Neither you nor we can continue long in the Condition Ave are now in, we muft order Mat- ters fo, that the French be kept in continual Fear and Alarm at home; for this is the only Way to be fecure, and in Peace here. The Scahkok Indians^ in our Opinion, are well placed where they are (to the Northward of Alba- ny )\ they are a good Out guard ; they are our Chil- - dren, and we Ihall take Care that they do their I 4 Duty ; ^20 . couraged them to advance with the greateft Bold- nefs to the very Gates of their. Towns j while they thought they run nootherRifque, but of being made Prifoners, where they live better than at Home. He added, that the Five Nations having burnt lb many French^ juftified this Method of making Re- prizals. But with SubmiBion to the Politenefs of the French Nation, may I not alk, whether every (or any) horrid Adion of a barbarous Enemy, can juftify a civilized Nation in doing the like ? When the Governor could not be moved, the Je- fuits went to the Prifon, to inftrud the Prifoners in the Myfteries of our Holy Religion, viz. of the Trinity, the Incarnation of our Saviour, the Joys of Paradife, and the Punifhments of Hell, to lit their Souls for Heaven by Baptifm, while their Bodies were con- demned to Torments. But the Indians^ after they had heard their Sentence, refufed to hear the Jefuits fpeak, and began to prepare for Death in their own Country Manner, by finging their Death Song. Some charitable Perfon threw a Knife into the Prifon, with which one of them difpatched himfelf: The other was carried out to the Place of Executi- on by the Chnflian Indians of Loretto^ to which he walked, feemingly, with as much Indiffe- rence as ever Martyr did to the Stake. While they were torturing him, he continued finging, that he was a Warrior brave and without Fear ; that the moft cruel Death could not lhake his Courage ; that the moft cruel Torment Ihould not draw an inde- cent Exprelfion from him 5 that his Comrade was a Coward, a Scandal to the Five Nations, who had killed himfelf for fear of Pain ; that he had the Comfort to refled, that he had made many French- men luffer as he did now. He fully verified his Words, tor the moft violent Torment, could not force *37 & I h J: & [ty, life tr % tk ii w U i k 4 4t iu'" Si ih ii‘ b t Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. force the leaft Complaint from him, though his Executioners tried their utmoft Skill to do it. They firft broiled his Feet between two red hot Stones j then they put his Fingers into red hot Pipes, and though he had his Arms at Liberty, he would not pull his Fingers out ; they cut his Joints, and ta- king hold of the Sinews, twilled them round fmall Bars of Iron. All this while he kept finging and recounting his own brave Aftions againft the French. At laft they flead his Scalp from his Skull, and poured fcalding hot Sand upon it ; at which Time the Intendant’s Lady obtained Leave of the Go- vernor to have the Coup-de-grace given, and I be- lieve Ihe thereby likewife obtained a Favour to e- very Reader, in delivering him from a further continuance of this Account of French Cruelty. Notwithftanding this Cruelty, which the French Governor manifefted towards the Five Nations, and thereby his Hatred of them, he found Peace with them fo neceflary to Canada, that he Hill purfued it by all the Means in his Power. For this Purpofe the Praying Indians (who, as I obferved before, are Mohawks, and have always kept a Correfpondence with their own Nation) were employed to bring it about, and to endeavour a Ceflation of Arms, that the Governor might have an Opportunity of Ihew- ing what kind Things he had in his Heart towards the Five Nations, but without Succels. C H A P. VIII. The Five Nations treat with Captain Ingoldfby. T H E Governor of New- Fork, Colonel S laugh- Chap. ter's Death, foon after his Arrival, was very VIII. prejudicial to the Affairs of NewjTork •, for Captain Ingoldjly, who had no other Conwniflion but that of Captain of one of the Independent Companies of Foot, 138 The ViuToKY of the Chap. Foot, took upon himfdf the Government of the VIII. Province, without any Authority ; and he having Jikewife highly offended a great Number of the People, by the Share he took in the late l^rty Quarrels, it was not eafy for him to profecute any vigorous Meafures. He was reckoned to be much more a Soldier than a Statefman. Captain Ingoldjhy met the Five Nations at Alba. the fixth June 1692. Li his Speech, he told them of his vigorous Refolutions to profecute the War, and then blamed them for not fending fac- cording to their Promife) a Party down Cadarackui River, to join them that went from Abany againll: Montreal, and for their Carelefnefs in fuffering them- felves to be furprifed laft Winter in their Hunting. He defired them to keep the Enemy in perpetual Alarm, by the Incurfions of their Parties into the Enemy’s Country, and to give him timely Notice of all their Motions. He told them in the next Place, that he heard the/*>^«f^ wereftill ufing their wonted Artifice, of amufing them with Offers of Peace ; but the former Proceedings of the French fufficiently demonftrates,faid he totheBrethren, that while Peace is in their Mouths, War is in their Hearts, and the late horrid Murder of the Brethren, after Quarter given, fufficiently fhews the Perfidy and Rancour of their Hearts. It is in vain, faid he, to think of any Ceffation of Arms, much lefs of a Peace, while the two Kings are at War at Home. He added, Vir- ginia is ready to affift us, and only waits the King’s Orders, which are daily expedled, and then renewed the Chain for Virginia. In the laft Place he told them, that he heard the Dionondadas had fent two Prifoners Home, with a View thereby to procure Peace ; and advifed them by all Means to make Peace with that Nation. Part II. Five Indian Nations, The Five Nations anfwered by Cheda^ an Oneydo C Sachem : “ Brother Corlear, 3'he Sachems of the Five Nations have with great Attention heard Corlear fpeak *, we fhall make a ftiort Recital, to fliew you with what Care we have hearkened. After the Recital he conti- nued. We heartily thank Corlear, for his coming to this Place to view the Strength thereof, for his bringing Forces with him, and for his Refolution of putting Garifons into the Frontier Places. Giving five Be vers and a Belt. Brother Corlear, as to what you blame us for, let us not reproach one another, fuch Words do not favour well among Friends. They gave no- thing with this Article. Brother Corlear, be patient under the Lofs of your Men, as we are of the Mohawks our Brethren, that were killed at the fame Time. You take no Notice of the great Lofles we have fuffered. We defigned to have come to this Place to have con- doled with you in your Lofs, but the War took up all our Time, and employed all Hands. They garve five Bevers, four Otters, and one Belt, as a Gift of Condolence. Brother Corlear, we are all Subjefts of one great King and Queen, we have one Head, one Heart, one Intereft, and are all ingaged in the fame War. You tell us, that we muft expert no Peace while the Kings are at War on the other Side the great Water. We thank you for being fo plain with us. We alTure you we have no Thoughts of Peace. We are refolved to carry on the War, though we know we only are in danger of being Lofers. Pray do you prolecute the War with the fame Refoluti- on. You are ftrong and have many People. You have a great King, who is able to hold out long. -140 J’he History of the Chap, we are but a fmall People, and decline daily, by VIII. the Men we lofe in this War, we do our utmoft ' to deftroy the Enemy ; but how ftrange does it feem to us ! How unaccountable ! that while our great King is (o inveterate againft theFre^ch, and you are fo earned with us to carry on the War, that Powder is now fold dearer to us than ever ? We are poor, and not able to buy while we negledl hunting and we can- not hunt and carry on the War at the fame Time : We expc(5t, that this Evil we fo juftly complain of be immediately remedied. Giving nine Bevers. Brother Corlear, you defire us to keep the Enemy in perpetual Alarm, that they may have no Reft, till they are in their Graves ; Is it not to fecure your own Frontiers.? Why then not one Word of your People that are to join us? Weaflureyou we fhall continue to carry on the War into the Heart of the Enemies Country. Giving eight Bevers. We the Five Nations, Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onon- dagas, Cayugas, Senekas, renew, the Silver Chain whereby we are linked fall with our Brethren of Jjfa~ rigoa {Virginia) and we promife to preferve it as long as the Sun Ihdl fhine in the Heavens. Giving ten Bevers. But Brother Corlear, How comes it, that none of our Brethren faftened in the fame Chain with us, of- fer their helping Hand in this general War, in which our great King is engaged againft the French ? Pray Corlear, how come Maryland, Delaware River, and New- England, to be difengaged from this War? You have always told us, that they are our Brethren, Subjedls of the fame great King. Has our King fold them? Or do they fail in their Obedience? Or do they draw their Arms out of our Chain ? Or has the great King commanded, that the few Subjects he has in this Place, fhould make War againft the French alone ? Pray make plain to us this Myftery ? How can they and we be Brethren, and make different families ? How can they and we be Subjedls of the Part IL Five Indian Nations, (£c. Hi fc \ II i; 16 I i: E S I i; 1 il It h G jj a i S' fame great King, and not be engaged in the fame Chap. War ? How can they and we have the fame Heart, VIII. the fame Head, and the fame Intereft, as you tell us, v.— v— J and not have the fame Thoughts ? How comes it, that the Enemy burns and deftroys the Towns in New-England, and they make no Refiftance ? How comes our great King to make War, and not to deftroy his Enemies ? When, if he would only com- mand his Subjeds on this Side the great Lake to joyn, the Deftrudion of the Enemy would not make one Summer’s Work. You need not warn us of the Deceit and, Treache- ry of the French^ who would probably infinuate 'I'houghts of Peace •, but Brethren, you need not fear us, we will never hearken to them : Tho’ at the fame Time, we muft own, that we have not been without Thoughts of your being inclined to Peace, by Reafon of the Brethrens Backwardnefs in pufhing on the War. The French fpread Re- ports among us to this Purpofe, and fay, that they had in a Manner concluded the Matter with you. We rejoice to be now affured of this Falfhood. We fhall never defift fighting the French as long as we fhall live. And gave a Belt of Wampum. We now renew the old Chain, and here plant the Tree of Profperity and Peace. May it grow and thrive, and fpread its Roots even beyond Canada, Giving a Belt. We make the Houfe clean, where all our Affairs of Importance are tranfaded with thefe five Otters. We return you Thanks for the Powder and Lead given us ; but what fhall we do with them without Guns, fhall we throw them at the Enemy? We doubt they will not hurt them fo. Before this we always had Guns given us. It is no Wonder the Go- vernor of Canada gains upon us, for he fupplies his Indians with Guns as well as Powder ; he fupplies them plentifully with every Thing that can hurt us. Giving five Otters. As The History of the As to the Dionondadas fetting two of our Nation at Liberty, we niuft tell you, that it was not the A<5t of that Nation, but the private Ad of one Perfon : We are defirous to make Peace with that Nation as foon as we can, upon honourable Terms. And gave a Belt. The Mohawks, before they left the Place, defired a private Conference with the Governor, and told him, that they were all exceedingly difiatisfied, that the other Englijh Colonies gave no Afliftance, and that it might prove of ill Confequence. Captain Ingol^y promifed to write to them, and hoped it would have a good EfFed. CHAP. IX. ^he French furprife and take three Mohawk Cafiles. ^ I AHE Fraying Indians promifed their Endea- J[ vours to reconcile their Brethren the Me- hofiuks to the French, on whom the French ex- peded they would have much Influence ; but their Endeavours proving inefFedual, their Correfpond- ence began to be fulpeded. The French thought they did more Hurt than Good, by the Intelligence the Enemy by their Means received. The French in Canada began to lole their Spirits, by being obliged to remain lb long upon the defenfive, as the Five Nations gained more Courage by it. The Count ^ Frontenac thought it therefore abfolutely neceflary to undertake Ibme bold Enterprize, to Ihew the Five Nations, that they had to do with an Enemy Hill able to ad ofFenfively ; An Attack on the Mohawks he thought would be moft eflfedual for this Purpofe, becaule it would Ihew, at the fame Time, that Part II. Five Indian Nations, C^c. ii that the Englifh would not proteft their neareftC I Neighbours. As this was defigned to be done by I Surprize, the Winter Seafon was chofen for this 5 Purpofe, as leaft to be fufpeded at fuch a Time j j and when the Enemy could not, without great Hardfhip, keep Scouts abroad, to difcover them or the Englijh give any Affiftance. II The Body of the French defigned for this Expe. I dition was put under three Captains of the regular 'I Troops, and thirty Subalterns, and confifted of i|, picked Men of the regular Troops of the common » Militia of the Country of the Praying Indians^ the ^mtoghies of Loretto^ Adir&ndacks, and SohokieSy who live to the eaftward of Bofton, making in all about fix or feven hundred Men, fo that a great ■ Part of the Force of Canada was employed in it They were well fupplied with all Sorts of Ammuniti- on, Provifion, Snow-Shoes, and fuch Conveniencies for Carriage, as were practicable upon the Snow, and ^ through fuch great Forefts as they had to pals. The French at Canada have a Kind of light Sledges made with Skins, and are drawn by large Dogs on the frozen Snow. ' They fet out from la Pr curie de Magdaleine the ’ 15th of January 1692-3, after having endured what ,j might have been thought unfurmountable Hardlhips ; they paffed \>y Schenehady at fome Diftance from it, on the 8th of February^ at which Time one that ^ had been taken Prifoner, when that Place was fack- ed, made his Efcape from them, and gave the ^ People of ScheneSlae^ Intelligence of the French, who ; by an Exprefs, immediately informed the Command- ant of Albany. The Millitia wasexpeditioufly raifed, , and a Lieutenant with fifty five Horfe was imme- diately difpatched to Schenebiady •, but no Care I was taken to give the Mohawks Notice, which might have been done without much Danger, by fending up the South Side of the River, whilft . the French marched on the North. The French, on the X X The History of the A p.the 8th at Night, reached the firft Caftle, [. where there were only five Men, and fome W omen ' and Children in great Security, their other Men being all abroad, thefe were all taken without Oppofition. The next Fort not far from it was in like Manner furprized, without any Oppofition, both of them were very fmall, and being next the Englijh^ not fortified. ScheneSiady being the neareft Englijh Settlement to the Mohawks, and but a little Way from their neareft Caftle, many of them are always there. The Mohawks then in the Town were exceedingly en- raged, that none went out to aftift their Nation; fome were fent therefore out the next Day, to gain Information of the Enemy, and to give the Mo- hawks Notice ; but they returned without doing their Duty. The French went on to the nejtt Mohawk Fort, which was the largeft ; and coming to that in the Night, they heard fome Noife, and fufpedted they were difcovered : But this Noife was only occafioned by a War Dance, forty of the Indians defigning to go next Day upon fome Enterprize. The French approached the Caftle filently, and finding the In- dians no way on their Guard, opened the Gate, and entered before they were difcovered ; but notwith- ftanding this, and the Confufion the Indians muft be in, this Conqueft was not without Lofs of Blood, the French having loft thirty Men, before the Indi- ans entirely fubmitted : The French defigned to have put them all to the Sword, but their own Indians would not fuffer it, and gave Quarter : They took three hundred Prifoners, of whom one hundred were fighting Men. I have no Account of the Num- ber of Mohawks killed, but no Doubt it was very confiderable. When the Account came to Albany, how much the Mohawks, who were at Schencllady, were enraged, that no Afliftance was fent to their Countrymen ; 1 Pear Part II. Five Indian Nations, Gfr. :: Peter Schuyler a Major of the Militia offered HimfelfC s to go with what Force could be got ready for their j Artiftance. He went himfelf immediately to Sche- ii ve£lady, and fent out to difcover the Enemy : His £ Scouts brought him Intelligence, firft, that the French 4 were in Polieffion of the two fmalleft Forts, after- ii wards, that they had heard great Firing at the largeft Fort ; and at laft, that it was taken. Having re- E ceived 200 Men, partly regular Troops, bat moll i: of the Militia, he began his March on the 12th in Quell of the Enemy ; but hearing foon after, that \ fix hundred Men of the upper Caftles were on their a March, ’tis probable he did not endeavour to be up j: with the French fo foon as he might ; for I find by e his Journal, that he was nearer them on the four- jt teenth, than he was two Days after. He had not fulficient Force to fight them : He fent therefore to ([ the upper Indians^ to haften their March. On the I 15th he was joined by thefe Indians, in all two ji hundred and ninety Men and Boys, very ill armed. His Body then confifted of two hundred and fifty li Chriftians, and two hundred and ninety Indians, ’h armed fighting Men. They had no other Provifion but fome Bifcuit every Man had in his Pocket. On j the 1 6th he was informed by an Indian, who pre- jj tended to be a Defei ter, that the French had built j a Fort, where they defigned to wait for him, and I fight him ; whereupon he fent an Exprels to Coll, j Ingoldejhy, then Commandant at Albany, to haften j. more Men to join him, with fulficient Provifion for ^ the whole. He found afterwards, that this Indian ^ was fent by the French, on purpofe to perfuade the Ip Indians to give over the Purfuit. Major Schuyler ( came up to the Enemy on the 1 7th •, when he came j near them he did not go on ftreight towards them, for Fear of Ambufeades, but marched round. As foon as he came in Sight, he was faluted with three ^ loud Shouts, which were anfwered with as much Noife. I'he Indians began in their Manner to fe- I . , F. cure 146 T}je History of the Chap, cure themfelves, by felling the Trees between them» IX. and the Enemy fallied out to prevent them, but > were foon beat back. The Indians fell to Work a- gain, and defired the Chriftians to affift them, which was done, but in fuch Confufion, that they them- felves were in Danger from the falling Trees. The French fallied a fecond Time with all their Force, crying out, ‘They run^ we'll cut them off, and get their Provijions *, but they were warmly received, and beat back into their Fort. They fallied a third Time, and were beat back with confiderable Lofs, the Indians bringing in feveral Heads and Scalps, As foon as the Skirmilhing was over, the Major fent back an Exprefs, to hatten the Men that were to reinforce him, and were to bring Provifion, fome of the Men having had no Provifion for two Days. The Major then fecured himfelf, under the Cover of the fallen d>ees, and kept out Watches to ob- i- ferve the French. The 1 8th proving a cold ftormy Day, with Snow, he was infcM'med, by a Defcrter, that the French were upon their March, it not being eafy to follow their Tracks, or to difeover them in hich Weather. The Officers were commanded to purfue and retard their March, till the Reinforcement fhould come up, but the Men refufed to march without Provifion. The Officers, with about 60 Men, and a Body of Indians, followed the Enemy till Night, when they began to fecure themfelves, by fortifying their Camp. The Officers wanting a fufficient Number to fecure themfelves in like Man- ner, or to fight the Enemy, returned, leaving a- bout forty Chriftians, and one hundred Indians, to obferve them. On the 19th the Provifions, with about 80 Men, arrived, under the Command of | Captain Sims of the regular Troops. Every Man, as he was ferved with Provifion, marched towards the Enemy. The Van w'as commanded by Captain Peter Matthews of the regular Troops, who coming • up Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. up with the Enemy’s Rear, would have attacked C them, to retard their March, but the Mohawks v/ck averfe to fighting. The French dropt on purpofe feveral of their Prifoners, who told the Mohawks^ that the French were refolved to put all the Prifon- ers to the Sword, if they fhould be attacked. The Enemy pafled the North Branch of Hudfon's River upon a Cake of Ice, which, very opportunely for them, ftuck there in one Place, while it was open by a late Thaw, both above and below. The Weather continuing very cold, and the Indians averfe to fighting, Major Schuyler gave over the Purfuit on the 20th, having loft only four private Men, and as many Indians, two Officers and twelve Men Chriftians and Indians were wounded. The French loft thirty three Men (the Bodies of twenty feven were found) of whom four were Officers, and twenty-fix wounded, as the Defertcrs told him. Be- tween forty and fifty Prifoners were recovered. I have been told, that Captain Matthews defired Coll. Schuyler, when he came firft up with the French, to fummon them to furrender ; he faid, the French are in great Diftrels, and this will give them an Opinion of our Strength ; but Coll. Schuyler re- ftifed, tho’ he was brave, he was no Soldier ; and it is very probable, that the French obferving the want of Condu( 5 l and Difcipline, were encouraged. It is true, the Englijh were in great Want of Provi- fions at that I'ime. The Indians eat the Bodies of the French that they found. Coll. Schuyler ( as he told me himfelfj going among the Indians at that Time, was invited to eat Broth with them, which fome of them had ready .boiled, which he did, till they, putting the Ladle into the Kettle to take out more, brought out a French Man’s Hand, which put an End to his Appetite. The French went home as fall as they could carry their wounded Men with them ; but coming to a Place, V. here they had hid Provifions for their Sup- L 2 ply ^4^ ‘^he History of the Chat, ply in their return, they found it all fpoiled. This IX. put them in great Diftrefs, fo that they were ’ forced to eat their Shoes they fent fome of the nimbleft Men forward to Montreal^ that Provifion might meet them. As foon as they came near the Settlements they difperfed, every Man running home to eat, fo that they returned to Canada like an Army routed. The own they loft eighty Men, and had thirty three wounded in this Expe- dition. One may wonder how it is poftible for Men to march feveral hundred Miles in the Wildernefs, while the Ground is every where covered with Snow, two or three Feet deep at leaft ; but the fore- mofl march on Snow Shoes, which beat a firm •Track for thofe that follow. At Night, when they reft, they dig a Flole in the Snow, throwing the Snow up all round, but higheft towards that Side from whence the Wind blows, fo large, as to contain as many Men as can lye round a Fire : They make the Fire in the Middle, and cover the frozen Ground round it with the fmall Branches of the Fir-Trees. Thus they tell me a Man lyes much warmer, than one imagines that never tried it. When the Information of the French came to Schenectady, an Exprefs was fent to Flew Tork to Coll. Fletcher then Governor there ; the Exprels reached New-Tcrk, an hundred and fifty Miles from Albany, the 12th at ten in the Night. The Gover- nor got the City Regiment under Arms by eight the next Morning, He called out to know who were willing to go with him to the Frontiers, they all immediately threw up their Hats, and anfwered one and all. In- deed the People of this Province have, upon all Oc- cafions, fiiewn their Courage and Refolution in De- . fence of their Country -, but the Misfortune is, they are under no Difciplinc, and have. been feldom led by Men that knew thieir Duty. The Governor or- der- T: a i!f is Ir m itS CCS p fe ,r, !,i t I k 'i' b f stf Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 149; dered an hundred and fifty Voluntiers for this Ser- Chap vice, and as many more from Long-JJland. The IX. River then happened to be open by a hidden Thaw, which does not, at that Time of the Year, happen once in twenty Years. He embarked three hundred Men in five Sloops, by four in the Afternoon of the 14th, and arrived at Albany the 17th at nine in the Morning. The fame iDay the Governor went to ScheneSiady, and ordered the Men to fallow, but before they could get every Thing ready for their March into the Woods, they had an Account, that Major Schuyler was upon his Return. Several Gen- tlemen of Albany^ particularly Mr. Lanjlear^ a Gentleman of the beft Eftate there, went out Vo- luntiers under Major Schuyler^ which I ought not to have forgot. Coll. Fletcher made a Speech to the Mtihawks at Albany^ he blamed their fupine Negligence, in fuf- fering themfelves to be furprifed in the Manner they were in Time of War. He told them that they had Reafbn to be convinced, that the Englijh were their Friends heartily, by the Number of Men he had marched to their Afliftance in a very little Time, upon the firft Notice, He promifed to wipe away their Tears in the Spring, by confiderable Prefents ; and that he would, in the mean while, take Care of their Subfiftence, by providing Houfes and Viduals for them. He told them, he doubted they had fome falfe Brethren among them, that gave the French In- formation, and favoured their Defigns ; and in the laft Place, advifed them to convince the French^ that they ' had not loft their Courage with this Misfortune. ' The Mohawks, in their Anfwer, called Coll. Fletcher by the Name of Cayenguirago ; and he was called fo by the Indians always after this. It figni- fies a great fwift Arrow, as an Acknowledgement of the Speed he made to their Afliftance. But they appeared, in their Anfwer, to be quite dilheartned ; they had not, in the Memory of any Man, re- 1, 3 ceived History of the ceived fuch a Blow. They faid their Strength was quite broke, by the Continuance of the War ; but they added, if all the Englijh Colonies would join, they could ftill eafily take Canada : Their being fo ill armed, was the Reafon (they faid) that the French had now efcaped. T\vtFrench^ continued they, arm their Indians com- pleatly, and furnifli them with every Thing neceflary for War, as we find every Time we meet with them. The French had got a great Quantity of Furs, and other Peltry, 2X MiJfilimakinaK by their Trade with the Indians i but the Five Nations had fo ef- feAually blocked up the Paflage between that and Canada^ that they had remained there ufelefs to the French for feveral Years. The Count de Frontenac, after his Succefs againft the Mohawks^ was in Hopes the Five Nations would keep more at home in De- fence of their own Caftles, and with thefe Hopes fent a Lieutenant, with eighteen Canadians^ and twenty praying Indians^ to open the Paflage to Mijfili- makinak ; but this Party fell in with another of the Five Nations, who entirely routed them, fo that a few efcaped only, to give an Account of their Mif- fbrtune •, at lafl; 200 Canoes, loaded with Furs from Miffilimakinak, arrived at Montreal, which gave as univerfal a Joy to Canada, as the Arrival of the Galleons give in Spain. CHAP. X. Ihe Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations bad with the Engllfli r In: )i Itl ji ,2 up u’ 4i !,: j: JS ft HI oo IE g. 4: t Part 11. Five Indian Nations, taken againft their Advice, and contrary to their In- C h a p tereft. X. ' Decane fot a fpoke to Major Schuyler (^ider) and the Magiftrates of Abany, the fecond of February 1693-4 as follows. “ Brother Cayenguirago *, we are come to acquaint “ you, that our Children the Oneydoes having of “ themfelves fent a Meflenger to Canada, he has “ brought back with him a Belt of Peace from the ‘ ‘ Governor of Canada. “ As foon as Fariha (the Meflenger) arrived at “ Canada, he was afleed, where the fix hundred “ Men were that were to attack Canada, as they “ had been informed by Cariokefe a Mohawk De- “ ferter He afllyed them there was no fuch De- “ fign. “ He was carried to Rebeck, where he delivered “ his Belt, with the following Propofitions, Onondio, “ if you would have Peace go to Albany, and allc “ it there, for the Five Nations will do nothing “ without Cayenguirago. The Governor of Canada “ was angry at this, and faid, he had nothing to do “ with the Governor of New-Tork, he would treat “ only with the Five Nations ; the Peace between “ the Chriftians mull: be made on the other Side “ the great Take. He added, he was lorry to lee “ the Five Nations fo far degenerated, as to take a “ fixth Nation into their Chain, to rule over them. “ If you had defired me to come and treat in any “ of your Caftles, I would have done it 5 but to tell “ me I mull go to Albany, is to defire of me what “ I can by no Means do. You have done very ill, “ to fuller the People of New-Tork to govern you “ fo far, that you dare do nothing without their “ Confent. I adv’ife you to fend two of each Na- “ tion to me, and let Decanefera be one of them. '■ • When the Affitir of which they fpea't concerns the Govern- ment of Netu-Tork, tlie /.7i4aw always addrefs them.^elves to the g Gove.TiOr, whct.hcr he be prefent or not. * The History of the C H A 1 *. “ I have Orders from the King my Matter to grant X. “ you Peace, if you come in your proper Perfons “ to ask it. The Governor of Canada afterwards “ faid, “ Children of the Five Nations, I have Compaf- “ fton for your little Children, therefore come “ fpeedily, and fpeak of Peace to me, otherwife “ Pll flop my Ears for the future : By all Means let “ Decansfora come ; for if the Mohawks come alone, “ 1 will not hear them, fome of all the Five ’Nations “ mutt come. Now Fariha return home, and tell “ the Five Nations, that I will wait for their coming “ till the Trees bud, and the Bark can be parted “ from the Trees. I defign for France in the “ Spring, and I leave a Gentleman to command here, “ to whom I have given Orders to raife Soldiers, if you do not come in that Time, and then what “ will become of you ? lam truly grieved to fee “ the Five Nations fo debauched and deceived by “ Cc^enguirago, who is. lately come to New-Tork, “ and by ^ider. Formerly the chief Men of the « Five Nations ufed to converfe with me ; but this “ Governor of New-Tork has fo deluded you, that “ you hearken to none but him *, but take Care “ of what will follow, if you hearken to none but “ him. ” Then Decanefora excufed the not fending the Let- ters to Albany, which came by Tar 'tha, as they had promifed, faying, the other Nations trutted this to the Oneydoes, becaufe the Meflenger was to return to them, and the Oneydoes deceived the others. He likewife excufed their not coming to Albany as foon as Tariba returned, which was in November, He faid the chief Sachem of the Onondegas, who was entrutted fas their Speaker) by the Five Nations with their general Affairs, by the general Council of Onondaga, had a fore Leg, and could not travel *. * 'This, in the InJian Idicm, Cgnifes Excufe o.'an unwilling Perfon. ' ^ That Part II. Five Indian Nations, That in fuch Cafe he {Decanefora) did all that was in his Power, that is, he called a Council at Onondaga^ to give Direftions in this Affair ; and that he invited ^ider to this Council. He continued, “ The four Nations that met there refolved to « fend Deputies to Canada^ and that I Decanefora was “ to be one of them j but at the fame Time ordered “ me, with fome others, to communicate the Re- “ folutions of the General Council to our Brethren “ at Albany^ and to the MohawkSy to be farther “ advifed by them. “ The Refolutions are, to fend three Belts to “ the Governor of Canada^ with the following Pro- “ pofitions. *59 Chap. “ I. Onondioy you have fent for me often, and “ as often afked, why I am afraid to come ? The “ great Kettle of War that you have hung over the “ Fire is the Reafon of it. Then laying down the “ firft Belt, I am to afk his Confent to the other “ two Belts which I ftill keep in my Hand. “ II. We now not only throw down the Kettle, and thereby throw the boiling Water out of it, but “ likewile break it to Pieces, that it may never be “ hanged up again by this fecond Belt. “ III. Hearken, Onondioy you are lent from the “ French King, your Mailer, as Cayenguirago is “ from the great King and Queen of England, “ What I am now about to fpeak to you, is by In fpiration from the great God of Heaven. You fay “ that you will have nothing to do with our Brc- “ thren of CayenguiragOy but I mull tell you, that “ we are infeparable, we can have no Peace with “ you fo long as you are at War with them ; we “ mull Hand and fall with them ; which I am to “ confirm, by laying down the third Belt. “ When fhis was concluded the Jefuit Milety “ and another French Gentleman (who had been ‘‘ taken 1 i(3o T’he History of the Ch A P. “ taken Prifoner, and was taken into the Place of X. “ the chief Sachem of Onondaga^ formerly loft in C — n t]ie War, and thereby became a Sachem) de- J “ fired Leave to add two Belts to the other three. By their being Sachems they had a Vote, in the « General Council, and a Right to propofe any “ Thing. They wrote and read to us the Pur- « ports of their Belts, and we have brought their « Papers with us, to (hew to our Brethren.” To {hew the NecelTity they were under of ma- king Peace, fpeedily he added : “ That two Women, who were Prifoners at Ca- “ nada, had made their Efcape, on Purpofe to in- “ form them that the French were making great “ Preparations of Battoes, and other Neceflkries for “ an Expedition ; one faid, fliehad informed one of “ the Sachems of the Praying Indians of her Defign, “ who fent an Indian with her to advife the FiveNa- “ tions, to prevent the great Danger they were threatened with by a fpeedyConclufion of thePeace ; “ and added, that they had fent one of their People back with this Praying Indian,, to afl'ure them that “ Deputies would certainly go to Canada in the “ Spring to treat of Peace.” I make no Doubt, this was only an Article to haften the Five ons to conclude the Peace, left the Engli/h, if* it were delayed, {hould find Means to prevent it. Then he Ihewed the Flag which the Governor of Canada fent them to be carried by their Deputies, that the French might know them. Upon thele Refolutions being taken, the Five Nations recalled fix hundred Men, that they had placed along Cah- rackui River, to intercept the French, as they palled to and from Miffdmakinak. The Jefuit’s Papers being read to them, feveral Things were found in them which he had not lead to the General Council. To this Decanefcra an- fwered ; “ We know that the Prieft favours his “ own Nation, and deceives us in many Things •, “ but Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^ c . i6i “ but it is not in his Power to alter our Affedllon Chap. “ to our Brethren, we wi(h you would bury all X. “ Mifunderftandings that you have conceived his Account j and we likewife wifti you gave ‘‘ lefs Credit to the Rum-Carriers than you do.** Here we fee, by this Appellation, what a con- temf>tib!e Charadter the Traders have among the In-- dians^ and yet the Government of New-7'ork has al- moft perpetually trufted the Management of the In- dian Affairs to thefe Traders. Decanefora ended his Conference as follows : The Governor of Canada^s Words, and the Re- ‘‘ folutions of the four Nations are now before you, confult therefore what is to be done, and if it be ‘‘ neceflary for the Brethren to go to our Caftles to ‘‘ advife us farther, be not unwilling •, and then he ‘‘ laid down a large Belt eleven Rows deep, and fe- ven Fathom of Wampum.** The next Day Major Schuyler told them that he could confent to no Treaty with the French \ but propofed to them to meet the Governor here in fe- venty Days, and that Decanefora in particular fhould return at that Time, and gave a Belt. They agreed to meet the Governor at that Time ; ‘‘ But as for myfelf (fays Decanefora) I cannot pro- mife *, I am now the Minifter of the General “ Council, and cannot difpofc of myfelf, but by ‘‘ their Directions ; if they order me, I fhall wil- lingly return. We did not expedl to hear fuch ‘‘ politive Prohibition of keeping any Correfpon- dence with the French \ feventy Days muft pafs before we meet again, if any Mifchief be done ‘‘ by the Enemy in that Time, let us not blame “ one another. Confider again what is moft for the publick Good, and let it be fpoken before we ‘‘ part, and laid down a large Belt of fourteen deep.** M Major i 62 Chap. X. The History of the Major Schuyler then afked them again, whe- ther they promifed to ftop all Correfpondence with the French^ either by the Jefuit or otherwife, for feventy Days, and till they (hall have his Ex- cellency the Governor’s Anfwer. Decanefora zniv/trtd to this, “ I have no Autho- rity to anfwer this Queftion. I lhall lay the Belt “ down in every one of the Caftles, and tell, that « by it all Correfpondence is defired to flop with the French ; but I cannot promife that this will “ be complied with.” Major Schiller on the fixth called the Indians a- gain together : He adviled them not to fubmit to, nor truft fuch a perfidious Nation as the French are, who have upon all Occafions proved thcmfelves fuch. Be not difcouraged, (fays he, giving a Belt) Heaven begins again to favour us. This Day the Forerunners of the Shawonons are come to Town, feven Nations are on their March following them, one Thoufand in Number, including Men, Wo- men and Children, as you may learn from their own Mouths. Take Courage, and be not afraid, giving five Fathom of W^ampum. This feemed a lucky Incident, and accordingly it had more Influ- ence than all other Arguments together. Decaneforay the next Day, called the Magiftrates together, and told them, you have at laft fhut up the Way to Canada, but we have one Thing to alk, after mature Delilxration, which we expe^ will not be refufed us. Major Schuyler aflured them that every Thing Ihould be granted, which was either for their Safety or Honour, We defire then, faid he, that you fend a Meflenger along with ours to the Preying Indians at Canada, to tell them that the Prieft is falfe ; that we are to meet Cayenguirago in the Spring, and therefore can- not go to Canada at that Time ; and that a further Ceflation of Arms be agreed to, till fuch Time as Part II. Five Indian Nations, C^c. 163 r® f " will note H A p. fend a MelTenger, that you put the Meflage in X. Writing, as a Token of your Aflent to it. This v-ryx./ laft was agreed to, and the Meflage was put in Writing in the following Words, and tranflated in- to French. The Difpatch of three Belts, which two MefTen- gers of the Five Nations carry to the Caraguijis and Catholick Indians, according to what was refolved by the Agayandres or Sachems of the Five Nations, at Albany, February the ninth 1694. Firfi Belt. The Agayandres of the Five Nations cannot go to Canada in the Spring, as they gave Reafon to ex- ped by the laft Meflage from Onondaga, becaufe Cayenguirago has called all the Five Nations, and other Indians, to meet him at Albany, in the Month of April next, to which the Five Nations have a- greed. Second Belt. If the Caraguifts, or French, have any Thing to propofe to the Five Nations, they may lafely come into our Country. This Belt opens the Path, and fecures it to them both coming and going. Third Belt. The Five Nations, and their Friends, lay down the Hatchet till they fliall have an Anfwer, which they expedl: in forty Days. Provided neverthelefs, that the Caraguijis and French tye their Hatchets down at the fame Time. Thefe Belts were accordingly prefented to the Praying Indians of Cahnuaga, who refufed to re- ceive them but in the Prefence of Mr. de Callieres, M 2 Governor 164 'The History of the C H A p. Governor of Montreal. Mr. de Calliercs acquaint- X- ed the Count de Frontenac with the Contents. Af- ter which the Preying Indians., in Prefence of Mr. de Callieres, gave the following Anfwer. “ We will have no Correfpondence with the “ Five Fictions, but by Order of the Governor of “ Canada our Father, and unlefs Decanejora, and “ the other Deputies, come before the Feaft of “ St. John, the Way will be fhut up for ever after, and our Father’s Ears will be ftopt. We how- “ ever affure you, that if the Deputies come in “ that Time the Path fhall be fafe both coming “ and going.” Whether the Accounts given of the coming of the Shawonons was only an Amufement, or whe- ther they were diverted on their March, I know ndt, for I find no farther Account of them in the Regifter of the Indian Affairs : 1 lowever it was, the Impreffion, made on the Indians by that News, was not fufficient to withftand the Force of the re- folute Anfwer their Meffenger received from the Prating Indians. Decanefora and the other Depu- ties went early in the Spring to Canada ; the other Sachems met Colonel Fletcher at Albany^ the fourth of May 1 694. The Indians fpoke firft by Sadaka- nahtie, an Onondaga Sachem, cs follows : “ Brother Cayenguirago, “ Some of our Sachems agreed -lafl Winter that “ we fhould keep no Correfpondence with the “ French •, we confefs that we have broke thatPro- “ mife, and that we have received a Meffenger “ from Canada, and have lent our Deputies like- “ wife thither. The Belt is not yet arrived, by “ which we are to acknowledge our Fault in doing 2 “ this. Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. “ this. The Reafon of our doing it is truly this, C “ we are afraid of the Enemy. “ When a Meflenger came laft Year from Canada “ to Onondaga, our Brother Cayenguirago difcharged “ our Meeting in General Council at Onondaga, to “ confult on that Meflage, and ordered us to hold “ our General Council here at Albany on that Af- “ fair. The Privilege of meeting in General Coun- “ cil, when we pleafe, is a Privilege we always “ have enjoyed ; no former Governor, of the Name “ of Corlear, ever obftrufted this Privilege. We “ planted a Tree of Peace in this Place with them, “ its Roots and Branches extend as far as Virginia “ and New-England, and we have repoled with “ Pleafure under its Shade. Brother, let us keep “ to that firft Tree, and let us be united and u- “ nanimous ; fuch Prohibition of our AlTemblies “ will be of ill Confequence, and occafion Diffe- “ rences between us. “ We acknowledge, I fay, our fending Agents “ to Canada for Peace, we were incouraged in do- “ ing this, by the Knowledge we have of the Go- “ vernor of Canada. He is an old Man, and was “ formerly Governor of that Place. He was always “ efteemed a wife peaceable Man, and therefore “ we truft our Meflage will have a good Iflue. We “ did not take it amifs that you fent to the Devja- “ gunhas, nor that Arnout was fent to the Sata- “ nas, both of them our Enemies ; and, for the “ fame Reafon, our Brother Cayenguirago ought “ not to be difpleafed with our fending to the French “ for Peace. “ We, Onondaga!,, acknowledge ourfelves to “■ have been the chief Promoters of this Meflage, “ we have fent in all nine Sachems with nine Bdts. “ It is true we are now under much Uneafinefs in having trufted fo many Sachems in the French M3 “ Hands History ef the Ch A P.*‘ Hands, being almoft half the Number we have X. “ in our Nation, but we were in hafte to prevent '-’■’V—' « the Defigns the French had againft our Countries “ and yours, by the great warlike Preparations they “ were making in Canada.” Then he told all the Orders and Diredtions which their Ambafladors had received ; which agreeing with the Account which Decanafora gave of his Negotiation, I fhall here pafs over. He finilhed all by giving a Belt. Colonel Fletcher told them, he would give no An- fwer to what they had faid, before they difeovered to him what Reafon they had to fay, that he had for- bid their holding any Aflembly at Onondaga^ and that he had made Peace with the Dewagmhas and Satanasy without their Confent and Concurrence. To this the Speaker the next Day anfwered •, “ I was lick, and ablent when the Affairs you men- “ tion were tranfaded, and I was at a Lofs how to “ excuft our fending to the French contrary to your “ Advice j but leveral Sachems being arrived fince “ I Ipoke, I have been better informed by them, “ who were prefent at thofe Tranfadlions. We find “ it, in every Circumftance, as our Brother guirago fays j that you did not obftruft our keep- ing General Councils at Onondaga^ but only cau- tioned us in hearkening to the Fallacies of the French, and in holding Meetings on that Occa- fion. We affure you we will never feparate from “ you, we ftill have one Head, one Blood, one Soul, and one Heart with you ; and as a Confirmation “ of this I give this Belt feven deep. “ As to the Dewagunhas and Shawonons, we are consent Cayenguirago will not admit them into hrs Government, till they have made Peace with us, which we fhall willingly grant. When our Enemies are humbled, and beg Peace, vvhy fhould 2 ti they Part II. Five Indian Nations, « they not have it ? Let them come and live with C “ us, it will ftrengthen our Country. “ Brother Cc^enguirago^ when the Chriftians firft “ arrived in this Country, we received them kind- « ly. When they were but a fmall People, we en- “ tered into a League with them, to guard them “ from all Enemies whatfoever. We were fo foiyl “ of their Society, that we tied the great Canoe « which brought them, not with a Rope made of « Bark to a Tree, but with a ftrong iron Cham « fattened to a great Mountain. Now before the “ Chrittians arrived, the General Council of the Five Nations was held at Onondaga, where there “ has, from the Beginning, a continual Fire been “ kept burning ; it is made of two great Logs, “ whofe Fire never extinguilhes. As foon as the “ Hatchet-makers (their general Name for Chritti- “ ans) arrived, this General Council at Onondaga planted this Tree at Albany, whofe Roots and “ Branches have fince fpread as far as New-Eng- « land, ConneSlicut, Penjilvanta, Mapland and Vtr- “ ginia ; and under the Shade of this Tree all thefe « Englifh Colonies have frequently been Iheltered. “ Then (living feven Fathom of Wampum) he re- “ newed The Chain, and promifed, as they likewfe “ expedted, mutual Afliftance, in Cafe of any At- « tack from any Enemy. “ The onlyReafon,tobe plain with you, continu- “ ed he, of our fending to make Peace with the French, “ is the low Condition to which we are reduced, whil^e “ none of our Neighbours fend us the leaft Amft- « ance, fo that the whole Burthen of the War lyes “ on us alone. Our Brethren of New-England, Lon- “ neblicut, Penfthania, Maryland^ and Vtrgima, ot “ their own accord thrutt their Arms mto our “ Chain ; but fince the War began we have recciv- « ed no Aflittance from them. We alone cannot M A “ continue i68 'The History of the C H >» p. “ continue the War againft the French,, by Reafon of X- “ the Recruits they daily receive from the other Side “ the great Lake. “ Brother Cc^enguirago, fpeak from your Heart, are you refolved to profecute- the War vigoroufly “ againft the French, and are your Neighbours of “ Virginia, Maryland, Penfdvania, Connedficut and “ Flew,- England, refolved to aflift us ? If it be “ fo, we aflure you, notwithftanding any Trea^ “ ty hitheito entered into, we will profecute the “ War as hotly as ever. But if our Neighbours “ will not aflift, we muft make Peace, and we fub- “ mit it to your Confideration, by giving this great “ Belt fifteen deep. “ Brother Cayenguirago, I have truly told you the “ Reafons which have induced us to offer Peace to “ the French ; we lhall likewife, from the Bottom “ of our Hearts, inform you of the Defign we “ have in this Treaty. When the Governor of “ Canada ftiall have accepted the nine Belts, of which “ I have juft now told you, then we lhall have fomething more to fay by two large Belts, which “ lye ftill hid in our Bofom. We fhall lay down “ firft one and fay. We have a Brother Cayenguira- “ go, with whofe People we have been united in “ one Chain from the Beginning, they muft be in-. “ eluded in this Treaty ; we cannot fee them in-. “ volved in bloody War, while we fit in eafy Peace. “ If the Governor of Canada anfwer, that he has made a feparate Peace with us, and that he can- “ not make any Peace with Cayenguirago, becaufe “ the War is from over the great Lake ; then we “ fhall lay down the fecond great broad Belt, and “ tell the Governor of Canada, if you will not inr “ elude Cayenguirago’s People, the Treaty will be-? come thereby void, as if it had never been “ made ; and if he perfifts, we will abfolutely leave him,” While Part II. Five Indian Nations, C^c. 169 ' While the Sachems were at Albat^, Decanefora Chap. ■ and the other Ambafladors arrived at the Caftle of x. the Praying Indians, near the Falls above Montreal. ^ J They were conducted from thence, by the Superi- or of the Jefuits, to Rebeck. They had their Au- dience of the Governor of Canada with great So- lemnity, in the Prefence of all the Ecclefiafticks and Officers of Diftindion, and of the moft confidera- ‘ ble Indians then in the Place. They were every ' Day, while they ftaid in the Place, entertained at " the Governor’s Table, or at the Tables of the moft confiderable Officers. Decanefora on his Side made ® a good Appearance, being cloathed in Scarlet trim’d with Gold, and with a laced Bever Hat on his " Head, which had been given him by Colonel Fletch~ ^ er before he went. ® The Jefuit Milet had by Letter informed the Go- ' vernor of every Thing in their Commiffion, and though he was thereby enabled to have anf.vered “ them immediately, he confulted three Days, after the Ambafladors had delivered what they had to ‘ fay, before he would return an Anfwer, that it ' might appear with more Solemnity. The Indians ' never return a fudden Anfwer on any Occafion of ; Importance, however rdolved they be beforehand, I and defpife thofe that do, though their Anfwer be : never fo much to the Purpofe. I choofe to give an t Account of this from Decanafora's Mouth, as I did 5 ol the former, and for the lame Renfon. The Ac- ' count given of it by the Indians agrees, in all the t material Points, with that publilhed by the French, i and I am confident it is not lefs genuine. £ Colonel Fletcher being fenfible of what Conle- :• quence this Treaty between the French and ivw !( Nations might be of to all the Englijh Colonies, gave them Notice of if, and informed them of the Reafons which had induced the Indians to enter in- to 7%^ History _ .to it. He told them, there was no Poflibility of preventing it, but by the Indians being aflured of more effeftual Affiftance, than they had hitherto received, and advifed them to fend Commiffioners for that Purpofe to Albany in Auguft, at which Time he intended to meet the Five Nations there, after the Return of their Meflengers from Canada. Ac- cordingly, Andrew Hamilton., Efq; Governor of New-Jerf^\ Colonel John Pinchon, Samuel Sands, Efq; and Major Pen Townfend, Commiffioners from MaJJacbufei^ s Bay, and Colonel John Hauley and Cap- tain Stanley, Commiffioners from Connetticut, wait- ed on Colonel Fletcher at Aibat^, who carried with him likewife a Part of the CouikU of New- Fork. Thefe Gentlemen having met the Indians at Alha- >5?'the fifteenth of Decanefora rofc up firft, and defired Leave to fing a Song or two of Peace, before they began on Bufinefs. Then Rode, a Mo- hawk Sachem, rofe up, and addreffing himfelf to the other Sachems, faid, we have great Reafon to rejoice, feeing fo many of thofe, who are in our Chain, are now met, to confult together on the general W eal ; af- ter which they fang two or three Songs. Sadakanahtie being chofen Speaker for that Day, rofe up, fpoke much to the fame Purpofe as he had done to Colonel Fletcher in laft •, giving a me- taphorical Account of their League with the l^, how it began, and by what Steps it had been inlarged and ftrengthened ; how the other Colonies had thruft their Arms into this Chain, but had giv- en little or no Affiftance againft the common Ene- my. “ Our Brother Cayettguirago'% Arms (fays he) “ and ours are ftiff, and tired with holding fall the “ Chain, whilft our Neighbours fit ftill and fmoak “ at their Eafe. The Fat is melted from ourFlefti, “ and fallen on our Neighbours, who grow fat “ while Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. “ while we grow lean : They flouriih while we de- C “ cay. “ This Chain made us the Envy of the French^ “ and if all had held it as faft as Cayenguirogo^ it “ would have been a Terror alfo. If we would “ all heartily join and take the Hatchet in our “ Hand, our common Enemy would foon be de- “ ftroyed, and we Ihould for ever after live in Peace “ and Eafe. Do you but your Parts, and Thunder “ itfelf cannot break our Chain.” Then he mentioned fome Jealoufies they had en- tertained of New-Englandy by their fuffering the Chevalier D’O to efcape to Canaduy which they fuf- peded had been concerted between him and the People of New-Englandy in Order to treat of Peace. “ Our Agents, faid he, faw the Chevalier D’O at “ Canaday who told them that he had been fet at “ Liberty by the Englijhy and that it was in vain “ that the Five Nations warred againfl; the Frtnchy “ while the Englifb favoured them.” On this Oc- cafion he (hewed them a Filh painted on Paper, which the Commiflioners of New- England had given them, when they firft entered into the Chain, as a Seal to the League. He finifhed by telling them, that they would next Day give all the Particulars of their Negotiation in Canada. The next Day Dccanefora proceeded to the Ac- count of his Negotiation, as follows : “ The Go- “ vernor of Canada having often fent to us to come “ to Canada to treat with him, we went thither, “ and told him that we were come to treat of Peace. “ We made the following Propofals. Father, if we do not conclude a Peace now, “ it will be your Fault ; for we have already taken “ the Hatchet out of the Hands of the River Indi- “ ans (Hudjon's River) whom we incited to the “ War* 172 ne History of the Ch A War, But we muft tell you, that you are an ill ‘‘ Man, you are inconftant and not to be tnifted ; we have had War together a long Time, and ‘‘ though you occafioned the War, we never hated the Houfe of Oghejfa^ (a Gentleman living at Montreal) let him undertake the toilfome Jour- “ ney to Onondaga \ for if he will he ftiall be wel- come. Father, we are now fpeaking of Peace, and ‘‘ therefore I muft fpeak a Word to the Preying In- dians^ and firft to thofe of Cahnaaga (chiefly Mo- hawh) you know our Cuftoms and Manners, therefore make Onondio acquainted therewith, and ‘‘ be aftifting in the proTecuting of this good Work. Then to the other Caftle, called Cana£adaga^ “ (chiefly Onondaga s) you are worfe than the French “ themfelves, you deftrted from us, and fide with ‘‘ our Enemies to deftroy us ; make fome amends now, by forwarding Peace. You have almoft eat us up, our beft Men are killed in this bloody War ; but we now forget what is paft. Before this we once threw the Hatchet into the River of Kaihohage^f but you fifhed it up, and treacheroufly furprifed our Peo- pie at Cadarackui, After this you fent to us to have our Prifoners reftored ; then the Hatchet was thrown up to the Sky, but you kept a String faftened to th^ Helve, and pulled it down, and fell upon our People again. This we revenged to fome Purpofe, by the Deftrudlion of your Peo- ‘‘ pie and Houfes in the Ifland oi Montreal, Now we are come to cover the Blood from our Sight, which has been ftied by both Sides during this long War, * The French call it la Famine ^ near O'‘>fivego, The Treaty with Mr. delaBar was made there. Onon- Part II. Five Indian Nations, (ic. 173 ‘ « Onondio^ we have been at War a long Time, wcCh a p. « now give you a Medicine to drive away all ill X. “ Thoughts from your Heart, to purge it and make v— » “ it clean, and reftore it to its former 'State. “ Omndio, we will not permit any Settlement at “ Cadarackui \ you have had your Fire there thrice “ extinguifhed ; we will not confent to your re- “ building that Fort, but the Pallage through the :• “ River lhall be free and clear. We make the Sun I “ clean, and drive away all Clouds and Darknefs, a “ that we may fee the Light without Interrupti- ‘ “ on. \\ “ Onondio, we have taken many Prifoners from ; “ one another, during the War. The Prifoners we ’’f. “ took have been delivered, according to our Cuf- “ tom, to the Families that have loft any in the V. “ War. They no longer belong to the Publick, " they may give them back if they pleafe, your I; “ People may do the fame. We have brought s “ back two Prifoners, and reftore them to you. “ After I had finilhed what I had to fay .continued he, , the Governor of Canada told me, that he would ,i “ not make Peace with Cayengiiirago. To this I anfwer- I “ ed, thefe Words difpleafe me much, you fhall l„ “ keep Peace with him. Onondio faid again, I muft , “ fight with Cayenguirago, it is not in my Power to “ make Peace ; this can only be done by my Ma- . “ fter, who lives over the great Water. To this I “ replied, I cannot bear this Difcourfc j if you “ fhould fight him now, and not ftay till I get _ “ Home, all the Country will look on me as a Tray- “ tor; I can treat with you no longer. The Argu- “ ment on this SubjeA lafted three Days, at laft the “ Governor of Canada aflured me, that he would not “ undertake any Enterprize againft Cayenguirago “ this Summer, bat would wait to hear what he . “ wou’d fay. (6 The 174 History of the Chap. The Governor of Canada infifted three Days to X. 4» have Hoftages left, which I refufed, but two a- “ greeing of their own accord to ftay, they were “ left, viz. one an Onondago, another a Seneka, “ Then the Governor of Canada made the follow* ** ing publick Anfwer : ' j “ I. I accept of Peace as you offer. II. Son, bring all the Prifoners back that you “ have taken from me, and yours lhall have Liber- “ ty to return Home, if they pleafe. “ III. Children, eredt my Fire again at Cadi- “ rackui, and plant there the Tree of Peace. “ After this the Governor of Canada delivered ** me a Belt, which I now lay down before you; “ by it he faid, defire Cayenguirago to fend a wife “ Man to me, and he fhall have ProteAion accord- “ ing to the Cuftom of Chriftians j and added, “ Children of the Five Nations, if Cayenguirai) “ lhall employ you to do any Service for him, do “ not accept of it, let him fend his own People.” Decanefora added, that the Governor of Canada had fixed eighty Days for a Return to this Belt. He continued and faid, “ The Sachems of the “ Dionondadies were prefent ; after I had finilhed “ my Speech, they faid ; May what you have now faid be from your Hearts ; we fufpedt you are not “ fincere ; let us no longer feel the Smart of the “ Hatchet, and gave this Belt which 1 now lay “ down. “ The Fraying hidians next laid. Brethren, “ our Father Onondio has told you to bring Home “ all the Prifoners, do not fail in this ; giving two “ Belts. “ Brother Cayenguirago, you will find what I have “ now faid confirmed by this Paper, which the Go- “ vernor Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 157 “ vernor of Canada gave me. I brought LettersCHAP. “ likewlfe for the Jefuit Mitet^ who was to read the X. » “ Paper to us.” I'he Paper contained the Articles j in French, in which the Governor of Canada was willing to make Peace, But befides what Decanofora here tells, the French Accounts fay, that he brought two l^lts under- ground (that is privately) from three Onondaga Sa- chems, to aflure the Governor of Canada of their particular AfFeftion, which the Governor of Canada anfwered, by a private Belt to them. As foon as Decanefora had done fpeaking. Colonel Fletcher rejcded the Belt fent by the Governor of Canada, faying ; If the Governor of Canada have any Thing to fay to me, let him fend fome of I his People to Jlbar^, and they fliall have Protedti- 1 t i on. Next Day Sadekanahtie, after he had fung a long Song, gave the following Account of their Negoria- t\oxis 'fiit\it\io Dcwagunhas and Dionondadies, which they had undertaken by the Governor’s Advice. “ We were afraid, fays he, to fend Meflengers “ of our own People, and therefore we employed “ two Prifoners we had of the Dionondadies with “ the Governor’s Belt. Some time after this, fome “ of the Senekas hunting near the Dionondadies, two “ of them were taken *, but when they were car- “ ried to the Dionondadie Caftle, they were not “ treated like Prifoners ; they were ufed kindr “ ly, and fent back with the following Offers of “ Peace. “ We are glad to fee you Face to Face to fpeak “ to you, hnce the Sun has been fb propitious to “ fend home the Men that were Prifoners with you, “ giving a few Strings of Wampum, “ We are glad of this Opportunity to tell you, “ that we have been both drunk in making War ou “ one J76 *The 'HnrGKY of the Chap.** one another ; we now give you a Cordial to eafe X. “ your Hearts, that there be no longer War between ^***v~*^ “ us, by this Belt. “We are glad that you have fet the Doors open “ as far as Ci^enguira^o's Houfe, that we may free- “ ly go thither. Carry him this fecond Belt. ** Brethren, we thank you for having prepared a ** Place for us at your General Council of Onondaga. “ Our Country is every where free to you to treat with us, by this third Belt. “ Brethren, our whole Country rejoiced when “ you invited us into your Country, and from “ thence to go where Cayenguirago dwells ; be not *‘ afraid to come to our Country, you lhall meet ** with no Moleftation. “ Brethren, we thank you for putting us in “ Mind of what was formerly agreed to, viz. that “ when any ill Accident happens, we were to meet “ together to compofe Matters, and not to revenge “ it with War. We are now together to put “ an End to all Mifunderftanding, by this fourth ** Belt. “ Brethren, (we include all the Nations from the “ Senekas Country to New-York in this Name) “ hearken to us. We rend the Clouds afunder, “ and drive away all Darkneis from the Heavens, “ that the Sun of Peace may fhine with Brightnefs “ over us all ; giving a Sun of a round red polilh- “ ed Stone. “ Brethren, we put the Hatchet into the Hands “ of the Chightaghies, Yvoithtwies, and OdJiracMes, “ to war againft you •, but we fhall in three Days “ go to thefe Nations and take the Hatchet out of ** their Hands ; giving half a Stone Pipe. ' “ You Senekas are ftupid Creatures, we mull “ therefore warn you not to hunt fo far from your “ Caftles, left you be hurt by any of thefe three “ Nations Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. “ Nations, and then blame us. They then gaveC “ the other half of the Pipe. “ But Brother Cay€nguira^o, fays Sadakahnitie, do “ not fuffer thefe Nations to come nearer than the “ Senekas Country, left they difcover our Wealc- “ nefs, and to what a low Condition the War has “ reduced us. Thefe Nations have been fo long “ in Frien'dfhip with the French^ and are fo much “ under their Influence, that we cannot truft them “ yet, or be too much upon our Guard againft “ them.” Colonel Fletcher not being able to give the Five Nations any Aflfurance of a vigorous Afliftance, he called the principal Sachems to a private Conference on the twentieth. He alked them, whether they had made Peace with the Governor of Canada ; they anfwered, that it only wanted his Approbation, and added, that they could no longer carry on the War without Afliftance. You have the whole Negoti- ations before you, fay they, and we fubmit it to your Prudence. He then allowed them to make Peace, provided they kept faithful in their Chain with the Englijh\ but told them, that as to his Part he could make no Peace with theGovernor of Canada. They were under great Un- cafinefs to leave their Friends in the War, they faid, and wilhed, fince neither the Governor of Canada nor he would receive Propofals by their Hands, that they might think of fome neutral Place to treat. The Governor anfwered, that he could neither receive nor fend any Meflage on that Head j and that Peace could be only made between them by the two Kings. TheGovernor next alked them, whether they would permit the French to build again at Cada- rackui ; they anfwered, they would never permit it, and were refolved to infift on it, in all the enfuing Treaties, that he never lhall. Then the Governor N added. 17^ The History^ the Chap, added, if you permit the French to build any where X. on that Lake, there will be an End to your Liber- ty, your Pofterity will become Slaves to the French. If ever you fhould permit them, I will look on it as an abfolute Breach of the Chain with us : If the French attempt it give me Notice, and I will march the whole Force of my Government to your Aflift. ancc. We lhallfind afterwards, however, that the Go- vernment of New~Tork was far from making good this Promife. The Governor told them, that they had loft much of their Honour in creeping to the French^ in fuch an abjeeft Manner j for, fays he, the Governor of Canadefs Paper, which you brought with you, fays, that you came in the moft humble and penitent Manner, and begged Peace. To which they an- fwered, the Governor of Canada has no Reafon to make fuch Reflexions, we have many of his Belts to fhew, by which he again and again fued to us for Peace, before we would hearken to him. But, replies the Governor, how came you to call him Father ? For no other Reafon, they replied, but be- caufe he calls us Children. Thefe Names lignify nothing. They defired the Governor not to fay any Thing particularly of Cadarcakui., in his publick Speech that he was to make next Day, for they had, they faid, fome among them that would tell all to the Gover- nor of Canada ; and concluded, with wilhing that they had fome one, who could write and read all that the Governor had faid to them, that they might not forget any Part of it, when they come to confult and refolve on this weighty Affair, at their General Council at Onondaga. Here we fee thefe Barbarians, thefe Savages, as we call them, a<5ling with the greateft regard to the Treaties they had entered into with their Allies, 2 and Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. tyg and that at aTime when the Exigences of their own Ch a p. Affairs, and when the faint feeble Afliftance, which X. their Allies had contributed in the common Caufe,' would, among Chriftian Potentates, have been thought a fufficient Excufe for their taking Care of themfelves feparately, in breach of the moft folemn Confederacy they could enter into. ‘ The Sachems of the Five Nations being met at O- mndaga^ to confulc on the Terms offered by the French^ they wxre divided in their Opinions •, the CayttgaSy and Part of the Senekas^ were moft favo- rable to the French Propofals ; but the major Part was abfolutely againft allowing the French to rebuild a Fort at Cadarackui, nor would they confent to in- clude all the French Allies in the Treaty, with fome of which they had particular Caufes of Animoli- The Party that was moft for Peace obtained Leave to go to Canada^ to try whether they could obtain Terms lefs difagreeable. They accordingly went thither, within the Time prefixed by the Governor of Canada^ for an Anfwer ; and to make themfelves more acceptable to the French^ they carried thirteen Prifoners with them, and delivered them up. The Jefuit Miiet was of this Number, who had been taken in the Year 1689, and one Jonfcaire^ who had been long a Prifoner among the Senekas : He had been delivered up to a Family of the Senekas^ that had loft fome confiderable Relation, and was by them adopted. He ingratiated himfelf fo much with that Nation, that he was advanced to the Rank of a Sachem^ and preferved their Efteem to the Day of his Death ; whereby he became, after the general Peace, very ufeful to the French in all Negotiations with the Five Nations^ and to this Day they fhew their Regard to his Family and Children. N 2 When" I I 1 8o The History of the When the Governor of Canada came to Particu- lars with thefe Deputies, he could obtain nothing but ambiguous or dubious Anfwers, as to the re- building of Cadarackui Fort, and the including of all the French Allies in the Peace. Whereupon he difmifled them with Prefents, and made them ma- ny fair Promifes, in Cafe of their Compliance ; but threatened them with utter Deftruftion, in Cafe of their refufing the Terms he had offered. Many of the French Indian Allies were prefent, when the Go- vernor of Canada refufed any Agreement without his Allies being included in' it, and this attached them exceedingly to the French Intereft. This Re- gard, which the French generally Ihew for the Inte- reft of their Allies, is a Piece of Policy which, upon all Occafions, proves ufeful to them j whereas, the Negledt of this Piece of natural Juftice has as often been prejudicial to others, who have not had fo tender a Senfe of it. But it is not fo eafy for a weak State to keep up its Honour in fuch Cafes, as it is for a powerful Prince. Chap XI. CHAP. XI. “The War renewed. The French repojj'ejs them- fehes ^ Cadarackui Fort, and fi)td Means to break cf the Treaty between the Five Nations and Dionondadies. T H K Five Hattons refufing to come to the Governor of Canada’s Terms, he refolved 'to force them ; and as he fufpedted that they continued obftinate, by the Advice of the Engli/h, and the Confidence they had of the Englijh Affiftance, he thought he would moft effedtually leften that Confi- dence, Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?e History of the A p. Manner, invited the Utawawas to the Entertaln- ment. The Prllbner being firft made faft to a Stake, fo as to have Room to move round it, a Frenchman began the horrid Tragedy, by broiling the Flelh of the Prifoner’s Legs, from his Toes to his Knees, with the red hot Barrel of a Gun ; his Example was followed by an Utawawn, and they relieved one an- other as they grew tired. The Prifoner all this while continued his Death Song, till they clapt a red hot Frying-pan on his Buttocks, when he cried out. Fire is ftrong and too powerful ; then all their Indians mocked him, as wanting Courage and Refo- lution. You, they faid, a Soldier and a Captain, as you lay, and afraid of Fire ; you are not a Man. They continued their Torments for two Hours with- out ceafing. An Utawawa being defirous to outdo the French in their refined Cruelty, fplit a Furrow from the Prifbncr’s Shoulder to his Garter, and fill- ing it with Gunpowder, fet Fire to it. This gave him exquifite Pain, and raifed exceflive Laughter in his Tormenters, When they found his Throat fo much parched, that he was no longer able to gratify their Ears with his howlhig, they gave him Water, to enable him to continue their Pleafure longer. But at laft his Strength failing, an Utawawa Bead off his Scalp, and threw burning hot Coals on his Scull. Then they untied him, and bid him run for his Life: He began to run, tumbling like a drunken Man ; they (hut up the Way to the Eaft, and made him run Weft ward, the Country, as they think, of de- parted (miferable) Souls. He had ftill F’orce left to throw Stones, till they put an End to his Mifery by knoclcing him on the Head with a Stone. After this every one cut a Slice from his Body, to con- clude the Tragedy with a F'eaft. It is doing no In- jury, I think, to thefe Frenchmen, who thus glory in this horrid Cruelty, to afk them, whether they Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 187 j did not likewife regale their revengeful Appetites C h a p. with a Share of this inhuman Feaft ? XI. ti Though I have had frequent Occafions to men- ^ tion thefe barbarous inhuman Cruelties, tranfafted by the Indians, yet I have avoided to relate the - particular Circumftances of them, becaufe I believe few civilized Ears can bear the reading of them « without Horror. But when they are perpetrated by !! Chriftians, and fo far gloried in, as to be recorded b in their own Hiftory, I am willing to Ibew it to my 6 Countrymen in its proper Colours. This laft Piece ? of French Hiftory is taken from Hijloire de lAmeri^ 1 qne SeptentrionaUy par Monfr. de la Poterie, publilh- 1; ed at Paris with the Royal Licence, and recom- I mended to the Publick by Monf. Fontenelle, Vol. ii. T: Page 298. Id Though this cruel Aft had its defigned Effeft, In B breaking off this Method of negotiating between the i Five Nations and Dionondadies, it did not prevent II the Peace ; and it had very near raifed a Civil War t with their own Indians, which was only prevented ^ by the dextrous Conduft of the French Officers, r who, in all kind of Artifice, have always been fu- i perior to the Indians. But let me obferve on this Occafion, that the avoiding any Misfortune, by any ^ bafe or wicked Aftion, is commonly the Caufe of ; greater Mifchiefs than what is thereby avoided ; and i[ of this numerous Examples may be given. Ii - [I { i c CHAP. i88 Hoe History of the CHAP. XII. The Count de Frontenac attacks Onondaga in Perfon, with the whole Force of Canada. The Five Nations continue the War with the, French, and make Peace with the Dionon- dadies. T H E Count de Frontenac having fecured Ca- dixrackui Forty which was called by his Name, ■ as a Place of Arms and Provifions, and for a Re- treat to the Men that fliould happen to be fick or wounded, refolved to make the Five Nations feel his Refentment of their refufing his Terms of Peace. For this Purpofe he aflembled all the regular Troops of Canaday the Militia, the Owenagungas, the ^a- toghies of LorettOy the AdirondackSy SokokieSy Nepi- ciriniensy the Preying Indians of the Five NationSy - and a few UtawawaSy at Montrealy in June 1696. The other weftern Indians near Mifftliniakinaiy by their late Correfpondence with the Five NationSyini the Diflatisfaftion they had manifefted, were not trufted. The Manner of making War with the In- dians in a Country wholly covered withWoods, muft be fo much different from the Methods ufed in Eu- ropey that I believe the Reader will be pleafed to have a particular Account of the Count de Fronte- \ nac's Conduct in this, who was an old experienced General, in the feventy fourth Year of his Age. It is to be obferved, that it is impoflible to pafs the vaft Forefts between the Countries of the Five Nations^viiVa. Waggons, or other Carriages, or on | Horfeback, or even on Foot, in the fummer Time, by Reafon of many impaffible thick Swamps and Morafll'S. For this Reafon, tlie only Method of travelling Part II. Five Indian Nations, 189 travelling is in Bark Canoes, or very light Battoes,CH a p. along the Rivers, which may be eafily carried on XII Men’s Shoulders, where the Stream of the River becomes too rapid, and from one River to another j for which Purpofe the Ihorteft Pafles are always chofen, and are called, for this Reafon, Carrying Places. The Count de Frontenac marched from la Chine, in the fouth End of the Ifland of Montreal, the fourth of July. He divided five hundred Indians fo, that the greateft Number of them fhould always be in the Van, which confifted of two Battalions ot the regular Troops. They were followed by the Ca- noes which carried the Provifions. The Van was commanded by the Chevalier de Callieres, Gover- nor of Montreal ; he had with him two large Bat- toes, which carried two fmall Pieces of Cannon, fmall Mortars, Granadoes, and the Utenfils of the Artillery. The Count de Frontenac was at the Head of the main Body, accompanied by the Engineer and feveral Gentlemen Voluntiers. ITie Body con- fifted of four Battalions of the Militia, who, in War with Indians, were then more depended on thnn the regular d'roops j thefe were commanded by Mon- fieur Ratnfay, Governor of Trois Rivieres. The Rear, which confifted of two Battalions of regular Troops, and of the reft of the Indians, was under the Command of the Chevalier de Vaudreuil. All the Indians had French Officers fet over them. ^ In this Order the Army marched, onjy thofe that were in the Van one Day, were in the Rear the next ; and they always kept a Number of Indians on the Scout, to difeover the Tracks of the Enemy, for fear of Ambufeades. And when they we.''e obliged to carry the Canoes, and drag the large Battoes, fe- veral Parties were detached to cover the Men that worked. After 19 ® 7^^ History of the Ch a p. After twelve Days March they arrived at Cada- XIL rackui Fort., one hundred eighty Miles from Mont- -v*^ real. Here they waited for the Utawcmas, who difappointed them j and in the mean Time raifed a Bark, which had remained funk fince Cadaracha Fort was deferred. They croffed over Cadarackm Lake to Onondaga River (now Ohfwega). This River being narrow and rapid, they ordered fifty Men to march on each Side of it, to prevent their being furprifed, and the Army moved llowly along the River, according to the Intelligence they re- ceived from their Scoirts. They found a Tree, as they pafled along, on which the Indians had, in their Manner, painted the Freneh Army, and had laid by it two Bundles of cut Rufhes. This was a Defiance in the Indian Manner, and to tell them by the Number of Rufhes, that fourteen hundred thirty four Men would meet them. The French pafled the little Lake, between Ohjwega and Onondaga, in Order of Battle ; and the two Wings, to prevent their b«ng furprifed, and to make the Place of their Landing more uncertain to the Enemy, took a Cir- cuit along the Coaft. As foon as they had landed they raifed a Fort. A Seneka, who had been fome time a Frifoner in Canada, and pretended an At- tachment to the French, was fent out to make a Difeovery. He deferted to the Onondagas. He found them waiting for the French, with a Refbluti- on to defend their Caftle, and to fight the French 5 for which Purpofe they had fent away their Women and Children. The Seneka told them that the French Army was as numerous as the Leaves on the Trees; that they had Machines which threw Balls up in the Air, and which falling on their Caftle burft to Pieces, and fpread Fire and Death every where, a- gainft which their Stockadoes could be of no De- fence. This was confirmed by another Seneka, who deferted. Upon which the Onondagas thought it Part II. Five Indian Nations, & c . ipi !i mbft advifeable to retire, leaving their poor Fort Chap. H) and bark Cottages all in Flames. XII. 1 After the General had an Account of this, he j marched to their Village in Order of Rattle. The i; Army was divided into two Lines : The firft com- manded by the Chevalier de Callieres, who placed him- felf on the Left, confifted of two Battalions of the Inhabitants in the Center, and a Battalion of the re* ;i gular Troops on each Wing. The Artillery follow* [| ed them. Moft of the Indians of this Divilion f were upon the Right, who continually fent out ' Scouts. The fecond Line was commanded by the ; Chevalier de f^audreuel^ compofed of the fame Num* r ber of Bafttalions, and in the fame Order. The i Count de Frontenac was carried in a Chair directly r after the Artillery. But it was impoffible for them \ to keep their Order, in palling through thick p Woods, and in palling Brooks. In this fornilda- ble Manner the aged General marched up to the ; Alhes of the Village, and his Army exerted their . Fury on the Indian Corn, which covered a large Field in thick Ranks. ^ An Indian Sachem, about one hundred Years old, , would not retire with the reft, but chofe this Time to end his Days. The French Indians had the Plea- , fure of tormenting him, which he bore with fur- priling Evennels of Mind, and with that Refoluti* on which becomes a Sachem of the Five Nations. [ He told his Tormentors to remember well his Death, H when his Countrymen Ihould come to take terrible Vengeance of them. Upon which, one ftabbing him feveral Times with his Knife, he thanked him but faid, you had better make me die by Fire, that thefe Dogs of Frenchmen may learn how to fuffer like Men. You Indians, their Allies, you Dogs of Dogs, think of me when you lhall be in the like I State. Thus this old Sachem, under ail the Weak- ^ nefs of old Age, preferved a Greatnels of Soul, and ’ a due 192 History of the Ch A p. a due Regard for the Honour of his Country, to the XII. laft Moment of his Breath. The Chevalier de Vaudreuil was fent with a De- tachment of fix or feven hundred Men to deftroy the Oneydoes Corn, who liv’d but a fmall Diftance from Onondaga, which he performed without any Refiftance. The Jefuit Milet had lived for the moft Part with the On^does •, he had infufed mto them the moft favourable Sentiments of the French, and they had been the moft inclined to Peace on the French Terms. Thirty five of them ftaid in their Caftle to make the French welcome •, but the only Favour they obtained, was to be made Prifoners, and carried to Montreal. The French Governor de- clared his Refolutions to extirpate the Omndagas, and for that Reafon gave Orders to give no Quar- ter. The Difficulty of fupporting fo many Men in thefe Deferts, made it neceflary for the Count de Frontenac to return as fpeedily as poffible. Though the French Army was much an Overmatch for the Omndagas, both in. Number of Men and in their Arms, the Omndagas were not fo far difpirited, as not to follow them in their Return. They found Opportunities to revenge themfelves in fome Mea- . fure, by cutting off every Canoe that happened at any Time to be at a Diftance from the main Body. This obliged the Count to haftcn his March, fo that he returned to Montreal the tenth of M- guft. The Omndagas fuffered nothing by this charge- able Expedition, but the Lofs of their Corn, and their Bark Cottages. They loft not one Man, but the old Sachem, who refolved to die a Martyr to his Country’s Honour. The French fuffered con- fiderably by its Confequences •, for all the Planters being taken off from their Labour, either in this Expedition, or in watching and fecuring their Forts Part II. Five Indian Nations, 193 and Country, a Famine enfued •, and this I find hasC hap. often happened in Canada, where all the Men, fit XIII. to bear Arms, have been employed in fuch like Ex- peditions. If the Oneydoes had not timely furren- dered themfelvcs, the Count had not been able to have carried Home the leafi: ioken of a Victory. And all that can be fald for this Enterprize is, that it was a kind of heroick Dotage. The Influence that the Jefuit Milet had obtained over the Oneydoes was fuch, that fome Time af- ter this, thirty of them deferred to the French, and defired that he might be appointed their Pa- in the following Winter the Mohawks, with the Governor of New Tork’s Privacy, fent one to the Fraying Indians with two Belts, and he carried two Prifoners with him. By the firft Belt he aflced, whether the Path was entirely fliut up between their two Countries ; and, by the fecond, demanded the Reftitution of a Prifoner the Praying Indians taken : But his real Defign v/as, to learn the State of their Country, and what Defigns were form- ing. Notwithftanding the Influence and Arti- fice of the French Priefts over thefe Converts, they ftill retained an AfFeftion to their Countrymen ; for which Reafon the Count de Front cnac entertain- ed a Jealoufy of thefe Intercourfes, and threatened to put to Death any that flrould come in that Man- ner again •, but the Meflenger had the Satisfafiion of difcovering ' the difiiefled Condition of Canada by Famine. , A Party of the French was fent out in the Vt in- ter, to make fome Attempt upon the Englifn Set- tlements near Albany ; but fome A'lobawks and Seal kook Indians meeting with them, before they reached the Settlements, they were intirely routed. The commanding Olficer, one du Ban, and two o- tlicrs, faved themfelvcs from the Fury of the Indi- O ans. 194 History of the Chap, ans^ by running to Albany ; the reft were either XII. killed or periftied in the Woods, fo that not one Man of this Party got back to Canada. It was much eafier for the French to fet the Fry- ing Indians upon the Engliflj^ againft whom it is poflible many of them had perfonal Animofities, that made them go over to the French, than to fight their Countrymen. Several of them came this Winter fkulking about Schenellady and Albaty •, and being well acquainted with the Country, and ipeaking likewife the MohawFs Language, by which they fometimes deceived the Inhabitants, they fur- prifed fome of the Inhabitants, and carried away their Scalps. The Five Nations, to fhew that the Count de Irontenach Expedition had no Way difcouraged them, fent out feveral Parties againft Canada. One of them met with a Party of French upon St. Laurence River, near Montreal. The French were routed, and their Captain killed. As foon as this was heard at Montreal, Repentigni was fent out af- ter them with a confiderable Party of French, Nepi- cirinien Indians and Praying Indians ; but this Party was likewife defeated, and the Captain, with many of his Men, killed. Thus the War was continued till the Peace of Refwick, by fmall Parties of Indians, on both Sides, haraffing, furprifing, and fcalping the Inhabitants near Montreal and Albany. Some Time this Year the chief Sachem of the Dionondadies (whom the French call the Baron) went to Rebeck, pretending a ftrong Attachment to the French, but really to conceal the Treaty of Peace that he was on the Point of concluding with the Five Nations ; for which Purpofe he had fent his Son with nineteen Belts to the Senekas. The Sub- ftance of whofe CommilTion was as follows : 3 The Part II. Five Indian Nations, The French have for many Years confounded Cm a p. our Refolutions, and deceived us, but now we are XII. refolved to break all their Artifices, by ftopping '✓VNJ our Ears. We come now to unite with you, while the French know nothing of the Matter, The Com- mandant at Miftlimakinak has told us many lies, he has betrayed us, and made us kill one another, but we are firmly refolved never to hearken to him any more. The Peace was accordingly firmly con- cluded, notwithftanding all the Oppofition the French could make. The French Authors fay, the only Reafon that induced the Dionondadies was, that the Engli^ fold them Goods cheaper than the French could. , T, • t Some Time before the News of the Peace arrived, the French at Montreal being informed that a Party of the Five Nations were difcovered near Corlear*s Lakey fent out a Captain with a Party of Sol- diers and IndianSy who being well experienced in the Manner of making War with IndianSy marched through the thickeft Woods, and by the l^ft fre- quented Places, fo that he difcovered the Enemy, without being difcovered. He furprifed that Party, killed feveral, and took one Prifoner. The Ufa- wawas being then trading at Montreal y the Count de Frontenac invited them to a Feaft to be made of this Prifoner, and caufed him to be burnt publick- ly alive at MLofitTCcil^ in the Manner of which I have already given two Accounts from the French Au- thors. O 2 CHAP- 196 The History of the CHAP. XIII. The ConduSi which the Englifli and French ob- Jerved, in regard to the Five Nations, im- mediately after the Peace c/'Refwick. Chap. ^ O O N after the News of the Peace of Refwick reached New-Tork, the Governor fent an Ex- prefs to Canada^ to inform the Governor there of it, that Hoftilities might ceafe. The five Nations . having an Account of the Peace earlier than they had it in Canada, took Advantage of it, in hunting Bever near Cadarackui Fort. The Governor of Ca- nada being informed of this, and believing that the Five Nations thought themfelves fecure by the general Peace, refolved to take his laft Revenge of them. For this Purpofe he fent a confiderable Party of Adirondacks to furprife them, which they did, and killed feveral, but not without Lofs of many of their own Men. The I-ofs of one of their greateft Captains at that Time gave the Five Nati- ons the greateft Afflidion. After he was mortally wounded, he cried out : “ Muft I, who have made “ the whole Earth tremble before me, now die by “ the Hands of Children ?” for he defpifed the A- dirondacks. A Difpute at this Time arofe, between the Go- vernment of Nivo-Tork and Canada, about the French Prilbners which the Five Nations had in their Hands. The Earl of Bellamont, then Governor of New-Tork, would have the French receive thofe Prifoners from him, and direded the Five Nations to bring them to Albar^ for that Purpofe. The French, on the other Hand, refufed to own the Five Nations as fubjed to the Crown of Great -Britain, and threat- 3 ened Part II. Five Indian Nations, 197 ened to continue the War agalnft the Five Natiom^Cii a p. if they did not bring the Prifoners to Montreal^ XIII. and deliver them there. The Count de Frontenac''^’^^’^ fent fome of the Preying Indians with a Meffage to this Purpofe, and to have all the French Allies inclu- ded in the general Peace. The Meflenger on his Return told the Count, publickly in Prefence of feveral Utawawas, that the Five Nations refufed to include feveral of his Al- lies, but were refolved to revenge the Injuries they had received. The Utawawas were exceedingly difeompofed at hearing this, and the Count, to re- cover their Spirits, aflured them, that he never would make Peace without including all his Allies in it, and without having all their Prifoners re- ftored. At the fame Time he made Preparations to attack the Five Nations with the whole Force of Canada. The Earl of Bellamont being informed of this, fent Captain John Schiller (of the Militia) to tell the Count, that he had the Intereft of the King his Matter too much at Heart, to fuffer the French to treat the Five Nations like Enemies, after the Con- clufion of the general Peace •, for which Reafon he had ordered them to be on their Guard, and had furnifhed them with Arms and Ammunition ; that he had ordered the Lieutenant-Governor, in Cafe they were attacked, either by the French or their Allies, to join them with the regular Troops-; and that, if he found it neceflary, he would raife the whole Force of his Government in their De- fence. This put a Stop to the French Threatening, and both Sides made Complaint to their Matters. The two Kings ordered their refpedtive Governors to be affitting to each other, in making the Peace effec- tual to both Nations, and to leave the Difputes, as to the Dependency of the Indian Nations., to be de- O 3 termined f 98 'The History of the Ch p.termlned by Commiflioners, to be appointed pur- XIII. iuant to the Treaty of Rejwick. It is exceedingly impolitick, when weaker Po- tentates, ingaged in a Confederacy agdnft one pow- erful Prince, leave any Points to be determined after the Conclufion of a Peace ; for if they cannot obtain a Conceflion, while the Confederacy ftands and their Force is united, how can a weaker Prince hope to obtain it, when he is left alone to himfelf, after the Confederacy is dillblved ? The French have fo often found the Benefit of this Piece of Imprudence, that in all their Treaties they ufe all the Cajoling, and every Artifice in their Power, to obtain this Advantage, and they feldom mifs it. About the Time of the Conclufion of the Peace at Refwick, the noted Therouet died at Montreal. The French gave him Chriftian Burial in a pompous Manner, the Prieft, that attended him at his Death, having declared that he died a true Chriftian ; for, laid the Prieft, while I explained to him the Paf- fioji of our Saviour, whom the Jews crucified, he cried out ; “ Oh ! had I been there, I would “ have revenged his Death, and brought away their *• Scalps.” Soon after the Peace was known at Montreal, three confiderable Men of the Praying Indians came to Albany ; they had fine laced Coats given them, and were invited to return to their own Country. They anfwered, that they were young Men, and had not Skill to make a fuitable Anfwer, and had not their ancient Men to confult with ; but promi- fed to communicate the Propofals to their old Men, and would bring back an Anfwer in the Fall. I find nothing more of this in the Regifter of Indian Affairs, though it might have been of great Confe- quence had it been purfued to Purpofe i but fuch Matters, where there is not an immediate private Profit, Part II. Five Indian Nations, C^c. 299 Profit, are feldom purfued by the EngUJh with thatCH a p* Care and Afliduity, with which they are by the XIIL li French. p While Captain Sthuyler was In Canada., he enter- ed into fome indifcreet Difcourfe with Monfieur M?- ® ricour^ for whom the Five Nations had a particular k Efteem, and call Stowtowiffe. Captain Schuyler^ in ‘tel afferting the Dependency of the Five Nations on i New-Tork, faid, that thofe Nations were their Slaves. n Mr. Maricour told this Difcourfe to an Onondaga^ c with all the Aggravations he could, and added, that k it was intirely owing to the EngUJh that the Peace w: was not abfolutely concluded, and that Captain 11 Schuyler prevented their Prifoners being reftored, becaufe he would have them fent to Albany., as be- \ ing Slaves to the Englifh. That the French had no (n Difpute with the EngUJh., but for the Independen- m cy of the Five Nations. This indifcreet Conduft )k of Captain Schuyler was fo much refented by the ji Five Nations^ that a Deputation of the moft con- ![ Sachems was fent to Albany in June 1699, to complain of it ; and they fent at the fame Time i' Deputies to Canada to conclude the Peace, inde- pendentiy of the EngUJh. Thefe Deputies that came to Albany were fo far convinced that the ^ French had abufed them, and how much more It m was for their Security to be included in the general Peace with the EngliJJj, than to have only the French ^ Faith for their Security, that they immediately dif- g patched a Meflenger after their Deputies that were \ gone to Canada. Though this Meflenger reached [ them too late to ftop their Proceeding, it con- iL vinced the Deputies fo far of its being for their In- I tereft to be joined with the EngUJh in the Peace, as they had been in the War, that they infifted ^ that the Exchange of Prifoners be made at Albany. 1 At the fame Time the Meflenger was fent after their Deputies to Canada^ Colonel Peter Schuyler ^ was 200 The History of the Chap, was fent with others to Onondaga^ to remove the XIII. Prejudices they had received there. The Count de Frontenac died while thefe Dif- putes continued. Monficur de Callieres^ who fuc- ceeded him, put an End to them, by agree- ing to fend to Onondaga to regulate the Exchange of Frifoners there *, for which Purpofe Monfieur MaricouVy loncaire, and the Jefuit Bntyas^ were fent. ^ When the French Commillioners were come within lefs than a Mile of Onondaga Caftle, they put themfelves in Order and marched with the French Colours carried before them, and with as much Show as they could make. Decanefora met them without the Gate, and complimented them with three Strings of Wampum. By the firft he wiped away their Tears for the French that had been flain in the War. By the fecond he opened their Mouths, that they might fpeak freely ; that is, promifed them Freedom of Speech. By the third he cleaned the Matt, on which they were to lit, from the Blood that had been fpilt on both Sides : The Compliment was returned by the Jefuit, then they entered the Fort, and were faluted with a ge- neral Difcharge of all the fire Arms. They were carried to the bed: Cabin in the Fort, and there en- tertained with a F’eaft. The Deputies of the fe- veral Nations not being all arrived, the Jefuit, and Monfieur Maricom\ palled the Time in vifiting and converfing with the Prifoners. The General Council being at lad met, the Jefuit made the fol- lowing Speech, which I take from the Relation the tree Nations afterwards made of it to the Earl of Hcllamont. ‘‘ I. I am glad to fee the Five Nations, and that feme of them went to Canada, notwithdanding “ Corhar forbid them : I am forty for .the Lofs of your Part II. Five Indian Nations, 2oi “ your People killed by the remote Indians % I con-Cn a p/ “ dole their Death, and wipe away the Blood by this XIII. “ Belt. V— > 2, The War Kettle boiled fo long, that It “ would have fcalded all the Five Nations had it “ continued •, but now it is overfet, and turned up- “ fide down, and a firm Peace made. “ 3. I now plant the Tree of Peace and Welfare “ at Onondaga. “ 4. Keep fall the Chain you have made with “ Corlear^y for now we have one Heart and one “ Intereft with them *, but why is Corlear againft “ your correfponding with us, ought we not to “ converfe together when we are at Peace and in. “ Friendlhip ? “ 5. Deliver up the French Prifoners you have, and we lhall deliver not only thofe of your Na- “ tion we have, but all thofe likewife taken by “ any of our Allies ; and gave a Belt. “ 6. I offer myfelf to you to live with you at “ Onondaga^ to inftrudt you in the Chriftian Re- “ ligion, and to drive away all Sicknefs, Plagues “ and Difeafes out of your Country, and gave a “ third Belt. “ 7. This laft Belt, he faid, is from the_ Ron- “ daxe, or French Indians, to defire Reftitution of “ the Prifoners taken from them.” The Jefuit in the Conclufion faid ; “ Why does “ not Corlear tell you what palTes between the Go- “ vernor of Canada and him ? He keeps you in “ the Dark, while the Governor of Canada con- ceals nothing from his Children. Nor does the “ Governor of Canada claim your Land, as Corlear “ does.” The General Council Immediately rejecfted the ,Belt by which the Jefuit offered to ftay with them, faying, We have already accepted Ccrlear's Belt, by which he offers us Paftors to inilruct us. Decane- fcra J02 History of the Chap. fora added. The Jefuits have always deceived us, XIK. for while they preached Peace, the French came and knocked us on the Head.' To this the Jefuit replied, that if he had known that Corlear intend- ed to fend them Paftors, he would not have offered this Belt. It is to be obferved that the Indian Council re- lufed to hear the French, or to give them an An- fwer, but in Prefence of the Commiffioners from Albany. The French Commiffioners having affured the Peace with the Five Nations, the Inhabitants of Canada efteemed it the greateft Bleffing that could be procured for them from Heaven ; for nothing could be more terrible than this laft War with the Five Nations. While this War lafted, the Inhabi- tants eat their Bread in continual Fear and Trem- bling. No Man was fure, when out of his Houfe, of ever returning to it again. While they laboured in the Fields, they were under perpetual Appre- henfions of being killed or feized, and carried to the In^an Country, there to end their Days in cruel Torments. They many Times were forced to negleft both their Seed Time and Harveft. The Landlord often law all his Land plundered, his Houfes burnt, and the whole Country ruined, while they thought their Perfons not fafe in their Forti- fications. In fhort, all Trade and Bufinefs was of- ten at an intire Stand, while Fear, Defpair, and Mifery appeared in the Faces of the poor Inhabi- tants. The French Commiffioners carried feveral of the principal Sachems of the Five Nations back with them, who were received at Montreal with great Joy. They were faluted by aDifcharge of all the great Guns round the Place, as they entered. The French Allies took this amifs, and afked if their Governor was entering. They were told, that it was Part II. Five Indian Nations, Off. 20^ Was a Compliment paid to the Five Nations^ whofe Chap, Sachems were then entering the Town. We per- XIII, ceive, they replied, that Fear makes the French fhew more Relpeft to their Enemies, than Ixjvc can make them do to their Friends. Monfieur de Callieres aflembled all the Frpich Allies, (who were then very numerous at Mont- real) to make the Exchange of Prifoners, and they delivered the Prifoners they had taken, though the Five Nations had fent none to be exchanged for them. Thus we fee a brave People ftruggle with every DifEculty, till they can get out of it with Honour ; and fuch People always gain RelpeA, even from their moft inveterate Enemies. I fhail finilh this Part by obferving, that not- withftanding the French Commiflloners took all the Pains polhble to carry Home the French^ that were Prifoners with the Five Nations, and they had full I.iberty from the Indians, few of them could be perfuaded to return. It may be thought that this was occalioned from the Hardlhipy they had en- dured in their own Country, under a tyrannical Go- vernment and a barren Soil : But this certainly was not the only Reafon ; for the Englijh had as much Difficulty to perfuade the People, that had been taken Prifoners by the French Indians, to leave the Indian Manner of living, though no People enjoy more Liberty, and live in greater Plenty, than the common Inhabitants of New-Tork do. No Argu- ments, no Intreaties, nor Tears of their Friends and Relations, could perfuade many of them to leave their new Indian Friends and Acquaintance ; feveral of them that were by the Careffings of their Relations perfuaded to come Home, in a little Time grew tired of our Manner of living, and run away again to the Indians, and ended their Days with them. On the other Hand, Indian Chil- dren have been carefully educated among the Eng- m. ^04 Ch a p. XIII. ^be History of the^ &c,’ Ufh, cloathed and taught, yet, I think, there is not one Inftance, that any of thefe, after they had Li- berty to go among their own People, and were come to Age, would remain with the Englijhy but returned to their own Nations, and became as fond of the Indian Manner of Life as thofe that knew nothing of a civilized Manner of living. What I now tell of Chriftian Prifoners among Indians, re- lates not only to what happened at the Conclufion of this War, but has been found true on many other Occafions, "The End f the Second Part. W V PAPERS RELATING TO An A C T of the Assembly O F T H E Province of N E W”T 0 R FOR Encouragement of the Indian Trade^ &c. and for prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods to the French, viz. of CA NA DA. I. A Petition of the Merchants of London to His Majefty againft the faid A£l. ^ II. His Majesty ’s Order in Council, referring the Petition to the Lords Commiffioners of Trade and Plantation. III. Extract of the Minutes of the faid Lords, con- cerning fome Allegations of the Merchants before them. IV. The Report of the faid Lords to His Majefty the Merchants Petition, and other Allegations. V. The Report of the Committee of Council of the Province of New-^York^ in Anfwer to the faid Petition. VI. A Memorial concerning the Furr-Trade of Nevj- Ycriy by C. Colden^ Efcjj 6 TO THE K I N g’s Moft Excellent Majefty in Council, The Humble Petition and Reprefentation of Samuel Baker ^ Samuel Storke, John Bayeux, Richard Jeneway, Robert HackJhaWy Jofeph Low, Jofeph Paice, George Streatjield, fVil- liam Parkin, and John Evered, Merchants of London, trading to New-Tork, in behalf of themfelves, and the reft of the Perfons concern’d in the New^Tork Trade. SHE WE r H, T hat by an A(ft paffed in New-Tork the 19th oi November, 1720, entitled, Hn A£l for Encouragement of the Indian T rade, and rendering it more beneficial to the Inhabitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods to the French, all Trade whatloever is prohibited in the ftricleft Manner, and under the fevereft Penalties, between the Inha- tants of New-Tork Government, and the French of Canada, or any Subjects of the French King, or any Perfon whatfoever, for or on the behalf of any fuch Subjefts •, and which A(ft was to continue in force for three Years. That the Reafons afllgned in the Preamble of this Ad, for the pafling thereof, are. For that the French at Canada, by means of Indian Goods pur- chafed from the Inhabitants of New- 7 'ork, had not only almoft wholly engrolfed th&IndianTrade to them- B 2 fclves, 4 ^he History of the felves, but had, in great meafure, withdrawn the AfFedions of the Five Nations of Indians from the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and render’d them waver- ing in their Faith and Allegiance to your Majefty ; and would, if fuch Trade was not prevented, wholly alienate the Minds of the faid Indians., which might prove of dangerous Confequence to the Englijh In- tereft in America. That this Ad was fent home for your Majefty’s royal Confideration, but your Petitioners do not find that your Majefty ever fignified your Allow- ance or Difallowance thereof ; from whence, and from the Ad’s being to continue but three Years, your Petitioners humbly conceive the fame was fiif- lered to lie by probationary, to fee whether the faid Ad, in its Effeds, was really advantageous or prejudicial to the Britijh Trade and Interefi in America. That your Petitioners have received Advice, That the Government of New-Tork either have, or are about palTing an Ad, to revive and continue the faid Ad for prohibiting all Trade between iVifte;- Tork and Canada. Upon which Occafion, your Petitioners humbly beg leave to reprefent to your Majefty, That the faid Ad, tho’ in the firft Intention of it, it might be well defigned, yet, in its Effeds, it has proved very pernicious to the Britijh Trade in general, and to the Intereft of New-Tork in particular : For, be- fides the Nations of Indians that are in the Englijh Intereft, there are very many Nations of Indians, who are, at prefent, in the Intereft of the French, and who lie between New-Tork, and the Nations of Indians in the Englijh Interejl ; and this Ad pro- hibiting all Trade httv/tenNew-Tork and French of Canada, or any of the Subjeds of France, the French, and their Indians, would not permit the Englijh Indians to pal's over by their Forts, fo as to carry on a free Trade with Nevo-Tork, but pre- 4. vented f Five Indian Nations, ^c, 5 • vented their Paffages, as much as poffible, whereby ° that moft confiderable and only valuable Branch of I Trade from New-Tork, hath, ever fince the paf- fing the faid Aft, very much leffened, from the gr^t Difficulties of carrying on any Trade with f the EngUJh Indians, and the Prohibition of all Trade ' with the French ; and all the Indian Goods have, by this Aft, been raifed in their Price 25/. to 30/. I* fer Cent. Whereas, on the other hand, this Branch of the "" New-Tork Trade, by the Difeouragements brought : upon it by this Aft, is almoft wholly engroffed by the French, who have already, by this Aft, been encouraged to fend proper European Goods to Canada, * to carry on this Trade •, fo that fhould this Aft be [? continued, the New-Tork Trade, which is very confiderable, muft be wholly loft to us, and center in the French. ® And your Petitioners further beg leave humbly to reprefent. That as they conceive nothing can ® tend more to the with-drawing the Affeftions of ■■■ the Five Nations of Indians from the EngUJh Inte- rejt, than the Continuance of the faid Aft, which, ^ in its Effefts, reftrains them from a free Commerce » with the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and may, too probably, eftrange them from the EngUJh Interejl : ® Whereas by a Freedom of Commerce, and an en- l|i courag’d Intercourfe of Trade with the French, ^ and their Indians, the EngUJh Intereft might, in time, Ef be greatly improved and ftrengthened among the It Indians in general, who, by fuch Latitude or 1 rad^ s might be link’d to our Friendlhip in the ftrongclt Ties of their own Intereft, as well as Inclinations. Ijt That therefore, and as the faid Aft was, in its ij Effefts, fo plainly deftruftive and prejudicial to the Trade and Intereft of thefe Kingdoms, and fo much for the Intereft of the French, and greatfy promoted l! that Mifchicf which it was intended to prevent, Your 6 ‘The History of the Your Petitioners moft humbly pray your Ma- jcfty, That you would be gracioufly plealed to give the neceflary Direftions to your Governour of New Torkf not to pafs any new Aft for the reviving or continuing the faid Aft prohibiting Trade with the French of Canada ; and that if any fuch Aft, or any Aft of the like Tendency, be already paffed, that the fame may be repealed. And your Petitioners Jhall ever pray., &c. Samuel Baker, Rob. Hackjhaw, Jo. Lloyd, Sam. Storke, y. Bayeux, Sam. Fitch, Rich. Jeneway, Jof. Lowe, Ajher Levy, 'John Paine, J. Bull, Fra. Wtlks, Wm. Parkin, 'John Gilbert, Jof. Paice, jun. Rich. Mico, Jo. Miranda, Geo. Streatjield, John Everet, ThompfonHayne. At the Court at St. James’ j the ^oth Day of April, 1724. PRESENT The KiNo’sMoft Excellent Majefty in Council. U PON Reading this Day at the Board the humble Petition and Reprefentation of Sa- muel Baker, Samuel Storke, and feveral others. Mer- chants of London, trading to New-Tcrk, in behalf of themfelves, and the reft of the Perfons concern’d in the New-Tork Trade, which Petition fets forth, That great Difcouragements have been brouglit upon the Britifh Trade, by an Aft pafled in the faid Co- lony oi New l^ork, the 19th oi November, 1720, entitled, ' ^ Five Indian Nations, (Sc. entitled. An A£f for the Encouragement of the Indian Trade, and rendering of it more beneficial to the In- habitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods to the French. And that as the faid A& was to continue in force only for three Years, fhey are informed the Government of New-Tork either have, or are about pafling an A6l to revive and continue the fame ; ^Yherefore they humbly pray, that the Governour of that Colony may be ordered, not to pafs any new A£t for that purpofe ; and if any fuch Aft be already pafs’d, that it may be repealed. It is ordered by his Majefty in Council, That the faid Petition (a Copy whereof is hereunto an- nexed) be, and it is hereby referred to the Lords Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations, to exa- mine into the fame, and report to his Majefty, at this Board, what they conceive fit to be done there- in. Signed, James Vernon. ExtraSi of the Minutes of the Right Honour- able the Lords Commiffioners for Trade and Plantations, the jth of July, 1724. M r. Sharp attending, as he had been defired, with feveral New-Tork Merchants, their Lordlhips took again into Confideration the Order of Council of the 30th of April, mentioned in the Minutes of the firft of May laft, referring to the Board their Petition againft the Renewing an A€t pafled \n New -York, in November, 1720, entitled. An Aft for the Encouragement of the Indian Trade, and rendering of it more effeflual to the Inhabitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the felling of ^ B 4 Indian The History of the Indian Goods to the French. And Mr. Sharp, Id T “ JO • Several Merchants, acquainted their ^ordlhips, That he conceived this Ad, tho* its Intention of gaining the Indians to the Englijh In- terelt might be good, would have quite a contrary Efted, becaufe, if the Trade with the French wi prevented, and the Merdiants Ihould difcontinue that with the Indians, (as he was informed they would) the French might lay hold of this Oppor- tunity to furnilh themfelves with Goods from Eu- rope, fupply the Five Nations of Indians, and tliercby gam them to their Intereft : And this, by reafon ot them Situation, would not be in the Power of the EngUJh to prevent : That they were two or three hundred Leagues diftant from Albans, and that they could not come to trade with the I Englifa but by going down the River St. Laurence, and from thence through a Lake, which brought thein within eighteen Leagues of Albany, And that the French having made Settlements aiong the faid River, it would be in their Power I w'hpnevcr they pleafed, to cut off that Communi- i cation. That this Ad had been fo great a Difcourao-e- mcnt ro the Britijh Trade, in general, that th?re had not been, by far, fo great aC^antity of Beaver, and other Furs, imported into Great-Britain fince t.ie pairing the faid Ad, as there was before ; nor half the Quantity of European Goods exported. That feveral Merchants who had lent over to New-r ork confiderable Quantities oi European Goods, had received Advice from their Corrcfpondents, T hat flioLild another Ad of the like Nature be paired, they could not find a vent for them, and defired they would fend no more. Upon the whole, Mr. Sharp defired, in behalf of the Merchants, that Mr. Burnet might be di- reded not to pafs any Ad of the like Nature for the future. To Five Indian Nations, &c. n To the King’s Moft Excellent Majefty* May it pkafe your Majejly ; ^ I N Obedience to your Majefty’s Commands, fig* nified to us by your Order in Council of the 30th of Jpril laft, referring to us the Petition of leveral Merchants of London trading to New-Tork, fetting forth “ The great Difeouragements that “ have been brought upon the Britijh T rade byj an “ A(ft paflfed \n New-Tork the. oi November-, “ 1720, entitled. An Adi for the Encouragement of “ the Indian Trade, and rendering of it more bene- jicial to the Inhabitants of this Province y and for “ prohibiting the felling of Indian Qoods to tipi French. And that as the faid Act is now ex- “ pir’d, the faid Mercliants are informed the Go- “ vernment of either have, or are about “ pafTing an A£l to revive and continue the fame ; “ and therefore pray, that a flop may be put “ thereto.” We humbly take leave to repref^nt to your Majefty, That we have been attended by the Petitioners, who informed us, that they have found this A6t, by Experience, to be fo great a Difeouragement to the Britifh Trade, that there has not been, by far, fo confiderable a Quantity of Beaver, and other Furs, imported into Great -Britain, from Nevo- Tork, fince the paffing the faid Adt, as heretofore, nor half the Qiiantity of European Goods exported thither •, in confequence whereof the Price of Furs is raifed Five and Twenty and Thirty per Cent, to the great Prejudice of feveral Britijh Manufadtures. They hkewife affirmed. That it was impradfica- ble to hinder the French from fupplying the In- dians with European Goods : For tho’ New -York ffiould not furnifh them, the French would find another way to be fupplied therewith, either from fome IC Xhe History of the fome other of his Majefty’s Plantations, or, it might be, dire<5Uy from Europe. That it was of dangerous Confequence to force this Trade into a new Channel, many of the Goods which the Indians want being as eafy to be had diredtly from France or Holland., as from Greai-Britain. They further added. That it was not likely the Adf, in queftion, Ihould produce the Effefts ex- pedted from it, more particularly that of fecuring the Five Indian Nations firmly to the Britijh Inte- reft ; becaufe, if the French Ihould once get a Sup- ply of the Goods neceflary for the Indian 'frade, from any other Place, as the Five Indian Nations are fettled upon the Banks of the River of St. Lawrence, direftly oppofite to Rebeck, two or three hundred Leagues diftant from the neareft Britijh Settlement in New-Tork, the Vicinity of the French would fur- nilh them with the Means of fupplying even the Five Nations with thefe Goods, and confequently ol alienating their Affedlions from the Britijh Intereft. And that there was no Profpedt of obtaining a Trade with the French Indians by this means, be- caule the French would always be able to prevent their PalTage crofs the Lakes and River of St. Law- rence to our Settlements. Thefe were the moft material Objedlions made by the Merchants againft the Bill. On the other hand, the Preamble of the Aft fets forth. That it was found by Experience, that the French of Canada, by means of Indian Goods brought from that Province, had not only almoft wholly engrofled the Indian Trade, but had in great Meafure, withdrawn the Affedlions of the Five Nations of Indians from the Inhabitants of that Pro- vince, and rendered them wavering in their Alle- giance to your Majefty •, and would, if fuch Trade were not prevented, altogether alienate the Minds of the faid Indians, which would prove of dan- gerous I Five Indian Nations, gerous Confequence to the Englijh Intereft In America. And Mr. Burnet^ your Majefty’s Governour of New-Tork^ informs us. That, fince the paffing of this Aft, feveral of the far Indians had come to Albany to trade ; That fome of them came above one thoufand Miles, and are now incorporated with the Five Nations : That he had likewife Intelligence of more far Indians that defign’d to come to Al- bany, which he conceives to have been a good Ef- feft proceeding from this Aft : And likewife adds. That he did not doubt but the Cheapnefs of Goods in Albany would induce the Indians to trade there, rather than with the French at Montreal and that the Traders of Albas^ began to be fenfible of their Error in ftiaring a Trade with xkvtFrench, which they » now perceive they can keep wholly to themfelves. Upon the whole, being doubtful of fome of the Fafts alledged by the Merchants, and confidering how far the Britijh Trade may be affefted by this Aft, on the one hand ; and how much the Security and Intereft of your Majefty’s Colonics in America may be concerned, on the other, we are humbly of Opinion, That no Directions Ihould be fent to New- Tork, upon the Subjeft-Matter of this Aft, till Mr. Burnet lhall have been acquainted with the Ob- jeftions of the Merchants thereto, and his Anfwers and Obfervations received thereupon. For which end, if your Majefty lhall be gracioully pleafed to approve of this our Propofal, we lhall forthwith fend him Copies both of the Merchants Memorial, and of what Objeftions they have made before us to the Subjeft-Matter of this Bill. Which is moft humbly fubmicted. Signed, Whitehall, July 14, 1724. 5 J. Chetwind, R. Flumner, T. Pelham, Ed. Ajhe. M. Bladen, The 12 The History of the The Report of a Commmittee of the Council held New- York, November 6, 1724. May it pleafe your Excellency y I N Obedience to your Excellency’s Commands in Council, the 29th of OSlobeVy referring to us a Petition of feveral Merchants in London, prefent- ed to the King’s moft excellent Majefty, againft renewing an Acl paffed in this Province, entitled, An All for Encouragement of the Indian Trade, and rendering it more effellual to the Inhabitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods to the French ; as likewife the feveral Alle- gations of the faid Merchants before the Right Hon. the Lords of Trade and Plantations, we beg Leave to make the following Remarks. In order to make our Obfervations the more diftinft and clear, we lhall gather together the fe- veral Affertions of the faid Merchants, both in their Petition, and delivered verbally before the Lords of Trade, as to the Situation of this Pro- vince, with refpedt to tht French and Indian Nations, and obferve on them, in the firft Place, they being the Foundation on which all their other Allegations are grounded. Afterwards we lhall lay before your Excellency, what we think neceflary to obferve on the other parts of the faid Petition, in the Order they are in the Petition, or in the Report of the Lords of Trade. In their geographical Accounts they fay, “ Be- “ fides the Nations of Indians that are in the En- “ glifh Intereft, there are very many Nations of “ Indians, who are at prefent in the Intereft of the “ French, and who lie between New-Tork and the “ Nations of Indians m the Englifh Intereft. — 7 “ The French and their Indians would not permit “ the Englijb Indians to pafs over by their Fort's. Five Indian Nations, &c. The faid A£t “ Reftrains them {the Five Na- “ tions) from a free Commerce with the Inhabitants “ of New-Tork. “ The Five Indian Nations are fettled upon the “ Banks of the River St. Lawrencey diredly op- “ pofite to ^ebecky two or three Hundred Lea- “ gues diftant from the neareft Britijh Settlements “ in New-Tork, “ They {the Five Nations of Indians) were two ** or three Hundred Leagues diftant from Albany j “ and that they could not come to trade with the “ Englijh but by going down the River St. Law~ “ rencty and from thence through a Lake, which “ brought them within eighteen Leagues of « Albany.” Thefe Things the Merchants have thought it fafe for them, and confident with their Duty to his facred Majefty, to fay in his Majefty’s Prefence, and to repeat them afterwards before the Right Hon. the Lords of Trade, though nothing can be more diredly contrary to the Truth. For there are no Nations of Indians between New-Tork and the Na- tions of Indians in the Englijh Interefty who are now fix in Number, by the Addition of the Tufcaroras. The Mohawks (called Annies by the French) one of the Five Nations, live on the South-fide of a Branch of Hudfon' s-Rivery (not on the North-fide, as they are placed in the French Maps) and but forty Miles direftly Weft from Albany y and within the Englijh Settlements, fome of the Englijh Farms upon the fame River being thirty Miles further Weft. The Oneidas (the next of the Five Nations) lie likewife Weft from Albany y near the Head of the Mohawks- River y about one Hundred Miles from Albany. The Onondagas lie about one Hundred and Thirty Miles Weft from Albany. And the Tufcaroras live partly with the Oneidas, and partly with the Onon- dagas. »3 The 14 'The Historv of the The Cayugas are about one Jiundred and fixty Miles froni Albany. And the Sennekas (the furtlieft of ail thefe Na- tions) are not above two hundred and forty Miles from Albany^ as may appear by Mr. Be L'Jfle’% Map of Louijiayte^ who lays down the Five Nations under the Name of Iroquois. And Goods are daily carried from this Province to the Sennekasy as well as to thofe Nations that lie nearer, by Water all the Way, except three Miles, (or in the dry Seafons, five Miles) where the Tra- ders carry over Land between the Mohawks-River and the IVood Creeky which runs into the Oneida- Lakcy without going near either St. Lawrence-Rivery or any of the Lakes upon which the French pafs, which arc entireN out of their Way. The neareft French Forts or Settlements to Al- batty y are Chambly and Monrealy both of them lying about North and by Eaft from Albany y and are near two hundred Mies diftant from it. Rebeck lies about three hundred and eighty Miles North- i Eaft from Albany. So far is it from being true, that the Five Nations are fituated upon the Banks of the River St. Lawrencey oppofite to ^ebecky that Albany lies almoft diredUy between Rebeck and the Five Nations. And to fay that tliefe Indians cannot come to trade at Albanyy but by going down the River St. Lawrence, and then into a Lake eighteen Leagues from Albany (we fuppofe they mean Lake Champlain) pafling by the French Forts, is to the lame Purpofe as if they lliould fay, that one can- not go from London to Brijtol, but by Way of Edinburgh. Before we go on to obferve other Particulars, we beg Leave further to remark, that it is fo far from being true, that the Indians in the French Intereft, lie between New-Tork and our Five Nations of In- dians, that fome of our Nations of Indians lie be- /tween the French and tire Indians, Irom whence the French Five Indian Nations, &c. French bring the far greateft Quantity of their Furs: For the Sennekas (whom the French call So- nant omns) are fituated between Lake Erie and Ca- taraqui Lake^ (called by ths. French Ontario) near the great Fall of Jagara, by which all the Inmans that live round Lake Ericy round the Lake of the Hu- ronsy round the Lake of the Illenoisy or Micbegany and round the great Upper LakCy generally pafs in their Way to Canada. All the Indians fituated up- on the Branches of the Mifijfippiy muft likewife pafs by the fame Place, if they go to Canada. And all of them likewife in their Way to Canaday pafs by our Trading-Place upon t\\c Cataraqui LakCy at the Mouth of the Onondaga River. The neareft and fafeft Way of carrying Goods upon the Cata- raqui Lake towards Canaday being along the South- fide of that Lake, (near where our Indians are fet- tled, and our Trade of late is fixed) and not by the North-fide and Cataraqui, or Frontinac Forty where the French are fettled. Now that we have reprefented to your Excellency, that not one Word of the Geography of thefe Merchants is true,^upon which all their Reafoning is founded, it might feem needlefs to trouble your Excellency with any further Remarks, were it not to fhow with what earneftnefs they are promoting the French Interefty to the Prejudice of all his Ma- jefty’s Colonies in North Americay and that they are not afhamed of aflerting any Thing for that End, even in the Royal Prefence. Firfiy They fay, “ That by the Aft paflTed in “ this Province, entitled. An All for Encourage- “ ment of the Indian Tradcy l£c. All Trade what- “ foever is prohibited in the ftrifteft Manner, and “ under the fevereft Penalties, between the Inha- “ bitants of New-Tork Government, and the “ French of Canada.” This is not true, for only carrying Goods to the Frencby which are proper for the Indian Fradey is prohibited. i6 The History of the prohibited. The Trade as to other Things, is left in the fame State it was before that A6t was made, as it will appear to any Perfon that (hall read it ; And there are yearly large Quantities of other Goods openly carried to Canada, without any Hin- drance from the Government of New-Tdrk. What- ever may be faid of the Severity and Penalties in that Adi, they are found infufficient to deter fome from carrying Goods clandeftinely to the French-, and the LegiHature of this Province are convinced that no Penalties can be too fevere, to prevent a Trade which puts the Safety of all his Majefty’s Subjeds of North America in the greateft Danger. Their next Affertion is. All the Indian Goods have by this A£l, been raifed 25 1 . to 30 1 . per Cent. This is the only Allegation in the whole Petition, that there is any Ground for. Neverthelefs, though the common Channel of Trade cannot be altered with- out feme Detriment to it in the Beginning, we are affureld from the Cuftom-houfe Books, that there has been every Year, fince the pafling of this Aft, more Furs exported from New-Tork, than in the Year immediately before the pafiing of this Aft. It is not probable, that the greateft Difference be- tween the Exportation any Year before this Aft, and any Year fince, could fo much alter the Price of Beaver, as it is found to be this laft Year. Beaver is carried to Britain from other Parts befides New- Tork, and it is certain that the Price of Beaver is not fo much altered here by the Quantity in our Market, as by the Demand for it in Britain. But as we cannot be fc well informed here, what occa- fions Beaver to be in greater Derrrand in Britain, we muft leave that to be enquired after in England. However, we are fully fatisfied that it will be found to be for very different Reafons from what the Mer- chants alledge. The Merchants go on and fay. Whereas on the ether Hand, this Branch of the New- York ‘trade, h 17 Five Indian Nations, &c. by the Difcouragements brought upon it by this y is almojl wholly engrojfed by the French, who have ” already by this Abl^ been encouraged to fend proper ? European Goods to Canada, to carry on this Tradcy r fo that Jhould this Abl be continued, the New- York ' Trade which is very confiderable, mujt be wholly loft to us, and center in the French. Though New- York Jhould not fumifti them, the French would find ** another Way to be fupplied therewith, either from fame other of his Majefty's Plantations, or it might * be direblly from Europe. Many of the Goods ^ which the Indians want being as eafy to be had di- " /row France or Holland, or /row Great-Britain. This is ealily anfwered, by informing your Ex- * cellency, that the principal of the Goods ’proper ’ for the Indian Market are only of the Manufadlures i of Great -Britain, or of the Britijh Plantations, viz. Strouds, or Stroud- Waters, and other Woollens, * and Rum. The French muft be obliged to buy all their Woollens (the Strouds efpecially) in England, ^ and thence carry them to France, in order to their i: I'ranfportation to Canada. The V oyage to Rebeck I* through the Bay of St. Lawrence, is well known B to be the moft dangerous of any in the World, and lit only pradticable in the Summer Months. Tlie French have no Commodities in Canada, by reafon 1 of the Cold and Barrennefs of the Soil, proper for fi. the Weft-India Markets, and therefore have no Rum to but by Veffels from France, that touch at their j: Hands in the Weft-Indies. New-Tork has, by Rea- j fon of its Situation, both as to the Sea and the In- to dians, every Way the Advantage of Canada. The New-Tork Veffels make always two Voyages in the ^ Year from England, one in Summer and another in IjS Winter, and •fcveral Voyages in a Year to t\i& Weft- ’ll Indies. It is manifeft therefore, that it is not in the Power of the French to import any Goods near fo cheap to Canada, as they are imported to New- Tork. t» ft C But i8 i I'he History of the But to put this out of all Controverfy, we need only obfcrvc to your Excellency, That Strouds (without which no confiderable Trade can be car- ried on with the Indians) are fold at Albany for lol a Piece : They were fold at Monreal before this Aft took Place, at 13/. 2 j. 6 d. and now they are fold there for 25 1 - and upwards : Which is an evi- dent Proof, that the French have not, in thefe four Years Time (during the Continuance of this Aft) i found out any other Way to fupply themfelves with Strouds, and likewife that they cannot trade without them, feeing they buy them at fo extrava- gant a Price. It likewife appears, that none of the neighbour- ing Colonies have been able to fupply the French , with thefe Goods •, and thofe that know the Geo- graphy of the Country, know it is imprafticable to do it at any tolerable Rate, becaufe they mull carry their Goods ten Times further by Land than we need to do. We are likewife alfured, that the Merchants of Monreal lately told Mr. Vaudreuil their Governor, that if the Trade from Albany be not by fome Means or other encouraged, they mull abandon that Settlement. We have Reafon therefore to fuf- peft, that thefe Merchants (at leaft fome of them) have been praftifed upon by the French Agents in London •, for no doubt, the French will leave no Method untried to defeat the prefent Defigns of this Government, feeing they are more afraid of the Confequences of this Trade betw'een New-Tork and the Indians, than of all the warlike Expeditions that ever were attempted againft Canada. But to return to the Petitioners, They conceive nothing can tend more to the vuithdraiving the Affec- tions 0/ the Five Nations of Indians /rew //6eEnglilh Intereib, than the Continuance of the faid AH, "which in its Effells refrains them from a free Commerce with the Inhabitants of New* York, and may too probably. Five Indian Nations, &c> ejlrange them from the Engliih Intereft, whereas by a Freedom of Commerce^ and an encouraged Intercoarfe of Trade with the French and their Indians, the Englifli Intereft might in Time^ be greatly improved and ftrengthened. It feems to us a ftrange Argument to fay, that an Aft, the whole Purport of which is to encourage our own People to go among the Indians, and to draw the far Indians through our Indian Country to Albat^ (and which has truly produced thefe Effeds) would on the contrary, reftrain them from a free Commerce with the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and may too probably eftrange them from the Englifh Intereft, and therefore that it would be much wifer in us to make ufe of the French, to promote the • Engliftj Intereft ; and for which End, we ought to encourage a free Intercourfe between them and our Indians. The reverfe of this is exadlly true, in the Opinion of our Five Nations-, who in all their pub- lick Treaties with this Government, have repre- fented againft this Trade, as The Building the French Forts with Englilh Strouds : That the encouraging a Freedom of Commerce with our Indians, and the Indians round them, who muft pafs through their Country to Albany, would certainly increafe both the Englifh Intereft and theirs, among all the Nati- ons to the Weft ward of them *, and that the car- rying the Indian Market to Monreal in Canada, draws all the far Indians thither. The laft Thing we have to take Notice, is what the Merchants afferted before the Lords of Trade, viz. That there has not been half the ^antity of Eu- ropean Goods exported ftnce the pafting of this A£l, that ufed to be. W e are well affured, that this is no better ground- ed than the other Fadts they affert with the fame Pofitivenefs. For it is well known almoft to every Perfon in New-Tork, that there has not been a lefs, but rather a greater Quantity of European Goods C 2 imported 20 The History of the imported into this Place, fince the pafling of this Acf, than was at any Time before it, in the fame Space of Time. As this appears by the Manifefls in the Cuftom-houfe here, tlie fame may likewife be eafily proved by the Cuftom-houfe Books in London. As all the Arguments of the Merchants run upon the ill Effects this A6t has had upon the Trade and the Minds of the Indians., every one of which we have flrown to be afttrted without the leaft Foun- dation to fupport them., there nothing now remains, but to ftiow the good Eifcifts this Aft has pro- duced, wliich arc fo notorious in this Province, that we know not one Perfon that now opens his Mouth againft the* Aft. Before this Aft pafied, none of the People of tliis Province travelled into the Indian Countries to trade : We have now above forty young Men, who have l')een fevcral Times as far as the Lakes a trad- ing, and thereby become well acquainted, not only with the Trade of the Indians., but likewife with their Manners and Languages ; and thefe have re- turned with fuch large (^lantities of Furs, that greater Numbers are refolved to follow their Ex- am.ple. So that we have good Reafon to hope, that in a little Time the Englijh will draw the whole Indian Trade of the Inland Countries to Alhany, and into the Country of the Five Nations. This Government has built a publick Trading-houfe up- on Cataraqui I.ake, at Irondequat in the Sennekas [.and, and another is to be built next Spring, at the Mouth of the Onondagas River. All the far Indians pafs by thefe Places, in their Way to Cana- da i and they are not above half fo far from the Englijlo Settlements, as they are from the French. So far is it from being true what the Merchants fay, That the French Forts interrupt all Communica- tion hetvoeen the Indians and the Englifh, that if thefe Places be well fupported, as they eafily can be from 4 our 21 Five Indian Nations, Gfr. our Settlements, in cafe of a Rupture with the Preachy it will be in the Power of this Province, to intercept the grcatcft Part of the Trade between Canada and \dit Indians y round the Lakes and the Branches of the Mijijjippi. Since this Ad palfed, many Nations have come to Albaity to trade, and fettle Peace and Friendlhip, v.'hcfe Names had not fo much as been heard of among us. In t he Beginning of ^lay 172^, a Nation of In- dians came to Albany finging and dancing, with their Calumets before them, as they always do v/hen they come to any Place where they have not been before. We do not find that the Commif- fioners of Indian Aflfairs, were able to inform them- lelves what Nation this was. Towards the End of the fame Month, eighty Men, befides Women and Children, came to Al- bany in the fame Manner. Thefe had one of our Five Nations with them for an Interpreter, by whom they informed tlie Commiflioncrs, that they were of a great Nation, called NebkereageSy conlift- ing of fixCaftles and Tribes-, and that they lived near a Place called by the French Mijftlimakinaky between the Upper lake and the Lake of the Hti- rons. Thefe Indians not only defired a free Com- merce, but likewife to enter into a ftrift League of Friendlhip with us and our Six NationSy that they might be accounted the Seventh Nation in the League-, and being received accordingly, they left their Calumet as a Pledge of their Fidelity. In June another Nation arrived, but from what Part of the Continent we have not learned. In July the ‘Twightivies arrived, and brought an Indian Interpreter of our Nations with them, who told, that they were called by the French Miamiesy and that they live upon one of the Branches of the;. River Miftjfippi. C 3 At 22 ‘The History of the At the fame Time fome of the Tahfagrondie In- dians^ who live between Lake Erie and the Lake of the Hurons, near a French Settlement, did come and renew their League with the Englijh, nor durft the French hinder them. In July this Year, another Nation came, whofe Situation and Name we know not. And in Aunijl and September^ feveral Parties of the fame Indians that had been here laft Year. But the greateft Numbers of thefe far Indians have been met this Year, in the Indian Country by our Traders, every one of them endeavouring to get before another, in order to reap the Profits of fo advantagious a Trade, which has all this Summer long, kept about forty 1 raders conftantly 'employed, in going be- tween our Trading-places in our Indian Country, and Albany. All thefe Nations of Indians who came to Al- bany faid, that the French had told them many ftrange Stories of the Englijh, and did what they could to hinder their coming to Albany, but that they had refolved to break through by Porce. The Difference on this Score between the Tahfagrondie Indians and the French (who have a Fort and Set- tlement ^ there, called by them Le Detroit') rofe to Summer, that Mr. Tonti who com- manded there, thought it proper to retire, and re- turn to Canada with many of his Men. We are for thefe Reafons well affured, that this Year there will be more Beaver exported for Great- mtain, than ever was from this Province in one Year ; and that if the Cuftom-houfe Books at Lon- ^n be looked into, it will be found, that there will be a far greater Quantity of Goods for the Indians, (Strouds elpecially) fent over next Spring, than ever ws at any one Time to this Provincei for the Merchants here tell us, that they have at this Time, ordered more of thefe Goods, than ever was done at any one Time before, Thefe Five Indian Nations, &c. Thefe Matters of Fa£t prove beyond Contradif* tion, that this Ad lus been of the greateft Service to Nevj-Xork, in making us acquainted with many. Nations of Indians^ formerly entirely unknown and Strano'crs to us j in withdrawing them from their Dependance upon the French, and in uniting them to tis and our Indians, by Means of fiade and mu- tual Offices of Friendfhip. Of what gieat Conle- quence this may be to ths.BritiJh Inlerejl in general, as to Trade, is apparent to any Body. It is no lets apparent likewife, that it is of the greateft Conle- quence to the Safety of all the Britip Colonies m North’ America. We feel too fenfibly, the ill Effeds of the French Inlerejl in the prefent War betwixt New-England, and only one Nation of In~ dians fupported by the French. Of what difmal Confequences then might it be, if the French Ihould be able to influence in the fame Manner, fo many and fuch numerous Hattons, as lie to the Weftward of this Province^ Penjyhania and Marylayid? Oa the other Hand, if all thefe Nations (who affert their own Freedom, and declare themfelves Friends to thofe that fupply them beft with what they want) be brought to have a Dependance upon the Enghp (as we have good Reafon to hope, in a Ihort T. ime they will) the French of Canada, in cafe of a War, muft be at the Mercy of the Englip. To thefe Advantages muft be added, that many of our young Men having been induced by this to travel among the Indians^ they learn Manners, their Languages, and the Situation of all their Countries, and become inured to all Manner of Fatigues and Hard fliips, and a ^reat many rnore being refolved to follow their Example ; young Men, in cafe of a War with Indians y ^n\ be of ten Times the Service, that the fame Num- ber of the common Militia can be of. The Effefts of this Ad have likewife fo miich quieted the Minds of the People, withRefpea to ^ C 4 24 History of the the Security of the Frontiers, that our Settlements are now extended above thirty Miles further Weft towards the Indian Countries, than they were before it pafled. The only Thing that now remains to anfwer, is an Objeftion which we fuppofe may be made, PFhat can induce the Merchants of to petition ' againfi an which will be really fo much for their Interejl in the End ? I'he Reafon is in all Probabi- lity, bccaufc they only confider their prefent Gain ; and that they arc not at all concerned for the Safety of this Country, in encouraging the moft necelTary Undertaking, if they apprehend their Profit for two or three Years may be leffened by it. This Inclination of the Merchants has been fo notorious, that few Nations at War with their Neighbours, have been able to reftrain them from fupplying their Enemies with Ammunition and Arms. I'he Count D'EJlrade, in his Letters in 1638 fays. That when the Dutch were befieging Antwerp^ one Beiland^ who had loaded four Fly-boats with Arms hnd Pow- der for Antwerp^ being taken up by the Prince of Orange's Order, and examined at Amfierdanty faid boldly, l^hat the Burghers of Amfterdam had a Right to trade every where: 1‘hat he could name a Hundred that were Fadlors for the Merchants at Ant- werp, and that he was one. I’hat Trade cannot he interi'uptedy and that for his Part he was very free to owUy that if to get any Thing by Trade it were neceffary 1 0 pafs tJjrcugh Hell, he would venture to burn his Sails. When this Principle fo common to Merchants, is confidered, and that fome in this Place have got F-ftates by trading many Years to Canada, it is not to be wondered that they have afted as Fadors for Canada in this Affair, and that they have tranf- mitred fuch Accounts to their Correfpondents in London, as are confiftent with the Truft repofed in them by the Merchants of Canada. In 25 Five Indian Nations, tfc . In the laft Place, we are humbly of Opinion, that it may be proper to print the Petition of the Merchants of London, and their Allegations before the Lords of Trade, together with the Anfwers your Committee has made thereto, in Vindication of the Legiflature of this Province, of which we have the Honour to be a Part, if your Excellency foall approve of our Anfwers : That what we have faid may be expofed to the Examination of every one in this Place, where the Truth of the Matters of Faft is befl: known ; and that the Correfpondents of thefe Merchants may have the mod publick Notice to reply, if they fhall think it proper, or to difown in a publick Manner, that they are the Authors of fuch groundlefs Informations. All which is unanimoufly and humbly fubmitted by Tour Excellency’s Mojt obedient humble Servants, R. Walter, Rip Van Dam, John Barberie, Fr. Harrifon, Cadwallader Colden^ Ja. Alexander, Abraham van Horn. A Memorial concerning the Furr-’Trade of the Province of New- York. Prefented to his Excellency William Burnet, Efqi Captain General and Governor, &c. by Cad- wallader Golden, Surveyor General of the faid Province, the loth of November 1724. I T has of late been generally believed, that the In- habitants of the Province of New-Tork are foad- vantageoufly fuuated,withrefpect to the IndianTrade, and 26 ‘I'h^ History of the and enioy fo many Advantages as to Trade in general, that it is in their Power not only to rival the French of Canada, who have almoft entirely engrolTtd the Furr-Trade of America, but that it isimpoflible for the French to carry on that Trade in Competition v/ith the People of tliis Province. The enquiring into the Truth of this Propofition, may not only be of fome Confequence, as to the Riches and Ho- nour of the Britijh Nation, (for it is well known how valuable the Furr-Trade of America is) but likewife as to the Safety of all the Britijh Colonies in North-America. New -France (as the French now claim) extends from the Mouth of the River M/r/'- fppi, to the Mouth of the River St. Lawrence, by which the French plainly fliow their Intention of enclofing the Britijh Settlements, and cutting us off from all Commerce with the numerous Nations of Indians, that are every where fettled over the vaft Continent of North-America. The Englijh in Ame- rica have too good Reafon to apprehend fuch a De- fign, when they fee the French King’s Geographer publifb a Map, by which he has fet Bounds to the Britijh Empire in America, and has taken in many of the EngliJJo Settlements both in South-Carolina and L^cw-Tork, within thefe Boundaries of New-Frame. And the good Services they intend us, with the In- dians.^ but too plainly appears at this Day, by the Indian fVar now carried on againft New-England. I have therefore for fome Time paft, endeavour- ed to inform myfelf, from the Writings of the French, and from others who have travelled in Ca- nada, or among the Indians, how far the People of this Province may carry on the Indian ‘Trade, with more Advantage than the French can •, or what Difadvantages they labour under, more than the French do. As all Endeavours for the good of ones Country are excufable, I do not doubt but my Intention in this will be acceptable to your Excel- lency, though I be not capable of treatmg the Sub- jeff as it deferves. I Five Indian Nations, &c. 27 I fhall begin with Canada, and confider what Ad- vantages they have either by their Situation, or otherwife. Canada is fituated upon the River of St. Lawrence, by which the five great Lakes (whicli may properly be called, Lbe jive Inland Seas of Hortb- America) empty themfelves into the Ocean. The Mouth of this great River is in the Lat. of 50 Degrees, overagainft the Body of Newfoundland. It rifes from the Cataracui Lake, (the Eaftermoft of the five great Lakes) about the Lat. of 44 Degrees, and runs from thence about North- Eaft to the Ocean, and is about nine hundred Miles in Length, from that Lake to the Ocean. The five great Lakes which communicate with each other, and with this River, extend about one thoufand Miles Weft ward, further into the Continent. So far the French have already difcovered, and their Difcove- ries make it probable, that an Inland Paflage may be found to the South-Sea, by the Rivers which run into thefe Lakes, and Rivers which run into the South-Sea. The Method of carrying Goods upon the Rivers of North- America, into all the fmall Branches, and o>'er Land, from the Branches of one River to the Branches of another, was learned from the Indians, and is the only Method prafticable through fuch large Forefts and Deferts as the Traders pals thro*, in carrying from one Nation to another, it is this ; the Indians make a long narrow Boat, made of the Bark of the Birch-tree, the Parts of which they join very neatly. One of thefe Canoes that can / carry a Dozen Men, can itfelf be eafily carried upon two Men’s Shoulders ; fo that when they have gone as far by Water as they can (which is further than is eafily to be imagined, becaufe their loaded Ca- noes don’t fink fix Inches into the Water) they un- load their Canoes, and carry both Goods and Ca- noes upon their Shoulders over Land, into the neareft Branch of the River they intend to follow. Thus, 28 ‘The History of the Thus, t\\t French have an eafy Communication witli all the Countries bordering upon the River of St. Lawrence^ and its Branches, with all the Countries bordering upon thefe In-land Seas, and the Rivers which empty themfelves into thefe Seas, and can thereby carry their Burdens of Merchandize thro’ all thefe large Countries, which could not by any other means than Water-carriage be carried thro’ fo vaft a Tradt of Land. This, however, but half finilhes the View the French have, as to their Commerce in North- Jm- rica. Many of the Branches of the River Mijiffippi come fo near to the Branches of feveral of the Ri- vers which empty themfelves into the great Lakes, that in feveral Places there is but a fhort Land-Car- riage from the one to the other. As foon as they have got into the Kwer Mifjtppiy they open to them- felves as large a Field for Traffick in the fouthern Parts North- America., as was before mentioned with refped to the northern Parts. If one confiders the Length of this River, and its numerous Branches, he mull fay, That by means of this River, and the Lakes, there is opened to his View fuch a Scene of in- land Navigation as cannot be paralleled in any other Part of the IVorld. 1 he French have, with much Induftry, fettled fmall Colonies, and built ftockaded Forts at all the confiderable Palles between the Lakes, except be- tween Cataracui Lake (called by the French Ontario) and Lake Erie, one of our Five Nations of Indians, whom we call Sennekas, (and the French Sonontouans) having hitherto retufed them leave to ere£t any Buildings there. The French have been indefatigable in making Difeoveries, and carrying on their Commerce with Nations, of whom the Englifh know nothing but what they fee in the French Maps and Books. The Barrennels of the Soil, and the Coldnefs of the Climate of Canada, obliges the greateft number ot Five Indian Nations, G?c. I the Inhabitants to feek their living by travelling : among the Indians, or by trading with thofe that :: do travel. The Governor, and other Officers, have but a fcanty Allowance from the King, and could not fubfift were it not by the Perquifites they have from this Trade •, neither could their Priefts find ’ any means to fatisfy their Ambition and Luxury : without it : So that all Heads and Plands are em- ploy’d to advance it, and the Men of beft Parts j think it the fureft way to advance themfelves by t travelling among the Indians, and learning their I Languages •, even the Bigotry and Enthufiafm of I; fome hot Heads has not been a little ufeful in ad- i vancing this Commerce i for that Government hav- h ing prudently turn’d the Edge of the Zeal of fuch hot Spirits upon converting the Indians, many of i them have fpent their Lives under the greateft Hard- B fhips, in endeavouring to gain the Indians to their g Religion, and to love the French Nation, while, at the fame time, they are no lefs induftrious to re- prefent the Englijh as the Enemies of Mankind. So ; that the whole Policy of that Government, both civil and religious, is admirably turn d to the gene- L ral Advancement of this Trade. Indeed the Art ' and Induftry of the French, efpecially that of their , religious Miffions, has fo far prevail’d upon all the ■ Indians in North- Jmerica, that they are every where ; direfted by French Councils. Even our own Five 'i Nations, (the Iroquois) who formerly were mortal r Enemies of the French, and have always liv’d in the llrideft Amity with the Englijh, have, of late, (by ; the Praflices of the French Priefts) bem fo far ' gain’d, that feveral of the Mohawks, who live neareft the Englijh, have left their Habitations, and are ^ gone to fettle near Monreal in Canada ; and all the reft difeover a Dread of the French Power . That much of this is truly owing to the Priefts, appears from many of the Sachems of the Iroquois wearing Crucifixes when they come to Albany : And thofe t Mohawk 30 The History of the Mohawk Indians that are gone to Canada^ are now commonly known, both to the French and Englijh^ by the Name of The Praying Indians., it being cuf- tomary for them to go through the Streets of Mon- real with their Beads, praying and begging Alms. But notwithftanding all thefe Advantages, the French labour under Difficulties that no Art or In- duftry can remove. The Mouth of the River of St. Lawrence, and more efpecially the Bay of 5 /. Lawrence, lies fo far North, and is thereby fo often fubjeft to tempeltuous Weather and thick Fogs, that the Navigation there is very dangerous, and never attempted but during the Summer Months. The Widenefs of this Bay, together with the many ftrong Currents that run in it, the many Shelves, and funken Rocks that are every where fpread over both the Bay and River, and the want of Places for anchoring in the Bay, all increafe the Danger of this Navigation ; fo that a Voyage toCanada is juft- ly efteem’d much more dangerous than to any other Part of America. The many Shipwrecks that hap- pen in this Navigation, are but too evident Proofs of the Truth of this, particularly the Mifcarriage of the laft P'xpedition againft Canada. The Chan- nel is fo difficult, and the Tides fo ftrong, that after their Shipping get into the River, they never at- tempt to fail in the Night, tho’ the Wind be fair, and the Weather good. Thefe Difficulties are fo con- fiderable, that tlie French never attempt above one Voyage in a Year to Europe, or the IFeJl- Indies, tho’ it be really nearer Europe than any of the Eng- lijh Colonies, where the Shipping that conftantly ufe the Trade, always make two Voyages in the Year. The Navigation between Rebeck and Monreal is likewife very dangerous and difficult: The Tide riles about 1 8 or 20 Feet at Rebeck, which occa- fions fo ftrong a Stream, that a Boat of fix Oars cannot make way againft it : The River in many Places very wide, and die Channel at the fame time narrow Five Indian Nations, ^c. narrow and crooked *, there are many Shelves and funken Rocks, fo that the beft Pilots have been de- ceived •, for which reafon the Veflels that carry Goods to Monreal are always obliged to anchor be- fore Night, tho’ both Wind and I'ide be fair. The Flood goes no further than Trois RiviereSy half way to Monrealy and about ninety Miles from Rebeck : After they pafs this Place they have a ftrong Stream always againft them, which requires a fair Wind and a ftrong Gale to carry the Veflels againft the Stream. And they are obliged in this Part of the River, as well as under the ‘Trois RiviereSy to come to an anchor at Night, though the Wind be good. Thefe Difficulties make the common Paflages take up three or four Weeks, and fometimes fix Weeks; tho’ if they have the chance of a Wind to conti- nue fo long, they may run it in five or fix Days. After they Monreal they have a ftrong Stream againft them till they come near the I.akes ; fo that in all that, which is about one hundred and fifty Miles in Length, they force their Canoes for- ward with fetting Poles, or drag them with Ropes along (hoar ; and at five or fix different Places in that way the River falls over Rocks with fuch Force, that they are obliged to unload their Canoes, and carry them upon their Shoulders. They never make this Voyage from Monreal to Cataracui in lefs than twenty Days, and frequently, twice that Time is neceflary. Now we are come fo far as the Lake, my De- fign leads me no further, for at this Lake all the far Indians, that go to Canada, muft pafs by our Traders. And from thence the Road to the Indian Countries is the fame from Albany that it is from Monreal. Befides thefe Difficulties in the Tranfportation, the French labour under greater in the purchafing of the principal Goods proper for the Indian Mar- ket ; for the moft confiderable and moft valuable A Part 32 1 ’he History of the Part of their Cargo confifts in Strouds^ Buffils, Blankets^ and other Woollens, which are bought at a much cheaper Kate in England than in France. Tht Strouds (which the Indians value more than any other Cloathing) are only made in England, and muft be tranfported into France before they can be carried to Canada. Rum is another confiderablc Branch of the Indian Trade, which the French have not, by reafon they have no Commodities in Canada fit for the IVeJi India Market. I'his they fupply with Brandy, at a much dearer Rate tlian Rum can be purchafcd at Ncw-Tork, tho’ of no more Value with the Indians. Generally, all the Goods ufed in the Indian Trade, except Cun-Powder, and a few Trinkets, are fold at Monreal for twice their Value at Albany. To this likewife muft be added, the neceffity they are under of laying the whole Charge of fupporting their Government on the Indian Trade. I am not particularly informed of their Duties or Im- pofts, but I am well aflured, that they commonly give fix or feven hundred Ldvres for a Licence for one Canoe, in proportion to her Largenefs, to go with her Loading into the Indian Countty to trade. I Ihall next confider the Advantages the Inhabi- tants ol New -Tor k have in carrying on this Trade. In the JirJl place, the Ships that conftantly ufe the Trade to England^ perform their Voyage to and from London twice every Year ; and thole that go to Brijiol (the Port from whence the greateft part of the Goods for the Indian Trade are exported) frequently return in four Months. Thefe Goods are bought much cheaper in England than in France: They are tranfported in Ids l ime, with lefs Charge, and much lefs Rifque, as appears by the Premioiox Infurance between London and New York, being only Two per Cent, Goods are eafily carried from New-Tork to Albany, up Hudfon'z River, the Dif- tance being only 140 Miles, the River very ftrait all the way, and bold, and very free from Sand- banks, Five Indian Nations, &c. banks, as well as Rocks •, fo that the Veflels always fail as well by Night as by Day, and have the Advan- tage of the Tide upwards as well as downwards, the Flood flowing dHoovt Albany. It may therefore be fafely concluded, that al^orts of Goods can be car- ried X.0 Albany at a chea^- Rate than they can be to Rebeck, which is alfo three times further from the Indian Country than Albany is. To put the Truth of this out of all difpute, I need only obferve what is well known both at New-Tork and Albany., viz. That almoft all the Strouds carried by the French into the Indian Countries., as well as large Quantities of other Goods, for the Ufe of the French them- felves, are carried from Albany to Monreal, There has been an Account kept of nine hundred Pieces of Strouds tranfported thither in one Year, befides other Commodities of very confiderable V alue. The Diftance between Albany and Monreal is about two hundred Miles, all by Water, except twelve Miles between HudfoAs Elver and the Wood-Creek, where they carry their Bark Canoes over Land, and about lixteen Miles between Chambly and La Prairie, over- againft Monreal. And tho’ the Paflage be fo Ihort and eafy, thefe Goods are generally fold at double their Value in Alba>ty. But as this Path has been thought extremely pre- judicial to the Intereft of this Colony, I (hall leave it, and go on to another, that leads directly from Albany into the Cataracui or Ontario Lake, without going near any of the French Settlements. From Albany the Indian Traders commonly cany their Goods fixteen Miles over Land, to the Mo- hawks River at Schenechtady, the Charge ot which Carriage is Nine Shillings New-Tork Money, or Five Shillings Sterling each Waggon-Load. ' From Sche- nechtady they carry tliem in Canoes up the Mohawks River, to the Carrying-place between the Mohawks River, and the River which runs into the Oneida Lake’, which Carrying-place between is only three D Miles The History of the Miles long, except in very dry Weather, when they are obliged to carry them two Miles further. From thence they go with the Current down the Onondaga River to the Cataracui Lake. The Diftance be- tween Albany and the Cataracui Lake (this Way) is nearly the fame with that between Albany and Mon- real ; and likcwife with that htX'fcttnMonreal and the Cataracui Lake, and the Palfage much eafier than the laft, becaufe the Stream of the Mohawks River is not near fo ftrong as the Cataracui River between the Lake and Monreal, and there is no Fail in the River, fave one fhort one ; whereas there are (as I have faid) at leaft five in the Cataracui River, where the Ca- noes muft be unloaded. Therefore it plainly fol- lows, that the Indian Goods may be carried at as cheap a Rate from Albany to the Cataracui Lake, as from Albany to Monreal. So that the People of Albany plainly fave all t;!eCharge of carrying Goods two hundred Miles from Monreal to that Part of tlie Cataracui Lake, which the French have to carry before they bring them to the fame Place from Monreal, befides the Advantage which the Englijh have in the Price of their Goods. I have faid. That when we are in the Cataracui Lake, we are upon the Level with the French, be- caufe here we can meet with all the Indians that defign to go to Monreal. But befides this Paflage by the Lakes, there is a River f/hich comes from the Country of the Sennekas, and falls into the Onondaga River, by which we have an eafy Car- riage into that Country, without going near the Ca- taracui Lake. The Head of this River goes near to Lake Erie, and probably may give a very near Paf- lage into that Lake, much more advantageous than the Way the French are obliged to take by the great Fall of Jagara, becaufe narrow Rivers are much fafer for Canoes than the Lakes, where they are obliged to go afliore if there be any Wfind upon the Water. But as this Palfage ■ depends upon a further ' Five Indian Nation?, &c. further Difcovcry, I fliall fay nothing more of it at this time. Whoever then confiders thefe Advantages Ne-iv- York has of Canada, in the firft buying of their Goods, and in the fafe, fpeedy, and cheap Tranf- portation of them from Britain to the Lakes, free of all manner of Duty or Impofts, will readily agree with me, that the Traders of New-Tork may fell their Goods in the Indian Countries at half the Price the People of Canada can, and reap twice the Profit they do. This will admit of no Difpute with thofe that know that Strouds (the Staple Commodity) this Year are fold for Yen Pounds apiece at Albany, and at Monreal for Ywenty-five Pounds, notwithftanding the great Quantity of Strouds faid to be brought diredtly into Rebeck from France, and the great Qiiantities that have been clandeftincly car- ried from Albany. It cannot therefore be denied that it is only neceffary for the Traders of New-Tork to apply themfelves heartily to this Trade, in order to bring it wholly into their own Hands ; for in every thing befides Diligence, Induftry, and endur- ing Fatigues, the Englijh have much the Advan- tage of the French. And all the Indians will cer- tainly buy, where they can, at the chcapeft Rate. It muft naturally be objected, Ybat if thefe things are true, how is it pojjible that the Yraders of New- York Jhould neglebl fo conjiderable and beneficial Yradt for fo long time ? In anfwering this Objedlion, I fhall (how the Dif- ficulties New-Tork has labour’d under, by giving a Ihort Hiftory of the Country, fo far as it relates to this Trade. Which Method, I think, can be liable to the leaft Objection, and put the whole in the trueft Light. When this Country (the Province of New-Tork) came firft under the Crown of Great -Britain, our Five Nations of Indians were mortal Enemies of the French at Canada, and were in a continual War with D 2 them, History of the them, and all the Nations of Indians round the Lakes ; fo that then it was not fafe for the Englijh to travel further than the Countries of the Five Na- tions ; nor would our Indians permit the/^?r Indians (with whom they had conftant War) to pafs thro’ their Countries to Albany. Befides, the Five Nations ol Indians were at that time fo numerous, (confifting of ten times the Number of fighting Men they now do) that the Trade with them alone was very con- fiderable for fo young and fmall a Colony. In the latter End of King Charles's Reign, when the Luke of York., and Popijh Councils prevail’d, the Gover- nor of New-Tork (who was likewife a Pafijl) had Orders to ufe all his Endeavours to make up a Peace between our Nations (the Iroquois) and the French ; and that he Ibould perfuade the Five Nations to ad- mit French P-rieJis among them, in order to civi- lize them. The Confequence of which was, that the French thereby obtained a free Commerce upon the Lakes, and obtain’d leave to build Cataraqui Fort upon the North-fide of Cataracui Lake, and have two Veffels of Force upon the fame Lake. From this Time, during all King James's Reign, the French, whenever they had any Differences with our Five Nations, threaten’d, that the Englijh of New-Tork would join with them, and deftroy the Five Nations ; by which, and the Praftices of the French Priejls, our Five Nations became very much alienated in their Affedions from the Englijh, and look’d upon them as a People depending upon the French. The Confcquences of this appeared fo dan- gerous to Colonel Dungan, the Governor of New- Tork, (though, as I have faid, a Papijl) that he again and again complain’d to his Malfter of the ill Offices the French Priejls did the Englijh among our Nations. When the Englijh had thus procur’d a Peace for the French, they thought they mightjuftly reap fome Advantage from it •, and it’s hardly to be doubted but tliat they had Promifes of that kind. ai j|S' Five Indian Nations, They were therefore encouraged to fend forty Men, with great Quantities of Goods, into the Lakes, under the Command of Major M Gregory, to trade ' with the far Nations. At this time Mr. Denonvtlle, Governor of Canada, was gathering together all the Force oi Canada, and of the Indians, (t.nemies ot the Five Nations) in order to lurpnze the Five Na- tions, and deftroy them, at the Time they thought themfelves fecure by the Peace fo lately made. Ma- \orMGregory, and his Company, were met by a French Officer on Lake Erie, coming with a great Number of Men to the general Rendezvous ot the French, and he, with all the Engl^, were made Prifoners. They were ufed with fuch Severity as has never been praftis’d between Chrifttan hattons in open War, tho’ the two Crowns, at ttat tme, were not only at Peace, but under the Ties of mutual Friendffiip •, for the French M thelc People as Slaves in building Cataraqui Fort, and a poor Frenchman that had conducted them, was publickly ffiot to Death, as if he had brought an Enemy into their Country. Such was their Appre- henfions then of the Englijh getting any Footing among the Indians. ^ _ The French Governor furpnzed a Village of the Five Nations, who, on the French Faith, hv d m great Security, but feven or eight Leagues froin the French Fort, and fent thefe miferable People to the Galleys in France. He afterwards fell upon the Sennekas, and burnt their Villages, but without any Advantage to the French, they having loft i^re Men than the Indians did. This renew ^ ^^e with greater Fury than ever, between the and our Indians. For fome time afterwards, c«r Indians, in a great Body, fell upon the Jdand of Monreal, while Mr. Denonvtlle was in the . They burnt and deftroy’d all the Villages and H^les xovtnA Monreal, and kill’d foine hundreds of Mw, Women, and Children. Afterwards they came D 3 tnto 37 3^5 'The History of the into the open Fields before Monreal^ and there defy’d the French Governor, who did not think it proper to fight them. And when they had done all the Mifchief they could, they retir’d without any Lofs. About this Time the Revolution happen’d in Great Britain, which was fucceeded by a War be- tween Great-Britain and France. In February a Party of three hundred Men, confiding of equal Numbers of French and Indians, furprized Sche- nechtady in the Night-time, when the poor People were in their Beds, in the greateft Security, where they barbaroufiy murdered fixty-rhree Men, Wo- men, and Children, in cold Blood, laid the Village in Afhes, and then retir’d, without reaping any other Advantage befides this cruel Revenge on innocent People, for the Mifchief our Indians had done them. This rais’d a cruel War between the two Colonies, in which there was much Mifchief done, and Blood filed, without any Advantage to either fide. In Time of this War, the mojl Chrijlian King's Governor of Canada was fo much provoked, that he thought fit to follow the Example of our bar- barous Indians, and burn his Indian Prifoners alive, in the moft cruel Manner, in fight of all the Inha- bitants of Rebeck, and to deliver up the Englijh Prifoners to the French Indians, who indeed had more Mercy, for they kill’d none of them. King William' % Peace jput an End to this War ; but the Peace lafted fo fiiort a while, that the Peo- ple of this Province hardly had time to re-fettle their Farms on the Frontiers, which they had de- fected in the Time of the War, much lefs to ad- venture trading in the Indian Countries, fo lately the Scene of fo much Cruelty. But both Colonies hav- ing now an Abhorrence of the Cruelties of the laft War, agreed on a kind of Neutrality for the In- dians, during Queen Jnne's War, in which Time we loft much ground with our own Indians: For the Fretub having learn’d, by dear Experience, that it 39 V_^ ' Five Indian Nations, ^c. it was not pofiible for them to conquer our Five Indian Nations, refolv’d to try all Means to gam their Affcdions, and in this Art the French are al- ways more fuccefstul than in that of War ; and the Emlip failing in two ill -concerted Expediuons at^ainft Canada, the Indians loft much of the Opi- nion they had of the EngUfb Power and Valour. In Time of this laft War, the clandeftine Trade to Monreal began to be carried on by Indians, from Albany to Monreal. This gave Rife to the Kab- nuaga, or Praying Indians, who are entirely made up of Deferters trom the Mohawks and River In- dians, and were either enticed thither by the French Priejis, or by our Merchants, in order to carry Goods from Albany to Monreal, or run away for fome Mifchicf done here. I'hefe Indians now con- fift of about eighty fighting Men, and live about four Leagues above Monreal: 'I’hey neither plant nor hunt, but depend chiefly upon this private Trade for their Subfiftence. Thcfe Indians, in time of War, gave the French Intelligence of all De- fmns here againft them : By them likewifetheEVrwZi e^aged our Five Nations in a War with the Indians Friends of Virginia, and from them we might ex- peft the greateft Mifchief in T ime of War, feeing every Part of the Province is as well known to them as to any of the Inhabitants. But if this Trade was entirely at an end, we have reafon to believe, that theie Indians would return to their own Tribes, for they then could not long fubfift where they now are. As foon as the Peace was proclaim’d, an open Trade with Monreal was carried on with fuch Ear- neftnefs, that Monreal was fill’d with Indian Goods, and Albany exhaufted j by which means Monreal became the principal, if not the only Indian Mar- ket, and the Indians depended entirely on xh.z French fior what they wanted. D 4 Our The History of the Our Merchants were fond of the Canada Trade, becaufe they fold large Quantities of Goods with- out any Trouble, the French taking them from their Doors •, whereas the Trade with the Indians is car- ried on with a great deal of Toil and Fatigue; and as to the Intercft of the Country, they either never thought any thing about it, or if they did, had no regard to it. Now I have brought this Account to the Time your Excellency ai-riv’d ; what has happen’d fince, your Excellency knows better than I can by any means inform you. From the whole, it feems plain, that any DifEculties and Difadvantages this Province has been under, have only proceeded from the Wars, which have continued fince the firft fet- tling of the Province, to the beginning of the lall general Peace. But now, that not only this Pro- vince, but fikewife our fix Nations of Indians are at Peace, and in Amity, both with the French, and all the Indian Nations with whom we can have any Commerce, thefe Difficulties are all remov’d, and we now enjoy tlie moft favourable Time, that at any time can be hoped for, in order to extend the Bri- tifti Commerce in North- America, while the French not only labour under the Difficulties which I have Ihown to be infeparable from the Situation of their Colony, but likewife under another Difadvantage, (not before taken notice of) by the Furr- Trade of Canada being reftrain’d to one Company. This Company is obliged to pay heavy Duties in France upon the Importation of Beaver, or any other Furr; for which reafon they always fix a Price upon Bea- ver, and their other Furrs, in Canada •, and the Indian 'Traders of Canada being reftrain’d from fell- ing to any but the Company’s Agents there, they cannot raife the Price ot Indian Goods as the Price of European rife, or as their Profit on the Goods they fell to the Indians is leften’d. The 41 Five Indian Nations, &c. The Merchants of Ne-w-Tork allow our Indian ’rraders double the Price for Beaver, that the French Company allow their Indian Traders, the Price eftablilhed by the Company for Beaver, in Canada^ being two Livres, or eighteen Pence Sterlings the Pound-weight •, and the current Price of Beaver in New-Tork bemgfive Shillings New-Tork Money, or three Shillings Sterling the Pound-weight. There- fore it plainly follows, that our Indian Traders could under-fell the French Traders, tho’ they were to give as great a Price for European Goods as tbe French do, and did tranfport them at as great Charge, be- caufe of the double Price they have for their Furrs in New-Tork. But as our Indian Traders not only have a double Price for their Indian Goods, but likewife buy the Goods they fell to the Indians, at half the Price ' the French Indian Traders do, the French Traders muft be ruin’d by carrying on this Trade, in Com- petition with the Englijh ot New-Tork. And the French Indian Traders had been ruin’d before now, if they had not found means to carry their Beaver to Albany, where they got double the Price they muft have fold for in Canada. It may be objected, againft this Argument, That the Canada Company as foon as they find that the Traders cannot fell at their ejlablijhed Price, will allow a greater Price. But if we confider the Du- ties the French Company is obliged to pay to the King, they cannot allow fo great a Price as the Englifh can at New-Tork. And if it ftiould be in- fifted. That the French Company may obtain a Re- mijfton of thofe, yet if the clandeftine Trade with Albany be entirely ftopt, the French T raders will be ruin’d before fuch Remiffion can be obtain’d, and their Trade will be at an end. My Inclination led me to (how what Advantages not only the Indian Trade would reap by extending our 'Tbe History of the our Frontiers as far as the Lakes, but likewife the Bi'itifi) 'Trade in fome other Branches, which the Parliament of Great Britain fetm to have much at heart, viz. Naval Stores for the Soil on both Sides of the Mohawks River being as rich as it is pofiible (I believe) for any Land to be, will be found the moft proper for raifing of IIemp, of any Part of Ninerica, and the whole Country round it being full of the largert Pines, the royal Navy is as likely to be well provided with Masts there, and at as cheap a rate as any where elfe. But I have already too tar prefum’d on your Excellency’s Patience. Cadwallader Golden. To this it may not be improper to add the following Orignal Letter. From J. A. Efq-, to Mr. P. C. of London, foewing the Succefs of the Me af tires taken at that Fime. S I Ry Ncuji'-Torky 1740. I F you fhould be at the Pains to read thefe printed Papers, it will be a Pleafure to you to' hear ot the Succefs of the Meafures taken by Governor Bur- net for redeeming the Indian l Yade out of the Hands of the French. He has fucceeded far above our Ex- peftations. Governor Burnety through his earneft Applica- tion, and at firfl: chiefly with his Money, Credit, and Rifque, erefted a Trading -Houfe and Fortifi- cation at the Mouth of the Onondagues River, called OfneigOy where the Province of New-I'ork fupports a Garrifqn of Soldiers, confifting of a Lieutenant and twenty Men, which are yearly relieved. At 43 Five Indian Nations, &c. At this Place a very great Trade is carried on ■with the remote Indians, who formerly ufed to go down to the French at Monreal^ and there buy our Englip Goods, at fecond Hand, at above twice the Price they now pay for them at Ofneigo ; whilft, at the fame time, the French were chiefly fupplied by one Gentleman at New-Tork, who almoft entirely cngrofled the Indian Trade of this Province, and thereby acquired a very great Eftate and Influ- ence. But the prudent Steps taken by our late worthy Governor, to open a free Trade, was the Caufe of the EngrolTer’s lofing his. — The Proba- bility of doing this, was the principal Motive of our applying to the King, which is Ihown by thefc printed Papers. The Indian Trade, to the great Advantage of this Province, is now divided into feveral hundred Hands, and there have been for manyYears part upwards of one hundred young Men of this Province, who have gone yearly among the Indians, to fupply them with our Goods. By this means, at a modeft Eftimate, I am affured, that the Indian Trade of this Province is now far above five times as much as when Gover- nor Burnet began to put his Scheme in execution. And this is not all the Advantages reaped there- by, but a much more confiderable one to this, and all the other Englijh Colonies is, that not only our own fix Nations, but alfo many far and remote In- dian Nations are drawn off from their Dependance ' on the French, and made, by Trade and Intercourfe, dependant on the Englip ; by this means a great Security and Protedtion is acquired by the Englip, in cafe of a War with France ; and by this Trade our Settlements in this Province are extended up to the Onondagues Carrying-place, which is now well attended W!th W aggdris, for tiie more commodious tranfporting of Goods to mdc in the Lakes. And T^e History of the And they are now fettling on the Branches of Sajquebanab River •, and from the weftern Branches of this River, there is but a fmall Land-Carriage to AHegbeny, a Branch of that great River Mijiffippi ; which Branch extending a thoufand Miles from its Mouth, where it enters the faid River ; and which joins fo near to our Settlements, as is above taken notice of, opens us a Trade to that vaft Countiy, called by the French l/tuifiana^ which they polTefs on the Mifjfippi. I am, S I R, Tour bumble Servant, THE TREATY held with the I N D IANS O F T H E SIX NATIONS, I A T PHILADELPHIA, h yuLr, 1742 . ( 47 ) THE TREATY, §■ "S H E Deputies of the fix Nations having, i at their lafl: Vifit, agreed to releafe their i Claim to all the Land on both Sides of the River Safquehanah^ as far South as this Province extends, and to the Northward to thofe called the Endlefs Mountains^ or Kittochtinny Hills ; in Confi- deration whereof, they then received a large Quan- tity of valuable Indian Goods for the Lands fituatc on the Eaftern Side of the faid River, but declined at that Time to receive any for thofe on the Weftern Side of the faid River, chufing to defer the fame till another Vifit ; a large Number arrived from thefe Nations at Philadelphia^ on Wednefday the 30'^ of June^ with Deputies duly impowered to receive the faid Goods ; and acquainted the Governor, that being weary from the Fatigue of their long Jour- ney, they Ihould crave three or four Days to reft themfclves before they proceeded to their Bufinefs : In the mean time they would wait on the Governor to difcourfe, according to their ufual Method, about News and other Occurrences ; which the Governor readily agreed to, and alk’d them when they would chufe to pay their firft Vifit -, which they defiring might be on Friday the 2“* of July^ in the Afternoon, the Council was accordingly fummon’d, and met at Mr. Logan’i Houfc, where were PRESENT, PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; Abraham Taylor, The Chiefs of the Six Nations, with the Chiefs of the Shawanefe. CANASSATEEGO, the Onondago Chief, Speaker. C 0 NRA D WE IS ER, I nterpreter. The Governor opened the Conference as follows. BRETHREN, ‘ The Proprietor having purchafed certain Lands * from your Nations about fix Years ago, a Moiety ‘ of what was agreed to be given in Confideration of * that Purchafe was at that Time delivered to them, * and the other being at their Defire left in the ■ * Proprietor’s Hands, he preflTed you by Sbikalamy ‘•to fend laft Year for it, and would have been ‘ glad to have feen you, and taken you by the * Hand before his Departure. But as the Defign ‘ of this Meeting is to hear your News, and con- * verfe together in a free and friendly Manner, I ‘ lhall fay no more about the Goods than that they ‘ lie ready at the Proprietor’s Houfe, and will be ‘ delivered when you fhall have fufficiently refted * from the Fatigue of your Journey.’ The Chief of the Onondagoes fpokc. BRETHREN, ‘We propofe to reft four Days, and then come * to the main Bufinefs. At prefent we are at a pri- ‘ vate Conference about News, and have fomething Lieutenant-Governor. James Logan, Clement Plumjled, Samuel Hafell, ‘ of Five Indian Nations, Gfr. 49 ‘ of this fort to mention to our Brother Ortas' And on the Governor’s fignifying they would be glad to know what it was, the Chiet proceeded. B RE Chiefs. ClogbfytowaXy 3 V^okaryboegoHy Captain. Ogbiogbfeh, Tielegbwegbforiy Tougrotbuy TorugbianegOy Ot-quehigy Sqmgbkyy SayadyiOy Onugbfowughtotiy Cberigb wdjlhoy AghfunterieSy Tion ogb fcogbthay Saligb wanagbfotiy Obn-wdafeyy Tocar-eber [died fince at ‘Tulpebokin.'l ‘Tobanatdkquoy Kanyhdag. SHAWANOES. IVehwehlakyy Chief. Afet teyway Afogbquuy Maya minickyfyy fVawyia Bcfeny. Caneftogo Indians that /peak tbe Onayiut’j Language. Lior Hafery, Chief. Tanigh wackeraUy Karba Cawyiaty Kayen quily quo. CANOYIAS, crNAN- TIKOKES, of Ca- neftogo. Des-febegy Icbqua que becky Sluefamaagy Ayiok-ius. DELAWARES^/ Shamokin. Ohmapiesy 7^, . . Lingebanoahy Kelly macquany ^itie-yquonty Pijhquitony Nena cby haul. DEL AW ARES from tbe Forks. Onutpey 1 LawyequobwoHy > Chiefs alias NutimuSy 3 Lowegbkappy. Cornel, and others. Conrad^ Weiser, Cornelius Spring, Interpreters. And a great Number of the Inhabitants of Phi- ladelpbia. T.hc 59 Five Indian Nations, &c. The Governor having commanded Silence, fpoke as follows : ‘ Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations^ , ‘ Six Years ago a Number of your Chiefs oblig« 1 * ed us with a Vifit, when they agreed on Behalf ‘ of your Nations, to the Releafe of certain Lands ‘ on both Sides the River Safquehamab, to the ‘ Southward of the Endlefs-Mountains, and within * the Limits and Bounds of the King’s Grant of ‘ this Province. In Confideration of which, a cer- ^ ‘ tain Quantity of Goods was agreed on, and de- ‘ livered as a full Satisfaftion for the faid Lands, * lying on the Eaftern Side of the faid River: And ‘ for the Lands on the Weftern Side of the faid * River, you defired the Payment fhould be de« * ferr’d till another Opportunity. Thefe Goods, ‘ which are exactly the fame in Quantity, as thofe l|, * you received the laft Time the Chiefs ot your * Nations were here, have been ready a confider- ‘ able Time, and kept in Expeftation of your * coming for them : And now you are come down, ‘ fully impowered by your refpedtive Councils to ‘ receive them, we are well plealed to deliver tliem j ‘ leaving it to you to make a fair and equal Di- ‘ vifion of them amongft yourfelves. We are * forry for the Abfence of our Brethren the Senecas^ ‘ and much more fo, that it fliould be owing to ^ ‘ their Diftrefs at Home by a Famine that rages ‘ in their Country : — A Famine fo great, that you ^ ‘ tell us a Father has been obliged to facrifice one * Part of his Family, even his own Children, for * the Support and Prefervation of himfelf, and the « other Part. — We heartily commiferate their Con- ' ‘ dition, and do not doubt but you will do them * fair and ample Juftice in the Difpofal of dieir ‘ Part of the Goods, in fuch Manner as they have * inftrufted you. You fhall now hear the Lift of ‘ the Goods read to you.’ I; Here, 6 o *The Hist o-SiY of the ^ Here, by the Governor’s Order, the IdH: of the Goods was read over, viz. lOO Tobacco-Tongs. lOO SciJJars. 500 Awl-Blades. 120 Combs. 2000 Needles. 1000 Flints. 24 Looking-Glaffes. 2 Pounds of Vermilion 100 Tin-Pots. 1000 Tobacco-Pipes. 200 Pounds of Tobacco. 24 Dozen of Garter- ing., and 2 5 Gallons of Rum. Then the Governor told them that the Goods, of which the Particulars had been juft read to them, were in the Mceting-Houfe, and would be fent to whatever Place they would direft. The Governor then proceeded : brethren, * You have often heard of the Care that your ‘ great and good Friend and Brother William Penn, * took at all Times to cultivate a perfedt good ‘ Harmony with all the Indians: Of thefe yourNa- ! ‘ tions have ever been fully fenfible ; but more * efpecially a Number of your Chiefs, about ten ' ‘ Years ago, when on the Arrival of a Son of your * faid great Friend William Penn, large and valu- ' * able Prefents were exchanged by us with you ; a | » new Road was made and clear’d ; a new Fire ' kindled j and the Chain of Friendfliip made ftronger, fo as to laft while the Sun and Moon * endure. 500 Pounds of Powder. 600 Pounds of Lead, jSfC, Guns. 60 Strowd-Matchcoats. 100 Blankets. 1 00 Dufil NIatchcoats. 200 Tards Half-thick. 100 Shirts. 40 Hats. 40 Pair Shoes Buckles. 40 Pair Stockings. 100 Hatchets. 500 Knives. 100 Hoes. * And Five Indian Nations, &c. * And now we cannot but congratulate ourfeivcs, * that your coming Ihould happen at a Time, when ‘ we are in daily Expedlation of a War being de- * dared between the King of England, and the ‘ French King, well knowing that Ihould fuch a ‘ War happen, it muft very fenfibly affed you, ‘ confidering your Situation in the Neighbourhood ‘ of Canada. Your coming at this Jundure is ‘ particularly fortunate, fince it gives us an Op- ‘ portunity of mentioning feveral Things that may ‘ be neceflary to be fettled, between People lo ‘ ftridly and clofely united as we are. — An Union * not to beexpreffed by any Thing lefs, than the ‘ affedionate Regards which Children of the fame ‘ Parents bear for each other, as conceiving our- ‘ felves to be one Flefh and one People. ‘ The utmoft Care therefore ought mutually to * be taken by us on both Sides, that the Road be- * tween us be kept perfedly clear and open, and ‘ no Lets nor the leaft Obftrudion be fullered to * lie in the Way, or if any Ihould by Accident be ‘ found, that may hinder our free Intercourfc and * Correfpondence, it muft forthwith be removed. To inforce this, we lay down a String of Wampum. ‘ In the next Place, we, on our Part, lhall inlargc ‘ our Fire that burns between us. We lhall pro- ‘ vide more Fewel to increafe it, and make it burn ‘ brighter and clearer, and give a ftronger and ‘ more lading Light and Warmth. In Evidence of our Jincere Intentions, we lay down this Belt of W 'impum. ‘ In the laft Place, confidering the Obligations ‘ we are mutually under by our feveral Treaties, “ That we Ihould hear with our Ears for you, and “ you hear with your Ears for us.’ We lhall at ‘ Times very willingly give you the earlieft and ‘ beft Intelligence, of any Defigns that may be ‘ form’d to your Difadvantage. — And if you dif- ‘ cover any Preparations that can hurt us, we de- 3 ‘ fire 'the History of the ‘ fire you will immediately difpatch fome fuitable * Perfon in whom we can place a Confidence, to ‘ give us a proper Information. *To inforce this Requejl, as well as to brighten the Chain t we lay down this other Belt of Wampim. On the Governor’s concluding the Speech, the folemn Cry by Way of Approbation was repeated by the Indians^ as many Times as there were Na- tions prefentj and then Canajfateego rofe up and fpoke. * BRETHREN, * ‘ We thank you for your kind Speech : What * you have faid is very agreeable to us ; and To- * morrow when we have deliberated on the feveral * Matters recommended to us, we will give you « our Anfwer. We defire, as our Time will be « wholly taken up in Council, you will order the ‘ Goods to be carried back to the Proprietaries to ‘ prevent their being loft, and that they may con- ‘ tinue there till we call for them.’. At a CouNfciL held in the Meeting - Houfe, The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efqi Abraham T ay lor, C AN AS S A T E EG O’s Speech on Behalf of the brethren, the Governor and Council, ‘ and all prefent. According to our Promife we now propole to return you an Anfwer to the feveral Things men- j fuly 7, 1742. PRESENT, Lieutenant-G overnor. 1 ‘James Logan, Thomas Lawrence, Six Nations. ‘ tioned Five Indian Nations, &c. k « tloned to us Yefterday, and fhall beg Leave to 6 ‘ fpeak to publick Affairs firft, tho’ they were what ‘ you fpoke to laft. On this Head you Yefterday k ‘ put us in Mind, firft, “ Of fFtlliam Penn's early '« “ and conftant Care to cultivate Friendfhip with “ all the Indians ; of the Treaty we held with one ^ « of his Sons, about ten Years ago •, and .of the “ Neceffity there is at this Time of keeping the “ Roads between us clear and free from all Ob- « ftruffions.” We are all vciy fcnfible of the kind ‘ Regard that good Man William Penn had for all * the Indians^ and cannot but be pleafed to find that ‘his Children have the fame. We well remember '■ « the Treaty you mention held with his Son on his if » Arrival here, by which we confirmed our League « of Friendfhip, that is to laft as long as the Sun ^ ‘ and Moon endure : In Confequence of this, we, '■ ‘ on our Part, fhall preferve the Road free from ® ‘ all Incumbrances ; in Confirmation whereof we ® ‘ lay down this String of Wampum. ** ‘ You in the next Place faid you would enlarge ‘ the Fire and make it burn brighter, which we are ‘ pleafed to hear you mention ; and affure you, gS ‘ we fhall do the fame, by adding to it more * Fewel, that it may ftill flame out more ftrongly * than ever : In the laft Place, you were pleafed to * fay that we are bound by the ftrifteft Leagues, to * watch for each others Prefervation ; that we > * fhould hear with our Ears for you, and you hear with your Ears for us: This is equally agree- £ ‘ able to us ; and we fhall not fail to give you ‘ early Intelligence, whenever any Thing of Con- ‘ fequence comes to our Knowledge: And to en* * courage you to do the fame, and to nourifh in * your Hearts what you ha>'e fpoke to us with IIm * your Tongues, about the Renewal of our Amity * and the Brightening of the Chain of Friendftnp ; I * we confirm what we have faid with another Belt of Wampum.’ ‘ BRETHREN, 63 64 T^he History of the ‘ brethren, * We received from the Proprietors Yefterclay, * feme Goods in Confideration of our Releafe of ‘ the Lands on the Weft-fide of Safquehannah. It * is true, we have the full Quantity according to * Agreement •, but if the Proprietor had been here * himfelf, we think, in Regard of our Numbers * and Poverty, he would have made an Addition * to them. — If the Goods were only to be divided ‘ amongft the Indians prefent, a fingle Perfon * would have but a fmall Portion •, but if you con- ‘ fider what Numbers are left behind, equally en- ‘ titled with us to a Share, there will be extremely * little. We therefore defire, if you have the Keys * of the Proprietor’s Cheft, you will open it, and ‘ take out a little more for us. ‘ We know our Lands are now become more * valuable :• The white People think we do not ‘ know their Value ; but we are fenfible that l;he ‘ Land is everlafting, and the few Goods we re- * ceive for it are foon worn out and gone. For ‘ the future, we will fell no Lands but when Bro- ‘ ther Onas is in the Country •, and we will know * beforehand, the Quantity of the Goods we are to * receive. Befides, we are not well ufed with re- * fpedt to the Lands ftill unfold by us. Your Peo- * pie daily fettle on thefe Lands, and fpojl our « Hunting. — We muft infift on your removing * them, as you know they have no Right to fettle * to the Northward of Kittochtmny-Hills . — In par- * ticular, we renew our Complaints againft fome * People who are fettled at Juniata, a Branch of * Safquahannah, and all along the Banks of tliat « River, as far as Mahaniay and defire they may ‘ be forthwith made to go off the Land, for they ‘ do great Damage to our Coufins the Delawares. * We have further to obferve, with refpedt to ‘ the Lands lying on the W eft-fide bl Safquahan- . . ‘ nab. 65 Five Indian Nations, &c, « nab, that though Brother (meaning thePro- ‘ prietor) has paid us for what his People poffefs, ‘ vet fome Parts of that Country have been taken ‘ up by Perfons, whofe Place of Refidence is to ‘ the South of this Province, from whom we luve ‘ never received any Confideration. This Aiiair ‘ was recommended to you by our Chiefs our ‘ laft Treaty •, and you then, at our earneft Dehre, ‘ promifed to write a Letter to that Perfon who has [ ‘ the Authority over thofe People, and to procure * * us his Anfwer : As we have never heard from you ‘ on this Head, we want to know what you have ‘ done in it. If you have not done any ^ing, ^ * we now renew our Requeft, and defire you will “ ‘ inform the Perfon whofe People are feared on ‘ our Lands, that that Country belongs to us, m ‘ Right of Conqueft-, we having bought it with ‘ our Blood, and taken it from our Enemies in fair * War ; and we expeft, as Owners of that Land, ' ‘ to receive fuch a Confideration for it as the Land ' ‘ is worth. We defire you will prefs him to fend ‘ a pofitive Anfwer : Let him fay Tes or No : It * he fays Yes, we will treat with him ; if No, we ‘ ‘ are able to do ourfelves Juftice •, and we will do ‘ it, by going to take Payment ourfelves. * It is cuftomary with us to make a Preient o ^ ‘ Skins, whenever we renew our Treaties. We ■ ‘ are afhamed to offer our Brethren fo few, but ‘ your Horfes and Cows have eat the Grafs our ‘ Deer ufed to feed on. This has rmde them i ‘ fcarce, and will, we hope, plead in Excufe for i ‘our not bringing a larger Quantity. If we could S ‘ have fpared more, we would have given more •, ‘ but we are really poor ; and defire you 11 not j' ‘ confider the Quantity, but few as they are, ac- ‘ cept them in Teftimony of our Regard. " Here they gave the Governor a Bundle of Skins. P 66 ‘The History I'he Governor immediately replied. ‘ BRETHREN, ‘ We thank you for the many Declarations of ‘ Refped you have given us, in this folemn Re- ‘ newal of our Treaties: We receive, and lliall * keep your String and Belts of Wampum, as ‘ Pledges of your Sincerity, and defire thofe we * gave you may be carefully preferved, as Tefti- * monies of ours. ‘ In Anfwer to what you fay about the Proprie- ?arks. — They are all abfent, and have taken the * Kep of their Cheft with them •, fo that we can- ‘ not, on their Behalf, enlarge the Quantity of ‘ Goods : Were they here, they might perhaps, * be more generous *, but we cannot be liberal for ‘ them. — The Government will, however, take ‘ your Requeft into Confideration ; and in Regard * to your Poverty, may perhaps make you a Pre- ‘ fent. I but juft mention this now, intending to * refer this Part of your Speech to be anfwered at ‘ our next Meeting. ‘ The Number of Guns, as well as every Thing ‘ elfe, anfwers exadlly with the Particulars fpeci- * fied in your Deed of Conveyance, which is more ‘ than was agreed to be given you. It was your ‘ own Sentiments, that the Lands on the Weft-fide ‘ of Safquahamab, were not fo valuable as thofe on * the Eaft •, and an Abatement was to be made, * proportionable to the Difference in Value: But ‘ the Proprietor overlooked this, and ordered the * full Quantity to be delivered, which you will ‘ look on as a Favour. ‘ It is very true, that Lands are of late become ‘ more valuable •, but what raifes their Value ? Is ‘ it not entirely owing to the Induftry and Labour ‘ ufed by the white People, in tlieir Cultivation ‘ and Improvement? Had not they comeamongft ‘ you, Five Indian Nations, &c, * you, thefe Lands would have bec-n of no Ufe to ‘ you, any further than to maintain you. And is ‘ there not, now you have fold fo much, enough ‘ left for all the Purpoles of Living ?— What you ‘ fay of the Goods, that they are foon worn out, ‘ is applicable to every Thing-, but you know very ‘ well, that they coft a great deal of Money ; arid ‘ the Value of Land is no more, than it is worth in ‘ Money. . n , , ‘ On your former Complaints againft People s ‘ fettling the Lands on yuniata, and from thence all ‘ along on the River Safquabannah as far as Maha~ ‘ niahy^ fome Magiftrates were fent exprelly to re- ‘ move them, and we thought no Perfons would ‘ prefume to ftay after that.’ Here they interrupted the Governor, and faid “ Thefe Perfons who were fent did not do their “ Duty : So far from removing the People, they made Surveys for themfelves, and they are in “ League with the Xrefpaflers. ^^^e defirc more ^ “ effedual Methods may be ufed, and honefter “ Perfons employed.” Which the Governor promifed, and then pro- -ceeded : ‘ BRETHREN, * According to the Promife made at our laft ‘ Treaty with you, Mr. Logan, who was at that ‘ Time Prefident, did write to the Governor of ‘ Maryland, that he might make you Satisfadlion for ‘ fuch of your Lands as his People had taken up, ‘ but did not receive one Word from him upon ‘ that Head. I will write to him again, and cn- ‘ deavour to procure you a fatisfacbory Anfwer. ‘ We do not doubt but he will do you Juftice; ♦ But we exhort you to be careful not to exercife ‘ any A£ts of Violence towards his People, as they ‘ likewife are pur Brethren, and Subjedbs of the ‘ fame great King ; and therefore Violence to- F 2 wards 6S History of the * wards them, muft be produdive of very evil * Confequences. * I fhall conclude what I have to fay at this Time, * with Acknowledgments for your Prefent •, which ‘ is very agreeable to us, from the ExprelTions of * Regard ufed by you in prefenting it : Gifts of ‘ this Nature receiving their Value from the Affec- ‘ tion of the Giver, and not from the Quantity or ‘ Price of the Thing given.’ At a COUNCIL held at Philadelphia, Jul^ 8, 1742. PRESENT, The Plonourable GEORG E r HO MAS, Efq; The Board taking into Confideration, whether it be proper or not at this Time, to make a Prefent to the Indians of the Six Nations now in Town, in Return for their Prefent to this Government at Yeflerday’s Treaty ■, Refolved, That it is liighly fit and proper that a Prefent be made to the faid Indians at this Time. And it is the Opinion of this Board, that the Lid Prefent fhould be of the Value of 500/. or at Icaft 300/. And it is recommended to Mr. Logan, Mr. Prejlon, and Mr. Lawrence, to acquaint Mr. Kin- fey, the Speaker of the A Hem bly, with the Opinion of this Board •, and that they requeft him to confer with fuch other Members of Alfembly as are in Town, and report their Sentiments thereupon. TEe Board taking into Confideration the Threats ^xpTcflcd by the Indians, at the Treaty Yefterday, Lieutenant- Governor. Efqrsi againft Five Indian Nations, ^ainft the Inhabitants of Maryland^ fettled on cer- tmn Lands on the Weft-fide of Safquahannab, which the Indians claim, and for which they require Sa- tisfadionj and confidering, that fliould thofe I Threats, ‘in any Sort be put in Execution, not only ■ the Inhabitants of Maryland^ but of this Govern- I ment, and all his Majefty’s Subjedts on the Northern ' Continent of America, may thereby be involved in much Trouble ; It is the Opinion of this Board, that the Governor write to the Governor of Mary- iand without Delay, to inform him of the Indians Complaints and Threats, and to requeft a fatisfadory Anfwer j and that his Letter be fent by a fpecial ,c Meffenger, at the publick Expencc. At a COUNCIL held July 9, 1742. PRESENT, • The Honourable GEORGE IIHO MA S, Efqi . Lieutenant-Governor. at James Logan, Efq; Samuel Prefton, Efqi ?s Clement PlumJled,E.{(\‘, Ralph Aftjeton,'E,i<\\ c Samuel Hafell,EX<\-, Thomas Lawrence, c Robert Strettell, Efq; Mr. Peters. The Governor informed the Board, that the dian Chiefs dining with him Yefterday, after Dinner delivered their Anfwer to two Afeirs of Con- fequeixte : The firft related to the violent Battery committed •' on William Webb, in the Forks of Delaware, where- by his Jaw-bone was broke, and his Life greatly • endangered, by an unknown Indian. Canajfatego repeating the Meffage delivered to the Six Nations (* by Shickcalamy, in the Year 1 740, with a String of Wampum, laid in Anfwer: ‘ The 5 /x Nations had at' * made diligent Enquiry into the Affair, and had ‘ found out the Indian who had committed the ‘ Fad *, he lived near Afopus, and had been ex- *• amined and feverely reprov’d : And they hoped, |it> F 3 ss 70 The History of the * as William Webb was recovered, the Governor ‘ would not expcft any further Punifliment ; and ‘ therefore they returned the String of Wampum ‘ received from their Brethren, by the Hand of * Shickcalamy, in Token that they had fully com- * plied with their Requeft.’ I thank’d them, faid he, for their Care •, but re- minded them, that though the Man did not die, yet he lay a long I'ime in extreme Mifery, and would never recover the free Life of his Speech, and was render- ed lefs able to get his Livelihood ; and in fuch Cafes the Etiglijh Laws obliged the Aflailant to make good all Damages, befides paying for the Pain endured.— But as the Indian was, in all Probability, poor and unable to make Satisfadion, I told them, that for their Sake I would forgive him i adding, had Webb died, I make no Doubt but you would have put the Indian to Death, juft as we did two of our People who had killed an Indian % we caufed them to be hung on a Gallows, in the Prefence of many Hundreds of our People, to deter all others from doing the like. Canajfatego made'me this Reply: ‘ The Indians know no Punifliment but Death •, they ‘ have no fuch Thing as pecuniary Mulds ; if a ‘ Man be guilty of a Crime, he is either put to ‘ Death, or the Fault is overlook’d. We have * often heard of your Hanging-up thofe two Per- ‘ fons ; but as none of our Indians faw the Men ‘ die, many believe they were not hanged, but * tranfported to fome other Colony : And it would ‘ be fatisfadory to the Indians^ if, for the future, * feme of them be fent for, to be Witneffes of fuch * Executions.’ I affured them,, that whoever gave them that Information, abufed them •, for the Per- fbns certainly fuffered Death, and in the Prelence of all the People. Canajfatego then proceeded to give an Anfwer to what was faid to them the 2d Inftant, relating to Le Tort'% Letter ; * That they had, in Council, ‘ confidered Five Indian Nations, ^c. 71 ‘ confidered in what Manner the Matter recom- « mended to them ought to be conduced i and i they were of Opinion, that as the Shawanefe, not ‘ the (for ^*^^7 f? ‘ the People were of the Nation m whofe ‘ Bags the Scalps were found) fent mea Prefent « of Skins, I mould in return, fend them a Blanket « or a Kettle, and with it a very {harp Meffage, that ^ tho’ they had done well in fweeping the Road trom ‘ Blood, yet that was but a frnali * Duty ; they ought not to have Offered the ‘ ‘T'ivkhtivys, after their Lye and the Difcovery of ‘ the Scalps, to have left them, ’till they had given ‘ a full and true Account how they capae by them, f whofe Scalps they were, and in what Place, ^d ‘ for what Reafon the Men were kill d ; ai^ when ‘ they had been fully fatisfled of all thefe Particu- * lars, then it was their Duty to have given Infer- ‘ mation to the Government where the white Peo- * pie lived, that the Murderers might be complam- f ed againft, and punilhed by the Nation tl^y be- » longed to ; And as the Sbawanefe had omitted to ‘ pertorm the Part of Brethren, that I iliould re- ‘ prove them for it, and charge them to make ‘ Amends for their Negleft, by ufing all pofHblc ‘ Expedition to come at the Knowledge of thelc ‘ Things, and to aid their Brethren the white Peo- ‘ pie in obtaining Juiiice. The Minutes of the preceding Council bang read, Mr. Logan, in purfuance of the Board s Direftion of Yefterday, reported, on behalf of himfelf, and the other Genilemen to whom it was reconimended, that they had confer’d with Mr. Kinfey,in^ requelt- ed him to confult the other Members of the A^em- bly concerning the making a Prefent to Indians aii that Mr. Kinfey having collefted the Sent^ents of feveral Members of the AlTembly in Town* whom he had confer’d with on that Subjei^ found them generally of Opinion, that a Prefent 72 The History this Time be made •, but that they had declined no- minating any Sum : However, that Mr. Kin fey had given it as his ov/n Opinion, that the Governor and Council might go as far as three hundred Pounds. And accordingly it is refer’d to Mr, Logan, Mr. Prejlon, and Mr. La"j;rence, to confider of, and pre- pare a proper Lift of the Goods whereof the Prc- ient fliould be compofed, to the Value of three hun- dred Pounds, as aforefaid •, advifing with the Inter- preter as to the Quantity and Quality. AtaCOUNCIL held at the Proprietor’s, the 9th of July, P. M. 1742. PRESENT The Honourable GEORGE LHO MAS, Efq; Lieutenant-Governor. James Logan, Robert S tret tell, 1 p-- Samuel Prejlon, Abraham Taylor, 5^ The CHIEFS of the Six Nations. SASSOON AN, ’and the Delawares. NUT I MU S, and the Fork- Indians. C 0 N RA D W El S E R, Interpreter. The Governor fpoke to the Chiefs of the Six Na- tions, as follows: ^BRETHREN, ‘ The laft Time the Chiefs of the Six Nations ‘ were here, they were informed, that your Coufins, * a Branch of tht Delawares, gave this Province * forne Difturbance about the Lands the Proprietor * purchafed from them, and for which their An- * ceftors had received a valuable Confideration above ‘ fifty-five Years ago, as appears by a Deed now ‘ lying on the Table. — Sometime after this, Conrad ‘ ^eijer delivered to your Brother Thomas Penn ‘ your 73 Five Indian Nations, ^c. « your Letter, wherein you requeft of him, and « James Logan^ that they would not buy Land,£ifr. t This has been fhewn to them and interpreted ; ‘ notwithftanding which they have continued their ‘ former Difturbances, and have had the Infolencc ‘ to write Letters to fome of the Magillrates of this * Government, wherein they have abufed your good ‘ Brethren, our worthy Proprietaries, and treated ‘ them with the utmoft Rudenefs and 111 Manners, ‘ Being loth, from our Regard to you, to punifh ‘ them as they deferve, I fent two Meflengers to ‘ inform them that you were expeftetl here, and * Ihould be acquainted with their Behaviour. — As ‘ you, on all Occafions, apply to us to remove all « white People that are fettled on Lands before they * are purchafed from you, and we do our Endea- * vours to turn fuch People off ; we now ^xpeft ‘ from you, that you will caufe thefe Indians to re- ‘ move from the Lands in the Forks of Delaware^ ‘ and not give any further Difturbance to the Per- ‘ fons who are now in Poflellion.’ To inforce this we lay down a String of Wampum. Then were read the feveral Conveyances, the Paragraph of the Letter wrote by the Chiefs of the Six Nations relating to the Delawares •, the Letters of the Fork-Indians to the Governor and Mr. Lang- borne^ and a Draught of the Land •, thefe were then delivered to Conrad Weifer^ who was defired to in- terpret them to the Chiefs, when they Ihould take this Afi^r into their Confideration. At 74 The History of the At a COUNCIL held July lO, 1742. PRESENT The Honourable CEO RGB THOMAS^ Efqj The Governor laid before the Board an Extraft from the Treaty held here the 7th Inftant with the 1 Indians of the Six Nations ^ fo far as it related to the j Inhabitants of Maryland j as alfo a Letter he had j prepared for the Governor of Maryland upon that Subject ; both of which being approved, were or- dered to be tranferibed fair, in order to be difpatch’d fhe following Morning. The Letter was as follows : SIR, Philadelphia, July lo, 1742. cj^HE inclofed Extract of the Speech made hy the. Chiefs of the Six Nations, before a very nume- rous Audience, in this Place, with my Anfwer to it, is of fo great Importance to all his Majeftfs Coloniet in this Part of his Dominions, and to your Govern- ment in particular, that I have employ'd a fpecial j Meffenger to deliver it you. I hope you will enable me to fend them a fatisfabtory Anfwer. It would ke j impertinetJt in me to fay more to one fo well informed j as you are of tbefe Nations, and of their abfoluie Authority over all the Indians bordering tepon us, or of the Advantages of maintaining a ftribl Friendjhip with them at aU Times, but more efpe dally at this criti- li cal Junblure. j Lieutenant-Governor. Yours, ISc. An 75 Five Indian Nations, &c. An Account exhibited by Co?2rrJ Wtifer of his Expences upon the Indians, and Indian Affairs, from February hi\ to July i, 1742, amounting to 36/. , i 8 3d. was laid before the Board, and examin’d, and allow’d to be a juft and very moderate Account* And the Board taking into Confideration the many fignal Services pertormed by the laid Conrad fVeifer to this Government, his Diligence and La- bour in the Service thereof, and his Skill in the In- dian Languages and Methods of Bufincfs, are of Opinion, that the faid Conrad fhould be allowed, as ar Reward from the Province at this Time, the Sum of Thirty Pounds, at leaft, befides Payment of his faid Account. At a COUNCIL held at the 'Great Meeting- ' ^ Houfe, July 10. P.M. 1742. ; PRESENT The Honourable C EO RG E THO MAS, Efejj Lieutenant-Governor. James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, *1 Thomas Lawrence, Samuel Hafell, >Elc^rSj I Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, J CANASSATEGO, ? other Indian Chiefs. ^ SHICKCALAMT, S ^ CONRAD fFEISER, Interpreter. !i And a greatNumber of the Inhabitants oi Philadelphia. jr The Governor fpoke to the Indians as follows: ■ * BRETHREN, . ‘ This Meeting will be Ihort: It is in order to ■; * make you a Prefent from the Governor, theCoun- ‘ cil, the Affembly, and all our People. ‘ Penn was known to you to be a good and faithful * Friend to all the Indians : He made a League of ‘ Friendlhip with you, by which we became one * People. 76 History of th « People. This League has often fince been re- ‘ new’d by friendly Treaties ; and as you have de- ‘ dared that the Friendflaip Ihall always laft on ‘ your Parts, fo we would have you believe that it ‘ Ihall remain inviolable on ours while the Sun and * Moon endure. * I gave you fotne Expedation of a Prefent, and ‘ we have it now ready to deliver to you. This ‘ Prefent is made you by the Governor, Council, Af- fembly, and all our People, in Confideration of * the great Miferies and Diftrefles which you our ‘ good Friends have lately fuffered. This will be * fome Relief to you for the prefent, and it’s to be ‘ hoped your own Induftry will foon retrieve your ‘ Circumftances. * It has lorpetimes happened, and may happen ‘ again, that idle and untrue Stories are carried to ‘ you concerning us your Brethren j but our Defire * is, and we exped it from you, that you will give *■ no Credit to them •, for we are, and always will be, your fteady and fincere Friends. It is a Cuftom when we renew our Treaties *• with our good Friends the Indians^ to clear the * Road, and make our Fire burn bright : We have ‘ done lb upon this Occafion ; and, in Token of * our Sincerity, we deliver you, as a Prefent from « the Governor, the Council, the Aflembly, and all ‘ the People of Pefifyivania, the following Goods, ‘ viz. 24 Guns. 600 Pounds of Lead. 600 Pounds f Powder. 25 Strowdes iMatch- 90 Duffil 5 Coats. 30 Blankets. 6z 2'ards of Half-Thieks. 60 Ruffled Shirts. 25 Hats. 1 000 Flints. 50 Hoes. 50 Hatchets. 5 Pounds of Vermilim 1 o Dozen of Knives. 8 Dozen f Gimblets. 2 Dozen of Lobacco- Longs. 2 5 Pair of Shoes. 2 5 Pair of Stockings. 25 Pair of Buckles. Where*- 77 Five Indian Nations, &c. , Whereupon the Chiefs, and all the Indians, re- j turned their folemn Thanks ; and Canajfatego faid, * They had no more to fay as to publick Bufinefs ‘ at prefent ; but they had . fomewhat under Deli- I * beration, which, when they had duly confidered, * they would communicafie. ] AtaCOUNCIL held at the Proprietor’s, July 12, 1742. PRESENT " The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; Lieutenant-Governor. James Logan, Clement Plumjled,^ Thomas Lawrence, Abraham Taylor, >Efqrs; ^ Robert Strettell, J ^ Mr. Richard Peters. II CANASSATEGO, >And fundry Chiefs of the 5 w SHICKCALAMT, 5 Nations. S A SSOO NAN, and the Delawares. NUTT I MU S, and the Fork- Indians. ° CON RA D fVE I S E R, Interpreter. It Pifquetoman, 1 I Cornelius Spring, > Interpreters to the Fork-Indians. :ii Nicholas Scull, J CANASSATEGO faid: w * BRETHREN, the Governor and Council, ‘ The other Day you informed us of the Milbe- * haviour of our Coufins the Delawares, with re- * fpeft to their continuing to claim, and refufing to * « remove from fome Land on the River Delaware, ^ ‘ notwithftanding their Anceftors had fold it by a to * Deed under their Hands and Seals, to the Proprie- ‘ taries, for a valuable Confideration, upwards of ‘ Years ago j and notwithftanding that, they p * thcmfelves had alfo not many Years ago, after a • 4 ' ' ! (5 73 Tloe H 1 s T o R V of the * long and full Examination, ratified that Deed of ‘ their Anceiiors, and given a freflt one under their ‘ Hands and Seals ; and then you requefted us to * remove them, inforcing your Requeft with a * String of Wampum. — Afterwards we laid on the * Table our own Letters by Conrad Weifer j fome | ‘ of our Coufms Letters, and the feveral Writ- * ings to prove die Charge againft our Coufms, ‘ with a Draught of the l-and in Difpute. — We ‘ now tell you, we have perufed all thefe feveral * Papers: We fee with our own Eyes, that they * have been a very unruly People, and are altoge- ther in the W rong in their Dealings with you.— ^ We have concluded to remove them, and oblige ‘ them to go over the River Delaware., and quit all * Claim to any Lands on this Side for the future, ‘ fince they have received Pay for them, and it is ‘ gone thro’ their Guts long ago. — To confirm to you * that we will fee your Requetl executed, we lay * down this String of Wampum in return for yours.’ Then turning to the Delawares, holding a Belt of j Wampum in his Hand, he fpoke to them as follows : COUSINS, ‘ Let this Belt of Wampum ferve to chaltife * you. You ought to be taken by the" Hair of the ‘ Ilead and (haked feverdy, till you recover your ‘ Senfes and become fober. You don’t know what * Ground you ftand on, nor what you are doing. * Our Brother Onas’s Caufe is very juft and plain, * and his Intentions are to preferveFriendfhip. On * the other Hand, your Caufe is bad ■, your Pleart far * from being upright i and yoii are malicioully bent ' * to break the Chain of Friendfliip with our Bro- * ther Onas, and his People. We have feen with * our Eyes a Deed fign’d 'oy nine of your Ancef- * tors dhoyt fifty Years ago for this very Land, and ‘ a Releafe fign’d, not many Years fince, by fomc ‘ of 79 Five Indian Nations, * of younelves and Chiefs now living, to the Num- ; < her of fifteen or upwards.— But how came you to ■ < take upon you to fell Land at all ? We conquer- ; ‘ ed you •, we made Women of you ; you know ; ‘ you are Women, and can no more fell Land than ; ‘ Women •, nor is it fit you ftiould have the Power ' ‘ of felling I.ands, fince you would abufe it. This ‘ Land that you claim is gone thro’ your Guts •, ' ‘ you have been furniflied with Cloaths, Meat, and r ‘ Drink, by the Goods paid you for it, and now ‘ you want it again, like Children as you are. — a ‘ But what makes you fell Land in the Dark ? Did * you ever tell us that you had fold this Land ? I ‘ Did we ever receive any Part, even the Value of , « a Pipe-Shank, from you for it ? You have told I « us a blind Story, that you fent a Meflenger to us « to inform us of the Sale, but he never came * amongft us, nor we never heard any thing about . « it. — This is ading in the Dark, and very diffe- ‘ rent from the Condud our Six Nations obferve ' * in the Sales of L.and •, on fuch Occafions they ‘ give publick Notice, and invite all the Indians of * ‘ their united Nations, and give them all a Share * ‘ of the Prefent they receive for their Lands.- — This * is the Behaviour of the wife united Nations. — i ‘ But we find you are none of our Blood : You ad ® ‘ a difhoneft Part, not only in this, but in other ‘ Matters : Your Ears are ever open to (landerous ‘ Reports about our Brethren •, you receive them « with as muchGreedinefs as lewd Women receive ? * the Embraces of bad Men. And for all thefe « Reafons we charge you to remove inftantly ; w’c ^ • don’t give you the Liberty to think about it. ^ ‘ You are Women. Take the Advice of a wife *^1 ‘ Man, and remove immediately. You may re- * ‘ turn to the other Side of Delaware where you ’I * came from : But we do not know whether, con- ' * fidcring how you have demean’d yourfelves, you * will be permitted to live there *, or w'hether you fi* ‘ have 2 The History cf the * have not fwallowed that Land down your Throats ‘ as well as the Land on this Side. We therefore ‘ afllgn you two Places to go, either to Wyomm or * Sbamokiny You may go to either of thefe Places, * and then we lhall have you more under our Eye, * and fliall fee how you behave. Don’t deliberate ; ‘ but remove away, and take this Belt of Wampum.’ This being interpreted by Conrad IVeifer into UJh, and by Cornelius Spring into the Delaware Lan- guage, Canajfetego taking a String of Wampum, added furtlier. ‘ After our juft Reproof, and abfolute Order * to depart from the Land, you are now to take ‘ Notice of what we have further to fay to you. * This String of Wampum ferves to forbid you, ‘ your Children and Grand-Children, to the lateft * Pofterity for ever, meddling in Land-Affairs; ‘ neither you, nor any who lhall defeend from you, ‘ are ever hereafter to prefume to fell any Land : * For which purpofe, you are to preferve this String, * in Memory or what your Uncles have this Day * given you in Charge. — We have fome other Bufi- ‘ nefs to tranfaft with our Brethren, and therefore * depart the Council, and confidcr what has been ‘ faid to you.* Canajfatego then fpoke to the Governor and Council : ^BRETHREN, ■\ ‘We called at our old Friend James Logan's, * in our Way to this City, and to our Grief we ‘ found him hid in the Bulhes, and retired, thro’ In- ‘ firmides, from publick Bufinefs. We prefs’d * him to leave his Retirement, and prevailed with * him to affift once more on our Account at your ‘ Councils. We hope, notwithftanding his Age, and * theEffc(ftsofaFit ofSicknefs,whichweur)dcrftand ‘ has Five Indian Nations, &Ci * has hurt his Conftitution, that he may yet con- * tinue a long Time to aflift this Province with his ‘ Counfels. He is a wife Man, and a fall Friend « to the Indians. And_ we defire, when his Soul * goes to G O D, you may chufe in his Room juft ‘ fuch another Perfon, of the fame Prudence and ‘ Ability in counfelling, and of the fame tender Dif- « pofition and Affedion for the Indians. In Tef- * timony of our Gratitude for all his Services, and ‘ becaufe he was fo good as to leave his Coun- « try-Houfe, and follow us to Town, and be at « the Trouble, in this his advanced Age, to attend « the Council, we prefent him with this Bundle of ‘ Skins.’ ‘ brethren, ‘ It is always our Way, at the Conclufion of a « Treaty, to defire you will ufe your Endeavours * with the Traders, that they may fell their Goods « cheaper, and give us a better Price for our Deer- * Skins. Whenever any particular Sort of Indian * Goods is fcarce, they conftantly make us pay the « dearer on that Account. We muft now ufe the « fame Argument with them : Our Deer are killed * in fuch Quantities, and our Hunting-Countries « grown left every Day by the Settlement of white * People, that Game is now difficult to find, « and we muft go a great Way in queft of it •, they « therefore ought to give us a better Price for our Skins ; and we defire you would fpeak to the n t to do fo. We have been ftinted in the Article of < Rum in Town. We defire you will open the t Rum-Bottle, and give it to us in greater Abun- t dance on the Road.’ ST 0 inforce our Requeji^ about the Indian I'rad^rs^ vse prefent you with this Bundle of Skins. 82 ‘The History of the BRETHRENy * When we firft came to your Houfes, we found * them clean and in Order ; but we have ftaid fo ‘ long as to dirty them ; which is to be imputed ‘ to our different Way of Living from the white ‘ People : And therefore, as we cannot but have ‘ been difagreeable to you on this Account, we pre- ‘ fent you with fome Skins to make your Houfes clean, and put them into the fame Condition they ‘ were in when we came amongft you.’ BRETHRENy * The Bufinefs the Five Nations tranfadlwith you * !f and requires a Ikilful and honeft Perlon to go between us ; one in whom both ‘ you and we can place a Confidence.— We efteem ‘ our prefent Interpreter to be fuch a Perfon, equally ‘ faithful in the Interpretation of whatever is faid * either of us, equally allied to both •, he IS of our Nation, and a Member of our Council, ‘ as well as of yours. When we adopted him, we ‘ divided him into two equal Parts ; One we kept ‘ for ourfelves, and one we left for you. He has had a great deal of trouble with us, wore out his Shoes in ourMeflages, and dirty’d his Clothes by being amongft us, fb that he is become as nafty as an * Indian. ' ^ Return for thele Services, we recommend him to your Generofity j and on our own Behalf, we give him Five Skins to buy him Clothes and Shoes with.* brethren, ^ have ftill one more Favour to afk. Our j have to fay about publick Ru- linels, IS now over, and to-morrow we defign to eave you. We hope, as you have given us ^ Plenty of good Provifion whilft in Town, that Five Indian Nations, ‘ you will continue your Goodnefs fo far as to fup- ‘ ply us with a little more to ferye us on the Road. ‘ And we likewife defire you will pfovide us with ‘ Waggons, to carry our Goods to the Place where * thejT are to be conveyed by Water.’ To thefe feveral Points the Governor made the following Reply. BRETHREN of the Six Nations^ * The Judgment you have juft now pafs’d on ‘ your Coufins the Delawares^ confirms the high ‘ Opinion we have ever entertained of the Juftice ot ‘ the Six Nations. This Part of your Chara and you. We affure you, our People, who are numerous, courageous, and have Arms ready in their Hands, will hot fuffer thcmfclves to be hurt in their Lives and Eftates. But, however, the old and wife People of Mary- land immediately met in Council, and upon con- fidering very cooly your rafh Expreffions, agreed to invite their Brethren, the Six Nations, to this Place, Five Indian Nations, .&c. Place, that they might learn of them what Right they have to the Land in Maryland, and, if they had any, to make them fome reafonable Compen- fation for it ; therefore the Governor of Maryland. has fent us to meet and treat with you about this Af- fair, and the brightening and ftrengthening the Chain which hath long fubfifted between us. And as an Earned of our Sincerity and Good-will to- wards you, we prefent you with this Belt of Wam- pum. On which the Indians gave the Yo-hah. Our Great King of England, and his Subjefts, have always poffelTed the Province of Maryland free and undidurbed from any Claim of the Six Nations for above one hundred Years pad, and your not faying any thing to us before, convinces us you thought you had no Pretence to any Lands in Maryland ; nor can we yet find out to what Lands* or under what Title you make your Claim ; For the Safquahannah Indians, by a Treaty above ninety Years fince ( which is on the Table, and will be in- terpreted to you) give, and yield to the Englijh Na- tion, their Heirs and Afligns for ever, the greated Part (if not all) of the Lands we poflefs, from Patux- ent River, on the Wedern, as well as from Choptank River, on the Eadern Side of the Great Bay of Cheffapeak. And, near Sixty Years ago, you ac- knowledged to the Governor of New-Tork at Al- bany, “ That you had given your Lands, and fub- “ mitted yourfelves to the King of England.'* We are that Great King’s Subjects, and we poffels and enjoy the Province of Maryland by Virtue of his Right and Sovereignty thereto •, why, then, will you dir up any Quarrel between you and our- felves, who are as one Man, under the Protection of that Great King I leo The History of the We need not put you in mind of the Treaty (\vhich we fuppofe you have had from your Fathers) made with the Province of Maryland near Seventy Years ago, and renewed and confirmed twice fince that time. By thefe Treaties we became Brethren •, we have always lived as fuch, and hope always to continue fo. We have this further to fay, that altho’ we are not fatisfied of the Juftice of your Claim to any Lands in Maryland^ yet we are dcfirous of fliewing our Brotherly Kindnefsand Affedtion, and to pre- vent (by any reafonable Way) every Mifunderftand- ing between the Province of Maryland and you our Brethren of the Six Nations. For this Purpofe we have brought hither a Quantity of Goods for our Brethren the Six Nations, and which will be delivered you as foon as we fliall have received your Anfwer, and made fo bright and large a Fire as may burn pure and clear whilil the Sun and Moon ftiall fhine. We have now freely and openly laid our Bofoms bare to you ; and that you may be the better con- firmed of the Truth of our Hearts, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which tvas received with the Yo-hah. After a littleTiiAe CanafiTatego [poke as follows : Brother, the Governor of Maryland, We have heard what you have faid to us ; and, as you have gone back to old Times, we cannot give you an Anfwer now, but fhall take what you have faid into Confideration, and, return you our Anfwer fomc Time to Morrow. He then fat down, ar,d after fome Time he fpoke again. Brother, Five Indian Nations, &c. Brother^ the Governor of Maryland, If you have made any Enquiry into Indian Af- fairs, you will know, that we have always had our Guns, Hatchets and Kettles mended when we came to fee our Brethren. Brother Onas, and the Governor of York always do this for us ; and we give you this early Notice, that we may not there- by be delayed, being defirous, as well as you, to give all poffible Difpatch to the Bufmcfs to be tranf- afted between us. The Commiflioners of Virginia and Maryland faid, fmce it was cuftomary, they would give Or- ders to have every Thing belonging to them mend- ed that Ihould want it. In the Court-House at Lancafter^ June 26, 1 744, P. M, PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE YHOMASy Elqi Governor, (Sc. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. CAN ASS AY EGO fpoke as follows: Brother., the Governor of Maryland, W HEN you invited us to kindle a Council Fire with you, Conedogwainet was the Place agreed upon ; but afterwards you, by Brother Onas, upon fecond Thoughts, confidering that it would be difficult to get Provifions and other Accommo- H 3 dations 102 7he History of the dations where there were but few Houfes or Inhabi- tants, defired we would meet our Brethren at Lan- cajier, and at his Inftances we very readily agreed to meet you here, and are glad of the Change ; for we have found Plenty of every thing ; and as Yefterday you bid us welcome, and told us you were glad to fee us, we likewife aflure you we are as glad to fee you ; and, in Token of our Satisfaftion, we prefent you with this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Brother.) the Governor of Maryland, You tell us, that when about Seven Years ago you heard, by 't>ur Brother Onas, of our Claim to fome Lands in your Province, you took no Notice of it, believing, as you fay, that when we Ihould come to reconfider that Matter, we fliould find that we had no Right to make any Complaint of the Governor of Maryland, and would drop our Demand. And that when about two Years ago we mentioned it again to our Brother Onas, you fay we did it in fuch Terms as looked like a Defign to terrify you ; and you tell us farther, that we muft be bcfide ourfelves, in ufing fuch a rafli Expreflion as to tell you. We know how to do ourfelves Juftice if you ftill re- fufe. It is true we did fay fo, but without any ill Defign i for we muft inform you, that when we firft defired our Brother Onas to ufe his Influence with you to procure us Satisfaftion for our Lands, we, at the fame time, defired him, in cafe you fhould difregard our Demand, to write to the Great King beyond the Seas, who would own us for his Children as well as you, to compel you to do us Juftice : And, two years ago, when we found that you had paid no Regard to our juft Demand, nor that Brother Onas had convey’d our Complaint to the Great King over the Seas, we were relblved to ufe Five Indian Nations, &c. 103 ufe fuch Expreffions as would make th j greateft Im- preflions on your Minds, and we find it had its EfFeft; for you tell us, That your wife Men held a Council together, and agreed to invite us, and to enquire of our Right to any of your Lands, and if it Ihould be found that we had a Right, we were to have a Compenfation made for them : And likewife you tell us, that our Brother, the Governor of Maryland^ by the ad- vice of thefe wife Men, has fent you to brighten the Chain, and to affure us of his Willingnefs to remove whatever impedes a good Underttand- ing between us.** This (hews that your wife Men underftood our Expreflions in their true Senfe. We had no Defign to terrify you, but to put you on doing us the Juftice you had fo long delayed. Your wife Men have done well ; and as there is no Obftade to a good Underftanding between us, ex- cept this Affair of our Land, we, on our Parts, do give you the ftrongeft Affurances of our good Dil- pofition towards you, and that we are as defirous as you to brighten the Chain, and to put away all Hindrances to a perfedl good Underftanding; and, in Token of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which was receivid^ and the Interpreter or- dered to give the Yo-hah. Brother^ the Governor of When you mentioned the Affair of the Land Yefterday, you went back to old Times, and told us, you had been in Pofleflion of the Province of Maryland above One Hundred Years ; but what is One Hundred Years in Comparifon of the Length of Time fince our Claim began ? fince we came out of this Ground ? For we muft tell you, that long before One Hundred Years our Anceftors came out of this very Ground, aud their Children have re- 4 maincd |04 Historv of the mained here ever fince. You came out of the Ground in a Country that lies beyond the Seas, there you may have a juft Claim, but here you muft allow us to be your elder Brethren, and the Lands to belong to us long before you knew any thing of them. It is true, that above One Hundred Years ago the Dutch came here in a Ship, and brought with them feveral Goods ; fuch as Awls, Knives, Hatchets, Guns, and many other particulars, which they gave us ; and when they had taught us how to ufe their Things, and we law what fort of Peo- ple they were, we were lb well pleafed with them, that we tied their Ship to the Bullies on the Shore ; and afterwards, liking them ftill better the longer they ftaid with us, and thinking the Bullies too flender, we removed the Rope, and tied it to the Trees j and as the T tees were liable to be blown down by high Winds, or to decay of themfelves, we, from the Affcdlion we bore them, again re- moved the Rope, and tied it to a ftrong and big Rock \_here the Interpreter fatd. They mean the Oneido Country] and not content with this, for its further Security we removed the Rope to the big Mountain [here the Interpreter fays they mean the Onandago Country ] and there we tied it very faft, and roll’d Wampum about it ; and, to make it ftill more fecure, we flood upon the Wampum, and down upon it, to defend it, and to prevent any Hurt corning to it, and did our beft Endeavours that It might remain uninjured for ever. During all this Time the New-comers, the Dutch, acknow- ledge^ur Right to the Lands, and follicited us, ^om Time to Time, to grant them Parts of our Country, and to enter into League and Covenant yiith us, and to become one People with us. After this the Englijh eSme into the Country, ^d, as we were told, became one People with the Dutch. About two Years after the Arrival of the Englijh^ Five Indian Nations, &c. 105 JLngIiJh,in Englijh Governor arnttoAlbany, and find- ing v/hat great Friendfliip fubfifted between us and the Dutch, he approved it mightily, and defired to make as ftrong a League, and to be upon as good Terms with us as the Dutch were, with whom he was united, and to become one People with us : And by his further Care in looking into what had paffed between us, he found that the Rope which tied the Ship to the great Mountain was only fattened with Wampum, which was liable to break and rot, and to perifli in a Courfe of Years •, he therefore told us, he would give us a Silver Chain, which would be much ttronger, and would latt for ever. This we accepted, and fattened the Ship with it, and it has lafted ever fince. Indeed we have had fome fmall Differences with the Englijh, and, during thefe Mifunderttandings, fome of their young Men would, by way of Reproach, be every now and then telling us, that we fliould have perifhed if they had not come into the Country and furnilhed us with Strowds and Hatchets, and Guns, and other Things neceffary for the Support of Life •, but we always gave them to underttand that they were miftaken, that v/c lived before they came amongft us, and as well, or better, if wc may believe what cur Forefathers have told us. We had then Room enough, and Plenty of Deer, which was cafily caught } and tho’ we had not Knives, Hatchets, or Guns, fuch as we have now, yet we had Knives of Stone, and Hatchets of Stone, and Bows and Ar- rows, and thofe ferved our Ufes as well then as the Englijh ones do now. We are now ttraitened, and fometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many other Inconveniencies fince the Englijh ezmt. among us, and particularly from that Pen-and-ink Work that is going on at the Table {pointing to the Secre- tary) and we will give you an Inttance of this, pur Brother Qnas, a great while ago, came to Albany xo6 The History of the Albany to buy the Safquahannah Lands of us, but our Brother the Governor of New-Tork, who, as we fuppofe, had not a good Undeftanding with our Brother Onas, adviled us not to fell him any Land, for he would make an ill Ufe of it ; and, pretend- ing to be our good Friend, he advifed us, in order to prevent Onus's, or any other Perfon’s impofing upon us, and that we might always have our Land when we ftiould want it, to put it into his Hands ; and told us, he would keep it for our Ufe, and never open his Hands, but keep them clofe fhut, and not part with any of it, but at our Requeft. Accordingly we trufted him, and put our Land into his Hands, and charged him to keep it fafe for our Ufe; but, fome Time after, he went to England, and carried our Land with him, and there ‘ fold it to our Brother Onus for a large Sum of Money ; and when, at the Inftance of our Brother Onas, we were minded to fell him fome Lands, he told us we had fold the Safquahannah Lands already to the Governor of New-York, and that he had bought them from him in England ; tho’, when he came to underftand how the Governor New-Tork had deceived us, he very generoufly paid us for our Lands over again. Tho’ we mention this Inftance of an Impofition put upon us by the Governor of New-Tork, yet we muft do the Englijh the J uftice to fay, we have had their hearty Afliftances in our Wars with the French, who were no fooner arrived amongft us than they began to render us uneafy, and to provoke us to War, and we had feveral Wars with them ; during all which we conftantly received AlTiftance from the EngliJJ}, and, by their Means, we have always been able to keep up our Heads againft their Attacks. We now come nearer home. W^’e have had your Deeds interpreted to us, and we acknowledge them to Five Indian Nations, &c, to be good and valid, and that the Conejlogoe or Safquahanimb Indians had a Right to fell thofe Lands to you, for they were then theirs *, but fince that Time we have conquered them, and their Country now belongs to us, and the Lands we demanded Satis- fadion for are no Part of the Lands comprized in thofe Deeds •, they are the * Cobongorontas Lands ; thofe, we are fure, you have not poffeffed One Hundred Years, no, nor above Ten Years, and- we made our Demands fo foon as we knew your People were fettled in thofe Parts. Thefe have never been fold, but remain ftill to be difpofed of ; and we are well pleafed to hear you are provided with Goods, and do aflure you of our Willingnefs to treat with you for thofe unpurchafed Lands j in Confirmation whereof, we prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies, CJNJSSJTEGO added, that as the three Governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Penfylvania, had divided the Lands among them, they could not, for this Reafon, tell how much each had got, nor were they concerned about it, fo that they were paid by all the Governors for the feveral Parts each pofleffcd, and this they left to their Honour and Juftice. * Cobongorontas, i. e. Fotomack, io8 The History of the In the Court-House at Lancajler., June 27, 1744,.^, M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE THOMJS,Efqi Governor, The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. 'I'he Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland. I'he Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weijer, Interpreter. Ihs Commiffioners of Virginia ordered the Interpreter to let the Indians know the Government of Virginia was going to fpeak to them, and then they fpoke as follows : Sachems and Warriors of the Six United Nations, our Friends and Brethren, A t our Defire the Governor of Penfylvania invited you to this Council Fire ; we have waited a long Time for you, but now you are come, you are heartily welcome ; we arc very glad to fee you ; we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with their ufual Approbation. Brethren, In the Year 1736, four of your Sachems wrote a I^etter to fames Logan, Efq; then Prdfident of Penfylvania, to let the Governor of Virginia know that you expecfled fome Confideration for Lands in the Occupation of fome of the People of Virginia. Upon feeing a Copy of this Letter, the Governor, with the Council of Virginia, took fome Time to confider of it. They found, on looking into the Five Indian Nations, &c, 109 old Treaties, that you had given up your Lands to the Great King, who has had Pofleffion of Virginia above One Hundred and Sixty Years, and under that Great King the Inhabitants of Virginia hold their Land, fo they thought there might be fome Miftake. Wherefore they defired the Governor of Netu- Tork to enquire of you about it. He fenthis Inter- preter to you in May^ 1 743, who laid this before you at a Council held at Onandago, to which you anfwer, “ That if you had any Demand or Pre- “ tenfions on the Governor of Virginia any way, “ you would have made it known to the Governor “ of l^ew-Terk.” This correfponds with what you have faid to Governor Thomas^ in the Treaty made with him zt Philadelphia in July, 1742 ; for then you only make your Claim to Lands in the Government of Maryland. We are fo well pleafed with this good Faith of you our Brethren of the Six Nations, and your Re- gard to the Treaties made with Virginia, that we are ready to hear you on the Subject of your Meflage eight years fince. Tell us what Nations of Indians you conquered any Lands from in Virginia, how long it is fince, and what Pofleffion you have had ; and if it does appear, that there is any Land on the Borders of Virginia that the Six Nations have a Right to, we are willing to make you Satisfaction. Then laid down a String of Wampum, which was accepted with the tifual Ceremony, and then added. We have a Cheft of new Goods, and the Key is in our Pockets. You are our Brethren ; the Great King is our common Father, and we will live with you, as Children ought to do, in Peace and Love. We 5 no Hhe History of the We wiU brighten the Chain, and ftrengthen the Union between us ; fo that we (hall never be divid- ed, but remain Friends and Brethren as long as the Sun gives Light •, in Confirmation whereof, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. rACHANOOmiA replied: Brother Aflaragoa, You have made a good Speech to us, which is very agreeable, and for which we return you our Thanks. We (hall be able to give you an Anfwer to every Part of it fome Time this Afternoon, and we will let you know when we are ready. In the Court-House at Lancafter^ June. 27, 1744, P. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEO RGE THOMAS, Efq; Governor, Off. The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. The Honourable the CommilTioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conred Weifer^ Interpreter. ‘TACHANOONTIA /poke as follows: Brother AlTaragoa, S INCE you have joined with the Governor of Maryland and Brother Onas in kindling this Fire, we gladly acknowledge the Pieafure we have in feeing you here, and obferving your good Difpo- fitions Five Indian Nations, fitions as well to confirm the Treaties of Friend- lhip,.as to enter into further Contrails about Land with us ; and, in Token of our Satisfaftion, we prefent you with this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. Brother Aflaragoa, In your Speech this Morning you were pleafed to fay we had wrote a Letter to James Logan, about fevcn Years ago, to demand a Confideration for our Lands in the Poffeflion of fome of the Virginians ; that you held them under the Great King for up- wards of One Hundred and Sixty Years, and that we had already given up our Right •, and that there- fore you bad defired the Governor of New-2'ork to fend his Interpreter to us laft Year to Onandago, which he did ; and, as you fay, we in Council at Onandago did declare, that we had no Demand upon you for Lands, and that if we had any Pretenfions, we Ihould have made them known to the Governor of New-Tork ; and likewife you defire to know if we have any Right to the Virginia Lands, and that we will make fuch Right appear, and tell you what Nations of Indians we conquered thofe Lands from. Now we anfwer. We have the Right of Conqueft, a Right too dearly purchafed, and which coft us too much Blood, to give up without any R^fon at all, as you fay we have done at Albany ; but we fliould be obliged to you, if you would let us fee the Letter, and inform us who was the Interpreter, and whofe Names are put to that Letter ; for as the whole Tranfaftion cannot be above a Year’s ftanding, it muft be frelh in every Body’s Memory, and fome of our Council would eafily remember it ; but we affure you, and are well able to prove, that neither we, nor any Part of us, have ever relinquiflied our Right, or ever gave fuch an Anfwer as you fay is mentioned 4 112 Hhe History of the mentioned In your Letter. Could we, fo few Years ago, make a formal Demand, by James Logan, and not be fenfible of our Right ? And hath any thing happened fince that Time to make us lefs fenfible? No •, and as this Matter can be cafily cleared up, ■we are anxious it fhould be done •, for we are pofuive no fuch thing was ever mentioned to us at Onandago, nor any where elfe. All the World knows we con- quered the feveral Nations living on Safquabannah, Cohongoronta, and on the Back of the Great Mountains in Virginia ; the Conoy-uch-fuch-roona, Cocb-now-was-reonan, Toboa-irougb-roonan, and Connutjkin-ougb-roonaw, feel the Effefts of our Con- quefts, being now a Part of our Nations, and their Lands at at our Difpofal. We know very well, it it hath often been faid by the Virginians, that the Great King of England, and the People of that Colony, conquered the Indians who lived there, but it is not true. We will allow they have con- quered the Sacbdagugbroonaw, and drove back the Tufcarroraws, and that they have, on that Account, a Right to fome Part of Virginia ; but as to what lies beyond the Mountains, we conquered the Na- tions refiding there, and that Land, if the Virgi- nians ever get a good Right to it, it muft be by us ; and in Teftimony of the Truth of our Anfwer to this Part of your Speech, w-e give you this String of Wampum. Wbicb was received with tbe ufual Ceremony. Brother Affaragoa, We have given you a full Anfwer to the firft Part of your Speech, which we hope will be fatis- faftory. We are glad to hear you have brought with you a big Cheft of new Goods, and that you have the Key in your Pockets. We do not doubt but wefhallhavca good Underftanding in all Point.', and come to an Agreement with you. Five Indian Nations, &c. iig We fliall open all our Hearts to you, that you may know every thing in them *, we will hid.e nothing from you *, and we hope, if there be any thing ftill remaining in your Breaft that may occafion any Dif- pute between us, you will take the Opportunity to unbofom your Hearts, and lay them open to us, that henceforth there may be no Dirt, nor any other Obftacle in the Road between us ; and in Token of our hearty Wilhes to bring about fo good an Harmony, we prefent you with this Belt ot Wampum. , Which was received with the ufual Ceremory , Brother Aflaragoa, We muft now tell you what Mountains we mean that we fay are the Boundaries between you and us. You may remember, that about twenty Years ago you had a Treaty with us at Albany^ when you took a Belt of Wampum, and made a Fence with it on the Middle of the Hill, and told us, that if any of the Warriors of the Six Nations came on your Side of the Middle of the Flill, you would hang them } and you gave us Liberty to do the fame with any of your People who Ihould be found on our Side of the Middle of the Hill. This is the Hill we mean,and we defire that Treaty may be now confirmed. After we left Albany^ we brought our Road a great deal more to the Weft, that we might comply with your Propofal ; but, tho’ it was of your own making, your People never obferved it, but came and lived on our Side of the Hill, \Vhich we don’t blarne you for, as you live at a great Diftance, near the Seas, and cannot be thought to know what your People do in the Back-parts : And on their fettling, con- trary to your own Propofal, on ouf nevfr Road, it fell out that our Warriors did fome Hurt to your People’s Cattle, of which a Complaint was made, and tranfmitted to us by our Brother Onas •, and we, I at The History of the at his Requefl', altered the Road again, and brought it to the the Foot of the Great Mountain, where it now is ; and it is impoflible for us to remove it any further to the Weft, thofe Parts of the Country being abfolutely impaflable by either Man or Beaft. We had not been long in the Ufe of this new Road before your People came, like Flocks of Birds, and fat down on both Sides of it, and yet we never made a Complaint to you, tho* you muft be fenfible thofe Things muft have been done by your People in manifeft Breach of your own Propofal made at Albany ; and therefore, as we are now opening our Hearts to you, we cannot avoid complaining, and defire all thefe Affairs may be fettled, and that you may be ftronger induced to do us Juftice for what is paft, and to come to a thorough Settlement for the future, we, in the Prefence of the Governor of Maryland^ and Brother 0««r, prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. tVhkh was received with the ufual Ceremony, ^hen Tachanoontia added : That he forgot to fay, that the Affair of the Road muft be looked upon as a Preliminary to be fettled before the Grant of Lands ; and, faid he, either the Virginia People muft be obliged to remove more Ealterly, or, if they are permitted to ftay, our Warriors, marching that Way to the South- ward, fhall go Sharers with them in what they plant. In Five Indian Nations, (Sc. In the Court-House dX Lancafter, June 28, 1744. J. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE ‘tHO MASy Efqj Governor, (Sc. ' The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifery Interpreter. The Governor fpoke as follows. Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, I Am always forry when any thing happens that may create the leaft Uncafinefs between us \ but as we are mutually engaged to keep the Road be- tween us clear and open, and to remove every Ob- ftruiflion that may lie in the Way, I muft inform you, that three of the Delaware Indians lately murdered John Armjirongy an Indian Trader, and his two Men, in a moft barbarous Manner, as he was travelling to Allegheny y and dole his Goods of a conliderable Value. Shick Calamyy and the Indians fettled at Shamokiny did well i they feized two of the Murderers, and fent them down to our Settle- ments i but the IndianSy who had the Charge of them, afterwards fuffered one of them to efcape, on a Pretence that he was not concerned in the bloody Deed i the other is now in Philadelphia Goal. By our Law all the Acceffaries to a Murder are to be tried, and put to Death, as well as the Perfonwho gave the deadly Wound. If they con- fented to if, encouraged it, or any ways aJTilled in it, they are to be put to D^ath, and it is juft it ^ I 2 Ihould jj6 ‘The History of the ihould be fo. If, upon Trial, the Perfons prefent at the Murder are found not to have done any ot thefe Things, they are fet at Liberty. Two of our People were, not many Years ago, publickly put to Death for killing two Indians', we therefore cx- peft you will take the moll effe<5lual Meallires to leize and deliver up to us the other two Indians pre- fent at thefe Murders, to be tried with the Princi- pal now in Cuftody. If it lhall appear, upon their Trial, that they were not advifing, or any way affifting in this horrid Fa6b, they will be acquitted, and fent home to their Towns. And that you may be fatisfied no Injuftice will be done to them, I do nov/ invite you to depute three or four Indians to be prelent at their Trials. I do likewife exped: that you will order ftrid Search to be made for the Re- mainder of the ftolen Goods, that they may be re- ftored to the Wife and Children of the Deceafed. I'hat what I have faid may have its due Weight with you, I give you this String of Wampum. Which was accepted with the Yo-hah. The Governor afterwards ordered the Interpreter to tell them, he expeded a very full Anfwer from them, and that they might take their own Time to give it ; for he did not defire to interfere with the Bufinefs of Virginia and Maryland, They faid they would take it into Confideration, and give a full Anfwer. V Then the Commiinoners of Virginia let them know, by the Interpreter, that they would fpeak to them in the Afternoon. In 117 Five Indian Nations, In the C o u R t-H o u s E Chamber at Lancafter^ June 28 , i744> present, The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. Ue Commiffioners defired the Interpreter to tell the Indians they were going to /peak to them. Mr. Weifer acquainted them herewith. Jfter which the faid Commiffiioners fpoke as follows: Our good Friends and Brethren^ the Six united , Nations, W E have confidered what you faid concerning your Title to fome Lands now in our Pro- vince, and alfo of the Place where they lie. Altho* we cannot admit your Right, yet we are fo refolved to live in Brotherly Love and AfFedtion with the Six Nations^ that upon your giving us a Releafe in Writing of all your Claim to any Lands in Mary- land, we Hiall make you a Compenfation to the Value of Three Hundred Pounds Currency, for the Payment of Part whereof we have brought fome Goods, and fliall make up the reft in what Manner you think fit. As we intend to fay fomething to you about our Chain of Friendfhip after this Affair of the Landis fettled, we defire you will now examine the Goods, and make an End of this Matter. We will not omit acquainting our good Friends the Six Nations, that notwithftanding we are likely to come to an Agreement about your Clairn of Lands, yet your Brethren of Maryland look on you to be as one Soul and one Body with themfelves ; I 2 and ii8 The History of the and as a broad Road will be made between us, we lhall always be defirous of keeping it clear,- that we may, from Time to Time, take care that the Links of our Friendfliip be not rufted. In Teftimony that our Words and our Hearts agree, we give you this Belt of Wampum. On prefenting of which the Indians gave the ufual Cry of Approbation, Mr. Weifer acquainted the Indians^ they might now look over the feveral Goods placed on a Table in the Chamber for that Purpofe ; and the honourable Commiflioners bid him tell them, if they difliked any of the Goods, or, if they were damaged, the Com- miflioners would put a lefs Price on fuch as were either difliked or damnified. The Indians having viewed and examined the Goods, and feeming diflatisfied at the Price and Worth of them, required Time to go down into the Court- Houfe, in order for a Confultation to be had by the Chiefs of them concerning the faid Goods, and likewife that the Interpreter might re- tire with them, which he did. Accordingly they went down into the Court-Houfe, and foon after returned again into the Chamber. Mr. Weifer fat down among the Indians^ and dif- courfe'd them about the Goods, and in fome fhort Time after they chofe the following from among the others, and the Price agreed to be given for them by the Six Nations was, viz. Three Pieces Duffle Blankets, at 7 4 2 1 00 00 Four Pieces of Strowds, at 7 /. Two Pieces Ditto, 54 — Two Hundred Shirts, — Three Pieces Half-Thicks, 4 s. d. 28 00 00 10 00 00 63 12 00 11 00 00 One Piece Ditto, Forty Seven Guns, at i 4 6 s. 6 10 00 61 02 00 One 119 Five Indian Nations, &c. 1 . s. d. One Pound of Vermillion, — oo 1 8 oo One Thoufand Flints, oo i8 oo Four Dozen Jews Harps, oo 14 00 One Dozen Boxes, 00 i 00 One Hundred Two Quarters Bar-Lead, 3 00 00 Two Quarters Shot, * °° Two Half-Barrels of Gun-Powder, 13 00 00 220 15 00 Penfylvannia Currency, When the Miam had agreed to take thefe Goods at the Rates above fpecified, they informed the In- terpreter, that they would give an Anfwer to the Speech made to them this Morning by the honour- able the Commiflioners of Maryland, but did not cxprefs the Time when fuch Anfwer fliould be made. At 12 o’clock the Commiflioners departed the Chamber. In the Court-House at Lancaster, ‘June 28, 1744. P. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE THO MA S, Efq; Governor, fcfr. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia^ The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. *the Commijftoners of Virginia de/tred the Interpreter to let the Indians know, that their Brother AflTa- ragoa was nov\ going to give his Reply to their Anfwer to his firjl Speech, delivered them the Day before in the Forenoon. Sachems and Warriors of the united Six Nations, W " E are now come to anfwer what you faid to us Yefterday, fince what we faid to you I 4 before 120 The History of the before on the Part of the Great King, our Fatlier^ has not been fatisfaftory. You have gone into old Times, and fo muft we. It is true that the Great King holds Virginia by Right of Conqueft, and the Bounds of that Conqueft to the Weft ward is the Great Sea. If the Six Nations have made any Conqueft over Indians that may at any Time have lived on the "Weft- fide of the Great Mountains of Virginia^ yet they never poffefled any Lands there that we have ever heard of. That Part was altogether deferred, and free for any People to enter upon, as the Peo- ple of Virginia have done, fay Order of the Great King, very juftly, as well by ancient Right, as by its being freed from the Pofiefllon of any other, and from any Claim even of you the Six Nations,, our Brethren, until within thefe eight Years. The firft Treaty between the Great King, in Behalf of his Subjedfs of Virginia, and you, that we can find, was made at Albany, by Colonel Henry Courfey, Seventy Years fince •, this was a Treaty of Friend- ftiip, when the firft Covenant Chain was made, when we and you became Brethren. The next Treaty was alfo iX Albany, above Fifty- eight Years ago, by the Lord Howard, Governor of Virginia ; then you declared yourfelves Subjedts to the Great King, our Father, and gave up to him all your Lands for his Protection. This you own in a Treaty made by the Governor of New~Tork with you at the fame Place in the Year 1687, and you exprefs yourfelf in thefe Words, Brethren, “ you tell us the King of England is a very great “ King, and why fhould not you join with us in a “ very juft Caufe, when the French join with our “ Enemies in an unjuft Caufe ? O Brethren, we ‘‘ fee the Reafon of this ; for the French would fain kill us all, and when that is done, they y would carry all the Beaver Trade to Canada, and ■ " « the Five Indian Nations, &c. i “ the Great King of England would lofe the “ Land likewife ; and therefore, O Great Sachem, “ beyond the Great Lakes, awake, and fuffer not “ thke poor Indians, that have given themfelves “ and their Lands under your Proteftion, to be de- “ ftroycd by the French without a Caufe. * The laft Treaty we fhall fpeak to you about is that made at Albany by Governor Spotfwood, which you have not recited as it is : For the white People, your Brethren of Virginia, are, in no Article of that Treaty, prohibited to pafs, and fettle to the Weft ward of the Great Mountains, It is the /«- dians, tributary to Virginia, that are reftraincd, as you and your tributary Indians are from pafling to the Eaftward of the fame Mountains, or to the Southward of Cohongorooton, and you agree to this Article in thefe Words; “ That the Great River “ of Potowmack, and the high Ridge of Moun- “ tains, which extend all along the Frontiers of “ Virginia to the Weftward of the prefent Settlc- ments of that Colony, lhall be for ever the efta- “ bliftied Boundaries between the Indians fubjed: “ to the Dominions of Virginia, and the Indians “ belonging to and depending on the Five Nati- ons ; fo that neither our Indians ftiall on any Pre- “ tence whatfoever, pafs to Northward or Weft- “ ward of the faid Boundaries, without having to “ produce aPaflport under the Hand and Seal of the “ Governor or Commander in Chief of Virginia ; “ nor your Indians to pafs to the Southward or Eaft- “ ward of the faid Boundaries, without a PalTport in like Manner from the Governor or Comman- “ der in Chief of New-Tork," And what Right can you have to Lands that you have no Right to walk upon, but upon certain Conditions ? It is true, you have not obferved this Part of the Treaty, and your Brethren of Virginia have 122 ^h« History of the have not infifted upon it with a due Striftnefs, which has occafioned fome Mifchief. This Treaty has been fent to the Governor of Virginia by Order of the Great King, and is what we muft rely on, and, being in Writing, is more certain than your Memory. That is the Way the white People have of preferving Tranfaflions of every Kind, and tranfmitting them down to their Childrens Children for ever, and all Difputes among them are fetded by this faithful kind of Evidence, and muft be the Rule between the Great King and you. This Treaty your Sachems and Warriors fign- cd fome Years after the fame Governor Spotfwood^ in the Right of the Great King, had been, with fome People of Virginia, in Pofleflion of thefe very Lands, which you have fct up your late Claim to. The Commiffioners for Indian Affairs at Alhat^ gave the Account we mentioned to you Yefterday to the Governor of New-Tork, and he fent it to the Governor of Virginia j their Names will be given you by the Interpreter. Brethren, This Difpute is not between and you ; it is fettingup your Right againft the Great King, under whofe Grants the People you complain of are fettled. Nothing but a Command from the Great King can remove them ; they are too powerful to be removed by any Force of you, our Brethren •, and the Great King, as our common Father, will do equal Juftice to all his Children ; wherefore we do believe they will be confirmed in their PolfefTions. As to the Road you mention, we intended to prever/t any Occafion for it, by making a Peace be- tween you and the Southern Indians, a few Years fmee, at a confiderable Expence to our Great King, which you confirmed at Albany. It feems, by your being Five Indian Nations, &c. 12 j being at War with the Catawhas^ that it has not been long kept between you. However, if you defire a Road, we will agree to one on the Terms of the Treaty you made with Colonel Spotfwood, and your People, behaving themfelves orderly like Friends and Brethren, lhall be ufed in their Paffage through Virginia with the fame Kindnefs as they are when they pafs through the Lands of your Brother Onas. This we hope, will be agreed to by you our Brethren, and we will abide by the Promife made to you Yefterday, We may proceed to fettle what we are to give you for any Right you may have, or have had to il the Lands to the Southward and Wcftward of the Lands of your Brother the Governor of Maryland, and of your Brother Qnas ; tho’ we are informed that the Southern Indians claim thefe very Lands that you do. We are defirous to live with you, our Brethren, according to the old Chain of Friendlhip, to fettle all thefe Matters fairly and honeftly •, and, as a Pledge of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which was received wUh the ufual Ceremony, la 124 The History of the In the Co u R t-H o u s e Chamber at Lancafier-, June 29, 1744, A. M. PRESENT, The Honourable the CommiHioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Wei fer., Interpreter. Mr. Weifcr informed the honourable CommiJJionerSy that the Indians were ready to give their Anfwer to the Speech made to them here Tefierday Morn- ing by the Commiffioners ; whereupon Canaflatcgo /poke as follows., looking on a Deal-board, where were fome black Lines, defcribing the Courfes of Potowmack and Safquahanna : Brethren, ’ I Y es T E R D a Y you fpoke to us concerning the Lands on this Side Potowmack River, and as we have deliberately confidered what you faid to us on that Matter, we are now very ready to fettle the Bounds of fuch Lands, and releafe our Right and Claim thereto. We are willing to renounce all Right to Lord Baltimore of all thofe Lands lying two Miles above the uppermoft Fork of Potowmack or Cohongoruton River, near which Thomas Creffap has a hunting or trading Cabin, by a North-line, to the Bounds of Penflvania. But in cafe fuch Limits lhall not in- clude every Settlement or Inhabitant of Maryland, then fuch other Lines and Courfes, from the faid two M iles above the Forks, to the outermoft Inhabi- %ants or Settlements, as fhall include every Settle- ment and Inhabitant in Maryland, and from thence, by a North-line, to the Bounds of Penfylvannia, fliall be the Limits. And further. If any People already have, or lhall fettle beyond the Lands now deferibed and bounded, they lhall enjoy the fame free from any Difturbance whatever, and we do, and Five Indian Nations, Gfr. lhall accept thefe People for our Brethren, and as fuch always treat them. We earneftly defire p live with you as Brethren, and hope you will Ihew us all Brotherly Kindnefs ; in Token whereof, w? prefent you with a Belt of Wampum. Which “svas received with the ufual Ceremony. Soon after the Commiflioners and departed from the Court- Houfe Chamber. In the C o u R t-H o u s e Chamber at Lancofter^ The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter. Gachradodow, Speaker for the Indians, in anfwer to the Commiffieners Speech at the lajt Meetings with a Jlrong Voice, and proper Aliion, [poke as follows : Brother Aflaragoa, H E World at the firft was made on the other Side of the Great Water different from what it is on this Side, as may be known from the different Colours of our Skin, and of our Flefh, and that which you call Juftice may not be fo amongft us ; you have your Laws and Cuftoms, and fb have we. The Great King might fend you over to conquer the Indians, but it looks to us that God did not approve of it ; if he had, he would not have placed the Sea where it is,- as* the Limits between us and you. Brother Aflaragoa, Tho’ great Things are well remembered among H*?, yet we don’t remember that we were ever con- fme 30, 1744, A. M. PRESENT, quered J26 The History of the quered by the Great King, or that we have been employed by that Great King to conquer others ; if it was fo, it is beyond our Memory. We do re- member we were employed by Maryland to conquer the Conejlogoes, and that the fecond time we were 4t War with them, we carried them all off. Brother Affaragoa, You charge us with not adling agreeable to our Peace with the Catawbas^ we will repeat to you truly what was done. The Governor of New-Torkj at Mat^, in Behalf of Ajfaragoa^ gave us feveral Belts of Wampum from the Cherikees and CatawbaSy and we agreed to a Peace, if thofe Nations would fend fome of their great Men to us to confirm it Face to Face, and that they would trade with us 5 and defired that they w'ould appoint a Time to meet at Albaty for that Purpofe, but they never came. Brother Affaragoa, We then defired a Letter might be fent to the Catawbas and Cherikees, to defire them to come and confirm the Peace. It was long before an An- fwer came *, but we met the Cherikees, and confirmed the Peace, and fent fome of our People to take care of them, until they returned to their own Country. The Catawbas refiifed to come, and fent us word. That we were but Wonren, that they were Men, and double Men, that they could make Women of us, and would be always at War with us. They are a deceitful People. Our Brother ragoa is deceived by them -, we don’t blame him for it, but are forty he is fo deceived. Brother Affaragoa, We have confirmed the Peace with the Cherikees, but not with the Catawbas. They have been trea- cherous, 4 Fiv^* Indian Nations, &c. cherous, and know it i fo that the War muft con- tinue till one of us isdcftroyed. This we think pro- per to tell you, that you may not be troubled at what we do to the Catawhas, Brother AlTaragoa, We will now fpeak to the Point betvireen us. You fay you will agree with us as to the Road ; we defire that may be the Road which was laft made (the Waggon-Road.) It is always, a Cuftom among Brethren or Strangers to ufe each other kindly ; you have fome very ill-natured Peo- ple living up there j fo that we defire the Perfons in Power may know that we are to have refonable Viftuals when we are in want. You know very well, when the white People came firft here they were poor \ but now they have got our Lands, and are by them become rich, and we are now poor 5 what little we have had for the Land goes fbon away, but the Land Jafts for ever. You told us you had brought with you a Cheft of Goods, and that you have the Key in your Pockets ; but we have never feen the Cheft, nor the Goods that are faid to be in it; it may be fmall, and the Goods few } we want to fee them, and are de- firous to come to fome Conclufion. We have been deeping here thefe ten Days paft, and have not done any thing to the Purpofe. The Commiflioners told them they ftiould fee the Goods on Monday, In 128 The History of the In the CouR t-House at Lancafter^ Jme 30, 1744, P. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE ‘THO MJ S, Efq; Governor, ^c. The Honourable Commiflioner of Virginia. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter. T he three Governments entertained the In- diansy and all the Gentlemen in Town, with a handfome Dinner. The Six - Nations, in their Order, having returned Thanks with the ufual So- lemnity of To-ha-han, the Interpreter informed the Governor and the CommilTioners, that as the Lord Proprietor and Governor of Maryland was not known to the Indians by any particular Name, they had agreed, in Council, to take the firft Op- portunity of a large Company to prefent him with one ; and as this with them is deemed a Matter of great Conlbquence, and attended with Abundance of Form, the feveral Nations had drawn Lots for the Performance of the Ceremony, and the. Lot falling on the Cayogo Nation, they had chofen Gachradodow, one of their Chiefs, to be their Speaker, and he defired Leave to begin ; which being given, he, on an elevated Part of the Court- Houle, with all the Dignity of a Warrior, the Geftureof an Orator, and in a very graceful Pofture, faid that : “ As the Governor of Maryland had invited them “ here to treat about their Lands, and brighten the “ Chain Five Indian Nations, “ Chain of Friendfhip, the united Nations thought “ themfdves fo much obliged to them, that they “ had come to a Rclblution in Council to give to “ the great Man, who is Proprietor of Mary- “ land, a particular Name, by which they might “ hereafter correfpond with him ; and as it had “ fallen to the Cayogoes Lot in Council to con- “ fider of a proper Name for that chief Man, they “ had agreed to give him the Name of “Tocarry- “ hogan, denoting Precedency, Excellency, or “ living in the middle or honourable Place betwixt “ Jjfaragoa and their Brother Onas, by whom their “ Treaties might be better carried on.’’ And then, addreffing himfelf to his Honour the Governor of Pcnfylvania, the honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia and Maryland, and to the Gentlemen then prefent, he proceeded : “ As there is a Company of great Men now “ affembled, we take this Time and Opportunity “ to publilh this Matter, that it may be known “ Tocarry-hogan is our Friend, and that we are “ ready to honour him, and that by fuch Name he “ may be always called and known among us.. “ And we hope he will ever aft towards us accord- “ ing to the Excellency of the Name we have now^ “ given him, and enjoy a long and happy Life.” The honourable the Governor and Commifli- oners, and all the Company prefent, returned the Compliment with three Huzza’s, and, after drink- ing Healths to our gracious King and the Six Nations, the Commiflioners of Maryland proceeded to Bufinefs in the Court-Houfe Chamber with the Indians, where Conrad JVeifer, the Interpreter, was prefent. The honourable the Commiflioners ordered Mr. Weifer to tell the Indians, that a Deed, releafing all their Claim and Title to certain Lands lying in the I’rovince of Maryland, which by them was agreed to be given and executed for the life of the K Lord i30 The History of the Lx>rd Baron of Baltimore^ Lord Proprietary of that Province, was now on the Table, and Seals ready fixed thereto. The Interpreter acquainted them therewith as defired, and then gave the Deed to Canajfatego^ the Speaker, who made his Mark, and put his Seal, and delivered it ; after which, thirteen other Chiefs or Sachems of the Six Nations executed it in the fame Manner, in the Prefence of the honourable the Commifiioners of Virginia, and divers other Gentlemen of that Colony, and of the Provinces of Penfylvania and Maryland. At the Houle of Mr. George Sanderfon in Lancajler, July 2, 1 744, A. M. PRES E N T, The Honourable the Commifiioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. H E feveral Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Na- tions, who had not figncd the Deed of Releafe of their Claim to fome Lands in Maryland, tendered to them on Saturday laft, in the Chamber of the Court-Houfe in this Town, did now readily execute the fame, and caufed Mr. Weifer likewife to fign it, as well with his Indian, as with his own proper Name of JFeifer, as a Witnefs and Interpreter. In Five Indian Nations, &c. ^ 3 * In the Court-House at Lancafier, July 2y I J. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE ‘T HO MASy Efiji Governor, (iff. ' The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad Weifery Interpreter. CA NAS SAT EGO /poke as follows : Brother Onas, T H E other Day you was pleafed to tell us, you were always concerned whenever any thing happened that might give you or us Uneafi- nefs, and that we were mutually engaged to pre- ferve the Road open and clear between us •, and you informed us of the Murder of John Armjirongy and his two Men, by fome of the Delaware Indi- ansy and of their Healing his Goods to a confidera- ble Value. The Delaware IndianSy as you fup- pofc, are under our Power. We join with you in your Concern for fuch a vile Proceeding *, and, to tcftify that we have the fame Inclinations with you to keep the Road clear, free and open, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Brother Onas, Thefc Things happen frequently, and we defire you will confider them well, and not be too much K % ' con- 5 32 The History of the concerned. Three Indians have been killed at dif- ferent Times at Ohio, and we never mentioned anj of theni to you, imagining it might have been oc- cafioned by fome unfortunate Quarrels, and being unwilling to create a Difturbance. We therefore defire you will conlider thefe Things well, and, to take the Grief from your Heart, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. Brother Onas, We have heard of the Murder of John Armjirong, and, in our Journey here, we had Conference with our Coufins the Delawares about it, and reproved them feverely for it, and charged them to go down to our Brother Onas^ and make him Satisfadlion, both for the Men that were killed, and for the Goods. We underftood, by them, that the prin- cipal Aftor in thefe Murders is in your Prifon, and that he had done all the Mifchief himfelf ; but that befides him, you had required and demanded two others who were in his Company when the Murders were committed. Wc promife faithfully^r in our Return, to renew our Reproofs, and to charge the Delawares to fend down fome of their Chiefs with thefe two young Men ( but not as Prifoners ) to be examined by you ; and as we think, upon Examina- tion, you will not find them guilty, wq rely on your Juftice not to do them any Harm, but to permit them to return home in Safety. , We likewife underftand, that Search has been made for the Goods belonging to the Deceafed, and that fome have been already returned to your People, but that fome are ftill miffing. You may depend upon our giving the ftridtefl: Charge to the Delawares to fcarch again with more Diligence for the Goods, ytnd to return them, or the Value of them, in Skins. . .. And, 133 Five Indian Nations, And, to confirm what we have faid, we give you this String of Wampum. IVhicb was received with the ufual Ceremonies. Brother Onas, The Conoy Indians have informed us, that they fent you a Mcffage, fome Time ago, to advife you, that they were ill ufcd by the white People in the Place where they had lived, and that they had come to a Refolution of removing to Shamokin, and re- quefted fome fmall Satisfaction for their Land ; and as they never have received any Anfwer from you, they have defircd us to fpeak for them •, we heartily recommend their Cafe to your Generofity. And, to give Weight to our Recommendation, we pre- fent you with this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Ilbe Governor having conferred a little fime with the honourable Commiffioners of Virginia and Mary- land, made the following Reply : Brethren^ I am glad to find that you agree with me in the Neceflity of keeping the Road between us clear and open, and the Concern you have exprelTed on account of the barbarous Murders mentioned to you, is a Proof of your Brotherly AffeCtion for us. If Crimes of this Nature be not ftriClly enquired into, and the Criminals feverely punilhed, there will be an End of all Commerce between us and the Indi- ans, and then you will be altogether in the Power of the French. They will fet what Price they pleafe on their own Goods, and give you what they think fit for your Skins ; fo it is for your own Intereft that our Traders Ihould be fafe in their Perfons and Goods when they travel to your Towns. Brethren^ The History of the Brethren, I confidered this Matter well before I came from Philadelphia, and I advifed with the Council there upon it, as I have done here with the honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia and Maryland. I never heard before of the Murder of the three 7«. dians at Ohio •, had Complaint been made to me of it, and it had appeared to have been committed by any of the People under my Government, they fhould have been put to Death, as two of them were, fomc Years ago, for killing two Indians. You are not to take your own Satisfaftion, but to apply to me, and 1 will fee that Juftice be done you ; and fhould any of the Indians rob or murder any of our People, I do expedt that you will deliver them up to be tried and punifhed in the fame Manner as white People are. This is the Way to preferve Friendlhip between us, and will be for your Benefit as well as ours. I am well pleafed with the Steps you have already taken, and the Reproofs you have given to your Coufins the Delawares, and do expedt you will lay your Commands upon fome of their Chiefs to bring down the two young Men that were prefent at the Murders ; if they are not brought down, I (hall look upon it as a Proof of their Guilt. If, upon Examination, they fhall be found not to have been concerned in the bloody Adlion, they fhall be well ufed, and fent home in Safety : I will take it upon myfelf to fee that they have no Injuftice done them. An Inventory is taken of the Goods already reftored, and I expedl Satisfadlion will be made for fuch as cannot be found, in Skins, accord- ing to Promife. I well remember the coming down of one of the Conoy Indians with a Paper, fetting forth. That the Conoys had come to a Refolution to leave the Land referved for them by the Proprietors, but he made no Complaint to me of ill Ufage from the white People. Five Indian Nations, Eic . People. The Reafon he gave for their Removal was. That the fettling of the white People all round them had made Deer fcarce, and that therefore they chofe to remove to Juniata for the Benefit of Hunting. I ordered what they faid to be entered in the Council-Book. The old Man’s Expences were born, and a Blanket given him at his Return home. I have not yet heard from the Proprietors on this Head ; but you may be affured, from^ the Favour and Juftice they have always fhewn to the Indians, that they will do every thing that may be reafonably expefted of them in this Cafe. In the Court-House Chamber at Lancajler^ July 2, 1744, P. M. PRESENT, The Honourable the Commifiioners of Virginia. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad IVeifer, Interpreter. ^he Indians being told, by the Interpreter, that their Brother Aflaragoa was going to fpeak to them, the CommiJJioners /poke as follows : Sachems and IV irriors, our Friends and Brethren, A S we have already faid enough to you on the J\ Subjedlof the Title to the Lands'you claim from Virginia, we have no Occafion to fay ^y thing more to you on that head, but come direftly to the Point. We have opened the Cheft, and the Goods are now here before you ; they coft Two Hundred Pounds Penfylvania Money, and were bought by a Perform recommended to us by the Governor of Penfylvania with ready Cafli. We ordered them to K 4 ^ 136 "The History of the be good in their Kinds, and we believe they are lb. Thd'e Goods, and Two Hundred Pounds in Gold, which lie on the Table, we will give you, our Bre- thren of the Six Nations y upon Condition that you irrtmediately make a Deed recognizing the King’s Right to all the Lands that are, or lhall be, by his Majefty’s Appointment in the Colony of Virginia. As to the Road, we agree you lhall have one, and the Regulation is in Paper, which the Inter- preter now has in his Cuftody to Ihew you. The People of Virginia lhall perform their Part, if you and your Indians perform theirs ; we are your Bre- thren, and will do no Hardlhips to you, but, on the contrary, all the Kindnefs we can.” The Indians agreed to what v/as faid, and Canajfa- tego defired they would reprelent their Cale to the King, in order to have a further Confideration when the Settlement increafed much further back. To which the Commilfioners agreed, and promifed they would make fuch a Reprefentation faithfully and honeftly j and, for their further Security that they would do fo, they would give them a Writing, under their Hands and Seals, to that Purpofe. They defired that Ibme Rum might be given them to drink on their Way home, which the Com- milfioners agreed to, and paid them in Gold for that Purpofe, and the Carriage of their Goods from Philadelphia., Nine Pounds Thirteen Shillings, and Three-pence, Penfylvania Money. Canaffatego further laid. That as their Brother ’Tecarry-hogan fent them provifion on the Road here, which kept them from llarving, he hoped their Brother Afar agoa would do the lame for them back, and have the Goods he gave them carried to the ufual Place ; which the Commilfioners agreed to, and ordered Provifions and Carriages to be provided accordingly. After this Conference the Deed was produced, and the Interpreter explained it to them ; and they, according 137 Five Indian Nations, ^c. according to their Rank and Quality, put their Marks and Seals to it in the Prdence of feveral Gentlemen of Maryland, Penfylvania and Virginia and when they delivered the Deed, Canajfatego de- livered it for the Ufe of their Father, the Great King, and hoped he would confider them *, on which the Gentlemen and Indians then prefcnt gave three Shouts, In the Court-House at Lancaftcr, Tuefday, July A. M. PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efqj Governor, The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. The Flonourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad fVeifer, Interpreter. The Governor /poke as follovos : Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, A t a Treaty held with many of the Chiefs of your Nations Two Years ago, the Road be- tween us was made clearer and wider ; our Fire was enlarged, and our Friendfhip confirmed by an Ex- change of PrefcRts, and many other mutual good Offices. We think ourfelves happy in having been inftru- mental to your meeting with our Brethren of Vir- ginia and Maryland and we perfuade ourfelves, that you, on your Parts, will always remember it as an inftance of our Good-will and Affeflion for you. This has given us an Opportunity of feeing you 1^8 History of the you fooncr than perhaps we fhould otherwife have done •, and, as we are under mutual Obligations by Treaties, we to hear with our Ears for you, and you to hear with your Ears for us, we take this Opportunity to inform you of what very nearly concerns us both. The great King 0/ England and the French King have declared War againft each other. Two Battles have been fought, one by Land, and the other by Sea. The great King of England com- manded the Land-Army in Eerfon, and gained a compleat Vidory. Numbers of the French were killed and taken Pri loners, and the reft were forced to pafs a River with Precipitation to fave their Lives. The Great God covered the King’s Head in that Battle, fo that he did not receive the leaft Hurt ; for which you, as well as we, have Reafon to be very thankful. The Engagement at Sea was likewife to the Ad- vantage of the Englijh. The French and Spaniards joined their Ships together, and came out to fight us. The brave Englijh Admiral burnt one of their largeft Ships, and many others were fo lhattered, that they were glad to take the Opportunity of a very iiigh Wind, and a dark Night, to run away, and to hide themfelves again in their own Har- bours. Had the Weather proved fair, he would, in all Probability, have taken or deftroyed them all. I need not put you in mind how much William Penn and his Sons have been your Friends, and the Friends of all the Indians. You have long and often experienced their Friendlhip for you j nor need I repeat to you how kindly you were treated, and what valuable Prefents were made to you two Years ago by the Governor, the Council, and the Affembly of Penfylvania. The Sons of William Penn are all now in England^ and have left me in their Place, well knowing how much I regard you and all the Indians. As a frefli Proof of this, I 4 have 139 Five Indian Nations, ^5c. have left my Houfe, and am come thus far to fee you, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the Cove- nant-Chain, and to confirm our Friendfhip with you. In Tcftimony whereof, I prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the Yo-hah. As your Nations have engaged themfelves by Treaty to afiift us, your Brethren of Fenfylvania, in cafe of a War with the French^ we do not doubt but you will punftually perform an Engage- ment fo folemnly entered into. A War is now de- clared, and we expeft that you will not luffer French^ or any of the Indians in Alliance with them, to march through your Country to difturb any of our Settlements •, and that you will give us the earlieft and beft Intelligence of any Dcfigns that may' be formed by. them to our Diiadvantage, as we promife to do of any that may be to yours. To enforce what I have now faid to you in the ftrongeft Manner, I prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the Yo-liah. After a little Paufe his Honour, the Governor, /poke again : Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, What I have now faid to you is in Conformity to Treaties fubfifting between the Province of which I am Governor and your Nations. I now pro- ceed, with the Confent of the honourable Commif- * fioners for Virginia and Maryland, to tell you,^ that all Differences having been adjufted, and the KoaxiS between us and you made quite clear ^id open, we are ready to confirm our Treaties with your Na- tions, and eftablifii a Friendfliip that is not to end, but with the World itfclf. And, in Behalf of the Province of Perfylvania, I do, by this fine Belt ot Wampum, The History of the Wampum, and a Prefent of Goods, to the Value of three hundred Pounds, confirm and eftablifh the faid Treaties of Peace, Union and Priendfliip, you on your Parts doing the fame. Which was received with a loud Yo-hah. further added. The Goods bought with the one hundred Pounds Sterling, put into my Hands by the Governor of Virginia^ are ready to be delivered when you pleafe. The Goods bought and fent up by the People ol the Province of Pen- fylvania^ according to the Lift which the Interpre- ter Will explain, are laid by themfelves, and are like- wife ready to be delivered to you at your own time. After a little Patife the Commijfioners of Virginia fpoke as follows : Sachems and Waniors of the Six Nations, The Way between us being made fmooth by what paffed Yefterday, we defire now to confirm all former Treaties made between Virginia and you, our Brethren of the Six Nations, and to make our Chain of Union and F riendftiip as bright as the Sun, that it may not contradb any more Ruft for ever ; that our Childrens Children may rejoice at, and con- done-, and that you and your Children may not forget it, we give you one hun- dred Pounds in Gold, and this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Friends and Brethren, Altho’ we have been difappointed in our En- eawiiis to bring about a Peace between you and the Catawbas, yet we defire to fpeak to you fome- thing more about them. We believe they have been unlaithlul to you, and fpoke of you with a toohlh Contempt ; but this may be only the Ralh- »els ol fome of their young Men. In this Time 14 ? Five Indian Nations, &c. of War with our common Enemies the French and Spaniards^ it will be the wifeft way to be at Peace among ourfelves. They, the Cata-wbas^ are alfo Children of the great King, and therefore we defire you will agree, that we may endeavour to make a Peace between you and them, that we may be all united by one common Chain of Friendlhip. We give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Brethren, Our Friend, Conrad Weifer, when lie is old, will go into the other World, as our Fathers have done, our Children will then want fuch a Friend to go be- tween them and your Children, to reconcile any Differences that may happen to arife between them, that, like him, may have the Ears and Tongues of our Children and yours. The Way toFave fuch a Friend, is for you to fend three or four of your Boys to Virginia, where we have a fine Houfe for them to live in, and a Man on purpofe to teach the Children of you, our Friends, the Religion, Language and Cuftoms of the white People. To this Place we kindly invite you to fend fome of your Children •, and we pro- mife you they lhall have the fame Care taken of them, and be inftrufted in the fame Manner as our own Children, and be returned to you again when you pleafe ; and, to confirm this, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Then the Commijf oners of M.aryland fpoke as follows : Friends and Brethren, the Chiefs or Sachems of the Six united Nations, The Governor of Maryland invited you hither, we have treated you as Friends, and agreed with you as Brethren. As \ 1‘he 'i^li&roKY of the ■As the Treaty now made concerning the Lands in Maryland will, we hope, prevent efFedlually every future Mifunderftanding between us on that Ac- count, we will now bind fafter the Links of our Chain of Friendftiip, by a Renewal of all our for- mer Treaties •, and that they may ftill be the better fecured, we lhall prefent you with one hundred Rounds in Gold. What we have further to fay to you is, I.,et not our Chain contract any Ruft ; whenever you per- ceive the leaft Speck, tell us of it, and we will make it clean. This we alfo expect of you, that it may always continue fo bright as our Generations may fee their Faces in it ; and, in Pledge of the Truth of what we have now fpoken, and our Af- fection to you, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. CAN ASS AT EG Oy in return., [poke as follows: Brother Onas, Afl'aragoa, <7/2iTocarry-hogan, We return you Thanks for your feveral Speeches, which are very agreeable to us. They contain Matters of fuch great Moment, that we propofe to give them a very ferious Cohfideration, and to an- fwer them fuitably to their Worth and Excellence ; and this will take till to-morrow Morning, and when we are re.ady we will give you due Notice. You tell us you beat the French ; if fo, you muft have taken a great deal of Rum from them, and can the better fpare us fome of that Liquor to make us rejoice with you in the Victory. The Governor and CommilTioners ordered a Dram of Rum to be given to each in a fmall Glafs, calling it, A French Glafs. In Five Indian Nations, &c. 143 In theCo urt-Hou se at LancaJter,July i PRESENT, The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq-, Governor, iAc. The Honourable the Commillioners of Virginia. The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. The Deputies of the Six Nations. Conrad JVeifer, Interpreter. CA NA S SA T EGO Speaker. Brother Onas, Y esterday you expreffed your Satisfac- tion in having been inftrumental to our meet- ing with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, we, in return, affure you, that we have great Plea- fure in this Meeting, and thank you for the Part you have had in bringing us together, in order to create a good Underftanding, and to clear the Road and, in Token ot our Gratitude, we prefent you with this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Brother Onas, You was pleafed Yeftcrday to inform us, “ That “ War had been declared between the great King of “ England and the French King ; that two great “ Battles had been fought, one by Land, and the “ other at Sea ; with many other Particulars.” We are glad to hear the Arms of the King of Eng- land were fuccefsful, and take part with you in your Joy on this Occalion. You then came nearer Home, and told us, “ You had left your Houfe, “ and were come thus far on Behalf of the whole “ People of Penfylvania to fee us ; to renew your ‘‘ Treaties, to brighten the Covenant- Chain, and “ to 144 The History of the « to confirm your Friendfliip with us.” We ap- prove this Propofition, we thank you for it. We own, with Pleafure, that the Covenant-Chain be- tween us and Penfyhania is of old Standing, and has never contrafted any Ruft ; we wifla it may always continue as bright as it has done hitherto ; and, in Token of the Sincerity of our Wifhes, we prefent you witli this Belt of Wampum. Which -was received with the Yo-hah. Brother Onas, You was pleafed Yefterday to remind us of our mutual Obligation to affift each other in cafe of a War with the Frouh, and to repeat the Subftancc of wh.at we ought to do by our Treaties with you ; and that as a Vv ar had been already entered into with the French, you called upon us to affift you, and not to fuffer the French to march through our Country to difturb any of your Settlements. In anfwer, we affure you we have all thefe Par- ticulars in our Hearts, they are frefli in our Me- mory. W e lhall never forget that you and we have but one Heart, one Head, one Eye, one Ear, and one Hand. We fliall have all your Country under our Eye, and take all the Care we can to prevent any Enemy from coming into it ; and, in proof of our Care, we muft inform you, that before we came here, we told ’ Onandio, our Father, as he is called, that neither he, nor any of his People, Ihould come through our Country, to hurt our Brethren the Englijh, or any of the Settlements belonging to them ; there was Room enough at Sea to fight, there he might do what he pleafed, but he Ihouid not come upon our Land to do any Damage to our Brethren. And you may depend upon our ufing our utmoft Care to fee this effec- tually done •, and, in Token of our Sincerity, we prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. lincich was received with the ujv.al Ceremony. After * Oncr.diof the Governor of Canada. 145 Five Indian Nations, After fame little Time the Interpreter /aid, Canaf- fatego had forgot fomething material, and de- Jired to mend his Speech, and to do fo as often as he fhould omit any thing of Moment, and / thereupon he added: The Six Nations have a great Authority and In- fluence over fundry Tribes of Indians in Alliance with the French, and particularly over the Praying Indians, formerly a Part with ourfelves, who ftand in the very Gates of the French -, and, to ftiew our further Care, we have engaged thefe very Indians, and other Indian Allies of itic French for you. They will not join the French againft you. They have have agreed with us before we fet out. We have put the Spirit of Antipathy againft the French in thofe People. Our Intereft is very confiderable with them, and many other Nations, and as far as ever it extends, we ftiall ufe it for your Service. The Governor faid, Canajfatego did well to mend his Speech ; he might always do it whenever his Memory ftiould fail' him in any Point of Confe- quence, and he thanked him for the very agreeable Addition. Brother Aflaragoa, You told us Yefterday, that all Difputes with you being now at an end, you defired to confirm all former Treaties between Virginia and us, and to make our Chain of Union as bright as the Sun. We agree very heartily with you in thefe Pro- pofitions i we thank you for your good Inclina- tions •, we defire you will pay no Regard to any idle Stories that may be told to our Prejudice. And, as the Difpute about the Land is now intirely over, and we perfefUy reconciled, we hope, for the future, we fhall not a£t towards each other but as becomes Brethren and hearty Friends. L We ^he History of the We are very willing to renew the Friendihip with you, and to make it as firm as poflible, for us and our Children with you and your Children to the lateft Generation, and we defire you will im- f jrint thefe Engagements on your Hearts in the Irongeft Manner ; and, in Confirmation that we (hall ^o the fame, we give you this Belt of Wampum. Which was received with Yo-hah from the Interpreter., and all the Nations. Brother Aflaragoa, You did let us know Yefterday, that tho* you had been difappointed in your Endeavours to bring about a Peace between us and the Catawbas, yet you would ftill do the beft to bring fuch a Thing about. We arc well pJeafed with yourDefign, and and the more fo, as we hear you know what fort of People the Catawbas are, that they are fpiteful and olTenfive, and have treated us contemptuoufly. We are glad you know thefe Things of the Ca- tawbas j we believe what you fay to be true, that there are, notwithftanding, fome amongft them who are wifer and better •, and, as you fay, they are your Brethren, and belong to the great King over the Water, we fhall not be againft a Peace pn reafonable Terms, provided they will come to the Northward to treat about it. In Confirmation of what we fay, and to encourage you in your Un- dertaking, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. Brother Aflaragoa, You told us likewife, you had a great Houfc provided for the Education of Youth, and that there were feYeral white People and Indians Chil- dren there to learn Languages, and to write and read, and invited us to fend fome of our Children ^mongft you, ^c. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 147 We muft let you know we love our Children too well to fend them fo great a Way, and the In- dians are not inclined to give their Children Learn- ing. We allow it to be good, and we thank you for your Invitation ; but our Cuftoms differing from yours, you will be fo good as to excufe us. W E hope => ‘Taracbanjoagon will be preferved by the good Spirit to a good old Age ; when he is gone under Ground, it will be then time enough to look out for another i and no doubt but amongft fo many Thoufands as there are in the World, one fuch Man may be found, who will ferve both Par- ties with the fame Fidelity as Tarachawagon does ; while he lives there is no Room to complain. In Token of our Thankfulnefs for your Invitation, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. Brother Tocarry-hogan, You told us Yefterday, that fince there was now nothing in Controverfy between us, and the Affair of the Land was fettled to your Satisfaftion, you would now brighten the Chain of Friendlhip which hath fubfifted between you and us ever fince we became Brethren •, we are well pleafed with the Pro- pofition, and we thank you for it j we alfo are in- clined to renew all Treaties, and keep a goodCorre- fpondence with you. You told us further, if ever we fliould perceive the Chain had contracted any Ruft, to let you know, and you would take care to take the Ruff out, and preferve it bright. We agree with you in this, and fliall, on our Parts, do every thing to preferve a good Underftanding, and to live in the fame Friendlhip with you as with our Brother Onas and Jffaragoa ; in Confirmation whereof we give you this Belt of Wampum. On which the ufual Cry of Yo-hah was given. L 2 Br&^ ? Tarachaiva^on, Cgnrad Wtiftr. 'The History of the Brethren^ * We have now finifhed our Anfwer to what you faid to us Yeftcrday, and fliall now proceed to In- dian Affairs, that are not of fo general a Concern. Brother Affaragoa, There lives a Nation of Indians on the other Side of your Country, the Tufcaroraes, who are our Friends, and with whom we hold Correfpon- dence j but the Road between us and them has been flopped for fome Time, on account of the Milbchaviour of fome of our Warriors. We have opened a new Road for our Warriors, and they fliall keep to that ; but as that would be inconve- nient for Meffengers going to the "TufcaroraeSy we defire they may go the old Road. We frequently fend Meffengers to one another, and fhall have more Occafion to do fo now that we have concluded a Peace with the Cberikees. To enforce our Requefl, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was recehed with the ufual Cry of Jpprobation. Brother Affaragoa, Among thefe Tiifcaroraes there live a few Fami- lies of tht.Conoy Indians, who are defirous to leave them, and to remove to the refl of their Nation among us, and the ftrait Road from them to us lies through the Middle of your Country. We defire you will give them free Paffage through Vir- ginia, and furnifii them with Paffes •, and, to en- force our Requefl, we give you this String of Wampum. Which was received with the ufual Cry of Approbation. Brother Oni^, Affaragoa, and Tocarry-hogan, At the Clofc of your refpedtive Speeches Yefr terday, you made us very handfome Prefents, and jPivE Indian Nations, &c; \ft fliould return you fomething fuitable to your Gencrofity 5 but, alas ! we are poor, and fhall ever remain fo, as long as there are fo many Indian Traders among us. Theirs and the white P^eoples Cattle have eat up all the G rafs j and make Deer fcarce. However, we have provided a fmall Prefent for you, and though fome of you gave us more than others, yet, as you are all equally our Brethren, we fhall leave it to you to divide it as you pleafe.— And then prefented three Bundles of Skins, which were received with the Uiual Ceremony from the three Governments. We have one Thing further to fay, and that isj We heartily recommend Union and a good Agree- ment between you our Brethren. Never difagree* but preferve a ftridl: Friendfhip for one another^ and thereby you, as well as wCj will become the ftronger. Our wife Forefathers ettabliflred Union and Amity between the Five Nations ; this has made us formidable ; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our jieighbouring Nations. We are a powerfiil Confederacy ; and< by your obferVing the fame Methods our wife Forefathers have takenj you will acquire /refh Strength and Power ; therefore whatever befals you, never fall out one with another.- The Governor replied : The honourable Commifiioners of Virginia and Maryland have defired me to fpeak for them ; there- fore Ij in Behalf of thofe Governments, as well aS of the Province of Penfylvania, return you Thanks for the many Proofs you have given in youf Speeches of your Zeal for the Service of your Brethren the Englijht arid in particular for your having fo early engaged in aNeutrality the fevcralTribes o( Indians in the French Alliance. We do not doubt but you will faithfully difeharge your Promiles. As to L 3 The History of the yourPrefentSjWe never eftimate thefeThings by their real Worth, but by the Difpofition of the Giver. In this Light we accept them with great Pleafure, and put a high Value upon them. We are obliged to you for recommending Peace and good Agree- ment amongft ourfeives. We are all Subjefbs, as well as you, of the great King beyond the Water 5 and, in Duty to his M?jefty, and from the good Affedlion we bear to each other, as well as from a Regard to our own Intereft, we lhall always be in- clined to live in Friendfhip. Then the Commiffioncrs of Virginia prefented the hundred Pounds in Gold, together with a Paper, containing aPromife to recommend the Six Nations for further Favour to the King •, which they re- ceived with To-hah, and the Paper was given by them to Conrad Pf'‘"eifer to keep for them. The Commiflioners likewife promifed that their publick Mellengers ftiould not be molefted in their Paflage through Virginia., and that they would prepare PalTes for fuch of the Conoy Indians as were will- ing to remove to the Northward. Then the Commiflioners of Maryland prefented their hundred Pounds in Gold, which was likewife received with the To-hah. Canajfatego faid. We mentioned to you Yefter- day the Booty you had taken from the French, and afked you for fomc of the Rum which we fuppofed to be Part of it, and you gave us fome ■, but it turned o’ut unfortunately that you gave it in French Glalfes, we now defire you will give us Ibme in Englip Glafles. The Governor made anfwer. We are glad to hear you have fuch a Diflike for what is French. They cheat you in your Glalfes, as well as in every thing elfe. You mull confidcr we are at aDillance from WiUiamJl’urg, Annapolis, and Philadelphia, y/herc our Rum Stores are, and that although we brought Five Indian Nations^ i brought up a good Quantity with us, you have almoft drunk it out 5 but, notwithftanding this, we have enough left to fill oViV Englijh Glaffes, and will Ihew the Difference between the Narrownefs of the French, and the Generofity of your Brethren the Englijh towards you. ^ , The Indians gave, in their Order, five To-habs% and the honourable Governor and Commiffioners calling for fome Rum, and fome middle-fized Wine-Glaffes, drank Health to the great King cf England, and the Six Nations, and put an end to the Treaty by three loud Huzza’s, in which all the Company joined. In the Evening the Governor went to take his Leave of the Indians, and, prefenting them with a String of Wampum, he told them, that was in return for one he had received of them, with a Meffage to defire the Governor of Virginia to fuffer their Warriors to go through Virginia unmolefted, which was rendered unneceffary by the prefent Treaty. . Then, prefenting them with another String of Wampum, he told them, that was in return for theirs, praying him, that as they had taken away one Part of Conrad Weifer's Beard, which frightened their Children, he would pleafe to' take away the other, which he had ordered to be done. The Indians received thefe two Strings Cj Wainfum with the ufual Yo-hah.- The Governor then aflced them, wfiat was the Rcafon that more of the Shawanaes, from their Tl'own on Hohio, were not at the T reaty ? But fee- ing that it would require a Council in Form, and perhaps another Day to give an Anfwer, he defired they wo’jld give an Anfwer to Conrad iVeijer upon the Road on their Return home, for he was to fet- out for Philadelphia the next Morning. CANjIS-- 152 ♦ ’’The History of the CANASSATEGO in Conclufton [poke as follows: W E have been hindered, by a great deal of finefs, from waiting on you, to have fome private Converfation with you, chiefly to enquire after the Healths of Onas beyond the Water ; we defire you will tell them, we have a grateful Senfe of all their KindnefTes for the Indians. Brother Onas told us, when he went away, he would not ftay long from us ; we think it is a great while, and want to know when we may expedl him, and defire, when you write, you will recommend us heartily to him ; which the Governor promifed to do, and then took his Leave of them. The CommifTioners of Virginia gave Canajfatego a Scarlet Camblet Coat, and took their Leave of them in Form, and at the lame time delivered the Pafles to them, according to their Requeft. The CommifTioners oi Maryland prelentedG<7C/&- radodow with a broad Gold-laced Hat, and took their Leave of them in the fame Manner. A true Copy\ compared by Richajid Peters, Sect. A TREATY BETWEEN HIS EXCELLENCY The Honourable George Clinton, Captain-General and Governor in Chief of the Province of New-’Tork^ and the Territories thereon depending in America, Vice- Admiral of the fame, and Vice-Admiral of the Red Squadron of His Majefty’s Fleet. AND The Six United Indian Nations, and other Indian Nations, depending on the Province of NEW - rORK. Held ALB ANT \nt\it Months of Auguji and Sep ember ^ 1746. cr;; rj j> ;';;-:r.: , ., r;;? hn* .A'tf v-'ir^^A 'jr> if- , - , - . > i ;i :_f » . i\ iu ;'t*ifBn:Vp!> ' : c ' ,>.fi' . hn:. ,;ina:l Uib'v. ./ !';il i.; ..••;■ .*•!: • a: 7 ;■- . / .. ' : , '' " ^ -7' -7 2rb:;u:»; Mif. -i! '’-t 'A ■' ■ . .dfer.i ■ :'v‘ ■ - ^ . ■ ' • _. '■ ■ ' • . 7 a-: ( 155 ) # A TREATY between his Excellency the Governor of the Province o/New- York, and the Six Nations, and other Indian Nations^ defending on faid Province. I T is well known in the Province of New-Tork^ that the Six Nations of Indians depending on this Province, (called Iroquois by the French) had lately on fcveral Occafions, appear’d diffatisfied and wavering in their Fidelity to the Britip Crown. No doubt, this was principally occafion’d by the Artifices of the French of Canada, who had con- ftantly Emiflaries among them : But at the fame Time there is Reafon to think, the fufpicious Be- haviour of thefe Nations, in Favour of their once inveterate Enemy the French, could not have ar- riv’d to the Pitch it did, otherwife than by fome Neo-ledls or Mifconduft of thofe who were entrufted by the Government of Nev)-Tork with the Manage- ment of the Indian Affairs. His Excellency the Governor of New-Tcrk, hav- ing received his Majefty’s Commands, to engage the Indian Nations depending on his Government, to join in the Expedition then intended againft Ca- nada, and to make them the ufual Prefents on that Occafion ; and being fenfible of the great Ufe thefe Nations might be to the Succcfs of this Enterprize, , and likewife of the Difficulties that probably might attend his Endeavours at this Time, was defirous to have had the Afifftance of as many of the Mem- bers of his Majefty’s Council as the Cireumftances T^he HistorV of the of Affairs would permit ; but they all declined to give their Attendance, exceptMr.Co/if« andMr.Z-ro- ingfton. His Excellency was therefore obliged to i adl with the fmalleft Number of Members, which j by his Majefty’s Commiliion can - form a Council, ^ viz. Three ; the above two Gentlemen and Capt. Rutherford, who was then at his Foil in Many. ] As loon as his Excellency received m Majefty’s Commands, he difpatched from Albany fuch Fer- Ibns as, by the beft Information he could receive, had Influence among the Six Nations, to invite them feverally to meet him at Albany, on the 20th of July. His Excellency arriv’d at Albany the 2 1 ft dtjuly, where having heard, that, befides the Small- Pox, (which his Excellency never had) many were fick of a contagious malignant Fever, he continued on board the Sloop which carried him up, to con- flder where to lodge with the leaft Danger to his Perfon from the Infedion of thefe Diftempers ; and the next Morning refolved to go into the Fort. He was received at his Landing with the ufual IVIarks of Refpeft from the Corporation, the independent Companies of regular Troops then in the Place, and the Militia, under a Difcharge of the Cannon of the P'ort and Town. In the Afternoon of the fame Day on which his Excellency came on fhore, three Indians, viz. two Onandagos and an Oneydo, brought two French Scalps and prefcnted to his Excellency : At which Time the Leader ot the Party made a formal Speech to the following Purpofe : ‘ That having had repeat- * ed Accounts of the Mifdiiefs done by the French , , < and of the frequent Murders committed by them, ‘ and that the Mohawks, notwithftanding their ‘ Frofeffions of Friendlhip, fuflered this Bloodlhed ‘ to rdnain unrevenged, his Heart could bear it. no longer ; he thereupon refolved to open for his Brethren the Path to Revenge: That thefe two Scalps which he now prefented were taken at Noon- ‘ day Five Indian Nations, &c. I57 f day in fight of the French Fort at Crown Point.* His Excellency told him how well he took this fpe- cialMark of his Fidelity, and affured him, that he would not only now reward him and his Compa- nions, by parnoilar Prefents, but would always re- member this Aft of Friendlbip. They had already received the Reward given by the Ad of Alfernbly. His Excellency save each of them four Spam/buol'- textile Leader a fine laced Coat and Hat and a filvcr Bread-Plate ; znA to each of the others a Stroud Blanket and lac d Hat. Thefe Indians told us, that they lay fevera Days among the Bulhes, from whence they could fee every Man that came out of the Fort-Gate. They endeavoured for fome time to take a Prifoner, but obferving that none went to fuch a Diftance from the Fort that they could hope to carry him off. they refolved to rake the firft Opportunity for a Scalp • Two Soldiers coming out of the Fort, alter the Chapel Bell had rung about Noon, one of the Indians, by their Leader’s Order, fired with Swan Shot upon them while they were near to each other. It is a conftant Rule among thefe fculking Parties, never to fire without Orders from their Leader. One of the French Men was killed upon the Spot, the other wounded, and fled immediately towards the Fort Gate, the Indian who had fired, purlu d, and with his Hatchet brought him down within a hundred Steps of the Fort Gate *, and, though the French in the Fort rulhed out at the Gate, he twk his Scalp off-, the others had fcalped the Man that was firft killed, and then they all fled. Tbe French in their Hurry had run out without their Arms, and upon recolleding themfelves return’d to arm, which facilitated the Efcape of the Indiana His Excellency being informed, that the Leader of this Party was defirous to be diftin^ilhed by his Excellency’s giving him a new Name, and phat a Name, which in the Language of htx The History of the Nations fignified the Path-opener, would be moft acceptable to him ; his Excellency honour’d him with that Title ; which he accepted very thankfully, j and feem’d exceedingly pleafed with it : Where- i upon he faid, that the other two Indians having aflb- ciated with a Mehikander, or River Indian, were refolved to go out againft the Enemy : But as he thought he might be more ufeful by ftaying, to affift at the enfuing Treaty, he was refolved to re- main here. He added, that in cafe the Interpreter, I and others lent to invite the Six Nations to meet ! here, fail’d in any Part, he would go among the Six Nations, and doubted not to bring many by his In- I fluence, who otherwife might ftay. In a Day or two after, fix of feven Indians, who had iDeen fent out by the Commifiloners for Indian Affairs to Crown-Point, to take Prilbners, and gain Intelligence, returned and faid. That they had gone to that Place, and that in fight of it they had lepa- rated,with Defign thereby to furprize anyStragler that might have come out of the Fort : That while they were thus feparated, two of their Number were fuddenly furrounded and taken by the Enemy : One of thefe two, after having been detained three or four Days, join’d the others at Saraghtoga. He faid, that he had been threatened with death by the Mrondacks * ; but that the Cahnuagas interpos’d, and by their Interceflion he was fet at Liberty ; and fome of the Cahnuagas conduced him through Lac Sacrement. He reported, that there was a great Num- ber of Men, French and Indians, at Crown-Point. The other Prifoner, an Onondaga, confented to remain with xht French, and was fent to Canada. Soon * A Nation of Indians living in Canada, who have always been nrnt Friends to the Trensh, and formerly were at War with the Six Nations. ‘A Number of hdians originally of the Five Nations, and Deferters from them, now fettled near AWW, by whom the Jincit 1 fade between Albany and Montreal was carried on : They are well acquainted with the Country about Mbany. Five Indian Nations, ^c. Soon after this, fixteen Mohawk Indians came to the Town, who had been fent out from the lower Mohawk Caftle by Mr. Johnfon, to gain Intelligence near Crown-Point, and to take Prifoners. They re- ported that they had difcovered fo great a Number of French and Indians at Crown-Point, that they had no Hopes of being able to bring off any Prifoners, and thought it advifeable to return fpeedily and in- form of the great Danger they thought this Place was in. His Excellency invited them to go thi- ther again, in order to defcry the Motions of the Enemy : And as a farther Encouragement to them, to either Scalp or take Prifoners, he offered every Perfon of faid Party that Ihould take a Scalp or 2, Piece of Stroud, and a Suit of laced Clothes, befides the Bounty •, but they, being fright- ened with the Apprehenfions of Danger, declined going back, and faid, they muft return Home and acquaint their Friends and Relations with what they had heard and feen. Several other Indians likewife alarmed the Mohawks, by, telling them that the French had a great Force at Crown-Point, and that they would certainly attack either Albany or Sche~ neltade, or the Settlements on the Mohawks River, or perhaps feveral Places at the fame Time. Mr. Johnfon, and the commanding Officer of the Garrifon of regular Troops in the Mohawks Coun- try, by their Letters to his Excellency, confirm’d thefe Reports •, and added, the Mohawks had en- tertain’d Apprehenfions of the French Force at Crown-Point, which was like to have a bad Effeft. On this his Excellency wrote to Mr. Johnfon, that all thefe Stories of the French Force at Crown-Point were only Artifices of the French to intimidate the Indians, or to amufe them, with Defign to fruftratc the Treaty which he intended to have with them j and that he was to alfure the Indians, that they could be in no Danger from the French : However, that they might fee that he would omit nothing which ‘the History of the Vvhich they might think neceflary for their Security, he had ordered a Lieutenant of Militia, with thirty Men, to reinforce the lower Caftle, and had likewife | ordered the Captain of Militia near the upper Caftle, i: to aflift the Indians there in fortifying their Caftle, | and to hold himfelf in Readinefs to fupport them on any Emergency. j One John Colan^ a Frenchman^ who fome Years ftnce had removed from Canada^ and fettled and married ztScheneSlade^ and who has fince that Time lived in good Reputation there, was lent by Major Glen to inform his Excellency, that one Aaron, a I noted Mohawk Sachem, who with feveral others of I the Six Nations, had been laft Spring in Canada to treat with the Governor there, did then entertain two Cahnuaga Indians. This Man, John Colan, ac- quainted his Excellency, that having difcovered the Cahnuaga Indians, he told them he was n Frenchman, and was defirous of returning to his own Country, on which they began prefently to propofe to him Me- thods for his Efcape i at which l ime, this Aaron coming near them, he exprefs’d his Fears of being difcovered by him. They anfwered, that he need not fear Aaron, for he was their Friend, and de- ligned to go with them. As they propofed to him to efcape privately by himfelf, and to meet them at a Place they named, he told them of his Fears, in that Cafe, of meeting with the French Indians while he was alone. I'hey anfwered, that if he drefs’d himfelf like an Indian, the French Indians would do him no Hurt, without lirft calling to him •, upon which, if he Hopp’d and call’d out Ma- ria, the hrench Indians would be lb tar from hurt- ing him, that they w’ould immediately come up to liim and take him by the Hand. From this, and feveral other Incidents, which it would be tedious to relate, his Excellency was convinced of fome fe- cret Underftanding between the Six Nations and the Cuhnuagas^ or French Indians: And that, however ^ny Five Indian Nations, &cl i6i any Party of our Indians might be induced to fall upon xhcFrench^ they would not at thatTime moleft French Indians^ nor prevent theMifchiefs which the Inhabitants received from their fculking Parties. For this Reafon, his Excellency endeavoured to fend out again the Company of Rangers, which had formerly been employed againft the fculking Indians: But, as the Affembly had made no Provi- fion for this Expence, they refufed to go, unlefs he gave his perfonal Bond for their Pay, at three Shillings a Day for each private Man, befides their l^rovilion ^ and would not be latished with the Pro** mifes that he, by the Advice of the Council, made them of recommending their Service to the Gene- ral Affembly, and the Affurances he gave them of their being rewarded as they defired. On their continuing obftinate, his Excellency was of Opinion, that no confiderable Service could be expeded from Men, who were moved by no other Principle but that of exceffive Wages; And he had Reafon afterwards to be confirmed in this Opinion, when Captain Langdon^ and afterwards Captain I’hebout^ voluntarily went v/ith their Com- panies of the new-levied Troops to fcour the W oods, Ld took fome of thefe Albany Men with them as Guides, who whenever they apprehended them- felves in Danger, by theDifcovery of recent Trads, fome one or other of them could not be kept from firing their Guns, or making fome Noife, by which theFrenchlndians^ if any were near them, muft know how to avoid them. Some Indians •, who were like- wife fent out in Company with thefe Men, com- plained in like Manner. The publick Interpreter, whom the Governor (as before obferved) had fent with others, to invite the Six Nations to meet him at Albany^ wrote to the Commiffioners for Indian Affairs, That they met with great Difficulties and Obffrudions tlie Sachemsy who had been lately at Canada : That M 2^2 History of the the Oneydoes refufed to give any Anfvver, tho’ they had ftaid there thirteen Days endeavouring to per- fuade them *, and that the Cayugas had ablblutely ! refufed to meet the Governor. On which his Ex- ; cellency defired to be informed by the Commif- | fioners of Indian Affairs, whetlier they knew of any Perfon of Influence or Intereft with the Indians^ and fit to be fent among them on this Occafion. They anfwered, that they knew of none ; and that the Indians were in a very bad Difpofition, and much under the Influence of the French. About tliis time his Excellency being informed, that the Interpreter, and others fent with him, had neglefted to fend proper Invitations to the Indians living on the Branches of Sufquehannab River ; and that Captain ^cohary, was a proper Per- fon to be fent to thofc Indians he fent him, in Com- pany with Captain Staais, with a Belt of Wampum to invite them. While the Indian Affairs appear’d in this dif- couraging State, an Account came to Town, that about twenty young Chickefaws were come to the SenekaSt to defire them to fhew them the Way to Canada. The Chickefaws had always been Enemies to the French : A Party of about five hundred Men had, four Years before, been fent out againft them from Canada, who were fo entirely routed by the Chickefaws, that few returned. Thefe young Chicke- faws told the Senekas, that the French of Canada had, about four Years fince, made them a Vifit, and were fo kind to leave them four hundred Guns, which were now wore out ; and, fince the French had not thought fit to bring them any more Guns, they were refolved to go to Canada to fetch new ones ; and promifed, that if the Senekas would fhew them the Way, they would go Home and return with four hundred ftout Fellows, Some other Indian Nations who lived to the Weftward, difeovering their Averfion to tlie Fre^icb at the fame Time, Five Indian Nations, Time, thefe Incidents aflifted the Governor’s Mef- fengers in bringing more Indians to Albany than they expefted, when they wrote to the Commif- fioners for Indian Affairs. While the Interpreter was at the more diftant Indian Caftles, Mr. William Johnjon was indefatiga- ble among the Mohawks ; he dreffed himfclf after the Indian Manner, made frequent Dances, accord- ing to their Cuftom when they excite to War, and ufed all the Means he could think of, at a confider- able Expence, (which his Excellency had promifed to repay him) in order to engage them heartily in the War againft Canada. Tho’ he fucceeded, be- yond what any Man in Albany thought could be done, yet feveral of the Sachems (in the Conajohary^ or upper Mohawk Caftle, chiefly) refufed to en- gage in the War ; but infifted, that as this War was entred into between the Englijh and French ^ in which they had no Intereft, they ought to remain neuter. The Englijh and French^ they faid, could at any Time make Peace ; but if they fhould enter into the War, Indians could not make up the Quarrel among themfelves, otherwife than by the Deftruftion of one or the other. The French could have no Hopes of engaging the Six Nations on their Side againft: the Englijh^ and therefore wifely play’d this Game of endeavouring to make them ftand neuter, which they could enforce by ftrong political Arguments, of which the Indians were fenfible enough. It is your Interejl, xht French EmiflTaries faid, not to fuffer either the French or the Englilh to be abfolute Majlers •, for in that Cafe^ you mujt become Slaves to the one or the other. From this politic View chiefly, the Interpreter met with fo much Oppolition everywhere : Tho’ it is not to be doubted, but that at the fame Time the French had gain’d fome particular Sachems entirely into their Intereft ; however, many were prevailed on to come to Albany^ to hear what the Governor New-Terk M 2 had ^he History of the had to fay to them ; tho’ feveral Sachems ftaid be* hind. When they of the more diftant Nations came along with the Interpreter to the loWer Mo- hawk Caftle, and found that Mr. Johnfon had al- ready engaged many of the young Men there to join the Army againft Canada^ the others blamed the Mohawks ; telling them with fome Warmth, That they had been very ralh in engaging fo far. ‘ They ought, the others faid, to have confidered * that they, the Mohawks^ were the fmalleft in ‘ Number of any of the Six Nations^ and ought ‘ not to have proceeded to fo great a Length, with- ‘ out the previous Confent of the others.’ To this the Mohawks anfwered. It is true., we are lefs conjiderable as to Number, than any of the other Na- tions but our Hearts are truly Englilh, and all of us are Men fo that, if our Force be put to the Trial, perhaps it will be found greater than you ima- gine. Thefe Difputes, however, continued fo far, that the Mohawks, and the other Five Nations, could not go in Company to Albany ; xixt Mohawks marched on one fide of the River, while the other Nations went on the other fide, ^here are two Roads from the Mohawks Cajlle to Scheneftada, one on each fide of the Mohawks River. ^ When the Indians came near the Town of Albany, on the 8‘'‘ of Augujt, Mr. Johnfon put himfelf at the Head of the Mohawks, dreffed and painted after the Manner of an Indian War-Captain ; and the Indians wlio followed him, were likewife dreffed and painted, as is ufual with them when they fet out in War. The Indians falutoJ the Governor as they paffed the Fort, by a running Fire ; which his Ex- cellency ordered to be anfwered by a Difcharge of fome Cannon from the Fort : He afterwards received the Sachems in the Fort- Hall, bid them Welcome, and treated them with a Glafs of Wine. As, *• The Six Nations reckon all other Indian Nations Women, in comparifon to themfelves. Five Indian Nations, &c. 165 As, by all Accounts, the Dilpofition of the Six Nations feemed at this Time kfs in Favour of the Britifu Intereft than was to be wilhed, his Excel- lency thought it necefliiry to have frequent Confe- rences, in private, with the principal Sachems of each Nations fometimes feparately and fingly, at other Times with fome of each Nation jointly. There were only two of the Mo^aivks Sachems (be- fidcs Jaron before mentioned, who left the Caftle at this Time) that could not be prevailed on by Mr. Johnfon to declare themfelves tor entering into the War againft Canada : They were both of the Conajohary or Upper-Caftle, and one of them the Head of the Tribe called the Tortoife ; (which, tho* not fo numerous as that of the Bear^ yet is looked oi\ as the firft in Rank or Dignity •,) and, as he had been witli the Governor ot Canada laft Spring, it was thought to be of fome Confequence to gain him. Mr. Colden^ above twenty Years fince, had the Complement of being received into that Caftle j and, about feven Years fmee (the laft Time he had been with the Ad.oba'wks'j had contracted fome more particular Acquaintance with tbefe two Sachems; He invited them to a private Conference, at which the Reverend Mr. Barclay aflifted as Interpreter; they met him, and brought five more with them : After this Conference thefe Sachems appear’d as hearty as any of die others. He that was Head of the Tribe call’d the Tortoife^ faid, ‘ His Uncle ‘ had been the chief War-Captain among the Mo- ‘ hawks: That his Uncle had particularly diftin- ^ guiftied himfelf in their Wars againft the French^ ‘ and he was refolved to Ihew himfelf not unwor- ‘ thy of Iris Anceftors, nor of his Uncle’s Name, ‘ which he had obtained .after his Death.’ After the principal Sachems had, at thefe Con- ferences, been brought to a good Difpofition, his Excellency advifed with the Gentlemen ol the Coun- cil, and the Commiflioners from the Majfachufets hi 2 EtfJ, The History of the Bay, on what might be proper to be faid to the Six Nations in the publick Speech, which he now pro- pofed to make to them. Col. Wendell and Mr. Wells had arrived from Bojlon about the End of July, and foon after they came to Town, his Excellency or- dered the Gentlemen of the Council to communi- cate to them all the Information which had been re- ceived, with refpeft to the Indian Affairs : And they had frequent Conferences together from Time to Time, as Occafion required : It was likewife thought proper to communicate, what his Excellency in- tended to fay to fome of the Sachems of each Na- tion, who were thought moft hearty in the Britijh Intereft who faid, that it was well conceiv’d as could have been done, had they themfelves advifed upon the Subjeft j only as it had been advifed to obferve in the firfl Draught, That fome of his Ma- jefty’s Subjefts had been inftigated' by the French to rife in Rebellion againft the King ; that they had been defeated by one of the King’s Sons ; that thefe poor People were now utterly ruined, and had nothing left but to bewail their Folly in the Mifery that was brought upon them, by fufFering them- felves to be deluded by the Promifes of the French ; they faid, that they did not underftand the Affairs on the other Side of the Seaj nor did they trouble their Heads about them -, and as they had no Me- thod of retaining what is fpoke to them but by their Memories, they were afraid that this might perplex their Memories, and make them lefs atten- tive to what was properly their Bufinefs •, and advifed, that it fhould be, left out j which accordingly was done. Another Difficulty remained ; the publick Inter- preter had been taken dangeroufly ill in his Return to Albany, and was at this Time confined to his Bed, I'ho’ feveral were employed, who had Know- ledge fufficient in the Language of the Six Nations, to make themfelves be underftood, and to under- ftand Five Indian Nations, ^c. 167 ftand what was fpoke to them ; yet none of them were fo much Mailers of the Language, as to fpeak with that Propriety and Diftindnefs that is exped- ed, and ufual on fo folemn an Occafion. It was thought therefore proper, to make one of the Sa- chems underftand the Speech, by the Affiftance of the common Interpreters, that he might be able to deliver it Paragraph by Paragraph, as it Ihould be fpoke. At firft a Mohawk Sachem was pitched upon • but the Sachems themfelves told us. That for fome time pall a kind of Party-Divifion among the Six Nations had fubfifted : That the Mohawks, Onandagas, and Senekas, form’d one Party ; and the Oficydocs^ ^ufcciTorcs^ and Cciyugas^ the other . That, as the Mohawks might be fufpeded to be more par- tial to the Englijh, it would be of more Ufe to em- ploy one of the other Party ; and an OneydoSichtm was propofed for that Purpofe. This Man was ealily enough madp to underftand the Spfifech, and he repeated it leveral Times over in private, and was inftruded where to make the proper Stops. After the Speech was delivered, fome of the Com- millioners for Indian Affairs, and other Peribns pre- fent at the Delivery, who underftood both Lan- lOfuages, acknowledged, that this Indian had acquit- ted himfelfof his Truft faithfully, and had deliver- ed the Senfe of the Speech clearly and diftindly. • While thefe laft Preparations were making, his Excellency was taken ill of a Fever, which occa- lioned fome lurther Delay j and as his Excellency did not recover fo foon as was wifhed, the Sachems were told, that his Excellency being unwilling to detain them without neceflity, would, if they de- fired it, ditefl Mr. Golden to fpeak to them in his Name, what he defigned to fay. They anfwered, that they would be well pleafed to hear it Irom Mr. Golden's, Mouth. M 4 At i68 fThe History of the At ALB ANT the Nineteenth di Augufi^ i74<5. PRESENT, The { Cadwallader Colde Philip Livingston, John Rutherford, N, } Efqrs; of hisMa- jefty’s Council for the Province of Ne^-Tork. The Commiflioners from the Government of the Majfacbufets-Bay. The Commiflioners of the Province of New-i York for Indian Affairs. The Mayor and Corporation of Albany, The Of- ficers of the Independent Companies, and of the new Levies then at Albany. Several Gentlemen of the Province of New-Tork : And Strangers. Mr. Colden inlroduced the Speech as follows : H IS Excellency our Governor having been taken ill, and as yet not fo well recovered as that he can iafely come abroad •, has ordered me (being the next Perfon to him in the Adminiftration) to fpeak to you in his Name, which I fliall do in the fame Words which he defigned to have fpoke, had he not been prevented by Sicknefs. Brethreny “TAM glad to fee fo many of our ancient Friends “ X here, and heartily bid you Welcome. \Gave three Strings of Wampum^ “ I have call’d you to this Place for two great “ Ends, in which the Province of the Maffachufets- “ Bay have fent Commiflioners to concur with me, who are here prefent. “ The Firji is, to renew the Covenant- Chain “ with you *, and I now by this Belt, in your fi’a- “ ther the King of Name, in Behalf of Five Indian Nations, &c. 169 “ of his Majefty’s Subjefts in Nortb-America., re- “ new and confirm the Covenant-Chain, and all “ former Treaties and Engagements entered into « with you. I'his Chain has from the Beginning, “ remained fo firm and ftrong, that it has never “ once broke or flipt fince it was firft made ; and “ we, on our Parts, lhall endeavour that it remain “ fo, unlhaken, as long as the Sun and Moon fliall endure. ci « Brethren, L.aft Fall I told you, that his Ma- « jefty’s Subjeds in this Country had, the Sum- “ mer before, lain ftill, without attempting any « thing againtl the French Settlements : But that “ the %'rench had by Surprize, attacked and de- « ftroyed a fmall Place near Cape-Breton, belong- “ ing to us. “ That they afterwards laid Siege to Annapolis- « Royal, and were beat off. I likewife told you, I'hat the Governor of the “ Majachufets-Bay, in Conjundion with ConneSH- « cut and New-Hampjhire, had, in Revenge to “ thefe Injuries, fent an Army againft Louijburg, « on the Ifiand of Cape-Breton ■, that the Army was “ joined by a Number of his Majefty’s Ships of “ War, under the Command of your Friend Ad- “ miral Warren. “ I told you, that the Town of Louifiurg, which “ is the ftrongeft the French have in America, was “ reduced by this Force ; and that the French “ there had furrendered themfelvcs and their Coun- “ try to the EngUJh. “ I likewife told you, how we, in this Part of the Country, had lain ftill, hoping that the “ French in Canada, would either be quiet, or carry “on the War in a manly Manner, and after the “ Manner of Chriftians. And to induce them “ thereto, a Meffage had been fent from this Place “ to the Governor of Canada, to tell him. That if “ he fhould revive the inhuman Cuftom of mur- “ dering The History of the ‘‘ dering private People, by fculking Indians, that ‘‘ the feveral Governors of his Majefty’s Colonies, “ together with you our Brethren of the Six Na- “ tions, would join and make Reprifals on them “ in the like Manner ; at which time you publickly “ declared, that if any of his Majefty’s Subjeds, “ in any Part of his Governments, fhould be killed “ by any Indians, you would immediately join in “ the War againft them, anAtht French. “ And laft Fall, when I delivered the Hatchet “ into your Hands, you told me, and confirm’d i “ it with a Belt, That you would fend fome of | “ your People (who were then ready) to Canada, “ to demand Satisfadion ; and that if Satisfadion “ was refufed, you would ufe the Hatchet againft “ them, whenever I fhould order it. “ And you further promifed. That if the Ene- “ my fhould commit any further Hoftilities, you would then (upon my Commands) immediately “ make Ufe of the Hatchet. “ I need not tell you, how far the French have “ been from giving Satisfiidion j on the contrary, ** you are well acquainted with the cruel and bar- “ barous Murders that have been committed, finoe that Time, by the French Indians at Saraghtoga, and in the Neighbourhoods of this Place, and on the Frontiers oi New- England’, as you have “ not hitherto fulfilled your Promifes, I fufped ‘‘ that they did not come from your Hearts : I “ therefore, by this Belt, demand an immediate “ Performance of your Promifes, to fhew that “ they come from the Bottom of your Hearts ; as “ all the Promifes I make come from mine, and “ ever fhall. [Gave a Belti\ “ Brethren, I now come to the fecond and prin- “ cipal Defign of our prefent Meeting, in which I “ hope and expedl to find you hearty, and united in your Councils and Opinions. [Gave a Belt.] - « The Fiv£ Indian NAtioN's, ^c. “ The King your Father, having been informed “ of the unmanly Murders committed bn the Fron- “ tiers of 'Ntw -England., and ot this Province, is “ refolved to fubdue the Country of Canada, and “ thereby put an End to all the mifchievous De- « figns of the French in thefe Parts. And for this “ purpofe, he has ordered his Governors of Vir- “ ginia, Maryland, Penfylvania, and New-Jerfey, “ to pin their Forces to the Forces of this Pro- “ vince, to attack Canada by L.and : I’hey are all “ now upon their March, and you will loon fee “ them here. “ At the fame Time the Forces of the Majfa- chufets-Bay, Connecticut, Rhode-IJland, and New- “ Hampjhire, are to go in Ships to Cape-Breton, “ and there join with his Majefty’s Ships of War, “ and a great Army of experienc’d Soldiers from Great-Britain. “ Many Ships of War are already arrived there, “ and forae thoufand of Soldiers •, many more Ships “ and Soldiers arc following *, and I expedt every “ Hour to hear of their Arrival after which the Attack upon Canada will be made on all Sides, “ both by Sea and Land. “ You may perceive the King has ordered a “ Strength fufiicicnt to fubdue Canada •, but at the “ fameTime, theKingyourFatherexpetftsandorders “ you his Children, to join wicti your whole Force “ in thisEnterprize ; and thereby gives th&SixFla- “ Hons a glorious Opportunity of eftablilhing their “ Fame and Renown over all the Indian Nations “ in America, in the Conqueft of your inveterate “ Enemies the French ; who, however they may “ diflemble and profefs Friendfliip, can never for- “ get the Slaughter which your Fathers made of “ them ; and for that purpofe, cards thofe Nations “ who have always been your inveterate Enemies, and who defire nothing fo much as to fee the ‘‘ Name ‘the History of the “ Name of the Six Nations become obliterate, and “ forgot for ever. [Gave a Belt.] “ Brethren^ The French^ on all Occafions, fliew, “ that they ait againft your Brethren the EngUp., “ like Men that know they dare not look them in “ the Face in Day- Light ; and therefore, like “ Thieves, fteal upon poor People, who do not expeil them in the Night, and confequently are j “ not prepared for them : Your Brethren in their “ Revenge have ailed like Men of Courage-, they “ do not attack poor Farmers at their Labour, but “ boldly attempted the Reduilion of Loiiijhurg., j “ the ttrongeft I'own the French had in America, “ in the fortifying of which they had fpent above “ twenty Years : It was lurrounded with ftrong “ Walls and Forts, in which they had planted their “ largeft Cannon ui every Place, where they thought the EngUp could irome near them ; iiotwithlland- “ ing of all thefe Precautions and Advantages, they “ were forced to fubmit to the Englip Valour. “ You mull have heard from your Fathers, and “ I doubt not feveral of your old Men ftill remem- “ ber what the French did at Onondaga j how they “ furprized your Countrymen at Cadarackui j how “ they invaded the Senekas, and what Mifehiefs “ they did to the Mohazvks how many of your “ Countrymen lliffered by the Fire at Montreal. “ Before tliey entered upon thefe cruel and mif- “ chievous Defigns, they lent Priefts among you “ to delude you, and lull you afleep, while they “• were preparing to knock you on the Head j and “ I hear they are attempting to do the fame now. [Gave a Belt.] “ I need not put you in mind what Revenge “ your Fathers took for thefe Injuries, when they “ put all the Illand of Montreal, and a great Part “ ot Canada, to Fire and Sword \ can you think “ that the French forget this .? No, they have the “ 'Ax privately in their Hands againft you, and 4 “ life Five Indian Nations, &c. “ ufe thefe deceitful Arts, by which only they have “ been able to gain Advantage over you, that by “ your trufting to them, they may at fome time “ or other, at one Blow, remove from the Face of “ the Earth, the Remembrance of a People that “ have fo often put them to Shame and Flight. “ If your Fathers could now rife out of their « Graves, how would their Hearts leap with Joy “ to fee this Day *, when fo glorious an Opportu- “ nity is put into their Hands to revenge all the « Injuries tlteir Country has received from the “ Frenehy and be never more expofed to their “ Treachery and Deceit. I make no doubt you “ are the true Sons of fuch renowned and brave “ Anceftors, animated with the fame Spirit for « your Country’s Glory, and in Revenge of the “ Injuries your Fathers received, uncapable of be- “ ing deluded by the flattering Speeches of them, “ who always have been, and always muft be, in “ their Hearts, your Faiemies, and who defire no- “ thing more, than the DeftruCtion of your Na- “ tions. I therefore invite you. Brethren, by this Belt, « to join with us, and to fhare with us, in the Ho- “ nour of the Conqueft of our, and your deceit- “ ful Enemies *, and that you not only join all the “ Force of the Six Nations with us, but likewife “ invite all the Nations depending on you, to take “ a Share in this glorious Einterprize : And I will “ furniflt your fighting Men with Arms, Ammu- “ nition, Cloathiag, Provifions, and every Thing “ neceflary for the War j and in their Abfence, “ take Care of their Wives and Children. [Gave the W'ar-Belt.'\ “ Brethren, You have feen how daring and in- fulting on you, as well as us, the French Indians “ have been, in cruelly murdering feveral of our “ People, i'lnce you have come to this Place •, and “ therefore, for the many Reafons now laid before “ you. 174 "The History of the ' ** you., I make no doubt but your Anfwer will ^ t‘ clearly manifeft ypur Duty to the King your Fa- ‘‘ ther, and ypur Lo,ye to your Brethren ; and by :-5 ‘‘ this Belt I do affure ypu, that our Intent is, to i live and die together^’ [Gaw that thefe Pre- fents were divided into eight equal Parts, of which they gave two to the Meffefague Deputies. The next Day the W ar-Kettle was fet over the Fire, and towards Evening the Indians in his Ex- celleney’s Prefence, where many Gentlemen at- tended him, began the War-Dance, and continued it till late in the Night : I'hey were painted as when they go to W'^ar. I'he Dance is a flow and folemn Motion, accompanied with a pathetick Song. The Indians in their Turns perform this fingly, but it is not eafy to defcribe the Particularities of it. His Excellency call’d feveral of the chief Sa- chems who had been ufeful in the Treaty, to him in private, and gave them Prefents feverally ; nei- ther did he forget the Meffefague Deputies : He had a particuhr Conference with one of them in pri- vate, the other was fick of the Small-Pox. At this Conference, this Deputy allured his Excellency of Five Indian Nations, &c. i8i the good Inclinations of his Nation to the Englijhy and their Averfion to the French ; he faid, ‘ That ‘ many of the Nations to the Weft ward of them, ' ‘ diflikcd the French and as an Inftance of it, he told, ‘ That the French lately having prefled a ‘ neighbouring Nation to take up the Hatchet * againft the Engli/hy they received it ; but made ‘ TJfe of it againft the French themfelves, and ‘ kill’d all the French then with them, being fixty * in Number, with the Lofs of only one Man of ‘ their own Nation.* His Excellency made him handfome Prefents, and gave him a Belt to carry to his Nation, with an Invitation to join in the War againft the French the Mejfefague received them with a Proteflion of the moft fincere and hearty Friendfliip ; and that he made no doubt of bring- ing two, three, or four hundred Men of his Nati- on, to ferve this Fall againft the French. He added, ‘ That he and fcveral of his Relations would im- ‘ mediately ufe their beft Endeavours, with feve- ‘ ral other Nations to the Weft ward of them, who * were numerous, to join againft the French ; in ‘ which, he faid, he had great Hopes of Succefs, * becaufe they were diflatisfied with the French.' His Excellency took all poflTible Care of the fick MeffefaguCy had him brought into a Houfe, and or- dered him, to be attended by two Phyficians ; but the poor Man had the Misfortune to die, after he had been above a Fortnight ill. When he found himfelf near his End, he fent to the Governor, to defire him as his ,laft Requeft, that his Excellency would fend the firft French Scalp that ftiould be taken, to his Mother j and when he was told that his Excellency had promifed it, he Ihewed a Cqn- tentednefs and Refignation to Death. This Mislor- tune was increafed by tlie Death of the other Mejfe- fague Deputy likewife, who was taken ill in his Way Home, and died. Ihe Stx Nations took Caie ot their Wives and Children, who had come with N 3 them •, The History of the them ; and it was not doubted but that they, and all the Prefents given them, would be fafely con- veyed to their own Homes. Having fo far given an Account of what pafled with the Six Nations, it may be proper next to re- late the Treaty with the Mehikanders, or River In- dians, viz. The feveral Tribes of Indians living at feveral Places on each Side of Hudfon's River. On his Excellency’s Arrival at Albany, having found that there had been a Negledb in fending for the Efopus and Minijfmk Indians, he fcnt Orders for them to be invited. The Mehikanders being con- veened the 21ft, his Excellency direfted Mr. Col- den to fpeak to them in his Name and Words ; which Mr. Colden did ; the other Gentlemen of the Council, the Commiflioners from Bojlon, the Com- miflloners for Indian Affairs, and feveral other Gen- tlemen being prefent, in the Words following :* “ Children, “ T A M glad to meet you at this Time, as are “ X likewife the Commilfioners from the Majfa- “ chufets-Bay, who are now come hither to concur “ with me upon the prefent Occafion ; and I take this Opportunity to renew the ancient Covenant “ Chain with you, in Behalf of this and all his “ Majefty’s Governments in America, which you “ know has always been kept bright and clean, without any of the Icaft Stain or Ruft, and which “ by this Belt I Itrengthen. [Gave a Belt.'\ “ Children, My meeting you here, befides re- “ newing the Covenant Chain, is with Intention “ that vou Ihould join your Force with ours, by takiiig up the Hatchet againft our and your com- mon Enemies the French, and their Indians ■, “ who have in a very unmanly Manner, by fculk- “ ing Parties, murdered in cold Blood, n^any of “ your Brethren in this and the Province oi the “ Majfachufet’s-Bay. (( This Five Indian Nations, &c. 183 « This Behaviour lays us under a Neceflity of « makins Reprifals on them in like Manner, m “ which I make no doubt of your Affiftance •, and « we are refolved to take a thorough Revenge of “ our and your perpetual Lnemips, by reducing « the Country of Canada, that it may not be m “ the Power of thefe perfidious, deceitful, and “ cruel People, to do you or us any Injury for « the future : For which Purpofe all the neighbour- « ing Colonies, together with many Ships of War « and Soldiers from Great-Brttain, are relblved to “ unite their Force, and to attack Canada in a « Parts, both by Sea and Land i and I make no “ doubt, you will on this Occafion fhew yourfe ves “ dutiful Children, in joining heartily with us and « the Six Nations, in this glorious Enterprize j by « which you will not only gam Honour and Ke- « nown, but alfo Safety and Profpenty to your- « felves, your Wives, and Children for ever after- « wards: And for which End I will furni^ your “ fighting Men with Arms, Ammunition, Cloath- « ing, Provifions, and every Thing ne^flary or “ the War.” ^ War-Bdt:\ On the 26th they gave tlieir Anfwer, which was interpreted in the following Words ; (the fame Perfons being prefent, that were when the Gover- nor’s Speech was delivered to them.) Father, JirE are glad to fee you-, and we are come to re- new the Covenant Chain, and make tt bright as ever, and free from Ruft, and as ^ i thereof we give you this Belt. Faiher, r« W :oU m ■what W*'/ 'f/ French have done, and what Murders upon the ChrJ tians they have committed-, therefore we dec Heart,, and mt from oar Up, only, that as ym hm ordered a, to Jhed ^e Eaetmes Blood t« Return 184 History of the for what they have done^ we are refolved to live and die with you in the common Caufe. When you Chrijlians are at War, you make Peace with one another, but it is not fo with us, therefore we depend upon you to take Care of us ; in Confidence of which, we now take up the Hatchet, and will make life of it againjl the French, and their Indians. [Gave a Belt with a Hatchet.] After their Anfwer they began the War-Dance, and his Excellency ordered a confiderable Prefent in Goods to be publickly given them. None of thefe arc fufpeAed to be under French Influence. As there was no Advice of the Arrival of the Fleet, and no Plan of Operations agreed on in Cafe the Fleet did not arrive, the fupporting of about feven hundred Indians was a great Expence to his Excellency, for which he had no Allowance from the Province of New-York, or for any other Charge attending this Treaty : And as many of the Indi- ans, (above twenty) had got the Small-pox, it be- ing impradficable to prevent their going into Town, or converfing with the Town’s People, and the In- dians becoming uneafy by Reafon of the Sicknefs of many, and Death of fome ; his Excellency thought it moft prudent to difmifs them as Ibon as polTible from this Place, and to give Orders to Mr. Jobnfon, to fend out feveral Parties from Schcnetlade, or his own Settlement near the lower Mohawk Caftle, to harrafs the French Settlements in Canada ; and for that Purpofe delivered to him Cloathing, Arms and Ammunition, to be given to the fight- ing Men, as his Excellency had promifed them whenever they entered on Service, and impowered him to furnifli them with Provifions, and whatever Neceflaries they fhould want; Before they went, his Excellency fent to them, to defire them to leave their Sick, with a Promife to take all Care poflible of them, and that he would order Five Indian Nations, G?c. 185 order Phyficians to attend them. They were very fcnfible of this Kindnefs, and acknowledged it ; but not above two or three could be prevailed to ftay, who were fo ill that they could not be re- moved : All poflible Care was taken of the other Sick, in the Waggons which carried them to Scbene£iade. On the 26th of September^ the Captains Staats zxAVromen^ brought the Indians living on the Branches of the Si^quehannah River ; they came in the Indian Order, marching in a fingle Line one after the other, and as they paffed the Fort, fa- luted by a running Fire along the Line ; which Salute the Governor ordered to be returned, by a Difcharge of fome Cannon from the Fort. On Monday the 8 th of the fame Month his Ex- cellency fpoke to them, telling them the Sub- ftance of what he had ordered to be faid to the Six Nations^ and their Anfwer ; and as this has been fet forth at Length before, it is needlefs to repeat what was then faid. The Reafon ot his Ex- cellency’s fpeaking to them in this Manner was, becaufe thefc Nations living on the Sufquehannah River and its Branches, are known to be Depen- dents on the Six Nations. The next Day they gave their Anfwer j the Gen- tlemen of the Council, the Commiflioners for In- dian Affairs, the Corporation of Albany., the Officers of the four Independent Companies, and feveral Officers of the new Levies, and other Gentlemen being prefent, as they were when his Excellency fpoke to the Indians: Their Anfwer was publickly interpreted as as follows 1 Brother of New-Tork, T^E live at Ohguago •, what News you fend to the Six Nations is not truly reported to us, nor what the Governor of Canada fends to them \ we have not been properly taken Notice of, nor timely acquaint- j86 *The History of the ed with your Dejign to treat with the Six Nations, till mar theTimo that your Interview with them was over\ otherwife we Jhould have readily come along with themt to hear what our Brother had to propofe to us j cmd if we had received earlier Notice^ a much larger Number of our fighting Men would have come along with us : Our Settlements are fcatteringy and fame of them at a great Difiance from others^ and many of our Men are from Home a hunting j we havOy however, fent the Belt of Invitation forward to thofe who live at a greater D fiance, that they may be able at the 'Time appointed, to come and join us in the W'ar, ns by your Belt we were defired. Brother, You Tejlerday informed us of what you had faid to the Six Nations, and their Anfwer ; we are grieved that the Six Nations have not already made ufe of the Hatchet, but have hitherto kept it by them, and have not fent out their young Men to re- venge the Murders which have been committed by the Emmy. We are refolved to make ufe of the Hatchet againft the French, to revenge the Injuries done to you and your People, our Brethren. We have received at Times very different Kind of News from the Six Nations, fometimes it feemed as if the French would be Mafters ; but it cannot be fo, they are a deceitful People, and cannot be trujled they make fair Promifes, and have no Intention to perform them ■, they flatter themfelves with Hopes to be Mafters, but they Jhall be difappointed •, for we Jhall keep the Hatchet firmly in our Hands, and are refolved to make Ufe of it. W ? know fever al Roads that lead to Canada, we want to fee the Hatchet, that we may take it up. Upon which his Excellency threw down a Hanger, which the Speaker took up and began the War-Dance, and fcveral others danced the fame after him. After Five Indian Nations, &c. 187 After which they defired his Excellency to take Care of them, as he had promifed. His Excellency returned them Thanks for their fo readily taking up the Hatchet ; he faid, that he would prefently fet the War-Kettle over the Fire, and provide them with every Thing neccffary for the War. His Excellency gave them a handfomc Prefent in publick for their Nations in general, and private Prefents to their principal Sachems ; one of which promifed, that after his return Home, he. would go round all the Indian Settlements, to in- vite them into the War againft the French^ and their Indians *, and that he did not doubt to be able to bring fix hundred Men from the Indian Settlements on the Suf^uebannah River and its Branches, to march at any Time, and to any Place, his Excel- lency fhould appoint, in order to join the Forces in- tended againft Canada ^ in the mean Time they would caufe a Party of their Men to go out with his Men to fcour the Woods, and clear them of the French fculking Indians. About this Time, a Serjeant of Capt. Living' Jion's Company was furprized and killed by a fculk- jfig Party of French Indians c In a few Minutes at- ter the Account of this came to his Excellency, who happened to be dining at that Time in Capt. JVrex- alls Tent, fourteen of the Sufquehannab Indians were obferved running paft the Tent, in order to crofs the River, and meet the French Indians-^ which his Excellency obferving, and being app^e- henfive that they might meet with lome of the Parties of the new Levies that were gone out tor the fame Purpofe, and that they might be in Lam ger of being attacked through Miftake \ he ^ if any of the Guard which then attended, would voluntarily go along with the Indians ? 1 wo Men offered themfelves, who went with one who un- derftood the Indian Language, in order to prevent Miftakes. flappy it was that this Precaution was f taken j ’i88 History of the taken’, for Capt. Faming with a great Part of his Company, having gone out with the fame'Intcn- tion of intercepting the French Indians.^ he difcover- ed this Party of our Indians^ and taking them to be French Indians^ he kept his Men under the Cover of fome Buihes, with their Arms ready to fire, expelling the nearer Approach of the Indians ; when one of the Chriftians who were with them, obfcrving Capt. Fanning'^ Men, called out, and came up to Capt. Fanning when his Men were ready to fire. None of the Parties that went out were able to difcover any of the Enemy. His Excellency afterwards fent out fixteen of thefe Indians, and cloathed them for that Purpofe, together with about fixty Men detached, from the Companies levied in the County of Albany, in order to fcour the Woods, and to advance as far as the Lakes to gain Intelligence, by taking Prifoners or othetwife. While this Party was out, fome of the Indians fell fick, and the others being apprehenfive of the fame Misfortune, they return’d, after having been but a lew Days in the Woods. His Excel- lency then perceiving the Uneafinefs the Indians werc under from the Apprehenfions of Sicknefs, found it neceflary to difmil’s them all, on their Pro- mife to return, whenever his Excellency fhould or- der, w’ith all the Force they fhall be able to colled ; and which, they faid, as before obferved, might amount to fix hundred Men. I'he Number of In- dians that came at this Time from the Sufquehanitah River, confifted only of about fixty fighting Men, belides old Men, Women, and Children: More had come near to Albany, but having there heard of the Small-pox and Sicknefs tliat w'as at Albany, and that many of the Six Nations had catched the Infedion, and feveral of them were dead, they re- turned back. After the Six Nations left Albany, many of them w’ere taken fick on their Way Homo, before they readied Five Indian Nations, &c. 189 reached the Mohawk Caftles, and a confiderable Number of the brilkeft young Men of the Mohawks died. This retarded the Execution of the Order given to Mr. Johnfotty to fend out Parties to harrafs the French Settlements in Canada^ though he ufed all the Means in lus Power to effeft it. While he was prelTing them to this Purpofe, one of the Sa- chems who had promifed to head a Party from the Canajohary Caftle, faid, Tou feem to think that we are Brutesy that we have no Senfe of the Lofs of our iearejl Relations, and feme of them the braveft Men we had in our Nation : Tou mujt allow us Time to be> wail our Misfortune. About ten Days before his Excellency left Albany, a Party of upwards of feventy Men, confifting of fome of each Nation, went againft Canada : Some Chriftians were of the Party to aflift and diredl, and to be Witneffes of the Behaviour of the Indians. They were to avoid all the Lakes, and the ufual Roads and Palles to Canada, and were to go thro* the Woods over Mountains, that are feldom pafled, to prevent the Elnemies difcovering them : But after thefe had been out, Capt. Butler's Son, to whom the chief Diredion of this Party was com- mitted, was taken ill of the Small-pox, and five of the Indians were obliged to return to carry him Home. Another fmall Party was fent out to take Prifoners, and gain Intelligence at Crown-Point. At the writing of this, it is not known what Succel's they have had. When the Six Nations had come as far as the lower Mohawk Caftle, in their return Home, they were met by about fix Men ol their own Nations, who delivered a Meflage from Canada, which had been brought by the Indian who was taken by the French at Crown Point, and carried to Canada, d he Mefiage was interpreted in the following Words : “ The Governor ot Canada had called the Cahnu- “ aza Indians to him, and then complained to “ “ them. 'The History of the “ them, that fome of the Six Nations^ his Chil- “ dren, had killed fome of his People : You all “ know, he /aid, that I am nothafty or paflionate,. “ but will rather bear a great deal than Ihew Re- “ fentment, wherefore I am refolved to pafs this “ over •, but in the mean Time I muft defire you “ to go among the Six Nations, to find out the Reafon of this Proceeding, and to tell them, “ that if any Thing like it happen again, I will “ make them fmart : You may neverthelefs afllire “ my Children * of the Six Nations, that I love and efteem them equally with the Cahnuagas, “ or Shawendadies ^ being of the fame Blood, And to convince them of my Love, I now fend back to them one of their People that was taken “ at Crown Point, witlrout eating his plefh. And “ now Cahnuagas, my Children, I would not have you fpill any more Blood from Albany upwards, for I begin to pity their Weaknefs •, but turn “ your Arms towards Netv-England, againft your “ moft inveterate Enemies, there is the Place for “ you to gain Honour now.” I'he Cahnuagas gave the following Anfwer to the Governor of Canada: Father, Tou are in the wrong, to deftre us to go among the Six Nations for Intelligence, or with Menaces •, for fuch will only Jlir them up, and bring them and all their Allies {who are very numerous') upon you, to dcjlrcy you at once. We know they are not to be bullied by your Words or ours, wherefore. Father, we rnujl leave you to go through this Work by your felf. After having as above, related what had palTed between them and the Governor of Canada, they fent the following MclTage from themfelves. Brethren * The Governor of Canada calls the Six Nations, (and all the Indian Nations depending on him) Children, as the Governor of Utiu-Vork calls them Brethren. '> Another Settlement of Deferters from the Six Nations, and dweliing near Montreal. Five Indian Nations, &c. • Brethren of the Six Nations y “We hear the Go- “ vernor of New-Tork has invited you to meet “ him ; we intreat you not to mind any Thing he “ lhall fay, in order to fet you againft us ; for if “ you do, you, as well as we, mult all die. Where- “ fore. Brethren, we conjure you by all the Ties of “ Fri^ndfliip fubfifting between us, to inform us of any Defign that is plotting againft us ; and that “ when any fuch Thing lhall be difcovered, you “ will fend an Exprefs to Cadarackui *, where our “ Fire always burns. “ Brethren, We lhall be glad to fee you next “ Spring at Cahnuaga, to hold a Council toge- “ ther, where you lhall be as fafe and welcome as “ ever. “ Brethren, The Governor our Father, being in- “ formed, that your Governor is raifing Men to “ come againft Canada, defires us to tell you, that “ he has one tboufand eight hundred Men at Crown “ Point, ready to give them Battle ; in which “ Number, the Men of eight Caftles of the Uta- “ wawas are included. “ Brethren, Be not angry at our deftroying Sa- “ raghtoga laft Fall •, Col. Schuyler dar’d us to it, “ by faying he wilhed to fee a French Army there : “ We gratified him in his Wilh.” A Cahnuaga Indian was fent along with the Pri- foner that was reftored ; but when he came near the Settlements of the Six Nations, his Heart fail’d him, and he fent the Prilbner forward by himfelf with the Meffage. The Readinefs with which the Six Nations com- municated this Meflage, and the flight they in all Appearance put upon it, is fome Proof of their Sin- cerity in the Promifes they made to his Excellency ; neither from any Thing which has happened can it be Ihewn, that they were not fincere. On the con- trary, * A French Fort oppoAte to Ofwgs, and the Eafl End of Cadarackui Lake, or Lake Frantenac, The History of the trary, it appears by Mr. Johnfon*% Letter to his Ex- cellency of the 2 1 ft of October ^ that feveral Parties are now out againft the French ; and that Mr. “John- fon having received Orders from Col. RobertSy to fend as many Indians as poffible to join the Army, all the Mohawksy even their oldeft Men, were fitted out and ready ; and having fent to the upper Caftles at the fame Time, they appeared fo hearty, that there would not haye remained above three old Men in any of the next Caftles : And that Col. Roberts afterwards contradiding thcfe Orders, they had appeared very uneafy on their being ftopt. It was not expeded that they would enter into the War without us, or by themfelves, neither are they a People of fo little Thought, as to give any Reafon to exped it from them. When the Companies raifed in Penfylvania ar- rived at Albany y his Excellency was informed by their Captains, that Mr. Thomas Governor of that Province, had fent Conrad Weifer their publick In- terpreter, among the Sufquehannah Indians -y and that they expeded his Arrival at this Place in a little Time, with at leaft three hundred Indians. The Treaties with the IndianSy which Mr. Thomas has publilhed, gave great Hopes of the Succels that Interpreter would have -y and thereby increafed the Difappointment, when Mr. IVeifer arrived a few Days before his Excellency left Albany y and did not bring one Indian with him. Plis Excellency Governor Clintony had perhaps more Difficulties to ftruggle with on this Occafion, than any Governor of New-Tork had at any Time : The Six Nations had on feveral Occafions given Grounds ot Miftruft ; the Governor of Canada was attempting all tloe Means in his Power to divert their Affedions from us ; the People of the County of Albany had lor fome ’I'ime paft, entertained a Diflatisfadion in the Condud of the Commiffioners for Indian Aftairs ; the Commiffioners themfelves were . Five Indian Nations, were divided in their Sentiments, and feveral of them refufed to attend their Meetings j and they confeffed to his Excellency, that they had loft all Influence on the Indians \ Mr. Gooch having de- clined the Command of the Forces at Albany^ his Excellency was forced likewife to undertake a new and great Care, which he in no Manner expefted when he left the City of New-Tork., and which from many Incidents, was attended with many Difficulties. If thefe Things be duly confidered, and the Dangers his Perfon was in from the Infec- tion of two different Difeafes, which at that Time raged in the City of Albany^ of which great Num- bers died during his Refidence there of near three Months i none can doubt of his hearty Zeal for the Succefs of an Affair, in which the Safety and Profpcrity of all the Colonies in North America^ were immediately concerned. But as every one may not be fufficiently apprized of what Confequence the Six Nations being hearty, is to the Intereft of Great-Britain^ it may be proper to obferve. That though a Number of In- dians to march with the Army, which was intended to attack Canada., would be of great Ufe in dif- covering and defeating the Ambuflies of the Ene- my’s Indians, while they were every Day to be guarded againft by the Forces which were to march by Land, and would by their Incurfions into the Enemy’s Country, terribly harafs them, and keep them from joining their Forces into any great Body to oppofe the Defign ; thefe are not the moft con- fiderable Advantages might be gained from the Af- fcdion of the Six Nations at this Time, or any Time of War; for if the inland Extent of the Co- lonies from Nova Scotia to Georgia be confidered, and at the fame Time the numerous Nations on the Continent of America, who may by the Ar- tifices of the French be induced to make Incurfions every where ; and the cruel Methods by which the O Indians The History 170** ( m ) The CHARTER rf Charles II. of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faithy 6cc. Unto WilliamPenn, 'Pr^rietary and Go- vernor of the Province of Penfylvania. C HA RLES, by the Grace of G OD, King of England^ Scotland^ France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Taall to whom theie Prefents fhall come. Greeting. AS our trufty and well-beloved Subjed Wtlham Penn^ Efq; Son and Heir of Sir William Penn de- ceafed^ (out of a commendable Defire to charge our Englijh Empire, and promote fuch ulefiil mrkrlifipQ mav bc of Benefit to US and our Do- Cry, WliU CCiUUli X , r. r ^ C -.Ui. quifite for the good Government and Safetv ot the faid Country and Colony, to him and his Heirs for ^he History of the faid William Penn^ and having Regard to the Me- mory and Merits of his late Father in divers Ser- vices, and particularly to his Condud, Courage, and Difcretion under our dearell Brother J AME S Duke of Tork, in that fignal Battle and Vidory fought and obtained the Dutch Fleet, com- manded by the Heer Pan Opdam, in the Year 1665 : In Confideration thereof, of our fpecial Grace, cer- tain Knowledge, and meer Motion) have given and granted, and by this our prefent Charter, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant unto the i-M William Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, all that Trad or Part of Land in America^ with the Iflands therein contained, as the fame is bounded on the Hall by Delaiioar River, from twelve Miles Diftance Northwards of Newcajtle Town unto the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, if the faid River doth extend fo far Northward : But if the faid River (hall not extend fo far Northward, then by the faid River fo far as it doth extend, and from the Head of the laid River the Eaftern Bounds are to be determined by a Meridian Line, to be drawn from the Head of the faid River, unto the faid forty-third Degree. The laid Land to extend Weftward five Degrees in Longitude, to be com- puted from the faid Eaftern Bounds ; and the faid Lands to be bounded on the North by the Begin- ning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, and on the South by a Circle drawn at twelve Miles Diftance from Newcaftle Northward, and Weftward unto the Beginning of the fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, and then by a ftrait Line Weft wards to the Limits of Longitude above- mentioned. SECT. II. » ‘ S^nt unto the faid Wtl- ham Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, the free and un- difturbed Ufe and Continuance in, and Paflfage unto, and out of all and Angular Ports, Harbours, Bays, Waters, 201 Fivfe Indian Nations, Gfr. Waters, Rivers, Ifles, and Inlets, belonging unto, or leading to and from the Country or Iflands afore- faid, and all the Soils, Lands, Fields, Woods, Underwoods, Mountains, Hills, Fenns, IQes, Lakes, Rivers, Waters, Rivulets, Bays, and Inlets, fitu- ated or being within, or belonging to the Limits or Bounds aforefaid, together with the Fifliing of all Sorts of Fi(h, Whales, Sturgeon, and all royal and other Filhes, in the Seas, Bays, Inlets, Waters, or Rivers within the Premifles, and all the Fifh therein taken •, and alfo all Veins, Mines, Minerals, and Quarries, as well difcovered as not difcovered, of Gold, Silver, Gemms, and precious Stones, and all other whatfoever, be it Stones, Metals, or of any other Thing or Matter whatfoever, found or to be found within the Country, Hies, or Limits aforefaid. SECT. III. AND him, the faid William Penny his Heirs and Afligns, we do by tliisour Royal Charter, for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, make, create, and conftitute, the true and abfolute Proprietary of the Country aforefaid, and of all other the Premifles: Saving al- ways to us, our Heirs and SucceflTors, the Fath and Allegiance of the faid William Penny his Heirs and Alfigns, and of all other Proprietaries, Tenants, and Inhabitants, that are or lhall be within the Territories and Precinfts aforefaid ; and faving alfo, unto us, our Heirs and Succeffors, the Sovereignty of the aforefaid Country, to have, hold, poffefs, and en- joy the faid Traft of Land, Country, Ifles, Inlets, and other the Premifles, unto the faid William Penny his Heirs and Affigns, to the only proper Ufe and Behoof of the faid WiUiam Penny his Heirs and Afligns, for ever, to be holden of us, our Heirs and Succeffors, Kings of Englandy as of our Caftle of Windfor in our County of Berks, in free and common Soccage, by Fealty only for all Services, and not in Capite or by Knights Service : Yield- 202 The History of the Yielding and paying therefore to us, our Heirs and Succefibrs, two Bcaver-fkins, to be delivered at our Caftle of fVindfor on the firft Day of January in every Year i and alfo the fifth Part of all Gold and Silver Oar, which lhall from Time to Time hap- pen to be found within the Limits aforefaid, clear of all Charges. And of our further Grace, cer- tain Knowledge, and meer Motion, we have thought fit to ereft, and we do hereby ereft the aforelaid Country and Hands into a Province and Seignorie, and do call it PENSYLVANIA, and fo from henceforth will have it called. SECT. IV. AND forafmuch as we have hereby made and ordained the aforefaid William Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, the true and abfolute Proprietaries of all the Lands and Dominions aforefaid, KNOW YE THEREFOR E, That we ( repofing fpecial Truft and Confidence in the Fidelity, Wifdom, Juftice, and provident Circumfpedion of the faid William Penn) for us, our Heirs and Succefibrs, do grant free, full, and ablblute Power (by Virtue of thefe Prefents) to him and his Heirs, to his and their Deputies, and Lieutenants for the good and happy Government of the faid Country, to ordain, make, and enadl, and under his and their Seals to publilh any Laws whatfoever, for the raifing of Money for publick Ufes of the faid Province, or for any other End, appertaining either unto the publick State, Peace, or Safety of the faid Coun- try, or unto the private Utility of particular Per- fons, according unto their bell Diferetion, by and with the Advice, Afient, and Approbation of the Freemen of the faid Country, or the greater Part of them, or of their Delegates or Deputies, whom for the enading of the faid Laws, when, and as often as Need lhall require, we will that the faid William Penn and his Heirs, lhall aflemble in fuch Sort Five Indian Nations, (^c. Sort and Form, as to him and them (hall feem beft, and the fame Laws duly to execute, unto and upon all People within the faid Country and Limits thereof. SECT. V. AND we do likewife give and grant unto the faid IVilliam Penn^ and to his Heirs, and their De- puties and Lieutenants, full Power and Authority, to appoint and eftablilh any Judges and Juftices, Magiftrates and other Officers whatfoever, for what Caufes foever, (for the Probates of Wills, and for the granting of Adminiftrations within the Precinds aforefaid) and with what Power foever, and in fuch Form, as to the faid William Penn or his Heirs, ftiall feem moft convenient : Alfo to remit, releafe, pardon, and abolifb (whether before Judgment or after) all Crimes and Offences whatfoever, com- mitted within the faid Country, againft the faid Laws, (Treafon and wilful and malicious Murder only excepted, and in thofe Cafes to grant Re- prieves, until our Pleafure may be known therein) and to do all and every other Thing and I'hings, which unto the compleat Eftablifhment of Juftice unto Courts and Tribunals, torms of Judicature, and Manner of Proceedings do belong, although in thefe Prefents exprefs Mention be not made thereof ; and by Judges by them delegated, to award Procefs, hold Pleas, and determine in all the faid Courts and Tribunals all Adions, Suits, and Caufes whatfoever, as well criminal as civil, perfonal, real, and mixt ; which Laws fo, as afore- laid, to be publifhed, our Pleafure is, and fo we enjoin, require, and command, lhall be moft abfo- lute and available in Law j and that all the Liege People and Subjedls of us, our Heirs and Succef- fors, do obferve and keep the fame inviolably in thofe Parts, fo far as they concern them, under the Pain therein expreffed, or to be expreffed. PRO- VIDED The Historv of the VIDEO neverthelefs, That the fame l.aws be conibnant to Reafon, and not repugnant or con- trary, but (as near as conveniently may be) agree- able to the Laws and Statutes, and Rights of this our Kingdom of England, and faving and referving to us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, the receiving, hear- ing, and determining of the Appeal and Appeals of all or any Perfon or Perfons, of, in, or belong- ing to the Territories aforefaid, or touching any Judgment to be there made or given. SECT. VI. AND forafmuch as in the Government of fo great a Country, fudden Accidents do often hap- pen, whereunto it will be neceflary to apply Reme- dy before the Freeholders of the faid Province, or their Delegates or Deputies can be affembled to the nwking of Laws •, neither will it be convenient that inftantly upon every fuch emergent Occafion, fo great a Multitude fhould be called together : There- fore (for the better Government of the faid Coun- try) we will, and ordain, and by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and SuccelTors, do grant unto the faid William Penu and his Heirs, by themfelves, or by their Magiftrates and Officers, in that Behalf duly to be ordained as aforefaid, to make and con- ftitute fit and wholefome Ordinances, from Time to Time, within the faid Country to be kept and obferved, as well for the Prefervation of the Peace, as for the better Government of the People there inhabiting ; and publickly to notify the fame to all Perfons, whom die fame doth or may any Ways concern. Which Ordinances our Will and Pleafure is, Ihallbe obferved inviolably within the faid Pro- vince, under the Pains therein to be exprefled, fo as the faid Ordinances be confonant to Reafon, and be not repugnant nor contrary, but (fo far as con- veniently may be) agreeable with the Laws of our Kingdom of England, and fo as the faid Ordinances be 205 Five IndiAn Nations, &c. be not extended in any Sort to bind, change, or take away the Right or Intereft of any Perfon or Perfons, for or in their Life, Members, Freehold, Goods, or Chatties. And our farther Will and Pleafure is. That the Laws for regulating and go- verning of Property within the faid Province, as well for the Delcent and Enjoyment of Lands, as likewife for the Enjoyment and Succeflion of Goods and Chatties, and likewife as to Felonies, lhall be and continue the fame, as they lhall be for the Time being, by the general Courfe of the Law in our Kingdom of England., until the faid Laws lhall be altered by the faid William Penn, his Heirs or Afligns, and by the Freemen of the faid Province, their Delegates or Deputies, or the greater Part of them. SECT. VII. AND to the End that the faid William Penn, or his Heirs, or other the Planters, Owners, or Inha- bitants of the faid Province, may not at any Time hereafter (by Mifconftrudtion of the Power afore- faid) through Inadvertency or Defign, depart from that Faith and due Allegiance, which by the Laws of this our Realm of England, they and all our Subjeds, in our Dominions and Territories, always owe to us, our Heirs and Succelfors, by Colour ot any Extent or Largenefs of Powers hereby given, or pretended to be given, or by Force or Colour of any Laws hereafter to be made in the faid Province, by Virtue of any fuch Powers; OUR farther Will and Pleafure is. That a Tranfcrijpt or Dupli- cate of all Laws, which lhall be fo as aforclaid made and publilhed within the faid Province, lhall within five Years after the making thereof, be tranfmitted, and delivered to the Privy Council, for the Time being of us, our Heirs and Succelfors : And if any of the faid Laws within the Space of fix Months after that they lhall be fo tranfmitted and delivered. 2o6 History of the be declared by us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, m our or their Privy Council, inconfiftent with the Sove- reignty, or lawful Prerogative of us, our Heirs or Succeflbrs, or contrary to the Faith and Allegiance due to the legal Government of this Realm, from the faid William Penn^ or his Heirs, or of the Planters and Inhabitants of the faid Province, and that thereupon any of the faid Laws fliall be ad- judged and declared to be void by us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, under our or their Privy Seal, that then and from thenceforth, fuch Laws, concernino' which fuch Judgment and Declaration lhall be ' made, fliall become void: Otherwife the faid I^ws fo tranfmitted, lhall remain, and Hand in full Force, according to the true Intent and Meaning thereof. SECT. VIII. FURTHERMORE, that this new Colony may the more happily increafe, by the Multitude of People reforting thither Thcrelore we, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant by thefe Prefents, Power, Licence, and Liberty un to all the Liege People and Subjefts, both prefent and future, of us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, (ex- cepting thofe who lhall be efpecially forbidden) to tranfport themfelves and Families unto the laid Country, with fuch convenient Shipping as by the Laws of this our Kingdom of England they ought to ufe, and with fitting Provifion, paying only the Cuftoms therefore due, and there to fettle them- felves, dwell and inhabit, and plant, for the pub- lick, and their own private Advantage. SECT, IX. ^ AND FURTHERMORE, that our Sub- jefts may be the rather encouraged to undertake this Expedition with ready and chearful Minds, KNOW YE, That we, of our Ipecial Grace, cer- tain 207 Five Indian Nations, &c, tain Knowledge, and mere Motion, do give and grant by virtue of thefe Jr'refents, as well unto the laid IVilliam Penn^ and his Heirs, as to all others, who ftiall from time to time repair unto the faid Country, with a Purpofe to inhabit or trade with the Natives of the faid Country, full Licence to lade and freight in any Ports whatfoever, of us, our Heirs and Succeffors, according to the Laws made, or to be made within our Kingdom of England^ and unto the faid Country, by them, their Servants or Afligns, to tranfport all and fingular their Goods, Wares and Merchandizes, as likewife all Sorts of Grain whatfoever, and all other Things whatfoever, neceffary for Food or Clothing, not prohibited by the Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Domi- nions to be carried out of the faid Kingdom, with- out any Let or Moleftation of us, our Heirs or Succeffors, or of any of the Officers of us, our Heirs or Succeffors ; faving always to us, our Heirs and Succeffors, the legal Impofitions, Cuftoms, or other Duties and Payments, for the faid Wares and Merchandizes, by any Law or Statute due, or to be due to us, our Heirs and Succeffors. SECT. X. AND we do further, for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, give and grant unto the faid WiUiam^ Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, free and abfolute Power, to divide the faid Country and Hands into Towns, Hundreds and Counties, and to eredl and incorporate Towns into Boroughs, and Boroughs into Cities, and to make and conftitute Fairs and Markets therein, with all other convenient Privi- leges and Immunities, according to the Merits of the Inhabitants, and the Fitnefs of the Places, and to do all and every other Thing and Things touch- ing the Premifes, which to him or them lhall feem meet and requifite ; albeit they be fuch, as of their own Nature might otherwife require a more fpedal . Com- 2o8 History of the Commandment and Watrant, than in thefe Prc- fents is expreffed. S E C T. XI. WE will alfo, and by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, we do give and grant Licence by this our Charter, unto the faid IVilliam Penn, his Heirs and Afligns, and to all the Inhabitants and Dwellers in the Province aforefaid, both pre- fentandto come, to import or unlade, by them- felves or their Servants, Fadors, or Afligns, all Merchandizes and Goods whatfoever, that lhall arife of the Fruits and Commodities of the faid Province, either by Land or Sea, into any of the Ports of us, our Heirs or SuccelTors, in our Kingdom of Eng- land, and not into any other Country whatfover : And we give him full Power to difpofe of the faid Goods, in the faid Ports ; and if need be, within one Year next after the Unlading of the fame, to lade the faid Merchandize and Goods again into the fame or other Ships, and to tranlport the fame into any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, according to Law ; provided always, that they pay fuch Cuftoms and Impofxtions, Subfidies and Duties for the fame, to us, our Heirs and Suc- ceflTors, as the reft of our Subjedls of our Kingdom of England, for the Time being, ftiall be bound to pay, and do obferve the Adts of Navigation, and other Laws in that Behalf made. SECT. XII. AND FURTHERMORE, of our ample and Ipecial Grace, certain Knowledge, and mere Motion, we do, tor us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, grant unto the laid miliarn Penn, his Heirs and AfTigns, full and abfblute Power and Authority, to make, ereft, and conftitute, within the faid Pro- vince, and the Ifles and Inlets aforelaid, fuch and fo many Sea-ports, Hivbours, Creeks, Havens, Keys, Five Indian Nations,' &c. 209 Keys, and other Places, for Difcharging and Un- lading of Goods and Merchandizes out of the Ships, Boats, and other Vefiels, and landing them unto fach and fo many Places, and witu fuch Rights, Jurifdif the SECT. XIV. AND it is our farther Will and Pleafure, That the faid William Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, fliall from Time to Time conftitute and appoint an At- torney or Agent, to refide in or near our City of London, who fhall make known the Place where he lhall dwell, or may be found, unto the Clerks of our Privy-Council for the Time being, or one of them, and fhall be ready to appear in any of our Courts at Wejlminjler, to anfwer for any Mifde- meanor that fhall be committed, or by any wilful Default or Neglect permitted by the faid William Penn, his Heirs or Afiigns, againft the Laws of Trade and Navigation ; and after it fhall be afcer- tained in any of our faid Courts, what Damages we or our Heirs or Succeflbrs fhall have fuftained by fuch Default or Neglefl, the faid William Penn, his Heirs or Afligns, fball pay the fame within one Year after fuch Taxation, and Demand thereof, from fuch Attorney •, or in cafe there lhall be no fuch Attorney by the Space of one Year, or fuch Attorney fhall not make Payment of fuch Damages within the Space of a Year, and anfwer fuch other Forfeitures and Penalties within the laid Time, as by the Afts of Parliament in England are and lhall l)e provided, according to the true Intent and Meaning of thefe Prefcnts ; then it lhall be lawful for us, our Heirs and SucceflTors, to feize and re- fume the Government of the faid Province or Coun- try, and the fame to retain until Payment fhall be made thereof : But notwithftanding any fuch Seizure or Refumption of the Government, nothing con- cerning the Propriety or Ownerfhip of any Lands, Tenements, or other Hereditaments, or Goods or Chatties, of any of the Adventurers, Planters, or Owners, other than the refpedive Ofenders there, fliall any ways be affefted or molefted thereby. SECT. Fxve Indian Nations, 211 SECT. XV. PROVIDED always, and our Will and Plea- fure is. That neither the faid William Penn., nor his Heirs, or any other the Inhabitants of the faid Province, Iball at any Time hereafter have or main- tain any Correfpondence with any other King, Prince, or State, or with any of their Subjeds, who Ihall then be in War againfl: us, our Heirs and Succcf- fors ; nor ftiall the faid William Penn, or his Heirs, or any other Inhabitants of the faid Province, make War, or do any Aft of Hoftility againfl: any other King, Prince, or State, or any of their Subjefts, who ftiall then be in League or Amity with us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs. SECT. XVI. AND, becaufe in fo remote a Country, and fituate near many barbarous Nations, the Incurfions as well of the Savages themfelves, as of other Ene- mies, Pirates and Robbers, may probably be fear- ed i Therefore we have given, and for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give Power by thefe Pre- fents to the faid William Penn, his Heirs and Afligns, by themfelves or their Captains, or other their Offi- cers, to levy, mufter and train all Sorts of Men, of what Condition foevcr, or wherefoever born, in the faid Province of Penfihania for the Time being, and to make War, and to purfue the Enemies and Robbers aforefaid, as well by Sea as by Land, even without the Limits of the faid Province, and by God’s Afliftance to vanquifh and take them, and being taken to put them to Death by the Law of W ar, or to fave them at their Pleafure, and to do all and every other Thing which unto the Charge and Office of a Captain-General of an Army be- longeth, or hath accullomed to belong, as fully and freely as any Captain -General of an Army hath ever had the fame. P 2 SECT. 2IZ 7'he History of the SECT. XVII. AND FURTHERMORE, of our fpccial Grace, and of our certain Knowledge and mere Motion, we have given and granted, and by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant unto the laid William Penn, his Heirs and Affigns, full and abfolute Power, Licence and Au- thority, that he, the faid William Penn, his Heirs and Affigns, from time to time hereafter for ever, at his or their own Will and Pleafure may affign, alien, grant, demile, or enfeoff of the Premifles fomany and fuch Parts and Parcels to him that lhall be willing to purchafe the fame, as they lhall think fit, to have and to hold to them the faid Perfon and Perfons willing to take and purchafe, their Heirs and Affigns, in Fee-fimple or Fee-tail, or for the Term of Life, Lives or Years, to be held of the faid William Penn, his Heirs or Affigns, as of the faid Seigniory of Windfor, by fuch Services, Cuf- toms or Rents, as fiiall feem meet to the laid Wil- liam Penn, his Heirs or Affigns, and not immedi- ately of us, our Heirs or Succelfors. SECT. XVIII. AND to the fame Perfon or Perfons, and to all and every of them, we do give and grant by tl\efe Prefents, lor us, our Heirs and Succelfors, Licence, Authority and Power, that fuch Perfon or Perlbns^ may take the Premilfes, or any Parcel tneteoi, of the aforefaid William Penn, his Heirs or Afl'igns, and the lame hold to themfelves, their Heirs and Affigns, in what Ellate of Inlieritance foever, in Fee-fimple or in Fee-tail, or othorwife, as to him, the laid William Penn, his Heirs or Af- ligns, lhall leem expedient : The Statute made in the Parliament of EDWARD, Son of King HENRT, late King of England, oilr Predeceffor, (commonly called Hhe Statute qjjia emptores , TERRARUM, 213 1 Fiv^: Indian Nations, &c, TERRARUM, lately publifhed in our Kingdom of England) in any wife notwithftanding. SECT. XIX. AND by thefe Prefents we give and grant Li- cence unto the faid William Penn^ and his Heirs, and likewife to all and every fuch Perfon or Perfons to whom the faid William Penn, or his Heirs, lhall at any Time hereafter grant any Eftate or Inheri- tance as aforefaid, to ere<5t any Parcels of Land within the Province aforefaid into Manors, by and with the Licence to be firll had and obtained for that Purpofe,' under the Hand and Seal of the faid William Penn, or his Heirs ; and in every of the faid Manors to have and to hold a Court-Baron, with all things whatfoever which to a Court -Baron do belong, and to have and to hold View of Frank- Pledge for the Confervation of the Peace, and the better Government of thofc Parts, by themfelves or their Stewards, or by the Lords for the Time being of the Manors to be deputed when they lhall be ereded, and in the fame to ufe all Things be- longing to the View of Frank- Pledge. AN D we do further grant Licence and Authority, That every fuch Perfon or Perfons who fliall ered any fuch Manor or Manors, as aforefaid, fhall or may grant all or any Part of his faid Land to any Perfon. or Perfons, in Fee-fimple, or any other Eftate of In- heritance to be held of the faid Manors refpedively, fo as no farther Tenure lhall be created, but that upon all further or other Alienations thereafter to be made, the faid Lands fo aliened lhall be held of the fame Lord and his Heirs, of whom the Aliener did then before hold, and by the like Rents and Services which were before due and accuftomed. SEC T. XX. AND FURTHER our Pleafure is, and by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succelfors, P 3 we 214 T'he History of the we do covenant and grant to and witKthe faid William Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns, That we, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, fhall at noTime hereafter fet or make, or caufe to be fet or made, any Impohtion, Cuftom, or other Taxation, Rate or Contribution whatfoever, in and upon theDwellers and Inhabitants of the aforefaid Province, for their Lands, Tenements, Goods or Chatties within the faid Province, or in and upon any Goods or Merchandizes within the Province, or to be laden or unladen within the Ports or Harbours of the faid Province, unlefs the fame be with the Confent of the Proprietary, or chief Governor, or Aflembly, or by Adi of Parliament in England. SECT. XXL AND our Pleafure is, and for us, our Heirs and Succellbrs, we charge and command, That this our Declaration fliall from henceforth from Time to Time be received and allowed in all our Courts, and before all the Judges of us, our Heirs and Suc- celTors, for a fufficient lawful Difcharge, Payment and Acquittance j commanding all the Officers and Minifters of us, our Heirs and Succeffors, and en- joining them upon Pain of our higheft Difpleafure, that they do not prefume at any Time to attempt any thing to the contrary of the Premiffes, or that do in any fort withftand the fame, but that they be at all Times aiding and affifting, as is fitting to the William Penn, and his Heirs, and unto the In- habitants and Merchants of the Province aforefaid, their Servants, Minifters, Fadlors, and Affigns, in the full Ufe and Fruition of the Benefit of this our Charter. SECT. XXII. AND our farther Pleaflire is, and we do here- by, for us, our Heirs and Succellbrs, charge and require, .That if any of the Inhabitants of the faid Province, to the Number of Twenty, fhall at any Time hereafter be defirous, and fhall by any Writ- Five Indian Nations, &c. 215 in<^, or by any Perfon deputed by them, fignify fudi their Defire to the Bifhop of Lcndon for the Time being, That any Preacher or Preachers, to be aoproved of by the faid Biihop, may be fent unto^hem for their Inftrudion ; That then fuch Preacher or Preachers (hall and may refide with* in the faid Province, without any Denial or Mo- leftation whatfover. SECT. XXIII. AND if perchance hereafter any Doubt or Quef- tion (hould arife, concerning the true Senfe and h^eaning of any ^^ord, Claule, or Sentence con* tained in this our prefent Charter, we will, ordain, and command. That at all Times, and in all Things, fuch Interpretation be made thereof, and allowed in any of our Courts whatfbever, as (hall be ad* iudo^ed mod advantageous and favourable unto the iMJVilliam Penn., his Heirs and AlTigns: Provid- ed always no Interpretation be admitted thereof, by which the Allegiance due unto us, our Heirs and SuccelTors, may fu(Fer any Prejudice or Dimi- nution ; although exprefs Mention be not mack in thefe Prefents of the true yearly Value, or Cer- tainty of the Premilfes, or any Part thereof, or of Other Gifts and Grants made by us and our Pro- genitors or PredecelTors unto the faid JVtlliayn Penn . Any Statute, Aft, Ordinance, Provifion, Procla- mation, or Reftraint heretofore had, made, pub - lilhed, ordained, or provided, or any other Thing, Caufe or Matter whatfoever, to the in any wife notwithftanding. IN WITNE whereof we have caufed thefe our Letters to be made Patent: Witnefs OUR SELF, at Aer, the Fourth Day oi March, in three and thirtieth Year of our Reign. Annoq^ue Domm One Fhoufand Sh Hundred and Eighty-one. By Writ of Privy Seal, PIGOTT. P 4 210 ll'he History of the The FRAME of the Government of the Province of Fenfihania m America : Together v/ith certain LAW S agreed upon \nEngland. By the Governor and divers Freemen of the aforefaid I'rovince, To be further explain- ed and continued there, by the firft Provincial Council that fhall be held, if they fee meet. The PREFACE, W 'HEN the great and wife GOD had made the IVcrld, of all his Creatures it pleafed him to chufe Man his Deputy to rule it ; and to fit him for fo great a Charge and Truft, he did not only qua- lify him with Skill and Pewer^ but with Integrity to ufe them juftly. This native Goodnefs was equally his Honour and his Happinefs ; and whilft he flood here, all went well-, there was no need of coercive cr cem- pulftve Means -, the Precept of divine Love and Truth in his Bofom was the Guide and Keeper of his Inno- cency. But Lufl prevailing againjl Duty, made a lamentable Breach upon it ; and the Law, that had before no Power over him, took place upon him and bis difobedient Pojlerity, that ftich as would not live conformable to the holy Law within, fhould fall under the Reproof and Correblion of the jufl Law without, in a judicial Adminijlraticn. THIS the^ Apojlle teaches in divers of his Epifiles: The I.aw (fays he) was added becaufe of Tranf- greffion : In another Place, Knowing that the Law was not made for the righteous Man •, but for the difobedient and ungodly, for Sinners, for unholy and prophane, for Murderers, for Whoremongers, for them that defile themfelves with Mankind, and for Men-ilealers, for Liars, for perjured Perfons, ^c. But tois is not all, he opens and carries the Matter of Government a little ‘further : Let every ^ fubjufl to the higher Powers ; lor there is Five Indian Nations, 217 no Power but of GOD. The Powers that be are ordained of GOD: Whofoever therefore refifteth the Power, refifteth the Ordinance of GOD. For Rulers are not a Terror to good Works, but to evil : Wilt thou then not be afraid of the Power ? do that which is good, and thou ftialt have Praife of the fame. — -He is the Minifter of GOD to thee for good.— Wherefore ye muft needs be fubjeft, npt only for Wrath, but for Confcience fake. T II IS fettles the divine Right $f Government be- yond Exception, and that for two Ends : Firft to terrify evil Doers •, Secondly to cherijh thofe that do well ; which gives Government a Life beyond Corruption, and makes it as durable in the Word, as good Men fhall be. So that Government feems to me a Part of Religion itfelf, a Thing facred in its Injlitution and End. For if it does not direSily remove the Caufe, it crufhes the Effebls of Evil, and is as fuch (though a lower yet ) an Emanation of the fame divine Power, that is both Author and ObjeSl of pure Religion 5 the Difference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more corporal and compuljive in its Operations : But that is only to evil Doers ; Govern- ment itfelf being otherwife as capable of Kindnefs, Goodnefs, a7id Charity, as a more private Society. They weakly err, that think there is no other Ufe of Government than CorreHion, which is the coarfefi Part of it : Daily Experience tells us, that the Care and Regulation of many other Affairs, more foft and daily neceffary, make up much the greatefi Part of Government and which mujl have followed the Peo- pling of the World, had Adam never fell, and will continue among Men on Earth under the higheft At- tainments they may arrive at, by the coming of the bleffed Second Adam, the LORD from Heaven. Thus much of Government in general, as to its Rife and End. FOR particular Frames and Models, it will be- come me to fay little ; and comparatively I will fay nothing. 2i8 *Ihe History of the nothing. My Reafons are : Fir ft, That the Age is too nice and difficult for it ; there being nothing the Wits of Men are more bufy and divided upon. ’ Tis true., they feem to agree in the End, to wit, Happi~ Ttefs •, but in the Means they differ, as to divine, fo to this human Felicity ; and the Caufe is much the fame, not always Want of Light and Knowledge, but Want of UJing them rightly. Men fide with their Paffions againfi their Reafon, and their finijler Interejls have fo jirong a Biafs upon their Minds, that they lean to them againfi the good of the things they know. Secondly, I do not find a Model in the World, that Time, Place, and fame ftngular Emrgencies have not neceffarily altered ; nor is it eafy to frame a civil Go- vernment, that Jhall ferve all Places alike. Thirdly, I know what is faid by the feveral Ad- mirers of Monarchy, Ariftocracy, and Democracy, which are the Rule of one, a few, and many, and are the three common Ideas ff Government, when Men difeourfe on that Subjebt. But I chufe to folve the Controverfy with this fmall Difiinbtion, and it be- longs to all three : Any Government is free to the People under it ( whatever be the Frame) where the Laws rule, and the People are a Party to thofe Laws j and more than this is Tyranny, Oligarchy, or Confufion. BUT Laftly, when all is faid, there is hardly one Frame of Government in the World fo ill defigned by its firfi Founders, that in good Hands would not do: well enough -, and Story tells us, the befi in ill ones can do , nothing that is great or good -, Witnefs the Jewifli and Roman States. Governments,like Clocks, go from the Motion Men give them ; and as Govern- ments are made and moved by Men, fo by them they are ruined too. Wherefore Governments rather depend upon Men, than Men upon Governments. Let Men be good, and the Government can't be bad j if it be ill, they will cure it. But if Men be bad, let the Govern- 219 h Five Indian Nations, ^c. Cfovernment he never fo good^ they will endeavour to warp and fpoil it to their Turn. I know fome fay., Let us have good Laws, and no matter for the Men that execute them : But let them con/tder. That though good Laws da well, good Men do better : For good Laws may want good Men, and be abclifoed or evaded by ill Men but good Men will never want good Laws, nor fuffer ill ones. Tis true, good Laws have fome awe upon ill Miniflers, but that is where they have no Bower to efcape or abolifi them, and the People are generally wife and good : But a loofe and depraved People (which is to thc^ejiion) love Laws and an Adminiftration like themfekes. That therefore which makes a good Conjlitution, muft keep it, viz. Men of fVifdoin and Virtue, ^alities, that becaufe they defcend not with worldly Inheritances, muft be carefully propagated by a virtuous Education of Youth •, for which After-Ages voill owe more to the Care and Prudence of Founders and the fucceffive Magiftracy, than to their Parents for their private Patrimonies. THESE Considerations of the Weight of Govern- ment, and the nice and various Opinions about it, made it uneafy to me to think of publifhing the enfuing Frame and conditional Laws, forefeeing, both the Cenfures they will meet with from Men of differing Humours and Engagements, and the Occafion they may give of Difeourfe beyond my De/tgn. BUT next to the Power of Ncccffily, (Vohich is a Solicitor that will take no Denial) this induced me to a Compliance, that we have (with Reverence to GOD and good Confcience to Men) to the beft of our Skill, contrived and compofed the FRAME and LAW S of this Government, to the great End of all Go- vernment, viz. To fupport Fewer in Reverence with the People, and to fecure the People from the Abufe of Power •, that they may be free by their juft Obedience, and the Magiftrates honourable for their iull Adminiftration : For Liberty without Obedience is . r.nirtfurfnvt 220 1‘he History of the Confufton, and Obedience without Liberty is Slavery. L 0 cany this Evenmfs is partly owing to the Conjli- tution, and partly to the Magijlracy : Where either of thefe fail., Gcvci'nment will be fubjeSt to Convul- Jions ; but where both are wanting., it mujl be totally Jubverted : Then where both meet, the Government is like to endure. Which I humbly pray, and hope GOD will pleafe to make the Lot of this of Fenfilvania. Amen. William Penn. The FRAME, &c. T O ALL PEOPLE, To whom thefe Prc- fents fliall come. WHEREAS King CHARLES the Second, by his Letters Patents, under the great Seal of England, For the Confidcr- ation therein mentioned, hath been gracioufly pleafed to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the Name of William Penn, Efq-, Son and Heir of Sir William Penn dcceafed) and to my Heirs and Af- figns for ever, all that Traft of Land, or Province called Penfilvania, in America, with divers great Powers, Preheminences, Royalties, Juiifdi6tions, and Authorities, neceffary for the Well-being and Government thereol ; NOW KNOW YE, That for the Well-being and Government of the faid Pro- vince, and for the Encouragement of all the Free- men and Planters that may be therein concerned, in Purfuance of the Powers afore-mentioned, I the faid Wdliam Penn have declared, granted and con- firmed, and by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs and Affigns, do declare, grant and confirm unto all the Freemen, Planters and Adventurers, of, in and to the faid Province, theic Liberties, Franchifes, and Properties, to be held, enjoyed and kept by the Freemen, Planters and Inhabitants of the faid Province of Penfilvania for ever. IMPRIMIS, 221 Five Indian Nations, &c. imprimis. THAT the Government of this Province fliall, according the Powers ot the Patent, confift of the Governor and Freemen of the faid Province, in Form of a Provincial Council and General Affem- bly, by whom all Laws fiiall be made. Officers chofcn, and publick Affairs tranla£ted, as is here- after refpedtively declared, ^hcti is to II. THAT the Freemen of the faid Province fliall on the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month, which fhall be in this prelent Year One Tboufand Six hun- dred Eighty and ‘Two, meet and afiemble in fome fit Place, of which timely Notice fhall be before- hand given by the Governor or his Deputy, and then and there fhali chufe out of themfelves Se- venty-two Perfons of moft Note for their Wif- dom. Virtue and Ability, who fliall meet on the tenth Day of the firft Month next enfuing, and always be called and a£t as the provincial Council of the faid Province. III. THAT at the firft Choice of fuch provincial Council, one third part of the faid provincial Coun- cil fliall be chofen to ferve for three Years then next enfuing, one third part for two Years then next enfuing, and one third part tor one Year then next following fuch Eleiftion, and no -longer ; and that the faid third part fliall go out accordingly: And on the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month as afore- faid, yearly for ever afterward, the Freemen of the faid Province fliall in like Manner meet and afl'emble together, and then chufe Twenty-four Perfons, being one third of the- faid Number, to ferve in provincial Council for three Years: It be- ing intended, that one third part of the whole pro- vincial Council (always confifting, and to confift 222 'The History of the of feventy-two Perfons, as aforefaid) falling off yearly, it fhall be yearly fupplied by fuch new yearly Eleftions, as aforelaid •, and that no one Per- fon fhall continue therein longer than three Years : And in cafe any Member fhall deceafe before the laft Election during his Time, that then at the next Eletflion enfuing his Deceafe, another fhall be chofen to fupply his Place for the remaining Time he was to have ferved, and no longer. IV. THAT after the firft feren Years, every one of the faid third parts that gocth yearly off, fhall be uncapable of being chofen again for one whole Year following: Ihat fb all may be fitted for Go- vernment, and have Experience of the Care and Burden of it. V. THAT the provincial Council in all Cafes and Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills to be paft into t^ws, ercfling Courts of Juftice, giving Judgment upon Criminals impeached, and Choice of Officers, in fuch Manner as is herein after- mentioned ; not lei's than two -thirds of the whole provincial Council fhall make a 9^ormi ; and that the Confent not Approbation of two-thirds of fuch i^wrum fhall be had in all fuch Cafes and Matters of Moment. And moreover, that in all Cafes and Matters of lefl'er Moment, twenty-four Members of the faid provineial Council fhall make a S^ucrum^ the Majority of which twenty-four fhall and may always determine in fuch Cafes and Caufes of leffer Moment. VI. THAT in this provincial Council the Gover- nor, or his Deputy, ffiall or may always prefide, and have a treble V'oice ; and the faid provincial Council fhall always continue, and fit upon its own Adjournments and Committees. VII. Five Indian Nations, &c. VII. THAT the Governor and provincial Council fhall prepare and propofe to the general Affembly hereafter mentioned, all Bills, which they lhall at any Time think fit to be paffed into Laws within the faid Province ; which Bills lhall be publilhed and affixed to the moft noted Places in the inha- bited Parts thereof, thirty Days before the Meet- ing of die general Affembly, in order to the paffmg tt^rn into Laws, or rejeffing of them, as the ge- neral Affembly lhall fee meet. VIII. THAT the Governor and provincial Council lhall take care, that all Laws, Statutes and Ordi- nances, which fliall at any Time be made within the faid Province, be duly and diligently executed. IX. THAT the Governor and provincial Council lhall at all Times have the Care of the Peace and Safety of the Province, and that nothing be by any Perfon attempted to the Subverfion of this Frame /of Government. X. THAT the Governor and provincial Council lhall at all Times fettle and order the Situation of all Cities, Ports, and Market-Towns in every County, modelling therein all publick Buildings, Streets, and Market-Places, and lhall appoint all neceffary Roads and Highways in the Province. XL THAT the Governor and provincial Council fhall at all Times have Power to infpsd: the Ma- nagement of the publick Treafury, and punilh thofe who lhall convert any Part thereof to any other ! 4 Ufe, 224 *The History of the Ufe, than what hath been agreed upon by the Go- vernor, provincial Council, and general Affcmbly. XII. THAT the Governor and provincial Council Ihall ereft and order all publick Schools, and en- courage and reward the Authors of ufeful Sciences and laudable Inventions in the laid Province. XIII. T H AT for the better Management of the Powers and Truft aforefaid, the provincial Council Ihall from time to time divide itfelf into four diftind: and proper Committees, for the more eafy Admini- ftration of the Affairs of the Province, which divides the Seventy-two into four Eighteens, every one of which Eighteens Hiall confift of fix out cf.each of the three Orders or yearly Elcdtions, each of which Ihall have a diftindt Portion of Bufinefs, as follow- cth : Firft, a Committee of Plantations, to fituate and fettle Cities, Ports, and Market-Towns, and High- ways, and to hear and decide all Suits and Contro- verfies relating to Plantations. Secondly, a Com- mittee of Juftice and Safety, to fecure the Peace of the Province, and punilh the Male -Adminillr^- tion of thole who fubvert Juftice to the Prejudice of the publick or private Intereft. Thirdly, a Com- mittee of Trade and Treafury, who lliall regulate all Trade and Commerce according to Law, en- courage Manufadlure and Country-Growth, and defray the publick Charge of the Province. And Fourthly, a Committee of Manners, Education, and Arts, that all wicked and fcandalous Living may be prevented, and that Youth may be fuc- ceflively trained up in Virtue and ufeful Knowledge and Arts : The ^orum of each of which Com- mittees being fix, that is, two out of each of the three Orders or yearly Eledions, as aforefaid, make a conftant and (landing Council of Twenty-four, which Five Indian Nations, C^c. which will have the Power of the provincial Coun- cil, being the ^orum of it, in all Cafes not ex- cepted in the fifth Article •, and in the laid Com- mittees and {landing Council of the Province, the Governor or his Deputy fhall or may prefide, as aforefaid •, and in the Abfence of the Governor or his Deputy, if no one is by either of them ap- pointed, the faid Committees or Council lhall ap- point a Prefident for that Time, and not other- wife ; and what fhall be refolved at fuch Commit- tees, fhall be reported to the faid Council of the Province, and lhall be by them refolved- and con- firmed before the fame lhall be put in Execution j and that thefe refpedlive Committees lhall not fit at one and the fame Time, except in Cafes of Necef- fity. XIV. AND, to the End that all Laws prepared by the Governor and provincial Council aforefaid, may yet have the more full Concurrence of the Free- men of' the Province, it is. declared, granted, and confirmed. That at the Time and Place or Places for the Choice of a provincial Council as aforefaid, the faid Freemen lhall. yearly chufe Members to ferve in a general AlTembly as their Reprefentatives, not exceeding two hundred Perfons, who lhall yearly meet from the twentieth Day of the fecond Month, which lhall be in the Year One 'Thoufand Six Hun- dred Eighty and Three following, in the capital Town or City of the faid Province, where during eight Days the feveral Members may freely confer with one another •, and, if any of them lee meet, with a Committee of the provincial Council (con- fining of three out of each of the four Committees aforefaid, being twelve in all) which lhall be at that Time, purpofely appointed to receive from any of them Propofals for the Alterations or Amendment of any of the faid propofed and promulgated Bills : And on the ninth Day from their fo meeting, the faid 226 The History of the faid general Aflcmbly, after Reading over the pro- pofed Bills by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the Occafions and Motives for them being opened by the Governor or his Deputy, lhall give their Affirmative or Negative, which to them feem- eth beft, in fuch Manner as herein after is exprefs’d. But not lefs than two-third* fhall make a ^orum in the Palfing of Laws, and Choice of fuch Offi- cers as are by them to be chofen. XV. T H AT the Laws fo prepared and propofed as aforefaid, that are affented to by the general Aflem* bly, fhall be enrolled as Laws of the Province, with this Stile : By the Governor^ with the AJfent and Ap- probation of the Freemen in provincial Council and ge- neral Ajfembly. XVI. T H AT, for the better Eftablifhment of the Go- vernment and Laws of this Province, and to the £nd^ there may be an uni'^erfal Satisfaflion in the Laying of the Fundamentals thereof ; the general AlTembly fhall, or may for the firft Year, confift of all the Freemen of and in the faid Province, and ever after it fhall be yearly chofen as aforefaid ; which Number of two hundred fhall be enlarged as the Country fhall encreafe in People, fo as it do not exceed five hundred at any Time : The Ap- pointment and Proportioning of which, as alfo the Laying and Methodizing of the Choice of the pro- vincial Council and general Aflembly in future Times, moft equally to the Divifions of the Hun- dreds and Counties, which the Country fhall here- after be divided into, fhall be in the Power of the provincial Council to propofe, and the general Af- fcmbly to refolve. XVII. ^ the Governor and the provincial Coun- cil fliall creft from time to time Handing Courts of ~ ~ ~ Juftice, Five Indian Nations, ^c. Juftice, in fuch Places and Number as they fhall judge convenient for the good Government of the faid Province. And that the provincial Council lhall on the thirteenth Day of the firft Month yearly, eleft and prefent to the Governor or his Deputy, a double Number of Perfons, to ferve for Judges, Treafurers, Matters of Rolls, within the faid Pro- vince for the Year next enfuing •, and the Freemen of the faid Province in the County -Courts, when they lhall be erefted, and till then in the general Aflembly, lhall on the three and twentieth Day of the fecond Month yearly, eledl and prefent to the Governor or his Deputy, a double Number of Per- fons to ferve for Sheriffs, Juttices of the Peace, and Coroners, for the Year next enfuing ; out of which refpedtive Eledtions and Prefentments, the Governor or his Deputy lhall nominate and com- milfionate the proper Number for each Office the third Day after the faid Prefentments ; or elfe the firtt named in fuch Prefentment for each Office, lhall Hand and ferve for that Office the Year en- fuing. XVIII. BUT forafmuch as the prefent Condition of the Province requires fome immediate Settlement, and admits not of fo quick a Revolution of Offi- cers •, and to the End the faid Province may, with all convenient Speed, be well ordered and lettled, I William Penn do therefore think lit to nominate -and appoint fuch Perfons for Judges, Treafurers, Matters of the Rolls, Sheriffs, Juttices of the Peace, and Coroners, as are mott fitly qualified for thofe Employments *, to whom I lhall make and grant Commiflions for the faid Officers, refpedlively, to hold to them to whom the fame fhall be granted, for fo long Time as every fuch Perfon lhall well behave himfelf in the Office or Place to him re- fpeftively granted, and no longer. And upon the Deceafe or Difplacing of any of the faid Officers, 0^2 the The History the fucceeding Officer or Officers ffiall be cliofen as aforefaid. XIX. THAT the general -Affembly ffiall continue fo long as may be needful to impeach Criminals fit to be there impeached, to pafs Bills into Laws that they ffiall think fit to pafs into Laws,’ and till fuch Time as the Governor and provincial Council ffiall declare that they have nothing further to propofe unto them for their Afilnt and Approbation : And that Declaration ffiall be a Difmifs to the general Affembly for that time ; which general AlTembly ffiall be notwithftanding capable of aflembling to- gether upon the Summons of the provincial Coun- cil, at any Time during that Year, if the faid pro- vincial Council ffiall fee Occafion for their fo affem- bling. XX. THAT all the Eledions of Members or Re- prefentatiyes of the People to ferve in provincial Council and general Affembly, and all Queftions to be determined by both or either of them, that relate to paffing of Bills into Laws, to the Choice of Officers, to Impeachments maide by the general Affembly, and Judgment of Criminals upon fuch Impeachments by the provincial Council, and to all other Cafes by them refpedively judged of Im- })ovtance, ffiall be refolved and determined by the Ballot i and unlefs on fudden and indifpenfible Oc- cafions, no Bufinefs in provincial Council, or its refpedive Committees, ffiall be finally determined the fame Day that it is moved. XXI. THAT at all times, when, and fo often as it ffiall happen that the Governor ffiall or may be an Infant under the Age of one and twenty Years, and no Guardians or Commiffioncrs are appointed in Writing by the Father of the faid Infant, or that fuch Five Indian Nations, &c, fiich Guardians or Commiflioners (hall be deceafed ; that during fuch Minority, the provincial Council lhall' from Time to Time, as they lhall fee rneet, conftitute and appoint Guardians or Commiflioners, not exceeding three ; one of which three lhall pre- fide as Deputy and chief Guardian, during fuch Minority, and lhall have, and execute, with the Confent of the other two, all the Power of a Go- vernor, in all the publick 'Affairs and Concerns of the faid Province. XXII. THAT as often as any Day of the Month mentioned in any Article of this Charter, lhall fall upon the firft Day of the Week, commonly called the Lord’s Daj/y the Bufinefs appointed for that Day lhall be deferred till the next Day, unlefs in cafe of Emergency. XXIII. THAT no Adi, Law, or Ordinance whatfo- ever, lhall at any time hereafter be made or done by the Governor of this Province, his Heirs or Afligns, or by the Freemen in the provincial Coun- cil, or the general Alfembly, to alter, change or diminilh the Form or Elfedl of this Charter, or any Part or Claufe thereof, or contrary to the true In- tent and Meaning thereof, without the Confent of the Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and fix Parts of feven of the faid Freemen in provincial Council and general Alfembly. XXIV. AND LASTLY, That I the (aid PFiiliam Penn, for myfelf, my Heirs and Afligns, have folemnly declared, granted, and confirmed, and do hereby folemnly declare, grant, and confirm. That neither I, my Heirs nor Afligns, lliall procure or do any Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this 3 Charter 23 ® ‘The History of the Charter contained and expreffed (hall be infringed or broken ; and if any Thing be procured by any Perfon or Perfons contrary to thefe PremilTes, it fhall be held of no Force or EfFeft. IN WIT- NESS whereof, I the faid William Penn have unto this prefent Charter of Liberties fet my Hand and broad Seal, this^w and twentieth Day of the fecond Month, vulgarly called Aprils in the Year of our LORD One Thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty-two. L AW S agreed upon in England, ^c. HAT the Charter of Liberties, declared. granted, and confirmed the five and twentieth Day of the fecond Month, called April., 1682, be- fore divers Witnefles, by William Penn, Governor and chief Proprietor of Penfilvania, to all the Free- man and Planters of the faid Province ; is hereby declared and approved, and fhall be for ever held for Fundamental in the Government thereof, accord- ing to the Limitations mentioned in the faid Charter, THAT every Inhabitant in the faid Province, that is or fhall be a Purchafer of one hundred Acres of Land, or upwards, his Heirs and Afligns, and every Perfon who fliall have paid his PafTage, and taken up one hundred Acres of Land at one Penny an Acre, and have cultivated ten Acres thereof ; and every Perfon that hath been a Servant or Bonds- man, and is free by his Service, that fhall have taken up his fifty Acres of Land, and cultivated twenty thereof ; and every Inhabitant, Artificer, or other Refident in the faid Province, that pays Scot and Lot to the Government, fhall be deemed and William Penn. I. II. ac- 231 Five Indian Nations, accounted a Freeman of the faid Provinces And every fuch Perfon ihall and may be capable of eleft- ing, or being elected Reprefentatives of the People in provincial Council or general Affembly in the faid Province. III. THAT all Eleftions of Members, or Repre- fentatives of the People and Freemen of the Pro- vince of Penftlvania^ to ferve in provincial Council or general Affembly to be held within the faid Pro- vince, Ihall be free and voluntary : And that the Eledor, that Ihall receive^’any Reward or Gift, in Meat, Drink, Monies, or otherwife, Ihall forfeit his Right to elect ; and fuch Perfon as Ihall direct- ly or indirectly give, promife, or beftow any fuch Reward as aforefaid, to be eleCted, Ihall forfeit his Election, and be thereby incapable to ferve as afore- faid : And the provincial Council and general Af- fembly Ihall be the foie Judges of the Regularity or Irregularity of the Elections of their own refpec- tive Members. IV. THAT no Money or Goods Ihall be raifed upon, or paid by any of the People of this Pro- vince by way of publick Tax, Cuftom, or Contri- bution, but by a Law for that Purpofe made ; and whofoever Ihall levy, colleCt, or pay any Money or Goods contrary thereunto, Ihall be held a pub- lick Enemy to the Province, and a Betrayer of the Liberties of the People thereof. V. THAT all Courts Ihall be open, and Juftice Ihall neither be fold, denied, nor delayed. VI. THAT in all Courts, all Perfons of all Perfua- fions may freely appear in their own Way, and ac- cording to their own Manner, and there perfonally ® 0^4 plead 232 The History of the plead their own Caufe themfelvcs ; or if unable, by their Friend : And the firft Procefs fhall be the Exhibition of the Complaint in Court, fourteen Pap before the Trial ; and that the Party com- plained againft may be fitted for the fame, he or Ihe lhall be fummoned, no lefs than ten Days be- fore, and a Cop^ of the Complaint delivered him or her, at his or her Dwelling-houfe. But before the Complaint of any Perfon be received, he fliall folemnly declare in Court, That he believes in his Confcience his Caufe is juft. VII. THAT all Pleadings, ProceflTes, and Records in Court (hall be ftiort, and in Engli/h, and in an ordinary and plain Charadler, that they may be un- derftood, and Juftice fpeedily aflminiftred. VIII. THAT all Trials fliall be by twelve Men, and as near as may be. Peers or Equals, and of the Neighbourhood, and Men without juft Exception in Cafes of Life, there fhall be firft twenty-four re- turned by the Sherifis for a Grand inqueft, of whom twelve at leaft lhall find the Complaint to be true j and then the twelve Men, or Peers, to be likewife returned by the Sheriff, lhall have the final Judg- ment. But realbnable Challenges lhall be always admitted againft the faid twelve Men, or any of them. IX. THAT all Fees in all Cafes fhall be moderate, and fettled by the provincial Council and general Allembly, and be hung up in a Table in every re- fpedive Court; and whofoever lhall be convided of taking more, fliall pay two-fold, and be difmiffed his Employment, one Moiety of which lhall go to the Party wronged. X. Five Indian Nations, tic . X. THAT all Prifons lhall be Work-houfes for Felons, Vagrants, and loofe and idlePerfons ; whereof one lhall be in every County. XL THAT all Prifoners fhall be bailable by fiiffi- cient Sureties, unlefs for capital Offences, where the Proof is evident, or the Prefumption great. XII. THAT all Eerfons wrongfully imprifoned or profecuted at Law, fliall have double Damages ^ainft the Informer or Profecutor. XIII. ■ T H AT all Prifons fhall be free as to Fees, Food, and Lodging. XIV. THAT all Lands and Goods fhall be liable to pay Debts, except where there is legal IfTue, and then all the Goods, and one third of the Land only. XV. THAT all Wills in Writing attefted by two Witneffes, lhall be of the fame Force, as to Lands, as other Conveyances, being legally proved within forty Days, either within or without the fajd Pro- vince. XVI. THAT feven Years quiet PofTeflion fhall give an unqueftionable Right, except in Cafes of Infants, Lunaticks, married Women, or Perfons beyond the Seas. XVII. THAT all Briberies and Extortions whatfoever, fhall be feverely punilhed. XVIII. 234 fT/v History of the XVIII. T H AT all Fines IhaJl be moderate, and faving Mens Contenements, Merchandize, or Wainage. XIX. THAT all Marriages (not forbidden by the Law of God, as to Nearnefs of Blood and Affinity by Marriage) ffiall be encouraged ; but the Parents or Guardians fliall be firft conlulted, and the Mar- riage fhall be publilhed before it be folemnized ; and it lhall be folemnized by taking one another as Hufoand and Wife, before credible WitnelTes, and a Certificate of the whole, under tlie Hands of Par- ties and WitnelTes, fliall be brought to the proper Regifter of that County, and fhall be regiftred in his Office. ^ XX. AND to prevent Frauds and vexatious Suits ■within the faid Province, that all Charters, Gifts, Grants, and Conveyances of Land, (except Leafes for a Year or under) and all Bills, Bonds, and Spe- cialties above five Pounds, and not under three Months, made in the faid Province, fhall be en- rolled or regiftred in the publick Enrolment-Office of the faid Province, within the Space of two Months next after the Making thereof, elfe to be void in Law. And all Deeds, Grants, and Con- veyances of Land (except as aforefaid) within the faid Province, and made out of the faid Province, fliall be enrolled or regiftred as aforefaid, within fix Months next after the Making thereof, and fettling and conftituting an Enrolment-Office or Regiftry within the laid Province, elfe to be void in Law againft all Perfons whatfoever. XXL THAT all Defacers or Corrupters of Charters, Gifts, Grants, Bonds, Bills, Wills, Contradfs, and Conveyances, or that fhall deface or falfify any En- rolment, Regiftry or Record within this Province, fhall 233 Five Indian Nations, Gfr. lhall make double Satisfaction for the fame ; half whereof fliall ^o to the Party wronged, and they fhall be difmifled of all Places of Truft, and be publickly difgraccd as falfe Men. XXII. THAT there fhall be a Regifter for Births, Mar- riages, Burials, Wills, and Letters of Adminiftra- tion, diftindt from the other Regiftry. XXIII. THAT there fhall be a Regifter for all Servants, where their Names, Time, Wages, and Days of Pay- ment fhall be regiftred. XXIV. THAT all Lands and Goods of Felons fhall be liable to make Satisfaction to the Party wronged twice the Value ; and for Want of Lands or Goods, the Felons fhall be Bondmen to work in the common Prifon or Work-houfe, or otherwife, till the Party injured be fatisfied. XXV. THAT the Eftatesof capital Offenders, asTra:f- tors and Murderers, fhall go one third to the next of kin to the Sufferer, and the Remainder to the next of kin to the Criminial. XXVI. THAT all Witneffes, coming or called to tef- tify their Knowledge in or to any Matter or Thing in any Court, or before any lawful Authority within the faid Province, fhall there give or deliver in their Evidence or Teftimony by folemnly promi- fing to fpeak the Truth, the whole Truth, and no- thing but the Truth, to the Matter or Thing in (^eftion. And in cafe any Perfon fo called to Evidence, fhall be convicted of wilful Falfhood, fuch Perfon lhall fuffer and undergo fuch Damage or Penalty, as the Perfon or Perfons againft whom he or fhe bore falfe Witnefs, did or fhould under- go 5 and fhail alfo make Satisfaction to the Party wronged. 236 ne History •(>/ the wronged, and be pubiickly expofed as a falfe Wit- hefs, never to be credited in any Court, or before any Magiftrate in the laid Province. XXVII. AND to the end that all Officers chofen to ferve within this Province, may with more Care and Diligence anfwer the Truft repofed in them, it is agreed. That no fuch Perfon iliall enjoy more than one publick. Office at one Time. XXVIII. THAT all Children within this Province of the Age of twelve Years, lhall be taught fome ufeful Trade or Skill, to the end none may be idle, but the Poof may work to live, and the Rich, if they become poor, may not want. XXIX. THAT Servants be not kept lohger than their Time, and fueh as are careful, be both juftly and kindly ufed in their Service, and put in fitting Equi- page at the Expiration thereof, according toCuftom. XXX. THAT all fcandalous and malicious Reporters, Backbiters, Defamers, and Spreaders of falfe News, whether againft Magiftrates or private Perfons, lhall be accordingly feverely puniflied, as Enemies to the Peace and Concord of this Province. XXXI. THAT for the Encouragement of the Planters and Traders in this Province, who are incorporated into a Society, the Patent granted to them by Wil- liam Penn^ Governor of the faid Province, is here- by ratified and confirmed. XXXII, Five Indian Nations, &c, XXXII. XXXIII. THAT all Faftors or Correfpondents in the faid Province, wronging their Employers, fhall make Satisfaftion and one third over, to their laid Em- ployers : And in cale of the Death of any fuch Faftor or Correfpondent, the Committee of Trade lhall take care to fecure fo much of the deceafed Party’s Eftate, as belongs to his laid refpedtive Em- ployers. XXXIV. THAT all Treafurers, Judges, Matters of the Rolls, Sheriffs, Juttices of the Peace, and other OlScers and Perfons whatfoever, relating to Courts or Trials of Caufes, or any other Service in the Government j and all Members elefted to ferve in provincial* Council and general Affembly, and all that have Right to eledl fuch Members, fhall be fuch as profefs Faith in Jefus Chritt, and that are not convifled of ill Fame, or unfober and diflioneft Converfation, and that are of twenty-one Years of Age at leatt *, and that all fuch fo qualified, fhall be capable of the faid feveral Employments and Pri- vileges as aforefaid. . XXXV. T H AT all Perfons living in this Province, who confefs and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eter- nal God, to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World •, and that hold themfelves obliged in Confcience to live peaceably and juftly in civil So- ciety, fhall in no Ways be nwletted or prejudiced for their religious Perfuafion or Practice in Matters of Faith and Worfhip, nor fhall they be compell’d at any Time to frequent or maintain any religious Worfhip, Place or Miniftrv wiiatcver. ^ ' XXXVI. "The History of the 23 S XXXVI. T H AT according to the good Example of the primitive Chriftians, and the Eafe of the Creation, every firjl Day of the Week, called the Lord’s I^^y» People lhall abftain from their common daily Labour, that they may the better difpofe themfelves to worlliip God according to their Underftandings. XXXVII. T H AT as a carelefs and corrupt Adminiftration of Juftice draws the Wrath of God upon Magi- ftrates, fo the Wildnefs and Loofenefs of the Peo- ple provoke the Indignation of God againft a Coun- try : Therefore, That all fuch Offences againft God, as Swearing, Curfmg, Lying, prophane Talking, Drunkennefs, Drinking of Healths, obfeene Words, Inceft, Sodomy, Rapes, Whoredom, Fornication, and other Uncleannefs (not to be repeated) all Trea- fons, Mifprifions, Murders, Duels, Felony, Sedi- tion, Maims, forcible Entries, and other Violences, to the Perfons and Eftates of the Inhabitants within this Province. All Prizes, Stage-plays, Cards, Dice, Maygames, Gamefters, Mafques, Revels, Bull-baitings, Cock-fightings, Bear-baitings, and the like, which excite the People to Rudenefs, Cru- elty, Loofenefs, and Irreligion, lhall be refpeftivcly difeouraged and feverely punilh’d, according to the Appointment of the Governor and Freemen in pro- vincial Council and general AlTembly ; as alfo all Proceedings contrary to thefe Laws, that are not here made exprefly penal. XXXVIII. THAT a Copy of thefe Laws lliall be hung up in the provincial Council, and in publick Courts of Juftice : And that they lhall be read yearly at the Opening of every provincial Council and general Af- femblyf and Court of Juftice % and their Alfent lhall be ' ' teftified, Five Indian Nations, &c. teftified, by their Handing up after the Reading thereof. XXXIX. T H AT there fliall be at no time any Alteration of any of thefe Laws, without the Confent of the Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and fix Farts of feven of the Freemen, met in provincial Council and general Affembly. ^CL. THAT all other Matters and Things not herein provided for, which fhall and may concern the pub- lick Juftice, Peace or Safety of the luid Province ; and the raifing and impofing Taxes, Cuftoms, Du- ties, or other Charges whatfoever, fhall be and are hereby referred to the Order, Prudence and Deter- mination of the Governor and Freemen in provin- cial Council and general Affembly, to be held from time to time in the faid Province. Signed and Sealed by the Governor and Freemen aforefaid, the fifth Day of the third Months called May, One Fhoufand Six Hundred and Eigbty~Fwo. Certain Conditions or Concessions agreed upon by William Penn, Proprietor and Governor of the Province of Penfilvania, and thofe who are the Adventurers and Pur chafers in the fame Province^ the Eleventh of July, One Thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty~one. FIRST. T hat fo foon as it pleafeth God, that the abovefaid Perfons arrive there, a certain Quan- tity of Land or Ground Plat, fhall be laid out for a large Town or City, in the moft convenient Place upon the River for Health and Navigation ; and every 240 History of the every Purchafer and Adventurer, fhall by Lot have fo much Land therein as will anfwer to the Porpor- tion which he hath bought or taken up upon Rent : But it is to be noted, that the Surveyors lhall con- fider what Roads or Highways will be neceflary to the Cities, Towns, or thro’ the Lands. Great Roads from City to City lhall not contain Jefs than forty Foot in Breadth, and lhall be firft laid out and declared to be for Highways, before the Dividend of Acres be laid put for the Purchafer •, and the like Obfer- vation to be had for the Streets in the Towns and Ci- ties, that there may be convenient Roads and Streets preferved, not to be incroached upon by any Planter or Builder, that none may build irregularly to the Damage of another. In this^ Cufiom governs. II. 1 HAT the Land in the Town be laid out to- gether after the Proportion of ten thoufand Acres of the whole Country, that is, two hundred Acr&s if the Place will bear it : However, that the Proportion be by L,ot, and entire, fo as thofe that defire to be together, efpecially thofe that are by the Catalogue laid together, may be fo laid together both in the 'Pown and Country. III. THAT when the Country-Lots are laid out, every Purcdiafer, from one thoufand to ten thoufand Acres, or more, not to have above one thoufand Acres together, unlefs in three Years they plant a Family upon every thoufand but that all inch as purchafe together, lie together -, and if as many as comply with this Condition, that the whole be laid out together. IV. PH AT where any Number of Purchalers, more or left, whofe Number of Acres amounts to five or 4 ten Five Indian Nations, ten thoufand Acres, defire to fit together in a Lot or Townfiiip, they ftiall have their Lot or Town- fliip cafl: together, in fuch Places as have conve- nient Harbours or pavigable Rivers attending it, if fu'ch can be found j and in cafe any one or more Purchafers plant not according to Agreement in this Conceflion, to the Prejudice of others of the fame Townfhip, upon Complaint thereof made to the Governor or his Deputy, with Affiftance, they may award (if they fee Caufe) that the complaining Pur- chafer may, paying the Survey-Money, and Pur- chafe-Money, and Interefl; thereof, be entitled, in- 4-olled and lawfully inverted in the Lands fo not feated. , V. T H AT the Proportion of Lands that Ihall be laid out in the firrt great Town or City, for every Purchafer, Ihall be after the Proportion o{ ten ' Acres for every five hundred Acres purchafed, if the Place will allow it. VI. THAT notwithrtanding there be no mention made, in the feveral Deeds made to the Purchafers, yet the faid William Penn does accord and declare, that all Rivers, Rivulets, Woods and Underwoods, Waters, Water-courfes, Quarries, Mines and Mi- nerals (except Mines Royal) Ihall be freely and fully enjoyed, and wholly by the Purchafers, into whofe Lot they fall. VII. THAT for tv try fifty Acres that fhall be allot- ted to a Servant at the End of his Service, his Quit- Rent Ihall be two Shillings -per Annum, and the Marter or Owner of the Servant, when he fliall take up the other fifty Acres, his (^it-Rent Ihall be four Shillings by the Year, or it the Marter of the Servant (by Reafon in the Indentures he is fo obliged to do) allot out to the Servant Acres in his own Divifion, the faid Marter fhall have on Demand al- R lotted. ! 242 History of the lotted him, from the Governor, the one hundred Acres at the chief Rent of Jix Shillings per Annum. VIII. AND for the Encouragement of fuch as are in- genious and willing to fekrch out Gold and Silver Mines in this Province, it is hereby agreed, that they have Liberty to bore and dig in any Man’s Property, fully paying the Damage done ; and in cafe a Difeovery fhould be made, that the Difeo- verer have one fifth, the Owner of the Soil (if not the Difeoverer) a Part, the Governor tv:o fifths, and the reft to the publick Treafury, faving to the King the Share referved by Patent. IX. IN every hundred thoufand Acres, the 'Governor and Proprietary, by Lot, referveth ten to himfelf, what fhall lie but in one Place. X. THAT every Man fliall be bound to plant or man fo much of his Share of Land as fhall be fet out and furveyed, within three Years after it is fo fet out and furveyed, or elfe it fhall be lawful for new Comers to be fettled thereupon, paying to them their Survey-Money, and they go up higher for their Shares. XI. THERE flull be no buying and felling, be it with an Indian, or one among another, of any Goods to be exported, but what fhall be performed in pub- lick Market, when fuch Places fhall be fet apart or erefled, where they fhall pafs the publick Stamp or Mark. If bad Ware, and prized as good, or de- ceitful in Proportion or Weight, to forfeit the Value as if good and full Weight and Proportion, to the publick Treafury of the Province, whether it be the Merchandize of the Indian, or that of the Planters. XII. the Planters, to over-reach the poor Natives of the Country in Trade, by Goods not being good of the Kind, or debafed with Mixtures, with which they are fenfibly aggrieved, it is agreed, whatever n |E, is fold to the Indians^ in Confideration of their Furs, ; ; if( fhall be fold in the Market-Place, and there fuffer li ; ' the Teft, whether good or bad if good, to pafs; if not good, not to be fold for good, that the Na* l. tives may not be abufed nor provoked. ; [ XIII. jlijl THAT no Man fhall by any Ways or Means, ■;( in Word or Deed, affront or wrong any Indian^ but he fhall incur the fame Penalty of the Law, as if he ij i il had committed it againft his Fellow-Planter ; and if any Indian fhall abufe, in Word or Deed, any tj;/- Planter of this Province, that he fhall not be his own Judge upon the Indian^ but he fhall make his i{ i'; Complaint to the Governor of the Province, or his - | Lieutenant or Deputy, or fome inferior Magiftrate t| j jjji near him, who fhall, to the utmoft of his Power, .jli^ take Care with the King of the faid Indian^ that all f ;[ reafonable Satisfaction be made to the faid injured i, | Planter. ' XIV. r ; T H AT all Differences between the Planters and f , ! the Natives, fhall alfo be ended by twehe Men, i that is, by j^x Planters and Jix Natives, that fo we ti; i may live friendly together as much as in U6 lieth, preventing all Occafions of Heart-burnings alvd Mif- ■ [ chief. ‘ XV. / T H AT the Indians fhall have Liberty to do all Things relating to the Improvement of tlieirGround, and providing Suftenance for their Families, that : any of the Planters fliall enjoy. :;j!| ^ R i XVI. || ■ • ll. Ilf T^he History of the- XVI. THAT the Laws as to Slanders, Drunkermels, Swearing, Curfing, Pride in Apparel, Trefpaffes, DiftrelTes, Replevins, Weights and Meafures, fhall be the fame as in England^ till altered: by Law in this Province. XVII. THAT all fliall mark their Hogs, Sheep and other Cattle, and what are not marked within three Months after it is in their PoflelTion, be it young or old, it fhall be forfeited to the Governor, that fo People may be compelled to avoid the Occafions of much Strife between Planters. XVIII. THAT in clearing the Ground, Care be taken to leave one Acre of Trees for every five Acres clear’d, efpecially to preferve Oak and Mulberries for Silk and Shipping. XIX. THAT all Ship-Mafters lhall give an Account of their Countries, Names, Ships, Owners, Freights and Paffengers, to an Officer to be appointed for that Purpofe, which fhall be regiftred within two Days after their Arrival ; and if they lhall refufe fo to do, that then none prefume to trade with them, upon Forfeiture thereof ; and that fuch Mafters be looked upon, as having an evil Intention to the Province. XX. T H AT no Perfon leave the Province, without Publication being made thereof, in the Market- Place, three Weeks before, and a Certificate from fome Juftice of the Peace, of his Clearnefs with his Neighbours, and thofe he hath dealt withal, fo far as fuch an Affurance can be attained and given : And if any Matter of a Ship fhall, contrary here- unto, receive and carry away any Perfon, that hath not 24S Five Indian Nations, &c. Tiot given that publick Notice, the faid Matter lhall be liable to all Debts owing by the faid Per- Ibn, fo fccretly tranfported from the Province. Lajily^ that thefe are to be added to, or correfted, by and with the Confent of the Parties hereunto fubfcribed. „ , . , , . William Penn: Sealed and delivered m the Prejence of William Boclham, Harbert Springet, Thomas Prudyard. Sealed and delivered in the Prefence of all the Pro- prietors who have hereunto fubfcribed^ except ■Thomas Farrinborrough and John Goodfon, in the Prefence of Hugh Chamberlen, | William Powel, R. Murray, Richard Davie, Harbert Springet, Griffith Jones, Humphry South, Hugh Lambe, Thomas Barker, Thomas Farrinborrough, Samuel Jobfon, John Goodfon. ^ John- Jofeph Moore, 1 A 6 i ACT of Settlement, made at Chefter, 1682. , W HEREAS William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the Province of Penfyl- vania^ and Territories thereunto belonging, hath, out of his great Kindnefs and Goodnefs to the In- habitants thereof, been favourably pleafed to give and grant unto them a Charter of Liberties and Pri- vileges, dated the twenty-fifth Day of the fecond Month, One thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty-two: By which Charter it is faid, the Government fhaU K. 2 confift The History of the confift of the Governor and Freemen of the faid Province, in the Form of a provincial Council and general Affembly ; and that the provincial Council fhall confift of feventy-two Members, to be chofen by the Freernen •, and that the general Aflembly may, the firJlYtzx, confift of the whole Body of the Freeholders, and ever after of an elected Number, not exceeding two hundred Perfons, without the Confent of the provincial Council and general AF fembly ; And fuch Aflembly to fit yearly on the twentieth Day of the third Month, as in the firfiy fecond, third, fixth, fourteenth and fixteenth Arti- cles of the Charter, Reference being thereunto had, doth more at large appear. AND FORASMUCH as this Charter was the firjl of thofe probationary Laws, that were agreed to and made by and between the Proprietary, and Governor, and Freemen in England, that were Purchafers in this Province, which faid Laws, in the whole and in every Part thereof, were to be fubr mitted to the Explanation and Confirmation of the firfi provincial Council and general Aflfembly that was to be held in this Province, as by the Title and firjt Law of the faid Agreement, doth plainly ap- pear. AND WHEREAS, the Proprietary and Go- vernor hath, according to that Charter, iifued out Writs to the refpedlive Sheriffs of the ftx Counties of this Province, to fummon the Freemen thereof, to chufe in each County twelve Perfons of moft Note for their Sobriety, Wifdom, and Integrity, to ferve in provincial Council and alfo to inform the Freemen that they might come, for this Time, in their own Perfons, to make up a general Aflfembly, according to Charter. And that the faid refpedive Sheriffs by their Returns, and the Freemen by their Petitions to the Proprietary and Governor, have plainly declared, that the Fewnefs of the People, pitir Inability in Eftate, and Unfldlfulnefs in Mat- tery Five Indian Nations; ters of Government, will not permit them to ferve in fo large a Council and Affembly, as by the Char- ter is expreffed ; and therefore do defirc, that the Members now chofen to be their Deputies and Re- prefentatives, may ferve both for provincial Coun- cil and general Affembly ; that is to fay, three out of each County for the provincial Council, and the remaining tune tor the general Aflembly, according to Aft, as fully and amply as if the faid provincial Council and general Affembly had confifted of the faid Numbers of Members mentioned in the Char- ter of Liberties, upon Confideration of the Pre- mifes *, and that the Proprietary and Governor may teftify his great Willingnefs to comply with that which may be moft eaiy and pleafing, he is willing that it be enafted. AND BE IT ENACTED by the Proprietary and Governor, by and with the unanimous Advice and Confent of the Freemen of this Province, and Territories thereunto belonging, in provincial Coun- cil and general Affembly met. That the Numbers defired by the Inhabitants in their feveral Petitions, and exprefs’d to be their Delires by the Sheriffs Returns to the Proprietary and Governor, to lerve as the provincial Council and general Affembly, be allowed and taken, to all Intents and Purpoles, to be the provincial Council and general Aflembly of this Province : And that the ^mum fliall be ppoportionably fettled, according to the Method exprefs’d in the ///^Article; that is to fay, two thirds to make a ^orum in extraordinary Cafes, and cne third in ordinary Cafes, as is provided m the faid fifth Article : Which faid provincial Coun- cil and general Affembly, fo already chofen, are and flrall be held and reputed the legal provincial Council and general Affembly of the Province and Territories thereof, for this prefent Year •, and that from and after the Expiration of this prefent Year, the provincial Council fhall confift of three Perfons P R 4 out The History of the out of each County, as aforcfaid ; and the Afllin- bly fhall confift oifx Perfons out of each County, which faid provincial Council and general Aflembly may be hereafter enlarged, as the Governor, and provincial Council and Aflembly fhall fee Caufe, lb as the faid Number do not, at any time, exceed the Limitations exprefs’d in the third and fixteenth Arricle of the Charter, any Thing in this Adt, or any other Aft, Charter or Law, to the contrary in any wife notwithftanding. AND becaufe the Freemen of this Province and Territories thereof, are deeply fenfible of the kind and good Intentions of the Proprietary and Cover- nor in this Charter, and of the Angular Beneflt that redounds to them thereby, and are defirous that it may in all Things beft anfwer the Deflgn of the publick Good, the freemen of the faid provincial Council and general AflTembly m^t, having unani- moufly requefted fome Variations, Explanations and A.dditions, in and to the faid Charter, he the Proprietary and Governor, hath therefore yielded that it be enafted : AND it is hereby ENACTED, That the Time for the Meeting of the Freemen of this Pro- vince and Territories thereof, to chufe their Depu- ties to reprefent and ferve them, in provincial Council and general AflTembly, fhall be yearly here- after, on the tenth Day of the firjl Month, which Members fo chofen for the provincial Council, fhall make their Appearance, and give their Attendance, in provincial Council, within twenty Days after their Eleftion ; and the faid Members elefted to ferve in general Aflembly,' fhall yearly meet and affemble, on the tenth Day of the laid third Month, to the End and Purpofes declared in the Charter, at and in fuch Place as is limited in the faid Charter, un- lefs the Governor and provincial Council fhall, at any time, fee Caufe to the contrary. AND Five Indian Nations, &c. AND WHEREAS it is exprefs’d in the faid Charter, That tire Governor and provincial Coun- cil fliall prepare and propofe to the general Affem- bly, all Bills which they fhall think fit to pafs into Laws, within the laid Province: BE IT EN- ACTED by the Authority aforefaid. That the Governor and provincial Council, fhall have the Power of preparing and propofing to the general Affembly, all Bills that they fhall jointly aJfent to and think fit to have pafs’d into Laws, in the faid Province and Territories thereof, that are not in- confiftent with, but according to the Powers grant- ed by the King’s Letters Patents to the Proprietary and Governor aforefaid ; which Bills fhall be pub- lifhed in the moft noted Towns and Places in the faid Province and Territories thereof, twenty Days before the Meeting of the general Afifembly afore- faid. AND for the better Decifion and Determination of all Matters and Queftions upon Eledions of Repre- fentatives, and Debates in provincial Council and general Afifembly, It is hereby declared and EN- ACTED, That all Queftions upon Eledfions of Reprefentatives, and Debates in provincial Coun- cil and general Afiembly, in perfonal Matters, fhall be decided by the Ballot •, and all Qiieftions about preparing and enadting Laws, fhall be determined by the Vote. AND that fo united an Intereft may. have an united Term and Stile to be exprefs’d by. It is hereby declared and ENACTED, That the ge- neral Afifembly fhall be henceforth termed or call- ed THE Assembly •, and the Meeting of the Go- vernor, provincial Council, and Afifembly, and their Adis and Proceedings, fliall be filled and called THE Meetings, Sessions, Acts or Pro- ceedings of the Gener^l^ssembly of the Pro- vince of Penfilvania, and ifel'erritories thereunto be- longing. And that the Freemen of this Province, and 250 The History of the ' and the Territories thereof, may not on their Part, feem unmindful or ungrateful to their Proprietary and Governor, for the Teftimony he hath been pleafed to give, of his greatGood-Will towards them and theirs, nor be wanting of that Duty they owe to him and themfelves, they have prayed Leave hereby to declare their moft hearty Acceptance of the faid Charter, and their humble Acknowledg- ments for the fame, folemnly promifing, that they will inviolably obferve and keep the fame, except as is therein excepted, and will neither dire<5lly nor indiredly contrive, propofe, enadl, or do any Thing or Things whatfoever, by Virtue of the Power thereby granted unto them, that lhall or may re- dound to the Prejudice or Difadvantage of the Pro- prietary and Governor, his Heirs and Succeflbrs, in their juft Rights, Properties and Privileges, grant- ed to him and them by the King’s Letters Patents, and Deeds of Releafe and Feoftment made to him by yAMES Duke of York and Albany, and whom they defire may be hereby acknowledged and recognized the true and rightful Proprietaries and Governors of the Province of Penfylvania, and Territories annexed, according to the King’s Let- ters Patents, and l^eeds of Releafe and Feoffment from James, Duke of York and Albany, unto the faid Proprietary and Governor, his Heirs and Suc- ceffors ; any Thing in this Act, or any other Adt, Grant, Charter, or Law, to the contrary of thefe Things herein and hereby explained, altered, limit- ed, promiftd, declared, and enadled, in any wife notwithftanding. 251 Five Indian Nations, ^he FRAME of the Government of the Province of Penfylvania, and Territories thereunto annexed in America. T O ALL PERSONS, To whom thefe Prefents may come. WH E R EAS King CHARLES the Second, by his Letters Patents, tinder the great Seal of England, bearing Date the fourth Day of March, in the thirty and third Year of the King, for divers Confiderations therein men- tioned, hath been gracioudy pleafed to give and o-rant unto me William Penn (by the Name of William Penn, Efq; Son and Heir of Sir William Penn deceafed) and to my Heirs and Afllgns for ever, all that Tra£t of Land, or Province called Penfylvania, in America, with divers great Powers, Preheminences, Royalties, Jurifdidions, and Au- thorities, neccfiary for the Well-being and Govern- ment thereof. AND WHEREAS the King’s cleared: Brother, James Duke of Tork and Albany, &c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his Hand and Seal, duly perfeded, bearing Date the four and twentieth Day of Augujl, One Thoufand Six Hundred Eighty and T wo, did grant unto me, my Heirs and Affigns, all that Trad of Land, lying and being from twelve Miles Northward of New- caftle upon Delaware River, in America, to Cafe Hinlopen, upon the faid River and Bay of Delaware Southward, together with all Royalties, Franchifes, Duties, Jurifdidions, Liberties and Privileges there- unto belonging. NOW KNOW YE, That for the Well-be- ing and good Government of the faid Province and Territories thereunto annexed, and for the Encou- ragement of all the Freemen and Planters, that may be therein concerned, in Purfuance of the Rights and Powers afore-mentioned, I the faid William Penn have declared, granted and confirmed, and by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs and Afligns, History of the do declare, grant and confirm unto all the Free- men, Planters and Adventurers of, in and to the faid Province and Territories thereof, thefe Liber- ties, Franchifes and Properties, fo far as in me lieth, to be held, enjoyed and kept by the Free- men, Planters and Adventurers of aYid in the faid Province of Penfylvania and Territories thereunto an- nexed, for ever. IMPRIMIS. THAT the Government of this Province and Territories thereof fliall, from Time to Time, ac- cording to the Powers of the Patent and Deeds of Feoffment aforefaid, confill of the Proprietary and Governor, and Freemen of the faid Province and Territories thereof, in Form of provincial Council and AfTembly, which provincial Council fhall con- fill: of eighteen Perfons, being three out of each County, and which Affembly lhall confift of thirty- fix Perfons, beingy?x out of each County, Men of rhoft Note for their Virtue, Wifdom and Ability, by whom all Laws lhall be made. Officers chofen, and publick Affairs tranfaded, as is hereafter limit- ed and declared- TI. THERE being three Perfons already chofen for every refpeftive County of this Province and Territories thereof, to ferve in the provincial Coun- cil, one of them for three Years, one for two Years, and one for one Year ; and one of them being to go off yearly in every County ; that on the tenth Day of the/;y? Month yearly, for ever after, the Free- men of the faid Province and Territories thereof lhall meet together in the fooft convenient Place in every County of this Province and Territories thereof, then and there to chufe one Perfon, qualified as aforefaid, in every County, being one third of the Number to ferve in provincial Council, for three Y^rs ; it being intended, that one third of the whole provincial Council, confifting and to confilt of Five Indian Nations, &c. of eighteen Perfons, falling off yearly, it lhall be yearly fupplied with fuch yearly Eledions, as afore- faid •, and that ene Perfon fliall not continue in longer than three Years and in Cafe any Member lhall deceafe before the laft Eledion, during his Time, that then at the next Eledion enfuing his Deceafe, another lhall be chofen to fupply his Place for the remaining Time he was ta have ferved, and no longer, III. ». THAT after tht firjl fevenYe^ixs, every one of the faid third Parts that goeth yearly otf, lhall be incapable of being chofen again for one whole Year following, that fo all that are capable and qualified as atbrefaid, may be fitted for Govern- ment, and have a Share of the Care and Burthen of it. IV. THAT the provincial Council In all Cafes and Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills to be paired into Laws, or Proceedings about ered- ing of Courts of Juftice, fitting in Judgment upon Criminals impeached, and Choice of Officers in fuch Manner as is herein after expreffed, not lefs than two thirds of the whole fliall make a ^luorum ; and that the Confent and Approbation of two thirds of that ^orum lhall be had in all fuch Cafes or Matters of Moment: And that in all Cafes and Matters of lefler Moment, one third of the whole lhall make a ^orum^ the Majority of which lhall and may always determine in fuch Cafes and Caufes of lelfer Moment. V. THAT the Governor and provincial Council, lhall have the Power of preparing and propofing to the Alfcmbly hereafter mentioned, all Bills which they fliall fee needful, ana that lhall at any Time be paft into Laws within the laid Province and Ter- ritories thereof, which Bills fliall be publilhed and 4. affixed *The History of the affixed to the moft noted Place in every County of this Province and Territories thereof, twenty Days before the Meeting of the Affembly, in order to pairing them into Laws. VI. THAT the Governor and provincial Council fhall take Care, that all Laws, Statutes, and Ordi- nances, which lhall at any Time be made within the faid Province and Territories, be duly and dili- gently executed. VII. THAT the Governor and provincial Council lhall, at all Times, have the Care of the Peace and Safety of this Province and Territories thereof; and that nothing be by any Perfon attempted to the Subverlion of this Frame of Government. VIII. TH AT the Governor and provincial Council fhall, at all Times, fettle and order the Situation of all Cities and Market-towns in every County, modelling therein all publick Buildings, Streets, and Market-places ; and fhall appoint all neceflary Roads and Highways in this Province and Terri- tories thereof. IX. THAT the Governor and provincial Council fhall, at all Times, have Power to infpc(St the Ma- nagement of the publick Treafury, and punilh thofe who fhall convert any Part thereof to any other Ufe, than what hath been agreed upon by the Governor, provincial Council, and Affembly. X. THAT the Governor and provincial Council, lhall eredt and order all publick Schools, and en- courage and reward the Authors of ufeful Sciences and laudable Inventions, in the faid Province and Territories thereof. XI. Five Indian Nations, ^c. XI. THAT one third of the provincial Council re- fiding with the Governor, fliall with the Governor from Time to Time, have the Care of the Mana^ye* ment of all publick Affairs, relating to the Peace Juftice, Treafury, and Improvement of the Pro- vince and Territories, and to the good Education of Youth, and Sobriety of the Manners of the In- habitants therein, as aforefaid. XII. THAT the Governor or his Deputy, Hiall al- ways prefide in the provincial Council, and that he ftiall at no Time therein perform any publick Aft of State whatfoever, that fhall or may relate unto the Juftice, Trade, Treafury, or Safety of the Pro- vince and Territories aforefaid, but by and with the Advice and Confent of the provincial Council thereof. XIII. AND to the End that all Bills prepared and agreed by the Governor and provincial Council, as aforefaid, may yet have the more full Concurrence of the Freemen of the Province and Territories thereof, it is declared, granted and confirmed, that at the Time and Place in every County, for the Choice of one Perfon to ferve in provincial Council, as aforefaid, the refpeftive Members thereof, at their faid Meeting, lhall yearly chufe out of them- felves fix Perfons of moft Note, for Virtue, Wif- dom, and Ability, to ferve in Aflembly, as their Reprefentatives, who lhall yearly meet on the tenth Day o'f the third Month, in the capital Town or City of the faid Province, unlefs the Governor and provincial Council fhall think fit to appoint ano- ther Place to meet in, where, during eight Days, the feveral Members may confer freely with one another •, and if any of them fee meet, with a Com- mittee , ^he History of the mitte of tlie provincial Councf], which fhall be at that Time purpofely appointed, to receive from any of t'lem, Propofals for the Alterations or Amendment of any of the faid propofed and pro- mulgated Bills ; and on the ninth Day from their fo meeting, the faid Affembly, after their reading over of the propofed Bills, by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the Occafions and Motives for them being opened by the Governor or his De- puty, lhall, upon the Queftion by him put, give their Affirmative or Negative, which to them feemeth bed, in fuch Manner as is hereafter ex- preffed : But not lefs than two thirds fhall make a ■Sluorum in the paffing of all Bills into Laws, and Choice of fuch Officers as are by them to be chofen. XIV. THAT the Laws fo prepared and propofed as aforefaid, that are affented to by the Alfembly, fhall be enrolled as Laws of this Province and Ter- ritories thereof, with this Stile, By the Governor^ * with the JJjent and Approbation of the Freemen in provincial Council and Affembly met •, and from hence- forth, the Meetings, Seffions, A6i;s, and Proceed- ings of the Governor, provincial Council and Af- fembly, fhall be filled and called, Fhe Meetings Seffions, and Proceedings, of the general Affembly of the Province of PenfyJvania, and the Territories thereunto belonging. XV. AND that the Reprefentatives of the People in provincial Council and Affembly, may in after Ages bear fome Proportion with the Increafe and multi- plying of the People, the Number of fuch Repre- fentatives of the People, may be from Time to Time increafcd and enlarged, fo as at no Time the Number exceed feventy-two for the provincial Coun- cil, and two hundred for the Affembly •, the Ap- pointment and Proportion of which Number, as Five Indian Nations, aifo the laying and methodizing of the Choice of fuch Reprelentatives in future Time, moft equally to the Divifion of the Country, or Number of the Inhabitants, is left to the Governor and provincial Council to propofe, and the Aflembly to refolve, fo that the Order of Proportion be ftri£tly obferved, both in the Choice of the Council and the refpec- tive Committees thereof, viz. one third to go off and come in yearly. XVI. THAT from and after the Death of this pre- fent Governor, the provincial Council fhall, toge- ther with the fucceeding Governor, ereft from Time to Time, Handing Courts of Juftice, in fuch Places and Number, as they fhall judge convenient for the good Government of the laid Province and Territories thereof j , and that the provincial Council fhall, on the thirteenth Day of t^ fecond Month, then next enfuing, ele£t and prefent to the Gover- nor or his Deputy, a double Number of Perfons, to ferVe for Judges, Treafurers, and Matters of the Rolls, within the faid Province and Territories, to continue fo long as they lhall well behave them- felves in thofe Capacities refpedively ; and the Free- men of the faid Province, in an Aflembly met on the thirteenth Day of the third Month, yearly, fhall eledt and then prefent to the Governor or his De- puty, a double Number of Perfons to ferve for Sheriffs, Juttices of the Peace and Coroners, for the Year next enfuing ; out of which refpcftive Eleflions and Preferments, the Governor or his Deputy, fhall nominate and commifiionate, the pro- per Number for each Office, the thirdYn.'j after the faid refpeftive Prefentments ; or elfe the named in fuch Prefentment for each Office as aforefaid, fhall ttand and ferve in that Office, the Time be- fore refp^ftively limited ; and in Cafe of Death or Default, fuch Vacancy lhall be fupplied by the S Governor [ • ^he History of the Governor and provincial Council in Manner aforc- faid. XVII. THAT the Affembly fliall continue fo long as may be needful, to impeach Criminals fit to be there impeached, to pafs fuch Bills into Laws as are propofed to them, which they fhall think fit to ' pafs into Laws ; and till fuch Time as the Governor * and provincial Council fhall declare. That they have jwthing further to propofe unto them for their Jffent and Approbation •, and that Declaration fhall be a Difmifs to the Aflembly for that Time ; which Af- lembly fliall be notwithftanding, capable of aflTem- bling together, upon the Summons of the Gover- nor and provincial Council, at any Time during that Year, if the Governor and provincial Council fhall fee Occafion for their fo aflTembling. XVIIL THAT all the Eleftions of Members or Re- prefcntatives of the People to ferve in provincial Council and AflTembly, and all Queftions to be de- termined by both or either of them, that relate to Choice of Officers, and all or any other perfonal Matters, fliall be refolved or determined by the Ballot \ and all Things relating to the preparing and paffing of Bills into Laws, fhall be openly de- clared and refolved by the Vote. XIX. THAT at all Times when the Proprietary and Governor fliall happen to be an Infant, and under the Age of one and twenty Years, and no Guardians or Commiffioners are appointed in Writing, by the Father of the faid Infant, or that fuch Guardian fliall be deceafed, that during fuch Minority, the provincial Council fhall, from Time to Time, as Five Indian Nations, (s'c'. they lliall fee meet, conftitute and appoint Guar- dians and Commiflioners not exceeding tbreey one of which lhall prefide as Deputy and chief Guar- dian during fuch Minority, and lhall have and ex- ecute, witli the Confent of one of the other two, all the Power of a Governor in all publick Affairs and Concerns of the faid Province and Territories thereof, according to Charter ; which faid Guardian fo appointed, lhall alfo have the Care and Overfight of the Eftate of the faid Minor, and be yearly ac- countable and refponfible for the fame to the pro- vincial Council, and the provincial Council to the Minor, when of Age, or to the next Heir, in cafe of the Minor’s Death, for the Trull before exprelTed. XX. THAT as often as any Days of the Month men- tioned in any Article of this Charter, lhall fall upon the firjt Day of the Week, commonly called the Lord's-day., the Bufmefs appointed for that Day, llaall be deferred until the next Day, unlefs in Cafes of Emergency. XXL AND for the SatisfacSlion and Encouragement of all Aliens, I do give and grant, that if any Alien, who is or lhall be a Purchafer, or who doth or lhall inhabit in this Province or Territories there- of, lhall deceafe at any Time before he can well be naturalized, his Right and Interell therein, lhall notwithftanding defcend to his Wife and Children, or other his Relations, be he Teftate or Inteftate, according to the Laws of this Province and Terri- tories thereof in fuch Cafes provided, in as free and ample Manner, to all Intents and Purpofes, as if the faid Alien had been naturalized. XXII. AND that the Inhabitants of this Province and Territories thereof, may be accommodated with ~ S 2 fuch 26o ^he History of the fuch Food and Suftenance, as God in his Provi- dence hath freely afforded, I do alfo further grant to the Inhabitants of this Province and Territories thereof. Liberty to fowl and hunt upon the Lands they hold, and all other Lands therein not enclofed ; and to fifli in all Waters in the faid Lands, and in all Rivers and Rivulets in and belonging to this Province and Territories thereof, with Liberty to draw his or their Fifh on Shore on any Man’s Lands, fo as it be not to the Detriment or Annoyance of the Owner thereof, except fuch Lands as do lie up- on Inland Rivulets that are not Boatable, or which are or may be hereafter eredted into Manors. XXIII. AND that all the Inhabitants of this Province and Territories tliereof, whether Purchafers or others, may have the laft worldly Pledge of my good and kind Intentions to them and theirs, I do give, grant, and confirm to all, and every one of them, full and quiet Poffcflion of their refpedlive Lands, to which they have any lawful or equitable Claim, faving only fuch Rents and Services for the famfe as are or cuftomarily ought to be relerved to me, my Heirs or Afligns. XXIV. THAT no Adi, Law or Ordinance whatfoever, fhall at any Time hereafter be made or done by the Proprietary and Governor of this Province and Territories thereunto belonging, his Heirs or Af- figns, or by the Freemen in provincial Council or Affembly, to alter, change, ordiminifli, the Form or Effeiff of this Charter, or any Part or Claufe thereof, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning thereof, without the Confent of the Proprietary ami Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and ftx Parts of feven of the faid Freemen in provincial Council and Affembly met. XXV. Five Indian Nations, Gfr. XXV. AND LASTLY, I the William Penn^ Proprietary and Governor of the Province of Pen- fylvania and Territories thereunto belonging, for me, my Heirs and Afligns, have folcmnly de- clared, granted and confirmed, and do hereby fo- lemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, nor my Heirs nor Afligns, fhall procure or do any ^ Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this Charter contained and expreflfed, fhall be infringed or broken : And if any Thing be procured by any Perfon or Perfons, contrary to thefe Premifes, it fhall be held of no Force or Effect. IN WIT- NESS whereof, I the faid William Penny at Phi- ladelphia \nPenfylvaniay have unto this prefent Char- ter of Liberties fet my Hand and broad Seal, this fecond Day of the fecond Month, in the Year of our Lord one Phoufand fix Hundred Eighty and Tbree^ being the five and thirtieth Year of the King, and the third Year of my Government. WILLIAM PENN. THIS within CHARTER, which we have dijtinlily heard read and thankfully received^ fhall be by us inviolably kept ; at Philadelphia, the fecond Day of the fecond Month., one Thoufand fix Hundred Eighty and Three. The Members of the William Markham., John Moll., William Haige., Cbrijlopher Taylor, John Simcock, William Clayton, Francis Whittwel, Thomas Holme, provincial Council prefent. William Clark, William Biles, James Harrifon, John Richardfon, Philip-Thomas Ltnman, Seer. Gov. Richard Ingelo, Cl. Coun. Tlfc S3 262 ’The History of the The Members of Cafparus Harman^ John Darby, Benjamin WilliamSy william Guejl, Valentine Hollingfioorth, James Boyden, Bemony Bijhop, John Beazor, John Harding, Andreivs Bringfton, Simon Irons, John Wood, John Curtis, Daniel Brown, William Futcher, John Kipjhaven, Alexander Molefiine, Robert Bracy, fen. I"homas Bracy, William Tardly, Jobif Haftings, Robert Wade, the Affembly prefent. Thomas Hajfald, John Hart, Robert Hall, Robert Bedwell, William Simfmore, Samuel Darke, Robert Lucas, . James Williams, John Blunjlon, John Songhurjl, John Hill, Nicholas Wain, ’Thomas Fitzwater, John Clows, Luke Watfon, Jofepb Phipps, Dennis Rotchford, John Brinklair, Henry Bowman, Cornelius Verhoofe, John Southwortb, Cl. of the Synod. of Philadelphia prefent. Henry Lewis, Samuel Miles. Some of the Inhabitants William Howel, Edmund Warner, C H A R T E R 0/* the City of VUl- LADELPHIA. W ILLIAM PENN, Proprietary and Go- vernor of the Province of Penfylvania, &c. To all to whom thefe Prefents lhall come, fends greeting. KNOW YE, That at the humble Requeft \ Five Indian Nations, . Requefl; of the Inhabitants and Settlers of this Town of Philadelphia, being fome of the firft Ad- venturers and Purchafers within this Province, foi* their Encouragement, and for the more immediate and entire Government of the fuid Town, and bet- ter Regulation of Trade therein : I have by Virtue of the King’s Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of England, erefted the faid Town into a Borough, and by thefe Prefents do ered the faid Town and Borough of Philadelphia into a Cl P Y ; which faid City fliall extend the Limits and Bounds, as it is laid out between Belaware and Skuylkill. AND I do for me, my Heirs and Afligns, grant and ordain, that the Streets of the faid City, lhall for ever continue as they are now laid out and regulated •, and that the End of each Street extend- ing into the River Delaware, lhall be and continue free for the Ufe and Service of the faid City, and the Inhabitants thereof, who may improve the fame for the bell Advantage of the City, and build Wharfs fo far out into the River there, as the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council, herein after mentioned, lhall fee meet. AND I do nominate Edward Shippeu to be the prefent Mayor, who lhall fo continue until another be chofen, as is herein after direfted. AND I do hereby alTign and name Thomas Story to be prefent Recorder, to do and execute all Things which unto the Office of Recorder ot the laid City doth or may belong. AND I do Thomas Farmer to be the prefent Sheriff, and Robert Asjheton to be the pre- fent Town-clerk, and Clerk of the Peace, and Clerk of the Court and Courts. and I do hereby name, conftitute, and ap- point, Jojhua Carpenter, Griffith Jones, Anthony Morris, Jofeph fVilcox, Nathan Stanbury, Charles Rea , Thomas Majters, and IVilliam Carter, Citi- S 4 zens The History of the zens and Inhabitants of the faid City, to be the prefent Aldermen of the faid City of Philadelphia. AND I do alfo nominate and appoint Juhn Parfons, William Hudfon, William Lee, Nehemiah Allen, Thomas Pafchal, John Bud, »jun. Edward Smout, Samuel Buckley, James At kin f on, Pentecoft Teague, Francis Cook, and Henry Badcocke, to be the twelve prefent Common-council Men of the faid City, AND I do by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs and Succeffors, give, grant and declare, that the faid Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common- council Men for the Time being, and they which hereafter lhall be Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Common-council Men within the faid City, and their Succeffors, for ever hereafter be and fhall be, by Virtue of thefe Prefents, one Body corporate and politick in Deed, and by the Name of the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel- phia, in the Province of Penfylvania: And them by the Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadelphia, one Body politick and cor- porate in Deed and in Name, I do for me, my Heirs and Succeffors, fully create, conftitute and confirm, by thefe Prefents •, and that by the fame Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadelphia, they may have perpetual Succeffion ; and that they and their Succeffors, by the Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel- pUa, be and at all Times hereafter fhall be Perfons aole and capable in Law, to have, get, receive, and poffds. Lands and Tenements, Rents, Liber- ties, Jurifdidtions, tranchifes and Hereditaments, to tnem and their Succellbrs in Fee-fimple, or for Term of Life, l,ives. Years, or otherwife ; and alfo Goods, Chattels, and other Things, of what Nature, Kind, or C^iality foever. AN D alfo to give, grant, let, fell and affign the fame Lands, Tenements, Hereditaments, Goods, - Chattels, Five Indian Nations, &c. Chattels, and to do and execute all other Things about the fame, by the Name aforefaid *, and alfo that they be and fhall be for ever hereafter Perfons able and capable in Law, to fue and be fued, plead and be impleaded, anfwer and be anfwcred unto, defend and He defended, in all or any the Courts and other Places, and before any Judges, Juftices, and other Perfons whatfoever within the faid Pro- vince, in all Manner of Addons, Suits, Complaints, Pleas, Caufes and Matters whatfoever, and of what Nature or^Kind foever. and that it fhall and may be lawful to and for the faid Mayor and Commonalty of the faid City of Philadelphia, and their Succeflbrs, for ever here- after, to have and ufe one common Seal for the fealing of all Bufmefles touching the faid Corpora- tion, and the fame from Time to Time at their Will and Pleafure to change or alter. AND I do for me, my Heirs and Succeflbrs, give, and by thefe Prefents, grant full Power and Authority unto the M^yor, Recorder and Com- mon-Council of the faid City of Philadelphia, or any five or more of the Aldermen, and nine or more of the Common-Council Men, the Mayor and Recorder for the time being, or either of them, being prefent, on the firjl third Day of the Week, in the eighth Month yearly for ever hereafter, publickly to meet at a convenient Room or Place within the faid City, to be by them appointed for that Pur- pofe, and then and there nominate, eledf and chufe one of the Aldermen to be Mayor for that enfuing Year. AND alfo to add to the Number of Aldermen and Common-Council Men, fuch and fo many of thofe, that by Virtue of thefe Prefents lliall be admitted Freemen of the faid City from Time to Time, as they the faid Mayor, Aldermen and Common- Council fhall fee Occafion. AND 266 ^he History of the AND that fuch Perfon who fhall be fo eleded Mayor aforefaid, fhall within three Days next after fuch Eledion, be prefented before the Governor of this Province, or his Deputy for the time being and there fhall fubfcribe the Declarations and Pro- fellion of his Chriflian Belief, according to the late Ad of Parliament made in the firfi Year of King William’s Reign, entitled, Jn A5l for exemttim thetr Majefties SubjeSls dijfenting from the Church of England, from the P enalties of certain Laws ; and then and there the Mayor fo prefented, fhall make his folemn Affirmation and Engagement for the due Execution of his Office. AND that the Recorder, Sheriff, Aldermen, and Common-council Men, and all other Officers of the &d City, before they or any of them fhall be admitted to execute their refpedive Office-? fhall make and fubfcribe the faid Declarations and Proreflion aforefaid, before the Mayor for the Time being, and at the fame Time fhall be attefted for the^ due Execution of their Offices refpedively j which Declarations, Promifps and Atteftations, the Mayor of the faid City for the Time being, is here- by impowered to take and adminifler accordinf^'ly. AND that the Mayor, Recorder and AWer- m^ of the faid City, for the Time being, fhall be Jimices of the Peace and Juftices of Oyer and Ter- miner ; and are hereby impowered to adl within the faid City and Liberties thereof accordingly, as fully and amply as any Juftice or Juftices of the Peace 9^ Py®*" Terminer, can or may do within the said Province. AND that they or any four or more of them (whereof the Mayor and Recorder of the faid City for the Time being, fhall be two) fhall and may tor ever hereafter have Power and Authority, by Virtue of thefe Prelcnts, to hear and enquire into all and all Manner of Treafons, Murthers^ Man- flaughters, Five Indian Nations, & c . (laughters, and all Manner of Felonies and other Crimes and Offences, Capital and Criminal, what- foever, according to the Laws ol this Province and of the Kingdom of England, with Power alfo to hear and determine all petty Larcenies, Routs, Riots, unlawful AlTemblies i and to try and punifh all Perfons that (hall be convifted for Drunkennefs, Swearing, Scolding, breaking the Peace, or (iich like Offences, which are by the Laws of this Pro- vince to be punifhed by Fine, Imprifonment or Whipping; with Power alfo to award Procefs againft all Rioters and Breakers of the Peace, and to bind them, and all other Offenders and Perfons of evil Fame, to the Peace or good Behaviour, as any Tuftice or Juftices of the Peace can do, widiout being accountable to me or my Heirs, for any Fines or Amerciaments to be impofed for the faid Offences or any of them. . and I do hereby impower them or aip^ four of them (whereof the Mayor and Recorder fw the Time being, (hall be two) with the City Shwiff and Town-clerk, to hold and keep a Court of Record, Quarterly, or oftener, if they fee Occafion, for the enquiring, hearing and determining of the and Matters aforefaid; and upon their own View, or after a legal Procedure in fome of thofe Courts, to caufe all Nuifances and Encroachments in tl^ Streets of the faid City to be removed, and puni^ the Parties concerned, as the Law and Ulage fuch Cafes (hall require. A N D 1 do by thefe Prefents affign and ap- point, that the prefent Mayor, p"! dermen herein before- mentioned, e ^ Juftices of the Peace, and Oyer Term ner Within the fa.d City t and that that fhall be Mayors, Recorders tVip faid Citv for the 1 ime being, (hall have lui and Amhority, and are hereby impower^ The History of the And authorized, without any Turther or other Com- miflion, to be Juftices of the Peace, and of Oyer 3nd Perminer, within the faid City for ever; and /hall alfo be Juftices of the Peace, and the Mayor and Recorder lhall be of the ^orum of the Juftices of the County Courts, Qiiarter-feflions, Oyer and Terminer, and Goal Delivery, in the faid County of Philddslphia y and fhall have full Power to award Procels, bind to the Peace or Behaviour, or com- mit to Prifon, for any Matter or Caufe, arifing without the faid City and within the Body of the aforelaid County, as Occafion lhall require ; and to caufe Kalendars to be made of fuch Prifoners, which, ^ together with all Recognizances and Ex- aminations talcen before them, for or concerning any Matter or Caufe not determinable by them, ftiall be duly returned to the Judges or Juftices of the faid County, in their refpedive Courts where the fame lhall be cognizable. AND that it may be lawful to and for the faid Mayor and Commonalty and their Succeflbrs, when they fee Occafion, to ereft a Goal or Prifon and Court-houfe within the faid City. AND that the Mayor and Recorder for the Time being, lhall have, and by thele Prelents have Power to take Recognizance of Debts there, ac- cording to the Statute of Merchants, and of Adion Burnel; and to ufe and affix the common Seal thereupon, and to all Certificates concerning the fame. AND that it may be lawful to and for the Mayor of the faid City, for the Time being, for ever hereafter to nominate, and from Time to Time appoint the Clerk of the Market, who fliall have AlTize ol Bread, Wine, Beer, Wood, and other Things ; and to do, execute and perform all Things belonging to the Clerk of the Market within the laid City. Five Indian Nations, GjV. AN D 1 will that the Coroners to be chofen by the County of Philadelphia for the Time being, fliall be Coroners of the faid City and Liberties thereof ; but that the Freemen and Inhabitants of the faid City ftiall from Time to Time, as often as Occafion be, have equal Liberty with the Inhabi- tants of the faid County, to recommend or chufe Perfons to ferve in the refpe6live Capacities of Co- roners and Sheriffs for the County of Philadelphia^ who lhall refide within the faid City. and that the Sheriff of the faid City and County for the Time being, lhall be the Water- Bailiff, who lhall and may execute and perform all Things belonging to the Officer of Water-Bailiff, mon Delaware River, and all other navigable Ri- vers and Creeks within the faid Province. A N D in Cafe the Mayor of the laid City for the Time being, lhall, during the Time of his Mayoralty, milbehave himfelf, or mifgovern in that Office, I do hereby impower the Recorder, Aldermen and Common-council Men, or five of the Aldermen and nine of the Common-council Men of the faid City of Philadelphia, for the Time being, to remove fuch Mayor from_ his Office of I^ayoralty v and in fuch Cafe, or in Cafe of the Death of the faid Mayor for the Time being, that then another fit Perfon lhall, within /^lar Days next after fuch Death or Removal, be chofen in Manner as is above direfted for elefting of Mayors, in the Place of him fo dead or removed. . t n.- and left there Ihould be a Failure or J ultice or Government in the laid City, in ^ do hereby appoint. That eldeft Alderman for the Time being, lhall take upon him the Office of a Mayor there, and lhall exercife the fame till ano- ther Mayor be chofen as aforefaid •, and in Cafe of the Difability of fuch eldeft Alderman, 269 4 ^he History of the next in Seniority, fhall take upon him the faid Of- fice of Mayor, to exercife the fame as aforefaid. AND in Cafe the Recorder, or any of the Aldermen or Common-council Men of or belong- ing to the faid City, for the Time being, (hall mif- behave him or themfelves in their relpedive Offices and Places, they fhall be removed and others chofen in their Stead, in Manner following, that is to fay^ The Recorder for the Time being, may be re- moved (for his Mifbehaviour) by the Mayor, and tit'o thirds of the Aldermen and Common-council Men i-efpedively ; and in Cafe of fuch Removal or of the Death of the Recorder, then to chafe ano- ther fit Perfon fkilled in the Law, to be the Re- corder there, and fo to continue during Pleafure as aforefaid, AND the Alderman fo mifbehaving himfelf, may be removed by the Mayor, Recorder and nine of the Aldermen and Common-council Men i and in Cafe of fuch Removal or Death, then within four Days after, to chufe a fit Perfon or Perfons to fupply fuch Vacancies ; and the Common-council Men, Conftables, and Clerk of the Market, for Mifbehaviour, fliall be removed and others chofen, as is direfted in the Cafe of Aldermen. AND I do alfo, for me and my SuccelTors, by thefe Prefents, grant to the faid Mayor and Com- monalty, and their Succeffors, that if any of the Citizens of the faid City, fhall be hereafter nomi- nated, eledled, and chofen to the Office of Mayor, Aldermen and Common-council Men as aforefaid, and having Notice of his or their Eiedion, fhall re- fufe to undertake and execute that Office to which he is fo chofen, that then, and fo often it fhall and may be lawful for the Mayor and Recorder, Alder- men and Common-council Men, or the major Part of the Aldermen and Common-council Men for the Time being, according t9 their Diferetion, to im- Five Indian Nations, '271 pofe fuch moderate Fines upon fuch Refufers, fo as the Mayor’s Fine exceed not forty Pounds^ tht Al- derman’s five and thirty Poundsy and Common- council Men twenty Poundsy and other Officers pro- portionably, to be levied by Diftrefs and Sale, by Warrant under the common Seal, or by other law- ful Ways, to the Ufc of the faid Corporation. A N D in fuch Cafes it Ihall be lawful to chufe others to fupply the Defedls of fuch Refulers, in Manner as is’as above diredled for Eleftions. AND that it lhall and may be lawful to and for the Mayor, Recorder, and at leaft three Aldermen for the Time being, from Time to Time, fo often as they lhall find Occafion, to fummon a Common- council of the faid City. AND that no Alfembly or Meeting of the faid Citizens, lhall be deemed or accounted a Common- council, unlefs the faid Mayor and Recorder, and at leaft three of the Aldermen for the Time being, and nine of the Common-council Men be prefent. AND alfo that the faid Mayor, Recorder, Al- dermen and Common-council Men for the Time being, from Time to Time, at their Common- council, lhall have Power to admit fuch and fo many Freemen into their Corporation and Society as they lhall think fit. A N D to make (and they may make, ordain, conftitute and eftablilh) fuch and fo many good and reafonable Laws, Ordinances and Conftitutions (not repugnant to the Laws of England and this Go- vernment) as to the greater Part of them at luch Common-council alTcmbled (where the Mayor and Recorder for the Time being, are to be always pre- fent) lhall feem necclfary and convenient for the Government of the faid City . AND the fame Laws, Ordinances, Orders and Conftitutions fo to be made, to put in Ule and Ex- ecution accordingly, by the proper Officers of the faid ne of the faid City *, and at their Pleafure to revoke, altef^ and make anew, as Occafion lhall require. AND alfo impole fuch Mulfbs and Amercia- ments upon the Breakers of fuch Laws and Ordi- nances, as to them in their Difcretion fliall be thought reafonable ; which Mulfls, as alfo all other Fines and Amerciaments to be fet or impofed by Virtue of the Powers granted, fhall be levied as above is diredled in Cafe of Fines, to the Ufe of the faid Corporation, without rendeyng any Ac- count thereof to me, my Heirs and SuccelTors j ■with Power to the Common-council aforefaid, to mitigate, remit, or releafe fuch Fines and Mulfts, upon the Submiflion of the Parties. Provided al- •ways. That no Perfon or Perlbns hereafter, fhall have Right of elefting or being defied, by Virtue of thcfe Prefents, to any Office or Place judicial or minifterial, nor fhall be admitted Freemen of the faid City, unlefs they be free Denizens of this Pro- vince, and are of the Age of twenty-one Years or upwards, and are Inhabitants of the faid City, and have an Eftate of Inheritance or Freehold therein, or are 'tionh fifty Pounds in Money, or other Stock, and have been refident in the faid City for the Space of two Years, or fhall purchafe their Freedom of the Mayor and Commonalty aforefaid. AND I do further grant to the faid Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadelphia, that they and their Succeffors, fhall and may for ever here- after hold and keep within the faid City, in every Week of the Year, /w Market-days, the one upon the fourth Day of the Week, and the other upon the feventh Day of the Week, in fuch Place or Places as is, lhall, or may be appointed for that Purpofe, by the faid Commonalty or their Succef- fors, from Time to Time. AND alfo two Fairs therein every Year, the one of them to begin on the fixteenth Day of the third Five Indian Nations, third Month, called May^ yfatly> and fo to be held in and about the Market-place, and continue for that Day and two Days next following ; and the other of the faid Fairs to be held in the aforefaid Place on the Jixteentb Day of the ninth Month yearly, and for two Days next after. AND I do for me, my Heirs and Afllgns, by Virtue of the King’s Letters Patent, make, eredl and conftitute the faid City of Philadelphia, to be a Port or Harbour for difcharging and unlading of Goods and Merchandize out of Ships, Boats, and other Veflels; and for landing and Ihipping them in or upon fuch and fo many Places, Keys and Wharfs there, as by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common- council of the faid City, lhall from Time to Time be thought moft expedient for the Accommodation and Service of the Officers of the Cuftoms, in the Management of the King’s Affairs and Prefervation of his Duties, as well as for Conveniency of Trade. AND I do ordain and declare, that the faid Port or Harbour lhall be called the Port of Phila- delphia, and lhall extend and be accounted to extend into all fuch Creeks, Rivers} and Places within this Province, and lhall have fo many Wharfs, Keys, Landing-places and Members belonging thereto, for landing and Ihipping of Goods, as the faid Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council for the Time being, with the Approbation of the chief Officer or Officers of the King’s Cuftoms, lhall from Time to Time think fit to appoint. AND I do alfo ordain, that the Landing-places now and heretofore ufed at the Penny-pot -houfe and Blue-anchor, faving to all Perfons their juft and le- gal Right and Properties in the Lands fo to be open ; as alfo the Swamp between Bud’s Buildings and the Society-hill, lhall be left open and common for the Ufe and Service of the faid City and all others, with l.iberty to din: Docks and make Har- T hours 274 I'he History of the hours for Ships and Veffels, in all or any Part of the laid Swamp. AND I do hereby grant, that all the vacant Land within the Bounds and Limits of the faid City, lhall remain open as a free Common of Paf- ture, for the Ufe of the Inhabitants of the faid City, until the fame lhall be gradually taken in, in order to build or improve thereon, and not other- wife. Provided always^ That nothing herein con- tained, lhall debar me or my Heirs in Time to come, from fencing in all the vacant Lands that lie between theCf«/